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A passive cooling system for residential buildings in the Eastern Province desert in Saudi Arabia
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A passive cooling system for residential buildings in the Eastern Province desert in Saudi Arabia
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A PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE DESERT IN SAUDI ARABIA by Turki Haif AL-Qahtani A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE August 1987 Copyright 1987 Turki Haif AL-Qahtani UMI Number: EP41413 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP41413 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 U N IVE R SITY O F S O U TH E R N C A LIFO R N IA T H E G R A D U A T E S C H O O L f t C U N IV E R S IT Y P A R K v L O S A N G E L E S . C A L IF O R N IA 9 0 0 0 7 1 1 MSS < I This thesis, ‘written by M.zi.Q. A k / r & k k A ... under the direction of hti.....Thesis Comm ittee, and approved by a ll its members, has been p re sented to and accepted by the Dean of The Graduate School, in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements fo r the degree of Master of Building Science Dean THESIS COMMITTEE Chairman ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thesis experience has been one of enjoyment, excitement, frustration at times, great joy at other times, much work, and experience in learning. Besides / thanking the Architectural Wind Tunnel, which allowed me to do my thesis, I would like to take a moment to express my great appreciation to the many people who made my project possible: Professors Marc Schiler, Pierre Koenig, and Gotthilf Goetz Schierle. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................ ii LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... vii ABSTRACT .............................................. x Chapter 1. THE SITUATION............................... 1 1.1 Energy Crisis ........................... 1 1.2 Harmony with N a t u r e ....................... 1 1.3 Reasons for Using Wind for Cooling .... 3 1.4 Implication of Natural Cooling ............. 3 2. PASSIVE SUMMER COOLING IN ARID REGIONS . . . 5 2.1 Cooling Conditions . ....................... 5 2.2 Passive Solar Cooling... ................... 8 2.3 Passive Cooling and Human Comfort .... 9 2.4 Natural Ventilation ...................... 10 N o t e s ...................................... 12 3. CLIMATIC ANALYSIS ........................... 13 3.1 Optimum Orientation....................... 13 3.2 Building Shape............................. 24 3.3 Solar Control............................. 25 iv Chapter Page N o t e s ...................................... 43 4. LANDSCAPE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS ......... 44 4.1 Landscaping in the Eastern Province Desert.................................... 45 4.2 Vegetation and S o i l ...................... 45 4.3 Functions of P l a n t s ................ 46 4.4 Shade T r e e s ................................ 46 4.5 Outdoor Paved Surfaces.................... 47 N o t e s ...................................... 49 5. DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE EVAPORATIVE COOLER WITH WIND AND WATER SYSTEM.................. 50 5.1 Arid Regions............................... 50 5.2 Natural Evaporative Cooling History . . . 51 5.3 Analysis.................................... 51 5.4 System Description .................. 53 5.5 Experimental Procedure . . . ............... 55 5.6 Wind Tunnel M o d e l ......................... 59 5.7 Wind Tunnel Test........................... 60 5.8 Results......... •......................... 60 5.9 Conclusions................................ 60 6. PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN CRITERIA ........... 74 6.1 Project Requirements ....................... 74 6.2 Form and Orientation....................... 76 6.3 Plan L a y o u t ............................... 76 6.4 Air Movement............................... 77 6.5 Windows and Cooler Openings ............. 77 V Chapter Page 6.6 W a l l s ...................................... 78 6.7 Shading Devices........................... 79 6.8 Surface Finishes ........................... 79 6.9 Daylight.................................... 80 6.10 Vegetation.................................. 80 7. FINAL PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN ................ 82 7.1 Concept and Criteria . 82 7.2 Plan Organization ................ 85 7.3 Technical Consideration .................. 86 7.4 Passive Cooling Strategies ........... 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 96 APPENDIXES............................................ 99 A. CLIMATE-ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS ........... . 100 B. SOLAR RADIATION CALCULATION ............... 105 C. SOL-AIR TEMPERATURES AND HEAT GAIN AND LOSS CALCULATIONS.........................123 D. EXPERIMENTAL D A T A ..............................140 E. COOLER INLET AREA CALCULATIONS .............. 146 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Air Temperature.......................... 14 3.2 Humidity, Rain, and Wind................. 14 3.3 Diagnosis................................. 15 3.4 Indicators.................... ............ 15 3.5 Sketch Design Recommendations for Dammam, Saudi Arabia ........................... 16 4.1 Shade Tress Recommended for Use ..... 48 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Comfort Chart ............................... 7 3.1 Comfort Limits--Jan to J u n .................. 17 3.2 Comfort Limits--Jun to D e c .................. 18 3.3 Overheated Limits— Jun to D e c .............. 19 3.4 Overheated Limits--Dec to J u n .............. 20 3.5 Orientation Diagram used in the Evaluation................................. 22 3.6 Optimum Orientation....................... 23 3.7 Optimum Shape . ......................... 26 3.8 Sol-air Temperature (West Wall .............. 27 3.9 Sol-air Temperature (East Wall) ............ 28 3.10 Sol-air Temperature (North Wall) ........... 29 3.11 Sol-air Temperature (South Wall ........... 30 3.12 Sun Path Diagram . .......................... 31 3.13 Azimuth Difference Angle (as1) ............. 32 3.14 Profile Angle (e) ........................... 34 3.15 Shading Mask (West Facing Wall) ............ 36 3.16 Shading Mask (East Facing Wall) ............ 37 3.17 Shading Mask (North Facing Wall)........... 38 3.18 Shading Mask (South Facing Wall) ........... 39 3.19 Vertical and Horizontal Shading Devices . . 41 viii Figure Page 3.20 Wall Section Concept .................. .. 42 5.1 Section through Evaporative Cooler used in Egypt........................ .. 5.2 Schematic Design of the Passive Evaporative System . . ................ 54 5.3 Evaporative Cooler. Sizes used in the Experiment (Group A) ............. .. . 56 5.4 Evaporative Cooler Sizes used in the Experiment (Group B) . . . . . . . . . 57 5.5 Evaporative Cooler Sizes used in the Experiment (Groups C, D, and E) . . . 58 5.6 Temperature Differential °F (Group A) 61 5.7 Temperature Differential °F (Group B) 62 5.8 Temperature Differential °F (Group D) 63 5.9 Temperature Differential °F (Group E) 64 5.10 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group A) Low Velocity 65 5.11 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group A) High Velocity 66 5.12 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group B) Low Velocity 67 5.13 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group B) High Velocity 68 5.14 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group D) Low Velocity 69 5.15 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group D) High Velocity 70 5.16 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group E) Low Velocity 71 5.17 Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group E) High Velocity . . 72 ix Figure Page 7.1 Wind Flow Concepts (A and B ) ................ 83 7.2 Wind Flow Concepts (C and D ) ................ 84 7.3 Detail Wall Section........................ 87 7.4 Ground Floor P l a n .......................... 91 7.5 First Floor Plan............................ 92 7.6 Section A - A ................................. 93 7.7 Isometric................................... 94 7.8 Site Plan ..................... 95 X ABSTRACT Increasingly large amounts of energy are used for the cooling of buildings in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Most of this energy could be saved if buildings were designed for the local climate. The results of the climatic analysis show that the province is characterized by a dominant need for summer cooling. Furthermore, passive methods of cooling can provide adequate thermal comfort inside the building most of the time. These passive methods include optimum orientation, optimum building shape, high thermal mass, shading devices and trees to restrict direct solar gains, and the use of evaporative cooling techniques. This thesis examines such evaporative cooling techniques in detail and develops a minimum energy solution for cooling. 1 CHAPTER 1 THE SITUATION The largest portion of the electricity consumed in the Eastern Province (as high as 70%) is needed for comfort cooling in summer. Demand for improved indoor thermal comfort, complacency with cheap and abundant fuel resources, and the disregard of local climate in the design of buildings have contributed to this wasteful use of energy. The study emphasizes the climatically adapted design and the use of wind energy in the design for passive cooling system for energy conservation. 1.1 Energy Crisis Everybody knows that an energy crisis exists in the world, so I will not belabor the issue. Alternative sources of cooling are available everywhere. Winds are constantly regenerated in the earth’s atmosphere, and it seems to me that wind is a primary solution for cooling. 1.2 Harmony with Nature Nature makes certain that there is a place for each input and output of each participant, therefore, it creates recycling loops. But people are destroying the loops they 2 are involved with. We can revitalize the loops if we carefully understand the role we play. Passive methods and the use of wind for evaporative cooling are the subject of this project. The hope is to explore possibilities for the use of wind energy to help relieve the load on electricity sources which come from sources less harmonious with nature (e.g., polluting, exhausting, etc), and relieve the summer heat. Everybody should understand how he uses energy and how much he uses. People must use energy carefully, without waste and must use it wisely for beneficial purposes. Man is a creature and he should take lessons from other creatures around him. Other creatures eat only what is required, they use natural material for their homes, they use their bodies for transportation, they do not pollute nature, they do not waste energy just because it is there, but man does not do what other creatures do. He seems to be destroying his environment and himself. People use energy mostly for cooling in summer because buildings are not climatically adapted. This energy is received from electricity which is used more frequently than any other source because it is easier to transport and use. This source is used unwisely, so we must explore an alternative source of energy for cooling. 3 1.3 Reasons for Using Wind for Cooling The rules of thumb for passive cooling are much newer and less tested than are those for passive heating. Passive cooling has been seriously hampered by using mechanical and electrical equipment in building for cooling and is more difficult than passive heating. People must understand that natural ventilation helps to supply clean air with no energy cost if they study wind, work with wind, and try to utilize it for our purpose in our design. Then perhaps we will even gain a better understanding of ourselves and our relation to the environ ment. 1.4 Implication of Natural Cooling Each house uses about 70% of its electricity for comfort cooling in summer. Natural air does not blow constantly nor does it blow regularly. Therefore, we must control the air flow coming into the building and be very careful to cut down on our use of electricity by turning off unnecessary lights and any other devices which create heat gain inside the building. In this case the lifestyle might change for the better. Architects, the public, and allied professions must be acquainted with the passive methods and the use of wind and its behavior in the design. Then they will be able to 4 ask for passive design in an educated manner. Building plan organization, building orientation, and building shape must respond the local climate. Also, natural ventilation must be considered in our design. 5 CHAPTER 2 PASSIVE SUMMER COOLING IN ARID REGIONS In most temperate regions, winter heating of the living space is essential for human comfort. The corre sponding conditions for summer comfort in arid regions is the subject of this section. Although people generally exhibit somewhat more tolerance for summer heat than they do for winter cold there is nevertheless a good measure of Comfort Zone in the range of 22° C (71.6° F) to 27VC (80.6° F), depending on the relative humidity in the space. The term, summer air conditioning, means much more than merely cooling the air in a building. In addition to cooling the air, it also implies controlling the relative humidity, providing proper ventilation, air cleaning, and distributing the conditioned air to the lived-in space in proper amounts, without appreciable drafts or objectionable noise. 2.1 Cooling Conditions The amount of cooling that has to be accomplished to keep buildings comfortable in hot weather depends on the 6 desired condition indoors and on the outdoor conditions on a given day. These conditions are respectively termed the indoor design condition and the outdoor design condition. Human comfort is very difficult to define, since it is an individual feeling, not an objective measurement. Most people agree, however, that comfort is determined by temperature, humidity, and air movement. The Comfort Chart (Figure 2.1) has been devised on the basis of research conducted by ASHRAE over a period of many years. . A winter comfort zone (WXYZ), and summer comfort zone (ABCD) are plotted on a basic grid of dry-bulb versus wet-bulb temperatures. Scales are superimposed on the Comfort Chart indicating the percentage of the subjects feeling comfor table under any set of conditions falling within the comfort zones. Relative humidity lines are prominently plotted on the chart, and so the effective temperature scale. For human comfort in summer in tropical regions, the effective temperature (ET) should be between 71.6° F and 80.6° F. The optimum summer ET is 77° F. Note that virtually no one feels comfortable if the relative humidity exceeds 70%, no matter what the air DB temperature is. A good measure of agreement could be reached on the following conditions for indoor summer comfort, for lightly clothed persons sitting at rest or doing desk work: 1. For long periods of occupancy, such as residents in a house: 80.6° F DB, 50% RH. '_____________________________________________ W et-bulb temperature, 7 90 Air movement or turbulence 15 to 25 it/m in 80 S> £ 6 0 10 » ■ 4 0 50 60 70 80 Dry-bulb temperature, °F .90 100 Winter comfort zone WXYZ Summer comfort zone ABCD Figure 2.1 - Comfort Chart 8 2. For short periods of occupancy, such as commercial buildings: 82-85° F DB, 50% RH. As a general guideline for summer air-conditioning design, engineers, for many years have used 78° F DB, 50% RH (73° F ET) as a desirable indoor design condition for comfort air conditioning. The high cost of energy today and the recognition of need for energy conservation have influenced some designers to go to 80° F DB, 50% RH (74° F ET). But still we need to explore an alternative source of energy for summer cooling. 2.2 Passive Solar Gooling The ideal step in the summer cooling of buildings is to prevent them from getting hot. In reality, of course, this ideal is not known and found in Saudi Arabia, but every possible ef fort should, be made in the design and construction of buildings to control the amount of the summer heat that is absorbed by the structure and amount of heat that is generated inside. The following considerations are very important: orientation of the building, shape of the building, presence of shade trees, vegetation, and the applicable cooling technique. Also, south, east, and west glass must be shaded in summer, by shading devices. All these considerations will be appreciated in summer if people 9 understand the meaning of passive cooling design in their buildings. Passive cooling means cooling without mechanical refrigeration and with little or no energy consumption involved, except for occasional use of fans of pumps. The location in question without extreme summer temperatures or relative humidities--for example, not exceeding 81.6° F DB, 50% RH--passive cooling techniques, expertly employed is often sufficient to maintain conditions in the summer comfort range. 2.3 Passive Cooling and Human Comfort The summer comfort zone of Figure 2.1 identifies the most important factor affecting summer comfort: the dry-bulb temperature (DB) and the relative humidity (RH) of the air. However, three other factors also influence svimmer comfort: (1) the rate at which the heat is carried away from the body surface by air motion (convection), (2) the rate at which the body radiates heat to surrounding surface, and (3) the rate of evaporation of perspiration from the skin. Ventilation has a two-way effect: it ' carries away sensible heat from the skin and also speeds up the evaporation of perspiration, thus removing latent heat. This two-way effect of air explains why we feel so much cooler in a breeze, even though the moving air itself is at the existing dry-bulb temperature. Ventilation air at 10 temperatures above 95° F, however, has very little per ceived cooling effect, and simply feels like a hot wind. The utilization of air movement for cooling purposes is restricted by its nonthermal effects. The average subjective reactions to various velocities are: up to 0.25 m/s : unnoticed 0.25 to 0.25 m/s: pleasant 0.50 to 1.00 m/s: awareness of air movement 1.00 to 1.50 m/s: draughty above 1.50 m/s : annoyingly draughty-*- Under hot conditions normally 1 m/s is considered as pleasant, and velocities up to 1.50 m/s may be acceptable. Above that light objects may be blown about and indirect nuisance effects may be created. 2.4 Natural Ventilation Ventilation of an interior space should be achieved by removing air from the space and replacing it with outdoor air only when outdoor air temperatures fall within the summer comfort zone or can be so modified. Buildings in which the cooling is major portion of the load should make use of such ventilation. Ventilation also increases the flow velocity of air inside the building, which increases the rate of heat removal from the body, both sensible and latent. This natural ventilation may be provided by open windows and doors or by forced air using 11 fans and blowers, with only a modest energy input. Night ventilation with cool outdoor air can not only drop the air temperature in the space, but it will also flush the thermal mass inside the building, storing "coolth" for the next day. Cooling rock beds by night ventilation is another method of storing cooling. Cooling by night ventilation is really effective only in climates where night time dry-bulb temperatures fall below 65° F. But in a hot-air climate the above method is only effective to cool the structure by absorbing the next day's heat. It does not increase the RH for the people. Passive cooling techniques should be explored to solve this. In summer, natural ventilation and air movement can be used in hot, arid climate when the site is sufficient for good cooling effect, otherwise fans can be used. Ceil ing fans simply increase the air velocity inside the building spaces. Exhaust fans create a lowered pressure inside the building, which can induce a flow of cooler outside moist air into the building from the garden, or pond area around the building. This is not effective if outside temperatures are too high. The question that might be asked for the night ventilation methods is. what quantity of night air is necessary to meet the cooling load of a building for comfort zone next day? 12 Notes 1 S. V. Szokolay, Environmental Science Handbook (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), p. 273. 13 CHAPTER 3 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS The climatic data collected were used for the deter mination of optimum orientation and building shape and for the determination of comfort conditions through the year. As a first general assessment of the required characteris tics of residential buildings in the climatic zone under study, the collected data were entered into the Mahoney Tables1 (see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5) and Appendix A. Also it was decided to use the concept of Corrected Effective Temperature (CET) as the thermal comfort index to be used in the analysis for comfort, overheated, and underheated periods (see Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3 .4) ^. The comfort zone is considered to be between 22° C (71.6° F) and 27° C (80.6° F) (CET). 3.1 Optimum Orientation The preferred orientation of a building is affected by the quantities of solar radiation falling on different sides at different times. An optimum orientation for a given location would give maximum radiation in the under heated period while simultaneously giving minimum radiation in the overheated period. Table 3.1. Air Temperature (°C) Tempoi nUn e (C) ,1 I- M A M J J A S 0 N 0 Monthly m i.’iiu IllnX. 19 0 21 5 20 0 :w 6 2 1 1 0 :w 0 2 1 0 '1 1 5 10 0 30 0 27 5 2! .0 Muntliiy mean nun. II 0 12 5 lf> 0 io 0 21 0 27 0 2 lS ri 27 0 21 5 22 0 13 5 10.5 Monthly m oan l iinqe It 0 12 0 10 0 1 1 6 I'I 0 12 0 12 5 11 0 15 5 16 0 11 0 10.6 lthjhf:.t AM'I' *1 1 . ‘V ~ 21.5 ~ ~ 1 ) 13.5 Lowest A M K Table 3.2. Humidity, Rain, and Wind Relative hum ility % _Monthly mean max. n.m __MoiiU1 1 1 y jyoan jitiii. pan Avoraijo 100 . .. 17 " 50.6 100 io 50.0 96 11 56.0 100 _ 0 51.6 09 5 17,0 99 | T 55,6 92 7 19.5 99 7 53.6 100 9 54.5 100 5 52.5 100 “ i j 50:5' 100 17 50.0 lliuuidi ty_ai'ouy 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 RainCall (m m ) 17 16 11 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 11 Wind, (.ii eva i 1 i hy N W N N N N N N N N N N W N W Wind, secondary N N W N W NN E N IC N IC N N W N N W NNE N N W NE N N W N N W ou Total Table 3.3. Diagnosis Diagnosis ((.') M i in t lily m&njna x • 10.0 2d. 5 26.0 30.3 38.0 30.0 41.0 41.5 40.0 38.0 27.5 21.0 Day comfort: Max. 29.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 31.0 20.0 31.0 20.0 20.0 29.0 29.0 20.0 Min. 2.1.0 23.0 23.0 2 1.0 20.0 2 1.0 20.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 2 1.0 23.0 Moutlily mean mill. 11.0 12.3 16.0 10.0 2'1.0 27.0 211.0 27.5 24.5 22.0 13.5 10.5“ Night comfort:Max. 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 24.0 23.0 24.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0' Min. 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Thermal .sires:; . IJtlj; C 0 C 1 1 II 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 H 0 C Niqht C J C C 0 II II II 1 1 H 0 . C C Table 3.4. Indicators Humid: 1 1 1 Tl* ~ ....... VIZ.. IV_Z ZI_______' __zrv.. ’ ui __ -TV ~ ; Arid: Al • a 7 — 7 ' " ' a j ______________ y ___y ________________________________________ . - <7 Table 3.5. Sketch Design Recommendations for Dammam, Saudi Arabia oKKTl'tl lit:; ION KlvCdMMKNUATUlNfi K M i w h i w , saudj AKA1I1A In d ic a to r t,ola J from ta b le -1 kecoiiiiiendations Humid Arid ll| |I2 JIJ _ _A1 A2 _AJ 0 0 (3 12 2 ' j ~ _ buyout 0 10 1. UuiidinysorientVted on east-west axis II 12_________5-12 lo reduce exposure to suu_____________ '_____________ 0-4 ✓ 2. Compact courtyard planning___________ -10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - S j J . i l i l K J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2_ ____ | _________ 3. Open spaciny fo r breeze jjciictrulion ~ 4. As 1, but protected from cofd/liot wind (i» I _____________ • > / ' * j . Comi>acl. |jlaniiini| A ir movement |;J._2.............................................. 0 . Kuom s single banked. Permanent I i_______________— if*_____ ____ _______ „.l>ioyisiun for air movement 0-12 7. IJouble-bankLxi rooms with temporary provision for air_moyemuut ___ 0 2-'* O j __________________________________ 1 1 . No .lir HK)vemeiit reguirement __ _ 0J *jnings ................ Oi _l _______ 6_____ . 0. banjo ujjeiiings,W-tlUK, of N aud - S wails _______ ) L '. i? ______________o j ___y_ 1 0 . V e ry siiwl 1 ujxMiinys^ io -2 U )C ____ Any other conditions i l . Medium openings, 20-AUX, ' ‘ W a ils " _ _0—2___ _ 12. I.iijlit wal ls, short time lay 3-1.2 ✓ 1 1. Heavy external and internal walls 1_________ ________ _________Huiif; ; _ _ . ~ ______0 - 5 14. I.iyiit insulated roofs __________ 0-12 y l'i. Heavy roofs; over B hours 1 1,inn■ lay _ _ ______________2-12 y l (i. Hjxicf for outdoor sleep jug required ............... Haiti protection 1-12 ; _____________________ 17. broLcetion from lieavy rain needed 17 1 I W90- SUN PATH DIAGRAM 26° N LATITUDE N 180° 150! 150' 20' 30* 120' 120 ' 50' 70' 90°E v U s § / - 60 60' 30' 30' S Figure 3.1 - Comfort Limits - Jan to Jun 18 W 9 0 - SUN PATH DIAGRAM 26°N LATITUDE N 180° 150! 150' 20' 30° 120* 120 ' 60' 30* 30' S Figure 3.2 - Comfort Limits - Jun to Dec 19 W 90- SUN PATH DIAGRAM 26°N LATITUDE N 180° 150! 150' 30* 120 ' SO' EQ' 22dST7 60' 30' S Figure 3.3 - Overheated Limits - Jun to Dec 20 W 90- SUN PATH DIAGRAM 26°N LATITUDE N 180° i5o: 150' I20‘ BO 120* 120 ’ 90°E 22DEC 60 60 3 0 30 S Figure 3.4 - Overheated Limits - Dec to Jun 21 From Design with Climate,3 the hourly effects of direct solar radiation upon various orientations of a vertical plane were estimated by rotating it every 30° for each month of the year. The values of the wall azimuth were estimated for wall orientation, east of south value (30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°), west of south (30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°), north value = 180°, and south value = 0° (see Figure 3.5). Daily totals for one day per month were also calculated. The direct radiation values for a horizontal surface and the diffuse radiation on a vertical plane were estimated from Environmental Science Handbook.^ The estimated value on the different orientation are given in Appendix B. The total radiation values for underheated, overheated, and comfort periods were then calculated and. plotted. The optimum orientation of the longer surface of the building was determined. It was found to be on the 0° wall azimuth. The orientation evaluation for the Eastern Province area, using total direct, and diffuse radiation data is shown in Figure 3.6. The first circle gives the total yearly radiation with its maximum intensity pointing to the 30° east of south and west of south. The second circle gives the amount of radiation received during the underheated period, where the maximum radiation intensity shifts from 30° east of south and 30° west of south toward south. The third circle gives the amount of radiation 22 Figure 3.5 - Orientation Diagram used in the Evaluation 23 W 90 OPTIMLIM ORIENTATION 90° E (i) •totsi yearly radiation on vertical surface toward all orientations (2) underheated radiation (3) .overheated radiation Figure 3.6 - Optimum Orientation 24 received during the overheated period, where the maximum occurs at 90° south of west. This leads to the conclusion that the optimum orientation for the long face with be south. 3.2 Building Shape To investigate the optimum shape, a volume having a ground floor area of 1,111 square feet and two stories was assumed. The selected house consists of. an accepted insulated construction (U = 0.13) in Saudi, with 40% glass (single pane) on the south facing wall, and with 20% glass surfaces on all other sides. The total solar heat gain through opaque walls of the structure and the heat gain through windows due to radia tion and conduction were calculated, using the sol-air concept for different length and width ratios.5'6 It can be taken as a rule that the optimum shape is that which loses the minimum amount of outgoing Btu in winter and accepts the least amount incoming Btu in summer. So different form ratios were investigated. They were: 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1.5:1,1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. The combined totals of heat gain were then tabulated and plotted against the respective ratios and the optimum building shape. This was found to be 1:2 facing south. In srunnmer, it gains the minimum portion of solar radiation, and in winter there is no specific limit because of the large 25 solar effect (see Figure 3.7). The tabulated calculated values for heat gain from the different walls of the building and the window area are given in Appendix C. The hourly sol-air index, consisting of the dry-bulb temperature, plus the direct and diffuse radiation for the selected orientation of the four walls of the building were plotted for both summer and winter seasons. These were used to estimate the desirable time-lag for each orienta tion as shown in Figures. 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11. 3.3 Solar Control The sun path diagram for the latitude in question was constructed by following the procedure outlined in Environ mental Science Handbook by Szokolay (see Figure 3.12). The position of the sun at any hour and any date can be read from the diagram itself, in terms of an azimuth and an altitude angle. Solar altitude and azimuth angles were also calculated. These angles specify the sun's position in relation to geographical coordinates, i.e., South is taken as 0° azimuth, the horizontal taken as 0° altitude. If the sun's position is to be specified in relation to a building face, it can be done by a further two angles: 1. Azimuth difference angle: as' = as - aw, where, as is sun azimuth aw is wall azimuth (see Figure 3.13). D a a iH EMM B 3 3 * * 100 winter GO summer 40 20 k a t i o of s.nn:s Figure 3.7 - Optimum Shape to o\ 27 WEST FACIKG WALL ( Scl-air temperature ) sol-air no 100 90 80 U . Z 20 orsi o • 70' 60 winter 40 Figure 3.8 - Sol-air Temperature (West Wall) tAST FACING WALL ( Scl-air temperature } no 100 90 80- OUJ U=2 20 O IN O ■ 70 60 winter 50 40 Figure 3.9 - Sol-air Temperature (East Wall) 29 NORTH FACING KALL ( Sol-air temperature ) 1 1 0 sol-air 100 90 summer 80- Di OUJ 2 0 orsi o . sol-air 70 60 vinter 50 40 Figure 3.10 - Sol-air Temperature (North Wall) COM FORT .ZONE 30 SOUTH FACING KA.LL ( Sol-air temperature ) F 1 1 0 sol-air 100 9 0 80 70' GO winter 50 40 Figure 3.11 - Sol-air Temperature (South Wall) 31 SUN PATH DIAGRAM 2€?N LATITUDE N 180° »o: 150' [20< 1 3 0 * 120 ’ 120 ' W90* 22DEd 60 30' 30' S 90°E Figure 3.12 - Sun Path Diagram 32 N W as av as s a s ' = as - av N W as aw as as'= as - ( - av ) Figure 3.13- Azimuth Difference Angle (as') 33 2. The vertical shadow angle (e) which is the projection of solar altitude angle onto a plane perpendicu lar to the building face (see Figure 3.14). When the sun is at noon, i.e., as = aw, the solar altitude and the vertical shadow angle identical, a = e. The relationship can be expressed as tan e = tan a/cos as'. The various angles used in this section for the design of shading devices in relation to the solar geometry can be summarized as follows: 1. Regarding geographical coordinates - solar altitude angle (from horizontal): a - solar azimuth angle (from south) : as - wall azimuth angle (from south) : aw 2. Regarding a building surface - azimuth difference angle : as' - vertical shadow angle (profile angle) : e In order to use shading masks for design purpose, the overheated and underheated periods have been determined and established on the sun path diagrams to give the desired protection to each of the walls at the established optimum orientation. The evaluation of shading devices is as follows: 1. Wall azimuth (aw) = 90° west of south (west facing wall). The west wall receives the largest portion of solar radiation compared to south and north orientations. During 35 the overheated periods, a vertical shading device giving a horizontal shadow angle (5) between 5 = 0 to 120° and 158° to 180° west of south is required. This cuts the sun off all the year round in the afternoon (see Figure 3.15). 2. Wall azimuth (aw) = 90° east of south (east facing wall). This wall receives the same amount of solar radiation as the west facing wall. This orientation faces the sunrise, and satisfactory shading can. only be achieved by vertical devices having a horizontal shadow angle (5) between 6 = 0° to 35° and 75° to 180° east of south. This, in combination with horizontal devices having a profile angle of e = 40°, would prevent the undesirable solar radiation during the overheated periods (see Figure 3.16). « ? 3. Wall azimuth (aw) = 180° north (north, facing wall). It has been found that the north wall receives a little solar radiation during the warmest periods of the day. Vertical devices having a horizontal shadow angle 120° east of south and 120° west of south reduce the need for protection (see Figure 3.17). 4. Wall azimuth (aw) = 0° south (south facing wall). The wall normal to south, i.e., that having an azimuth of 0°, receives a little portion of solar radiation, therefore, a horizontal protection, at 55° was assumed (see Figure 3.18). 36 180° 120 €=60 90 W Figure 3.15 - Shading Mask (West Facing Wall) 180 N I 90 W |-E 9 0 ° 35 Figure 3.16 - Shading Mask (East Facing Wall) 38 90°W N O R T H F A C IN G K A L L o 180 N I 120 120 1 -E 90’ S 0° Figure 3.17 - Shading Mask (North Facing Wall) 39 S O U T H F A C IN G W A L L I80* N I €=55 S 0° Figure 3.18 - Shading Mask (South Facing Wall) 40 Consult Figure 3.19 for detail drawings of vertical and horizontal shading devices for all the orientations. 3.4 Insulation In a hot climate it is desirable to construct walls that will keep a large amount, of heat out of the building. The interior surface temperature of the walls should be kept well below the normal temperature of the human skin, for if the wall surface reaches the average skin surface temperature of 83° F, the people in the rooms will suffer discomfort resulting from the high Mean Radiant Tempera ture. Even if the air is kept moderately cool by ventila tion, the hot wall will make the occupants very uncomfor table . However, since massive masonry is not efficient as an insulator, the building structure should be well, insulated (R-ll to R-19 for walls, and R-19 to R-30 for roofs) and weather stripped. Double-pane insulation glass should be used wherever possible. A vertical, air space between the outer and the inner layer of a wall will increase insulation. Since hot air rises, a considerable amount of air movement can be created by simply providing openings at the bottom and top of a wall through which the hot air can rise and escape (see Figure 3.20) . 41 I. SOUTH WALL PLAN 2. EAST WALL PLAN 3. WEST WALL €-60 158 PLAN 4. NORTH WALL J20‘ 120 ' PLAN Figure 3.19 - Vertical and Horizontal Shading Devices 42 ASPHALT PAPER REFLECTIVE COATING m t m n n m m m m m WARM AIR MARBLE POLYSTYRENE BOARD INSULATION AIR SPACE CONCRETE BLOCK COLD AIR » * - ■ , - m Figure 3.20 - Wall Section Concept 43 Notes 1 J. E. Oliver, Climate and Man’s Environment (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973), pp. 429-432. 2 o. H. Koenigsberger et al., Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, vol. 1 of Climatic Design (London: Longman, 1973), pp. 53-63. 3 V. Olgyay, Design with Climate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 53-62. 4 S. V. Szokolay, Environmental Science Handbook (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980), pp. 324-328. 5 V. Olgyay, Design with Climate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 84-93. 6 T. A. Markus and E. N. Morris, Buildings, Climate, and Energy (London: Spottiswoode Ballantyne, Ltd., 1980), pp. 310-325. 44 CHAPTER 4 LANDSCAPE PLANNING CONSIDERATION'S^ The essence of landscape planning for passive cooling is to modify the aspects of air temperature, humidity, radiation, or air movement in such a way as to bring existing or unpleasant conditions as closely as possible into the climatic conditions which are comfortable to people. That plants can help to control the amount of energy utilized in buildings is now an accepted fact. It. has been shown that the plants can absorb, or reflect, and disperse solar radiation as well, as obstruct, filter, guide, and deflect wind. In addition, because plants can intercept wind and transpire water from and to the atmosphere, a con trolled temperature and humidity can. be created under the foliage.1 Careful analysis must be done if plants are to be considered as controlling elements in the landscape. Because plants, differ in their structure and growth characteristics, they can be expected to behave differently in various natural conditions. 45 4.1 Landscaping in the Eastern Province Desert Landscaping in the Eastern Province Desert of Saudi Arabia is based on the tradition of the oasis. The garden city and abundant vegetation do not exist in that region. Water is most valuable and. limited in landscaping concepts in the province. A formal tradition of landscaping does not exist in Saudi Arabia, and in the Eastern Province in particular. There are no significant examples of formal landscaping available for understanding the past methods. In an oasis, the natural landscape is formed, by the availability of spring water. 4.2 Vegetation and Soil The picture of climate is incomplete without some notes on the character and abundance, of plant life. Although generally regarded as a function of climate, vegetation can influence the local climate. It is an important element in our design of outdoor spaces, provid ing sun shading and protection from glare. The soil is the determining factor in the nature and type of vegetation. The soil in Eastern Province Desert of Saudi Arabia is sandy and calcareous containing.soluble salts in various amounts. The sand is chiefly quartz and hence allows a high rate of percolation with a very low water retaining capacity. When dry, it is loose and is 46 easily eroded by wind. Unless it is mixed with soil conditioners like peat moss, humus, or hygromull to improve water and nutrient-holding capacity, it remains a poor medium for plants. 4.3 Functions of Plants Plants generally help the ecological balance, provide shade, shelter, reduce glare, and act as windbreakers. Studies show that plants offer a wide variation in heat and water exchange balance according to their natural ecologi cal adaptations. They change the shade area in summer and winter and materially effect the temperature and moisture content of the soil, and air. Although plants can. transfer the heat absorbed, by the ground to the upper layers of plant foliage, producing cooled space beneath because the outer foliage of the tree converts the solar radiation into sensible heat.^ The body of air lying beneath the foliage cover can be maintained cooler than the air over bare ground. Outgoing heat rates from the leaf surfaces are balanced by the incoming heat rates all the time, and heat does not accumulate in the foliage. 4.4 Shade Trees The objective of passively cooling the landscape in hot, arid climates is to minimize the heat gain of the structure in the hot periods. However, the primary 47 landscape must be an integrated planting of a combination of trees, shrubs, vines, and lawns before construction of any proposed building. Under the shaded, area, of trees there is a large body of air having properties depending upon the extent and kind of trees. It converts the solar radiation into sensible heat. Trees offer a greater potential than other types of plants for shading large areas of walls, roofs, and windows through which most heat gain occurs. A precision location of the right type of trees on the south, east, and west sides of a residential building can effectively contribute to a lower heat gain during hot summer days. Trees can provide significant reduction in solar radiation reaching the walls and windows of a residence. The shade trees recommended for use are shown in Table 4.1. 4.5 Outdoor Paved Surfaces Paved surfaces can absorb and re-radiate large amounts of heat, therefore, the area must be minimized. Wherever paving is required, it should be shaded by architectural elements or plants or a combination of both. The color of the paved, surfaces has a great deal to do with heat absorption of solar radiation. Dark colors, like black, brown, etc., should be avoided in favor of lighter, colors. Table 4.1. Shade Trees Recommended for Use 48 3 Botanical Name Common Name Characteristics 1. Albizia Julibrissin Sir is Rapid growth, timber yielding 2. Casyarina Equisetifolia She-Oak Evergreen, salt tolerant wind break 3. Eucalyptus- Camaldulensis River-red- gum Tall, evergreen windbreak, soil-bind 4. Eucalyptus-Citrodora Lemon scented gum Evergreen, multi-trunk, windbreak 5. Picus Bengalensis Banyan Tree Excellent shade, dust control, wind break 6. Ficus Altissima Pipal Deciduous, compact crown, cool shade 7. Melia Azedarach China-Berry Deciduous, cool shade, dust erosion control 8. Prosopis Jubiflora Mesquite Small deciduous tree, deep rooted, soil- bind 9. Tamarix Aphylla Tamarisk Evergreen, excellent soil- bind, dust control 49 Notes 1 E. G. McPherson, Energy-Conserving Site Design (Washington, DC: Keith W. Watkins & Sons, Inc., 1984), p. 165. 2 j. E. Oliver, Climate and Man’s Environment (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973), p. 273. 3 Talib Kaizer, Shelter in Saudi Arabia (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), p. 37. 50 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE EVAPORATIVE COOLER WITH WIND AND WATER SYSTEM This section reports on the development of a natural evaporative cooler for residential buildings in a hot, arid climate. The testing was done at the Wind Tunnel Labora tory of the Building Science Department at the University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles. The wind tunnel was employed to simulate the inside and outside temperature differential for different sizes of natural evaporative coolers. 5.1 Arid Regions The low relative humidity of the air in arid regions makes a number of cooling techniques feasible. They are building shape, building orientation, exterior wall, mass, and evaporative cooling. Evaporative techniques require air movement to be employed., however, because of the high ambient daytime air temperatures and the tendency of air movement to effect excessive skin evaporation (resulting in excessive drying and dehydration), cross-ventilation alone is not an effective cooling choice. 51 5.2 Natural Evaporative Cooling History Various schemes of evaporative cooling have been known and used for centuries in hot climates. Records dating back to 2500 B.C. show that the pharaohs of Egypt employed servants to fan air over large earthen jars filled with water. The water seeping through the porous walls of the jars constituted a wet surface which provided cool air when the water evaporated, converting sensible heat to latent heat. Figure 5.1 illustrates a cross-section of an evapora tive coolers used in the village of New Gourna, Egypt. The cooler is similar in design to a chimney, but functions in reverse., it is reputed to lower inside temperature by about 4° C. The shaft is usually 6 feet above the roof and faces into the prevailing wind. 5.3 Analysis To define the appropriate cooling concept for the area in question, weather data collected over a 22 year period (1961-1981) was used. The data were analyzed (see Mahony Tables in Chapter 3--Tables 3.1-3.5) and it was decided that the evaporative cooling is the appropriate method for cooling and in addition to the other strategies that have been discussed in Chapter 3, such as building orientation, building shape, solar control, and thermal mass. 52 Prevailing breeze earth or concrete w alls " V cooling shaft charcoal screen SECTION THROUGH EVAPORATIVE COOLER USED IN EGYPT Figure 5.1 - Section through Evaporative Cooler used in Egypt ' 53 An evaluation of evaporative cooler characteristics is a fundamental requirement for the proper estimation of passive evaporative coolers. In order to predict the passive cooling inside the building, many evaporative coolers were simulated. The objective of the test was to analyze the natural cooler under low and high velocity conditions to estimate the inside/outside temperature differential and relative humidity for a hot, arid climate. 5.4 System Description Figure 5.2 is the schematic of a residential passive cooler. The cooling system uses one or both of two techniques. They are as follows: 5.4.1 Direct The normal direct technique is fairly straightforward. Outside air is drawn over water and blown into the build ing. But in this version of the technique, the air is drawn through a wet filter (cheese cloth) which has a constant supply of water at constant temperature coming from the drip pipes. This technique makes sure that the outside air is completely filtered by the wet cloth. This increases the contact surface area, which is how the heat is absorbed. water tank (clay jars) prevailing wind cooled space fillter dripe pipei s j prevail ini wind varaiaLde puinp drivers tested portion Figure 5.2 - Schematic Design of the Passive Evaporative System Ul its 55 5.4.2 Indirect This technique consists of two steps. The first is that the water is stored in a clay tank which is e vapor, a- tively cooled through the porous surface. The cooled water is then, circulated through the pipe to the evaporative cooler in the Direct technique. 5.5 Experimental Procedure Given: 1. A proposed room, 10 feet high, 10 feet wide, and 12 feet in length. 2. A wind tower attached to the room representing the air cooler. Find: The cooler size best suited with the typical wind to provide acceptable temperature at given air velocities. Method: Design modular evaporative cooler models to be attached to the room in question. Modify the cooler based on the resulting evaluation (see Figures 5.3-5.5). The model (the room and the cooler) must be capable of with standing a 12 mph wind in the USC Wind Tunnel. It must be easily photographed while in the tunnel. It should fit the test section of the tunnel. The model, must be capable of being changed and played with as required for the perform ance of the experiments. 56 Figure GROUP A: At. ro A2. o. ro A3. c \ i ' r 10 5.3 - Evaporative Cooler Sizes used in the Experiment (Group A) 57 GROUP eg ro ro eg B2. CM B3. C0 B4. eg B 5. Figure 5 Evaporative! Cooler Sizes used in the Experiment (Group B) 58 GROUP C: GROUP 0: 1 8 0 “ 150 WITH WIND PANEL if 8§ 120° V ro 90° - a * 60° v> e % — j, --a e GROUP E: FINAL DESIGN WITH WIND PANEL cm \ —" ' 1 120 'cm 90° 60° ' Figure 5.5 - Evaporative Cooler Sizes used in the Experiment (Group C, D, and E) 59 5.6 Wind Tunnel Model 5.6.1 Design Process Sketch designs for the evaporative cooler using copper pipe, cheese cloth, and clay water tanks were explored. A sketch model of the evaporative cooler was made and accepted. A plastic material was chosen for vision. Plastic, copper pipe, cheese cloth, insulation., tubing pipe, and temperature and humidity meters were purchased. Plastic sheets and copper pipe were cut into required pieces at the USC workshop. All plastic edges were sanded, and cleaned. The models were then assembled and tested. Dimensions of the model were based on a 3/4" = 1' scale because of the test section size in the wind tunnel. 5.6.2 Testing Procedure 1. Attach drain pipe to the tunnel base and then to the cooler. 2. Assemble model as desired. 3. Locate the temperature and humidity meters inside and outside the model. 4. Locate the clay water tank inside the testing section. 5. A hair dryer at the tunnel intake was used to increase ambient air temperature. 6. Turn on the tunnel flow, low velocity for first check and then high velocity for. second check. 60 7. Record temperature and humidity inside and outside the room when the temperature stabilizes. 8. Record pressure inside and. outside the room for low and high velocities. 9. Record results carefully and accurately, always. 5.7 Wind Tunnel Test The wind tunnel test cooler models were designed to fit the test section on the recommendation of Pierre Koenig, wind tunnel, director. The models were tested at 12 mph (high velocity) and at 2 mph (low velocity) with the model inside. Consult Appendix D for the detailed, experimental data. 5.8 Results An exact scale graph of temperature differential for high and low velocities is given for each evaporative cooler group (A, B and C, C, and E) (see Figures 5.6-5.9). The comparison between inside and outside temperature graphs for high and low velocity for above groups is also given in Figures 5.10-5.17. 5.9 Conclusions 1. The temperature differential decreases when we increase the width of the cooler. The height of the cooler is fixed at 4 feet. There is no idea on this conclusion (see Group A, Figure 5.6). TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL 61 WIDTH (ft) 50 4 0 30 20 high velocity low velocity A2 Al A3 A4 GROUP A FIXED HEIGHT = 4 ft WITHOUT WIND PANEL Figure 5.6 - Temperature Differential °F (Group A) TEMPERATURE 1 > I El'ERENTIAl. 62 HEIGHT (ft) 50 40 30 high velocity ov velocity Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 GROUP B FIXED WIDTH = 6* WITHOUT WIND PANEL Figure 5.7 - Temperature Differential °F (Group B) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL 63 50 40 30 20 low veloity high velocity 180° 150° 120° S<f £<f O WIND PANEL ANGLES GROUP D W IT H W IN D P A N E L Figure 5.8 - Temperature Differential °F (Group D) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL 64 50 4 0 high velocity 30 lov velocity. 20 180 ' 150 120 90 60 WIND PANEL ANGLES GROUP E FINAL DESIGN KITH WIND PANEL Figure 5.9 - Temperature Differential °F (Group E) 65 F -120 110 100 F 9 0 O' OUJ 20 O N o . ■80 70 Al 1 A2 A3 GROUP A ( lav velocity ) OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE INSIDE TEMPERATURE A4 Figure 5.10 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group A) Low Velocity 66 °F 120 < cl g 6- CC OUJ S O orvj o . ! 10 100 9 0 •80 70 Al A2 I GROUP A { high velocity ) I O U T S ID E TE M P E R A TU R E S L N 'S ID E TE M P E R A TU R E Figure 5.11 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group A) High Velocity 6 7 otsi GROUP B ( lov velocity ) OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE INSIDE TEMPERATURE Figure 5.12 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group B) Low Velocity 68 T 120 110 E < £ a. o 111 20 orsj o 100 9 0 -80 70 Bl I OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE B INSIDE TEMPERATURE B2 B3 GROUP B C high velocity ) B4 B5 Figure 5.13 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature Velocity F (Group B) High 69 °F IZO no WIND PANEL ANGLES ( lov velocity ) GROUP D ■ OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE S INSIDE TEMPERATURE Figure 5.14 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group D) Low Velocity 70 °F 120 100 5 0 ON O 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° WIND PANEL ANGLES ( high velocity ) GROUP D I OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE 5 INSIDE TEMPERATURE Figure 5.15 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature QF (Group D) High Velocity 71 100 9 0 80 70 180 150 120 9 0 60 WIND PANEL ANGLES ( lav-velocity ) _ GROUP E ■ OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE S INSIDE TEMPERATURE Figure 5.16 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group E) Low Velocity : ____ 72 ’F 120 I OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE INSIDE .TEMPERATURE 150° 120° 9.0® 60° WIND PANEL ANGLES ( high velocity ) GROUP E Figure 5.17 - Comparison of Outside vs Inside Temperature °F (Group E) High Velocity 73 2. The temperature differential increases when we increase the velocity and the height of the cooler (see Group B, Figure 5.7). 3. The temperature differential decreases when we decrease the velocity and increase the height (see Group B, Figure 5.7). 4. Cooler A2 gives the highest temperature differen tial in Group A for high and low velocities. 5. Cooler B2, which is cooler A2 in Group A, performs very well in high and low velocities. 6. From the above conclusions, cooler E is explored and tested. Its performance is the best. It can give a 30° F to 32° F temperature differential- in both high and low velocity conditions to achieve temperatures and humidities within the comfort zone for hot, arid climates (see Group E, Figures 5.13-5.17). 74 CHAPTER 6 PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN CRITERIA 6.1 Project Requirements 6.1.1 House Type The house is a two-story building set within its own grounds. A household size was assumed to be six persons. It is therefore decided that a three bedroom, six. person dwelling is to be designed. In. addition to the design objective of being passive cooling, the house is to fulfill the social and cultural needs of a typical Saudi family, particularly with respect to the need for the separation of guest and family areas. 6.1.2 House Elements 1. Entrance hall 2. Guest room, directly accessible from the entrance hall and easily sealed off from the family areas. 3. Guests toilet facilities, located near the guest room. 4. Dining room with easy access to the guest room and adjacent to the kitchen for easy serving. 5. Kitchen, adjacent to the dining area and family living room. 75 6. Multi-purpose room for family and female guest. 7. Family toilet located near the multi-purpose room. 8. Outdoor living area. A tiled or grassed-over patio, screened and protected from the sun and hot wind, close to the multi-purpose room and kitchen. 9. Staircase to upper floor. The location should allow use of the stairs without intrusion into either the multi-purpose room or guest, room. 10. Three bedrooms, all capable of having double or twin beds. 11. Two bathrooms, one of them inside the master bedroom. 12. A living space adjacent to the bedrooms is considered though not essential. 13. An outdoor terrace on the bedroom floor is also considered preferable. 14. The roof area is to be accessible and capable of allowing maintenance of. the water storage and coolers. 15. Garage, preferably close to the kitchen for service deliveries. For economic reasons, the total area, excluding the garage and the outdoor areas, was kept to about 2622 square feet (256 m^). 76 6.2 Form and Orientation The building is to be moderately compact to create minimum surface exposure to solar radiation. The earlier analysis of local climatic data to determine optimum form and orientation indicate that an elongation in the proportion of 1:2 was desirable along an axis of 90° east of south, 90° west of south. The long faces of the building would therefore have an azimuth of 0° and 180°, while those of the shorter faces would be 90° east of south and 90° west of south. 6.3 Plan Layout Traditionally, most of the houses in the Eastern Province were inward looking. On the other hand, the majority of the houses being built today are outward looking. While recognizing the advantages of the court yard type of dwelling which provides the possibility of thermally beneficial cool air pools within the structure, and family privacy, the inward, concept were traditionally built in a tight urban situation. Due to the new urban situation and the concept of cross-ventilation it was decided to use the outward concept. The non-inhabited spaces, such as rest room, bath room, storage, and garage are to be located in a position to shield the living zones from solar radiation, from the west in particular. Use zoning of interior space is to be carefully considered, thus rooms used between 20:00 and 6:00 hours, i.e., bedrooms, are preferably to be located in the 90° facing east of south, with the 180° facing north and/or the 0° facing south as the second preference. The external ground cover immediately surrounding the building is to be kept to a minimum to reduce the reflected solar radiation to the building. All outdoor living areas are to be well screened from solar radiation by an architectural element or by vegetation. 6.4 Air Movement The prevailing north winds are normally hot, dry, and sometimes dusty, and they are generally unsuitable for direct ventilation purposes. Nevertheless, these winds could be used to induce ventilation from other directions after evaporatively cooling them and trapping dust, and could themselves be effectively used when we use the explored evaporative cooler. Openings for morning direct ventilation could be provided on the west facade to receive land breezes. The cooler northeast wind also could be used effectively. 6.5 Windows and Cooler Openings The total window area is to be kept small, i.e., in the region 10% to 20% of the outside wall. area. All windows are to be protected by shading devices to shield all glazing from direct solar radiation in the overheated. 78 period, but allowing solar penetration during the under heated period when some heating is required. All windows and cooler openings are to be located at the appropriate body height, according to the room used (for example, at. bed level in bedrooms) or have movable louvers to direct air flow as desired. Openings are to be primarily located on the north and south faces of the building, lesser on the east face, and excluded completely on the west side. All openings are to be double glazed. 6.6 Walls The housing structure should have a heavy construc tion with a large time lag. The east and west are to be shaded if possible. Internal walls should have a large thermal capacity while outer walls and roof are to have high resistive insulation. Consideration of the times during which the different rooms are used could be an alternative approach to the problem of heat gain. Day and night use rooms could be defined., and heavy construction would be provided for the day rooms with lighter construc tion for the night areas. The earlier climatic analysis had defined the following desirable time lag for the different orientation for overheated periods: 1. South face: Minimum time lag = 10 hours 79 2. East face : Minimum time lag = 14 hours 3. West face : Minimum time lag = 8 hours 4. North face: Minimum time lag = 10 hours 6.7 Shading Devices All windows should be capable of being completely shaded to cut down, the penetration of solar radiation during the overheated periods. Movable shading devices are preferable on the south facing wall to allow sun penetration during underheated periods. Shading devices must be independent of the house structure to avoid problems of conductive thermal transfer. Also they must be low thermal capacity and light colored. The shading masks for each optimum orientation is specified in Chapter 3 (Figures 3.15-3.18). 6.8 Surface Finishes All surfaces exposed to solar radiation are to have high reflectivities. Exposed roof surface should be painted in a high reflective finish such as white or silver. The amount of heating required during the underheated period does not justify dark., absorbent surfaces. All of the required heat could be provided by selective exposure of window or glazed surfaces to the sun. 80 6.9 Daylight Daylight should be utilized as much as possible in all rooms depending on the thermal comfort condition. Shading devices can be used effectively to reduce heat gain and since, in this region, much of the daylight received inside the building is reflected sunlight, a light color like white for shading devices will help the penetration of light. Ceiling surfaces with a reflection factor of 70% and wall surfaces with a reflection factor between 30% to 70% are also very useful to help the distribution of natural light into the rooms. In the design of the openings, attention must be paid to the common problem of glare. The light shelf and the horizontal shading device can play a part in this respect by cutting off the view of the bright skies. Double glazing added to shaded windows helps to eliminate conduction heat gain without seriously affecting light transmittance. 6.10 Vegetation The ability of plant material to absorb, reflect, and re-radiate solar radiation as well as obstruct, filter, and deflect wind, and transpire water to the atmosphere has been discussed in Chapter 4. Tall trees planted on the east and west have a great contribution in shading wall and ground surfaces, thus 81 delaying the warming-up process and hastening natural cooling. Suitable trees and shrubs should be considered as wind breakers on the west orientation of outdoor living areas. Finally, the use of grassed earth could be considered on the east and west faces to cut down the reflected solar radiation on wall surfaces. 82 CHAPTER 7 FINAL PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN 7.1 Concept and Criteria The design is based on a direct heat loss concept through cross-ventilation. The house is., therefore, more linear in form, the longer face being along 90° east of south and 90° west of south azimuth. All the rooms on the ground floor and first floor are planned in such a manner as to have direct cross-ventilation from the prevailing north wind through the natural evaporative cooler. The service core comprising the kitchen, storage, rest room, and stairs is placed in the center. The evaporative coolers are located along the north wall to get equal distribution of the cold air. flow. The location of the cooler inlet duct has been evaluated using the air flow concepts inside the building and it was found that Concept D performs very well. It can ventilate and flush the whole space, ground, and first floors (see Figures 7.1- 7.2). The stairwell is equipped with an exhaust outlet for hot air from the house. Consult. Appendix E for the inlet area calculations for a given house volume. Figure 7.1 - wind Flow Concepts (A and B) c. D. Figure 7.2 Wind Flow Concepts (C and D) oo 85 7.2 Plan Organization The ground floor consists of a guest zone on the west orientation separated from the family zone on the east orientation by a central service core. The bedrooms on the first floor are arranged around the central service core. Also, each bedroom has an individual cooler unit to be easily controlled. The car porch on the south of the guest room is covered with a horizontal louver. This could provide complete shade during the summer with a cool body of air under and directly in front of the guest room. In winter the sun could be allowed full penetration to the other rooms from the south for required heat by direct heat-gain process. Due to the requirements of cross-ventilation in every room, the optimum plan ratio of 1:2 has to be slightly compromised in the short direction. Exposure to summer sun is reduced to a minimum by overhanging balconies on the second floor which also help to shade the first floor openings completely from the summer solar radiation. The direct hot, dry winds from the north are avoided through windows, but they are utilized from other direc tions after evaporatively cooling them and trapping dust through the natural evaporative cooler. The windows of the house can be completely sealed by the double glazing during the periods when the outside air is too dry to be allowed indoors. 86 No openings at all are provided in the east and west walls. All openings with double glazing are located in the north and. south walls. Openings on the south are completely protected from direct solar radiation in hot periods and can allow solar radiation in underheated periods. All windows located at the appropriate body height, according to the room use. Also, all cooler openings are provided with louvers to direct cold air flow as desired for efficiency. 7.3 Technical Consideration Heavy external walls with over 10 hour time lag are used. East, west, and south are provided with 4” poly styrene board insulation (see detail wall section for east, west, south, and north walls in Figure 7.3). The east and west are protected by vertical shading devices with low thermal capacity to prevent heat, transfer, to the building structure. The roof and the evaporative water containers are. also shaded by horizontal louvers all the time. The roof also has a minimum of 12 hour time lag. Insulation of the east, west, and south walls is achieved by polystyrene and air space and shading devices, vertical and horizontal, on east and west facing walls and horizon tal on south facing walls. Light color will be used on wall surfaces to minimize heat gain. 87 .ASPHALT PAPER R EFLEC TIVE COATING m tfim stm m tm M m m WARM AIR MARBLE POLYSTYRENE BOARD INSULATION ; _________ AIR SPACE CONCRETE BLOCK COLD AIR Figure 7.3 - Detail Wall Section 88 The shading devices on the east, west, and north will be fixed and made of very reflective material, with the lowest thermal capacity. These are to be constructed independent from the structure and exposed to the wind for natural cooling. Vertical shading devices are to be based on the shading angle discussed in Chapter 3. Shading of south wall surface by overhanging balconies and light.- shelves will prevent heat gain to the building. Light colored shading will be used to help reflected solar radiation into the atmosphere. Double glazing would be used to help eliminate conductive heat gain through the openings without any serious loss of light transmittance. East and west should be further protected from direct solar radiation by tall trees and. shrubs underneath. Paved surfaces will be kept to a minimum to reduce re- radiation. Ground cover on the north, south, west, and east should consist of grass. 7.4 Passive Cooling Strategies The cooling strategy adopted in this design is to prevent heat gain from outside the building through conduction and radiation. Whatever heat enters the building, its loss is then accelerated by means of cold air flow from the coolers. The practical implication of this strategy is manifested in the form of heavy insulated east and west 89 walls without any openings, maximum cross-ventilation through the evaporative cooler by utilizing the prevailing north winds in all living spaces, and exhausting the warm air through the. stair shaft. During times when the air is uncomfortably humid, some means of dehumidification may be required like silica gel. Windows are an important element of any energy conscious design. Properly shaded glass oriented north and south provides needed heat in the winter and lower cooling in overheated periods. A well insulated, high thermal mass structure such as concrete block should be used. During the underheated periods, heat from within the building is absorbed by the thermal mass during the hot part of the day and can be easily flushed by direct evaporative cooling through the evaporative coolers. As the roof of the building usually receives most of the building's heat load during summer, careful, thought was given to its construction and its cooling. The roof construction is double-roofed construction. Its effici ency depends primarily on the surfaces of the materials enclosing the air space. It is solid concrete slab with air space in between covered by 4" polystyrene with a reflective upper surface. The cooling strategy for the roof is basically based on the location of water-filled porous pots. These pots are located on the north edge of the roof. When the north, warm wind passing over water 90 evaporates the water, and as a significant amount of heat is absorbed in the process, the air and the water inside the pots are cooled. When the cooled air passes over, it cools the shaded roof. Consult Figures 7.4-7.8. 91 H CD PC n o z I 4M Figure 7.4 - Ground Floor Plan 92 io-; 0 2 Figure 7.5 - First Floor Plan EXHAUST LOUVERS. ^E2=E3 P R E V A I L I N G W I N D COOL BODY OF AIR COOLED SPACE DIFFUSE 0 2 1 t— fa — t = d Figure 7.6 - Section A-A vo u> Isometric 95 x ' - ' i .PREVAILING WiNO ✓ ^ r— _ ;i<---' . ■ ^!lj—* . , - 9 4 5 W . 1-SK J 0 S t o 1 5 2 0M Figure 7.8 - Site Plan 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY ASHRAE. Handbook of Fundamentals. New York: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Condition ing Engineering, 197 2. Bahador, M. "Passive Cooling System in Iranian Architec ture." Scientific American, February 1978: 144-154. Brown, G. Z. Sun, Wind, and Light. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1985. Center, F. R. The First Passive Solar Home Awards. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1979. Egan, M. D. Concept in Thermal Comfort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975. Givoni, B. Man, Climate, and Architecture. London: Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., 1976. Kaizer, Talib. She1ter in Saudi. Arabia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. Khalifa., S. F. Trees and Shrubs for Saudi. Arabia. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Science and Mathematics Center, Ministry of Education, 1980. Koenigsberger, O. H., et al. Manual of Tropical Housing and Building. Part 1 of Climatic Design. London: Longman, 1973. Konya, Allan. Design Primer for. Not Climates. London: The Architectural Press, Ltd., 1980. Kukreja, C. P. Tropical Architecture. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., 1978. Lebens, R. M. Passive Solar Architecture in Europe. London: The Architectural Press, Ltd., 1980. Lippsmeier, Georg. Building in the Tropics. Germany: Verlay Georg & D. W. Callwey, 1969. 98 McPherson, E. G. Energy-Conserving Site Design. Washing ton, DC: Keith W. Watkins & Sons, Inc., 1984. Markus, T. A., and E. N. Morris. Buildings, Climate, and Energy. London: Spottiswoode Ballantyne, Ltd., 1980. Olgyay, V. Design with Climate. Princeton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1963. Olgyay, V. Solar Control and Shading Devices. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957. Oliver, J. E. Climate and Man’s Environment. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973. RIBA. Landscape Design for the Middle East. Rugby, London: Jolly & Barber, Ltd., 1978. Robinette, G. O. Landscape Planning for Energy Conserva tion. Rest on., VA: Environmental Design Press, 1977. Saini, B. S. Building in Hot Dry Climates. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980. Stein, B., J. S. Reynolds, and Wm. McGuinness. Mechanical and Electrical Eguipment for Buildings. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986. Szokolay, S. V. Environmental Science Handbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980. Szokolay, S. V. Solar Energy and Building. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975. Watson Labs. Climatic Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983. Watson Labs. Energy Conservation Through Building Design. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1979. 99 APPENDIXES 100 APPENDIX A CLIMATE-ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS 101 THE MAHONEY TABLES T he M ahoney tables provide a guide to design in relation to clim ate using readily available clim a tic data. By fo llo w in g a step by step p ro cedure the designer is led fro m the clim a tic in fo rm a tio n to specifications fo r o p tim a l con ditio n s o f layout, o rie n ta tio n , shape and struc ture needed at the sketch design stage. T he analysis requires the use o f five tables. T o retain the orderly nature o f the o rig in a l w o rk , the tables in this section o f the appendix are num bered i th ro u g h 5 fo r each o f the cases presented. Table 1. Air Temperature N o t e. All recordings should be to the nearest o.5°C. (a) Record in T able 1 th e m o n th ly mean m axim a and m in im a o f tem perature; (b) E nter to th e rig h t o f th e air tem perature figures the highest o f the m o n th ly mean m axim a and the low est o f the m o n th ly mean m in im a ; (c) F ind the “ annual m ean tem perature” (A M T ) by a d d in g th e highest o f the m o n th ly mean m axim a to the low est o f the m o n th ly mean m inim a, and d iv id in g by tw o . E nter the result in the box m arked A M T at the rig h t o f Table 1; (d) F ind the "m o n th ly mean range" (M M R ) o f tem peratures b y deducting the m o n th ly mean m in im a fro m the m axim a and entering the results fo r each m o n th in the b o tto m lin e o f Table 1; (e) F ind the "a n n u a l mean range” (A M R ) o f tem peratures b y deducting the low est o f the m o n th ly mean m in im a fro m the highest o f the m o n th ly mean m axim a and entering the result in th e b o x m arked A M R . Table 2. Humidity, Rain and Wind (a) R ecord in Table z the m o n th ly mean m axim a and m in im a o f relative h u m id ity (R H ) fo r each m o n th (early m o rn in g and early a fte rn o o n readings); (£) R ecord below these m axim a and m in im a the average relative h u m id ity fo r each m o n th ; (c) N o te below this the "h u m id ity g ro u p " (H G ) fo r each m o n th , using the fo llo w in g code: Average RH Humidity Group Below 30 per cent 1 30 to 50 per cent 2 50 to 70 per cent 3 Above 70 per cent 4 (d) R ecord in Table z the m o n th ly rainfall figures in m illim e tre s and add them up to fin d the annual ra in fa ll; (e ) R ecord fo r each m o n th the dire ctio n o f the p re va ilin g w in d and o f the secondary w in d selected fro m first and second peaks o f frequency figures. (Com pass points N , N N E , N E , E N E , E, etc. are su fficient.) T able. 1 A IR T E M P E R A TU R E (°C) J F M A M J J A S O N D Highest AMT Monthly mean max. Monthly mean min. Monthly mean range Lowest AMR Above tables excerpted front: Climate and Man's Environment by John E. Oliver, pp. 429-432 Table 2 H U M ID IT Y , R A IN A N D W IN D 102 RH (percentage) J F M A M J J S O N D Monthly mean max. a.m. Monthly mean min. p.m. Average Humidity group Total Rainfall (mm) Wind: Prevailing Secondary Table 3. Diagnosis of Climatic Stress (a) Repeat in Table 3 for each m o n th the h u m id ity groups fro m Table z; (b) N o te the A M T fro m T able 1; (c ) E nter in to Table 3 the day and n ig h t c o m fo rt lim its taken fro m th e chart below , using the appropriate h u m id ity g ro u p and rele vant A M T range; i.e., over 2o°C, between 15 and io ° C o r under i5 °C ; {d) Com pare the m o n th ly mean m axim a w ith the day c o m fo rt lim its and com pare the m o n th ly mean m in im a w ith the n ig h t co m fo rt lim its and enter the fo llo w in g sym bols in to the last tw o lines o f T able 3 under the ra tin g o f therm al stress (day and n ig h t): A bove c o m fo rt lim its H (H o t) W ith in c o m fo rt lim its — (C o m fo rt) B elow c o m fo rt lim its C (C o ld ) C O M F O R T L IM IT S AMT over 20°C AMT 15- 20°C AMT under i5°C Average RH (percentage) HG Day Night Day Night Day Night HG 0-30 1 26-34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21 t 30-50 2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20 2 50-70 3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19 2 70-100 4 22-27 17-21 20-2 5 14-20 18-24 I2-l8 4 T able 3 DIAGNOSIS - J F M A M J J A S O N D Humidity group Temperature (°C) Monthly mean max. Day comfort: Max. Min. .Monthly mean min. Night comfort: Max. Min. Thermal stress Day Night V 103 Table 4. Indicators C ertain groups o f sym ptom s o f c lim a tic stress indicate the rem edial action the designer can take. W e refer to them as indicators. T h e y tend to be associated w ith h u m id o r arid co n d ition s. O ne in d ica to r by its e lf does n o t a u to m a tica lly lead to a s o lu tio n . R ecom m endations can be fram ed o n ly after a d d in g the indicators fo r a w hole year and co m p le tin g Table 4. H u m id Indicators H 1 indicates th a t air m ovem ent is essential. I t applies w hen h ig h tem perature (day therm al stress = H ) is com bined w ith h ig h h u m id ity (H G = 4) o r w hen the h ig h tem perature (day therm al stress = H ) is com bined w ith m oderate h u m id ity (H G = 1 o r 3) and a sm all diurnal range (D R less than io °C ); H a indicates that air movement is desirable. It applies when temperatures within the comfort limits are combined with high humidity (H G = 4 ); H 3 indicates th a t precautions against rain penetration are needed. Problem s m ay arise even w ith lo w p re cip ita tio n figures, b u t w ill be inevitable w hen rainfall exceeds 2.00 m m per m o n th . A r id Indicators A 1 indicates the need fo r therm al storage. It applies w hen a large diurnal range (io ° C o r m ore) coincides w ith moderate or lo w h u m id ity ( H G = 1,2. o r 3); A a indicates the desirability o f o u td o o r sleep in g space. I t is needed w hen the n ig h t tem pera ture is h ig h (n ig h t therm al stress = H ) and the h u m id ity is lo w (H G = 1 o r 2.). I t may be needed also w hen n ig h ts are com fortable o u t doors b u t h o t indoors as a result o f heavy therm al storage (i.e., day = H , h u m id ity gro u p = 1 o r 1 and w hen the diurnal range is above io °C ); A 3 indicates w in te r o r cool-season problem s. These occur w hen the day tem perature falls below the c o m fo rt lim its (day therm al stress - C ); T ic k in Table 4 the m onths w hen these in d i cators ap p ly and add the to ta l num ber o f m onths fo r each indicator. T a b le 4 IN D IC A T O R S J ' F M A M J J O N D Totals Humid H i Air movement (essential) H2 Air movement (desirable) H3 Rain protection A rid A1 Thermal storage A2 Outdoor sleeping A3 Cold-season problems Recommendations A fte r co m p le tio n o f Table 4 the designer is ready to lay dow n specifications. H is recom m endations depend on the num ber o f m onths d u rin g w h ich one o r several o f the indicators A and H apply. . T able 3 helps him to fo rm ulate recom m enda tions fo r those features o f his b u ild in g chat m ust be decided d u rin g the sketch design stage. T he recom m endations are grouped under the fo llo w in g e ig h t subjects: L ayout Spacing A ir m ovem ent O u td o o r sleeping Openings Walls Roofs Rain protection T able 5 1 0 4 SKETCH DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS Indicator totals from table 4 Recommendations Humid Arid H i Ha H3 Ai A2 A3 Layout O-IO 1. Buildings orientated on east-west axis 5-12 11 or 12 0.4 to reduce exposure to sun 2. Compact courtyard planning Spacing 1 1 or 12 3. Open spacing for breeze penetration 2-10 4. As 3, but protect from cold/hot wind 0 or 1 5. Compact planning Air movement 3-12 6. Rooms single banked. Permanent 1 or 2 0-5 6-12 provision for ait movement 7. Double-banked rooms with temporary 2-12 provision for air movement u 0 or 1 8 " . No air movement requirement Openings 0 to 1 0 9. Large openings, 40-8095 of N and S walls 1 1 or 12 0 or 1 10. Very small openings, 10-20% Any other conditions 11. Medium openings, 20-40% Walls 0-2 12. Light walls; short time lag 3-12 13. Heavy external and internal walls Roofs 0-5 14. Light insulated roofs 6-12 15. Heavy roofs; over 8 hours' time lag Outdoor sleeping 2-12 16. Space for outdoor sleeping required Rain protection 3-! 2 17. Protection from heavy rain needed In stru ctio n s fo r the C o m p letio n o f T a b le 5 (a) Transfer the indicator totals from Table 4 to Table 5; (4) Deal with the eight subjects one by one, i.e., layout, spacing, air movement, etc.; (c ) Examine the indicator columns for each subjecc to find the appropriate recommendation; ( 1d) There can be only one recommendation per subject. It is the first you come across while scanning from left to right; (e) A further alternative exists in a few cases, namely, recommendations 1 or 1, 6 or 7, and 7 or 8. In these cases, the choice is made by proceeding with the scanning of the indicator columns to the right and-deciding according to the range of m onths given in the table. 105 APPENDIX B SOLAR RADIATION CALCULATION Hadiation on vortical plane ( Utu / hr / sq.ft ). Direct Condition : Clear Sky Date : 21 June Declination: 23.27 Latitude : 26 North Wall azimutl South East of South North Wall Azimuth West of South Tine Idn 0 30 60 90 120 150 100 30 60 90 120 150 ALT A TM 6AM 107 - 16 66 98 104 32 38 - - - - - 10.05 111.30 /AM 202 45 129 180 181 134 52 - - - - 22.82 105.97 8AM 244 - 64 149 193 187 130 38 - - - - - 35.93 101.15 9A M 263 - 69 138 171 158 102 19 - - - - - 49.24 96.49 10A M 2/4 - 61 126 126 126 65 3 - - - - - 62.69 91.17 11A M 275 9 40 66 66 52 25 - - - - - - 76.15 82.61 12NU 292 13 11 7 - - - - 11 7 - - . - 87.45 00.00 11M 175 9 - - - - - - 40 66 66 52 25 76.15 82.61 21W 274 - - - - - 3 61 126 126 126 65 62.69 91.17 JIM 263 - - - - - - - 19 69 138 171 158 102 49.24 96.49 41M 244 - - . - - - 38 64 149 193 187 130 35.93 101.15 5tM 202 - - - - ~ - 52 45 129 180 181 134 22.82 105.97 6IM 107 - - - _ - - 38 16 66 98 104 82 10.05 111.30 T O T A 1 . 31 306 681 834 808 538 300 306 681 834 m 538 — .....-r 106 Hadiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / lir / s q .ft ). Direct Condition : Cle<ir Sky Date ; 15 May/30 July Declination s 18.70 Latitude : 26 North Wall South Azimu ih Last ol South North Wall Azimuth West ol South Tine Idn 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 ALT AZM 6AM 113 - 25 77 107 109 82 33 - - - - - 6.85 106.92 7AM 190 - 57 133 174 168 117 35 - - - - 21.16 101.21 SAM 250 - 85 168 205 188 120 20 - - - - - 34.40 95.53 9AM 269 2 92 157 180 155 88 - - - - - - 48.03 89.30 10AM 268 20 80k 119 126 99 46 - - - - - 61.58 80.96 11AM 280 33 62 74 66 40 4 - - - - - - 74.69 63.16 UNO 281 40 34 20 - - - ■ - 34 20 - - 81.89 0.00 im 280 33 - - - - - 62 74 66 44 4 74.69 63.16 21M 268 20 - - - - - 80 119 126 99 46 61.58 80.96 3PM 269 2 - ~ - ■- - - 92 157 180 155 88 48.03 89.30 41M 250 - - - - - - 20 85 168 205 188 120 34.40 95.53 5PM 190 - - - - - 35 57 133 174 168 177 21.16 101.21 6PM 113 - - - - - - 33 25 77 107 109 82 6.85 106.92 T 0 T A L 150 435 748 585 759 457 176 435 748 585 759 457 Total x 2 300 870 1496 1716 1518 914 352 870 1496 1716 1518 914 O - J Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ). Direct: Condition : Clear Sky Date : 15 Apr / 30 Aug Declination : 9.30 Latitude • 26 North W a ll South Azimut h East o f South North W a ll A zim uth West o f South Time Idn 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 ALT AZM 6AM 63 - 22 49 62 59 39 9 - - - - - 4.10 98.63 7AM 172 - 76 139 164 145 88 7 - - - - 17.54 92.30 BAM 243 16 118 188 208 172 90 - - - - - T 31.00 85.67 9AM 260 41 125 177 180 136 55 - - - - - - 44.58 77.37 10AM 285 63 124 152 139 89 15 - - - - - - 57.60 65.4R 11AM 289 77 102 99 70 22 - - 32 - - - - 68.96 42.10 12N0 291 .82 71 41 - - - - 71 41 - • - - 73.74 0.00 lfW 289 77 32 - - - - - 102 99 70 27 - 68.96 42.10 2FM 285 63 - - - - - 124 152 139 89 15 57.60 65.48 3PM 260 41 - - - - - - 125 177 180 136 55 44.58 77.37 4PM 243 16 - - • - - - - 118 188 208 172 90 31.00 85.67 5FM 172 - - - - - - 7 76 139 164 145 88 17.54 92.30 6FW 63 - - - - - - 9 22 49 62 59 39 4.10 98.63 T O T A L 476 670 845 823 623 287 32 670 845 823 623 287 Total x 2 952 1340 1690 1646 1246 574 64 1340 1690 1646 1246 574 O 00 Radiation on v e rtic a l piane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ). Direct Condition t Clear Sky Date : 21 March / 23 Sep. D eclination : o Latitude : 26 North W a ll South Azimut.h Last o f South North W all A zim uth West o f South Time I dll 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 ALT A2M O A M - - ■ - _ _ — _ 0.00 90.00 ,7A M 180 21 105 161 175 140 69 - - - 1 - - 13.45 83.30 O A M 255 56 159 219 222 163 62 - - - - - - 26.71 75.80 9AM 285 08 177 219 202 130 24 - - - - - - 39.46 66.33 10AM 300 144 174 107 150 28 - - 24 - - - - 51.11 52.79 11A M 305 130 151 133 79 4 - - 72 - - - - 60.25 31.43 12NQ 300 135 117 60 - - - 117 68 - - - 64.00 0.00 L H -1 305 130 72 - - - - - 151 133 79 4 - 60.25 31.43 21W 300 114 24 - - - - 174 187 150 28 - 51.11 52.79 31W 205 80 - - - - - 177 219 202 130 24 39.46 66.33 41W 255 56 - - ■ - - - - 159 219 222 163 62 26.71 75.80 . SIM 100 21 - - - - - - 105 161 175 140 69 13.45 83.30 61M - - - ■ - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 90.00 T 0 T A I . 953 979 987 828 465 155 0 9/9 987 028 465 155 'i’ otci 1 x 2 1906 1950 1974 1656 930 310 0 1950 1974 1656 930 310 O to Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) Direct Condition : Clear Sky Date • 28 Fteb / 15 Oct Declination t-8.23 Latitude : 26 North W a ll Azi.m South Jtli E ast o f South North W o.l I A zim uth W oa t o f Sou til Time Irin 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 ALT Km 6AM - - - - - ■ - - - - - - _ 7A M 118 28 81 112 113 84 32 - - - - - * 9.87 8AM 192 66 . 140 176 164 109 25 - - - - _ 22.64 67.98 9A M 236 103 171 194 164 91 - - 7 - - - - 34.88 57.94 10A M 262 132 178 176 127 44 - - 51 - - - _ 45.59 43.93 11A M 270 147 1.60 131 66 - - - 94 16 - - _ 53.45 24.24 . i 2ND 272 152 131 76 - - - 131 76 - - - 56.10 0.00 1P M 270 147 94 16 - - - - .160 131 66 - _ 53.45 24.24 2W 262 132 51 - - - - - 178 176 127 44 _ 45.59 43.93 31W 236 103 7 - - - - - 171 194 164 91 _ 34.88 57.94 4FM 192 66 - - - - - - 140 176 164 109 25 22.64 67.98 5FM 118 28 - - - - - - 81 112 113 84 32 9.87 75.89 61W - - - - - - - - ' - - - _ _ _ T O T A L 1104 1013 881 634 328 57 0 1013 881 634 328 57 Total x 2 2208 2026 1762 1268 656 1.14 0 2026 1762 1268 656 114 ■ \ 110 Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr /'s q .f t ). Direct Condition : Clear Sky Date • 28 Jan / 15 Nov Declination :- IB .3.1 la titu d e : 26 North W a ll Azim South uth East o f South Wall. Azim uth West of North Sou t h Time Idn 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 ALT AZM 6AM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7A M 51 20 41 50 47 31 6 - - - - - - 4.65 67.10 8AM 169 83 141 162 139 76 - - 2 - - - ■ - 16.56 59.31 9A M 215 124 100 1B7 145 64 - - 35 - - ' - - 27.61 49.48 10AM 247 160 197 181 117 21 - - 80 - - - - 36.83 36.22 11AM 254 174 182 141 62 - - - 120 33 _ - - 43.20 19.67 12NO 256 180 156 90 - . - - - 156 90 - - - 45.23 0.00 lftt 254 174 120 33 - - - ' - 182 141 62 - - 43.20 19.67 2PM 247 160 80 - - - - - 1.97 181 117 21 - 36.83 36.22 31W '215 124 35 - - - - - 1B0 187 145 64 - 27.61 49.48 4PM 169 83 2 - - - - - 141 162 139 79 6 16.56 59.31 5PM 51 20 - - - - - - 41 50 47 31 - 4.65 67.10 6PM - - - - - - - - - - - - _ T O T A L 1302 1134 844 510 195 6 0 1134 844 5 J O 195 6 Total K 2 2604 2268 1688 1020 390 12 0 2268 1688 1020 390 12 111 Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / sq.ft. ) Direct Condition Clear Sky Date ; Dec 21 .ude :26 North South W all A zim uth lias I o f South W a ll Azim uth North West o f Soutli Time Idn 0 30 60. 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 AI.T A ZM C A M - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - 7A M 10 5 8 10 9 5 1 - - ' - - - - 2.23 62.48 B A M 216 120 190 209 171 88 - - 19 - - - - 13.76 54.88 9A M 275 177 242 243 179 66 - - 64 - - - - 24.12 45.30 10AM 300 212 252 225 138 13 - - 115 - - - 32.66 33.01 11 A M 308 232 236 178 74 - - - 163 52 - - - 38.46 17.65 12NO 315 239 207 120 - - - - 207 120 - - - 40.55 0.00 lm 308 232 163 52 - - - - 236 178 74 - - 38.46 17.65 2PM 300 212 115 - - - - 252 225 138 13 32.66 33.01 3m 275 177 64 - - - - - 242 243 179 66 - - 24.12 45.30 4FM 216 120 19 - - - - - 190 209 171 88 - 13.76 54.88 5PM 10 5 - - - - - 8 10 9 5 1 2.23 62.48 c m - - - - - - - - - - - T O T A L 1731 1496 1037 571 172 1 0 1496 1037 571 172 1 Total d ire c t radiation in the wliole year 9732 10264 9291 8711 5548 2462 716 10264 9291 8711 5548 2462 112 Radiation on Horizontal plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) Direct Condition- : Clear Sky Time JUNE M AY JULY £53 < < M A R SEP OCT m i NO V • IAN 6 A M 32 22 13 7 A M 88 79 63 44 25 13 10 8 A M 139 136 123 104 82 54 44 9 A M 211 199 183 164 136 104 85 10 A M 249 246 237 215 183 e-* •U CO 126 11 A M 281 275 268 243 218 j \ j o CD ! 1 155 12 NO 291 287 275 259 230 192 167 1 FM 281 275 268 243 218 180 155 2 P M 249 246 237 215 183 148 126 3 fM 211 199 183 164 136 104 85 4 P M 139 136 123 104 82 54 44 5 m 88 79 63 44 25 13 i .... 10 6 P M 32 22 13 - - - R a d i a t i o n o n v e r t i c a l p la n e ( B t u / h r / s q . f t ) . D e fu s e C o n d i t i o n : C le a r S k y Tiiie JUNE M A Y JU LY APR AUG MAR SEP OCT FEB NO V JAN m r 6 A M 6,49 8.52 3.47 - 7 A M 10.51 10.09 9.46 7.57 6.62 2.52 ' 2.21 8 A M 12.62 12.62 11.99 11.04 9.78 8.52 8.20 9 A M 14.51 14.20 13.88 13.25 12.30 11.04 . 10.73 10 A M 16.09 16.09 15.14 14.83 13.88 12.62 13.30 11 A M 17.35 17.35 16.40 15.46 14.83 13.56 13.25 12 N O 17.98 17.98 17.03 16.09 15.14 13.88 13.56 1 I’M 17.35 17.35 16.40 15.46 14.83 13.56 13.25 2 I’M 16.09 16.09 15.14 14.83 13.88 12.62 12.30 3 FM 14.51 14.20 13.88 13.25 12.30 11.04 10.73 4 IM 12.62 12.60 11.99 11.04 9.78 8.52 8.20 5 D M 10.51 10.09 9.46 7.57 6.62 2.52 2.21 6 P M 6.94 8.52 3.47 - - - - Total 17.4 176 158 140 130 . 110 107 L 114 DATA I D A T A E f f e c t i v e T e m p e r a t u r e ( C E T ) C Mean Max DU'IC I'M: Ml: min: * WBT ET: Max: C Mean Min DUT: C AM: Ml: Max: * WUT: C ET: in Li): C E ffective Temperature ( ET or CET ) C JAN 19.0 17 8.0 10.1 8.0 100 8.0 8.0 FED 24.5 16 11.5 19.6 12.5 100 12.5 12.5 M A H 26.0 14 12.0 20.5 HL.0 97 15.5 16.0 APR M A Y JUNE JULY A U G SEPi’ OCT N C A / DEC 30.5 38.0 39.0 41.0 41.5 40.0 38.0 27.5 21.0 9 5 11 7 7 9 5 13 17 13.5 15.5 18.5 17.5 18.0 18.5 15.5 12.5 9.5 22.8 25.6 27.1 27.2 27.4 27.3 25.6 21.3 19.5 19.0 24.0 27.1 28.5 27.5 24.5 22.0 13.5 10.5 100 89 99 92 _ 99 .180 100 100 100___ 19.0 22.5 27.1 27.0 27.4 24.5 22.0 13.5 10.5 19.0 23.2 27.1 27.1 27.4 24.5 22.0 13.5 10.5 115 Interpolation from hourly tenp. calculator as c o o © o N J © 0 5 C © vo o © o VO 0 3 O N n j CD V0 © m O c N J N J r o N J W © N J © 0 9 N J NJ N J K j N J NJ N J N J N J N J N J N J N J N J NJ N J 0 5 N J N J N J © 0 5 VO CO NJ 0 -J c jn © N J © CO 9 I T Radiation on v o rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) . Over - Heated ( Total ) Condition : Clear Sky L a titu ie : 26 North W a ll A zim uth E ast o f South W a ll A zim uth West o f Sputh South North T in is 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 June 31 306 681 834 . 808 538 300 306 681 834 808 538 July 150 435 748 858 759 457 176 435 748 858 759 457 A u ij 476 670 845 823 623 287 32 670 845 823 623 287 Sept .12 - -16 523 213 68 0 0 0 0 778 826 653 325 8 6 'lUTAL llilO 1624 2342 2515 2190 1282 508 2189 3100 3168 2515 1368 Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) Under - Heated ( Total ) Condition : Clear Sky Latitude s 20 Nortli W all A zim uth ta u t o f South W a ll A zim uth West o f South South North Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 Jan 1302 1134 844 510 195 6 0 1134 844 510 195 6 Keb 1104 1013 811 634 328 57 0 1013 881 534 328 57 Mar 963 979 987 828 464 155 0 979 987 828 465 155 Apr 6-11,18 197 567 804 823 623 287 25 54 49 62 59 39 Nov 1302 1134 844 510 195 6 0 1134 844 510 195 6 Dec 1731 1496 1037 571 171 1 0 1496 1037 571 172 1 Total 6589 6323 5397 3876 1976 513 25 5810 4642 3115 1414 264 118 Radiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) Comfort ( Total ) Condition ! Clear Sky Latitude • . 26 North South W all A zim uth E ast o f South . N o r t h W all Azim uth W o kl. o f South Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 Apr 12 - 16 279 103 41 0 0 0 0 540 657 797 4 1 9 1.60 May 150 435 748 585 759 457 176 435 748 585 749 457 Sept 6-11 17-18 430 766 919 828 465 155 0 201 161 175 , 1.40 6 9 Oct 1104 1013 818 634 828 57 0 1013 881 634 328 57 119 120 R adiation on v e r t ic a l plane ( Btu / h r / s q .ft ) D ire c t T o ta l Optimun o rie n ta tio n C ondition Date D eclin atio n L a titu d e Sum er C le a r Sky June 21 23.27 26 North SUMMER. Time Idn South East North West ALT AZM 6AM 107 - 98 38 - 10.05 111.30 7AM 202 - 180 52 - 22.82 105.97 8AM 244 - 193 38 35.93 101.15 9AM 263 - 171 19 j 49.24 96.49 10 AM 274 - 126 3 | 62.69 91.17 11AM 275 9 66 - • - 76.15 82.61 12MO 292 13 - - - 87.45 0.00 1FM 275 9 - - 66 -76.15 82.61 2H“ ! 274 - - 126 62.69 91.17 3PM 263 - - - 171 49.24 96.49 4PM 244 - - - 193 35.93 101.15' 5FM . 202 - - - 180 22.82 105.97 6FM 107 - - 98 10.05 111.30 T O T A L 31 334 300 334 121 R adiation on v e rtic a l plane ( Stu / hr / s q .ft ) . D ire c t T o ta l Optimun o rie n ta tio n C ondition s C lear Sky Date : Dec. 21 D e c lin a tio n : -23.27 L a titu d e : 26 North W inter WINTER Time Idn South East North West ALT A2M 6AM - - - - - - - 7AM 10 5 9 - - 2.23 62.48 ■ 8AM 216 120 171 - - 13.76 54.88 9AM 275 177 179 - - 24.12 45.30 10AM 300 212 138 - - 32.66 33.01 11AM 308 232 74 - . 38.46 17.65 UNO 315 239 - - - 40.55 0.00 1PM 308 232 - - 74 38.46 17.65 2PM 300 212 - - 138 32.66 33.01 3FM 275 177 - - 176 24.12 45.30 4PM 216 120 - > - 171 13.76 54.88 5PM 10 5 - - 9 2.23 62.48 ' 6PM - - - - - - - T O T A L 1731 571 0 571 122 Radiation on v e r t ic a l plane ( Btu / hr / s q .ft ) . D ire c t + D iffu s e Opt i f j r O rie n ta tio n Condition : C lear S 'kv L atitud e : 2€ North S UMMER W I N T E R | Time RAD S E N K S E N V j 6AM Id t Q 7 105 7 7 - - j 7AM Id + d 11 191 11 11 7 11 2 2 i t 1 8AM Id * a 13 206 13 13 128 • 179 e i 8 1 1 9AM Id + d 15 186 15 15 188 ’ 190 n 11 10AM Id + d 16 142 .16 16 224 ' 150- 12 t 12 | i 11AM J id d 26 83 17 17 245 ; 87 13 13 i 12N0 {Id • * d 31 18 18 18 253 I 14 14 14 1PM Id + d 26 17 17 83 245 j 13 13 87 2PM Id + d 16 16 16 142 I 224 | 12 12 150 3FM Id + d 15 15 15 186 188 i 11 11 190 4PM Id + d 13 13 13 206 128 8 8 179 5FM Id * d 11 11 11 191 7 : 2 2 11 6m Id + d 7 7 7 lt>5 - • - - 123 APPENDIX C SOL-AIR TEMPERATURES AND HEAT GAIN AND LOSS CALCULATIONS Sol - Air Tenjxirature { Ts ) F South-Facing Wail East-Facing Wall W I N T E R SUMME R W I N T E R SUM MER Tine Id+d To Ts id + d To TS id + d To Ts Id + d To Ts 6AM _ 50.9 50.9 7 80.8 81.4 0 50.9 50.9 105 80.8 89.1 7A M 7 11 S A M 128 52.9 63.0 13 83.8 83.8 179 52.9 67.0 206 82.8 99.1 9AM 188 15 10AM 224 61.9 79.6 16 93.20 94.5 150 61.9 73.8 142 93.20 104.4 11AM 245 26 12N0 253 67.1 87.1 31 99.2 101.7 14 67.1 68.2 18 99.2 100.6 1H4 245 • 26 2m 224 69.8 87.5 16 102.2 103.5 12 69.8 70.8 16 102.2 103.5 3m 188 15 4m 128 68.2 78.3 13 100.4 101.4 8 68.2 68.8 13 LO O . 4 101.4 sm 13 11 6m - ■ 64.0 64.0 7 95.4 96.0 0 64.0 64.0 7 95.4 96.0 \ 124 Sol - Air Tender at ure ( Ts ) F West-Facing Wal l ' ' ............ North-Facing Wall— - .............. . W I N T E 8 S UMMER W I N T E R SUMMER Tine Id + d To Ts Id + d 'lb Ts Id d To Ts Id + d To Ts 6AM 0 50.9 50.9 7 80.8 81.4 0 50.9 50.9 7 00.8 01.4 7A M . * 8AM 8 52.9 53.5 13 82.8 83.8 8 52.9 53.5 13 82.8 83.8 9AM 10AM 12. 61.9 62.9 16 93.20 94.5 12 61.9 62.9 16 93.2 94.5 HAM 1 2 N C J 14 67.1 68.2 18 99.2 100.6 14 67.1 68.2 18 99.2 100.6 1PM 2lM 150 69.8 81.7 142 102.2 113.4 12 69.8 78.8 16 102.2 103.5 31M 4m 179 68.2 82.3 206 100.4 116.7 8 68.2 68.8 13 100.4 101.4 5pM 6PM 0 64.0 64.0 105 95.4 103.7 0 64.0 64.0 . 7 95.4 96.0 125 126 Solar Heat Gain Through Window. Btu / ft ( sumer ) South East North ' West Tine s S S 9 <L- sg S: S g S r 6Am 7 5.95 105 89.25 7 5.95 7 5.95 7A rr. 11 9.35 191 163.35 11 9.35 11 9.35 8AM 13 11.05 206 175.10 13 11.05 13 11.05 9AM 15 12.75 186 158.10 15 12.75 15 12.75 10 A M 16 13.60 142 120.70 16 13.60 16 13.60 11AM 26 22.10 83 70.55 17 . 14.45 17 14.45 12ND 31 26.35 18 15.30 18 15.30 18 15.30 1FM 26 22.10 17 14.45 17 14.45 83 70.55 ' 2m 16 13.60 16 13.60 16 13.60 142 120.70 • 3m 15 12.75 15 12.75 15 12.75 186 158.10 4m 13 11.05 13 11.05 13 11.05 206 175.10 5m 11 9.35 11 9.35 11 9.35 191 162.35 6m 7 5.95 7 5.95 7 5.95 105 89.25 T O T A L 176 859 150 859 Sr = A (S.C ) Sg S .c = Shading C o e ffic ie n t = 0 .8 5 (not s e c iffie d ) S.g = Idm cos = D ire c t + D iffu s e Solar Heat Gain Through Window Etu / ft2 ( Winter ) South East » North West Time S g Sr S 9 C T S • 9 %r S a % i 6AM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 7AM 7 5.95 11 9.35 2 1.70 2 1.70 SA M 128 1 0 8 .8C 179 152.15 8 6.80 8 6.80 9AM 188 159.80 190 161.50 - * ■ 9.35 11' 9.25 ___ _ i 10AM 224 190.40 150 127.5 12 10.20 12 10.20 11AM 245 ' 208.25 87 73.95 13 11.05 13 11.05 12N0 253 215.05 14 11.90 14 11.90 14 11.90 1PM 245 208.25 13 11.05 13 11.05 87 73.95 2PM 224 190.40 12 10.20 12 10.20 150 127.50 3PM 188 159.80 11 9.35 11 9.35 190 161.50 4PM 128 108.80 8 6.80 8 6.80 179 152.15 5PM 7 5.95 2 1.70 2 1.70 11 9.35 6EM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 0 T A L 1562 576 ■ 90 576 ^ = A (s.C) Sg S.C = Shading C o e ffic ie n t = 0.85 (not s p e c iffie d ) S g = idn cos = D ire c t + d iffu s e Heat gains / losses through window by conduction Time . w I N I E R S U f K E R To T i qc To T i q? 2 52.9 71.6 -1 5 .7 0 83.7 77.0 6.70 4 52.0 71.6 -1 9 .6 0 81.7 77.0 4.70 6 50.9 71.6 -2 0 .7 80.8 77.0 3.80 6 52.9 71.6 -1 8 .7 0 82.8 77.0 5.80 10 61.9 71.6 - 9.70 93.20 77.0 16.20 12 67.1 71.6 - 4.50 99.2 77.0 22.2 14 69.6 71.6 - 1 . 8 0 102.2 77.0 25.2 16 68.2 71.6 - 3.40 100.4 77.0 23.4 18 64.0 71.6 - 7.60 95.4 77.0 18.4 20 59.0 71.6 -1 2 .6 88.0 77.0 11.0 22 56.8 71.6 -1 4 .8 87.3 77.0 10.3 24 55.0 71.6 -1 6 .6 85.1 77.0 8.10 T 0 rr A L -149 156 ' = UA ( To - T i ) = B tu / f t 2 / day U = 1 S in g le pane A = 1 ft 2 qc a ( To - T i ) To = mean terrperature F - out door. T i = The optimun lim it o f comfort terrperature indoor W inter = 22C = 71.6 F Sumter = 25C = 77 F 129 W all O rientation W I N T E R S U M M E R ^1 qCl q tot ' gCl q tot S 1562 -149 1413 176 156 332 E 576 -149 427 859 156 1015 N 90 -149 -5 9 .0 150 156 306 W 576 -149 427.0 859 156 1015 g t o t = B tu / f t2 / day 130 Total Heat Gain Through Vfells Btu / ft2 / day South -.Facing Wall ............ 1,1 .............. .......... T 1,1 — ---------------- - W I N T E R j SUMMER Time Ts f 7b.-Ti T i j Ts-Trr. (Ts-Trr.)' < trw | T s 1 T i j Ts-TYn I ^utV-- j o^ . 2 52.9 -C . 79 | 71.6 t-12.61 1 i 1 -C .66 — 1.45 ! 83.7 j 1.78 i ! ! 77.0 1 1 -6 .9 8 1-0.36 j 1.42 4 52.0 -0 .7 9 i 71.6 1-13.51 l -0 .7 0 1-1.49 I 81.7 . 1 1 1.78 | 77.0 -8 .9 8 1-0.47 1.31 6 50.9 -0 .7 9 71.6 (-14 .61 -0 .7 6 j-1.55 81.4 1.78 77.0 f -9.2E j-0 .4 5 1.30 8 63.0 -0 .7 9 71.6 -2 .5 1 -0 .1 3 J-0.92 83.8 1.7B 77.0 -6 .8 8 !-0 .3 6 1.42 10 79.6 -0 .7 9 71.6 j 14.09 j 0 .73 |-0 .0 6 94.5 1.78 77.0 3.82 ! 0.20 1.98 12 87.1 -0 .7 9 71.6 | 21.59 1.12 0.33 ! 101.7 1.78 i i 77.0 1 11.05 ! n S7 7 ty 14 87.5 -0 .7 9 71.6 ------ ... 21.99 1.14 0.35 103.5 1.78 77.0 1 12.82 j 0.67 2.45 16 78.3 i-0.79 71.6 12.79 0.67 -0 .1 2 101.4 1.78 77.0 10.72 0.59 2.37 18 | 64.0 -0 .7 9 71.6 -1 .5 1 -0 .0 8 -0 .8 7 96.0 1.78 77.0 5.32 0.28 2.06 20 59.0 -0 .7 9 71.6 r— .......... -6 .5 1 -0 .3 4 -1 .1 3 88.0 1.78 77.0 -2.68 -0 .1 4 22 56.8 -0 .7 9 71.6' -8 .7 1 -0 .4 5 -1 .2 4 87.3 1.78 77.0 -3 .3 8 -0 .1 8 1.60 24 55.0 -0 .7 9 71.6 -10.51 -0 .5 5 -1 .3 4 85.1 1.78 77.0 -5 .5 8 -0 .2 9 1.49 Avg. 65.51 T Y n = 786.1 = 65.51 F J -9 .4 9 90.68 T Y n = 1 - an M r 1 21.39 Winter - Tm-Ti = 65.51 - 71.6 = -6.09 F Sumer - TYn-Ti = 90.68 - 77 = 13.68 F gr wail = A x U { Ttn-Ti ) + u ( Ts-TYn ) A = Area = 1ft2 U = 0.13 assured Tiri = daily mean out-door temperature F { Sol - Air ) Ts = Sol - air temperature F u = Decrement factor = 0.40 for the base case wall section (23 err, concrete block) Tr = Indoor temperature (constant) 131 T o tal Heat Gain Through W ails Btu / f t 2 / day' West - Facing W all And East W I N ! E R SUMMER Time Ts U (T r -T i T i Ts-Trr. uU (Ts-Tm) o T K TS (ThvTi) T i Ts-Tir. ( ¥ s - T u : qrv 2 52.9 -1 .3 71.6 -8 .7 0 -0 .4 5 -1 .7 5 83.7 2.12 77.0 - 9.63 -0 .5 0 1.62 4 52.0 -1 .3 71.6 -9 .6 0 -0 .5 0 -1 .8 0 81.7 2.12 77.0 -1 1 .6 3 -0 .6 0 1.52 6 50.9 — 1.3 ■ 71.6 o r- 0 H 1 -0 .5 6 -1 .8 6 81.4 2.12 77.0 -11.93 -0 .6 2 1.50 8 53.5 -1 .3 71.6 -8 .1 0 -0 .4 2 -1 .7 2 83.8 2.12 77.0 -9.53 . -0 .5 1.62 10 62.9 -1 .3 71.6 1.30 0.07 -1 .2 3 94.5 2.12 77.0 1.17 0.06 2.18 12 68.2 -1 .3 71.6 6.60 0.34 -0 .9 6 100.6 2.12 77.0 7.27 0.38 2.50 14 81.7 -1 .3 71.6 20.10 1.05 -0 .2 5 113.4 2.12 77.0 20.07 1.04 3.16 16 62.3 -1 .3 71.6 20.70 1.08 -0 .2 2 116.7 2.12 77.0 23.37 1.22 3.34 18 64.0 -1 .3 71.6 2.40 0.12 -1 .1 8 103.7 2.12 77.6 10.37 . 0.54 . 2.66 20 59.0 -1 .3 71.6 -2 .6 0 -0 .1 4 -1 .4 4 88.0 2.12 77.0 -5 .3 3 -0 .2 8 1.84 22 56.8 -1 .3 71.6 -4 .8 0 -0 .2 5 -1 .5 5 87.3 2.12 77.0 -6 .0 3 -0 .3 1 1.81 24 55.0 -1 .3 71.6 -6 .6 -0 .3 4 -1 .6 4 85.1 2.12 77.0 -8 .2 3 -0 .4 3 1.69 Avg 61.60 -15.60 25.44 W inter - Un = 739.2 = 61.6 F, Tin - T i = 61.6 - 71.6 = -1 0 .0 F 12~ Sumter - Tfti = 1119.90 » 93.33 F , T fci - T i = 93.33 - 77.00 = 16.33 F Srw = A x U ( Tin-Ti ) + { Ts - Tin ) A = Area = f t .s g U = 0.13 assured Tin = d a ily mean out-door ten p eratu re F s o l - A ir Ts = Sol - A ir Tenperature F u = Decrement fa c to r * 0 .40 fo r th e base case w a ll section (23 On concrete block) T i « = Indoor Tenperature (co n stan t) 1 3 2 T otal Heat Gaiir, Through W alls Btu / f t 2 / day North - Facing W all WINTER S U M M E R Time Ts (T irrT i) T i Ts-Tin (Ts-Tin) Ts . U (Ts-Tin) T i Ts-Tin (Ts-Tin q _ . T 7 V > 2 52.9 -1 .4 8 71.6 -7 .3 3 -0 .3 8 -1 .8 9 83.7 1.77 7 7.0 -6 .8 8 -0 .3 6 1.41 4 52.0 -1 .4 8 7 1.6 -8 .2 3 -0 .4 3 -1 .9 1 81.7 1.77 7 7.0 -0 .8 8 -0 .4 6 1.31 6 50.9 -1 .4 8 71.6 -9 .3 3 -0 .4 8 -1 .9 6 81.4 1.77 7 7.0 -9 .1 8 -0 .4 8 1.29 8 53.5 -1 .4 8 71.6 -6 .7 3 -0 .3 5 -1 .8 3 83.8 1.77 7 7 .0 .- 6 .7 8 -0 .3 5 1.42 10 62.9 -1 .4 8 71.6 2.67 0.14 -1 .3 4 94.5 1.77 7 7 .0 3.92 0.20 1.97 12. 68.2 -1 .4 8 71.6 7.97 0.41 -1 .0 7 100.6 1.77 77.0 10.02 0.52 2.29 14 78.8 -1 .4 8 71.6 18.57 0.97 -0 .5 4 103.5 1.77 7 7 .0 12.92 0.67 2.44 16 68.8 -1 .4 8 71.6 8.57 0.45 -1 .0 3 101.4 1.77 77.0 10.82 0.56 2 .3 3 18 64.0 -1.4,8 71.6 3.77 0.20 -1 .2 8 96.0 1.77 7 7 .0 5.42 0.28 2.05 20 59.0 -1 .4 8 7 1 .6 -1 .2 3 -0 .0 6 -1 .5 4 88.0 1.77 7 7.0 -2 .5 8 -0 .1 3 1.64 22 56.8 -1 .4 8 71.6 -3 .4 3 -0 .1 8 -1 .6 6 87.3 1.77 7 7 .0 -3 .2 8 -0 .1 7 1.60 24 55.0 . -1 .4 8 71.6 -5 .2 3 -0 .2 7 -1 .7 5 85.1 1.77 77 .0 -5 .4 9 -0 .2 8 1.49 Avg 60.23 = 722.8 = 60.23 F, Tin 1 2 ' = 1078 = 90.58 F, Tin "12" c U ( Tin - T i ) + u ( ia = 1 f t 2 L3 assuned Q y mean out-door temp 1 - a ix tem perature F rremant fa c to r = 0.40 Joor Temperature ( co -1 7 .7 7 90.58 21.24 W inter - Tin . Sumer - Tin W l i = A5 A = Art U = 0 .. Tin = da. Ts- = So. u = D e< T i = Inc - T i = 60.23 F - 71.6 = 11/37 F - T i = 90.58 F - 77.0 F = 13.58 F T s - T in ) eratu re F (S o l-A ir) fo r the base case w a ll section (23 an concrete block) n s ta n t) . 133 2■ W all Ana Window Areas f t South - Facing W all East/W est Facing W all R atio E.W. R atio Area T o ta l Area 40% A a Aw N .S. R atio Area T o ta l Area 20% Ag Aw 5:1 14.91 293.43 117.37 176.06 74.52 L466.55 293.31 1173.24 4:1 - 16.76 328.07 131.23 196.84 66.65 1311.67 262.33 1049.34 3:1 19.24 378.64 151.46 227.18 57.75 1136.52 227.3 909.22 2:1 23.57 463.86 185.54 278.32 47.14 927.72 185.54 742.18 1 .5 :1 27.22 535.69 214.28 321.41 40.82 803.34 160.67 642.67 1:1 32.33 655.93 262.37 393.56 33.33 655.93 131.19 524.74 1 :1 .5 40.82 803.34 321.34 482.0 27.22 535.69 107.14 428.55 1:2 47.14 927.72 ,271.09 556.63 23.57 463.86 92.77 371.09 1:3 57.75 1136.52 454.61 681.91 19.24 378.64 75.73 302.91 1:4 66.65 1311.67 524.67 787.00 16.67 328.07 65.61 2.62.46 1:5 74.52 1466.55 586.62 879.93 14.91 293.43 58.69 234.74 T o ta l area = 200 m 2 = 2222.22 f t 2 - two s to ry b u ild in g 100 m2 = 1111.11 f t each sto ry T o ta l h ig h t = 6 m 2 = 19.68 f t 2 134 2 W all and window areas f t N orth-Facing W all R atio E.W. R atio Area T o ta l Area 20% Ag Aw .5 : 1 14.91 293.43 58,69 234.74 4 : 1 16.67 328.07 65.61 262.46 3 : 1 19.24 378.64 75.73 302.91 2 : 1 23.57 463.86 92.77 371.09 1 .5 :1 27.22 535.69 107.14 428.55 1 : 1 33.33 655.93 131.19 524.74 1 :1 .5 40.82 803.34 160.67 642.67 1 : 2 47.14 927.72 185.54 741.73 1 : 3 57.75 .136.52 227.30 909.22 1 : 4 66.65 311.67 262.33 1049.34 1 : 5 74.52 466.55 293.31 1173.24 135 Heat .ficw through w alls ♦ windows Btus / dav W in te r •. South - Facing W all East Or West Facing W all W I N D O W W all T o ta l W I (DOK W A - L T o ta l P a tio A g Sc A w Sw < 3 ^g+w A g Sc A w Sw q ■*g+v 5:1 117.37 165844 176.06 -1671 164173 293.31 125243 1173.24 -18303 106940 4:1 131.23 185428 196.84 -1868 183560 262.33 112015 1049.34 -16370 95645 3:1 151.46 214013 227.18 -2156 211857 227.3 97057 909.22 -14184 82873 2:1 185.54 262168 278.32 -2641 259527 185.54 79226 742.18 -11578 67648 1 .5 :1 214.28 302778 321.41 -3050 299728 160.67 68606 642.67 -10026 58580 1:1 262.37 370729 393.56 -3735 366994 131.19 56016 524.74 -6186 47832 1 :1 .5 321.34 454053 482.0 -4574 449479 107.14 45749 428.55 -6685 39064 1:2 371.09 524350 556.63 -5282 519068 92.77 39613 371.09 -5789 33824 1:3 454.61 642364 681.91 -6471 635893 75.73 32337 302.91 -4725 27612 1:4 524.67 741359 787.00 -7469 733890 65.61 28016 262.46 -4094 23922 1:5 586.62 828894 879.93 -8351 820543 58.69 25061 234.74 -3662 21399 Heat gain ( W alls) 3 tu s /ft2 /d a ; Heat gain (W indow s) B tu /ft2 /d a y S - 9.49 1413.0 u ft ) E -1 5 .6 0 427.0 c is N -1 7 .7 7 -5 9 .0 W -1 5 .6 0 427.0 S 21.39 332 E 25.44 1015 w N 21.24 306 W 25.44 .1015 136 Heat flo w through w a lls + windows Btus / Day Stumer South -Facing W all East or West Facing W all W I N D O W W A L L T o ta l W I N D O W W A L L T o ta l R atio Ag A w % + w V % A w Si 5 : 1 117.37 38967 176.06 3766 . 42733 293.31 297710 L173.24 29847 327557 4 : 1 131.23 43568 196.84 4210 47778 262.33 266265 1049.34 26695 292960 3 : 1 151.46 50285 227.18 4859 55144 227.3 230710 909.22 23131 253841 2 : 1 185.54 61599 278.32 5953 67552 185.54 188323 742.18 18881 207204 1 .5 : 1 214.28 71141 321.41 6875 78016 160.67 163080 642.67 16350 179430 1 : 1 262.37 871C7 393.56 8418 95525 131.19 133158 524.74 13349 146507 1 :1 .5 321.34 106685 482.0 10310 116995 107.14 108747 428.55 10902 119649 1 : 2 371.09 123202 556.63 11906 135108 92.77 94162 37,1.09 9441 103603 1 : 3 454.61 150931 681.91 14586 165517 75.73 76866 302.91 7706 84572 1 : 4 524.67 174190 787.00 16834 191024 65.61 66594 262.46 6677 73271 1 : 5 586.62 194758 879.93 18823 213581 58.69 59570 234.74 5972 65542 Heat gain Heat gain ( w a lls ) ( window ) B tu /ft2 /d a j B tu /ft2 /d a y S - 9.49 .1 4 1 3 .0 V E -1 5 .6 0 427.0 c N -17.77 -5 9 .0 * W -1 5 .6 0 427.0 s 21.39 332 E 25.44 1015 1 N 21.24 306 c c W 25.44 1015 Heat flw through w alls + windows B tu / day W in ter North - Facing W all W H I D 0 W W A I L TOTAL R atio Ag *0 A w ^ w ^ g+w 5 : 1 58.69 -3463 234.74 -4171 -7634 4 : 1 65.61 -3871 262.46 -4664 -8535 3 ! 1 75.73 -4468 302.91 -5383 ------- , -9851 2 s 1 92.77 -5473 '371.09 -6594 -12067 1 .5 : 1 107.14 -6321 428.55 -7615 -13936 1 : 1 131.19 -7740 524.74 -9325 -17065 1 :1 .5 160.67 -9480 642.67 -11420 -20900 1 : 2 185.54 -10947 741.73 -13181 -24128 1 5 3 227.30 -13411 909.22 -16157 -29568 1 : 4 262.33 -15478 1049.3' -18647 -34125 1 : 5 293.31 -17305 1173.2' -20850 -38155 Heat flo w through w a lls + windows Btus / day Summer N orth - Facing W all W I N D O W WALL TOTAL R atio Ag % A w ^ w < 3 ^ g-t-w 5 : 1 58.69 17959 234.74 4986 22945 4 : 1 65.61 20077 262.46 5575 25652 3 : 1 75.73 23173 302.91 6434 — 29607 2 1 92.77 28388 371.09 7882 36270 1 .5 : 1 L07.14 32785 428.55 9102 41887 1 : 1 L31.19 40144 524.74 11146 51290 1 :1 .5 L60.67 49165 642.67 13650 52815 1 : 2 L85.54 56775 741.73 15754 72529 1 : 3 >27.30 59554 909.22 19312 38866 1 : 4 >62.33 302 73 1049.34 22288 L02561 1 : 5 >93.31 397 5 3 1173.24 24920 114673 139 T o ta l Btu In p act/D ay W INT ER S U M ME R R atio 5 : 1 370419 720792 4 : 1 366315 659350 3 . 1 367752 5S2433 2 : 1 38275 518230 1 .5 : 1 402952 .478763 1 : 1 445593 . 439829 1 : 1.5 506707 419108 1 : 2 562588 414843 1 : 3 661549 423527 1 : 4 747609 440127 1 : 5 825186 459338 Note In Svrtrner the optlhium shape is 1 : 2, In W inter tim e, because o f th e larg e S olar e ff e c t, th e re is no s p e c ific lim it . 140 APPENDIX D EXPERIMENTAL DATA 141 DEPT OF ARCH. U.S.C EXPERIMENT NO 1 DATE: 10/20/1986 CROUP: A SYS CO Po TO RH% PI T1 RH* P2 T2 RH% T V OFF A1 .005 76.4 29 .005 106.4 17 .025 102.0 21 L ON A1 .005 76. 7 29 .005 106.5 17 .025 88.2 45 18. 3 L ON A1 .080 75.7 38 .009 109.5 14 .310 86.5 4 5 23.0 H OFF A2 .005 74.2 42 + .02 97.4 14 .020 97.0 23 L ON A2 .005 74.2 43 + .02 107 .6 8 .020 86.6 39 21.0 L ON A2 . 087 73.0 27 + .01 107.7 7 .320 84.0 34 23.7 H OFF A3 .005 73.0 35 + .01 103.8 18 .025 100.2 11 L ON A3 .005 72.9 35 + .01 103.4 18 .025 87.2 32 16.2 L ON A3 . 080 74.4 34 .005 108.3 14 .325 87.5 31 20.7 H OFF A4 .005 74.7 32 + .01 102.7 15 .020 99.7 12 L ON A4 .005 75.2 32 + .01 101.9 15 .020 89.8 30 1-2.1 L ON A4 .080 74.9 30 .000 97.0 15 .340 82.5 33 14.5 H SYS Cooling System CO Cooler Po Pressure in the wind tunnel To Temperature in the wind tunnel RH% Relatve Humidity in wind tunnel, room 1, and room 2 PI Pressure in room 1 T1 Temperature In room 1 P2 Pressure in room 2 T2 Temperature in room 2 T Temperature Differntial ( T1 - T2 ) V Wind Tunnel Velocity, L (low), H (high) Note: water temperature In the system is between 68 F to 70 F. 142 DEPT. OF ARCH. U.S.C EXPERIMENT NO 2 DATE: 11/7/1966 GROUP: B SYS CO Po To RH% PI T1 RH% P2 T2 RH% T V OFF B1 .005 73.3 56 .005 100.0 25 .022 96.0 35 L ON B1 .005 73.6 56 .005 107. 7 25 .022 82.7 65 18.0 L ON B1 .075 73.2 57 .015 91.8 31 .310 78.6 62 13. 2 H OFF B2 .005 74. 2 42 + .02 97.4 14 .020 97.0 23 L ON B2 .005 74.2 43 + .02 107.6 8 .020 86 .6 39 21.0 L ON B2 .087 73.0 27 + .01 107.7 7 .320 84.0 34 23.7 H OFF B3 .005 75.1 40 .001 105.7 18 .020 103.2 25 L ON B3 .005 76.9 33 . 001 107.1 15 .020 90.1 60 17.0 L ON B3 .075 75.4 42 .005 109.2 10 .300 86 .1 52 23.1 H OFF B4 .005 76.8 32 .001 104.1 19 .022 97.3 40 L ON B4 .005 76 .7 28 .001 103.9 18 .022 88.9 53 15.0 L ON B4 .085 73.5 50 .025 106.9 16 .350 80.0 55 26.9 H OFF B5 .005 74.7 40 + .01 103.3 25 .020 101.3 31 L ON B5 .005 75.4 40 + .01 104.0 24 .020 91.4 48 13.6 L ON B5 .075 75.4 56 + .02 111.6 21 .350 83.6 54 28.0 H SYS CO Po To RH% PI T1 P2 T2 T V Cooling System Cooler Pressure in the wind tunnel Temperature in the wind tunnel Relatve Humidity in wind tunnel, room 1, and room 2 Pressure in room 1 Temperature in room 1 Pressure in room 2 Temperature in room 2 Temperature Differntial ( T1 - T2 ) Wind Tunnel Velocity, L (low), H (high) Note: water temperature in the system is between 66 F to 70 F. 143 DEPT. OF ARCH. U.S.C EXPERIMENT NO. 3 DATE: 11/22/1986 GROUP: C SYS CO Po To RH% PI T1 RH% P2 T2 RH% T V OFF Cl . 005 75.1 45 . 005 109.1 25 .022 104.3 35 L ON Cl .005 76.5 45 .005 112.2 23 .022 94.1 50 18.1 L ON Cl .075 74.7 56 .012 114.2 21 .350 90.0 46 24.2 •H SYS Cooling System CO Cooler Po Pressure in the wind tunnel To Temperature in the wind tunnel RH% Relatve Humidity in wind tunnel, room 1, and room 2 PI Pressure in room 1 T1 Temperature in room 1 P2 Pressure in room 2 T2 Temperature in room 2 T Temperature Differntial ( T1 - T2 ) V Wind Tunnel Velocity, L (low), H (high) Note: water temperature In the system is between 68 F to 70 F. 144 DEPT. OF ARCH. U.S.C EXPERIMENT NO. 4 DATE: 12/3/1986 CROUP: D SYS ANG Po To RH% PI T1 RHt P2 T2 RHt T V OFF 180 .005 75.1 56 .001 107.7 19 .020 106.7 23 L ON 180 .005 76.0 49 .001 109.6 22 .020 90.6 52 19.0 L ON 180 .080 75.5 58 .010 113.8 17 .320 90.8 46 23.0 H ON 150 .005 76.4 52 .001 111.0 22 .020 92.0 50 19.0 L ON 150 .080 76.3 54 .010 115.7 13 .300 91.3 45 24.4 H ON 120 .005 76.3 54 .001 110.8 19 .020 92.5 50 18.3 L ON 120 .080 76.0 56 .010 117.7 9 .300 93.6 41 24.1 H ON 90 .005 76.3 56 .001 104.0 26 .022 89.6 51 14.0 L ON 90 .080 76.1 56 .010 101.5 24 .300 86.5 49 15.0 K ON 60 .005 75.4 57 ,001 113.5 19 .022 93.0 49 20.5 V ON 60 .080 75.2 58 .010 100.2 24 .300 85.8 46 14.4 H ON 30 .005 75.0 57 .001 111.3 18 .022 89.8 51 21.5 L ON 30 .080 74.8 59 .010 99.3 21 .290 85.1 48 14.2 H ON 15 .005 76.8 52 .001 110.1 20 .022 91.0 52 19.0 L ON 15 .080 75.1 57 .010 109.7 18 .320 92.0 52 17.7 H 8YS: Cooling System ANG: Wind Panel Angles Po : Pressure in the wind tunnel To : Temperature in the wind tunnel RHt: Relatve Humid Itty in wind tunnel, zoom 1, and room 2 PI : Pressure in room 1 T1 : Temperature in room 1 P2 : Pressure in room 2 T2 : Temperature in room 2 T : Temperature Differntial ( T1 - T2 ) V : Wind Tunnel Velocity, L (low), H (high) Notee: water temperature in the system is between 68 F to 70 F. 145 DEPT. OF ARCH. U.S.C EXPERIMENT NO. 5 . DATE: 12/7/1986 GROUP: E (FINAL DESIGN ) SYS ANG Po To RH* PI T1 RH* P2 T2 RH% T V OFF 180 .005 76.2 26 .001 105.8 14 .020 104.2 12 L ON 180 .005 76.9 26 .001 106.6 12 .020 81.6 49 25.0 L ON 180 .079 75.6 30 .009 107.4 9 .300 84.3 40 23.1 H ON 150 .005 77.3 31 .001 108.6 13 .025 78.4 65 30.1 L ON 150 .079 75.5 35 .010 110.0 9 .330 82.9 53 27.1 H ON 120 .005 76.8 33 .001 108.0 14 .025 78.3 67 29.7 I. ON 120 .079 75.9 35 .009 111.4 9 .310 60.3 50 31.1 H ON 90 .005 76.8 34 .001 108.9 12 .024 78.3 65 30.6 L ON 90 .079 75.6 34 .009 110.5 9 .320 80. 5 57 30.0 H ON 60 .005 76.4 34 .001 105.3 12 .025 78.0 65 28.3 L ON 60 .079 75.8 34 .009 111.7 9 .340 78.9 46 32.8 H SYS Cooling System ANG Wind Panel Angles Po Pressure In the wind tunnel To Temperature in the wind tunnel RN% Relatve Humiditty in wind tunnel, room 1, and room 2 PI Pressure in room 1 T1 Temperature in room 1 P2 Pressure in room 2 T2 Temperature in room 2 T Temperature Differntial ( T1 - T2 ) V Wind Tunnel Velocity/, L (low), H (high) Mote: water temperature In the system is between 68 F to 70 F. 146 APPENDIX E COOLER INLET AREA CALCULATIONS COOLER INLET AREA 147 Solution: Volume of the house = 24 x 48 x 20 = 23040 cf Air changes every 2 min. = 30 changes/hr. Total cfm rate, entire house. = 23040/2 min. = 11520 cfm Outside low velocity = y(P/12 x 62.4 lb/sq.ft)/.00119 = y(.005/12 x 62.4 lb/sg.ft/.00119 = 3.7 ft/sec. = 3.7 ft/sec. x 60 sec/min = 222 ft/m = (222 ft/m)/88 =2.5 mil/h Where: P = wind pressure Total inlet area = cfm/fpm = 11520/222 = 52 sq.ft. Cooler inlet height is fixed = 1 ft. Cooler inlet length = 52 ft. Assume 3 units for the ground floor and 3 units for the first floor. Total = 6 units Cooler inlet length for each unit = 52/6 = 8.5 ft., with fixed height = 1 ft.
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Al-Qahtani, Turki Haif
(author)
Core Title
A passive cooling system for residential buildings in the Eastern Province desert in Saudi Arabia
Degree
Master of Building Science
Degree Program
Building Science
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
engineering, architectural,OAI-PMH Harvest
Language
English
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Digitized by ProQuest
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Advisor
Schiler, Marc (
committee chair
), Koenig, Pierre (
committee member
), Schierle, Gottilf Goetz (
committee member
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https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-782569
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Al-Qahtani, Turki Haif
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
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