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An analytical study of attorneys' occupational values and satisfaction

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An analytical study of attorneys' occupational values and satisfaction

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Content This d issertation has been 62— 6095
m icro film ed exactly as receiv ed
ZAHEDI, Ham id, 1929-
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ATTORNEYS'
OCCUPATIONAL VALUES AND SATISFACTION.
U n iversity of Southern C alifornia, P h .D ., 1962
Sociology, general
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
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AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ATTORNEYS' OCCUPATIONAL
V ALUES A N D SATISFACTION
by
Harold Zahedi
A D is s e rta tio n P resen ted to th e
FACULTY OF THE G RA D U A TE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY O F SO UTHERN CALIFORNIA
In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t o f th e
R equirem ents fo r th e Degree
D OCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(S ociology)
June 1962
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UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES 7. CALIFORNIA
This dissertation, written by
........................HAMID..ZAHED.I..........................
under the direction of hitB....Dissertation C om
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Graduate
School, in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y
Dean
Date.......
Î CO M M HTEE
Cl^^man
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................... iv
C hapter
I . INTRODUCTION A N D THE PROBLEM .................... 1
S tatem ent o f th e Problem and
Purpose of th e Study
D e fin itio n s o f Terms Used
T h e o re tic a l Frame o f R eference
The Development o f th e H ypotheses
O rg an izatio n o f th e Remainder
of th e Study
I I . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE................................ 35
I I I . M E T H O D O L O G Y ........................................................... 78
In tro d u c tio n
S e le c tio n o f th e Sample
R a tio n a le o f th e Method
Procedure A pplied fo r T estin g Hypotheses
Summary
IV. RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION ................... 134
In tro d u c tio n
H ypothesis I
H ypothesis I I
H ypothesis I I I
H ypothesis IV
H ypothesis V
H ypothesis VI
V. S U M M A R Y A N D CONCLUSION ................................. 198
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Chapter Page
Sutmnary of th e Study
Summary of P rin c ip a l F indings
C onclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................ 210
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LIST ÜF TABLES
Table Page
1. The Types o f A tto rn ey s Making up th e
S e le c te d Sample o f In terv iew e es . . . 83
2. C r ite r i a o f th e Values o f Id e a l C areer
E xperienced by A tto rn ey s B efore and
A fte r E ntry in to th e P ro fe ssio n . . . 105
3. The S cale C r ite r i a f o r A tto rn e y s ' O ccupational
S a tis f a c tio n ............................................................ 106
4 . S cale C r ite r i a R elated to th e Index
of A tto rn e y s ' D e sire fo r Achievement . 108
5. Chi Square V alues C oncerning A tto rn e y s '
O ccu p atio n al Id e a l and S a tis f a c tio n
Based on C la s s if ic a tio n o f S ig n ific a n c e
o f Such Values B efore and A fte r E ntry . 137
6. D iffe re n c e s o f Chi Square Values Con
c e rn in g th e R e la tio n sh ip s o f V arious
O ccupational V alues w ith P ro fe s s io n a l
S a tis f a c tio n among T o ta l Group
o f A t t o r n e y s ....................................... 141
7. D iffe re n c e s o f Chi Square V alues Concern
ing th e R e la tio n s h ip s o f V arious
O ccupational V alues w ith P ro fe s s io n a l
S a tis f a c tio n among T r i a l A tto rn ey s . . 143
8. D iffe re n c e s o f Chi Square V alues Con
c e rn in g th e R e la tio n sh ip s o f V arious
O ccupational V alues w ith P ro fe s s io n a l
S a tis f a c tio n among C o rp o ratio n
A tto rn ey s ...................................................... 144
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Table Page
9. D iffe re n c e s o f Chi Square Values Con
c e rn in g th e R e la tio n sh ip s o f V arious
O ccupational Values w ith P ro fe s s io n a l
S a tis f a c tio n among Government
A tto rn ey s........................................................................ 145
10. P earso n ian " r" between th e Values o f an
Id e a l C areer as V erb ally E xpressed
by A tto rn ey s ...................................................... 148
11. E x ten t o f O ccupational Commitment
E xpressed by T o ta l Group ..................................... 152
12. Responses o f A tto rn ey s Concerning th e
O ccupation tow ard Which They
Encourage T h eir Sons ........................................ 153
13. E x ten t o f O ccupational Commitment
E xpressed by T r ia l A tto rn ey s .................. 156
14. E x ten t o f O ccupational Commitment
E xpressed by C orporation A tto rn ey s . . 157
15. E x ten t o f O ccupational Commitment
Expressed by Government A tto rn ey s . . 158
16. Chi Square Values D eterm ining th e E x ten t
o f D iffe re n c e s between th e Components
of th e O ccupational M atu rity and
O ccupational S a tis f a c tio n ........................... 162
17. V alues o f B is e r ia l P a r ti a l C o rre la tio n
and th e T ests o f S ig n ific a n c e of
D isc rim in a te E quation In d ic a tin g th e
E x ten t o f O ccupational M atu rity
and O ccupational S a tis f a c tio n .................. 165
18. E x ten t o f P re d ic tio n of O ccupational
S a tis f a c tio n from O ccupational M atu rity
f o r T o ta l A tto rn ey s and th e
T hree S u b c a te g o r ie s ......................................... 167
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Table Page
19. P ercen tag e o f Response D is trib u tio n
Concerning th e I n tr in s ic Values o f
L egal P ro fe ssio n and th e V alues o f
Success Among A tto rn ey s and
S u b categ o ries ....................................................... 170
20. P ercen tag e o f Response D is trib u tio n
Concerning th e E x trin s ic Values of
L egal P ro fessio n and th e Source of
T h e ir P ro fe s s io n a l Success ........................ 171
21. The Values of M u ltip le C o rre la tio n
C o e ffic ie n ts among th e I n t r i n s i c Values
o f th e Legal P ro fessio n and th e
O ccu p atio n al M atu rity ...................................... 172
22. V alues o f th e M u ltip le C o rre la tio n
C o e ffic ie n ts M easuring th e E xtent o f
A sso c ia tio n among th e D e sira b le Values
o f th e Legal P ro fessio n and A tto rn e y s'
O ccupational M atu rity ...................................... 173
23. V alues o f C o e ffic ie n ts o f M u ltip le
C o rre la tio n s among A tto rn e y s' E x tr in s ic -
I n t r i n s i c Values and T h eir
O ccupational M atu rity ................................ 175
24. S ig n if ic a n t D iffe re n c es of Values of
A tto rn ey s and S u b categ o ries R egarding
T h eir E x tr in s ic - I n tr in s ic Values and
T h e ir O ccupational M atu rity .................. 177
25. Comparison o f Median Ranks of D iffe re n t
P ro fe ssio n s by A tto rn e y s, A lso, Ranks
A ccording to T h eir E x p ectatio n s
by th e P u b lic ................................................. 179
26. C o rre la tio n C o e ffic ie n t of Concordance
between A tto rn e y s' E v alu atio n o f th e
S ta tu s o f Legal P ro fessio n and
T h eir Expected P re s tig e ....................... 182
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Table Page
27. B ls e r la l C o e ffic ie n t o f C o rre la tio n s ,
In d ic a tin g th e Values of R e la tio n s h ip
between A tto rn e y s' P ro fe s s io n a l
S a tis f a c tio n and P ercep tio n o f th e
S ta tu s o f Legal P ro fessio n .................. 183
28. Values o f Chi Square and th e Phi
C o e ffic ie n t M easuring th e E x ten t o f
A tto rn e y s' Group Involvem ent w ith
R espect to T h eir E x tr in s ic -
I n t r i n s i c Values ......................................... 186
29. Chi Square and Phi C o e ffic ie n t Values
Concerning th e E xtent of A sso c ia tio n
o f A tto rn e y s' P a r tic ip a tio n in D iffe re n t
Types o f O rg an izatio n s and A lso T h eir
Achievement w ith th e V aria b le o f
G e ttin g Ahead .................................................. 188
30. Chi Square and Phi C o e ffic ie n t Values
Concerning th e E xtent of A tto rn e y s '
P a r tic ip a tio n in D iffe re n t O rg an izatio n s
and th e V ariab le o f O ccupational
S u c c e s s ................................................................... 189
31. D iffe re n c e s and C o rre la tio n o f Comparison
o f A tto r- . c i n s i c - I n t r i n s i c
Values a. ^ i t y P a r tic ip a tio n . . 191
32. Comparison o f D iffe re n c e s and C o rre la tio n
o f A tto rn e y s' E x t r i n s ic - I n tr in s ic
Values and T h eir Group Achievem ents . . 192
33. D iffe re n c e s between th e Tendency fo r
A c tiv ity and Achievement among
A tto rn ey s and T h eir Value .................. 193
34. Comparison o f A tto rn e y s ' Values fo r
G e ttin g Ahead and Success w ith T h eir
Group A c tiv ity P a tte rn ........................... 195
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T able
v i i i
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35. D iffe re n c e s between Such C a teg o rie s
in R espect to T h e ir V alues fo r
G e ttin g Ahead, Success and Group
Involvem ent P a tte rn ......................................... 197
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION A N D THE PROBLEM
When A lex is de T o cq u ev ille v is i te d th e U nited
S ta te s in 1835, he made a statem en t which has been quoted
ag ain and ag ain in a tte m p ts to d e fin e th e s ta tu s o f th e
American law yer. He w rote in Democracy in A m erica.
The p ro fe s s io n o f law i s th e only a r i s t o c r a t i c
elem ent which can be amalgamated w ith o u t v io le n c e
w ith n a tu r a l elem ents o f democracy . . . 1 can
n o t b e lie v e th a t a re p u b lic could e x i s t i f th e
in flu e n c e o f law yers in p u b lic b u sin e ss d id n o t
in c re a s e in p ro p o rtio n to th e power o f th e
p e o p le .1
T his i s th e judgment of an o u ts id e r about th e
s ta tu s o f th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n in a dem ocracy.
On th e o th e r hand, two exponents o f t h i s p ro fe s
s io n , H erb ert P. B la u s tin and C harles 0 . P o rte r, b e lie v e
th a t "law yers have n ev er been popular in th e U nited S ta te s
and American s o c ie ty ."
^A lexis de T o c q u e v ille , Democracy in America (New
York, N .Y .: The M acmillan C o., 1942), p . 47.
^H erbert P. B la u s tin and C h arles 0 . P o rte r, The
American Lawyer. A Survey o f th e L egal P ro fe ssio n (Chicago,
I l l i n o i s : The U n iv e rs ity o f Chicago P re s s , 1954), p. 33.
1
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Benjamin F ra n k lin reduced h is opinion to s ix
sim ple words in Poor R ichard*s Almanack; "A good law yer,
q
a bad n e ig h b o r."
C arl Sandburg, th e p o e t, exp ressed h is views in
v e rse in "The Lawyers Know Too Much."^
W hy i s th e re always a s e c r e t sin g in g
When a law yer cash es in?
W hy does th e h e a rs e h o rse sn ic k e r
H auling a law yer away?
W hether in p ro se o r in p o e try , over ra d io or on t e l e
v is io n , in th e movies o r in d a ily c o n v e rs a tio n s , th e
law yer is th e co n v en ien t scapegoat o f th e j o k e s t e r 's
rem arks, th e ta r g e t of th e w it, and th e p ro to ty p e o f th e
v i l l a i n f o r th e w r ite r o f s c r ip t s and s c e n a rio s . There
a r e even th o se who ag ree w ith th e Shakespearean c h a ra c te r
in Henry IV who su g g ested th a t th e f i r s t th in g we do,
l e t 's k i l l a l l th e law yers.
W hether s u b je c tiv e ly , in l i t e r a t u r e , p e r io d ic a ls ,
and g e n e ra l c o n v e rs a tio n s , o r o b je c tiv e ly , through
o
Poor R ich ard , Almanack fo r 1749 (Los A ngeles,
C a lif o rn ia : Tim es, M irror P rin tin g and B inding House,
1934), p . 239.
^C arl Sandburg, Complete Poems (New York, N .Y .:
H arco u rt, Brace and C o., 1950), p. 189.
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s c i e n t i f i c su rv ey s, such as th o se conducted by H a tt,
Brown and Sm ith, we a re a b le to r e a l iz e som ething con
c e rn in g th e p r e s tig e o f law yers and th e o c c u p a tio n a l
s ta tu s o f t h e i r p ro fe s s io n .
However, we a re s t i l l in th e dark about th e
a t to r n e y 's view point r e l a t i v e to h im se lf as a member o f
th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n ; we a re u n c e rta in how he r a te s and
is r a te d among th e members o f h is own p ro fe s s io n , compared
w ith o th e r p ro fe s s io n a l groups; and we a re unaware
w hether o r n o t he knows how th e p u b lic , and o th e r p ro
f e s s io n a l gro u p s, rank h is s t a tu s . W e a re n o t co g n izan t
o f h is re a c tio n s r e l a t i v e to h is p ro fe ssio n and i t s
s t a t u s . W e do n o t know why, or under what c irc u m sta n c e s,
he chose t h i s p a r tic u la r p ro fe s s io n ; b u t, above a l l ,
we have l i t t l e o r no d e f i n i t e knowledge o f h is p ro fe s s io n a l
v a lu e s .
T his stu d y i s n o t aimed a t a s c e r ta in in g th e
re a c tio n o f th e p u b lic to members o f th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n ,
nor o f th e p ro fe ssio n i t s e l f , b u t r a th e r s t r i v e s to
o b ta in a c le a r e r u n d erstan d in g o f how th e members reg ard
t h e i r p ro fe s s io n , i t s v a lu e s , i t s s a t i s f a c t io n s and d i s
s a t i s f a c t i o n s , and f i n a l l y , th e members th em selv es.
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Y
T his c h a p te r b eg in s w ith an in tro d u c tio n to th e
s u b je c t o f th e stu d y and c o n tin u es w ith th e sta tem en t o f
th e problem and purpose of th e stu d y , d e f in itio n s o f
term s u se d , th e o r e tic a l fram e o f re fe re n c e , h y p o th e ses,
developm ent o f th e h y p o th e ses, and ends w ith th e in tro d u c
tio n o f th e o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e rem ainder o f th e d i s
s e r ta tio n .
S tatem ent o f th e Problem and
Purpose o f th e Study
People in v a rio u s p o s itio n s and o ccu p atio n s f e e l
d i f f e r e n t l y about what th e y re c e iv e f o r t h e i r e f f o r t s ,
about what th e y sh o u ld —and m ust—p o sse ss. There i s no
d e f i n i t e boundary f o r th e d e s ir e s o f p eo p le, nor i s th e re
any p o s itiv e means o f a s s u rin g s a tis f a c tio n o r d i s s a t i s
fa c tio n o f th e in d iv id u a l. However, as Morse in d ic a te s ,
" I f we know th e g e n e ra l cau ses o f s a tis f a c tio n o r d i s
s a t i s f a c t i o n , we a re f a r t h e r ahead th an i f we sim ply know
th e s p e c if ic reaso n s f o r people lik in g t h e i r jo b s , t h e i r
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5
s a l a r i e s , and jo b s ta t u s ." ^ I t should h e lp us to u n d er
sta n d why people a re e i th e r s a t i s f i e d or d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith
a h o st o f th in g s th a t make up t h e i r o cc u p atio n al w orld.
In t h i s s tu d y , an attem p t is made to s t a t e th e
cau ses o f s a t i s f a c t io n and d is s a tis f a c ti o n in term s o f
"en v iro n m en tal re tu rn " and s tre n g th o f d e s ir e s .
The purposes o f t h i s study a re :
1. To in v e s tig a te th e c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n among
a tto rn e y s in term s o f th e expected and
ex p erien ced p ro fe s s io n a l v a lu e s . The main
em phasis of t h i s work has been d ire c te d to
th re e subgroups o f a tto rn e y s : a) governm ental
a f f a i r s , b) t r i a l , and c) c o rp o ra tio n con
s u lt a n ts .
2. a . To d e s c rib e p ro fe s s io n a l su ccess o r ie n ta
tio n among governm ent, t r i a l and c o rp o ra -
a t t o m e y s .
b . To d e s c rib e th e c r i t e r i a o f p ro fe s s io n a l
su ccess and th e c o n d itio n s o f th e
achievem ents o f a tto rn e y s .
^Nancy M orse, S a tis f a c tio n in th e W hite C o lla r
Jobs (Survey R esearch C en ter, I n s t i t u t e f o r S o c ia l
R esearch . Ann A rbor, M ichigan: U n iv e rs ity o f M ichigan
P re s s , 1953), p . 27.
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6
3. To d e s c rib e v e rb a lly accep ted means o f g e ttin g
ahead (su ccess) f o r governm ent, t r i a l , and
c o rp o ra tio n a tto rn e y s .
4 . To d is tin g u is h th e c a re e r s a t i s f a c t i o n , su c
cess tendency and th e e x te n t o f p ro fe s s io n a l
commitment and dev o tio n o f a tto rn e y s r e l a t i v e
to t h e i r b eh av io r as d e sc rib e d in (1 ), (2 ),
and (3) in th e l ig h t o f th e v a ria b le s
d e s c rib in g ag e, e d u c a tio n , fam ily s t a t u s ,
and o rg a n iz a tio n a l membership.
5. To d is tin g u is h in term s o f v a ria b le s d e s c r ib
in g c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n and d e s ir e fo r su c
c e s s , th e image and th e p e rc e p tio n of th e
s ta tu s o f a tto rn e y s and;
a . members o f o th e r p ro fe s s io n a l c a te g o rie s ;
b . th e way a tto rn e y s f e e l th e p u b lic
p erce iv e s them.
6 . To in v e s tig a te th e r e la tio n s h ip between jo b
s a tis f a c tio n and su ccess o r ie n ta tio n .
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D e fin itio n s o f Terms Used
E x trin s ic Value
T his term i s used h e re to d e s ig n a te th e e x te rn a l
fram e o f re fe re n c e of th e v alu es o f su c cess o r jo b s a t i s
f a c tio n . I t w ill be employed whenever th e c r i t e r i o n f o r
su ccess o r jo b s a t is f a c t i o n i s e x te rn a l to th e n a tu re o f
th e work. I t w i l l be m easured in term s o f th e v a r ia b le s ;
econom ic, s t a t u s , power and perform ance.
I n t r i n s i c Value
T his term i s employed to re p re s e n t th e d eg ree of
s a ti s f a c t i o n o r su ccess achieved by in d iv id u a l a tto rn e y s
from th e perform ance o f t h e i r ta sk s w hich c o n s titu t e th e
c o n te n t o f t h e i r jo b s . I t w ill be m easured in term s o f
th e q u e s tio n s asked r e l a t i v e to th e n a tu re o f h is jo b .
S ta tu s
T his i s used to d en o te th e p o s itio n o f th e i n d i
v id u a l a tto rn e y in th e rank h ie ra rc h y in com parison w ith
o th e r a tto rn e y s , o r th e p o s itio n o f th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n
in th e rank o f o c c u p a tio n a l h ie ra rc h y . To th e end o f th e
perform ance o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n , th e c r i t e r i a fo r
s ta tu s and p r e s tig e have been used in te rc h a n g e a b ly . The
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8
c r i t e r i a f o r measurement of th e s ta tu s i s th e v e rb a l
in d ic a tio n o f a tto rn e y s them selves f o r a tta in in g such
p o s itio n s in th e u n iv e rs e of s ta tu s ran k .
S ta tu s Image
T his i s d e fin e d as th e s te re o ty p e o f ranks
accorded s p e c if ic p ro fe s s io n s in th e o ccu p atio n rank
h ie ra rc h y as v e rb a lly e s ta b lis h e d by a tto r n e y s .
Job S a tis f a c tio n
For th e purpose o f t h i s stu d y , jo b s a tis f a c tio n
i s c o n sid ered to be an opinion th a t r e s u l t s from a
b a la n c in g and summation o f many s p e c if ic lik e s and d i s
lik e s ex p erien ced in co n n ectio n w ith th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n .
The e v a lu a tio n o f an a tto r n e y 's s a t i s f a c t io n w ith h is
p ro fe s s io n may r e s t la rg e ly upon h is in d iv id u a l su ccess
o r f a i l u r e in ac h ie v in g h is p ro fe s s io n a l o b je c tiv e s and
upon th e p erce iv ed c o n trib u tio n o f th e p ro fe s s io n tow ard
th e s e ends. T his a t t i t u d e is o p e ra tio n a lly m easured in
term s o f th e v alu es a tta c h e d to th e p ro fe s s io n , th e r e s u l t
o f w hich may c r e a te in him a se n se o f an im o sity o r a m ity --
as th e c a se m ight b e—tow ard h is p ro fe s s io n . The b alan ce
o f such p le a s u re o r in d ig n a tio n has been v e rb a lly i n d i
c a te d by th e s u b je c ts .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
T e n ta tiv e O ccu p atio n al Choice
T his i s d e s c r ip tiv e o f th e s ta g e o f p re -e n tra n c e
in to th e p r a c tic e o f law. I t is employed to d e sig n a te
th e p erio d of o c c u p a tio n a l decisio n -m ak in g r e s t r i c t e d by
th e p erio d a p r i o r i to th e accep tan ce fo r p r a c tic e by th e
S ta te B ar.
R e a lis tic O ccupational Choice
T his r e f e r s to th e p erio d in which an a tto rn e y
i s being o f f i c i a l l y accep ted to p r a c tic e law and is
a c tu a lly being engaged in th e le g a l perform ance and
enforcem ent o f che power o f an a tto rn e y -a t- la w as i t is
s e t by law.
A tto m ey -at-L aw
In th i s stu d y , t h i s term d en o tes a person upon
whom a u th o rity has been c o n fe rre d to a c t fo r an o th er and
whose name has appeared under a tto rn e y s l i s t e d in th e
P ark er D ire c to ry , 1960.
C o rp o ratio n A tto rn ey
In th i s in v e s tig a tio n , t h i s term r e f e r s to
a tto rn e y s who have been in tro d u c e d as s p e c ia liz in g in
c o rp o ra tio n law by th e M artin d ale D ire c to ry .
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10
T r ia l A tto rn ey
T his term d e s ig n a te s an a tto rn e y who i s engaged in
re p re s e n tin g p a r tie s to a d is p u te in c o u rt and whose name
has been c l a s s i f ie d as such in th e M a rtin d ale D ire c to ry .
Government A tto rn ey
T his categ o ry r e f e r s to an a tto rn e y in government
s e rv ic e , re p re s e n tin g th e claim s made by th e d if f e r e n t
le v e ls of g o v e rn m e n t--fe d e ra l, s t a t e , co u n ty , o r c i t y —
whose name has been s p e c ifie d as such in th e M a rtin d ale
D ire c to ry .
O ccupational M atu rity
T his is o p e ra tio n a lly used to r e f e r to th e con
gruence o f th e v a r ia b le s - - a g e , ex p erien ce and e d u c a tio n .
The h ig h e r th e correspondence of th e s a id v a r ia b le s , th e
h ig h e r th e o c c u p atio n al m a tu rity w ill b e.
Expected O ccupational Value
T his has been s e t f o r th to re p re s e n t th e c h a r
a c t e r i s t i c s which were a t tr i b u te d to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n
by th e resp o n d en ts p r io r to th e i r e n try in to th e p ro fe s
s io n .
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11
E xperienced O ccupational Value
T his r e f e r s to th o se elem ents re p re s e n tin g th e
c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n th a t th e resp o n d
e n ts have w itn e ssed d u rin g th e p e rio d o f t h e i r le g a l
p r a c t i c e s .
T h e o re tic a l Frame o f R eference
The problem of in te r p r e tin g in v e n to ry r e s u l t s o f
o c c u p a tio n a l s a tis f a c tio n i s w e ll ex p ressed by Moore,
who s t a t e s th a t th e employee g e n e ra lly does n o t view h is
environm ent in th e same way in which a q u e s tio n n a ire or
survey u s u a lly p re s e n ts h is views ; th a t i s , in a s e t of
s e p a ra te and d i s t i n c t o p in io n s. Moore adds th a t " th e
employee is n o t a h e d o n is tic c a lc u la tin g machine who
r e g i s t e r s 'p lu s one' fo r every s a t i s f a c t i o n th a t he g ain s
from th e work environm ent and 'm inus one' fo r each d i s
s a t is f a c t i o n ." ^ The s p e c if ic view o f a member o f a
p ro fe s s io n a l c a te g o ry , a w orker, o r an employee as
ex p ressed through th e q u e s tio n n a ire i s b u t a fragm ent of
W . E. Moore, I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s and th e S o c ia l
Order (New York, N. Y .: The M acmillan C o., 1947),
Chap. 15.
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12
b ro a d e r, more complex p a tte r n s o f a t t i t u d e s .
I t i s n e c e ss a ry , th e r e f o r e , th a t th e re be a w e ll-
d e fin e d r a tio n a le to a s s i s t th e i n t e r p r e t e r in p ie cin g
to g e th e r th e d if f e r e n t o p in io n s ex p ressed in th e complex
o f a t t i t u d e s which c h a ra c te riz e th e way th a t th e s u b je c ts
f e e l about th e o c c u p a tio n a l environm ent.
The framework f o r th e i n te r p r e ta ti o n o f th e
in v e n to ry r e s u l t s o f th is in v e s tig a tio n i s b ased , as in
th e c a se o f Bachr and Rink in t h e i r stu d y o f th e " d e f in i
tio n o f measurement o f employment m o rale ,"^ on th e o b serv a
tio n th a t th e re a re c e r ta in d e fin a b le and i d e n tif ia b l e
s i m i l a r i t i e s in th e th in k in g o f o c c u p a tio n a l members
d e s p ite th e f a c t th a t some o f th e id e a s ex p ressed by
members o f p ro fe s s io n a l o r o c c u p a tio n a l c a te g o rie s a re
unique and p e c u lia r to them a lo n e . Many o f an in d iv id u a l's
id e as a re sh ared by o th e rs and th e s e sh ared co n cep ts or
views ten d to be re in fo rc e d and m ain tain ed by th e group.
The p re s e n t re s e a rc h i s d ir e c te d tow ard:
1. I d e n tif ic a ti o n and d e f in itio n as w e ll as
v alu es o f th e s e broad se n tim e n ts which form an in te g r a l
M elanie E. Bachr and R ichard R ink, "The D e fin i
tio n and Measurement o f Employee M o rale," A d m in istra tiv e
S cience Q u a rte rly (Septem ber, 1958), pp. 157-184.
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13
p a rt of o c c u p a tio n a l so c io lo g y . I t i s proposed to id e n tif y
and d e fin e th o se s o c ia l sen tim en ts which a r e shared by
a tto r n e y s .
2. D eterm in atio n o f th e e x te n t o f s a tis f a c tio n
which a member o f th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n e x p e rie n c e s.
Nancy Morse has proposed a p a tte r n which is
m eaningful in th e d e s c rip tio n and e x p la n a tio n o f s a t i s
fa c tio n in v a rio u s le v e ls o f o cc u p atio n . I t i s o ffe re d
as a " g e n e ra l law" governing th e cau ses o f s a tis f a c tio n
and d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . I t was su g g ested t h a t in d eterm ining
s a tis f a c tio n o r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n two f a c to r s o p e ra te . The
amount of s a t i s f a c ti o n one ex p erien ce s ap p ears to be a
co n ju n ctio n o f b o th what he w ants from a s it u a ti o n and
what he o b ta in s from i t . C ontrary to many s p e c u la tio n s ,
s a tis f a c tio n i s n o t sim ply how much a person re c e iv e s from
g
a s it u a ti o n . I t makes sen se th a t th o se who a re in more
n e e d - f ill in g environm ents w ill be b e t t e r s a t i s f i e d ; th e
amount o f en v iro n m en tal re tu rn does n o t seem to be th e
so le f a c to r in v o lv e d .
3. The proposed p a tte r n c a l l s f o r A t i l l an o th er
f a c to r w hich o b v io u sly must be in clu d ed in o rd e r th a t
®Morse, OP. c i t . . p. 24.
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14
s a t is f a c ti o n may be a c c u ra te ly p re d ic te d . T his v a ria b le
i s th e s tre n g th o f th e in d iv id u a l's d e s ir e s - - o f th e le v e l
o f th e in d iv id u a l's a s p ir a tio n s in a p a r tic u la r a re a . I f
th e environm ent p ro v id es l i t t l e p o s s i b i l i t y f o r need
s a t i s f a c t i o n , th o se w ith th e s tro n g e s t d e s ire s o r h ig h e st
a s p ir a tio n s a re th e le a s t lik e ly to be happy.
4 . The concept of o c c u p a tio n a l a s p ir a tio n s and
environm ental re tu rn developed fo r th e purpose o f th is
in v e s tig a tio n w ill be analyzed and comprehended in th e
lig h t o f "need s a t i s f a c t i o n ." I t seems r a th e r d e s ira b le
and p u rp o sefu l to m ain tain th e above th e o r e tic a l model
in term s o f "need s a tis f a c tio n th e o ry " and "rew ard
th e o ry ."
F i r s t , l e t us examine th e co n n ectio n between need
s a tis f a c tio n and our concepts of o c c u p a tio n a l a s p ir a tio n
and environm ental r e tu r n . Z alezn ick e t a l . p o in t out
th a t in d iv id u a ls do n o t behave in random and u n s ta b le
ways, b u t, r a th e r , th ey a re m o tiv ated tow ard a g o al o r
g o a ls . In th e most g e n e ra l sen se we can th in k o f th e
g o al o f in d iv id u a l b eh av io r as th e " s a ti s f a c ti o n of
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15
in d iv id u a l n e e d s . H e n d r i c k p o s tu la te s a "work p r in
c i p l e ." He says th a t "work i s p r in c ip a lly m o tiv ated by
need. . . However, th e needs o f a l l p erso n s a re n o t
id e n t i c a l . Roe p o in ts o u t th a t th e s tr e n g th of needs is
d is s im ila r in d if f e r e n t in d iv id u a ls and t h i s s tr e n g th
le ad s d if f e r e n t in d iv id u a ls in to v ary in g o c c u p a tio n s.
Then, ac co rd in g to t h i s co n c ep t, i t is th e need, o r
r a th e r th e s tr e n g th o f th e b a s ic n ee d s, o f d if f e r e n t in d i
v id u a ls th a t c o n s titu te s th e fo u n d atio n o f t h e i r occupa
tio n a l a s p ir a tio n s .^ ^
Once an in d iv id u a l develops a n eed , i t should be
f u l f i l l e d ; o th e rw ise th e r e s u l t , in p sy c h o lo g ic a l te rm i
n o lo g y , would be f r u s t r a t io n o r, in our term in o lo g y ,
" d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n ." C onversely, i f th e developed need
o f an in d iv id u a l i s f u l f i l l e d o r "rew ard ed ," th e r e s u l t
would be a p sy c h o lo g ic a l ad ju stm en t o r s a t i s f a c t i o n .
Q
A. Z a le z n ic k , C. R. C h ris te n s e n , and F. J . Roth-
lis b e r g e r . The H to tiv atio n . P ro d u c tiv ity and S a tis f a c tio n
o f Work. A P re d ic tio n Study (B oston, M ass.: H arvard
U n iv e rsity P re s s , 1958), p . 322.
lO l. H endrick, "Work and th e P le a su re P r in c ip le ,"
Psych. A nal. Q u a rte rly . X II (1943), 329.
^^Anne Roe, The Psychology o f O ccupations (New
York, N .Y .: John W iley and Sons, I n c ., 1956), p . 33.
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16
I t has been su g g ested th a t th e fo u n d atio n of
o c c u p a tio n a l s a tis f a c tio n is need s a t i s f a c t i o n .
P a rt o f th e problem in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n is to
s e t up and examine th e c r i t e r i a by which th e s e needs a re
chosen and f u l f i l l e d . In o th e r w ords, i t is th e aim of
t h i s stu d y to examine th e v alu es by which th e o c c u p a tio n a l
needs o f a tto rn e y s a re chosen and f u l f i l l e d .
Once th e concept o f need s a t i s f a c t i o n and f u l f i l l
ment i s e s ta b lis h e d im m ediately one fa c e s th e c h a lle n g e
o f c la s s if y in g th e c r i t e r i a fo r need f u lf i llm e n t, th a t i s ,
in d iv id u a l v alu es in a fa sh io n w hich p erm its th e d ev elo p
ment o f a th e o ry fo r e m p iric a l t e s t .
There a re many c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f v a lu e s . For th e
purpose o f t h i s stu d y , along w ith Super^^ and Z ale zn ic k ,^ ^
two c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f fram es o f re fe re n c e a re made:
1. E x te rn a l fram es o f re fe re n c e a re used when
th e c r i t e r i a fo r o c c u p a tio n a l a s p ir a tio n or
12
Donald E. S uper, The Psychology o f C areer, An
In tro d u c tio n to V o catio n al Development (New York, N .Y.:
H arper and B ro th e rs, 1955), pp. 233-234.
13
Z ale zn ic k , e t a l . . lo c . c i t .
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17
en vironm ental re tu rn a re o f a p r e s tig e ,
econom ic, o r by, and la rg e , e x te rn a l to th e
n a tu re o f work perform ance.
2. I n te r n a l fram es of re fe re n c e , on th e o th e r
hand, a re used w ith s a tis f a c tio n c r i t e r i a .
The a tto r n e y 's a t t i t u d e tow ard h is jo b
s i t u a t i o n , tow ard th e n a tu re o f th e work in
which he is engaged, h is o c c u p a tio n a l r o le ,
and h is way o f l i f e a re th e concern of
such c r i t e r i a .
O ccupational v alu es of a tto rn e y s , w hether e x te r
n a l o r i n te r n a l, o r, in th e words o f R osenberg,
e x tr in s ic o r i n t r i n s i c , w ere th e c r i t e r i a by which th i s
stu d y aimed to c l a s s i f y , m easure and examine th e le v e l o f
t h e i r a s p ir a tio n s , environm ental re tu rn and le v e l of
s a t i s f a c t i o n .
In re fe re n c e to th e above p a tte r n , and in reg ard
to th e p ro p o s itio n o f M orse, "The g r e a te r th e amount th e
in d iv id u a l g e ts , th e g r e a te r h is s a t i s f a c t i o n and a t th e
same tim e, th e more th e in d iv id u a l s t i l l d e s ir e s , th e
M orris R osenberg, O ccupations and V alues
(G lencoe, I l l i n o i s : The F ree P re s s , 1957), p . 14; see
a ls o A. Z a le z n ic k , e t a l . , lo c . c i t .
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18
le s s h is s a t i s f a c t i o n . "15 th e b a s is o f M orse's assump
tio n th e fo llo w in g s y n th e s is , g ra p h ic a lly i l l u s t r a t e d
below was proposed:
3
4 J
0 )
O C
(0
4J
s
E
§
•i-t
>
&
/
/
/
/
Level of A sp ira tio n
From t h i s g rap h ic model i t is th e o r e tic a lly p o s s ib le to
p r e d ic t v a rio u s b e h a v io ra l c h a r a c te r i s tic s r e la te d to
jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n in any o ccu p atio n , once t h e i r r e l a t i v e
p o s itio n along th e lin e s of "en v iro n m en tal re tu rn " and
" le v e l o f a s p ir a tio n " a re id e n tif ie d . C onversely, i t
is p o s s ib le to p re d ic t th e r e l a t i v e p o s itio n of "e n v iro n
m ental r e tu rn " and " le v e l o f a s p ir a tio n " o f any occupa
tio n , along lin e s o f job s a t i s f a c t i o n .
The elem ents c o n s titu tin g th e le v e l o f a s p ir a tio n
can be broken down in to d if f e r e n t v a lu e s . In g e n e ra l,
^^M orse, lo c . c i t .
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19
th ey may be su b d iv id ed in to e x tr in s ic v alu es ; t h a t i s ,
th e v alu e s which re p re s e n t th e e x te rn a l c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s
o f an o cc u p atio n , such as s ta tu s o r o u tp u t o f perform ance;
and i n t r i n s i c v a lu e s , th o se v alu es which form th e co n ten t
o f an o cc u p atio n .
A gain, by a thorough a n a ly s is o f th e f a c to r s con
s t i t u t i n g th e le v e l o f a s p ir a tio n fo r any o c c u p a tio n , i t
is p o s s ib le to p re d ic t jo b s a tis f a c tio n in th e lig h t of
environm ental r e tu r n , and v ic e v e rs a .
I t needs to be p o in ted out a t t h i s p o in t th a t
v alu es o f any k in d can be e ith e r r e a l o r s te re o ty p e s of
v a lu e s. F urtherm ore, v alu es can be in term s o f th e
e x p e c ta tio n o f a person o r he may have ex p erien ced i t ,
p r a c t ic a lly as a member o f an o cc u p atio n . In t h i s c a se ,
i f th e two a r e any d if f e r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l l y , th ey c o n tr ib
u te to th e le v e l o f s a tis f a c tio n o f th e incum bent o f th e
o ccu p atio n .
The Development o f th e H ypotheses
O ccupational V alues and S a tis f a c tio n
The q u e s tio n o f conform ity o f s te re o ty p e v alu es
o f th e work w ith i t s r e a l i s t i c o r ex p erien ce d v alu es as
r e la te d to jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n has provided s u b je c t m a tte r
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20
fo r d isc u ssio n f o r many w rite r s . March and Simon make th e
o bservation th a t job d is s a tis f a c ti o n a r is e s from a d i s
p a r ity between r e a l i t y and th e "ego id e a l" held by th e
in d iv id u a l. The g re a te r th is d is p a r ity i s , th e more
pronounced th e d e s ire to escape from a s itu a tio n w ill be.^^
An in d iv id u a l choosing an occupation presumably
fe e ls th a t th e values attach ed to h is chosen p ro fessio n
can b e t te r serv e h is needs and meet th e standards se t
fo rth by h is id e a ls than those of any o th e r occupation.
In p rin c ip le , as Rosenberg su g g e sts, "The in d iv id u a l may
weigh occupation a g a in st occupation, values a g a in st v alu es,
p e rs o n a lity a g a in s t v alu es, values a g a in st r e a l i t y , ends
a g a in st means, and so on, . . in order to make h is
occupational ch o ice. R e ality can be conceived only
through experience; th e choice of an occupation is se t
in th e area of experience. R ather, i t i s on th e le v e l of
dreams—and th e perceived values a tta c h e d a re merely
ste re o ty p es and something which could not have been
experienced. The concept of occu p atio n al a s p ira tio n r e s ts
James March and H erbert Simon, O rganizations
(New York, N .Y .: John Wiley and Sons, I n c ., 1958),
p. 94.
^^Rosenberg, lo c . c i t .
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21
on th e f a c t th a t the ste re o ty p e values as such a re able
to meet th e needs of th e "ego id e a l." This conception is
p a rt of th e in te rn a liz e d m ental s tr u c tu r e which e s ta b
lis h e s p r i o r i t i e s r e la tiv e to occupational choice.
On the o th er hand, th e environm ental re tu rn and
o n e 's expectatio n from h is work, i f not com patible, w ill
r e s u l t in d is s a tis f a c ti o n . Ginzberg in d ic a te s th a t each
element of the occupation, depending upon th e type one has
learned and compensated f o r , i f not f u l f i l l e d , c re a te s
18
a h o s t i l e fe e lin g toward th e work. Harvey A llen p re
sented a sim ila r idea when he w rote th a t the only time
one r e a l ly liv e s is from t h i r t y to s ix ty ; the young a re
the sla v e s of dreams; th e o ld , se rv an ts of r e g r e t.
I f we p o stu la te th a t th e major determ inant of
o n e 's le v e l of occupational a s p ira tio n li e s in the assump
tio n th a t in th e area of occu p atio n al values only c e rta in
ste re o ty p e c r i t e r i a a tta c h e d to a p a r tic u la r c a re e r are
capable of meeting o n e 's needs, then only th e combination
of v a lu e s, as such, a re th e main m otivator fo r choosing
^®Eli Ginzberg, S. W. A xelard, and J . A. Herma,
O ccupational Choice: An Approach to G eneral Theory (New
York, N .Y .: Columbia U n iv e rsity P re ss, 1951), p. 217.
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22
th a t occupation. Then, a c tu a lly , i f th e environm ental
re tu rn s a re not com patible w ith th e ex p ectatio n values of
th e chosen occupation, the r e s u l t would be d is s a tis f a c ti o n .
Ginzberg p o in ts out th a t, r e l a t i v e to re tu rn s from work,
th e im portant co n sid eratio n is not a b s o lu te , but ra th e r
th e amount in r e la tio n to ex p ectatio n which, in tu rn , is
a fu n ctio n of values and g o a ls. A ccordingly, th e question
of occupational choice can be explained in terms of com
p ariso n between th e te n ta tiv e and r e a l i s t i c values of
such ch o ice. Through such comparison one should be able
to measure th e degrees of s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c tio n
o f th e incumbent as w ell as h is d e s ire fo r occupational
movement because, i f h is work is d e s ira b le and com pati
b i l i t y e x is ts between th e re tu rn and th e incum bent's
needs, he w ill not be lik e ly to e n te r ta in th e idea of
changing th e path th a t leads to h is c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n .
March and Simon suggest th a t th e g r e a te r th e in d iv id u a l's
s a tis f a c tio n w ith h is work, th e le s s perceived d e s i r a b i l i t y
19
of movement.
Here i t i s proposed th a t a comparison between
t e n ta tiv e and a c tu a l values of an occupation w ill shed
^^March and Simon, lo c . c i t .
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23
lig h t on th e problem of occupational s a tis f a c tio n and
d is s a tis f a c ti o n and w ill rev ea l the c r i t e r i a fo r occupa
tio n a l ch o ice. Regarding th e above d isc u ssio n and r e l a
tiv e to our p ro p o sitio n , th e follow ing hypotheses have
been form ulated:
Hypotheses
Ho^
O ccupational s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s
randomly in c re a se s or decreases w ith resp e ct
to th e conform ity of th e values which they
expect as an outgroup and those which they
experience as an ingroup.
HOg
The ex te n t of commitment of a tto rn e y s to
le g a l p ro fe ssio n v a rie s randomly w ith re sp e c t
to th e degrees of correspondence between
a tto rn e y s ' expected and experienced values
of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
M aturity and O ccupational Values
The elem ents of education, age and y ears of
experience and tr a in in g in r e la tio n to o ccu p atio n al s a t i s
fa c tio n have been th e su b je c t m atter o f co n tro v ersy among
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24
w rite rs and re se a rc h e rs In th is a re a . For example,
Reynolds, In h is o ccupational study, found th a t d i s s a t i s
fa c tio n and In c lin a tio n toward occupational movement was
20
p o s itiv e ly a s so c ia te d w ith educatio n . S im ilar fin d in g s
were obtained In th e army during World War I I , by
21
S to u ffe r, e t a l . Simon and March In d ic a te th a t "w ithin
a given o ccu p atio n al le v e l, th e h ig h er th e le v e l o f educa
tio n , th e g re a te r th e c o n f lic t between th e job and th e
22
I n d iv id u a l's s e l f Image." Homans, In h is Theory of
2 3
D is tr ib u tiv e J u s tic e . very sh arp ly accentuated th a t
"when th e Investm ent of a member of a group Is g r e a te r
than th o se of o th e rs , but h is re tu rn s a re le s s , a co n d i
tio n of f e l t I n ju s tic e e x i s t s . . . Super In d ic a te s
20
L. G. Reynolds, The S tru c tu re of Labor Market
(New York: Harper and B ro th e rs, 1949), p. 96; see a ls o
L. G. Reynolds and J . S h ls te r , Job Horizons (New York:
Harper and B ro th ers, 1949).
21
Samuel A. S ta u ffe r, "In terv en in g O p p o rtu n itie s,
A Theory R elating M obility and D ista n c e ," American
S o c io lo g ic a l Review. V (December, 1940), 845-867.
^^March and Simon, op. c i t .. p. 96.
2 3
George Homans, Theory of D is trib u tiv e J u s t ic e
(New York: H areourt, Brace and Co., 1960).
24ib id .. p. 121.
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25
th a t education is a common cause of discrepancy between
a s p ira tio n s and achievements and of th e r e s u ltin g f r u s t r a -
2 S
tio n . Education is a c r i t e r i o n of equal s ta tu s . Conse
q u en tly , th e ex ten t of ex p ectatio n s of a person who p o sse s
ses a h ig h er le v e l of education than a c tu a lly req u ired fo r
th e jo b , is g re a te r than those of h is fellow colleagues who
have a lower le v e l of ed ucation. I f h is occupational
re tu rn does not meet th e le v e l of h is ex p ectatio n , th e
r e s u lt is n eg a tiv e . Roe a ls o r e f e r s to education as a
source of discrepancy between a s p ira tio n or ex p ectatio n and
r e a l i t y w ith r e s u lta n t f r u s t r a t i o n . E d w a r d Gross suggests
th a t "w ithin an occupation th e re is often a conception of a
proper r a te of movement which is a ls o re la te d to a g e . " ^ 7
The reason behind t h i s movement r e s u ltin g from d i s s a t i s
fa c tio n is th e f a c t th a t one is expected to have reached
c e r ta in p o in ts by a given age. Ginzberg, in h is s tu d ie s
on occupational ch o ice, among c e r ta in age groups and
a d o le sc e n ts, found th a t a f t e r c r y s ta lli z a t io n of occupa
tio n a l ch o ice, a s p ira tio n fo r e x tr in s ic values develops.
2 5
Super, lo c . c i t .
^^Roe, lo c . c i t .
^^Edward G ross, Work and S ociety (New York: The
Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1&54), p. 200.
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26
He reasons:
In c r y s ta lli z in g t h e ir o ccupational choice
many people provide fo r th e p o te n tia l s a tis f a c tio n
from work. . . . The f a i l u r e of some people to
c r y s t a l l i z e th e ir occupational choice may r e f l e c t
t h e i r i n a b i l i t y to fin d a so lu tio n fo r th e problem
of i n t r i n s i c work s a tis f a c tio n . They do not want
to commit themselves to a choice th a t may not __
g ive them a maximum of i n t r i n s i c s a tis f a c tio n .
For th e purpose of th is study, i t was held to
be f r u i t f u l to combine th e elements of age, work experience
and ed u c atio n --o u t of which o p e ra tio n a l term inology
"m aturity" was developed. O p eratio n ally , th e term
"m aturity" was found to be more proper, and in turn
re c o n c ila b le w ith th e r e la te d l i t e r a t u r e . S t i l l , however,
in th e c u rre n t w ritin g s concerning th is area of knowledge,
d if f e r e n t authors have presented m a te ria ls under d if fe re n t
te rm in o lo g ies. For in sta n c e . Maslow and Roe r e f e r to th e
p o t e n t i a l i t i e s invested in th e occupation as "c a p a c ity ,
and March and Simon c a l l i t "investm ent."^®
There is s u f f ic ie n t c l i n i c a l b a sis in Maslow' s
own stu d ie s (as w ell as many o th er re p o rts ) fo r th e
28
G inzberg, e t a l . , op. c i t . , p . 200.
Z^Roe, lo c . c i t .
March and Simon, lo c . c i t .
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27
assumption of a need fo r s a tis f a c tio n and in d iv id u a l
c a p a c itie s . For example, Roe su g g ests,
. . . a l l th a t a man can be he must be i f he
is to be happy; the more he i s f i t t e d to do,
th e more he must do. . . . The s p e c ific form
t h is need w i l l take must n a tu r a lly vary w ith
th e c a p a c itie s of th e in d iv id u a l.
Thus, i t i s proper to propose th a t needs grow w ith th e
process of m a tu rity and in d iv id u a l c a p a c itie s . These
growing needs, i f they a re not adequately f u l f i l l e d , lead
to a discrepancy between th e le v e l which th e in d iv id u al
a s p ire s to in th e h ierarch y of occupation and the place
he a c tu a lly occupies. This discrepancy a f f e c ts the
member's morale and h is values which r e s u lt s in d i s s a t i s
fa c tio n , sin ce th e in t r i n s i c needs of people a re more
widely m anifested toward th e work environment and poten
t i a l i t y of th e work. A sp iratio n toward e x tr in s ic values
of th e work seem to be the adjustm ent and establishm ent
of th e members; th e re fo re , th e follow ing hypotheses are
proposed.
HOg
O ccupational m a tu rity is r e la te d to the
p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n in such a manner
3 1
Roe, lo c . c i t .
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28
th a t a random change of th e former among a tto rn e y s
w ill r e s u l t in a random v a r ia tio n in th e ex ten t
of th e l a t t e r .
H 0 4
O ccupational m atu rity of a tto rn e y s a f f e c ts
t h e i r value systems in such a manner th a t any
random v a r ia tio n in th e i r occu p atio n al m atu rity
w ill r e s u lt in a random change in th e i r value
system s.
S tatu s and O ccupational S a tis fa c tio n
O ccupational s ta tu s , or o ccu p atio n al s ta tu s con
sc io u sn ess, is an area which, to a g re a t e x te n t, is
r e la te d to th e m orale of th e member and h is s a tis f a c tio n .
Here and th e re in c u rre n t l i t e r a t u r e , various authors
have d iscu ssed t h i s element; however, l i t t l e attem pt has
been made to v a lid a te or a s s o c ia te t h i s f a c to r w ith s a t i s
fa c tio n or d is s a tis f a c ti o n through em p irical re se a rc h e s.
Gross comments on o ccu p atio n al consciousness,
suggesting th a t where th e re is high o ccupational con
sc io u sn e ss, an attem pt w ill be made to develop an image
of th e p r a c t itio n e r s as th e unique purveyors of a se rv ic e
to a world th a t would be tocjch th e worse w ithout
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29
them.^^ In ord er to b u ild such an image, obviously
o b lig a tio n s to the occupation must stand high in p r io r i ty
over o b lig a tio n s to o th er occupations or to c l i e n t s . The
lo g ic a l e x tra c tio n from th e fin d in g s of Rohr and S h erif
is th e f a c t th a t th e members of an occupation should f e e l
s a tis f a c tio n w ith t h e i r c a re e r in order to develop a
33
high image of p re s tig e . Morse and R. S. Weiss comment :
"The f a c to r of job s a tis f a c tio n may very w ell c o n trib u te
to occupational s ta tu s consciousness."^^ L ip se t, Trow
and Coleman tr a c e th e v a ria b le of job s a tis f a c tio n in
r e la tio n to occupational consciousness, and observe th is
35
v a ria b le d e f in ite ly v a rie s among occupations, fo r
example, as being very low fo r ra ilr o a d workers.
32cross, lo c. c i t .
3 3
J . H. Rohrer and M . S h e rif, S ocial Psychology
a t th e Crossroads (New York, N .Y .: Harper and B ro th ers,
1951), p. 138.
^^Nancy Morse and R. S. Weiss, "The Function and
Meaning of Work and th e Jo b ," American S o cio lo g ical Review,
XXC1955), 191-197.
35
S. M . L ip se t, M . A. Trow and James S. Coleman,
Union Democracy, The In te rn a l P o litic s of th e In te rn a tio n a l
Typological Union (Glencoe, I l l i n o i s : The Free P ress,
1956), p. 139.
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30
In lin e w ith the above d isc u ssio n , i t becomes
apparent th a t s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c ti o n in d if f e r e n t
areas of work is asso c ia te d w ith th e s ta tu s image of the
incumbent. Then, i f we hold a l l th e v a ria b le s to be
c o n s ta n t, we w ill be able to t e s t and p re d ic t the
a tto rn e y s ' s ta tu s consciousness in terms of th is verbal
s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c tio n in th e lig h t of a com
parison of rank system between th e le g a l and other
o ccu p atio n s.
I t is th e re fo re suggested th a t th e s ta tu s image
of a p ro fe s s io n a l category is r e la te d to th e s a tis f a c tio n
or d is s a tis f a c ti o n which th e members experience. Such a
conception is tw ofold: f i r s t is th e conception held by
th e p ro fe ssio n a l member of th e occupation; second is th e
conception which he holds in regard to th e p re s tig e
accorded by nonp ro fessio n al c a te g o rie s . T herefore, the
follow ing hypothesis is form ulated:
H0 3
In le g a l p ro fessio n occupational s a t i s
fa c tio n and th e p ercep tio n of occupational
s ta tu s d i f f e r in a manner th a t a random
v a r ia tio n in th e former w ill r e s u lt in a
random in c re a se or d ecrease in th e l a t t e r .
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31
Value System and D esire fo r Community
P a r tic ip a tio n and Achievement
A s ig n if ic a n t phase of o ccu p atio n al membership is
th e p a r tic ip a tio n of th e in d iv id u a l members in d if f e r e n t
a s s o c ia tio n s m otivated by vario u s needs. Leon F estin g er
d e c la re s th a t " . . . alm ost a l l groups a re , a t le a s t in
p a r t, a t t r a c t i v e because people have needs th a t can be
s a t i s f i e d only by personal re la tio n s h ip s w ith o th er
p eo p le." He contends th a t th e re is no q u estio n but
th a t th e se needs are powerful m otivators of human b ehavior.
I t is q u ite obvious th a t a person w i l l attem pt to
move in to groups which o ffe r th e g r e a te s t p o s s ib ility of
s a tis f y in g h is p a r tic u la r needs. Areas where th e group
most e a s ily e x e rts in flu en c e correspond w ith those areas
re le v a n t to th e fu n ctio n in g of th e group and to those
needs which th e group can and does s a t i s f y in i t s members.
A ccordingly, i f a member of a le g a l o rg an iz atio n a s s o c ia te s
w ith a p r e s tig e group, he is expecting to s a tis f y h is
need fo r gaining s ta tu s ; i f an a tto rn e y spends much of
h is tim e in d if f e r e n t groups, obviously he is searching
^^Leon F e stin g e r, "A Theory of S o cia l Comparison
P ro c esse s," Human R e la tio n s, VII (1954), 117-140.
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32
fo r some form of re c o g n itio n to boost h is ego and f u l f i l l
h is need fo r s ta tu s or f in a n c ia l o b je c tiv e s . Cartw right
and Zander s t a t e th a t membership in a group is a path
37
to something d e s ira b le in th e environm ent. An im portant
reason fo r jo in in g a s o r o rity or f r a t e r n i t y on a u n iv e r
s i t y campus, fo r example, is th e p re s tig e obtained by
belonging to th a t o rg a n iz a tio n . V illerm an and Swanson
po in t to th e f a c t th a t the c h ie f b e n e fit th a t members of
a union d e riv e from t h e i r membership in th e union is the
O O
g aining of more wages and g r e a te r job s e c u r ity . Rose
s ta te s a s im ila r opinion when he p o in ts out th a t the main
m otivator of th e members of a union fo r t h e i r a s so c ia tio n
w ith th e union i s c e rta in f in a n c ia l b e n e f its .
The above d isc u ssio n suggests th e re fo r e , th a t
membership in an o rg an iz atio n i s an instrum ent f o r ach iev
ing o b je c tiv e s e x te rn a l to th e group. A ccordingly,
^^Dorwin C artw right and Alvin Zander, Group
Dynamics. Research and Study (Evanston, I l l i n o i s : Row,
Peterson and Co., 1953), p. 68.
Willexman and L. Swanson, "Group P re stig e in
Voluntary O rg a n iz a tio n s," Human R e la tio n s . VI (1953),
57-77.
39
A. Rose, Union S o lid a r ity (M inneapolis, M inn.:
U n iv ersity of Minnesota P re ss, 1952), p. 193.
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33
atto rn e y s who a re more success o rie n te d and f e e l g re a te r
need fo r achieving t h e i r occupational goals a re more
a c tiv e In vario u s community o rg an iz atio n s than a re th e
o th e rs . Thus th e follow ing conclusion can be made: the
amount of p a r tic ip a tio n In group o rg an iz atio n s of th e
members of a p ro fe ssio n a l category depends on th e le v e l
of a s p ira tio n fo r t h e i r value system. The amount of
membership v a rie s w ith th e value system which they hold
and th e goal they seek.
I t Is suggested th a t occupational members w ith
e x trin s ic value o rie n ta tio n a re more lik e ly to be found
p a r tic ip a tin g In d if f e r e n t o rg a n iz a tio n s. Along w ith
th is p ro p o sitio n from our th e o r e tic a l model we can deduct
th a t those members whose needs have been f u l f i l l e d f e e l
a le s s e r degree of a s p ira tio n fo r community o rg an izatio n s
membership. T herefore, to shed f u rth e r lig h t on th e
above p ro p o sitio n , th e follow ing hypothesis has been
developed :
H o6
The ex ten t of a s c rip tio n of a tto rn e y s to
community p a r tic ip a tio n and achievements vary
w ith re sp e c t to th e ir e x tr in s ic or I n tr in s ic
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34
value o rie n ta tio n in such a manner th a t a random
v a ria tio n in th e l a t t e r w ill r e s u lt in a random
v a ria tio n in th e form er.
O rganization of th e Remainder of th e Study
Contents of th e p rese n t ch ap ter have alread y been
reviewed. The follow ing ch ap ter p rese n ts a review of
the surveys and th e re se a rc h l i t e r a t u r e re le v a n t to the
hypotheses and th e th e o r e tic a l framework.
Chapter I I I d e sc rib e s th e methods used in g a th e r
ing the d a ta , to g e th e r w ith a d e s c rip tio n of th e mechanics
of th e study, c h a r a c te r i s tic s of th e sample, and the
s t a t i s t i c a l measures u t i l i z e d fo r te s tin g hypothesized
assum ptions.
The main body of fin d in g s w ill follow , including
s p e c ific in d ices of occupational s a tis f a c tio n , s ta tu s
and values of a tto rn e y s .
F in a lly , Chapter V p rese n ts a summary of the
in v e s tig a tio n and th e conclusions in fe rre d .
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CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The c e n tr a l issu e in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n concerns
th e p ro fe s s io n a l and occupational values which a tto rn e y s
as a d i s t i n c t category have developed. I t i s , f u r th e r ,
th e aim of th is study to v e rify th e occupational s a t i s
f a c tio n , th e r e a liz a tio n of th e goals and o b je c tiv e s ,
and th e determ ination of s e l f image of occupational s ta tu s
of a tto rn e y s .
In th e search fo r inform ation r e la tiv e to th e
p ro p o sitio n s made in th is study, one is met w ith a v ast
q u a n tity of l i t e r a t u r e , much of which appears to revolve
around th e concepts of o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n and
v alu es. Many research p ro je c ts have been completed and
many a re in progress in th e se p a r tic u la r and r e la te d area s
The prodigious volume of in v e s tig a tio n s reg ard in g
values has been fo r long th e su b je c t of co n c en tratio n and
sp e c u la tio n of p sy c h o lo g ists, s o c io lo g is ts and d if f e r e n t
f ie ld s of management.
35
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36
Legal e ru d itio n s have evidenced fewer in v e s tig a
tio n s concerning a tto r n e y s . A few surveys which were
made were, p rim a rily , d e s c rip tiv e and th e method used
was sp e c u la tiv e . In f a c t , atto rn e y s as a p ro fe s s io n a l
category a re a n eg lected group in th e f i e l d of sociology
of occupations. Thus, th e re has not been a corresponding
a p p lic a tio n of th e r e s u l t s of surveys and in v e s tig a tio n s
in the area of th is re se a rc h . Such h e sita n c y is under
stan d ab le in lig h t of th e fa c t th a t th e re has been l i t t l e
attem pt made to sy n th e siz e th e r e s u lts of th e r e la te d
in v e s tig a tio n s and apply them to s p e c ific f a c t s .
Among th e abundant body of l i t e r a t u r e on lawyers
and th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , th e re is co n sid e ra b le inform a
tio n about law yers' b iographies and au to b io g rap h ies and
reviews of d if f e r e n t bar a s s o c ia tio n s . A few h i s t o r i c a l
accounts of le g a l firm s in various m etro p o lita n areas a re
a ls o a v a ila b le . The income and th e economic s ta tu s of
th e b ar have been th e su b je c t of copious a tte n tio n from
th e in v e s tig a to rs of th e p ro fessio n of law, but th e
methods u t i l i z e d in many of th ese surveys leav e much to
be d e s ire d ; co n sid e ra b le inform ation about th e p ro fessio n
can be gleaned from them.
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37
I t i s th e aim of th is ch ap ter to review the
l i t e r a t u r e on a tto rn e y s and th e r e la te d a re a s . This p a rt
w ill comment on th e l i t e r a t u r e of th e law p ro fe ssio n ,
occupational v alu es, and job s a tis f a c tio n .
Law as a P rofession
Among th e numerous occupational in v e stig a tio n s
made by E sther Brown is one on law yers. In her d e s c rip
tiv e study, she gives a r e a l i s t i c and d isc ern in g account
of her o b serv atio n s of le g a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , d ire c tin g the
focus of h er study toward educatio n al problems involved
in th e various asp ects of th e p ro fe ssio n . She gives a
d e s c rip tio n of th e ro le of lawyers in p riv a te p ra c tic e
as w ell as o f f i c i a l p o s itio n s , and analyzes th e n atu re
of th e work done by law yers. ^
Adams conducted an in v e s tig a tio n concerning th e
re g io n a l d iffe re n c e s in v e r t i c a l o ccupational m obility of
c e rta in members of th e le g a l p ro fe s s io n --th e independent
or self-em ployed a tto rn e y s . He obtained d ata during th e
period 1947-1948 in se v e ra l c i t i e s ranging from the
^Esther L. Brown, Lawyers. Law Schools and th e
Public S erv ice (New York: The R u ssell Sage Foundation,
1948), p. 258.
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38
N ortheast to th e Southwest. He hypothesized th a t: 1)
s o c ie ta l s tru c tu re s have fe a tu re s th e ex ten t of which are
r e s t r i c t e d to p a r tic u la r l o c a l i t i e s or reg io n s; 2) one
of th e lo c a l v a ria b le s is th e r i g i d i t y of s ta tu s systems ;
3) r i g i d i t y of s tru c tu re is r e la te d in a determ inant way
to th e ch ro n o lo g ical age of th e community. Adams'
fin d in g s d isc lo se d a f a i r l y r e lia b le tendency fo r members
of th is group to come from p ro g re ssiv e ly higher o rig in s
of th e West. This tren d is most pronounced between th e
N ortheast and the Midwest, la rg e ly because of th e e f fe c t
of th e h ighly mobile second g eneration immigrants on
s ta tu s o rig in in th e N ortheast. The s ig n ific a n t fa c to rs
underlying t h i s trend appeared to be: 1) g re a te r acces
s i b i l i t y of education, both p re -le g a l and p ro fe ssio n a l,
in th e o ld e r reg io n s; 2) the higher p ro p o rtio n of second-
g eneration immigrants in th e o ld er re g io n s; 3) the
absence in th e o ld er regions of a stro n g sense of oppor
tu n ity in th e b asic in d u s trie s and b u sin e ss. The r e s u lts
a ls o in d ic a te d th a t th e re has been decreasing s t r a t i f i c a
tio n in t h i s p ro fessio n in th e sense th a t entrance from
any lower occupational s tru c tu re has become e a s ie r in
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39
2
rece n t decades.
W alter Wardwell, e t a l . . a lso stu d ied th e e x tra
p ro fe ssio n a l r o le of law yers. This research aimed a t
a s c e rta in in g th e r o le of th e a tto rn e y in d if f e r e n t organ
iz a tio n s and h is community p a r tic ip a tio n . They found
th e law y er's e x tra p ro fe ssio n a l ro le is c lo s e ly r e la te d
to h is p ro fe s s io n a l r o le . Solo p r a c titio n e r s , fo r
example, tend to be a c tiv e in p o l i t i c s . This i s one way
of becoming known as a lawyer, and perhaps b u ild in g up
a p r a c tic e . The lawyers who a re not members of th e Bars
tend not to be a c tiv e in p o l i t i c s . People in g en e ra l
expect lawyers to be a v a ila b le : 1) as public s e rv a n ts;
2) fo r le a d e rsh ip ; and 3) fo r la w -rela ted a c t i v i t i e s ,
le g a l a id s o c ie tie s and law yers' re fe re n c e p la n s.^
Wood stu d ied c rim in a l lawyers as opposed to c i v i l
law yers, and found th a t th e former had a lower s ta tu s
among members of th e Bar. The crim in al lawyer i s le s s a
2
S tu a rt Adams, "R egional D ifferences in V e rtic a l
M obility in a High S tatu s O ccupation," American Socio
lo g ic a l Review. XV (1950), 228-235.
^W alter I . Wardwell and A. L. Wood, "The E xtra
P ro fe ssio n a l Role of th e Lawyer," American Jo u rn a l of
Sociology. LVI (1955), 304-307.
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40
p a r tic ip a n t in community a c t i v i t i e s , but o ften engages in
more p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s , has more hum anitarian m otiva
tio n s , and id e n t i f i e s him self more w ith th e u n d e rp riv i
leged. He a ls o has c lo s e r c o n ta c ts w ith government and
c i v i l o f f i c i a l s . ^
B la u stin made a d e s c rip tiv e study of American
lawyers and th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . The major area of th is
in v e s tig a tio n by B lau stin includes th e s ta tu s of lawyers
in s o c ie ty , which he fe e ls must be improved by deeds of
th e members of th e p ro fessio n and through an e f f ic ie n t
p ublic r e la tio n s program. He ev a lu a te s th e le g a l p ro fe s
sio n a l se rv ic e s of atto rn e y s in terms of a v a ila b le le g a l
se rv ic e s and dem onstrates th e im portance of th e function
of th e le g a l occupation.^
By and la rg e , the major attem pts a t in v e s tig a tin g
th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n included th re e h i s t o r i c a l surveys by
4 -
A. L. Wood, "Inform al R e latio n s in th e P ra c tic e
of C rim inal Law," American Jo u rn al of S ociology. LXII
(1956), 48-55.
^A lbert P. B lau stin and C harles 0. P o rte r, The
American Lawyer. A Summary of th e Survey of th e Legal
P rofession (Chicago: U n iv ersity of Chicago P ress, 1954).
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41
W arren,^ H urst,^ and Pound.® R e g re tfu lly enough, the
former i s too old and th e l a t t e r a re very g en e ra l.
The tren d of em p irical in v e s tig a tio n s on th e law
p ro fe ssio n is q u ite re c e n t. S tudies in th is regard
Q
in c lu d e: the study of B la u stin , e t a l . of th e American
lawyer which involves a general p ic tu re of th e s ta tu s of
a tto rn e y s in American s o c ie ty , presented w ith s t a t i s t i c a l
f a c t s ; Hale's^® study of th e Negro lawyer in Chicago in
1949 which i s , in f a c t , a source of knowledge on s p e c ific
phases of in d iv id u a l p ra c tic e in a m etro p o litan community,
Loftus Carson^l a lso presented em p irical inform ation
reg ard in g th e p ro fe ssio n a l s ta tu s and patronage of Negro
^Charles Warren, A H istory of th e American Bar
(Boston: L i t t l e , Brown and Co., 1911).
7
W illard H urst, The Growth of American Law
(Boston: L i t t l e , Brown and Co., 1950).
®Roscoe Pound, The Lawyer from A n tiq u ity to
Modem Times (S t. Paul: West P ublishing Co., 1955).
Q
B la u stin , e t a l . . lo c . c i t .
^ ^ i l l i a m H. Hale, "The Career Development of the
Negro Lawyer" (unpublished Ph.D. d is s e r ta ti o n . U niversity
of Chicago, 1959).
^^Loftus C. Carson, "The Negro and th e P ra c tic e of
Law" (unpublished Ph.D. d is s e r ta ti o n , F isk U n iv ersity ,
1955).
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42
12
law yers. The more rece n t works Include Matthew's study
1 1
of th e sm all town lawyer as community le a d e r; W ardwell's
study of th e r o le of lawyers; and C a rlin 's ^ ^ th e s is on
th e lawyer as an in d iv id u a l p r a c titio n e r .
Occupational S a tis fa c tio n and Age
The age of incumbents and th e s a tis f a c tio n which
they obtain from t h e i r occupation has been stu d ied in
numerous in v e s tig a tio n s . The o v e r - a ll p ic tu re of th ese
in v e stig a tio n s suggests th a t th e s a tis f a c tio n is a sso
c ia te d w ith occupation in the e a rly y ears of liv in g
incumbents in occupations. The ch ro n o lo g ical age a lso
bears a co n sid erab le weight in th e s a tis f a c tio n obtained
from occupation. For example, an in v e s tig a tio n conducted
by the N ational A ssociation of Education in d ic a te s th a t
th e o ld er a person is when he begins te ach in g , th e more
1 n
Thomas Matthews, "The Lawyer as a Community
Leader" (unpublished Ph.D. d is s e r ta tio n , C ornell
U n iv erity , 1952).
^ % a lte r I . Wardwell and A rthur L. Wood, "The
Extra P ro fe ssio n a l Role of the Lawyer," American Journal
of S ociology. XLI (January, 1956).
^^Jerome F. C a rlin , "The Lawyer as In d iv id u al
P ra c titio n e r" (unpublished Ph.D. d is s e r ta ti o n . U niversity
of Chicago, 1959).
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43
lik e ly i t is th a t he w ill fin d job s a t i s f a c t i o n > unless
he is over f o r ty , when job s a tis f a c tio n decreases
s h a r p l y . 15 on th e o th e r hand, Herzberg found th a t e a r l i e r
in l i f e th e choice of a job or f ie ld of work is made, th e
g r e a te r th e chance fo r job s a tis f a c tio n .^ ^
C a rro ll M ille r stu d ied th e r e la tio n s h ip between
age and o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n along w ith o th e r values.
The th r e e o th e r values th a t he used were: s e c u rity ,
p r e s tig e and s o c ia l rew ards. The group stu d ie d co n siste d
of 196 c o lle g e men ranging in age from seventeen through
t h i r t y . In a d m in istra tio n of th e q u e s tio n n a ire , th e sub
je c t s were in s tru c te d to read each p a ir o f r e la te d items
and then decide which of th e two was more im portant to
them in choosing an occupation. The fin d in g s in d ic a te
th a t th e v aria n ce e stim a te fo r d iffe re n c e s among th e age
groups was only n in e , obviously not s ig n i f ic a n t . But
l^N atio n al Education A sso ciatio n (NEA), " F ir s t
Year Teacher in 1954-1955," N ational Education Research
B u lle tin . 1956. XXX, 47.
16
F. H erzberg, B. Mausnerm, B. 0. P eterso n , and
D. F. C aldw ell, Job A ttitu d e s : Review of Research and
Opinion (P ittsb u rg h : P sychological S ervice of P ittsb u rg h ,
1957).
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44
d iffe re n c e s in means of various values proved to be highly
s ig n i f ic a n t , w ith a v aria n cé E stim ate of 163.^3, which was
w ell above th e 0.001 value of 5.42.^^
A ssociated w ith age d iffe re n c e and i t s r e l a t i o n
sh ip w ith occupational values and d e s ir e s , Singer and
S t e f f l e r conducted a rese arch on 373 Caucasian high school
males in Los Angeles City Schools. The respondents were
asked i f they had a choice of jobs c h a ra c te riz e d by d i f
fe re n t given v a lu e s, which one they would choose. The
values given were;
1. A job where you could be a lead er
2. A veiry in te r e s tin g job
3. A job where you would be looked upon very
h ig h ly
4. A job where you could be boss
5. A job you were a b so lu te ly sure of keeping
6. A job where you could express your f e e lin g s ,
id e a s , ta le n ts or s k i l l
7. A very highly paid job
8. A job where you could make a name fo r y o u rs e lf
^^ C a rro ll M ille r, "Age D ifferen ces in O ccupational
Values of C ollege Men," Jo u rn al of Counseling Psychology.
I (1954), 190-192.
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45
9. A job where you could help o th e r people
10. A job where you could work more or le ss
on your own
They were asked to rank th e se choices from one to te n .
T heir findings in d ic a te d th a t a d u lt males were not as
p a r tic u la r about having an in te r e s tin g jo b , or fame or
p r o f i t , in comparison w ith th e group of high school
se n io rs . On th e o th e r hand, th e urban a d u lts over
se le c te d a job where they could more or le s s be on t h e ir
own, w hile the ad o lescen ts did not a tta c h much importance
to independence. The fin d in g s m anifested a d e f in ite and
apparent v a ria tio n between occupational values and age
d iffe re n c e s . The area of money, in te r e s t and fame appears
to overshadow o th e r motives in the value s tr u c tu re of the
adolescents as compared w ith a d u lts .
Length of S erv ice, Education and
Occupational S a tis fa c tio n
The r e la tio n s h ip between th e ex ten t of education
a ls o the number of y ears spent in an occupation and
^®Stanley Singer and Buford S t e f f l e r , "Age D if fe r
ences and Job Values and D e sire s," Jo u rn al of Counseling
Psychology, I (Summer, 1954), 89-91.
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46
o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n has been th e c e n tr a l theme of
In v e stig a tio n by many re se a rc h e rs. The fin d in g s of d i f
fe re n t s tu d ie s show th a t th e re Is some a s so c ia tio n between
th e above elem ents.
Rogers found th a t a la rg e m a jo rity of male e l e
mentary te ach e rs stu d ied were very s a t i s f i e d w ith c l a s s
room te ach in g ; e s p e c ia lly In th e areas of te ac h e r-p u p ll
r e la tio n s h ip s . The th re e major d is s a tis f a c tio n s were
Inadequate s a la r y , e x tra jobs w ithout corresponding
com pensation, and fa c to rs r e la tin g to th e d isp ro p o rtio n a te
number of women on th e teaching s t a f f . A considerable
m inority were d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r s ta tu s In th e com
munity and 22.5 per cent expressed some o b jectio n s to
having women p r in c ip a ls .
In t h e i r study of responses to a q u e stio n n a ire ,
Vollmer and Kinney found th a t younger respondents and
those w ith h ig h er education tend to be more freq u en tly
d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e ir c a re e r than o ld e r or le ss educated
w orkers. The degree of s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c tio n
Rogers, "A Study of th e R eactions of Forty
Men to Teaching In tb.fi Elementary S chools," Jo u rn al of
E ducational S ociology, XXVII (1953), 24-35.
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47
appeared to have a d ir e c t r e la tio n s h ip w ith age and
90
ed u c atio n al atta in m e n t.
Walker and G uest, in a study of assembly lin e
w orkers, discovered th a t th e evidence was in co n clu siv e;
th a t job s a tis f a c tio n among assembly lin e workers was
in v e rse ly r e la te d to ed u catio n al le v e l.
Douglas Jaeg er made an in v e s tig a tio n involving
graduates of fiv e d if f e r e n t areas of en g in eerin g . A ll
had completed a fiv e -y e a r cooperative engineering c u r
riculum . He compared th e occupational s a tis f a c tio n of
those engineers who did not have tr a in in g , those who had
gone to graduate school, and those who had gone through
curriculum tr a in in g . He found th a t more education is not
a source of o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n , r a th e r , those who
had chosen tr a in in g programs were hap p ier and b e t te r
21
s a t i s f i e d than those who had n o t.
Morse in h er book, S a tis fa c tio n in White C ollar
Jo b s . stu d ied th e r e la tio n s h ip between fin a n c ia l and job
M. Vollmer and J . A. Kinney, "Age, Education
and Job S a tis f a c ti o n ," P ersonnel. XXXII (1955), 38-43.
21
Douglas Ja e g e r, "How to A ttr a c t E ngineers,"
Personnel J o u r n a l. XXXIV (1935), 88-100.
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48
s ta tu s s a tis f a c tio n and th e len g th of experience and
se rv ic e . She rep o rted th a t those who have re c e n tly
a rriv e d were g e n e ra lly w ell s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r pay and
job s ta tu s , and w ith t h e i r chances of advancement. People
who had been w ith th e company fo r y ea rs, however, and
who had not advanced to superv iso ry p o sitio n s or h ig h er
p o s itio n s in o th er departm ents, were g e n e ra lly le s s
s a t i s f i e d . She a ls o re p o rts th a t an employee who is
i n i t i a l l y w ell s a t i s f i e d w ith h is sa la ry s ta tu s becomes
le s s s a t i s f i e d when advancement takes place a t a slower
22
r a te than he expects and d e s ir e s .
Roe p o in ts out th a t th e re is a r e la tio n s h ip
between s c h o la s tic achievement and occupational c h o i c e . ^ 3
G is t, Pihblad and Gregory found a f a i r l y c o n s is te n t c o r
respondence between average s c h o la s tic achievement and
22
Nancy Morse, S a tis fa c tio n in White C o llar Jobs
(Ann Arbor, Michigan: Survey Research Center I n s t i t u t e ,
U n iv ersity of Michigan, 1953), pp. 69-75.
23
Roe, op. c i t . , p. 21.
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49
occupational c h o i c e . M a s s i n in v e stig a te d s e llin g p e r
formances and contentm ent in r e la tio n to school background.
His su b je c ts were n in e ty -fo u r g i r l s in a New York d e p a rt
ment s to re w ith homogeneous s e llin g experience. Career
s a tis f a c tio n was ra te d by th re e q u estio n n aire s and job
performance was based on ra tin g s of p ro fe ssio n a l women
shoppers and s u p e rv is o rs . The respondents were divided
in to four groups, according to whether th e ir high school
courses had been c o lle g e p rep arato ry , commercial, clo th in g
a r t s , or d i s t r ib u t iv e occupations. His fin d in g s on the
r e la tio n of various fa c to rs dem onstrated a h ig h er s a t i s
fa c tio n among those who had co lle g e p rep arato ry co u rses.
He a lso noted among th e n o n d is trib u tiv e groups a tendency
to an inverse r e la tio n between contentm ent and th e amount
of high school t r a i n i n g . ^5
P. G is t, C, T. Pihblad, and C. L. Gregory,
"S ch o la stic Achievement and O ccupations," American
S o cio lo g ical Review. VII (1942), 752-763.
25
A. C, Massin, "S e llin g Performance and C ontent
ment in R elation to School Background," Columbia U niver
s i t y p u b lic a tio n . T eachers' College C ontribution to
E ducation. No. 952, 1949.
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50
O ccupational S a tis fa c tio n and Values
Although many of th e researches have been con
cerned w ith th e measurement of s a tis f a c tio n r e la te d to
occupation as a so le f a c to r , a few tren d s are evident th a t
th e element of value o r ie n ta tio n of the incumbents of the
occupations have been taken in to co n sid eratio n to a g re a t
degree in rece n t in v e s tig a tio n s . Darley and Hagenah
d is tin g u is h between e x trin s ic and i n t r i n s i c values and
r e l a t e them to occupational s a tis f a c tio n , s ta tin g :
The measurement of in te r e s ts has h i s t o r i c a l l y
tended to concern i t s e l f w ith d efin in g s a t i s f a c
tio n s in h e re n t in th e job i t s e l f . Since not a l l
jobs possess such resources of stim u la tio n and
not a l l people are m otivated to fin d work an end
in i t s e l f , counselors must not expect p resen t
i n t e r e s t in v e n to rie s to y ie ld p a tte rn s of d riv in g
i n te r e s ts fo r a l l stu d e n ts and must not assume
th a t s a tis f a c tio n in th e world of work is psycho
lo g ic a lly I d e n tic a l a t a l l le v e ls of occupational
h ie ra rc h y . 2 °
I t has alread y been pointed out th a t a mere i n t e r
e s t in an occupation is s u f f ic ie n t fo r th e measurement of
s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c ti o n . Values a ttac h ed to th e
occupation a re th e determ inants of a t tr a c ti o n or rep u lsio n
toward such c a re e rs ; but what are th e f a c to rs c o n s titu tin g
2 6 j. G. Darley and T. Hagenah, V ocational I n te r e s t
Measurement (M inneapolis, Minn.: U n iv ersity of Minnesota
P ress, 1955).
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51
such v alu es, and what a re th e elem ents a f f e c tin g the
a t titu d e s of t h e i r incumbents and t h e i r c a re e rs? This
q u estio n has been th e su b je c t m a tte r of a rece n t i n v e s t i
g atio n concerning th e ro le behavior and r o le ex p ectatio n
of th e occupants of d if f e r e n t c a re e rs and p ro fe ssio n s.
In o th e r words, th e se values and o ccupational a ttitu d e s
have been observed through th e ro le s of persons engaged
in d if f e r e n t work. Needless to say, th e r o le ex p ectatio n s
which a re c o n s titu te d by an occupation r e s u lt in the d e v e l
opment of c h a r a c te r i s tic and sometimes c o n flic tin g values
and a t titu d e s in th e members of c e r ta in occupations. These
v a lu e s, in g e n e ra l, are m anifested in d if f e r e n t ways and
w ith varying a t t i t u d e s . For example, W ardwell's study
shows th a t lawyers view them selves as public fig u re s and
2 7
p i l l a r s of th e community. H all re p o rts th a t physicians
co n sid er them selves members o f a h ig h ly organized g u ild ,
or as p a r tic ip a n ts in an independent commercial v en tu re.
2 7
W . L. Wardwell, "The Reduction of S tra in in a
M arginal S o cial R ole," American Jo u rn a l of Sociology, LXI
(1955), 16-25; see a ls o W . L. Wardwell and A. L. Wood,
"The E xtra P ro fe ssio n a l Role of th e Lawyer," American
Jo u rn al of S ociology. XLI (1956), 304-307.
^®0. H a ll, "Types of Medical C a re e rs," American
Jo u rn al of S ociology. LV (1949), 243-253.
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52
On th e o th e r hand, c h iro p ra c to rs come to view them selves
29
as members of an oppressed community.
The connection between the occupation and work
s a tis f a c tio n is not contained in th e s p e c if ic d ecisio n
which the in d iv id u a l reac h es, but in how he c l a r i f i e s
the goals and values which a re asso c ia te d w ith th e s a t i s
fa c tio n s he seeks in work. Ginzberg suggests th a t in
American c u ltu r e , g re a t s tr e s s is placed upon environm ental
30
re tu rn s to th e d isre g a rd of i n tr in s i c work s a t i s f a c t i o n .
In regard to v a lu e s, March and Simon have emphasized the
concept of c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n and propose th e follow ing
hypotheses :
1. The g re a te r th e in d iv id u a l's s a tis f a c tio n w ith
th e jo b , th e le s s the d e s i r a b i l i t y of movement.
2, The g r e a te r th e conform ity of th e job c h a r
a c t e r i s t i c s to th e s e lf - c h a r a c te r iz a tio n
held by th e in d iv id u a l, th e h ig h er th e le v e l
of s a tis f a c tio n .
29
Wardwell, lo c . c i t .
^®Eli G inzberg, Sidney A xelard, and John L. Herma,
O ccupational Choice. An Approach to a G eneral Theory
(New York: Columbia U n iv ersity P ress, 1951).
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53
3. The g re a te r the p r e d ic ta b il ity of instrum ental
re la tio n s h ip s on th e jo b , th e h ig h er the le v e l
of s a tis f a c tio n .
4. The g re a te r th e c o m p a tib ility of work re q u ire
ments w ith the requirem ents of o th er ro le s ,
th e higher the le v e l of s a tis f a c tio n .
5. The la rg e r th e amount of rewards o ffered by
th e o rg a n iz a tio n , th e le ss th e c o n f lic t between
th e job and the in d iv id u a l's s e l f image.
6 . The g re a te r the in d iv id u a l's p a r tic ip a tio n in
job assignment th e le s s th e c o n f lic t between
th e job and the in d iv id u a l's s e l f image.
7. W ithin a given occupational le v e l, the
h ig h er th e le v e l of education, th e g re a te r
th e c o n f lic t between th e job and th e in d i
v id u a l's s e lf image.
8 . The g r e a te r th e congruence of work time
p a tte rn s w ith those of o th er r o le s , the
g r e a te r th e c o m p a tib ility of th e job and
31
o th e r r o le s .
James March and H erbert A. Simon, O rganization
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, I n c ., 1958), pp. 93-98.
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54
S haffer stu d ied th e responses of seventy-two
persons to a q u e s tio n n a ire concerned w ith o v e r - a ll job
s a tis f a c tio n . He assumed th a t " o v e r-a ll job s a tis f a c tio n
w ill vary d ir e c tly w ith th e ex ten t to which th e needs of
in d iv id u a ls can be s a t i s f i e d in a job; th e stro n g e r the
need, th e more c lo s e ly w ill job s a tis f a c tio n depend on i t s
f u lf illm e n t." He obtained a c o e ff ic ie n t of c o rre la tio n
equal to 0.58 between the mean s a tis f a c tio n score of
each p e rso n 's two s tro n g e s t needs and o v e r - a ll s a t i s f a c
tio n . He suggested th e p o s s ib ility of developing need
s a tis f a c tio n p r o f ile s or norms fo r broad occupational
32
groups and s p e c ific work environment.
The value p referen ce in o ccupational choice and
c a re e r behavior express im portant d iffe re n c e s in in d iv id u a l
needs. This in te r p r e ta tio n was used by C enters in an
attem pt to study th e re la tio n s h ip s between c e r ta in m otiva
tio n a l phenomena and occupational s t r a t i f i c a t i o n . He em
p i r i c a l l y in v e s tig a te d t h i s su b je ct on th e hypothesis th a t
man's s t r a t i f i c a t i o n s , d e s ire s , a s p ira tio n s and goals are
32
R. H. S h a ffe r, "Job S a tis fa c tio n as R elated to
Need S a tis fa c tio n in Work," Psychological Monograph. No.
364, LXVII (1953), 29.
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55
stro n g ly conditioned or determ ined by t h e i r p rese n t r o le s ,
s ta tu s and le v e ls of achievement as th e se a re m anifested in
t h e i r placement in d iv e rse occupational s t r a t a . He i n t e r
viewed a sample of 1 , 1 0 0 w hite male a d u lts engaged in d i f
fe re n t occupations so se le c te d as to c o n s titu te a r e p r e
s e n ta tiv e cro ss se c tio n n a tio n a lly . The r e s u lt of th is
study revealed a g re a t s a tis f a c tio n among a l l b u sin e ss,
p ro fe s s io n a l, and w hite c o lla r incumbents. He a ls o found
th e g r e a te s t d is s a tis f a c ti o n among a l l manual w orkers. He
in te rp re te d h is fin d in g s th a t th e values a tta c h e d to th e
c a re e r fo r 85 per cen t of th e manual workers were not
d e s ira b le . These workers were e ith e r poor or poor plus in
economic or standard of liv in g s ta tu s , and th a t was tru e
fo r only 23 per cent of th e o th e r groups. In o th e r words,
t h e i r lack of s e c u rity was much g r e a te r , as only one th ir d
33
of th e manual workers had never been out of work. F ind
ings of th is survey of m otives and values a re ra th e r
s tr ik in g ly in harmony w ith a theory of m otivation advanced
by A. H. Maslow who suggests th a t m otives in in d iv id u a ls
33
R. C en ters, "M otivational F actors of Occupa
tio n a l S t r a t i f i c a t i o n ," Jo u rn al of S o cial Psychology.
XXVIII (1948), 187-217.
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a re organized in to a h ierarch y of prepotency.
56
34
O ccupational S tatu s and
Career S a tis fa c tio n
S tatu s of th e occupation and i t s r e la tio n s h ip to
th e ex te n t of s a tis f a c tio n th a t one secures in h is c a re e r
has r a r e ly been th e su b je c t of re s e a rc h e rs ' a tte n tio n . On
th e o th e r hand, d if f e r e n t views have been suggested in
regard to th is m a tte r. Darley and Hagenah suggest th a t
measurement of occupational s a tis f a c tio n would be more
m eaningful i f i t is in terms of th e le v e l of th e incumbents
O c
and t h e i r s ta tu s l e v e l . ^ A person a t a high occupational
le v e l experiences s a tis f a c tio n as r e la te d to in te r n a l
fe e lin g s of accomplishment and involvement in work. With
those a t lower occupational le v e ls , however, th e re
appears to be a tendency to obtain s a tis f a c tio n from
sources e x te rn a l to th e work. T herefore, i f a person
p erceiv es h is s ta tu s to be high, he is more lik e ly to be
b e t t e r s a t i s f i e d w ith h is occupation than in an adverse
H. Maslow, "Some T h e o re tic a l Consequences of
Basic Needs G r a tif ic a tio n ," Jo u rn al of Psychology. XVI
(1948), 402-416.
3 5 j. G. Darley and T. Hagenah, V ocational I n te r e s t
Measurement (M inneapolis, M inn.: U n iv ersity of Minnesota
P re ss, 193?).
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57
c o n d itio n . Strong makes a c r u c ia l statem ent th a t occupa
tio n a l s ta tu s has a d e f in ite e f f e c t upon occupational
s a t i s f a c t i o n . He supports h is co n ten tio n s by a follow -up
study of 884 Stanford g rad u ates, fin d in g th a t p h y sician s,
as high s ta tu s persons, had th e h ig h e st job s a tis f a c tio n
and c l e r i c a l employees, m ail c a r r i e r s , e t c . , had the
_ 36
lo w est.
O ccupational s ta tu s is th e perception of the p re s
tig e th a t incumbents accord t h e i r own c a re e rs . Such p e r
cep tio n might be q u ite d if f e r e n t from th e perception of
ev alu atio n of o th e rs . For example, an a tto rn e y knows th a t
throughout h is c a re e r, a t le a s t 50 per cent of those w ith
whom he d ea ls tend to develop h o s ti le fe e lin g s toward him
and, as a consequence, they w i l l rank him low. But as an
a tto rn e y h is perception of th e s ta tu s of h is work is q u ite
d i f f e r e n t . However, the q uestion rem ains: Does the
s ta tu s given a known p ro fe ssio n a l category play any p a rt
in th e s a tis f a c tio n of th a t p a r tic u la r group? R e ttig ,
e t a l ., found th a t higher expected s ta tu s from other
K. Strong, J r . , V ocational I n te r e s ts Eighteen
Years A fte r College (M inneapolis, M inn.: U n iv ersity of
Minnesota P re ss, 19.55).
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58
p ro fe s s io n a l persons, r a th e r than from th e g en eral p u b lic ,
serves to m aintain occupational s a tis f a c tio n fo r p ro fe s -
37
s i o n a l s .
S tudies of occupations in terms of p re s tig e and
s ta tu s can be trac ed back to 1925, to the in v e s tig a tio n of
Counts, who attem pted to e s ta b lis h d is tin c tio n s between
occupations. I t seems p r a c tic a l to give a l i s t of some
s tu d ie s in th is re sp e c t:
Year In v e stig a to r
1934 Hartman
1935 Nietz
1940 Stevens
1943 Smith
1946 Byers
1947 Deeg and Paterson
T itle of P u b lica tio n
The P re stig e of the
Occupation
The Depression and S o cial
S tatu s of Occupations
The A ttitu d e of C ollege
Women toward Women's
Vocations
Proposals fo r Making a
Scale of O ccupational
S tatus
How the GI Rates th e Job
Change in S o cia l S tatu s
of Occupations
37s. R e ttig , F. N. Jacobson, and B. Pasamanick,
"S tatu s Overe stim â tion. O bjective S ta tu s , and Job S a t i s
fa c tio n Among P ro fe ss io n s," American S o cio lo g ica l Review,
XXII (1957), 424-427.
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59
Year In v e s tig a to r T i t l e of P u b lica tio n
1947 N ational Research Jobs and Occupations
Center
1948 Welsh The Ranking of Occupations
on th e B asis of
S ocial S tatu s
1950 Stubbins The R elatio n sh ip between
' Level of V ocational
A sp iratio n and C ertain
Personal Data
O ccupational A sp ira tio n and P re stig e
O ccupational a s p ira tio n and p re s tig e , among o th er
f a c to r s , appear to be more c lo s e ly asso c ia te d w ith each
o th e r. When a person i s in th e process of decision-m aking
r e l a t i v e to h is fu tu re occupation, often he i s concerned
w ith th e ex ten t to which h is in te re s te d occupation re c e iv e s
th e adm iration and esteem of th e gen eral p u b lic . The r e a
son th a t many young people a s p ire to become d o cto rs or law
yers is in p a rt due to th e p r e s tig e attach ed to th e se p ro
fe s s io n s . In regard to d isc o v erin g th e r e la tio n s h ip of
o ccupational a s p ira tio n and p r e s tig e of th e occupation,
Richey, Fox, and Fouset conducted a study a t th e U n iv ersity
of Indiana. They s e le c te d eig h teen d if f e r e n t occupations
as th e co re of th e problem in ranking. The in v e s tig a to r s
made an e f f o r t to s e le c t occupations th a t might r e f l e c t
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60
decided d iffe re n c e s in p re s tig e in th e minds of s tu d e n ts.
The 1,676 respondents were asked to rank th e eighteen
occupations in o rd er of th e p re s tig e they attach ed to
th e se occupations. In th is study th e s ix v a ria b le s of the
s iz e of th e community from which th e respondents came,
sc h o la rsh ip le v e l of th e s u b je c ts , th e degree of working
experience, s tu d e n ts ' re a c tio n toward community c o n tro l
o f te a c h e rs ' b eh av io r, th e o ccupational o b je c tiv e s of
th e respondents and t h e i r f a th e r s ' incomes, were con
t r o l l e d . The fin d in g s showed th e re were s ig n ific a n t
d iffe re n c e s involved in ranking of occupations so f a r as
th e v a ria b le of s ix was concerned. Other v a ria b le s had
a s li g h t e f f e c t in ranking th e occupations. Those who
had experience in teach in g ranked th e teaching occupation
s li g h tly h ig h e r than those who did not have experience
in te a c h in g .38
In 1934, George Hartman made a s im ila r in v e s tig a
tio n . The d ata were obtained by in terv iew in g a number of
a d u lts in d if f e r e n t walks of l i f e . They were asked to
Robert W . Richey, W illiam H. Fox and Charles
F ouset, " P re s tig e Rank of T eaching," Personnel and
Guidance. X X X (O ctober, 1951), 30-36.
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61
rank tw en ty -fiv e occupations p rin te d on se p a ra te ca rd s.
The chosen occupations were se le c te d on th e b a sis of a
p i l o t study and they were se le c te d in th e b e l ie f th a t
f in e r and more r e l i a b l e d iffe re n c e s would be rev ealed .
F orty-tw o in terv iew s were held in Mount Union, Pennsyl
vania, and f i f t y in the v illa g e s of P leasant Gap and
C en tral H a ll. The former is an in d u s tr ia l town and the
l a t t e r , a farm v illa g e . In th is study, lawyers show a
p o sitio n of th ir d rank, w hile in a p ilo t study th e lawyer
was ranked second. Among educational p o sitio n s h ierarch y
c o lle g e p ro fe sso rs were ranked fo u rth , high school
teach e rs e ig h th , and grade school teach ers elev en th .
A supplementary study was conducted in th e Wilkes
Barre d i s t r i c t of Northern Pennsylvania to measure the
ex ten t th a t " s e lf " ra tin g s of each v o ca tio n a l group agree
w ith th e r e l a t i v e p o s itio n s a llo tte d them by o th e r pro
fe s s io n a l c la s s e s . This was a ls o accomplished by comparing
th e s ta tu s awarded a given c a re e r by in d iv id u a ls engaged
in i t w ith th a t co n ferred by d is in te r e s te d o u ts id e rs . The
r e s u l t of t h i s study shows th a t the average r a tin g of th e
p o sitio n of lawyers by lawyers themselves was 1.46, w hile
t h e i r r a tin g s by o th e r occupational groupings were:
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62
p h y sic ian s, 5.70; c o lle g e p ro fe sso rs, 3.2; c i v i l en g in eers,
7.0; high school te a c h e rs , 4.83; grade school te a c h e rs ,
4.75; post o ffic e c le r k s , 3.73; grocery s to r e owners, 3.4;
sten o g rap h ers, 2.5; co a l m iners, 3.6; plumbers, 6.0; and
tru c k d r iv e rs , 3 .0 .^^
In American c u ltu re , th e s o c ia l and economic
s ta tu s e s depend more upon occupation than anything e ls e .
This very f a c t has been supported by most of th e s o c io
lo g ic a l and psychological stu d ie s made in th is are a .
Occupational A sp iratio n and S a tis fa c tio n
D esire fo r c e r ta in values in l i f e , in te r e s t in
achievement and a tta in in g such v alu es, mainly a re mani
fe s te d in o n e's s ig n if ic a n t choices in l i f e . D esire fo r
such values develops from th e period of p re -e n try in to
40
th e occupation. This d e s ire a f t e r a c tu a l incumbency is
su b je c t to th e environment. For example, Lehman and W itty
found l i t t l e evidence of performance of occupational
p references in t h e i r study, in which they observed th e
responses made to th e con sisten cy of such d e s ire s a t d i f
f e re n t times an.oi.g a group of high school stu d e n ts whose
^^I b id . . p. 150.
40
Ginzberg, e t a l . . lo c . c i t .
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63
41
ages ranged from fo u rteen to eig h tee n . Schmidt and
Rothney found in the W isconsin Guidance Study th a t 35 per
cen t of high school stu d e n ts a re c o n s is te n t in th e ir
occu p atio n al preferences over th e period of th re e years
of high s c h o o l . O n th e o th e r hand, Super re p o rts th a t
by th e time th e average person reaches th e age of f o rty -
f iv e , he is w ell e s ta b lis h e d in h is c a re e r. He has,
to use th e popular phrase, "made h is place in th e w orld."
The p la ce may be lowly ; i t may even be in se c u r e .A s
M ille r and Form's d ata make c l e a r , th e phrase " e sta b lish e d
in a c a re e r" may seem to cover w ith d ig n ity and g l o r i f i c a
tio n some work h is t o r ie s which are anything but d ig n ifie d ,
or i t may imply a le v e l of achievement which does not
c h a ra c te riz e a la rg e segment of p o p u l a t i o n . S u p e r ,
who c a l l s t h i s stage th e "m aintenance s ta g e ," suggests
C. Lehman and P. A. W itty, "One More Study
of th e Permanence of I n t e r e s t ," American Jo u rn al of Educa
tio n a l Psychology. XLIV (1932), 481-492.
L. Schmidt and J . W . Rothney, " V a ria b ility
of V ocational Choices of High School S tu d e n ts," Personnel
and Guidance J o u rn a l. XXXIV (1955), 142-146.
Super, The Psychology of C areers; An I n tr o
duction to V ocational Development (New York: Harper and
B ro th e rs, 1957), p. 157.
C. M iller and W . H. Form, I n d u s tr ia l S o cio l
ogy (New York: Harper and B ro th e rs, 1951), p . 137.
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64
th a t t h i s i s th e period of f r u i t i o n - - o r f r u s t r a t i o n . He
says :
The f r u i t of work in th is sta g e can be enjoyed
even w hile th e next crop is being c u ltiv a te d ,
o r th e b i t t e r f a c t of in s u f f ic ie n t p ro d u c tiv ity
must be accepted even w hile facin g th e prospect
of co n tin u in g m arginal p ro d u c tio n .*5
T y p ic a lly , some one who has been tra in e d fo r a c e rta in
occupation and has spent a few good y ears of h is l i f e on
t h a t, does not attem pt to break new ground, to open a
new f i e l d of work. Guest, in h is study of auto w orkers,
suggests :
In th e maintenance sta g e , th e worker has
found and made a place fo r h im self in th e working
w orld; he has e sta b lish e d a home in which c h ild re n
a re growing up and from which they a re d ep a rtin g ;
he has a recognized ro le in th e community whether
t h i s be in th e Rotary Club or on th e r e l i e f r o l l s .
He f e e ls no need to break new ground, e ith e r
because th e ground he is alread y c u ltiv a tin g
giv es him an adequate liv in g in a q u a rte r century
o f e f f o r t to fin d and break new ground and has
no hope of succeeding in renewed e f f o r t s .
Strong in h is study concludes th a t s a tis f a c tio n is
a ffe c te d by o ccupational a s p ira tio n --p h y s ic ia n s r a te th e ir
^^Super, lo c . c i t .
46R. H. G uest, "The Work C areers and A sp iratio n s
of Automobile W orkers," American S o c io lo g ic a l Review.
XIX (1954), 155-163.
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65
s ta tu s h ig h e st of a l l ; c l e r i c a l employees, lowest in th is
re s p e c t. Some of th e fa c to rs which he found a f f e c t s a t i s
fa c tio n a re : 1 ) freedom to d ir e c t o n e 's own work, and
47
2 ) lik in g th e work w hile one continues in It.
Hutchinson in v e stig a te d th e occu p atio n al in te r e s t
and job s a tis f a c tio n of 488 te a c h e rs . Each te ach e r
completed a Strong V ocational I n te r e s t Blank and a Teach
ing S a tis fa c tio n S cale. A p o s itiv e and r e lia b le r e la tio n
sh ip between occupational in te r e s t and teaching s a t i s f a c
tio n was found to e x is t w ith an 0.26 c o e ff ic ie n t of c o r
r e la tio n of s ig n ific a n c e on th e 0 . 0 1 le v e l of confidence.^®
This r e s u l t compares favorably w ith th e fin d in g of both
Schwebel and Kates in t h e i r c o r r e la tio n between occupa
tio n a l i n te r e s t and job s a tis f a c tio n measures of
p h a rm a c ists.
O ccupational Choice and Values
I t has been speculated th a t th e choice of an
occupation is su b je c t to developm ental p ro cess. In th is
47strbng, lo c . c i t .
C. Hutchinson, "The V ocational I n te r e s t and
Job S a tis fa c tio n of Women Elementary Teachers" (unpub
lis h e d Ph.D. d is s e r ta tio n . New York U n iv ersity A b stract in
Personnel and Guidance. XXXIII (September, 1953), p. 24.
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66
process one makes d ec isio n s about h is c a re e r choice w ith
regard to I n te r e s t , c a p a c ity , and values bearing on h is
o b je c tiv e s . As Rosenberg In d ic a te s , an occupational choice
AQ
Is not a value, but Is made on th e b a sis of v alu es.
According to Kluckhohn, a value Is th e conception of
d e s ir a b le s .50 T herefore, s e le c tio n of a p a r tic u la r occu
pation Is on th e b a sis of th e p ercep tio n of th e values
attach ed to th a t occupation. Decision-making concerning
choice of an occupation depends upon th e development of
th e value system of In d iv id u a ls. Since values are c h ie fly
th e product of th e achievement of m a tu rity , occupational
s e le c tio n , along w ith th e development of in te r e s t and
v alu es. Is a p ro cess. Such a process Is la rg e ly I r r e v e r s i
b le and compromise Is an e s s e n tia l aspect of such
c h o ic e .51
A Q
^ k rrls Rosenberg, Occupations and Values
(Glencoe, I l l i n o i s : The Free P re ss, 1957), p. 6 .
5®Clyde Kluckhohn, "Values and O rien ta tio n In th e
Theory of A ctio n ," In T. Parsons and E. A. S h le ls,
Toward a G eneral Theory of Action (Cambridge: Harvard
U n iv ersity P re ss, 1952), p. 395.
51cinzberg, op. c i t .. p. 186.
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67
Glnzberg d iv id e s th is process in to th re e sta g es:
1 ) th e period of fa n ta sy ch o ice, extending from e a rly
childhood to puberty; 2 ) th e period of te n ta tiv e choice,
which is the p re -e n try to th e occupation c h a ra c te riz e d
by th e in d iv id u a l's re c o g n itio n of th e problem of
deciding on h is fu tu re occupation; and 3) th e r e a l i s t i c
ch o ice, the period of a c tu a l ity in experiencing the
o c c u p a tio n .52
Caplaw m aintains th a t r e a l i s t i c choice i s , in
fact, a c o n tin u atio n of th e te n ta tiv e ch o ice, in which
th e values have become more c r y s ta lliz e d toward more
lim ite d o b je c tiv e s
With regard to th e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n of values and
i t s im portance in regard to o ccupational ch o ice, C a rro ll
M ille r hypothesized th a t th e frequency w ith which a p a r
t i c u l a r value is regarded as most im portant is r e la te d
to o ccupational ch o ice, or lack of i t , w ithout regard to
th e occupation chosen. His instrum ent fo r te s tin g th e
proposed hypothesis c o n s iste d of four item s, each arranged
S^Ibid.
^^Theodore Caplaw, The Sociology of Work
(M inneapolis, Minn.: U n iv e rsity of Minnesota P re ss,
1954), pp. 227-228.
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68
in p a irs so th a t each item was p a ire d w ith each o th e r item
not in i t s own group, making a t o t a l of n in e ty -s ix com
p a riso n s . These values were:
S e c u rity :
1. Earning high enough f o r a reasonable
standard of liv in g
2. No unusual hazards to h e a lth , nor g re a t
danger of accid en t
3. Assured steady income
4. C e rta in ty of continuous employment
C areer S a tis f a c tio n :
1. Opportunity to use your own ideas
2. Freedom in working out your own methods
of doing things
3. The work perm its a f e e lin g of personal
achievement
4. Opportunity to make fu ll use of your knowledge
and experience
P r e s tig e :
1. S alary or income above th e average of the
community
2. The occupation is u s u a lly followed by persons
of high education
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69
3. The work req u ires in te llig e n c e ra th e r than
p h y sic al stre n g th
A. Good work w ill become known and recognized
o u tsid e your own b u sin ess or p ro fe ssio n a l
c i r c l e
S ocial Rewards;
1. S a tis fa c tio n to be gained by helping people
2. Contact w ith varied and stim u la tin g people
3. The job w ill take you to a lo c a lity where
th e re a re good schools and churches
4. Congenial working a s so c ia te s
The group stu d ied co n sisted of 180 male co lleg e
stu d en ts drawn from a la rg e sample of 301. The 180 sample
was divided in to th re e groups of equal s iz e :
1. A group who rep o rted th a t they had made no
occupation choice.
2. A group who rep o rted te n ta tiv e choices.
3. A group who reported d e f in it e choices.
In g e n e ra l, th e hypothesis was supported. Frequencies
w ith which values receiv ed h ig h e st sco res were found to be
r e la te d to th e f a c t of expressed occupational choice.
Highest s e c u rity scores seemed c h a r a c te r i s tic of the
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70
no-choice group and h ig h est s o c ia l rew ards, of th e
d e fin ite -c h o ic e g r o u p . ^4
Rosenberg a lso conceptualized values as a guide
to o vert behavior including o ccu p atio n al choice. He
stu d ied 583 c o lle g e students to ev a lu ate and rank the
values of an id e a l c a re e r. On th e b a s is of h is fin d in g s,
he divided th e su b je c ts in to th re e groups:
1. S e lf expressive o rie n te d group (respondents
who were in c lin e d to regard t h e ir occupations
as an end). In fact, th is was th e group which
tended to r e f l e c t and s ig n ify t h e i r ta le n ts
through t h e ir c a re e rs . The group ranked the
occupational values of "perm its me to be
c r e a tiv e and o rig in a l" and "o p p o rtu n ity to use
my sp e c ia l a b i l i t i e s and a p titu d e s " h ig h e st
of a l l th e v a lu e s .
2. "People o rien te d group" were those who expressed
h ig h e st scores in d e s ire fo r rendering se rv ic e
to th e people and gaining contentm ent by s o c ia l
r e l a t i o n s . Members of t h i s group reac ted
p o s itiv e ly in response to th e values of
S ^M iller, lo c . c it.
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71
"o p p o rtu n ity to work w ith people r a th e r than
th in g s" and "o p p o rtu n ity to be h e lp fu l to
o th e r s ."
3. " E x trin sic reward o rie n te d group"; th o se who
e a rn e s tly dem onstrated an em phatic, fav o rab le
re a c tio n toward compensation obtained from
work. They ranked th e o ccupational values
of "a chance to earn good money" and "gives
me s o c ia l s ta tu s and p re s tig e " th e h i g h e s t . ^ 5
Diphoy and Anderson a ls o m aintain th a t values held
by an in d iv id u a l c o n s titu te an e s s e n tia l and im portant
element of h is m o tiv a tio n a l s tr u c tu r e . T herefore, they
attem pted to fin d th e o rdering systems of th e se valu es.
High school stu d e n ts were given nine values to be ranked.
These values were:
1. S e c u rity (steady w ork--sure of job)
2. P re s tig e (job th a t is h ig h ly resp ected )
3. S alary (highly paid job)
4. I n te r e s tin g work (a job one can enjoy)
^^Rosenberg, op. c i t .. p. 4.
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72
5. Advancement (a job w ith a chance to get ahead)
6 . Working co n d itio n s (a job w ith good hours,
p le asa n t surroundings)
7. R elations w ith o th e rs (jobs where one can work
w ith people one lik e s )
8 . Independence (to be own boss or work on
o n e's own)
9. B enefits (v aca tio n s, s o c ia l s e c u r ity , r e t i r e
ment plans)
The fin d in g s in d ic a te d th a t th e re was some s im ila r ity in
p a tte rn s of mean rankings fo r g i r l s and boys (Rho 0.83).
This fin d in g stood out in a l l comparisons fo r boys and
g i r l s . However, when th e mean ranking of th e in d iv id u al
values fo r th e various groups were compared, some s t a t i s t i
c a lly s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s appeared. G irls tended to
give h ig h er ranking than boys to th e values of p re s tig e ,
in te r e s tin g work, working co n d itio n s and r e la tio n s w ith
o th e rs . Boys gave higher ranking to s a la ry , advancement
and independence. The d iffe re n c e s between th e two fo r th e
values of s e c u rity and b e n e fits were not s t a t i s t i c a l l y
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s ig n i f ic a n t .
73
56
R eligious A f f ilia tio n in Occupational
S tudies and S a tis fa c tio n
The area of re lig io n in regard to occupational
s a tis f a c tio n has not been the su b je c t m atter of many
in v e s tig a tio n s . However, in some s tu d ie s , rese arch ers
have re f e rre d to i t . Happock re p o rts th a t 100 highly
s a t i s f i e d te ach e rs were compared w ith 1 0 0 of the le a s t
s a t i s f i e d teach ers in t h e i r r e p lie s to about 2 0 0 q u e stio n s,
in cluding area s regarding r e lig io n , em otional adjustm ent,
e tc . In regard to religious-m indedness and occupational
s a t i s f a c t i o n , th e respondents were asked; "Do you regard
y o u rse lf as re lig io u s ? " In the frequency w ith which th e
two groups checked, the more s a t i s f i e d teach ers re p lie d :
"God c a lle d me to th is work." The explanation would
appear to be in th e re lig io u s p e rso n 's p re d ile c tio n to
accept l i f e as he fin d s i t , in th e b e l i e f th a t what God
has ordained fo r him is b e s t . 57
5 ^ . J . Diphoy and W . P. Anderson, "The Ordering
O ccupational Values by High School S e n io rs," Personnel and
Guidance, XXXVII (September, 1959), 121-124.
57Robert Hoppock, Job S a tis fa c tio n (New York:
Harper and B ro th ers, 1935), pp. 28-29.
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74
P rin te r found evidence in d ic a tin g th a t te ach e rs
C O
a re more r e lig io u s than c o lle g e stu d e n ts.
In another study. Fryer found no s ig n if ic a n t d i f
ferences between s a tis f a c tio n and r e lig io u s denom ination.^9
Fry c l a s s i f ie d approxim ately th e f i r s t Who's Who e n tr ie s
(1910-1911) in to occupational and denom inational church
membership groups. In th e t o t a l l i s t , only 50 per cent
had given a denom inational a f f i l i a t i o n . He noted th a t the
more c re a tiv e or mechanical the occupation, th e le s s lik e ly
church membership was to be recorded. He a ls o found th a t
C o n g reg a tio n a lists and U n itarian s a re e s p e c ia lly high
among s c i e n t i s t s and Roman C atholics e s p e c ia lly low.^®
S till, r e lig io n plays a g re a t ro le in o ccu p atio n al choice
and occupational v alu es. As Super in d ic a te s , sin c e c h i l
dren a re reared in th e r e lig io n of t h e i r p a r e n ts , i t is
obvious th a t r e lig io u s values a f fe c tin g behavior may be
58R. P r in te r , "A Comparison of I n t e r e s t s , A b ilitie s
and A ttitu d e s ," Jo u rn al of Abnormal and S o cial Psychology.
XXVII (1933), pp. 351-357.
5*D. F ry e r, " I n d u s tr ia l D is s a tis f a c tio n ,"
I n d u s tr ia l Psychology. I (1926), 25-27.
GOc. L. Fry, "R eligious A f f ili a ti o n of American
L eaders," Science Monthly. XXXVI (1933), 241-249.
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75
expected to a f f e c t the o ccupational preferences of youth.
Roe, in h er study of eminent b io lo g i s ts , found no Roman
62
C atholics among th e su b je c ts of h er in v e s tig a tio n . Knapp
and Goodrich found th a t C atholic i n s t itu ti o n s produced
6 ^
fewer s c i e n t i s t s .
Other F acto rs A ffecting S a tis fa c tio n
As has already been s tre s s e d se v e ra l tim es, occu
p a tio n a l s a tis f a c tio n does not emerge from a s in g le source,
nor i s i t dependent upon a few d e f in it e elements which can
be wholly emphasized. I t r e s u lt s from d if fe r e n t sources
and depends upon a number of elem ents. P erso n ality type,
background, personal valu es, etc., c o n trib u te to the s ta te
of one's occupational s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c tio n .
In g e n e ra l, some stu d ies re v e a l a c o n s iste n t p a tte rn which
throws lig h t on th e elements which in flu en c e th e s a t i s f a c
tio n of th e incumbents of d if f e r e n t occupational le v e ls .
In th e area of te ach in g , fo r example. Chase found
a number of f a c to rs are h ig h ly prod u ctiv e of teaching
GlSuper, op. c i t .. p. 244.
62
Ann Roe, "A Psychological Study of Eminent
B io lo g is ts ," P sychological Monograph. No. 331 (1951).
63
R. H. Knapp and H. J . Goodrich, The O rigins of
American S c ie n tis ts (Chicago: U n iv ersity of Chicago
P ress, 1950).
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76
s a tis f a c tio n and enthusiasm . The fa c to rs which h is
fin d in g s show to c o r r e la te w ith s a tis f a c tio n are:
1. A sense of freedom to plan o n e's own work
2. The opp o rtu n ity to p a r tic ip a te in form ulation
of p o lic ie s concerning s a l a r i e s , working
co n d itio n s and ed u catio n al program
3. The oppo rtu n ity to share in s e ttin g sa lary
schedules
4. The chance to p a r tic ip a te in curriculum
co n stru c tio n
5. A system atic p ro fe ssio n a l le a d e rsh ip .
Roe made a survey of a l l stu d ie s accomplished on
t h i s su b je c t by B ray fie ld and Roth, Gadel and K riedth,
Hoppock, Quayle , Siedman, Siedman and W aters, Stagner,
F le lib e and Wood, Q uickert and Watson, c la s s ify in g the
f a c to rs of s a tis f a c tio n as follow s:
1. D iscrepancies between a s p ira tio n and a c tu a lity
2. Inadequate superv iso ry behavior
3. Inadequate o p p o rtu n itie s fo r promotion or
advancement
^^Francis S. Chase, "F actors fo r S a tis fa c tio n in
T eaching," Phi D elta Kappan. XXXIII (November, 1951), 127.
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77
4. Unpleasant n atu re of th e work
3. Uncongenial working conditions
6 . U n su ffic ien t opportunity to make d ec isio n s
7. U ncertainty of continued employment
8 . Working hours
9. Monotony of tasks
10. Wages
S haffer a ls o attem pted to in v e s tig a te th e fa c to rs
asso c ia te d w ith c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n in terms of need
s a tis f a c tio n . His sample was h eav ily weighted in th e
upper b ra c k e ts. He found th a t the stro n g e st needs of th is
sample were c r e a t i v i t y , m astery and s o c ia l w elfare.
G ^ R o e , O P. c i t . . p. 283.
H. S h a ffe r, "Job S a tis fa c tio n as I t Is
R elated to Need S a tis fa c tio n in Work," Psychological
Monograph. LXVII (1953), No. 14.
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CHAPTER I I I
M ETH O D O LO G Y
In tro d u ctio n
This study is an em pirical in v e s tig a tio n of the
o ccu p atio n al values of atto rn e y s and th e s a tis f a c tio n which
they experience in t h e i r c a re e rs as r e la te d to t h e i r occu
p a tio n a l v alu es. The proposed assum ptions a re based upon
Nancy M orse's th e o r e tic a l model p o s tu la tin g th a t th e
amount of s a tis f a c tio n which an a tto rn e y d eriv e s from
h is p ro fe ssio n is th e outcome of th e s tre n g th of h is p ar
t i c u l a r needs as they a re met by th e environm ental re tu rn
of h is occupation. T esting of th e proposed hypotheses
is lim ite d to th e observation of th e v a r ia tio n occurring
in a tto rn e y s ' values before and a f t e r t h e i r e n try in to
th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , and th e degree of s a tis f a c tio n
a ttr ib u te d to th e se v a r ia tio n s . Five hypotheses and two
subhypotheses were developed to t e s t th e above v a ria tio n s
among th e sample under study, which involved th re e groups
of a tto rn e y s whose values presumably a re v arie d concerning
78
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79
t h e i r chosen p ro fe ssio n .
This ch ap ter w ill d ea l w ith th e s e le c tio n of th e
sam ple, d e s c rip tio n of th e re se a rc h instrum ents used,
r a tio n a le of th e method, and th e methods and procedures
ap p lie d fo r te s tin g th e hypotheses.
S electio n o f th e Sample
According to th e Parker D ire c to ry . 1960, th e re
were 5,136 a tto rn e y s p ra c tic in g in th e county of Los
A ngeles. This fig u re in clu d es a l l who have su c c e ssfu lly
completed th e C a lifo rn ia Bar exam ination and m aintained
law o f fic e s w ith in th e boundaries of Los Angeles County,
re g a rd le s s of t h e ir area of co n c e n tra tio n or s p e c ia liz a
tio n .
I t was p reviously s ta te d th a t th is in v e s tig a tio n
d e lim its i t s focus of inquixry e x c lu siv e ly to general
p r a c t itio n e r a tto rn e y s . Since th e S ta te Bar of C a lifo rn ia
does not possess a comprehensive record of th e area of
s p e c ia liz a tio n of a tto rn e y s , nor does th e re e x is t any
o th e r agency to fu rn is h r e lia b ly such inform ation,
M a rtin d a le 's D irectory of A ttorneys in th e United S ta te s
was u t i l i z e d to obtain th e re q u ire d d a ta .
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80
Parker D ire c to ry : Includes an exhaustive l i s t of
those who have been perm itted by th e S ta te Bar of C a li
fo rn ia to p r a c tic e law. I t provides an alp h ab etized l i s t
of th ese a tto rn e y s and a ls o gives th e geographical lo catio n
of th e ir o ffic e s in Los Angeles County.
M artindale D ire c to ry : co n tain s o v e r - a ll c l a s s i f i
c a tio n of th e members of th e S ta te Bars of th e United
S ta te s according to th e s ta te s and le g a l firm s w ith which
they a re a f f i l i a t e d . I t id e n tif ie s th e major area of
o p eration of th e se le g a l firm s in so fa r as th e type of
cases they handle i s concerned.
D escrip tio n of th e Processes of
S ele ctio n of Sample
S ele ctio n of th e sample, according to the c r i t e r i a
p reviously e s ta b lis h e d , req u ired a complete l i s t of the
follow ing a tto rn e y s :
1. Those whose le g a l firm s or law o ffic e s were
lo cated w ith in th e boundaries of Los Angeles
County.
2. Those whose p ra c tic e s were not id e n tif ie d w ith
a p a r tic u la r area of law. In o th e r words,
th o se id e n tif ie d as g en eral p r a c titio n e r s .
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81
To secure such a l i s t meant employment of a match
ing process between th e two a v a ila b le d ir e c to r ie s through
which th e follow ing procedure was persued.
F i r s t ; an alp h ab etized l i s t of th e a tto rn e y s who,
according to the M artindale D ire c to ry , were c l a s s i f ie d as
g en e ra l p r a c titio n e r s , or who were a sso c ia te d w ith firm s
so c l a s s i f i e d , was o btained. By using a map of Los Angeles
County, names of a l l atorneys whose o ffic e s were located
o u tsid e th e Los Angeles County lim its were elim in ated .
I t has been p reviously pointed out th a t th e
M artindale D irectory c l a s s i f i e s a l l le g a l firm s and t h e ir
a s s o c ia te members. T herefore, i t seemed necessary to ;
1. In v e stig a te th e exhaustive aspect of th is l i s t ;
2. Include a l l those a tto rn e y s who had p riv a te
p r a c tic e s , independent of any firm ;
3. Include those a sso c ia te d w ith le g a l firm s
located in Los Angeles County, but who had
m aintained se p a ra te and independent o ffic e s
w ithin th e county.
T herefore, to include a l l a tto rn e y s who were p ra c
tic in g law in Los Angeles County and exclude those who were
not re s id e n ts of th e a re a , i t appeared necessary to compare
th e l i s t secured from th e M artindale D irecto ry w ith th e
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82
Parker D ire c to ry . This comparison r e s u lte d in th e o b ta in
ing of a new l i s t of a tto rn e y s who did not appear in th e
former p u b lic a tio n .
The source of inform ation concerning th e major
areas of p ra c tic e of th ese a tto rn e y s presented a problem.
The only way to secure such inform ation was through an
in terv iew . T herefore, atto rn e y s were co n tacted by t e l e
phone and, a f t e r explaining th e purpose of th e c a l l and
th e aims of th e in v e s tig a tio n , the follow ing question was
asked:
"What is the major area of your work and how do
you c la s s if y th e type of cases you re g u la rly handle?"
Eighteen of th e interview ees e ith e r e x p lic itly
refused to answer or made some excuse to keep from doing
so. T herefore, in order to make th e new l i s t m eaningful,
i t seemed necessary to request an appointment and interview
th ese eighteen p e rso n a lly . A ccordingly, th e number of
interview ees re fu sin g to cooperate or answer was reduced
to two, whose names were removed from th e l i s t .
As a r e s u l t , 571 a tto rn e y s were added to th e l i s t .
The t o t a l number of a tto rn e y s p ra c tic in g comprised a l i s t
co n tain in g 2,102 names. These names were arranged in
a lp h a b e tic a l order and, by th e use of th e " ta b le of
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83
random numbers," 5 per cent of th e t o t a l population of
2 , 1 0 2 a tto rn e y s was s e le c te d as th e sample of population.
Interview Procedure
S elected a tto rn e y s were co n tacted by telephone
and an appointm ent fo r an in te rv iew in t h e ir o ffic e s
req u ested . The f i r s t twenty c a l l s made by th e in v e s tig a
t o r , who introduced him self as a graduate student of
sociology from th e U n iv ersity of Southern C a lifo rn ia , were
marked by n e g a tiv e responses and excuses. L ate r, when
th e in v e s tig a to r p resented h im self as a judge from Iran
in ten d in g to make a comprehensive study of lawyers in
th e United S ta te s , he found t h i s in tro d u c tio n was th e
key to success fo r an in te rv iew ; even th e i n i t i a l group
of twenty a tto rn e y s who had refu sed now g lad ly responded,
granted in te rv iew s and answered a l l q u estions asked of
them.
TABLE 1
THE TYPES OF ATTORNEYS M AKING UP THE
SELECTED SAM PLE OF INTERVIEWEES
Type Number
T r ia l A ttorneys 41
C orporation 35
Governmental 29
T o tal 105
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84
D escrip tio n of Research Instrum ent
For th e purpose of t h i s in v e s tig a tio n , one q u e s tio n
n a ire , an in te rv ie w schedule and a few sc a lin g devices were
designed. The q u e stio n n a ire and in te rv iew schedule were
th e r e s u lt of o b je c tiv e development of th e review of th e
l i t e r a t u r e b earin g on th e aims of t h i s study. The ques
tio n s d esignated in th e instrum ents were a b stra c te d from
th e co n tex t of th e previous re se a rc h e s . The methods
ap p lied fo r te s tin g th e hypotheses were a tte n tiv e ly
designated to analyze the d ata and d ir e c t the in v e s tig a to r
toward th e confirm ation or r e f u ta tio n of th e hypotheses.
Scaling devices were in stru m e n ta lize d in order to sim plify
th e in te rv iew tech n iq u es.
The components of the response p a tte rn s r e la tiv e
to th e q u estio n s to which th e respondents were exposed
w ill be analyzed and described in th e follow ing s e c tio n .
Q uestions R e la tiv e to th e Hypothesis I
In v e s tig a tin g th e R elatio n sh ip between
Attorneys* Values and Their
O ccupational S a tis fa c tio n
Q uestions designed to ex p lo re th e occupational
values of a tto rn e y s were b a s ic a lly measures to determ ine
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85
t h e i r m otives. The process of th e change of t h e i r values
b efo re e n try in to th e le g a l p rofession compared to th e ir
values a f t e r en tran ce. To th is end four s e ts of questions
were developed.
The f i r s t s e t was designed to examine th e motives
of th e respondents. The questions were adopted from an
inventory t e s t developed by Rosenberg to a s c e rta in the
values of an " id e a l c a re e r ." Thus, a tto rn e y s were exposed
to th is inventory and asked to ev alu ate th e statem ents
and rank them according to th e ir s ig n ific a n c e in m otivating
them to e n te r th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . The q u estio n s were
as follow s :
"Now I w ill provide you w ith a n u a te r of statem ents
concerning d if fe re n t asp ects of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
P lease express your ev alu atio n in terms of th e ranking of
th e se sta te m e n ts. Assign rank 1 to th e h ig h e st in f lu e n tia l
f a c to r , rank 2 to th e second h ig h e st, and so on."
1. O pportunity to use your a b i l i t i e s and
a p titu d e s in your p resen t c a re e r
2. O pportunity fo r c r e a tiv ity and o r ig in a lity
3. O pportunity to obtain s o c ia l s ta tu s and
p re s tig e
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86
4. Insurance fo r th e fu tu re
5. Chance fo r g re a te r income
6 . An atmosphere f re e of supervision
7. O pportunity to work w ith people r a th e r
than th in g s
8 . O pportunity fo r le a d e rsh ip
9. Element of adventure and v a rie ty of work
10. Others (sp ecify and rank them i f they are
d if f e r e n t from th e above statem ents)
The second s e t of q u estio n s again c o n siste d of
th e above inventory t e s t designed by Rosenberg to
a s c e rta in th e values of "an id e a l c a re e r ." Here, i n t e r
viewees were asked to ev a lu ate th e above statem ents and
rank them according to t h e i r s ig n ific a n c e in m otivating
them to remain in th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n and th e e x te n t
of t h e i r s a tis f a c tio n w ith each item in p ra c tic in g law.
The th ir d s e t of q u estio n s was composed of th e
values of attorneys* id e a l c a re e r . Through the
employment of th e q u e s tio n n a ire , a tto rn e y s were given
th e same statem ents and they were asked th e follow ing:
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87
"Here you a re provided w ith a number of statem ents
developed to re p re se n t th e c h a r a c te r is tic s of your id e a l
c a re e r . P lease e v a lu a te th e importance of th e se s t a t e
ments in reg ard to your id e a l c a re e r, giving rank 1 to
th e most im p o rtan t, rank 2 to th e second most im portant,
and so on."
Interview ees were req u ested to give any o th er
c h a r a c te r i s tic held by them to be im portant in t h e i r id e a l
c a re e r. The a d d itio n a l sta te m e n ts, i f any, were to be
l i s t e d in th e spaces provided along w ith th e o r ig in a l
statem ents p resen ted fo r th e a tto rn e y s ' e v a lu a tio n .
They were a lso req u ested to elim in a te any of th e above
elem ents which they f e l t were n o n e s se n tia l in securing
s a tis f a c tio n in t h e i r p re se n t p ro fe ssio n .
In th e q u e s tio n n a ire th e a tto rn e y s were in s tru c te d
to rank th e foregoing statem en ts so f a r as each a tto rn e y
was concerned. The reason fo r th is procedure was to
e l i c i t th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th e q u estions in terms of th e
a tto rn e y s ' value systems on th e b a s is of which t h e i r
s a t i s f a c t i o n was to be achieved.
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88
The fo u rth s e t of q u estio n s was regarding th e over
a l l s a t i s f a c t i o n . Thus, th e respondents were exposed to
th e follow ing q u estio n : How s a tis f a c to r y is your p resen t
professio n ?
For th e ev a lu atio n of th e o v e r - a ll occupational
s a tis f a c tio n (or d is s a tis f a c tio n ) of th e a tto rn e y s , a
fo u r-p o in t sc a le of answers was employed, to th e e f f e c t:
1) very s a tis f a c to r y ; 2) somewhat s a tis f a c to r y ; 3) some
what u n s a tis fa c to ry ; and, 4) very u n s a tis fa c to ry .
Q uestions P e rtin e n t to Hypothesis I I
Intending to Explore th e Extent of A tto rn e y s*
O ccupational Commitment as I t Is R elated
to O ccupational S a tis fa c tio n
As a p r e r e q u is ite fo r te s tin g Hypothesis I I , to
determ ine th e expected and experienced values of a t t o r
neys, th e follow ing assum ptions were made.
The expected values of th e le g a l p ro fessio n p re
sumably would correspond w ith and overlap th e values which
a tto rn e y s in d ic a te d as th e m otivating elements fo r t h e ir
e n try in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . On th e b a s is of th is
assum ption, th e responses of a tto rn e y s ' regarding th e
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89
elements m otivating t h e i r e n try in to th e pro fessio n of
law were c l a s s i f ie d as expected values of th e respondents.
The experienced values a ls o were assumed to be
id e n tic a l w ith those values of the le g a l profession w ith
which atto rn e y s expressed th e ex ten t of t h e ir s a tis f a c tio n .
The type and c h a r a c te r i s tic s of th e se questio n s have been
d escribed in a previous s e c tio n .
The ex ten t of occupational commitment of a tto rn e y s
was in v e stig a te d through four s e ts of q u estio n s:
1. A ttorneys were asked: " I f you had the choice
to make ag a in , what c a re e r would you choose?"
The d is tr ib u tio n of th e answers to th is question which was
s e t fo rth as an open-ended measure, was s c a tte re d . There
fo re , they were c l a s s i f i e d in to two c a te g o rie s: law and
non-law p ro fe ssio n s.
2. The degree of s t a b i l i t y of atto rn e y s in the
le g a l p ro fessio n and t h e i r f u tu re plans in t h i s re sp e c t
were in v e stig a te d by asking: "Do you have any in te n tio n
of changing your p rese n t occupation? I f so, to which
p ro fe ssio n do you plan to change?"
Data regarding th e f i r s t p a rt of th is question
were to be answered e i th e r "yes" or "no." With resp e ct
to th e second p a r t, answers were again c l a s s i f ie d in to
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90
"law” and "non-law” occupations. The responses c l a s s i f ie d
as law p ro fe ssio n s were added to th e "no" answers of th e
previous q u e stio n . The r a tio n a le behind such a measure
was th e f a c t th a t some of th e occupations which a tto rn e y s
c ite d had a le g a l p ro fessio n n a tu re . For example, some
of th e respondents in d ic a te d they wished to jo in th e
o f fic e of th e A ttorney G eneral; o th ers expressed a d e s ire
to run fo r e le c tio n to th e o f fic e of d i s t r i c t or c i ty
a tto rn e y .
3. The degree of a tto rn e y s ’ lik e s and d is lik e s
of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n was sought by asking them about
th e encouragement they would give another person concerning
th e ir occupational choice. T herefore, th e follow ing
q u estions were s e t f o rth to in v e s tig a te th e tren d of such
encouragement toward a number of occupations.
"Did you, or would you, encourage your son to
become an engineer
physician s o c ia l worker
a r c h ite c t c o lle g e p ro fe sso r
d e n tis t high school teach er
a tto rn e y o ther?"
s c i e n t i s t
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91
The above q u estio n s were to be answered "yes" or "n o ."
The l a s t q u estio n was designed as an open-ended measure
to secure proper response in th e event i t was not included
in th e l i s t .
4. The e x te n t of d ed icatio n or d e v ia tio n of
a tto rn e y s w ith regard to th e i r p ro fe ssio n was a lso
in v e s tig a te d by req u estin g t h e i r answers to th e follow ing:
"Among th e most im portant o b je c tiv e s in your l i f e ,
to which do you f e e l you a re most deeply d ed icated ; which
of the follow ing ranks f i r s t , second, th ir d : your p ro
fe s s io n , your fam ily, o th er (p lease sp e c ify )? "
The responses made to t h i s q u estio n were then
r e c l a s s i f ie d as "yes" or "no." The c r i t e r i o n fo r th e yes
responses was ranking th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n f i r s t in o rd er.
Other rank o rders were c l a s s i f ie d as "n o ."
Q uestions P e rtin e n t to Hypothesis I I I Designed
to Measure th e R e latio n sh ip between O ccupational
M aturity and O ccupational D is s a tis f a c tio n
The q u estio n s fo r th e degrees of o ccu p atio n al
m a tu rity in v e s tig a te d th e age, a tto rn e y s ' ed u c atio n al
achievem ent, and number of years spent in le g a l p ra c tic e .
The element of age was c a lc u la te d from the
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92
responses of interview ees r e l a t i v e to th e ir d ate of b ir th .
The e x te n t of t h e ir le g a l experience was determ ined by
in q u irin g :
a . The d ate of en try of th e su b je c t in to law
school
b. The s ta r t in g year of t h e ir le g a l p ra c tic e
c . The t o t a l number of y ears they had p ra c tic e d
d. The type of le g a l work, o th er than p ra c tic in g
law, and th e length of t h e i r se rv ic e s in
th a t p rofession
The educatio n al background of th e su b je c ts from
high school through graduate school was obtained from th e
q u e s tio n n a ire . The respondents' ed u catio n al inform ation
c o n s iste d of th e follow ing:
a . Major area of study
b. Degrees received
c . Number of y ears spent in earning academic
degrees in high school, c o lle g e , law school,
and graduate school
Q uestions and response c a te g o rie s id e n tify in g
a tto r n e y s ' occupational s a tis f a c tio n were id e n tic a l to
th o se used to a ssess resp o n d en ts' occupational values
fo r Hypothesis I.
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93
Q uestions R e lativ e to Hypothesis IV Intended
to Determine th e R elationship between Occupa
tio n a l M aturity and E x trin sic and
I n tr i n s ic Values of Attorneys
The questions and responses fo r measurement of
a tto rn e y s ' m a tu rity and th e ir values were id e n tic a l w ith
those used in in v e s tig a tin g previous assum ptions. The
only d iffe re n c e was in th e m anipulation of th e responses
and th e methods employed fo r te s tin g th e re la te d
h ypo th eses.
Furtherm ore, the ex ten t of congruence of respond
e n ts ' values of success and occupational m a tu rity was
te s te d a g a in st occupational m a tu rity .
For te s tin g to a s c e rta in th e occupational values
of a tto rn e y s , two s e ts of questions were devised; th a t
i s , q u estio n s regarding th e e x tr in s ic value o rie n ta tio n
of a tto rn e y s and questions concerning i n t r i n s i c value
o r ie n ta tio n . The c r i t e r i a fo r th e se c l a s s i f ic a ti o n s
o f values in to e x trin s ic and i n t r i n s i c were discussed
in Chapter I.
To secure th e ends of th e p e rtin e n t h y p o th esis,
th e q u erie s fo r both e x trin s ic and i n t r i n s i c value systems
were aimed a t in v e s tig a tin g th e types of a ttitu d e s which
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94
a tto rn e y s developed toward th e various asp ects of th e i r
p ro fe ssio n . In o th er words, th e main o b je c tiv e of th e
inventory developed in t h i s re sp e c t was to determ ine th e
type of q u a l itie s in h e re n t in th e le g a l p ro fessio n con
sid e re d d e s ira b le by th e respondents.
An a d d itio n a l s e t of q u estions was designed to
a s c e r ta in th e measures or values which atto rn e y s f e l t
were not e s s e n tia l to t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l success.
The q u estions s e t out to determ ine th e i n t r i n s i c
values of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n were:
Among th e many a sp ects of th e le g a l p ro fessio n
which p rese n t a stro n g appeal to me are:
1. I t provides me w ith th e opportunity to employ
my ta le n t s and a b i l i t y .
2. I t gives me an o p p o rtu n ity to render se rv ic e
to people.
3. I t provides me w ith a m ental ch allen g e.
4. I t makes my l i f e more in te r e s tin g and
adventurous.
5. I t serves th e purpose of providing me w ith
a d e s ira b le occupation.
Regarding e x tr in s ic values of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n ,
respondents were exposed to th e follow ing:
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95
6 . I t provides me w ith a g re a t d eal of money.
7. I t g ives me p r e s tig e in my community.
8 . I t provides power fo r me in th e s o c ia l
s tr u c tu r e .
9. I t o f fe rs me th e means e s s e n tia l to the
s e c u r ity of my fu tu re .
As p rev io u sly in d ic a te d , a tto rn e y s ' values fo r success a ls o
were c l a s s i f i e d in e x tr in s ic and i n t r i n s i c c a te g o rie s .
D eterm ination of th e i n t r i n s i c values in th is
re sp e c t was assessed by asking a tto rn e y s to re p ly to the
follow ing q u estio n s :
People f e e l d if f e r e n tly about th e im portant
fa c to rs h ig h ly i n f l u e n t i a l in t h e i r occupational su ccess.
P lease answer th e follow ing q u estio n s w ith re sp e c t to your
p ro fe ssio n and in d ic a te whether they a re h ig h ly i n f l u e n t i a l
in your p ro fe s s io n a l success:
1. Knowledge of th e law
2. A b ility to convince o th ers
3. Hard work
4. High degree of in te llig e n c e
5. Good luck
The follow ing q u estio n s were c l a s s i f i e d as
" e x tr in s ic " v alu es fo r success:
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96
6 . Family background
7. Knowing i n f lu e n t ia l people
8 . P o liti c a l a c tiv i ty
9. Contacts w ith a u th o r itie s concerned
10. Others (p lease sp ecify )
Q uestions were divided in terms of "yes" and "no" answers.
The fre q u en cies of answers to o th er fa c to rs r e la tin g to
th e above questions were low; th e re fo re , a new c l a s s i f i c a
tio n fo r them was not in d ic a te d .
Q uestions R e lativ e to Hypothesis V Regarding
th e R e latio n sh ip s between O ccupational
S a tis fa c tio n and P re stig e
among A ttorneys
I t was prev io u sly d iscussed th a t th e p re s tig e of an
occupation depends on d if f e r e n t values and various c r i t e r i a
which th e incumbents a t t r i b u t e to th a t work. T herefore,
th e p ra c tio n e rs of a p ro fessio n might view th e p re s tig e of
h is job from an e n tir e ly d if f e r e n t angle than an o u ts id e r.
However, as a member of so c ie ty he shares th e values of
p r e s tig e a tta c h e d to an occupation w ith th e non-profes
s io n a l. The s ta tu s image of an occupation, th e re fo re , to
an incumbent of th a t occupation w ill be m anifested in two
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97
ways-**as an a c tu a l member of the p ro fessio n and as an o u t
s id e r , depending on th e ex ten t of h is o r ie n ta tio n to the
values of th e occupation.
The above idea was employed in th e q u e stio n n a ire
and the in terv iew schedule by exposing the respondents to
th e follow ing q u estio n s:
Of a l l p o ssib le occupations or p ro fessio n s in th is
country, today, which do you consider has th e h ig h e st
p re stig e ? The lowest?
Please rank th e follow ing occupations by p r e s tig e ,
from 1 to 10, as you see them. Give rank 1 to th e occupa
tio n or p ro fessio n w ith the h ig h est p re s tig e and rank 1 0
to th e one having th e lowest p re s tig e , according to your
understanding.
1 . S ocial worker 6 . D en tist
2 . Engineer 7. College p ro fe sso r
3. A rc h ite c t 8 . Business executive
4. M inister 9. High school te ach e r
5. Lawyer 1 0 . Physician
Then a tto rn e y s were asked to rank th e same occupations or
p ro fessio n s as they f e e l th e general public ranks them:
How do you b e lie v e th e general p ublic would rank
th e follow ing p ro fe ssio n s by p restig e?
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98
The q u estio n s regarding o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n
were id e n tic a l w ith th e same q u eries employed in o th er
in s ta n c e s .
Q uestions R e la tiv e to Hypothesis VI Regarding
th e Extent of Community P a rtic ip a tio n and
Achievement of A ttorneys and
T heir Value Systems
The degree of o rg a n iz a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s of
a tto rn e y s was g en e ra lly assessed by propounding questions
r e l a t i v e to :
1. The type of o rg an izatio n of which they were
a member.
2. Length of membership in th e o rg a n iz a tio n .
3. The ex ten t of t h e i r p a r tic ip a tio n in annual
m eetings of th e se o rg a n iz a tio n s .
4. The number of committees on which they
served in th e se o rg a n iz a tio n s .
5. Achievements and o ffic e s held by them in
th e se o rg a n iz a tio n s.
The g en eral c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of o rg a n iz a tio n s which
was presen ted to a tto rn e y s to probe t h e i r a s s o c ia tio n w ith
were as follow s:
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99
1. P ro fessio n al o rg a n iz a tio n s
2. R eligious o rg a n iz a tio n s
3. Civic o rg an iz atio n s
4. Community o rg an iz atio n s
5. S o cial clubs
6 . F ra te rn a l o rg an iz atio n s
7. Others
The above s p e c ific l i s t accompanied a l i s t of major
o rg an iz atio n s which come under each of the above s e c tio n s .
The q u estio n s designed to determ ine th e value
system of a tto rn e y s were id e n tic a l w ith those used to
t e s t th e Hypothesis IV.
In a d d itio n , respondents were a lso exposed to two
o th er s e ts of q u estions reg ard in g the means which they were
in c lin e d to employ fo r t h e i r o ccupational achievem ents.
The q u estio n s s e t fo rth were adopted from an inventory
sy nthesized in th e Population Research Center of Princeton
U n iv ersity and by Rosenberg^ in h is study of occupational
v alu es. The f i r s t s e t of in q u ir ie s was in terms of "yes"
and "no" answers; th e second s e t , in terms of a fo u r-
^Morris Rosenberg, Occupation and Values (New
York: Harper and B ro th ers, 1955), p. 6 .
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100
dimension s c a le : com pletely agree, somewhat ag ree, some
what d isa g re e , and com pletely d isa g re e . The l a t t e r
categ o ry , as i t was explained e a r l i e r , was r e c la s s if ie d
in to a tw ofold sc a le of agree and d isa g re e .
The f i r s t category of q u estio n s is as follow s:
People f e e l d if f e r e n tly about th e im portance of
g e ttin g ahead in l i f e . Some would give up a lo t to get
ahead, w hile some f e e l th a t other th in g s a re more im portant
and would not give them up. Please answer th e follow ing
q u estio n s :
1. I f g e ttin g ahead meant you must move your
re sid e n c e to a stran g e p a rt of th e country,
would you be w illin g to move?
2. Would you be w illin g to e n te r ta in people
s o le ly because they were connected w ith your
work, even though you might not lik e them?
3. Would you be w illin g to drop your frie n d s to
fu r th e r your le g a l success?
4. In order to get ahead, would you be w illin g
to be more a c tiv e in community organizations?
5. Would you be w illin g to tak e a temporary
c u t in income?
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101
6 . I f g e ttin g ahead meant th a t you would have
to keep q u ie t about your p o l i t i c a l views,
would you be w illin g to do th is ?
The second s e t of statem ents to which th e su b je c ts
re a c te d as agreeing or d isa g re ein g is as follow s:
1. One cannot be squeamish about th e means he
u s e s .
2. One has to be ab le to make people do as
he w ants.
3. One has to r e a lly love h is work.
4. One owes a g re a t d eal to h is fam ily; the more
in f lu e n tia l h is fam ily, th e more su ccessfu l
he i s .
5. One owes a g reat deal to h im self; th e harder
he works, th e b e t te r o ff he i s .
6 . One owes a g re a t d eal to th e so c ie ty in
which he is bom ; th e more im portant the
s o c ie ty , the more su c c e ssfu l he i s .
R ationale of th e Method
The s t a t i s t i c a l method employed fo r th e an a ly sis
of d a ta has been aimed p rim a rily toward confirm ation or
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102
s t u l t i f i c a t i o n of th e hypothesis based on th e synth esized
th e o r e tic a l model. To th is end, R osenberg's inventory
of values of id e a l c a re e r, in a d d itio n to o th e r p re
in d ic a te d q u estio n s regarding th e le g a l occupational
v alu es, was u t i l i z e d . Through th e use of a q u e stio n n a ire
and an in terv iew schedule, th e necessary inform ation was
secured.
E a r lie r in t h i s study, i t was b r i e f l y pointed out
th a t th e com putational measures of th e v a ria b le s r e la tin g
to a p a rt of th e d a ta made i t unavoidable to approach th e
te s tin g of some of th e hypotheses by means o th e r than the
2
Guttman sc a lin g procedure. Such a sc a lin g method was
adopted in order to secure a procedure fo r th e ev alu atio n
of responses which were w idely s c a tte re d . The methods
employed included;
I. The u t i l i z a t i o n of the "Guttman sc a le " w ith regard
to a tto rn e y s ' values before and a f t e r en try in to
th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . The respondents were asked
^S. S to u ffe r, L. Guttman, E. A. Suchman, P. F.
L a z a rs fie ld , S. A. S ta r , and J . A. Clausen, Measurement
and P red ictio n (P rin c e to n , N .J .: P rinceton U n iv ersity
P ress, 1950).
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103
to ev a lu ate th e follow ing statem ents regarding
th e values of " id e a l c a re e r" and rank them on
th e b a s is of th e ir s ig n ific a n c e as a major m oti
v a tin g fa c to r in flu en cin g them in e n te rin g the
le g a l p ro fessio n as w ell as an incumbent a tto rn e y :
1. O pportunity to use a b i l i t y and a p titu d e in
work
2. O pportunity fo r gaining s o c ia l s ta tu s
and p re s tig e
3. O pportunity fo r working in an atmosphere
f r e e of supervision
4. O pportunity to work w ith people
5. O pportunity fo r having an adventurous ca re er
6 . O pportunity fo r c r e a tiv it y and o r ig in a lity
7. O pportunity fo r s e c u rity and insurance fo r
th e fu tu re
8 . O pportunity fo r earning a g re a te r income
9. O pportunity fo r le a d e rsh ip
The above values adopted from R osenberg's inventory
of id e a l c a re e r and through the employment of th e "C ornell
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104
T r ia l Scoring and Graphic Techniques"^ were c l a s s i f ie d
in to a dichotomous v a ria b le ; th a t i s , im portant and unim
p o r ta n t. The outcome of t h i s r e c la s s if ic a tio n was
encouraging and rewarding in s u b s titu tin g them fo r th e
o r ig in a l c l a s s i f ic a ti o n s which were used in th e q u e stio n
n a ire and in terv iew schedule (see Table 2).
I I . The above technique was a ls o designed to elim in ate
th e four-dim ension sc a le used to measure th e
degree of s a tis f a c tio n in experiencing the above
values in the a tto r n e y 's law c a re e r. O rig in a lly ,
respondents had been asked to express th e ex ten t
of t h e ir s a tis f a c tio n w ith each value in terms
o f: very s a t i s f i e d , somewhat s a t i s f i e d , some
what d i s s a t i s f i e d , and com pletely d i s s a t i s f i e d .
The c l a s s i f ic a ti o n of th e se dimensions perm itted
s u b s titu tio n of a dichotomous sc ale of s a t i s f i e d
and d i s s a t i s f i e d . New dimensions were produced
as a g r a tif y in g r e s u l t of th e technique used (see
Table 3 ).
2
Louis Guttman, "The C ornell Technique fo r Scale
and In te n s ity A n a ly sis," E ducational and P sychological
Measurement. VII (Summer, 1947), 247-280.
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CRITERIA OF THE VALUES O F IDEAL CAREER EXPERIENCED BY ATTORNEYS
BEFORE A N D AFTER ENTRY INTO THE PROFESSION
(The Scale C r ite r ia Related to the Occupational V alues.)
Scale c r i t e r i a Values before entry Values a f t e r entry
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1. C o e ffic ie n t of
r e p ro d u c ib ility
.89 .87
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2. Range of m arginal
frequency
3. Minimum m arginal
re p ro d u c ib ility
4. Number of items and
response ca te g o rie s
5. P a tte rn of e rro r
The extreme modal c a te g o rie s
contain 82-90 per cent of the
responses. Ten response c a te
g o ries have m arginals f a llin g
between 35-65 per c e n t.
.68
9 dichotomous items
14 out of 75 e rro rs are
non-random
The extreme modal c a te g o rie s
contain 81-92 per cent of th e
responses. Eight response
c a te g o rie s have m arginals
f a llin g between 45-55 per
c e n t.
.65
9 dichotomous items
10 out of 6 6 e rro rs are
non-random
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TABLE 3
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THE SCALE CRITERIA FOR ATTORNEYS' OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION
(Scale C r ite r ia R elated to th e Index of S a tis fa c tio n .)
Scale c r i t e r i a Values of occupational s a tis f a c tio n
1. C o e ffic ie n t of re p ro d u c ib ility
2. Range of m arginal frequencies
3. Minimum m arginal re p ro d u c ib ility
4. Number of items and response
c a te g o rie s
.93
Extreme modal c a te g o rie s contain 82-92 per cent
of responses. Eight of th e response c a te
g o ries have m arginals f a llin g between
25 and 75 per c e n t.
.71
9 dichotomous items
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5. P atte rn of e rro r 12 out of 44 e rro rs a re non-random
o
ON
107
I I I . The C ornell techniques were e x p lo ite d to reduce
th e fo u rfo ld sc a le concerning a tto rn e y s ' values of
g e ttin g ahead in to two c a te g o rie s . The o rig in a l
sc a le employed was in terms of com pletely agree,
somewhat ag ree, somewhat d is a g re e , and com pletely
d isa g re e . In an attem pt to r e c l a s s i f y these term s,
they were su c c e ssfu lly reduced to agree and
d isa g re e (see Table 4 ).
N ecessity of Scale A nalysis
The n e c e s s ity of the employment of th e Cornell
technique and r e c l a s s i f ic a ti o n of a p a rt of th e data a r is e s
out of th e fundamental problems of dimensions of responses
to th e values and lim ita tio n s of th e s iz e of th e sample
used. The use of such techniques seemed necessary
because:
1. The in v e s tig a tio n needed to provide a rigorous
t e s t which could be performed only i f the
le v e l of dimensions of responses were re s tric te d
to a more lim ite d form. Scale a n a ly sis
enabled th e in v e s tig a to r to narrow th e m u lti-
v a ria b le frequency d is t r ib u t io n of a t tr i b u te s
to an advantageous in fe re n c e , s ig n if ic a n t to
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TABLE 4
SCALE CRITERIA RELATED TO THE INDEX OF ATTORNEYS'
DESIRE FOR ACHIEVEM ENT
Scale c r i t e r i a Values of g e ttin g ahead
3 .
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1. C o e ffic ie n t of re p ro d u c ib ility
2, Range of m arginal frequencies
3. Minimum m arginal re p ro d u c ib ility
4. Number of items and response
c a te g o rie s
5. P atte rn of e rro r
.93
Extreme modal ca te g o rie s contain 85 and
91 per cent of th e responses. Seven
respondents have m arginals between 25-
75 per c e n t.
.73
6 dichotomous items
9 out of 37 e rro rs are non-random
o
00
109
te s tin g th e r e la tiv e hypotheses.
2. Questions asked in th e q u e stio n n a ire or the
in terv iew schedule w ith a wider range of
dimensions provided a g r e a te r opportunity fo r
th e respondents to express them selves more
a c c u ra te ly , w hile th e a n a ly sis of data
a c tu a lly req u ired only the re p re se n ta tio n of
th e se responses in a more g en eral form.
3. The r is k of loss of d a ta in th is in v e stig a tio n
did not e x is t because th e s c a l a b i l i t y of data
and th e c o e ffic ie n t of re p r o d u c ib ility was
s u f f ic ie n tly s ig n if ic a n t to e lim in a te the
fe a r of such r is k .
4. I t was not p o ssib le to order th e responses of
the atto rn e y s to a m eaningful category by
elim in atin g the g en eral c a te g o rie s .
In g e n e ra l, a number of s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s were
employed as follow s:
I . Chi square t e s t s were u t i l i z e d to determ ine whether
th e frequency of responses f a lli n g w ith in d is c re te
c a te g o rie s d if f e r s ig n if ic a n tly from chance
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110
e x p e c ta tio n .^
1. P h i-c o e f fic ie n ts were used to o b tain th e
s ig n if ic a n t le v e l of c o r r e la tio n between th e
dichotomous v a ria b le s when th e measures were
obtained by a two-by-two ch i square ta b le .^
2. Contingency c o e ff ic ie n ts were c a lc u la te d when
th e aim was to a s c e rta in th e degrees of s i g
n ific a n c e between two v a ria b le s w ith more
than two c la s s e s in e ith e r x or y.» or in both.
I I . The te s tin g of some of th e hypotheses was
accomplished through the use of p a r t i a l and
m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n s . In c e r ta in cases i t was
deemed necessary to n u llif y th e e f f e c t of a th ir d
v a ria b le (or number of v a ria b le s ) upon both
v a ria b le s being c o rre la te d .^ T h erefo re, a p a r t i a l
^ J. P. G u ilfo rd , Fundamental S t a t i s t i c s in Psychol
ogy and Education (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., I n c .,
1950), pp. 275-285; H. E. G a rre tt, S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology
and Education (New York: Longmans, Green Co., I n c ., 1958),
pp. 377-385; and E. L. A lle n , S t a t i s t i c a l A nalysis (New
York: R inehart and Co., I n c ., 1955), pp. 149-158.
^G uilford, op. c i t . . pp. 311-315; and L. F e stin g e r
and D aniel Katz, Research Methods in th e B ehavioral
Sciences (New York: The Dryden P ress, 1956), pp. 252-245.
^Charles C. P ete rs and W alter R. Van V oorhis,
S t a t i s t i c a l Procedures and M athematical Bases (New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., I n c ., 1940), pp. 234-238.
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I l l
c o r r e la tio n was a lso obtained in te s tin g th e
hypotheses to e s ta b lis h r e la tio n s h ip between a
number of combined v a r ia b le s . This method was
ap p lied in measuring to what ex te n t was
determ ined by th e combined a c tio n of X^, X^,
X 7
• • " *n"
I I I . I t was im portant to determ ine th e ex ten t of a g re e
ment among th e rankings of s ta tu s e s of occupations.
T herefore, a formula fo r a c o e f f ic ie n t of con
cordance c o e f f ic ie n t was u t i l i z e d to a s c e rta in
th e degrees of ranking involved in te s tin g the
hypotheses concerned w ith ranking, and to measure
th e e x ten t of agreement among th e ranks given to
s ta tu s e s of th e su b je c ts of in q u iry . This pro
cedure was followed as a means of a s c e rta in in g
th e discovery of whether th e ranking of statem ents
had been made a t random.
IV. B is e r ia l c o r r e la tio n was th e instrum ent used fo r
te s tin g c o e ff ic ie n ts of c o r r e la tio n s of th e
^ F estin g er and Katz, op. c i t . , pp. 568-569.
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112
dichotomous a t t r i b u t e s cross c la s s if ie d w ith th e
continuous v a r iâ te s . Ground fo r th e assumptions
required fo r a p p lic a tio n of point b i s e r i a l a n a ly sis
was examined and j u s t i f i c a t i o n fo r the use of
t e s t s was found a c c e p ta b le .
The requirem ents of th e b i s e r i a l c o e ff ic ie n t of
c o r re la tio n a re id e n tic a l w ith those assumed to be essen
t i a l fo r Pearsonian ( r ) . In o th e r words, th e a p p lic a tio n
of such t e s t is co ntingent i f th e p e rtin e n t data a re
c h a ra c te riz e d by lin e a r re g re ssio n and h o m o ced asticity .
Furtherm ore th e d ata must meet th e unique requirem ents
of the point b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n , th a t i s , the d i s t r i b u
tio n of th e values on th e dichotomous v a ria b le , when
Q
continuously measured, s h a ll be normal. Such a n a ly sis
was made on circum stances where, in ad d itio n to a d ic h o t
omy of v a r iâ te s , th e assumption of normal d is tr ib u tio n s
of th e a t tr i b u te s could p ro p erly be made fo r the te s te d
9
v a r ia b le s . Furtherm ore, a p p ro p ria te care was ex ercised
in examining to determ ine whether in te rn a l con sisten cy
^G uilford, o p . c i t .. p. 300.
9
Morris Z e ld itc h , A Basic Course in S o cio lo g ica l
S t a t i s t i c s (New York; Henry Holt and Co., 1959), p. 186.
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113
e x iste d in t e s t item s.
The le v e l of sig n ific a n c e fo r th e product moment
of c o e ff ic ie n t was te s te d by c a lc u la tin g " t" and through
th e use of th e re le v a n t ta b le s .
V. The "Pearsonian" product moment of c o rre la tio n
was computed to i l l u s t r a t e th e personal value
o rie n ta tio n of atto rn e y s concerning th e ir con
ception of an id e a l c a re e r.
VI. Kolmogrov-Smirnov te s ts were a ls o employed to
in sp ect whether two independent samples have been
drawn from the same p o p u la tio n .
The a n a ly sis of each of the hypotheses w ill be
discussed s p e c if ic a lly below.
Procedure Applied fo r T esting Hypotheses
Method Used fo r T esting Hypothesis I
Questions designed to t e s t th e Hypothesis I
explores th e s im ila r ity of the values presumably attach ed
to th e le g a l p ro fessio n p rio r to incumbency in th e le g a l
^®West, e t a l ., op. c i t ., p. 259.
^^Sidney S ie g e l, Nonparametric S t a t i s t i c s , fo r
th e Behavioral Sciences (New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill
Book Co., I n c ., 1956), p. 127.
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114
p ro fe ssio n . The m a te ria l of in q u iry was in stru m e n ta lize d
to p o in t out th e importance of such values by req u estin g
th e respondents to rank th e values as th e most stro n g ly
m o tiv atin g fa c to rs fo r t h e i r s e le c tio n of th e le g a l p ro
fe ssio n as a c a re e r to th e le a s t m otivating f a c to r s .
A ttorneys were a lso requested to give t h e i r conception of
th e s ig n ific a n c e of th ese values in t h e ir c a re e rs as th e
a c tu a l incumbents. Inquiry was made as to th e s a tis f a c tio n
of th e respondents w ith regard to each of th e values which
they had experienced in t h e i r c a re e rs . F in a lly , they were
asked to in d ic a te g e n e ra lly th e degrees of s a tis f a c tio n
which they had w itnessed in th e p ra c tic e of t h e ir
p ro fe s s io n .
The responses made to th e q u estions were c l a s s i f ie d
in to th e p o ssib le s t a t i s t i c a l com bination of th e two
follow ing c r i t e r i a :
1. Consistency of th e v erb al re a c tio n s of th e
respondents reg ard in g s ig n ific a n c e of th e
above values in th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , as
ex p ectan t-o u t group members.
2. Consistency of v erb al responses of a tto rn e y s
in resp e ct to th e im portance of th e above
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115
values in th e ir c a re e r s , as experienced-
incumbent in group members of th e p ro fe ssio n .
3. The ex ten t of s a tis f a c tio n which th e su b je c ts
have experienced w ith th e given values in
t h e i r law c a re e rs .
In o th er words, on th e b a sis of th e above c r i t e r i a , the
follow ing c l a s s i f ic a ti o n s were developed.
I. C o n sisten t Values
Group A:
1. Values marked as s ig n if ic a n t both before and
a f t e r en try in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , w ith
which s a tis f a c tio n was secured.
2. Values designated im portant both before and
a f t e r en try in to th e p ro fe ssio n , but w ith
which d is s a tis f a c ti o n was experienced.
Group B:
3. Values appearing in s ig n if ic a n t both before
and a f t e r assuming th e p o sitio n of a tto rn e y ,
and w ith which d is s a tis f a c ti o n was e x p e ri
enced.
4. Values expressed as t r i v i a l both before and
a f t e r en try in to th e p r a c tic e of law, w ith
which s a tis f a c tio n was experienced.
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116
I I . In c o n sis te n t Values
Group C;
1. Values marked as in s ig n if ic a n t b efo re beginning
the p ra c tic e of law, but found to be im portant
afte rw ard , and w ith which s a tis f a c tio n was
experienced.
2. Values s ig n ifie d im portant before assuming
th e p o sitio n of a tto rn e y , but in s ig n if ic a n t
afte rw ard , and w ith which d is s a tis f a c tio n
was f e l t .
Group D:
3. Values rep o rted im m aterial p rio r to en try
in to th e p ro fe ssio n , but which became momen
tous a f t e r e n try , and w ith which s a tis f a c tio n
was experienced.
4. Values considered paramount b efo re, but
im m aterial a f t e r , en try in to th e p ro fe ssio n ,
and w ith which d is s a tis f a c tio n was re p o rte d .
The group of values c l a s s i f ie d above were tre a te d
a g a in st th e v a ria b le of expressed occupational s a t i s f a c
tio n . The same procedure was followed fo r each category
of c o rp o ra tio n , government and t r i a l a tto rn e y s .
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117
1. Chi square te s t s were ap p lied to th e s t a t i s t i
c a l combination of th e above ca te g o rie s of
values ag a in st th e a tto rn e y s ' occupational
s a tis f a c tio n . The r e s u lt s of th is t e s t pointed
out th e d iffe re n c e between th e two v a ria b le s
and in d icated whether th e se were g re a te r than
chance ex p ectatio n .
2. The s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e of the degrees
of a s so c ia tio n between c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n and
s a tis f a c tio n w ith th e c o n s is te n t and incon
s i s t e n t occupational values of a tto rn e y s was
a s c e rta in e d through th e use of a phi
c o e f f ic ie n t t e s t .
3. Chi square t e s t was ap p lied to a l l the
values in one category a g a in st th e v a ria b le
of a tto rn e y s ' o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n . The
t e s t was employed to d isco v er whether th e
re la tio n s h ip s ( i f any) between occupational
s a tis f a c tio n and th e s a tis f a c tio n w ith the
t o t a l c o n s iste n t and in c o n siste n t values of
a tto rn e y s before and a f t e r entry in to the
le g a l p ro fessio n were g re a te r than chance
ex p e c ta tio n .
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118
To a s c e r ta in th e a s so c ia tio n between th e respond
e n ts ' s a tis f a c tio n w ith th e values of id e a l c a re e r as a
whole and th e o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n , a sc a le system
was developed. The a n a ly s is of such s c a le req u ired
id e n tif ic a tio n of th e "sig n ific a n c e " of each value fo r
each in d iv id u a l respondent. Such id e n tif ic a tio n was made
by assig n in g A, B, C, and D to th e ir e v a lu atio n responses
fo r each value b efo re and a f t e r en try in to th e le g a l
p ro fe ssio n . T h erefo re, i f such ev alu atio n was p o s itiv e ly
c o n s is te n t i t was marked "A"; i f n e g a tiv e ly c o n s is te n t,
"B" was assigned; in c o n s is te n t ev a lu atio n s were marked
"C" and "D." The responses of "im portant b efo re entry
but unim portant afterw ard " were given a mark of "B"
and th e answers to "unim portant before e n try but im portant
afterw ard" were s ig n ifie d by a mark of "C."
The symbols were then c la s s if ie d and enumerated
on the b a sis of a tto rn e y s ' s a tis f a c tio n w ith th e values
which th e signs re p re se n te d .
The r e s u l t of th e above sc a le a n a ly s is was re la te d
to th e occupational s a tis f a c tio n through th e use of chi
squares and phi c o e f f ic ie n ts .
In a l l above c a se s, i f the d ata s u b s ta n tia te d the
n u ll hypothesis th e r e s u lt a n t observation was in th e
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119
d ir e c tio n s p re d ic te d . In o th e r words, s a tis f a c tio n w ith
c o n s is te n t values before and a f t e r e n try in to th e le g a l
p ro fe ssio n would not e f f e c t an a s s o c ia tio n w ith general
o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n .
Method and S t a t i s t i c a l Procedure Used
fo r T estin g Hypothesis II
The aims of th e study in r e la tio n to Hypothesis
I I a re to in v e s tig a te th e e f f e c ts of th e correspondence
of a tto r n e y s ' expected and experienced values on th e ir
p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n .
The determ inant fa c to rs of expected and e x p e ri
enced o ccu p atio n al values of a tto rn e y s fo r te s tin g th is
hypothesis were id e n tic a l w ith those of Hypothesis I.
T h erefo re, fo u r groups of v alu es, as prev io u sly in d ic a te d ,
were compared w ith th e v a ria b le s s e t f o rth to ev alu ate
th e ex ten t of occupational commitment among a tto rn e y s .
The determ inants of th e v a ria b le of occupational
commitment were o p e ra tio n a lly assumed to be th e responses
made to th e follow ing q u estio n s:
1. D esire fo r change of occupation
2. D esire to become an a tto rn e y i f th e choice
were to be made again
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120
3. Encourage son or daughter to make th e law
t h e i r c a re e r
4. The ex ten t of a tto rn e y s ' d ed icatio n to
t h e i r p ro fessio n
The s t a t i s t i c a l procedure employed fo r te s tin g
Hypothesis I seemed a p p ro p ria te fo r use in te s tin g the
subhypothesis a ls o , sin c e th e c r i t e r i a fo r a s c e rta in in g
th e v a ria b le of correspondence of values before and a f t e r
e n try in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n was the same as m ain tain
ing th e c o n s is te n t occupational values b efo re and a f t e r
en try in to th e p ro fessio n in Hypothesis I; however, the
second v a ria b le was s u b s titu te d by th e c r i t e r i a fo r
commitment to th e occupation.
Method Used fo r T esting Hypothesis I I I
I t was pointed out p rev io u sly th a t occupational
m a tu rity w ill be measured in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n by d e te r
mining th e len g th of the elements of education, age, and
th e len g th of experience of th e a tto rn e y in h is le g a l
occupation.
I t was th e o b je c tiv e of th is study to tr a c e the
e f f e c ts of th e above elements on th e s a tis f a c tio n obtained
by a tto rn e y s through th e p r a c tic e o f t h e i r p ro fe ssio n .
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121
To t h i s end i t was considered im perative to examine the
degrees of a s s o c ia tio n e x is tin g among th e c o n s titu tin g
elements of m a tu rity w ith re sp e c t to the s a tis f a c tio n
which a tto rn e y s secure in t h e ir p ro fe ssio n .
The v a ria b le of age of th e respondents was c a l
cu late d from th e d ata c o lle c te d ; i . e . , t h e ir b i r t h d a te s.
Data re le v a n t to the length of t h e ir le g a l education was
secured by c a lc u la tin g th e number of years devoted to
t h e ir education sin c e t h e ir en try in to law school. C las
s if ic a ti o n of th e academic tr a in in g they received was
made according to th e follow ing:
1. E ducational tra in in g leading to LL.B. or J.D .
(th re e or four years)
2. Graduate work, a f t e r primary le g a l education
term in atin g in a degree of LL.M., M.A. or
M.S.
3. Advanced ed u catio n al e f f o r t w ith a degree
of J .S .D ., S .J .D ., Ph. D.
A tto rn e y s' length of le g a l experience was d e te r
mined by combining th e years of study which they in d ic ated
w ith t h e i r prim ary le g a l tr a in in g .
For te s tin g th e proposed h y p o th esis, a number of
t e s t s were a p p lie d , mainly to determ ine th e s ig n ific a n c e
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122
and d ire c tio n of a s s o c ia tio n between th e concept of
occupational m a tu rity and a tto rn e y s ' p ro fe ssio n a l s a t i s
f a c tio n .
S t a t i s t i c a l Procedure Used fo r
T estin g Hypothesis I I I
T esting Hypothesis I I I included a po in t b i s e r i a l
p a r t i a l and m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n among th e v a ria b le s con
s t i t u t i n g occupational m a tu rity ; th a t i s : age, le g a l
experience and education and th e v a ria b le s of occupational
s a tis f a c tio n and a ls o a p p lic a tio n of a number of chi
square t e s t s .
The d ata r e la tin g to o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n
was used in th e form of a dichotomous v a r ia te ; th a t i s ,
s a tis f a c tio n and d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . Because of the s itu a tio n
in which th e v a ria b le of s a tis f a c tio n appeared in two
segments, i t was f e l t necessary to r e s o r t to a type of
s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t to be ab le to d isc rim in a te between the
two phases of th e v a r ia te in te s tin g th e h y p o th esis.
T herefore, a p p lic a tio n was made to a somewhat ra r e ly used
method of a n a ly s is ; th a t i s , d isc rim in a te a n a ly sis and
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123
12
p o in t b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n .
Due to th e normal d is tr ib u tio n of dichotomous
resp o n se s, th e lo g ic a l ground fo r a p p lic a tio n of a po in t
13
b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n seemed j u s t i f i e d .
P oint b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n t e s t s were used in com
p aring th e f a c to rs of age, experience and education in d e
pendently w ith the dichotom ized element of s a t i s f a c t i o n .
A c o e f f ic ie n t of m u ltip le b i s e r i a l c o rre la tio n was a lso
obtained to determ ine th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s of a l l of th e
above f a c to rs fo r p re d ic tin g th e occupational s a tis f a c tio n
of a tto r n e y s .
T estin g e f f e c ts of two or th re e of th e above com
bined v a ria b le s on o cc u p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n , however, r e
q u ired s t a t i s t i c a l procedure to p a r t i a l out one or two fa c
to r s or to c o r r e la te a l l th e combined fa c to rs w ith a fo u rth
v a r ia b le . To th is end, d isc rim in a te a n a ly sis was used to
determ ine which of a l l p o s s ib le lin e a r compounds of a
12
James E. W ert, C harles 0. Neidt and J . S tanley
Ahmann, S t a t i s t i c a l Methods in E ducational and Psycho
lo g ic a l Research (New Y ork,N .Y .: D. A ppleton-C entury-
C ro fts , I n c ., 1954), p. 256.
13
Elmer R. Enlow. S t a t i s t i c s in Education and
Psychology (New York, N.Y.: P re n tic e -H a ll, I n c ., 1957),
p. 104.
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124
s e t of measurements w ill b e st d isc rim in a te between two
d if f e r e n t groups.
In g e n e ra l, th e m u ltip le point b i s e r i a l c o rre la tio n
is defined as follow s
P
NZ
The d isc rim in a te equation g e n e ra lly can be
expressed by;
a X
m m
In th is study, th e d a ta fo r computation of point b i s e r i a l
m u ltip le and p a r t i a l c o r re la tio n were obtained by d e te r
mining the value of " th a t is :
A = N z d ^ + ag N zd g + a ^ N zd g
A. F is h e r, S t a t i s t i c a l Methods fo r Research
Workers (Edinburgh, Scotland: O liver and Boyd, 1930),
p. 279.
15
16
Wert, e t a l ., op. c i t .. p. 275.
Ib id .
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125
The m u ltip le point b i s e r i a l c o e f f ic ie n t was
computed by:
P
( pq )
Which i s the most convenient to c a lc u la te .
The value of the p a r t i a l c o e f f ic ie n t was obtained
by:
rv 1,2,3
m - 1
m
Nz
m- 1
pq
F in a lly , a t e s t of sig n ific a n c e was employed to determine
th e s ig n ific a n c e of the values obtained; th a t is :
Fn, N - m - 1 = ~ ^
N z ^ _ A
m
pq
n
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126
Method and S t a t i s t i c a l Procedures fo r
T estin g H ypothesis IV
T estin g H ypothesis IV is e s s e n ti a ll y based on th e
methodology employed fo r te s tin g Hypothesis I I . The
v a ria b le of occu p atio n al m a tu rity c l a s s i f i e d fo r te s tin g
Hypothesis I I was id e n tic a lly used to serve th e purpose of
te s tin g th i s h y p o th e sis. The components of th e v a r ia b le 's
e x tr in s ic and i n t r i n s i c values were th e v erb al responses
of a tto rn e y s regarding th e values o f t h e i r id e a l c a re e r
before and a f t e r e n te rin g th e law p ro fe ssio n .
In determ ining th e ex ten t of a s s o c ia tio n between
th e elements of o ccupational m a tu rity w ith dichotomous
v a ria b le s of e x t r i n s i c - i n t r i n s i c v alu es, th e use of p o in t
b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n t e s t s , both p a r t i a l and m u ltip le ,
seemed n e c e s s a r y . T h i s t e s t was ap p lied to th e responses
o f a tto rn e y s r e l a t i v e to t h e i r e x tr in s ic and i n t r i n s i c
values of th e le g a l p ro fessio n and th e s a tis f a c tio n which
a tto rn e y s secured in th e course of t h e i r p r a c tic e . The
r e s u lt s of th e t e s t s would provide a measure to p re d ic t
th e e x te n t of p ro fe ssio n a l values which a tto rn e y s hold
from th e i r o ccu p atio n al m a tu rity .
^^I b id . . p. 256.
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127
Method and S t a t i s t i c a l Procedure Used
fo r T estin g Hypothesis V
Hypothesis V proposes to examine th e perception
of th e s ta tu s of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n as seen by i t s
members and to determ ine to what ex ten t such perception
in flu e n c e s the p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n of th e a tto rn e y s .
I t i s a ls o th e o b je c tiv e of th e h ypothesis to p re d ic t the
r e la tio n s h ip which may e x is t between th e expected s ta tu s
enjoyed by th e p ro fessio n as a n tic ip a te d by a tto rn e y s
and t h e i r experienced o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n .
The approach to te s tin g th is hypothesis was f i r s t
made by in v e s tig a tio n of th e agreement e x is tin g between
th e a c tu a l and th e expected ranks of th e p ro fe ssio n s. To
th is end, c o e f f ic ie n t of c o r r e la tio n of concordance between
th e two v a ria b le s of perceived and expected s ta tu s of the
le g a l p ro fe ssio n was c a lc u la te d . The c o e f f ic ie n t of con-
18
cordance has been defined as:
1 2 Z d ?
W
m^(n^ - n)
18
Merle Tate and Richard C. C le lla n d , Non-
P aram etric and Short-Cut S t a t i s t i c s (D an v ille, I l l i n o i s :
I n t e r s t a t e P rin te r s and P u b lish e rs, I n c ., 1957), p. 19.
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128
The second t e s t was a po in t b i s e r i a l c o r re la tio n
c o e f f ic ie n t to determ ine th e measure by which p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n may be p re d ic te d from th e rank orders of th e
s ta tu s of th e p ro fe ssio n . As p rev io u sly s ta te d , the
s ta tu s of th e le g a l p ro fessio n was expressed by th e a t t o r
neys both in terms of t h e ir percep tio n s and in terms of
th e ir e x p e c ta tio n s.
Due to th e dichotomy of th e v a ria b le of s a t i s f a c
tio n , po in t b i s e r i a l c o rr e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts were used
to measure th e re la tio n s h ip of a tto rn e y s ' perception of
rank orders of s ta tu s and t h e ir p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n .
Point b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n of c o e f f ic ie n ts may be defined
as:
M - M
P q pq
f b i s = -------------------------------------------------------
The requirem ent and th e assumption of such a t e s t a re
d i s t i n c t l y id e n tic a l w ith those of p a r t i a l and m u ltip le
point b i s e r i a l c o e f f ic ie n ts . These assum ptions have
already been reviewed; th e re fo re , they w ill not be
^^Elmer R. Enlow. S t a t i s t i c s in E valuation and
Psychology (New York; P re n tic e -H a ll, I n c ., 1937), p. 105.
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129
rep eated h e re . I t Is needless to p o in t out th a t adoption
of such measures fo r te s tin g th e hypothesis was c a rrie d
out by an examination of th e b a sis fo r secu rin g th e neces
sary c e r ta in ty concerning th e proper usage of such a t e s t .
The le v e l of sig n ific a n c e of th e c o e f f ic ie n t was
determ ined by employment of a " t" t e s t .
Method Used fo r T esting Hypothesis VI
Hypothesis VI submits th a t community p a rtic ip a tio n
and achievements of atto rn e y s a re in te r r e l a te d w ith t h e ir
value o rie n ta tio n and a s c r ip tio n .
Examination of th is hypothesis included: f i r s t ,
a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of values in to e x trin s ic and i n t r i n s i c .
Procedure and c r i t e r i a fo r th is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n have been
mentioned in Chapters I I and I I I . Second, c la s s i f ic a ti o n
of responses r e l a t i v e to th e frequency of a tto rn e y s ' com
munity p a r tic ip a tio n . Regarding th is c r i t e r i o n , th e
respondents were c l a s s i f ie d in to two groups :
1. A ttorneys who re g u la rly atten d ed th e meetings
of o rg an iz atio n s to which they belonged.
2. Those who attended th e m eetings seldom,
or never.
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130
With reg ard to t h e i r achievements as o rg an iz atio n members,
a tto rn e y s were again c l a s s i f ie d in two c a te g o rie s ;
1. Those who held o f f ic e in th e o rg an iz atio n s
in which they were members.
2. Those who held no o f f ic e .
The c r i t e r i o n fo r holding o f f ic e was being an
o f f ic e r sometime during th e membership period and a tte n d
ance in th e o rg an iz atio n on a t le a s t an annual b a s is .
T estin g th is hypothesis involved a s e rie s of
in v e s tig a tio n s to determ ine th e values s ig n ifie d by
a tto rn e y s as s ig n if ic a n t in th e p r a c tic e of th e ir p ro fe s
sio n . P reviously th e procedure of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of such
values as e x tr in s ic and i n t r i n s i c was explained. I t was
assumed th a t th e development of p ro fe s s io n a l values in
th e o ccu p atio n al experience of a tto rn e y s was p a r a l le l
w ith th e m o tiv atin g fa c to rs and determ inants of t h e i r
d e s ire s to a t t a i n membership in c e r ta in o rg an izatio n s
which a ls o serve as th e co n d itio n in g elem ents of t h e i r
am bition to achieve c e rta in p o s itio n s .
S t a t i s t i c a l Procedure Used fo r
T estin g H ypothesis VI
The s t a t i s t i c a l method used to determ ine th e
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131
degree of a s s o c ia tio n between a tto rn e y s ' values and t h e i r
choice of o rg a n iz a tio n included a s e r ie s of c h i squares
and c o e f f ic ie n ts .
Chi squares were applied between o rg an iz atio n
atten d an ce of a tto rn e y s and t h e ir dichotomous e x tr in s ic
and i n t r i n s i c v alu es. The same procedure was ap p lied to
th e t o t a l sample of a tto rn e y s , re g a rd le ss of t h e i r c a te
gory c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
The purpose of such a t e s t was to d isc o v er whether
th e d iffe re n c e between th e se measures can reasonably be
20
regarded as chance v a r ia tio n s . However, t h i s t e s t
does not re v e a l th e e x te n t of a s so c ia tio n between th e
v a ria b le s ; th e r e f o r e , a phi c o e ff ic ie n t t e s t was employed
21
to determ ine th e d ir e c tio n and degree of c o r r e la tio n .
I t was th e o riz e d th a t i f atto rn e y s jo in any s p e c ific
o rg an iz atio n because of t h e i r occupational v alu e-
o r ie n ta tio n , th e re must e x is t an a s s o c ia tio n between t h e ir
values and t h e i r achievem ents.
T estin g such an assumption re q u ire d two i n v e s t i
g a tio n s:
20
p e te rs and Van Voorhis, op. c i t . . p. 404.
21
G u ilfo rd , lo c . c i t .
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132
1. In v e stig a tio n regarding e x t r i n s i c - i n t r i n s i c
values of a tto rn e y s and t h e i r achievem ents.
2. Examining th e c o r r e la tio n between community
attendance and achievements (holding
o f f ic e s , etc.).
With regard to th e f i r s t problem th e procedure and t e s t s
were id e n tic a l w ith those used fo r te s tin g the r e l a t i o n
ships between community attendance and a tto rn e y s ' values.
In o th e r words, th e s im ila r n a tu re of th e d ata made i t
p o ssib le to employ the same procedure.
Regarding the second problem, again ch i square
t e s t s were used on community atten d an ce and achievement
of a tto rn e y s in th e o rg an izatio n s of which they were
members. To obtain the degree of a s s o c ia tio n , a phi
c o e ff ic ie n t was obtained.
Summary
In t h i s chapter a d e s c rip tio n of th e methodology
employed fo r te s tin g th e proposed hypotheses was presented,
The procedure by which 105 a tto rn e y s p ra c tic in g in Los
Angeles County were s e le c te d as th e sample of th e popula
tio n stu d ie d was d iscu ssed . The c r i t e r i a used fo r making
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133
the se le c tio n s and th e method employed fo r te s tin g th e
hypotheses were d escrib ed . In d escrib in g the instrum ents
u t i l i z e d , th e ir c h a r a c te r is tic s and the questions which
were s e t fo rth fo r c o lle c tio n of e s s e n tia l data were
p resen ted .
The p re se n ta tio n of the method of sc a le an a ly sis
req u ired fo r employment of th e p e rtin e n t s t a t i s t i c a l
devices preceded the above d isc u ssio n . S t a t i s t i c a l
assumptions were rep o rted p a r a lle lin g th e examination of
th e ir a p p lic a b ility to th e d ata te s tin g th e proposed
hypo th eses.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
In tro d u c tio n
The paradigm of t h i s in v e s tig a tio n was designed
to s u b s ta n tia te some v a ria b le s through which th e degrees
of s a tis f a c tio n of th e members of the le g a l p ro fessio n
can be p re d ic te d . I t was f u r th e r intended by th is study
to d e sc rib e e m p irically some of th e elements which c h a r
a c te r iz e th e members of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , as w ell as
th e values which d is tin g u is h th e a tto rn e y as an incumbent
of t h i s p ro fe ssio n .
B a sic a lly , th e main emphasis of th e re p o rtin g
of th e r e s u lt s of th is in v e s tig a tio n has been d ire c te d
toward s u b s ta n tia tio n or r e f u ta tio n of th e proposed
hypotheses. Supportive evidences fo r te s tin g th e hypothe
s e s , however, have served some a d d itio n a l aim, th a t of
throw ing lig h t on some area s not o r ig in a lly planned fo r
t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .
134
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135
W ithin th e th e o r e tic a l framework of th is i n v e s t i
g a tio n , c o lle c te d d ata were em p iric a lly examined and
s t a t i s t i c a l l y proper d ecisio n s were made. The s i g n i f i
cance of th e r e s u l t s was determined through a p p lic a tio n
of the re q u ired t e s t s and they were re p o rted a t or beyond
0.001; 0 .0 1 , or 0.05 le v e l. The purpose fo r use of
various le v e ls of sig n ific a n c e was mainly i l l u s t r a t i n g
th e in te r e s tin g tre n d s of the c o lle c te d inform ation.
Among th e s ix n u ll hypotheses te s te d , four were
re je c te d and two were s u b s ta n tia te d . But the tren d of
d ata concerning th e re je c te d hypotheses, and th e r e s u lt s
of the t e s t s ap p lied provided th e in v e s tig a to r some new
inform ation which d e f in ite ly was of in t e r e s t fo r th e
ends of th is stu d y .
This c h a p te r proposes to proceed w ith a b r ie f
d e s c rip tio n of th e a p p lic a tio n of th e t e s t , upon th e
s e le c te d sample of th e members of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n ,
th e re p o rt of r e s u l t s bearing on th e hypothesis and a
summary of the c h a p te r.
Hypothesis I
H ypothesis I is concerned w ith d isco v erin g th e
type of values developed by a tto rn e y s p r io r to and a f t e r
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136
Chelr e n try In to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . I t a ls o is the
o b je c tiv e of th is hypothesis to determ ine th e extent of
th e in flu e n c e of such values on a tto rn e y s ' p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n .
D ecision making regarding th is hypothesis was
achieved by analyzing th e verbal responses made by
a tto rn e y s to the follow ing:
1. Important and unim portant occupational values
they had e n te rta in e d p r io r to t h e ir entry
in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
2. Values held to be im portant and unim portant
a f t e r e n try in to the le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
3. The ex te n t to which t h e i r needs a r is in g out
of th e se occupational values was met.
4. The degrees of s a tis f a c tio n experienced by
them in th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
Table 5 co n tain s ch i square values p e rtin e n t to
th e t e s t s ap p lied to th e v a ria b le s of expected-experienced
values o f a tto rn e y s and th e i r occupational s a tis f a c tio n .
In th e previous ch a p ter i t was noted th a t th e se values
based on th e ex ten t of correspondence of t h e i r importance
b efo re and a f t e r e n try in to th e p ro fe ssio n were c l a s s i f ie d
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■ o
I
c
g
Û .
■ o
CO
( / >
Ç 2
o'
3
TABLE 5
8
5
c 5 '
CHI SQUARE VALUES CONCERNING ATTORNEYS' OCCUPATIONAL IDEAL A N D SATISFACTION
BASED O N CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF SUCH
VALUES BEFORE A N D AFTER ENTRY
3
CD
C
p .
3 "
CD
CD
■ o
I
C
a
O
3
■ o
O
&
o
c
■ o
CD
C /)
o'
3
C onsistent Values In c o n siste n t Values
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Category of Important
atto rn e y s before & a f t e r
Unimportant
b efore & a f t e r
Unimportant b efo re,
im portant a f t e r
Important before
unim portant a f t e r
T o tal
4.654b
1.0439 8.216* 4.628^
I. T r ia l
a tto rn e y s
3.913b
.953 4.271^ 2.810
I I . Corporation
a tto rn e y s 7.912* 1.062 4.356b
6.012*
I I I . Government
a tto rn e y s 5.871^ 2.872 3.916b
1.831
a = P < . 0 1
b = P < . 0 5
w
138
in to " c o n s is te n t" and " in c o n s is te n t" v alu es.
In sp ectio n of Table 5 re v e a ls th e f a c t th a t out of
fo u r groups of values "A," "C," and "D" a re s ig n if ic a n t
beyond P = 0.01 and P = 0.05. Group "A" re p re se n ts th e
s e t of values which th e respondents in d ic a te d as being
im portant both p r io r to and a f t e r t h e i r e n try in to th e
le g a l p ro fe ssio n . Group "B" s ig n if ie s th o se values which
were in d ic a te d as unim portant both b efo re and a f t e r entry
in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . Group "C" values re p re se n t th e
expected-experienced values which were not c o n s is te n t in
t h e i r s ig n ific a n c e as a tto rn e y s judged them. In o th er
words, they d esig n ated them as umimportant b efo re t h e i r
e n try in to th e p ro fe ssio n but marked them p re se n tly s i g
n i f i c a n t . Conversely, group "D" p o rtra y s th e s e t of
values which were in d ic a te d im portant b efo re e n try in to
th e p ro fe ssio n and found to be in s ig n if ic a n t afte rw ard .
With regard to th e le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e accorded
th e in c o n s is te n t values and th e lack of s ig n ific a n c e among
one s e t of c o n s is te n t groups of values of a tto rn e y s , we
may accept th e n u ll hypothesis and confirm th e assumption
prev io u sly made to th e e f f e c t th a t th e co n siste n cy of
expected and experienced values has no e f f e c t on the
occupational s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s .
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139
The d a ta , however, re v e a l another fin d in g , th a t i s ,
th e s ig n ific a n c e of s a tis f a c tio n w ith th e expected values
as a c r i t e r i o n fo r o ccu p atio n al s a t i s f a c t i o n . I t was
shown in Table 5 th a t unim portant expected-experienced
occupational values f a ile d to possess any s t a t i s t i c a l s i g
n ific a n c e in connection w ith p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n ,
w hile a d e f in it e p a tte rn of co n siste n cy was ap p aren t. On
th e o th er hand, among th e groups "C" and ”D" values which
were held s ig n i f ic a n t , th e element of expected values which
th e respondents s ig n ifie d as im portant to them was common.
The above p a tte rn of fin d in g s is a ls o evident in the
r e s u lts of th e a p p lic a tio n of t e s t s covering th e sub
c a te g o rie s of a tto rn e y s .
R esults of th e t e s t on t r i a l a tto rn e y s (Category 1)
proved co n sid erab ly more in te r e s tin g evidences. Table 5
in d ic a te s th a t t r i a l a tto rn e y s (Category 1) f a ile d to
show any s ig n if ic a n t r e s u l t on th e group "D" v alu es. This
means th a t among t r i a l a tto rn e y s concerned only s a t i s f a c
tio n w ith s ig n if ic a n t expected values provided the source
of t h e ir p ro fe s s io n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n . T herefore, we can
conclude th a t among a tto rn e y s , p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n
is congruent w ith th e s a tis f a c tio n they re c e iv e in re sp e c t
to t h e i r expected v a lu e s. Thus, th e g re a te r th e
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140
s a tis f a c tio n receiv ed from th e ir expected occupational
values ; the g r e a te r w i l l be th e ir p ro fe ssio n a l s a t i s f a c
tio n .
S ig n ific a n t Elements in A tto rn ey s*
P ro fessio n al S a tis fa c tio n
I t was shown s t a t i s t i c a l l y th a t p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n is a continuing process which begins w ith
th e perception of c e r ta in values attach ed to th e le g a l
p ro fessio n p rio r to en try in to a le g a l c a re e r. These
values w ill tend to become refin ed and w i l l m anifest
themselves in terms of p ro fe ssio n a l valu es.
A d d itio n al d ata c o lle c te d contain th e types of
such values w ith which a tto rn e y s ' s a tis f a c tio n has been
found harmonious.
A clo se in sp e ctio n of Table 6 d is c lo s e s the
a t t r a c t i v e elements rep resen ted by the le g a l pro fessio n
as seen by a tto rn e y s p rio r to th e ir entry in to th a t
p ro fe s s io n .
1. Element of v a rie ty of work and adventure:
Table 6 rev ea ls th a t adventure and v a rie ty of work have
l i t t l e re la tio n s h ip w ith a tto rn e y s ' c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n .
T ria l a tto rn e y s (Category 1) however, a sc rib e d th e in f lu -
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TA BLE 6
DIFFERENCES OF CHI SQUARE VALUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL
VALUES WITH PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION A M O N G TOTAL GROUP OF ATTORNEYS
8
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3
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C onsistent
Group A
Values
Group B
In c o n sis te n t Values
Group C Group D
Important
Values before & a f t e r
Unimportant
before & a f t e r
Unimportant b e fo re ,
im portant a f t e r
Im portant before,
unim portant a f t e r
1. Adventure and
v a rie ty of work 1.0627 .679 3.1462 2.0761
2. O pportunity f o r
c r e a tiv it y
3.872C
.1964 1.785 4.978^
3. Supervision 2.971 2.106 1.617 3 . 9 9 1 C
4. P re stig e 8.421* 1.71 2.612 8.591*
5. G reater income
5.742b 3.98C 4 . 2 1 C
12.92*
6. Work w ith people 3.88C 1.93 .871 4 . 7 7 C
7. Future insurance 2.04 2.11 2.27
4.66C
8. O pportunity
fo r a b i l i t y 4 . 6 5 C 4 . 4 4 C 2.12 4 . 2 7 C
9. Leadership 16.78*
4 . 8 IC
2.91 12.73*
C/)
C/)
a = P < .0 1
b - P < .0 2
c = P < .0 5
142
ence of th is f a c to r w ith a s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e
beyond P = 0 .0 1 , on t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n (see
Table 7 ).
2. Elements of c r e a t i v i t y and a b i l i t y : th e se
elements were found to be s ig n if ic a n tly r e la te d to the
p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n of co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s (see
Table 8 ). For a tto rn e y s , in g en e ra l, th e se elements were
a lso s ig n i f ic a n t , but th e ex ten t of t h e i r a s s o c ia tio n s can
be observed by th e s t a t i s t i c a l le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e
accorded th e r e s u lt s of c h i square t e s t s . T ria l atto rn e y s
(subcategory 1) and government a tto rn e y s (subcategory I I I )
did not appear to be g re a tly a ffe c te d by th e se fa c to rs in
r e la tio n to o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n .
3. Element of occupational su p e rv isio n and
insurance fo r th e fu tu re : in sp e ctio n of Table 9 and i t s
comparison w ith Tables 6, 7 and 8 reg ard in g th e element
of su p erv isio n and insurance fo r th e fu tu re re v e a ls th a t
only th e government a tto rn e y s a re g re a tly influenced by
th e se f a c t o r s . An in d ic a tio n of the amount of d iffe re n c e
between a tto rn e y s in g en eral and th e su b c ate g o rie s can
be seen by a review of c h i square values in th e above
t a b l e s .
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TABLE 7
DIFFERENCES OF CHI SQUARE VALUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS
OCCUPATIONAL VALUES WITH PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION A M O N G TRIAL ATTORNEYS
C onsistent Values
Group A Group B
In c o n siste n t Values
Group C Group D
Important
Values before & a f t e r
Unimportant
b efore & a f te r
Unimportant b efo re,
im portant a f t e r
Important b efo re
unim portant a f t e r
1, Adventure and
v a rie ty of work 7.429® 1.293
4.389C
11.08*
2. Opportunity fo r
c r e a tiv it y 2.897 1.833 2.76 3.461
3, Supervision 3.007 2.97 1.82 5.66b
4. P re stig e 7.209* .642 .794 14.97*
5. G reater income 10.27 1.97 1.86 12.96*
6. Work w ith
people 3 . 9 9 C 4 . 2 7 C
2.87
5 . 5 9 b
7. Future
insurance 3.39 2.66 5.42 3.79
8. O pportunity
fo r a b i l i t y 1.88
4 . 7 2 C
3.87 2.19
9. Leadership 9.79* 2.07 1.61 11.97*
a = P <^.01 b = P < .0 2 c = P < .0 5 h
4
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TABLE 8
DIFFERENCES OF CHI SQUARE VALUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL
VALUES WITH PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION A M O N G CORPORATION ATTORNEYS
O
■ D
C onsistent Values In c o n siste n t Values
c q '
3 " Group A Groups B Group C Group D
ï
3
Important Unimportant Unimportant b efo re. Important before
CD
Values b efo re & a f t e r 1 before & a f t e r im portant a f t e r unim portant a f t e r
" n
c
3 .
1. Adventure and
3 "
CD v a rie ty of work 2.721 0.8616 1.4837 2.978
CD
■ D
2. Opportunity fo r
O
Q.
c r e a tiv it y 8.331* 2.461 3 . 9 2 9 C 9.896*
C
a
3. Supervision 1.06 .972 1.91 2.26
O
3
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4. P re stig e 10.88* 1.72 2.07 12.27*
O
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5. G reater income 17.92* 3.23 2.72 8.86*
C T
1 — H
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6. Work w ith
Q.
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people 2.11 3.10 5 . 6 3b 14.72*
1 — H
3"
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7. Future
insurance 2.55 2.78 3.04 3.12
" S
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8. O pportunity fo r
C / j '
c /i
a b i l i t y 13.23* 2.75 .871 14.60*
o "
3 9. Leadership 8.63 .890 1.301 8.74*
a = p ^ 0.01 b = P < 0.02 = P < 0.05
4 >
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TA BLE 9
DIFFERENCES O F CHI SQUARE VALUES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL
VALUES WITH PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION A M O N G G O V ERN M EN T ATTORNEYS
C onsistent
Group A
Values
Group B
In c o n siste n t Values
Group C Group D
Important
Values before & a f t e r
Unimportant
before & a f t e r
Unimportant b efo re,
im portant a f t e r
Important before,
unim portant a f t e r
1. Adventure and
v a rie ty of work 3.8941C 1.907 2.567 3.146
2. O pportunity fo r
c r e a tiv it y 3.121 2.771 3.120 2.673
3. Supervision 2.33 1.67 .9141 16.66*
4, P re stig e 10.11* 3.91= 2.88 7.33*
5. G reater income 11.42* .721 1.44 13.77*
6. Work w ith people 2.66 4.72= 3 . 3 3 C
3.51
7. Future insurance 4. l i e .661 .791 11.54*
8. O pportunity fo r
a b i l i t y .619 .4131 1.23 2.82
9. Leadership 4.91= 2.72 3.12 8.12*
a = P <^.01
b = P <■.02
c = P < ^.05
L n
146
4. Elements of p re s tig e and income: th e d ata
concerning th e elem ents of p r e s tig e and income were
s tro n g ly s ig n if ic a n t fo r both t o t a l respondents and sub
c a te g o rie s . Comparison of th e c h i square v alu es, however,
re v e a ls th a t among th e su b c a te g o rie s, t r i a l and government
a tto rn e y s (1 and 3) were more and more apt to be in flu en ced
by th e element of income than p r e s tig e . Conversely, c o r
p o ratio n a tto rn e y s were more concerned w ith p re s tig e than
w ith th e element of income in t h e i r o ccupational s a t i s
f a c tio n .
5. Element of opportunity fo r work w ith people:
t h is element was not shown to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t
fo r th e t o t a l group, but fo r su b c ate g o rie s 1 and 3 ( t r i a l
and co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s) th e r e s u l t s of th e t e s t s were
co n sid erab ly d if f e r e n t from th e t o t a l . The t r i a l
a tto rn e y s e x h ib ite d a g re a te r degree of people-mindedness
in th a t t h e i r o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n was s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s ig n if ic a n t beyond P = 0.05 and P = 0 .0 2 .
In o rd er to determ ine th e le v e l of occupational
a s c r ip tio n of a tto rn e y s regarding th e elements of r e l a t i v e
im portance in t h e i r c a re e r, Pearsonian c o e ff ic ie n ts of
c o r re la tio n s were obtained between th e p o ssib le p a irs of
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147
th e elements of id e a l c a re e r (Table 10). Comparing the
s ig n if ic a n t elem ents of th e assigned o ccu p atio n al value
o r ie n ta tio n obtained by Pearsonian " r" w ith those found
e s s e n tia l to t h e i r occupational s a tis f a c tio n supports
th e p ro p o sitio n put forward by Morse. The r e s u lt of such
comparison i s su p p o rtiv e of the sy n th esized p ro p o sitio n
th a t th e le v e l of s a tis f a c tio n is determ ined by the degree
of correspondence e x is tin g between th e le v e l of a s c r ip
tio n and th e le v e l of environm ental r e tu r n .
Examination of Table 10 re v e a ls a ls o th a t
a s p ira tio n s of a tto rn e y s toward c r e a t i v i t y is a sso c ia te d
s ig n if ic a n tly w ith t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l a b i l i t y . In other
words, th e g re a te r th e a b i l i t y of a tto rn e y s in meeting
th e demands of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n , th e g re a te r the
d e s ire among them fo r o r ig in a lity and c r e a t i v i t y .
The p r a c titio n e r s of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n revealed
th a t t h e ir a s p ira tio n s fo r p re s tig e and s ta tu s corresponds
d ir e c tly to t h e i r concern fo r p ro fe s s io n a l a b i l i t y .
The element of "freedom from su p e rv isio n " was
found to be n e g a tiv e ly a sso c ia te d w ith f a c to rs of pro
fe s s io n a l a b i l i t y ; s t a t u s , p r e s tig e , and insurance fo r
th e fu tu re were lik ew ise a sso c ia te d n e g a tiv e ly , but to
a le s s s ig n if ic a n t degree. But, d ata s u b s ta n tia te d the
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TA BLE 10
PEARSONIAN "r" BETW EEN THE VALUES OF AN IDEAL CAREER AS VERBALLY EXPRESSED BY ATTORNEYS
o c c c ®
o I (0 0 ) « H I O * 4
S > » > W ) a ) E 3 * H D O » 3
= 4J «H O I U 0 ( A * Q) P O ) *4 4J
f a as- ss as •Se'S § | a s
o *H a)*Hcs(i )4Jt 4 a>OM ü V44j o c o -h >
g Æ w 4 J » 4 3 3 KHO) C .
3 <; U M CL k m f a » * 4 C L M ^ ^ C L t 4 o » ' <
" n
c
3 .
A b ility
3"
C D C re a tiv ity .312*
C D
■ D
S tatu s and
.262%
O
Q .
C
p re s tig e
.214^
g - .
O Insurance fo r
3
■ O
th e fu tu re .128 -.145 .297
O
3 *
Freedom from
.263% -.117
< — H
C D
Q .
supervision -.219 -.176
g
1 — H
Income .337* -.204 .243% .089 -1.88
O
Working w ith
■ D
C D
people -.167 .048 -.162 -.214 - .203 -.211
3
C / )
c / )
Leadership
.233% .272% .284* -.174 .261% -.107
o "
3
Adventure -.133 .123 .303* -.133 .277% -.038
a = P ^ .01
Level of s ig n ific a n c e
b = P < .05
was c a lc u la te d based on F is h e r 's
i i j - n
-.109
.391*
0 0
149
b e l i e f th a t the members of th e le g a l p ro fessio n are
in te n tly in c lin e d toward th e d e s ire fo r c r e a tiv it y and
o r ig in a l ity in th e ir p ro fe ssio n a l c a re e rs , w hile expressing
an em phatically n eg ativ e regard fo r th e element of su p er
v isio n .
R elativ e to th e element of "income” as an im portant
fa c to r of a tto rn e y s ' id e a l c a re e r, respondents of th is
in v e s tig a tio n f e l t th a t t h is fa c to r was co n tingent w ith
th e p ro fe ssio n a l a b i l i t y and th e p re s tig e which they
enjoy.
The element of le a d e rsh ip was found to be s t a t i s t i
c a lly s ig n if ic a n t beyond P * 0.01 w ith s ta tu s and p re s tig e
among a tto rn e y s . This in d ic a te s th a t d e s ire fo r le a d e r
sh ip as a fa c to r in an id e a l c a re e r is highly c o rre la te d
w ith th e elements of s ta tu s and p re s tig e . The d a ta , on
th e o th e r hand, m aintained th a t the elements of professional
a b i l i t y , c r e a tiv it y and freedom from su p erv isio n to be
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t beyond P = 0.05 when t h e i r
r e la tio n s h ip s were measured w ith regard to th e element
of le a d e rsh ip . The c o lle c te d d ata suggested a ls o th a t in
th e le g a l pro fessio n th e in c lin a tio n of a tto rn e y s toward
adventure is c lo se ly r e la te d to th e ir a s p ira tio n fo r
le a d e rsh ip , p re s tig e and s ta tu s , w ith a s t a t i s t i c a l value
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150
s ig n if ic a n t beyond P = 0 .0 1 . When th e d e s ire fo r adventure
was measured in r e la tio n to th e d e s ire fo r g r e a te r income
among th e respondents a c o r re la tio n s ig n if ic a n t beyond
P « 0.05 was a ls o found. These values suggest th a t
a tto rn e y s ' d e s ire fo r adventure agrees w ith th e values
they hold reg ard in g s ta tu s , p r e s tig e , income and le a d e rsh ip
in th e i r p ro fe ssio n .
Hypothesis I I
The o b je c tiv e of th is hypothesis is to determ ine
th e degree of o ccupational commitment of a tto rn e y s and to
determ ine a ls o th e ex ten t of in flu en c e of t h e i r expected
and experienced values in such commitment.
Five s e ts of d ata were u t i l i z e d to t e s t th is
h ypothesis :
1. Data concerning th e ex ten t of e f f o r t made by
th e respondents to change t h e i r p ro fe ssio n .
2. Inform ation w ith regard to th e i r encouraging
a son to choose th e le g a l p ro fessio n as a c a re e r.
3. Data concerning t h e i r d e c isio n to choose th e
p ro fe ssio n of law i f they had th e choice to make ag ain .
4. The ex ten t of s ig n ific a n c e which they
a t t r i b u t e to t h e i r c a re e r as compared w ith t h e i r o th e r
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151
o b je c tiv e s in l i f e ,
5. Data p e rtin e n t to th e expected and experienced
values of a tto rn e y s .
Table 11 p o in ts out th e ex ten t of c o rre la tio n
e x is tin g between th e c r i t e r i a of occupational conmitment
among a tto rn e y s and t h e i r expected-experienced value
system . In th is reg ard , c h i square values were computed
to determ ine th e le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e accorded th e phi
c o e ff ic ie n t of c o r r e la tio n among th e above elem ents.
Examination of th e above ta b le re v e a ls th a t
a tto rn e y s a re not in c lin e d to d ir e c t or encourage th e ir
sons to e n te r th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n re g a rd le ss of the
value system to which they su b sc rib e. This a ttitu d e
e s s e n tia lly a r is e s from th e f a c t th a t they b e lie v e in
seeking to provide a g re a te r occupational opportunity fo r
t h e i r c h ild re n . Table 12 p rese n ts th e percentage of
responses made to t h i s e f f e c t in comparison w ith those in
which a tto rn e y s were in c lin e d to encourage th e ir sons to
choose a d e f in ite occupation.
The resp o n d en ts' d e s ire fo r s e le c tio n of th e law
as a p ro fe ssio n should they have th e opportunity to again
make a ch o ice, was s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith Group "A,"
"C," and "D" but c a rrie d no s ig n ific a n c e w ith Group "B."
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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TABLE 11
EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL CO M M ITM EN T EXPRESSED BY TOTAL GROUP
C onsistent Values In c o n sis te n t Values
Group A Group B Group C Group D
( O '
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3
C D
V ariables of
occupational
commitment
Important
before & a f t e r
Unimportant
before & a f t e r
Unimportant b e fo re ,
im portant a f t e r
Important b e fo re ,
unim portant a f t e r
Chi? Phi ChiZ Phi Chi? Phi Chi? Phi
" n Encourage a son
3 -
to law
C D
occupation .1993 .09
— —
.9121 .06
- -
C D
" O
D esire fo r law
O .
c
in case of
a
O
choice again
4.827C
.33 2.97 .12 3.892° .29 4.916° .38
■ D
Attempt to
3"
change occu
< — H
C D
Q.
pation 5.9091°
-.35 2.702 -.13 3.8123° -.28 4.7411C -.39
§
1 — H Law as th e main
3"
O
c
im portant o b jec
H
" O
C D
3
t i v e in l i f e 3.881 .29 1.910 .09 4.4621° .31 6.002° .42
a
b
c
d
P < .0 0 1
P < .0 1
P < .0 2
P < .0 5
U l
N i
153
TA BLE 12
RESPONSES OF ATTORNEYS CONCERNING THE OCCUPATION
TO W A R D W HICH THEY EN CO U RA G E THEIR SONS
Responses N Per cent
Law 8 7.6
Medicine 3 2.8
D en tistry 2 1.9
Science 5 4.8
I t is h is p riv ile g e
to decide 78 74.3
Others 9 8.6
T otal 105 100.0
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154
Regarding th e in te n tio n or th e attem pt of th e
respondents to change t h e ir occupation, the phi c o e f f ic ie n t
c o r r e la tio n s were n e g a tiv e ly s ig n if ic a n t fo r Groups "A"
and "D" v a lu e s. The s ig n ific a n c e of th e r e s u lts fo r
Groups "B" and "C” was n e g lig ib le .
F u rth e r, in re sp e c t to th e in q u iry concerning
whether th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n was th e main goal in th e l i f e
of a tto rn e y s , th e c h i square and phi c o e f f ic ie n ts of c o r
r e la tio n s were s ig n if ic a n t beyond P = 0.001, fo r Group
"D" values and 0.05 fo r Group "C" and "D" v alu es. Group
"B” showed no s ig n ific a n c e .
I t was prev io u sly s ta te d th a t th e c l a s s i f ic a ti o n
of values was based on th e co n siste n cy or in co n sisten cy
of th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e occu p atio n al values to which
th e respondents were exposed. Group "A" re p re se n ts those
values which were s ig n if ie d as im portant both as expected
and experienced. Conversely, Group "B" values were
marked as unim portant. Group "C" a re those values which
were in d ic a te d by a tto rn e y s as unim portant p rio r to t h e ir
en try but im portant a f t e r e n try in to th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
Group "D" re p re se n ts values expressed as im portant before
e n try , but found to be unim portant afte rw ard .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
155
With regard to s ig n ific a n t values of c o e ff ic ie n ts
of c o r r e la tio n s fo r th e Groups "A ,” "B," and "D,“ we
may accept th e n u ll hypothesis and conclude th a t th e re
is no d iffe re n c e between th e co n siste n cy and in co n sisten cy
of expected-experienced values and occupational commitment
among a tto rn e y s .
The t e s t s applied to th e su b categ o ries of respond
en ts g e n e ra lly were supportive of th e conclusion which
was made.
Tables 13, 14 and 15 re v e a l th a t th e re was no
s ig n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip between th e occupational values
of th e respondents of d if f e r e n t c a te g o rie s of atto rn e y s
and t h e i r encouragement to a son to choose law as h is
p ro fe ssio n .
With regard to th e ir d e s ire to make law th e ir
p ro fe ssio n i f th e choice was to be made again, t r i a l and
co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s ' (su b categ o ries 1 and 2) responses
were s ig n if ic a n tly in d ic a tiv e of t h e i r p o s itiv e commitment
to th e p ro fe ssio n . But, regarding consistency-inconsistency
of t h e i r values as th e c o r r e la tin g element w ith th e ir
commitment, r e s u lts were in th e same p a tte rn as those
found fo r th e whole group. The r e s u l t s of th e c o rr e la tio n
c o e f f ic ie n ts fo r government a tto rn e y s (subcategory I I I )
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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TABLE 13
EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL CO M M ITM EN T EXPRESSED BY TRIAL ATTORNEYS
Values of
occupational
commitment
C onsistent Values In c o n siste n t Values
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Important Unimportant Unimportant b e fo re , Important b e fo re ,
before & a f t e r before & a f t e r im portant a f t e r unim portant a f t e r
rz—
Chi' Phi Chi' Phi Chi' Phi Chi' Phi
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Encourage a
son to law
occupation
D esire to e n te r
law in case
choice was
made again
.1136 .07
Attempt to
change the
p resen t
occupation
Legal occupa
tio n as th e main
s ig n if ic a n t
o b je c tiv e 4.752^ .31
.2469
6.987b .33 13.76
a
1.482
16
5.563lb -.3 8 2.311 -.19
11
2.296
50 6.783b
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36
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.019
3.771<
4.711'
.06
.31
4 . I 6 4 3 C -.33
.34
a = P < .0 0 1
b = P < . 0 1
c = P < .0 2
d = P < .0 5
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TA BLE 14
EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL CO M M ITM EN T EXPRESSED BY CORPORATION ATTORNEYS
C onsistent
Group A
Values
Group B
In c o n siste n t Values
Group C Group D
Values of
occupational
commitment
Important
before & a f t e r
Unimportant
b efore & a f t e r
Unimportant before
im portant a f t e r
, Important b e fo re ,
unim portant a f t e r
ChiZ Phi ChiZ Phi ChfZ
Phi ChiZ Phi
Encourage a
son to law
occupation 3.616 .31 1.821 .09 1.121 .07
3.810^
.39
D esire to e n te r
law in case
choice was
made again
4 . 8 7 C
.41 13.82* .53 4.931^ .38 13.021* .52
Attempt to
change th e
p resen t
occupation 8.1140* -.47 2.82 -.108 .876 .09 16.901* -.48
Legal occupa
tio n as th e main
s ig n ific a n t
o b ja c tiv e 9.678^ .44 2.86 .25 1.92 .16 9.670^ .41
a = P <".001
b = P < .0 1
c = P
d = P
< .0 2
< .0 5
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TA BLE 15
EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL CO M M ITM EN T EXPRESSED BY G O V ERN M EN T ATTORNEYS
8
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C onsistent: Values In c o n siste n t Values
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Values of
occupational
commitment
Important
before & a f t e r
Unimportant
before & a f t e r
Unimportant b efo re,
im portant a f t e r
Important
unim portant
b e fo re ,
a f t e r
Chi? Phi Chi? Phi Chi^ Phi Chi2 Phi
Encourage a son
to law
occupation 2.351 .31 1.61 .13 1.916 -.16 .891 -.09
D esire to e n te r
law in case
choice was
made again 2.271 .25 1.916 -.1 8 1.811 .08 4.468 .16
Attempt to change
th e present
occupation 5.6211^ .47 3.823^ 3.5
2.92C .21 6.611* .41
Legal occupâtior
as th e main s i g
n if ic a n t
o b je c tiv e
1
2.841 -.219 2.217 -.19 5.789C
- .36 2.191 -.1 8
a = P < .0 0 1
b = P < .0 1
c = P
d = P
02
05
U l
00
159
were n e g a tiv e ly c o rre la te d fo r Group "D" values and were
in s ig n if ic a n t fo r o th er groupings.
Responses of t r i a l and co rp o ra tio n atto rn e y s
(su b categ o ries I and II) concerning " le g a l a f f a i r s as th e
main i n t e r e s t of l i f e " were s ig n if ic a n t in r e la tio n s h ip
to th e value systems they h eld . The d iffe re n c e s concerning
th e s ig n if ic a n t responses can be v is u a liz e d by th e s iz e
of c h i squares and phi c o e f f ic ie n ts . However, fo r govern
ment a tto rn e y s only were responses s ig n if ic a n t fo r Groups
"A" and "C ," which in d ic a te s they a t t r i b u t e minor s i g n i f i
cance to rem aining in the p ro fe ssio n .
G enerally speaking, th e le v e l of occupational
a s c r ip tio n fo r th e t o t a l group of a tto rn e y s as w ell as
fo r t r i a l and co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s is s ig n if ic a n tly high
corresponding to t h e i r le v e l of p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n .
With re fe re n c e to th e r e s u lts found fo r previous hypothe
s e s , th e fin d in g s confirm th e id ea th a t environm ental
re tu rn is found to correspond w ith th e le v e l of occupational
a s c r ip tio n to a degree s u f f ic ie n t to produce a high le v e l
of p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
160
H ypothesis I I I
This hypothesis aims a t p re d ic tin g th e ex ten t of
p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n by co n sid eratio n of th e v a ria b le s
of age, education, and le g a l experience.
Responses to four s e ts of questions provided the
inform ation fo r the t e s t of th is h ypothesis.
1. Length of le g a l education of th e respondents
2. The ex ten t of le g a l experience of a tto rn e y s
3. The ex ten t of chro n o lo g ical age of th e su b je c ts
of th is in v e stig a tio n
4. The ex ten t of occupational s a tis f a c tio n which
a tto rn e y s have experienced in th e i r c a re e rs .
T esting the h y pothesis included ch i squares,
m u ltip le and p a r t i a l p o in t b i s e r i a l c o rre la tio n s and
F is h e r 's d isc rim in a te equations among th e v a ria b le s age,
ed ucation, and le g a l experience which make up th e concept
of occupational m a tu rity comparing i t with th e p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s .
The elements of o ccupational m atu rity were, in
th e o r ig in a l d a ta , ta b u la te d in terms of fig u re s re p re
se n tin g th e age, number of years spent in o b tain in g
le g a l education and experience.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
161
Table 16 con tain s th e c h i square values and the
values of contingency c o e ffic ie n ts m easuring th e e x te n t of
th e v a ria b le of occupational m a tu rity on p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s . I t a ls o p o in ts out th e d i f
feren ce in t h i s re sp e c t e x is tin g between th e th e o r e tic a l
and th e observed frequencies fo r th e su b categ o ries of th e
resp o n d e n ts.
The above ta b le in d ic a te d th a t th e age fa c to r
and o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n a re not s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d fo r th e t o t a l group, nor among t r i a l and c o r
p o ratio n a tto rn e y s . The contingency c o r r e la tio n , however,
shows th a t th e hig h er th e age fig u re th e lower th e degree
of s a ti s f a c t i o n . Government a tto rn e y s w ith a n eg ativ e
contingency c o e ff ic ie n t of c o r r e la tio n and a ch i square
s ig n if ic a n t beyond P = 0.05, were found to be in c re a sin g ly
d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith th e ir p ro fessio n w ith advancing age.
The element of education did not appear to be
highly s ig n if ic a n t fo r th e t o t a l group of a tto rn e y s when
compared w ith t h e i r occupational s a tis f a c tio n . But the
c a lc u la te d contingency c o rr e la tio n in d ic a te d a n eg ativ e
d ir e c tio n in r e la tio n s h ip of th e two v a r ia b le s . This
suggests th a t ex ten siv e education in th e le g a l p ro fessio n
has a correspondence w ith low o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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TABLE 16
CHI SQUARE VALUES DETERMINING THE EXTENT OF DIFFERENCES BETW EEN THE COM PONENTS
CD
§ OF THE OCCUPATIONAL M ATURITY A N D OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION
Category Age C Education C Experience
T o tal group 2.23 -.24 3.44 -.26 8.81* -.3 1
I . T ria l a tto rn e y s 1.66 -.096 2.66 .17 9.06^ -.4 1
I I . C orporation a tto rn e y s 0.09 .21 4 . 5 4C
-.24 5.862 -.3 1
I I I . Government a tto rn e y s 9 . 2 3 C -.42 2.84 -.23 16.95* -.43
Degrees of freedom = 3
a = P < .0 1
b = P < .0 2
c = P < .0 5
O '
N 3
163
The e x te n t of th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e did not seem
im portant fo r e ith e r t r i a l or government a tto rn e y s .
Length of le g a l experience, however, s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d in a n eg ativ e d ire c tio n fo r th e t o t a l group as
w ell as fo r th e su b c ate g o rie s. Size of th e ch i square
values in d ic a te th a t number of years of experience among
thegovernment a tto rn e y s is re la te d to the ex ten t of th e ir
o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n w ith a le s s e r degree than fo r
any o th e r categ o ry . T r ia l a tto rn e y s held second rank
in experiencing d is s a tis f a c tio n w ith in c re a se of length
of le g a l s e rv ic e . C orporation a tto rn e y s ranked in th ir d
p o sitio n by expressing only mild d is s a tis f a c ti o n .
In te s tin g th e hypotheses, i t seemed im perative
to measure a ls o th e e f f e c ts of each p a ir and th e combina
tio n of fa c to rs c o n s titu tin g th e concept of occupational
m a tu rity a g a in st th e respondents* occupational s a tis f a c tio n
as w ell. T h erefo re, p a r t i a l b i s e r i a l c o rre la tio n s were
c a lc u la te d to a s c e rta in th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e lo ss of
one v a ria b le and to p re d ic t the e x te n t of p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n o f th e respondents w ith th e rem aining f a c t o r s .
The le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e of th e obtained c o e ff ic ie n ts
was te s te d through th e c a lc u la tio n of F is h e r 's d isc rim in a te
equation.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
164
Table 17 c o n ta in s th e b i s e r i a l c o rr e la tio n c o e f
f i c i e n t s p re d ic tin g th e e x te n t of occupational s a tis f a c tio n
of a tto rn e y s derived from th e p o ssib le s t a t i s t i c a l com
b in a tio n of p a irs of th e v a ria b le s of age, education and
le g a l experience. I t a ls o includes the same p re d ic tin g
measure fo r the various c a te g o rie s of th e respondents.
Examination of th e above ta b le shows th a t in
r e la tio n to a tto rn e y s ' s a tis f a c tio n , education and e x p e ri
ence a re n eg a tiv e ly c o r re la te d w ith a le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e
equal to F < 0.01 in th e h ig h e st rank, and age and e x p e ri
ence w ith F ^ 0.05 in second h ig h est on p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s . No s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e
was found to be c a rrie d by the elements of age and educa
tio n in th e ir r e la tio n s h ip w ith the s a tis f a c tio n of th e
t o t a l group.
The elements of age and education combined did not
appear s ig n if ic a n t in r e la tio n s h ip to p ro fe ssio n a l s a t i s
fa c tio n in any of th e th r e e c a te g o rie s of a tto rn e y s . Con
v e rs e ly , education and experience were n e g a tiv e ly s i g
n if ic a n t fo r co rp o ratio n and goveimment a tto rn e y s . E le
ments of age and experience were n eg ativ ely s ig n if ic a n t
w ith F < C 0.05 fo r t r i a l a tto rn e y s and F ^ 0.001 fo r
government a tto rn e y s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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TABLE 17
EQUATION INDICATING THE EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
M ATURITY A N D OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION
Category
Age and
education
Age and
experience
Education and
experience
^bis
F
fb is F ^bis
F
T o tal group -.171 2.69 -.356 3.93^ -.343 7.93®
I. T ria l atto rn e y s -.109 1.97 -.207 3 . 1 9b .042 2.06
I I . Corporation atto rn e y s .062 1.04 -.142 2.41 -.206
3 . 5 7 b
I I I . Government atto rn e y s -.144 2.89 -.472 5.63* -.382 4 . 7 7 b
a = P ^ .01
b = P < .0 5
o\
Ln
166
In g e n e ra l, th e su b c ate g o rie s of th e respondents
e s ta b lis h e d an I d e n tic a l p a tte r n of responses made by th e
t o t a l group.
The concept of o ccupational m a tu rity was te s te d
a g a in st a tto rn e y s ' occupational s a tis f a c tio n by c a lc u la tin g
a m u ltip le b l s e r l a l c o r re la tio n c o e f f ic ie n t fo r the t o t a l
group and fo r th e th re e c a te g o rie s of a tto rn e y s . Table 18
p re se n ts th e values obtained and a ls o th e F is h e r 's "F"
determ ining th e le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e fo r the values
ob tain ed .
In g e n e ra l, th e concept of o ccupational m aturity
was found to be n eg a tiv e ly s ig n if ic a n t w ith F < C 0.05
when I t was compared w ith p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n of
a tto rn e y s . This In d ic a te s th a t th e g re a te r th e occupa
tio n a l m a tu rity th e lower th e le v e l of morale among a t t o r
neys. This p a tte rn was s ig n if ic a n t only fo r government
a tto rn e y s , w ith F < 0 .0 1 . The t e s t s f a ile d to obtain a
s ig n if ic a n t value fo r t r i a l and c o rp o ra tio n a tto rn e y s
In t h i s a re a .
With reg ard to th e value of R = 3.98 fo r the
t o t a l group of a tto rn e y s which c a r r ie d a sig n ific a n c e
equal to F < 0 .0 5 , we may r e j e c t th e n u ll hypothesis and
conclude t h a t , among th e a tto rn e y s su b je cte d to th is
In v e s tig a tio n , th e higher th e le v e l of occupational
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167
TA BLE 18
EXTENT OF PREDICTION OF OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION FRO M
OCCUPATIONAL MATURITY FOR TOTAL ATTORNEYS
A N D THE THREE SUBCATEGORIES
Category of a tto rn e y s Value of R^^g Value of F
T otal group -.398 2 . 7 4 '
I . T r ia l atto rn e y s -.213 2.26
I I . C orporation a tto rn e y s -.014 1.37
I I I , Government a tto rn e y s -.432 4.98
a . P < .0 1
b . P < .0 5
a
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168
m a tu rity , th e lower th e degree of p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis fa c tio n .
In o th er words, the concept of occupational m atu rity as
a p re d ic tiv e measure determ ines and dem onstrates the
d ire c tio n of occupational s a tis f a c tio n .
Hypothesis IV
Hypothesis IV proposes to in v e s tig a te the e ffe c ts
and the re la tio n s h ip s between occupational m aturity of
atto rn e y s and t h e ir value system s.
The inform ation c o lle c te d fo r use in te s tin g th is
hypothes is in c lu d e d :
1. Data r e l a t i v e to age, education, and the
le g a l experience of a tto rn e y s .
2. Data p e rtin e n t to th e types of value systems
of a tto rn e y s.
3. Data p e rta in in g to th e value system of the
th re e c a te g o rie s of a tto rn e y s .
Making th e d ec isio n on th e proposed hypothesis
was achieved by analyzing th e d ata concerning the
a tto rn e y s ' value systems and through c a lc u la tio n of a
number of m u ltip le c o rre la tio n s among th e values and
occupational m a tu rity .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
169
Tables 19 and 20 show th e r e l a t i v e d iffe re n c e s of
th e d is tr ib u tio n of responses concerning th e values of
a tto rn e y s and among th e su b c a te g o rie s. For measuring th e
ex ten t of re la tio n s h ip s between a tto rn e y s ' reason fo r
lik e and d is lik e of t h e i r occupation, and t h e i r occupa
tio n a l m a tu rity . Table 21 has been d evised. The value
of m u ltip le c o rre la tio n fo r th e t o t a l group w ith th e le v e l
of s ig n ific a n c e equal to F < C 0.05 is s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g
n i f i c a n t , in d ic a tin g th a t th e g r e a te r th e occupational
m a tu rity , th e g re a te r w ill be th e d e s ire toward the
in t r i n s i c values of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
The above t e s t ap p lied to th e su b categ o ries of
a tto rn e y s f a ile d to r e s u lt in any s ig n ific a n c e fo r t r i a l
and government a tto rn e y s , but th e r e s u l t of th e above
m u ltip le c o r re la tio n was s ig n if ic a n t fo r co rp o ratio n
a tto rn e y s w ith F < C 0.05.
On th e other hand, th e i n t r i n s i c values of success
p resen ted to th e respondent did not c a rry any s ig n ific a n c e
in r e la tio n s h ip to t h e ir o ccu p atio n al m a tu rity .
Among the su b categ o ries only th e responses of
co rp o ra tio n a tto rn e y s showed a s ig n ific a n c e w ith F < C 0.05.
Table 22 i l l u s t r a t e s th e a s s o c ia tio n of e x tr in s ic
values w ith th e occupational m a tu rity . For co rp o ratio n
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TABLE 19
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION CONCERNING THE INTRINSIC VALUES OF LEGAL
PROFESSION A N D THE VALUES OF SUCCESS A M O N G ATTORNEYS A N D SUBCATEGORIES
3.
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3 "
i
3
CD
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c
3 .
3 "
CD
Values
T otal group
I
T ria l
atto rn e y s
C ategories
I I
C orporation
a tto rn e y s
I I I
Government
a tto rn e y s
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
" O
Occupational values provide
o
Q .
me w ith:
C
a
T alent and a b i l i t y 70 35 25 16 30 5 15 14
O
3
One of th e b e st ways to
O
3 "
serve people 72 33 31 10 31 4 10 19
O ’
CD
Provides me w ith mental
Q .
$
challenge 85 20 35 6 29 6 21 8
O
c
Makes me fre e from
%
supervision 84 26 37 4 32 3 10 19
3
C/J
Provides me w ith adventure 78 27 37 4 21 14 20 9
5'
3 I t leads me to o th er
p ro fessio n s 59 46 11 30 27 8 21 8
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TABLE 20
(D
8
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSE DISTRIBUTION CONCERNING THE EXTRINSIC VALUES OF LEGAL
PROFESSION A N D THE SOURCE OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS
3
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C/)
Values
T otal group
I
T r ia l
a tto rn e y s
C ategories
I I
C orporation
a tto rn e y s
I I I
Government
a tto rn e y s
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Occupation
Provides me w ith money 71 34 31 10 30 5 10 19
Provides me w ith p re s tig e 85 20 30 11 31 4 24 5
Provides me w ith power 86 16 29 6 29 6 25 4
Gives me fu tu re s e c u rity 67 38 21 20 22 13 24 5
Source of success
Family background 41 64 11 30 7 28 23 6
Knowing in f lu e n t ia l people 43 62 12 29 10 25 21 8
P o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s 43 62 20 21 9 27 15 14
Contacts 56 49 27 14 10 25 19 10
Values of le g a l success
Knowledge of law 67 38 26 15 30 5 11 18
A b ility to convince people 70 35 36 5 21 14 13 16
Hard work 75 30 31 10 29 6 15 14
High degree of in te llig e n c e 74 31 28 13 31 4 15 14
Good luck 15 90 6 35 2 33 7 22
■ o
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° TABLE 21
O
( D THE VALUES OF MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS A M O N G THE INTRINSIC
I VALUES OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION A N D THE OCCUPATIONAL M ATURITY
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Values
T o tal group
I
T r ia l
atto rn e y s
I I
C orporation
a tto rn e y s
I I I
Government
a tto rn e y s
R F R F R F R F
I n tr in s ic values of the le g a l
p ro fessio n expected by
a tto rn e y s .36 2.82* .201 1.97 .38 2.91* .19 2.1
I n tr in s ic values of success
expressed by a tto rn e y s .21 2.82 .27 2.2 .36 2.87* .09 2.04
Level of s ig n ific a n c e equal Co F 0.05
to
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TABLE 22
8
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VALUES OF THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS M EASURING THE EXTENT OF ASSOCIATION
A M O N G THE DESIRABLE VALUES OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION A N D
ATTORNEYS' OCCUPATIONAL M ATURITY
3 .
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C ategories
Values
E x trin sic d esire d values
of th e le g a l
p ro fessio n
E x trin sic d esire d values
T o tal group
R F
I
T ria l
atto rn e y s
R F
I I
C orporation
a tto rn e y s
R F
I I I
Government
a tto rn e y s
.27 3.36 .36 5.33* .201 3.21 .31 4.5*
.38 3.96* .36 4.36* .37 2.9 .36 5.3*
■ D
CD
C/)
C/)
Level of s ig n ific a n c e equal to F <^0.05
174
a tto rn e y s , as w ell as fo r th e e n t ir e group, th e c o e f f ic ie n t
was not s i g n i f i c a n t . T r ia l and government a tto rn e y s ,
however, dem onstrated a c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n t equal to
F < [ 0 .0 5 s ig n ific a n c e .
With re sp e c t to s u c c e s s -o rie n ta tio n v alu es, t o t a l
group, co rp o ra tio n and t r i a l attorneys* responses c a rr ie d
a s ig n ific a n c e equal to F < [0 .0 5 which in d ic a te s th a t
e x tr in s ic values of success a re highly r e la te d to occupa
tio n a l m a tu rity ; but th e r e s u l t s of th e t e s t s fo r th e
o th er ca teg o ry , th a t is government a tto rn e y s , were not
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t.
Table 23 shows th e m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n of e x t r in
s ic and i n t r i n s i c v alu es, in g e n e ra l, w ith re sp e c t to
occu p atio n al m a tu rity . I t r e a d ily conveys th e s ig n ific a n t
r e la tio n s h ip e x is tin g between i n t r i n s i c values and occu
p a tio n a l m a tu rity . Among th e subgroups, however, th e re
was a wide v a r ia tio n . There was no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g
n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip between occu p atio n al m a tu rity and/or
e x t r i n s i c - i n t r i n s i c values among th e t r i a l and government
a tto rn e y s ; however, th e co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s showed a
c o e f f ic ie n t of m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n s ig n if ic a n t a t
F <[ 0 .0 2 , when o ccu p atio n al m a tu rity was c o rre la te d
w ith i n t r i n s i c v alu es.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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TABLE 23
VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS OF MULTIPLE CORRELATIONS A M O N G
ATTORNEYS' EXTRINSIC-INTRINSIC VALUES
A N D THEIR OCCUPATIONAL M ATURITY
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Values
E x trin sic values
I n tr in s ic values
C ategories
T o tal group
R F
I
T ria l
atto rn e y s
R F
I I
C orporation
a tto rn e y s
I I I
Government
atto rn e y s
.342 2.52* .24 1.97 .39
.203 2.07 .37 3.01* .17
2.63* .16
1.88 .33
1.98
2 . 86*
^Level of s ig n ific a n c e equal to F < C 0.05
Ln
176
The d iffe re n c e s between m u ltip le "R" fo r e x trin s ic
and i n t r i n s i c values were shown in Table 24. D ifferences
of th e se values fo r t o t a l groups in re sp e c t to e x trin s ic
and i n t r i n s i c values a ls o were s ig n if ic a n t beyond P ■ 0.05.
Therefore we may r e je c t the n u ll hypothesis and m aintain
th a t among th e a tto rn e y s stu d ie d , the higher th e le v el
of t h e i r occupational m a tu rity , the higher w ill be the
degree of tendency toward in t r i n s i c v alu es. The d i f f e r
ences fo r th e o th e r two groups, t r i a l and government
atto rn e y s were not found s ig n if ic a n t. But co rp o ratio n
atto rn e y s a ls o displayed a s ig n ific a n t value w ith an
F 0 .0 5 .
Hypothesis V
Hypothesis V was planned to determ ine th e e x istin g
r e la tio n s h ip between th e perception of th e s ta tu s of the
le g a l p ro fe ssio n by atto rn e y s them selves w ith t h e i r pro
fe s s io n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n , and a ls o explores th e ex ten t of
i t s v a r ia tio n .
To t h i s end, th e follow ing d ata were c o lle c te d :
1. Rank of s ta tu s image of th e le g a l pro fessio n
compared w ith nin e o th er p ro fe ssio n s.
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5 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES O F VALUES O F ATTORNEYS A N D SUBCATEGORIES
REGARDING THEIR EXTRINSIC-INTRINSIC VALUES
9 A N D THEIR OCCUPATIONAL M ATURITY
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TABLE 24
Values T otal group
I
T ria l
atto rn e y s
C ategories
I I
Corporation
atto rn e y s
I I I
Government
a tto rn e y s
R F R F R F R F
D ifference .28 1.93* .09 1.33 .25 2.1 .13 1.51
-o Level of sig n ific a n c e equal to F <[ .05
■ vj
178
2. Rank of th e expected s ta tu s of le g a l p ro fe s
sion compared w ith nin e o th e r p ro fe ssio n s by a tto rn e y s.
3. The ex ten t of occu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n of
th e respondents.
Table 25 p re se n ts th e median order of a tto rn e y s '
b e lie f s concerning th e s ta tu s of p ro fe ssio n s and a lso the
expected rank order of such s ta tu s .
These d a ta show th a t a wide d iv e r s ity e x is ts
between th e p erception and th e ex p ectatio n of the s ta tu s
of p ro fe ssio n s in so f a r as a tto rn e y s a re concerned.
The medians c a lc u la te d in d ic a te th a t the a tto rn e y s '
p erception regarding th e s ta tu s of th e le g a l pro fessio n
was th e h ig h e st when th e y , as th e in-group members of the
le g a l p ro fe ssio n , compare and rank th e given p ro fe ssio n s.
On th e o th e r hand, t h e i r s ta tu s ex p ectatio n s from th e
p ublic were in seventh p o s itio n w ith regard to th e same
group of p ro fe ssio n s.
The above o b serv atio n r e l a t i v e to in d iv id u a l
responses made in th e course of conducting th e interview s
encouraged th e in v e s tig a to r to q u estion inform ally th e
respondents regarding t h e i r reasons fo r such d iv e rse
views concerning t h e i r s ta tu s p ercep tio n s and e x p e c ta tio n s.
The m a jo rity of th e answers in d ic a te d th e follow ing:
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179
TA BLE 25
COMPARISON OF MEDIAN RA N K S OF DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS
BY ATTORNEYS, ALSO, RA N K S ACCORDING TO
THEIR EXPECTATIONS BY THE PUBLIC
A ttorneys'
rank p er-
P rofessions caption
Rank
order
A ttorneys'
expecta
tio n rank
Rank
order
Physicians 1.65 2 2.82 1
S ocial workers 9.46 10 5.97 6
Business executives 4.50 4 5.61 5
A ttorneys 0.64 1 7.10 7
High school te ach e rs 8.86 9 4.55 4
College p ro fe sso rs 2.84 3 8.22 8
Engineers 6.10 7 9.35 10
A rc h ite c ts 5.82 6 8.86 9
D en tists 5.01 5 3.03 2
M inisters 8.21 8 3.99 3
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180
1. The n atu re of le g a l a c t i v i t i e s b rin g about
d isc o n te n t and often resentm ent toward a tto rn e y s in a t
le a s t 50 per cent of th e p a r tie s involved in le g a l cases
rep rese n ted by members of the le g a l p ro fe ssio n . N atu rally ,
th e lo sin g p a r tie s in a case develop a sense of h o s t i l i t y
toward th e a tto rn e y who has su c c e ssfu lly rep resen ted
th e opposing p a rty in a l i t i g a t i o n .
2. In American t r a d it io n , a tto rn e y s have always
been rep rese n ted in such manner as to stim u la te d is t r u s t
and h o s t i l i t y of the public toward them selves. Such
u n p o p u larity has been tra n sm itte d from g en eratio n to
g en eratio n through various media.
3. Motion p ic tu re s , te le v is io n and various other
c h a ra c te riz a tio n s seldom p resen t a d ish o n est doctor of
m edicine. But exaggeration of th e ro le of th e atto rn e y
has always tended toward p ersonifying him as engaged in
n e fa rio u s schemes. Such c h a ra c te riz a tio n s have led the
pu b lic to form a n eg ativ e image of th e members of the
le g a l p ro fe ssio n , re s u ltin g in according a lower s ta tu s
and p r e s tig e to th e p ro fessio n on th e whole.
The e x te n t of agreement between th e two rank
orders was c a lc u la te d by o b tain in g th e c o e f f ic ie n ts of
c o r r e la tio n of concordance. These values determ ine the
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181
ex ten t of contingency e x is tin g between a tto rn e y s ' p ercep
tio n of th e s ta tu s of various p ro fe ssio n s and th e s ta tu s
which they expected to enjoy.
Table 26 i l l u s t r a t e s th e c o e f f ic ie n t of concordance
between th e two rank o rd e rs . I t shows a low c o rr e la tio n
between th e two s e ts of v a ria b le s . T herefore, each
v a ria b le was tre a te d independently as an u n co rrelated
measure w ith the v a ria b le of th e p ercep tio n of a tto r n e y s '
judgment of s ta tu s rank fo r te s tin g th e hyp o th esis.
Table 27 i l l u s t r a t e s th e ex te n t of th e r e la tio n s h ip
e x is tin g between the two s e ts of v a ria b le s of the s ta tu s
rank orders and a tto rn e y s ' o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n .
These values were obtained by c a lc u la tin g th e c o e ffic ie n ts
of b i s e r i a l c o r r e la tio n . The le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e of
th ese values was measured by c a lc u la tin g " t v a lu e s."
Table 27 a lso shows th e re is a s ig n ific a n t c o r
r e la tio n between th e p re s tig e which a tto rn e y s accord
t h e ir own p ro fessio n and th e degree of s a tis f a c tio n which
they experience.
In g e n e ra l, low c o rr e la tio n e x iste d between th e
a tto rn e y s ' s ta tu s perception of th e p ro fe ssio n s and t h e i r
expected s ta tu s from the p ublic and on th e o th er hand,
a high r e la tio n s h ip e x iste d between th e expected s ta tu s
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182
TA BLE 26
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF CO NCORD ANCE BETW EEN ATTORNEYS'
EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF LEGAL PROFESSION A N D
THEIR EXPECTED PRESTIGE
P rofession
A tto rn e y s'
perception
A tto rn ey s'
expectatio n
Physicians 2 1 64
S o cial workers 10 6 25
Business executives 4 5 4
A ttorneys 1 7 9
High school te ach e rs 9 4 4
College p ro fe sso rs 3 8 0
Engineers 7 10 36
A rc h ite c ts 6 9 16
D en tists 5 2 16
M in isters 8 3 0
W= 12 d2 ^
.53
=
174
m (n^ - ti)
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183
TA BLE 27
BISERIAL COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATIONS, INDICATING THE
VALUES OF RELATIONSHIP BETW EEN ATTORNEYS' PROFES
SIONAL SATISFACTION A N D PERCEPTION O F THE
STATUS OF LEGAL PROFESSION
C ategories of
atto rn e y s
S tatu s perceived
by atto rn e y s
and th e ir
s a tis f a c tio n
S tatu s expected
by atto rn e y s
and t h e ir
s a tis f a c tio n
^bis ^bis
T o tal group .272^ .245
I. T r ia l
a tto rn e y s .279* .282^
I I . C orporation
a tto rn e y s .301* .289
I I I . Government
a tto rn e y s -.106 -.039
a . P
b . P
01
05
Level of s ig n ific a n c e was c a lc u la te d according to
F is h e r 's fo r " t" in te s tin g c o e f f ic ie n t of c o rre la tio n .
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184
perceived p re s tig e and th e a tto rn e y s ' s a tis f a c tio n were
found to be s ig n if ic a n t.
T herefore, w ith regard to th e above fin d in g s and
th e c o rr e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts s ig n ific a n t w ith " t" r a tio s
g re a te r than 0.05, we r e je c t the n u ll hypothesis; th e r e
fo re , we m aintain th a t th e g re a te r th e s a tis f a c tio n
experienced by a tto rn e y s in th e ir p ro fe ssio n , th e g re a te r
w ill be the s ta tu s they accord to t h e ir p ro fessio n .
Hypothesis VI
The o b je c tiv e of Hypothesis VI is to examine the
v a r ia tio n e x is tin g among a tto rn e y s in regard to th e ir
d e s ire fo r achievement and th e ir behavior p a tte rn s con
cerning community p a r tic ip a tio n .
The data obtained fo r te s tin g th is hypothesis
included :
1. Queries r e l a t i v e to the resp o n d en t's d e s ire
to get ahead in l i f e .
2. Inquiry p e r tin e n t to th e conception of
a tto rn e y s concerning success in th e le g a l p ro fessio n .
3. The ex ten t of p a r tic ip a tio n by atto rn e y s in
various o rg a n iz a tio n s.
4. The degrees of achievement experienced by
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185
a tto rn e y s in t h e i r p a r tic u la r o rg a n iz a tio n s.
Examination of Table 28 re v e a ls th e ex ten t of
a s s o c ia tio n e x is tin g between a tto rn e y s ' e x trin s ic and
i n t r i n s i c values w ith re sp e c t to th e ex ten t of th e i r
achievem ents.
The siz e of th e values of ch i squares and phi
c o e ff ic ie n t of c o rre la tio n s c a lc u la te d divulges th e
ex ten t of a tto rn e y s ' d e s ire fo r engaging in a c tiv e p a r
t ic ip a tio n in various types of community o rg a n iz a tio n s .
I t a lso em p iric a lly re v e a ls th e a b i l i t y and d e s ire of
the respondents fo r achievement in th e groups to which
they belong.
The p rev io u sly mentioned c o e ffic ie n ts in d ic a te
th a t th e re is a d e f in ite p a tte rn of a s s o c ia tio n between
the a tto rn e y s ' group p a r tic ip a tio n , achievement and th e ir
value system s. I t was f ou id th a t p a r tic ip a tio n and achieve
ment to be p o s itiv e ly c o rre la te d w ith th e e x tr in s ic value
system of a tto rn e y s c a rry in g a s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e
equal to P 0.01 and P 0.05. I n tr in s ic value system,
on th e o th e r hand, showed a n eg a tiv e a s so c ia tio n when
i t was compared w ith th e ex ten t of a tto rn e y s ' group
p a r tic ip a tio n and achievem ents. The l a t t e r group, s t i l l
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o VALUES OF CHI SQUARE A N D THE PHI COEFFICIENT M EASURING THE EXTENT
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OF ATTORNEYS' GROUP INVOLVEM ENT WITH RESPECT
TO THEIR EXTRINSIC-INTRINSIC VALUES
E x trin sic values I n tr in s ic values
Type of a c tiv i ty
Chi^
Phi Chi^ Phi
Achievement 8.372* .52 2.101 -.19
P a rtic ip a tio n 7.942* .43 5 . 0 7 b
-.39
a . P < 0.01
b . P < 0.05
0 0
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dem onstrated a n egative c o r re la tio n s ig n ific a n t beyond
P = 0.05 regarding t h e i r achievements in d if f e r e n t
o rg a n iz a tio n s .
A dditional data p resented in Tables 29 and 30
suggest th a t e x trin s ic values a re more n ea rly c o rre la te d
w ith th e d e s ire fo r community p a rtic ip a tio n and ac h iev e
ment than are in tr in s i c v alu es.
Among fiv e c a te g o rie s of o rg an izatio n s in which
th e degree of a tto rn e y s ' p a r tic ip a tio n was questioned,
respondents dem onstrated a high p o s itiv e degree of d e s ire
to p a r tic ip a te in d if f e r e n t o rg an iz atio n s. Such d e s ire ,
however, did not seem s ig n if ic a n t w ith regard to f r a te r n a l
o rg a n iz a tio n s . On th e o th e r hand, atto rn e y s who were
i n t r i n s i c v a lu e -o rie n te d , showed l i t t l e i n te r e s t in f r a t e r
n a l, c iv ic , or community o rg a n iz a tio n s. The e x te n t of
th e i r degree of p a r tic ip a tio n in p ro fe ssio n a l and re lig io u s
o rg an iz atio n s was not h ig h ly s ig n if ic a n t when compared w ith
e x tr in s ic v a lu e -o rie n te d a tto rn e y s .
The extent of th e re la tio n s h ip between value
o r ie n ta tio n and the d e s ire of atto rn e y s fo r achievement
follow ed almost id e n tic a lly th e above p a tte rn .
Among the e x tr in s ic v alu e-o rie n ted a tto rn e y s the
degrees of a sso c ia tio n were h ig h ly p o s itiv e reg ard in g the
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CHI SQUARE A N D PHI COEFFICIENT VALUES CONCERNING THE EXTENT O F
ASSOCIATION OF ATTORNEYS' PARTICIPATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES
OF ORGANIZATIONS A N D ALSO THEIR ACHIEVEM ENT
WITH THE VARIABLE OF GETTING AHEAD
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Type of o rg an izatio n
Achievement P a rtic ip a tio n
Chi? Phi ChiZ Phi
P ro fessio n al 5.921= .39 14.020* .54
R eligious 2.071 .19 3.866^ .28
Civic 4.471^ .36 8.921% .41
Community
10.0836% .52 6.460= .33
F ra te rn a l 1.966 .07 1.741 .11
a . P < 0.001
b . P < 0.01
c . P < 0.02
d . P < 0.05
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TABLE 30
CHI SQUARE A N D PHI COEFFICIENT VALUES CONCERNING THE EXTENT OF ATTORNEYS'
PARTICIPATION IN DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS A N D
THE VARIABLE OF OCCUPATIONAL SUCCESS
Type of o rg an izatio n
Achievement P a rtic ip a tio n
ChiZ Phi ChiZ Phi
P ro fessio n al
5 . 7 9b
.38 10.61* .51
R eligious 1.05 .08 2.09 .16
Civic 3.86^ .32 5 . 2 2 b
.33
Community 6.98C .41 5.11^ .39
F ra te rn a l .906 .02 1.97 .09
a . P < .0 1
b . P < .0 2
c . P < .0 5
00
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190
p ro fe s s io n a l, c iv ic and community o rg a n iz a tio n s . Con
v e rs e ly , i n t r i n s i c v a lu e -o rie n te d a tto rn e y s showed no
s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e in t h e i r o rg a n iz a tio n a l ach iev e
ments except in th e case of re lig io u s o rg a n iz a tio n s. I t
was of i n t e r e s t to observe th a t t h e i r value o rie n ta tio n
c a rr ie d a n e g a tiv e tendency when t h e i r a s s o c ia tio n fo r
achievement in c iv ic o rg an izatio n s was te s te d (see Tables
31 and 32).
In a s c e rta in in g the degree of d iffe re n c e s e x is tin g
between th e value o rie n ta tio n s of a tto rn e y s , th e Kolmogorov
Smirnov t e s t was a p p lie d . The r e s u lt s a re shown on Table
33, re v e a lin g a high s t a t i s t i c a l d iffe re n c e between the
groups w ith re sp e c t to th e ir d e s ire to p a r tic ip a te in
c iv ic o rg a n iz a tio n s . However, th e d iffe re n c e among th e
two groups r e l a t i v e to th e ir d e s ire fo r achievement in
th e se o rg a n iz a tio n s exceeded th e ir d e s ire fo r p a r tic ip a
tio n . Such d iffe re n c e s were s ig n if ic a n t in both pro
fe s s io n a l and community o rg an izatio n s w ith a P < C 0.05
fo r c iv ic o rg a n iz a tio n s and a s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e
of P <[ 0.02 fo r th e c iv ic o rg a n iz a tio n s .
Chi squares a ls o were c a lc u la te d to t e s t the
d e s ire of a tto rn e y s regarding su ccess—" g e ttin g ahead"
in l i f e . Such c a lc u la tio n s were made to i l l u s t r a t e th e
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TABLE 31
o DIFFERENCES A N D CORRELATION OF COM PARISON OF ATTORNEYS' EXTRINSIC-
% INTRINSIC VALUES A N D CO M M U N ITY PARTICIPATION
Type of o rg an izatio n
E x trin sic I n tr in s ic
ChiZ Phi Chi^ Phi
P ro fessio n al 11.03® .54 8.98b .41
R eligious 3.19 .28 4.16 .34
Civic 14.62® .55 3.16 .23
Community 7 . 2 4 c .41 2.23 .18
F ra te rn a l 2.16 .17 1.13 .09
a . P < .001
b . P < .01
c . P < .02
d . P < .05
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COM PARISON OF DIFFERENCES A N D CORRELATION OF ATTORNEYS'
EXTRINSIC-INTRINSIC VALUES A N D THEIR
GROUP ACHIEVEMENTS
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E x trin sic I n tr in s ic
Type of o rg an izatio n Chi^ Phi Chi^ Phi
P ro fessio n al 15.72* .56 3.16 .25
R eligious 3.17 .26 5.86^ .32
Civic 13.72* .49 1.09 -.1 1
Community 8 . 2 4b .41 1.09 .12
F ra te rn a l 3.12 .26 2.98 .18
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P < .0 0 1
P < .0 1
P < .0 2
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TA BLE 33
DIFFERENCES BETW EEN THE TENDENCY FOR ACTIVITY A N D
ACHIEVEMENT A M O N G ATTORNEYS A N D THEIR VALUE
O rganization
Kolmogorov-Smimov values
A c tiv itie s Achievement
P ro fessio n al .1423 3.679^
R eligious .0101 .032
Civic
3.70lb
8.46*
Community 1.233 4.341^
F ra te rn a l .076 .092
a . P < .0 2
b . P < .0 5
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194
s tre n g th of th e se tendencies among th e t o t a l group and
as a source of comparison among th e su b c ate g o rie s of
a tto r n e y s .
The a p p lic a tio n of th e t e s t r e la tin g to su ccess-
o rie n te d a tto rn e y s and t h e i r community p a r tic ip a tio n and
achievement rev ealed a s ig n ific a n t a s s o c ia tio n beyond
P = 0.001. The same r e s u lt was found when p a r tic ip a tio n
and achievement were s e p a ra te ly te s te d a g a in st th e values
obtained fo r g e ttin g ahead in l i f e (see Table 34).
Among th e su b categ o ries of respondents, t r i a l
a tto rn e y s were d i s t i n c t l y more su c c e ss-o rie n te d than the
oth er two c a te g o rie s : government and co rp o ratio n
a tto rn e y s . T heir d e s ire fo r g e ttin g ahead in l i f e c lo se ly
followed th e p a tte rn fo r t h e ir success o r ie n ta tio n .
C orporation a tto rn e y s dem onstrated a high degree
of success o r ie n ta tio n through community p a r tic ip a tio n
and to le s s e r ex ten t through t h e i r p r a c tic a l d e s ire fo r
achievem ent. But they betrayed l i t t l e i n t e r e s t in g e ttin g
ahead in l i f e reg ard in g th e values to which they were
exposed.
Government a tto rn e y s a ls o were success o rie n te d
to p r a c tic a lly th e same degree as co rp o ra tio n a tto rn e y s .
With re sp e c t to t h e i r d e s ire fo r g e ttin g ahead in l i f e ,
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TABLE 34
COM PARISON OF ATTORNEYS' VALUES FOR GETTING AHEAD A N D
a . P < .0 0 1
b . P < .0 1
c . P < .0 2
SUCCESS WITH THEIR GROUP ACTIVITY PATTERN
Success G etting ahead
C ategories
Group
p a r tic ip a tio n
Group
achievement
Group
p a rt ic ip a tio n
Group
achievement
T o tal group 14.12* 12.19* 11.09*
9.06b
1. T r ia l atto rn e y s 16.73* 13.06* 15.86* 12.02*
11, C orporation
a tto rn e y s 8.48^
4 . 0 9 b
3.23 2.44
111. Government
atto rn e y s
1 0 . 2 3b 5 . 2 4 C 9 . 9 2 b
6.84^
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196
however, they dem onstrated a s ig n ific a n t re a c tio n when
t h e i r responses were noted in th e lig h t of community p a r
tic ip a tio n and achievement (see Table 34).
The d iffe re n c e s between subcategories w ith regard
to t h e ir achievem ents, p a r tic ip a tio n as re la te d to success
and g e ttin g ahead, value o rie n ta tio n s were c a lc u la te d
through the use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov t e s t . Table 35
shows th e lack of any s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e
between the su b categ o ries. The s iz e of the values,
however, serves to in d ic a te the r e la tiv e siz e of the
d if f e r e n c e s .
With regard to th e foregoing an a ly sis of data
c o lle c te d , and s p e c if ic a lly by re s o rtin g to ch i squares
values fo r achievement and community p a r tic ip a tio n of
a tto rn e y s , presented in Table 30, r e je c t the n u ll hypothe
s i s . In stead , i t may be concluded th a t the g re a te r th e
tendency toward e x trin s ic v alu es, th e g re a te r w ill be th e
d e s ire fo r community p a r tic ip a tio n and achievement. Con
v e rse ly , the stro n g er th e tren d among atto rn e y s toward
i n t r i n s i c values, th e le ss w ill be th e degree of in c lin a
tio n toward community p a r tic ip a tio n and achievement.
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TABLE 35
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DIFFERENCES BETW EEN SUCH CATEGORIES IN RESPECT TO THEIR VALUES FOR
GETTING AHEAD, SUCCESS A N D GROUP INVOLVEM ENT PATTERN
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Success G etting ahead
C ategories
Group
p a rtic ip a tio n
Group
achievement
Group
p a rtic ip a tio n
Group
achievement
I. and I I . T ria l
and Corporation
atto rn e y s .210 .213 .210 .189
I . and I I I . T r ia l
and Government
atto rn e y s .621 .121 .462 .482
I I . and I I I . C orporation
and Government
a tto rn e y s .211 .361 .287 .541
No s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s.
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CHAPTER V
SU M M A R Y A N D CONCLUSION
Suimnairy of th e Study
I t was th e aim of th is in v e s tig a tio n to examine,
w ith in th e th e o r e tic a l frame of re fe re n c e , th e values of
the le g a l p ro fe ssio n , th e ex ten t of s a tis f a c tio n and d i s
s a t i s f a c t i o n which a tto rn e y s re c e iv e from t h e i r p ro fe s
sio n a l a c t i v i t i e s , and to determ ine th e v a ria b le s by
which p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c ti o n of the
members of th e p ro fe ssio n a l category can be p re d ic te d .
Furtherm ore, i t was th e in te n tio n of th is designated
re se a rc h to t e s t em p irically th e o r e tic a l model proposed
by Nancy Morse.
The th e o r e tic a l assumptions s e t f o r th by Nancy
Morse m aintain th a t o ccupational s a tis f a c tio n is th e con
ju n c tio n of two fa c to rs of environm ental re tu rn and the
le v e l of th e a s p ira tio n of th e incumbent w ith regard to
h is occupation. The amount of s a tis f a c tio n which he
experiences depends upon th e degree of h is "wants" and
198
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199
what he o b tain s from h is occupation. I t a ls o was in d ic ated
th a t th e exam ination of th is model would be r e s tr ic te d to
c a re e r s a tis f a c tio n experienced by a tto r n e y s .
With regard to the proposed model, two hypotheses
were developed bearing the im p lica tio n of p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n and occupational values of the members of
th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
The ex ten t of p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n which
a tto rn e y s re c e iv e in connection w ith th e values they
develop throughout t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l c a re e r commitments ;
the ro le of t h e i r education, age, and experience in th is
re sp e c t were im plied through two o th e r hypotheses proposed.
I t was a ls o hypothesized th a t th e degree of
s ta tu s which a tto rn e y s accord t h e i r own profession is
b a s ic a lly accentuated by th e measure of s a tis f a c tio n or
d is s a tis f a c ti o n which they experience in t h e i r c a re e r.
Along w ith th e above p ro p o sitio n , i t was f u rth e r suggested
th a t a tto rn e y s ' a n tic ip a te d p re s tig e d eriv in g from "o u t
group" members is a sso c ia te d w ith t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l
s a tis f a c tio n .
A tto rn e y s' community p a r tic ip a tio n and th e ir
values reg ard in g such p a r tic ip a tio n and achievement in
th e community in which they fu n ctio n were assumed to be
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200
I n te r r e la te d . T herefore, such I n te r r e la tio n was s e t
fo rth as a proposal to be em p irically examined.
The s e le c tio n of th e sample was made through th e
use of th e a tto rn e y s ' d ir e c to r ie s : Parker D irecto ry . 1960
and M artindale D ire c to ry . A pplication of th e se two
d ir e c to rie s in th e s e le c tio n of the sample was made to
m aintain a d i s t i n c t l y comprehensive l i s t of th e c i v i l
a tto rn e y s p ra c tic in g in Los Angeles County a t th e time
of c o lle c tio n of the d a ta . A combination of th e two
p reviously mentioned sources of inform ation made p o ssib le
th e p rep aratio n of a l i s t of a t o t a l of 2,106 c i v i l
atto rn e y s engaged in th e p ra c tic e of law throughout the
e n tir e county.
In s e le c tin g a sample from th is t o t a l a ta b le of
random numbers was employed by which 5 per cent of the
above whole ( c i v i l a tto rn e y s who were p ra c tic in g in Los
Angeles County in 1960) was secured.
Data regarding the proposed assumptions were
obtained through employment of two in stru m en ts, th e f i r s t
a scheduled in te rv ie w , and th e second a q u e stio n n a ire .
P rospective respondents were f i r s t contacted by telephone
and l a t e r interview ed by th e re se a rc h e r. At th e con
clu sio n of each in te rv iew q u e stio n n a ire s were adm inistered.
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201
The completed q u e s tio n n a ire was receiv ed e ith e r through
th e m ail or l a t e r c o lle c te d by th e in v e s tig a to r .
The c o lle c te d d ata were s t a t i s t i c a l l y analyzed
by th e in v e s tig a to r by means of I.B.M. f a c i l i t i e s . The
purpose of th e method employed was to confirm or r e f u te
the proposed hypotheses. R esults w ere, in th e same manner
rep o rted in terms of th e a c c e p ta b ility of th e h y p o th e tic a l
model suggested and an acceptance or r e je c tio n thus
developed.
Summary of P rin c ip a l Findings
The r e s u lt s of th e in v e s tig a tio n made on the
r e p re s e n ta tiv e sample of atto rn e y s who were p ra c tic in g
law in Los Angeles County a t the tim e th e c o lle c tio n of
d a ta , in d ic a te d th e follow ing;
1. Consistency or in co n sisten cy of th e values of
th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n w ith which a tto rn e y s have experienced
adequate o ccu p atio n al s a tis f a c tio n m an ifests no r e la tio n
to the o v e r - a ll s a tis f a c tio n of th e members of th e le g a l
p ro fe ssio n . On th e o th e r hand, s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s
w ith th e expected values of th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n p r io r to
en try in to th e p ro fe s s io n , was found to be s ig n if ic a n tly
one of th e main c o n trib u to rs to t h e i r o v e r - a ll p ro fe s s io n a l
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202
s a t i s f a c t i o n . In th e typology of a tto rn e y s comparing
t r i a l , co rp o ratio n and government a tto rn e y s , i t was found
th a t t r i a l a tto rn e y s do not re a c t s ig n if ic a n tly to the
values which they had developed in th e i r p r a c tic e as
fu n c tio n a lly re la te d to t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n .
The elements upon which a tto rn e y s dem onstrated s ig n ific a n t
concern w ith re sp e c t to t h e i r p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n
were c h ie f ly th e elem ents of p re s tig e , income, a b i l i t y ,
and c r e a t i v i t y . T r ia l a tto rn e y s em phatically showed
g re a t attachm ent to th e element of adventure and v a rie ty
of work. C orporation a tto rn e y s placed im portance upon
the elements of c r e a t i v i t y in th e i r c a re e rs . Government
a tto rn e y s tended to mark th e lack of fu tu re s e c u rity and
ex iste n c e of su p erv isio n in th e ir work as elements con
tr ib u tin g to t h e i r d is s a tis f a c ti o n .
2. Consistency or in co n sisten cy of values before
and a f t e r en try in to th e le g a l p ro fessio n f a ile d to in d i
c a te any s ig n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip w ith th e v a r ia te of
occupational commitment by atto rn e y s to th e le g a l p ro fe s
sio n . Conversely, i t was found th a t th e amount of s a t i s
fa c tio n a tta in e d through expected values of th e le g a l
p ro fe ssio n determ ines th e ex ten t of devotion of a tto rn e y s
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203
to th e i r chosen c a re e r. I t was fu rth e r found th a t a t t o r
neys are not in c lin e d g e n e ra lly to encourage th e i r sons
to e n te r th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n . Among th e subcategories
a tto rn e y s dem onstrated a co n sid erab le d iffe re n c e in the
degree of t h e i r commitment to th e p ro fe ssio n of law.
C orporation and t r i a l a tto rn e y s in d ic a te d a d e f in ite com
mitment to t h e i r p ro fe ssio n , w hile government atto rn ey s
expressed some d i s i n te r e s t in t h e i r p ro fe ssio n .
3. A nalysis of th e se data d isc lo se d th a t the
concept of o ccupational m atu rity had s ig n ific a n t bearing
upon a tto rn e y s ' p ro fe ssio n a l m a tu rity . I t was found th a t
th e two v a ria b le s under study were in v e rse ly c o rre la te d .
F u rth e r a n a ly s is of th e concept of o ccupational m aturity
rev ealed th e f a c t th a t n e ith e r education nor age fa c to rs
g re a tly in flu en ced the s a tis f a c tio n of a tto rn e y s . Con
v e rse ly , len g th of th e i r experience c o rre la te d n eg ativ ely
w ith th e v a ria b le of s a tis f a c tio n . This r a is e s a question
about disenchantm ent w ith o n e's work through tim e.
The su b categ o ries dem onstrated d if f e r e n t r e s u lts
upon th e a p p lic a tio n of th e t e s t s . T r ia l a tto rn e y s showed
a gradual d is s a tis f a c ti o n w ith in c re a se of th e length
of th e i r s e rv ic e . C orporation a tto rn e y s follow ed th e
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204
above p a tte rn but to a m ilder degree, w hile government
a tto rn e y s d isplayed a g re a te r d is s a tis f a c ti o n , the extent
of t h e ir education and length of t h e i r le g a l se rv ic es
were e x e rc isin g major influence upon t h e i r d is s a tis f a c tio n .
4. Examination of th e concept of occupational
m atu rity as i t a f f e c ts a tto rn e y s ' value systems revealed
an in c lin a tio n by th e members of th e le g a l profession
toward in t r i n s i c valu es.
R e lativ e to th e subcategories of a tto rn e y s , a
somewhat d if f e r e n t response d is tr ib u tio n was observed.
T r ia l atto rn e y s d isc lo se d g re a te r tendency toward e x tr in
sic v alu es, w hile co rporation a tto rn e y s showed added
in te r e s t in in t r i n s i c values depending upon in c re ase in
occupational m a tu rity . Government a tto rn e y s a ls o were
in c lin e d to re a c t e x tr in s ic a lly toward th e v a ria b le s used
in th e t e s t w ith th e in crease in t h e i r occupational
m a tu rity .
5. Responses regarding r e la tio n s h ip between p e r
ception of th e s ta tu s of the le g a l p ro fe ssio n as i t
a ffe c te d th e ex ten t of a tto rn e y s ' p ro fe s s io n a l s a tis f a c tio n ,
confirmed th e hypothesis th a t the g r e a te r th e p ro fe ssio n a l
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205
s a tis f a c tio n , th e g re a te r th e s ta tu s accorded th e le g a l
p ro fessio n by p ra c tic in g a tto rn e y s .
I t was a lso s t a t i s t i c a l l y dem onstrated th a t the
s ta tu s ex p ectatio n of a tto rn e y s regarding t h e i r p ro fessio n
was c o rre la te d w ith th e ex ten t of occupational s a t i s f a c
tio n of th e se a tto rn e y s .
6. The ex ten t of community p a r tic ip a tio n and
achievement of a tto rn e y s were a ls o te s te d ag a in st th e i r
value systems in order to e s ta b lis h a p re d ic tin g ground
fo r a tto rn e y s ' group a c t i v i t i e s . The r e s u lt s of the
t e s t s showed th a t th e ex ten t of community p a r tic ip a tio n
and group achievement among th e members of th e le g a l
p ro fessio n is d e f in ite ly a s so c ia te d w ith th e ex ten t of
t h e ir e x tr in s ic v alu es. The g re a te r the degree of th e
a tto rn e y s ' e x trin s ic v alu es, th e g re a te r is th e ex ten t
of th e i r p a r tic ip a tio n and group achievement w ith regard
to community o rg a n iz a tio n s.
The t e s t s conducted in d ic a te d th a t d if f e r e n t
value systems a sso c ia te d w ith group p a r tic ip a tio n and
achievement e x iste d in v ario u s types of groups and
o rg a n iz a tio n s .
A ttorneys who re a c te d p o s itiv e ly toward e x trin s ic
values were more lik e ly to be p a r tic ip a n ts and su c c e ssfu l
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206
in t h e i r achievements in p ro fe s s io n a l, c iv ic , and com
munity o rg a n iz a tio n s . On th e o th e r hand, atto rn e y s
emphasizing i n t r i n s i c values were more lik e ly to be
p a r tic ip a n ts , and enjoy g re a te r achievements in re lig io u s
o rg a n iz a tio n s, w ith a high degree of p a r tic ip a tio n in th e
p ro fe ssio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s as w e ll.
A d if f e r e n t tendency toward community p a r tic ip a
tio n and achievement was observed among d if f e r e n t types
of a tto rn e y s . The t r i a l a tto rn e y s were widely p a r tic ip a n t
and h ig h ly su c c e ssfu l in t h e ir e f f o r ts to achieve success
in various o ffic e s in p ro fe s s io n a l, c iv ic and community
o rg a n iz a tio n s. C orporation a tto rn e y s were a c tiv e ly
p a r tic ip a n t in p ro fe s s io n a l and r e lig io u s o rg a n iz a tio n s,
achieving g re a t success in f i l l i n g o f fic e s in re lig io u s
o rg a n iz a tio n s . Government a tto rn e y s rev ealed tendencies
toward p a r tic ip a tio n and achievement s im ila r to those
d isplayed by t r i a l a tto rn e y s , but to a somewhat le s s e r
e x te n t.
Conclusion
This in v e s tig a tio n suggests th e induction of th e
follow ing concurrent conclusions:
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207
1. A ttorneys comprise a p ro fe ssio n a l e n tity whose
c o n s titu e n t value systems p rim a rily are co n stru cted by
conjunction of d iv e rse , but d i s t i n c t c h a r a c te r is tic s of
se v e ra l re la te d type or c a te g o rie s of a tto rn e y s, the
t o t a l i t y of which appears as th e le g a l p ro fe ssio n .
2. In th e process of occupational o rie n ta tio n
most a tto rn e y s experience a gradual s h i f t from an
i n t r i n s i c value system to one dominated la rg e ly by
e x tr in s ic valu es.
a . The value system of t r i a l and government
a tto rn e y s i s , by and la rg e , e x tr in s ic .
Conversely, co rp o ratio n a tto rn e y s b a s ic a lly
a re i n t r i n s i c a l l y in c lin e d toward occupational
values to which they su b scrib e.
3. Members of th e le g a l p ro fessio n achieve t h e i r
p ro fe ssio n a l success o ften by means of u t i l i z i n g some
measures not d ir e c tly a sso c ia te d w ith th e p ra c tic in g of
law.
a. C orporation a tto rn e y s g e n e ra lly seek to
succeed in th e le g a l p ro fessio n c o n s iste n t
w ith th e im p lica tio n of inherent resources
provided by th e p ro fe ssio n .
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208
b. T r ia l and government a tto rn e y s achieve
p ro fe ssio n a l success by a com bination of
both i n tr in s i c and e x trin s ic value o r ie n ta tio n .
4. Level of p ro fe ssio n a l s a tis f a c tio n of atto rn e y s
is determ ined la rg e ly by meeting t h e i r le v e l of p ro fe s
s io n a l a s c rip tio n through the environm ental re tu rn .
5. P ro fessio n al o b je ctiv es of a tto rn e y s are
v a s tly accentuated by predominantly stereo ty p ed values
which they presumably espouse antecedent to tak in g the
ro le of a tto rn e y .
6 . A ttorneys achieve much of th e i r occupational
s a tis f a c tio n through th e g r a tif ic a ti o n of t h e i r p re
dominating stereo ty p ed values to which they subscribed
p r io r to assumption of le g a l r o le s .
7. The ex tent of s a tis f a c tio n or d is s a tis f a c tio n
of a tto rn e y s i s mainly based upon th e stre n g th of th e ir
e x trin s ic v alu es.
8 . A ttorneys purport to be g re a tly s e rv ic e -
o rie n te d . The ex ten t of th e ir p a r tic ip a tio n and ach iev e
ments in community o rg an izatio n s is in d ic a tiv e of th e ir
d e s ire fo r se rv ic e .
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209
9. In tra-g ro u p v a ria tio n s m anifested by
a tto rn e y s do not lessen th e id e n tif ic a tio n of a tto rn e y s
as a d e f in it e occupational ty p e.
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B I BLI OGRAP HY
210
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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Creator Zahedi, Hamid (author)

Core Title An analytical study of attorneys' occupational values and satisfaction

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Sociology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,sociology, general

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor McDonagh, Edward C. (committee chair), [illegible] (committee member), Vincent, Melvin J. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-149988

Unique identifier UC11351137

Identifier 6206095.pdf (filename),usctheses-c17-149988 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6206095.pdf

Dmrecord 149988

Document Type Dissertation

Rights ZAHEDI, HAMID

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

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