University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

A comparative study of the utilization of jojoba and cottonseed oil in the rat

(USC Thesis Other)

A comparative study of the utilization of jojoba and cottonseed oil in the rat

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content A COMPARATIVE STUDY OP THE UTILIZATION
OP JOJOBA AND COTTONSEED OIL
IN THE RAT
the Faculty of
A Thesis
Presented to
the Department
and Nutrition
of Biochemistry
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
by
Evelyn Straub Savage
June_1951
UMI Number: EP41324
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
Dissertation Publishing
UMI EP41324
Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346
(Sv©. S £*Ca$
This thesis, ‘written by
...........
under the guidance of h$t....Facuity Committee,
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the Council on
Graduate Study and Research in partial fu lfill
ment of the requirements for the degree of
........... M ast^ . p f .^ i m c e .............
I ...............
D a te ,.......................
Faculty Committee
Chairm an
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The writer wishes to express her sincere apprecia-*
tion to Dr. H. J. Deuel, Jr. for his help and guidance in
this work. She also wishes to acknowledge her appreciation
of the kindly interest and helpful suggestions, given by
other members of her Advisory Committee*
TABLE OP CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION .......... 1
HISTORY AND STATEMENT OP THE PROBLEM « 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES .......... 7
Plan of Experiment •••»•••••••••• 7
Diets ««•••••*••••••••••••• 8
Analysis of Feces •••••••••»••••• 8
Weight method for determination of com
ponents of neutral fat • •••••••• 12
Titration method for determination of
components of neutral fat ••••••• l l j .
Combined weight and titration method for
determination of components of neutral fat 13
Calculation of Total Wax, Combined and Free
Alcohol in Pecal Pat • . * « • •••«••• 15
Methods Used for In Vitro Studies with Lipase • 17
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS » • • ....*«•*•». 22
Digestibility Tests ....... ••••••••• 22
Nature of the Excreted Lipid ••«•••••• 25
In Vitro Studies with Lipase •••••••*• 25
DISCUSSION »•••»•••»••»»•....... ♦ 23
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I* Composition of the Diets Used • •...••• 9
II* A Comparison of the Values of Lipids Obtained
from the Feees of Rats Previously Fed on
Jojoba Oil Diets When Extracted 12 or 2 k
Hours • ••••••••••••••«•* 11
III* Summary of Digestibility Experiments on Male
Rats Receiving Cottonseed or Jojoba Oil
with Two Levels of Protein • ••*•••• 19
IV* Summary of Digestibility Experiments on Female
Rats Receiving Cottonseed or Jojoba Oil With
Two Levels of Protein • ••«••••••* 21
V* Non-Saponifiable Fraction of the Lipids of the
Feces of Rats Fed a 5 Per Cent Cottonseed
Oil Diet Following a Diet Containing 15 Per
Cent Jojoba Oil ••••••«••••••* 2 k
VI* Composition of the Fat from Feces of Rats
Fed Jojoba Oil ........ 26
VII* In Vitro Studies with Lipase Using Cottonseed
or Jojoba Oil as Substrates ••••••*• 27
VIII* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed
to Male Rats on a l6*9 Per Cent Level with
a Normal Protein Content •••*•*«•• 37
vii
TABLE PAGE
IX* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When
Fed to Female Hats on a 16*9 P01* Cent
Level with a Normal Protein Content • • • • 58
X* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed
to Male Rats at a 15*7 Per Cent Level
with a Normal Protein Content • •»•••• 39
XI* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed
to Female Rats at a 15*7 P0J? Cent Level
with a Normal protein Content ••«•••• I 4.O
XII* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When
Fed to Male Rats at a 5*8 Per Cent Level
with a Normal protein Content *«••••• i|l
XIII* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When
Fed to Female Rats at a 5*8 Per Cent Level
with a Normal Protein Content •»••••• i | 2
XIV* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Male Rats at a 6*3 Per Cent Level with a
Normal protein Content ••*•••*•••
XV* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Female Rats at a 6*3 Per Cent Level with a
Normal Protein Content ................... i + i j .
viii
TABLE PAGE
XVI* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When
Fed to Male Rats on a 16*3 ?er Cent Level
with a Low Protein Content ••••••••• I 4 .5
XVII* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed
to Female Rats on a 16*3 ?er Cent Level
with a Low Protein Content •••*••••* i | 6
XVIII* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Male Rats on a l l j . * 8 Per Cent Level with a
Low Protein Content ••••••*••••* I 4 J 7
XIX* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Female Rats on a l l +*8 per Cent Level with
a Low Protein Content ••••••••••• i j S
XX* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed
to Male Rats on a 6 * i j . Per Cent Level with
a Low Protein Content ••••«••••••
XXI* The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed
to Female Rats on a 6 * k Per Cent Level
with a Low Protein Content •••••••*• 50
XXII* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Male Rats on a 5*2 Per Cent Level with a
Low Protein Content • •»*•••••••» 51
ix
TABLE PAGE
XXIII* The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to
Female Bats on a 5*2 Per Gent Level with
a Low Protein Content • ••••••**«• 52
XXIV* Composition of the Fat from Feces of Rats
Fed Jojoba Oil Using the Weight Method * • 5?
XXV* Composition of the Fat from Feees of Rats
Fed Jojoba Oil using the Combined Weight
and Titrated Method •••••••••••• 5I 4.
INTRODUCTION
In an age when new and better uses for natural pro
ducts are a focus of attention, it is not unusual that a
number of investigators should have shown interest in a
shrub such as Simmondsia californica, belonging to the
Buraceae family, whose seeds are more than 50 per cent oil*
This plant is found widely distributed on the hillsides and
mountains of southern Arizona, Lower California and western
Mexico* The nut of this plant is known by many names
several of which are pig, sheep, goat, or guinine nut* The
lipid material pressed from these seeds is unique in that
the usual combination of fatty acids and glycerol is re
placed by a mixture of waxes composed of higher unsaturated
fatty acids and alcohols* It is believed by Jamieson (1)
to be the only plant in which the seeds contain a lipid
composed largely of waxes*
Jojoba oil has many varied uses* Markwood (2) states
that the Indians used it as a hair dressing. He was the
first to note its stability to heat and found that it could
be repeatedly heated to 550°F* without decomposition. Be
cause of this stability it sometimes has been used to re
place sulfuric acid in melting point apparatus*
Warth ( 3) states it is excellent for liquid heat
2
transfer, especially where the heat must be carefully con
trolled* Another suggested usage is in the field of cos
metics and also in that of typing ribbon inks* C. Ellis
( J + ) has shown it to be useful in lubricants and obtained a
patent in I936 covering jojoba oil factice grease (an elas
tic solid made from some vegetable oil) in the manufactur
ing of floor coverings such as linoleum (1)* Jojoba oil
has likewise been employed as a carrier for parenteral in
jections*
Jojoba oil was used by Week and Sevigne as a diluent
when administering vitamin A to chickens ( 5) and rats ( 6)*
They found little difference between the stability and
absorption of vitamin A alcohol in jojoba oil as compared
to corn oil* However, there was a significant lowering in
the utilization of vitamin A acetate and natural ester
forms when jojoba oil replaced corn oil as the diluent*
They concluded in their work that jojoba oil had a great
deal of ”an anti-vitamin A hydrolysis factor" which lowered
the utilization of vitamin A acetate and esters*
HISTORY AND STATEMENT OP THE PROBLEM
The earliest report on jojoba oil was that of Roehr
( 7) in 1910, who reported that the seeds contained a purg
ing principle considered to be similar to ricin* Somewhat
later, Greene and Poster ( 8) studied the physical proper
ties of the oil* They found that, except for the saponifi
cation number, the physical constants of jojoba oil are
practically identical with those of sperm oil and arctic
sperm oil, both of which are liquid waxes* it was concluded
that the wax probably consists principally of fatty acid
esters of decyl alcohol*
In 1936 Investigations of the composition of jojoba
oil were reported simultaneously by McKinney and Jamieson
(9) in the United States and Green, Hildltch, and Stainsby
(10) in England* Both groups found no glycerol in the
hydrolysis products; this was found to consist of almost
equal weights of higher aliphatic acids and alcohols*
Green and Hilditch reported the chief acid to be
11 12
* -eicosenoic with a smaller amount of a longer chain
acid which is probably docosenoic acid* Small amounts of
oleic and palmitic acid were also shown to be present*
These workers concluded that the alcohol components were
probably A^'^-docosenol and A^»^-eicosenol* It was
noted that nothing like this had been observed in seed fats
except in Euphorbiaceae which includes some examples like
Aleurites montana and Ricinus communis. In the latter
instances, the acyl part of the triglycerides is composed
of unusual unsaturated acids (elaeostearic, ricinoleic)
instead of the usual linoleic and oleic acids*
McKinney and Jamieson (9) made a more complete study
of the alcoholic and acidic fractions of the seed oil than
did the English investigators. They stated that jojoba oil
contains 1 * 6 I | . per cent saturated acids, 3°«3° Per cent
All’^-eicosenoic acid (CH^(CHg^CHsClKCH^COOH), l l j ..2 0
per cent docosenoic acid (CH^C^^CHsCHfCHgJiiCOOH,
ll * — 6 per cent A 11,12-eicosenol (CH^CHg^CHsCHfCHg^C^OH) ,
and 3 3 ,7 Z^'^-doeosenol (CH^CI^) yCH:GH(CH2)hGH20H) •
Studies on the digestibility of fats and oils have
shown this property is related to their chemical and physi
cal composition* Seed oils and nut oils, having the usual
triglyceride composition, have been found to be practically
completely utilized by human subjects* As a part of a
comprehensive study on the digestibility of a wide variety
of animal and vegetable fats carried out by the Office of
Home Economics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it
was found that the digestibilities of seed oils exceeded
95 P©r cent (11-15) while a similar result was obtained
with nut oils (l6)»
There are several factors which may influence the
digestibility of any single limpid oil* One of these
factors is related to the percentage of fat in the diet*
Hoagland and Snider (17) found that with a well digested
fat such as corn oil, the level of feeding made little
difference in the coefficient of digestibility* The values
were 97*5 on the 5 per cent and 98*3 on **&© ^5 P©r ©©nt fat
diet* The percentage of fat had a greater effect on poorly
digested fats such as mutton tallow, where it was found to
be 7 i | . * 6 on a 5 per cent fat diet and 8i |.*8 on a diet eon-
taining 15 per cent fat* In another series hydrogenated
cotton-seed oil yielded a coefficient of digestibility of
88*2 on a 5 P®r ©©nt fat diet, 92*9 on a 3® Per ©©nt diet
and 93*7 °n a 55 per cent diet (18)*
The protein content of the diet has been shown to
influence fat digestibility (19)* Rats on diets with l l } .
per cent and JO per cent protein showed better fat diges
tion with the higher protein diet* The digestibility of a
highly absorbed fat like lard was influenced but slightly
by the amount of protein, while butterfat or lard contain
ing hydrogenated fat was more seriously affected*
6
In view of the fact that jojoba oil alters the
utilization of vitamin A esters, it seemed important to
investigate the digestibility of this oil with the tech
niques ordinarily employed in this laboratory. This would
demonstrate whether the above variations might be attri- j
buted to a decreased digestibility of the carrier employed I
i
in the above tests. This study is also of special interest!
since jojoba oil is a wax and little information is avail
able concerning the utilization of such products.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Plan of Experiment
Experiments were conducted on two main groups of
rats, one of which received a normal-protein diet and the
other a low-protein regimen. Each main group was made up
of twenty adult rats (ten male, ten female)* The rats
used were from our stock colony*
The periods for the study of digestibility were 8
days in all cases, which followed an orientation period of
5 days. In each group, four series of digestibility tests
were carried out In the following order. The first test
was a control one using 15 per cent cottonseed oil in the
diet* This was followed by a similar experiment where
jojoba oil replaced the cottonseed oil. The last two tests
were separated from the earlier ones by a 5 day interval
during which the rats received the ordinary laboratory
stock diet. The third test period consisted of an experi
ment with cottonseed oil at a 5 P©r cent level, while dur
ing the fourth experimental period, jojoba oil at a 5 per
cent level comprised the dietary fat. During the whole
interval ad lib, feeding were employed*
The procedures for the calculation of digestibility
were those usually employed (20)* in order to determine
3
the fat ingested a determination was made of the food in
gested during the test period* From the analyses of fat in
the food, the total amount of this foodstuff consumed can
be calculated* The feces were collected during the 8 day
periods, dried and analyzed by the methods described below*
Piets
The composition of the diets is given in Table I*
The jojoba oil used in the experiment was obtained
commercially through the courtesy of Mr* Frank Sevigne of
the Coliett-Week-Niebeeker Company* One sample was used
throughout the test* It was shown to have the following
physical constants: Saponification Humber, 95*1$ Iodine
Number (Wijs Method), 81*6* The saponification number has
been reported as 9 2 .2 ( 9) and 9 5•© (B) while the iodine
value has been stated to be 8 8* i ^ ( 8) and 8 1 *7 ( 9)* Our
data indicate that the sample ean be considered as a typi
cal jojoba oil*
Analysis of Feces
At the end of the 8 day experimental period the
feces were collected and cleaned of hair and food* They
were then dried to constant weight in an oven at 90°G* for
3 days* The dried material was ground in a coffee grind
ing machine* Because of the soft consistency of the jojoba
TABUS I
Composition of the Diets Used
Dietary
component
Normal protein diet Low protein diet
Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 1 Diet 2
Diet 3
Diet 4
Diet 3
Diet 4
per cent per cent per cent' per cent
!
n
1
II
per cent
1
II
Commercial casein 19.49 19.75 22.10 22.00 8.83 9.00 9.90 10.02
Starch 26.39 26.79
29.90
29.77 37.32 38.01 41.74 42.30
Sucrose
25.30 25.70 28.78 28.60 25.60 26.00 28.60
28.97
Cottonseed oil 16.90 5.80
---
16*3© :
— 6*4©
—
Jojoba oil _
15.7© — -
6.30
—
14.80 5.20
Salt mixture!/ 3.89 3.94
4.42
4.39 3.93 4.01 4.40 4.45
TeastS/
7.79
7.88 8.84 8.78 7.86 8.02 8.80 8.90
Fat soluble mix-
tur 2 T 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
^ Osborne-Mendel salt' mixture ( 2 1 ) .
2/
Anheuser-Busch, Strain G.
3/
Bach 100 gm. of mixture contains the following: vitamin A, 312,500 U.S.P. units* vitamin Do,
31,250 U.S.P* units; mixed tocopherola, 24,000 mg. ; / 3-carotene, 31*3 mg.; ethyl alcohol to 100 gm.
oil feces, they were ground in a mortar and pestle* The
neutral fat was extracted with diethyl ether using the
Goldfisch extraction apparatus* Usually the neutral fat
fraction of fats and oils contains fatty acids, glycerides,
and the nonsaponifiable material. I n i this particular ex
periment the term neutral fat also includes the waxes, which
are present in jojoba oil. After the.neutral fat was ex
tracted the material was re-extracted after acidifying with
50 per cent HgSO]^. The second extraction removed the fatty
acids which were in the feces as soaps as shown by Crockett
(20).
The sample of feces was put in a porous alundum
thimble and the fat was extracted into a weighed pyrex
beaker using the Goldfisch extraction apparatus. After the
ether was removed by leaving the beakers on the hot plates
of the apparatus, the beakers were then dried to constant
weight on the oven. The samples were extracted 12 hours
so that complete extraction would be effected*
In some samples of jojoba oil feces, the neutral fat
extraction ran as high as 1J gm* To confirm the fact that
a complete extraction of the neutral fat had occurred in
the jojoba oil experiment, a group of samples were extract
ed for 12 hours and duplicates were extracted for 21} . hours*
(Table II)* It was found that the amount of neutral fat
TABLE II
A C o f l i P a r i . s o n of the Values of lipids Obtained from the Feces of Bata
Previously Fed on Jojoba Oil Diets V f t i e n Extracted 12 or 2^ Hours
12 Hours 24 Hours
Rat Weight of . -
Ho* total Wt. of Neutral Neutral fat Wt. of Neutral Neutral fat
extracted fat in total extracted fat in total
feces feces... extracted ..feces feces extracted...feces.
m * m * £3*
Q B U
££• £&• m *
70 M 9.2911 3.002
1.195 3.57 2.9996 1.238 3.83
36 F 7.663 3.571 1.439 3.17 3.0475
1.148
2.97
75 F 10.294 3.097
1.380 4.58 3.206 1.301 4.16
76 F
8.979 3.200 1.372 3.86 3.205 1.345 3.76
79 F 9.000
3.2U 1.541 4.16 3.030 1.358
4.03
78 f
8.97© 3.309 1.195 3.24 3.182 1.208
3.40
P
12
was the same whether they were extracted 12 or 2]+ hoars*
As soon as the first experiments oh jojoba oil had
been carried out, it became immediately evident that large
quantities of lipid were being excreted* It was therefore
of considerable importance to determine the nature of the
lipid material present in the feces* If the excreted
lipid were composed chiefly of unsaponified wax, then the
difficulty in saponification of the jojoba oil might be a
clue to its poor utilization* On the other hand, if the
unabsorbed fatty material were chiefly fatty acid or alco
hol, such low digestibility could be ascribed to difficulty
absorbable hydrolysis products* In order to determine
which of these conditions was responsible for the low
utilization of jojoba oil, the neutral fraction in which
the bulk of fecal lipids were found was subjected to sev
eral analytical procedures* These are described below*
Weight method for, determination of components of
neutral fat* An aliquot of the neutral, fat was weighed
out and diluted with 25 ml* of isopropyl alcohol* The
contents of the flask were diluted with 5° ml* of water
and. this was then, transferred to a 250 ml* separatory fun
nel* Five to 10 ml* of isopropyl alcohol and 50 ml* of
Skellysolve A were added* The mixture was shaken, vigorous
ly for 50 seconds and allowed to stand* After the layers
13
had separated, the ether layer was transferred to another
separatory funnel.* The water fraction was extracted twice
more as in the above procedure using 25 ml. of Skellysolve
A Instead of the original 50 ml. The three ether extracts
were combined and washed with water until a neutral re
action to phenolphthaleln was obtained. The ether was then
transferred to a flask and anhydrous was added.
The ether solution was allowed to dry overnight. This was
then filtered into a weighed flask, the flask was rinsed
and the sodium sulfate washed with additional Skellysolve*
After evaporation of the ether, the flasks were dried and
weighed, thus obtaining the weight of neutral fat* The
difference between this weight and the original weight is
the amount of free fatty acids in the original sample.
The material remaining after the removal of the fatty acids
was saponified with 25 ml. of 0 ,7 N KOH for 1 .5 hours.
The free fatty acids were then washed out of the saponi
fied sample as in the above procedure. The ether extract
of the saponified material was then transferred to a
flask, dried, and the remaining nonsaponifiable material
weighed as in the above procedure. The difference between
the weight of the remaining nonsaponifiable material and
the weight of the neutral fat fraction after the free fatty
acids were washed oufe is the amount of fatty acids and
glycerol hound in the waxes or glycerides. Since in the
case of jojoba oil, there are practically no glycerides,
it is evident that this difference represents almost ex
clusively fatty acids. By the same criteria, nonsaponi
fiable material would consist of the free alcohols, al
cohols which had been excreted in combination with fatty
acids, and other normal metabolic compounents of the non
saponifiable extract*
Titration method for determination of components of
neutral fat* An aliquot of neutral fat was weighed out,
diluted with 25 ml, of isopropyl alcohol, and titrated
with 0.1 H NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator*
From this titration the amount of free fatty acids in the
neutral fat sample was calculated. After adding 25 ml. of
0*7 N KOH, the sample was saponified for 1*5 hours and the
excess KOH titrated with 0*403 N ^SOJ^* From this titra
tion the amount of fatty acids combined with alcohol can
be calculated* The soaps were removed by the procedure
described under the weight method* The weight of the
nonsaponifiable material was determined as described in the
weight method. This was considered to be the free alcohol
and the alcohol which was combined with the fatty acids in
the original neutral fat*
Combined weight and titration method for determina
tion of components of neutral fat* A sample of neutral fat
was weighed out and diluted with 25 ml* of isopropyl alco
hol* The free fatty acids were removed by the water-ether
method as previously described* The remaining sample was
weighed* The amount of free fatty acids present in the
sample is the difference between this weight and the ori
ginal weight* The remaining material was saponified for
1*5 hours after addition of 25 ml* of 0*7 N KOH* The
solution was then titrated with HgSOj^* The amount of fatty
acids combined with alcohol was calculated from this titra
tion* The total fatty acids were then extracted by the
water-ether method and the remaining material was weighed*
The latter was considered to be the free and combined alco
hols •
Calculation of Total Wax, Combined and Free Alcohol in
Fecal Fat
McKinney and Jamieson ( 9) state that the mean mole
cular weight of the fatty acids in jojoba oil is 335*
This consists of li+*60 per cent of eicosenol and 33*70 per
cent was dbsosenol. The mean molecular weight of the aleo-
hol fraction of the molecule derived from the percentages
of the alcohols and their molecular weights is 3 1 5* 5* The
16
average molecular weight of the waxes in jojoba oil would
therefore be 6 3 3. Since the fatty acid part of the neutral
fat has been determined, the combined alcohol part can
readily be calculated. When the combined alcohol content
so computed is subtracted from the total alcohol, the
amount of free alcohol in the neutral fat fraction can be
estimated.
The case of rat 7° can used as an example. In
this case, the fatty acids combined with the alcohols were
found to weigh 500 mg. Using this figure and the mean
molecular weight cited above, the weight of the wax (x) can
be calculated as follows;
Mean molecular weight of fatty acids - Weight of fatty acids;
Mean molecular weight of wax x
This was determined in the above experiment to be 9
The weight of combined alcohol (y) present can be
estimated by a similar formula, viz;
Mean molecular weight of fatty acids - Weight of fatty acids
Mean molecular weight of alcohols y
This corresponds to a figure of Itfl mg. of alcohol present
in the fecal lipids in combination with fatty acids. Since
the total alcohol determined in this test amounted to 676
mg., it is evident that 205 mg. is present in free form.
17
Methods Used for In Vitro Studies with Lipase
Because of the indications that the poor indigesti
bility of jojoba oil are partially to be attributed to an
inadequate hydrolysis of the wax in the intestine, studies
were made with an in vitro system* For these tests, 0*5
ml* of the oil tested was mixed with 0 *5 ml• of a 2 * 5 per
cent solution of mixed bile salts and with 9 ml* of a 1
per cent steapsin solution* The latter was prepared fresh
each time from a commercial pancreatie preparation (Pan-
creatin, Wilson and Company)* In the control tests, the
oil was replaced with an equal amount of distilled water*
The samples were incubated at 28°C* for 2 1 + hours after
which time they were titrated with 0 *0 5 N sodium hydroxide
using phenolphthalein as an indicator* The activity of the
enzyme preparation was demonstrated by its activity with
cottonseed oil*
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Digestibility Tests
A summary of the mean values of digestibility of
cottonseed and jojoba oil as determined on male rats on
normal and low protein diets is included in Table III while
Table IV gives a compilation of similar data on female rats*
The reports of the tests on the individual rats given in
Tables VIII to XXIII in the Appendix.
The most striking result is the uniformly low per
centage in digestibility of jojoba oil. When fed in
amounts of approximately 15 per cent of the diet, the di
gestibility figures obtained approximated 70 per cent. On
the other hand, when jojoba oil was administered at the
low level ( 5 -6 per cent), a noticeably lower absorption of
lipid occurred. In the experiments with males on the low
protein diet, the minimum value of 55 per cent was obtain
ed. The level of protein in the diet shows little effect
on the extent of utilization of the fat with the exception
of the experiments where jojoba oil makes up 5 to 6 per
cent the diet. In this case, a definitely lower value for
digestibility was obtained on the low protein diet.
In practically every case, the mean digestibility
figure in any single category is slightly higher for the
TABLE III
Summary of Digestibility Experiments on Male Bats
Receiving Cottonseed or Joioba Oil with T a r o Levels of Protein
Normal protein diet Low protein.diet
Category
Period
--i
Period
. . 2 ■
Period
3
Period
: 4.. .
Period
1 • . •
Period
2
Period
3
Period
4
Rats used 10
9 9
10 10 10 8 8
Diet fed
Protein, %
19.5 19.8 22.1 22.0 8.8 9.0
9.9 10.0
Cottonseed oil, %
16.9
—
5.8 — 16.3 — 6.4 - * •
Jojoba oil, %
—
15.7 6.3
—
14.8 5.2
Body weight, g r a .
Start 280.1 302.7 295.0 315.2 275.8 290.0
288.5 301.9
End
301.8 287.2 315.1 315.5 291.1 275.3 296.1
308.9
Food eaten, gnu 112^1 101.0 122.1 122.0 116.8 103.6 129.8
127.3
Fat eaten, gnu
18.94 15.86 7.08 7.68 1902
15.54 8.33 6.62
Feces dry weight, gm.
6.105 10.333 6.013 9.276
6.054 9.830 5.952 9.552
TABD5 in (Continued)
Normal protein diet low protein diet
Category
Period Period Period Period
... . . . 1 2.. 3... 4..
Period
..1
Period Period
2 . 3
Period
4
Feces lipid excreted, mg*
Neutral fat
751 4505 438 3180
769 3725 477 3365
Soap 600 901 460 1090
949 1100 622 862
Total (uncorrected)
1351 5412 898 4270 1718 4998 1099 4200
Total (corrected)
1284 5 13?
852 4Q49 1631 4748 1044 4011
Coefficient of digesti
93*3 69.® 88*2
47.9 91*4 69.2 87.5 35.4
bility y ±0*36
±1.34 ± 0*56
+2*74 ±0.48 ±1.89 ±0.64 ±4.76
2/
0 Including the Standard E r r o r , of the Mean calculated by the formula
where M" is the deviation from the mean and nn" is the nunbar of
observations*
TABLE IV
Summary of Digestibility Experiments on Female Rats
Receiving Cottonseed or J o . l o b a Oil with Two Levels of Protein
Category
Normal protein diet ........
Low protein diet
Period
1
Period
2
Period
3
Period
4..
Period
1 . ..
Period
. 2
Period
3
Period
4 .
Rats used 10 1© 1© 9 10 1©
9
10
Diet fed
Protein, %
19*5 19.8 22.1 22.0 8.8 9.0 9.9
10.0
Cottonseed o i l, % 16.9
—
5.8
—
16.3
—
6.4 —
Jojoba o il , %
—
15.7 — 6.3 24.8
—
5. 2
Body weight, gm.
Start 181.5 192.1
201.2 204.0 184.1 199.1
204.2 214.3
End
193.1 187.1 206.4 226.7 193.1 189.4 213.4 213.9
Food eaten, gm* 88.8 86.5 90.8 89.6 97.6 90.5
120.6
89.9
Fat eaten, gm. 15.01
13.59 5.27 5 .66 15.92 13.58
7*71
4.64
TABLE IV (Continued)
Category
Normal protein diet Low protein diet
Period
. 1......
Period
.. 2 . .
Period
....3 .....
Period
.4 . . . . . . .
Period
1...
Period
.2
Period
3
Period
4
Feces dry weight, gnu 5.0 76
6.747
5.280 6.333 4.827 8.246 4.683 6.301
Feces lipid excreted, mg*
Neutral fat 530 3887 288 3 . 8 1 2 626 3120
345 2.052
Soap 349 683 243 653 450 953 448
0.644
Total.(oncorrected)
879
457® 531 2485 1066 3973 793
2.696
Total (corrected) 835 4341 504 2341 1039 3773 712
2.559
Coefficient of digestibiliti
V
94.5 68.0 90.3 57.8 93.7 7 2.2 90.8
44.4
+ 0.39 ±2.18 ±0.67 ±3.58 + 0.50 ±3.93 + 0.97 ±3.16
^ Including the Standard Error of the Mean calculated by the formula VWhrs
where ‘ • d * ’ is the deviation from the mean and nnw is the number of eb- I *
serrations. /
23
female than for the male* However, the differences are
not significant in any case*
In the control tests on cottonseed oil which pre
ceded the jojoba oil tests, the usual high figures for the
digestibility of cottonseed oil were found* However, in
the experiments carried out following the jojoba oil feed
ing, markedly lower values for the utilization of cotton
seed oil were noted* In one case, a mean figure for di
gestibility of cottonseed oil as low as 87 per cent was
found* In order to determine whether this phenomenon was
to be traced to an injury to the absorption mechanism as a
result of the jojoba oil or to an increased excretion of
ingested materials resulting directly or indirectly from
the previous jojoba oil diet, tests were made on the non-
saponifiable fraction of the stool lipid* The results of
this study are given in Table V*
The proportion of N.S.F* found in the stools of the
rats fed cottonseed oil is considerably in excess of that
which is normally found when such a fat is ingested*
According to Calbert (22), approximately 8 mg. of N*S*F*
are found in the stools of normal rats for each gram of
cottonseed oil ingested. In our present tests, this would
account for only 6 0 -7 0 mg. of N*S*F. (Expected fecal N.S.F.)
24
TABLE V
Non-Saponifiable Fraction of the Lipida of the Feces
of Rata Fed a 5 Per Cent Cottonseed Oil. Piet Following
S t p^Qt Containing 1 « > Per Cent Jojoba Oil
Rat
No*
Neutral
fat sample
analyzed
N.S.F.
content
Total
for test
N.S.F.
( a )
Cottonseed
oil
ingested
Fleeted
fecal
N.S.F.
( b )
Excess
N.S.F.
(b-a)
SS* as- < S 8*
ig.
102 U
245.4
73.8
319 8.25
66
253
104 H 191.3 71.9 170
8.20 66 104
110 H 242.3 92.0
297
9.10
73 224
111 F 246*6
100.4 220 7.48 60 160
112 F 176.0 86.4 254 7.94 63 191
25
Actually the N.S.F. amounts to three or four times this
figure*
Nature of the Excreted Lipid
The distribution of the lipids in the stools were
determined by three methods, but, because of the lack of
sufficient material; the same sample could not be deter
mined by all procedures* The most consistent results were
obtained by the titration method* - The results on the
examination of the feces from eight rats on the jojoba oil
diet using the latter procedure are listed in Table VI*
Tables XXIV and XXV in the Appendix give the data when the
analyses were carried but by the weight method or a com
bination of the weight and titration procedure*
In Vitro Studies with Lipase
m m am m w m m a a m r nm m i m m m m m m m m m m m mmmmmmmmm
The results of a typical experiment with pancreatic
lipase and cottonseed or jojoba oil is given in Table VII*
This would seem to indicate that jojoba oil is hydrolyzed
more difficulty than conttonseed oil by the lipase*
TABLE 71
Composition of the Fat ftom Feces of Rats Fed J o . i o b a Oil
Rat
No*
Weight
of
Free fatty
. adds
Fatty acids
in ester
Free and
combined
alcohol
Neutral fat Free alcohol
sample
gm. per
cent
ss.
per
cent
emu
4SCSr
per
cent
per
cent
^ B j t
per
cent
*70 M 1*2296 . 0 1 3 3
1.08
.493 40.1 .5998
48.7
.930
75.7
.1368 1 1 . 1
27 H 1.1572 *0141 1*24 . 6 5 6 56.8 .5048 43.6 1.240 107.0
should have
.6170 as
combined
alcohol
21 M
1.1547 .0117 1*01 .478 41.4 .5 740 49.7 .903 78.1 .125©
10.8
79 F 1.3366 *0118 .88 .5 430 40.6
.6734 50.4 1.025 75.0 .1634
12.2
75 F 1.2890 .0162 1.26 .569 44.2 .6648 51.5 1.075 83.4 .1308 10.2
76 F 1.3356
*0168
1.25 .485 36.3 .6844 51.2 .913 68.4 .2284 17A
*78 F 1.1985 .0153 1.28 .4 72 39*3 .6 2 73 52.3 .890 74.4 .18 33 15.3
36 F 1.3662 .0158 1.16 .6©3 44.1 .59 73
43.8 1.139 83.3 .0313 2.3
M
0> s
TABLE VII
In Vitro Studies with Lipase Using Cottonseed or J o . l o b a Oil . as Substrates
Category
Substances incubated
0.05 H
NaOH
0.05 N
NaOH ,/
(corrected)®'
Degree
, of
Hydrolysis
Gil Bile
salts
Lipase
a i l . ml . ml. ml. ml. ml. per cent
Control tests 0
0.5
9.0 0.5 0.47
0
0. 5 9.0 0.5
0*51
0.40
Cottonseed oil
0,5 0.5 9,0 0 .0
6.45 5 . 9 7
19.2
0.5 0.5 9.0 0.0
6 jJ £
6.45
Jojoba oil 0.5 0.5 9.0 0 .0 2.05 1.58
10.0
0.5 0.5 9.0 0.0 2.08
2.06
Corrected for blank value.
DISCUSSION
Jojoba oil has the lowest digestibility of any
limpid oil so far tested on the rat of a number of such
oils studied. Only rapeseed oil has been found to have a
digestibility below 95 per cent ( 2 3)• In this case a
figure of 77 was reported for the coefficient of digesti
bility with the crude oil and 8 2 per cent with a refined
sample. It was suggested by Deuel and Hallman ( 2 i j . ) that
the lowered rate of absorption also observed for rapeseed
oil as compared with common fats might be attributed to the
high proportion of erucic acid*
In the case of jojoba oil* the poor absorptive per
formance might be due to a difficulty in hydrolysis of the
fat or to the fact that such hydrolysis products might
themselves be poorly utilized. It is a well known fact
that waxes are saponified much more slowly by alkali than
are the triglycerides*
Our tests would seem to indicate that a major factor
in contributing to the lowered digestibility of jojoba oil
may be its failure to undergo ready saponification. The
principal lipid present in the feces was found to be un
changed wax* although practically no free fatty acids were
present. There is evidence that some of the jojoba oil
29
had undergone saponification since an excess of the higher
alcohols is present in the stool over and above that which
could be combined with the fatty acids shown to be present*
According to the Frazer (25) hypothesis, it might
not be necessary for saponification to precede absorption*
However, unless some hydrolysis does occur, no mechanism
is available to produce the emulsificatlon* In the case
of triglycerides, such an agent can be provided by partial
hydrolysis of the fat molecule* Although our experiments
do not give an absolute answer to whether hydrolysis must
precede absorption, the fact that free aleohol is present
in the feces would substantiate the belief that considerable
hydrolysis has occurred* The in vitro tests with pan-
creatin likewise demonstrate that a hydrolysis of the wax
results when jojoba oil is treated with steapsin*
Apparently, the poor absorption cannot be attributed
to an ineffective fatty acid utilization. Practically, no
free acids were found in the stools whleh would seem to
indicate that the absorption of this component had kept
pace with the amount furnished by hydrolysis*
There is some evidence that a prolonged injury to
the mueosa of the gastrointestinal tract may have resulted
from the administration of the 15 per cent jojoba oil diet
over the 11 day period* During this test interval the
30
bulk of the stools was increased and, in fact, diarrhea
obtained in a number of instances. However, when the
second digestibility tests were made on cottonseed oil B
days later, a definite lowering of digestibility of this
fat from the normal high level was noted. This was shown
to be associated with a marked increase in excretion of the
nonsaponifiable fraction. It is possible that the excess
nonsaponifiable material in the cottonseed oil tests may
have been waxes from the jojoba oil previously fed or
higher alcohols from them which had not previously been
completely eliminated. It is also possible that this
fraction may have resulted from the alcohols which had been
absorbed earlier and which had been re-excreted in the bile
or by the intestinal mucosa. If sueh were the ease, it is
obvious that the figures calculated for the digestibility
of this fat are too high.
The, still greater decreased digestibility shown in
the second tests on jojoba oil, which were conducted 20
days after the start of the second cottonseed oil tests,
may also be an indication of an injury to the absorbing
mechanism which has persisted over this prolonged period.
There are several factors exclusive of the fat which
have been shown to alter digestibility* One important con
sideration would seem to be sex inasmuch as digestibility
51
seems to be higher In almost every case in the female rats*
The protein level of the diet also has some effect on the
extent of utilization of the fat* Thus, in most eases a
higher digestibility obtains on the higher protein levels*
The differences are, in general, not significant, with the
exception of the second experiments on jojoba oil, where
differences in utilization were noted* These results are
in line with those reported earlier by Barnes, primrose
and Burr (19)*
Finally, it was noted that a somewhat better utili
zation occurred both with cottonseed oil and with jojoba
oil when the diet contained the higher proportions. How
ever, it must be admitted that this result may have been
partially brought about by the injury resulting from the
administration of jojoba oil*
SUMMARY
Jojoba oil has been shown to have the lowest di
gestibility in the rat of any of the limpid oils so far
studied. It is suggested that this phenomenon may result
from a decreased hydrolysis In the gastrointestinal tract
since large amounts of unhydrolyzed wax were found in the
feces.
Following the administration of jojoba oil, a lower
ed utilization of cottonseed oil results over a consider
able period of time. This may possibly be traced to a
delayed excretion of undigested jojoba oil or to a re
excretion of the wax or alcohol via bile or intestinal
mucosa. The fact that the nonsaponiflable fraction of the
feces was three to four times the normal would seem to
support one of these hypotheses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1* Jamieson, George S., Vegetable Fats and Oils, Their
Chemistry, Production! ana Utlllzatlon* TSF Edible,
Medicinal and Tecknical*Turposes» The dhemical
Catalogue Co*, New York (1^3 2)*
2* Markwood, L. N., Domestic Commerce, 3 0, Ho* 1 1, 21
< 191* 2) • — — — — —
3* Warth, Albin H*, The Chemistry and Technology of
Waxe 3, Re inhold Publishing Co., New York (19W) ♦
if* Chemical Abstracts, JO, 7886, ( 193&)•
5# Week, E. F., Sevigne, F. J*, J* Nutrition, 3 9, 233
d 9l* 9). “ —
6« Week, E. F., Sevigne, F. J,, J, Nutrition, 3 9, 251
(19l* 9)« ~ .......
*
7# Roehr, C* M*, Pacific pharmacist, J , 335 ( 1 9 1 0)*
8* Greene, Robert A*, and Foster, E. 0*, Botanz. Gaz*
9k, 826 (1933). — —
9« McKinney, R* S., and Jamieson, G, S., Oil and Soap,
13, 289 (1956)* — — ~
1 0* Green, T. G*, Hilditch, T. P*, and Stainsby, W. J*,
J* Chem* Soc», (London), I75O-I755 (I936)*
1 1. Holmes, A. D., U. S. Dept, Agr. Bull*, No. 687 (1918).
1 2. Holmes, A. P., T J . S. Dept. Agr. Bull., No* 630 (I9I8).
13. Holmes, A, D., XT♦ S* Dgjst* Agr. Bull*, No* 781 (I9I9).
l i j . * Langworthy, E. F., and Holmes, A* P., U. S. Dept. Agr*
Bull*, No. 505 (I9I7)*
15. Deuel, H. J., and Holmes, A. D., U. S. Dept* Agr.
Bull., No. IO33 ( 1 9 2 2). “ ~ "*■
1 6. Holmes, A. D., and Deuel, H. J*, Jr*, J. Biol. Chem.,
I4I, 227 (1920)* - — —
35
1 7* Hoagland, R., and Snider, G, G., J* Nutrition, 25,
295 (19^3)•
18• Hoagland, R., and Snider, G* G,, U# S. Dept* Agr,
Bull,, No, 725 ( 19U. 0), " “*
1 9, Barnes, R, H., Primrose, M, F«, and Burr, G. 0,,
J, Nutrition, 27, 179 (I9I4J4.)«
2 0, Crockett, M, £«, and Deuel, H, J,, J, Nutrition, 53,
187 ( 1 9 4 7). "
2 1, Osborne, T., and Mendel, L. B., J. Biol, Chem., 37,
572 (1919). “ “ —
2 2, Calbert, C, E*, Greenberg, S, M,, Kryder, G*, Deuel,
H, «F., unpublished data (I95I),
2 3, Deuel, H, J,, Cheng, A, L. S., and Morehouse, M, G,,
J. Nutrition, 35, 295 ( 19^8 )*
2 I 4 . * Deuel, H, J,, Hallman, L., and Leonard, A«, J, Nutri
tion, 20, 215 (191*0), “
2 5, Frazer, A. C „ J. physiol, 2 6, 103 (I9i | 6 ),
1
i
APPENDIX
TABLE VIII
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed to Male Rate
on a 16.9 Per Cent Level with a Normal Protein Content
Bat
No*
Weight
Pood
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal fat
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start End Neutral Soap
SS* as * £S* £2* m -
f i g .
2&*
J B g .
41
278
299
101
17.09
5.622 703 692 1395 1325 92.5
42 326 348 124 20.99 7.604 85© 646 1496 1421 93.4
43 240 256 116 19.60 6.759 1090 426 1516 1440 92.5
44
276 310 127 21.40 7.695 993 1048 20a 1939 90.9
45
308
324 130 21.99
6.928 968
369 1337 1270
94.3
46 287 313 94 15.90 5.0 09 438 432 870 827 94.7
47
298
294 84
14.20
4.697 634 464 1098
1043
92.8
48 262
291
121 20.40
6.007
646 672 1318 1252
93.9
49
306 332 106 17.90 5.449 615 5 0 3 1118 1062
94.5
5 0 220
251 118
19.95
5.276
577 74 6 1323 1257 7 93.5
280.1 301.8 112.1
18.94 6.105 751 600 1351 1284 93.3 ±. 0.36
TABLE IX
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil Whan Fed to Female Bate on
& ^-6.9 Per Cent Level with a Normal Protein Content
Bat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
, Fecal fat ,
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
f a t
Coefficient
o f
digestibility Start End Neutral Soap
gm* g m . g m . g m * g m . mg. mg*
mg. mg .
51 204 217 117 19.75 6.679 793
418 i?n
1150 94.2
5 2 199 207 97 16*40 6.088 911 459 1370 1302 92*0
53 174
192 86 14.55 5.059 538 472 101© 96©
93.3
5 4 177 191 84
14.20 4.912 51 2 284 796 756 94.8
5 5 163 177
80 13.52
4.917 407 245
652 620 95.2
5 6 188
205 110
18*59 5. 69 3 744 328 1072 1018
94.5
5 7 183 187 7 3 12,35 4.019 322 452 774 73 9 94.0
58 157 169 80 13.52 4.498 448 ■ e1 e ■■ 293 741 7©4
94*8
5 9
166
194
78 13,18 4,592 348
293 641 609 95.4
60
184
192 83
14.04 4.318 272
250 522 ..496 96.5
181.5 193.1
88*8
15.01 5.0 76 530 349 ..879 ... 8 3 5 . . ' , . . ..94.5 ± . 3 9
V O
00
TABLE X
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil WhenFed to Male Bats
at a 15*7 Per Cent Level with a Normal. Protein Content
Bat
No*
Weight
Pood
eaten
Pat
eaten
paces
dry
wt.
Fecal fat
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start End Neutral^^ Soap
gm
S f
££.
SB* SB* SB* SB*
mg.
m*
mg.
61
305 296 83 13*03 8.333 3635
836
4471
4248 67.4
62 342 340 124 19.49 8.970 4260 1135
5390
5H8 73.8
63 259 251 107
16.81
11.377
4220 451 4671 4417 73.5
64 313 289 94 14.78 10.408 3880 756 4636
4404 70.3
66 318 300 95 14*90 10.454 4590 1051 56 95 54 10 63.7
67 300
296 120 18.85 10.890 4380
914 5294 50 30 73.4
68
297
281
90 14.12
10.501
4120 1010
513© 4873 65.5
69 336 305 107
16.80
12.777 5400 900 6300
5 9 85 64.5
70 254 227 89 13.99 9.291
6O 60 1058 7118 6762 68.6
302*7
287*2 101,0 15*86
10.333 4505 901 5412 5 1 3 9 69.0 — 1.34
^ Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions tfeieh in this ease include a wax instead of a
triglyaride*
TAIUS-H
The Digestibility of Joloba Oil When Fed to Female Bata
at a 15*7 Per. Cent~Level with a Normal Protein Content
Bat
Weight
Food Fat Feces
Fecal fat
excreted Total Corrected Coefficient
No.
Start Sid
eaten eaten dry
wt. Neutral^ Soap
fat fat ©f
digestibility
£0.
m * SS* ££* S S * as* '
ag.
as*
71
206 200 88 13.82 7.059 3510 756 4266
4053
70.6
72
207
208
90 14.12 9.642 5930 670 6600 6270
5 5 . 5
73 191 183 75 11.79
8.611 322© 781 4001 3801 67.8
74 190 191 78 12.25 8.949 3420 802 4222 4010 67.2
75 177
178 93 14.60 10.294
4580 486 5 066 4813 67.0
76 207 199 117 18.38 8.979
3860 516 4376
4157 77.9
7 7
182 168 70
11.00 5.496 2085 608
2693 2559 76.7
78
173 174 85 13.35 8.969 3240 627 3867 3674
72.5
79 195
186 78 12.25 9.000 4280 600 4880
4634 62.3
80
193 184 91 14.29 10.470 4740 986 5726 5438 62.0
192.1 187.1 86.5 13.59 8.747 3887 683 457© 4341 , 68.0
±208
Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this case include a wax instead of a
triglyceride. ^
©
TABLE XII
Th e Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed to Male Hate
at a JigS P o t ; Cent Level idth a Noi&lI Protein Content
Rat
Ko«
Weight
Food
eaten
Fa t
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal fat
excreted
Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start aid Neutral Soap
£S» j K S *
ag. mg.
141 304 329 127 7.36 5.921 412 512 924 877
88.1
142
301 305 110 6.38 5.792
395 401 796 754
88.2
143 309 311
101 5.86 5.402 372 295
667 631 89.3
144 309 337 143 8.29 6.699
448
789 1237 1175 86.0
145
320
344 133 7.72 6.963 478 662
1140
1082 86.0
146 292 310 129 7.48
6.299
462
385 847 804 89.4
147 273 291 115 6.67 6.398 489 367
856 812 87.9
143 273 308 143 8.29 5. 916 578 522 1100
1045 87.4
150 274 301 98 . 5.68
4.731 309.. 209 518 . 492.. 91.3
295.0
315.1
322.1 7.08
6.013 438 460
898 852 1 3 8 . 2 +0.56
P
TABLE XIII
The Digestibility of Cottonseed OH When Fed to Female Rats
at a 5.8 Per Cent level with a Normal Protein Content
Rat
No.
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal fa t
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
o f
digestibility Start • End • Neatrai Soap
I B S * '
m -
£2* £ & * ,
gm. f i g .
as*
l o g . £g.
151 205 205 81 470
4.594 255 235 490 465
90.0
152 191 197 85 4.93 4.450 204 247 451 428 92.0
153 209 216
9* 5.57 4.839 330 303 633 601
89.4
154 185 193
80 4*64 4.326
323 299
622
591 87.4
155 193 197 7 3 4.24 3.984 294 268 56 2
534 87.5
156 190
196 102
5. 92 3.443
246
165
411 390 93.2
157
210 221
117 6,78 11.961 283 207 490
465 93.1
158 192 190 83
4.82 4.430 250 223 478
454 90.7
159
216
223 96 5. 57 5. 376 440 221 661 628 88 ,5
160 221 226
95 5.52 5. 399 251 259 510
484
91.2
201,2 206,4 90.8 5*27 5*280 288 243 531 504 9©,3 t 0.67 • >
■ • ........ ■ - , i. W
TABLE XIV
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to Male Rats
at a .6.3 Per Cent Levelwith a.Norjaal*Probein Content
Rat
W o .
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
Wt*
Fecal fat
excreted Tot al
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start Sid Neutral^ Soap
m * m • m *
g m .
ss*
r a g . mg . mg.
161 334 3 3 9 133 8.38 10.623 3665 1250 4915 4667 44.3
162 298
298 101 6.35 6.265 1950 53 9 2489 2364
62.8
163 301 288 96 6.05 6.139
1728 1019 2747
2608 56.8
164 362 346 147 9.25 12.055 4770 1460 6230 5915
36.1
165
346
343 117 7.36 9.221 3060 1022 4082 3876
47.3
166 312 306 118 7.42 9.812
3335 1173 4508 4280 42.3
167 295
298
131 8.25 10.316 3479
1060
4539 4249 48.5
168 308
317 133 8.36
8.133
2610 1120 3730 3 542 57.6
169A 310 306 no
6.93 9.839 3299 1183 4482 4256 39.2
170 306
314 134 8.45 10.353 39 05 1073 4978 4727 44.0
315.2
315.5
122.0 7.68 9.276 3180 1090 4270
4049 47.9 ± 2.74
Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this case include a wax instead of a
triglyceride*
TABLE XV
The Digestibility of Jo joba Oil When Fed to Female Rats
at a o.3 Per Goat Level with a Normal Protein Content
Bat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Feeal fat
accreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start End Neutral^ Soap
m* SB*
go.
SB* SB*
mg.
SB* SB*
171 204 198 104 6.75
5.032
1375 427
1802
1711 74.6
172 193 189 74 4.65 6.086 1605 715
2320 2203 52.8
173 214 213 95 5.98
7.345 2512 842
3354 3185 47.5
174 194 196 100 6.30 5.317 1085 400
1485 1410 77.4
175 197
192
77 4.85 5.957 1759 619 2378 2259 5 3 . 5
176 196 197
92
5.79 6.478 2150 722 2872
2727 52.9
178 19© 187 6© 3.78
5.093 1593 443 2036
1933 49.0
179
222 222 107 6.75 8.571 2345 865 3210 3048 54.9
ISO 226 221
97 6*10
7.119
1880 847 2727 2589 57.5
204*0 201*7
89.6 5*66
6.333 1812
653 2465 2341
57.8 ± 3.58
^Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this ease include a wax instead of a
triglyceride*
TABLE XVI
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed, to Male Rats
on a 16.3 Per Cent Level with a Loir Protein Content
Rat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
ea ten
Feees
dry
wt.
Fecal fat
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start &id Neutral Soap
m •
go.
m -
ga.
M?
J g g . gg. gg.
1 26? 286
124
21.00
5.674 647 998
1645
1562 92.5
2
294
298 107 17.43 6.014 875 1050 1925
1828 89.5
3 265 281
114 18.59
4.412 607
722
1329
1262 93.3
4
236 266
117 19.10 6.730
757
861 1618 1534 91.9
5
306
3 1 5 10? 17.45 5.834 ..827 774 1601 1520 91.3
6 318 326 124 20.20 6.364 882 664 1546 14 69
92.6
7 300
290 86
14.03 5.258 840
695 1735 1647
68.2
8
264 289 123
20.05 7.003 5 1 6 1300 1816
1724 91*5
9 264 291 131 21.35 6.394
656 1202 1858 1764 91.7
10 244 269 135 22.00 6.859 1080 .
. 10 2 4 2104 1997 91.0
275.6 291*1 116.8 19.12
6.054 769 949
1718 1631 91.4 ± 0.48 £
VI
TABLE m i
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed •to Fenale Rata
on a 16.3 Per Cent Level with a Low Protein Content
Rat
Ho.
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal fat
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start End Heutrai Soap
pmT
£S* m *
gm. !g .
as* !£♦
n 205 219 110 17.95 5.717 444 59 6 1040 987 94*4
12 161
174 95 15.50 4.277 697 417 1014 963 94.0
13 164 169
92 15.00 5. 3 26 718 402 1120 1064 93.0
14 213 219
98 16.00 5.9 85
632
30 5
937
890 94*4
15 184
192 97 15.80
5.744 1065 626 1691 1606 89.8
16 197 210 101 16.50 4.268
494 415 909 863 94.9
17 197
208 166
17.30 5. 172 682 402 1084 1300
94.0
18
184 187 87 14.18 4.291 357
381 738
701 95.1
19
158 163 87 14.18 3.946
359
462 821 780 94.6
20 178 190 103 16.80 3.543 810
494 1304 1239 92.5
184.1 193.1 97.6 15.92 4.827 626 450 1066 1039 93.7 ± 0.50 .
----------------- — _ ----, --- i -------- -&
TABLE mil
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to Male Rats
oa a 14.8 Pot Cent Level -with a Lew Protein Content
Rat
No,
Veigit
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal fa t
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start End Neutral^ Soap
m * £S*
gn u
m * £S *
mg. og. mg.
£&•
21 283 270 95 14.25 6.808
2590 741 3331 3165 77.7
22
299
282
107 16.05 10.756 3520 1666 5 1 86 4928 69.3
23 283
263
95 14.27
9.208 3805 977
4782
4543
68,2
24 264 258 107 16.09 10.782 2976
1 2 4 1
5948 5651 65.0
25 309 288 98 14.60 9.022
4030 1060 509©
4836 66.9
2 6 322 318 123 18.47 11.377 5580 870 6450
6128
66.9
27 289 294 134
20.10
12.839 465© 1452 6100
5795
71.2
28 29© 267 74
11.10 10.129 31 75 1728
4903 4657 58.1
29 29©
268
97 14.56
9.795
3900 712 4612 4382 69.9
30 271 240 106
15.90 7.581 3025 548 3573 339? 78.7
290.0 275.3 103.6
15.54 9.830 3725
1100 4998 4748 69.2 ± 1.89
Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this ease include a wax instead of a
triglyceride* ^
TABLE XIX
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to Female Rata
°a a 1A.8 Per Gent Level with a Loir Protein Content
Rat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feees
dry
wt*
Feeal f a t
excreted Total
fa t
Corrected
fa t
Coefficient
of
digestibility Start End Neutrair^Soap
£2*
ggU gn. g m . gm. 2g. mg. mg.
31 214 197 95 14.24 6.097 2220 1765 3985 3783 73 .5
32
177 177
102 15.30 13.716 6760
2495 9255 8792 42.6
3 3 225 201
77 11.56 4.118 1382 437 1819 1727 84.7
34 217 204 HO 16*50 9.730 3450 688 4138 3935 77.0
3 5 19© 190 102 15.3® 7.670 2509 614 3123 2965 80.5
3 4 214 196 88 13.20 7.862
3165 544 / ' f ' t 3 709 3523 73.3
3 7
206 196
9® 13.50 8.110 304© 1258 3298
3133 76.7
38 189 191 61
9.15 10.363 336©
655 4015 3811 58.4
39
146 152 90
13.5® 6.979 2720 468 3188
3029 77.4
m 193 190 90 13.5® 7.814 2590 606 3196 3036
77.4
199.1 189.4 90.5 13.58 8.246 3120
953 3973 3773 72.2 + 3>93
\
^ Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this case include a wax: instead of a
triglyceride* £
TABLE IX
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed to Male Rats
on a 6.4 Per Cent Level with a Loir Protein Content
Rat
No .
Weight
Pood
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Feeal fa t
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start End Nedtxal Soap
gnu
& • m * . f f l *
£g. o g. Og» og.
*
101 291 290 127 8.13 6.445
818 50 6
1324
1258
84 .5
102 290 291
128 8.20 6 : . 5 16 51 2 753 1265
1201
85.5
103 288
293 115 7.35 5.13© 349 513
862 819 88.9
104 303 313 130 8 . 32 6.393
222 696 918 872 89.6
106 329 330
122 7.32
5.639 506 58 6 1092 1037 86.5
107 285 29© 13© 8.32 5 . 8 8 6 438 636
1077 1023 87.8
108 279 297 145 9.28 6.652 496 612 1108 1052 88.9
110
243 265 142
■9.09
4.952 474
672 1146 1088 88.0
288.5 296.1 129.8 8 .33 5. 952
477
622
1099 1044 87.5 ± 0.64
TABLE XXI
The Digestibility of Cottonseed Oil When Fed to Female Bats
an a 6.4 Per C^t with a Low Protein Content
Bat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feces
dry
wt.
Fecal f a t
excreted
Total
fa t
Corrected
f a t
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start ©id Neutral Soap
m -
£g.
m • m -
gg. mg.
M*
mg. g£.
111 194
200
115 7.35 4.365 354 407 761 723 90.3
112 216
223 124 7.93 5.391 306 537 84 3 800 90.0
113 214 231 139 8.89 5.752 366 627 993 943 89.5
114 220 228 117 7 .49 4.804 264 386 650 617 91.9
116 200 205
211 7.10 4.165 373 283 656 623 91.0
117 187 205 117 7.49 5.713 383 448 831 419 94.7
118
195 203 140 8.95 5.111 313 394 707 671 92.5
119 197 207 113 7.23 3.674 465 704 1 1 6 9 1110 84.4
120 . 2 1 . 5 219 109 6.98 3.173 ..284 . 245 52 9 . 5 0 2 92.9
204.2 213.4
120.6
. 7.71 4.683 . 34 5 448 .79 3 732 90.8 ± 0.97
V
TABLE XXIX
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to Male Rats
on a 5.2 Per Cent Level withlTLcw Protein Content
Bat
Ho*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Feees
dry
wt*
Fecal fa t
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fat
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start Ehd Neutral^ Soap
m - SCSr
gg.
££•
gg. gg. gg.
S&* as*
121
29© 309 129 6.72 12.702
430©
821 5121 4863 24*7
122
297
298 112
5. 83 9*300 3115 743
3858 3664 34.8
124 317 315 129 6.7© 9*041 3350 886 4023 4003 37.7
126
33© ' 345 137 7.12 9.742 3840 980 4820
4577 21.7
127 29© 302 127
6,6© 9.836 3 4 6 3
658 4121 3913 38.4
128
299
300 117 6*08
8.915 3140 10 82 4222 4009 31.5
130 268
287 134
6*96
10.235 3930
1078 5008 4752 29.1
125A 324 315 133
6.92 6.641 1780 650 2430 2307 65.3
301*9 308.? 127.3 6.62 9.552 3365 862 4200
4011 35.4 ± 4.76
^ Neutral refers to the ether soluble portions which in this case include a wax instead of a
triglyceride*
V
TABLE XHII
The Digestibility of Jojoba Oil When Fed to Female Bate
on a 5.2 Per Gent Level with a Loir Protein Content
Rat
No*
Weight
Food
eaten
Fat
eaten
Fe ees
dry
wt*
Fecal fat
excreted Total
fat
Corrected
fa t
Coefficient
of
digestibility
Start End Neutral^ f Soap
gm.
m - ££•
gm. gm. m g. mg. mg. mg.
131
196 196
84 4.37 6.741 2065 765 2830 2685 38 *5
132 229 219 103 5 .3 6
5.597
1670
619 2289 2173 5 9 . 5
133
221 236
77
4.00 7.645 2432 659 3091 2935 26.5
134 227
220 108 5. 62 5 . 8 9 2 2165 487
2652 2518 5 5.3
135 203 203 82 4.27 5. 289 1738 840 2578 2448 42.7
136 206 215 101 5. 25 5.894
2100 482 2582 2451 53.4
137 203 200 89 4.63 6.433
2050 527 2577 2447 47.2
138 229 228 86 4.47 5. 7 69 1947
762 2709 2572 42.5
139
208 206
8 3 ki32 7.510 2395
586 2981 2830 34.6
14©
221 216 8 6 4.47
6.236 I960 708 2668
2533 43.4
214.3 213.9 89.9 4.64 6.301
2052
644
2696
2559 44.4 i 3.16
^ Neutral ref era to the ether soluble portions which in this case include a wax instead of a
triglyceride♦
v l
w
TABLE XXIV
Composition of the Fat from Feces of Bats Fed Jojoba Oil Using the Weight Method
Bat Weight Free fatty Fatty acids Free and Neutral fat Free alcohol
No* of , adds in ester combined
Sample alcohol
per
mmmm ■
cent
m * £2*
cent
per
cent
m - £S£
cent
£gU
m .
cent
64 M 1*212 .©361
2.95 .4 9 98 41*2 .6761 55.7 . 94 3
77.8 .20 81
17.19
67 M 1.240 *
. 36 9 4 29.75 . 51 3 2 41.3 . 35 7 7
26.8
, 97© 78.3 —•
—* should have
.4820 ale. as
co mbi ned .
. 70 M
1.156 .1 144 9.9© .4 884 42.3 .5533
47.8
. 9 2 3 79.8
.0 9 43
8.16
68 U 1.169 .187© 16.0© .52 50 44.8 .4 56 7 39.1 .992 84.9 ** — should have
.4840 ale. as
combined
73 F 1.1895 . 2 6 9 5
22.50
.53 4© 44.9
.3 8 60
32.5 1.010 85.1 — —* should have
•5 0 20 ale. ae
combined
80 F 1.448 . 20 0 8
13.93 . 5 5 9 5 41.1 .6 8 74 47.4 1.058 73.1 •1 6 14 11.15
78 F 1.0761 .0 9 80 9.12 . 4 2 1 3 39.2 . 5 5 6 8
51 .7 . 79 6 0 74.1 .1608 14.95
77 F 1.067 .2 2 72 21.27 . 4 5 2 6
42.4 .3874 36.3 .855©
80.2 — should have
.4 260 ale. as
combined
TABLE XXV
Composition of the Fat from Feces of Rats Fed Jo.joba Oil
Psing the Combihed Weight and Titration Method :
Eat
N o .
Weight
of
sample
Free fatty
. acids
Fatty acids
in ester
Free and
combined
alcohol
Neutral fat Free alcohol
SB*
per
m m m m m -
cent
gm* per
een t
m *
per
cent
atn«
AES* 22*
cent
££»
per
een t
64 M
1.212
.0 13 3
1.10 .4 99 8 41.2 .6761 55.7 . 9 4 3 77.8 .2081
17.19
67 M 1*240 .0 1 22 0.94 .5132 41.3 .35 77 28.8 .970 78.3
should have
.4820 a le. as
combined
70 M 1.156 .0029
.20
•4884 42.3 . 5 5 3 3 47.8 . 9 2 3 79.8
.0 9 43
8.16
68 K 1.169 . 0 1 0 2 .8 2
.5250
44.8
. 4 5 6 7 39.1
«
. 9 9 2 84.9
should have
.48 40 ale. as
combined
7 3 F 1.1895 .00 66 .6 1
. 53 4 0 44.9 .38 60 32.5 1.010 85.7
—
—
should have
.5 020 a le. as
combined
80 F 1.448 . 0 1 0 2 .9 6
. 55 95 41.1 .68 74 47.4
1.058 73.1 •1 6 1 4 11.15
78 F 1.0761 •0 0 8 2
.7 1 .42 13
39.2 . 5 56 8 51.7 . 79 60 74.1
.1 6 0 8
14.95
77 F 1.067 • 0 1 0 5 .9 0
.452 6
42.4 . 3 8 7 4 36.3 . 85 5 0 80.2 should have
.4 260 ale. as
combined

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

A comparison of the turnover of cholesterol in rabbits on a normal and high cholesterol diet

PDF

A study of the mechanism of the protective action of cholesterol in hyperthyroidism

C<super>14</super> stearic acid metabolism during fat absorption in the rat.

PDF

C14 stearic acid metabolism during fat absorption in the rat.

PDF

An investigation of carotene metabolism in the alloxan treated rat

PDF

A method for the analysis of deuterium-labeled tissue cholesterol: Attempts to study the relation of the thyroid to the turnover of cholesterol in rats

PDF

An investigation of the distribution and mechanisms of deposition of exogenous cholesterol in the rat

PDF

A nutritional evaluation of the essential fatty acids in the rat

PDF

A study of the ketone body metabolism of excised rat tissues with respect to labile phosphate content

PDF

A comparison of glucose tolerance in normal rats and those with fatty livers

PDF

An experimental study of certain factors affecting calcification of bone

PDF

A comparative study of halodeoxyuridines

PDF

Chemical, physicochemical, and biological studies on the mucoproteins of plasma and serum

PDF

Competitive antagonists of thyroxine and structurally related compounds

PDF

Comparison of results of phasic and chromatographic methods for carotene analysis.

PDF

Cholinesterase levels in the sera of rabbits with livers experimentally poisoned by carbon tetrachloride

PDF

A study of protein separation using ion exchange resins

PDF

A study on the comparison of the cholesterol content of rat liver homogenates before and after incubation

PDF

Studies of fatty acids: Effects on nutritional status and tissue cholesterol levels of rats

PDF

A study of the emulsification of edible oils

PDF

Properties of the myosin-like proteins of sea urchin eggs

Asset Metadata

Creator Savage, Evelyn Straub (author)

Core Title A comparative study of the utilization of jojoba and cottonseed oil in the rat

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Biochemistry and Nutrition

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag health sciences, nutrition,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Deuel, H.J. (committee chair), [illegible] (committee member), Morehouse, Margaret G. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-777663

Unique identifier UC11347945

Identifier EP41324.pdf (filename),usctheses-c17-777663 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP41324.pdf

Dmrecord 777663

Document Type Thesis

Rights Savage, Evelyn Straub

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA