University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The design and development of a condenser for determining dielectric comstants of conducting solutions

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The design and development of a condenser for determining dielectric comstants of conducting solutions

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Content THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CONDENSER FOR DETERMINING DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF CONDUCTING SOLUTIONS A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Department of Chemistry The University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Chemistry by Elbert D. Bostrom January 1941 UMI Number: EP41527 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT KsssrMton P u b l i s h i n g UMI EP41527 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This thesis, w ritten by ..........ELBEM..DMKE..M3TR0M ......... under the direction of h%$.. Faculty Committee, and a p p ro ved by a ll its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research in partial f u lfill ment of the requirem ents f o r the degree of MASTER OP SCIENCE ecretary Faculty Committee .. V Chairman TABLE OF CONTENTS i CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION............... . . . -. . iii I. THE INSULATED CONDENSER ...... ......... 1 Circuit . ............. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Experimental condenser ........... ..... 1 Calibration of experimental condensers . . . 4 Measurements................................ 5 II. THE ELECTROLYTIC L E A K ................... 26 III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ' . . ................. 32 Use of insulated condenser . . . ......... 32 Current compensation experiments * ......... 32 Further problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 IV. SUMMARY OF RESULTS............................ 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................... 38 INTRODUCTION Dielectric constants are useful in the study of the structure of matter. Although the subject is not a new.one, it has received the attention of numerous investigators and considerable progress has been made within the last twenty years. One of the most interesting problems as well as the most difficult is the determination of the dielectric con stant of conducting solutions. There have been many methods devised for studying conducting solutions and there have been many results. Whereas the results of some investi gators have shown an increase in the dielectric constant of salt solutions over that of pure water, others have found an initial decrease and then a rise up to the strongest sqlution that could be measured with their apparatus. The latter re sult agrees with the mathematical theory advanced by DeBye and Falkenhagen.^ The purpose of this thesis has been to study some of the experimental difficulties attendant to the determination of the dielectric constants of conducting solutions, and to see if the initial dip could be obtained as predicted by the DeBye theory. A study was also made concerning the feasibility of 1 Physik. Z., 29, 401 {1928). coating the metal parts of an experimental condenser with insulating materials such as glass or hard rubber in order that the dielectric constants of materials which might react with metal surfaces could be studied. Throughout the experiments emphasis was placed upon the apparatus and its design rather than the gathering of actual - dielectric constants, as the accurate measurements of con stants was regarded as beyond the scope of this thesis. CHAPTER I THE INSULATED CONDENSER' I. . CIRCUIT The circuit used was the resonance "current tuning" type. It consisted of a crystal-controlled oscillator func tioning at twelve hundred kilocycles, a receiving circuit containing a General Radio type 722-B precision condenser, and a detector circuit read by means of an ordinary ten- milliampere meter (Pig. 1). The advantages of a resonance circuit lie not only in its simplicity, but also in the ac cessibility of the experimental condenser, and the ease with which this part of the apparatus may be connected in or out of the circuit. II. EXPERIMENTAL CONDENSER The experimental condenser consisted of an outer brass cylinder, one inch in diameter and four inches long with the bottom narrowed down and connected to a pet-cock which drained the condenser (Pig. 2). The inner electrodes were brass rods four inches long, with diameters ranging from 1/8 to 1/2 inch. For each inner electrode there was a series of 1 Rev. Sci. Inst., II (No. 3), 105 (1940). 2 RF (P Tt'Vf/VG CONPENSE.R (p £^/3f/?/M£NTAi- C O N P £ N £ > & F ^ iP NO. 76 TU&& <B / C m j /Z/a t A p p r z /vu-Tirp. OJA G R A M o r RECE/V/A/C < G /R C U !T, F tG . X 3 _ _ _ G l a s s G A G el ----- -7~0 PRECISION - GROUND w ir e . H a r d r u b b e r C a p - HARDRVpBER S H E A T H _ METAL CORB. - META f„ CyLiHOBR - C U B R F L O W < • W !ATE A JacKbt PRAIN COCK A c t u a l - S i z e . S e c V*f w ■ 7~7*£ /S x f> F # /A \F N T A i- C o a/o f n s f f ^ / & j r tightly fitting rubber sheaths. Each sheath had a different wall thickness from all others in a series. The brass rods were bolted to a hard rubber cap, which fitted tightly over the outer cylinder. This cap. was drilled to admit liquid, and' the height of the liquid in the condenser was read by means of a glass side.arm, fitted in the outer cylinder near its top. To avoid errors due to capillary effects, a large bulb was blown in the glass side arm, and the liquid brought up to the mark on the bulb. The connecting wire to the pre cision condenser was held in place between nuts that screwed to the upper end of the inner electrode which extended through the hard rubber cap.. A joint was made in this wire about two inches away from the inner electrode so that con nections between the condenser and the circuit could easily be made with the minimum capacity change. The outer cylinder of the condenser was permanently grounded. The temperature of the experimental condenser was thermostatically controlled at 25° C. ± 0.1°. With such a design many different capacitances could be established with minimum effort. The AC vs. dielectric constant curves, for high and low capacitances containing insulating sheaths, could be compared. III. CALIBRATION OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDENSERS Ordinary condensers give linear functions of the 5 replaceable capacitance. This is not the case with condensers containing insulating material. In order to construct A C vs. dielectric constant curves for the various condensers, solutions having known dielectric constants were made up from dioxane and water. This was made possible, by the previous 2 work of Akerloff and Short. Throughout this work commercial dioxane, and commercial distilled water, were used without further purification. IV. MEASUREMENTS Measurements were made as follows. When the circuit had warmed up for several hours, and the water bath was func tioning properly at 25° 0., the condenser was assembled by inserting the desired core with or without a hard rubber sheath of known thickness. The resonance curves were taken in the customary manner, by selecting’ successive settings on the milliampere meter dial and reading the setting of the precision condenser. Both the maximum current when the cir cuit was sharply tuned, and the minimum current with the cir cuit detuned, were recorded. Resonance curves were obtained from all possible con denser combinations, as listed in Table I, for air, for water, and for a 60 per cent by weight solution of dioxane in water. 2 J. Am. Ohem. Soc., 58, 1242 (1936). 6 TABLE I Core Diameter Thickness of Hard Rubber Sheaths 1/2" .034" .042" .060" 3/S" .042" .061" 1/4" .033" .040" .062" 1/8" .042" .081" The tuning curves are shown in Figures 3a to 3e. In every case the precision condenser reading has teen plotted against the corresponding millammeter reading. The position of the maximum point of each curve was calculated by averag ing several pairs of points on the opposite sides of the curve. Examination of the tuning curves showed that the higher the capacity of a given experimental condenser, the greater the damping for any given solution, and that the thicker the hard rubber sheath the less the damping. This ' is illustrated for the one-half inch core in Table II. In general as the cores became smaller, the maximum currents became higher... It was also noted that the anti-damping effect of the hard rubber sheaths tapered off with increas ing thickness of the sheaths. It is easy to see that con densers of high capacity would cause more damping in the m i l l /a m p s R e s o n a n c e o r T u m n n y : \<5 o. U C r P H E C/S/ON C O N D & tiS B R (M>vh F j ^'Vf AM Lt-iArA PS R z i s c u a w c ^ ~ T u n / C & t ’ u * . i>i\0 i»itO {*70 £ k C> ^ READ/NO{ OF PR ECISIO N C O N D E N S E R ( m a a f ) 7 t x > M i L U A M & 3 ) > ] ^ ~Cv a R E A D/NO C F PR&CI&IOft C O N D E N S E R . 10 MILL! A M P 11 M / l l /a m p g TABLE I I 12 Sheath Maximum Water Current 60$ Dioxane . 034” 6.5 5.9 . 042” 6.9 • 6.5 .060” 7.05 6.7 indicator circuit tlian those of low capacity, "because the conductivity would be greater# The anti-damping effect of the hard rubber sheaths will be discussed later. In Figure 4, the capacity vs. dielectric constant curves are shown. The ideal curve would be a straight line, such as is obtained from non-insulated condensers. Otherwise the curve must be steep enough at all points so that it may be readily used. Figure 5 shows the difference in capacity, when the dielectric constant varies from 26.9 to 78.7, for various condensers having a given thickness of hard rubber. It is greatest for the 3/8 inch core. One can see that this superiority would not hold for the bare cores. However, it was not determined by experiment at what thickness of hard rubber the 1/2 inch core would overtake the 3/8 inch core in relative positions as shown by Figure 5. From Figure 6 it is seen that for the given thicknesses of hard rubber on the metal cores, the greatest total I • • _ ; Co ~rc ojtf “sAocC^k. C<x.l*L'rcctio?lS Curve:?. J o t Y< 1 y-/t>^"> C e> HdC-?f5< z ; J- Co r ~ t r 2- - o&2 " h. 2?UC c>s9£ c? / -?■'?■ t /- - <?-vo * ^ e a.Ch * O^/ / J r/t£-Zi t"A. £ C O Y C T . o • + j- . * a c * cCA. ~i~ C & rc ? J ? .c>%/ "s'i^rA. 12- - ys_______ &/£-£.£T<Z T~fi IC U N I - T S S 'S O LL'tf-plH JL yVPZVS' 14 A C j- ro-yr, 0 * ZL 6 . 9 tc. £> - 7 8 . 7 s s . S 7 i < s . a t k tkfck'nt=sz> X \ - J O •O p. <4 CL v<xf is <^S ( m aa izj / ^ / G . G ~ 9 C ^ W W ) $3(\-TV\ .77 (A o\ I O ' . < * > Y J i ^ Y s 'SA /.gZ = & °-J s - a QT SHEATH TH/CKNESS 16 difference in capacity will be for the condenser having the largest original capacity. If the hard rubber were of such thickness as to occupy all of the available-space in one con denser,- that condenser would have no change in capacity. It must also be remembered, as previously mentioned, that the larger the metal core is, the more damping takes place in the indicator circuit, and for a•given thickness of hard rubber on any of the cores, the larger the core the more damping will take place (Fig. 7). Due to the above considerations it seemed advisable to continue further experiments using the 3/8 inch core. Thus two new rubber sheaths of .020" and .010" thickness were made carefully to fit the 3/8 inch core. Calibration curves were obtained for each case. The results obtained using the .010" sheath seemed at first quite remarkable. The calibration curve came very close to being linear. Its capacity increase was 172 units as compared with 66 units for the .020” sheath. Later the .010” sheath had to be discarded, as small holes were detected in it. To test further the .020,”'hard rubber sheath a series of water-dioxane solutions were made up for use in obtaining a more completely calibrated curve. Instead of the usual three points there were eight (Fig. 8). To examine the effect of introducing a strongly con ducting solution into an insulated condenser, a .001 normal solution of potassium chloride was put into the condenser and ^ d v s i v n n w S t ' L Si’ 7 17 — © V /r/S U L A V i O N r///oKN£SS /= ? & 7 Igo- 18 V) a L E L J E iC J lR ) C . U N I T S 32. //* 19 the circuit balanced. It was found that the circuit could be easily balanced, i.e., the indicator circuit did not com pletely damp out as would occur with uninsulated metal plates. The capacity read would not fit on the calibrated curve, if 3 G-rubb and Hunt's value for the dielectric constant of . 001H potassium chloride were accepted. Therefore, though sheath ing the metal cores with hard rubber increased the current maximum in the indicator circuit such a device did not make it possible to determine dielectric constants of strongly conducting solutions. In order to secure a more complete idea as to the be havior of the experimental condensers containing strongly conducting solutions, tests were run on potassium chloride solutions of the following concentrations: saturated, one normal, one-tenth normal, one-hundredth normal, and .001 normal. It will be seen from figure 9 that the heights of the resonance curves depended upon the conductivity of the salt solution, and the thickness of the hard rubber sheath. To explain the rather odd behavior, such that one- tenth normal and stronger solutions gave high and sharp res onance curves, whereas the one-thousandth normal salt solu tion gave a low flat resonance curve, it was necessary to 3 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 565 (1939) dWVlHW 1 itk sAecdk's < ■ ) j k c { Schrt/OTts C c tr v t?s Cifl.cia.Cn- She-aX >i -©. 4x0 HEADING OF PRECISION CONDENSER 21 assume that the rubber sheaths caused the experimental con denser to act as though there were two condensers in series. Then one condenser, which in this case is the one formed by the two surfaces of the hard rubber sheath, would function without leakage. The other condenser would have various degrees of leakage, depending upon the conductivity of the solution in it. On such a basis it is seen that with highly conducting solutions, such as tenth-normal or stronger, that the resonance curve obtained would be only for the hard rub ber sheath acting as a condenser, whereas for a solution of .001 normal potassium chloride, the current in the indicator circuit would be damped, due to the effect of a leaky, but not completely ineffective, condenser in the circuit. To test the above assumption the circuit was altered in many ways. First of all, a five hundred mmf. condenser was connected into the circuit as shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 22 This circuit was found unsatisfactory as damping was too pro nounced for the various solutions. An increase in the capa city of the fixed condenser produced greater damping. Accord ingly the five hundred mmf. condenser was replaced-by a fifty mmf. condenser. It now was possible to obtain readings, not only on water and dioxane solutions, but also on a .01 normal potassium chloride solution. The results are shown in Figure 11. Second, commercial inductance-free carbon resistances were connected across the experimental condenser to cause leakage, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 Here it was noted that from very high resistances allowing practically no leakage, the ohmic resistance could be re duced to a point such that maximum damping occurred, and then if the resistance were further reduced the current in the indicator circuit began to increase. This behavior was like that of salt solutions in the insulated condensers. No o .01 N K C t # 2 t y P / £ L £ C V R / C U N I T S W a t e r tJG. li 24 change was obtained by using the carbon resistance, other than that already mentioned. When the insulated condensers were mathematically treated as two condensers in series, close agreement was ob tained between the calculated and experimental values of AC for water and 60$ dioxane as shown in Table III. • TABLE III Core Sheath 'Water Experimental Calculated 60$ Dioxane Experimental Calculated 1/2" .034" 83.0 82.1 64.7 60.1 1/2" .042" 66.5 64.9 53.7 53.1 1/2” .060" 50.5 46.9 43.6 40.6 3/8" .020" 66.0 63.9 48.5 48.0 To treat an insulated condenser as two condensers in series, the following method was employed. The measurements of the space available for the liquid was substituted into the equation: Cx - I L * . . i !. 2 'lnr, rA Then the experimental value of the capacity of the sheaths obtained from the measurements on saturated solutions of potassium chloride was used, instead of calculating the capa city. This gave two capacities which were combined according 25 to the series law— i = i + i C °1 2 Example: 1/2” core and .034” sheath. csheath -691.5 air -587.5 sat. KCL =104.0 mmf. " 78.5 10 = 692 mmf. ^ Sin/'1000^ \ 568/ 1 _ _1_ , _ 1 _ _ 796 : C 2 = 90.2 C " 692 * 104 ~ 71,800 Coir = — = 8.8 mmf. air 2*ln/1000\ i 567/ £ = T35 + 8Ts; °1 = 8-1 “»*• Cg - C1 = ac 90.2 — 8.1 =82.1 mmf. mmf. CHAPTER II. THE ELECTROLYTIC LEAK It was believed that a current compensation device could be used in order to obtain the dielectric constants of dilute salt solutions. Accordingly the next experiments concerned the compensation of the current in the indicator circuit so that it would always have the same maximum, re gardless of the conductivity of the solution in the experi mental condenser. For this purpose a condenser was constructed of plati num wire electrodes, which were coiled in such a manner that the capacity of the condenser could be increased or decreased by merely springing the coils, eloser or farther apart. Its capacity could be changed easily from .2 to .4 mmf. The electrodes were finally set for a capacity of .36 mmf. For the first experiment a one-half-wave rectifier vacuum tube was connected in parallel with the experimental and precision condenser. By adjusting the current in the tube, the current in the milliammeter was controlled. But it was found that the capacity effect of the tube varied in a non-reproducible manner, and so it was discarded. In the second set of experiments, induction-free carbon resistances were connected in parallel with the experimental and precision condenser. By choosing the proper ohmic value, 27 the current in the meter was increased or decreased. This method was discarded because the experimentally determined capacity effect of a resistance was useful only with that resistance in the circuit. No interpolation could be made between two resistances giving different current maxima. Therefore, a considerable number of resistances would be re quired to obtain all current values. An attempt to make a variable resistance, by means of a thread wet with a solution of potassium chloride was dis carded, as no control could be kept over the resistance of the thread. Another method was tried which consisted of loading a roughened glass plate with graphite. Copper clips on the end of the glass plate made contact with the graphite. But re moving and adding the graphite caused the capacity to change in an unreproducible manner. Because of the difficulties encountered in the above methods, an electrolytic leak was tried. This leak was con structed exactly like the experimental condenser except that the platinum wires were held about two centimeters apart and were not coiled. This was so as to have the smallest capa city obtainable from the leak. In this connection, the design of the leak is important, as it was found that drawing the platinum wires farther apart in the leak to a distance of five centimeters did not change the capacity of the leak, from its original value of .02 mmf. This suggests that the capacity of the leak was due largely to the design of the lead as a unit and not just the distance between the ends of the plati num wire electrodes. The capacity effect of the leak was ‘ carefully ascertained with the following solutions in it: water, . 0005JI, .001N, .0025N, .005N, and .01N potassium chloride. This was done with the experimental condenser con taining first air and then water. From Figure 13' it is seen that as the leak caused the current in the indicator circuit to drop, its own capacity decreased at first and then after quickly going through a minimum, began to increase. To test this particular circuit, .0005 potassium chloride was introduced into the experimental condenser and distilled water was put into the leak. The circuit was then balanced and the maximum.current in the indicator circuit noted. Then pure water was put into the experimental con denser and the maximum current in the indicator circuit brought down to the previous value by use of the appropriate strength of potassium chloride solution in the leak. The difference in the two current maxima was small and a correc tion was made from Figure 13. By this method the capacity of the experimental condenser when filled with .0005 normal potassium chloride was very close to that of its capacity when filled with water. Similarly, data were obtained for .0002N potassium chloride. 29 Cch!! to 7/ f G\/ec.'P>'£?/ytiC /<S><zK M f L L t A M p*> O > "ti * n • s * 5 © < L r i 6 *A -fc o - f c b , £ * ^ . b » - c ® ^ T ^ ^^>-0 b r > O H ► « o / toVNST.JO ^ k// x . t© M « > Ai : st e £ ' c Ff ^ \ r • v\ % 6“ * t £ > z " • * ^ £ * * Q C ; * < \ x * o I T S 5 * • o 2 * r* 3 fc I 2 o r % i X . s 3 f > * t f > V r\ Q i— V\ r> © 2? 0. n $ <JS fl * r » a ? O ' m FIG-13 The dielectric constants of the .0002N and .0005N potassium chloride solutions were calculated from the experi mental data in the regular manner, and are compared with values from Grubb and Hunt"*" in Table IV. TABLE IV Solution Experimental Grubb and Hunt .0002N KCL 76.6 78.19 .0005N KCL 75.8 78.01 Calculation of dielectric constant of .0005N KCL from experi mental data by the usual method is shown below. Resonance Point Max. Current Correction (Fig. 13) With air With water With .0005N KCL Air .0005N KCL A01 = Eg - 1 = (SX - 1) ^ , Dk .0005N KCL * Eg = 75.8 693.93 665.80 666.70 693.86 666.70 37.16 _£C2 . 2.42 2.37 2.10 Air Water A C 2 * .07 mmf. to 2.10 .06 mmf. to 2.10 None 693.86 665.74 - i s (78.5 - 1) 28.12 27.19 28.12 1 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 565 (1935) 31 The results given by this method would bear out the conclu sion that initially, dielectric constants of salt solutions decrease below that of pure water, and are opposed to the results obtained by Jezewskis and others who claim that the dielectric constant of salt solutions always increase above that of pure water. 2 Physik. Z. , 34, 88 (1933) CHAPTER III DISCUSSION OF RESULTS I. USE OF INSULATED CONDENSERS The information obtained from condensers containing insulating materials can be used to advantage in the study of liquids that would corrode ordinary metal to metal con densers. It would also be of advantage for those liquids which must not be exposed to air, such as those that are prepared in all glass systems and cannot be removed from their containers. The curves shown in Figure 4 are steepest in the low dielectric constant range. Experimental accuracy is dependent upon the steepness of such curves. One might think that these curves would be useful only for liquids of low dielectric con stant. However as insulated condensers can be treated as two condensers in series, it is possible to predetermine the slope of such curves at any point. II. CURRENT COMPENSATION EXPERIMENTS One might question whether it is necessary to know the dielectric constants of the solutions used in the leak. It is necessary only to know the capacity effect of the solu tion in the leak. However, using potassium chloride solutions, 33 it is possible to construct curves as in Figure 13, which can be used to interpolate for values not experimentally deter mined. This would not be possible if one used many solutions varying widely in dielectric constants. The accuracy of the calculated setting of the preci sion condenser when the circuit is tuned depends upon the sharpness of the resonance curve as well as the precision of the instruments. From Figure 14 it is seen that these "com pensated" curves are very flat. These curves would have been about ten times sharper if the liquid in the experimental con denser had been nonconducting. However, the accuracy ob tained was suitable for general results. If a DiAsonval gal vanometer replaced the meter used, accuracy would be immensely improved. Further experiments would have to be carried out with a more accurately controlled circuit. It would be very im portant to keep the circuit at constant temperature by means of an air bath. A resonance "potential tuning" circuit, in which the conductivity of the liquid being studied is immaterial, has been described by Lattey and Davies.^- But the data presented for the dielectric constants of salt solutions were not re assuring, and further, showed, no decrease as predicted by the 1 Phil. Mag.,.12, 1111 (1931) P R E C / S l Q / v C O N D E N S E R S E T T / A / O S 34 M I L L J A M P jS 35 DeBye theory. III. FURTHER PROBLEMS The experimental results given in Table IV show a dis crepancy from those of Grubb and Hunt's. But Grubb and Hunt were vx>rking at 8 x 10 cycles, whereas the experimental re sults were obtained at 1.2 x 10 cycles. This suggests that experiments be carried out to determine the effect of differ ent wave lengths on the value of the dielectric constants. Other problems, dealing with the behavior of water and dioxane during mixing, presented themselves. For instance, it was noted, that when the two liquids were mixed the tempera ture rose, and also a volume shrinkage occurred. From time to time small bubbles were seen to collect and rise in the glass side arm of the insulated condenser, but these bubbles were not noticed when the solution was in the mixing beaker. Most interesting from the point of this thesis is the problem arising from a maximum conductivity occurring in the region of a 20 per cent concentration (by weight) of dioxane in water (Fig. 15). 36 MAyt'/tHu>n C&'Mciicct/vtty accu rs &zt /?/#/Ca'M<s> . A 9 / '*TC“?'& ‘ z ts c s y ££>'Hcf(4,c~f~rvf'ty ciec'rcr<25<?S M i n t A M P S ~D V- o sSi to-— Co'rc . dtf' i>heeL.'ti% i s CHAPTER IV SUMMARY OF RESULTS It has been found that condensers having either one or both electrodes sheathed with an insulating dielectric such as glass or hard rubber do not give straight line func tions for capacity vs. dielectric constant curve. Many thicknesses, of sheaths have been tested on many different sized cores, assembled within a cylinder of one inch di ameter, and the results given. From these results one con denser was selected as having the best dimensions for prac tical experiments. Although the sheaths improved the sharpness of resonance curves, they cannot be used as an effective device for studying the dielectric constants of strongly conducting solutions. A suggestion has been made for the application of condensers having insulated elec trodes. Mathematically, insulated condensers may be treated as two condensers in series. Other experiments were made concerning the compensa tion of the current in the circuits so that for differently conducting solutions in the experimental condenser the cur rent in the indicator circuit would always have the same maximum. By this method the results Indicated that the di electric constant of dilute salt solutions is less than that of water. Further experiments along this line would have to be conducted with a more carefully controlled circuit. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. PERIODICALS Akerloff and Short, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 58, 1936. DeBye and Ealkenhagen, Physikaliche Zeitschrift, -Vol. 29, 1928. Grubh, H. M., and H. Hunt, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 61, 1939. Jezewski, Physikaliche Zeitschrift, Vol. 34, 1933. Lattey and Davies, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 12, 1931. Williams, D. T., and C. S. Copeland, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 11, No. 3, March, 1940. II. BOOK Smythe, R. P., Dielectric Constants and Molecular Structure, New York: The Chemical Catalog Company, 1931.

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Creator Bostrom, E. D (author)

Core Title The design and development of a condenser for determining dielectric comstants of conducting solutions

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Chemistry

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag chemistry, analytical,OAI-PMH Harvest

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Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-788803

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