Close
About
FAQ
Home
Collections
Login
USC Login
Register
0
Selected
Invert selection
Deselect all
Deselect all
Click here to refresh results
Click here to refresh results
USC
/
Digital Library
/
Los Angeles Webster Commission records, 1931-1992
/
Wichita after-action police report, 1980-06-20
(USC DC Other)
Wichita after-action police report, 1980-06-20
PDF
Download
Share
Open document
Flip pages
Contact Us
Contact Us
Copy asset link
Request this asset
Transcript (if available)
Content
.,. .,
AFTER-ACTION POLICE REPORT ON EAST TWENTY-FIRST S~REET RIOT
Completed: June 20. · . .-1980
· Pr·_e~, it_ r _ ~d -by:
Plat1!ting --- & -R~s~· arc._ h · Se·.ction_ ·. _
. WICHiTA POLICE DEPARTMENT
C O N F I D E' N T I A· _ L
This after-action police report .concerning
the East Twenty-First Street Riot on
April 22, 1980, contains information
regarding the Wichita P~lice Department . ':s
Involvement, action taken arid. co. st . iµcur~tf
during this event.
CONFIDENTI .AL-
16.
17.
Citizen's· Motor Vehicles Damaged.
Citizen Complaints against Police . .
SECTION IV - RECOMMENDATIONS
18. Suggestions for Improvements in Emergency Situations.
SECTION V- OFFICER'S REPORTS
19. Police Office~'s Reports.
SECTION VI - NEWS MEDIA COVERAGE
20. Newspapers Coverage of the Riot.
AFTER-ACTION POLICE REPORT ON EAST TWENTY-FIRST STREET
RIOT
INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of this report is to present information con
cerning the riot at East 21st Street on April 22, 1980,
and assess its impact on police and the cormnunity.
·rt should be noted this report will only address documented
data such as costs, arrests, number of inquiries, etc.
This report does not attempt to deal with emotional issues
concerning police-black community relations.
Data collected to be utilized for use in the evaluation
of this study included but was not restricted to the fol
lowing.
1. Review of official police reports on this
occurrence.
2. Background record check on persons arrested.
3. Damage to police vehicles.
4. Damage inflicted upon civilian vehicles.
5. Cost in overtime accrued by police.
6. Injuries received by police officers.
7. Injuries sustained by civilians.
8. Amount of tear gas used.
9. Internal Affairs complaints.
This study is divided into several sections to expedite
the ease of locating desired material. This information
will describe events preceding and following the incident
which developed into a riotous situation. Secondly,
statistical information on arrests ~nd cost resulting from
the riot. Following will be recommendations concerning
the disturbance, police officers' reports detailing their
actions during the melee and news .media coverage of the
situation including editorial comments.
..
. · -. ,,. -
·· ····
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF EVENTS OCCURRING DURING THE 21st
STREET RIOT . . .. . . .
TIME:
1805
·1806
OCCURRING EVENTS:
Officer Michael Keller attempted to arrest a man
for whom a pick-up had been issued. The man
was at -2237 North Estelle when the officer called
for assistance.
Police reponding to call were advised to slow
down as the officer was not in trouble at this time.
1808 ·The suspect fled from Officer Keller and ran toward
21st and Grove. He was.captured at a coin-operated
laundry at this location. Several men jumped the
officer as he was attempting to effect an arrest.
1812 Officers at 21st and Grove reported a large crowd
gathering.
1813 Officers reported an incident in which a citizen
received possible head injuries. Officer requested
ari ambulance.
1822 Officer at 21st and Grove called for shackles.
1828 Another officer in trouble call was broadcast
as the crowd began throwing rocks .
· 1830
1831
1833
1845
1847
1848
Police were ordered to Wichita State University
. ~·
parking lot at 21st and Hillside. Report of officers
being stoned.
Officers and _ car trapped at 21st and Prince. Call
for additional assistance. Request made for tear
gas.
An officer transporting one of the men arrested
in the original incident reported from Central and
Washington that his prisoner was having convulsions
and asked for an ambulance.
Report of an officer down at 21st and Prince.
Tear gas was dropped from the police helicopter
in the 2200 block of North Grove, where the crowd
was the heaviest. Passing motorists on 21st
and adjacent streets were being pelted by rocks
thrown from the crowd.· About 100 people were
reported at the car wash.
A police tow truck was called to 21st Street and
Prince. This vehicle rec~ived heavy damage from
thrown missiles by the crowd.
1849 About 50 persons were reported running northeast
of 21st and Grove. More passing cars were being
\ . ·.• .. ·.
t
I i
~
..,
1853
stoned by the group at the car wash.
The city mayor and manager arrives at City Hall
to monitor the incident. Police Chief Richard
E. LaMunyon orders all news media out of the
disturbance area.
1858 Additional damaged cars, injuries to citizen and
police officers are reported.
1903 Sheriff Johnnie Darr offers his help. _ The Police
Chief advises it is not needed at this time.
1908 Automobiles at 21st and Grove were overturned in
the street by the crowd.
.1909
1912
1920
All third-shift officers are calle4 in four hours
early, to be bused to the Wcihtia State University
parking lot.
Overturned cars are now set afire by the crowd
according to reports from the police helicopter
pilot. LaMunyon orders the Fire Department to
stay out of the area wher~ the cars are purning.
LaMunyon orders eastbound traffic blocked on 21st,
four blocks west of Grove. The Kansas Highway
Patrol is asked for assistance.
. . .. .
· =~ : - - :!-: ~
•.· ·
.. · .. •
~ :· :: : ::- :
1925
1926
1935
1946
1950
1955
Sheriff Darr dispatches a number of officers
to the scene. Fifteen extra jailers are called
to the county jail. The Fire Department
dispatc_ hes a unit to the Wichita State University
parking lot and puts reserves on alert at Station
One.
An assault on a motorist is reported at Central
and Cleveland. Officers in helicopter report
a crowd forming at 21st _ and Prince. Another car is
torched off at 21st and Grove. A woman in a car
at 21st and Hillside is reported in grave condition
with facial lacerations and head injuries.
Fire truck with police officers on board is
dispatched to put car fire out. Windows are
smashed on the truck. Three firemen reported
injured.
McConnell Air Force Base personnel reported
standing by to assist if needed.
All police detectives are .ordered to 21st and Hill
side to Wichita State University parking lot.
Police officers form a human wall on 21st and
walk west to clear the street.
Shots fired at officers are reported in the vicinity
\
1957
2007
2010
2012
of an ice cream stand between Groveand
Hillside on 21st Street. Street clearing operations
continue one block south and one block
north of 21st.
The Kansas Highway Patrol responds to 21st
and Hillside and blocks 21st Street exits at I-135.
Nine people are taken to jail.
There is a report of a car-pedestrian accident on
21st. No police involved. Officer call for more
tear gas from the helicopter in the 200 block
of North Grove.
An officer is reported to be struck by a rock at
21st and Hillside and knocked down. • Police charge
the crowd to bring him out of danger.
2015 Shots are reported from house in the 2200 block
of North Volutsia. Police reports being shot at
by the crowd at the ice cream store. The sweep
of the area and arrests continue for about an
hour.
2230 A vacant house at 1513 North Hydraulic is reported
on fire. It was extinguished after doing approximately
- _J
$100 damage. It was set in connection with the
disturbance. Sheriff's officers and state
troopers are released, as most police on extra duty.
All remained on standby in case disturbances were
renewed.
,-- . ,
AREA WHERE RIOT OCCURRED, APRIL 22, 1980:
I
2
3 't
s
--
•
•• •
21.s.:l
Ole..
1 - Jabara, 2408 East 21st Street
2 - F&J Car Wash, 2510 East 21st Street
0
r
C.
_,J
V'
3 - Spotless Coin Laundry, 2618 East 21st Street
4 - Dairy Queen #10, 2628 East 21st Street
5 - Dr. Daniel Shea Office, 2720 East 21st Street
6 - Police Command Post, 21st Street and Hillside
I
I I
\5 c:an,MetJ
c...e..~oo~
-
I~
V
,~
~
.. .-.••,•,
•,•, ·1' · •.
·.:.: : ~:::_::•
' 4
• I
AFTER-ACTION POLICE REPORT · oN EAST ·2·1st STREET RIOT:
A singular event which exploded into a full scale r1ot
began innocently enough when Officer Michael Keller attempted
to effect an arrest on a suspect who was listed as wanted
on a police pickup.
It was a Tuesday, April 22, 1980, and the temperatures were
steady at 74 degrees Fahrenheit, when Officer Keller, who
was on routine patrol observed a twenty year old black
male, whom he recognized as Kaylan L. Pruitt, in a front
yard at 2237 North Estelle. Utilizing his radio to request
a backup at this location,. the officer halted his vehicle
and dismounted. Upon viewing actions taken by Officer
Keller, Pruitt fled the scene, cutting through a rear yard
with the officer in close pursuit. Pruitt was captured a
short distance away from this address, in front of a
laundry located in the 2600 block of East 21st Street.
After being placed under arrest, Pruitt became belligerent
and argumentive, shouting that the officer would have
to kill him before he would be taken in. This activity
attracted attention of other people, including Pruitt's
brother, Darrin, a 19 year old black male, all who were near
by.
.·.·.·-· .
. •.->:-:-
While attempting to restrain Pruitt from escaping! Keller
was suddenly and violently attacked from the rear by
several black males who were screaming· that Pruitt be
released. The officer was knocked completely down by the
unexpected impact. His prisoner managed to gain control
of his night stick which he immediately used to strike the
officer with. Keller's radio was stolen at this time while
he was in the process of being punched and kicked by -his
assailants.
As other officers arrived, Keller's attackers immediately
fled from this location on foot. The officer managed to
retain his hold on Prui~t unti~ he was aided by another
officer who assisted in handcuffing the prisoner.
An additional ingredient added to an already explosive
situation, involving the arrest of Darrin L. Pruitt
who was ultimately charged with the assault on Officer
Keller.
Darrin was chased on foot and caught by office~s who arrived
in this area in reaponse to Officer Keller's request for
help. Officer M.A. Hunt assisted Officer B. R. Wiley
attempting to subdue Darrin who struggled violently
in an attempt to break away. Unfortunately, all three
individuals were stationed directly in front of a plate glass
. - .. .:- :-:•
window of the laundry. Darrin was gradually forc·ed back
ward against the window as the officers applied additional
pressure in order to control him as he lunged repeatedly
forward.
Finally the glass collapsed under their combined weight.
Darrin fell partially into the opening created by the
broken glass resulting in laceration to his person before
. the officers could extricate him from his predicament.
This incident led to rumors being circulated that police
officers had thrown a black child through a store front
window.*
The presence of several police units, coupled with action
taken by the police officers in coping with the situation
-attracted the attention of people within the immediate area.
As a result of this activity, an angry and sullen ·crowd
began gathering at this location. An ambulance was
sunnnoned for Darrin Pruitt. · However, this injured, blood
stained black male was highly visible to the people present
where it created a higher degree of resentment and irritation.
Adding to a mounting tension was a- woman who ran forward
screaming that the injured person was dead. The mood of
the crowd began to turn ugly, threats were voiced against
the officers .
*A news co~entator who broadcasted this statement on com
mercial radio said "it was an unconfinned report at this time."
As EMS personnel arrived and removed the injured prisoners
to a hospital for treatment, officers made a vain attempt
to disperse the crowd. It was at this point officers came
under attack as members of the group began hurling rocks
and other missiles. A police car received substantial
damage. Officer R. Harris was struck by a piece of con
crete block. Tear gas was used for. the first time by
the officers trying to split the crowd in front of Dr.
Daniel Shea's office, 2720 East 21st Street.
These actions appeared to release any inhibition that
people might have felt. Freed from moral restraints,
the group milling around in front of the laundry, gave vent
to their feelings. Passing motorists, caught completely
unaware of the situation, were subject to a steady
fusillade of rocks which left vehicles extensively damaged
and their occupants suffering from a variety of injuries
inflicted upon them by the mob.
All officers involved received notification to report
to Wichita State University parking lot at 21st and Hill
side. This particular area was selected for its size
and location as a staging area. Here officers could be
briefed and given instructions.
Officers were stationed at the intersection of 21st and
and Hillisde to divert traffic north and south. This
action was initiated to prevent spectators, along with
others, from entering the affected area. Some of
these people who were directed away from 21st Street
merely circled around an approached the vicinity
of 21st and Prince, Estelle, or Grove either from
the north or the south.
After regrouping, police officers received instructions and
drove back into the area. Parking their vehicles at Chau-·
tauqua, they continued .west on 21st Street a foot. The police
cars previously abandoned at 21st and Prince were found to
be damaged. Tow trucks were called to this location and
both vehicles were eventually removed however not before
the police tow truck suffered heavy damage ·after being bombarded
by rocks.
A crowd, estimated between 200 and 300 people were collected
along 21st Street. Although they were calm at. this time,
a group further down the street was busily engaged in
- -
throwing rocks at passing motorists. There were isolated
groups of people scattered throughout the vicinity during
the disturbance. They ranged in numbers of four or five ·
to as many as 300 people in one group.
. - .
Officers were trapped in their vehicles at 21s~ and ·
.<•:-.
······
Prince. The helicopter was pressed into service when
a request was made for tear gas. The mob employed
guerilla-like tactics in their mode of operation and they
continued to stone cars, breaking windshields, windows
and denting all portions of the bodies of vehicles. Occupants
were being pulled from their cars, robbed and beaten.
The Chief of Police, upon arrival, took charge of the
situation, directing activities of the operation. During
the interim of turmoil, some Sedgwick County Sheriff's
Officers were utilized, while other Sheriff's Deputies
and their Reserve Unit was placed on stand by. Assistance
was requested from the Kansas State Highway Patrol to block
all exits from I-135 leading to 21st Street. Third detail
police officers were called in early. Off-duty detectives
and recruits were also ordered to report to service. A
meeting place for the latter was established at the City
Building; and city buses were summoned to transport them to
the scene. The City Mayor and City Manager remained at
City Hall to respond to any request made of them.
The attitude of the mob on 21st Street continued t . o increase
in intensity as cars were overturned in the street and set
afire. A fire truck with police officers assigned to it
for protection was dispatched into the area. Two fires
-:-: ···
were extinguished however, the remaining third fire still
burned as fire personnel were unable to reach it because of
strong opposition from the crowd. The fire truck was heavily
damaged from thrown projectiles and three firemen were
injured. The vehicle was forced to turn back.
The news media had to be warned repeatedly to vacate the
area because of personal harm to themselves. EN~
ambulance and private cars rushed the injured to all local
hospitals for treatment. Most of the injured suffered
contusions, abrasions and lacerations after being struck
with thrown missiles or broken particles of glass.
More serious injuries consisted of fractures and ·gunshot
wounds.
Officers were formed in a straight line, shoulder to shoulder,
at 21st and Hillside and moved west to conduct a sweep of
the area for the purpose of clearing 21st Street of people.
Sideexrursions were made ?ff onto side streets including
Audry, Shadybrook, Prince, Estelle, Grove, Madison, Stadium,
Volutsia, Erie and 20th Street. People were ordered
out of the area or back into thei~ homes. The crowd gave
way reluctantly, yelling threats, screaming obscenities,
and attempting to argue with the officers when personal
contact was made. Tear gas was once against dropped from
the police helicopter and utilized from ground units as
the troops pressed forward. · A nmnber of people were
arrested on a variety of charges and transported to the
county jail where they were booked. Even though shots were
fired at the officers on several occasions, at no time did
an officer draw his firearm. A vacant house was "torched
off" and set ablaze within this locale in conjunction
with this civil disturbance. By 2230 hours, this affair
had run its course. Sheriff's officers and Kansas State
Troopers were relieved of their assignemnts. All extra
Wichita Police personnel were released also. However, all
law enforcement officers were retained on a stand-by alert
status in the event there was a reoccurrence.
Based upon information regarding this riot, it ·was indicated
that the civil disorder began spontaneously and was not
a planned occurrence. Law enforcement officers conducted
themselves in an approved fashion which reflected favorably
on their organization as a whole.
!
1
r
SUGGESTIONS FOR IHPROVR.~NTs· IN EMERGENCY SITUATIO~TS:
There were several unexpected developments arising
from the East 21st Street Riot which had not been
encountered in previous civil disorders occurring within
the city. One of the purposes of this report is to deter
mine if there are factors involved which could be improved
upon. The following suggestions, based upon this study,
are offered for consideration.
1. Dispatch a sup· e·rvis·or· irrmie'diate'ly ·to all calls where a
p·olice officer is· · r ·e'p'Orted to be· ·in tr·ouble.
At no time was a Field Lieutenant sent to the area
of the incident when it first occurred. There was a
period of several minutes which had elapsed before
one responded. In this particular case, the Field
Lieutenant initiated the action on his own. A great
amount of confusion existed at the very start in regards
to whether to send more officers or not. As events
began to accelerate, the dispatcher experienced
difficulties in receiving accurate information from
the field that he could act upon.
Because there does exist a possibility of a potential
problem in the northeast connnunity each and every
tirrean officer becomes involved in a chase or an
an altercation with ·a black, a supervisor is needed
at the scene. The supervisor should be able to
evaluate the situation first hand and request
additional help if required. He would be in the
position to make ·any other connnand decision necessary
to take control of the situation.
2. Use o· f Air se·cti· o"'n: to motiitor· · p· o·tenti· a1 situations.
The services of the Air Section were never requested
until there existed a need for tear gas to be dropped
into the crowd in order to disperse them.
Supervisors are well aware of the possibility of a
disturbance under certain circumstances, especially,
in the northeast section of the city. Therefore,
when a crowd begins to gather at a locale of a recent
incident involving police and blacks; the Air Section
should be immediately alerted.
Its mission would be one of reconnissance patrol.
The pilot would be charged with the resp __ onsibility of
observing the activities of any gathering and to report
on its actions. The field supervisor would then be ·
in a position to properly evaluate the situation
and make logical decisions as to commitment of
manpower and its deployment based upon the information
.· ··.•.
• . . .
...
received. It would also prevent a large number of
officers from saturating a particular area unless
required. Therefore, it would avoid a possible con
frontation between police and Wichita citizens.
3. Utilization ·of ·the News· Media.
Based upon past incidents, it appears as if the
news media always supports the actions of those opposing .
police, justifying their acts, ~egardless whether or
not they fall within legal bounds. Perhaps, some
method could be devised that would focus their attention
on the fact, no matter how justified(?), there is no
excuse for breaking the law. Assaulting innocent
citizens, damaging and destroying personal property,
committing robbery and arson are still violations
of the law, punishable by the law, and should be recog
nized by any firm or organization. This type of action
is not to be written off as an excuse due to fea~s,
frustrations, social and economic pressures of any
particular group, minority or otherwise. _
Even if the news media desires to place emphasis on
alleged wrongdoing of a police officer
1
equal emphasis
should be placed on the law breaker. It should be stressed
that a court or governing body ·are the proper channels
4.
to be utilized if one has a complaint, not on the
streets. When. one places himself above the law of the
community, which is applicable ·to all, then the community
should condemn such actions and not attempt to justify
it. The press often falls into the trap of thinking
that it is their responsibility to protect the City
from evil. Therefore, the media_ grounds out endless
erroneous propaganda which reflects the view of
·onTy · a FEW reporters · .arrl then supports these views as
the absolute truth.
Blocka.ding o· f
Euhlic·
·str· e·ets· ·for· E·rote·ction of
·the
Eublic.
During the recent disturbance on East 21st Street,
an unexpected factor emerged; an attack by a mob on
passing motorists resulting in extensive property
damage to motor vehicles, multiple injuries to its
occupants, and loss of personal property from their
person.
Under existing circumstances, prevailing conditions,
and amount of available manpower, it would have been
difficult to have handled the situation in any other
manner.
However, in order to cope with future .events of
.,. ~
~ -
similar nature, prior consideration should be given
to this matter. Based upon other prior suggestions,
it would be advisable to isolate any problems arising
in one central area. It should be sealed off to pre
vent other people from entering before attempting to
gain control . of the situation. Not only would this
action prevent injuries to others and damage to
their property, it would also allow more time for
constructive planning and provide an opportunity to
move more manpower into the· affected area.
5. Need for individu·a1 ·offi·cer·s·'· ·re·ports regarding their
·activity.
As in all events of this type and magnitude, it is
ecessary to have information covering a full scope of
.e incident in order to properly -study and evaluate
ny given situation. Only by having complete access
:o all information can one arrive at a logical decision
to deal with possible future problems of the same type.
In order to expedite this type of information in the
future, it is suggested that a form be devised which would
aid the officers in giving full, complete information
regarding their activities, at the scene. This
form should be designed to focus attention on special
categories that could either be completed by a check
mark or just a very few words. This would shorten
the length of the narrative of the ·report which
would utilize less time of the officers.
Linked assets
Los Angeles Webster Commission records, 1931-1992
Conceptually similar
PDF
After action report, 1992-04/1992-05
PDF
After-action report, Iranian demonstration, 1980-07-14
PDF
After-action report, UCLA Mardi Gras, 1990-06-14
PDF
After-action report, Central Area, 1992-10-28
PDF
After-action report, Anti-War demonstration, 1991-01-15
PDF
After-action report, 1983 May Day demonstration, 1983-05-01
PDF
After-action report, West Los Angeles' AIDS demonstration, 1989-12-05
PDF
After-action report, Hollywood area's unusual occurrence, 1988-11-17
PDF
Foothill area after action report, 1992-04-29/1992-05-11
PDF
After-action report, Hollywood area's Halloween event, 1989-12-07
PDF
After-action report, Southeast Area, 1992-03-03
PDF
Wichita questionnaires, 1992-07-24
PDF
After-action report, Operations-Valley bureau's Hammer #1, 1990-03-08
PDF
After-action report, Los Angeles student coalition demonstration, 1990-04-18
PDF
Birmingham expenditure information, 1980-1991
PDF
After-action report, Wilshire Area's demonstration by the Armenian Youth Federation, 1990-04-24
PDF
After-action report, West Los Angeles' Century City political demonstration, 1992-07-19
PDF
Dallas police department statistical report, 1990
PDF
St. Paul police annual report, 1991
PDF
After-action report, West Los Angeles area's unusual occurrence, truck bomb at IRS, 1990-03-14
Description
After-action police report on east twenty-first street riot, 1980 June 20.
Asset Metadata
Core Title
Wichita after-action police report, 1980-06-20
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
26 p.
(format),
application/pdf
(imt),
official reports
(aat)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/webster-c100-30687
Unique identifier
UC11447622
Identifier
box 17 (box),web-box17-02-05.pdf (filename),folder 2 (folder),webster-c100-30687 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
web-box17-02/web-box17-02-05.pdf
Dmrecord
30687
Format
26 p. (format),application/pdf (imt),official reports (aat)
Type
texts
Tags
Folder test
Inherited Values
Title
Los Angeles Webster Commission records, 1931-1992
Description
Chaired by former federal judge and FBI and CIA Director William H. Webster, the Los Angeles Webster Commission assessed law enforcement's performance in connection with the April, 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest. The collection consists of materials collected and studied by the Commission over the course of its investigation. Materials pertain to both the Los Angeles incident specifically, and civil disturbance, civil unrest control, and policing tactics in general.
Included in the collection are the following: interviews with LAPD officers, law enforcement personnel, government officials, community leaders, and activists; articles, broadcasts, and press releases covering the civil unrest; various tactical and contingency plans created for disasters and emergencies; reports, studies, and manuals about civil unrest control and prevention; literature about community-based policing strategies; emergency plans and procedures developed by other cities; and after-action reports issued once the civil unrest had subsided. Also featured are items related to the internal operations of the LAPD both before and during the civil unrest, including activity reports, meeting agendas and minutes, arrest data, annual reports, curricula and educational materials, and personnel rosters.
See also the finding aid (https://archives.usc.edu/repositories/3/resources/2266).
See also The Los Angeles Riots: The Independent and Webster Commissions Collections (https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-los-angeles-riots-christopher-and-webster-commissions-collections/index).
Related collections in the USC Digital Library:
? Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, 1991 (see also the finding aid: https://archives.usc.edu/repositories/3/resources/2251)
? Richard M. Mosk Christopher Commission records, 1988-2011 (see also the finding aid: https://archives.usc.edu/repositories/3/resources/393)
? Kendall O. Price Los Angeles riots records, 1965-1967 (see also the finding aid: https://archives.usc.edu/repositories/3/resources/979)
? Watts riots records, 1965 (see also the finding aid: https://archives.usc.edu/repositories/3/resources/83)
Thanks to generous support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the USC Libraries are digitizing this collection for online public access.
Coverage Temporal
1931/1992