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The identification of human hair for criminal detection

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The identification of human hair for criminal detection

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Content THE IDENTIFICATION OF H UM A N HAIR
FOR CRIMINOLOGICAL DETECTION
A T h e s is
P r e s e n te d t o
th e F a c u lty o f th e D epartm ent o f C h em istry
U n i v e r s i ty o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree
M a ste r o f S c ien c e
by
M ario J . A e q u a r e ll i
June 1936
U M I Number: EP41475
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
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Diswrtatter p bi h
UMI EP41475
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This thesis, written under the direction of the
candidate's Faculty Committee and approved by
all its members, has been presented to and ac
cepted by the Council on Graduate Study and
Research in partial fulfillment of the require
ments for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Secretary
Dean
Date .^ n e ^ .1 9 3 6 .................
Faculty Committee
ACKNOW LEDGMENTS
The w r i t e r d e s i r e s t o e x p re s s h i s p ro fo u n d g r a t i t u d e
t o D r. P a u l H. M .-P . B r in to n f o r h i s f o s t e r i n g g u id a n c e and
w i l l i n g n e s s t o g iv e from a w ide f i e l d o f e x p e r i e n c e , and he
a l s o w ish e s t o e x p re s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o D r. B ruce M.
H a rris o n and D r. LeRoy S . W eatherby f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l sug
g e s t i o n s .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
I . STATEMENT AND -IMPORTANCE OF PROBLEM . . . . 1
I I . INTRODUCTION................................................... 5
I I I . REVIEW OF THE-LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . 8
IV. MATERIALS USED DURING EXPERIMENTATION . . . 1?
V. PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENTATION........... 19
V I. SUM M ARY AND CONCLUSIONS . ................................... 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................ 28
APPENDIX ............................................................................... 50
STATEMENT AND IMPORTANCE OF PROBLEM
The e x a m in a tio n o f h a i r w i l l alw ays be o f g r e a t v a lu e
i n th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f b o th l i v i n g and d e a d , b e ca u se h a i r
i s c h e m ic a lly so c o n s t r u c t e d t h a t i t r e s i s t s th e p r o c e s s o f
d e c o m p o sitio n and p u t r e f a c t i o n f o r an i n d e f i n i t e l e n g t h o f
tim e . To f o r t i f y th e l a s t s t a te m e n t , l e t me c i t e v . B i b r a ^ 1
e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t w h ich showed 4 .4 p e r c e n t o f s u lp h u r i n
th e h a i r o f a B o liv ia n i n t e r r e d one th o u sa n d y e a r s . H a ir ,
t h e r e f o r e , i s a v e ry im p o r ta n t f a c t o r when a l l o th e r e v id e n c e
f o r i d e n t i t y has b een d e s t r o y e d .
I t i s q u i t e e v id e n t t h a t d u rin g a s t r u g g l e h a i r s may
become d e ta c h e d from th e body o f e i t h e r th e a s s a i l e d o r th e
a s s a i l a n t , and th e y may be fo u n d , i n one c a s e , i n th e hands
o f th e d e a d , or i n th e o t h e r c a s e , h a i r may be found upon
th e c lo t h i n g o f th e a s s a i l a n t , o r on a n in s tr u m e n t p r o b a b ly
em ployed d u rin g th e c rim e . The c l e a r s o l u t i o n i n th e d e t e r
m in a tio n o f th e f a c t t h a t s u s p e c te d m a t e r i a l i s h a i r and
t h a t i t lias th e same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , su c h a s t e x t u r e and
c o lo r a s t h a t e i t h e r o f th e d e c e a se d or o f th e s u s p e c t o f t e n
^ v . B ib r a , Ann. d . Chem. u . P h a rm ., x c v i; 8 8 9 -3 0 2 .
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try . 3: 4 6 0 , 1907.
2
9
p ro v e s in v a lu a b le i n th e s o l u t i o n o f a c r im e .''
D uring th e p a s t y e a r s , t h e r e have b een num erous c a s e s
i n w hich th e c a r e f u l e x a m in a tio n o f h a i r has f u r n is h e d s tro n g
c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v id e n c e o f th e g u i l t o f a c c u se d p e r s o n s .
In th e c a s e o f Rex v . C rip p e n , 1910, th e q u e s tio n
o f th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f h a i r a r o s e , and i n th e c a se
o f Rex v . May (R eading A s s i z e s , 1926) i t proved of
th e f i r s t im p o rta n c e , when e v id e n c e was le d t o show
t h a t th e h a i r s found on th e c o a t o f th e a c c u se d man
w ere th o s e o f s h o r t - h o r n c a t t l e s i m i l a r i n c h a r a c t e r
t o th e h e rd from w hich th e a n im a ls had b een maimed.
The c a s e s o f Rex v . Thomson ( S h e r i f f C o u rt, A yr, 1924)
and Rex v .^ H a n d le y (G lasgow , 1926) a r e a l s o o f
i n t e r e s t . The fo rm er d e a l t w ith a c a se o f t h e f t ,
where h a i r s on th e c lo t h i n g o f th e a c c u se d were found
to be i d e n t i c a l t o th o s e from a f u r n e c k l e t having-
been s t o l e n by th e p r i s o n e r . The l a t e r c a s e , one o f
ra p e and m u rd e r, had among i t s p ro d u c tio n s a h a i r
found upon th e f r o n t o p en in g o f th e a c c u se d man’s
t r o u s e r s . T h is proved t o be s i m i l a r i n a l l r e s p e c t s
t o th e p u b ic h a i r o f th e v i c t i m .^
From th e c a s e s c i t e d , o n ly a v e ry few from th e number
on r e c o r d , i t i s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t I n th e f u t u r e a s w e l l
a s p r e s e n t day m e d ic o - le g a l p r a c t i c e , an i n t i m a t e know ledge
o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h a i r i s e s s e n t i a l , s in c e th e y may
p la y an im p o rta n t p a r t i n a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f c r i m i n a l c a s e s ,
and from t h e i r m ic ro s c o p ic e x a m in a tio n many o u ts ta n d in g
p o i n ts can be d e r i v e d . uT h is l i n e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s v a l -
2
R.W. W e b ste r, L eg a l M edicine and T o x ic o lo g y , p . 67.
3
S. Sm ith and J . G l a i s t e r , J r . , R ecen t Advances i n
F o r e n s ic M e d ic in e , p . 7 6 .
4 I b i d . . p . 77.
u a b l e , n o t a lo n e i n m urder c a s e s , b u t i n s e x u a l d e l i c t s ,
c a ttle -m a im in g c a s e s and many o t h e r s i n w hich h a i r may be
5
a s s o c ia te d .® In t o x i c o l o g i c a l c a s e s h a i r may p la y an im
p o r t a n t p a r t , b e c a u se d is a p p e a r a n c e o f a r s e n i c from h a i r e
r e q u i r e s a v e ry lo n g tim e so t h a t i t may be d e t e c t e d y e a rs
a f t e r , ev en when a r s e n i c has lo n g s in c e l e f t th e l i v e r and
b o n e s . ®If a r s e n i c i s found i n h a i r and o th e r p a r t s o f th e
body c o n ta in n o n e , th e s u p p o s it i o n i s i n some c a s e s t h a t
th e p o is o n was ta k e n many y e a r s a g o . ”
In th e p a s t , p u b lis h e d l i t e r a t u r e w r i t t e n on f o r e n s i c
m e d ic in e has t r e a t e d th e s u b j e c t o f h a i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
l i g h t l y , b u t i n th e p r e s e n t day th e e v a l u a t i o n o f th o ro u g h
know ledge o f t h i s s u b j e c t has e n co u rag e d a g r e a t in f lu e n c e
i n i t s tr e a tm e n t i n th e d i f f e r e n t p u b lis h e d w o rk s. T his
avenue o f m e d ic o - le g a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n demands an e x h a u s tiv e
s tu d y of a n im a l and human h a i r s , i f one d e s i r e s to be a b le
t o g r a n t o p in io n r e g a r d in g th e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f i t . For
th o ro u g h i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t th e exam iner
have a t hand a co m p reh en siv e c o l l e c t i o n o f known h a i r s f o r
co m p ariso n a n d , accom panying t h i s , he sh o u ld have a wide
5 I b i d . . p . 7 7 .
A u t e n r e i t h , D e te c tio n o f P o iso n s and P o w erfu l
D ru g s. ( P h i l a d e lp h i a : P. B l a k i s t o n ! s Son and Company, 1 9 2 8 ),
p . 2 6 8 .
f i e l d o f e x p e rie n c e and k no w ledge. In t h i s manner th e
exam iner h as a sim p le means o f c o n t r a s t i n g th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
s t r u c t u r e o f unknown specim en s w ith th o s e o f kno?vn o r i g i n .
The exam iner sh o u ld n o t o n ly make h im s e lf a c q u a in te d
w i t h mammalian h a i r , b u t a l s o w ith p r i n c i p l e f i b e r s w hich
re se m b le h a i r , so t h a t he may r e a c h a p r e c i s e d e c i s i o n , b e
c au se th e l i f e o r d e a t h o f a s u s p e c te d i n d i v i d u a l may depend
upon t h i s e v id e n c e . T h e r e f o r e , one m ust b e a r i n mind t h a t
d e f i n i t e l y n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s a r e j u s t a s im p o r ta n t a s d e f i n i t
e l y p o s i t i v e o n e s .
INTRODUCTION
H a ir , w hich i s one o f th e d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f mammals, i s found i n no o th e r a n im a l group b u t th e mam
m a lia . I t i s o n ly s p a r s e l y d e v e lo p e d i n some, and i t o c c u rs
i n a l l g r a d a tio n s o f fo rm , from a mat o f f i n e , s o f t f u r t o
7
a d i s p l a y o f c o a r s e , heavy s p i n e s . H a irs a r e th o u g h t t o be
s p e c i a l i z e d e p id e rm a l grow ths w hich te n d t o be grouped i n
th r e e s o r f i v e s , w ith th e c e n t r a l one l a r g e r , and t h e s e
gro u p s te n d t o be a rra n g e d i n l i n e s . These r e l a t i o n s h i p s
a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s th e s u r v i v a l o f a p r i m i t i v e mammalian
c o n d it i o n i n w hich th e h a i r s sto o d i n d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n t o
s c a l e s , w hich a t t h a t tim e co v ered th e s k in a f t e r th e man
n e r o f c e r t a i n l i v i n g e d e n t a t e s .
H air i s e i t h e r c la s s e d as d e f i n i t e or a n g o ra a c c o r d
in g t o i t s manner o f g ro w th . D e f i n i t e h a i r grows u n t i l a
c e r t a i n l e n g t h i s a t t a i n e d , when th e m ed u lla becomes p in c h
ed o f f from i t s b a s e o f s u p p l i e s , and th e l i f e l e s s h a i r
lo o s e n s and i s sh e d , and a new h a i r s t a r t s t o grow. Angora
h a i r on th e c o n tr a r y c o n tin u e s t o le n g th e n so long a s th e
f o l l i c l e rea m in s i n t a c t . In man th e body h a i r s a r e d e f i n i t e ,
w h ile th o s e o f th e s c a l p a r e a n g o ra . T his l a t t e r ty p e o f
7
E .F . Landy, H a ir S t r u c t u r e , p . 1
8
h a i r k e ep s th e b a r b e r s i n b u s i n e s s .
A n th r o p o lo g is ts have d iv id e d h a i r i n t o f o u r p r i n c i p a l
v a r i e t i e s a c c o rd in g t o t h e i r a s p e c t and t h e i r n a t u r e :
s t r a i g h t , wavy, f r i z z y , and w o o lly .
S t r a i g h t and sm ooth h a i r i s o r d i n a r i l y r e c t i l i n e a r ,
and f a l l s h e a v ily i n bands on th e s i d e s o f th e h e a d ; su ch
i s th e h a i r o f th e C h in e s e , th e M ongols, and o f A m erican
9
I n d i a n s •
I t can be s a i d to - d a y w ith c e r t a i n t y , a f t e r th e
work o f Unna, t h a t th e w o o lly h a i r o f N egros r o l l s
up i n t o a com pact s p i r a l p r e c i s e l y b e ca u se o f th e
f l a t t e n e d shape o f an e l l i p t i c a l s e c t i o n , and o f
th e s p e c i a l form o f th e f o l l i c l e and p a p i l l a . 10
In th e m a ss, th e human r a c e may be d iv id e d a c
c o rd in g t o th e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e i r h a i r a s f o llo w s :
W oolly H a i r : Bushmen, N egro and M e la n e sia n
r a c e s .
F r iz z y H a i r : A u s t r a l i a n , E th io p ia n , B e ja , F u lb e ,
e t c . , and D r a v id ia n .
Navv H a i r : The w h ite r a c e s o f E u ro p e, o f N o rth e rn
A f r i c a , and A sia (M elanochios and
X a n th o c h ro i o r p a le W h ite s ).
F i n e . S t r a i g h t . o r L ig h tly -w a v e d H a i r : T u rco -
T a t a r s , F in n s , A in u s, and I n d o n e s ia n s
(D yaks, M agas, e t c . ) .
®H.E. W a lte r , B io lo g y o f th e V e r t e b r a t e s . New Y ork:
The M acm illan Company, 1932. p p . 2 3 4 -2 4 2 .
^ J . D e n ik e r, The R aces o f Man. New York: C h a rle s
S c r i b n e r ^ S ons. p p . 3 7 -5 2 .
10Unna, P . S . , !,Ueber d as Haar a l s R a sse n m erk m al.1 1
D e u tsch e Med. Z e i t . , 189 6, N os. 82 and 8 3 . I b i d . . p . 4 3 .
C oarse S t r a i g h t H a i r : M ongolians and A m erican
r a c e s , w ith some e x c e p ti o n s . I t m ust
be n o te d t h a t , i n th e m a n ifo ld b le n d
in g s o f r a c e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e
h a i r a m a lg a m a te .^
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
A p p a re n tly th e f i r s t a u t h e n t i c o b s e r v a tio n upon th e
12
c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f h a i r was made by V a u g u elin and r e
p o r te d i n 1806. He c o n clu d ed t h a t h a i r c o n ta in e d s i l i c a ,
c a r b o n a t e s , i r o n , m anganese, c a lc iu m p h o s p h a te , and f i n a l l y
a c o n s id e r a b le q u a n t i t y o f s u lp h u r . V a u g u elin found a low er
p e rc e n ta g e o f s u lp h u r i n b la c k h a i r th a n was p r e s e n t i n
w h ite , b lo n d , or re d h a i r .
IS
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f v . L aer upon th e c h e m ic a l com
p o s i t i o n o f human h a i r a r e w id e ly q u o te d . He c o u ld d e t e c t
no c a r b o n a te o r m anganese i n th e h a i r , b u t l i k e V a u g u e lin ,
he fo und a h ig h s u lp h u r c o n te n t, v . L aer found th e p e r c e n t
age o f s u lp h u r i n th e h a i r o f a d u l t m ales to v a ry from 4 .6 5
t o 5 .4 4 .
14
Mohr i n 1895 found th e h a i r o f a d u l t fe m a le s t o con
t a i n 4 .9 5 p e r c e n t o f s u lp h u r w hereas t h a t o f a g i r l n in e
y e a r s o f ag e c o n ta in e d 5 .5 4 p e r c e n t . In th e h a i r o f a boy
f o u r y e a r s o ld Mohr fo u n d 4 .9 8 p e r c e n t o f s u lp h u r , w h ile
12
V a u g u e lin , Ann. de Chem. e t de P h y s ., I v i i i : 4 1 ,
1806. J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try , 5 : 4 5 9 , 1907.
13
v . L a e r, Ann. de Chem. u . P h a rm ., x l v : 1 4 7 , 1843.
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try . 5 : 4 6 0 , 1907.
14
Mohr, Z t s c h r . f . p h y s i o l . Chem., x x : 4 0 3 -4 0 6 , 1895.
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try . 3: 4 6 0 , 1907.
th e re d h a i r o f a boy s i x y e a rs o f age c o n ta in e d 5 .3 2 per
c e n t .
15
R u th e rfo rd and Hawk i n 1907 co n d u cted an i n v e s t i g a
t i o n t o d e te rm in e w h eth er t h e r e was any d i f f e r e n c e i n th e
c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f th e h a i r o f th e f o llo w in g r a c e s :
I n d i a n , C a u c a s ia n , N egro, and J a p a n e s e . They c o n c lu d e d a s
r e s u l t o f t h e i r r e s e a r c h t h a t th e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f
16
th e h a i r i s i n f lu e n c e d by s i x f a c t o r s , a s f o llo w s :
1 . Race o f th e i n d i v i d u a l
2 . Sex o f th e i n d i v i d u a l
3 . Age o f th e i n d i v i d u a l
4 . C olor o f th e h a i r
5 . P u r i t y o f b re e d in g o f th e i n d i v i d u a l
6 . W hether th e h a i r sam ple was o b ta in e d from a dead
o r l i v i n g p e rs o n .
T ab le I i s a co m p o site t a b l e showing th e a v e ra g e p e rc e n ta g e
17
c o m p o s itio n a s p re p a r e d by R u th e rfo rd and Hawk.
n q
As e a r l y a s 1 8 8 7 , L a tte a u x began s e c t i o n in g h a i r .
He f a s t e n e d a s t r a n d o f h a i r on th e back o f a b lo c k o f s o f t
wood a b o u t 1 m il l i m e t e r s q u a r e . He th e n made a s m a ll n o tc h
i n th e c e n t e r o f th e b lo c k and drew th e h a i r s th ro u g h i t ,
15
T.A. R u th e r f o r d and P .B . Hawk, nA stu d y o f th e com
p a r a t i v e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f th e h a i r o f d i f f e r e n t r a c e s
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try . 3 : 4 5 9 -4 8 9 , 1907.
16I b i d . , p . 4 8 9 .
^ I b i d . . p . 4 8 8 .
^ L a t t e a u x , B u l l . S oc. A n th ro p o l. P a r i s , x i i : 193-196
1887. J o u r n a l o f P h y s i c a l A n th ro p o lo g y . 14: 7 3 , 1930.
TABLE I
AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF THE HAIR
P e rc e n ta g e C o m p o sitio n o f H air R a tio
S u b je c t
S
I n d ia n 4 .8 2
Ja p a n e se 4 .9 6
Negro
( a d u l t s )
4 .8 4
C a u c a sia n 5 .2 2
C a u c a sia n ( c h i l d r e n ) 4 .9 5
N C H 0 S sN
1 5 .4 0 4 4 .0 6 6 .5 3 2 9 .1 9 Is 3 .2
1 4 .6 4 4 2 .9 9 5 .9 1 3 1 .5 0 Is 3 .0
1 4 .9 0 4 3 .8 5 6 .3 7 3 0 .0 4 Is 3 .1
1 5 .7 9 4 4 .4 9 6 .4 4 2 8 .6 6 Is 2 .9
1 4 .5 8 4 3 .2 3 6 .4 6 3 0 .8 0 Is 3 .0
11
k eep in g them p a r a l l e l and s t r e t c h e d . The h a i r s were th e n
drawn th ro u g h a n o th e r n o tc h a t th e o th e r end o f th e b lo c k
and f a s te n e d on th e back a s b e f o r e . The h a i r s were h e ld i n
p la c e by p o u rin g over them l a y e r s o f c o llo d io n t o make a
s o l i d c y lin d e r on th e block* The b lo c k was f a s te n e d s e e u r e -
19
l y t o th e m icrotom e and s e c t i o n s made a c r o s s th e c y lin d e r
o f c o llo d io n *
T his m ethod, how ever, was g r e a t l y im proved by
20
G race F i a l a i n 1930* She used a b lo c k o f w h ite p in e
a b o u t 1 x 1 x 0 ,5 cm. hollow ed o u t on th e to p , i n th e l i n e
o f th e g r a i n , form ing a sh a llo w g ro o v e , A sm a ll n o tc h
was c u t a t th e m iddle o f th e edge o f th e b lo c k a t each s id e
o f th e g ro o v e . A s tr a n d o f h a ir was f a s te n e d t o th e b o t
tom o f th e b lo c k w ith a d ro p o f s e a lin g wax. The h a ir was
drawn around th e b lo c k , th ro u g h th e n o tc h e s so t h a t i t
s t r e t c h e d o v er th e g ro o v e. The o th e r end was f a s te n e d t o
th e bottom o f th e b lo c k w ith a n o th e r d ro p o f s e a lin g wax.
The p o r tio n o f h a i r w hich p a sse d over th e groove was m o is t
ened w ith a drop o f a m ix tu re composed o f 50 p e r c e n t e a c h
of a b s o lu te a lc o h o l and e t h e r enough t h i c k c e l l o i d i n was
19
See Page 22
20
G .F . F i a l a , ^ P r e p a r a tio n o f h a i r f o r c o rs s s e c t i o n
e x a m in a tio n • n Am erican J o u r n a l o f P h y s ic a l A n th ro n o lo ev .
14: 7 3 , 1930. '
12
a p p lie d u n t i l th e h a i r was c o v e re d , and th e n th e c e l l o i d i n
was p la c e d i n G i l s o n ^ m ix tu r e , a compound o f e q u a l p a r t s o f
c h lo ro fo rm and c e d a r o i l . More o i l was added a t i n t e r v a l s
o f a b o u t h a l f an h our u n t i l th e m ix tu re was a b o u t 90 p er
c e n t o i l o f c e d a r . The b lo c k was removed and d r i e d i n th e
a i r f o r a few m in u te s , and th e n i t was re a d y f o r s e c t i o n
in g . These b lo c k s may be p re s e rv e d i n d ry s to p p e re d b o t
t l e s .
-rp . -21
F ig u r e 1
H a ir M ounting B lock o f Grace F , F i a l a
P I
I b i d . . p . 74
13
E l i z a b e t h M. Wynkoop e x p e rim e n te d w ith 485 s p e c i
mens o f human h a i r , r e p r e s e n t i n g 82 i n d i v i d u a l s and ra n g in g
i n age from 3 y e a r s t o 91 y e a r s . She m easured s h a f t d i a
m e te r s , s c a le w i d t h s , and i n d i c e s . The m o rp h o lo g ic a l ty p e s
o f th e m e d u lla s w ere d e te rm in e d o c u l a r l y , by th e u se o f th e
m ic ro s c o p e . She sum m arized h e r e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s as
f o llo w s
1 . The m o rp h o lo g ic a l ty p e o f th e m e d u lla s o f human
head h a i r i s n o t d e te rm in e d by th e age o f th e
i n d i v i d u a l , b u t i s d e f i n i t e l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith
th e d ia m e te r o f th e h a i r s h a f t .
2 . The r e l a t i v e s i z e s o f th e c u t i c u l a r s c a l e s ( r e
f e r r e d t o a s s c a l e in d e x ) b e a r no r e l a t i o n to
th e age o f th e i n d i v i d u a l , b u t v a ry i n v e r s e l y
w ith th e d ia m e te r o f th e h a i r s h a f t .
3 . The h a i r s h a f t d ia m e te r b e a r s l i t t l e or no r e l a
t i o n s h i p t o th e age o f th e i n d i v i d u a l , th o u g h
t h e r e seems t o be a ro u g h c o r r e l a t i o n ( s u b j e c t to
w ide v a r i a t i o n w ith in l i m i t s ) w ith age group o f
i n d i v i d u a l s , r e a c h in g maxima i n th e age groups
1 0 -2 0 , 4 0 -5 0 , and 9 0 -1 0 0 .
4 . Wide v a r i a t i o n s o f h a i r s h a f t d ia m e te r a r e f r e
q u e n tly t o be found i n th e same s c a l p .
5 . The r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een m e d u lla ry form and
c u t i c u l a - s c a l e s i z e (and in d e x ) and d ia m e te r o f
22
E. Wynkoop, A m erican J o u r n a l o f P h y s ic a l A nthropo
l o g y , 15: p i . 187, 1929.
2 g I b i d - . p . 187.
24The s c a l e in d e x i s th e n u m e ric a l e x p r e s s io n o f th e
s i z e r e l a t i o n o f th e s c a l e w id th t o th e h a i r s h a f t d ia m e te r ,
and i s a r r i v e d a t a s fo llo w s (w here D i s th e d ia m e te r o f th e
s h a f t , F , th e f r e e p r o x im o d is ta l d ia m e te r o f th e s c a l e , and S,
th e s c a l e in d e x ) : F - s . A m erican N a tu re , 59: 52 9 . I b i d . . 187.
D
14
h a i r s h a f t , a lr e a d y su g g e ste d by e a r l i e r s t u d i e s
c i t e d , a re f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t e d i n t h i s p r e s e n t
s t u d y , i n w hich an e n t i r e l y new s e r i e s o f h a i r
was used
The m e d u lla s o f human h ead h a i r have been p la c e d i n
f o u r m o rp h o lo g ic a l groups or ty p e s (F ig u re 2) a c c o rd in g to
E l i z a b e t h M. Wynkoop; a) Those i n w hich th e m ed u lla i s
a b s e n t , th e c o re o f th e h a i r s h a f t b e in g composed e n t i r e l y
o f e lo n g a te d c o r t i c a l c e l l s , and a p p e a rin g a s a t r a n s p a r e n t
g lo s s y c y l i n d e r . (2) Those i n w hich s c a n t y , fra g m e n ta ry
m a s s e s , p in ch e d o u t l o n g i t u d i n a l l y , a r e s c a t t e r e d a lo n g th e
c e n t r a l a x i s o f th e s h a f t a t i r r e g u l a r , w id e ly spaced i n t e r
v a l s . (3) Those i n w hich th e m ed u lla i s b r o k e n , th e m edul
l a r y m asses b e in g grouped t o g e t h e r i n t o l a r g e se g m en ts.
(4) The c o n tin u o u s ty p e i n w h ich th e m ed u lla i s c o m p le te ly
26
colum nar and shows no b r e a k s .
Some o f th e l a t e s t m a t e r i a l on th e s u b j e c t o f s e c
t i o n i n g h a i r was p u b lis h e d by th e U n ite d S t a t e s D epartm ent
27
o f A g r i c u l t u r e , J u ly 2 8 , 1935. D r. J . I . H ardy, s e n io r
f i b e r t e c h n o l o g i s t o f th e B u reau o f A nim al I n d u s t r y , i n v e n t -
25I b i d . . p . 187.
2 6 I b i d . . p . 179.
S > 7
J . I . H ardy, P r a c t i c a l L a b o ra to ry Method o f Making
T h in C ro ss S e c tio n s o f F i b e r s . C i r c u l a r No. 3 7 8 , Nov. 1935.
U .S . D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r e , W ash in g to n , D.C.
F ig u re 2
M o rp h o lo g ic a l Groups o f M ed u llas o f Human Head H a ir
16
ed a s m a ll m e c h a n ic a l d e v ic e w hich makes p o s s ib l e th e r a p i d
c r o s s s e c t i o n in g o f h a i r and o th e r m a t e r i a l s i n w h ich th e
s tu d y o f c r o s s s e c t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y .
The new d is c o v e r y makes p o s s ib l e th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f
v e ry t h i n c r o s s s e c t i o n s re a d y f o r e x a m in a tio n w i t h in te n
m in u te s , w hereas i n th e p a s t i t r e q u i r e d s e v e r a l h o u rs t o
o b t a i n them .
D epartm ent o f J u s t i c e o f f i c i a l s have e x h ib i t e d a
k een i n t e r e s t i n th e new d is c o v e r y a s a p o s s ib l e h e lp i n
th e e f f o r t s t o d e m o n s tra te t h a t 8Crime d o e s n ft p a y ,fl J ,
Edgar H oover, D ir e c to r o f th e F e d e r a l B ureau o f I n v e s t i g a
t i o n , D epartm ent o f J u s t i c e s a y s ,
Our t e c h n i c a l e x p e r ts a r e s tu d y in g t h i s d e v ic e
t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r i t can be u t i l i z e d a s a new
means o f exam ining f i b e r s and h a i r s . The sim p le
and r a p i d method i s th e s o r t o f te c h n ic w e l l a d a p t
ed t o th e n eed s o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s se e k in g t o s o lv e
crim e where tim e , d e t a i l and a c c u ra c y a r e o f th e u t
m ost im p o rta n c e .
MATERIALS USED DURING EXPERIMENTATION
The sam ples o f human h a i r f o r t h i s e x p e rim e n t were
o b ta in e d from b a r b e r shops and i n d i v i d u a l s a t random . Data
w ith r e s p e c t t o a g e , s e x , t r e a t m e n t , and body l o c a l i t y of
th e h a i r w ere o b ta in e d w h erev er i t was p o s s i b l e . Anim al h a i r s
w ere o b ta in e d a t l a r g e and d a ta w ith r e s p e c t t o body l o c a l i t y
was a l s o r e c o r d e d , a s w e ll a s th e ty p e o f h a i r , su c h a s wool
o r o r d in a r y body h a i r .
The fo llo w in g s o l u t i o n s , e t h e r , 50 p e r c e n t a l c o h o l ,
a b s o l u te a l c o h o l , and x y le n e were k e p t i n ground g l a s s s t o p
p e re d s te n d e r d is h e s t o p re v e n t e v a p o r a tio n and d i l u t i o n .
The e t h e r was u sed t o d i s s o l v e from th e h a i r g r e a s e and o i l .
F i f t y p e r c e n t a l c o h o l was u sed f o r th e p rim a ry s ta g e o f d e
h y d r a tio n and a b s o l u te a lc o h o l f o r th e f i n a l s ta g e o f d e
h y d r a t i o n . A s o l u t i o n o f e q u a l p a r t s o f x y le n e and a b s o l u te
a lc o h o l s e rv e d f o r th e p rim a ry s ta g e o f c l e a r i n g , and x y le n e
f o r th e f i n a l s ta g e o f c l e a r i n g . The h a i r was f i n a l l y
mounted i n Canada b a lsa m .
Canada b alsam may be p re p a re d i n th e fo llo w in g m anner:
Two grams o f Canada b a lsam a r e d r i e d on a sand b a th or i n a
warm cham ber u n t i l i t becomes h a rd ( l t o 2 h o u rs a t 6 5 ° C ).
I t m ust n o t be o v e rh e a te d . When c o o l, enough x y le n e i s add
ed t o make a v e ry t h i n , sy ru p y f l u i d . A s h e e t o f p a p e r i s
r o l l e d i n t o a cone t o s e r v e a s a f u n n e l , and th e f l u i d i s
18
f i l t e r e d th ro u g h a b s o r b e n t c o tto n * The s o l u t i o n may be
th ic k e n e d s l i g h t l y by le a v in g th e cap o f f th e b o t t l e i n a
p la c e f r e e from d u s t , and a llo w in g some o f th e x y le n e t o
e v a p o r a te . O r, th e b alsam b o t t l e may be f i l l e d o n e - t h i r d
f u l l o f th e l i q u i d x y len e-b & lsam now on th e m ark et and
d i l u t e d t o th e p ro p e r c o n s i s t e n c y ,^ 8
P o ta ssiu m perm anganate s o l u t i o n c o n ta in in g S I . 6
grams p e r l i t e r was u se d f o r o x id iz in g th e p ig m e n t.
29
M ayerTs album en f i x a t i v e u se d f o r f i x i n g s e c t i o n s
o f h a i r on s l i d e s was made a s f o l lo w s : The w h ite o f a n egg
was b e a te n w ith th e a i d o f an e g g b e a te r and poured i n t o a
t a l l c y l i n d e r . The s u b s ta n c e was a llo w e d t o s ta n d u n t i l th e
a i r b ro u g h t a l l su spended m a tte r t o th e t o p . The l a t t e r was
skimmed o f f and t o th e rem a in d e r an e q u a l volume o f g l y c e r i n
was a d d e d . To e a c h 50 m l. 1 gram o f thym ol was added to
p r e v e n t p u t r e f a c t i o n .
The p h o to g ra p h in g was done w ith an o r d in a r y b e llo w s
cam era fo c u s e d d i r e c t l y th ro u g h th e m ic ro sc o p e w ith o u t th e
u se o f th e l e n s . A 100 w a tt b lu e d a y l i g h t lamp p la c e d a t
one f o o t d i s t a n c e f u r n i s h e d th e i l l u m i n a t i o n .
^ M i c h a e l F . G uyer, A nim al M ic ro lo g y . (C hicago:
U n iv e r s ity o f C hicago P r e s s , 1 9 2 4 ), p p . 1 1 - 1 2 .
^ I b i d . . p . 12.
PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENTATION
The g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h i s work was b a se d on a m o d ifie d
h i s t o l o g i c a l p ro c e d u r e . The h a i r was f i r s t exam ined m ac ro -
s c o p i c a l l y , th e n th e h a i r was mounted betw een two s l i d e s
and exam ined u n d er th e m ic ro s c o p e . The h a i r was th e n ru n
th ro u g h e t h e r , 50 p e r c e n t a l c o h o l , a b s o l u te a l c o h o l ,
50 p e r c e n t s o l u t i o n o f x y le n e and a b s o l u te a l c o h o l , and
f i n a l l y i n x y le n e . The h a i r was d r ie d b etw een f i l t e r p a p e r
b e fo r e p la c in g i t i n t o e a c h fo llo w in g s o l u t i o n , b e c a u se con
ta m in a tio n and d i l u t i o n o f th e s o l u t i o n s a r e so p re v e n te d .
The h a i r i s f i n a l l y m ounted i n Canada b a lsam and d r i e d i n
an oven a t a te m p e ra tu re a ro u n d 60 d e g re e s u n t i l th e b a lsa m
becomes c u r e d , w hich ta k e s aro u n d 48 h o u r s . The tim e a llo w
ed f o r e a c h h a i r i n th e s o l u t i o n s may v a ry due t o th e p h y s i
c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f th e h a i r . The minimum tim e f o r th e b e s t
r e s u l t s , a c c o rd in g t o e x p e r im e n ta tio n , was f i f t e e n m in u te s
i n e a c h s o l u t i o n .
H a ir o f d a rk c o lo r su ch a s N egro, J a p a n e s e , and o th e r
d a rk pigm ented h a i r was r u n th ro u g h th e above s o l u t i o n s b u t
th e s t r u c t u r e was n o t c l e a r l y v i s i b l e , so th e s e h a i r s a f t e r
tr e a tm e n t w ere p la c e d i n 0 .1 N p o ta s siu m p erm ang anate s o l u
t i o n and h e a te d i n an o i l b a th a t a te m p e r a tu re o f 50 d e g r e e s .
The h a i r from tim e t o tim e was removed from th e p o ta s siu m
perm anganate s o l u t i o n and d ip p e d i n a s a t u r a t e d s o l u t i o n o f
o x a li c a c i d t o remove th e p o ta s siu m p e rm a n g a n a te , and ob
s e rv e d u n d er th e m ic ro sc o p e u n t i l th e pig m en t o f th e h a i r
had become o x id iz e d t o su c h a n e x te n t a s t o b r in g o u t th e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e s * The a v e ra g e tim e r e q u i r e d t o
o x id iz e th e pigm ent o f th e d a rk h a i r s was t h i r t y m inu tes*
When th e h a i r has b een o x id iz e d enough, th e e x c e ss p o t a s
sium perm ang anate i s rem oved by d ip p in g i n a s a t u r a t e d s o lu
t i o n o f o x a li c a c i d . A f t e r t h i s p r o c e s s , th e h a i r i s m ount
ed in Canada b a lsam and c u re d a s a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d .
S e c tio n in g o f H a i r . - The h a i r t o be s e c tio n e d was
ru n th ro u g h th e s e t o f s o l u t i o n s m en tio n ed and was p la c e d
i n i n f i l t r a t i n g p a r a f f i n (m e ltin g p o i n t 56° - 58°) f o r t h i r t y
m inutes* I t was th e n im bedded w ith c l e a r , c le a n p a r a f f i n
(m e ltin g p o in t 56° - 5 8 ° ) . The im bedding a p p a r a t u s 3^ was
l i n e d w ith a t h i n l a y e r o f v a s e l i n e t o k e ep th e p a r a f f i n
from a d h e rin g t o i t . A ir was blown a c r o s s th e h o t p a r a f f i n
u n t i l a f i l m had fo rm e d , th e n th e im bedding a p p a r a tu s was
imm ersed i n w a te r and a llo w e d t o c o o l. The wax p lu g was
removed from th e a p p a r a t u s , d r i e d , and m ounted on a wooden
31
p lu g , and p la c e d on th e m icro tom e.
The s l i d e s were d ip p e d i n x y le n e and w iped d r y , and
a v e ry s m a ll d ro p o f a lb u m in f i x a t i v e was sp re a d o v er th e
s u r f a c e o f th e s l i d e . E ach s l i c e o f wax c u t by th e m ic ro -
S 0 See F ig u re 3
33-See F ig u re 4
21
tome was p la c e d i n w a te r (room te m p e r a tu re ) t o a llo w th e
p a r a f f i n t o u n c u r l . The s l i d e was im m ersed u n d e r th e c u t
s l i c e and was e le v a t e d u n t i l th e s l i c e o f p a r a f f i n had
o r i e n t e d i t s e l f i n th e d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n on th e s l i d e . The
e x c e ss w a te r was w iped o f f and th e s l i d e was c a r e f u l l y
draw n th ro u g h a low f la m e . T h is l a s t p ro c e s s i s f o r th e
p u rp o se o f s t r a i g h t e n i n g o u t th e s l i c e o f p a r a f f i n and a l s o
f o r e v a p o r a tin g th e w a te r u n d e rn e a th th e s e c t i o n . The s l i d e
i s now l a i d a s i d e f o r th o ro u g h d r y i n g . When th e p r o c e s s o f
d ry in g i s c o m p le te , th e s l i d e i s im m ersed i n x y l e n e , w hich
d i s s o l v e s th e p a r a f f i n th u s le a v in g th e s e c t i o n o f h a i r .
The s e c t i o n o f h a i r i s th e n mounted i n Canada h a lsam and s e t
a s i d e i n an oven f o r c u r in g .
!W *
F ig u r e 3
Im bedding A p p a ra tu s
22
F ig u re 4
A u to m atic R o ta ry M icrotom e
A S pen cer a u to m a tic r o t a r y m icrotom e w ith o b j e c t -
c a r r i e r a d j u s t a b l e i n t h r e e p la n e s was u s e d . In t h i s m ic ro
tome th e k n i f e - c a r r i e r i s a l s o a d j u s t a b l e . T h ic k n e ss o f from
1 t o 25 m icro n s can be o b ta in e d . T h is in s tr u m e n t was found
e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , b u t n o te sh o u ld be made o f th e s m a ll
32
hand m icrotom e r e c e n t l y d e v e lo p e d by D r. J . I . H ardy. T h is
v e ry in e x p e n s iv e l i t t l e in s tr u m e n t i s s a id t o be v e ry s a t i s
f a c t o r y and i t sh o u ld be i n v e s t i g a t e d by anyone who w ish es
32J . I . H ardy, op., c i t
t o re d u c e th e c o s t o f a p p a r a t u s . ^
~ ~T his hand m icrotom e i s o b t a i n a b l e from th e G o s n e ll
M a n u fa c tu rin g Company, 802 F . S t r e e t , N.W ., W ash in g to n , D.C.
a t a c o s t o f # 3 5 .0 0
SUM M ARY AND CONCLUSION
The f i r s t fu n d a m e n ta l stu d y o f th e h a i r sh o u ld be
done m a c r o s c o p ic a lly and m ic r o s c o p ic a lly w ith o u t t r e a t m e n t ,
b e c a u se m a t e r i a l s a d h e rin g t o th e h a i r may g iv e v a lu a b le
s u g g e s tio n s i n d e te rm in in g th e so u rc e and ty p e o f th e h a i r
i n q u e s t i o n . For ex am p le , i f foo d p a r t i c l e s w ere p ro v en
t o have a d h e re d t o a c e r t a i n h a i r , i t i s q u i t e e v id e n t t h a t
th e le a d would p o in t t o m ustache o r b e a rd h a i r .
When th e d e s i r e d p r e lim in a r y work has b e en done on
th e h a i r , i t sh o u ld be t r e a t e d c h e m ic a lly a s d e s c r ib e d i n
th e e a r l i e r s e c t i o n s o f t h i s p a p e r . T h is p ro c e s s s e r v e s to
b r in g o u t th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e s o f th e h a i r , w hich
may th e n be c l e a r l y se e n th r o u g h th e m ic ro s c o p e . T his p r o
c e d u re sh o u ld n o t be n e g l e c t e d , a s i t i s v e r y fu n d a m e n ta l
f o r th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f h a i r .
The p o ta s s iu m p erm an g an ate s o l u t i o n t r e a tm e n t i s v e ry
im p o r ta n t w ith h a i r s o f d a rk p ig m e n ta tio n and sh o u ld be a p
p l i e d when th e p rim a ry s e t o f s o l u t i o n s f a i l t o b rin g o u t
th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e s o f th e h a i r .
The d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f h a i r i s b a se d on i t s th r e e
p rim a ry s t r u c t u r e s : ( l ) th e c u t i c l e o r p r o t e c t i v e l a y e r ;
(2) th e c o r t e x or pigm ent l a y e r ; and (3) m e d u lla w hich co n
t a i n s th e m e d u lla ry s u b s ta n c e .
The fo llo w in g p o i n ts a r e th e d e te r m in in g f a c t o r s f o r
25
th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f h a i r :
I s a H a ir from an A nim al o r a Human?
1 . The m e d u lla ry l a y e r i n a n im a l h a i r has a more
d e f i n i t e c a l i b r e th a n t h a t o f human h a i r . I t i s composed
o f c e l l s o f d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s .
2 . The m e d u lla ry l a y e r i s a lw ay s p r e s e n t i n a n im a l
h a i r - e i t h e r i n th e w hole h a i r o r e l s e i n s e c t i o n s o f th e
h a i r . I t may be a b s e n t i n human h a i r , b u t when a b s e n t th e
c o r te x l a y e r i s o f g r e a t e r m a g n itu d e , b e in g composed o f
l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b e r s among w h ich may be se e n g r a n u le s o f p i g
m ent.
3 . The m e d u lla ry l a y e r i s s m a lle r i n human h a i r th a n
i n a n im a l h a i r .
4 . The m e d u lla ry l a y e r i n human h a i r i s o f t e n i r r e
g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d and b ro k e n .
5 . A ir sp a c e s a p p e a rin g i n th e m e d u lla ry p o r t io n o f
th e human h a i r may have some b e a r in g on th e age o f th e i n d i
v i d u a l . T h is p o in t i s d e b a ta b le due t o l a c k o f d e f i n i t e e x
p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s .
6 . The c u t i c l e o f human h a i r i s f i n e r th a n t h a t
found i n a n im a l h a i r .
7 . The c o r t e x o f human h a i r i s more d e v e lo p e d th a n
a n im a l h a i r .
26
I s a H a ir o f a Male or Fem ale S u b ject.?
1 . Male h a i r i s c o a r s e r i n s t r u c t u r e and more w iry
i n t e x t u r e .
2 . Through th e u se o f a co m p reh en siv e c o l l e c t i o n o f
s l i d e s as b la n k and e x p e r i e n c e , m ale and fem a le h a i r may be
d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n th e m a j o r it y o f c a s e s .
From W hich P a r t o f th e Body i s th e H a i r ?
1 . The l e n g t h o f th e h a i r .
2 . The c h a r a c t e r o f b o th ends o f th e h a i r . The t i p
o f th e h a i r i s m o d ifie d a c c o rd in g t o i t s f u n c t i o n i t h as
t o p e rfo rm .
3 . The t h ic k n e s s o f th e h a i r , and i t s c h a r a c t e r as
t o c o a r s e n e s s o r f i n e n e s s . Fem ale h a i r i s u s u a l l y f i n e r
th a n m ale h a i r .
4 . M a te r ia ls a d h e rin g t o th e h a i r have a d e f i n i t e
r e l a t i o n i n some c a s e s a s t o w h e th e r i t i s fem ale o r m ale
h a i r , su c h a s v a g i n a l s e c r e t i o n s , s e m in a l f l u i d , fo o d p a r t i
c l e s , a x i l l a r y s e c r e t i o n s , n a s a l s e c r e t i o n s wax or cerum en,
and f e c a l m a t e r i a l .
The fo llo w in g s ta te m e n ts a r e h e l p f u l i n d e d u c tio n s
f o r c r i m i n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n :
1 . H air t h a t h as f a l l e n o u t i s due t o a d is e a s e d
f o l l i c l e , th u s an e x a m in a tio n o f th e f o l l i c l e w i l l f o r t i f y
t h i s e v id e n c e .
27
t h i s e v id e n c e ,
2 m H a ir t h a t h a s been p u lle d o u t w i l l have i t s f o l
l i c l e i n t a c t and som etim es p a r t o f th e r u p tu r e d t i s s u e ad
h e re s t o th e h a i r s h a f t and f o l l i c l e .
3 . The c h a r a c t e r o f th e c u t edge o f a h a i r w i l l
h e lp t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e h a i r has b een c u t w ith a
b l u n t or s h a rp i n s t r u m e n t .
4 . H air t h a t h a s n e v e r b e en c u t e x h i b i t s a roun ded
t i p .
A com preh ensive c o l l e c t i o n o f a l l ty p e s o f h a i r , and
o f f i b e r s re s e m b lin g h a i r , w i l l do much tow ard e n a b lin g one
o f w ide e x p e rie n c e t o draw c o n c lu s io n s t h a t , i n a m a j o r it y
o f c a s e s , a r e r e a s o n a b ly c e r t a i n . Too much sh o u ld n o t be
cla im e d by a n i n v e s t i g a t o r o f h a i r u n t i l lo n g e x p e rie n c e
has b een had i n t h i s f i e l d .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
A u t e n r e i t h , W ., L a b o ra to ry M anual f o r th e D e te c tio n o f P o i
sons and P o w erfu l D ru g s. P h i l a d e l p h ia : P. B la k is to n
Son and Company, 1928. pp. 2 6 7 -2 6 8 .
Cowdry, E .V ., Human B io lo g y and R a c i a l W e lfa r e . New Y ork:
P a u l B. H oeber, I n c . , 1930. p . 161.
D e n ik e r, J . , The R aces o f Man. New Y ork: C h a rle s S c r i b n e r !s
S ons. p p . 3 7 -5 2 .
G l a i s t e r , J . , A S tudy o f H a irs and W ools. C a iro : M isc.
P r e s s , 1931. P u b l i c a t i o n No. 2 .
G uyer, M ic h ae l F . , A nim al M ic ro lo g y . C hicago: U n i v e r s i ty o f
C hicago P r e s s , 1924. p p . 3 6 -4 7 .
H ardy, J . I . , A P r a c t i c a l L a b o ra to ry Method o f Making Thin
C ross S e c tio n s o f F i b e r s . U .S . D epartm ent o f A g ri
c u l t u r e , W ash in g to n , D .C ., 193 5. C i r c u l a r No. 378.
Haddon, A .C ., The R aces o f Man and T h e ir D i s t r i b u t i o n . New
Y ork: The M acm illan Company, 1925. p p . 5 - 7 .
H r d lic k a , A le s , A n th ro p m e trv . P h i l a d e l p h i a : The W is ta r
I n s t i t u t e o f Anatomy and B io lo g y , 1920. p p . 3 4 -3 5 .
L in d s le y , L .C ., I n d u s t r i a l M ic ro sco p y . Richmond: The W illia m
Byrd P re s s I n c . , 1929. p p . 1 9 5 -1 9 7 .
L u ca s, A ., F o re n s ic C h e m istry and S c i e n t i f i c C rim in a l I n v e s
t i g a t i o n . New Y ork: Longmans, G reen and Company,
193 6 . pp. 1 7 2 -1 7 5 , 351 .
S m ith , S . , and J . G l a i s t e r J r . , R ecen t Advances i n F o r e n s ic
M e d ic in e . P h i l a d e l p h i a : P. B l a k i s t o n Ts Son and Com
pany I n c . , 1931. p p . 7 8 -9 8 .
Soaerm an, H ,, and J . J . 0 !C o n n e ll, Modern C rim in a l I n v e s t i g a
t i o n . New York: Funk and W agnalls Company, 1935.
p p . 1 6 8 -1 8 0 .
29
W a lte r, H ., B io lo g y o f th e V e r t e b r a t e s , New York: The Mac
m il l a n Company, 1932. pp. 2 3 4 -2 4 2 .
W e b ste r, E . , L e g a l M edicine and T o x ic o lo g y . P h i l a d e l p h ia :
W.B. S au n d ers Company, 1930. p p . 6 7 -7 0 , 156.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES
F i a l a , G race F . , " P r e p a r a t io n o f h a i r f o r c r o s s s e c t i o n
e x a m in a tio n ." A m erican J o u r n a l o f P h y s ic a l A n th ro
p o lo g y . 14: 7 3 -7 4 , 1930.
Hausman, L . , "The r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e m ic ro s c o p ic s t r u c
t u r a l c h a r a c t e r s o f human h e a d - h a i r . " A m erican
J o u r n a l o f P h y s ic a l A n th ro p o lo g y . 8 : 1 7 3 -1 7 7 , 1925.
R u th e r f o r d , T .A ., and P.B . Hawk, "A s tu d y o f th e c o m p a ra tiv e
c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f th e h a i r o f d i f f e r e n t r a c e s . 1 1
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m is try , 3 : 4 5 9 -4 8 9 , 1907.
T r o t t e r , M ., "The fo rm , s i z e and c o lo r o f head h a i r i n
A m erican w h i t e s ." A m erican J o u r n a l P h y s ic a l
A n th ro p o lo g y . 14: 4 3 3 -4 4 5 , 1930.
Wynkoop, E . , "A stu d y o f th e age c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e c u t i -
c u l a r s c a l e s , m e d u lla s , and s h a f t d ia m e te r s o f human
head h a i r . " A m erican J o u r n a l o f P h y s i c a l A n th ro p o lo g y .
13: 1 7 7 -1 8 7 , 1929.
APPENDIX
31
HISTORY O F PH O TO G R A PH IC PICTURES
F ig u r e 1
Human s tr a ig h t n a tu ra l red h a ir , fem ale ± _ 22 y ea rs* .
Hair taken from top o f head*
Treatment:
Ether 1 hour and 15 minutes
35$ a lc o h o l 1 hour
50$ a lc o h o l 1 hour
A bsolute a lc o h o l 1/2 hour
50$ s o lu tio n o f x y len e and a b so lu te a lc o h o l 1 /8 hour
Xylene 1 /8 hour
Mounted in balsam
„M agn ification 60Gx
Figure £
Same as above and w ith same treatm ent*
M agn ification 6QQx
Figure 3
Negro male head h a ir , ± 38 y e a r s.
Treatment: ~
Ether 2 hours
35$ a lc o h o l 3 hours
50$ a lc o h o l 4 hours
50$ s o lu tio n o f a b so lu te a lc o h o l and x y len e 1 hour
10$ phenol s o lu tio n 8 hours
I n filtr a te d in p a r a ffin (m.p. 56° - 58°) overnight
Imbedded in p a r a ffin (m.p* 56° - 58°)
Cut a t 10 microns on microtome
M agn ification 430x
N ote: Whenever treatm ent i s s p e c ifie d in the fo llo w in g p ic
tu r e s , the treatm ent i s a s fo llo w s:
Ether 15 m inutes
50$ a lc o h o l 15 m inutes
A bsolute a lc o h o l 15 m inutes
50$ s o lu tio n o f a b so lu te a lc o h o l and x y len e 15 min.
Xylene 15 m inutes
Mounted in balsam
Figure 4
Human fe m a le brown head h a i r j dyed w ith e n e c to .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 5
Human m ale head h a i r , 65 y e a r o ld .
No t r e a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOGx
F ig u re 6
Same a s a b o v e .
T re a tm e n t. (N ote d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h i s p i c t u r e and
th e one b e f o r e i t . )
M a g n if ic a tio n 10Ox
F ig u re 7
Human fem a le head h a i r , ± 55 y e a r s o ld .
P e rm an e n t.
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 8
N egro m ale head h a i r , ± r 62 y e a r s o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 9
N egro m ale head h a i r , ± 52 y e a r s o l d .
T rea tm en t p lu s p o ta s siu m p erm an g an ate s o l u t i o n f o r -
1 / 2 h o u r. (N ote d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h i s and p re v io u s
p i c t u r e . )
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 10
Human eyebrow h a i r , male 53 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
M iddle s e c t i o n .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
Figure 11
Same as a b o v e , e x c e p t t i p o f h a i r i s r e p r e s e n te d
T re a tm e n t,
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 12
Human eyebrow h a i r , m ale 2 1 y e a rs o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M iddle s e c t i o n .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 13
Same a s a b o v e , e x c e p t t i p o f h a i r i s r e p r e s e n t e d
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 14
Human e y e l a s h h a i r , m ale S3 y e a rs o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
T ip o f h a i r .
M a g n if ic a tio n 10Ox
F ig u r e 15
Human m ustache h a i r , m ale 21 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
M iddle s e c t i o n .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 16
Same a s a b o v e , e x c e p t t i p o f h a i r i s r e p r e s e n te d
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 17
Human c h e s t h a i r , m ale 23 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
Figure 18
Human a x i l l a r y h a i r , m ale ± 30 y e a rs o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
34
Figure 19
Human a x i l l a r y h a i r , m ale 23 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 20
Human h a i r from fo re a rm , m ale 23 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
T ip r e p r e s e n t e d .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 21
Human h a i r from b a ck o f l e f t h a n d , m ale 23 y e a r s o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M iddle s e c t i o n .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 22
Same a s a b o v e , e x c e p t t i p i s r e p r e s e n t e d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 23
Human h a i r f o l l i c l e , stom ach h a i r , fem ale 21 y e a r s o ld .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u r e 24
Human p u b ic h a i r , m ale 23 y e a r s o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M iddle s e c t i o n .
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 25
Same a s a b o v e , e x c e p t t i p i s r e p r e s e n t e d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 26
Human p u b ic h a i r , fem a le 21 y e a r s o l d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
Figure 27
Camel h a i r .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n 430x
F ig u re 28
H orse h id e h a i r .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 29
H orse h id e h a i r .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n lOOx
F ig u re 30
E n g lis h s e t t e r d o g , h a i r from body.
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n 430x
F ig u re 31
Same a s a b o v e , b u t d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n o f h a i r .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n 430x
F ig u re 32
Same a s a b o v e , b u t t i p i s r e p r e s e n t e d .
T re a tm e n t.
M a g n if ic a tio n 430x
1
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Creator Acquarelli, M. J (author)

Core Title The identification of human hair for criminal detection

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Chemistry

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