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Lighting design assessment tool for an elderly living environment
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Lighting design assessment tool for an elderly living environment
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LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR AN ELDERLY LIVING ENVIRONMENT by Johnny Lu A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE December 2003 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1420382 Copyright 2004 by Lu,Johnny All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1420382 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE'GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90089-1695 This thesis, written by CMfH JbeiM L d under the direction o f h thesis committee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Director o f Graduate and Professional Programs, in partial fulfillment o f the requirements fo r the degree o f .. Director Date, o z - o t - c s * > Thesisg.Committee Chair Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ti Acknowledgements I would like to especially express my gratitude to my grandparents and my parents for all the support during this process of learning both Architecture and Building Science. Without, their encouragements, I couldn’t accomplish this mission. My accomplishment in this thesis was truly back-up with their efforts. I am highly appreciated to USC School of Architecture for giving me the opportunity to continue my master study at this lovely school and also provided scholarship and grants during my graduate study. Those financial supports are the back bones of this thesis project. Our Building Science director Prof. Marc. Schiler and co-director Prof. Doug Noble were extremely supportive during my thesis project. They were always there when I need assistance. My gratitude is to my committee members, Prof. Victor Regnier, Prof. Ralph Knowles, and Prof. G. G. Schierie. They are my mentors during this thesis project. Their willingness to share their knowledge with me and their passion about this project make everything possible. It really is a pleasure to work with them. This is a life time memory for me. I will carry their spirit of learning and teaching through out my career. My colleagues in Building Science program, they are the greatest. It’s been a gratification to work with them. We were there to share every moment of both cheerfulness and stress. 1 wish all of them the best. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. My project consultants, Betsy Brawley and Eunice Novell-Waggoner. They are the best in this highly focused industry. Their priceless and volunteer efforts in this thesis make this study experience wonderful and practical. Their commons and suggestions are enormously valuable for this thesis. To ail other supportive organizations and professionals, included Sunrise Assist Living, Hill Crest Home, Sony Motion Picture and Television Funds, The Garden, Royal Park, Via Campo Senior Villa, Hill Partnerships, Irwin Pancake Architects, Smith Groups, and John V. Mutlow Architect. Their help was also exceedingly important for this thesis project. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgements i iv Abstract vi List of Figures viii Hypothesis 1 Description 2 Background study 3 Chapter 1 1. Demographic 3 2. Current issues 5 3. Design and practice 6 4. Natural light and Building 8 Chapter 2 1. Physical eye condition 10 2. Aging eye condition 10 3. Psychosocial problems with vision impaired 13 Chapter 3 1. Aging eye and luminance 15 2. Natural light and human body 18 3. Mental illness and natural light 21 Existing guideline study 23 Chapter 4 1. Lighting the way, a key to independence ■ 23 2. Lighting and the visual environment for senior living 26 Southern California Built work analysis 42 Chapter 5 1. Royal Park 45 2. Via Campo Senior Villas 48 3. Villa Flores 51 4. Hill crest home 57 5. Sunrise Assisted Living in West Hills 64 6. Sunrise Assisted Living in Hermosa Beach 69 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V 7. Stark Villas 73 8. The Garden in La Habra Heights 80 9. Sunrise Assisted Living in Tustin 84 10. St. Andrew Senior Villa 88 Testing method and Results 92 Chapter 8 1. Testing procedures 92 2. Testing Results 93 3. Selection of Vine 115 4. Validation 117 Empirical study and real life perception 118 Chapter 7 Conclusion 121 Future study 123 Bibliography 124 Appendix 128 Lighting Design Assessment Tool for Senior Living Facility Table of content 129 I. Introduction 137 l.i. Aging eyes 137 l.ii. Natural light 141 .1. Circulation 149 1.1. Entry door 149 1.2. Corridor 153 1.3. Stair 162 1.4. Elevator 169 2. Individual spaces 173 2.1. Living room 173 2.2. Dining room 180 2.3. Bedroom 185 2.4. Bathroom 194 2.5. Kitchen 200 3. Public spaces 206 3.1. Lobby 206 3.2. Dining area 212 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi Abstract Entering the twenty first century, society is transforming. The population is aging. A well designed senior living environment is necessary. In the United States alone, the senior population will triple by the year 2030. The senior population will be searching for a better and more desirable living environment after retirement. Substantial studies are being conducted by both private and public organizations. People are creating new knowledge about the senior population and their behaviors. Studies are focusing on building design for the senior population. Designers and architects are aware of additional requirements for senior facility design due to the unique characteristic of older people. Senior living facilities must accomplish both distinctive requirements for living features as well as social interaction features. Guidelines and suggestions are generated to assisted architects and designers, who focus on this type of buildings. They included programming, site planning, building planning, facility management and landscaping. Lighting issues rarely have been raised by the architects and designers. Senior living environment design guidelines are published by different organizations and publishers, but none of them have focused on lighting issues. There are only two lighting design guidelines available and very few books touch upon about these issues. One is published and written by IESNA, primarily for designers. The other one is published by AARP and is primarily for the general public to remodel private home. Most of them are in text format Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii with few graphical illustrations. Designers and architects find it difficult to understand some of the technical terms and issues associated with lighting design. Lighting in general consists of both natural and artificial sources. Natural light involves openings, shadings, orientations and glazing. Artificial lighting including with fixture types, light bulbs and location. Correct use of light will enhance the living environment and will thus create a better social life for occupants. Incorrect use of light could cause mental depression and create undesirable spaces. This master thesis study is conducted to concentrate on lighting issues for senior living environments. The result of this thesis is a graphic lighting design assessment tool for designers and architects to use during the design process. A graphic format is better for designers, who are conceptualizing senior facilities and are concerned about lighting. These guidelines also can help senior facility managers to understand and identify current lighting design problems in their facility. Lighting issues are rarely a major concern for occupants, because they have great tolerance to lighting conditions and availability of artificial lighting. Social problems and issues associated with lighting are also not recognized. Lighting problems are often attributed to management issues or personality conflicts. This thesis is focused on the problems and provides solution to each of them. The role of this thesis is to provide beneficial information to both general public and private sector, which is involved in the senior living environment business. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. viii List of Figures Chart1.1 - senior population percentage (J.C. Day 1993) 3 Chart1.2 - senior population overall rate increase and absolute # increase from 1994 to 2010 (DRl/McGraw Hill on-line database of Bureau of the Census data, 1994; author’s calculations) 4 Chart!.3 - senior population in absolute # from 1994 to 2010 (DRl/McGraw Hill on-line database of Bureau of the Census data, 1994; author’s calculations) 5 Chart4.1 - Discomfort Glare BCD/Age (IES RP-28) 30 Chart4.2 - Minimum Maintained Average Illuminance (IES RP-28) 33 Figure2.1 - Human eye • 10 Figure2.2 - Human eye 1 1 Figure2.3 - Human eye 13 Figure2.4 - USC (www.usc.edu) 14 Figure2.5 - USC (www.usc.edu) 14 Figure3.1 - Street Light (photograph by Johnny Lu) 15 Figures.2 - USC (www.usc.edu) 16 Figures.3 - USC (www.usc.edu) 16 Figure3.4 - USC (www.usc.edu) 17 Figures.5 - USC (www.usc.edu) 17 FigureS.6 - USC (www.usc.edu) 17 FigureSJ - USC (www.usc.edu) 17 Figure4.1 - Daylighting strategy and effectiveness (IES RP-28) 39 Figures. 1 - Royal Park (photograph by Johnny Lu) 45 Figure5.2 - Royal Park (photograph by Johnny Lu) 46 FigureS.3 - Royal Park (photograph by Johnny Lu) 46 Figure5.4 - Via Campo (photograph by Johnny Lu) 48 Figures.5 - Via Campo (photograph by Johnny Lu) 49 FigureS.6 - Via Campo (photograph by Johnny Lu) 50 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ix Figures.7 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 51 Figures.8 - Villa Fiores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 51 Figure5.9 - Viila Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 52 Figures.1 0 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 52 Figures. 11 - Villa Flores Site Flan (architect John V. Mutlow) 53 Figures. 12 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 54 Figure5.13 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 54 Figure5.14 - Villa Flores (photograph by johnny Lu) 55 Figures. 15 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 55 Figures.1 6 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 56 Figures. 17 - Villa Flores (photograph by Johnny Lu) 56 Figures. 18 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 58 Figure5.19- Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 58 Figure5.26 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 59 Figure5.21 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 59 Figures.22 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 60 Figures.23 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 60 Figures.24 - Hilicrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 61 Figures.25 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 61 Figure5.26 - Hilicrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 61 Figure5.27 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 61 Figures.28 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 62 Figure5.29 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 62 Figure5.30 - Hillcrest Home (photograph by Johnny Lu) 63 Figure5.31 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (architect: Hill Partnerships) 64 Figures.32 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 65 Figures.33 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 65 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figures.34 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hilis (photograph by Johnny Lu) 66 Figure5.35 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 66 Figure5.36 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills {photograph by Johnny Lu) 67 Figures.37 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 67 Figures.38 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 68 Figure5.39 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 68 Figure5.40 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (architect: Hill Partnerships) 69 Figure5.41 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 70 Figure5.42 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 70 Figure5.43 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 71 Figure5.44 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 71 Figures.45 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 72 Figure5.46 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach (photograph by Johnny Lu) 72 Figures.47 - Stark Villa (architect: Smith Group) 73 Figure5.48 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 74 Figure5.49 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 74 FigureS.50 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 76 Figure5.51 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 76 Figures.52 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 77 FigureS.53 - Stark Viila (photograph by Johnny Lu) 77 Figures.54 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 78 FigureS.55 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 78 Figures.56 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 78 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. xi Figures.57 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 79 Figures.5 8 - Stark Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 79 Figures.59 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 80 Figures.80 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 80 Figure5.81 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 81 Figure5.62 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 81 Figure5.63 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 82 Figures.64 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 82 Figure5.65 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin (architect: Hill Partnerships) 84 Figure5.66 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin (photograph by Johnny Lu) 85 Figure5.S7 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin (photograph by Johnny Lu) 85 Figures.68 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin (photograph by Johnny Lu) 86 Figures.69 - Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin (photograph by Johnny Lu) 86 Figure5.70 - St. Andrew Senior Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 89 Figures.71 - St. Andrew Senior Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 89 Figures.72 - St. Andrew Senior Viila (photograph by Johnny Lu) 90 Figures.73 - St Andrew Senior Viila (photograph by Johnny Lu) 90 Figures.74 - St. Andrew Senior Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 91 Figures.75 - St. Andrew Senior Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 91 Figures.76 - St. Andrew Senior Villa (photograph by Johnny Lu) 91 Figure6.1 - Sun direction (sketch by Johnny Lu) 94 Figure6.2 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills Building Elevation (architect: Hill Partnerships) 95 Figure6.3 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills Building Plan (architect Hill Partnerships) 95 Figure6.4 - Testing model 96 Figure6.5 - Testing model 97 Figure6.6 - Testing mode! 98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure6.7 - Testing mode! XII 98 Figure6.8 - Testing model 99 Figure6.9 - Testing mode! 99 Figures. 10 - Testing mode! 100 Figures. 11 - Testing model 100 Figures.12 - Testing model 101 Figure6.13 - Testing model 101 Figures. 1 4 - Testing model 102 Figures. 15 - Testing model 102 Figures. 16 - Testing model 103 Figure6.17 - Testing model 103 Figures. 18 - Testing model 104 Figure6.19 - Testing model 104 Figure6.20 - Testing model 104 Figure6.21 - Testing model 105 Figure6.22 - Testing model 105 Figure6.23 - Testing model 105 Figure6.24 - Shading Plan 108 Figure6.25 - Testing model 108 Figure6.26 - Testing model 109 Figures.27 - Testing model 109 Figure6.28 - Testing model 110 Figure6.29 - Testing model 110 Figures.30 - Testing model 110 Figures.31 - Testing model 111 Figure6.32 - Testing model 111 Figure6.33 - Testing model 112 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure6.34 - Testing model XIII 112 Figure6.35 - Testing model 113 Figure6.36 - Testing model 113 Figures.37 - Testing model 114 Figure6.38 - Plants photo 115 Figure6.39 - Plants photo 116 Figure6.40 - Testing model 117 Figure6.41 - Testing model 117 Figure6.42 - Testing model 117 Figure6.43 - Testing model 117 Figure?. 1 - The Garden (photograph by Johnny Lu) 119 Figure7.2 - Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills (photograph by Johnny Lu) 120 Figure/. 3 - Stark Viila (photograph by Johnny Lu) 120 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Hypothesis A graphic lighting design assessment tool will help designers propose a better living environment for the elderly. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Description The process of this thesis research involves several steps. 1 . Cataloging potential lighting problems associated with elderly people. This thesis will start by examining current lighting issues associated with the elderly and identify each individual concern. 2. Analyzing existing lighting design guidelines and testing them. Current lighting design guidelines will be collected and scrutinize with regard to current lighting issues. 3. Visiting existing facilities and examining problems and design features. After gathering the base knowledge and information, the research will involve visiting facilities and examining them with available information. 4. Creating new guidelines based on both a literature analysis and facility observation. During this process, research will finalize the pros and cons of each design suggestion, while observing and examining existing facilities. 5. The examining process is based on both physical model testing and computer model testing; each test could further approved the accuracy of the solution. 6. Using graphic presentation techniques along with written descriptions to further inform designers during the design process. Each suggestion and design feature will be presented with graphical information to assist designers. It will help designers to envision the three dimensional spaces in senior living environment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Background Chapter 1 Demographics in the study of US population by Census Bureau, the general population is growing at about a 1% rate. The first tier of baby boomers (born from the post World War II period to 1964) are going to enter age 65 in 2013. The current percentage of senior population is about 12.8% of the total US population. From now to the year 2030, the population of age 65 and over will increase by 20.1%. The rate of increase in the senior population is different in each up coming decade. From 1994 to 2000, the rate was 1.05%, it will be increase to 2.14% during 2001 to 2010, and 4.8% from 2011 to 2020. However, individuals born between WWl and WWH will decrease in the population of older adult. (Census Bureau 1993) Year Age 65 and over 2000 12.8% 2010 13.3% 2020 16.4% 2030 20.1% 2040 20.7% 2050 20.4% Source: J.C. Day 1993 Chart 1.1 In the next 30 years, the population of senior citizens will increase 90% in absolute numbers. The longevity of these new seniors will extend their lives because of medical technology advancement. In fact, the projection of US population for the year 2030, the total population of age 65 and over will exceed the number of young children. In the next three decades, due to the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 rapid increase of elderly population, the whole society will age as well. This trend will continue for decades and will not subside until the year 2050. (Anikeeff and Mueller 1998} Residual Subcohort Overall rate of increase 1994 to 2010 Absolute increase 1994 to 2010 (in million 65+ 21% 6.94 75+ 34% 4.82 85+ 73% 2.51 95+ 166% .48 Sources: DRl/McGraw Hill on-line database of Bureau o f the Census data, 1994; author’s calculations Chart 1.2 In current senior housing, single, widowed Caucasian females are the most popular resident profile. Most of them in private service assisted housing are relatively affluent. Many have moved out of their old single family detached house to the senior apartments or condominiums. We can recognize the fact that most of the baby boomers are well spread in race/ethnicity, income, and household characteristic. Most of the retirees will be searching for a better living environment for their senior years. Many baby boomers at present are in their middle ages. There are also a large number of them planning to retire before age 65. The race/ethnicity, income, and household characteristic of the senior population also varies in different states. The state of Florida has the highest percentage of senior population (about 18.4%), followed by Pennsylvania (15.7%) and Iowa (15.4%). California has the largest foreign born population (22%) compared to the overall US Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 population (7.95%), Each ethnic group prefers different types of design and amenities. Culture differences create a unique set of problems and opportunities for designers (Anikeeff and Mueller 1998). Year # of seniors (in millions) 1994 33.17 “ 2000 35.32 2010 40.10 2020 53.35 Sources: DRl/McGraw Hill on-line database o f Bureau o f the Census data, 1994; author’s calculations Chart 1.3 Current issues Current detached single-family housing doesn’t have the correct features to fit the current elderly life style. Once they grow older, their living space becomes undesirable and their physical conditions decrease significantly. Senior citizens might need assistance occasionally. Once the population of elderly start rising, this will be a major issue in the future as well. One of the most significant physical problems is eye sight. In fact, a Harvard medical study has shown that during age 60 to 80, the aging eye needs two to three times as much light as younger adults. After age 80 the human eye needs as much as five times more light than younger adults to perform activities. (Harvard Medical School 2001) The elderly eye also has problems quickly adapting to changes in light levels, it loses contrast sensitivity and is very sensitive to glare. Inadequate lighting design causes confusion in elderly Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 daily life activities and can also become danger to them, due to the high rate of falling. Loss of independence is the number one fear of the aging population. Vision is one of the most critical factors to accomplish independent daily activities. Light becomes the most important element in human vision. In everyday affairs, the elderly need to take the medications, avoid outdated foods, and prepare meals. Insufficient lighting or undesired shadows or glare can cause confusion and accidents (Sorensen and Brunnstrom 1995). Studies showed that natural day light is critical to aging adults. Their internal body clock is often affected by exposure to natural light. Natural light also provides vitamin D for the human body. Studies also showed most of aging adults don’t have enough exposure to natural light during a 24-hour time frame. Once their circadian rhythms are disturbed, elderly can have sleeping disorders, seasoned affective disorder and depression, etc (Brawley 1997). Design and Practice Barrier free design is a familiar term in senior housing design. The terminology implies providing spaces which fit the needs for elderly. Through years and years of studies and experiences, there are many guidelines and restrictions that ensure the quality of barrier free designs. They include handrail location, ramp slope, door/window dimensions, common spaces, activities, and others. Designers and experts spend a tremendous amount of time on sheltering elderly people. If people perceive building as a physical Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 object itself, the guidelines and restrictions are nearly perfect in general. But once designers consider lighting, the building might become a barrier to outdoor activities or a happier life. If designers don’t provide enough luminance at transitional areas between bright and dark spaces, elderly people might experience a time of vision loss, because the elderly eye is slower to adapt from high level to low light levels. Within the building envelope, lighting also has significant impacts on the interior atmosphere. The residential mood can be annihilated by poor quality lighting. Sometimes quantity doesn’t equal quality. Meeting the minimum luminance level is important and meeting the occupants desired level is equally important. In the senior housing design business, various sources address issues of community planning, building planning, space planning, and service planning. Those sources are extremely useful for both developers and architects to start a project. In terms of lighting, designers often have a hard time finding specific guidelines or suggestions. Good space planning needs good quality lighting to ensure quality space for occupants. Architects understand the importance of providing adequate light for their projects (to accentuate the building design), but there is a lack of studies to define adequate lighting for elderly. 1ESMA provides standards for minimum but not optimum luminance level for general lighting and task lighting. Architects and lighting designers are able to meet the standards for enough light, but not for Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 the quality of light. Unlike health care facility design, senior residential design needs to provide quality lighting for occupants. A place with quality lighting will further enhance the architecture and also prevent both physical and mental illness of occupants. The quality of light is equally important to quality of space. Therefore the solution of both natural and artificial light is critical in residential design for the elderly. The ultimate goal for designers is to provide quality of life by using their knowledge, because designers hold partial responsibility for person’s living environment. Natural Light and Buildings Light is one of the most important elements for life. The presence of light makes life form possible on earth. Light plays an important role in human life in both art and science. Light has always had a significant effect on architecture and living spaces. Light helps people to visualize the space and create an emotional feeling of space. Light makes possible human performance of different tasks. Complete darkness creates difficulty to complete different assignments for the human population. Cities and building developments also have evolved in response to light throughout history. Greek, Roman, and Gothic architecture respond to light differently, but each of these individual architectural styles considers light extensively (Baker & Steemers 2002). Throughout the centuries, advancing building technologies made day lighting more efficient. Advances of both materials and structural systems allow more natural light into the building interior. The roman arch Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 allows larger openings and less massive bearing walls. The gothic vault and pointed arches provide high and large openings to emit light into the building. Modern architects, including Asplund, Aalto, Le Corbusier and others studied and used light carefully in their architectural practices. The harmony and romantic emotion feelings were gracefully emphasized in their designs. In order to use light correctly, the designer has to understand both the art and science for senior living environment. In each region and geographical location, natural lighting conditions are unique and have to be carefully examined. Also in each culture, light has a different role and meaning to each particular population. Light also has different consequences in each age group and for particular occupations. In Vitruvius’ ten books of architecture, he studied daylight both qualitatively and quantitatively. (Baker & Steemers 2002). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 Chapter 2 Physical Eye Condition The human eye often is compared with an automatic camera, but human eyes have a more complex structure. The human eye is connected to the brain and nerve system; which all three organs work continuously to provide images. Parts of human eye 1. The cleaning system - eyelids and eyelashes Their main function of eyelids and eyelashes is to keep a uniform, smooth tear filter on the surface of the eyeball. Eyelids constantly brush away dust that attaches to the eye. It automatically brushes when the need for Lacrimal C aw sliciiJ! Human eve - Figure 2.1 Harvard Medical school book 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11 protection is triggered. Tears course over the and provide eye lubrication. They are produced by the lacrimal gland. 2. The movement system - extraocular muscles Eye movement is controlled by six muscles attached externally to the surface. They determine the movement up and down and side to side. Those muscles are in pairs, which are connected from the side of the eye surface to the back orbit, beneath the conjunctival membrane. O rbital hmm Eyetatt Sclera Iris * Human eve - Figure 2.2 Harvard Medical school book 2001 3. The outer circle - sclera and cornea This surface layer is approximately one millimeter thick and is made of tough collagen. Sclera is a protective coating of the eye, which is the white part of the human eye. The cornea helps the retina to focus light. It is a clear and domelike window at the front of the human eye. 4. The light gate - iris, pupil and lens Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 The iris is a pigmented segment of the human eye, which form a ring around the pupil. The iris controls light entering the eye. The iris will widen in dark and close in a bright situation. Behind the pupil and iris is the crystalline lens, a flexible, transparent globular body that focuses rays of light onto the retina. The ciliary muscle changes the shape of the lens, it allows the eye to focus on both far to near objects. Ciliary muscles stretch and make the lens thinner when focusing on far distance. It relaxes and makes the lens thicker when focusing on near distance objects. 5. The command central - retina The retina contains 150 million rods and 7 million cones, both specialized cells that react to different wavelengths of light. The rods are mainly located in the periphery of the retina and don’t perceive colors but are sensitive to darkness. Cones are the cells that receive colors and are responsible for fine details in the center of vision. It is very active in the bright line environment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13 ‘Hm tsecnkr Itesbea Pupa Aiite« c h m i Choroid ppiiis Retiaa Pesierioi chambet O ptic nerv® C iliary body Human eve - Figure 2.3 Harvard Medical school book 2001 These five systems are the structure of the human eye. They work with each other to collect light and generate vision. Each part acts to provide vision and allow humans to perform activities independently. As the human eye ages, part of the system starts to change and is endowed with less quality. (Harvard medical school 2001) Aging eye physical problems (The Lighthouse Inc. 1995) 1. Cornea - as some of the endothelial cells drop out it become slightly thicker and more likely to scatter light. 2. Lens - become denser, turns yellow, and less elastic, as result more yellowish vision and less focusing power. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 3. Pupil - become smaller, permitted less light in. The elderly have less capacity to adjust to changing levels of illumination. m m liif w p R k I ■ > * * |P * i f - - - ' - m a r 4 $ * * * r Regular Vision for general age - Figure 2.4 Elderly eyes have darker vision - Figure 2.5 4. Vitreous gel - more condense and collapse. Bits of dense gel may appear as floaters against the sky or a white wall. 5. Retina - the nerve cells of retina gradually reduce overtime, therefore individuals might loose peripheral (side) vision. Aging eye psychosocial problems (Shirley and Groff 1993) 1. Shock and denial - elderly may refuse to accept the truth of low vision. 2. Anger and withdraw - poor vision may lead to anger and withdrawal of the elderly, they are angry about eye function problems and withdraw from activities. 3. Succumbing and depression - individual gets depressed due to less daily activities they can perform. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 3 Aging eye: common luminance problems 1. Greater presence of glare Studies showed elderly are more sensitive to glare and glare also becomes very dangerous. Because the elderly might not be able to see and identify the environment due to the presence of glare, this might cause falling or bumping into objects. Glare from street light - Figure 3.1 2. More contrast to identify objects or reading articles As the eye ages, it needs more contrast to clarify objects. Furniture or fixtures need to be in contrast with walls and floors. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The text of an article needs to contrast with the background and large fonts are necessary. 3. Yellowish vision As studies illustrated, the lens turns yellow when the eye ages. Elderly start to have a yellowish vision. Some of the colors, especially green and blue become gray in elderly vision. Regular vision for general age - Figure 3.2 Elderly eyes have yellowish vision - Figure 3.3 4. Slowly adapting from bright to dark and vise versa If the luminance level changes dramatically (for example 1 to 10) it will cause temporary blindness for the elderly, because the pupil and iris react much slower than in young adults. 5. Diminishing peripheral vision Once the nerve cells start to reduce and collapse, less information will be received and transferred to the brain. Therefore, elderly often lose their peripheral vision. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 i sfl ® ma m S IM I L - ■ f m i M l ■ m i ■ _ Regular vision for general age - Figure 3.4 Elderly eyes lost peripheral image - Figure 3.5 6. Hard to change focusing Due to the lack of S ens flexibility, the focusing powers of the elderly eye reduce as well. It takes longer to adjust focus from near to far or far to near. 7. Dealing with visual clutter and confusion The aging cornea scatters light more, it causes the eye to experience visual clutter, it also might cause confusion to elderly vision. I raf W m Wm m1 Regular vision for general age - Figure 3.8 Elderly eyes receive less details - Figure 3.7 8. Experience more natural / day light cycle Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18 For better quality of life, the elderly need more exposure to natural/day light. Natural light exposure can synchronize the internal body clock to match day and night cycles. (www.darksky.org 1999). Natural lighting and human body Daylight is one of the most important elements in human life. It’s a powerful factor associated with building and maintaining health. Natural light also has a significant affect on the elderly. It will provide the elderly with health and quality of life. The human body needs exposure to daylight to produce nutrition and maintain a correct internal clock. Either surplus daylight or lack of daylight exposure can have a negative effect on the human body. Time of exposure and observed daylight needs to be controlled precisely. Elderly often are not exposed to enough daylight. This is due to lack of mobility. People in nursing homes have fewer chances to be exposed to daylight than people in independent living. As elderly people avoid going out and performing activities, it often starts a chain reaction. Some elderly lose mobility. They seldom leave their unit due to disability and then their body clock is damaged due to lack of exposure to daylight. They start to experience depression and a lack of confidence. These syndromes can make the elderly insecure and they lose contact with the outside environment (Brawiey 1997). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19 Vitamin D is one of the most important nutrients provided by sunlight to the human body. Studies show that if the human body is exposed to sunlight for 10 to 15 minutes, it will produce 400 l.U. of vitamin D. Vitamin D production in the skin is influenced by different factors, included latitude, seasonal changes, exposure time, sunscreen use, and skin pigmentation. The current recommendation of daily vitamin D allowance for adults is 200 l.U. However, studies illustrated the true daily allowance of vitamin D is 600 l.U. The human body transforms vitamin D into a hormone with numerous essential functions, which includes retaining resilient bone elements and regulation of calcium absorption. Furthermore, studies also demonstrate if the elderly don’t have enough exposure to sunlight and have insufficient vitamin D, they often have weaker bone mass and suffer bone or hip fractures. Fragile bones of elderly don’t provide sufficient protection to their body. Therefore, falling becomes a dangerous problem for the elderly. Although, old age brings about decreasing mobility, it doesn’t prohibit them from performing outdoor activities (Weininger 1994). Creating a friendly environment both indoors and outdoors for elderly is extraordinarily crucial, because the elderly are at special risk. Research conducted by the National Safety Council shows that falling down is the number one killer of the elderly. Elderly people in nursing homes often have insufficient time exposure to daylight and are vitamin D deficient. Therefore, they fall more often than elderly in other types of senior housing communities. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 0 Circadian Rhythm simply means a day rhythm in the human body. The circadian rhythm is affected by three qualities of visible light: intensity, wavelength, and timing. The circadian rhythm has an impact on the human internal body clock that controls the activity cycle within a day (24 hours). If the circadian rhythm is desynchronizing in the human body, the result will cause mental illness (Campbell, Kripke, Gillin and Hrubovcak 1998). Two decades ago, Dr. Lewy and Dr. Wehr started to study a hormone named melatonin. Melatonin is released by the pineal gland in the brain. Their study found that light plays a significant role in setting the biological clock in the human body. They ascertained that 2000 lux (200 fc) light intensity may possibly suppress the brain’s nocturnal production of melationin. The wavelength of light apparently the most effective way to suppress melationin is in the blue-green range of the visible spectrum. In their research Dr. Lewy and Dr. Wehr, also found that receiving high intensity of light might stop melationin production of brain during the nighttime. Other research suggested that bright light is able to reset the biological clock (Lewy and Newsome 1983). Circadian rhythm has impact on the human hormone system. It sets up the biological clock (internal body clock) and triggers 24-hour daily activities; include hunger, getting sleepy, awaking up, and others. If all the factors effect circadian rhythm remain equivalent, the biological clock will activate those activities at roughly the same time every day. Although the biological clock Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21 fags behind the real time, without other factors of daylight, noise, or temperature changes. Individuals may possibly perform those activities later and later each day (Brawtey 1997). Mental illness associate with natural light 1. Sleep disorders - chronic insomnia There are two factors that influence sleep. These are voluntary and involuntary factors. The circadian rhythm is an involuntary factor for sleepiness and alertness. When the elderly have less exposure to daylight, the circadian rhythm is desynchronized. Elderly tend to go to sleep early and wake up at the middle of the night. This is a common problem for seniors. Thus, most elderly people suffer minor symptoms of chronic insomnia. Research illustrates that bright light exposure during the evening can improve the quality of sleep. (Campbell, Dawson and Anderson 1993). 2. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD or Seasonal depression) - abnormal sleep patterns due changing light level and exposure to natural light. Many researches have shown that light level variation due to seasonal changes has a profound impact on mental health. SAD affects all age levels, it causes abnormal sleep pattern, fatigue, weight gain, withdrawal from friends and family, and depression Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22 of clinical depths. SAD occurs during the winter, normally in fate October and early November, when the daylight length shortens. SAD lasts for 3 to 4 months during the winter and stops when spring arrives. Psychiatrists don’t have a solution for SAD, but studies illustrate that patients with SAD who are exposed to 2500 lux bright light show dramatically improvement. (Rae 1994) 3. Sundowner syndrome (with Alzheimer’s disease) - confused and agitated around sunset. Sundowner syndrome occurs during late afternoon when daylight starts to fade away. This happens more commonly in middle and late stage dementia patients. This behavior also happened more frequently during early winter in comparison to late summer. Research reports that reduced light levels are associated with increased agitation. Other studies also demonstrate that bright light exposure will decrease agitation and improve the sleep/wake cycle for dementia patients. (Campbell, Herz, Ross, Volicer, and Satlin 1992) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23 Existing Guidelines study Chapter 4 In this chapter, the author had done guideline study that could assist designers. Those guidelines help designers to prevent elderly living environment lighting problems. There are two guidelines available for designers, the author had evaluated both guidelines and analyze both pros and cons. 1. Lighting the Way, a key to independence AARP ADRUS FOUNDATION Mariana Gross Figueiro, Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute This guideline was published for the purpose of home lighting conditions improving. Sources from “Understanding Senior Housing, AARP” report that 23% of older Americans modified their current resident to upgrade the lighting. The guideline solely focused on interior space lighting and tried to allow elderly to maintain their independence. This guideline is a teaching tool for the elderly to correct lighting conditions in their current residence. The author conducted this guideline by using the simplest method and language, in order for all elderly people to understand. In this guideline, there are four points it focuses on. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24 i. High Intensity. Increase lighting levels by adding fixtures close to tasks or selecting S ight bulbs that provide more lumens. More light is required to see small details. ii. Glare-Free. Avoid the direct view of light bulbs, use blinds, shades, or curtains to minimize brightness of windows, and be aware that shiny surfaces can reflect light from bright, glary objects into your eye. iii. Uniform. Minimize dark areas within a room. iv. Color Enhancing. Use light bulbs with good color properties to help discriminate between colors. The first section of this guideline teaches elderly to add and place task lighting during activities including reading, writing, and cooking. When placing task light, aim directly on an object (books, papers, etc). Avoid positioning task lighting at eye level, which might cause glare. The second section instructs the elderly to avoid glare. There are several significant points in this sub-topic, which included avoiding bright light against dark ceilings and walls, shielding light bulbs from direct vision. For example, light bulbs at a dining table should be shielded. Avoid naked light bulbs and clear lenses or shields, use deeper recessed fixtures for down lighting position, task light to the side and not the front, and apply shades or blinds to windows. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 The third section of this guideline illustrates light bulb selection for fixtures. It highly recommends fluorescent bulb or tube over incandescent bulb. The advantage of that is to avoid burning by touching and longer bulb life (10 to 20 times in compared with incandescent), and energy saving (20 to 30%). If incandescent is the only choice, use a frosted bulb instead of transparent. Other sections go through issues about lighting conditions, including lighting next to mirrors (highly reflective surfaces), lighting for computers and television, night lighting and front door lighting. Night lighting strategies are dissimilar to other types of lighting strategies. In the guideline, it suggested a flashlight be placed next to the bed, nightlights along the path from bed to bathroom, switches next to bed for additional dim nightlight, and motion sensors in the hallway, which will trigger nightlights automatically. At the end of this guideline, it also demonstrates design criteria for living room, dining room, bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom. In each of these five categories, it confers solutions and features for light fixture selection. Based on different tasks in each space, distinctive fixtures and light bulbs are suggested, also the position fixtures are suggested. The guidelines focus on interior settings and also demonstrate with sketches and bullet points all the significant statements in artificial lighting design for elderly. It is certainly useful and straightforward for its audience to comprehend simple light fixture additions. The sketches with the written Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26 descriptions illustrate these issues. The graphic nature of this guideline is useful for the reader. In this guideline, the author literally mentions about the natural light to human body. There is only a small section that suggests elderly people should receive daylight exposure in the early morning or late afternoon, but it didn’t elucidate the principles and importance of daylight exposure for elderly people. Most of the elderly people stop going out or performing usual activities due to loss of mobility. If this guideline has a section that encourages people to experience daylight exposure and emphasizes the importance, it will further promote this important issue. 2. Lighting and the Visual Environment for Senior Living IESNA RP-28-98 IESNA Lighting for the Aged and Partially Sighted Committee The guide book is focused on all environments for senior living. It has all aspects in independent living, assisted living, nursing home, congregated housing, and life style communities. It has a clear description of lighting condition and suggestion for practice and design. Within the text of this guide book, it also describes completely how to calculate light level and effectiveness. Many calculation methods and equations are given and demonstrated in the manuscript. Further more, it also exemplifies both aspects in artificial and natural lighting for elderly people. The main audiences for this guide book are architects and lighting designers. The suggestions and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27 recommendations are extremely detailed and narrowed. Many people might not be able to understand the contents, including architects and designers. The main purpose for this guide book is to educate designers and architects to fully utilize lighting sources and avoid barriers caused by insufficient lighting within both a building envelope and in connection to outside environments. There are copious sections in this guide book, which are lighting consideration, special needs, area specific, lighting life cycle cost, circadian rhythm / vitamin D, and day lighting. Each category has specific focus and resolution, ft provides precise scientific calculations and solutions to different areas. The introduction of this guide book is current and explains the future demographics of an aging society. This brings attention to the need for serious future consideration. Followed by problem statements, it summarizes the trends and method to solve those rising issues of health problems (falls, vision impair, mental problems). Those problems can be solved by generating high quality physical environments which are suitable for the elderly. This should be the structure for designers to prevent potential lighting issues in senior living environment design. In the lighting consideration section, it starts with contrast sympathy. The guide book introduces a scientific definition of contrast. Contrast is important for elderly people; this will affect their vision and further impact their daily activities. The contrast ratio for senior housing facilities is 3:1 for object Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 28 and adjacent surfaces and 10:1 for object and background surfaces. It expressed as: C = I (Lo - Lb) / Lb I C = contrast Lo = luminance of object Lb = luminance of background Two terminologies are introduced in this section, disability glare and equivalent veiling luminance. Disability glare is caused by reduction of contrast and equivalent veiling luminance. If veiling luminance occurs in the line of sight, the equation can be rewritten. Thus, we can compare the original equation and the rewritten equation. Whenever veiling luminance is present, it will reduce contrast based on these scientific calculations. C = | [ (Lo+Lv) - fLb+Lv) ] / Lb+Lv [ C = contrast Lo = luminance of object Lb = luminance of background Lv = equivalent veiling luminance Equivalent of veiling luminance can be calculated by given equation below. The scientific function is expressed as: Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29 Lv = kEo I ©2 Lv = equivalent veiling luminance Eo = illuminance at the eye from the souce © = angle between source and the line of sight K = dimensional constant This guide book provides individual solutions to solve each issue. Followed by contrast, uncomfortable glare is considered as a separate topic. It identifies a statement called “border between comfort and discomfort” (BCD). The BCD point shift with age difference, younger people have higher tolerances to BCD than older adults based on research. Veiling reflections are also issues for elderly people, especially for the group with partial sight. There are several solutions to solve this issue, which are recommended in this guide book. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 Discomfort Glare I (cd/sq nn) 40 BCD AGE 70 80 Chari 4.1 Elderly people often have supplementary unique vision conditions. Lighting designers and architects have to be alerted to these conditions and concentrate on those distinctive needs. By far, uncomfortable glare, adequate light level, correct contrast, and good color rendition are all important issues. Those issues are equally significant and neither one can subordinate one another. Beside conditional satisfaction, creating a homey atmosphere is also crucial. Due to the sensitivity in contrast of the older eye, the luminance ratio has to be carefully controlled. The daylight luminance level is extremely high in comparison with regular artificial lighting. During the day time, if the space doesn’t have the comfortable luminance level that responds to an outside luminance level, senior occupants might experience sudden blindness and may furthermore avoid outside activities. Providing visual comfort to an Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 outside area should always be considered during the design process, because it’s important for human to connect to the outside environment. Allowing occupants to have visual connections to the outdoors is the first step in encouraging outdoor activities. The window is one of the most important components that provide real time orientation to the outside world from interior spaces. The location of a window becomes a significant task for designers in term of providing connection to exterior spaces. Designers are the key personnel to control lighting condition by situating windows and light fixtures. Thus, all of those elements need to be carefully studied before final design decisions are made. The atmosphere of a space is also controlled by designers. A residential atmosphere is enormously desirable for most living environments. Since a high luminance level is required for senior living due to their physical conditions, senior living spaces should be designed to accommodate this requirement. Most of the spaces are lit with fluorescent lights with white and cool color balance (most of the fluorescent light bulbs are 3500 degrees Kelvin color temperature or above). This institutional look is undesirable for every residence. Various architecture elements and different fixtures are available in the market, which will assist designers to create a desirable atmosphere for each space. Task lighting is another essential assignment that needs to be studied by designers. Task lighting has to be allocated at places that are desirable and remain flexibility for occupants. Therefore, daily activities can Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 be performed by occupants without frustration of impaired visions. Lighting for the safety path is also crucial and needs to be satisfied with required minimum light level and quality. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ana* la s M iU ohifci Tits* Ugh# It* t w FMteenOee Exterior intranet (Night) too 1 0 Interior Entry (Oay) t w W interior Entry (Night) too 1 0 Exit Stairways a m s Lantfings 300 m Elevator interiors 300 3 0 PsMng Q at as® intranet 5 0 0 m Exterior Waftways 5 0 5 Admhis^atei (Active) 3 0 © 30 500 80 Active Arsas (Day On ty) 300 30 500 30 M iW iiK n s M 303 m 1 £ U m & * u * M l i i f e i f i s t f e u f f i ! , f & is * B , S n t lA t wamg ifwgntj too 1 0 - Resident R oom ' Efltrsnc® 30 0 30 UvingReom 300 3 0 750 7 5 Bedrowti 300 3 0 750 7 5 War«tfaWCkws 300 30 Bathroom 300 30 Matw^ip/Shavins Area 30 0 3 0 600 m $tewter®atfrtr»g R o o m s 300 30 Kitchen Area 3 0 0 30 50) so BartwSetuticlars (O ay ) S C O 50 Chapef or Ckrtfl Area fAettve) 300 30 Hallways (Active Hours) M0 30 Hallways (Steeping Hours) 100 1 0 Dining (Active Hours) 508 S O Medicine Preparation 300 30 1000 1 0 0 Nurses S la tt e rn (Day) 300 30 300 so N w m Statfatt ps§bt} 100 1 0 500 so Physical Therapy Ares (Active Hours) MO 30 500 50 Occupatiwal Therapy (Aciwe Hours ! 300 30 500 m Examinatfcn R o o m (Dedicated) 300 30 1000 100 Janitor's Cteset 300 30 Laundry (Adivt Hoars) 300 30 500 • 50 Ct«M®©is«l Utility 300 30 K A m w s w % € $ m lu tG n o n soo 50 1 0 0 0 100 Food Storage CWso-Mriflwated j 300 3 © Staff Toilet Aras 200 20 eoo 69 '•um zation at d^tight is enoauraged in e n s ry w a jfS s o sw rsfe a tw itto n between oytfkte and Mew? iam inatm lewis, N o te.- Ambssnt H g h t Swels are iw*fW M sm m gm - m®§8t»d a 76 an (30 in,) o h m the tear in » tenants! plane T a s f e l#ts ImefeareabMluteirinimufittiakenQnilwvHiJtetedtfoinni'frupittwflnftdwfltetteijfemaMfetebeiifteftonttefecetea N tm : it atwySd be mS&rmo@ tw * » values s m d are m m rn tm . Tbt opttmam sdfu t o for leak sg to g *s » gws u sers OTdol flw er tfw intensify and pss®oreng of ih* tight neorea to meet * w Individuel needs. Chart 4.2 IES guide book also provides area specific lighting solution. Started with building entrance, often times outside daylight are 1000 times brighter Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 34 than indoor space. Transitional areas should be designed between outdoor and indoor spaces to avoid excessive differential luminance. Clerestory lighting and sky lighting can be placed to allow more daylight in a transition area with slow gradual changes in luminance for the elderly eye to adopt. Corridors and common areas should be lit to the level that can be adapted by the occupants, because the elderly eye adjusts to light level difference slowly. Quick changes of luminance should be avoided in corridors and common areas. Glossy surfaces might create reflected uncomfortable glare need to be avoided. All surfaces must be lit to a desirable level and edges between walls and floors ought to be distinguished. In the common areas, all furniture and service components should be identified and clearly marked. Shadows and uncomfortable glare should be avoided, so senior occupants can clearly identify all elements in the area. This will help prevent falls caused by insufficient lighting. Stairs and elevators should be lit to a sufficient level. During the event of an emergency, they should maintain regular light levels. During both regular and emergency periods, surfaces should have similar luminance levels with adjacent areas; therefore causing minimal lighting level changes for senior occupants. Designers should avoid dramatic light levels or excessive shadows in stair wells, because stair wells have the potential to cause falling accidents. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 Apartment entries, for most of the medium to high density communities are often located next to a hallway or corridor. Most of the private room entries in an apartment complex are identical. The easiest way for occupants to find their unit is to identify room numbers. Therefore, lighting for the entry door becomes important as well. Shadows should not be present at the entry door in order for elderly to recognize their unit numbers and key holes. Living areas should have general lighting installed permanently and ready for regular activities such as walking, reading, and watching TV. Both task and ambient lighting ought to be available and with dimmer controlled. Living areas are the space for many different activities, thus flexibility becomes a criteria when designers study these situations. Most of the dining areas are part of the living space and the kitchen or a transitional area between both, must be provided. Flexibility is also needed in dining area. When dining areas are separated from kitchen and living areas, provide additional light fixtures or lighting sources, so a desirable atmosphere is created. Kitchens require ambient lighting and task lighting as well as other spaces. The general lighting luminance should at a level sufficient for clean up and storing groceries. Task lighting should be used for cooking, and food preparation. Task lighting is also helpful for elderly people to identify outdated food in storages and refrigerators. Uncomfortable glare and dark shadows Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 should be avoided in the kitchen area, because activities in a kitchen are often dangerous. Most elderly people spend at least one third of their time in the bedroom. Depending on the individual; most people perform several different activities in the bedroom besides sleeping. For example, reading before bed time, watching TV, taking medicines, and telephone chatting. Another important activity performed in the bedroom is dressing. Almost every bedroom has either a galley closet or a walk-in closet. Those different activities make the bedroom a unique space. In the bedroom, lighting level should be flexible and task lighting should be located near the bed. The color rendering of artificial lighting is also an important factor due to some specific activities that occur in the bedroom, because occupant would like to see all colors of their clothing and make-up. The location of light fixtures for dressing is important. Since a mirror is a highly reflective surface, uncomfortable reflected glare might be present if the location of the fixture is inappropriate. The bathroom is always concerned with safety issues. Because of those concerns, lighting quality in the bathroom is critical. Good quality lighting can further reduce the chances of an accidental fall. Some people keep their medications in the bathroom. Luminance levels must be adequate for the elderly to read instructions and labels on medicine bottles. Most bathrooms are typically small and have a mirror on top of the sink which can reflect light and create glare. Thus, the positioning of lighting fixtures is Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 37 important. General lighting levels should be kept at a point that is sufficient for bathroom activities. Large defuse sources are more desirable over single point sources. Elderly people often get up in the middle of the night and use the bathroom, therefore creating a lighted path from the bedroom to the bathroom is essential. A light path (between 1fc to 3fc) allows the elderly to safely use the bathroom at night. Most senior living communities have many different activity rooms included lounges, billiard, pool table, ping pong table, card and board game rooms. The luminance level should be designed with desired quality. Appropriate lighting must be considered for each task performed in each area, in order to meet the requirement of the task. The minimum light level for general task is 50 fc. This guide book has mentioned circadian rhythms, aging body clock, sleep disorder, seasonal disorder, vitamin D and day lighting. As described in the early background study, circadian rhythm is a 24 hours of human body cycle. It is exceedingly sensitive to the amount of light received by the human eye, especially with high color temperature (3500 degrees or above). If people have deficient light exposure, circadian rhythm might get desynchronized and further cause sleeping problems and mood swings. Once the body clock is upset, the elderly might sleep early each day and wake up in the middle of night or might wake up many times at night. This could cause depression or frustration to daily life. Changing seasons is another major problem in lighting, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 because the duration of daylight timing is shortened and people could fee! depressed because of the shorter day-time, especially for the elderly. Exposure to the sunlight will generate vitamin D inside the human body. Medical reports indicate that each person should have at least 200 1 U of vitamin D each day. Vitamin D has a direct influence on the body skeleton and because most seniors have a lack of exposure to sunlight, the amount of vitamin D received by the elderly might not be sufficient without alternative nutrition tablets. Thus, hip fracture and accidental falling becomes extremely dangerous. Designers should take advantage of day lighting. Day lighting is beneficial if designers control it carefully. It provides both physical and mental benefits to the human body, safe energy, and lower operational costs. This guide book provides several methods of calculating day lighting techniques, which are demonstrated in the graph below. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 {A) UNILATERAL (B) B IL A T E R A L \C) C LE R E S TO R Y (0) CLERESTORY * UNILATERAL (E) OVERHANG (F) OVERHANG k GROUND REFLECTION X (G) LIGHTSHELF -W/Q LWHTSH6LF -W / LIGHTSHELF (I) SKYLIGHT * W E LL (J) ROOF M ONITOR (K) SAW TOOTH Examples of daylighting in an interior space with horizontal (roof) openings [top lighting] and vertical (wall) openings [side lighting] The dashed imes show expected horizontal spatial variations in interior daylight illumination levels. Figure 4.1 This is the guideline can generally be used by both architects and designers to improve a practice in a lighting and interior design. It Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 40 demonstrates solutions for both lighting fixture locations, color contrast of furniture and interior surfaces. Most of the solutions are exceedingly beneficial during the design process. Some of the suggestions and recommendations should be involved in the early programming stages in order to avoid potential problems in a project or after a building isoccupied. A major issue is providing quality lighting in the senior living environments, which has a sufficient amount of luminance to perform activities and prevent accidental falling. Most of the issues and problems of lighting design for senior living are discussed in this guideline. These include recommendations for specific areas, mental health problems associated with lighting, daylight strategies, and color and light contrast. Both interior and exterior lighting issues are discussed and provided with solutions. This guideline is conducted by many different professionals and experts in the field that focused on elderly. There are numerous illustrations alongside with each specific concern on senior living quality, which can assist designers to fabricated and enhanced design superiority. There is a lack of architectural sketches in the current guidelines to demonstrate solutions. Although, written description is enormously helpful, if the editors append some graphic expression to illustrate ideas, this guideline can be supplementary affective to readers. Some architecture sections or axonometric drawings could articulate the results of solutions. Some solutions in this guideline are technical and difficult to use in the early stage of a design solution. The term “uniform luminance” is used frequently in the written Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41 description; it can be difficult for designers to clearly define uniform lighting or uniform appearance. The first impression of uniformity is that all surfaces need to appear the same, thus, ail furniture and surfaces are lit to the same level with similar color. However, the typical “institutional look” has extraordinary uniform luminance and appearance. For residential design, designers spend a tremendous amount of resources to generate a warm environment for the occupants. In order to create the proper mood and atmosphere, luminance level considerations are often left out. Lighting should be always utilized to enhance the environment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 42 Southern California Built Work Analysis Chapter 5 In this chapter, author had visited 10 different elderly living facilities and provides a quick analysis based on both technical knowledge and literature study. In the United States, there are several different types of senior living environments. Most senior living facilities are single story with a few exceptions in urban areas. Each type serves a different type of occupant. In general, senior housing is categorized into 5 distinct types. 1. Independent Living Facility Independent living facilities can consist of any type of units, included single family detach, attached housings, condominiums, apartments, mobile or motor homes. In this type of facility, occupants are able to maintain their independent life style with minimal assistance. The management also provides little or no services beyond the building itself and site maintenance. Most of the residents stay in independent living facility had better mobility and physical condition. 2. Assisted Living Facility (ADL) As the name “assisted living” implies, management of the facility offers various personal care services, including meals, housekeeping, laundry, and maintenance. The difference between assisted living and a nursing home is that assisted living is designated to elderly that only Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43 need non-medical level of assistance and daily living assistance. ADLs included such common everyday activities as help with ambulation, bathing, dressing, grooming, feeding, and toileting. In an assisted living facility, the unit might or might not have a full kitchen, but definitely a kitchenette which can be used for light cooking or warming of meals. 3. Skilled Nursing Housing Nursing care in the U.S. is made up of two types, skilled nursing and intermediate care nursing. Both of them provide the same personal care as an assisted living facilities plus additional medical care to occupants. Skilled nursing facilities are supervised by a physician and intermediate nursing home has supervision of a registered nurse. The variation of them is the degree of medical care provided to residents. 4. Congregate Seniors Housing Congregate senior housing is a type of apartment living that has centralized dining, shared common spaces, and access to social and recreational activities, in this multifamily complex, the management team provides services such as transportation, personal care, rehabilitation, spiritual programs, housekeeping, and other supportive services. 5. Continuing Care Retirement Communities. This type of community is also named a “life care community.” It provides a continuum of cares, which includes housing, health care, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 44 and various support services. The services offered are often contracted to the occupants and usually for the balance of the resident’s life. It also ranges from independent living to skilled nursing care. Most services are provided directly or through the health care center (Pearce 1998 and Valins 1988). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45 Built work study 1 Royal Park Independent Living Facility 14814 E. Gale Ave. Hacienda Hts. CA 91745 160 units - one and two story Inner court yard photograph - Figure 5.1 This is an independent living facility for active adults who are 55+. Most of the current residents are in the age range of 65 to 70. Outdoor activities occurred during early morning and early evening (after dinner). The main outdoor activities are walking, outdoor chatting, and light exercising. Street / public artificial lighting is currently a concern by residence, especially in the fall, because sunset time is earlier each day and public lights had not been turned on. Because the automatic timer for lighting was set later than sunset time, residents weren’t able to perform outdoor activities. Otherwise, there are literally no complaints about lighting conditions. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 46 Entrance to individual unit - Figure 5.2 Unit entrance - Figure 5.3 The transitional space between the courtyard and unit entrances is lighted with an incandescent light fixture. There aren’t any other light fixtures installed on the stair and in front door landscape areas. For visually impaired residents, these areas could become dangerous during the evening when the overall outdoor light level is low. If additional lights are installed at those areas, it can further assist residents to identify impediments and prevent fall caused by tripping. The entrance to each individual unit isn’t equipped with any exterior mounted light fixtures, which created a light level contrast between outdoor and indoor. During bright sunny days, the outdoor environment has over 3000 FC and the indoor entrance only have around 10 FC. Most of the elements near by the entrance could block an occupant’s passage and cause a tripping Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 47 hazard. For example, the shoe shelf might fail into darkness and shoes on the floor could be a problem. Furthermore during a bright sunny day, the outdoor environment’s luminance level is high and indoor luminance is low. This situation can discourage outdoor activities, because residents might not feel comfortable looking outside from their unit. They might assume that outdoor activities would be unsafe. In order to introduce natural light into the entrance, there are various solutions to improve the condition. A sidelight can be added next to the main door to introduce outside natural light. A transom opening can also be added to the door to allow natural light to bounce from the ceiling. Both elements can further increase luminance level of the entrance and decrease the extreme light level difference between indoor and outdoor. Enhancing the lighting condition of the entrance can encourage outdoor activities. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48 Built work study 2 Via Campo Senior Villas Independent Living Facility 2201 Via Campo Montebello CA 90840 85 units - Three story Inner courtyard at third level - Figure 5.4 Via Campo Senior Villas is an independent living facility designated for low income senior citizens. Applicants for this villa are qualified under two conditions. The qualifications are citizens need to be age 62 or older and have annual income lower than 24,000 dollars a year. The facility was built and occupied in the summer of 2002. It has 81 one-bedroom units and 4 two- bedroom units in a three story complex. This building has a single loaded corridor and is opened to an inner courtyard. Two elevators banks located at both ends of the structure serve as vertical circulation. Both elevators are designed as a free standing element and connect to the exterior corridor. This facility provides an art/craft room, a recreation room, and landscaped inner courtyard. Outdoor activities occur during early morning and late evening after Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 49 dinner time. Residents spend a minimum amount of time in the courtyard. In the courtyard, there aren’t any free standing or mounted light fixtures. This may create difficulty in using outdoor spaces during evening, especially during winter. Courtyard shading devices can be added to block off direct sunlight during summer, therefore they can minimize extreme luminance differences in both outdoor and exterior corridor spaces. The advantage of single loaded exterior corridors are that natural light can penetrate into corridors and also into the enclose spaces behind them, thus the transitional space can be filled with both natural and artificial light. Corridors near by the courtyard - Figure 5.5 Recessed compact fluorescent light fixtures are installed in the corridors and spaced four feet on center. During daytime, half of the light fixtures are turned on to provide additional luminance in the corridor. Those lights also provide safety to the residents in case of emergency. The luminance level at the interception of corridor and elevator lobby is minimal in comparison with other areas. At this transition, a large area is Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50 required for occupants to wait for the elevator. The openings in this space are limited due to its shape and surrounding service elements. Natural light can’t reach into this area and provide enough luminance and additional artificial light fixtures aren’t present. As a result, an extreme differential light level is created. To solve this potential lighting problem, a light well and/or skylight could be introduced into this area to permit natural light. Additional lighting fixtures need to be added with current fixtures to provide enough luminance for transitional area. a . y elevator - Figure 5:6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 51 Built work study 3 Villa Flores independent Living Facility 1020 Flower Street Los Angeles CA 90015 75 units-7 stories Villa Flores is a 7 story mid-rise concrete building located in the Downtown LA Business District. The building is designed in a modernist style, with extraordinary facades and a distinctive atmosphere for residents. This facility is situated in an urban environment and is designated for low-income independent senior citizens. In this project, the architect used bright colors on both the exterior and the interior. The bright colors help the residents to find their way and to make the spaces brighter. The main lobby has a shorter depth which allows visual connections from the inside and the outside. The shorter depth moreover permits more natural light into the space. Most of the residents spend most of their daytime in the lobby. The lobby becomes one of the key social interaction areas. Main Entrance - Figure 5.8 Main lobby o f Villa Flores - Figure 5.7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 52 In the corridors, there are large openings at every end to allow natural light to enter the building. At the middle of the corridors, the elevator lobby is an alternative place for natural lights to enter the building designed by the architect purposely. Several artificial lighting fixtures are used in the corridor to enhance the space and improve way-finding. Recessed lighting fixtures mark the unit entrance and wall sconces are used to mark the circulation plus provide general illumination. BBSS Unit entrance - Figure 5.10 C orridor- Figure 5.9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53 ! \ \ f PEMBROOK LANE ( A U . D ' ) s T * VILLA FLORES FIRST FLOOR FLOWER STREET Site Plan — Figure 5.11 In the elevator lobby, bright colors walls make the space brighter and an opening from floor to ceiling created in this space allows more natural light. Two ceiling Sights are located in the elevator lobby for night time luminance. Frosted glass covers are used on the S ight fixtures for a wider spread of light. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 54 Wall washers or wall sconces can be installed to generate more luminance in the space. Light fixtures can also be installed at the exterior and used as an indirect light source to light the space. This can take advantage of the large opening in the elevator lobbies and also conceal the light fixture. The elevator lobby for this building plays an important role in architectural design. The architect used it to mark the entrance and create a hierarchy in the fagade. Thus, the natural lighting can be used to light both interior and exterior of the building. 'wTr ■ w m m s m Building fagade - Figure 5.12 Elevator lobby - Figure 5.13 This facility has a large multipurpose room for special events. This multipurpose room is designed for both on-site residents and near-by neighbors. The surrounding neighbors agreed to designate a common area near by the back alley, which can be used as into a shared a common area Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55 when all sites on this urban block are developed. A large overhang is created to shade both the openings and the circulation area. A green translucent material is used for the shade material and creates an atmosphere that blends into the adjacent courtyard. In the multipurpose room, a drop panel ceiling is designed for both HVAC equipments and lighting fixtures. This single story multipurpose room doesn’t have a skylight component. A skylight could be installed in this room, which would take advantage of natural light. The multipurpose room is often occupied during daytime for special events and Sunday church services. Aerial view o f multipurpose room - Figure Interior view o f multipurpose room - Figure 5.14 5.15 The typical one bedroom unit is approximately 515 SF. In the living room, a floor to ceiling opening is provided which invites natural light during the daytime. Vertical blinds installed for openings allow the light level to be control. Task lighting and wall washers can be added to the living room for nighttime luminance. The kitchen and dining room are adjacent to the living area. An off center fluorescent fixture is present in the kitchen and a pendent for the dining area. Those three spaces are close to each other but not over Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 crowded. Soffit lighting can be added to the kitchen to provide better task lighting for occupants. There are also a recess lighting installed for the unit entrance as well. Kitchen - Figure 5.16 Living room - Figure 5.17 There are spaces for lighting improvement in this project, although there are already several lighting strategies used by the architect. The overall design gave occupants a different feeling over the ordinary home. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 57 Built work study 4 Hillcrest Home Continue Care retirement community 2075 Mountain View Dr. La Verne CA 91750 This is a large scale retirement community incorporating every level of care for elderly people from independent living to nursing home. The campus is continuing to grow to meet the desires of both current and future residents. The facility management is continuing to renovate old buildings and to create a better environment. At the same time, they are constructing new and improved facilities for residents. This retirement community is within a suburban context along with other single family residences. It doesn’t draw a boundary between the retirement community and surrounding neighbors. Neighbors are welcome to the community and share in social interaction with the elderly residents. The facility management used an abundance amount of skylights in both their renovation and new facilities. They are also willing to modify any units for individual resident and formulate a highly desirable and appropriate living environment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Common facility - Figure 5.18 Independent units - Figure 5.19 The congregated facility of this community is currently under going renovation. During the renovation, the individual units are demolished and rebuilt with new units which would provide residents with a better living environment. Most of the common areas are preserved and renovated. In the congregate facility, there are two large common areas including a dining room and activity room. The renovation would improve the existing dining room and add a private dining area for special events. The existing dining room has one glass fagade open to the street with a landscape barrier between the street and the interior space. The glass fagade provides a tremendous amount of natural light into the dining area. The renovations would extend the glass facade further out to the street and craft a superior dining atmosphere. The chandeliers hung on exposed wood ceiling joist create a homey atmosphere for occupants and also bestowed a human scale to the space. The darker carpet floor is used for ease of maintenance. If the furnishings used lighter colors which could be situated in contrast of color with carpet, it would make them more recognizable to occupants. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59 Congregated dining area - Figure 5.20 Congregated common areas - Figure 5.21 The common area has access to natural light as well as the dining area, in addition, there are numerous recessed lighting fixtures installed in the ceiling to provide high level of ambient lighting. An aesthetic laminated wood beam holds up the entire ceiling and creating a high ceiling with column free space. Artificial lighting fixtures are positioned 4 foot on center, which could provide a large amount of luminance in the space. Task lighting fixtures on the coffee table makes the space user friendly. In the corridors, 4’x4’ fluorescent ceiling lights are provided for ambient lighting. On top of each unit entrance is a 4’ fluorescent fixture cover with translucent shield marking the entry door and increase light level. At each intersection between two corridors, there is a 4’x4’ skylight installed. Below the skylight, facility provides a small gathering area for residents with chairs and a coffee table. The corridors in the existing assisted living facility have a gloomy atmosphere with light fixtures and skylights. The corridors are long and devoid of intermediate common areas for natural light. Additional wall sconces and wall washers could be added to brighten up the space. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 60 fflBBWPMBBMBMWBaBBBBWBBM Corridor intersection - Figure 5.22 C orridor- Figure 5.23 The new designed independent housing units utilized skylights and create a both pleasant and homey atmosphere for residents. Shared gardens and porches amalgamate together to create a centra! garden. The skylight unit used in the housing is a prefabricated 8 inch tube. It provides sufficient daylight into the interior spaces. During a clear day in southern California, those skylights delivered an adequate amount of luminance. But this 8” tube skylight might become too glary, due to its small size and extremely high luminance. Skylights are positioned in the living room, kitchen, closet, storage, and bathroom. Large windows and door side panels are also present in the unit and allow both visual connections to outside and natural light spread into the interior spaces. Recessed light fixtures are used in the common areas, including in the living room and circulation. Residents also have flexibility to add task lighting upon request. The fundamental idea of this community is to provide a better living environment for it retirement population. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 81 Skylight units - Figure 5.24 Centra! courtyard - Figure 5.25 In the kitchen area, soffit lighting is positioned for different tasks. The ceiling fluorescent lighting unit is integrated with a skylight. The amount of natural light is sufficient to perform activities in the kitchen area without additional artificial light during the daytime. The S ight color cabinets reflect light into the space and engender a feeling of brightness. Kitchen - Figure 5.26 Storage - Figure 5.27 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 62 A skylight is used in the storage room and closet as well. The 8” tube skylight with a diffuse cover generates a tremendous amount of luminance. The skylight in the closet provides luminance for occupants to see their clothing in full color and if occupants need more light in the bedroom, they can simply open the sliding closet door for more natural light. This is a simple method to control natural light without adding additional shades. The skylight unit in the bathroom introduces daylight into the center of the room. If the bathroom door opens, natural light spreads into the circulation areas. Closet - Figure 5.28 Bathroom - Figure 5.29 In the facilities, the designer used skylights aggressively in the building to provide a daytime lighting solution. This is has many advantages. Natural light provides a full color spectrum and makes all colors present. It provides an energy efficient lighting solution during daytime, thus conserving energy. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 83 During clear days, the skylight unit distributes a large amount of light into the space, which could assist residents to sense the time of day and synchronize their sleep / wake cycle. The prefabricated skylight units are fairly low in price; however they require labor cost for installation. In the long run, especially for assisted living facilities which would operate for years, this is an intelligent decision to introduce more natural light into dark spaces in the building. 5.'=. 5 - - -Ch,- Figure 5.30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 64 Built work study 5 Sunrise Assisted Living of West Hills Assisted living facility 9012 Topanga Canyon Blvd. Canoga Park CA 91304 First Floor Plan - Figure 5.31 Sunrise Assisted Living in West Hills is a facility located in the Northwest part of Los Angeles. This facility has a third level of care, which provides support for residents from regular assisted living to dementia care. This facility opened in 2002, it incorporates various unique assisted living design ideas. The facility is divided into two main sections, one wing for general assisted living residents and the other wing designated for residents with dementia and Alzheimer’s syndrome. This facility encourages outdoor activities for their residents. Their residents performed at least one outdoor activity each day. Large windows, porches, skylights, and clerestory lighting \ . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 65 are designed and constructed in this facility to permitted natural light into the interior spaces. Both indoor and outdoor porches are available for residents to occupy. Most of the artificial fight in the facility have a low color temperature, which generates a yellowish light to the space. The idea behind yellowish light is to create a comfortable and homey environment for residents. Front entry — Figure 5,32 Clerestory - Figure 5.33 Several different types of light fixture are used in this facility, including pendent lights, wall sconces, chandeliers, table/floor lamps and recessed lighting. In the two story space, a chandelier is positioned at the center to provide human scale in the space and generate high luminance to the entry. Recessed lighting around the perimeter of the two story space lights the walls and artwork, which generated visually brighter space to the occupants. In the lobby, it had approximately 10 FC on both vertical and horizontal surfaces, which is fairly low for a lobby in general and can be improved by the facility. The large openings in the lobby allowed visual connections to outdoor spaces and create a pleasant space. Windows in the clerestory allow natural light into the entry, the windows are equipped with mechanically adjustable horizontal Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 68 blinds for natural light control. In this two story space, skylight units could be added to provide additional luminance to the space and craft a physical brighter space. This facility has double loaded corridors on both first and second floors. The corridor on the first floor has wall sconces and ceiling pendents that offered general luminance. Each unit entry door can have accent light as an indication for door way and provide extra luminance for key hole and doorknob. Corridors on the second floor have supplementary skylights in small common areas. The artificial light setting is generally the same with first floor, but every small common area is endow with a 4’x4’ skylight unit. Those units provide natural light into the corridor which forms a brighter space. Common area in the corridor - Figure 5.34 Corridor in the first floor - Figure 5.35 The large dining area near by the lobby is equipped with skylights and large windows. A tremendous amount of natural light is permitted into the space through those windows and skylight units. As usual, this area is also the area occupied the most during the day-time. A courtyard is connected to the dining area and allowed occupants to perform activities. This allows visual Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87 connection between the indoor and outdoor. Most of the designers used this strategy to link interior and exterior spaces. But there is a missing transitional space between interior and exterior spaces. Dark carpet is used in the dining area and primary for maintenance issue. If a lighter color were selected, it would further enhance the space for residents. This could helps occupants identify furniture in this space effortlessly. General dining area - Figure 5.36 Snack area - Figure 5.37 In each individual unit, a large window is positioned. The large window permitted an enormous amount of natural light to enter the space. Shades are included with the window. Thus residents are able to control lighting level based on desire. An up-light fixture and task lighting are placed in the space for different activities. An additional wall washer or sconce could be placed to add general ambient lighting for occupants. Bright colors were used in the space to provide visually brighter environment and a homey atmosphere. Furnishings are in darker colors to allow occupants to identify them. The bathroom is positioned internally. Two types of light fixture are present in the bathroom, one is recessed light fixture for ambient lighting and another one is Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 8 fluorescent light with diffuse cover for task lighting. An additional recessed light fixture would benefit occupants by creating a higher ambient light level. Thus, one recessed light fixture could be designated for toilet and another one could be designated to the overall space. The cabinet of the kitchenette could add a soffit light as task lighting for occupants. The soffit light could allow occupants to perform activities. ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ Bedroom - Figure 5.38 Bathroom - Figure 5.39 The architect of this facility carefully considered the problems of a homey atmosphere. There are several features that help to create wonderful living environment, making the residents feel like their homes. The quality of life for later life concept is properly integrated into the design of the space. Although, there are additional improvements of lighting design to enhance the quality of life. Some new ideas are tested in this facility and most of them have been achieved successfully. Designers should capture the idea and reinvent them for future projects. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 69 Built work study 6 Sunrise Assisted Living of Hermosa Beach Assisted living facility 1837 Pacific Coast Hwy. Hermosa Beach, CA 90254 % 3 f - ft \ J "ls 3 - % >*»! t > . - * * 7 ‘W * ' « a is® C f{ ] / ■ ®s u ? F/rsf Floor Plan - Figure 5.40 Sunrise Assisted Living in Hermosa Beach is a senior housing complex located near the coast in Southern California. This facility has a magnificent outdoor view toward the Pacific Ocean. It has a U-shape configuration with a central outdoor spaces oriented toward to ocean. A subterranean parking structure is below the central courtyard at the west half of the building. This Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 70 facility has high density due to the cost of land in the Hermosa Beach area. This facility has double loaded corridors and a centralized common area. The atmosphere of this facility is homey and calm. All the settings are oriented as American country home style. It used lots of beige color for walls and ceiling and numerous yellowish lights are selected for artificial lighting. Lobby - Hgure 5.41 Central courtyard - Figure 5.42 The main lobby has a two story space with a grand stair connected to a second floor. The windows in the clerestory emit natural light into the spaces. Porches adjacent to the lobby have large windows, which also allowed natural light to enter the space. In the two story space, a skylight could be installed to capture the additional natural light. A ceiling pendent is installed at middle of the lobby. It provides ambient lighting and human scale to space. Recessed ceiling light fixtures are used for both accent lighting and ambient lighting. It lighted up the vertical surfaces and artworks hung adjacent to the walls. Additional indirect lighting could have been positioned in the cove between the first and second floor. It would light up the walls and make it a visually brighter space. The common area is oriented toward to east and west. It has a short Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71 view to the courtyard and a distant view to the ocean. The disadvantage of the west facing fagade is unwanted uncomfortable glare is present during sunset If the shading is allowed, it would filter the strong sunlight and reduce glare. Recessed ceiling lights are presented in the common areas and turned on most of the time. Task lighting is provided in the spaces next to the sitting areas and coffee tables. Those fixtures could impart a brighter visual environment for occupants. The orientation of the west facing common areas need to be carefully studied to avoid uncomfortable glare from sunlight while at the same time preserving west facing views toward the ocean. Common area - Figure 5.43 Clerestory lobby - Figure 5.44 Corridors in this facility are integrated with unique concepts. Each unit has a small display box for pictures and art crafts. This allows occupants to recognize their units by looking at their own pictures and transform a circulation space into a small gallery space. Recessed ceiling light fixtures provided both accent lighting to the display boxes and ambient lighting for the spaces. Small gathering areas break up the lengthy corridors and create a supplementary homey environment and social interactive area. 4’x4’ Skylight Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 72 units are present in small gathering areas in corridors. They supplied natural light to the space and gave a sense of destination for occupants using the corridors. Wall sconces and table lamps are present in the space. The setting of furniture creates a homey atmosphere for residents. Porches are another space used by residents. The porches of this facility have maximum access to natural light, because they have a great amount of transparent vertical surfaces for daylight. Additional ceiling pendants, table lamps, and freestanding lamps are also used in the space. An indirect lighting system could be added for ceiling and vertical surfaces which would provide a brighter environment. Corridor and gathering space - Figure 5.45 Porch - Figure 5.46 In this facility, some common areas have west facing facades due to the orientation of building and also constraints of the site. West facing common areas need to be carefully studied to avoid uncomfortable glare to occupants. Proper orientation and shade control should be ensured of a comfort level during later afternoons. Additional skylight units and artificial light fixtures would further enhance the performance of residents and their quality of life. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Built work study 7 Stark Villa Motion Picture and Television Country Home and Hospital Assisted living facility 23388 Mulholland Dr. Woodland Hills, CA 91364 First Floor Plan - Figure 5.47 Stark Villa is an assisted living facility funded by the Motion Picture and Television Fund. It is located in northwest part of Los Angeles in Southern California in Woodland Hills. It is a three story structure. Both the interior and the exterior of the facility are designed in a modern style. The atmosphere in this facility is extraordinarily different in comparison with traditionally designed assisted living facilities. It has a five-star hotel/vacation home atmosphere. Each unit has an outdoor patio or balcony and also some common outdoor Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74 areas positioned in the middle of the facility. Outdoor activities areas designed for residents include a walking garden and a working garden. The facility has mostly single loaded corridors which transmit natural light and create a visual connection to the outdoor environment. Special activities areas and small gathering spaces are used to break up lengthy corridors and to provide social interactive spaces. Two additional common areas detached from the main facility are available to host different social events for both on-site residents and off-site family members. This facility provides both independent living and assisted living. Most of the residents are still active and have occasionally outside traveling and activities. Each living unit has a parking space for active residents. The facility also provides additional transportation for residents who are unable to drive. W m m m Building Fagade - Figure 5.48 Working Garden - Figure 5.49 The main lobby has a double height ceiling with a grand stair connected to the second floor and an elevator connected to all floors. Both sides of the lobby link to outdoor environments. Large openings in the lobby provide visual connections. The lobby is oriented in the east-west direction, thus Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75 uncomfortable glare is present during late afternoon. Mechanical shading devices are installed on the west facing fagade, which can restrict the presence of uncomfortable glare but it also prohibits access of natural light. Three types of artificial light fixtures are placed in the lobby. They include recessed ceiling lights, ceiling pendent and linear fluorescent fixtures. All three of these types emit accent and ambient light in the space. They also enhance the space by giving human scale and visual hierarchy to both vertical and horizontal elements. Additional sconces and spot light fixtures could be added to columns and reception desk to gain extra luminance. The spot light at the reception desk could create a focal point and generates a special visual experience in this space. Sconces on columns would light up the vertical surface and distinguish areas between circulation and occupational spaces. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78 Lobby looking East - Figure 5.50 Lobby looking West - Figure 5.51 The dining area is contiguous to the main lobby. The dining area is separated into two spaces by the corridor. A main dining area is designed for regular usage for residents. This dining area has a west facing fagade. Therefore during the dining period, shade is needed to reduce discomfort glare from the sunlight. Exterior shading devices could be installed to filter strong sunlight and eliminate discomfort glare. Thus, it would sustains a visual connection from the interior to exterior and tolerate natural light. Recessed ceiling lights and small pendants are placed in the dining area. Recessed ceiling light fixtures are used to provide luminance for this space. Ceiling pendants are placed randomly throughout the space. Restaurant atmosphere is created by the setting and additional candle. Diffuse shields are equipped with all light fixtures further escalate dining ambiance. A smaller special event Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77 dining area is adjacent to the main dining room. It has a clerestory with large openings and corner glazing. This space is endowed with a tremendous amount of natural light. The architect also specified a beautifully designed pendent that is glare free for artificial lighting in this space. Recessed ceiling light fixtures offer ambient lighting and table candies with diffuse shields tendered the impression of occupants. Main dining room - Figure 5.52 Special dining room - Figure 5.53 The single loaded corridor in this facility is embedded with numerous openings, which allow natural light enter into the space. The architect took advantage of large openings and positioned small common areas between the lengthy single loaded corridors. Each corner of the corridor is featured with glazing for visual destination and it provided access for natural light. In between the lengthy corridor, common areas are positioned for social Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78 interaction. Residents have prospects to interact with each other in these spaces. Recessed ceiling light fixtures are situated in the middle of the ceiling. Wall sconces are positioned along the corridor to provide direction for occupants. The architect has fully utilized corridors and enhanced them with various features for residents. Different artificial light fixtures are used in the corridors; included sconces, linear indirect fluorescent, MR16 spot light, and recessed ceiling lights. Each of them are well thought out and situated in the proper location. Corridor with display - Figure Corridor with art w ork- Figure Small common area - Figure 5.54 5.55 5.56 Each individual unit has access to outdoor space; either a patio or a balcony. A sliding glass door is equipped in each unit for access to the outdoor environment and to allow natural light to enter the unit. Task lighting is present next to bed for reading and other activities. Occupants could place additional lighting fixtures based on desire. In the bathroom, a general diffuse ambient lighting is located next to the mirror and oriented to occupants. Special bath lighting is installed to provide extra luminance. Since all Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 79 bathroom areas are located in the inner structure, natural light is present in the space. The kitchenette in the unit has soffit lighting under the top cabinets and a recessed ceiling light is installed for ambient lighting. This facility has a unique character in comparison with other traditional facilities. The atmosphere created in here is extremely different facilities. Most of the detail conditions are well thought out and carefully designed. Occupants have unique experiences in this facility in contrast with other facilities or their past residences. The overall design for this facility is exceptional. The single loaded corridor is most desirable for high density housing. It has access to natural light and common areas for social interaction. All those features ensured quality of space for on-site residents. If all the minor issues are solved, this facility would be the one of best examples for future proposed facilities. Unit Balcony - Figure 5.57 Unit Living Room - Figure 5.58 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 80 Built work study 8 The Garden in La Habra Heights Assisted living facility 200 Whittier Blvd. La Habra, CA 90631 The Garden in La Habra Heights is located at approximately 20 miles east from Downtown LA, California. This is a facility offered from first to third level of care to residents included assisted living and Alzheimers care. This facility has three stories with an enclosed outdoor courtyard in the center. Dining and other common areas are located on the first floor. Residents spend their most of daytime in the lobby and adjacent recreational room. This is a typical type of assisted living facility around Southern California, it was built with a limited construction budget. The atmosphere of this facility is between institutional and homey. The management team is working extremely hard to ensure residents’ living quality. The residents have an organization which host meeting constantly and provide ideas for improvements to management. Lobby - Figure 5.59 Recreational room - Figure 5.60 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 81 The lobby has a double height ceiling but don’t have enough access for natural light. The chandelier in the middle of the lobby creates human scale. The lobby has more space than other typical facilities and provides more space for residents and socially interacts with other residents. Additional light fixtures could be installed to provide extra luminance for the space. This lobby has around 13 FC, but this space is visually darker in comparison with other spaces. The lobby is open only to one side and has a limited visual connection to the outdoors. Additional skylight units could be installed to introduce natural light. Additional vertical openings could allow broader visual connection to outdoors. The recreational room is adjacent to the lobby and the inner courtyard. It acts as another social interactive space for residents. The space is occupied most of the day. This area is ideal for the elderly to be exposed to natural light and contract benefits from it. The current atmosphere has an institutional mood due to its setting. The low-cost recessed fluorescent lighting creates institutional feeling of the space. Additional wall sconces and table lamps could create homey environment. Low color temperature light bulb can render the space with a calmer mood. Dining room - Figure 5.61 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 82 The dining room has iarge openings and visual connections to the outdoors. The white ceiling with recessed fluorescent fixtures created institutional feeling even with the homey furniture setting. Additional interior design should be considered to avoid institutional atmosphere. The inner courtyard has a pleasant feeling, but it is rarely used by the occupants. There aren’t any activities planned in the inner courtyard. The management could plan some activities in the courtyard and encourage residents to use the courtyard for social interactive space. North corridor - Figure 5.64 South co rrid o r- Figure 5.63 The south corridor has a low 7’ ceiling with a dark carpet. The white drop panel ceiling with recessed strip fluorescent fixtures creates an institutional environment. Low ceiling generates a compact and lengthy feeling to the corridor. The wall sconces help to mark the path but they don’t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 83 solve the lengthy corridor issues. The north corridor had an opening in the middle, which helps to break up the length and bring in natural light. Both corridors have the same width. But the north corridor has more pleasant atmosphere. This atmosphere is created by placing a small gathering area at the mid-section and introducing natural light. This project has potential for improvement for better living quality. The inner courtyard has advantages for the facility which have not been fully utilized. One unit in the mid-section could be modified into a gathering space to bring in natural light to the corridor and break up the lengthy feeling of the corridor. Art works and paintings could be hung in the corridor with additional accent lighting and transform the space into a small functional gallery. Personal display boxes could be used for unit way-finding for residents. Drop panels could be used with brighter colors which would visually enhance the space. Small modifications could create homier environment and further increase the quality of living. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 84 Built work study 9 Sunrise Assisted Living of Tustin Assisted living facility 12291 Newport Ave. Santa Ana, CA 92705 First Floor Plan - Figure 5.65 Sunrise Assisted Living in Tustin is located southeast of Los Angeles, California, it is a single story with a double U shape configuration. Common areas located in the middle of the double U structure. The structure has an east - west orientation with the main entry facing east. As at other Sunrise Assisted Living facilities, this facility is created as an American home style Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 85 environment. Low color temperature light bulbs (2500 degree) are extensively used in this facility, which generate a yellowish light. Indoor porches are situated next to the main lobby. Common areas have a visual connection to the outdoor environments which create visually brighter interior spaces. The main lobby is adjacent to a common living room and both spaces are occupied by residents most of the time. Both spaces are filled with social interactive events and residents spend most of their time in these areas during the day. Special events are occasionally held in these spaces. The ambient light level of this space with the artificial lights turned on is around 10 FC during afternoon, which is not enough according to the IBS guideline. But this common space has a visual connection to the outdoor environment that makes the space visually brighter. The artificial light fixtures used in this space are recessed ceiling lights, wall sconces, and pendants. The lamps produce yellowish light to the space. Skylight units could be introduced to- the space and allow residents to be exposed to natural light. Skylight units also could increase the light level and provide benefits to residents. Lobby view toward porch - Figure 5.66 Main Entrance - Figure 5.67 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dining room - Figure 5.68 C orridor- Figure 5.69 The west facing dining room has large openings. This space is visually connected to an outside courtyard, indirect natural light has access to the space, which creates a better environment during meal times. The ambient lighting level in the space is 10 FC and space near by the windows is 25 FC. This space has a glare problem from direct sunlight during the afternoon in the spring and fall season. Additional exterior elements could be added to mitigate the glare problem, for example deciduous trees and vertical elements could block the direct sunlight. Skylight units would increase the light level in the area and create interesting spatial atmosphere in the area. The artificial setting of this space is similar with adjacent spaces. Yellowish light generates warm and calm environment. Wood trims and furniture create a homey mood. The corridor is equipped with recessed ceiling lights and wall sconces. The art works, paintings, and shelving make this space more pleasant. Small gathering areas are positioned at the end of the corridors. Sitting areas located in the mid-section of the corridor. Additional artificial lights and skylight units could be used to enhance the small gathering areas and sitting Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87 areas. These additions could further create interest in the space and improve quality. This facility has homey atmosphere. Artificial light bulbs are all shielded with diffuse panels to prevent glare. The artificial lighting is used to enhance the space. The furniture selection creates pleasant feeling for residents. This single story facility could take advantages from natural light extensively. This could be beneficial to residents and bring better health to their life. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 88 Built work study 10 St. Andrew Senior Villa Independent living Los Angeles, CA St. Andrew senior villa is located in the south central Los Angeles area in Southern California. This is a low-income senior housing facility funded by the HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development). It has three stories with East-West orientation. This facility is designed by the same architect as Villa Flores (Build work study 3) in Downtown Los Angeles. The facility is designed with modern atmosphere for both interior and exterior. Skylight units are excessively used in this project on the third floor. At the time of the visit, this project was still under construction and near completion. The facility is oriented to the street with surface parking in the back. Double loaded corridors are initiated for efficiency purposes. Bright colors are introduced and used in this facility significantly, which tried to enhance way finding for occupants. This is an independent living facility for active seniors. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89 Main Entrance - Figure 5.70 Street fagade - Figure 5.71 Two large common areas are provided in this facility, one at the first floor near the entrance and another at third floor located near the middle of the corridor. Both of them engage south facing openings. The third floor common area has additional skylight units. Both south facing common areas encompass an abundant amount of natural light during daytime. The architect took advantage of the orientation and allowed social interactive areas placed in the prime location. Natural light enters from both vertical and horizontal surfaces and renders a visually brighter space. Double loaded corridors experience access to natural light as well. Glazing and openings are installed at the end, corner and middle sections. Natural light offers a sense of destination for occupants; it also segments the lengthy corridor spaces. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Corridor - Figure 5.72 Common space @ 3 ™ floor - Figure 5.73 Skylights are situated in third floor units, in both the kitchen and bathroom. During the day-time, artificial light fixtures can remain off to perform activities. The 4’x4’ skylight units with diffuser provide great access for natural light. Natural light rendered the space in a full color spectrum, which allows presence of all colors. The first and second floor units don’t receive any of the skylight units, therefore additional studies of lighting need to be examined during the design process. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Kitchen - Figure 5.74 Bathroom - Figure 5.75 This facility captures natural light with prefabricated skylight units. Those skylight units are economical and feasible to the project. Skylight units furthermore benefit to the occupants with 100% color rendering. Spatial difference has also been provided with presence of skylight units, it makes the space visually interesting. Designers should consider skylight units whenever possible. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 92 Testing Method & Results Chapter 6 This chapter is going to explain the testing method for the new guideline that author produce and also demonstrate the results from the new guideline, The testing focuses on sun shading devices for public areas. This report is testing an existing facilities’ dining area and mitigate the current lighting issues. Senior occupants spend most of the time in these areas during the day for both meal taking and social interactive events. Dining rooms often have high ceilings and are adjacent to outdoor spaces. This allows the space to take advantage of natural light. Most of the dining areas have internal shading devices to solve the glare issues. The internal shading devices have the advantage of ease to use and installation. They don’t need any intensive study on positioning and types. The major disadvantage of internal shading devices is the blocking of visual connection to the outside environment and elimination of indirect sun light entering the space. External shading devices have several advantages to occupants. It allows a visual connection to the outdoor environment. Occupants can still sense the time of day from interior areas. It also blocks unwanted heat gain from sun radiation to interior spaces. External shades can also form a transitional space between the interior and the exterior. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 93 There are two major categories for external shading device. First, an architectural element can be integrated with the building. Examples included overhangs, window fins, and light shelf. It could be permanently attached to the building or mechanically adjustable. Permanent devices need intensive study during design stage. Mechanically adjustable devices are simpler, but they need to be maintained to ensure performance. Another possible approach is to use landscape elements including trees, bushes, and vegetated-trellises. Landscape elements can integrate with nearby garden spaces and become part of the garden design. Landscape elements generate a homey atmosphere and a welcome environment for occupants. Native plants are low maintenance for the facility and self sustainable for the environment. Residents could be encouraged to maintain the garden and outdoor activities could be created for them. Testing result The example used for this test is Sunrise Assisted Living in West Hills, CA (built work study 5) . Its geographical location is about 34 degrees north altitude and 118 degrees west longitude. During the summer, the highest angle of sunlight is about 79 degrees from the south. During the winter, the highest angle of sunlight is about 31 degrees from the south. The site has Mediterranean climate characteristic with a one hour daylight saving time that start around April and end around November. The common area tested is the dining room, which has north facing fagade. This dining room has Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 94 approximately 50 feet of north facing fagade and three 4’x4’ skylight units with black tint. Artificial light fixtures include recessed ceiling lights, pendants, and wall sconces. Occupants spend five to six hours of the day in the dining area and adjacent lobby. Residents have their breakfast at 7 am, lunch at 12 pm and dinner at 6 pm. in between meal time, occupants use the space for conversations, social events and leisure activities room. A landscaped outdoor garden is connected to the dining area. The existing windows of the dining area are equipped with internal shading curtains to control light level. The model built for testing is at 1 4 ” scale with color simulation of the existing conditions. The exterior surfaces of the model are sealed with aluminum paper to prevent light leaking through the edges and through the model material. This model was build to test the size and location of additional exterior sun shading devices for the existing dining room. Sun direction - Figure 6.1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95 North Elevation - Dining Room Existing Building Elevation - Dining Area - Figure 6.2 4'x7‘ 5 W ’ ............ S'X7*..... 5'X7', ,.5 'x7 ’ Main Dining Area :ix n 1 ~mKr ■ 1 i } ■ l l j Existing Building Plan - Dining Area - Figure 6.3 The existing dining area has two doors located at upper corners, with one 6’x7’ double door and one 3’x7’ reverse left-hand door. Both of them are French doors with transparent glass panels. Two 2’x7’ transparent glass side lights are installed next to the double door. Two 4’x7’ transparent glass Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96 openings are installed next to doors, oriented east and west. A bay window is situated next to the double doors. It is equipped with three 4’x7’ transparent glass windows, one facing north, one facing north-east and one facing north west. Four 5’x7’ transparent glass windows are installed between bay window and the single door on the right corner. The whole north fagade of the dining area has approximately 85% transparent glass and 15% opaque surface. Model o f existing condition - Figure 6.4 The first set of experiments examines existing problems. The first test was taken at 2pm, Feb. 6th 2003, on the roof of Watt Hall at USC, in Los Angeles. The testing model is mounted on a tripod to adjust the model to the right angle. Tripod allows user to rotate the model in particular position which allows sunlight to come in at the angle that match the particular time of the day Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97 and month. Three sub-sets were taken during the test, including summer (6/21), winter (12/21), and spring/fail (3/21 & 9/21). Photos were taken on the simulated time with one hour intervals from early morning until late afternoon. The result demonstrated that glare is present during the morning and afternoon in the summer time. During summer mornings, glare occurs from 6 am to 9 am which during the breakfast time. In the summer afternoon, glare occurs from 4 pm to 7 pm, once again during the dinner time. There could be minor glare problems during the spring/fall season in the early morning and late afternoon, due to the side openings oriented east and west. Summer- June 21st 6am - 14 degree altitude & 71 degree azimuth - Figure 6.5 The summer morning sun light comes into the building from the right at a low angle, which is about 20 degrees above the horizon. This will introduce glare while the residents are taking breakfast. The current solution for the facility is drop down an interior blind to mitigate the problem. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 98 7am - 26 degree altitude & 78 degree azimuth - Figure 6.6 Sunlight still comes into the building at a low angle. Occupants sitting next to the windows will be experiencing glare fom sunlight during breakfast. 4^ 1 V '* * * ^ % l'r $ $ 8am - 38 degree altitude & 85 degree azimuth - Figure 6.7 Direct sunlight only comes in from the right window. Other parts of the room are not receiving any direct sunlight. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9am - Figure 6.8 10am - Figure 6.9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 100 1 1 a m - Figure 6.10 12pm - Figure 6.1.1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3pm - 48 degree altitude & 267 degree azimuth - Figure 6.14 The late afternoon condition is almost a mirror version of the morning condition. The direction sunlight enters from the left instead of the right. After 3pm the sun drops down and generates low angle of sunlight into the building. 4p... jre e altitude & 275’degree azimuth - Figure 6.15 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 103 5pm - 24 degree altitude & 283 degree azimuth - Figure S. 16 Low angle sunlight comes across into the space during the late afternoon. This is the time for dinner time in this facility. The only interior shading control is down and it reduces glare from sunlight. 6pm - 1 2 degree altitude & 290 degree azimuth - Figure 6.17 Direct sunlight cast almost 30% of the interior space. Without shading devices, glare will be introduced and this will affect the occupants’ performance. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Spring/Fall - March 21st & September 21s t Jam - Figure 6.18 12pm - Figure 6.19 5pm - Figure 6.20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Winter- December 21st 12pm - Figure 6,22 5pm - Figure 6.23 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 Major probiems for this facility occur during the summer time, especially at morning and late afternoon. Residents use the main dining area for meals during these hours. Residents also use this space as a social gathering space before and after meais. Low angled sunlight comes into the space from the right during the morning while occupants were having breakfast and from the left while occupants were having dinner in the late afternoon. The two most critical time periods are 6am and 6pm, which is Tam and 7pm during daylight saving time. Residents experience glare from sunlight during their meal time in these hours. The current mitigation to this problem is to use the interior curtains to block low angle sunlight. Interior curtains also restrict the views to the exterior garden next to dining area and stop indirect sunlight from entering the space. There are several solutions to control sunlight and permit exterior views from interior spaces. The first method is to use exterior vertical shades. This method allows various advantages. 1. Permits an exterior view. 2. it creates a transitional area between interior and exterior. 3. Adds visual interest to the space. Vertical fins with vegetation produce additional advantages both architecturally and socially. Vertical fins with vegetation become a transitional area to connect the landscaping with the building. This transitional area becomes a linkage for exterior and interior space. It can extend the exterior garden into the building through this transitional area and reversibly extents the interior space to the exterior garden. In addition to creates soft light Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 107 transitional area between exterior and interior space. The transitional area can be designed to maintain 10:1 light contrast ratio. The exterior space might be thousand times brighter than the interior space. This transitional area could help to offset the massive difference in light level. Vegetated vertical fins can furthermore be designed cost effective and low maintenance for facility management. Deciduous plants could be selected for the vertical fins. They could filter summer sunlight and reduces radiant heat gain to the interior. Leaves of deciduous plants fall off during the winter time and permit more indirect light to enter the space. Occupants could be trained to maintain the plants as an outdoor activity. Occupants could pick desirable plants and create a more personal outdoor seating area, thus reduce the labor cost for plant maintenance and adding one interesting activity for residents with limited amount of energy. This exterior activity could attract other occupants to participate. Occupants get to experience sunlight during and enjoy the spaces they created during both the summer and the winter time. Deciduous plants change appearance according to the season. This generates a sence of seasonality for residents. Occupants see colorful flowers on the vertical fans during the spring, green foliage during the summer; yellowish leaves during the fall. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. z j -3'6"x7 awning -2x76” awning ■ - -----2'x25' awning 3’6"x7' awning —-' 6*x7 A Method one - vertical shading - Figure 6.24 w m m Method one - model - Figure 6.25 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 109 The 2’x7’ panels are situated in between the windows and are attached to the columns. The panels were punched with holes to simulate the vegetated vertical shading condition. The dimension of the vertical shading devices is a result of a calculation based on the sunlight angles at 6pm for the 5’x7’ opening. A 2’x25’ awning is situated on top of four 2’x7! fins located along 5'x7’ windows and a 2’x7’6 awning is situated on top of the two 2’x7’ fins located next to the double doors. Double doors, west window and shadings 5’x7’ windows a Figure 6.27 Two Tx7’ fins locates at both comers filtered sunlight for single door at right and sideling at left of the room. Additional two 4’x8’ panels are attached to the bay window. Both of them are used to filter sunlight entering from the bay window. Two 6’x7’ screens with 3’6x7’ overhang situates at the east and the west windows to filter sunlight from both the morning and the afternoon. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bay windows and shadings' - Figure 6.28 ' Single door, east windows and shadings - Figure 6.29 According to the 34 degrees north latitude sunlight angle and existing facility site condition, the shading devices had their largest dimension to filter direct sunlight entering the interior space at the 6pm summer solstice. Therefore, these are the standard dimensions for vertical shading devices. The following images are taken from the interior. The exterior shading devices filtered the sunlight during the morning and the afternoon. 6am - Figure 6.30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 111 7am - Figure 6.31 8am - Figure 6.32 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 112 m 9am - Figure 6.33 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ I B H H | y P 8 l| ■ H i ■ H h NIh m I m M k ■ H a H m n p s r a H i 3pm - Figure 6.34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4pm - Figure 6.35 5pm - Figure 6.36 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6pm - Figure 6.37 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 115 Selections of Vine This facility is located in the USDA climate zone 19. Climate zone 19 is influenced by thermal belts around southern California’s interior valleys and a little influence by the ocean. This climate had hot summers and mild winters. The average temperature during winter season is range from 22 degrees F to 27 degrees F. There are various types of vines available which could grow over fins, trellis, and overhangs. Two native western vines are the best fit for this climate. The advantages of native plants are ease to grow and low maintenance. The first one is called Aristolochia californica. This is deciduous plant. It can climb up from 10’ to 16’. The flowering season is from late January to April. The flower has cream colored with red-purple veins at maturity. Leafs are approximately 5” long bright green color. This plant accepts any soil but needs partial shade and ample moisture. Aristolochia californica - Figure 6.38 The second plant is called Clematis ligusticifolia. This is a deciduous plant. It can climb up to 20’. The flowering seasons from spring to summer. S t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 116 has creamy white, fragrant flowers. It has dark green, glossy leaves divided into three to five oval, 1 t o 2 1 A “ long leaflets. This plant provides a good privacy screen for open space. Clematis ligusticifolia - Figure 6.39 Validation Process At the beginning of testing, the physical model was validated with a computer simulation model. The computer model was constructed by the 3- dimensional architectural drafting program “FormZ.” This software had the ability to simulate sunlight direction at a given latitude and longitude of any geographic area. This software had been already validated by other means of methods and proven with accuracy. The most problematic time frame for this facility are 6am and 6pm (without daylight saving). The sunlight condition of these two time frames is used for validation. FormZ could produce a sunlight condition image from the virtual model at given time. Images below are the comparison at both time frames. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 117 6am-Physical Model - Figure 6.40 6am-FormZ Computer Model - Figure 6.41 6pm-Physical Model - Figure 6.42 6pm-FormZ Computer Mode! - Figure 6.43 From the pattern of direct natural light cast on the window mullions, author could draw conclusion that the physical model testing is accurate based on computer model’s results. The author used two most critical time for the facility as testing time frame which are summer 6am and summer 6pm. The validation process could further ensure the testing process is precised and could be use for all other facilities. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 118 Empirical study versus human perception Chapter 7 In empirical research, the researcher has to prove or disprove the hypothesis through testing with actual recorded data. The final outcome of this type of research is a statistical record of one or more multiple factors. The IES RP-28 lighting design guideline provided a minimum required foot-candle guideline with suggestions of fixture placement and type of source that should be used. During the study, the testing of minimum foot candles is simple and easy to accomplish. The minimum luminance requirement applied to minimum level (30 to 50 fc) for activity performed. Lighting design that meets the minimum luminance requirement does not necessary have the correct quality of space and lighting. Light is used to enhance the quality of space and to enrich the quality of life for occupants. Light furthermore creates different atmospheres during different events. Luminance levels for different spaces shall be flexible and should be ease to control. Each individual might have different preferences in their living spaces, which are not the same as the guideline. The spaces had approximately the same luminance level during late afternoon, winter time. The atmosphere and mood of each individual space was extremely distinctive. Each space had their unique conditions and characteristics. If the space didn’t have a comfortable atmosphere, occupants could certainly have immediate responses. Fixture setting, fixture selection, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 119 furniture placement, furniture color, and visual connection are all important factors during the design process. Each of those considerations are equally important and need to be though out carefully. All of these factors play important roles during the design process. Because the unique characteristic of elderly people, designers need to study each of them thoroughly in order to produce a quality living environment. Designers need experiment in the social, physical, and cultured conditions of elderly in advance, early in the design process. The assessment tool in the next chapter is a design tool for designers. The assessment tool helps designers to consider potential issues early in the design process or adjust current problematic issues for existing facility. Architectural design is a continuing learning process. Both technologies and social characteristic are changing through out different period. Designers need to update themselves constantly and learn from new technology. Recess strip fiorescent light fixtures with white drop panel ceiling created an institutional atmosphere. A warmer color could enhance the space and introduce a homier environment. - Figure 7.1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 120 e Warm colors are used for both vertical and horizontal surfaces. Picture frames and other unique elements created a comfortable homey environments. Recessed ceiling downlights enhance and illuminate the space. Homey environment was created with careful selection on furniture, fixtures and colors. -F ig u re 7.2 ' ■ m m Light warm colors are used for this modernist design. Direct / indirect lighting concept further enhanced the space and generates an exclusive amtosphere. Large openings allowed both visual connection to outdoor spaces and access for natural light. -F igure 7.3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 121 Conclusion Light has always played an important role in human life. It has a tremendous affect on both physical and psychological stability. Most great architecture respects light and responds to its conditions. Light is controlled by designers. This background study demonstrated the importance of light for elderly people and how it affects their daily life. It demonstrates how a quality light condition can enhance both physical and mental health and thus quality of life. Lighting conditions are rarely studied during the early design process. Interior shading devices often are installed to block the sunlight completely or to avoid glare. Insufficient light in a space can lead to an accidental fall and further more desynchronize their internal body clock. Providing a sufficient amount of light in space and exposure can reduce occurrence of those problems, although the luminance transition also becomes critical for elderly living environment. Other issues associated with lighting have been reviewed in this research. Various issues are involved during the design process. All those issues must be resolved in order to produce a quality living space. Another important issue that designer has to fully understand is the user profile which included gender, age and cultural differences. A homey atmosphere is extremely desirable for elderly living. Many of them move to elderly housing due to a decrease in mobility and need for assistance. An institutional environment diminishes the well-being of elderly life and leads to depression. As an architect or designer, this could be prevented or reduced Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 122 by special research during the design process. Precedent studies of previous projects could help designers to avoid obvious errors and focus on critical areas that need to be resolved. There is one design guideline on the market conducted by lES. This guideline is been examined in this research. There are some controversial issues involved with this design guideline, which are discussed in this research. The final outcome for this research is producing a graphically represented lighting design assessment tool for both designers and elderly people. This assessment tool will cover both analytical and practical suggestions for elderly environments. Graphical communication allows readers to visualize the space and provide adequate design. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 123 Future study The immediate action for future study is to study the second part of the lighting design assessment tool. The second part of this assessment tool will be focused on exterior space and other general service spaces. Those spaces might not be used as often, but it’s also part of an elderly living environment. Exterior spaces study is also critical and has a direct connection with circadian rhythm. A welcome outdoor environment could stimulate more outdoor activities, which permit users to be exposed to filtered sunlight. Following the second part of this assessment tool, is the testing of recommended resolutions. This thesis only tested the north window condition for an existing dining facility. Many other spaces need to be tested and supported by the result of the tests. A general sub-title description for each space could help new readers to understand the general issues in that space. After readers have gained enough awareness for each space’s lighting condition, those suggestions could become more understandable and reasonable for them. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 124 Bibliography AIA press, Design for Aging, AIA press, Washington D.C., 1985 A!A press, Design for Aging, AIA press, Washington D.C., 1994 Michael A. Anikeeff and Glenn R. Mueller, Seniors Housing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998 Donald Armstrong, Michael F. Marmor, J. Mark Ordy, The effects of aging and environment on vision, Plenum Publishing Corp. 1985 David Robson, Anne-Marie Nicholson, Neil Barker, Homes for The Third Age, E&FN Spon, 1997 Nick Becker & Koen Steemers, Daylight Design of Buildings, James & James Ltd., London, 2002 Elizabeth C. Brawley, Designing for Alzheimer’s Disease, John Wiley and Sons, 1997 William B. Brueggeman, Jeffery D. Fisher, Real Estate Finance and Investments, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2001 S. Sorensen, and G, Brunnstrom, Quality of light and quality of life: An intervention study among older people. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1995, PP 113-118. S Campbell, D Kripke, J G iSlin, & J Hrubovcak. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer’s Patients. Physiology and Behavior. 1988, 42, pp.141-144. S. Campbell, L. Herz, V. Ross, L. Voiicer and A. Satlin, Bright Light Treatment of Behavioral and Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 1992, 1178-1181 S. Campbell, D. Dawson, and M. Anderson, Alleviation of Sleep Maintenance Insomnia with Timed Exposure to Birght Light. Journal of American Geriatric Socity, Vol, 41, 1993, 829-836 Denise DiPasquaSe, William C. Wheation, Urban Economics and Real Estate Markets, 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 125 Eleanor E. Faye, Cynthia S. Stuen, the aging eye and low vision, The lighthouse inc. USA, 1995 Marc Fontoynont, Daylight Performance of Buildings, James & James Ltd., London, 1999 Nora Griffin-Shirley, Gerda Groff, Prescriptions for independence, American Foundation for the Blind, New York, 1993 j G Haddad, Vitamin D - Solar Rays, the Milky Way, or Both? The New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, Vol. 326 No. 18, p. 1213. Jennifer Hamilton, Victor Regnier, Suzie Yatabe, Best Practices in Assisted Living, USC Andrus Gerontology Center, LA CA, 1991 Harvard Medical School Book, The aging eye, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001 Nancy Morrow-Howell, James Hinterlong, and Michael Sherraden, Productive Aging, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 2001 IES, Lighting and the Visual Enviornment for Senior Living, 1998 Donald H. Kausler and Barry C. Kausler, The Graying of America, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1996 A. Lewy, and D. Newsome, Different Types of Melatonin Circadian Secretary Rhythm in Some Blind Subjects, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 56, No. 6 1983 1103-1107 The Maturing Marketplace, Marketing Senior Housing, Business Publishers, Inc., MD, 1997 Benjamin w. Pearce, Senior Living Communities, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 S. Rae, Big Therapy. Modern Maturity, Feb/Mar 1994 Dean Schwanke, Mixed-use Development Handbook, Urban Land Institute, 1987 Alan Scott, Planning for Success in Senior Housing, National Council on Seniors Housing, 1990 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 126 Diane R. Suchman, Managing a development company, Urban Land Institute, 1987 Survey of consumer preferences, concerns, and needs, Understanding Senior Housing, American Association of Retired Persons, 1993 Bettyann Boetticher Raschko, Housing interiors for the Disabled and Elderly, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY, 1982 Victor Regnier, Behavioral and environmental aspects of outdoor space use in housing for the elderly, School of Architecture, Andrus Gerontology Center, use, CA, 1985 Victor Regnier, Assisted Living Housing for the Elderly, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1994 Victor Regnier, Critical Issues in Assisted Living, USC Andrus Gerontology Center, LA CA, 1996 Victor Regnier, Design for Assisted Living, John Wiley and sons, NY, 2002 Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine, Western Garden Book, Sunset Publishing Corp. Menlo Park, CA, 1995 James Grayson Trulove, The New American Garden, Whitney Library of Design New York, NY, 1998 U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993), Profile of America’s Elderly, Living Arrangements of the Elderly, Washington, DC: U.S. GPO E. Ubell, Lighten Up Winter Sadness Parade Magazine, November 3, 1991 12-14 Martin Valins, Housing for Elderly People, The Architectural Press, London, 1988 J. Sun, Weininger, Nutrition Tips for Summer, The San Francisco Chronicle, June 15, 1994 Pollio Vitruvius, translated by Ingrid D., ten books on architecture, Cambridge University Press, NY, 1999 Website Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. http://www.nahbrc.org http://www.asaging.org http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/aging/09/25/elder.lighting.ap/ http://www.faciiitycare.com http://www.jsrassociates.net/services/educationaI.htm http://www.lighthouse.org/aging&vision/aging&vision JSghting.htm http://www.isdesignet.com/Magazine/Sep’96/Lightelements.htmi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Appendix 128 2 f \ J L l. 0 O r f ' \ h w s 1 m JJOL. - ^ P , . i a ' P t i I I lf JLifiL i l k < » « S S VA- #•' o i Iff ’v ! ' U H * A T * * I A r p! JL_ u LL i I « [ p5t O" j " iS £ I |i| i f O i I L _ Quality of Light vs. Quality of Life LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR AN ELDERLY LIVING ENVIRONMENT , Johnny C. Lu University of Southern California School of Architecture Master of Building Science Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. i L ig h tin g D e s i g n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n i o r L i v i n g F a c i l i t y 129 a tA W J 'C t# t u se i. *3P v & • w 1 ? w 4 * - * W f *? T < gz m U *E48*&m^ tfwWviJW ”& ? ttW A JT M M fJ • * * I. Introduction i l Critical for Senior II Overall concerns Li. Aging eyes I.ii. Natural light 1. Circulation 1.1. Entry door 1.2. Corridor 1.3. Stair 1.4. Elevator 2. Individual spaces 2.1. Living room 2.2. Dining room 2.3. Bedroom 2.4. Bathroom 2.5. Kitchen 3. Public spaces 3.1. Lobby 3.2. Dining area mum mam s s s s s s s s ssaas bezbs z w o s m&a tov w . •ago. asaa msss s s e ^ »•» «*»» «•<* 5 S C K ‘ *»•» 3.3. Mailboxes-------------------i---------------------1 Future studies ! 1 8 j — — —— — — i S 3.4. Television room 1 | 3.5. Game room | 1 3.6. Library I 3.7. Conservation lounges . i 3.8. Billiard and pool tables 1 4. Outdoor spaces 1 4.1. Balcony/patio . 1 1 4.2. Garden j I 4.3. Swimming Pool | 1 4.4. Parkinp tote _ _ _ _ J : 'TABLE OF CDNTENTS Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g Design A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls t o r S e n io r Living F a c ility 130 [ 4.5. Parking garages j------ .------------ 1 Future studies j 1 4.8. Walkway ! - , “ T A B L E O F C o N T E N T S Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S enior L iving Fa c ility 131 Lu i.i.1 Hacienda Blvd. LA, CA (Photograph by Johnny Lu) Lu i.i.2 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu Li.3 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu I.i.4 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu Li.5 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu l.i.6 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu Li.7 USC (www.usc.edu) Lu f.ii.1 Hil! Crest Home, La Verne, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Irwin Pancake Architects) Lu l.ii.2 Stark Villa, Woodland Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Smith Groups) Lu l.ii.3 Sunrise Assisted Living, Hermosa Beach, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect Hill Partnership) Lu l.ii.4 Sunrise Assisted Living, West Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Hill Partnership) Lu l.ii.5 Hill Crest Home, La Verne, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Irwin Pancake Architects) Lu 1.1.1 .a Entry door section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.1.i.b Sunrise Assisted Living, Hermosa Beach, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Hill Partnerships) Entry door section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Wall sconce by louis poulsen (Oslo 7.03) Entry door section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Corridor/entry door section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Recess light fixture by Zumtobel (QTS-1A) Corridor section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Corridor perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Corridor perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.1.2.a Lu 1.1.2.b Lu 1.1.3 Lu 1.1.4.a Lu 1.1.4.b Lu 1.2.1 Lu 1.2.2 Lu 1.2.3.a Figures Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t Tools for S enior L iving Fac ility 132 Lu 1.2.3.b St. James Place, Baton Rouge, LA (Photographed by Chipper Hatter- Architect: Cochran, Stephenson & Donkervoet, Inc.) Lu 1,2.4.a Corridor section (sketched by johnny Lu) Lu 1.2.4.b Recess light fixture by titecontrol (Cove-45) Lu 1.2.5.a Corridor perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1,2.5.b Villa Fiores, Los Angeles, CA (Photographed by johnny Lu - Architect: John V. Mutlow Architect) Lu 1.2.6.a Corridor section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1,2.6.b Stark Villa, Woodland Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Smith Groups) Lu 1.2.7.a Corridor section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.2.7.b The Summit at Brighton, Rochester, NY (Photographed by Richard Mandelkorn - Architect: DiMella Shaffer Associates Inc.) Lu 1.2.8.a Corridor perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1,2.8.b Recess light fixture by Zumtobel (DAN-3) Lu 1.2.9.a Corridor section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.2.9.b Via Campo Senior Villas, Montebello, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: A&W Inc.) Lu 1.3.1 Stair section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.2 Stair section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.3 Stair section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.4 Stair axonometric (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.5 Stair section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.6 Stair axonometric (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.3.7.a Stair section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1,3.7.b Recess light fixture by louis poulsen (Step by Step 7.04) Lu 1.4.1 Elevator perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Fl BURES Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t To ols for Sensor L iving Fac ility 133 Lu 1.4.2.a Elevator perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.4.2.b Recess light fixture by Zumtobel (S3-1) Lu 1.4.3 Elevator section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 1.4.4 Elevator elevation (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.1 .a Living room plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.1.b Pendent by louis poulsen (PH Snowball 3.05) Lu 2.1.2.a Living room plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.2.b The Village at Victory Lakes, Lindenhurst, IL (Photographed by Hedrich Blessing - Architect: Legal Architects Inc.) Lu 2.1.3.a Living room plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.3.b Living room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.4.a Living room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1,4.b Recess wall-washer light fixture by Zumtobel (PG-5) Lu 2.1.5.a Living room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.5.b Mountain Meadows Retirement Community, Ashland, OR (Photographed by Robert Pisano - Architect: Mithun) Lu 2.1.6 Living room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.7.a Living room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.1.7.b Villa Flores, Los Angeles, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: John V. Mutlow Architect) Lu 2.2.1 Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.2.2.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.2.2.b Pendent by louis poulsen (PH Artichoke 3.02) Lu 2.2.3.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.2.3.b Pendent by Hamdstead (Primavera Suspension-pg.150) Lu 2.2.4 Dining room perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S e n io r L iving Fa c ility 134 Lu 2.2.5.a Dining room section {sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.2.5.b Oakbrook, Dearborn, M S (Photographed by Fred Golden - Architect Shepherd Legan Aldrian Architects & Bridget Bohacz & Associates) Lu 2.3.1.a Bedroom plan - Stark Vilia (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.1b Pendent by Hamdstead (Lady Suspension-pg.147) Lu 2.3.2.a Bedroom plan - Stark Vilia (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.2.b Williamsburg Landing, Williamsburg, VA (Photographed by Larry Lefever Photography - Architect: Reese, Lower, Patrick & Scott, Ltd.) Lu 2.3.3.a Bedroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.3.b Free-Standing Fixture by louis poulsen (PH 80 4.02) Lu 2.3.4.a Bedroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.4.b Hill Crest Home, La Verne, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Irwin Pancake Architects) Lu 2.3.5.a Bedroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.5.b Pendent by Hamdstead (Anita Suspension-pg.30) Lu 2.3.6 Bedroom plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.7 Bedroom plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.8.a Bedroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.3.8.b Holladay Park Plaza Expansion, Portland, OR (Photographed by Charlie Borland - Architect: WEGroup, Architects) Lu 2.3.9 Bedroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.1 .a Bathroom plan - Stark Villa (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.l b Recess fixture by Litecontrol (G-D-1000) Lu 2.4.2.a Bathroom elevation (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.2.b Sconce by Litecontrol (S-D-16213) Lu 2.4.3 Bathroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.4 Bathroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Figures Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls for S enior L iving Fa c ility 135 Lu 2.4.5 Bathroom section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.8.a Bathroom perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.4.6.b Hill Crest Home, La Verne, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Irwin Pancake Architects) Lu 2.5.1 Kitchen plan (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.2.a Kitchen section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.2.b Kitchen section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.3,a Kitchen section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.3.b Recess light fixture by Zumtobel (S5-4) Lu 2.5.4 Kitchen section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.5 Kitchen perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.6.a Kitchen section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 2.5.6.b Hill Crest Home, La Verne, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Irwin Pancake Architects) Lu 3.1.1.a Lobby section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1.1.b Sunrise Assisted Living, West Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Hill Partnerships) Lu 3.1.2 Lobby perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1.3 Lobby perspective (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1.4 Lobby elevation (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1.5.a Lobby section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1,5.b Stark Villa, Woodland Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Smith Groups) Lu 3.1.6.a Lobby section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.1.6.b Villa Flores, Los Angeles, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: John V. Mutlow Architect) Lu 3.2.1.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) F ! G LI R E S Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S enior L iving Fac ility 136 Lu 3.2.1 .b Stark Villa, Woodland Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Smith Groups) Lu 3.2.2.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.2.2.b Stark Villa, Woodland Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Smith Groups) Lu 3.2.3.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.2.3.b Carlsbad by the Sea, Carlsbad, CA (Photographed by Timothy Hursley - Architect: Steinberg Group, Architects) Lu 3.2.4.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.2,4.b The Jewish Home and Hospital, Bronx, NY (Photographed by Chuck Choi - Architect: Perkins Eastman Architects) Lu 3.2.5.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.2.5.b The Stratford Senior Residence, San Mateo, CA (Photographed by Charles McGrath - Architect: Secombe Design Associates) Lu 3.2.6.a Dining room section (sketched by Johnny Lu) Lu 3.2.6.b Sunrise Assisted Living, West Hills, CA (Photographed by Johnny Lu - Architect: Hill Partnership) F ig u r e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L i g h t i n g D e s i g n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n i o r L i v i n g F a c i l i t y 137 i. Introduction Li. Aging eyes Delightful quality lighting design could enhance performance and good health for elderly people. Although, there are various reasons associate with them as well. But lighting quality is equally important with other issues. Creating correct atmosphere and visual connection to both activities and outdoor environments shell be conscientiously studied for elderly quality of life. Minimum light level only ensures elderly workability on different activities. Lighting level should be easily control by the occupants. Lighting condition should has flexibility for occupants to adjust base on individual desire level. Thus, occupants need to have both control and flexibility at the same time. There are several problems associated with aging vision. Eight general issues designer should consider and examine meticulously during the design process of senior facilities. Senior often didn’t realize their vision impairment issues, because those issues happened over long period of time. Elderly adjust their life style associated with their changing vision ability slowly. Furthermore, each individual encompass their own exclusive series vision problem. 1. Greater in presence to glare Studies showed elderly are more sensitive to glare and glare also becomes very dangerous, because elderly might not able to see © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu I N T R O D U C T I O N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t T o ols for S enior L iving Fa c ility 138 and identify environment due to the present of glare. This might cause failing or bumping into objects. Lu 1 .11 Street light is a good example of glare problem for elderly vision. The light bulb produce great luminance and in contrast with dark background. Discomfort glare will blind elderly vision which becomes great dangers for any activities. Single high luminance light source should be avoided with dark environment. 2. more contrast to identify objects or reading articles As eye again, it need more contrast to clarify objects. The furniture or fixtures need to be in contrast with walls and floors. The text of an article needs to be on contrast color and large fonts for elderly. 3. yellowish vision As the studies illustrated, tens turns yellow when eye again. Elderly started to have a yellowish vision. Some of the colors, especially green and blue become gray in elderly vision. ©* C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u Fn t r o D U G T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t T ools for S enior L iving Facility 139 Regular vision for general age tlderly eyes have yellowish vision 4. slowly adapting from bright to dark and vise versa If the luminance level changed dramatically for example the light ratio greater than 1:10, it will cost temporally blindness to elderly, because the pupil and iris react much slowly than young adult. 5. diminishing peripheral vision Once the nerve cells started to reduce and collapse, less information will be receive and transfer to brain. Therefore elderly often lost their peripheral vision. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu I N T R O D U C T I O N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S enior L iving F a c ility 140 Regular vision for generafage Elderly eyes lost peripheral image 6. hard to change focusing Due to the lack of flexibility of lens, the focusing power of elderly eye reduces as well. It often takes longer time to adjust focus from near to far or far to near. 7. dealing with visual clutter and confusion Aging cornea scatter light more, it cause eye to reduce its visual clutter to the environment. It also might cause confusion to elderly vision to the environment. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu IN TR O D U C TIO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S enior L iving Fac ility 141 Regular vision for general age Elderly eyes receive less details 8. experience more natural/day light cycle For better quality of life, elderly need more exposure to natural/day light cycle. Thus, have more disturbance of the natural body rhythm wake/sleep cycle to the natural day/night cycle. This will ensure the internal body clock runs as usual, (www.darksky.org 1999) l.ii. natural light There are three supplementary categories incorporated with natural light alone, which have significant effect to elderly peoples’ life. During the design process of senior facilities, designers should capture every possible advantage from natural life to guarantee occupants’ quality of life and light. 1. Sleep disorders - chronic insomnia There are two factors that influence sleep. These are voluntary and involuntary factors. The circadian rhythm is an involuntary factor © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu I N T R P D U C T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting Design A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S enior L iving Fa c ility 142 for sleepiness and alertness. When the elderly have less exposure to daylight, the circadian rhythm is desynchronized. Elderly tend to go to sleep early and wake up at the middle of the night. This is a common problem for seniors. Thus, most elderly people suffer minor symptoms of chronic insomnia. Research illustrates that bright light exposure during the evening can improve the quality of sleep. (Campbell, Dawson and Anderson 1993). 2. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD or Seasonal depression) - abnormal sleep patterns due changing light level and exposure to natural light. Many researches have shown that light level variation due to seasonal changes has a profound impact on mental health. SAD affects all age level, so it causes abnormal sleep pattern, fatigue, weight gain, withdrawal from friends and family, and depression of clinical depths. SAD occurs during the winter, normally in late October and early November, when the daylight length shortens. SAD lasts for 3 to 4 months during the winter and stops when spring arrives. Psychiatrists don’t have a solution for SAD, but studies illustrate that patients with SAD who are exposed to 2500 lux bright light show dramatically improvement. (Rae 1994) 3. Sundowner syndrome (with Alzheimer’s disease) - confused and agitated around sunset. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Fn T R O D U C T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sundowner syndrome occurs during late afternoon when daylight starts to fade away. This happens more commonly in middle and late stage dementia patients. This behavior also happened more frequently during early winter in comparison to late summer. Research reports that reduced light levels are associated with increased agitation. Other studies also demonstrate that bright light exposure wiir decrease agitation and improve the sleep/wake cycle for dementia patients. (Campbell, Herz, Ross, Volicer, and Satlin 1992) Quality light could mitigate issues associated with elderly living conditions and further improve their independence on daily activities. There are numerous solutions for each individual facility. Early research and study of the user group, which include their culture, ages, genders, ethnicities, and geological locations could be beneficial during the design process. Elderly is unique from other people, therefore their living facilities shell have features meet with their desires. In addition, enhance quality of their life and living style. Important criteria discuss below shell be consider early in the design process, which could prevent unwanted conditions happen. 1. Creating pleasant atmosphere in the facility. Various reasons cause elderly relocated to a senior living facility, included financial problems, social problems, care giving problems, and etc. Low- © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu IN T R O D U C T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D esign A s s e s s m e n t To o ls for S ensor L iv in g Facility 144 income facility often didn’t have enough budgets as other projects. Lighting quality and atmosphere of living environment are habitually been sacrifice in order to minimize cost of overall development. Designers should resolve all issues associate in senior living facility which has constraints on cost, planning, communities and etc. Institutional atmosphere needs to be precluded in senior living facility, because designers are construct a living environment not hospital care unit. Institutional atmosphere facility destroys elderly life style and potentially triggers several mental and physical health problems. L i Lu l.ii.2 High ceiling common area with many amenities Large balconies nearby the living room and attach to it created a central social interactive bedroom allowed occupants to use as space. The setting of furniture and selection of afternoon relaxation space. Modernism design materials and color created a homey atmosphere. and great outdoor view created unique pleasant atmosphere in this facility. 2. Controllability of luminance level in each space. Light level shell simply control by the occupants with individual particular desire. Each individual resident has their unique characteristics on living style. Different events occur with diverse people at different time of the day in senior C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u I n t r o d u c t i o n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L i g h t i n g D e s i g n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r Sensor L i v i n g F a c i l i t y 145 living facility. Occupants need to adjust the light level to create atmosphere and right fight level to perform those activities base on their aspiration Dimmer control and fixture settings should available for light level adjustment. Blinds and shades should be available for occupants to control natural light access. All light sources presented in the space should have ultimate control for their luminance levels. Lu I.ii.3 A small gathering area for residents to stay and chat with friends and family members. It has a freestanding up-iight and table lamp which can be dimmed base on occupants desire. 3. Flexibility to add or place additional fixtures Occupants should be given the flexibility to add or place light fixtures base on their desire. Occupants should be able to position fixtures at the place they prefer. This also helps to create individualism and characteristic for each individual living space. Occupants often bring over their furniture and fixtures when they relocated to a new facility from their past residence. Facility shell © Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Fn t r o D U C T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t Tools for S enior L iving Fac ility 146 ready to accomplish each individual senior and have flexibility for unique personal substances. Occupants could create their living space in assisted living facilities and encompass the same atmosphere as their former residence. 4. Introduce natural light into the spaces and visual connection to outdoor space Natural light has immense effect on both living organs and the environment. It is also extremely important to elderly people on both physical and mental health from many different medical and mental health researches. Controlled natural light exposure to human skin will produce vitamin D which transformed to calcium and further improves human bone structure. This led to better mobility for elderly and improves their performance and prevent fall. Controlled natural light exposure adjusts and synchronizes internal body clock which maintains daily sleep/wake cycle occur at the same time of a day. Elderly usually didn’t realize the importance of natural light exposure to their body could benefit their health and performance. Lack of studies and constraints limit the building to capture advantages from natural light. Although, there are various constraints limit the building design. Designers should disentangle the constraints with thoughtful design decisions and create superior living environment. Common areas include dinning room, activities room, and lobby are the spaces that residents stay regularly during © c o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u iN T R O D U C T IO N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L i g h t i n g D e s i g n A s s e s s m e n t T d d l s f o r S e n i o r L i v i n g F a c i l i t y 147 daytime. Those areas should be carefully scrutinized and allowed occupants have chance to expose to natural light. Space orientations and openings should be cautiously positioned to receive ultimate advantages from sunlight. Visual connection to outdoor environment is critical issue for senior facility as well. Visual connection to outdoor environment allows occupants to sense the time of day and performs activities at the right time. The interior space becomes visually brighter for occupants if they have direct visual access to outside. Visual connection also offers social interactive events for occupants, which will benefit to their life style and length of staying in the common areas. Lu Ui.4 Gathering area in the corridor is equipped with two 4’ x4’ skylight units. Both units allow enormous amount of natural access into the space. The space draws attention to occupants while they were walking. It created a focal point in the space and makes the corridor spatially interest. Luminance level and atmosphere are both critical in building design process. Sufficient luminance level would ensure elderly ability to perform activities and correct atmosphere would enhance both performance and mood during performance. © C o p y r ig h t jo h n n y l u ! N T R O D U C T i O N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ighting D esign A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls for S enior L iving Facility A * > . . !. H T -H W Lu l.ii.5 High ceiling dinning room has great vertical glazing, which allowed both access of natural light and visual connection to the outdoor environment The interior space is visually brighter and created pleasant atmosphere. Occupants stay here often, even during none 1 meal time hours. ■ ‘• S ' * ' : . # ' ,4 © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu I N T R O D U C T I O N Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T p d l f o r S ensor L iv in g F a c ility Problem - in order to have a dear vision of entry keyholes, door numbers and further enhanced way finding. Issue - Entrance door needs to be illuminated and free of shadow (iES RP-28) UNI T Lu f.f.f.a Light source designated for entry door helps occupants to identify and located numbers on the door and key holes. Lu 1.1.1.b Personal display box in front of the entry door assists occupants to identify their unit. A recessed ceiling light above illuminates both the entry door and the display box. The entry is been transformed into a personal history gallery. Lighting is used to enhance the space and serve both a social and functional purpose. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u 149 Check List O Fixture is aimed at the keyhole and the door hardware, o Light is evenly distributed at the door panel and hardware. O Light bulb is not in the fine of sight. O Door numbers are clearly illuminated Q Door edges are clearly visible and in contrast with vertical element. Entry D oor Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 150 Problem - Sconce in the hallway might produce glare and visual confusion for the occupants. Issue - Wall sconce needs to be equipped with a diffuse shield. Lu u .2 .a Sconce needs to be shielded with a diffuse cover. It also provides a sense of direction and marks the path. The sconce needs to be place above eye level which could allow head height clearance and reduce glare. 2 0 . F " -fill Lu 1.1.2.b This example of a sconce introduces light in both upward and downward directions. Most of the light is designated in upward direction which could bounce off the ceiling. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Fixture is shielded with a diffusion panel. Q Light is distributed both upward and downward. © Sconce is position above the line of sight. O Fluorescent is recommended for ease of maintenance. Q Low color temperature light bulb should be selected. Entry D oor Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t t o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 151 Problem - Occupants should be able to control the lighting condition near the entrance. issue - Switch located on the both side of the entry. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.1.3 A light switch should be located on both sides of the entry door. Occupants could have the controllability of adjust light based on its desire. © COPYRIGHT J O H N N Y LU Check List o Switch is clearly visible at the front of the entry door. O Switch is in color contrast with an adjacent surface, o Switch inside the door controls other light fixtures in the space next entry. Entry Dodr Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LfSHTiNB DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY 152 Problem - Naked light bulb might introduce discomfort glare to occupants. issu e - Recess flood lighting is recommended. (IES RP-28) 2. - V L u 1.1.4.8 Recess light fixtures should be used, which will eliminate discomfort glare in the line of sight. 7- 1/ 2" Lu 1.1.4.b Recess down light fixture equipped with vertical blade could cut off reflective glare from trim. Lu 1.1.4.c Fixture cut section of above recess light fixture. Specify a matte surface trim that can reduce reflective glare. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Naked light bulb is not in the visual field, o Highly reflective surface should be avoided near by the direction of light, o Use wide flood light bulb instead of spot light. O Fluorescent is recommended for ease of maintenance. O Low color temperature (2600 degrees) light buib should be selected. Entry D oor Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 153 Problem - H ighly reflective materials m ight introduce glare into the space which tem porary blin d occupants. Issue - Avoid highly reflective floor m aterial. (IES RP-28) w m m . Lu 1.2.1 © Reflective materials positioned in the direction of light will introduce uncomfortable glare into the space. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y L u Check List o o Reflective materials are away from the light fixture. Reflective materials are not used in the direction of light. Use a wide diffuse shield for the fixture, if reflective material is unavoidable. Fluorescent is recommended fro ease of maintenance. Co rrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin b D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - High contrast patterns flo o r surface could be misinterpret as shadow s in the visual field. Issue - Floor surface should not contain highly contrasting patterns. (IES RP-28) © Lu 1.2.2 Highly contrast floor pattern could be misinterpreted by the occupants as shadow. Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List G High contrast patterns should be avoided for floor the surface. O A single color should be selected for floor surface. © Matte surface should be selected for most of the floor surface, o Warm color material should be selected homey atmosphere. Co rrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 155 Problem - if edge o f the w all and surface are not clearly defined in the visual field, the distance o f the space could he distorted. issue - Clearly defined the edge o f wall and floor. (E S RP-28) Lu 1.2.3.a Edges of the space need to be clearly defined by color contrast or edge trim. This method will help occupants to visualize the space better. Lu 1.2.3.b Edges and floor are clearly in contrast with each other. The recess entry door and art deco create a visually interesting space. Wall sconces help to mark each individual entry and the path. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List o The edge of the wall was color contrast with adjacent surfaces O Use two different colors for vertical and horizontal surfaces. O Avoid dark color for surfaces. O Use same color schemes with overall design. © Warm colors should be selected for homey atmosphere. Co rrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 156 Problem - Low light levels could affect occupants’ visual field and m aking it easier to fall and less secure. issue - High light level creates a secure feeling for individual. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.2.4.B Indirect lighting could further enhance the architecture. In expensive fixtures could be used for in the cove. T Luminance Control Deflector W e s s o c k e t shadows. B Semi-spacsjlsr re fle c to r for maximum horizontal light projection. C Kigh-reiiectance w h ite reflector fo r e ffic ie n t Wrest ffis trS w tio n . 0 N e o p re n e s ta n d -o ff p a d s . Lu 1.2.4.b Fluorescent coving fixture cut example for indirect lighting scheme design. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y' L u Check List O Bright color materials can create a visually brighter space. O Additional accent lighting could increase the brightness of the space. O Avoid dark color materials in areas with tow light levels. o Fluorescent is recommended for ease of maintenance. o A tow color temperature (2600 degrees) light bulb should be selected. Corrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L ivin g Fa c il it y 157 Problem - C om er o f the corridor could create a dead-end atmosphere. Issue - Skylight unit and vertical glazing shall be used in the transitional area. (IES RP-28) S toLfeO T Lu 1.2.5.a Both vertical and horizontal glazing could bring in natural lighting and enhance the space. Vertical glazing could extent the space to the outdoor environment. Lu 1.2.5.b Each end and the mid-section in this corridor have access to natural light, which draws attention and transition for the space. Wall sconces marked the path along the corridor. Two distinct colors for walls and floor are used to mark the edge along the path. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y l u Check List Q Transitional space is equipped with vertical glazing. Skylight unit is installed to provide natural light. Natural light unit didn’t introduce soft indirect sunlight. Shading devices is equipped with glazing to cut off unwanted sunlight. O © Co rrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r s e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 158 Problem - Some lo w budget lighting construction create an extrem ely institutional atmosphere in the corridor, issue - A com bination o f light fixtures creates spatial interest and creates a unique atm osphere. Lu f .2.6.0 Both vertical and horizontal glazing could bring in natural light and enhance the space. Vertical glazing could extend the space to the outdoor environment Lu 1.2,6.b Single loaded interior corridor is designed with many openings for natural light access and visual connection. In addition, wall sconces, MR 16 spot lights and recess ceiling lights further luminance the space and generate a visually brighter environment Small MR 18 spot lights mark the path and light the art work hung on the walls. . © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List © Avoid exposed linear fluorescent fixtures in the middle of the corridor. © Use wall sconces to create a light path. O Take advantages of a recessed ceiling for linear fluorescents. O Used a high color rendering bulb for accent lighting fixtures. © Low color temperature light bulb should be selected. Corrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O ccupants could run into furniture placed in the corridor by accident. Issue - H igher level o f lum inance at furniture helps occupants to identify the object and create interest o f the space. Lu 1.2.7.a Additional fixtures used to illuminate furniture and shelf could further enhance the space and create interest in the corridor. Lu 1.2.7.b Recess light fixtures provide general ambient light to the space. Additional table lamp and wall sconces mark the sitting area and entry doors. Color contrast of each surfaces allow occupants to identify each use easily. © C O P Y R IG H T JOHNNY LU Check List 0 Fixture should be positioned out of line of sight. Q Naked light bulb should be cover with a diffuse shield. O Chair and bookshelf should be in color contrast with adjacent materials. O Different color temperature of light bulb should be selected for desired atmosphere. Co rrido r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l f o r S e n io r Living F a c ility 160 Problem - Since m ost entry d oo r and hallw ays are identical in large complexes, w ay finding m ight becom e a problem fo r new occupants. issue - H igher co lo r rending light bulb should be used to illum inate personal interest display box and artworks. ~ I f ■ ^ 1 1 1 % L ~ | Lu 1.2.8.a Use better color rendering light bulb to bring out most of the colors in the artwork and drawings. Occupants could see the richness of the artwork and drawings. This method also helps occupants to identify the location in their unit complex. 10- 7/ 8- 7-5/ 8" 18- 1/ 8“ 6 - 1/ 4' 48" AiaSag Aspte sfesw B Lu 1.2.8.b Special track accent lighting fixture example could be specified for display and artwork. Track lighting and adjustable angle fixtures provide flexibility for occupants. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List G Display and interest box should be positioned in the line of sight. G Light fixture should be placed out of the line of sight. 0 Light should be eveniy spread onto the target area (i.e. the artwork). 0 High color rendering light bulb should be used. C o r r i d o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n a s s e s s m e n t t o o l f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 161 Problem - Double loaded co rridor creates enclosed spaces without natural light. Issue - Single loaded corridor allow s natural light to penetrate into the corridor and adjacent resident units. UMfT Lu 1.2.9.8 Single loaded corridors permit natural light to enter the space. The light level will self adjust with the outdoor environment. It’s an ideal scheme for high density housing. Lu i.2M.b Single loaded exterior corridors allow natural light into space. It creates a transitional area between outdoor, corridor, and unit entry. Great visual connection between corridor and outdoor courtyard is presented. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List Q Avoid direct sunlight entering a corridor which might create extreme light contrast. o Shading devices should be installed to control direct sunlight. G Additional light fixtures should be available for occupants to adjust light levels at sunset. C o r r i d o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - During em ergency, occupants might no t be able to see the egress with lo w lig h t levels. Issue - Lum inance shall rem ain the sam e level fo r regular and em ergency use (30 fc). (IES RP-28) mremes ystff —X W a t Lu 1.3.1 Light fixtures in a staircase should be available for both regular and emergency use. The light level should maintain the same for both periods. © C o p y r ig h t jo h n n y Lu Check List O Light fixtures clearly mark the path of emergency egress. O Light fixtures are equipped with diffuse shields to avoid glare. O Light level should remain the same for both regular and emergency use. S t a ir Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L ivin g Fa c il it y Problem - High shadow created on treads and ladings can distort visual distance. Issue - Treads and landings should be evenly lighted (IES RP-28) , S3 Lu 1.3.2 Light fixtures should be evenly positioned and provide equal luminance to the surfaces in a staircase. Dark and hard line shadows should be eliminated on all surfaces in the visual field. C o p y r ig h t jo h n n y l u 103 Check List O No distinct shadows created on treads and landings. O Flood light bulb is selected for evenly distributed light levels. Q Dark color is avoided for the tread and landing. Q Fluorescent is recommended for ease of maintenance. o Contrast of nosing / riser to keep residents from tripping. S t a ir Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Highly reflective m aterials can introduce glare in the staircase. Issue - Avoid strong reflective surfaces fo r both vertical and horizontal surfaces. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.3.3 Reflective materials in the staircase could introduce reflective discomfort glare from the light bulb. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List © Matte surface materials should be selected. © Light fixture should be equipped with a diffused shield to avoid glare. O If reflective materials are unavoidable, light direction should be situated away from those materials. Stair Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY "85 Problem - Highly pattern and com plex color floor m ight distort visual distance a n d misinterpret dark c o lo r as shadow for occupants. Issue - Floor should use sim ple colors and pattern. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.3.4 Use simple patterned and colors material for staircase flooring to avoid misleading visual distance. © C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y l u Check List O Simple bright color should be selected for both horizontal and vertical surfaces. C Highly contrast patterned materials should be avoided for flooring. 0 Highly reflective material should be avoided for flooring. S t a ir Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 166 Problem - Dramatic change o f light level in staircase will affect m obility fo r occupants, they m ight need more time to adopt to a changing light condition.________________________________ Issue - Lighting level should be sim ilar with adjacent area next to staircase. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.3.5 Light level for both staircase and its adjacent spaces should be relatively close to each other. © Co p y r ig h t jo h n n y L u Check List O Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level for staircase and adjacent spaces. O Light level in the areas should remain the same during ail period. O Light level in both areas’ surface should remain the same. O Use bright but dissimilar color for both areas. Stair Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O ccupants m ight not be able to see as w ell the edge strip and handrail should be a color contrast with background materials. Issue - Edge strip, railing and nosing should be clearly marked. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.3.6 All edges and handrail in the staircase should be clearly marked. Occupants in the staircase could simply define the space and visualize the distance of every changing elevation. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u 167 Check List G Use contrasting colors for handrail and edge strip in compare with backgorund materials. Q Use additional light fixtures to define and mark railings and boarders. O Highly reflective materials should be avoided for handrails and edge strips. Stair Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 188 Problem - O ccupants m ight nee d more time to identify exit signs and doors during panic. Issue - Additional light fixtures along the treads and landing could help to m ark the exit path. Lu 1.3.7 Light fixtures positioned in the lower portion of the vertical surface help to mark the path and provide additional luminance. Lu 1.3.7.b This special sconce designed for stair application introduces light at the steps and marks the path and elevation change. By introducing indirect light to the steps it also reduces glare. © C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u Check List O Low light level bulb is used to mark the path. O Light fixture is equipped with diffuse shield to avoid glare. 0 Light fixtures are installed at a lower level. O Avoid hard spot created by the light fixtures on horizontal surfaces. S t a ir Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -tTiNS DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENSOR LIVING FACILITY Problem - H ighly reflective m aterial might introduce glare in the elevator cab. Issue - A vo id strong reflective surface material in the elevator cab. (IES RP-28) iS k © Lu 1,4.1 Light could bounce off a highly reflective materia! and introduce uncomfortable glare to occupants in the cab, which might be unpleasant. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Matte surface materials should be selected. G Light fixtures are equipped with a diffused shieid to avoid uncomfortable glare. O If reflective materials are unavoidable, light direction should be situated away from those materials. E le v a t o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r l iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - A highly patterned, com plex floor m ight distort visual distance and m isinterpret dark color as shadow for occupants. Issue - F loor in the cab should use simple color patterned materials (IES RP-28) Lu 1.4.2.a Simple colors and patterned material should be selected as floor material in the cab. It helps to define space and edges. a ■ 1/ 4" !___ 4- I - 4 -3/ 4" 5- 1/ 4* Lu 1.4.2.b Recess MR-18 fixture could provide warm light into the space and create visually comfortable environment, it also helped to avoid institutional atmosphere. © Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u .1 7 0 Check List O Simple bright colors should be selected for both horizontal and vertical surfaces. O Highly contrast patterned materials should be avoided. E le v a t o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 171 Problem - D ram atic change of light le ve l in the cab m ight affect occupants’ m obility a n d they m ight need more tim e to adapt to a changing light condition.______________ issue - Light level should remain similar with adjacent areas. (IES RP-28) Lu 1.4.3 Light level in the cab and elevator lobby should of similar intensity. The vertical and horizontal surfaces of both spaces should have similar light levels as well. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List © Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level for staircase and adjacent spaces. 0 Light levels in both areas should remain the same. O Use bright but dissimilar color for both areas. Ele v a t o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e sig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 172 Problem - insufficient color contrast might lead to m isinterpret elevator buttons. Issue - Buttons and indicators should contrast with adjacent surfaces and be well illum inated. (IES RP-28) Bxtyfsg _ r - |a ta ^ j Lu 1.4.4 Accent lighting could be added if indicator and bottoms are not seif-glow models. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Buttons and indicators are clearly visible in the elevator lobby and cab. 0 Self-glow buttons and indicators are recommended. O If buttons indicators are not self-glow models, they should be well illuminated. E le v a t o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S ensor L iv in g Fa c il it y 173 jx r z m m r Problem - O ccupants spend m ost o f the time in the living area during the d a y and are involved in m any different activities. Issue - Uniform am bient lighting fo r common activities. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way, AARP) T«.L«Tiffe - . -a-:*, ~ ^ ; ’ ■ f ^ % Ipl / 0 ® .. j j y > I vsflt* ' * • > * i,r % *■ % £,*•» > ..C t v r> jL > ' sA. ' tw rnm i ^ " ( f ,#% I ' A ! 'y — jl | * \ * ! 7 V f Lu 2.1.1.a A ceiling pendant provides general ambient lighting to a space as well as additional task lighting when placed next to a sitting area for specific activities. 1 5,7'' Lu 2.1.1.b The blades of this pendent introduce indirect light to the space. This pendent is ideal for high ceiling in large open spaces. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List O Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level in the spaces. Q Select light fixture with both direct and indirect light distribution. G Wide spread light bulb should be selected for even light distribution. © Rare earth technology compact fluorescent light bulb (2600 degree) could be used for ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ib h tin s D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 174 Problem - General am bient lighting m ight n o t provide enough light for specific activities in living and activity areas. Issue - Task lighting should be available fo r varies activities include reading and general cleaning. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way. AAR P) "fA S K U&tfTNft | - ~rf UVir^l I A S i ! Lu 2.1.2.a Table lamp and freestanding lamp placed next to small coffee table and reading /relax window area give extra lighting for activities. Occupants can adjust them with their own desire level. These fixtures draw interest focus in the space. They also created user friendly atmosphere and homey environment. Lu 2.1.2.b Table lamps are available next to a sitting area for various activities in the living area. Large openings emit natural light into the space and shading devices allow occupants to control the amount of light entering the space. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y l u Check List O Adjustable light fixtures can be placed onside tables. O Light fixtures should be equipped with a diffused shield. Q Light fixtures should distribute light onto a targeted area. O Avoid light directly in the line of sight, o Select warm light bulb to enhance homey atmosphere. L iv in g r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 175 Problem - Dark vertical surfaces aw ay from general am bient lighting create a visually darker environment Issue - Wall washers can be used to make the space visually brighter (Lighting the way, AARP) rAi. J m. p w iA X t sv^fe, gcoH , ^ I * i i— I f t — y . fsasaaaasysq L.A.J Lu 2.1.3.a Wall washers are installed in the living to light artwork and the display shelf on the wall. Well illuminated vertical surfaces will make the space appear larger and visually brighter. A - _ M W fe fL Utm mTufC Lu 2.1.3.b Wall washers can be used instead of ceiling pendant with additional table lamp and freestanding lamp to provide general ambient lighting. Vertical surfaces should be constantly considered during the design process. © COPYRIGHT J O H N N Y LU Check List © Matte surface materials should be selected next to wall washers. O Wall washer fixtures should distribute S ight evenly to the surface. O Light bulbs in the line of sight should be equipped with a diffused shield. L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ie h tin e D e s ig n a s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 176 Problem - A rtw ork and paintings are often hung w ithout additional light to em phasize. issue - A ccent lighting used to enhance artwork and architectural features (Lighting the way, AARP) r~ ~ LMN6 S O P H / " m ? ^Sivlcwt Lu 2.1.4.a Accent lighting can be recessed into the ceiling. Simple and more cost efficient fixtures can be use if hidden. Coving at the edge of wall and ceiling can allow indirect/direct lighting. i r ^ ( \ \ a - ■ X • - \ n a k \ns;o -s/r - 7 - 1/ 16 ' ....... ■ r - - s -u /ir.. The Lu 2.1 A.b This wall washer introduces light to the vertical surface, wall washer should position around 2’ off from vertical surface in a standard S’ ceiling. This could allow light to be concentrated on art work at eye level. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List O Use high color rendering light bulbs to bring out full colors of artwork and paintings. © Recess coving to install accent lighting. © Accent light fixture should distribute light onto the target area evenly, o A separate switch for accent lighting should be available, o Light bulbs should be positioned away from line of sight. L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 177 Problem - Lack o f daylight exposure could result in both physical and m ental illness o f residents. Issue - Taking advantages o f daylight in the living room. L te r - L { YJSUtt. COHs 'f J ' Lu 2.1.5.a Both vertical and horizontal glazing could emit natural light into the space. The vertical glazing further more allows occupants to have visual connection to the exterior environment w M B p M W Lu 2.1.5.b Skylight unit emits soft natural light into the space. Large vertical opening allows occupants to have visual connection to pleasant outdoor environment. Light color paint permits natural light to bounce around the space making it visually brighter. Check List O Windows should emit winter sunlight into the space. © Winter sunlight should cast onto the adjacent floor and wall. © Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. G Windows should be positioned in the line of sight for visual connection to the outdoors. C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T d d u b f o r S e n io r Living f a c il it y 178 Problem - O ccupants m ight n e e d to control natural light occasionally in the living area during the day. Issue - Provide shades fo r w indow s for control o f light level. iH t s m e lo o m m ^ - u m r ts e L x .s m t CUT O p C M R E C T atM U£#l Lu 2.1.6 Exterior shading devices cut off unwanted strong sunlight which might create a strong light level difference. Interior shading devices allow occupants to control the amount of light. South Facing Window and shading dimension for 34 degree north latitude, (from 9 am to 3 pm j Window hi. (y) Shade Extension (x) 2’ V2 4 ’ 2'4 S’ 4’B © Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Install exterior shading devices to reduce unwanted direct sunlight. 0 Install interior shading devices to control light levels. © Shading devices should be designed to redirect sunlight in interior surfaces. L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - R egular windows m ight not able to introduce enough natural light into the living space. Issue - A lternative natural light devices could be introduced to the space. Lu 2.1.7.a Natural light is highly encouraged in the living room. It allows the elderly to be exposed to natural lighting and also have a visual connection to the outdoor environment. A brighter environment helps to created better atmosphere and a more cheerful mood. A light shelf is a good strategy to bounce indirect sunlight to a space. Lu 2.1.7.b 9 foot ceiling with full height windows and glazing allow visual connection to outdoor environment and natural light to penetrate deeply into a space. Occupants sense the time of day by looking outside. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y l u 179 Check List O Light shelf could be added to bounce natural light deep into a space. C Prefabricated skylight units could introduce natural light into the space. O A bay window could extend the interior space. L iving room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r Living Fa c il it y Problem - Occupants might use the space fo r both casual and formal dining activities. issue - C handelier should be equipped with a dim m er control. (Lighting the way, AAR P) Lu 2.2.1 Dimmer controls over the chandelier or ceiling pendant in the dinning room allows an adjustable light level for different atmospheres. Formal and casual dinner can be held in the dining room. Occupants have the flexibility over the light level setting base on individual desire. c o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u 180 o Check List © Chandeliers should distribute light evenly to the target area. Dimmer control should be in color contrast with adjacent surfaces. Low color temperature light bulb should be selected for desire atmosphere. Avoid highly reflective materials for chandelier. Avoid glare off direct light to occupants. o o D ining room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY 181 Problem - D ark shadows m ight be cast onto occupant. issue - D ark shadow create b y light fixtures should be avoided (IES RP-28) Lu 2.2.2.a Chandelier equipped with multiple light bulbs could eliminate hard line shadows created by fixtures and objects on the table. Lu 2.2.2.b This modem pendent example could be use in the high ceiling large dining area. It is shielded with multiply panel to reflect light into the space and prevent glare issue. © COPYRIGHT JOHNNY LU Check List O Light should distribute in multiple directions and evenly to the target area. O Light direction should be wide spread and undisrupted, o Light fixture should provide both direct and indirect lighting treatment. DlNSNG ROOM Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Light fixture in the line o f sight could introduce glare to the occupants. Issue - Light should position above eye level and avoid direct view o f light source. (IES RP-28) Lu 2.2.3.a AH light fixtures should be installed above the eye level to avoid excessive light in the middle of the vision of occupants. Naked light bulb should also be shielded. I Lu 2.2.3.b An example of pendent could be spec for small dining area. This special design pendent provides visual interest to the space. It also shield with diffuse cover to prevent glare issue. © COPYRIGHT JO H N N Y LU 182 Check List Q Light fixtures should be situated above eye level in both a standing and sitting position, o Diffused shields should be equipped with the light fixture. Avoid naked light bulb in the line of sight. o D in in g room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 183 Problem - O ccupants need m ore color contrast to identify objects and prevent w alking into them. Issue - Table and chair color should be in contrast with floor, ceiling and wall colors. (IES RP-28) Lu 2.2.4 All furniture should contrast with adjacent surfaces to allow occupants to really identify them. This also provides more visual accuracy for low vision occupants. Check List O Different colors should be used for furniture in compare with adjacent surfaces. O Glass tabletops should be avoid for misinterpret visual distance. o Avoid dark color furniture witch might blend into the shadows, a Avoid highly reflective tabletop surfaces. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u D in in g ro o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r Living F a c ility Problem - A single chandelier m ight not be able to introduce the desired atmosphere during special occasions. Issue - Combination o f light fixtures can be used to enhance the space and provide desired atm osphere fo r a dining area. Lu 2.2.5.a Different light fixtures could be used in the dinning room to create different atmospheres and moods. Light bulb that generate yellowish light (Sow color temperature - 2400 degrees) often used for warm and charming environment during dining time *,w* Wmm I l l l l l J i (S w ssifc Lu 2.2.5.b A recessed ceiling light fixture is used in this dining room which is adjacent to a kitchen. Sconce and table candle are present for a formal event. Light bulbs generated yellowish light and create a romantic atmosphere for the occupants. Co p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u 184 Check List Q Chandeliers distribute light in both upward and downward directions. © Wall sconce should be available for surfaces away from general ambient lighting. Q Table lamps and candle light should distribute soft light. o A table lamp and candle should be equipped with a diffused shield. D ining room Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 185 Problem - O ccupants spend m uch o f their time in the bedroom and perform m any different activities there. Issue - Uniform am bient lighting''for com m on activities. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way, AARP) I f«if« ' Lu 2.3.1.a Center ceiling pendant provides generaI ambient light in the space. Additional small light fixtures illuminate the dark corners of a space. S lS itS Lu 2.3.1.b This special designed pendent provides genera! luminance to the space. The fixture design also provides visual interest. It’s also equipped with a diffused shield to prevent glare. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List G Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level in a space. O Select light fixture with both direct and indirect light distribution. Q Wide spread light bulb should be selected for even light distribution. B edroo m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t t o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 186 Problem - G eneral am bient lighting m ight not provide enough light for specific activities in the bedroom. Issue » Task lighting should be available for varying activities. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way, AARP) Q I f^jvrsvitfes Lu 2.3.2.a Task lighting shall be always present near the bed for varying activities including reading, telephone answering, calling, and watching television. Lu 2.3.2.b Task lighting is located next to the bed for specific activities. Large window opening extend the space and allows visual connection to the outdoor. It also permits natural light to enter the space. Check List © Adjustable table lamps should be placed next to the bed. O Light fixture should be equipped with a diffused shield. Light fixture should distribute light onto a target area. Avoid light direction in the line of sight. Select warm light bulb to enhance homey atmosphere. Select light fixture with a dimmer control. o © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y L u B edroo m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY 187 Problem - Dark vertical surfaces aw ay from general am bient lighting create a visually dark environment. Issue - W all w ashers can be used to m ake the space visually brighter. (Lighting the way, AARP) ttcessUGKTPKHjpfc \ On c MMJ- H XJ«T on, i. u v r w s | ( J Lu 2.3.3.a Task lighting should be installed next to bed location for bedtime reading and other activities. Wall washer on the vertical surface could provide indirect light into the space. Lu 2.2.3.b This example of free-standing task lighting fixture is designed to direct most of light downward. It allows occupants to perform casual reading next to the bed and other specific activities. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y l u Check List © Matte surface materials should be selected next to wall washer. © Wall washer fixtures should distribute light evenly to the surface. O Light bulbs in the line of sight should be equipped with a diffused shield, o Low color temperature (2400 degrees) compact fluorescent light bulb should be selected. B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY Problem - Closets often do not having enough light fo r occupants to recognize th e ir clothes. Issue - Light fixtures can he located on top o f the closet to provide task lighting and also ambient lighting during other activities. (IES RP-28) ctosfcx Lu 2.3.4.a Upper cabinet could install wall washers for luminance at clothes. Wall washers can illuminate the vertical surfaces. Lu 2.3.4M A skylight unit installed in this walk-in closet lights up the surfaces and clothes. It also provides 100% color rendering, which allows residents to visualize the color of their clothes. 188 Check List o Light fixture should distribute a wide spread of light to the target area. Light fixture should be equipped with a large diffuse shield. Light fixtures should be installed above the line of sight. Compact fluorescent light bulb should be selected for ease of maintenance. o - o O ' © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e sig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O bjects in the dark shadow/s m ight not able to be identified by occupants and could cause danger. Issue - Ceiling light should provide with a diffuser to create a shadow free environm ent (Lighting the way, AARP) raey , cf '3 P C & : . fAMfeL. —f Lu 2.3.5.a A pendant should be equipped with a diffused panel for even light distribution and to avoid o f glare. 1 1— M H M li Check List O Ceiling pendant should be equipped with large diffuse shield. O Ceiling pendant should distribute large and even spread of light. G Light sources should not install above and rotating fans. Lu 2.3.5.b This example of a light fixture equipped with a diffused shield which completely cover the light bulb from occupants light of sight at regular elevation. C o p y r ig h t jo h n n y L u B edroo m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig htin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g F a c ilit y 190 P ro b le m - O ccupants m ight need to use bathroom during middle o f light and regular light level could be too bright and blind their eyes. Issu e - N ight tight should be provided along the path to the bathroom (Lighting the way, AARP) N|i6frT U 6 F T f^ U X M lD H i j Q E j f e H M fflfip o H ; f d : ' M / ! ! ‘fe . i 1 1 ^ * 8 ' l»«s2i!2ssJ I Lu 2.3.6 Night lighting should clearly mark the path from bed to bathroom. Night light fixture should be positioned at corners to help the occupants. The night light fixture needs to be kept at a low luminance with a diffused shield. One night lighting fixture should be installed at each bedroom and bathroom. Check List 0 Night fight fixture should produce low foot-candle (1-5 FC). 0 Night light fixture should be positioned along the path from bed to bathroom. G Night light should be elevated V to 2 ’ above the floor, o Every corner and turn in the path should be installed with night light fixture. Q Be aware of over-use of night lighting fixtures. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y l u B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y m m s m 191 Problem - O ccupants m ight have to w alk in the dark from light switch to b e d before sleeping and this could be extrem ely dangerous. Issue - Two w ay switches provid ed a t entrance to bedroom and near by the bed fo r control o f lighting level. Lu 2.3.7 Two-way switch should be installed to ultimately control the lighting level. Switches near the bed should be able to control the overall light level, bathroom light, and night light. Switches need to be reached without extra efforts. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y l u Check List © Switch next to the bed should be able to control all lighting fixture in the bedroom. © Switch next to the bedroom entry should be able to controi general ambient lighting. O Switch should be in color contrast with adjacent materials. B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 192 Problems - Lack o f daylight exposure could result in both physical and m ental illness of occupants. Issue - Taking advantages o f sunlig ht during the day. Lu 2.3.8.a Light shelf is a good strategy to introduce indirect sunlight to the ceiling and create a brighter environment. Lu 2.3.8.b Light shelf allowed natural light into the unit and sense of time for occupants, indirect lighting for the upper wall and ceiling created brighter interior space. © C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u Check List © Windows should emit winter sunlight into the space. © Winter sunlight should be cast onto the adjacent floor and wall. © Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. © Windows should position in the line of sight for visual connection to the outdoor environment. B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r s e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 193 Problem - Occupants need to control light level in the bedroom for both security and privacy issues. Issue “ Provide shades fo r windows fo r control o f light level. I M T . TOOMim^ - U6BT LB'&L. -----------— JL l TO CUTOFF t^RfiCT s iw u e tff Lu 2.3.9 Exterior shading devices could cut off unwanted strong sunlight which might create strong light level difference. Interior shading devices could allow occupants to control the light level. C o p y r i g h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Install exterior shading devices to cut off unwanted direct sunlight. O Install interior shading devices to control light level. Q Shading devices should be designed to bounce direct sunlight to interior surfaces. B e d r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s fo r S e n io r l iv in g Fa c il it y 194 Problem - Safety concern in the bathroom is exceedingly important, insufficient light level might lead to falling or running into objects. Issue - Combine ambient and task lighting for even lamination. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way, AARP) JL.S f '• ! ,* " r4 fH « £ ! ftiji 1 \ / T Lu 2.3.1.a Both ceiling pendant and wall mount light fixture provide light into the space and eliminated dark corner and hard line shadows. 8 1 / 1 8 “ 1230} I Lu 2.3.1.b This example o f recess fluorescent light fixture could be installed in between the mirror and occupants. The luminance is directed toward occupants. This helps the occupants to visualize themselves more clearly in the mirror. © c o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu Check List Q Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level in the space. © Select light fixtures with both direct and indirect light distribution. © A wide spread light bulb should be selected for evenly light distribution. © Fluorescent light bulb could be used for ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. Ba thro o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 195 Problem - Traditional bare lam p fixture could introduce uncom fortable glare directly o r as reflection from the mirror. Issue - A light source shou ld be mounted at each side o f the mirror. (IES RP-28) Lu 2.4.2.S Light fixtures installed to the side of the mirror avoid reflection of uncomfortable glare. 1 6 " OfXteKe S I W 1 4 3 (4 " (3 7 5 ) "7 r ~ 4 1 ( 2 " (5 1 4 ! S 3 1 3 /M " im Lu 2.4.2.b This example of a wall sconce could provide wide spread luminance into the space. A large diffuse shield is equipped to reduce glare problems. Check List O Light fixture should be mounted at the mid-point between mirror and occupants at least 60 degrees angle from occupant line of sight. © Light fixture should be equipped with diffuse shield. © Light fixture should distribute light onto target area but not mirror, o Avoid light direction aim at the line of sight. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u B a t h r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 196 Problem - A large m irror a n d reflective countertop could bounce direct light into the line o f sight and blind the occupants. Issue - A vo id light that reflect off the m irror and speculative surfaces which m ight introduce reflective glare. (IES RP-28) / gAimeoH / Lu 2.4.3 Light fixture should be oriented toward to the occupants not the mirror to avoid create glare. Check List O Light fixtures should be aimed at occupants. O Light fixtures should be distributed light evenly to the occupants. O Light bulb in the line of sight should be equipped with a diffused shield. o Avoid highly reflective materials in the direction of light. © C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Ba th r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ib h tin b D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 197 Problem - M irror and reflective surfaces could introduce glare to resident and affect performance. issue - Light should be oriented toward occupants. (iES RP-28) B A J H R x p H I'- 1 \<f— P6tHT OR1&4TEO TO CXOJPAHT Lu 2.4.4 Light oriented to occupant which allowed occupants to have better vision of themselves. Any fixtures should not aim toward to the mirror which will create discomfort glare. Check List Q Light fixture should distribute wide spread of light to occupants. 0 High color rendering light bulb should be selected to make all colors visible. (85% or above) 0 Large diffuse shield should be equipped with light fixture O Avoid naked light bulb. C o p y rig h t J o h n n y Lu Bath r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s fo r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Bath tub located aw ay from general am bient light fixture and light distribution could be blocked b y the curtains. issue - Provide “w et location” lighting fixtures for bath tub o r shower. (IBS RP-28) r— H £ T LOO W iO h! UftHT PKTilRfir Lu 2.4.5 If bath tub away from the general light source in the bathroom. Wet location light fixture should be installed to ensure performance. Check List 0 Bath tub or shower is located away from the light fixture an additional light fixture should be installed. Q Select light fixture with “wet location” certified. The light fixture should be installed with a large diffused shield. Avoid highly reflective material in the bath tub equipped with light fixture. D o C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y l u B a t h r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g F a c ility Problem - Daylight allow s occupants to see the full color o f th e ir dress and natural co lo r o f their faces. Issue - Taking advantage o f sunlight during the daytime. ^ L K A i, u ^ ti Lu 2.4.8.a Prefabricated skylight could bring natural light into the space and at the same time give occupants sense of time. Lu 2.4.6.b Skylight unit is installed in this bathroom for genera/ illumination during daytime. It is located above the mirror. The high intensity from natural light makes the space brighter and larger. 199 Check List O Windows should emit winter sunlight into the space. O Winter sunlight should cast onto the adjacent floor and wall. Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. Windows should be positioned in the line of sight for visual connection to the outdoor environment. Prefabricated skylight unit could be installed. O o C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Ba t h r o o m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 200 Problem - Food preparation, fine p rin t reading and cleaning occur in kitchen daily, insufficient light could affect occupants’ performance those tasks.____________________________________ Issue - G eneral am bient lighting should be sufficient fo r various activities. (IES RP-28; Lighting the way, AARP) G G [f D Lu 2.5.1 Use ceiling pendant spread evenly apart in the space and provide light (30 fc) to the space. Additional task lighting fixtures provide extra luminance for specific performance. Check List o Maintain max. 1:3 light contrast level in the spaces. O Avoid center position light fixture that can introduce shadow from occupants to countertop. O Wide spread light bulb should be selected for eveniy light distribution. o Compact fluorescent light bulb could be used for ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u K it c h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O ccupants need m ore lig h t to perform specific activities; including cuisine preparation and reading sm all ingredient print. Issue - Task lighting should be provided for specific activities. (IES RP-28) Lu 2.5.2.a Soffit light should be installed for different activities. It provides high luminance during food preparation. l m t With IAsk Lu2.S.2.b Mechanical equipment should provide down light for food preparation. Carefully select the equipment with correct lighting features. 201 o Check List O Light fixture should be mounted at the bottom of below upper cabinet area. Light fixture should be equipped with a diffused shield. Light fixture should distribute light onto the target area evenly. Avoid light direction aim at the line of sight. Select kitchen equipment with preinstalled task lighting. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y Lu K it c h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 202 Problem - Large Light fixtures are positioned behind objects and occupants could a cast shadow and affecting performance. issue - Fixtures should be p laced a t the front o r side o f the user position. (Lighting the Way, AAR P) Lu 2,5.3.a Light fixture installed between occupants and countertop could eliminate shadows generated by occupants. 7- 1 / 2“ Lu 2.5.3.b This example of compact fluorescent light fixture could be installed in the kitchen ceiling. This fixture provides wide spread luminance to the space, it could be specified with matte trim to reduce glare problems from the reflector. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Light fixtures should aim at target area. © Avoid disruption of objects and occupants within the light direction o Light bulb in the line of sight should be equipped with a diffused shield. © Used multiple light directions to avoid hard line shadow cast by occupants and objects. K i t c h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problems - Highly polished countertops and tiles could reflect uncom fortable glare from light fixtures and create perform ance difficulties for occupants. _____________________ _ Issue - Reflective m aterials should be avoided. (IES RP-28) MKHt H A T W A i Lu 2.5.4 Used matte material for countertop, which won’t reflect uncomfortable glare from light fixtures. Co p y r ig h t jo h n n y Lu 203 Check List o Matte surface materials should be selected. o Light fixture is equipped with diffuse shield to avoid glare. O If reflective materials are unavoidable, light direction should be situated away from those materials. O Avoid naked light bulb light fixture installed in the area. K i t c h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIGHTING DESIGN ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR SENIOR LIVING FACILITY 204 Problem - Lack o f color contrast could mislead distance and distort visual spaces creating danger. Issue - C abinets should contrast with w all and ceiling fo r ready identification. Lu 2.4.5 Cabinets and countertops should contrast with other surfaces in the kitchen, thus occupants could easily identify the fixture corner. Check List © Different colors should be used for cabinets in compare with adjacent surfaces, o Translucent glass cabinets should be avoided because they misinterpret visual distance. Avoid dark color furniture witch might blend into the shadows. Avoid highly reflective countertop surfaces. o o © Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Kitchen Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 205 Problem - Daylight could allow occupants to see the full co lo r o f food and prints. Less light control issues are involved with the kitchen. Issue - Taking advantages o f sunlight during the daytime. NSM:5fTtAI> ttfRise u m i Lu 2.3.6.a Prefabricated skylight unit could integrate with light fixture to provide luminance in the area. Lu 2.5.6.b Soffit lights are installed to enhance performance. Matte material is used for a countertop which won’t reflect the glare of the soffit light. Ail upper equipment is endowed with additional lighting. Skylight unit is incorporated with the ceiling lighting units. During the daytime, occupants don’t need to turn on any of the artificial light to perform activities in the kitchen. © c o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List © Windows should emit winter sunlight into the space. 0 Winter sunlight should be cast onto the adjacent floor and wall. O Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. O Windows should position in the line of sight for visual connection to the outdoors. 0 Prefabricated skylight unit could be integrated with regular light fixture. K itc h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g F a c ility 208 Problem - Lobby is the transitional area to connect outdoor and in door space. Extreme change of light level could temporary blind the occupants and affect their performance.________ Issue - A vo id excessive difference lum inance level in compare with exterior environment. (IES RP-28) Lu 3.1.1.a A clerestory allows extra amounts of natural light to enter transitional spaces. Thus, if the outside luminance is high, the luminances of transitional areas increase proportionally with the outdoor environment. Lu 3.1.1 M Clerestory with large windows allows natural light come into the space. Occupants have visual connections to the outdoor environment Both natural light and artificial light created a homey atmosphere and pleasant social interactive space for residents to stay. The lobby often is the place residents stay during daytime hours for social interactive purposes. Co p y r ig h t j o h n n y Lu Check List © Maintain a max. 1:10 light contrast levei in the spaces. O Additional light fixtures are added at the comer which natural light could not access. O Wide spread ceiling pendant should be selected for evenly light distribution. 0 * Rare earth technology compact fluorescent light bulb could be used for ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. L o b b y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n s o r L iv in g F a c ilit y 207 ^ ^ M i e a « s s w m w M » « a M Problem - O ccupants spend am ount o f tim e in the lobby for social interaction, thus exposure to natural light is m inim um in the in te rio r space. issue - Skylight and clerestory windows w ill help the transition during daylight. (IES RP-28) M a I iRa L l o b s : Lu 3.1.2 Vertical and horizontal glazing could adjust the transitional area light level itself and allow occupants to adopt the interior light level quickly. © c o p y r ig h t J o h n n y lu Check List o n O ' Large diffuse natural light is introduced to the space. Direct sunlight is avoided in the line of sight at ail time. Direct sunlight is cast at the surfaces near the glazing. Emit soft morning sunlight into the space. Exterior and interior shades are equipped with glazing for light level control. L o bby Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t t o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Low vision occupants might not be able to identify translucent door and translucent vertical surface, which could cause d an ger during activities. _________________________ Issue - Entry door and doorway shou ld be clearly mark and easily identifies. (IES RP-28) Lis 3.1.3 Light fixture installed over the entrance should evenly spread light over the entrance door and hardware. © Co p y r ig h t j o h n n y l u 208 Check List O Light fixtures should aim at door hardware. © Avoid disruption of objects and occupants within the light direction O Light bulb in the line of sight should be equipped with a diffused shield. C * Use multiple light directions to avoid hard S ine shadow cast by occupants and objects. O Door hardware should be in color contrast with adjacent materials. ~ ~ T H b’ by' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Occupants m ight misinterpret translucent m aterials as a path and run into it 209 Issue - Large vertical glazing should be clearly m ark and easily identify. (IES RP-28) u s Lu 3.1.4 Architecture features, handrail and sculpture could help occupants to identify large full height glazing, furthermore maintain space extension. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O Matte surface materials should be selected to frame the large translucent materials, o Handrail or guardrail should be installed next to full height glazing, o Architectural features and sculptures could be placed next to large vertical glazing. L o b b y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t e n s D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O ccupants often stay within interior space, which the loose a sense o f time. This might desynchronize internal b o d y clock. Issue - Provide visual connection from entrance to outdoor environm ent. Lu 3.1.S.a Better visual connection to the outdoor environment will help occupants to sense the time of day and furthermore create a visually brighter interior space. bosgf Lu 3.1.5.t Double height ceiling creates a sense of entry. The modern design creates a unique atmosphere for residents. Large openings at both end of the lobby allow natural light and visual connections to courtyards. Residents furthermore can take advantage o f light outdoor activities during late afternoon and before dinner time. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u 210 Check List Q Visual connection to outdoor environment should be available for both standing and sitting position. o The floor level of the lobby space should not be below the exterior environment. O Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. O Avoid highly reflective exterior and interior floor materials. L o b b y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Excessive o f daylig ht could create uncomfortable environm ent for occupants. 211 Issue - A dditional aw ing or shading devices can be installed fo r both vertical and horizontal glazing. b m n ; \ u e # f ? Lu 3.1.ft.a Awing or shades should be present for windows with direct sunlight Direct sunlight creates glare and unwanted heat gain, which is undesirable. Lu3.1.B.b Single story entry with fui *„; store front glazing system allows visual connection to the street Double door entries create a sense of security for occupants. Space in between the double is used for waiting areas and a social interactive space. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List Q Awing should block direct sunlight into the space. O Awing should allow soft sunlight to enter the space, o Awing should be able to introduce indirect natural light to the space. Q Awing shouid not generate hard line shadows in the space, o Interior shading devices is available for privacy and light control. L o b b y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -iBHTiNQ D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Late afternoon has dramatic light level changes that m ight affect occupants’ perform ance and mental status. Issue - C handelier and pen dent should be equipped with dimmer control. (IES RP-28, Lighting the way, AARP) Lu 3.2.1.a Dimmer control over the chandelier or ceiling pendent in the dining room allows adjustable light levels for different atmospheres. Formal and casual dinner can be held in the same dining room. Occupants have the flexibility over the light level setting due to individual desire. Lu 3.2.1.b Special ceiling pendant is used in this private dining area. It created a formal - high end dining atmosphere. Table candle with a diffused shield generate a focal point and interest for visual pleasure during dining time. Large glazing allows a visual connection to outdoors. Building adjacent to it forms a garden for viewing. C o p y r i g h t J o h n n y Lu 212 Check List O Chandelier should distribute light evenly to the target area. O Dimmer control should have step down feature for late afternoon time. O Low color temperature light bulb should be selected for desired atmosphere. Avoid highly reflective materials for chandelier. o Co n g r e g a t e D in in g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Dark shadows m ight cast onto occupants’ face and entrees. 213 Issue - Light fixtures should be distributed even light to the tables in dining room. (IES RP-28) Lu 3.2.2.a Single bulb pendent should position in between table and sitting area, thus it provides luminance to both occupants and entrees. | H | Lu 3.2.2.b Ceiling pendants are randomly positioned for ambient lighting. 4 formal restaurant atmosphere is created in the dining area. Table candles enhance the dining environment. Additional recess ceiling lights illuminate the vertical surfaces. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y l u Check List Q Light should distribute in multiple directions and evenly to the target areas. G Light direction should be wide spread and undisrupted. Light fixtures should provide both direct and indirect light. © C o n g r e g a t e d i n i n g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - Light fixture in the line o f sight could introduce glare to occupants. Issue - Light should position above eye level (IES RP-28) M U S 3 5 - 8 & & * - C iH U L i S T D fM lM ft f S O C M Lu 3.2.3.a All light fixtures should be installed above the eye level to avoid excessive light in the middle o f the vision of occupants. Naked light bulb should also be shielded. Lu 3.2.3.b This facility is equipped with large multiple light bulb pendent. The pendent provided wide spread diffuse light into the space. Shielded pendent eliminate glare problems for occupants. Additional sconces located along the columns created visual interest and provide extra luminance to the tables near by. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y l u Check List O Light fixture should be situated above eye level on both standing and sitting position. Diffuse shield should be equipped with the light fixtures. Avoid naked light bulb in the line of sight. O ' C o n g r e g a t e D in in g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y Problem - O ccupants need more color contrast to identify objects and prevent running into them. Issue - Table and chair co lo r should be in contrast with the floor, ceiling and w all (iE S RP-28) Lu 3.2.4.a All furniture in color contrast with adjacent surfaces allows occupants to identify them quickly. It also tolerates more visual accuracy for low vision occupants. Lu 3.2.4.b The furniture in this facility is in color contrast with horizontal plans. Occupants could identify the location of furniture. Light color tables are selected for the space, it help occupant to visualize the distance from table to floor more accurately. © Co p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List o Different colors should be used for furniture in compare with adjacent surfaces. G Glass tabletops should be avoided for misinterpret visual distance that creates safety issues. O Avoid dark color furniture witch might blend into shadows, o Avoid highly reflective tabletop surfaces. "Cfo NG REBATE*' D « NING Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o ls f o r S e n io r L iv in g F a c ilit y 216 A^p’wir s * w " m yrv™ w ^ n - A m -a^-ass , «•«»£*& $ m * * > « & '% * a n fi v ^ Problem - /\ single chandelier m ight not be able to introduce the desired atm osphere during special occasions. Issue - Com bination o f light fixtures can be used to enhance the space and provide the desired atm osphere fo r dining area. r\ Lu 3.2.5.a Different light fixtures could be used in the dinning room to create a different atmosphere or mood for different events. Light bulb that generate yellowish light (low color temperature - 2400 degrees) often used for warm and charming environment during dining time. Lu 3.2.5.b Indirect cove lights on the edge o f the wall and ceiling create a visually higher ceiling and provide ambient lighting. Ceiling pendent provide human scale to the space. Additional recessed ceiling down light increases the light level. © C o p y r ig h t j o h n n y L u Check List Q Chandeliers distribute light in both upward and downward direction. O Wall sconces should be available for the surfaces away from general ambient lighting. Q Table lamp and candle light can distribute soft light. O Indirect cove light can introduce ambient light into the space. C O N GREG A TE Td Tn Tn G Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r L iv in g Fa c il it y 217 { n m m s f w u r ^ ^ w m ' !« > •< ? ?*s k stijM & iK Problem - Congregated dining room are places occupants spend most o f the hours a day which can cause lack o f sunlight exposure. Issue - Skylight units a n d vertical glazing with shade should incorporate with artificial light setting. Lu 3.2.6.a Integrate natural light with artificial light creating brighter spaces and more homey interior atmosphere. Natural light exposure could also assist occupants to synchronize their internal body clock. Lu 3.2.6.b Skylight units are installed in this facility to bring in natural light to the dining area. Large windows allowed natural lighting to come into the space and visual connection to courtyard adjacent to the space. © C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List o Large diffuse natural light is introduced to the space. G Direct sunlight is avoided in the line of sight at all time, o Direct sunlight is cast at the surfaces near by glazing, o Exterior and interior shades are equipped with glazing for light level control. Q Additional light fixtures should be installed for dark corners and walls. C o n g r e g a t e dT n! ng Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h t in g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t T o o l s f o r S e n io r l iv in g Fa c il it y 218 Problem - The dining room is an o the r daily social event area. Visual connection to outdoor environment can give occupants a sense o f time. Issue - Visual connection should he available from the dining area to outdoor. DNlM q RCCH VSlAt Q2NNECTIOH Lu 3.2.7.a Visual connection to exterior spaces and gardens allow occupants to maintain social interaction with people and have a sense o f time during the day. iBafa 9 1 Lu 3.2.7.b Large horizontal glazing is designed for the facility to provide natural light and visual connection to the outdoor environment. Occupants have the opportunity to sense time of day in this space. Additional artificial light fixtures create homey atmosphere and general ambient lighting. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u Check List O A visual connection to an outdoor environment should be available for both a standing and sitting position. Q The floor level of the lobby space should not be below the exterior environment. a Avoid direct sunlight in the line of sight. 0 Avoid highly reflective exterior floor materials. C o n g r e g a t e D in in g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L ig h tin g D e s ig n A s s e s s m e n t t o o l s f o r s e n io r l iv in g Fa c il it y Problems -.Strong sunlight entering interior spaces m ight cause giary to occupants and affect their physical performance. Issue - Vertical glazing should be incorporated with external shading devices. J H T TP Q »rifti - U G H T L S E i . I r &T.,si«e I TOQJ IC fF T i s T w f " t S t R E C T suHuafi Lu 3.2.8.a Shading devices could filter strong sunlight and maintain visual connections to outdoor environments. iW lfe Lu 3.2.8.b Both a physical and computer model could be used to test the performance of exterior shading devices on every given location and time. Occupants could be trained to maintain vegetated shading devices and plant their own desired vegetations. C o p y r ig h t J o h n n y L u 219 Check List O North and South glazing should be equipped with external shading devices to filter direct sunlight 0 East and West glazing should be equipped with vertical fins to filter direct and reflect indirect sunlight. O Use external shading to form transitional space between indoor and outdoor. c o n g r e g a t e D in in g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Lu, Johnny
(author)
Core Title
Lighting design assessment tool for an elderly living environment
Degree
Master of Building Science / Master in Biomedical Sciences
Degree Program
Building Science
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
Architecture,Gerontology,health sciences, public health,OAI-PMH Harvest
Language
English
Contributor
Digitized by ProQuest
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-312016
Unique identifier
UC11328263
Identifier
1420382.pdf (filename),usctheses-c16-312016 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
1420382.pdf
Dmrecord
312016
Document Type
Thesis
Rights
Lu, Johnny
Type
texts
Source
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
Tags
health sciences, public health