University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

A breath of fresh air: The future of hybrids and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

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A breath of fresh air: The future of hybrids and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

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Content A BREATH OF FRESH AIR; THE FUTURE OF HYBRIDS AND HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES by Robert Andrew Sehickler A Professional Project Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRi\DUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS JOURNALISM (BROADCAST JOURNALISM) May 2004 Copyright 2004 Robert Andrew Sehickler Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1421793 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1421793 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................................iii Script.....................................................................................................................................1 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................16 1 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Automobiles in the United States emit more than one billion pounds of potentially harmful carbon dioxide gas ever year—^more than most other entire countries produce. But new types o f alternative fuel vehicles may soon change that. Hybrid cars, which run on both gasoline and electric power, emit one-tenth the pollutants o f internal combustion engines. Japanese manufacturers are already profitably selling hybrid cars in the United States. American manufacturers have been slower to respond, however, and are now racing to introduce hybrid models of their own, as well as continue research into hydrogen fiiel cell technology— considered by some to be the next generation o f alternative fuel. But whether either o f these technologies succeeds depends on consumer response and whether these “alternative” cars can match traditional vehicles in performance, comfort, and price. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SOT B. Todi 337/9:44-9:55 Todi closes trunk, walks around, and gets in car; 337/13:33-? Looking out front windshield of car while driving_______________________ The Insight is a great car to drive. It’s fun, it’s zippy. Handles just as great as my other Honda.//I’m not a putt-putt-putt car. It’s got a LOT of pick-up. TRACK 1 337/10:08-10:20 car backs up, turns, then drives away 337/7 PAN across engine FROM THE OUTSIDE, THIS MAY LOOK LIKE ANY OTHER CAR. BUT CHECK UNDER THE HOOD AND YOU’LL DISCOVER THIS HONDA INSIGHT IS ACTUALLY A HYBRID, MEANING IT RUNS ON BOTH RECHARGABLE BATTERIES AND A GAS-POWERED ENGINE. SOT B. Todi CG: B. Todi Honda Insight Owner It’s an integrated motor system. Three gas cylinders and an electric engine and the computer figures it all out and makes it work. TRACK 2 337/10:27-10:36 Insight drives toward camera; 337A/4:22-5:15 Prius driving through neighborhood THE INSIGHT, AS WELL AS THE TOYOTA PRIUS, ARE TWO HYBRID CARS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TO AMERICAN CONSUMERS. SOT B. Todi Todi on camera 337/3:52-ish-4:03 337/I5:30-ish rear shot o f Insight Todi on camera I did the web research for the Insight and the Prius, and no offense, but the Insight is cuter. And guys dig chicks who drive cool cars. And I talk to a lot of guys in parking lots about my car. I’m not kidding, (laughs)_______________________ TRACK 3 337/14:15-7 CU lighted dash; 337/7 Interior shot of car THE INSIGHT GETS A COOL FIFTY- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SEVEN MILES-PER-GALLON AND WAS NAMED THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY VEHICLE OF 2003. SOT B. Todi Todi on camera 337/8:10-ish-8:22 I honestly do not understand why people buy.. .a car that literally does damage to the environment. TRACK 4 Various shots o f traffic jams, cars driving on freeways, haze and pollution, etc. AND AMERICAN DRIVERS DO THE MOST DAMAGE OF ALL. EVERY YEAR, CARS IN THE U-S EMIT MORE THAN ONE BILLION POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, WHICH IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL WARMING. THAT’S MORE POLLUTION THAN IS PRODUCED BY MOST OTHER ENTIRE COUNTRIES. SOT B. Todi Todi on camera To me, it’s not a choice. You have to do what you can for the future. I mean, do you want your kids to inherit a planet? TRACKS SS in car with Todi driving Prius tums comer and drives toward camera WS Toyota dealership with row of cars and sign TODI (TODD-EE)’S NOT THE ONLY ONE DOING HER PART TO REDUCE EMISSIONS. THERE ARE ABOUT 54- THOUSAND HYBRID CARS CURRENTLY ON THE ROAD. THAT Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CU Toyota sign CU Toyota logo on hood of Prius, then PULL to front o f car NUMBER COULD GROW TO HALF A MILLION BY TWO-THOUSAND- EIGHT, AS COMPANIES LIKE TOYOTA REALIZE THAT CARS THAT ARE GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO BE GOOD FOR THEIR BOTTOM LINE. SOT Kim Stickney Stickney on camera 0004/4:13-4:24-ish CG: Kim Stickney Toyota of Hollywood Toyota of Hollywood has been extremely pleased. We do sell tons o f them, we do have a waiting list still at this moment o f about a himdred and eighty people still waiting. It’s about a three to four month wait at this moment. SOT Geoffrey Partain Partain on camera 335/24:20-ish-24:36 CG: Geoffrey Partain, Toyota, Advanced Technologies Group W e’ve been overwhelmed with orders for this car. We actually have ten thousand pre-orders for the car before it even went on sale. And now we are expecting brisk sales, and sales o f up to about fifty thousand vehicles this year alone. TRACK 6 KIM STICKNEY SAYS HYBRIDS APPEAL TO CONSUMERS FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS. SOT Kim Stickney Stickney on camera 0004/6:58-7:10 VS customers shopping for cars Stickney on camera 0004/7:14-7:20 Most people’s motivation for coming into Toyota o f Hollywood is getting a vehicle that’s very environmental friendly, that they can get great gas mileage out of, and still pay a reasonable price for their vehicle.//And something that is hip and something that’s new and fresh, and this vehicle really is. TRACK 7 CUs/PAN “Motor Trend” and “Car and Driver 10 Best Cars” logos THE PRIUS WAS NAMED MOTOR Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TREND’S TWO-THOUSAND-FOUR CAR OF THE YEAR AS WELL AS ONE OF CAR AND DRIVER’S TEN BEST CARS. SOT Geoffrey Partain 335/17:33-17:45 335/34:40-35:02 exterior Partain approaches car and opens door; CUT to interior shot as Partain sits down and tums car on The car comes equipped with Smart Start smart entry, which is essentially a system that allows you to approach the car, unlock the doors, and start the vehicle without ever taking your keys out of your pocket. That’s something you don’t see on any car today on the road.___________ TRACKS PAN engine PULL engine AND SOMETHING ELSE YOU DON’T TYPICALLY SEE IS HOW A CAR LIKE THE PRIUS RUNS. SOT Geoffrey Partain 335/13:46-14:00-ish various b-roll under the hood shots and CUs The Prius has a gasoline engine— a 1.5- liter gasoline engine. We couple that with a 50-kilowatt electric motor. The vehicle has an onboard computer that tells the vehicle which power source to use at one time. TRACK 9 Animation illustrating dialogue CG: Courtesy Toyota Motor Corporation BOTH THE GAS ENGINE AND THE ELECTRIC MOTOR ARE CONNECTED TO THE TRANSMISSION, WHICH RUNS THE CAR. WORKING TOGETHER, THEY RESULT IN EXTRAORDINARY GAS MILEAGE AND REDUCED EMISSIONS. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SOT Geoffrey Partain 335/18:25-18:28; 18:38-18:43 rear beauty shot of Prius Partain on camera for second byte The car’s emissions are about one-tenth that o f a regular vehicle.//Actually, the exhaust from this car is cleaner than a lot of the ambient air that you get in the Southern California area. GRAPHIC: Horizontal bar chart with left-to-right growth reveal as statistics are read Tons of CO2 Emitted Ford Explorer: 134 Ford Taurus: 64 Honda Insight: 23 Various shots of large SUVs driving A RECENT STUDY BY THE SIERRA CLUB DETERMINED THAT A LARGE S-U-V, SUCH AS THE FORD EXPLORER—WILL EMIT 134 TONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE OVER ITS LIFETIME. A REGULAR SEDAN, LIKE THE FORD TAURUS, WILL RELEASE 64 TONS. BUT THE HONDA INSIGHT WILL EMIT JUST 23 TONS. IF ENOUGH DRIVERS SWAPPED THEIR S-U-Vs FOR HYBRIDS, THE REDUCTION IN POLLUTION COULD BE HUGE. STAND-UP CG: Rob Sehickler, IMPACT ALTHOUGH THE PRIUS RUNS ON BATTERIES, YOU NEVER HAVE TO PLUG IT IN. INSTEAD, THE BATTERIES GET RECHARGED BY THE HEAT THAT’S GENERATED EVERY TIME THE DRIVER APPLIES Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE BRAKES. THE CAR THEN RUNS ON THAT BATTERY POWER AT SPEEDS BELOW FIFTEEN-MILES-AN- HOUR. TRACK 10 Various shots of Honda and Toyota logos and dealerships Various shots o f GM and Ford logos and dealerships JAPANESE MANUFACTURERS HAVE BEEN SELLING HYBRID CARS FOR YEARS, YET AMERICAN CAR MAKERS HAVE BEEN SLOWER TO RESPOND. BUT THAT’S ABOUT TO CHANGE. SOT Dave Barthmuss Barthmuss on camera Various shots o f GM alternative fuel concept cars Barthmuss on camera CG: Dave Barthmuss, General Motors, Environment & Energy WS group of GM pickup trucks sitting on dealer lot Well to be sure, the Toyota Prius, the Honda Insight, those are tremendous examples of technology.//But what we are looking at is providing.. .in GM’s opinion.. .a more practical option to those that want to have a vehicle that performs the way today’s cars and trucks do, that tows and has the same hauling capability as today’s cars and trucks. What w e’d like to do is to put hybrid options on the vehicles that we are selling in extremely large numhers.//We sell five hundred thousand pickup trucks a year. I don’t know o f a hybrid today that is selling in that kind o f volume. TRACK 11 Various shots o f Silverado and Sierra trucks SO G-M IS BUILDING HYBRID VERSIONS OF TWO FULL-SIZED PICKUP TRUCKS— THE CHEVROLET SILVERADO AND THE G-M-C Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SIERRA. SOT Dave Barthmuss Various shots trucks in fleets, with logos where appropriate They are first and initially made available to fleet commercial customers that can get them into the fleets in larger numbers. Later this year—later in 2004— we will make them available to consumers at the retail level. TRACK 12 Various shots o f Ford logos and Escape HO MS walking shot Barthmuss inside office walking past GM logo AS WILL FORD MOTOR COMPANY. IN THE FALL OF 2004, FORD SAYS IT FINALLY WILL RELEASE A HYBRID VERSION OF ITS ESCAPE SPORT UTILITY VEHICLE AFTER REPEATEDLY PUSHING BACK THE RELEASE DATE. AND BARTHMUSS SAYS HYBRID TRUCKS ARE ONLY THE BEGINNING FOR G-M. SOT Dave Barthmuss Barthmuss on camera W e’re going to be putting the same kinds of hybrid systems into passenger cars— the Chevrolet Malibu— and into our small compact SUV, the Saturn VUE._________ TRACK 13 Various shots Lexus and Nissan logos and cars, including PULL from Lexus sign to WS dealership, CU RX 330 SUVs, and WS Nissan dealership OTHER MANUFACTURERS— INCLUDING LEXUS AND NISSAN- ARE FOLLOWING SUIT WITH HYBRID VERSIONS OF SOME OF THEIR CURRENTLY AVAILABLE MODELS, NOW THAT HYBRID Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVEN TO BE PROFITABLE. SOT Geoffrey Partain Partain on camera One of the things that w e’re looking for with hybrid technology is to increase the volume o f hybrid technology, and that allows us to make a profit on the per-unit cost of the vehicle. TRACK 14 Various shots older-model Prius PAN down to Prius logo on car WHEN THE PRIUS WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN 1997, SOME ANALYSTS ESTIMATED TOYOTA WAS LOSING AS MUCH AS TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ON EACH CAR THEY SOLD. SOT Geoffrey Partain Partain on camera With increased volume o f the vehicle, which is about three times what we are making versus what we had made o f the original vehicle, w e’re increasing the volume in such a way that allows us to make a profit on the vehicle.__________ TRACK 15 MS Hondas parked on dealer lot Tilt down to MS sticker in window of Civic CU actual price Various shots o f Honda Civics HYBRIDS STILL AREN’T EXACTLY CHEAP, THOUGH. A HYBRID HONDA CIVIC, FOR EXAMPLE, STARTS AT TWENTY THOUSAND, SIX HUNDRED FIFTY. THAT’S TWENTY-THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS MORE THAN A FULLY EQUIPPED CIVIC WITH A REGULAR Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. GAS ENGINE. SOT Dave Barthmuss Barthmuss on camera Price is always a challenge. Because right now, the consumer’s really not looking at fuel economy as their first and primary consideration when they purchase a vehicle. TRACK 16 Various beauty shots U.S. Capitol building, floor of House and Senate, etc. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD ALLOWED A TWO THOUSAND DOLLAR TAX DEDUCTION FOR BUYING A HYBRID CAR. THE SENATE RECENTLY VOTED TO RENEW THE TAX CREDIT, BUT THE HOUSE DID NOT. UNLESS CONGRESS ACTS, THE DEDUCTION WILL DECLINE EACH YEAR UNTIL IT PHASES OUT IN TWO- THOUSAND-SEVEN. SOT Dave Barthmuss Barthmuss on camera That’s why government incentives are so important to provide the consumer with a rebate. Some sort of tax incentive to make the incremental costs o f a hybrid a wash... TRACK 17 MS shoppers inside Toyota of Holljwood dealership BUT NOT EVERYONE IS DETERRED BY PRICE. SOT Kim Stickney Stickney on camera Most o f the people that have come into Toyota o f Hollywood have not even blinked an eye towards the price. They feel like they’re doing something wonderful for the environment.// And Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MS sales personnel inside Toyota of Hollywood at work_______________ most people are even willing to pay more—just want the car.__________ TRACK 18 MS modified Suburban going around traffic circle THAT CONSUMER DEMAND IS DRIVING RESEARCH INTO NEWER AND BETTER HYBRID TECHNOLOGY. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, ENGINEERS ARE ALREADY WORKING ON THE NEXT GENERATION OF HYBRIDS. SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera CG: Dr. Andy Frank University of California, Davis CU charging machine The difference between the hybrids that we’re designing and constructing here at UC Davis and the conventional hybrids that are out in the market is right here— the plug (pulls plug out o f front o f car). This is a plug; we can charge the batteries in this car with energy from the wall plug and the batteries would stay fully charged and drive the car 60 miles before any gasoline’s even needed to be used._______ TRACK 19 CU engine with Frank gesturing HO Suburban drives toward camera STUDENTS RIPPED OUT THE FIVE- POINT-FOUR LITER V-8 ENGINE THAT CAME WITH THIS CHEVY SUBURBAN AND REPLACED IT WITH A ONE-POINT-NINE LITER, FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE AND AN ELECTRIC MOTOR. BELIEVE IT OR 10 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NOT, THAT ACTUALLY ADDED SEVENTY HORSEPOWER TO THE TRUCK’S PERFORMANCE. SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera So this car not only has the high-power performance, but it also gets you 30 miles- per-gallon. So we compute that the efficiency of this car is about like a subcompact car. BUT it’s a big SUV.//A person when he gets in this car doesn’t know whether he’s riding in a conventional car or a hybrid.____________ TRACK 20 PAN exteriors o f Suburban and Explorer; other various shots of vehicles RIGHT NOW, THIS HYBRID WOULD COST ABOUT TEN PERCENT MORE THAN A GASOLINE -POW ERED MODEL. BUT WITH A NEW, HYBRID ENGINE, THIS FORD EXPLORER NOW HAS THE SAME PERFORMANCE AS A PORSCHE CAYENNE—FOR TWO-THIRDS THE PORSCHE’S PRICE. SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera Cutaway of Frank gesturing to plug slot in grill of car W e’re bringing back the concept of the electric car. But w e’re bringing it back in the way that kind of killed the electric car in the first place, and that was the batteries can’t go far enough, (laughs) We now expect our cars to go three or four hundred miles. TRACK 21 Cutaway o f Frank walking toward camera FRANK SAYS PLUGGING IN IS CHEAPER. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera It’s like being able to buy gasoline at 50 cents a gallon. TRACK 22 VS modified car with UC, Davis logos SO HOW LONG UNTIL THESE CARS SHOW UP AT A DEALERSHIP NEAR YOU? SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera Suburban driving shot If the car companies wanted to build these cars, and our objective is to demonstrate that they could do it today.//They could design it today, and that means in three to four years, five years, we could have these things on the street.// What we have demonstrated is these cars are cost- effective and can bridge the gap between now and future transportation. TRACK 23 PUSH “FCHV” logo on Highlander hood THAT COULD MEAN CARS THAT RUN ON HYDROGEN. SOME MANUFACTURERS ARE ALREADY DEVELOPING HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES. SOT Bill Reinert Reinert on camera CG: Bill Reinert Toyota, Advanced Technology Group Car door opens What we have here looks a whole lot like our run of the mill Highlander that we sell every day at Toyota dealerships, but in fact it’s a quite different vehicle. It uses a Toyota fuel cell that w e’ve developed by our self in Japan. The car runs on compressed hydrogen that we store in the back at five thousand pounds per square inch. TRACK 24 Reinert gestures toward engine UNDER THE HOOD IS THE ONE OF THE MOST ADVANCED ENGINES IN THE WORLD. 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SOT Bill Reinert Reinert on camera This is all the future o f vehicles— drive by wire, steer by wire, throttle by wire— all electronics, everything electronic in the car, powering electric motors, with zero emissions. TRACK 25 Various shots o f engine and exterior beauty shots of Highlander THIS TECHNOLOGY IS STILL BEING DEVELOPED AND IS NOT YET AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC- RIGHT NOW IT WOULD HAVE A HEFTY STICKER PRICE. THIS HYBRID HIGHLANDER COST TOYOTA MORE THAN A MILLION DOLLARS TO BUILD. SOT Bill Reinert Reinert on camera Hopefully, in the next few years, w e’ll have a little different interview and you can drive away in one o f these.________ TRACK 26 Various shots o f alternative fuel vehicles driving Various shots o f people at gas stations filling up their tanks, shots of gas stations and price points, etc. BUT WHETHER THAT HAPPENS WILL DEPEND LARGELY ON HOW WELL CONSUMERS RESPOND TO ALTERNATIVE FUEL TECHNOLOGY. RIGHT NOW, THE MONEY SAVED FROM BUYING LESS GAS FOR A HYBRID CAR DOESN’T MAKE UP FOR THE HYBRID’S HIGHER INITIAL COST. AS THE TECHNOLOGY 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. More shots o f alternative fuel cars; consumers shopping at car dealerships; etc. DEVELOPS, THE PRICE OF HYBRID AND HYDROGEN VEHICLES WILL CONTINUE TO DROP. BUT WHETHER IT REACHES A LEVEL WHERE ENOUGH CONSUMERS DECIDE THE CARS ARE A GOOD VALUE AND CAR MANUFACTURERS CAN MAKE A PROFIT REMAINS TO BE SEEN. SOT Dave Barthmuss Barthmuss on camera Our all-time, long-range goal is to be—^ to establish commercial viability of hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles by 2010. And we want to be the first automaker to profitably sell one million fuel cell vehicles. TRACK 27 Flower shot o f Prius driving ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS CONSUMERS LIKE TODI SAY THEY CAN’T WAIT. SOT B. Todi Todi on camera I just think it’s important. You have to put your money where your mouth is as a consumer. TRACK 28 Various shots of engine and other technical components AND FRANK SAYS HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS MAY ONLY BE THE BEGEW ING IN DEVELOPING TRULY ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES. SOT Andy Frank Frank on camera The auto industry is filled with new concepts— every ten years, there’s a new 14 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. concept. W e’re in the hydrogen 10-year period; who knows what will come after that? 15 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barthmuss, Dave. Personal Interview. 8 March 2004. ABCNews.com: More Hybrid Cars to Hit the Road in 2004. ABC News. 19 November 2003 <http://abcnews.go.eom/sections/SciTech/Business/hybridcars031001 -1 .html>. Frank, Dr. Andy. Personal Interview. 8 December 2003. GreenerCars.com: Market Trends. GreenerCars.com. 10 December 2003 <http://www.greenercars.com/gctext.html>. Hakim, Danny. “A Shade o f Green: S.U.V.’s Try to Soften Image.” New York Times 16 February 2004, late ed.— final: A1+. Healey, James R. “10,000 U.S. buyers want Toyota’s ’04 Prius.” USAToday.com 23 September 2003. 25 September 2003 <http://www.usatoday.eom/money/autos/2003-09-23-hybrid_x.htm>. Howstuffworks “ How Hybrid Cars Work.” HowStuffWorks.com. 19 November 2003 <http://auto.howstuffworks.eom/hybrid-car.htm>. O’Dell, John. “Waving Yellow Flag on ‘Green’ Hybrid Vehicles.” Los Angeles Times 1 March 2004, final ed: C1+. Partain, Geoffrey. Personal Interview. 4 December 2003. Reinert, Bill. Personallnterview. 4 December 2003. Stickney, Kim. Personal Interview. 5 March 2004. Todi, B. Personallnterview. 11 December 2003. 16 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Schickler, Robert Andrew (author)

Core Title A breath of fresh air: The future of hybrids and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

School Graduate School

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Broadcast Journalism

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag business administration, marketing,Energy,engineering, automotive,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-316148

Unique identifier UC11327641

Identifier 1421793.pdf (filename),usctheses-c16-316148 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 1421793.pdf

Dmrecord 316148

Document Type Thesis

Rights Schickler, Robert Andrew

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA