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Healing a broken country: the inter-faith education experiment in northern Ireland
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Content
HEALING A BROKEN COUNTRY:
THE INTER-FAITH EDUCATION EXPERIMENT IN NORTHERN IRELAND
by
Kaitlin Funaro
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
(BROADCAST JOURNALISM)
May 2009
Copyright 2009 Kaitlin Funaro
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Host introduction 1
Healing a Broken Country:
The Inter-Faith Education Experiment in Northern Ireland 2
Bibliography 22
iii
ABSTRACT
Social segregation in Northern Ireland permeates nearly every aspect of life from
neighborhoods and shopping centers to hospitals and schools.
Protestants loyal to Great Britain and Irish Catholics spent more than 30 years fighting
over political and social power in the period known as the Troubles. In 1998, both sides
signed what is known as the Good Friday Agreement to try and end the violence. Ten
years later, the bombs have stopped falling, but segregation is still deeply rooted in
Northern Irish society.
Nearly 95 percent of children in Northern Ireland attend a school that is predominantly
Protestant or Catholic and rarely have the chance to mix and meet people from the other
religion. The Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education believes that bringing
school children together to teach them about difference will finally end the segregation
that has ripped this small country in two. This radio documentary tells their story.
1
HOST INTRODUCTION
From 1969 to 1998, Northern Ireland was in turmoil. More than 3,600 people lost their
lives when bombs dropped and shots were fired between the two main communities that
share the small northern tip of Ireland.
Protestants loyal to Great Britain and Irish Catholics spent 30 years fighting over political
and social power. This period known as the Troubles bred segregation, resentment and
violence. Ten years ago, the Good Friday peace agreement was signed. But 95 percent of
Northern Ireland’s children still live segregated lives and rarely interact with anyone from
the other community. Concern is growing that the country will never heal the wounds of
the Troubles if its children are kept apart. But the experiment of integrated education has
had some dangerous consequences, and its future remains uncertain.
2
TAKE PACKAGE
RUNS 16:38
NAT (SINGING)
“And just in case there’s any doubt, we want you to know, we are the greatest yes we
are, cause Jesus told us so! Yes! Jesus told us so!”
TRACK
(Nat sound of kids on playing outside, fade under)
IN THE POOR NEIGHBORHOODS OF ARDOYNE IN NORTH BELFAST, KIDS
LEARN FROM AN EARLY AGE THAT THEIR NEIGHBORS ARE DIFFERENT.
IT’S CLEAR WHOM THE STREETS BELONG TO. HUNDREDS OF BRITISH
UNION JACK FLAGS FLAP IN THE STRONG IRISH WIND… BUT A FEW
BLOCKS AWAY THEY TURN INTO THE GREEN, WHITE AND ORANGE
STRIPES OF IRELAND, AND PLASTIC STATUES OF THE VIRGIN MARY STAND
GUARD IN TINY FRONT LAWNS.
(nat pop of kids playing soccer – fade kids playing back up fade into: bell ringing, kids
chatting in classroom, fade under track)
3
TRACK
IT’S A SUNNY THURSDAY MORNING IN ONE OF BELFAST’S FLAGSHIP
SCHOOLS. THE CHILDREN ARE DRESSED IN NAVY BLUE SWEATSHIRTS
STAINED WITH SPILLED JUICE AND DUST FROM THE MORNING’S RECESS. A
WHITE DOVE AND THE NAME ‘HAZELWOOD INTEGRATED PRIMARY
SCHOOL’ ARE EMBLAZONED ON THE SWEATERS.
MCDAID (NAT pop)
Four minutes left!
TRACK
TEACHER JIM MCDAID ASKS HIS CLASS IF THEY KNOW WHAT MAKES
THEIR SCHOOL DIFFERENT.
MCDAID
Omar?
OMAR
Like it’s different because Protestants and Catholics and all different religions can all
join together and all sit beside each other and eat together and have fun together....
(fade under more kids talking)
4
TRACK
IN THEORY, NORTHERN IRELAND’S SCHOOLS ARE OPEN TO EVERYONE.
BUT JUST LIKE THE SURROUNDING NEIGHBORHOODS, IN PRACTICE, THEY
ARE DEEPLY SEGREGATED PLACES. PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC
CHILDREN SHARING TABLES IN A FIFTH GRADE CLASS WOULDN’T RAISE
AN EYEBROW IN MOST PARTS OF THE WORLD. BUT NORTHERN IRELAND
ISN’T ONE OF THEM.
CARSON
My neighborhood is Catholic. There’s a lot of people that walk around smashing bottles
in my street… just cause they don’t like us.
TRACK
WHEN THE PEACE AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED 10 YEARS AGO, THERE WAS A
LOT OF HOPE THAT THE SEGREGATION WOULD FADE AWAY. IT HASN’T.
ADVOCATES OF INTEGRATED EDUCATION BELIEVE THAT SINCE
COMMUNITIES AREN’T COMING TOGETHER ON THEIR OWN – THAT THEIR
SCHOOLS ARE NOW THE WAY FORWARD FOR NORTHERN IRELAND. THAT
EDUCATING CHILDREN SIDE BY SIDE WILL FINALLY END THE
SEGREGATION AND MISTRUST THAT HAS TORN THEIR COUNTRY IN TWO.
CARSON
They’re still praying to God whether it’s in a different way. So I don’t see why they fight.
5
TRACK
THE FAMILIES WHO TOOK THIS STEP STILL HAVE A LOT ON THE LINE.
FOUR CHILDREN FROM HAZELWOOD HAVE LOST THEIR LIVES FROM
SECTARIAN FIGHTING – AFTER THE VIOLENCE WAS SUPPOSED TO STOP.
THE BRUTALITY HAS LEFT ITS MARK ON THE KIDS WHO ATTEND THESE
SCHOOLS.
MCDAID
These behaviors and attitudes are learned, and unfortunately they’re learned on the laps
of their grandmothers, their mothers, their fathers. And despite the fact that we’re living
happily now in a situation that’s free from violent conflict… at the point of a gun or by
using bombs. We don’t have that any longer, however, there’s a legacy of that. In the
absence of violence the mistrust is still there.
(fade out kids talking)
TRACK
HAZELWOOD IS AN ISLAND. THE FIRST INTEGRATED SCHOOL OPENED IN
1981, JUST AFTER THE HEIGHT OF THE TROUBLES, AND HAZELWOOD
JOINED IT FOUR YEARS LATER. THEY OPENED IN 1985 WITH ONLY 56
STUDENTS. BACK THEN, PARENTS HAD TO CHOOSE TO SEND THEIR
6
CHILDREN TO SCHOOLS WHERE THEY WERE AT RISK OF BEING TARGETS
OF VIOLENCE.
BLOOD
And those children had to be escorted to school every day by armed police.
TRACK
MAY BLOOD IS A COMMUNITY ACTIVIST AND MEMBER OF THE BRITISH
PARLIAMENT.
BLOOD
They were just going to school but they had to be escorted because there was a threat.
They were going to shoot the parents; they were going to shoot the pupils. And going to
school in those days took real bravery.
FILE AUDIO
“To school again behind the shields, the batons, and the burnt out cars. The tension was
just as high as yesterday. The children were still clearly frightened….
(fade under track and out)
7
TRACK
DESPITE THE YEARS SINCE, HAZELWOOD IS STILL ONLY ONE OF 60
INTEGRATED SCHOOLS IN THE ENTIRE COUNTRY – SERVING ABOUT 5
PERCENT OF ALL OF NORTHERN IRELAND’S SCHOOL CHILDREN.
BLOOD
…today in Northern Ireland we have round about a 90 percent segregated community.
People living in their own area, people being schooled in their own area... And a number
of us took the decision perhaps that we needed to look at the education system. If we’re
ever going to break the real barriers down in Northern Ireland, we’re going to have to do
it through our children, and the only way we’re going to be able to do that is by school.
TRACK
BUT HERE, THAT’S NOT AN EASY TASK. BLOOD SAYS THE DECADES OF
SEGREGATION ARE TOO DEEP-ROOTED TO FADE SO SOON.
BLOOD
I was born in Belfast in 1938 just before the outbreak of the Second World War… those
were days when there was no talk of trouble, no talk of division.
TRACK
BUT AROUND 1969, SHE SAW HER PEACEFUL COUNTRY TURN VIOLENT.
PARAMILITARY GROUPS LIKE THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY AND THE
8
ULSTER VOLUNTEER FORCE TOOK UP ARMS IN THE ONCE QUIET
NEIGHBORHOODS. BOMBS RIPPED THROUGH THE CITY CENTER.
FILE AUDIO
(explosions… ) Friday the 21
st
of July 1972, 22 bomb explosions went off less than a mile
from Belfast city center. (explosion and sirens wailing) nine people were killed, 130
injured. Blown quite literally to pieces.)
BLOOD
Every day, every day. And back in the 80s coming up into the 90s there was a shooting, a
bombing, police officers being killed, school children being attacked. …You got up in the
morning, you put the radio on and you just hope to God the atrocity didn’t happen in our
area. That it happened in somebody else’s.
TRACK
IN THE 1970’S, BRITISH TROOPS STARTED BUILDING FENCES TO PROTECT
BELFAST’S PEOPLE FROM VIOLENCE. THE FENCES BECAME PERMANENT
WALLS SEPARATING PLACES WHERE PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC
NEIGHBORHOODS BUMP AGAINST EACH OTHER. THE WALLS ARE OFTEN
PAINTED WITH SCENES OF MASKED GUNMEN AND GIVE STARK WARNINGS
AS TO WHO RUNS THE COMMUNITY INSIDE. THEY ARE CALLED “PEACE
LINES” ALTHOUGH THEY GIVE THE IMPRESSION OF ANYTHING BUT PEACE.
THEY DIDN’T ALWAYS STOP THE VIOLENCE, EITHER.
9
FILE AUDIO
“Rival factions clashed last night near Arthur Bridge on the Whitewell Road on the
outskirts of North Belfast. Fire officers were called in to deal with petrol bombs as homes
on the White City estate came under attack…”
(fade down and under))
TRACK
WHITEWELL ROAD’S LONG AND WINDING HILLS CUT THROUGH THE
HEART OF THE TROUBLE ZONE IN BELFAST. IT SPLITS PROTESTANT AND
CATHOLIC COMMUNITIES IN TWO AND WALLS POCKET THE
NEIGHBORHOOD TO PROTECT SLEEPING FAMILIES FROM BOMBS. TODAY,
THAT ROAD IS ALSO HOME TO HAZELWOOD SCHOOL.
HOUSTON
People have been burnt out of their homes, been intimidated out of their homes and even
to this day we have children who won’t walk down the Whitewell road.
TRACK
HAZELWOOD’S PRINCIPAL, JILL HOUSTON, HAS BEEN WORKING IN THE
INTEGRATED EDUCATION MOVEMENT SINCE IT BEGAN IN THE EARLY
1980’S.
10
HOUSTON
If I asked some of my children here to walk down the Whitewell Road they wouldn’t do it
now, today.
TRACK
HOUSTON KNOWS HOW MUCH PROGRESS THE MOVEMENT HAS MADE BUT
IS NOT BLIND TO THE RISKS OF PUTTING KIDS SIDE BY SIDE.
HOUSTON
We’ve had 4 children murdered within half a mile of this school. 5 years ago a little boy
was riding a bike and a mother of another estate thought he had thrown a stone at her so
she reversed over and killed him. Then after that a child from the other estate where he
had come form was shot dead and murdered in retaliation. These are all children from
our school.
TRACK
IN 2008, TWO HOUSES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD NEXT TO HAZELWOOD
WERE ATTACKED WITH STONES AND HOMEMADE GASOLINE BOMBS.
HOUSTON
The children came to our school; they were burnt out of their houses while they slept in
their beds at night. The house was completely gutted.
11
TRACK
THOUGH ATTACKS LIKE THESE RARELY BREAK THE COUNTRY’S
RELATIVE PEACE, NOT A SINGLE “PEACE LINE” HAS BEEN TAKEN DOWN.
LAST YEAR, A NEW ONE WAS BUILT: RIGHT HERE ON THE GROUNDS OF
HAZELWOOD SCHOOL.
HOUSTON
(Door opening and footsteps- outside walking towards fence in the playground)
That’s our fence there. That’s a pretty good-looking security fence, isn’t it? It’s not so
ugly, sure it’s not.
TRACK
IT MAY BE BETTER LOOKING THAN SOME OF THE WALLS THAT CUT
THROUGH BELFAST – BUT IT IS STILL A REMINDER OF THE CHALLENGES
THIS SCHOOL FACES. THE FENCE RUNS JUST A FEW YARDS AWAY FROM
JIM MCDAID’S CLASSROOM.
(bell ringing, fade up kids talking)
HIS STUDENTS DON’T KNOW MUCH ABOUT THE TROUBLES. MOST WERE
BORN RIGHT AS THE LAST FEW BOMBS DROPPED IN THE LATE 1990’S AND
12
HAVE HAD THE RARE CHANCE TO MIX WITH PEOPLE FROM THE OTHER
RELIGION.
(classroom chatter fading into McDaid track)
MCDAID
The NI that you’re growing up in is very different than the NI than I grew up in.
When I grew up certainly there was a lot of mistrust between… the two largest groups in
Northern Ireland were Protestant and Catholic. We went to different schools obviously.
Most of them still do. We lived in different communities, we read different newspapers,
we played different sports. And I don’t think I actually met a Protestant until I went onto
University.
TRACK
HE WANTS HIS KIDS TO KNOW THAT THEY ARE SPECIAL… HE TELLS THEM
HOW THEY DEFY THE NORM IN NORTHERN IRELAND.
MCDAID
Maybe the fact that I have a daughter, now, you know Aoife, she’s four, and I’m very
keen for Aoife to meet people of different faiths and different cultures. Now I don’t think
that if I sent her to another school she’d get that opportunity but here she is getting that
opportunity just as your mothers and fathers gave you that opportunity when you were
four. When you were cute James. (laughs)
13
TRACK
THOUGH THEY’VE SAT SIDE BY SIDE WITH STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT
RELIGIONS FOR ABOUT 8 YEARS NOW, STEREOTYPES AND
MISUNDERSTANDING STILL FEED INTO EACH CHILD’S PSYCHE. HE DOES A
CLASS EXERCISE EVERY YEAR TO SEE HOW FAR THE MISINFORMATION
SPREADS.
(fade up and under kids talking and murmuring)
MCDAID
But I’m intrigued and interested in what you feel it means to be a Protestant, and what it
means to be a Catholic. Now, do they go to different churches, do they believe in different
things? Do they wear different clothes? Do they have different holidays? Do Protestants
mostly have a hair color, what about their eyebrows, their nostrils?
(low classroom noise and chatter)
TRACK
THE KIDS START TO WRITE DOWN WHAT THEY KNOW ABOUT THEIR
CLASSMATES’ LIVES AND PERSONALITIES.
14
MCDAID
(Kids talking) They wear different clothes, like different music and sports. And they go to
different churches and have different communities.
(fade up playground noise - running feet)
TRACK
BUT ON THE PLAYGROUND, FLAGS OR BIBLES NO LONGER SEEM TO
MATTER AS KIDS FIGHT OVER RUBBER BALLS AND GIRLS GATHER IN
CLUSTERS TO JUMP ROPE.
MCDAID
(rustle of papers as McDaid goes through their answers)
Some of it is obvious that they can pick up on like religion and sport... When you separate
two communities it’s just a fertile ground for prejudice and discrimination to take a
foothold. So we like to think that we’re challenging that here.
TRACK
IT TAKES A HUGE AMOUNT OF EFFORT TO OPEN NEW SCHOOLS IN THIS
COUNTRY WHERE DESKS SIT EMPTY ACROSS THE CITIES AND SUBURBS.
THE GOVERNMENT SAYS IT WOULD LIKE TO OPEN NEW INTEGRATED
15
SCHOOLS BUT THERE IS ALREADY PLENTY OF ROOM IN TRADITIONAL
CLASSROOMS.
BUT A GROUP OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS CALLED THE NORTHERN
IRELAND COUNCIL FOR INTEGRATED EDUCATION, OR NICIE, IS
UNDETERRED. THEY RAISE MONEY, FIND RESOURCES AND PUSH THE
GOVERNMENT TO FORM NEW INTEGRATED SCHOOLS, OFTEN WITH LESS
THAN 20 STUDENTS. BUT NOT EVERYONE IN THE COMMUNITY IS SO
SUPPORTIVE OF THEIR EFFORTS.
MORGAN
I think people sometimes were in the position of, if it’s not broken don’t fix it.
TRACK
DENISE MORGAN DECIDED TO SEND HER DAUGHTER TO A BRAND NEW
INTEGRATED PRIMARY CALLED CEDAR IN THE EARLY 1990’S.
MORGAN
They didn’t see what I saw. They’re happy to stay in these old positions of Catholics
going to one school and Protestants going to another. It just doesn’t make sense.
16
TRACK
MORGAN BECAME SO INVOLVED THAT SHE IS NOW A DEVELOPMENT
OFFICER WITH NICIE AND HELPS OTHER PARENTS OPEN INTEGRATED
SCHOOLS IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS.
MORGAN
If I had sent my daughter to Catholic school through her whole education would it have
been different? Absolutely. You can hear it the way they debate with their friends the way
they talk with their friends. I’ve heard my daughter challenging people on stereotypical
attitudes they’ve had at the age of 12.
I’ve actually got a poem she wrote.
(Shuffling papers looking for poem)
What color is your judgment?
J is for judgment, use it wisely
U is for unfairness, its easy to see
(fade under track)
TRACK
FOR MORGAN, HER DAUGHTER’S WORDS PROVE THAT INTEGRATED
EDUCATION WAS THE RIGHT CHOICE FOR HER FAMILY.
17
(Fade back up)
T is for together; I hope we’ll all be that soon.
(pause)
(fade up marching music then fade under track)
TRACK
JULY BRINGS A SMALL HEAT WAVE TO THE COOL DAMP COUNTRY. BUT
JULY IS ALSO A TROUBLED AND VIOLENT MONTH IN NORTHERN IRISH
HISTORY. THE ANNUAL PROTESTANT ORANGE PARADE MARCHES
THROUGH BELFAST’S STREETS IN CELEBRATION OF PRINCE WILLIAM OF
ORANGE’S DEFEAT OF THE CATHOLIC ARMY IN 1690.
(fade up marching music again)
THE TWELFTH OF JULY CELEBRATION OFTEN PITS CHILDREN AGAINST
EACH OTHER. CATHOLIC CHILDREN THROW STONES AS THEIR
PROTESTANT NEIGHBORS MARCH THROUGH THE STREETS. MASSIVE
BONFIRES LIGHT UP THE SKY. FIGHTS BREAK OUT. RIOTS AND INJURIES
ARE STILL RIFE THROUGHOUT THE WEEKEND – DESPITE THE RECENT
CALM.
18
(noise of soccer game and balls kicking, fade under)
HOLY CROSS CATHOLIC SCHOOL IN ARDOYNE HAS ORGANIZED A SOCCER
TOURNAMENT TO KEEP THEIR CHILDREN OFF THE STREETS AND OUT OF
TROUBLE DURING THE HOLIDAY. FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD JAMES OSBORNE
IS A VOLUNTEER AT THE TOURNAMENT.
OSBORNE
I think we’d have bricks thrown at the other end of the road if this wasn’t here. During
this weekend, you go up to the park and it’s all filled with bricks, glass bottles, burnt cars
and stuff like that there. Now with this here, three years on, it has changed a big lot. It’s
better.
TRACK
THERE’S A GOOD TURNOUT AT THE FINAL MATCH. PARENTS AND
YOUNGER SIBLINGS CHEER FROM THE SIDELINES OF HOLY CROSS’ RUN
DOWN SCHOOL GROUNDS – JUST A BLOCK AWAY FROM ARDOYNE’S
PROTESTANT NEIGHBORHOOD. THERE IS STILL A LOT OF TENSION IN
ARDOYNE AND REVEREND AIDAN TROY THINKS HIS COMMUNITY ISN’T
QUITE READY TO EMBRACE INTEGRATION.
19
TROY
For instance 99 people were killed here in this little community during the Troubles. So I
can understand when someone says ‘no I’m not letting my child go into that because my
brother or my father or somebody was shot dead’. You have to take them where they are.
TRACK
REVEREND TROY HOPES THAT IN A FEW YEARS THE COMMUNITY WILL BE
READY TO PLAY TEAMS FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ROAD.
TROY
It says that you know, in football, you don’t have Catholic teams and Protestant teams, at
least you shouldn’t, you should just have good football teams and that’s the message
we’re trying to get across.
TRACK
(marching music faded low)
BUT FOR NOW, THE CATHOLIC KIDS PLAY ALONE TO STAY OUT OF
TROUBLE ON THEIR NEIGHBOR’S PROTESTANT HOLIDAY.
(pause)
20
BACK AT HAZELWOOD, PRINCIPAL JILL HOUSTON IS FINALLY WITHOUT
HER SMILE AS THE COLD GREY SUN DISAPPEARS INTO BELFAST’S GRAND
LAKE.
HOUSTON
We had a plan in integrated education. By 2010 we wanted to have 10 percent of the
population in integrated schools. I don’t think we’re going to meet that target. We have
tried for 20 years and we’d get maybe two or three years of peace and then it would
degenerate for two years and it goes back into a difficult situation and then we’d try
again. And we’d try again. Because the people in Northern Ireland are not very quick to
forgive.
TRACK
AND, AS MAY BLOOD POINTS OUT, THE WALLS LIKE THE ONE DIVIDING
HAZELWOOD AND ITS NEIGHBORS, ARE STILL IN PLACE.
BLOOD
It divides, humanly divides, people in their own minds. There’s a brick wall there. I know
some of your fellow country people would be very keen to see those walls come down and
so would I, but I think we need to start with the walls that are in people’s minds first. And
if we can get children early enough I think that in 10 or 15 years the peace walls won’t
be a problem because people will want them down.
21
(fade up kids talking, bell ringing)
MCDAID
So who here has a girlfriend that’s a different religion from them? Just Dane? Dane, you
had your hand up! (everyone laughs)
TRACK
IN BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND, I’M KAITLIN FUNARO.
22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Coulter, Colin. Northern Ireland After the Troubles: a Society in Transition. New York
Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Cox, Michael. A Farewell to Arms: Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. New York.
Palgrave 2006.
Gillespie, Gordon. Historical dictionary of the Northern Ireland conflict. Lanham, Md.;
Scarecrow Press, 2008.
Shirlow, Peter. Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City. London; Ann Arbor, MI.
Pluto, 2006.
Abstract (if available)
Abstract
Social segregation in Northern Ireland permeates nearly every aspect of life from neighborhoods and shopping centers to hospitals and schools.
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Funaro, Kaitlin
(author)
Core Title
Healing a broken country: the inter-faith education experiment in northern Ireland
School
Annenberg School for Communication
Degree
Master of Arts
Degree Program
Journalism (Broadcast Journalism)
Publication Date
05/05/2009
Defense Date
04/01/2009
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
Belfast,education,integrated education,Northern Ireland,OAI-PMH Harvest
Place Name
Belfast
(city or populated place),
Ireland
(countries)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Tolan, Sandy (
committee chair
), Castaneda, Laura (
committee member
), Hentschke, Guilbert C. (
committee member
)
Creator Email
funaro@usc.edu,kaitlin.funaro@gmail.com
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m2191
Unique identifier
UC1503479
Identifier
etd-Funaro-2771 (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c127-235370 (legacy record id),usctheses-m2191 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
etd-Funaro-2771.pdf
Dmrecord
235370
Document Type
Thesis
Rights
Funaro, Kaitlin
Type
texts
Source
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Repository Name
Libraries, University of Southern California
Repository Location
Los Angeles, California
Repository Email
cisadmin@lib.usc.edu
Tags
education
integrated education