University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Justus Georg Schottel and linguistic theory

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Justus Georg Schottel and linguistic theory

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Content ! ---------- — : --------- — — : — — '--------------------~
| This dissertation has been
I microfilmed exactly as received 6 9-6498
I LEE, Mary Elizabeth, 1939-
! JUSTUS GEORG SCHOTTEL AND LINGUISTIC
| THEORY. [Portions of Text in German].
| University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1968
I Language and Literature, linguistics
!
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
(c)M arv E liza b eth Lee 1969___
ALL RIGHTS RESERV ED
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
JUSTUS GEORG SCHOTTEL AND LINGUISTIC THEORY
b y
Mary E li z a b e t h Lee
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n t e d t o t h e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
R eq u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D eg ree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
( L i n g u i s t i c s )
A u g u st 1968
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
TH E GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
__________
under the direction of h& L ? . . „ Dissertation Com
m ittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Graduate
School, in partial fulfillm ent of requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R OF P H IL O S O P H Y
Dean
Date. A ugust 1 9 6 8
DISSERTATION COMMITTEE
-) v z> Chairman
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
F r o n t i s p i e c e o f S c h o t t e l ' s A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it
von d e r T e u tsc h e n H aubt S o ra ch e
_ i i ____________________________
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I c u b '
TABLE OP CONTENTS
P age
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................
V
1
'C hapter
; I *
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................
1
! I I .
INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE . . • ................................ 4
I I I .
PHILOSOPHICAL M I L I E U .......................................... 11
IV -
BIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................
22
i V>
SCHOTTEL'S LINGUISTIC MODEL . . . . . . . 27
VI. GENERAL THEORIES OF LANGUAGE . . . . 34
I
V I I . ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE G ERM AN
LANGUAGE ....................................................................
|
|
44
i V I I I . MORPHOLOGY.......................................................... . .
62
IX . COMPOUNDING ....................................................................
70
X . ANALOGY ..........................................................................
79
X I. DICTIONARY OF THE GERM AN LANGUAGE . . 93
; X I I . CONCLUSION . . . ............................................... 108
APPENDIXES
A p p en d ix A: S c h o t t e l ' s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
G erm anic L a n g u a g e s ............................... 1201
I
i
i i i
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A p p en d ix B: An Exam ple o f S c h o t t e l ' s T rea tm e n t
o f t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P r e f i x e s in
! t h e German L a n g u a g e ..................... .....
; A p p en d ix C: S c h o t t e l ' s O u t lin e f o r a D ic t io n a r y
| o f t h e German L anguage . . . . . . .
A p p en d ix Di D e r i v a t i v e s and Compounds o f t h e
Stem B ruch . . ................................................
A p p en d ix E: E xam ples o f t h e Stem L auf C om bined
w it h P r e p o s i t i o n s and O th er P r e f i x e s
I
|SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................
i v
P age
122
125
129
I
133
138
j
i
i
i
I
i
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L IS T OF ILLU STR A TIO N S
jFRONTISPIECE:
I
F r o n t i s p i e c e o f S c h o t t e l ' s A u s fu h r -
l i c h e A r b e it von d e r T e u tsc h e n H aubt
S o r a c h e . . . .....................................................
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I
i
INTRODUCTION
The h i s t o r y o f id e a s i s o n e w h ic h i s b e in g c o n s t a n t l y
r e w r i t t e n . The r e s u l t s o f co n tem p o ra ry r e s e a r c h a f f o r d d i s
c e r n in g i n s i g h t i n t o our i n t e l l e c t u a l h e r i t a g e . S c h o la r ly
w r it in g s o f s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s ago a r e b e in g r e -e x a m in e d in
t h e l i g h t o f p r e s e n t k n o w le d g e . One d is c o v e r s f r e q u e n t ly
t h a t an id e a c o n s id e r e d o r i g i n a l f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c e n tu r y i s
a c t u a l l y much o l d e r . T h is i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f th e d e v e l - •
'i ' • • - 1
! !
jopment o f t h e s c i e n c e o f l i n g u i s t i c s . " L ik e th e p r o v e r b i a l
i
'ic e b e r g , th e h i s t o r y o f l i n g u i s t i c s h a s a l a r g e l y i n v i s i b l e
Ifo u n d a tio n c o n s i s t i n g o f many id e a s and a u th o r s who a r e l e f t
j ‘
'u n m en tio n ed , b u t w h ose i n f l u e n c e and im p o r ta n c e a r e u n d e n i-
< i
1 !
a b le ." The h i s t o r y o f l i n g u i s t i c s d u r in g t h e s e v e n t e e n t h 1
! and e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r ie s h a s s o f a r l a r g e l y e s c a p e d
! ' i
i ■
I
^ F r a n c is P . D in n e e n , An I n t r o d u c t io n t o G e n e r a l L in
g u i s t i c s (New Y o rk , 1 9 6 7 ), p . v . H e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s D in -
jn een , G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2
s c h o l a r l y i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
|
The p u r p o se o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
i
jg ra m m a tica l t h e o r i e s o f J u s tu s G eorg S c h o t t e l ( 1 6 1 2 - 1 6 7 6 ) .
j S c h o t t e l ' s c o n t r ib u t io n s t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g r a m m a tic a l
!
Ith o u g h t w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d and e v a lu a t e d in te r m s o f c o n -
j
item p o ra ry l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y . H is g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y w i l l b e
iexam in ed in t h e l i g h t o f t h e p r e v a i l i n g p h ilo s o p h y o f h i s
jtim e and t h e e m p ir ic a l k n o w le d g e w h ich w as a v a i l a b l e t o him
jand th e n com pared o r c o n t r a s t e d w it h co n tem p o ra ry k n o w le d g e .
| "G ram m atical th e o r y " h a s u n d e rg o n e s e m a n tic and t h e o r -
i
j e t i c a l c h a n g e s . R. H. R o b in s e m p h a siz e s t h i s id e a in h i s
i
^ A n c ie n t and M e d ia e v a l G ra m m a tica l T h eo ry in E u ro p e;
I Any d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e w ord "grammar" m u st, i m p l i c i t l y
o r e x p l i c i t l y , p r e s u p p o s e a p a r t i c u l a r g r a m m a tic a l th e o r y
, o r a p p ro a ch t o g r a m m a tic a l s t u d i e s ; and in d e a l i n g w it h
t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e s u b j e c t , w h at m a tte r s i s n o t how we
d e f i n e t h e .t e r m , b u t how t h in k e r s d u r in g t h e c o u r s e o f
t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g r a m m a tic a l s t u d i e s e n v is a g e d , and
c o n s e q u e n tly s e t a b o u t, th e m a tte r o f t h e i r i n q u i r i e s .
I t i s , o f c o u r s e , op en t o u s t o c r i t i c i z e t h e w ork o f
a gram m arian, b o th in t h e d e t a i l s o f h i s e x p o s i t i o n , and
in h is w h o le m ethod o f t r e a t i n g h i s s u b j e c t , w h ich l a t t e r
i n v o l v e s h i s im p lie d o r e x p r e s s e d d e f i n i t i o n o f i t . B ut
i f we w ere t o s t a r t w it h a f i x e d d e f i n i t i o n a t t h e o u t
s e t , i t w o u ld le a d t o m is u n d e r s ta n d in g and u n f a ir ju d g
m en ts on th e w ork o f e a r l y s c h o la r s a t a tim e when t h e
s u b j e c t w as s t i l l f a r from any p r e c i s i o n o f t e r m in o lo g y
o r m eth o d .^
^ (L on d on , 1 9 5 1 ), p p . 1 - 2 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3
T hrough an e x a m in a tio n o f t h e l e t t e r s , t r e a t i s e s , and
grammars o f s e v e n t e e n t h - and e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s c h o l a r s ,
:t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y and t h e l i n
g u i s t i c c o n t r ib u t io n s o f t h e e a r l i e r a g e can becom e m ore
m e a n in g fu l f o r co n te m p o r a r y s t u d y .
E a r ly in t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n tu r y Max Hermann J e l l i n e k
c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e la c k o f r e s e a r c h on g r a m m a tic a l
t h e o r y in t h e s e tw o c e n t u r i e s : " E in e G e s c h ic h t e d e r S p r a c h -
p h ilo s o p h ie d e s 1 6 . b i s 1 8 . j r s . f e h l t , e b e n so e i n e G e-
3
s c h i c h t e d e r a llg e m e in e n G ram m atik." In o r d e r p a r t i a l l y t o
f i l l t h i s g a p in t h e h i s t o r y o f l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y , t h i s
s tu d y w i l l c o n s id e r t h e w r i t i n g s o f J u s tu s G eorg S c h o t t e l .
I ;
I The im p o r ta n c e o f S c h o t t e l i s a t t r i b u t a b l e in la r g e
! i
jm easure t o h i s i n t u i t i v e c o n c l u s io n s a b o u t c o n c e p t s 'w h ic h
i ■
jin s u b s e q u e n t c e n t u r i e s , due t o im p ro v ed s c i e n t i f i c m eth od s
|
and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d a t a , h a v e becom e s ta n d a r d p o s t u l a t e s o f
i !
i
ithe s c i e n c e o f l i n g u i s t i c s . B e fo r e d i s c u s s i n g in d e t a i l th e
w ork s o f t h i s s c h o l a r , I s h a l l b r i e f l y s k e t c h h i s i n t e l l e c
t u a l h e r i t a g e and t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l m i l i e u o f t h e tim e in
j
{which he l i v e d . j
i - ' I
' i I
! I
! !
; i
i 3 i
| G e s c h ic h t e d er n e u h o c h d e u tsc h e n Gramm atik von den A n- j
ifanaen b i s a u f A d elu n g ( H e id e lb e r g , 1 9 1 3 ) , p . 3 0 , Anm. 1 . !
i I
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I
INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE
I An a c q u a in ta n c e w it h t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l h e r i t a g e o f any
|
jera i s im p e r a t iv e fo r a c o m p r e h e n siv e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e
o r i g i n a l i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n t r ib u t io n s o f t h a t e r a . As s t a t e d
by John T. W aterman in P e r s p e c t iv e s in L i n g u i s t i c s ;
I I f t h e s t u d e n t o f l i n g u i s t i c s o r th e s t r u c t u r a l gram -
| m ari'an i s t o becom e so m e th in g m ore th a n a w e l l - t r a i n e d
! t e c h n i c i a n , h e m u st so o n e r o r l a t e r d e v e lo p an a w a re-
I n e s s o f h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l h e r i t a g e ; h e m ust le a r n t h a t
t h e id e a s w h ic h h e f in d s s o new and s o s t i m u l a t i n g a r e
r o o t e d in a lo n g t r a d i t i o n . T h is i s a n e c e s s a r y b u t j
j f r e q u e n t ly n e g l e c t e d p a r t o f h i s e d u c a t io n .^ i
i ■
j
i A lth o u g h t h e s c i e n c e o f l i n g u i s t i c s h a s d e v e lo p e d t r e -
! I
j I
m e n d o u sly d u r in g th e n in e t e e n t h and t w e n t ie t h c e n t u r i e s , t h e
is c h o la r s o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y a lr e a d y o c c u p ie d a s i g - j
| j
in i f i c a n t p o s i t i o n i n t h e co n tin u u m o f l i n g u i s t i c t h o u g h t . |
i I
jSome s c h o l a r s a c c e p t e d and d e v e lo p e d p r e - e x i s t i n g id e a s ; j
i j
lo th e r s made o r i g i n a l c o n t r ib u t io n s t o l i n g u i s t i c th o u g h t;
|
i
i
; ^ (C h ic a g o , 1 9 6 3 ) , p . v i i . |
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5
jsome d id b o t h . In o r d e r t o p la c e t h e o r i g i n a l c o n t r ib u t io n s
|in p e r s p e c t iv e i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o exam in e th e m ore
j s t a t i c v ie w s .
i
i
i The s o u r c e o f W estern p h ilo s o p h y c o n c e r n in g la n g u a g e
i
i l i e s w ith th e G r e e k s. A c c o r d in g t o R o b in s: "In s t u d y in g
jthe h i s t o r y o f grammar in t h e w e s te r n w o r ld , a s in s o many
jother s p e c u l a t i v e s u b j e c t s , o n e m u st s t a r t w it h th e w ork o f j
I i
ja n c ie n t G reece" (p . 3 ) .
P la t o ( c a . 450 B .C .) w as on e o f t h e e a r l i e s t G reek
p h ilo s o p h e r s o f im p o r ta n c e t o t h e h i s t o r y o f l i n g u i s t i c s .
In h is day t h e e x p r e s s io n aram m atik e t e c h n e . w h ich i s
j so m etim es t r a n s l a t e d "grammar," w as n o t a s tu d y o f m or- !
p h o l o g i c a l o r s y n t a c t i c c o n s t r u c t io n s b u t o f l e t t e r s |
and t h e i r a rra n g em e n t in w o r d s. H is s t u d y , t h e r e f o r e , j
w as fo c u s e d on t h e l e x i c a l s y s te m o f G reek . T h is i s a
c o n se q u e n c e o f h i s p u r p o se in d i s c u s s i n g la n g u a g e , t h e j
| p o s s i b i l i t y o f le a r n in g so m e th in g a b o u t t h in g s th r o u g h !
a s tu d y o f t h e i r nam es and th e c o r r e c t c o m b in a tio n s o f I
e x p r e s s io n s d e a li n g w ith them . |
In t h e C r a t y lu s . a p rim e exam p le o f l i n g u i s t i c s p e c u la t io n
; I
d e r i v in g from p h i l o s o p h i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n , P la t o d i s c u s s e s j
! • I
i
w h e th e r t h e r e i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n n e c t io n b etw e e n names and
t h in g s o r w h e th e r t h e names o f t h in g s a r e p u r e ly a r b i t r a r y , i
i '
A c c o r d in g t o J . A . S te w a r t: "The r e l a t i o n o f a p p e a r a n c e t o I
P ' ■
D in n e e n , G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s , p . 7 9 . j
i _____ _ ________________ i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
n ..........~ : "e
r e a l i t y , o f p a r t i c u l a r s t o t h e I d e a , i s d i s c u s s e d in th e
C r a t y lu s a p r o p o s o f t h e .q u e s t i o n w h e th e r nam es a r e c o n -
j / # 3
jn e c te d w it h t h in g s cpuoei o r vo|ia>." In t h e f i r s t p a r t o f
j
jth e C r a t y lu s P la t o m a in t a in s t h a t t h e r e i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n
n e c t i o n b e tw e e n th e t h in g and i t s nam e. In t h e se c o n d p a r t
!o f t h e d ia lo g u e h e m o d if ie s t h e v ie w t h a t t h i n g s a r e named
1 I
ib e c a u se o f n e c e s s i t y and s u g g e s t s , r a t h e r , t h a t b e c a u s e " 7
inames a r e o f t e n m is le a d in g and d e c e p t i v e i t i s p e r h a p s w is e r
jto s e e k t h e t r u e n a tu r e o f t h i n g s in t h e m s e lv e s and n o t from
j
jt h e ir n am es. Thus P la t o c o n t r ib u t e d m ore t o t h e s t u d y o f
i
jm eaning th a n t o th e s t u d y o f s t r u c t u r e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , h e
Was c o n c e r n e d w ith c e r t a i n d e f i n i t e l y l i n g u i s t i c p r o b le m s .
] ;
Among t h e l i n g u i s t i c a c c o m p lish m e n ts o f P l a t o , D in n een '
i ;
E n u m era tes t h e f o ll o w i n g : "He d i s t i n g u i s h e d , f o r e x a m p le , |
j j
j d i f f e r e n t d i a l e c t s o f G reek ; n a t i v e G reek w ord s from t h o s e |
i j
b o r r o w e d from o th e r la n g u a g e s ; l e t t e r s from t h e x r nam es; andi
G reek v o w e ls , c o n s o n a n t s , m u te s , and se m iv o w e ls" (p . 7 8 ) . j
: j
H is m o st im p o r ta n t l i n g u i s t i c a c h ie v e m e n t, h o w e v er, w as t h e :
( d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f "noun" and " v e r b ." T h is d i s t i n c t i o n w as j
i • *
in ot b a s e d on an i n s p e c t i o n o f a n a l y t i c a l l y d e r iv e d d a ta b u t !
j |
w as c o n c e iv e d on t h e b a s i s o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l o r l o g i c a l j
j ^P l a t o ' s D o c tr in e o f I d e a s (O x fo r d , 1 9 0 9 ) , p . 3 5 . j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7 :
p r o p o s i t i o n s . R o b in s c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e x t e n s i v e i n
f l u e n c e w h ic h t h i s c o n c e p t o f grammar w as t o h a v e on t h e
i
t
i
jd evelop m en t o f W estern g r a m m a tic a l th o u g h t: " . . . i t i s o f
jthe u tm o s t im p o r ta n c e t h a t t h e f i r s t 'p a r t s o f s p e e c h ' o r
!
j w o r d -c la s s e s w ere i s o l a t e d on l o g i c a l and n o t fo r m a l c r i -
s
jte r ia ? and t h e l o g i c a l d o m in a tio n o f grammar h a s b e e n o f
i
jimmense s i g n i f i c a n c e th r o u g h o u t i t s h i s t o r y r i g h t up t o t h e
(p r e s e n t day" (p . 1 8 ) .
i
! A r i s t o t l e , t h e m o st fam ous p u p i l o f P l a t o , in som e w ays
j
(fo llo w e d t h e ex a m p le o f h i s m a s t e r . He d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e -
! - I
| i
Itween v e r b s and n o u n s, b u t ad d ed a t h i r d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n |
! ;
• j . i
jwhich h e c a l l e d " c o n j u n c t io n s ." T h is new c a t e g o r y in c lu d e d j
; i
! ' )
j a i l w ord s w h ich d id n o t h a v e l e x i c a l m ea n in g — t h a t i s , th o se j
(h avin g o n ly a s t r u c t u r a l f u n c t io n in t h e s e n t e n c e . A r i s - j
i I
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j ■ • ' .
ja n a iv e r e f e r e n t ia l- m e a n i n g th e o r y " (p . 8 7 ) .
! A r i s t o t l e ' s u s e o f m ea n in g le d h i m - i n d i r e c t l y t o d e f in e
i"w ord." He s e p a r a t e d p h r a s e s h a v in g m ean in g from t h o s e
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j i t s s u b j e c t , o r s a y s t h a t i t s s u b j e c t e x i s t s or d o e s
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on p u r e ly l o g i c a l o r p h i l o s o p h i c a l c r i t e r i a .
S in c e grammar and l o g i c w ere v e r y c l o s e l y t i e d t o g e t h e r
i n a n c ie n t G r e e c e , many s c h o la r s f e e l t h a t t h e i r l o g i c w as
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f e a t u r e s o f t h e G reek la n g u a g e . " P h ilo s o p h e r s , t o t h i s d a y ,
'.som etim es lo o k fo r t r u t h s a b o u t t h e u n iv e r s e in w h at a r e
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ig u a g e." When s c h o la r s a tte m p te d t o " a n a ly ze" o th e r la n -
jgu ages on t h e b a s i s o f G reek l o g i c , t h e y w e r e , a t l e a s t in
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4R o b in s , p p . 2 0 - 2 1 .
5L eon ard B lo o m f ie ld , L anguage (New Y ork , 1 9 3 3 ) , p . 6 .
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9
s t r u c t u r e o f a n o th e r . I t w as many c e n t u r ie s b e f o r e i t w as
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|d is c o v e r e d t h a t e a c h la n g u a g e h a s i t s own s t r u c t u r e on e v e r y
l i n g u i s t i c l e v e l . The l i n g u i s t i c s c h o la r s o f t h e s e v e n
t e e n t h c e n t u r y — c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y f i e r c e n a t i o n a l i s t i c p r id e
— c o n t r ib u t e d tow ard t h e day when e a c h la n g u a g e w o u ld b e
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g u a g e m ore s t r u c t u r a l l y c e n t e r e d . Thus t h e s c h o l a r s o f t h i s
j la t e r e r a w ere s t i l l t i e d t o t h e A r i s t o t e l i a n t r a d i t i o n , b u t
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| S c h o la r s o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y had t h e o p p o r tu n ity !
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o f e x p l o r a t i o n , t h e y c o l l e c t e d and r e c o r d e d d a ta from l a n - j
g u a g e s a s d i v e r s e a s A r a b ic , E t h ip p ic , W elsh , B a sq u e , and |
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lander t h e G r e a t a f f o r d e d o p p o r t u n it y f o r e x a m in a tio n o f many
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1 0
b a r b a r ic to n g u e s had b e e n b e n e a th t h e d i g n i t y o f t h e G reek
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w it h a c t u a l h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s r a t h e r th a n w it h m y th o lo g y ,
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jown la n g u a g e .
| In s p i t e o f th e l i m i t a t i o n s o f c l a s s i c a l G reek grammar
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|to come— s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e grammars o f A p o llo n io s D y sk o lo s
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land D io n y s io s T h ra x . The L a tin gram m ars o f V a r r o , P r i s c ia n ,:
jand D onatu s becam e m o d e ls fo r gram m ars and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e j
| ■ ; j
ie x t e n d e d .w e ll p a s t t h e M id d le A g es i n E u ro p e.
| D u rin g t h e M id d le A g e s , a s a r e s u l t o f th e s p r e a d o f ■
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in c l u d i n g G o th ic ( f o u r t h c e n t u r y ) , A rm enian ( f i f t h c e n t u r y ) ,j
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and O ld C hurch S la v o n ic ( n in t h c e n t u r y ) . N o n - s c i e n t i f i c j
| i n t e r e s t in " h eathen" to n g u e s b eg a n t o grow , and many s p e c i - |
jmens o f d iv e r s e la n g u a g e s w ere c o l l e c t e d . H ow ever, t h e s e j
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CHAPTER I I I
PHILOSOPHICAL MILIEU
A t t h e tim e when S c h o t t e l w as w r i t i n g h i s t r e a t i s e s on
jth e German la n g u a g e , a new a p p ro a ch t o id e a s a b o u t t h e u n i -
Iv e r se becam e a p p a r e n t in t h e w r i t i n g s o f c e r t a i n s c h o la r s
and w as a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n s o c i e t y . T h is new , l a r g e l y m ath e
m a t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d a t t i t u d e a p p e a r e d a l s o in t h e l i n g u i s t i c
I t h e o r ie s o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y .
j
! One man in p a r t i c u l a r w as r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s new
i ' |
jap p roach — R ene D e s c a r t e s ( 1 5 9 6 - 1 6 5 0 ) , t h e F re n c h m a th e m a ti- j
! ' i
jcia n and p h ilo s o p h e r . H is l o g i c a l r a t i o n a l i s m , b a s e d on thej
p e r f e c t i b i l i t y o f t h e human m in d , le d him t o s e e k l o g i c a l I
: |
jand r a t i o n a l a n sw e r s t o u n i v e r s a l q u e s t i o n s , r a t h e r th a n t o j
a c c e p t t h e a n sw er s t h a t w ere d i c t a t e d b y r e l i g i o u s dogma o r j
p r e s c r i b e d in t r a d i t i o n a l b e l i e f s . H is p h ilo s o p h y had an ;
i
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; ■ 1
j in d ir e c t i n f l u e n c e on g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y in G erm any. I t was!
n o t h i s s p e c i f i c m a th e m a tic a l d i s c o v e r i e s t h e m s e lv e s — i . e . , j
j c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c u r v e s o r g e o m e tr ic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f j
i {
I
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1 2
jn e g a tiv e q u a n t it ie s ^ —b u t r a t h e r t h e a t t i t u d e n e c e s s i t a t e d b y
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t h e s e m a th e m a tic a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h ic h p la y e d su c h an im -
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important r o l e in t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l th o u g h t o f h i s d a y . "In
I
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th u s r e c o g n i z in g t h a t m a th e m a tic s c o n s t i t u t e d t h e fu n d a
m e n ta l b a s i s o f p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e , D e s c a r t e s l a i d t h e g r o u n d -
I ’ '
w ork f o r t h a t e x a c t n e s s o f o b s e r v a t io n and c a l c u l a t i o n t h a t
j
|was t o becom e th e o u t s t a n d in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f modern
;
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i
j lu t io n iz e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l th o u g h t b a s e d onj
|th e p r i n c i p l e s o f m a th e m a tic s . H is i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f th e
'fo r c e o f g r a v i t y w it h t h e m o tio n o f t h e p la n e t s le d t o a newj
i ‘ !
'c o n c e p t o f t h e u n iv e r s e ; t h a t i s , t h a t t h e u n iv e r s e i s g o v - j
lern ed b y s y s t e m a t i c and u n f a i l i n g o r d e r . " T h is— t h e o r d e r - !
I j
l i n e s s o f t h e u n iv e r s e — w as t h e suprem e d is c o v e r y o f s c ie n c e !
in t h e A ge o f R ea so n . P a in s t a k in g o b s e r v a t io n s and c a lc u la - j
j I
t i o n s had p r o v e d t h a t c e l e s t i a l phenom ena o c c u r a t r e g u la r j
; j
's e q u e n c e s , o f t e n c o m p le x , b u t a lw a y s s y s t e m a t i c and i n v a r i - j
ja b le ." ^
•^Louis L. S n y d e r , The Acre o f R eason ( P r in c e t o n , 1 9 5 5 ) , ;
p p . 2 7 - 2 8 . |
! p |
I ^ S n y d er, p . 3 1 .______ _________________________________ ____________
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1 3
The r e s u l t s o f t h e w ork o f su c h men a s t h e s e w ere e s -
i
S p e c ia lly r e c o g n iz e d to w a rd t h e m id d le o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h
jc e n tu r y , when t h e f u l l im p a c t o f t h e in v e n t io n o f p r i n t i n g
|
jwas m aking i t s e l f f e l t . The a ca d em ic dem ands, o f a new and
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igrow ing m i d d l e - c l a s s s o c i e t y r e s u l t e d in t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f
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'p e d a g o g ic a l gram m ars, h i s t o r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f la n g u a g e ,
land t r a n s l a t i o n s o f t h e G reek and L a tin c l a s s i c s i n t o t h e
jv e r n a c u la r . U n t i l t h i s tim e m o st p r i n t i n g on t h e c o n t in e n t
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had c o n s i s t e d o f t r e a t i s e s w r it t e n i n F ren ch o r L a t in . In
Germany, a s in s e v e r a l o th e r E uropean c o u n t r i e s , F re n c h w as j
jthe la n g u a g e o f t h e c o u r t , and t h e c u l t u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t r e - j
i ’ ;
j f l e c t e d F ren ch a f f e c t a t i o n s . L a tin w as t h e la n g u a g e o f t h e 1
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jacadem ic com m unity i n E u ro p e, and t h e r e f o r e p u b l i c a t i o n s j
lexch an ged b etw e e n c o u n t r ie s w ere w r it t e n p r e d o m in a n tly i n j
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|L a tin . In Germany i t w as w e l l a f t e r t h e m id d le o f t h e j
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is e v e n te e n th c e n tu r y b e f o r e t h e German la n g u a g e w as r e c o g - j
In ized t o any g r e a t e x t e n t a s t h e la n g u a g e o f s c h o l a r l y |
; ]
w r i t i n g . W aterman s t a t e s : |
• • I
F or a lo n g tim e t h e volum e o f b o o k s p r in t e d in L a tin
was much g r e a t e r th a n t h a t in German. As o f 1 5 7 0 , f o r
I i n s t a n c e , 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e w ork s p r in t e d i n Germany |
w ere in L a t in . N ot u n t i l 1681 d id German p u b l i c a t i o n s j
* f o r t h e f i r s t tim e outnum ber t h o s e in L a t in . 3
3John T . W aterm an. A H is t o r y o f t h e German Language.
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1 4
I t w as n o t u n t i l 1678 t h a t a u n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e a t a German
{ u n iv e r s it y w as d e l i v e r e d in t h e v e r n a c u la r . D u rin g t h i s
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v u la o c h a r a c t e r u n i v e r s a l i s e t lin g u a p h i l o s o p h i c a .
Qua p o t e r u n t , h om in es d iv e r s is s im o r u m id io m a tu m ,
s p a t i o duarum sep tim a n a ru m , om nia a n im i s u a s e n s a
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l i n g u i s p r o p i i s v e r n a c u l i s . (L o n d o n ). |
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a l p h a b e t i c a l d i c t i o n a r y . (L o n d o n ).
i Denmark
;1663 S y v , P e d e r . Rem arks on C im b r ic L a n g u a g e. C im b ric
in t h i s w ork m eans D a n is h .
{ ( S e a t t l e , 1 9 6 6 ) , p . 127
itp £ y .
H e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s W aterm an, H i s - j
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p a n a . (M a d r id ). F i r s t im p o r ta n t d i c t i o n a r y o f
C a s t i l i a n .
F ra n ce
M enage, G i l l e s ( 1 6 1 3 - 1 6 9 2 ) . O r ig in e s d e l a la n q u e
f r a n g o i s e . ( P a r i s ) .
M auger, C la u d e . Grammaire f r a n c o i s e .
C h i f f l e t , P . E s s a y d 'u n e p a r f a i t e gram m aire de l a
la n q u e f r a n c o i s e .
A rn a u ld e t L a n c e lo t . Grammaire q e n e r a le e t r a i s o n -
n ee d e P o r t R o y a l.
Lamy, P . A r t d e p a r l e r . I
M a u co n d u it. Nova g ram m atica g a l l i c a . |
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l a la n q u e f r a n c o i s e .
D an geau , l'A b b e d e . E s s a i s d e g ra n m a ire ( s i c ) .
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S c h o t t e l , J u s t u s G eo rg . T e u ts c h e S p r a c h k u n s t. j
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S c h o t t e l , J u s tu s G eo rg . Der T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e E m - j
l e i t u n q .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
i 16
! ■
11646 S c h o t t e l , J u s tu s G eorg, T e u ts c h e V e r s - o d er Reim
K u n st d a r in U n sere. _ T eu tsch e M u tte r sp r a c h e , s o v i e l
d e r o s u B e s te P o e s i s b e .tr i f t f in e i n e richt.iqe_JP.orm
d e r K u n st zum e r s t e n M ahle g e b r a c h t w o r d e n .
1653 Z in k g r a f, J u l i u s W. D e u tsc h e A pophthecrm atar d a s
i s t f P er T e u tsc h e n S c h a r fs in n ic r e k lu g e S .n racha.
(A m sterd am ). A la r g e c o l l e c t i o n o f German p r o v e r b s
and s t o r i e s t o i l l u s t r a t e w isd om .
; ' i
!
‘1663 C la u b e r g , John ( 1 6 2 2 - 1 6 6 5 ) . M e d ita t io n e s e t c o l - j
le c t a n e a lin g u a e T e u t o n ic a e . ( D u is b u r g i) .
‘1663 S c h o t t e l , J u s tu s G eo rg . A u s f u h r lic h e .A r b e it von
d er T e u ts c h e n H aubt S p r a c h e .
11717 (p u b . p o sth u m o u sly ; w r it t e n c a . 1 6 7 9 - 8 0 ) . L e ib n iz ,
G o t t f r i e d W ilh e lm . Ermahnuncr an d i e T e u t s c h e .
ih r e n V e r sta n d und S p ra ch e b e s s e r zu iib e n . sam t
b e ia e f i ia t e n V o r s c h la a e i n e r T e u t s c h q e s in t e n G e s e l l -
j s c h a f t .
1717 (p u b . p o sth u m o u sly ? w r it t e n c a . 1 6 9 7 ) . L e ib n iz , G o t t - ;
f r i e d W ilh e lm . U n v o r a r e i f f l i c h e G edan ck en . b e - |
t r e f f e n d d i e Ausiibuncr und V e r b e sse r u n g d er Te.ut- |
sc h e n S p r a c h e . i
1690 B o d ik e r , Johann ( 1 6 4 1 - 1 6 9 5 ) . G r u n d sa tze d er D e u t- j
sc h e n S p r a c h e . j
1691 S t i e l e r , C a sp a r . Der t e u t s c h e n s p r a c h e stammbaum
. und f o r t w a c h s . (N u r n b e r g ).
In a d d it io n t o t h e w orks p u b lis h e d on E uropean l a n -
; i
g u a g e s , a few b o o k s w ere p u b lis h e d on n on -E u rop ean la n g u a g e j
f a m i l i e s .
1644 S w ig g e r , S olom on . K oran. De A r a b is c h e A lk o f r a n .
(H am burg). F i r s t t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e K oran i n t o
D u tc h .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1653 G o h l, J a co b ( 1 5 9 6 - 1 6 6 7 ) . L e x ic o n A r a b ic o - L a tin u m .
|l6 6 5 B ern ard o f P a r i s . V o c a b o la r io I t a l i a n o - T u r c h e s c o .
! (R om e). A v e r y e a r l y T u r k is h - I t a l ia n d i c t i o n a r y .
| ■
Prom t h e a b o v e l i s t o f p u b l i c a t i o n s on e may s u r m is e
t h a t t h e r e w as l i t t l e s tu d y o f t h e v e r n a c u la r o u t s i d e o f j
P ra n ce and Germany. In Germ any, t h e r e w as no o n e th e n c o n - !
i I
i . !
! s id e r e d o f m ajor im p o r ta n c e w r i t i n g t r e a t i s e s on t h e German j
i
la n g u a g e o th e r th a n S c h o t t e l . B o d ik e r , C la u b e r g , S t i e l e r ,
-and L e ib n iz p u b lis h e d a f t e r S c h o t t e l had w r it t e n h i s g r e a t
[p io n e e r in g e f f o r t s on German gram m ar. In F r a n c e , s c h o la r s
j
jwere m ore c o n c e r n e d w it h t h e i r own la n g u a g e th a n w it h o t h -
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le r s . By and l a r g e , w h ile c o n s id e r a b le e f f o r t w as ex p en d ed I
| i
b y t h e n o n - l i n g u i s t in c o l l e c t i n g sp e c im e n s o f e s o t e r i c |
I * i
jla n g u a g e s, no E uropean s c h o la r d e m o n str a te d much i n t e r e s t in;
; i
j
t h e a r e a u n t i l w e l l i n t o th e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y .
i . !.
) |
I U n t i l t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y t h e |
'stu d y o f la n g u a g e had b e e n c o n s id e r e d e i t h e r an a p p en d a g e o f;
p h ilo s o p h y o r a t o o l f o r t e a c h in g r h e t o r i c . Even in t h e j
s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y , men l i k e S c h o t t e l c o u ld n o t d iv o r c e th e
s tu d y o f la n g u a g e from t h e s tu d y o f p h ilo s o p h y , in s p i t e o f I
| I
t h e i r e f f o r t s t o lo o k a t la n g u a g e e m p i r i c a l l y . Noam Chom- -
s k y , in C a r te s ia n L i n g u i s t i c s , s t a t e s : j
| i
| i
j I t s h o u ld b e b o r n e i n m ind t h a t we a r e d e a l i n g w it h a j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 8
p e r io d t h a t a n t e d a t e s t h e d iv e r g e n c e o f l i n g u i s t i c s ,
p h ilo s o p h y , and p s y c h o lo g y . The i n s i s t e n c e o f e a c h o f
j t h e s e d i s c i p l i n e s on " e m a n c ip a tin g i t s e l f " from any
I c o n ta m in a tio n b y t h e o t h e r s i s a p e c u l i a r l y m odern
| p h en om en on .4
iln d e e d , th e s t u d y o f la n g u a g e a s an en d in i t s e l f w as h e ld
1
|in l i t t l e e s te e m d u r in g t h i s c e n t u r y . F or e x a m p le , i n a
|
h i s t o r y o f t h e German la n g u a g e w r i t t e n n e a r t h e m id d le o f !
j
jth e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , L e ib n iz ' l i n g u i s t i c a c h ie v e m e n ts
jwere su m m arized on on e p a g e . The p a s s a g e e n d s w it h t h i s
s t a t e m e n t : " S e in B e y s p i e l i s t B e w e is e s g e n u g , d i e K en n tn iB
I
d e r S p r a c h e n , in s o n d e r h e it d e r M u tte r s p r a c h e , und d i e U n te r -
su ch u n g d er W orter m it d er W is s e n s c h a f t d e r S ach en zu v e r -
; ■ I
Ib in d e n ." ^
T h ere seem s t o b e som e a m b ig u ity r e g a r d in g t h e p h i l o - ;
j i
j s o p h ic a l fo u n d a t io n s o f S c h o t t e l ' s gram m ar. Some c r i t i c s j
lhave i d e n t i f i e d w h a t t h e y c o n s id e r t o b e e v id e n c e o f l o g i c a l |
r a t i o n a l i s m i n S c h o t t e l ' s w o r k , w h i l e o t h e r s h a v e d e n ie d i t s !
; l
e x i s t e n c e . j
: i
L e ib n iz , w r i t i n g som e y e a r s a f t e r S c h o t t e l , r e f l e c t s j
j !
t h e p h ilo s o p h y o f t h e A u fk la r u n g . and h i s id e a s r e g a r d in g
I New Y o rk , 1 9 6 6 ) , p . 7 6 , n . 4 .
5E l i a s C a sp a r R e ic h a r d s , V er su c h e i n e r H i s t o r i e d e r
Id eu tsch en S p r a c h k u n st (Ham burg, 1 7 4 7 ), p p . 3 4 9 -3 5 0 .
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1 9
la n g u a g e , t h e r e f o r e , becom e more im p o r ta n t i n t h e d e v e lo p
m en t o f l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y a lo n g th e l i n e s r e c o g n iz e d now .
!
i
i
R e c o r d in g t o T heodor B e n fe y :
! E in s e h r w e s e n t l i c h e r F o r t s c h r i t t a u f dem G e b ie te d er
! S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t t r a t ab er g e g e n d a s Ende d i e s e s J a h r -
| h u n d e r ts e i n . W ie urn a l l e W is s e n s c h a ft u b e r h a u p t, so
au ch urn d i e S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t in s b e s o n d r e , erw arb s i c h
j d a s g r o fite V e r d ie n s t d er g r u n d lic h s t e P o l y h i s t o r , Oder
j v ie lm e h r d e r u m fa s s e n s te a l l e r D en k er, w e lc h e j e in d er
G e s c h ic h t e d e r W is s e n s c h a ft g e w ir k t h a b e n , e i n Mann, d er
I a l l e G e b ie te m e n s c h lic h e n W isse n s und F o r s c h e n s m it
I s e in e m g e w a lt ig e n G e is t e s i c h n i c h t b lo fi u n te r w o r fe n
i h a t t e , so n d e r n au ch in grofiem M afistabe e r w e i t e r t e , G o t t -
! f r i e d W ilh elm von L e i b n i t z , g e b o r e n am 3 . J u ly 1646 zu
! L e i p z ig , g e s t o r b e n am 1 4 . November 1716 zu H a n o v er.^
j
jL e ib n iz ' r a t i o n a l i s t i c t h in k in g w as r e f l e c t e d in h i s a tte m p t
jto c o n s t r u c t a u n i v e r s a l la n g u a g e b a s e d on t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f,
M a th e m a tic s . A lth o u g h t h e r e i s no e v id e n c e t o i n d i c a t e th a t!
1 • |
j S c h o t t e l a l s o a tte m p te d a grammar b a s e d on m a th e m a tic s , h i s I
; |
! . • . *
j i n s i s t e n c e on o b s e r v a t io n , r e g u l a r i t y , and s y s t e m a t i z a t i o n |
a r e e v id e n c e o f h i s c o n c e r n w it h t h e new a t t i t u d e s to w a rd |
s c i e n t i f i c and l i n g u i s t i c in q u ir y . Man w as b e g in n in g t o
b e l i e v e in h i s pow er o v e r h i s e n v ir o n m e n t, and S c h o t t e l j
: i
: I
M a in ta in e d t h a t m a n 's c o n t r o l o v e r h i s la n g u a g e w as b u t o n e j
; i
1 !
‘a s p e c t o f h i s e n v ir o n m e n t o v e r w h ich h e s h o u ld h a v e com p lete!
^G e s c h ic h te d e r S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a ft und o r i e n t a l i s c h e n
j P h ilo lo c r ie in D e u tsc h la n d (M iinchen, 1 8 6 9 ) , p . 2 4 3 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2.0
c o n t r o l . S c h o t t e l o u t l i n e d e x t e n s i v e p la n s b y m eans o f
j
w h ic h su c h c o n t r o l s h o u ld b e a c c o m p lis h e d . In t h i s b r o a d e r
j
js e n s e , th e n , S c h o t t e l d o e s r e p r e s e n t t h e A u fk la r u n g . As
j s t a t e d b y Hugo M oser i n D e u tsc h e S n r a c h g e s c h ic h t e ;
; •
! Der F o r t s c h r i t t s g l a u b i g k e i t d e r A u fk la r u n g e n t s p r i c h t
d i e U b erzeu g u n g , daJB d i e S p ra ch e d er e ig e n e n Z e i t d i e j
| b e s t e , w e i l d i e v e r n u n fts g e m a B e s te , s e i . D araus e r h a l t i
! d a s sch p n s e i t S c h o t t e l e r w a c h te B e s tr e b e n , r i c h t i g zu
s c h r e ib e n , d i e S p ra ch e k o r r e k t zu h an d h ab en , h eu e A n-
I t r i e b e . ^
I
i
|T h is e r a o f g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r i z i n g in Germany w as an e r a o f
i
I
l i n g u i s t i c p r e s c r i p t i o n , and S c h o t t e l w as th e c h i e f r e p r e -
|
j s e n t a t i v e .
I A lth o u g h S c h o t t e l ' s work r e f l e c t s t h e a t t i t u d e o f th e
A u fk la r u n g . t h e r e i s som e d is a g r e e m e n t a s t o how c l o s e l y he
|
I
j a c t u a lly r e p r e s e n t s t h a t p h ilo s o p h y . A c c o r d in g t o F ran z
i ' !
: S ch m id t in L ogik d e r S y n ta x ; ;
: i
; i
D ie r a t i o n a l e Grammatik d er A u fk la r u n g h a t t e , auB er b e i j
L e ib n iz , e in e n s e h r schw ankenden und verschwom m enen B e - j
g r i f f von R a t i o n a l i t a t . Strenggenom m en m ufite e i n e s o lc h e |
W is s e n s c h a f t , urn w ir k l i c h r a t i o n a l zu s e i n , n ach d er !
ft !
a x io m a tis c h e n M ethode a u fg e b a u t w e r d e n . ’ i
j
iT h is o p in io n i s d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o se d t o t h a t o f Max J e l l i -
j j
;nek, who s a y s o f S c h o t t e l : " D ie s e r Mann b e g r iin d e t d i e :
^ ( S t u t t g a r t , 1 9 6 1 ), p . 2 4 .
8 ( B e r l in , 1 9 6 1 ) , p . 1 6 3 . _
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
j r a t i o n a l i s i e r e n d e Grammatik" ( I , 3 2 ) .
I
i
| Such d is a g r e e m e n t d o e s n o t l e s s e n S c h o t t e l ' s im p o r ta n c e
i
jfor t h e h i s t o r y o f g r a m m a tic a l th e o r y ? in d e e d , i t s u g g e s t s
jth a t he may b e la r g e r th a n t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f an y p a r t i c u l a r
I
| • ‘ .
[ d o c t r in e . He a tte m p te d t o c o n s t r u c t an o r d e r l y s y s te m o f
| . ■
I
lla n g u a g e b a s e d on o b s e r v a t io n and p r i n c i p l e s o f r e a s o n . B e -
i
c a u s e h i s s t a r t i n g p o in t w as la n g u a g e i t s e l f , h i s l i n g u i s t i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t e n r e s e m b le t h o s e o f t h e t w e n t ie t h - c e n t u r y
1
d e s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
!
CHAPTER IV
BIOGRAPHY
In o r d e r t o come t o som e c o n c lu s io n r e g a r d in g S c h o t -
t e l ' s h i s t o r i c a l im p o r ta n c e , t h e n , on e m u st a l s o lo o k t o h i s
i
b io g r a p h y and h i s s e v e r a l p u b lis h e d w ork s on t h e German l a n -
Iguage. T h is b io g r a p h y d o e s n o t p r e s a g e an y g r e a t l i n g u i s t i c
t a l e n t . J u s t u s G eorg S c h o t t e l , t h e so n o f a L u th era n m in is
t e r , w as b o rn a t E in b e c k i n n o r th e r n G erm any.on Ju n e 2 3 , j
11612. B e c a u se h i s f a t h e r d ie d w h i le S c h o t t e l w as s t i l l a
c h i l d , h e w as d e s t i n e d f o r t h e c a r e e r o f a tr a d e s m a n . ;
! S c h o t t e l , h o w e v e r , p r e f e r r e d a m ore a c a d e m ic l i f e and e n -
1
; • i
t e r e d t h e Gymnasium a t H ild e s h e im in 1 6 2 7 , l a t e r c o n t in u in g j
h i s s t u d i e s a t Hamburg. S in c e t h e r e w as no i n h e r i t a n c e t o !
p a y f o r h i s s c h o o l i n g , S c h o t t e l s u p p o r te d h i m s e l f b y p r iv a t e j
t u t o r i n g . D u rin g t h e y e a r s f o l l o w i n g G ym n asiu m . S c h o t t e l
j
s t u d i e d la w , r e c e i v i n g h i s d e g r e e in 1 6 3 6 . Som etim e s h o r t l y
b e f o r e 1636 h e had v i s i t e d h i s home to w n , w h ere h e w as o f
f e r e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f K o n r e c t o r a t . S c h o t t e l r e f u s e d t h e
22
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
o f f e r and w e n t i n s t e a d t o c o n t in u e h i s e d u c a t io n a t t h e
j
[ u n i v e r s i t i e s o f L e ip z ig and W itte n b e r g .
I
S c h o t t e l a l s o becam e a s s o c i a t e d w it h tw o o f t h e German
la n g u a g e s o c i e t i e s b e in g o r g a n iz e d in Germany a t t h a t t im e .
In t h e s o c i e t y known a s t h e " F r u c h tb r in g e n d e G e s e l ls c h a f t "
S c h o t t e l w as g iv e n t h e d e s ig n a t io n o f " der S u ch en d e." A f t e r
I h e m oved t o B ra u n sch w eig in 1 6 3 8 , h e j o in e d th d "Blum en-
jorden" and w as known b y th e name o f " F o n ta n o ." S c h o t t e l ' s
J li t e r a r y e f f o r t s in p o e t r y , p r o s e and drama m et w it h l i t t l e
I
|
j s u c c e s s and a r e now seld o m m e n tio n e d .
i
! A summons t o B ra u n sch w eig b y H erzo g A u g u st von B rau n -
jsc h w e ig m arked a t u r n in g p o i n t in S c h o t t e l ' s c a r e e r , f o r h e ;
jth en g a in e d a c c e s s t o h i s p a t r o n 's e x t e n s i v e and fam ous !
; t j
i l ib r a r y a t W o lf e n b u t t e l. In 1646 S c h o t t e l r e s ig n e d h i s j
I
; - i
j p o s i t io n a s H o fm e is te r and w as named c o u n s e lo r t o t h e F u r - i
! |
is t e n turn o f D a n n en b erg. By. r e m a in in g in W o lf e n b u t t e l h e con-j
1 ■ j
t in u e d t o h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e l i b r a r y . In 1 6 7 6 , w h i le h e w as
[s e r v in g a s p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s c o u n s e lo r t o t h e p r in c e ,
[ S c h o t t e l d ie d .
I The r e s e a r c h and w r i t i n g w h ic h S c h o t t e l a c c o m p lis h e d j
jd u rin g h i s a s s o c i a t i o n w ith t h e W o lf e n b u t t e l l i b r a r y i s |
[ i n d i c a t i v e o f h i s a rd o r and e n th u s ia s m f o r h i s G erm anic j
- h e r it a g e and la n g u a g e . H is e a r l i e s t p u b l i c a t i o n , L am entatioj
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
r " .... ■' ™ ' ~ " 24 ’
jG erm aniae e x s p i r a n t i s , a p p e a r e d in B ra u n sch w eig in 1 6 4 0 .
i
D u rin g t h e f o ll o w i n g y e a r he p u b lis h e d T e u tsc h e S p r a c h k u n s t.
d a r in n d i e a l l e r w o r t r e i c h s t e , p r a c h t i g s t e r r e i n l i c h s t e .
i
Ivollk om m en e. u h r a lt e H a u p tsp ra ch e d er T e u ts c h e aufi> lh r e n
j
iGriinden e r h o b e n f d e r o E iq e n s c h a f f t e n und K u n s tstiic k e v o l l i g -
i
j
il i c h e n t d e c k t und a l s o in e i n e r i c h t i a e F orm .d er K u n st zum
e r s t e n m ah le a e b r a c h t w o r d e n . T h is w ork w as r e i s s u e d in .
i
1 1651 w it h th e t i t l e , J . G. S c h o t t e l i i T e u ts c h e S p r a c h k u n st
1
I v i e l f a l t i g v erm e h r t und v e r b e s s e r t , dar.in von a l i e n E jgen .-
s c h a f t e n d er s o w o r tr e ic h e n und p.- a c h t ig e n T e u tsc h e n H a u p t-
i
I
iso r a c h e au B f iihr l i c h e und a r iin d lic h a e h a n d e lt w ir d . In 1643 j
I ' ;
jhe c o n t r ib u t e d D er T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch E i n l e i t u n g f zu r i c h t i g e r
I g e w is h e it und grundm eftigem V ergnugen d er T e u tsc h e n H a u b t-
| . I
's p r a c h e sam t b e y g e f iig t e n E r k la r u n g e n .
' ■ . !
! .1
In 1646 S c h o t t e l p u b lis h e d a w ork on German v e r s e . The|
| |
t i t l e , h o w e v e r , i n d i c a t e s t h a t h e i s a s i n t e r e s t e d i n d e - |
: ' * . i
I fe n d in g h i s n a t i v e la n g u a g e a s in w r i t i n g a t r e a t i s e a b o u t
i 1
■ p o etry . The p u b lis h e d w o rk , p r in t e d in W o lf e n b u t t e l, h a s j
Ith e t i t l e , T e u ts c h e V e r s - - o d e r Reim K u n st d a r in U n se r e !
i ' I
iT e u ts c h e M u tte r s p r a c h e , s o v i e l d e r o d i e B e s t e P o e s i s b e - ;
lt r i f t r in e i n e r i c h t i g e Form d er K u n st zum e r s t e n m a h le o e - |
b r a c h t w o r d e n .
| The w ork f o r w h ich S c h o t t e l i s b e s t known a p p e a r e d in
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2 5
1663 in B r a u n sc h w e ig . The r a t h e r le n g t h y t i t l e r e a d s :
I
A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it von d e r T e u tsc h e n H aubt S p r a c h e / w o r in
i ' ' .
je n th a lte n g e m e lte r d i e s e r S p ra ch e, U h r a n k u n ft / U h r a Ite rtu r n /
j R e in li c h e k e it / E ig e n s c h a f t / . Verm ogen / U n v e r g l e i c h l i c h -
I k e it / G r u n d r ic h t ig k e it / zum al d i e S p r a c h k u n st und V e r s -
|
Ik u n st T e u ts c h und g u te n t h e i l s L a t e i n i s c h v o l l i g m it e i n
| ■ j
;.gjl.ag:gfer.ag. ht / w ie _ n ic h t _weniger_ d i e V erd o n p e lu n g / A b le itu & 2i
/ d i e E in l e it u n g / N ahm w orter / A u th o r e s vom T e u ts c h e n W esen
und T e u ts c h e r S p ra ch e / von d e r v te r te u tsc h u n g / Item d ie
Stam m w orter d e r T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch e sam t d e r E r k la r u n g und
I
id e r o g le ic h e n v i e l m erk w iird ige S a c h e n . T h is w ork w as s u b s e -
i
! I
jq u e n tly r e p u b lis h e d in 1737 a t H ild e s h e im w it h t h e t i t l e , I
i i
|J . G. S c h o t t e l i i A u s f iih r lic h e A bhandlung vom U rsp ru n g und
i j
lAufnahm e d e r T e u tsc h e n S p r a c h e , w o rin n en d e r e n A lte r th u m !
! . . . i
ja u s d en en b e w a h r te s te n G e s c h ic h t s c h r e ib e r n u m s ta n d lic h e r - j
| |
l a u t e r t , ih r e w o r te r n , S p r ic h w o r te r n ,. R e d e n s a r te n r V e r - |
f a s s e r n v o n ' d e u ts c h e n W esen und T e u ts c h e r S o r a c h e r g r u n d lic h !
■ |
g e h a n d e lt w ir d . Samt b e y g e f iig t e r S p r a c h - und V e r s e K u n s t. ;
; i
S c h o t t e l ' s l a s t e x t e n s i v e w ork w as p u b lis h e d in t h e j
iy e a r o f h i s d e a t h , 1 6 7 6 . T h is book c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t
i S c h o t t e l ' s i n t e r e s t l a y n o t o n ly i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b u t a ls d
| I
|i n th e a p p lie d a s p e c t s o f la n g u a g e . In A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it j
i S c h o t t e l , a s " G e s e tz g e b e r ," p r e s c r ib e d r u l e s f o r t h e s t r u c - !
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
2 6
I
i
jtu re o f t h e German la n g u a g e , and in 1676 h e made t h e s e r u l e s
• a v a ila b le t o G erm a n -sp ea k in g s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . T h is p u r p o se
i
jwas made c l e a r in t h e t i t l e , B r e v is e t fu n d a m e n ta lis Manu-
!
id u c tio ad O rth o a ra n h ia m e t E ty m o lo a ia m in li n g u a G e rm a n ica .
j .
K u r tz e und c r r u n d lic h e A n le it u n c zu d e r R e c h ts c h r e ib u n g und .
izu d e r W o rtfor.sch u n g in d e r d eu tsc h e n _ S p r a c h e . Fur d i e J u -
igend i n den S c h u le n f und s o n s t i i b e r a l l n u t z l i c h und d ie n -
l i c h .
S c h o t t e l ' s z e a l f o r s tu d y and r e s e a r c h in G erm anic
9
l i n g u i s t i c s i s e v i d e n t from t h e a b o v e l i s t o f p u b l i c a t i o n s .
A number o f t h e s e w ork s h a v e b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y d i s c u s s e d in
j . ...
io th e r s t u d i e s . H ow ever, t h e 1663 e d i t i o n o f A u s f u h r lic h e
' I
! ^ ;
• A r b e it . w h ic h r e f l e c t s S c h o t t e l 1s id e a s r e g a r d in g la n g u a g e |
i I
land g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y i n g e n e r a l and t h e German la n g u a g e inj
' i
; _ i
j p a r t i c u l a r , h a s n o t r e c e i v e d a s much a t t e n t i o n . j
^ F u r th e r b i o g r a p h i c a l d a ta may b e fo u n d i n A llg e m e in e j
i d e u t s c h e B io a r a p h ie . XXX II, 4 0 7 - 4 1 2 , and in Z e i t s c h r i f t fu r ;
•den d e u ts c h e n U n t e r r i c h t . X I I I ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 8 1 - 1 0 6 . j
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CHAPTER V
i
I
!
SCHOTTEL'S LINGUISTIC MODEL
!
| S c h o t t e l ' s m ost e x t e n s i v e work w r i t t e n in t h e t r a d i t i o n
I
jof p h i l o s o p h i c a l grammars and d e a li n g w it h m o rp h o lo g y i s h i s
lA u s fiih r lic h e A r b e it von d e r T e u tsc h e n H aubt S p ra ch e p u b -
i
t
j lis h e d in 1 6 6 3 . T h rou gh ou t t h e A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it S c h o t t e l
j o f f e r s a l l e g e d l y r e a s o n a b le e x p la n a t io n s f o r t h e l i n g u i s t i c
[phenomena w h ic h h e o b s e r v e s . T h ese e x p la n a t io n s a r e o f t e n
; t
!no m ore th a n h i s own i n t u i t i v e a ssu m p tio n s and c o n c lu s io n s
r e g a r d in g t h e s t r u c t u r e and n a tu r e o f la n g u a g e . More o f t e n j
j . j
'th an n o t h i s e x p la n a t io n s a r e in f lu e n c e d b y p a t r i o t i c z e a l
land b y a d e s i r e t o e l e v a t e German t o a r e s p e c t a b l e p o s i t i o n .
D u r in g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y G e r- j
man w as n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y p r e s t i g i o u s in Germ any, l e t a lo n e :
i • i
; i
t h e r e s t o f E u ro p e. S c h o t t e l w as k e e n ly aw are o f t h i s , and j
i
th r o u g h o u t A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it h e c o n s t a n t l y s t r o v e t o d e - j
jfen d h i s m o th er to n g u e . The f o ll o w i n g p a s s a g e i s t y p i c a l :
! E t l i c h e A u sla n d e r h a lt e n d i e T e u ts c h e n in ih r e n |
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 2 8
i
J S c h r if t e n (w as ih r e S p ra ch e b e t r i f t ) fu r g r o b e brummende
I L eu te / d i e m it r o s t i g e n W orten d a h er grummen / und m it
j h a r te n G e le u te von s i c h k n a r r e n : j a s c h r e ib e n e t z l i c h e
| o f f e n t l i c h / d i e T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e h e t t e nur e i n t a u s e n t
| W orter in s i c h / d e r e r a c h t h u n d e r t von G r ie c h e n /
j H eb reern und L a te in e r n e r b e t t e l t / und u n g e fe h r zw ey
; h u n d er t g r o b e T e u ts c h e W orter d a s e l b s t verh a n d en w eren /
j und h e l t man d i e s e H a u p tsp ra ch e / a l s d i e n i c h t k on n e
I v e r s ta n d e n / n och von a n d eren r e c h t e r l e r n e t . / o d e r e i -
j n ig e L i e b l i c h k e i t d a r in a u fg e b r a c h t w erden /•* ■
! I '
I . !
! i
j T h rou gh out th e b ook S c h o t t e l a tte m p ts t o c r e a t e an j
|
iaw aren ess o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l im p o r ta n c e o f German. He u r g e s
j
[the German p e o p le t o c u l t i v a t e an a p p r e c ia t io n fo r t h e i r
i
Smother to n g u e and t o lo o k t o German when s e e k in g a la n g u a g e
jwhich i s c a p a b le o f a r t i s t i c e x p r e s s io n and p e r f e c t i o n , a s
i
h i s e x p la n a t io n o f t h e f r o n t i s p i e c e co p p er e n g r a v in g ( r e
p r o d u c e d a b o v e , p . i i ) i l l u s t r a t e s : j
! . |
I Was d er G othe / C im ber / S a ch s / Cane / W ahle / P ran k e /
Schwabe /
| V orm als / n a ch M undarten k oh r / m it g e k n a ll g e r e d e t h ab e /
S u c h stu d a s? Such T e u tsc h e n g r u n d . T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e /
T e u ts c h e Land j
1 s t d er Thon und i s t d er O rt wo zu r K u n st h e l t gru n d und 1
s ta n d I
D ie W e ltw e ite C e l t i s c h S p r a c h e . H o c h te u ts c h muS d i e |
K u n st h o c h z ie h e n : I
U n ser s h o c h s te n K a is e r s T hrone d u r c h s G e sch ik k d i s i s t I
v e r l i e h e n . j
S p ra ch v erw a n te N o r d e n le u te / rahm t den K unstw eg r e c h t j
m it e in : I
j i
! !
! ' j
| ^"Justus G eorg S c h o t t e l , A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it von d er j
T e u tsc h e n H aubt S p ra ch e . . . (B r a u n sc h w e ig , 1 6 6 3 ) , p . x . j
jH e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s AA.___________________ j
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2 9
T e u t s c h g e s in t e / g r e i f t m it zu / T e u ts c h kan w o l v o l l -
kommen s e i n . (AA. p . i i )
j A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , a la n g u a g e may n o t r e a c h a s t a t e
i
o f p e r f e c t i o n w it h o u t d i l i g e n t and d e d ic a t e d la b o r on t h e
p a r t o f t h e g ra m m a ria n s, who a p p ly t h e i r p o w ers o f r e a s o n
I
|and t h e i r k n o w le d g e o f la n g u a g e t o e s t a b l i s h c o r r e c t u s a g e
(and t o p r e s c r i b e t h e m o st p e r f e c t e d form o f a la n g u a g e .
I
[
jS p eak ers o f a p a r t i c u l a r la n g u a g e m u st e i t h e r co n fo rm t o
i
jth e s e r u l e s o r sp e a k a s u b s ta n d a r d form o f t h e la n g u a g e .
1
A p p a r e n t l i n g u i s t i c i r r e g u l a r i t i e s m u st con form t o t h e g e n -
j e r a l s t r u c t u r a l s y s te m w h ic h t h e gram m arian e s t a b l i s h e s .
|The d e d ic a t i o n and k n o w le d g e r e q u ir e d o f 'th e gram m arian f o r
t h i s t a s k i s d e s c r ib e d b y S c h o t t e l a s f o l l o w s . The s k i l l j
I i
, i
land d e v o t io n f o r t h e l i n g u i s t i c a n a l y s i s o f a la n g u a g e
l a r is e s " . . . n i c h t sc h lu m p sw e is / so n d e r n a u s f l e i s s i g e r
I
jLesung g u t e r B u ch er / a u s B eo b a ch tu n g d e r k u n s t l i c h zu sam - j
m enstim m enden G r u n d sa tzen und H a u b tr e g u le n d e r T e u tsc h e n j
: * i
iSprache / und s o n d e r l i c h d u rch h i i l f r e i c h e Z u n eig u n g e i n e s j
| 1
jT e u ts c h lie b e n d e n G e is t e s " (AA, p . 9 1 ) . j
| |
F u r th e r m o r e , S c h o t t e l m a in t a in s t h a t t h e gram m arian i s j
| ■ !
jnot f r e e t o c h o o s e h i s own m o d el o f c o r r e c t n e s s . He fo u n d j
i i
I . 1
jh is i d e a l o f g r a m m a tic a l e x c e l l e n c e among e a r l i e r and c o n - |
: j
^tem porary German w r i t e r s . Among o t h e r s h e l i s t s A v e n t in u s , j
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3 °
I
’ Abraham M y liu s , Lehmann, G r y p h iu s, H a r s d o r fe r , O e lin g e r ,
i
I C la ij u s , O p it z , and B uchner. (AA, p . 4 ) , and h e r e l i e s h e a v -
j i l y on t h e s e s c h o l a r s and p o e t s ; in o t h e r w o r d s, S c h o t t e l ' s
j
m o d e l f o r German w as a w r i t t e n form o f la n g u a g e r a t h e r th a n
c u r r e n t sp o k en u s a g e .
A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , t h e u t t e r a n c e s o f t h e e v e r y d a y
v e r n a c u la r w ere c o r r u p t io n s , " V e r f a ls c h e r u n g e n ," o f h i s p r e
s c r i b e d m o d el o f u s a g e . " D e r s e lb ig e r G ebrauch / dem e i n
H a u p tg e s e tz / o d er d er Grund d e r S p ra ch en e n tg e g e n l a u f f t /
i
j i s t k e in G ebrauch / so n d e r n e i n e m iB b r a u c h lic h e V e r f a l -
I
Sschung" (M i, p . 9 ) . S c h o t t e l s t r e n g t h e n s t h i s p o s i t i o n b y
i , ,
r e f e r e n c e t o V i r g i l and C ic e r o : j
I i
! I
! S o lc h e r m a ssen h a t C ic e r o s i c h w e n ig g e k e h r e t d a ra n / !
| w as i n den B a d stu b en und K oh lm ark ten zu Rom g e p la u d e r t : j
I au ch w ir d V i r g i l i u s n i c h t groB g e a c h t e t haben / w as e i n j
B a u erh a n s h i n t e r dem V ie h e / wan e r s e in e m F e ld - G o t t e j
e i n S t u k l e in g e su n g e n / fu r W orte g e b r a u c h e t haben i
I m o c h te . (AA. p . 9 ) !
Some co n tem p o ra ry s c h o la r s w ere a t t e m p t in g t o h a v e th e j
! ]
.MeiBen d i a l e c t a c c e p t e d a s s ta n d a r d German. John T. W a te r - j
i |
|man i n t e r p r e t s S c h o t t e l ' s p o s i t i o n i n t h i s way: "To t h e j
ie x t e n t t h a t h e c o n c e r n e d h im s e lf w it h t h e sp o k en la n g u a g e , j
jh ow ever, h e a d v o c a te d t h e d i a l e c t o f M eiBen (an d L e ip z ig ) |
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3 1
i 2
|as th e m o st a c c e p t a b le v a r i e t y o f German s p e e c h ." H ow ever,
S c h o t t e l r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h e v e r n a c u la r la n g u a g e a s a
g r a m m a tic a l m o d e l, and h e r i d i c u l e d t h o s e who t r i e d t o e s
t a b l i s h t h e i r own d i a l e c t a s sta n d a r d German. The f o ll o w i n g
t
p a s s a g e from A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it seem s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t
i
i
iS c h o t t e l w as n o t e n t h u s i a s t i c a b o u t th e M eiBen d i a l e c t , a l - j
i
th o u g h h e d id a d m it i t had c e r t a i n l i n g u i s t i c a d v a n ta g e s j
I i
W hich c o u ld b e u s e d in th e c r e a t io n o f a s ta n d a r d Germ an.
i
Es i s t s o n s t f a s t l a c h e r l i c h / daB e i n und a n d er /
s o n d e r lic h a u s M e isse n / ih n e n e i n b il d e n d u r fe n / d er
H o c h te u ts c h e n S p ra ch e / ih r e r M undart h a lb e r / R ic h t e r
und S c h l i c h t e r zu se y n / j a s o g a r s i c h erk iih n en / n ach
ih rem H o r in str u m e n t, und w ie s i e n ach b e l i e b t e r E i n b i l -
dung ih r e A u sred e deh nen / s c h le n k e n / s c h o b e le n und
k n e i f f e n / d i e H o c h te u ts c h e S p ra ch e / auch in ih r e r
n a t u r lic h e n u n s t r e i t i g e n G r u n d r ic h t ig k e it z u en d eren /
und s o l c h e s a l s g r o s s e M e is te r s tu k k e o f f e n t l i c h a l s w as j
k o s t l i c h e s und n o t i g e s h e r v o r z u g e b e n / w odurch d a s r e c h t e I
h o c h s t l o b l i c h e S p rach w esen ( s o v i e l d i e A u sred e / B ild u n g |
und R e c h ts c h r e ib u n g d er W orter b e t r i f t ) a u f e i n l a u t e r |
u n g e w is s e s und T r ie b sa n d w o lt e g e s e t z e t w erd en ; Zumahl j
s i c h immermehr n e u s iic h t ig e L e h r lin g e a n fin d e n / d ie v e r - |
m ein en / w as B e y s e i t i g e s und N eu es zu k o ch en / ih n e n f r e y !
s t iin d e . Es s o l t e b i l l i g je d e O b r ig k e it a c h t g eb en l a s -
s e n / daB s o lc h e S c h lu n g e lg e k k e ih r e B r u te fu r s i c h
v ie lm e h r b e h a lt e n / a l s d u rch o f f e n t l i c h e n Trukk / was
fu r S p r a c h e r fa h r n e H eld en s i e s in d / kuntm achen k o n te n .
D ie r e c h t e M e iB n isc h e A u sre d e / w ie s i e zu L e ip z ig / |
M erseb u rg / W itte n b e r g / D resd en u b l i c h / i s t l i e b l i c h
und w o h lla u te n d / und h a t in v i e l e n W brteren d a s H och- !
t e u t s c h e s i c h w o l d a r a u fg e z o g e n / w ie b r e i t und v e r z o g e n
ab er d e r M e is n is c h e D ia le c t u s a u f dem Lande und u n te r
d en B auren s e y / i s t n i c h t u n b e w u st. Man w eiB au ch j
nunmehr w o l / w ie d a s T e u ts c h e z u sp r e c h e n / und r e c h t
z u s c h r e ib e n / und b e d a r f d e s s i c h immer h ervorm engend en
^History, p. 142.
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| .................................. '.................. '.............................. 3 2
I n e u e r lic h e n U ngrundes n i c h t . Bey den G r ich en und Romern
w urde s o l c h e f r e y g e s c h e t z t e U n k iin s tle r e y ein e m u b e l b e -
kommen s e y n . / i s t au ch v o r w e n ig e r Z e i t e t z l i c h e n / d ie
j in dem F r a n t z o s is c h e n S p ra ch w esen a u s n i c h t gn u gsam er
U h rsa ch e ir r ig m a c h e n d e N eu eru n g e in z u fiih r e n / den A n fa n g
gem ach t / n i c h t g e lu n g e n / so n d e r n d u rch K o n ig lic h e A u-
t h o r i t e t v e r b o te n und n i e d e r g e l e g t w o rd en . (AA, p p . 1 5 8 -
| 15 9 )
R e g io n a l p r id e d o e s n o t seem t o b e t h e r e a s o n f o r
S c h o t t e l ' s r e j e c t i o n o f g e o g r a p h ic a l d i a l e c t s . A lth o u g h
iS c h o t t e l w a s, l i n g u i s t i c a l l y s p e a k in g , from Low German t e r
r i t o r y , h e d o e s n o t a d v o c a te a c c e p t in g Low German a s a s t a n
d a r d ; r a t h e r , h e o p p o se s an y e x i s t i n g d i a l e c t a s s t a n d a r d .
To S c h o t t e l s ta n d a r d German i s a w r it t e n d i a l e c t — a p e r
f e c t e d , s y s t e m a t i c r e a s o n a b le d i a l e c t c r e a t e d b y le a r n e d
and e x p e r ie n c e d s c h o la r s o f la n g u a g e . The f a c t t h a t a p e r - ;
so n s p e a k s German a s a f i r s t la n g u a g e d o e s n o t q u a l i f y him j
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t o a n a ly z e h i s la n g u a g e . A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l : j
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A ls o i s t e i n g r o s s e r U n t e r s c h e id / T e u ts c h r e d e n o d e r
v e r s t e h e n k on n en / und h in w ie d e r / d er T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e
g r u n d lic h k iin d ig und m a c h tig z u se y n : W e il d e r a l t a g e s j
G ebrauch von w ie g e n an e i n g e f l o s s e t / und d u rch s i c h
s e l b s t angenommen; D ie S p ra ch e a b er / m it n ic h t e n |
a n d e r s / a l s d u rch k u n s t m e s s ig e A n le it u n g un e r f o r d e r t e n j
F le if t und N a ch sin n e n / e r l e r n e t w ir d . (AA. p . 1 6 8 )
S c h o t t e l r e a l i z e s t h a t German c a n n o t becom e h i g h l y d e - i
v e lo p e d w it h o u t lo n g y e a r s o f d i l i g e n t work b y s k i l l e d and j
d e d ic a t e d s c h o l a r s o f la n g u a g e . S c h o t t e l s t r e s s e s th r o u g h - !
o u t A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it t h e p o in t t h a t t h e German la n g u a g e i
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h a s t h e , p o s s i b i l i t y o f b eco m in g eq u a l l y a s d e v e lo ped a s j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
jGreek o r L a t in . He s e t s down v e r y c l e a r l y how t h i s m u st b e
ja c c o m p lish e d , i . e . , th r o u g h t h e c r e a t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f
j le x i c a and d i c t i o n a r i e s .
L ie b e la n g e Z e i t a r b e i t e t e n d i e G r ie c h e e h e e i n e r e c h t e
G r ie c h s c h e S p ra ch e e i n e r M undart zum a h n lic h s t e n ( s o
| etw a d ie A t t i s c h e w a r) zum s t a n d e kam: N ic h t w e n ig e r
Z e i t w a n ten d i e Romer an / e h e s i e e i n e d er M undarten
| in I t a l i e n haben k on n en zu d e r r e c h t e n L a t e in is c h e n
i S p ra ch e m achen: und w e r e au ch d i e s e s a l l e s u n m o c h lic h
! g ew esen / wan n i c h t d i e A r b e it d e r / d e s h a lb e r b em iihet
| g e w e se n e n L e u te w eh re a u f g e z e i c h n e t / und b e y ih n e n
L e x ic a und D i c t i o n a r i a v e r f e r t i g e t / w o r in d i e W orter
! und R ed a r te n b e y b e h a lt e n / und im er m it zuw achs a u f d i e
I Nachkomen f o r t g e p f l a n t z e t w o rd en , W iew ol man an k e in e m
O r te w ed er in G r ie c h e n la n d n och I t a l i e n eb en a l s o r e -
d e t e / o d e r e i n D i a l e c t u s o d e r M undart e b e n ,a l s o w ar /
w ie d i e u n t e r d en g e l a h r t e n G r ie c h e n und Rom eren a n g e -
nom ene und in den K u n stb au g e b r a c h t e G r ic h s c h e und L a-
t e i n i s c h e S p r a c h e . U n se r e Hoch T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e / s o
e i g e n t l i c h n i c h t in d ie s e m o d e r jen em D i a l e c t o b e s t e h e t
/ e r f o d e r t zu d e r o e n d lic h e r g r u n d r i c h t i g k e i t und v o l -
lig e m W esen n i c h t w e n ig e r Z e i t und H iilf / s o a n d eren
' H aubt S p ra ch en g e g o n n e t w ord en ; . . . (AA, p p . v i - v i i )
S c h o t t e l n e v e r saw h i s i d e a l f o r t h e German la n g u a g e
f u l f i l l e d . He o u t l i n e d a p la n f o r an e x t e n s i v e d i c t i o n a r y
o f German, b u t h i s d e a th p r e v e n t e d i t s c o m p le t io n .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I
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! CHAPTER VI
[
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j GENERAL THEORIES OF LANGUAGE
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| The d u a lis m o f h i s a p p r o a c h e s t o la n g u a g e t y p i f i e s j
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jo f t h e M e d ie v a l t r a d i t i o n w h ile a t t h e sam e tim e p r a c t i c i n g
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'th e m eth od s o f m odern s c i e n c e . W h ile S c h o t t e l ' s g e n e r a l
j t h e o r ie s o f la n g u a g e a r e n o t a lw a y s a s o b j e c t i v e a s h i s
ig r a m m a tic a l a n a l y s i s o f th e s t r u c t u r e o f German, in som e j
; in s t a n c e s h e a c c e p t s b i b l i c a l e v id e n c e o v e r l i n g u i s t i c d a ta ,;
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and in o t h e r in s t a n c e s h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f l i n g u i s t i c j
’phenom ena le a d him t o i n c o r r e c t c o n c l u s i o n s . I
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A lth o u g h he b e l i e v e d s t r o n g l y in m a n 's pow er o f r e a s o n ,'
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S c h o t t e l m a in ta in e d a s t r o n g r e l i g i o u s f a i t h . S c h o t t e l j
b e l i e v e d t h a t o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t o f G o d 's g i f t s t o man w as ;
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la n g u a g e , and in A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it h e s t a t e s : "Was i s t j
; |
In e b e n st an d ern G e h e im n isse n d e r G o t t l ic h e n Gaben / w e lc h e j
jdas M e n s c h lic h e Gemuht b e s i t z e t / w o l h e r r l i c h e r / a l s d i e j
! in n e r s t e E r k e n n tn iS d e r Sprachen?" (AA. p . 7 4 ) .
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| S c h o t t e l ' s th e o r y o f t h e o r i g i n o f la n g u a g e i s b a s e d
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iw hich w ere e v e n t u a l l y c a r r ie d t o E u ro p e, A s i a , and A f r ic a b y
jN oah's t h r e e s o n s — J a p h e t, Shem, and Ham— r e s p e c t i v e l y .
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Tower o f B a b e l i n d i c a t e s t h a t h e b e l i e v e d in t h e d e s c e n t o f j
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la n g u a g e s from an o r i g i n a l m o n o g e n e tic a n c e s t o r . j
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n i c h t e i n e E r s c h a ffu n g n e u e r S p rach en g ew esen / denn
d i e s e l b i g e a lle r v o lle n k o m m e s te E r tz s p r a c h e / w e lc h e dem
Adam g e g e b e n / und n ach w e lc h e r d er Adam a l l e D in g e /
und zwar n ach ih r e r r e c h t e n E ig e n s c h a f t b en ah m et h a t /
und d i e b i s a u f d i e s e l b e Z e i t d er Noa und s e i n e N ach - j
kommen b e h a lt e n h a t t e n / d i e s e l b i g e e i n z i g e W elt S p ra ch e
; i s t d u rch G o t t l ic h e A llm a c h t a l s o zer w o rr en / v erd o rb en
und z e r t e i h l e t in v i e l e r l e y d i a l e c t u s und id io m a t a , daB
s i e s i c h u n te r e in a n d e r g a r n i c h t v e r s ta n d e n : Eben w ie
e i n P r a n tz o s / S p a n ie r und W elsch er k e in e r den an d eren
I v e r s t e h e n / w iew o h l ih r e S p ra ch e f a s t au s d er L a t e i n i -
sc h e n genommen / o d e r w ie e i n Dane / S c h o t t e / Schw ede
und E n g e lla n d e r e i n e r von den a n d eren n i c h t s f a s t v e r - j
nehmen m ochte / da d och d e r s e lb e n S p ra ch e im Grunde I
j T e u ts c h i s t . (AA. p . 3 3 ) !
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3 6
j A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , la n g u a g e i s a t o o l th r o u g h w h ic h
ban i s a b le t o u n d e r s ta n d n a t u r e , and b y n a tu r e h e seem s t o
'im ply a l l t h a t i s u n d e r s to o d b y t h e term s a r t. and s c i e n c e .
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I A ls o l e s t au ch G o tt d er HErr s e in e n W ille n / d i e
| g r o s s e n G e h e im n isse n a u s d e r E w ig k e it / w ie au ch d a s
w u n d ersa m ste w esen d e r n a t iir lic h e n D in g e / und s o n s t
a l l e s / w as man K u n st und W is s e n s c h a ft n e n n e t / und
d u rch M e n sc h lic h e n W itz e r fu n d e n w orden / o d er e r fu n d e n
I w erden kan / u n s M enschen s o r e i c h l i c h w is s e n und v e r -
; s t e h e n / nur d u rch H iilfe und H a n d b ietu n g d er S p r a c h e n .
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jg iv e n . I f a la n g u a g e c o n t a in s g r a m m a tic a l im p e r f e c t io n s ,
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b u t r a t h e r from m an 's n e g l e c t o f t h e p e r f e c t o r i g i n a l . I t
i s p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r , t o a s p i r e t o l i n g u i s t i c p e r f e c t i o n j
th r o u g h m an 's pow er o f r e a s o n . T h is human c a p a b i l i t y com
b in e d w it h t h e n a t u r a l, r e g u l a r , and s y s t e m a t i c s t r u c t u r e ofj
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a la n g u a g e may le a d e v e n t u a l l y t o l i n g u i s t i c p e r f e c t i o n and I
a h ig h ly d e v e lo p e d la n g u a g e . As S c h o t t e l s t a t e s : "Denn d ie j
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jn u n ft g e s o g e n / und s i c h a u f d i e H auptgriinde d er N atu r g e - j
istam m et; . . ." (AA, p . 6 8 ) . I
A lth o u g h h e w as l i m i t e d b y t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l o u t lo o k o f j
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h i s t im e , S c h o t t e l m a in ta in e d t h a t e a c h la n g u a g e s h o u ld b e
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i n v e s t i g a t e d a c c o r d in g t o i t s own s t r u c t u r e . The f o l l o w i n g
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b a h r e s t e und b e s t e Z eu gn iB d e s s e n / w as s o lc h e r m a s s e n von
jihr z u b e z e u g e n i s t " (p . 6 5 ) .
! I t i s S c h o t t e l ' s o p in io n t h a t t h e German la n g u a g e , f o r
jexam p le, m u st b e i n v e s t i g a t e d and s y s t e m a t iz e d a c c o r d in g t o
i t s in h e r e n t s t r u c t u r e and n o t a c c o r d in g t o a c o m p a riso n
w it h som e o t h e r E uropean la n g u a g e . The German la n g u a g e m u st
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b e d e s c r ib e d a c c o r d in g t o i t s own s t e m s , p r e f i x e s , and s u f - 1
f i x e s , n o t a c c o r d in g t o t h e g r a m m a tic a l c r i t e r i a w h ic h o n e j
w o u ld u s e t o d e s c r ib e H ebrew , L a t in , o r G reek .
A ls o e r h e b e t s i c h a b s o n d e r lic h d i e T e u ts c h e S p r a c h e au s
den g e w is s e s t e n Griinden / w e lc h e G O tt und d i e N a tu r d a r in j
a u s g e w ir k e t h ab en / em por: Und h e l t e i n e a n d e r e A r t d e r |
G e w is h e it in s i c h / und e r f o r d e r t a n d ere A ugen s i c h b e - j
sc h a u e n z u la s s e n / a l s m it w e lc h e n man d a s H e b r a is c h e / j
G r ic h is c h e o d e r L a t e i n i s c h e d u r c h se h e n h a t . (AA, p . 6 7 ) j
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l i t may c e a s e t o e x i s t o r i t may d e v e lo p i n t o a f u l l y , i
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p e r f e c t e d la n g u a g e . A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , t h e German la n
g u a g e i s on i t s way t o b eco m in g l i n g u i s t i c a l l y p e r f e c t ; i t
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isa g e h e d e m o n s tr a te s t h a t h e i s aw are o f t h e im p o r ta n c e
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h e i t / und s t i l l s c h w e i g e n d e la n g e N achgebung / e i n e s und j
a n d e r s kan in Abgang / U nbrauch / V e r g e s s e n h e it und Un-
I w e h r t kommen / k e in n e u e s U nw ort a b e r d azu au ch fu r G old
und G eld a l s o e r k a u f t w erd en / dab e i n e r e c h tm S s s ig e '. j
W o r t s t e l l e / und a llg e m e in e r D e u tu n g ss ta n d d em selb en ;
kunne z u g e e ig n e t w erd en .
Aber / wen a u s n a t i i r l i c h e r K r a ft und w ir k e n d e r E ig e n -
s c h a f t d er R adicum o d er Stam m worter / f e r n e r e A b le itu n g e n
i und D o p p e lu n g s-A r te n e n t s t e h e n / und n ach d e r o s e I b e n j
r e c h t m a s s ig e r L e itu n g e i n S p r a c h k iin d ig e r f o r t f e h r e t / |
d u rch H iilf f e s e i n e s W olverm ogens / und w egen E reu gu n g |
e i n e s g a n tz k la r e n / und b e y je d e r m a n n ig lic h n i c h t u n b e - j
k a n te n W o r tv e r sta n d e s / n eu e W orter b i l d e t / und s i c h j
d e r e r in B e s c h r e ib u n g v i e l e r l e y H a n d el v e r n u n f t ig g e -
b r a u c h t / s o l c h e s h e i s s e t m it n ic h t e n n i c h t n eu e / u n --
t e u t s c h e und u n b e k a n te W orter h e r v o r b r in g e n / so n d e rn
! d a r in w ir d g u te n T e i h l s d i e r e c h t e K iin d ig k e it und K u n st
m it b e s t e h e n / d i e T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e a u s d er T e u ts c h e n
! S p ra ch e f e r n e r zu er h e b e n / g e s t a lt s a m e s o f f e n b a r i s t / j
dab d er H err L u th eru s / A v e n tin u s / d ie A b fa s s e r e d er
R e ic h s A b s c h ie d e / Lehmannus in S p . R ro n . Der H err von
W erder / O p it iu s / und a n d ere s i c h d i e s e s M i t t e l s s o
r iih m lic h / a l s n o h t w e n d ig lic h g e b r a u c h e t hab en : W ie
im g le ic h e n v o r l a n g s t H om erus, H e s io d u s , P in d a r u s , E u r i-
! p i d e s , A r i s t o t e l e s , &c. s i c h e b e n m a s sig e s W eges und j
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I R ic h ts c h n u r e s in d er G r ic h is c h e n S p ra ch e b e d ie n e t h a b en .
Den -wer w i l d och s a g e n / daB vor d e s H om eri, P in d a r i,
A r i s t o t e l i s &c. S c h r if t e n / a l l e d i e s e l b i g e W orter /
w e lc h e in o b g e m e ld te n A u th oren z u fin d e n / i n dem g e m e i-
nen G ebrauche sc h o n w eren b e k a n t / a u fg e b r a c h t o d e r g e -
b r a u c h e t w orden? W e il d ie A u sd eu tu n g a lle r h a n d k iin s t -
l i c h e r n eu er H an d el / auch h o c h v e r n u n ftig e n e u e R ed a rten
I und W orter e r f o d e r t / a l s haben s o lc h e b eriih m te G r ie c h e n
1 ' ,
\ s i c h s o lc h e r k u n s t lic h e n W ort- und S p n n g q u e lle n / w orzu
i ih r e S p rach e iib e r a u s bequem / h o c h w e is lic h b e d ie n e t / und
je d e n S in n b e g r if f a u f s o lc h e n F a l l m it ein em g e d o p p e lte n
! W orte a u sg e d r iik k e t / w e lc h e s a lle m a h l n i c h t eb en dem g e - |
m ein en Manne b e k a n t w ar / so n d e rn e s w urde zu ih r e r S p r a - j
; ch e d i e Ju gen d in d er S c h u le g r iin d lic h a n g e w ie se n / und
! zu r e c h t e r K iin d ig k e it g e b r a c h t . (AA, p . 9 8 )
|
I In c o n so n a n c e b o th w it h h i s n a t i o n a l i s t i c i n c l i n a t i o n s
;and w it h h i s b e l i e f in t h e p e r f e c t i b i l i t y o f a la n g u a g e ,
i ■ !
; S c h o t t e l w as s t r o n g ly o p p o se d t o th e th e n c u r r e n t t h e o r y j
i ;
it h a t c lim a t e a f f e c t e d la n g u a g e v e r s a t i l i t y . I t w as s t a t e d
j
b y som e co n tem p o ra ry s c h o la r s t h a t a la n g u a g e sp o k en in a ;
ic o ld c lim a t e d id n o t y i e l d l i t e r a t u r e o f su c h e x c e l l e n c e as
t h a t o f a la n g u a g e sp o k en in a warm, s o u th e r n c l i m a t e . The
e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a r y h e r i t a g e o f L a tin and G reek , b o th sp ok en |
i
i n warm c l i m a t e s , ad d ed t o t h e c r e d i b i l i t y o f t h i s t h e o r y , j
I
S c h o t t e l m a in t a in s , h o w e v er, t h a t n o t o n ly t h e German w r i t - J
|in g o f h i s day b u t a l s o t h e o ld e r G erm anic d ocu m en ts i l l u s - j
| !
t r a t e a s much l i t e r a r y e x c e l l e n c e a s t h o s e o f G reek and
I L a tin a u t h o r s . j
S ch n ee und Wind i s t e s / w as j e n e r U n te u ts c h e r g e s c h r i e -
b en / daB d er S ch n ee in T e u ts c h la n d zu d ik k e / und d i e j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4 0
I L u ft zu k a l t w ere / fu r d i e s e s o z a r t e G o t t l i c h e J u n g -
f r a u l e i n . Man kan d i e s e s v ie lm e h r w o l sa g e n / daS in
k ein em k e in e H in d e r n iS n och A n sto fi / s o n d e r e n e i n e l i e b -
l i c h e e b e n e d u rch und d u rch verh a n d en / d en en g e n a n te n
! s iis s e n Musen / b e y u ns e b e n e r m a sse n i h r e L u stw eg e und
Wohnungen z u z e ig e n / a l s s i e je m a ls u n te r ein em w arm eren
Himmel g e fu n d e n h a b e n . (AA, p . 110)
i
S c h o t t e l c a l l s a t t e n t i o n in no u n c e r t a in te r m s t o t h e
lla ck o f s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h o s e who f a i l t o r e c o g n i z e t h e q u a l-j
iit y and e x c e l l e n c e o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e in t h e German
S lan gu age.
| Es i s t nunmehr d u rch a l l e Lander d er T e u ts c h e n b e k a n t /
w e lc h e r g e s t a l t d i e l i e b l i c h e und l o b l i c h e P o e t e r e y in
I u n s e r e r a n g eb o rn en M u tte r s p r a c h e / d u rch B e fo d e r u n g
I w e ltb e r iih m te r und e d le r Manner i h r e h o l d s e l i g e Zunge
a n g e stim m e t / und d i e b is h e r o u n b e w u ste Z i e r l i g k e i t m it
i verw u n deru ng d e r G e le h r te n / und m it 'B e s tiir z u n g d er
I d io t e n o f f e n b a h r e t h a t . A uf w e lc h e s e r f o l g e t / daft
d i e j e n i g e V o lk e r / w e lc h e d i e T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e / a l s
; e i n e B a r b a r is c h e und V ie h is c h e v e r a c h t e t / b e y d er e r -
b a r e n W elt zu sch a n d en w orden / u b er ih r e e ig e n e n T o h r-
h e i t zeu g en / und a u f ih r e l a s t e r l i c h e U n s i n n ig k e i t
z e ig e n m iissen / u . (AA, p p . 1 1 1 -1 1 2 )
S c h o t t e l 1s n a t i o n a l i s t i c and l i n g u i s t i c c o n c e p t s a l s o le d
him t o r e j e c t th e t h e o r y t h a t German v e r s e had i t s o r i g i n s
I n H ebrew .
V i e l W unders und w u n d erb a rer E r k la r u n g i s t z u le s e n . . .
w ie u n s e r e T e u ts c h e S tain w orter / V o rw o rter und H a u b t-
en d u ngen in den H e b r e is c h e n W orten v e r b o r g e n s te k k e n /
w e lc h e s man an s e in e n O rt / w ie au ch w as fu r e i n Metrum
d i e H e b r e is c h e n W orter z u la s s e n / d a h in s t e l l e t : W ir
b e h a lt e n u n s b e y u n s e r e n r e in e n u h r a lt e n T e u tsc h e n W or-
t e r e n / und w e lc h e r G e s t a l t d i e s e l b e e i n e r l i e b l i c h e n
T e u ts c h e n R e g u l a r i t a t i s m e t r ic a e f e h i g s e y n / . . .
_.IAA,-P-. ._JLQaI________ „_________________ - _____________ : __________
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I ................'............................. " . 4 1
i H is t h e o r y o f t h e i n c e p t i o n o f German v e r s e i s b a s e d on
W o rtk la n g ( t h a t i s , w h e th e r w o rd s a r e sp o k en l o u d l y , s o f t l y , !
j
o r n o r m a lly ) , and W o r t z e it ( t h a t i s , t h e le n g t h o f tim e i t
t a k e s f o r a w ord t o b e s p o k e n ) . "In d ie s e n b e y d e n e r z e h l t e n
E ig e n s c h a f f t e n d er W orter / n e m lic h dem W o rtk la n g e und d er
W o r t z e it / und d e r o s e lb e n g r iin d lic h e r K iin d ig k e it / b e r u h e t j
d e r a n f a n g lic h e Grund d e r t e u t s c h e n V ersk u n st" (A&, p . 1 1 2 )i
i
S c h o t t e l a d m o n ish e s German p o e t s t o know t h e i r la n g u a g e
w e l l , f o r la n g u a g e i s t h e t o o l o f t h e i r c r a f t . He u r g e s
1 |
p o e t s t o a c c e p t t h e q u a l i t i e s w h ic h t h e i r n a t i v e la n g u a g e
c o n t a i n s , and n o t t o s e a r c h in o t h e r la n g u a g e s f o r t h e i r
l i n g u i s t i c t o o l s .
D ie s e s a b e r muB a u s dem Grunde d e r T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch en
a n g e z e i g e t und angenommen w erd en / w ie und wo man r e c h t
d azu g e la n g e n / und u n s e r e Musen / d i e l i e b e T o c h te r und
P re u n d in n en d e s V e r s ta n d e s und d e r W e is h e it / m it dem
g e w iin sc h e te n Schmukke a u s z ie r e n und m it g e f a l l i g e r U n te r -
h a lt u n g b e e h r e n k o n n e . . . .
Man w ir d T e u ts c h e s G old n ir g e n d e s a n d e r s / a l s a u s
T e u ts c h e n B ergen g ra b en k o n n en : Z ie r / W o lsta n d und
R eich tu h m T e u ts c h e r R ede muB nur a u s T e u ts c h e r S p ra ch e
e n t s p r o s s e n / und n a ch r e c h t e r K r a ft e n t l e h n e t s e y n .
(AA, P . H 4 )
He m a in t a in s t h a t a p o e t m u st w ork d i l i g e n t l y f o r y e a r s t o
b eco m e a m a s te r o f h i s c r a f t , and ev en th e n i s n o t f r e e t o
make l i n g u i s t i c c h o ic e s a t w i l l , b u t " S o lc h e K u n st . . .
muft in a l i e n S ach en a u f g e w is s e n M i t t e le n und R e g u le n b e -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
! ................. ' ....... ’ ' ~ ’ 42
I
I .
ruhen" (AA, P* 1 0 5 ) . A d h eren ce t o t h e s e r u l e s m u st b e com
b in e d w it h a sp a r k o f g e n iu s i f t h e p o e t i s t o a t t a i n l i t -
jerary s t a t u r e . " D ie se v e r b o r g e n e K u n st w ir d n ic h t eb en
i
d u rch F le iB und A r b e it / so n d e r e n a u s e i n e r G o t t lic h e n E r -
ile u c h tu n g z u g l e i c h e r l e r n e t / d a rzu niem and g e la n g e n kan /
I
jder n i c h t e i n e r so n d e r b a r e n H im m elsgnade s i c h v e r s i c h e r t
w eiB" (AA, p . 1 0 5 ) . S c h o t t e l h i m s e l f i s an ex a m p le o f a
■poet who d e m o n str a te d g r e a t d i l i g e n c e , b u t who p erh a p s
jla ck ed t h e sp a r k o f g e n iu s . K old ew ey s t a t e s :
In a lle d e m war S c h o t t e l i u s e i n K ind s e i n e r Z e it ; au ch
e r i s t u n te r d i e D ic h t e r g e g a n g e n , ob w o h l ihm d a s Zeug
d azu f e h l t e . Er h a t e i n e g a n z e R e ih e von r e l i g i o s e n
B e tr a c h tu n g e n und L ie d e r n h i n t e r l a s s e n . S ie s in d d och
mehr e i n b le i b e n d e s Denkm al s e i n e r p e r s o n lic h e n From m ig-
k e i t und e i n Z e ic h e n d a f u r , daB e r s e i n g a n z e s Leben in
den D ie n s t d e s A llm a c h tig e n s t e l l t e . Von p o e t is c h e r
A u ffa s s u n g und p o e t is c h e r G e s t a lt u n g s k r a f t i s t kaum e t -
w as d a r in zu spuren.'*'
In a d m o n ish in g t h e p o e t t o make f u l l u s e o f t h e c a p a
b i l i t i e s o f h i s la n g u a g e , S c h o t t e l s t r e s s e s t h e f a c t t h a t
German i s a s c a p a b le o f d e s c r i p t i v e l i t e r a r y e x c e l l e n c e a s
G reek o r L a t in .
U n ser e T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e i s t w e i t / rau m ig / t i e f /
r e i n und h e r z l i c h / v o l l e r K u n st und G e h e im n isse n / und
^ F r ie d r ic h E r n s t K o ld ew ey , " J u s tu s G eorg S c h o t t e l i u s
und s e i n e V e r d ie n s t e urn d i e d e u ts c h e S p r a c h e ," Z e i t s c h r i f t
f iir den d e u ts c h e n U n t e r r i c h t . X I I I ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 8 5 .______________
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
j w ir d n i c h t n ach d e r o g r u n d m e ssig e n Verm ogen slu m p sw e is
! au s dem gem ein en W inde / e r s n a p p e t: S on dern d u rch F l e i s
I und A r b e it muB e r l e r n e t w erd en / w ie man e in e n je d e n
u n a lt a g li c h e n C onceptum o d er S i n n b e g r i f f i n r e c h t e n a -
t u r l i c h e T e u ts c h e Z ie r e i n k l e i d e n / und dem A nh orer b e -
l i e b t und b ek an d m achen k o n n e . (M l , p . 10)
j
O th er la n g u a g e s d e v e lo p e d t e r m i n o l o g ie s in t h e d i s -
I
!
j c ip l in e s o f a r t and s c i e n c e th r o u g h t h e d i l i g e n c e o f d e d i
c a t e d s c h o l a r s . A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , t h e r e i s no r e a s o n j
why German s c h o l a r s s h o u ld n o t r a i s e t h e i r la n g u a g e t o t h e
Same l e v e l o f a t t a in m e n t . "Es i s t au ch k e in e U n m o c h lig k e it
\ / daB n i c h t a l l e i n in d e r S p r a c h k u n st / so n d e r n in a n d eren
K u n sten und W is s e n s c h a fte n d i e K u n stw o r te r r e c h t d e u t l i c h
T e u tsc h g e g e b e n und a u fg e b r a c h t w erd en kunnen" (AA, P . 1 3 ) . 1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V II
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE GERM AN LANGUAGE
i
S c h o t t e l ' s t h e o r i e s r e g a r d in g t h e o r i g i n and h i s t o r y of!
i
t h e German la n g u a g e h a v e t h e i r f o u n d a t io n s m ore in b i b l i c a l i
t
[
1
!i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and h i s t o r i c a l o c c u r r e n c e s th a n in l i n g u i s t i c
’a n a l y s i s . H is g e n e a l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e E u rop ean
la n g u a g e s i s b a s e d on b i b l i c a l i n c i d e n t s , and h i s h i s t o r y ofj
it h e German la n g u a g e i s b a s e d p r im a r ily on human c h r o n o lo g y j
I
.1
and p o l i t i c o - h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s .
' ' !
A lth o u g h h e r e c o g n iz e d s i m i l a r i t i e s among la n g u a g e j
! • j
so u n d s y s t e m s , S c h o t t e l c o n s id e r e d t h e s e s i m i l a r i t i e s t o b e j
|
a c c i d e n t a l . H is a d h e r e n c e t o b i b l i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n p r e -
: i
v e n te d him from c o n s id e r i n g an y p o s s i b l e c o n n e c t io n among
la n g u a g e s o t h e r th a n t h a t i n d i c a t e d b y t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e
Tower o f B a b e l. H is n a t i o n a l i s t i c p r id e p r e v e n te d him from j
a c c e p t i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t German m ig h t h a v e e v o lv e d j
from an y o t h e r la n g u a g e , and t h i s , in t u r n , p r e v e n t e d him j
from e x a m in in g r e l a t i o n s h i p s among la n g u a g e s o b j e c t i v e l y .
i
|
: 44 i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
iT y p ic a l o f h i s com m ents r e g a r d i n g .t h o s e who th o u g h t German j
i #
jto h a v e e v o lv e d from o t h e r la n g u a g e s i s t h e f o ll o w i n g :
i |
I K u r tz v o r a n g e z o g e n e r A n d reas H e lv ig i u s h a t in ein em
| e ig e n e n B uche o r i g i n e s d ic tio n u m G erm anicarum h e r a u s g e -
g e b e n / e s i s t aber, u n se r e n u h r a n k u n ftlic h e n Stam m w orte-
| r e n w e n ig d a m it g e d ie n e t / und d i e S p ra ch e w e n ig d ad urch
j b e f o d e r t / dafi a l l e T e u ts c h e W orte ob a d so n a n tia m q u a n -
| dam, a u t ob s p e c ie m a d s o n a n t ie s o f o r t von L a t e in is c h e n /
G r ic h sc h e n und H e b r a isc h e n m u ssen e n t s p r o s s e n und e n t -
; s ta n d e n s e y n . Wer d e r T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch e g r iin d lic h k iin -
| d ig i s t / v e r n im t l e i c h t l i c h s o l c h e u n n o t ig e und u n ta u g -
| l i c h e Bemuhung / w ie w o l s o n s t d a s Stu dium e x p l i c a n d i
| th em a ta d e s H e l v i g i i und a n d e r e r n u t z l i c h / und z u -
I w iin sch en w are / daB f l e i s s i g e in g e n ia , v e r m i t t e l s t
g r u n d r ic h t ig e r E r k la r u n g s i c h h ie r z u w e i t e r a n s c h ik t e n .
; (AA, P . 143)
iA nother r e a s o n f o r S c h o t t e l ' s n e g l e c t o f t h e s tu d y o f so u n d s
|was t h a t h e c o n s id e r e d them s u b o r d in a t e t o le x ic o g r a p h y and ;
: . i
jo r th o g r a p h y . He b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e p e r f e c t i b i l i t y o f la n
g u a g e s w o u ld come th r o u g h d is c o v e r i n g and m a in t a in in g t h e
p e r f e c t g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e . H is p r e f e r e n c e f o r h i s own
I . !
k in d o f m o rp h o lo g y o v e r p h o n o lo g y i s e v i d e n t in t h e f o l l o w - j
' !
in g q u o t a tio n : j
; . j
E r h e l l e t a l s o au s a n g e fu h r te n v e r h o f f e n t l i c h / daB
! d i e u h r a lt e T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e ih r e W u r tz e le n und Griinde
w e l t w e i t a u s g e b r e i t e t / und b i s a u f d i e s e S tu n d e e r h a l t e n
h ab e / d e r o U h r a lte r tu h m / R e i n l i g k e i t / d e u t r e i c h s t e j
K r a ft und W irkung / an W orten und L e t t e r e n / man v i e l - j
mehr e rk en n en und annehmen / a l s e i n e s v e r m e in te n Z u- j
l a u t s h a lb e r / d er a lb e r n sc h m a k lo se n a b g a u k e le y . . . !
b e y p f l i c h t e n muB. (AA. p . 134) j
A f i n a l o b s t a c l e t o S c h o t t e l ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f la n g u a g e s
i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
| 4 6
‘ w as h i s d e v o t io n t o a s e l e c t number o f German w r i t e r s w ho,
.he t h o u g h t , r e p r e s e n t e d t h e l i n g u i s t i c m o d els n e c e s s a r y t o
:
c o r r e c t s p e a k in g and w r i t i n g . He t h e r e f o r e w as n o t i n t e r - |
le s t e d in t h e sou n d and g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e o f a l l d i a l e c t s
o f German, b u t o n ly t h o s e w h ich h e f e l t w o u ld h e lp le a d t o
! t h e p e r f e c t i b i l i t y o f th e la n g u a g e .
A lth o u g h h e d id n o t c o r r e c t l y p e r c e iv e t h e i n t e r r e l a
t i o n s h i p s among E uropean la n g u a g e s , S c h o t t e l d id c o l l e c t
ia g r e a t d e a l o f new d a t a . He d id n o t a n t i c i p a t e t h e t h e o
r e t i c a l p o s t u l a t e s o f t h e n in e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y Neo-G ram m ar- I
t a n s , b u t h e d id c o m p ile an enorm ous number o f m o r p h o lo g i-
i
c a l e x a m p le s , ev en th o u g h h e saw no s y s t e m a t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p
i n t h e i r p h o n o lo g ic a l co m p o n en ts. From t h e s e e x a m p le s t h e j
; |
N eo-G ram m arians w ere a b le t o d ed u ce sou n d la w s . H is o p in io n
r e g a r d in g t h o s e who c o n s id e r sou n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s t o b e j
: j
i
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| l e y G ezoge und G elen k e m ache. Es kan d u rch d i e Unmug-
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G l e i c h h e i t d e s L a u te s u n t e r w e ile n s i c h fin d e n m u ssen .
( M , P . 1 4 2 ) j
A lth o u gh h e d id n o t b e l i e v e in a s y s t e m a t iz a t io n o f j
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isound c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s , S c h o t t e l d id n o t c o m p le t e ly ig n o r e
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iGermanic la n g u a g e in w h ich i t o c c u r s : e . g . , T e u t, T h e u t. j
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l a t i o n s h i p s i s d e m o n str a te d in h i s s t a n d a g a in s t t h o s e
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l l a r e . W a ll from v a llu m . Wahn from v a n u s . Wanne from v a n n u s . j
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b u t s i n c e h e d o e s n o t r e c o g n iz e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f any E u ro
p ea n la n g u a g e f a m i l i e s , h e m a in ta in s t h a t t h e s i m i l a r i t y
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(o b se rv ed r e s u l t s from common d e s c e n t from C e l t i c . W h ile h e
( r e c o g n iz e s s i m i l a r i t i e s t o L a tin and G r eek , h e f a i l s t o
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o r r o o t s o f w o r d s. He com p ares la n g u a g e t o a t r e e :
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j w e g lic h e n w o lb e p f a lt e n G riinden: A ls o e i n e r j e g l i c h e n
S p ra ch e K u n stg eb a u b e s t e h e t g r u n d lic h in ih r e n u h r -
i s p r iin g lic h e n n a t u r lic h e n S tam m w orteren : w e lc h e a l s
s t e t s s a f t v o l l e W u r tz e le n den g a n tz e n Sprachbaum d u r c h -
f e u c h t e n / d e s s e n S p r o s le in / A s t - und A d e r r e ic h e Z w eig e
I in s c h o n e s t e r R e i n l i g k e i t / s t e t e r G e w is h e it und u n e r -
g riin d en d er M a n n ig f a lt i g k e it / r e u m ig lic h und h o ch a u s -
! b r e i t e n l a s s e n . N ach dem a u ch e i n e S p ra ch e an s o lc h e n
Stam m w orteren k r a f t i g und W u r t z e lr e ic h i s t / kan s i e j
au ch s c h o n e / h e r z l i c h e und v i e l f a l t i g e F r iic h te g eb en ;
n i c h t a n d e r s w ie e i n Baum / n a ch dem s a f t i g e n S ta n d e j
s e i n e r a u s g e b r e it e t e n W u r tz e le n d i e F r iic h te r e i c h o d e r (
k a r g l i c h w a ch se n l a s s e t . (AA, p . 5 0 )
L ik e w is e , a c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , a s a g a rd en r e q u ir e s i
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a s k i l l f u l g a r d e n e r in o r d e r t o b r in g f o r t h t h e m o st a b u n - i
d a n t f r u i t , s o a la n g u a g e r e q u ir e s a s k i l l f u l gram m arian in j
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o r d e r t o a t t a i n t h e m o st p e r f e c t s t r u c t u r e . . j
S c h o t t e l ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e G erm anic la n g u a g e s |
r e s e m b le s t h e b r a n c h e s o f a t r e e . H is c o m p le te G erm anic
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s r e p r o d u c e d b e lo w in A p p en d ix A. j
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i 4 9
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Isynonym ous f o r t h e m ost a n c ie n t la n g u a g e o f E u ro p e. A c c o r d -
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lin g t o h im , l i n g u i s t i c e v id e n c e f o r t h i s i s fo u n d in t h e
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inames o f t h e m o u n ta in s, r i v e r s , and c o u n t r ie s o f E urope
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C e lt a s n en n en / haben. T e u ts c h g e r e d e t / w ie den n och a u f j
! d ie s e n Tag in a l i e n L andern E u rop as d i e W u r tz e le n und
| Stam m w orter d er T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch e v erh an d en s i n d / w ie -
I w o l d u rch a lle r h a n d Endungen V erw irru n g en und M undarten
I u n t e r s c h ie d e n / und d u rch v erm isc h u n g from der V o lk e r
I z e r r iik k e t und v e r d o r b e n . J a n och a u f d ie s e n Tag s in d
! s o v i e l B erg e / F lu s s e / Lander / S t a d te / u . n i c h t
I a l l e i n in E uropa / s o n d e r e n au ch in an d ern O r te r n w e i t
| und f e r n zu fin d e n / d e r e r Namen T e u ts c h e W u r tz e le n und
W orter s e y n / und b e y a n d eren V o lk e r e n / d i e s o lc h e N ah-
men g e b ra u ch en / n i c h t s a n d e u te n / ab er ih r e n V e r s ta n d
i n d e r T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch e haben k o n n e n . Ja wo d i e a l t e n j
d er C e lt e n und d e r o Namen g e d a c h t / b e f in d s i c h s / dafi j
e s T e u ts c h e j e t z o m e is t n o ch ii b l ic h e W orter s e y n . . . j
: ( M , P - 3 4 ) j
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S c h o t t e l m a in ta in s t h a t t h e German sp ok en in 1663 w as j
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l e c t e d t h e i r la n g u a g e and b e l i e v e s t h a t i f t h e s p e a k e r s o f |
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|e a r ly German had c u l t i v a t e d and p r e s e r v e d t h e i r la n g u a g e , j
jthe German o f 1663 w o u ld h a v e b e e n in a s t a t e o f p e r f e c t i o n ,!
| h a v e u s e d t h e w ord German r a t h e r th a n G erm anic in
d e f e r e n c e t o S c h o t t e l ' s v ie w t h a t t h e German la n g u a g e h a s
c o n tin u e d a s t h e same la n g u a g e s i n c e i t s o r i g i n .
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jr a th e r th a n in a s t a t e o f n e g l e c t . S in c e h e f e e l s t h a t t h e
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iin v e n t io n o f w r i t i n g w o u ld h a v e a i d e d .t h e e a r l i e r G erm anic
jp e o p le s in p r e s e r v in g t h e i r la n g u a g e , h e d e p lo r e s t h e l a t e -
In ess o f th e in v e n t io n .
The b a s i s o f S c h o t t e l ' s l i n g u i s t i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o n -
j ■ ■
Icern s t h e o r i g i n o f C e l t i c i t s e l f , w h ich d a t e s b a ck t o th e
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|th e modern E uropean la n g u a g e s th r o u g h t h e li n e a g e o f N oah,
jwhose d e s c e n d a n t, A s c e n a s , c a r r ie d t h e C e l t i c la n g u a g e t o
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E u r o p e .
: Nach dem nun a l s o d i e e i n i g e a llg e m e in e S p ra ch e z e r -
i t r e n n e t / und d i e M enschen iib er d i e g a n t z e W elt h er
z e r s t r e u e t w orden / i s t A sc e n a s / a l s e i n O b erh au fivater ,
s e i n e s G e s c h le c h t s m it se in e m g a n tz e n G e s c h le c h t e d u rch j
k l e i n A s ie n in E uropen g e z o g e n / s i c h d a s e l b s t n ie d e r - j
g e l a s s e n / d i e Lander a u s g e t h e i l e t / d i e s e l b e g e b a u e t / j
und a l s o e i n V a te r a l l e C e lt is c h e n V o lk e r gew orden j
N em lic h a l l e r V o lk e r / w e lc h e h e r n a c h e r g ew o h n et in d en |
L anderen / d ie w ir je tz u n d T e u ts c h la n d / F r a n k r e ic h / j
S p a n ie n / E n g e lla n d / S c h o t t la n d / N orw egen / L ap lan d / j
Schw eden / Dennemark / T r a c ie n und I l l i r i e n h e i s s e n .
A ls o nun z e h l t man von Adam an: Adam z e u g t e den S e th / |
d i e s e r den E nos / d i e s e r den Kanan / d i e s e r den M eh ala-
l e a l / d i e s e r den J e r e d / d i e s e r d en H enoc / d i e s e r den i
M e th u sa la h / d i e s e r d en Lantech / d i e s e r den Noa / d i e s e r j
I den J a p h e t / d i e s e r den Gomer / d i e s e r den A sc e n a s / und j
d i e s e r A sc e n a s (w ie g e s a g t ) i s t e i n A lt v a t e r d er T e u t- J
s c h e n / h a t m it s i c h d i e a l t e C e l t i s c h e o d e r T e u ts c h e j
S p ra ch e von B a b e l g e b r a c h t / d i e s e l b e in o b g e d a c h te n !
j L anderen E u rop en s / und d u rch s e i n e Nachkommen a u s g e - |
b r e i t e t . (AA, p . 3 4 ) J
S c h o t t e l ' s p a t r i o t i s m le a d s him t o s t a t e n o t o n ly t h a t I
I German i s t h e m o st a n c ie n t la n g u a g e o f E u ro p e, b u t t h a t i t I
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5 1
h a s rem a in e d u n c o n ta m in a te d b y f o r e i g n i n f l u e n c e s .
j Wenn man d i e E u r o p e is c h e n L a n d sc h a fte n / sam t den
| E n d eru n gen / s o d e n e n s e lb ig e n v i e l f a l t i g l i c h zu g eh a n g en
u b erd en k en / und d a s S p ra ch w esen z u g l e i c h m it b e o b a c h te n
w ir d / a ls d a n s o l s i c h d a s f r e y e u h r a lte . g r o s s e T e u ts c h -
la n d w o l a l l e i n f in d e n / w e lc h e s von from d er M acht
g a n t z l i c h unbezw ungen / und von from den S p ra ch en u n v e r -
w o rren g e b li e b e n . W elch es denn / n e m lic h d a s u n v erm en g te
| E ig en tu h m d e r S p ra ch e / a n n och d i e g e w i s s e s t e tib e r z e u g u n g
| i s t d e s s e n / was sc h o n T a c it u s vor 1 5 0 0 . J a h r e n von den
T e u tsc h e n a l s o g e s a g t : I p s o s Germanos in d ig e n a s c r e d i -
I d e r im , m inim eque a lia r u m a d v e n tib u s & h o s p i t i i s m i x t o s .
| (AA, p . 12 3 )
| A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , German h a s n o t b o rro w ed from
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it r a n s m it t e d the"G erm an la n g u a g e t o t h e i r d e s c e n d a n ts w h i le
t h e la n g u a g e w as s t i l l " l i n g u i s t i c a l l y p u r e ." S c h o t t e l
: f e e l s t h a t t h e German p e o p le s b o rro w ed n o th in g l i n g u i s t i c
:from t h e i r e n e m ie s , b u t r a t h e r t h a t , a l l E uropean la n g u a g e s
d e r i v e t h e t o n e , s t r e n g t h , and e s s e n c e o f t h e i r w o rd s from
t h e r o o t s o f t h e p u r e , a n c ie n t la n g u a g e o f t h e G erm ans.
S c h o t t e l g i v e s F ren ch a s an ex a m p le o f a la n g u a g e w h ich
| f a i l e d t o p r e s e r v e i t s " l i n g u i s t i c p u r it y ."
S o n s t w ir d au ch d er Z w e i f f e l g a r ohn Z w e i f f e l se y n /
i d e s s e n Lehman in d er S p e y r is c h e n C hron. L ib 2 , c a p . 45
m it d ie s e n W orten g e d e n k e t: N ach dem d ie Romer d er G a l-
l i e r Land ih n e n u n t e r t a h n ig g em ach t / haben s i e ih r e
g em ein e L a n d sp rach e m it s o lc h e m F l e i s s e den uberw undenen
d u rch g a n tz G a l lie n e i n g e b i l d e t / da£> in f o lg e n d e n Z e i -
| t e n d e r o s e lb e n e ig e n e S p ra ch e d er g e s t a l t in U nbrauch und
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5 2
! A bgang g e f a l i e n / dafi man a u ch n o ch h e u t i g e s T a g es a u s
| k e in e n S c h r if t e n e r fa h r e n mogen / w as fu r e i n e S p ra ch e
v o r d e r Romer R e g ie r u n g / im G ebrauche g e w e s e n . (AA.
I p . 126)
! He f e l t t h a t a l l t h e G erm anic d i a l e c t s h a v e p r e s e r v e d t h e i r
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j e a s i l y r e c o g n i z a b le a s German. S c h o t t e l q u o te d t h e L o r d 's
P r a y e r in D a n is h , E n g li s h , S c o t t i s h , S w e d is h , N o r w e g ia n ,
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a r e no lo n g e r in u s e i n t h e German la n g u a g e , (2 ) t h a t s e v - I
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la n g u a g e s t u d i e s . C h a u ce r, f o r e x a m p le , f e l l i n t o c r i t i c a l
d is r e p u t e b e c a u s e o f t h e a l l e g e d v a g a r ie s o f h i s s p e l l i n g .
I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : _ _ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ L _ — _ _ _ _ J
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5 3
Es s in d a b er b e y v o r g e s t e l t e r O b ach t u n s e r e r Stam -
w o r te r d r e y e r le y zum erken; E r s t l i c h daB / . . . in
T e u ts c h e r S p ra ch e v i e l e Stam m worter i n Abgang und u n -
b r a u c h g e r a h te n / . . . und an d en en n o ch i t z o b r a u c h -
l i c h e n Namen v i e l e r S t a d te / B erg e / F l u s s e / W alder /
W eiber / Manner / u . abzunehm en: D er e r v e r s t a n d lic h e
D eu tu n g v o rm a ls im b e g r i f f e d e s a l t e n T e u ts c h la n d e s
g e w i s l i c h g ew esen / u n d von den a l t e n T e u tsc h e n n i c h t
m it ein em V ie h g e le u t e / so n d e rn m it ein e m v e r s t a n d lic h e n
Nahmworte s in d b e z e i g n e t und u n te r ih n e n b e k a n d t w o rd en .
E t z l i c h e h u n d e r t nom ina p r o p r ia s in d b e y u n s an n och v e r -
handen / d a r in zw ar d a s T e u ts c h e Stam w ort / und d ie V e r -
d o p p e lu n g b e f i n d l i c h und e r k e n t l i c h / je d o c h / dem nur /
\ d e r d a r in g e iib t / o d er s o n s t v o l l i g b e n a c h r i c h t i g e t i s t /
w ie davon d r u n te n z u r e ic h e n d e r b e r i c h t v e r h o f f e n t l i c h zu
f i n d e n .
Zum a n d eren / w erd en d u rch d i e Mund- o d e r L an d arten
1 T e u ts c h e r S p ra ch e d i e S tam w orter am A u ssp r u c h e und
s c h r e ib u n g v i e l f a l t i g v e r a n d e r t / a b er n i c h t am w e s e n t -
l i c h e n Tohne g a n tz a u fg e h o b e n / davon k u r t z h e r n a c h /
a l s o wenn man sc h o n f i n d e t L ie f / S te p e / H u is / Werp /
1 F a a t / F r u i / u . s in d und b l e i b e n s d o ch / dem Grunde
n a ch / u n s e r e W orter L e ib / S c h i f / H aus / w i r f / fa fi /
• fr e u d e / u . i
Zum d r i t t e n f i n d e t man in a l t e n S c h r i f t e n / dafi o f t - I
m a ls / e n tw ed er zu A u s h e lfu n g d e s R eim es / o d er s o n s t e n /
u n h in g e h o r ig e B u ch sta b e n b e y d i e W orter g e s e t z e t / und
a n d e r s / a l s s i e s o l t e n / g e e n d ig e t w erd en / . . . Zum
E xem p el a u s d er R ede g e d a c h te s Munchs O t f r i e d s an K a y ser
Ludwig / C a r o li M agni Sohn: |
A l i o z i t i t h i o th o s i n I
K r is t u s j o komo th a g m uat s i n / |
B im id e ou ch a ,lie p in a / j
G O tt fr u u e S e la s i n a . j
; I
A l l e z e i t d i e da s e i n i
C h r is t u s j a komme i n d en Muht s e i n / j
V erm eid e au ch a l l e P e in / j
GO tt e r f r e u d i e S e e l e s e y n . fAA. p p . 4 2 -4 3 ) |
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| S c h o t t e l ' s tr e a tm e n t o f s te m s i n d i c a t e s t h a t h e c o n - j
s i d e r e d h i s co n tem p o ra ry German a s a c o n t in u a t io n o f t h e i
i j
j a n c ie n t " C e ltic " la n g u a g e , b u t h e a l s o p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
i 54
j
^ c o n tin u ity o f " C e ltic " i s e v i d e n t i n t h e s u f f i x e s o f German.
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S u f f i x e s w h ich a r e fo u n d in b o th C e l t i c and s e v e n t e e n t h -
jc e n tu r y German and w h ich a r e e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same in s t r u c -
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itu r e and m ean in g a r e t h e f o ll o w i n g ( in S c h o t t e l ' s s p e l l i n g ) :
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j-b a r , - e , - e l , - e i , - e r , - e n , - e r n , - h a f t , - i g , - l i c h ,
i - l i n g , - l e i n , - i s c h , - i c h t , -nifi>, - s c h a f t , - h e i t , - f a l ,
j
!-sam , - k e i t , - i n n , -tu h m , -u n g , - k r a f t . T h ese s u f f i x e s
lappear in modern German w it h t h e i r a p p r o p r ia te s te m s . In
ja d d it io n , t h e w ords s t i l l h a v e b a s i c a l l y t h e same l e x i c a l
jm eaning a s t h e y had in t h e a n c ie n t C e l t i c , o r German, la n
g u a g e . S c h o t t e l o f f e r s s e v e r a l ex a m p les from e a r l y G erm anic
jdocum ents and com pares t h e s e w it h co n tem p o ra ry German.
i H o ir s a m h e it G e h o r sa m h eit
W arn iS t W arnis
K unginna K o n ig in n
: Scham per Scham bar
W e r t is a l W id e r w e r t ig k e it T r iib sa l
G u e d ig h e it G i it ig k e i t
G om eh eit M e n sc h h e it
H opninghe H ofnung
B o g e t i B o g te y
E d e lin k E d e lin g / A d lin g
D e u t s c h a f t G o t t h e i t q u a s i G o t t s c h a f t
1 ( M , P . 4 4 )
j A d d it io n a l e v id e n c e w h ic h S c h o t t e l u s e s i n a tte m p tin g
i
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Ito e s t a b l i s h German a s t h e o r i g i n a l E uropean la n g u a g e l i e s
i n th e p r e v a le n c e o f com pounding in " C e ltic " and in s e v e n -
i ■ i
j t e e n t h - c e n t u r y German. E a r l i e r l i t e r a r y d ocu m en ts a r e c ite d j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ito p o i n t o u t t h a t com pounding i s n o t so m e th in g new t o t h e
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jla n g u a g e , b u t s o m e th in g w h ic h i s v e r y a n c ie n t and w h ic h i s
I n h e r e n t i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f Germ an..
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. . . d i e W ortd o p p elu n g a n la n g e n d / i s t g l e i c h f a l l s von
i e r s t e r A n k u n ft e s d a m it e i n g l e i c h e s g ew e se n m it dem /
w as h e u te zu T age v e r d o p p e le n h e i s s e t . N ach a l i e n S tiik -
! k en und A r te n d er D op p elu n g en s o l c h e s z u b e w e is e n / w urde
zwar d i e s e s O r te s zu la n g se y n / d en n och w ir d v e r h o f f e n t -
j l i c h e i n Gnugen h ie b e y g e s c h e h e n / wenn a u s u h r a lt e n /
a l t e n und n eu en / n o ch h e u t e b e w e h r te n B u ch ern / d i e
; E xem pla o d er W orter w erd en h e r g e f iig e t / w e lc h e s i c h
! H a u b ts a c h lic h a u f a l l e A r te n und u n t e r s c h e id e d e r D o p p e l-
k u n s t z ie h e n k on nen / d a h er den u n f e h l b a r l i c h f o l g e t /
daB d a s W o rtd o p p elen n ach d e s s e n g e w ism e fiig e n (d r u n te n
e r w ie s e n e n ) A r te n / U h r a lt / a llg e m e in und g a r k e in
n e u e s s e y . (AA, p . 4 4 )
i i
; !
A n o th er e x p la n a t io n , w h ic h S c h o t t e l u s e s t o s u b s t a n t i - j
a t e h i s c la im t h a t German i s t h e o l d e s t la n g u a g e , i s t h a t j
: . i
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c h il d r e n sp e a k i n o n e - s y l l a b l e w o r d s . T h e r e f o r e , h e p o i n t s j
: !
o u t , t h e la n g u a g e w it h t h e m o st o n e - s y l l a b l e w o rd s i s t h e
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o l d e s t . A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , German h a s 2 ,1 7 0 o n e - j
s y l l a b l e w o r d s, L a tin 1 6 3 , and G reek 2 6 5 (AA, p . 6 1 ) . By :
t h i s r e a s o n in g h e p r o v e s t h a t German i s t h e o l d e s t la n g u a g e .|
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H is v ie w t h a t German i s t h e m o st, e le m e n t a l and p o w e r -
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! f u l— b e t t e r th a n G reek , L a t in , o r F re n c h — i s a d d i t i o n a l e v i- j
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d e n c e f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g German a s t h e m o st a n c ie n t E u rop ean
; la n g u a g e .
He s u g g e s t s t h a t C e l t i c nam es and t h e a n c i e n t p o e t r y
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
jof t h e C e l t i c la n g u a g e o f f e r e v id e n c e w h ic h i n d i c a t e s t h a t
s e v e r a l ste m s w ere known and c u r r e n t in t h e C e l t i c la n g u a g e
;lon g b e f o r e a s i n g l e L a tin w ord c o u ld h a v e b e e n c a r r ie d o v e r
jth e A lp s i n t o t h e th e n unknown t e r r i t o r y o f Germ an.
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An ex a m p le o f S c h o t t e l ' s l o g i c a l r a t i o n a l e f o r p resu m
i n g t h a t German h ad i t s l i n g u i s t i c b a s i s f ir m l y e s t a b l i s h e d
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b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l o f L a tin i s h i s comment r e g a r d in g t h e
j r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n German N a s e . V a t e r . F i s c h . und Wind
land L a tin n a s u s . p a t e r . p i s c i s . and v .e n tu s . R e p r o v in g t h o s e
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s c h o l a r s who c o n s id e r t h i s e v id e n c e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e
tw een German and L a t in , S c h o t t e l s t a t e s :
i
. . . [ i t i s r i d i c u l o u s t o assu m e t h a t ] d i e a l t e n T e u t - j
sc h e n k e in e N a se n o ch V a te r g e h a b t / n o ch F is c h e h ab en j
i e s s e n mugen / au ch daI5 k e in Wind b e y ih n e n g e w e h e t h ab e / i
w e i l e s s o n s t e i n e r L iig e n . n i c h t u n a h n lic h / da s o l c h e |
S ta m w o rter in d i e s e r u h r a lt e n H a u p tsp r a c h e b i s zu r Romer j
Z e i t w ere v e r b o r g e n g e b l i e b e n . (AA, p p . 4 0 - 4 1 ) j
R e g a r d in g t h e h i s t o r y o f o r th o g r a p h y , S c h o t t e l m a in - j
t a i n s t h a t German d id n o t b o rro w from L a tin and G r eek , b u t
3
t h a t i t had i t s own l e t t e r s t o b e g in w i t h . He m a in t a in s
t h a t t h e a n c ie n t German l e t t e r s w e r e t h e sam e a s t h o s e fo u n d
iin s u b s e q u e n t German a lp h a b e t s . H ow ever, th r o u g h tim e and
| 30 f c o u r s e , S c h o t t e l i s p a r t i a l l y c o r r e c t , s i n c e R u n ic j
a lp h a b e t s w e r e in u s e among t h e G erm anic p e o p le p r io r t o t h e
^ in tr o d u c tio n o f t h e L a tin a lp h a b e t .
L ______ ,______
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I c o n ta c t w ith o t h e r la n g u a g e s , t h e s e a n c ie n t German l e t t e r s
becam e c o n v e n t io n a li z e d and th u s a p p e a r e d m ore d i v e r s e t o
‘ t h e e y e . The l e t t e r s e v e n t u a l l y e v o lv e d i n t o t h e i r p r e s e n t
^ c h a r a c t e r is t ic sh a p e and o r d e r . From t h e p r e s e n t form o f
ith e l e t t e r s , o n e s h o u ld n o t d ed u ce t h a t t h e German a lp h a b e t
{d e r iv e d e x c l u s i v e l y from t h e L a tin o r t h e G reek , n or s h o u ld
|one assum e t h a t German w as n o t w r i t t e n u n t i l t h e L a tin
la lp h a b e t w as c a r r ie d i n t o Germ any.
! S in c e S c h o t t e l p la c e s g r e a t e r em p h a sis on th e w r it t e n
Ithan on th e sp o k en la n g u a g e , h e o b v io u s ly f i n d s m ore s i g
n i f i c a n c e in t h e form er th a n in t h e l a t t e r . He s u g g e s t s
jth a t i t i s q u i t e n a t u r a l f o r c h il d r e n t o w an t t o w r i t e down I
Ithe so u n d s w h ic h we form w it h our l i p s , b u t h e e x p r e s s e s
w on d er a t th e f a c t t h a t man i s a b le t o form s o many s o u n d s .
A ber e s i s t e i n e s d er h o c h s te n W underwerke d er N atur /
daB u n se r Mund s o m a n c h e r le y Tohne und A u ssp ru ch e in
s i c h s o k u r t z l i c h form en / und m it ein em d e u t lic h e n
: s t e t s u n te r s c h ie d e n e m G e k la n g e h e r v o r z u g e b e n verm ag.
{ (AA, P . 5 7 )
N o t o n ly th e a b i l i t y t o p r o d u c e m e a n in g fu l s o u n d s , b u t l a n - I
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iguage i t s e l f , i s , a c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t
j !
g i f t s w h ich we h ave b e e n g i v e n . The a b i l i t y t o com m u n icate j
th r o u g h la n g u a g e com b in ed w it h t h e pow er o f r e a s o n a llo w s
i
: |
man t o r i s e a b o v e h i s s t a t e . I
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
i 5 8
| Und haben e s d i e a l t e n W eisen d a fiir g e h a lt e n / daB d ie
g r o s s e s t e und v o rn eh m ste Gabe / w e lc h e d ie A l w e i s h e i t
| d e s h o c h s te n G O ttes d en en M enschen / zu e r s e t z u n g s o
! m a n c h e r le y E le n d s / U n g lu k s und N i c h t i g k e i t g e g e b e n /
j w ere d er G ebrauch d e s verniin f t l i c h e n V e r s ta n d e s und
s o n d e r lic h d ie R e d e . (AA, p . 5 8 )
S c h o t t e l r e c o g n i z e s o th e r la n g u a g e s y s t e m s , b u t c o n s id
e r s them i n f e r i o r . He m e n tio n s t h e n a t iv e A m erica n s in P eru
l(I n c a s ) who h a v e n e i t h e r a lp h a b e t n or w r i t i n g s y s te m , b u t
who in s t e a d h a v e c h a r a c t e r s o r p i c t u r e s l i k e t h e C h in e s e o r
M exican I n d ia n s ( A z t e c s ) . He a g a in s t r e s s e s t h e s u p e r i o r i t y
t
;of German o v e r t h e s e la n g u a g e s .
|
1
: Es i s t dem nach d er A nfan g und v o l l s t a n d i g e G ru n d legu n g
d er T e u tsc h e n L e t t e r e n / d er Stam m worter / d er A b le it u n g s - i
und D o p p e lu n g sa r te n / n i c h t ohn G o t t l i c h e M i t h i ilf f e /
au s s o n d e r lic h e r K u n st und E r f a h r e n h e it e n t s t a n d e n : Denn ;
d ie i n n e r l i c h e S c h i k l i c h k e i t und w u n d e r v o lle A r t kan n ic h t j
gnugsam b e g r i f f e n / n och / w ie e s a n fa n g s kommen / daB
d u rch d ie Zusam menfugung e t z l i c h e r Z ie f e r e n e i n s o l c h e s
i . W ort / und f o lg e n d e d a s l e b h a f t e B il d e i n e s D in g e s d a - j
d u rch w erd e v o r g e s t e l l t / e r so n n e n w e rd en . (AA, p . 5 8 ) j
I
S c h o t t e l ' s c o n c e r n w it h t h e p r e s c r i p t i v e n e s s o f la n - |
g u a g e i s e v i d e n t in h i s tr e a tm e n t o f t h e h i s t o r y o f Germ an, j
i i
; . |
S c h o t t e l d i v i d e s t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e German la n g u a g e i n t o
e p o c h s , and e a c h o f t h e s e e p o c h s i s t i e d t o a h i s t o r i c a l j
; t
f i g u r e t o whom S c h o t t e l a t t r i b u t e s e x t r a o r d in a r y l i n g u i s t i c |
g i f t s . The f i r s t e p o c h o c c u r r e d in p r e h i s t o r y a t t h e tim e j
o f t h e c r e a t io n o f la n g u a g e ; t h e s e c o n d o c c u r r e d d u r in g t h e |
i |
p e r i od o f Ka r l t h e G r e a t; t he t h i r d o c c u r r e d d u r in g t h e j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
ir e ig n o f K a is e r R udolph; t h e f o u r t h , d u r in g t h e l i f e t i m e o f
jliu th er , and t h e f i f t h w i l l o c c u r , a t a tim e in t h e f u t u r e
jwhen t h e German la n g u a g e w i l l becom e p e r f e c t e d .
In s p i t e o f S c h o t t e l ' s p r e d i l e c t i o n f o r a s s i g n i n g
jepochs in t h e h i s t o r y o f German t o i n d i v i d u a l s , h e r e c o g -
jn iz e d t h a t la n g u a g e s h a v e d i a l e c t s , and t h a t t h e s e d i a l e c t s
i
d e v e lo p w it h o u t d i r e c t i n t e r f e r e n c e b y an i n d i v i d u a l . "Es
l
l i s t k e in e S p ra ch e d a r in n i c h t d i a l e c t i e n t s t a n d e n / und d ie
Id urch geh en ds g l e i c h e A u sr e d e und G ebrauch a l s o g e e n d e r t und
v e r m e n g e t w orden" (AA, p . 1 5 0 ) .
S c h o t t e l d e f i n e s d i a l e c t a s c o n s i s t i n g o f e s s e n t i a l l y
i ' ■ i
o r a l la n g u a g e . I t m u st b e rem em bered t h a t h i s c o n c e r n in
a n a l y s i s i s w it h a fo r m a l l i t e r a r y d i a l e c t , , and t h a t h e r e -
!
ig a rd s r e g i o n a l s p e e c h a s a c o r r u p t io n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , he
I
r e c o g n i z e s t h a t w ord s in r e g i o n a l s p e e c h a r e p h o n o l o g i c a l l y j
■ • |
and m o r p h o lo g ic a lly d i f f e r e n t from t h e t r u e la n g u a g e .
. . . a u f T e u ts c h w ir d D i a l e c t u s g e n a n t e i n e M undart / . . .
■eine s o n d e r lic h e A r t d er S p ra ch e / s o v i e l d i e A u sre d e / d i e
! ;
SB ildung und Endung d er W orter b e t r i f t " p . 1 5 0 ) . j
S c h o t t e l ' s c r i t e r i a fo r d e te r m in in g d i a l e c t s in c lu d e j
iG e s c h le c h t s w o r t e r . H iilf w o r t e r . S ta m w o r te r . and A u sre d e and j
: ’ !
M u n d a r tw e is. He o f f e r s e x t e n s i v e ex a m p le s from o t h e r a u - j
Ith o r s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e v a r io u s German d i a l e c t s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
r ' * . 6 0
i
I
j From a c o m p a riso n o f v a r io u s t e x t s h e m akes som e p h o n o -
j l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . He n o t e s , fo r e x a m p le , t h a t t h e Low
i
jSaxon t. i s u s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d b y ,s in German, a s l a s s e n /
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I l a t e n . d a s / d a t . W asser / W a te r . S t r a s s e / S t r a t e . Mass.e. /
jM ate. m ess / f fis is n , criesa en / a s i i s n , ■ g. s s e .n. / Jtr.e.sjggji
/ f r e t e n . rtriissen / m o te n . He m akes s i m i l a r o b s e r v a t io n s
|
'r e g a r d in g o t h e r German d i a l e c t s . T h ese o b s e r v a t io n s le d him
|t o some r a t h e r s t a r t l i n g c o n c l u s i o n s . M odern l i n g u i s t s te n d
jto c o n c e r n t h e m s e lv e s w it h th e p ro b lem o f e s t a b l i s h i n g lim -
; i t s f o r d i a l e c t s and la n g u a g e s , b u t S c h o t t e l w as a b le t o
'd e f i n e , r a t h e r p r e c i s e l y , t h i s tr o u b le s o m e d i s t i n c t i o n . He
p o i n t s o u t t h a t German i s no lo n g e r a d i a l e c t , b u t a l a n - '
Igu a g e. " D ie H o c h te u ts c h e S p ra ch e i s t k e in D i a l e c t u s , auch
j n ic h t d i e N ie d e r t e u t s c h e S p ra ch e / so n d e r e n h ab e ih r e _ D ia -
i l e c t o s . . . " (AA, p . 1 5 2 ) . A c c o r d in g t o S c h o t t e l , when a
d i a l e c t i s s p l i t i n t o tw o o r m ore d i a l e c t s , t h e o r i g i n a l
d i a l e c t th e n a t t a i n s t h e s t a t u s o f a la n g u a g e . j
• j
|
S c h o t t e l a l s o d e s c r i b e s c e r t a i n d i s t i n c t i o n s among t h e j
s p e c i f i c a l l y German d i a l e c t s , r e c o g n i z in g t h e p r i n c i p a l con-j
is o n a n t a l c h a n g e s t h a t s e t o f f t h e H igh German d i a l e c t s from j
I ;
'th o s e o f th e Low German s p e e c h a r e a (AA, p p . 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 ) . >
S c h o t t e l o f f e r s s e v e r a l e x t r a l i n g u i s t i c c r i t e r i a w hich|
! ' !
is h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d when d i s c u s s i n g d i a l e c t c h a n g e . He j
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6 1
c o n s id e r s t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e m ain c a u s e s f o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n
j
'and ch an ge in la n g u a g e . The f i r s t i s t h e p a s s in g o f t im e , a
I fo r c e w h ic h sw e ep s e v e r y t h in g a lo n g in i t s p a th , in c lu d in g
jla n g u a g e; t h e s e c o n d i s th e m in g lin g o f p e o p le s , th r o u g h
w h ic h t h e c u r r e n t la n g u a g e l a r g e l y d is a p p e a r s b e c a u s e o f
'n e g le c t on t h e p a r t o f n a t iv e s p e a k e r s and b e c a u s e o f th e
iin f lu e n c e o f f o r e ig n w ord s and m anners o f s p e e c h ; t h e t h ir d
|
i s t h e t h o u g h t l e s s n e s s and ig n o r a n c e o f t h e common p e o p le ,
'whose n e g l e c t o f la n g u a g e in d u c e s c h a n g e . T h is l a t t e r he
Iregard s a s t h e o n ly r e m e d ia b le c a u s e o f la n g u a g e d e t e r i o r a -
t i o n .
S c h o t t e l ' s h is t o r ic o - c o m p a r a t iv e v ie w s o f la n g u a g e seem'
t o h a v e b e e n p r e t t y th o r o u g h ly in f lu e n c e d by h i s n a tio n a lis m !
i i
and h i s l i t e r a l i s t i c r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n s . H is rem a r k a b ly J
| • I
ilu c id p e r c e p t io n o f a number o f im p o r ta n t s t r u c t u r a l f a c t s I
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in r e g a r d t o th e German la n g u a g e do n o t seem t o h a v e had anyj
s i g n i f i c a n t im p a ct on h i s u n d e r s ta n d in g o f la n g u a g e r e l a - j
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t i v i t y . In t h i s s e n s e he i s v e r y much a p r o d u c t o f h i s
Itim e. In s p i t e o f h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l m i l i e u , h o w e v e r , h e was
ia b le t o g r a s p th e e s s e n c e o f m q r p h o lo g ic a l s t r u c t u r e . j
■ ' i
i i
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CHAPTER V I I I
j M ORPHOLOGY
In s p i t e o f t h e li m i t e d l i n g u i s t i c k n o w le d g e o f t h e
I . i
^ se v e n te e n th c e n t u r y , h o w e v er, S c h o t t e l ' s m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l-
j y s is w as q u it e th o r o u g h . In a g r e a t many s p e c i f i c i n s t a n -
|
j c e s , h i s s t a t e m e n t s a p p ea r t o b e c o n s o n a n t w it h t h e c o n c e p ts
'of d e s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s , a lth o u g h h i s e x p la n a t io n s o f t h e
ic a u s a t iv e phenom ena seem t o b e m ore n o t i o n a l th a n l i n g u i S -
; j
;t i c . He a c c e p t s a t f a c e v a lu e som e o f t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l and |
; '
f o l k b e l i e f s p r e v a le n t among la n g u a g e s c h o la r s in t h i s c o n - !
i t e x t . |
; j
S c h o t t e l ' s g r e a t e s t l i n g u i s t i c s t r e n g t h l i e s in h i s I
■ t
|
m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s . H is c o r p u s c o n s i s t s o f t h e w r i t t e n j
German o f s c h o la r s and p o e t s p r e v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d . H is !
m o r p h o lo g ic a l u n i t s can m o st p r e c i s e l y b e c a l l e d m o n o s y lla - j
; j
b i c m orphem es. A lth o u g h S c h o t t e l i s o f t e n im p r e c is e , a s j
; j
Iwhen he i d e n t i f i e s morphemes w it h s y l l a b l e s , h e n e v e r t h e le s s !
: ■ j
!c a r r i e s o u t t h e i n i t i a l s t e p s in m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s . j
t
i
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I 62 ____
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I
jHis a tte m p ts a t l i n g u i s t i c a n a l y s i s p e r m it him t o b e c l a s
s i f i e d a s a l i n g u i s t , in t h a t h e a d h e r e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
j p r in c i p l e s o f l i n g u i s t i c a n a l y s i s .
j The f i x e d o r d e r o f m orphem es in c e r t a i n c o n s t r u c -
| t i o n s , and t h e d e f i n a b l e d e g r e e o f fr e e d o m , a r e b a s i c
t o la n g u a g e . T hey a r e - e x p r e s s io n s o f t h e s y s t e m a t i c
s t r u c t u r e w h ic h i s t h e r e a l e s s e n c e o f s p e e c h . I t i s
t h e b u s i n e s s o f l i n g u i s t i c s c i e n c e t o d e s c r i b e t h e s e
p r i n c i p l e s o f a rra n g em e n t in t h e m o st c o m p r e h e n siv e
and c o n c i s e way p o s s i b l e . Such a d e s c r i p t i o n i s th e
grammar o f t h e la n g u a g e .
|
j B a s ic t o m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s i s a c o r p u s — a sa m p le
o f u t t e r a n c e s g a th e r e d f o r p u r p o se s o f a n a l y s i s . The f i r s t
o b j e c t i v e o f m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s , a c c o r d in g t o G le a s o n ,
i s t o se g m e n t t h e c o r p u s , " . . . t h a t i s , t o d i v i d e i t i n t o !
p o r t i o n s , e a c h o f w h ic h r e p r e s e n t s a s i n g l e morphem e; and |
t o c l a s s t h e s e se g m e n ts t o g e t h e r i n t o morphem es" (p . 6 5 ) .
■ i
I
|The n e x t s t e p i s t o d e te r m in e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e mor
phem es . "The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e morpheme i s t h e sum o f a l l
|
t h e c o n t e x t s in w h ic h i t can o c c u r in c o n t r a s t t o a l l t h o s e j
: i
in w h ich i t c a n n o t o ccu r" (p . 5 6 ) . The m o st n e a r l y u n iv e r - j
|
s a l c l a s s e s o f m orphem es a r e r o o t s and a f f i x e s . A f f i x e s arej
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s u b d iv id e d i n t o p r e f i x e s , w h ic h p r e c e d e t h e r o o t , and
•4i. A. G le a s o n , J r . . An I n t r o d u c t io n t o D e s c r i p t i v e
L i n g u i s t i c s (New Y o rk , 1 9 5 5 ) , p . 5 7 .
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■ s u f f ix e s , w h ich f o l l o w th e r o o t . " I t i s a lw a y s b e t t e r , u n -
j
■ less t h e r e i s g o o d r e a s o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t o c o n s id e r w ord s
| ■
jas b e in g c o n s t r u c t e d o f s u c c e s s i v e la y e r s o f a f f i x e s o u tw ard
ifrom t h e r o o t" (p . 5 9 ) .
i _ . '
i
j The a b o v e s t a t e m e n t s r e g a r d in g m o rp h o lo g y a r e p e r t i n e n t
jto a s tu d y o f S c h o t t e l ' s A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e i t , f o r S c h o t t e l
(fo llo w e d t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s o f m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s more
j c l o s e l y th a n s u b s e q u e n t c r i t i c s h a v e r e c o g n iz e d . S c h o t t e l ' s
b a s i c d i v i s i o n o f t h e w ord i n t o i t s com ponent p a r t s a g r e e s
w it h t h e a b o v e s t a t e m e n t s o f G le a s o n . H ow ever, J e l l i n e k , in
G e s c h ic h te d e r n e u h o c h d e u tsc h e n G ram m atik. s t a t e s t h a t
S c h o t t e l d i v i d e s t h e w ord i n t o t h r e e e le m e n ts : ( 1 ) ste m o r j
■root, (2 ) d e r i v a t i o n a l e n d in g , and (3 ) i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g .
I
Das M i t t e l , s i c h d e r G r u n d r ic h t ig k e it zu b e m a c h tig e n ,
i s t fu r ih n d i e e t y m o lo g is c h e Z e r g lie d e r u n g , d i e lu c k e n - j
! l o s e A u fz a h lu n g d er k o n s t i t u t i v e n E le m en te d e u t s c h e r j
W o r te r . S o lc h e r E le m e n te g i b t e s nur d r e i : W u rzel o d e r
Stam m w ort, H auptendung ( = A b l e i t u n g s s u f f i x ) , z u f a l l i g e
Endung ( = F le x io n s e n d u n g ) ; a l l e d r e i s in d e i n s i l b i g .
J e d e S i l b e e i n e s d e u ts c h e n W orts muB, wenn s i e g e l t e n
s o i l , u n te r e i n e d er d r e i K a te g o r ie n g e b r a c h t w erd en
k o n n en ; w as d a ru b er h in a u s g e h t , i s t von li b e l . ( I , 1 3 7 ) j
K en n eth M ile s s t a t e s in h i s 1933 d i s s e r t a t i o n t h a t
I
: J
i S c h o t t e l ' s t h r e e m ain c a t e g o r i e s o f w ord d i v i s i o n a r e r o o t
o r s te m , d e r i v a t i v e s u f f i x , and i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g . A l
th o u g h M ile s g i v e s no r e f e r e n c e t o J e l l i n e k , t h e c o in c id e n c e
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i 65
I
I
jo f t h e i r tw o p a r a g r a p h s i s s t r i k i n g . M ile s s t a t e s :
The s t r o n g e s t c r i t e r i o n o f " G r u n d r ic h tig k e it" f o r
i S c h o t t e l w as n o t u s a g e , b u t e t y m o lo g ic a l d i s s e c t i o n .
He d i s t i n g u i s h e d b etw een t h r e e d i f f e r e n t e le m e n ts o f
German w ord s: W u rzel o r Stam m wort, H auptendung ( d e -
I r e v i a t i v e s u f f i x ) , and z u f a l l i g e Endung ( i n f l e c t i o n a l
| e n d in g ) , a l l t h r e e b e in g m o n o s y lla b ic . E v ery s y l l a b l e
o f a German w ord m ust b e c a p a b le o f b e in g b r o u g h t un der
o n e o f t h e s e t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , o t h e r w is e t h e r e i s som e
t h in g w rong w ith th e w o r d .2
As l a t e a s 1953 M e t c a lf m a in ta in e d t h a t S c h o t t e l d i s
t in g u is h e d among ste m , d e r i v a t i o n a l e n d in g , and i n f l e c
t i o n a l e n d in g , and a l s o em p loyed a s y s te m o f com p ou n ding, in
3
d e te r m in in g th e s t r u c t u r e o f th e w ord .
T h ese e v a l u a t i o n s o f S c h o t t e l ' s w ord d i v i s i o n seem t o |
d i s c r e d i t h i s l i n g u i s t i c e f f o r t s . H is a c t u a l w ord d i v i s i o n j
i s : ( 1 ) Stam m w orter, (2 ) V o r w o r te r , and (3 ) H auptendungen
(AA. p . 1 0 9 ) . He f u r t h e r d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e tw e e n d e r i v a t i o n a l
; I
s u f f i x and i n f l e c t i o n a l s u f f i x . T h is d i v i s i o n s e r v e s a s a j
b a s i s f o r h i s m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s and i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t he!
]
i s m ore c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith d e s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s thanj
form er c r i t i c s h a v e s u g g e s t e d . S c h o t t e l ’s d i v i s i o n s o f t h e j
^The S tr o n g Verb in S c h o t t e l ' s A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it von j
d e r T e u ts c h e n H aubt S p ra ch e ( P h il a d e lp h ia , 1 9 3 3 ) , p . 11 .
■^George J . M e t c a lf , " S c h o t t e l and H i s t o r i c a l L in g u is - j
t i c s , " G erm anic R e v ie w . XXVIII ( 1 9 5 3 ) , 1 1 4 . j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
jWord i n t o p r e f i x , s te m , and s u f f i x w ere b a s e d on h i s o b s e r
v a t i o n s o f th e la n g u a g e i t s e l f . A lth o u g h he knew n o t h in g o f
i
jthe fo r m a l p r i n c i p l e s o f d e s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s , S c h o t t e l
jd e fin e d t h e t h r e e e le m e n ts o f t h e w ord v e r y p r e c i s e l y . For
leach l i n g u i s t i c p r i n c i p l e he d i s c u s s e d , h e g a v e c o p io u s
i
ie x a m p le s.
i • i
| The m o st common p r e f i x e s h e l i s t s a s " er / g e / un /
i
j s
iver / z e r / be" (AA. p . 8 8 ) . Two o r t h r e e p r e f i x e s c o u ld
joccur i n f r o n t o f on e ste m , a s t h e f o ll o w i n g e x a m p le s i l l u s
t r a t e : " T reib / a b - t r e ib e n / w i e d e r - a b - t r e i b e n / u n - w ie d e r -
i
j a b - t r e i b l i c h . T r e f f e n / h i n t r e f f e n / i i b e r h in t r e f f e n / d a r -
■ i
u b e r - h i n - t r e f f e n . S e tz e n / e r s e t z e n / w ie d e r e r s e t z e n / u n - j
w i e d e r - e r - s e t z l i c h " (AA, p . 9 0 ) . S c h o t t e l ' s tr e a tm e n t o f |
j
j t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r e f i x e s in t h e German la n g u a g e i l l u s -
! i
j t r a t e s h i s i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s u b t l e s h a d e s o f m ea n in g w h ic h
t h e v a r io u s c o m b in a tio n s make p o s s i b l e ( s e e A p p en d ix B b e - j
'lo w ). !
In S c h o t t e l ' s d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r e f i x , s e v e r a l o f h i s
^ c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a s a gram m arian becom e a p p a r e n t. One i s h i s
lo c c a s io n a l i n c o n s i s t e n c y , a s when h e ' d i v i d e s "w iedler": "un-j
w i e d e r - r u f l ic h " and " u n - w i e - d e r - s e t z l i c h . " A n o th er i s h i s I
:fe r v e n t p a t r i o t i s m . He c o n s t a n t l y s t r i v e s t o p ro m o te t h e j
I ' I
■German la n g u a g e in o p p o s i t io n t o t h e g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
b f G reek and L a t in , a s t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e c o n c e r n in g p r e
f i x e s i l l u s t r a t e s : "Es i s t d ie A n z a h l d e r T e u tsc h e n V o r -
jw o rter g r o s s e r a l s d er G r ie c h e n und L a t e in e r . . (AA, p .
|8 8 ). A p r a is e w o r t h y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s S c h o t t e l ' s a tte m p t a t
i
e x h a u s t i v e n e s s and c o m p le t e n e s s . H is c o p io u s e x a m p le s i l -
j
j l u s t r a t e h i s e n d e a v o r t o b e th o r o u g h and e x a c t i n g .
; S c h o t t e l i s e q u a lly p r e c i s e in d e f i n i n g c r i t e r i a f o r
I i
jthe s e c o n d p a r t o f h i s m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s , t h e s te m . He
Ig iv e s t h e f o l l o w i n g s ta n d a r d s f o r a stem :
| Der Stam m w orter u n t a d e lh a f t e V o llk o m m e n h e it i n e i n e r
je d e n S p ra ch e w ir d z w e i f f e l s ohn d i e s e s e y n :
1 . Dafi s i e in ih r e n e ig e n e n N atiir l i c h e n / und n i c h t in
; from den L e t t e r e n b e s t e h e n : i
!' 2 . Dafi s i e w o lla u t e n / und ih r D in g e i g e n t l i c h a u s -
d riik k en : j
3 . Dafi i h r e A n z a h l v o l l i g ' u n d gnugsam s e y : i
i 4 . Dafi s i e von s i c h r e i c h l i c h a u sw a ch sen und h e r l e i t e n j
la s s e n / w as n o t i g i s t : !
5 . Dafi s i e a l l e r l e y B in d u n gen / D o p p elu n g en und a r t i g e
Z usam m enfugungen l e t t e n . (AA, p p . 5 0 - 5 1 ) j
i ‘ j
S c h o t t e l ’s f i r s t c r i t e r i o n s t a t e s t h a t t h e ste m s o f a
p a r t i c u l a r la n g u a g e m u st b e in d ig e n o u s t o t h e la n g u a g e and
n o t b o r r o w in g s from o t h e r la n g u a g e s . One o f S c h o t t e l ' s
! |
| l a t e r s t a t e m e n t s im p li e s t h a t h e m ean t h e r e n o t o n ly t h e j
w r i t t e n l e t t e r b u t t h e so u n d s o f a p a r t i c u l a r la n g u a g e a s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
6 8
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i 4
w e l l .
i
S c h o t t e l ' s s e c o n d c r i t e r i o n i s s u b j e c t i v e and i s b a s e d
on t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t an y o n e la n g u a g e can e x p r e s s an id e a
a s w e l l a s any o th e r la n g u a g e . W hether t h e w ords o f a p a r
t i c u l a r la n g u a g e sou n d w e l l d ep en d s e n t i r e l y on t h e la n g u a g e
: j
an d t h e c u l t u r a l b a ck g ro u n d o f t h e ^ l i s t e n e r . j
i The t h i r d c r i t e r i o n i s o n e w h ic h S c h o t t e l f e e l s German j
j f u l f i l l s v e r y w e l l . R e g a r d in g t h e ste m s in t h e German la n
g u a g e , S c h o t t e l s t a t e s : "Es i s t gnug / a l h i e a n g e d e u te t
h ab en / daft d ie Z a h l d e r o s e lb e n s i c h a u f f e t l i c h e T ausend j
i ' i
; j
e r s t r e k k e / und g e w if ilic h k e in e r S p ra ch e l e i c h t l i c h z u v o r - |
g e b e / so n d e rn zu v o rg eh e" (AA. p . 6 5 ) .
In h i s f o u r t h c r i t e r i o n S c h o t t e l t o u c h e s upon a p o in t |
W hich i s b a s i c t o l i n g u i s t i c s tu d y ; t h a t i s , th a ± la n g u a g e
c h a n g e s , and t h a t a la n g u a g e m u st b e c a p a b le o f c r e a t i n g new
s t r u c t u r e s . :
j
In a d d it io n t o t h e p r e f i x and s te m , S c h o t t e l d e f i n e s j
: ■ i
d e r i v a t i o n a l and i n f l e c t i o n a l s u f f i x e s . H is o b s e r v a t io n s j
c o n c e r n in g t h e d e r i v a t i o n a l s u f f i x a r e q u i t e c l o s e t o t h e j
j
p r i n c i p l e s o f d e s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s . C o n c e r n in g t h e
I ■ !
i
^ In A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e i t , p . 1 4 1 , S c h o t t e l s t a t e s t h a t !
;he c o n s id e r s " B uchstaben" and "L aute" t o b e o n e and t h e j
Isame.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
{ d e r iv a t io n a l s u f f i x , S c h o t t e l s t a t e s t h a t
i
i
)
. . . d i e H auptendungen . . . m ussen a l l e z e i t h in t e n
I an d a s G rundw ort g e s e t z t e t w erflen / . . . Denn s o lc h e
| H auptendungen g e h o r e n n i c h t m it zu dem w e s e n t lic h e n
V e r sta n d e d e s v e r d o p p e lte n W ortes / so n d e rn s i e s in d
nur e i n e u n fe h lb a r e A n z e ig e d e r A b le it u n g / v e r a n d e r e n
n i c h t den S in n d e s G rundw orts / d e u te n a b er an e i n e '
so n d e r b a r e E ig e n s c h a f t Oder Z u f a l l d e s s e lb ig e n / zum
E xem pel: U n g e h o r sa m k eit / a l h i e i s t d ie W u r tz e l od er
d a s Stammwort / h o r; g e / i s t e i n V o r w o r tle in / d a ra u s
! w ir d g e h o r : sam / ab er d i e H aubtendung v e r a n d e r t n i c h t
j den w e s e n t lic h e n V e r sta n d d e s W ortes g e h o r / so n d e rn
g i b t ihm e i n e z u f a l l i g e E ig e n s c h a f t geh orsam / w e lc h e r
g e r n e G ehor g i b t / d a s i s t / g e h o r sa m e t: k e i t / d ie
a n d ere H aubtendung in G eh o rsa m k eit / e n d e r e t g l e i c h -
f a l s d u rch ih r e n H in te r s ta n d d ie w e s e n t lic h e D eu tun g
n i c h t / so n d e rn v e r u h r s a c h e t den V e r sta n d e i n e s a n d eren
Z u f a l l e s / n e m lic h d er G ehorsairik eits un / a b er i s t
e i n v e r n e in e n d e s V orw ort / und a l s o w ir d a u s d ie s e n
f iin f W o rteren / U n - g e - h o r - s a m - k e it . (AA, p p . 9 0 -9 1 )
The i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g s a r e d e te r m in e d b y t h e i r m as
c u l i n e , f e m in in e , o r n e u te r m o n o s y lla b ic s u f f i x e s .
i
I
i
i
(
;
I
i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER IX
COMPOUNDING
^ U sin g t h e a b ove g r a m m a tic a l u n i t s — p r e f i x , s te m , and j
' i
e u f f i x — S c h o t t e l d e v o t e s many p a g e s t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f com - j
p o u n d in g in t h e German la n g u a g e . S c h o t t e l ' s d e f i n i t i o n o f J
• ■ i
a compound i s n o t u n lik e t h a t o f G le a s o n , w r i t i n g in 1 9 5 5 .
G le a s o n 's s t a t e m e n t i s ; "Some ste m s o r w ord s c o n t a in tw o
;or more r o o t s , and a r e s a i d t o b e compound . . . B la c k b ir d s
c o n t a in s a compound stem and an a f f i x " (p . 5 9 ) . S c h o t t e l ' s |
i !
d e f i n i t i o n i s s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r : j
j |
D ie V erd o p p elu n g i s t und g e s c h i e h e t dem nach in i
T e u ts c h e r S p ra ch e / e n tw e d e r wan zw ey / d r e y / o d e r
v i e r Stam m w orter zusammen g e f i i g t / und iim e i n e i n z i g e s j
W ort zu m achen / v e r d o p p e lt und v erb u n d en w erd en : Oder
/ wan zw ey / o d e r d r e y S ta m w o rter m it e i n e r / o d e r a n - j
d er e n H aubtendung d er A b g e l e i t e t e n v e r d o p p e lt / und z u
sammen in e in W ort g e b r a c h t w e r d e n . (AA, p p . 7 4 -7 5 ) j
I
!
The f i x e d o r d e r o f t h e s e ste m s h a s s e m a n tic im p l i c a - ]
l j
b i o n s . The c e n t r a l m ean in g o f t h e w ord i s e x p r e s s e d in la s t !
i
I i
p o s i t i o n . The stem p r e c e d in g m e r e ly ad d s t o o r m o d if ie s thej
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
[stem c a r r y in g t h e c e n t r a l m ean in g o f t h e w o rd . S c h o t t e l
[ o f f e r s c o p io u s e x a m p le s:
: . . . e i n F e u r s t e i n / M iih ls te in / in d ie s e n W ortern i s t
I d e r Grund / o d e r d a s H a u b tg lie d / S t e i n / denn e s i s t
i j a d i e v o r n e h m lic h e M einung von e in e m S t e i n e / und n i c h t
! vom F eu r / o d e r von d e r M iihlen z u r e d e n . Item / wenn man
[ s a g t : d i e S e e s t a d t / L a n d sta d t / a l h i e i s t g l e i c h f a l s
d e r Grund S t a d t / d i e w e i l man in den W orteren n i c h t von
d e r S e e / o d e r vom Lande / so n d e r e n von g e w is s e n S ta d te n
r e d e n w i l : . . . (AA, p . 7 5 )
i
The ste m w h ic h o c c u r s in l a s t p o s i t i o n a l s o d e te r m in e s
[the g e n d e r o f t h e com pound.
N ach dem G rundw orte in den v e r d o p p e lt e n mufl s i c h au ch
a l l e z e i t d a s G e s c h le c h t d e s W o rtes r i c h t e n / a l s : d a s
j Z u ch th a u s / d i e L a n d s tr a s s e / d e r Haubtman / d i e w e i l man
s a g t / d a s Haus / d i e S t r a s e / d er Mann / ob sc h o n d a s
b e y f iig ig e a n d e r e s G e s c h le c h t e s i s t / a l s d i e Z u ch t / d a s
Land / dafi H aubt / . . . (AA, p . 7 7 ) j
! |
In a t l e a s t t h r e e w ays S c h o t t e l d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e tw e e n
compound and p h r a s e . He o b s e r v e s t h a t o r d e r may b e f r e e in
* I
a p h r a s e b u t i s f i x e d in a com pound. A n o th e r o f h i s o b s e r - [
v a t i o n s i s t h a t com pounds a r e i n f l e c t e d w h i le p h r a s e s a r e
; i
[n o t. F u r th e r , S c h o t t e l ' s . s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d in g w ord s t r e s s in
com pounds, w h ic h so u n d s r e m a r k a b ly l i k e d e s c r i p t i v e l i n
g u i s t i c s , i s : I
A lh ie nun i s t davon z u w is s e n / dafi d i e s e V erd o p p e - j
l u n g s - a r t fu r e i n s / a u s zw eyen Stam m w orteren e n t s t e h e /
a l s : L an d tag / S c h u tz h e r r / N ohtw ehr / Haubtmann / u . j
N e m lic h a l s o / daft zw ey Stam m w orter i n e i n s g e f i i g e t /
i _und d er o s e lb e n . L au t / S c h r e ib u n g und A u ssp r u ch / w ie e i n i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7 2
e i n z e l e s u n z e r t e i h l t e s W ort g e b r a u c h e t w erd e: Da a ld e n n
a u s K r a ft d e r g e s c h e h e n e n V erd o p p e lu n g / und d e s e i n -
' w o r t ig e n A u ssp r u c h s / d i e v e r d o p p e lt e n Stam m w orter ih r e
e i g e n t l i c h e K r a ft und D eu tun g v e r l i e r e n / s i c h v e r b r ii-
I d e r e n / urn e in e n neuen V e r sta n d ih r e s . Tohns z u b ild e n /
und a l s o b e y d e r s e i t s zu d er D eu tun g s i c h s c h ik k e n / dafi
d o c h d e r v.orn eh m ste T h e i l / o d e r d e r Grund d e s s e lb e n d i e
h i n t e r s t e S t e l l e im W orte ein n eh m e / g e s t a lt s a m davon !
k u r t z zu v o r m eld u n g g e s c h e h e n . (AA, p . 7 7 )
T h is sam e l i n g u i s t i c o b s e r v a t io n h a s b e e n m ore s u c c i n c t l y j
j s t a t e d in t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n tu r y b y B lo o m f ie ld in L an gu age;
!"In la n g u a g e s w h ic h u s e a s i n g l e h ig h s t r e s s on e a c h w o rd ,
I th is f e a t u r e d i s t i n g u i s h e s compound w ord s from p h r a se s" (p .
i
;2 2 8 ). A lth o u g h S c h o t t e l ' s s t a t e m e n t s a r e n o t a s r e f i n e d a s
t h o s e o f t w e n t ie t h - c e n t u r y l i n g u i s t s , h e m ust b e ad m ired f o r
h i s a s t u t e o b s e r v a t io n s and h i s a tte m p t t o d e s c r ib e t h e
g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e o f German. |
; S c h o t t e l o r g a n iz e s t h e German com pounds i n t o s i x t y p e s ,i
’ • I
:each a c c o r d in g t o t h e makeup o f i t s com ponent p a r t s . H is j
t e r m in o lo g y i s u n c le a r , f o r h e in t e r c h a n g e s "word" and j
" stem ." He u s e s t h e term "stem " when d i s c u s s i n g com pounds j
;Of t h r e e s t e m s , L a n d fr ie d b r u c h . O b e r s c h u tz h e r r . L an d h au p t-
m ann. R e ic h s p f e n n i g m e is t e r . E r tz h a u b tb u b e . W eingartm an . and
jcom pounds o f fo u r s te m s , O b erbergh aup tm an n . E r tz h a u p tb o fi- j
w i c h t , O b e r la n d r e n t m e is t e r . B ie d e r h a n d w e r k s le u te . E r b la n d - j
h o f m e is t e r , O b e r g e r ic h ts h e r r (AA. p p . 7 7 - 7 8 ) . H ow ever, i n !
i
:h i s com pounds o f f i v e and s i x e le m e n t s , h e c a l l s t h e u n i t s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
| 73
|
j"w ords." He o f f e r s B e - l e i b - z u c h t - i g - u n g , E r b - v e r - e i n - i g -
j
iung, a s e x a m p les w it h f i v e w o r d s, and U n - w ie d e r - a b - t r e ib -
i
j l i c h - k e i t a s an ex a m p le w it h s i x . B ut in t h e f o ll o w i n g
js ta te m e n t, in w h ich h e m a r v e ls a t th e f a c t t h a t German i s
ic a p a b le o f s u b t l e e x p r e s s io n due t o com p ou n ding, S c h o t t e l j
j c a l l s t h e s e same u n i t s " ste m s." I
i i
; I
; j
Da e s g le ic h w o l w underbar in u n s e r e r S p ra ch e i s t / dafi
zw ey / d r e y / v i e r / f iin f / s e c h s Stam m w orter zusammen
k on nen kommen / e i n j e d e s v e r l e u r t / und b r i n g t d och
| s e i n e D eutung / a l s o dafi a u s Zusammenstimmung s o v i e l e r
I A ndeutungen / d u rch d i e V erd o p p elu n g / e i n e e i n t z i g e
f u g l i c h e / K r a f f t g e ta h n e r A nfiihrung / kan h e r v o r g e -
b r a c h t und g e b o r e n w erd en . (AA, p . 7 9 )
One may s a y t h a t S c h o t t e l i s a tte m p tin g t o a n a ly z e th e
s t r u c t u r e o f th e German w ord on t h e b a s i s o f m o n o s y lla b ic j
j (
m orphem ic u n i t s , w h ich h e so m e tim e s c a l l s w ords, and o t h e r j
itim e s c a l l s s t e m s . j
U sin g t h e s e m o n o s y lla b ic u n i t s , S c h o t t e l e l a b o r a t e s on
s i x t y p e s o f com pounding: n o u n -n o u n , n o u n - a d j e c t i v e , a d -
;j e c t i v e - a d j e c t i v e , n o u n -v e r b a l, p r e f ix - n o u n , and s te m -
■
s u f f i x .
In d i s c u s s i n g t h e f i r s t ty p e o f com p ou n ding, n o u n -n o u n ,
i
iS c h o t t e l a g a in p o i n t s o u t t h e im p o r ta n c e o f w ord o r d e r in
: i
com pounds. He g i v e s t h e f o ll o w i n g exam p le in w h ich t h e word;
1 I
!o r d e r c a u s e s a ch a n g e in m ea n in g . j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7 4
j W einfaB / i s t e i n FaB / d a r in man den W ein g e u s t / und
w e lc h e s a u ch darum g em a ch t i s t . FaBw ein a b e r i s t e i n
| FaB m it W ein e r f i i l l e t : Eben s o : B ie r f a f i / F a B b ie r .
( M , p . 8 0 )
j S c h o t t e l n o t e s t h a t com pounding i s n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e
I
i
n o u n -n o u n t y p e .
• E s w erd en a b e r n i c h t a l l e i n s o l c h e N om ina S u b s t a n t iv a
| u n t e r s i c h m a n n ic h f a lt ig e r W eise v e r d o p p e lt / so n d e r n e s
k on n en a u ch d i e A d j e c t iv a Nom ina cum S u b s t a n t i v i s a u f j
v i e l e r l e y W e ise a l s o zu r V erd o p p e lu n g g e b r a u c h t w erd en /
a l s : E h r s u c h t ig / G l u k s e l ig / H o l d s e l i g / G e ld r e ic h /
V o lk r e ic h / S t e in h a r t / F r ie d b r iic h ig / S tr a fw u r d ig / und
| d e r o g le ic h e n h e u f f i g a n d e r e . . . (AA, p . 7 9 )
S c h o t t e l o b s e r v e s a t l e a s t t h r e e w ays in w h ic h a ch a n g e
lin w ord o r d e r a f f e c t s t h e n o u n - a d j e c t iv e t y p e o f compound:
itwo m e a n in g s r e s u l t ; t h e a d j e c t iv e - n o u n c o m b in a tio n i s i n -
' j
f l e e t e d ; t h e a d j e c t iv e - n o u n i s a p h r a s e , w h e r e a s t h e n o u n - j
: * i
I • I
i a d j e c t i v e i s a compound and m u st b e w r i t t e n a s o n e w o rd . I
E xam p les S c h o t t e l g i v e s a r e : |
P u lc r a e r o s a e . j
L i l i a C a n d id a . !
|
C oelum c a e r u le u m . j
Mare v i r i d e . |
L ib e r r im u s a e r . I
P o p u lu s d i v e s . j
i
R o se a e p u l c r i t u d i n i s c o l o r .
C a n d id u s l i l i i c o l o r . j
C a e r u le u s c o l o r . !
I
C o lo r m a r m u s . j
L ib e r o a e r i e x p o s i t u s . j
M u lt it u d in e p o p u li a b u n d a n s. j
( M , P . 8 1 ) |
i____________________________ _______ __________________________________________ 1
S ch o n e R osen
W e iss e L i l i e n
B la u e r Himmel
G riines Meer
F r e y e L u ft
i R e ic h e s V o lk
i R o se n sc h o n
L ilie n w e iB
H im m elblau
M eergriin
L u f t f r e y
V o lk r e ic h
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
| The a d j e c t i v e - a d j e c t i v e t y p e o f compound i s a l s o common
|in Germ an. S c h o t t e l l i s t s s e v e r a l : A r m s a liq . B o B h e r t z ig .
A r q w o h n isc h . K l e i n s c h a t z i q . G roB m u tig. S a u r siiB . L e i c h t s i n -
i
In ig . K r a u s h a a r ig (AA. p . 79). S c h o t t e l p o i n t s o u t t h a t w ord
o r d e r i s a l s o im p o r ta n t f o r m ean in g in t h e a d j e c t i v e - j
l a d j e c t i v e k in d o f com pound. !
i
B r a u n sc h w a r tz / i s t d i e F a rb e von s c h w a r tz und b ra u n
v e r m is c h e t / a b er mehr s c h w a r tz a l s . b rau n / w e i l s c h w a r tz
d er Grund o d e r d a s l e t z t e im W orte i s t . A ber wenn man
j d a s W ort u m k eh ret / und s a g e t S ch w a rtzb ra u n / i s t e s
zwar e b e n e i n e s o l c h e F a rb e / a b e r mehr b rau n a l s
s c h w a r tz / a u s u r s a c h e / w e i l B raun d e r Grund / o d e r d a s
l e t z t e im W orte w orden i s t . (AA, p . 8 0 )
I
A n o th e r t y p e o f compound w h ic h S c h o t t e l d i s c u s s e s i n
v o l v e s a "Nennw orte" and " Z e it n e n n w o r t e ," o r "Nomine" and ;
"Nomine V e r b a li." E xam p les h e o f f e r s a r e R a h tg e b e r . G roB- i
j l
.. !
is o r e c h e r . L a n d v e r d e r b e r . M a u s fa n g e r . T h is ty p e o f com pound |
a l s o o c c u r s /w ith t h e v e r b a l in f i r s t p o s i t i o n and t h e noun
in l a s t p o s i t i o n a s in J a g t e u f f e l . Z w in g e t o d t . S c h o t t e l
f e e l s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s l a t t e r o r d e r g o e s a g a i n s t t h e ;
■ i
i
;" G r u n d r ic h tig k e it" o f t h e German la n g u a g e . j
! |
E s l a u f f t dem V e r s ta n d e und den G r u n d reg u le n d e r S p ra ch e j
z u w id e r / wenn man w o l l e d a s Z e itn e n n w o r t v e r s tiim le n / :
und v o rn i n d a s W ort b r in g e n : A ls wenn man f i n d e t b e y |
I e t z l i c h e n : T ilg e s iin d / S t iir m e h e ll / J a g t e u f f e l / j
Z w in g e to d t. W elch es e i n T e u ts c h e r f a s t n i c h t r e c h t j
v e r s t e h e n k an / w as d a rd u rch g e m e in e t s e y / w e i l e s
w id e r den Grund d er T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e g e r e d t i s t . D er |
j V e r s ta n d d i e s e r W orter s o l d i e s e r se y n / C h r is t u s s e y ____ j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7 6
i
1 e i n S iin d e n t ilg e r / Ho l i e n s tu r n e r / T e u f f e lj a g e r / T od-
z w in g e r .
Dan w e i l o f f e n b a r l i c h in d ie s e n W orteren d er Grund
i s t t i l g e r / stu r m er / j a g e r / z w in g e r : darum muB e s
au ch n o h t w e n d ig lic h d ie G r u n d s t e lle / d as i s t / d e n
l e t z t e n T e i h l d e s W o rtes e in n e h m e n . (AA, p . 8 6 ) |
I j
! " i
S c h o t t e l s t a t e s t h a t t h e s e " in c o r r e c t" com pounds w ere a l
llow ed t o c r e e p i n t o t h e German la n g u a g e b e c a u s e t h e r e w ere
;no r u l e s a v a i l a b l e t o g u id e s p e a k e r s .
S An a d d i t i o n a l ty p e o f compound w h ich S c h o t t e l d i s c u s s e s
j
i s " . . . wan m it ein em o d e r zw eyen Stam m w orteren e i n e o d er
I zwo H au p ten d un gen d er a b g e l e i t e t e n v e r d o p p e lt w erd en / A ls :
W e ib is c h . J iin g lin g . H ofn u n g. G o t t s e l i g k e i t . E ig e n t h a t - j
! J
l i c h k e i t . G r a u sa m lic h . N a c h k o m lin g . ■ H an d gelu b n iB / u . "
i
(M ., p . 90 ). |
: I
The compound in v o lv i n g th e p r e f i x - s t e m h a s b een i l l u s - j
!
t r a t e d e a r l i e r i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r e f i x . I t c o n s t i - j
' i
; i
I tu te s h i s s i x t h ty p e o f com pound.
i
t
I
S c h o t t e l i n s i s t s t h a t t h e s e com pounds c a n n o t b e c r e a te d ;
a r b i t r a r i l y and t h a t th e y m ust b e c r e a t e d b y som eone who i s
; j
;a m a ste r o f t h e la n g u a g e — som eone who u n d e r s ta n d s t h e |
" G r u n d r ic h tig k e it" o f t h e la n g u a g e . Such l i n g u i s t i c a u th o r -;
i i t i e s can th e n e s t a b l i s h r u l e s fo r c o r r e c t u s a g e w h ic h a r e .
t o b e t a u g h t t o t h e c h ild r e n in t h e s c h o o l s . In t h i s w a y , j
; i
e v e r y o n e w i l l e v e n t u a l l y sp e a k a p e r f e c t e d d i a l e c t o f j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
’ Germ an.
| In a d d it io n t o h i s . a n a l y s i s o f t h e German w o rd , S c h o t -
i t e l p r e s c r i b e s c e r t a i n r u l e s o f o r th o g r a p h y w h ic h m u st b e
ja p p lie d when u s in g t h e s e w ord s and com pounds. One ex a m p le
w i l l s u f f i c e t o g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e p r e s c r i p t i v e n a
t u r e o f th e r u l e s . In t h e f o ll o w i n g p a s s a g e h e d i s c u s s e s
jth e u s e o f i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g s w it h in com pounds:
I
Man f i n d e t a u ch n o ch e in e n a n d eren Irrtu h m b e y e t z -
li c h e n / w e lc h e a l s o d i e s e W orter s c h r e ib e n w o lie n :
S c h if f e s b r u c h / H o f e s r e c h t / B lu t e s f r e u n d / G e ld s m i t t e l
/ E r d e n f a ll / L a n d sste u r / B u c h e r la d e / u . fu r S c h i f -
b r u c h / H o fr e c h t / B lu tfr e u n d / G e ld m it t e l / E r d f a l l /
L a n d ste u e r / B u c h la d e . Dem a b er a l s o b e l i e b e t z u s c h r e i -
b en und zu l a t i n i s i r e n / d er b e h a l t e nur d i e b ey d en
C asu s n ach A r t d e r 'L a t e in e r / a l s B ruch d e s S c h i f f e s /
R e c h t d e s H o fe s / o d e r d e s S c h if f e s b r u c h / d e s H o fe s
R e c h t / u . und v e r s c h im jjffe d ie T e u ts c h e S p ra ch e in den
G ru n d reg u len / o d e r V erd o p p elu n g a l s o n ic h t : Dan e s
e r f o d e r t e s w ed er V e r s ta n d / n och d i e E ig e n s c h a f t d e r
S p ra ch e / n och d er V e r s ta n d d er W orter / n och d er W ol-
l a u t / n och ic h tw a s a n d e r s / daB e i n e r an d a s B e y fiig ig e
e i n s o l c h e s G esch m ied e m achen / d en L a te in e r e n f u c h s -
sch w a n tze n / und d i e frommen / k u r tz e n / . t a p f e r e n W orte
v e r b a s ta r d e n w i l . (AA, p . 103)
H ow ever, j u s t a c u r s o r y g la n c e th r o u g h A u s fu h r li.c h e
A r b e it r e v e a l s t h a t S c h o t t e l h im s e l f u s e s t h i s " l a t i n i z a -
tio n " q u it e o f t e n ; f o r ex a m p le: p . 1 0 5 , H im m elscm ade: p .
1 2 5 , L an d sk n ech t.. Landsmann; p . 7 7 , R e ie h s p f e n n ig m e is t e r ;
P . 7 8 , B ie d e r h a n d w e r k s m e is te r , Erbtru.chse.ss_en.am t; p . 9 8 ,
D e u tu n a s s ta n d . T h e se ex a m p les i l l u s t r a t e t h a t , a lth o u g h
i
; |
I
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission
7 8 !
I !
|
S c h o t t e l a t t e m p t e d .t o b e p r e s c r i p t i v e in p u r i f y i n g German o fi
' i
i
f o r e i g n e le m e n t s , h e h i m s e l f w as n o t a b le t o w r i t e German in i
a m anner c o n tr a r y t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d u s a g e . j
j
|
i
|
I
j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER X
ANALOGY
The f o r e g o in g com m ents i l l u s t r a t e S c h o t t e l ' s p r e f e r e n c e
f o r o r d e r l y and r e g u la r s t r u c t u r e in la n g u a g e . B e c a u se j
S c h o t t e l h im s e lf d o e s n o t s t a t e an y p a r t i c u l a r c o m p r e h e n siv e
t h e o r y f o r h i s s y s t e m a t i z i n g , s u b s e q u e n t c r i t i c s h a v e p r e -
I
sumed t h a t h i s fo r m a l s t r u c t u r i n g o f German grammar r e s u l t s |
from a u s e o f a n a lo g y . J e l l i n e k s t a t e s : j
i
I
Der e i n z e l n e P a l l muS u n te r e in e n a llg e m e in e n S a t z g e -
b r a c h t w e r d e n , e n t h a l t e d i e s e r au ch nur d a s E ig e n s t a n d - |
n i s d e r R e g e l l o s i g k e i t . A ber f r e i l i c h , d i e R e g e l i s t j
ihm l i e b e r . In d ie s e m P u n k t b e fa n d e r s i c h in U b e r e in - j
stim m ung m it den fr u h e r e n G ram m atikern, a b e r neu t r i t t j
b e i ihm h in z u d i e A n a lo g ie a l s n orm geb en d es P r i n z i p . |
( p . 1 3 4 )
O th er th a n s t a t i n g t h a t a n a lo g y i s a " norm gebendes P r in z ip ,"
J e l l i n e k o f f e r s no f u r t h e r c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c o n c e p t a s
h e assu m ed S c h o t t e l u s e d i t . An im p o r ta n t o b s e r v a t io n made j
b y J e l l i n e k i s t h a t S c h o t t e l h im s e lf was n o t aw are o f th e
fo r m a l p r i n c i p l e s o f a n a lo g y .
79
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A l l e i n S c h o t t e l i u s i s t w e i t e n t f e r n t von dem k la r e n
B ew u B tsein s e in e r e ig e n e n T a t i g k e i t . D ie S p ra ch e e r -
s c h e i n t b e i ihm g le ic h s a m h y p o s t a s i e r t , unabha.ngig .von !
d e n e n , d i e s i e h an d h ab en . S ie w ir d n i c h t r e g e lm a B ig
g em a ch t, so n d e rn i s t e s von N a tu r , d er G ram m atiker h a t
d i e R e g e l nur zu f in d e n . So v i e l S c h o t t e l i u s au ch iib er
g u te n und s c h le c h t e n G ebrauch r e d e t , u b er s e i n V e r h a lt -
n i s zu r A n a lo g ie i s t e r s i c h n i c h t k la r g ew o rd en . (p .
135)
T here seem s t o b e a c u r io u s d i s p a r i t y b etw een th e tw o
; i
p r e v io u s ly - q u o t e d s t a t e m e n t s b y J e l l i n e k ; on t h e on e hand he
‘ a t t r i b u t e s S c h o t t e l ' s s y s t e m a t i z in g t o a th o r o u g h g o in g ap
p l i c a t i o n o f a n a lo g y ; on t h e o th e r h e a m b ig u o u sly s u g g e s t s
c i t h e r t h a t S c h o t t e l h im s e lf d id n o t c l e a r l y u n d e r sta n d
a n a lo g y , o r t h a t he d id n o t c l e a r l y e x p la in h i s u s e o f i t .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , a number o f c r i t i c s b o th b e f o r e and a f t e r
J e l l i n e k h a v e c o n s id e r e d t h e u s e o f a n a lo g y a s on e o f
; !
i
S c h o t t e l 1s m ajor c o n t r i b u t i o n s . In o r d e r t o a s s e s s S c h o t - j
t e l ' s c o n c e r n w it h t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f a n a lo g y , i t i s a d v i s - I
a b le t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e v a r io u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f a n a lo g y
' !
c u r r e n t ly a v a i l a b l e .
i
The n o r m a liz in g e f f e c t o f a n a lo g y w as a p p a r e n t in t h e j
‘ i
w r i t i n g s o f th e A le x a n d r ia n gram m arian s, a c c o r d in g t o H. i
S t e i n t h a l . W r itin g o f a n a lo g y , h e s t a t e s ;
I s t s i e a b er e i n P r in c ip d e r S p r a c h b ild u n g , e i n R e a l
P r i n c ip , s o i s t s i e au ch e i n E r k e r in t n is - P r in c ip , d a s ;
den G ram m atiker in se in e m N achdenken l e i t e t . W irk t s i e j
d o r t unbew uB t, a l s p s y c h is c h e M acht: s o w ir d s i e h ie r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
8 1
i n d a s B ew u B tsein b eh o b en ; d .h . n i c h t b lo ft ih r e o b j e c
t i v e S ch o p fu n g i n d er S p ra ch e w ir d a u s ih r a l s d er
U r sa c h e e r k l a r t , so n d e rn auch d er su c h e n d e G edanke
f o l g t m it B ew u fitsein ih r e r S p u r, w a h lt s i e zum F iih r e r ,
l a s s t s i c h von ih r a l s norm irendem Zwecke l e i t e n . ^
!
In t h i s p a s s a g e S t e i n t h a l s u g g e s t s t h a t a n a lo g y may b e
'th e m a n if e s t a t io n o f in n e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l f o r c e s p r e s e n t in
m a n 's s u b c o n s c io u s . T h is v ie w o f a n a lo g y i s n o t v e r y c o n
c r e t e . The A le x a n d r ia n s u n d o u b te d ly d e r iv e d p a r t s o f t h e i r
i
id e a s from A r i s t o t l e .
A more o b j e c t i v e v ie w o f a n a lo g y i s p r e s e n t e d b y
B lo o m f ie ld . In l i k e n i n g a n a lo g y t o p a t t e r n in g he p la c e s
em p h a sis on th e s y s t e m a t i c s t r u c t u r e o f la n g u a g e .
A g r a m m a tic a l p a t t e r n ( s e n t e n c e - t y p e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , or
s u b s t i t u t i o n ) i s o f t e n c a l l e d an a n a lo g y . A r e g u la r
a n a lo g y p e r m its a s p e a k e r t o u t t e r s p e e c h -fo r m s w h ich
h e h a s n o t h e a r d ; we s a y t h a t h e u t t e r s them on th e,
a n a lo g y o f s i m i l a r form s w h ich h e h a s h e a r d . (p . 2 7 5 ) j
A n o th er s ta te m e n t b y B lo o m f ie ld r e i n f o r c e s t h e a s p e c t o f
r e g u l a r i t y in a n a lo g y . H is t h e o r e t i c a l id e a s r e g a r d in g t h e ;
I
r o l e w h ich a n a lo g ic ch a n g e p la y s in t h e p r o c e s s o f l i n g u i s - |
t i c ch an ge a r e s i m i l a r t o th e l i n g u i s t i c p r i n c i p l e s w h ic h
S c h o t t e l e m p lo y ed . A c c o r d in g t o B lo o m fie ld : j
• '•G e sc h ic h te d e r S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t b e i den G r ie c h e n und
Romern m it b e s o n d e r e r R u c k s ic h t a u f d i e L o g ik (B on n , 1 9 6 1 ) , j
I I , 7 1 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
8 2
E ven now i t i s c l e a r t h a t ch a n g e in la n g u a g e te n d s
to w a rd s h o r t e r and m ore r e g u l a r l y c o n s t r u c t e d w ord s:
so u n d -c h a n g e s h o r t e n s t h e w o rd , and a n a lo g ic ch a n g e j .
r e p l a c e s i r r e g u l a r d e r i v a t i v e s b y r e g u l a r . The s p e e d j
and t h e c o n s i s t e n t d i r e c t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e s s d i f f e r i n j
O
• d i f f e r e n t t im e s and p l a c e s . |
S u b se q u e n t l i n g u i s t s , h o w e v e r , h a v e s t r e s s e d t h e f a c t
'th a t a n a lo g ic ch a n g e can p r e s e r v e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s . I f t h e j
p r o c e s s o f a n a lo g y can f o s t e r i r r e g u l a r fo r m s , th e n S c h o t - I
: i
i
I t e l ' s u s e o f a n a lo g y m u st b e v ie w e d in a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t j
i
l i g h t . A bove a l l , S c h o t t e l s t r o v e f o r r e g u l a r i t y in l a n -
: i
ig u a g e. I f t h e p r o c e s s o f a n a lo g y a llo w s f o r i r r e g u l a r i t i e s
in t h e s t r u c t u r e , th e n p e r h a p s S c h o t t e l ' s s t r u c t u r i n g i s not!
i
I
due s o l e l y t o a n a lo g y . G le a s o n 's d i s c u s s i o n r e g a r d in g a n a - |
l o g i c ch a n g e la y s s t r e s s on t h e f a c t t h a t su c h a ch a n g e i s j
n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e g u la r :
The p r o c e s s o f a n a lo g ic ch a n g e i s a f a m i l i a r o n e . L e t ;
u s t a k e an e x a m p le . S u p p o se t h a t a s p e a k e r d o e s n o t j
r e c a l l t h e p l u r a l o f m o u se . and f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e v a i l
in g p a t t e r n i n E n g lis h s a y s /m a w s iz / . The c h a n c e s a r e
t h a t t h i s w i l l n o t b e c o p ie d , and h e n c e w i l l n o t c o n
t r i b u t e t o a p erm a n en t ch a n g e i n t h e la n g u a g e . B ut i f
v a r io u s f a c t o r s com b in e i n t h e r i g h t w a y , t h e ou tcom e
m ig h t b e d i f f e r e n t and /m a w s iz / m ig h t e s t a b l i s h i t s e l f
a s t h e r e g u la r p l u r a l o f m o u se .
The n o t i c e a b l e f a c t a b o u t t h i s k in d o f ch a n g e i s t h a t
e a c h i n d i v i d u a l ch a n g e s t a n d s o r f a l l s on i t s own m e r i t s .
T h ere i s no r e a s o n t o e x p e c t t h a t , i f t h i s ch a n g e s h o u ld
2 p a g e 5 0 9 . I t m u st b e p o in t e d o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t
B lo o m f ie ld a p p e a r s t o u s e t h e term e q u i v o c a l l y .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e s t a b l i s h i t s e l f , lo u s e w o u ld f o l l o w t h e sam e a n a lo g y .
The p l u r a l m ig h t c o n t in u e t o b e / l a y s / , o r ch a n g e t o
/ l d w z i z / on t h e a n a lo g y o f h o u s e s . o r som e m ore o b s c u r e
a n a lo g y m ig h t becom e t h e p a t t e r n . A n a lo g ic ch a n g e i s
n o t r e g u l a r . I t m ay, and f r e q u e n t ly d o e s , p r o d u c e an
i n c r e a s e in i r r e g u l a r i t y , b u t i t may e q u a lly e x e r t a
r e g u l a r i z i n g e f f e c t . ( p . 3 9 7 ) j
!
I f S c h o t t e l d id em p loy a n a lo g y , h e em p lo y ed o n ly t h e p r o c e s s
o f r e g u la r a n a lo g ic c h a n g e . j
In a d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d The S tr o n g V erb in S c h o t- j
I t e l ' s A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e i t . K en n eth M ile s d e v o t e s fo u r p a g e s
t o " L e v e llin g and A n a lo g y ." An in t r o d u c t o r y s t a t e m e n t b y
M ile s im p lie s t h a t S c h o t t e l b a s e d h i s v e r b a l a n a l y s i s upon
a n a lo g y . M ile s m a in ta in s t h a t S c h o t t e l d id n o t d ep en d upon
h i s n a t i v e Sp r a c h g e fu h l in w r i t i n g h i s grammar o f German,
b u t i n s t e a d s o u g h t t o " . . . e s t a b l i s h go o d r u l e s o f u s a g e |
b a s e d upon t h e w r i t t e n w o rd , upon t h e o r e t i c a l d e d u c tio n and j
j
a n a lo g y " (p . 6 ) . He s u g g e s t s t h a t S c h o t t e l ' s a c t i v i t y in I
a p p ly in g t h i s p r i n c i p l e w as a s e l e c t i v e o n e , n o t a c r e a t i v e
o n e , and t h a t S c h o t t e l s e l e c t e d h i s c h o s e n g r a m m a tic a l forms!
from a h u ge m ass o f m a t e r i a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , M ile s m a in ta in s;
t h a t a n a lo g y w as o n e o f S c h o t t e l ' s g u id in g p r i n c i p l e s , e s - i
p e c i a l l y w it h in t h e i n f l e c t i o n form s o f o n e w o rd . H ow ever, ;
c o n s id e r i n g S c h o t t e l ' s th o r o u g h and e x t e n s i v e e x a m p le s o f
p r o c e s s e s h e d id r e c o g n i z e ( f o r e x a m p le , co m p o u n d in g ), i t |
seem s r a t h e r in c o n g r u o u s t h a t S c h o t t e l w o u ld b e uns y s te m a t ic !
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
lin i l l u s t r a t i n g su c h an im p o r ta n t p r i n c i p l e a s a n a lo g y . A
s e l e c t i o n o f com m ents b y M ile s m akes e v id e n t t h a t M ile s d id
h o t f i n d a c o n s i s t e n t u s e o f a n a lo g y in A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e i t .
A number o f c l a s s I I I v e r b s e x h i b i t in t h e 3 rd p e r s .
s i n g . p r e t . in d . form s w h ich show t h e l e v e l l i n g i n f l u
e n c e o f t h e v o w e l o f t h e 2nd p e r s . s i n g , and t h a t o f th e
p l u r a l : b e r s t e n h a s b o r s t ; b e f e h le n h a s b e f o h l ; b e -
g in n e n h a s begun w h ich sh ow s t h e l e v e l l i n g i n f l u e n c e o f j
t h e v o w e l o f t h e w eak form b e g u n te and o f t h e p lu r a l? j
g e l t e n h a s g o I t b e s id e q u i t e . and a l s o show s l e v e l l i n g
in t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n in t h e p l u r a l , w h ere g a l t e n I
i s g iv e n ? s in g e n h as su n g b e s i d e t h e m ore f r e q u e n t s a n g ,
and a l s o e x h i b i t s t h e o p p o s i t e te n d e n c y in t h e on e p l u r a l
s a n q e n : ev en t h e 1 s t p e r s . s i n g . p r e t . s u b j . i s l e v e l l e d
a c c o r d in g t o t h e p r e t . s i n g . , and i s g iv e n a s s a n k e ;
s p r in g e n h a s b u t on e o c c u r r e n c e o f sp ru n g e b e s i d e th e
r e g u la r form s p r a n g ? w erden o c c u r s o n ly o n c e a s w u r d e.
b e s i d e t h e r e g u la r w ard : and w in d en h a s w und. I t i s j
som ew hat s t r i k i n g t h a t in s p i t e - o f th e num erous c a s e s !
o f a n a lo g y in t h e 3rd p e r s o n , a s j u s t g iv e n , t h e r e i s
n o t a s i n g l e c a s e in c l a s s I I I w here t h e 1 s t p e r s o n h a s j
b e e n l e v e l l e d b y t h e v o w e l o f th e p l u r a l . ( p . 3 0 ) !
Two c a s e s o f a n a lo g y in c l a s s VI o c c u r : t h e 3rd p e r s . j
s i n g . p r e t . in d . o f s t e h e n o c c u r s o n c e a s (b e ) s t a n d
th r o u g h a n a lo g y t o th e p e r f . p a r t , g e s t a n d e n ? t h e r e g u
la r form i s s t u n d ? t h e p e r f . p a r t , o f b a ck en i s g iv e n in
t h e p ara d ig m a s q eb a ck en (M .H.G . q e b a c h e n ) . i . e . th e .gk
o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e and p r e s e n t t e n s e h a s f o r c e d i t s way
i n t o t h e p e r f . p a r t , b u t n o t y e t i n t o t h e p r e t e r i t e ,
w h ic h S c h o t t e l s t i l l h a s a s b u c h . (p . 31)
A n o th er p la c e w h ere a n a lo g y h a s p la y e d a r o l e i s in j
t h e im p e r a t iv e s in g u la r o f v e r b s b e lo n g in g t o c l a s s e s I I I j
and IV . A lth o u g h t h e im p e r a t iv e s in g u la r h a s t h e same
v o w e l a s th e 2nd and 3rd p e r s . s i n g , a s a r u l e , a number
o f c a s e s o c c u r w h ere t h e i h a s b e e n l e v e l l e d t o g. a c c o r d
in g t o a n a lo g y w ith t h e i n f i n i t i v e and t h e o t h e r form s j
o f t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e ; th e f o ll o w i n g in s t a n c e s o c c u r : i
b e r s t b e s i d e t h e r e g u la r b i r s t ; s c h e l t b e s i d e s c h i l t ; j
erw erb b e s i d e t h e r e g u la r w ir b : w e r d : d r e s c h : f e c h t or
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:.......... '...'......... ^........................ " . 8 5
f i c h t ? and g eb eh r.. (p . 32)
T h ese ex a m p le s i n d i c a t e n o t h in g m ore th a n t h e f a c t t h a t
S c h o t t e l w as w r i t i n g down a g r a m m a tic a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e
German la n g u a g e in t h e m o st l o g i c a l and p r e c i s e form h e
k n ew . I f S c h o t t e l had em p lo y ed a n a lo g y , h e w o u ld p r o b a b ly
i
h a v e b een much m ore c o n s i s t e n t in h i s p a r a d ig m s. :
In v ie w o f t h e a b ove s t a t e m e n t s , i t a p p e a r s t h a t j
|
S c h o t t e l 1s c r i t i c s , in e x a m in in g h i s work in r e t r o s p e c t , j
: i
!
h a v e a t t r i b u t e d t h e in n o v a t io n o f a n a lo g y in g r a m m a tic a l I
I
i
th e o r y t o S c h o t t e l , when in a c t u a l f a c t , h e h im s e lf w as
n e i t h e r a p p a r e n t ly aw are o f t h e p r i n c i p l e n or d id h e u s e i t
c o n s i s t e n t l y i n h i s g r a m m a tic a l a n a l y s i s .
A s t a t e m e n t b y H. C. G. von Jagem ann d e s c r ib e s S c h o t
t e l ' s a t t i t u d e to w a rd a n a lo g y m o st c l e a r l y . " S i m ila r ly ,
a n a lo g y h a s rem oved a l l d i s t i n c t i o n s b e tw e e n p r e t e r i t s in g u - |
l a r and p r e t e r i t p l u r a l , a s r e g a r d s f i n a l c o n s o n a n t s , and
3
form s l i k e k o s a r e no lo n g e r r e c o g n iz e d b y S c h o t t e l ." Two ;
im p o r ta n t p o i n t s a r e r e c o g n iz e d in t h i s s t a t e m e n t . F i r s t ,
a n a lo g y i s a p r o c e s s a t work w i t h in t h e la n g u a g e i t s e l f , and;
c o n s e q u e n t ly , c e r t a i n form s and i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g s w i l l be!
^ " N otes on t h e L anguage o f J . G. S c h o t t e l ," PMLA. N .S . |
I ( 1 8 9 3 ) , 4 2 0 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
8 6
la c c e p te d and c e r t a i n o t h e r s r e j e c t e d . S e c o n d , S c h o t t e l
e i t h e r r e c o g n iz e d o r d id n o t r e c o g n i z e t h e fo r m s, b u t t h e s e I
!
form s a r e a lr e a d y e x t a n t in t h e la n g u a g e . T hey a r e n o t d u e j
t o any k in d o f c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s on S c h o t t e l ' s p a r t .
; |
A r e c e n t tr e a t m e n t o f a n a lo g y and on e w h ic h o f f e r s a j
i |
i
h ew p e r s p e c t i v e on t h e p ro b lem o f c r i t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s
o f S c h o t t e l ' s u s e o f a n a lo g y i s a p a p e r b y F r a n c is P . D in -
i
i
n e e n , S . J . , w h ic h r e -e x a m in e s t h e n a tu r e o f a n a lo g y . D in -
n e e n p o s e s tw o q u e s t i o n s p e r t i n e n t t o a s t u d y o f a n a lo g y .
. . . i f we can a ssu m e t h a t l a la n c u e i s t h e s t a t i c ,
n o n c r e a t iv e a s p e c t o f la n g u a g e , can s t r u c t u r a l s t a t e
m en ts a b o u t l a la n c u e b e t r a n s l a t e d l i t e r a l l y and n o t |
m e t a p h o r ic a lly i n t o a n a l o g i c a l te r m s? S e c o n d ly , i s !
t h e r e a p o t e n t i a l , e v e n i f u n e x p l o i t e d , w it h in t h e a n a
l o g i c a l fram ew ork t h a t can b a s e an e x p la n a t io n o f in n o
v a t i o n , l a p a r o l e ?4
In o r d e r t o a tte m p t a d e f i n i t i o n o f a n a lo g y , D in n een r e - ■
q u ir e s e x a c t in f o r m a t io n r e g a r d in g t h e t y p e s o f a n a lo g y .
H is s u r v e y o f t h e o r i g i n o f t h e n o t io n o f a n a lo g y le a d s him
t o t h e c o n c lu s io n t h a t an a n a lo g y i s a r e l a t i o n o f s i m i l a r - j
i t y . D in n een e s t a b l i s h e s t h r e e a n a l o g i c a l t y p e s w h ich v a r y |
a c c o r d in g t o " (1 ) t h e number o f te r m s in v o l v e d , (2 ) t h e
^ " A n a lo g y , L angue and P a r o l e " (p a p e r d e l i v e r e d t o t h e j
L i n g u i s t i c S o c i e t y o f A m e r ic a , D ecem b er, 1 9 6 7 , in C h ic a g o ) , - j
p . 1 .
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b a s i s o r b a s e s f o r t h e a n a lo g y a f f ir m e d , (3 ) t h e t y p e s o f
i
5
te r m s e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e a n a lo g y ." In an y s t r u c t u r a l d e
s c r i p t i o n o f la n g u a g e , a n a lo g y may p la y an im p o r ta n t r o l e , j
b u t i t m u st b e p r e c i s e l y d e f in e d . j
; ■ i
A c c o r d in g t o D in n e e n , t h e r e i s a p o s i t i v e and n e g a t iv e j
i
" sid e " t o a n a lo g y . Hxs p a p e r c o n t in u e s : j
I f we a sk o f a d e s c r i p t i o n o n ly f o r an a c c o u n t o f w h at j
d o e s ap p ea r in a g r a m m a tic a l c o n s t r u c t io n , we a r e t a k in g !
t h e p o s i t i v e s i d e o f t h e a n a l o g i c a l s t a t e m e n t . I f we
r e q u ir e in fo r m a tio n a b o u t w h at m ig h t a p p ea r i n gramma
t i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s , we a r e c o n s id e r in g t h e n e g a t iv e
s i d e o f t h e a n a lo g y .' A s t a te m e n t o f w h a t i s g r a m m a tic a l j
can b e g e n e r i c . A s t a t e m e n t o f w hat may b e g r a m m a tic a l j
m u st b e much m ore s p e c i f i c and t h e a d d i t i o n a l s p e c i f i - j
c i t y m u st b e a t t a i n e d b y t a k in g i n t o a c c o u n t th e i n t e r - !
c o n n e c t io n o f a l l p o s s i b l y d is c o v e r a b l e l i n g u i s t i c s y s
te m s . (p . 4 ) i
S c h o t t e l a tte m p te d t o com m it t o p a p er w h a t "does" ap p ea r in j
;th e g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e o f a la n g u a g e , b u t h e d id n o t go j
i n t o w h a t "m ight" ap p ea r in a g r a m m a tic a l d e s c r i p t i o n . Nor \
d id S c h o t t e l a tte m p t a co m p a riso n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f German!
w it h a l l o t h e r p o s s i b l y d is c o v e r a b l e l i n g u i s t i c s y s t e m s . i
The d i f f i c u l t y w it h e x a m in in g S c h o t t e l ' s u s e o f a n a lo g y i s
1
t h a t t h e r e a r e few c r i t e r i a a v a i l a b l e a g a i n s t w h ic h t o com - |
p a r e h i s p r a c t i c e . D in n een r e i t e r a t e s t h i s p ro b lem in h i s
C
" A n a lo g y , Lanoue and P a r o l e . " p . 1 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
p a p e r :
What i s c l e a r l y la c k in g i s a c a t a lo g u e o f t h e b a s e s o f
a n a l o g i e s , com p arab le in r a n g e and pow er t o t h o s e d e v e l
op ed in fo r m a l d e s c r i p t i o n s , and fo u n d in o b s e r v a b le j
l i n g u i s t i c e n t i t i e s and r e l a t i o n s . W h ile i t n e e d n o t
b e d e n ie d t h a t a n a lo g y p lu s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o r s p e c i a l i
z a t io n a c c o u n t fo r som e in n o v a t io n s , i t s h o u ld b e c l e a r
t h a t many more b a s e s m u st b e d is c o v e r e d i f we a r e t o
a c c o u n t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y f o r t h e f u l l r a n g e o f t h e c r e a
t i v e a s p e c t s o f la n g u a g e , (p p . 7 - 8 )
U s in g D in n e e n 's s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t a n a lo g y a s a b a s i s , i t
i s now p o s s i b l e t o r e i n t e r p r e t S c h o t t e l 1s g r a m m a tic a l th e o r y
and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith a n a lo g y .
B a s ic t o D in n e e n 's p a p er i s a d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n th e
: ' I
s t a t i c la n a u e and t h e in n o v a t in g p a r o l e . S c h o t t e l b a se d h is !
g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y on t h e s t a t i c la n a u e . H is c o r p u s o f
i
; i
l i n g u i s t i c d a t a , ta k e n from w r it t e n m a t e r i a l , r e f l e c t e d t h e j
s c h o l a r l y d i a l e c t o f t h e German la n g u a g e a s i t e x i s t e d a t a j
p a r t i c u l a r tim e in Germ any. He w as i n t e r e s t e d o n ly i n t h e i
m o st s y s t e m a t ic s t r u c t u r e o f German, and h e c o n s id e r e d t h a t :
t h e w r it t e n w ord r e f l e c t e d t h i s s t r u c t u r e m o st c l o s e l y . He j
show ed no i n t e r e s t i n t h e o r a l la n g u a g e o r i t s ch a n g e and i
d e v e lo p m e n t.
S in c e S c h o t t e l to o k l a la n a u e a s th e b a s i s f o r h i s
g r a m m a tic a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t i s q u e s t io n a b le w h e th e r he
a p p lie d t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f a n a lo g y in a r r i v i n g a t h i s i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
s y s t e m a t i c gram m ar. T a k in g D in n e e n 's d e f i n i t i o n f o r a n a lo g y
;as o n e p o s s i b l e c r i t e r i o n , i t w o u ld a p p ea r t h a t S c h o t t e l ' s
grammar d o e s n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y em p lo y a n a l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s .
j
A p p a r e n tly S c h o t t e l s y s t e m a t i c a l l y e n c o d e d w hat h e fo u n d in
t h e w r i t t e n c o r p u s w h ich form ed t h e b a s e . f o r h i s s t u d i e s .
I f h e em p lo y ed a n a lo g y , i t w as c e r t a i n l y n o t in t h e h i g h l y j
■ 1
s y s t e m a t iz e d f a s h io n t h a t D in n e e n , f o r e x a m p le , recom m ends—
; i . e , t h e number o f term s in v o lv e d ,, t h e b a s i s o r b a s e s f o r
; |
t h e a n a lo g y a f f ir m e d , o r t h e t y p e s o f te r m s e n t e r i n g i n t o j
i
I
th e a n a lo g y . Nor d o e s S c h o t t e l ' s g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y o f f e r j
!
a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e la n g u a g e in c l u d i n g j
s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t t h e c o m p o s itio n o f t h e term s o f t h e a n a lo - !
g i e s .
I f S c h o t t e l em p lo y s a n a lo g y a t a l l , h e em p lo y s w hat
D in n een h a s c a l l e d " th e p o s i t i v e s id e " o f a n a lo g y . S c h o t t e l|
g i v e s an a c c o u n t o f w hat d o e s a p p ea r i n a g r a m m a tic a l c o n - ;
s t r u c t i o n , n o t w h at m ig h t a p p e a r . A s t a t e m e n t o f w h a t may
b e g r a m m a tic a l, b y t a k in g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e in t e r c o n n e c t io n !
o f a l l d is c o v e r a b l e l i n g u i s t i c s y s t e m s , w as b ey o n d S c h o t - |
t e l ' s a n a l y s i s o f la n g u a g e .
In c o n t r a s t t o C hom sky' s i d e a s , D in n een m a in t a in s t h a t :
u s in g t h e n o t io n o f a n a lo g y t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e s t a t i c la n c u e I
i s n o t s im p ly u s in g a n a lo g y m e t a p h o r ic a l ly . He c o n s id e r s j
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t h a t an y s y s te m o f g r a m m a tic a l d e s c r i p t i o n can b e r e d u c e d t o
a n a l o g i c a l t e r m s . S c h o t t e l ’s g r a m m a tic a l s t r u c t u r e o f G er
m an,, w r i t t e n in a l o g i c a l and s y s t e m a t i c manner., seem s t o
som e c r i t i c s t o c o n t a in som e b a s e s o f a n a lo g y .
I t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s ta n d why S c h o t t e l ' s c r i t -
; i
i c s ( e . g . , n o t a b ly J e l l i n e k ) , d i r e c t l y in f lu e n c e d b y t h e |
I
t r a d i t i o n o f t h e N eo-G ram m arians, w o u ld a t t r i b u t e t h e a p p li- j
i
j
c a t io n o f a n a lo g y t o S c h o t t e l . The d is c o v e r y o f so u n d la w s j
had p la c e d e m p h a sis on t h e r e g u l a r i t y o f l i n g u i s t i c p r o c e s s
e s . The m odern a p p l i c a t i o n o f a n a lo g y t o la n g u a g e w as f i r s t j
made b y t h e A m erican S a n s k r it s c h o la r W. D. W h itn ey (1 8 6 7 ) |
and l a t e r b y W. S c h e r e r in h i s Zur G e s c h ic h te d er d e u ts c h e n
6
S p ra ch a ( 1 8 6 8 ) . S c h o t t e l ' s r e l a t i v e im p o r ta n c e t o t h e N eo -|
j
Grammarian th o u g h t i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y B a r to I d , who f i r s t
c a l l e d S c h o t t e l " . . . t h e J a c o b Grimm o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h i
7 I
c e n t u r y ."
The e m p h a sis on r e g u l a r i t y a l s o le d t o a m ore s t r u c - I
t u r a l v ie w o f la n g u a g e . In d i s c u s s i n g t h e n in e t e e n t h c e n
t u r y , D in n een s t a t e s in G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s : ;
^ C ite d b y D in n e e n , G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s , p . 1 8 7 .
^G e s c h ic h t e d e r F r u c h tb r in a e n d e n G e s e l l s c h a f t ( B e r l i n , j
;1 8 4 8 ), p . 2 4 7 . I
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9 1
From t h i s b r i e f s u r v e y o f t h e a c c o m p lish m e n ts o f t h e
n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y i t can b e a p p r e c ia t e d t h a t g r e a t
s t r i d e s w ere made to w a rd t h e s t r u c t u r a l p o in t o f v ie w
i n th e d e s c r i p t i o n and co m p a riso n o f la n g u a g e s . The
c o n d it io n s u n d er w h ic h p r o g r e s s w as c h i e f l y made can
b e s e e n in t h e e x p l i c i t a f f ir m a t i o n o f t h e im p o r ta n c e
o f a n a lo g y in la n g u a g e , s i n c e t h i s p r o c e s s in v o lv e s
I th e a ssu m p tio n o f an im p o r ta n t r e s e m b la n c e among term s
t h a t d i f f e r . (p . 1 9 0 )
S c h o t t e l ' s l o g i c a l , r a t i o n a l i s t i c a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h in g s
l i n g u i s t i c a p p e a le d v e r y much t o . t h e N eo-G ram m arians. |
S c h o t t e l a tte m p te d t o do much t h e sam e t h i n g t h e y d id ; t h a t
i s , t o r e d u c e la n g u a g e t o a s t r u c t u r e a llo w in g no e x c e p -
i
t i o n s . The a p p a r e n t i r r e g u l a r i t i e s w e r e e x p la in e d b y some
o t h e r p r o c e s s o r w ere n o t a c c e p te d a s p a r t o f th e l i n g u i s t i c '
s t r u c t u r e . i
A t any r a t e , co n tem p o ra ry r e s e a r c h in t h e n a tu r e o f j
a n a lo g y s u g g e s t s t h a t S c h o t t e l ' s a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e d e v ic e j
i
may n o t h a v e b e e n n e a r ly s o s y s t e m a t i c a s t h e N eo-G ram m ari- j
a n s ' p r e d i l e c t i o n f o r s y s te m may h a v e l e d them t o b e l i e v e .
I t i s s a f e t o s a y t h a t t h e l a s t w ord on S c h o t t e l ' s c o n t r i
b u t io n t o t h i s im p o r ta n t l i n g u i s t i c c o n c e p t h a s n o t b een
w r i t t e n . F u r th e r w ork on d e f i n i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f a n a lo g y
|
w o u ld a llo w a m ore a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n o f S c h o t t e l ' s co n
t r i b u t i o n t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y . When
t h i s i s a c c o m p lis h e d , p e r h a p s i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e t o r e -
ie v a lu a t e S c h o t t e l ' s w ork and t o e s t a b l i s h co n c l u s i v e l y _______
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w h e th e r h e d id in d e e d add t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g r a m m a tic a l
th o u g h t b y a p p ly in g t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f a n a lo g y t o t h e s t r u c - j
t u r e o f la n g u a g e . j
i
j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER X I
DICTIONARY OF THE GERM AN LANGUAGE
i
l
S c h o t t e l ' s c o n c e r n f o r s y s t e m a t i c s t r u c t u r e w as r e - j
f l e e t e d n o t o n ly in h i s g r a m m a tic a l a n a l y s i s , b u t a l s o in j
I .
h i s a tte m p t t o o r i g i n a t e p la n s f o r a c o m p r e h e n siv e German j
d i c t i o n a r y . He s t a t e s t h a t up t o h i s tim e a c o m p le te German
l e x i c o n had n o t b e e n p u b lis h e d . He n o t e s t h a t e v e n t h o s e j
f o r e i g n e r s who happen t o know a l i t t l e German and who d e s i r e
t o le a r n t h e la n g u a g e w e l l h a v e no o t h e r r e c o u r s e th a n a
L a tin o r F re n c h l e x i c o n , w h ic h c o n t a in o n ly v u lg a r l i n g u i s - j
t i c e x a m p le s . The German in t h o s e b o o k s i s , a c c o r d in g t o |
S c h o t t e l , l a r g e l y n e g l e c t e d and t h e German w ord s a r e r e n - |
d e r e d o n ly i m p e r f e c t l y . S c h o t t e l (AA, p . 1 5 9 ) c i t e s o n e
d i c t i o n a r y , Thesaurum lin g u a e _ & _ s ^ p ie n tla e ^ e r m a n i-c a e ., w hich;
had b e e n p r e p a r e d e a r l i e r b y D. G e o r g iu s H e n is c h iu s in 1 6 1 6 .;
T h is d i c t i o n a r y , h o w e v e r , had s e v e r a l s h o r t c o m in g s . The
j
a l p h a b e t i c a l e n t r i e s c o n t in u e o n ly a s f a r a s w o rd s b e g in n in g !
w it h "H." In a d d i t i o n , S c h o t t e l c o n s id e r e d H e n is c h iu s w as
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
o f t e n in c o m p le te in l i s t i n g d e r i v a t i v e s and com pounds, and j
i
t h a t s e v e r a l o f t h o s e in c lu d e d w ere i n c o r r e c t .
A lth o u g h S c h o t t e l h im s e lf n e v e r b r o u g h t su c h a d i c t i o n
a r y t o c o m p le tio n , h e o f f e r e d an e x t e n s i v e o u t l i n e and c o
p io u s ex a m p le s o f t h e h in d o f in fo r m a tio n w h ich s h o u ld b e
in c l u d e d . E a r ly in A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it h e m e n tio n s t h a t th e
|
d i c t i o n a r y m ust r e p r e s e n t s c h o l a r l y e n d e a v o r and n o t m e r e ly
ia r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e s p e e c h o f v u lg a r p e o p le .
E n d lic h w ir d m it m ehren B e r ic h t e r s t a t t e t / au ch exem - j
p e lw e i s v o r g e s t e l l e t / w ie e i n v o l l i g e s / und n ach den '
fu n d a m e n tis d e r T e u tsc h e n S p ra ch e e i n z u r ic h t e n d e s Wor-
te r b u c h o d e r L e x ic o n z u v e r f e r t ig e n / w ie au ch d i e g ru n d -
l i c h e K u n d ig k e it d er T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e / n i c h t i n d er
a l t a g l i c h e n u n g e w is se n G ew o h n h eit / so n d e rn in k u n s t -
m e s s ig e n L e h r s e tz e n und gnugsam er A n le it u n g f e s t b e -
s t e h e n m iisse . ( M , p . 5)
S c h o t t e l ' s o u t l i n e f o r t h e d i c t i o n a r y ( s e e b e lo w , A p- j
|
p e n d ix C) i n c l u d e s t h e f o ll o w i n g p o in t s : !
1 . The w ord s m u st in c l u d e t h e e n t i r e r a n g e o f a p p r o - |
p r i a t e German s t e m s .
2 . For e a c h ste m t h e g e n d e r , g e n i t i v e c a s e , and p lu r a l:
number m ust b e g i v e n .
3 . The d e r i v a t i o n m u st b e g iv e n f u l l y and p r e c i s e l y .
4 . The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f com pounding m u st b e c o m p le te ly !
i l l u s t r a t e d . I
5 . P r e f i x e s m u st b e e s p e c i a l l y ta k e n i n t o
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
;.................“...... ".......' ~ ................... ............. ’ 95
]
'c o n s id e r a t io n , and t h e i r f o r c e and e f f e c t ' ex a m in ed .
6 . V erbs m ust b e c a t e g o r iz e d a s r e g u la r o r ir r e g u la r ;
i f th e y a r e i r r e g u l a r , w h e th e r t h e c o n ju g a tio n f o l l o w s . t h e
s t r o n g o r th e weak d e c l e n s i o n ; 1 and w h e th e r t h e form s ch an ge
f o r f i r s t p e r so n v s . o th e r p e r s o n s f o r t h e im p e r f e c t and fo r
t h e p a r t i c i p l e . I
7 . The m ea n in g s m u st b e e x p la in e d in German from u s a g e
jfound in German b o o k s .
8 . The l a s t and m ost ard u o u s t a s k i s t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
w ord s u se d in m in in g , m i l l i n g , s h i p b u i l d i n g , and o th e r
s k i l l e d t r a d e s ; f i s h i n g and p r i n t i n g ; p h ilo s o p h y , a r t , s c i - j
: ■ i
e n c e , and o th e r d i s c i p l i n e s ; and p r o v e r b s , m axim s, and o t h e r 1
common s a y in g s m ust b e fo u n d .
S c h o t t e l ' s s e r io u s n e s s o f p u r p o se and s c h o l a r l y t h o r - |
o u g h n e ss a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e ty p e o f d e f i n i t i v e d i c t i o n - |
: t
a r y h e had in m in d . S e l e c t i n g a s h i s m o d el t h e ste m Bru.ch. i
S c h o t t e l l i s t s th e p o s s i b l e d e r i v a t i v e s and com pounds a s s o - |
c i a t e d w ith t h i s w ord ( s e e b e lo w , A p p en d ix D ) .
S c h o t t e l f e l t t h a t n o t o n ly t h e d e r i v a t i v e s and j
•*-The c o n c e p ts o f s t r o n g and weak d e c le n s io n o b v io u s ly
do n o t o c c u r in S c h o t t e l . The te r m in o lo g y i s u s e d t o e l u
c i d a t e an e x tr e m e ly com p lex b u t s i g n i f i c a n t p o i n t . I t w as
in ot u n t i l th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y t h a t J a co b Grimm em p loyed
t h i s t e r m in o lo g y . i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
jcompounds o f a ste m s h o u ld b e in c lu d e d i n th e d i c t i o n a r y ,
b u t a l s o t h e num erous c o m b in a tio n s made p o s s i b l e b y t h e ste m
c o m b in in g w it h a p r e p o s i t i o n o r o t h e r p r e f i x . S c h o t t e l a l s o
i l l u s t r a t e s th e in n u m e r a b le p o s s i b i l i t i e s w h ich o c c u r in t h e
iGerman la n g u a g e when a ste m i s com b in ed w it h a p r e f i x o r a
ip r e p o s it io n b y u s in g th e ste m L a u f. l i s t i n g t h e p o s s i b l e
: i
! I
c o m b in a tio n s , and p r o v id in g L a tin t r a n s l a t i o n f o r e a c h G e r - j
: i
man compound ( s e e b e lo w , A p p en d ix E ) . T h is ex a m p le i l l u s
t r a t e s S c h o t t e l ' s p r o d ig io u s k n o w led g e o f t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s
o f th e German la n g u a g e a s w e l l a s h i s a b i l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h
t h e n u a n c es d e r iv e d from t h e s e c o m b in a t io n s . H is L a tin j
t r a n s l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e a f i n e a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e s u b t l e
d i s t i n c t i o n s b e tw e e n w ord s in b o th la n g u a g e s . j
Some y e a r s a f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e it j
G o t t f r i e d W ilh elm von L e ib n iz (1 6 4 6 -1 7 1 6 ) w r o te tw o p a p e r s ;
e n t i t l e d Ermahnuncr an d i e T e u ts c h e . ih r e n V e r sta n d und
S p ra ch e b e s s e r zu u b en . sam t b e ig e f i ig t e n V o r s c h la g e i n e r j
i
2 !
T e u t s c h e g e s in t e n G e s e l ls .c h a f t (H a n n o v er, 1 8 4 6 ) , and U n v o r - !
a r e i f f l i c h e G edan ck en , b e t r e f f e n d d i e A usubuna und j
^ C ite d b y A . Schm arsow , " L e ib n iz und S c h o t t e l i u s , "
O u e lle n und F o rsch u n a en zu r S p r a c h - und C u lt u r g e s c h ic h t e derl
g e r m a n isc h e n V o lk e r . X X III ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 9 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9 7
3
Iv e r b e sse r u n g d e r T e u ts c h e n S p r a c h e . The a p p a r e n t s i m i l a r
i t y b e tw e e n t h e id e a s e x p r e s s e d in t h e s e tw o p a p e r s b y L e ib
n i z and t h o s e c o n t a in e d in S c h o t t e l ' s d e s c r i p t i o n o f h i s
i d e a l d i c t i o n a r y h a s le d som e s c h o l a r s t o assu m e t h a t L e ib
n i z p l a g i a r i z e d from t h e w ork s o f S c h o t t e l .
K old ew ey s t a t e s :
• j
S e in b e r iih m te s te r S c h u le r i s t L e ib n iz g ew o rd en . D e s - j
s e n " U n v o r g r e if lic h e Gedanken" b eru h en g a n z a u f G edanken
von S c h o t t e l i u s , und e s i s t sch o n z w e i f e l h a f t g e w e s e n ,
ob d i e s e s g a n z e Werk n i c h t dem S c h o t t e l i u s z u z u e ig n e n
s e i . ( p . 10 6 )
i
A m ore d e f i n i t e p o in t o f v i e w . i s ta k e n b y Schm arsow : " D iesej
: I
:'U n v o r g r e if lic h e n G edanken b e t r e f f e n d d i e a u f r ic h t u n g e i n e s j
j
4
T e u t s c h g e s in n t e n O r d e n s' s o l l e n S c h o t t e l s E igen th u m s e in ! "
f
Schm arsow a c k n o w le d g e s t h a t L e ib n iz w as p r o f i c i e n t m
t h e German la n g u a g e b u t m a in t a in s t h a t h e g a in e d t h i s p r o - j
f i c i e n c y th r o u g h a s t u d y o f S c h o t t e l ' s w ork s on gram m ar. j
B e c a u se L e ib n iz w as a lr e a d y an a c c o m p lis h e d w r i t e r o f German;
3C it e d b y K o ld e w e y , p . 106: " S ie w urden 1717 d u rch
J . G. E c c a r d au s L e ib n iz ' N a c h la s s v e r o f f e n t l i c h t . Das
M a n u sk r ip t b e f i n d e t s i c h im A r c h iv e zu H annover u n t e r dem j
Namen S c h o t t e l i u s ." j
^ P age 3 8 . I t i s im p o r ta n t t o n o t e t h a t J e l l i n e k co n
s i d e r s t h i s an a r t i c l e " . . . w o b e i j e d o c h , w ie i c h g la u b e ,
L e ib n iz n i c h t ga n z zu se in e m R e c h t kommt" (G e s c h ic h t e der.
n e u h o c h d e u tsc h e n G ram m atik. p . 1 2 8 ) . !
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Uprose a t t h e a g e o f s e v e n t e e n , Schm arsow p resu m es t h a t L e ib
n i z a v a i l e d h im s e lf o f t h e 1 6 5 1 e d i t i o n o f S c h o t t e l ' s
S n r a c h k u n s t. A lth o u g h L e ib n iz m e n tio n e d h i s f a m i l i a r i t y
t
w it h S c h o t t e l ' s g ra m m a tic a l, e f f o r t s in a l e t t e r t o th e
E n g lish m a n , W illia m W o lto n , in 1 7 0 5 , t h e r e i s no a p p a r e n t
e v id e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t L e ib n iz fa v o r e d an y p a r t i c u l a r j
j
e d i t i o n o v e r a n o t h e r . i
i
i
Schm arsow c o n s id e r s t h a t L e ib n iz ' U n v o r g r e if lic h e n Ge
danken r e v e a l s h i s r e l i a n c e on S c h o t t e l i n a number o f w ays
— s t y l e , c o n t e n t , and c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v id e n c e — i n d i c a t i n g
: j
t h a t L e ib n iz may h a v e d i r e c t l y a v a i l e d h im s e l f o f a manu- j
s c r i p t a t t r i b u t e d t o S c h o t t e l .
A lth o u g h L e ib n iz and S c h o t t e l e x h i b i t c e r t a i n o r t h o
g r a p h ic and g r a m m a tic a l s i m i l a r i t i e s , t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s c a n - ;
n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a common r e g i o n a l d i a l e c t . Schm arsow ;
c o n s id e r s t h a t t h e s e s i m i l a r i t i e s a r e due d i r e c t l y t o j
S c h o t t e l ' s i n f l u e n c e on L e ib n iz . He p o i n t s o u t s i m i l a r i t i e s !
in i n d i v i d u a l e x p r e s s io n s a s w e l l a s in c e r t a i n o r th o g r a p h ic ;
: j
c o n v e n t io n s :
DaB e r a b er w i r k l i c h in S c h o t t e l s S c h u le g e g a n g e n , v e r -
r a t h s i c h n och d e u t l i c h in dem s p a te r e n S p ra ch g eb ra u ch :
e r h a t Irrth u m er und E ig e n h e it e n d o r th e r angenom m en, d i e ;
b e r e i t s von den M itle b e n d e n , und g e r a d e von L e ib n iz e n s I
L a n d s le u te n , den M e is s n e r n , g e t a d e l t w u rd en . S c h o t t e l j
w i l l b e i den S u b s t a n t iv e n a u f eg. den P l u r a l a u f e r e g e -
b i l d e t w is s e n , w e i l e s d i e a l t e r e S p r a c h fo r m und d i e _J
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9 9
D e u t l i c h k e i t f o r d e r n . L e ib n iz l e r n t d a s und s c h r e i b t
z .B . in den P e r s o n a lie n d e s K u r fiir s te n E r n s t A u g u st von
H an n over, n och im J a h r e 1698: "zw eene K a is e r e , B r u d e r e ,
G ebrudere" u . d g l . , w ahrend d ie H a u p t a u c t o r it a t d er
G e g e n p a r te i, C h r is t ia n G u e in z ,. in s e i n e r R e c h ts c h r e ib u n g
a u s d r u c k lic h d a g eg en o p p o n ir t h a t t e . L e ib n iz s c h r e i b t
t r o t z s e i n e r o b e r s a c h s is c h e n H e r k u n ft t e u t s c h s t a t t
d e u tsc h ? d a s h a t t e in d er F r u c h tb r in g e n d e n G e s e l l s c h a f t
a l s s i c h r e s Z e ic h e n S c h o t t e l i s c h e r P a r t e i s t e l l u n g g e -
g o l t e n . F e r n e r v er w e n d e t e r d e u ts c h e K u n sta u sd r u c k e ,
d ie S c h o t t e l e in z u fiih r e n v e r s u c h t . B e so n d e r s a u f f a l l e n d :
W ifik u n st, W ifik iin stle r und w iB k iin s tig , s t a t t M a th em a tik ,
M athexnatiker und m a th e m a tis c h ,— U b e rtra g u n g en d i e d e r
G ram m atiker d i r e c t aus" dem H o lla n d is c h e n von Sim on S t e v in j
herubergenom m en. A h n lic h s in d D en kk u n st o d er V e r n u n ft-
k u n s t fu r L o g ik , Mefi- und S e h k u n st fu r G e o m e trie und
O p tik . (p p . 6 - 7 )
H ow ever, th e te r m in o lo g y m e n tio n e d in t h e a b o v e p a s s a g e
w as a lr e a d y p r e v a le n t in Germany a t t h a t tim e b e c a u s e o f t h e
i n f l u e n c e o f t h e S p r a c h a e s e l l s c h a f t e n . The e f f o r t s o f t h e ' \
members o f t h e s e s o c i e t i e s w ere d i r e c t e d p r im a r ily t o a j
s tu d y o f t h e l e x i c a l term s in German, and th e r e s u l t s o f j
t h e s e e f f o r t s w ere d e r iv e d from t h e e n d e a v o r s o f many l i t
e r a r y f i g u r e s , n o t j u s t from S c h o t t e l .
Had Schm arsow in c lu d e d in h i s s tu d y an a n a l y s i s o f t h e ;
s y n t a c t i c c o n s t r u c t io n s u se d b y b o th s c h o l a r s , h e w o u ld have!
fou n d t h a t t h e r e i s a m arked d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e s t y l e of!
S c h o t t e l and t h a t o f L e ib n iz . L e ib n iz w r o te much m ore com - !
p l e x s e n t e n c e s , u s in g f o r e ig n lo a n w ords ( e s p e c i a l l y F ren ch ):
w h en ev er h e f e l t t h e o c c a s io n c a l l e d f o r th em . S c h o t t e l , onj
t h e o t h e r h a n d , com posed s e n t e n c e s wh ic h w ere l e s s c o m p le x ;
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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i s y n t a c t i c a l l y , and w h ic h i l l u s t r a t e d a d e l i b e r a t e e f f o r t t o
em p loy o n ly w o rd s o f G erm anic o r i g i n . F u r th e r m o r e , S c h o t t e li
c o n c e r n e d h i m s e l f much l e s s w it h s y n ta x th a n w it h l e x i c o g
ra p h y and m orp h ology? t h u s , t h e r e i s l i t t l e m a t e r i a l a v a i l
a b le w h ich can b e u s e d t o i l l u s t r a t e S c h o t t e l 1s p r e s c r i p
t i v e n e s s r e g a r d in g s y n t a c t i c c o n s t r u c t i o n s .
Schm arsow ’s o p in io n s r e g a r d in g t h e in d e b t e d n e s s o f
'L e ib n iz t o S c h o t t e l a r e n o t b a s e d e x c l u s i v e l y on a c o m p a r i
so n o f s t y l e and an e x a m in a tio n o f c o n t e n t . A c c o r d in g to .
Schm arsow , f a c t u a l e v id e n c e p o i n t s t o an a c t u a l c o n n e c t io n j
b e tw e e n S c h o t t e l and L e ib n iz . H ow ever, a s t h e f a c t s s t a n d , |
:the e v id e n c e seem s r e l a t i v e l y c i r c u m s t a n t i a l .
]
On March 9 , 1 6 8 0 , fo u r y e a r s a f t e r S c h o t t e l ’ s d e a t h , ;
L e ib n iz w r o te ^ a l e t t e r t o H a n is iu s , t h e a d m in is t r a t o r o f th e!
D u c a l L ib r a r y a t W o lf e n b iit t e l, r e q u e s t in g in f o r m a t io n r e - j
g a r d in g S c h o t t e l ’s w o r k s. T h ere i s no e v id e n c e t h a t L e ib n iz !
r e c e i v e d an an sw er t o h i s r e q u e s t . T h ere i s , h o w e v e r , a !
m a n u sc r ip t w it h t h e i n s c r i p t i o n " B ezeich n u n g M ser. I V ., 4 4 4 j
( S c h o t t e l ) , " in t h e H anover l i b r a r y . T h is f a c t l e d Schm ar- j
sow t o s u r m is e t h a t t h e m a n u sc r ip t i s on e w h ic h L e ib n iz j
r e c e i v e d from W o lf e n b iit t e l. The s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e manu
s c r i p t a c t u a l l y b e lo n g s t o S c h o t t e l i s n o t p r o v e n c o n c l u - j
i
1
s i v e l y , f o r t h e nam e, "Dr. S c h o t t e l , " w r it t e n in L a t in , i s
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1 0 1
b y t h e hand o f a y o u n g e r s c r i b e , n o t b y S c h o t t e l h i m s e l f .
S ch m a rso w 's h y p o t h e s is r e s t s m a in ly upon t h i s m anu-
I
j s c r i p t , w h ic h h e a l l e g e s w as s e n t t o H anover in an sw er t o
L e ib n iz ' r e q u e s t :
D ie tib e r e in stim m u n g d er b e id e n L e ib n iz is c h e n A u f s a t z e
m it d en p r a k t is c h e n E in s ic h t e n und V o r s c h la g e n S c h o t t e l s j
w urde s i c h s e h r g u t e r k la r e n , wenn w ir annehm en, da£> j
H a n is iu s d e r a r t i g e " U n v o r g r e if lic h e G edanken b e t r e f f e n d
d i e a u f r ic h t u n g e i n e s T e u t s c h g e s in n t e n O rdens" a u f L e ib -
n iz e n s A n fr a g e a u s S c h o t t e l s N ach la B von W o lf e n b iit t e l
n ach H annover iib e r s a n d t e . Dann k o n n te d er Name a u f dem
U m schlag d e r H a n n o v ersch en H a n d s c h r if t n och d i r e c t a u f
e i n e s o l c h e V o r - und G ru n d la g e z u r iic k g e h e n . (p p . 4 1 - 4 2 )
i
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The a b o v e p a s s a g e b y Schm arsow i n d i c a t e s t h a t h i s a r g u -j
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m en t seem s t o r e s t on a g r e a t d e a l o f s u p p o s i t i o n .
A lth o u g h m o st s c h o la r is a g r e e t h a t Ermahnuna an d i e j
D e u ts c h e w as w r i t t e n arou n d 1679 o r 1680 and U n v o r g r e i f l i c h e i
G edanken in 1 6 9 7 , Schm arsow m a in ta in s t h a t th e i n t e r v a l b e - j
tw e e n t h e c o m p o s it io n o f t h e f i r s t and t h e c o m p o s itio n o f j
t h e s e c o n d d is c o u r s e s h o u ld n o t b e a s g r e a t a s i s g e n e r a l l y j
a c c e p t e d . H is o p in io n i s b a s e d on an e x a m in a tio n o f t h e
: I
c o n t e n t o f t h e t r e a t i s e s : j
Wer d e r I n h a l t d er " U n v o r g r e if lic h e n Gedanken" s i c h
u n m it t e lb a r an d i e "Ermahnung" a n s c h l i e B t , s o daB l e t z -
t e r e dem aufm erksam en Auge h e in a h e w ie e i n e a u s f u h r l ic h e
E i n l e i t u n g und e i n e r s t e r E n tw u rf d e s H a u p ta b se h e n s e r - ;
s c h e i n t , — e b e n s o n ah e d r a n g t s i c h fu r d a s s e l b e A uge d i e j
E n t s t e h u n g s z e i t d e r b e id e n S c h r i f t e n zusam m en. Mag ih r j
s p a t e r e s S c h ic k ;s a l s i e n och s o w e i t g e t r e n n t h a b e n , s i e j
s in d e i n Z w i l l i n g s p a a r . (p . 17) j
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Schm arsow m a in ta in s t h a t t h e id e a s e x p r e s s e d b y L e ib n iz
i n Ermahnuna an d ie D e u tsc h e a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e fou n d
i n S c h o t t e l ' s w o r k s. Schm arsow c h a r a c t e r i z e s th e Ermahnuna
ian d i e D e u tsc h e a s " . . . e i n e e i n d r i n g l i c h e , f e i n s i n n i g
a u s g e f u h r t e E m p feh lu n g d e s s e n , w as man a l s l e i t e n d e Id e e in
S c h o t t e l s g a n z e r S p r a c h a r b e it und a l s l e t z t e n Zweck s e i n e s
m u h e v o lle n W erkes b e z e ic h n e n mufi" (p . 9 ) .
Schm arsow p o in t s o u t f u r t h e r r e s e m b la n c e s b etw een
I
S c h o t t e l ' s w ork s and L e ib n iz ' Ermahnung an d i e D e u t s c h e . He
s t a t e s t h a t b o th r e c o g n iz e th e la c k o f s c h o l a r l y i n v e s t i g a
t i o n o f t h e German la n g u a g e and t h a t b o th o f f e r s u g g e s t i o n s j
■for im p r o v in g t h e s i t u a t i o n . "E benso s in d d ie U r sa c h e n , aus|
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d en en L e ib n iz d ie s e n M angel e r k l a r t , d i e M i t t e l , d i e e r zu r j
; I
B e s s e r u n g v o r s c h l a g t , g a n z d i e s e l b e n , d i e w ir b e i S c h o t t e - j
i
l i u s fin d e n " (p . 1 0 ) . |
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A n o th er v ie w w h ic h i s s h a r e d b y b o th L e ib n iz and
S c h o t t e l i s t h a t a t some f u t u r e tim e t h e German la n g u a g e
w i l l b e p e r f e c t e d and w i l l becom e a c c e p t e d a s a s c h o l a r l y
la n g u a g e . In Ermahnuna an d i e D e u tsc h e L e ib n iz e x p r e s s e s
I t h i s v ie w a s f o ll o w s :
Es s o l t e n e i n i g e w o h lm ein en d e P e r so n e n zu sa m m en treten
und u n te r h o h eren S ch u z e i n e T e u t s c h g e s in t e G e s e l l s c h a f t
s t i f f t e n ; d e r e n A bseh en a u f a l l e d a s j e n i g e g e r i c h t e t
s e y n s o l l e , s o den t e u t s c h e n Ruhm e r h a l t e n o d er auch
w ie d e r a u f r ic h t e n k o n n e n , und s o l c h e s zw ar i n d e n e n ________
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
D in g e n , s o V e r s ta n d , G e le h r s a m k e it und B e r e d sa m k e it
e i n i g e r m assen b e t r e f f e n k on n en ; und d i e w e i l s o l c h e s
a l l e s v o r n e h m lic h . in d er. S p ra ch e e r s c h e i n e t , a l s w e lc h e
i s t e i n e D o lm e ts c h e r in d e s Gemiiths und e i n e B e h a lt e r in
d er W is s e n s c h a f f t , s o w urde u n te r an d ern au ch d a h in zu
t r a c h t e n s e y n , w ie a lle r h a n d n a c h d r u c k lic h e , n iiz lic h e
au ch a n n eh m lich e K e r n s c h r if f t e n in t e u t s c h e r S p ra ch e
| v e r f e r t i g e t w erden m o c h te n , d a m it d er L a u ff d e r B a rb a -
r e y geham m et, und d i e in den Tag h in e in s c h r e ib e n b e -
sch a m et w erden m ogen.^
! • • !
Schm arsow c la im s t h a t t h e id e a fo r t h i s p la n b e lo n g s toj
j
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S c h o t t e l . H ow ever, t h i s id e a w as p r e v a le n t in Germany d u r - |
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|in g t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y and c a n n o t b e
a t t r i b u t e d t o on e m an.
Schm arsow m a in ta in s n o t o n ly t h a t t h e id e a s in Ermah-
h u n g an d i e T e u tsc h e a r e a r e f l e c t i o n o f S c h o t t e l ' s i n f l u - !
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;en ce, b u t t h a t th e id e a s e x p r e s s e d in U n v o r g r e if l i c h e _.Ge- !
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. . . w e is e n d e u t l i c h a u f d a s S tu dium S c h o t t e l i s c h e r |
S c h r if t e n z u r iic k . J a in den e i g e n t l i c h e n K e r n sa tz e n I
f i n d e t s i c h e i n e g e r a d e z u a u f f a l l e n d e U b erein stim m u n g !
m it den W orten und M einungen d e s B r a u n s c h w e ig is c h e n
S p r a c h f o r s c h e r s . (p . 17)
E xam ples o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f p a r t i c u l a r s e n t e n c e s a r e j
fo u n d in th e f o llo w in g p a s s a g e s from U n v o r g r e if l ic h e G e- i
danken and A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it r e s p e c t i v e l y . L e ib n iz s t a t e s ;
t h a t t h e e n t r i e s in a d i c t i o n a r y s h o u ld b e " . . . w o h l
C
Q uoted in Schm arsow , p . 1 5 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
: “ .......... " 1 0 4 ]
g e f a s s e t , w o h l u n t:e r s c h ie d e n , z u l a n g l i c h , k a u f f i g , l e i c h t -
f l i e s s e n d und angenehm . . . "6
S c h o t t e l s t a t e s t h a t th e w ord s s h o u ld b e :
. . . in ih r e n e ig e n e n N a t u r lic h e n / und n i c h t in from den
L e t t e r e n b e s t e h e n : (2 ) DaS d i e w o lla u t e n / und i h r D in g
e i g e n t l i c h a u sd riik k en : (3 ) Da£> ih r A n z a h l v o l l i g und
gnugsam s e y s (4 ) Dafi s i e von s i c h r e i c h l i c h a u sw a ch sen
und h e r l e i t e n l a s s e n / w a s .n o t i g i s t : (5 ) Dafi s i e a l l e r - i
l e y B in d u n gen / D op p elu n g en und a r t i g e Zusam m enfugungen j
l e i t e n . (AA, p . 5 1 )
A lth o u g h t h e tw o p a s s a g e s may b e s im il a r ' in t h e i r g e n e r a l
i m p l i c a t i o n s , t h e y d i f f e r en o u g h i n d e t a i l t o d is c o u n t an y
p r e su m p tio n o f p la g ia r is m on t h e p a r t o f L e ib n iz .
Schm arsow c o n s id e r s L e ib n iz ' g e n e r a l o u t l i n e f o r t h e
d i c t i o n a r y m e r e ly a r e i t e r a t i o n o f S c h o t t e l ' s p r o p o s a ls .
L e i b n i z 1 p la n e n c o m p a sse s t h r e e p a r t s : o n e f o r
i
. . . d u rch g eh en d e W o rte, e i n a n d e r s fu r K u n stw o r te und j
l e t z l i c h e i n e s fu r a l t e und L an d ew orte und s o l c h e D in g e , j
s o zu U n te r su c h u n g d e s U r sp r u n g e s und G rundes d ie n e n ,
d e r e n e r s t e s man S p ra ch b ra u ch o d e r L e x ic o n , d a s a n d e r e ;
S p r a c h -S c h a tz o d e r co rn u c o p ia e , d a s d r i t t e G lo ss a r iu m
o d e r S p r a c h q u e ll n en n en m o c h te . i
Schm arsow m a in t a in s t h a t L e i b n i z ’ id e a s a r e n o t h in g m ore !
th a n a r e p e t i t i o n o f t h o s e w h ic h S c h o t t e l had a lr e a d y
s t a t e d , b r o u g h t b e f o r e th e S p r a c h g e s e .l ls c h a f t e n . p u b lis h e d
^Q uoted in Schm arsow , p . 4 7 .
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;...................... ~ ..... .................... ...................' ” ........ 1 0 5
in h i s S p r a c h k u n st o f 1 6 5 1 , and f u r t h e r e n la r g e d and s u p
p le m e n te d b y num erous ex a m p le s in h i s A u s f u h r lic h e A r b e it
o f 1 6 6 3 . Schm arsow s u g g e s t s t h a t S c h o t t e l 1s e i g h t p o i n t s
f o r a d i c t i o n a r y a r e fou n d w it h in t h e t h r e e d i v i s i o n s s u g
g e s t e d b y L e ib n iz ; i . e . , L e i b n i z ’ l e x i c o n in c o r p o r a t e s
S c h o t t e l 1s p o i n t s o n e th r o u g h s i x ; L e i b n i z ’ Cornu c o p ia e i s
n o n e o t h e r th a n S c h o t t e l ’s p o in t e i g h t ; and L e ib n iz ' ety m o
l o g i c a l d i c t i o n a r y in c o r p o r a t e s t h e id e a s e x p r e s s e d in
S c h o t t e l ' s s e v e n t h p o i n t . A c c o r d in g t o Schm arsow , t h e on e
new id e a w h ic h L e ib n iz ad d ed w as t h a t o f d i v i d i n g t h e w ork
i n t o t h r e e s e p a r a t e b o o k s .
i
W hether o r n o t L e ib n iz i s in d e b t e d t o o n e i n d i v i d u a l
f o r h i s id e a s r e g a r d in g t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s c o n s id e r e d d i f - i
f e r e n t l y b y o t h e r s c h o l a r s . In G e s c h ic h t e d e r neuho_ch- ;
d e u ts c h e n S c h r i f t s p r a c h e . H e in r ic h R u c k e r t i n s i s t s t h a t
I
L e ib n iz w as in d e b t e d t o no p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n and t h a t h i s
id e a was
I
. . . g e r a d e d e s h a lb urn s o b e d e u t u n g s v o lle r fu r L e ib n iz j
s e l b s t und fu r d i e E n tw ic k lu n g d e r d e u ts c h e n S p r a c h e ,
w e i l d er d a r in g e w ie s e n e e i n z i g v e r s t a n d e s m a s s ig e Weg |
von d er S p ra ch e s e l b s t , o d er von d e r Z e i t w i r k l i c h e i n - j
g e s c h la g e n w ord en i s t , oh n e daS d i e A u t o r i t a t d e s P r o - |
p h e te n d a b e i ir g e n d w e lc h e n E in flu G g e h a b t h a t t e . j
7 I I , 3 2 1 , c i t e d in Schm arsow , p . 3 2 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A n o th er p o in t w h ich m ust n o t b e f o r g o t t e n i s t h a t L e ib
n i z w as i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w it h many s c h o la r s in E urope and
j
w o u ld n o t l i m i t h im s e lf e x c l u s i v e l y t o a s tu d y o f S c h o t t e l |
i f h e w a n ted t o o u t l i n e a d i c t i o n a r y . L e ib n iz ' own t e x t
c o n fir m s t h i s :
' I
I
W elch es u n s s o v i e l mehr e r in n e r n m u ssen , d am it d e s t o i
d e u t l i c h e r e r s c h e i n e > w ie e i n g r o s s e s , an ein em T e u tsc h e n
G l o s s a r io E th y m o lo g ie o g e le g e n ; im m assen m ir b e w u st und j
au s B r ie f e n an m ich s e l b s t kund w o rd en , da£> h o c h g e le h r te
L e u te a n d e r e r N a tio n e n s e h r d a rn a ch w iin sch en , und w o h l
e r k e n n e n , w as ih n e n s e l b s t zu E r le u c h tu n g ih r e r A l t e r -
thiim er d a ran g e le g e n ; und daS n i c h t w o h l a n d ere a l s d er i
T e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e im Grund E r'fa h rn e, a l s o w eder E n g la n d er |
n och F r a n tz o s e n , w ie g e l e h r t s i e au ch s e y n , d a m it z u - j
r e c h t e kommen m ogen . j
T h is p a s s a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t L e ib n iz was i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e
w it h many men o f l e a r n i n g , b u t t h a t h e d id n o t th in k t h a t
s c h o la r s o f o t h e r c o u n t r ie s c o u ld p ro d u ce a d i c t i o n a r y su c h !
a s h e had in m ind f o r German. j
The i d e a l f o r L e ib n iz and S c h o t t e l w as n o t r e a l i z e d
u n t i l t h e c o m p le tio n o f Grim m 's e x t e n s i v e W orterbu ch begun :
i n 1862 and n o t c o m p le te d u n t i l a f u l l c e n tu r y l a t e r . j
i
C o n s id e r in g t h e b ro a d i n t e r e s t in le x ic o g r a p h y and I
m o rp h o lo g y th r o u g h o u t E urope d u r in g t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f th e
s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y , i t i s r e a s o n a b le t o assu m e t h a t L e ib n iz j
^ U n v o r g r e if lic h e G edan k en . p a r . 4 7 , c i t e d in Schm arsow ,!
P .. 6 1 .............._____ j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
w as r e s p o n d in g a s much t o t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l a tm o sp h er e a s
'the i n f l u e n c e o f any s i n g l e s c h o l a r .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER X I I
CONCLUSION
S c h o la r s from t h e e i g h t e e n t h t o t h e t w e n t ie t h c e n tu r y
b a v e o f f e r e d c o n f l i c t i n g o p in io n s r e g a r d in g t h e w ork o f
J u s tu s G eorg S c h o t t e l and h i s im p o r ta n c e f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t
io f g r a m m a tic a l th e o r y in E u r o p e . As e a r l y a s 1747 S c h o t t e l
w as r e c e i v i n g q u a l i f i e d p r a i s e b y E l i a s C asp ar R e ic h a r d s in
V er su c h e i n e r H i s t o r i e d er d e u ts c h e n S p r a c h k u n s t:
In d er T h at h a t auch S c h o t t e l d i e d e u ts c h e S p r a c h k u n st
g le ic h s a m in e i n n e u e s L ic h t g e s e t z t und d u rch s e i n e ;
n i i t z l i c h e S c h r if t e n e in e n h e l l e n G lan z iib e r d i e s e l b e !
a u s g e b r e i t e t ; ob e r g l e i c h , w ie d i e Sonne s e l b s t , n ic h t ;
g a n z oh n e M akel und F le c k e n g e w e s e n . (p . 1 3 0 ) j
In a f o o t n o t e R e ic h a r d s e n u m e r a te s c e r t a i n s c h o l a r s who havej
c r i t i c i z e d S c h o t t e l a d v e r s e ly .
I
Lafi s e y n , daS e i n i g e , m it H errn Erdmann N e u m e is te r , m j
s e in e m o b e n a n g e fiih r te n s o e c im in e h i s t o r i c o c r i t i c o d e j
P o e t i s g e r m a n ic is h u iu s s a e c u l i p r a e c ip u is p . 9 5 . C r i t i k j
in d e r d e u ts c h e n S p ra ch e und V e r s k u n st b i s zu r g e le h r t e n
C a lm e u se r e y g e t r ie b e n habe.. Lafi s e y n , daS e r in E r f o r - ;
sch u n g d er Stam m worter und in d er A b le it u n g d e r davon
abstam m enden n i c h t a ll e m a l g a r zu g l i i c k l i c h g e w e s e n , w ie |
j
1 0 8 _ _ _ |
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1 0 9
M orhof und von E c c a r d , j e n e r in s e i n e s P o l y h i s t o r s
v ie r te m Buch B l . 7 5 1 . d i e s e r in s e i n e r H i s t o r i a s t u d i i
etym olocr. L in a u a e germ a n , p . 2 2 4 . anm erken: So w erd en
d och d i e m e is t e n d e s g r o s s e n C o n r in g s U r t h e i l w i l l i g und
m it iib e r z e u g u n g u n t e r s c h r e ib e n s S c h o t t e l i u s i s t o su o
i n u s i t a t e l a b o r i s v o lu m in e o p tim e de G erm ania n o s t r a
m eritum e s s e ; p e r ipsum lin g u a e n o s t r a e , in c o m p a r a b ilis
u t iq u e b o n i, iu stu m d ecorem suum in lu cem demum e s s e
p rod u ctu m , e t a b s c o n d it a s h a c te n u s i l l i u s d i u i t i a s p e r
ip su m e s s e r e c l u s a s . (p p . 1 3 3 -1 3 4 )
H ow ever, i t w as to w a rd t h e en d o f t h e n in e t e e n t h c e n
t u r y t h a t S c h o t t e l r e a c h e d t h e h e i g h t o f h i s p o p u l a r i t y .
W ith in a sp an o f tw e n ty y e a r s fo u r m ajor a r t i c l e s w ere
w r it t e n a b o u t S c h o t t e l . ’ * ' T h ese a r t i c l e s o f f e r e d f a v o r a b le
c r i t i c i s m o f S c h o t t e l and in som e c a s e s ev en o v e r s t a t e d h i s
im p o r ta n c e in t h e h i s t o r y o f g r a m m a tic a l t h o u g h t . T y p ic a l I
o f t h i s e r a i s t h e f o ll o w i n g p a s s a g e b y K o ld e w e y . S c h o t t e l ,!
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he s a y s , i s a gram m arian j
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. . . d er u n s e r e r M u tte r s p r a c h e d a s e r s t e w e it h in r a g e n d e j
Denkm al e r r i c h t e t h a t; e r h a t d en Grund zu d e r d e u ts c h e n j
S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t g e l e g t , e r i s t d e r e r s t e w i s s e n - j
s c h a f t l i c h e G ram m atiker d e r D e u tsc h e n ; sc h o n s e i n e Z e i t -
g e n o s s e n h ab en d i e s e s e i n e B ed eu tu n g v o l l und g a n z e r - ;
k a n n t und ih n s t e t s m it V a r r o , dem e r s t e n r o m isc h e n
G ram m atiker, v e r g l i c h e n , und n i c h t m it U n r e c h t k o n n te
ihm n eben Jak ob Grimm, dem S p r a c h fo r s c h e r n e u e r e r Z e i t , :
•^■Schmarsow, " L e ib n iz und S c h o t t e li u s " (1 8 7 7 ) ; M. von
|W ald b erg, " J u s tu s G eorg S c h o t t e l i u s , " A llg e m e in e d e u ts c h e
; B io c r r a p h ie . XXXII, 4 0 7 -4 1 2 ; von Jagem ann, " N o tes on t h e
L anguage o f J . G. S c h o t t e l" (1 8 9 3 ) ; and K o ld e w e y , " J u s tu s
G eorg S c h o t t e l i u s und s e i n e V e r d ie n s t e um d ie d e u ts c h e
Sprache" ( 1 8 9 9 ) .
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; ' """ 110 ;
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e i n E h r e n p lh tz e in g e r a u m t w erd en : S c h o t t e l i u s d er
Jakob Grimm d e s X V II. J a h r h u n d e r ts . ( p . 9 0 )
!
The co m m en ta ries o f t w e n t ie t h - c e n t u r y c r i t i c s a r e l e s s j
g lo w in g th a n t h o s e o f t h e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . As s c i e n t i f i c
^ in v e s t ig a t io n in t h e f i e l d o f l i n g u i s t i c s h a s becom e m ore
‘ e x a c t i n g , a p p r a is a l o f e a r l i e r p io n e e r in g e f f o r t s in la n
g u a g e h as becom e m ore c r i t i c a l . S c h o la r s w ere more i n c l i n e d
'to demand d e t a i l th a n t o a c c e p t g e n e r a l i t i e s . In on e o f t h e
e a r l i e s t t w e n t ie t h - c e n t u r y c r i t i c i s m s o f S c h o t t e l t h e f o l
lo w in g s ta te m e n t o c c u r s : " S c h o t t e l iu s i s t , w as d ie e i n z e l -
2
nen L e h r s a tz e b e t r i f f t , n i c h t eb en o r i g i n e l l . " By t h e
t h i r t i e s S c h o t t e l had p r a c t i c a l l y d is a p p e a r e d from s e r i o u s
c o n s id e r a t i o n . In an a r t i c l e V i r g i l M oser s t a t e s t h a t h e j
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c o n s id e r s S c h o t t e l " n a c h la s s ig und in c o n s e q u e n t" a s a i
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gram m arian. The a b o v e s t a t e m e n t s i n d i c a t e t h a t l i t t l e
a g reem en t e x i s t s b etw e e n t h e c r i t i c s o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h and j
n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r ie s on th e o n e hand and t h o s e o f t h e tw e n - ;
t i e t h on t h e o th e r r e g a r d in g S c h o t t e l ’s p la c e in t h e h is t o r y l
■ 1
:of l i n g u i s t i c s . j
Thus S c h o t t e l ’ s im p o r ta n c e f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
^ J e l l i n e k , p . 1 3 8 .
^ " D eu tsch e O r th o g r a p h ie r e fo r m e r d e s 1 7 . J a h r h u n d e r ts," ;
'B e it r a c e . LX ( 1 9 3 6 ) , 255 j
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I l l
ig ra m m a tica l th o u g h t d id n o t end w it h t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n -
1
Itu r y . B e c a u se o f h i s th o r o u g h and s y s t e m a t i c a n a l y s i s o f j
w o r d s, t h e n in e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y N eo-G ram m arians had t h e p i e c e s
o f t h e sou nd c o r r e s p o n d e n c e p u z z le p a r t i a l l y p r e p a r e d f o r
th em . A lth o u g h S c h o t t e l h im s e lf d id n o t d is c o v e r t h e sou n d
;c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s among t h e In d o -E u ro p ea n la n g u a g e s , h e m u st j
i
c e r t a i n l y b e c r e d i t e d w it h la y in g t h e groundw ork f o r t h e i r j
d i s c o v e r y . He d e s e r v e s t o b e r e c o g n iz e d a lo n g w it h G o tt
f r i e d W ilh elm von L e ib n iz , Johann G o t t f r i e d von H e r d e r , and
S ir W illia m J o n e s a s a p r e c u r s o r o f n in e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y l i n
g u i s t i c s .
In some w ays S c h o t t e l e v e n a n t i c i p a t e d th e d e s c r i p t i v e ;
i
l i n g u i s t s o f th e e a r l y t w e n t ie t h c e n t u r y . H is d x v is io n o f j
w ord s c l o s e l y r e s e m b le s im m ed ia te c o n s t i t u e n t a n a l y s i s , and i
h i s tr e a tm e n t o f d e r i v a t i o n a l and i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d in g s i s
n o t u n lik e t h a t o f B lo o m f ie ld . In s p i t e o f S c h o t t e l ' s I
n o t i o n a l e x p la n a t io n s f o r l i n g u i s t i c phenom ena, h e n e v e r - :
t h e l e s s a tte m p te d t o s t a y a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e em- j
p i r i c a l d a ta o f la n g u a g e , as t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t i n d i
c a t e s : ", . . e s i s t a b er d i e S p ra ch e s e l b s t d a s o f f e n -
I b a h r e s te und b e s t e Z eu gn iB d e s s e n / w as s o lc h e r m a s s e n von
iih r zu b ezeu g en i s t " (AA, p . 65).
The on e u n d e r ly in g f o r c e w h ic h i s fo u n d th r o u g h o u t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
‘ S c h o t t e l * s w ork s i s h i s lo v e f o r t h e German la n g u a g e . In
h i s in t r o d u c t io n t o h i s l o n g e s t w o rk , A u s f iih r lic h e A r b e i t ,
h e a d m o n ish e s t h e German p e o p le t o lo o k t o t h e i r own la n
g u a g e f o r d e s c r i p t i v e e x p r e s s io n s and h i s t o r i c a l j u s t i f i c a
t i o n . P a s s a g e a f t e r p a s s a g e in A u sfiih r l i c h e A r b e it i s
f i l l e d w it h p a t r i o t i c e n t h u s ia s m . H is c o n c l u s io n s r e g a r d in g
m o r p h o lo g y , h i s s tu d y o f t h e o r i g i n and h i s t o r y o f t h e G er
man la n g u a g e , and t h e v e r y f a c t t h a t h e o f f e r s c o p io u s e x - j
iam ples f o r t h e d i c t i o n a r y o f t h e German la n g u a g e i l l u s t r a t e
h i s p a t r i o t i s m . A m ajor r e a s o n f o r Schm arsow *s a t t r i b u t i n g
s e v e r a l p a s s a g e s o f t h e U n v o r g r e i f l i c h e G edanken t o S c h o t t e l
i s t h e i r p a t r i o t i c o v e r t o n e s .
S c h o la r s o f e a c h p e r io d s u c c e e d in g S c h o t t e l * s te n d t o !
s e a r c h f o r j u s t i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e i r own v ie w s in h i s w o rk . ;
The e i g h t e e n t h c e n tu r y w as c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y a s h i f t in em - |
p h a s i s p e r h a p s m o st c l e a r l y d e m o n str a te d b y D r. J o h n s o n 's !
d i c t i o n a r y in E n g la n d and t h e ’ w ork o f A d e lu n g in Germ any.
The s h i f t t o s e m a n tic c o n c e r n s r e s u l t e d in a n e g l e c t o f
S c h o t t e l and a c c o u n ts in p a r t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t w h a t a t t e n - j
t i o n h e r e c e i v e d te n d e d t o b e r a t h e r g e n e r a l . The n in e
t e e n t h - c e n t u r y l i n g u i s t s w e r e c o n c e r n e d w it h so u n d laws, and i
r e g u l a r i t y in la n g u a g e . T h e r e f o r e , S c h o t t e l r e p r e s e n t e d t o j
them a "Neo-G ram m arian o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y ." I t w as \
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
j 113 i
I . I
i I
t h e N eo-G ram m arian c r i t i c s who p la c e d s o much e m p h a sis on j
I
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a n a lo g y . Som eone t r a in e d in th e p r i n c i p l e s o f d e s c r i p t i v e j
l i n g u i s t i c s t e n d s t o i n t e r p r e t S c h o t t e l ' s s y s t e m a t i z in g in
la n g u a g e a s b e in g v e r y s t r u c t u r a l . I f o n e lo o k e d c a r e f u l l y ,
on e w o u ld no d o u b t f in d e v id e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t S c h o t t e l
'em ployed t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f t r a n s f o r m a t io n a l a n a l y s i s t o a
c e r t a i n e x t e n t . S c h o t t e l s o u g h t r u l e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r j
i
c o r p u s , and from t h e s e r u l e s a tte m p te d t o g e n e r a t e h i s r e -
ifin e d and p e r f e c t e d gram m ar. H is c o r p u s c o n s i s t e d o f t h e
t e x t s o f a s e l e c t number o f German w r i t e r s . |
Chomsky h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t p e r h a p s h i s t o r i c a l l i n g u i s t s
e x p e c t to o much from t h e s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y p r e d e c e s s o r s .
W r itin g o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu r y ,' Chomsky s t a t e s : j
I
. . . i t seem s t o me t h a t in g e n e r a l t h e m odern c r i t i q u e ;
o f " p h i lo s o p h i c a l grammar" i s q u i t e m is p la c e d . The e r r o r j
o f t h i s p o s i t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y ta k e n t o b e i t s e x c e s s i v e j
r a t i o n a l i t y and a p r io r is m and i t s d is r e g a r d f o r l i n - i
g u i s t i c f a c t . B ut a m ore c o g e n t c r i t i c i s m i s t h a t t h e
t r a d i t i o n o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l grammar i s t o o l i m i t e d t o m ore i
d e s c r i p t i o n o f f a c t — t h a t i t i s i n s u f f i c i e n t l y " r a is o n -
n e e " ; t h a t i s , i t seem s t o me t h a t t h e f a u l t s (o r l i m i
t a t i o n s ) o f t h i s w ork a r e j u s t t h e o p p o s i t e o f t h o s e
w h ic h h a v e b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o i t b y m odern c r i t i c s . The
p h i l o s o p h i c a l gram m arians c o n s id e r e d a w id e r e a lm o f p a r - j
t i c u l a r e x a m p le s; t h e y t r i e d t o show , f o r e a c h e x a m p le ,
w h a t w as t h e d e e p s t r u c t u r e t h a t u n d e r lie s i t s s u r f a c e
form and e x p r e s s e s t h e r e l a t i o n s among e le m e n ts t h a t i
d e te r m in e i t s m ea n in g . To t h i s e x t e n t , t h e i r w ork i s
p u r e ly d e s c r i p t i v e ( j u s t a s m odern l i n g u i s t i c s i s p u r e ly j
d e s c r i p t i v e i n p u r s u i t o f i t s m ore r e s t r i c t e d g o a l o f
i d e n t i f y i n g t h e u n i t s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e th e s u r f a c e s t r u c
t u r e o f p a r t i c u l a r u t t e r a n c e s , t h e i r a rra n g em en t i n t o |
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
....................................................... .......~ “ r .................................. 1 1 4
p h r a s e s , and t h e i r f o r m a lly m arked r e l a t i o n s ) . R ea d in g
t h i s w ork , o n e i s c o n s t a n t l y s t r u c k b y th e ad h o c c h a r
a c t e r o f t h e a n a l y s i s , e v e n w h ere i t seem s f a c t u a l l y
c o r r e c t . A d e e p s t r u c t u r e i s p r o p o s e d t h a t d o e s c o n v e y
t h e s e m a n tic c o n t e n t , b u t t h e b a s i s f o r i t s s e l e c t i o n
(b ey o n d m ere f a c t u a l c o r r e c t n e s s ) i s g e n e r a l l y unform u
l a t e d . What i s m is s in g i s a t h e o r y o f l i n g u i s t i c s t r u c
t u r e t h a t i s a r t i c u l a t e d w ith s u f f i c i e n t p r e c i s i o n and
i s s u f f i c i e n t l y r i c h t o b e a r th e b u rden o f j u s t i f i c a
t i o n . A lth o u g h t h e ex a m p les o f d eep s t r u c t u r e t h a t a r e
g iv e n in ab u nd an ce o f t e n seem q u it e p l a u s i b l e , t h e y a r e !
u n s a t i s f y i n g , j u s t a s modern l i n g u i s t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s , j
th o u g h o f t e n q u i t e p l a u s i b l e in t h e i r a n a l y s i s o f p a r - j
t i c u l a r u t t e r a n c e s i n t o p h on em es, m orphem es, w o r d s, and j
p h r a s e s , rem a in u n s a t i s f y i n g , and f o r t h e sam e r e a s o n . j
In n e it h e r c a s e do we h a v e an u n d e r ly in g h y p o t h e s is a s j
t o t h e g e n e r a l n a tu r e o f la n g u a g e t h a t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y • j
s t r o n g a s t o i n d i c a t e why j u s t t h e s e and n o t o th e r d e - j
s c r i p t i o n s a r e s e l e c t e d b y t h e c h i l d a c q u ir in g t h e la n
gu a g e o r t h e l i n g u i s t d e s c r ib i n g i t , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e
d a ta a v a i l a b l e t o th em . (p p . 5 7 -5 8 )
S c h o t t e l w ork ed w it h a p a r t i c u l a r co r p u s and w it h p a r -
; I
t i c u l a r ite m s w it h in t h a t c o r p u s; i .e ., m o r p h o lo g y . He j
c h o s e a p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t o f t h e German la n g u a g e w h ic h e x - ;
i s t e d a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e . He had s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s f o r h is j
w ork; t h a t i s , h i s b e l i e f in t h e p e r f e c t i b i l i t y o f t h e G er
man la n g u a g e . To g a in t h i s end and t o c r e a t e h i s p e r f e c t e d i
la n g u a g e , h e em p lo y ed a n a lo g y and t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f d e - I
s c r i p t i v e l i n g u i s t i c s i n a v e r y g e n e r a l w ay.
The d om in an t m o t iv a t io n u n d e r ly in g S c h o t t e l ’ s w ork j
seem s t o b e p a t r i o t i s m . The o r i g i n o f th e German la n g u a g e , j
th e h i s t o r y o f t h e German h o m elan d , h i s a c c e p ta n c e o f b o r - j
to w e d w ords w h ich w ere a lr e a d y s u f f i c i e n t l y a s s i m i l a t e d in t o j
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
t h e la n g u a g e , h i s s p e c i f i c r u l e s f o r o r th o g r a p h y , h i s s t a t e
m en ts r e g a r d in g t h e m o n o s y lla b ic w ord s in German, a l l t e s t i - j
f y t o S c h o t t e l 1s p a t r i o t i c z e a l .
A lth o u g h h i s p a t r i o t i s m le d him a s t r a y v e r y o f t e n ,
S c h o t t e l c o n t r ib u t e d a g r e a t d e a l t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
g r a m m a tic a l t h e o r y in E u rop e.. H is c o p io u s e x a m p les o f so u n d
i
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s , ev en th o u g h he c o n s id e r e d t h e i r r e l a t i o n - |
s h i p s a c c i d e n t a l , a id e d th e N eo-G ram m arians in t h e i r e s t a b
lis h m e n t o f so u n d la w s . H is m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e
German la n g u a g e was c o m p le te , n o t o n ly up t o h i s t im e , b u t
a l s o f o r many s u c c e e d in g g e n e r a t i o n s . H is s p e c i f i c a r g u -
|
m en ts w ere l o g i c a l , and in t h i s way h e d e m o n str a te d t h a t
la n g u a g e w as n o t a n a t u r a l f o r c e , b u t s o m e th in g w h ich w as j
c o n t r o l l a b l e th r o u g h m an 's power o f r e a s o n . M an's r e a s o n , j
; • |
com b in ed w it h t h e n a t u r a l in n e r sp a r k w h ic h i s G o d -g iv e n , j
a ll o w s man t o em p loy la n g u a g e fo r h i s own b e n e f i t . T h is
d u a lis m w as p r e v a le n t in t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y . S c h o t
t e l ' s s t r e s s on t h e c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n m a n 's m ind and h i s
la n g u a g e h e lp e d p a v e t h e way f o r l a t e r d e v e lo p m e n ts in
p s y c h o lo g y .
\
A l l t h i s i s n o t t o d e t r a c t from S c h o t t e l ' s r e p u t a t i o n ,
b u t r a t h e r t o p la c e h i s work in som e s o r t o f p e r s p e c t i v e .
.In many w a y s, S c h o t t e l i s v e r y much a p r o d u c t o f h i s t im e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
H is w ork r e f l e c t s t h e r i s i n g n a t io n a lis m and t h e em erg en ce
o f a German c o n s c io u s n e s s , w h ile a t t h e sam e tim e i t a l s o
r e f l e c t s t h e g e n e r a l E u rop ean c o n c e r n w it h le x ic o g r a p h y and
w it h th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e v e r n a c u la r i n t o a la n g u a g e o f
j s c h o la r s h ip . The e x a c t n e s s w it h w h ic h h e ex a m in ed h i s c o r
p u s a llo w e d him t o a r r i v e a t some r e m a r k a b le " s t r u c t u r a l"
.
o b s e r v a t i o n s , b u t i t d id n o t h e lp him t o s e e b ey o n d t h e
e x t r e m e ly f i n i t e c o r p u s . I t i s e x a c t l y t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o fi
ih is v ie w s w h ic h seem s t o h a v e made him su c h an am b igu ou s
f i g u r e , . f o r t h a t h e t e r o g e n e i t y p e r m it t e d e a c h s u b s e q u e n t j
g e n e r a t io n o f s t u d e n t s o f la n g u a g e t o f in d i n him w h a te v e r
t h e y s o u g h t , B ut i t i s t h a t sam e h e t e r o g e n e i t y w h ich p r e
v e n t s him from b e in g a m a jo r f i g u r e in l i n g u i s t i c h i s t o r y , j
i !
f o r h e w as i n a s e n s e a " ja c k o f a l l t r a d e s , m a s te r o f j
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g u i s t i c s c i e n c e , b u t h e h ad n e i t h e r t h e s k i l l n or t h e i n
s i g h t t o do m ore th a n to u c h th em . E v e r y r e s e a r c h e r ca n fin d ;
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so m e th in g o f i n t e r e s t in h i s w ork; e v e r y r e s e a r c h e r ca n fin d ;
a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r h i s own l i n g u i s t i c b e n t , b u t h e can do |
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seem s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t S c h o t t e l ’ s i n i t i a l m o t iv a t io n w as |
n o t l i n g u i s t i c a t a l l ; t h a t h e c o n c e iv e d h i s c o n t r ib u t io n
^ la r g e ly in te r m s o f t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n and l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e
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1 1 7 I
i
G erm anic s p i r i t and t h a t he v ie w e d la n g u a g e a s h i s v e h i c l e .
O b v io u s ly , s p e c u l a t i o n o f t h i s s o r t i s i d l e , and y e t t h e
t o t a l i t y o f h i s w ork s u g g e s t s i t . The p o i n t , f i n a l l y , i s
ith a t h e d id make a c o n t r ib u t io n t o k n o w le d g e , b u t t h a t h i s
[C o n tr ib u tio n m ust b e v ie w e d in te r m s o f t h e tim e and p la c e
i n w h ich he made i t ; s im p ly , t h a t h e i s a p r e c u r s o r o f im
p o r t a n t id e a s in a n o th e r t im e . He h e lp e d , a lo n g w it h many
o t h e r s , t o s u p p ly t h e d a ta upon w h ich s u b s e q u e n t g e n e r a t io n s
ihave b e e n a b le t o b u i l d m ore s o p h i s t i c a t e d i d e a s . He h o ld s
h i s p la c e in th e " g r e a t c h a in o f b e in g ," and t h a t c h a in
w o u ld b e som ew hat a l t e r e d had h e n o t form ed a l i n k in i t .
H ut h i s a b s e n c e w o u ld n o t p erh a p s d en y t h e c h a in .
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A P P E N D I X E S
118
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A P P E N D I X A
I
SCHOTTEL’S CLASSIFICATION OF THE
GERMANIC LANGUAGES
.1 1 9
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120
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b t n n o t b a b e r t o e g c n b M 2 f u s r t b t / 23 t r f i u m « : \ & u ) n ) C D f | u ) v
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A P P E N D I X B
AN EXAMPLE OF SCHOTTEL'S TREATMENT OF
THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREFIXES IN
THE GERM AN LANGUAGE
121
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A PPEN D IX B
W il an n och d i e s e s O r te s e tw a s von den T e u tsc h e n V o r-
w o r te r e n e r in n e r e n / und i s t zum erken (1.) daB d e r o -
s e lb e n A n z a h l groB s e y / (2 .) d e r o s e lb e n D eu tu n g s o n d e r -
l i c h / t i e f und k r a f t i g (3.) daB s i e e i n z e l w e i s (4.)
p a a r w e is (5.) s e l b d r i t t e kunnen v o r und b e y g e f u g e t w e r -
d e n . E in z e lw e is / a l s : A b - s t e h e n . B e - l a u f f e n . E r -
t r e t e n . Z e r - r e i s s e n . V e r -w e r ffe n / u . P a a r w e is / a l s :
H in - a b - la u f f e n H e r - z u - e i l e n . U n - z e r - t r e n n e t . U n-
w i e d e r - r u f l i c h / u . S e l b d r i t t e / a l s : D a r -iib e r -h in -
t r e f f e n . U n - w i e - d e r - s e t z l i c h / u . und zwar e i n s o l c h e s
a u f s r e i c h l i c h s t e / m it so n d e r b a r e r e i g e n t l i c h e r B ed eu -
tu n g / w e lc h e s m it e in p a a r g e r in g e n E xem pelen i c h an
n och e r k la r e n muB. Wen man s a g t : E n tg eh en / e n t f l i e h e n
/ e n t z ie h e n / entnehm en / e n tb r e c h e n / e n t l a u f f e n / e n t -
r e i s s e n / en triik k e n e n t s c h le i c h e n / e n tw is c h e n / e n t -
d reh en / e n t s in k e n / u . W elch e W orter a l l e h a u b td e u t-
l i c h und e i g e n t l i c h d a h in g eh en / s i c h e n tw ed er m it
G ew alt / m it L i s t / u n v erw a rn t / u . e tw a davon m achen:
Wen man a b er nur f e r n e r s a g e t / a u sg e h e n / a u s f l i e h e n /
a u s z ie h e n / ausnehm en / a u sb r e c h e n / a u s la u f f e n / a u s -
r e i s s e n / a u sriik k en / a u s s c h le ic h e n / a u s w e ise n / a u s -
d reh en / u . i s t d i e a n d e u te n d e W irkung sc h o n a n d e r s /
und f e i n u n t e r s c h ie d e n : Item / wen man f e r n e r s a g t :
A bgehen / a b f lie h e n / a b z ie h e n / abnehmen / a b b rech en /
a b la u f f e n / a b r e is s e n / abriikken / a b s c h le ic h e n / a b -
w is c h e n / ab d reh en / a b sin k e n . / u . a l l h i e i s t ab erm ah l
d i e A ndeutung a n d e r s / und von v o r ig e r r i c h t i g u n t e r
s c h ie d e n . Item / wen man n och f e r n e r s a g t : W eggehen /
w e g f lie h e n / w e g z ie h e n / wegnehm en / w eg b rech en / w eg -
l a u f f e n / w e g r e is s e n / w egriikken / w e g s c h le ic h e n / w eg -
w is c h e n / w egd reh en / w e g s in k e n / u . A l l h i e i s t a b e r
m ahl d i e D eutung e i g e n t l i c h u n t e r s c h ie d e n . Ite m / wen
man n och w o lt e f e r n e r sa g e n : V ergeh en / v e r f l i e h e n /
v e r z ie h e n / vernehm en / v e r b r e c h e n / v e r l a u f f e n /
122.
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v e r r e i s s e n / v erru k k en / v e r s c h le ic h e n / v e r w is c h e n /
v e r d r e h e n / v e r s in k e n / u . Ite m / n o c h a n d e r s / l o s -
g eh en / l o s f l i e h e n / l o s z i e h e n / u . Ite m / n och a n d e r s /
z e r g e h e n / z e r f l i e h e n / z e r z ie h e n / z e r b r e c h e n / u . v e r -
n im t man a lle m a h l a u f s e i g e n t l i c h s t e und k u r t z e l t e d i e
u n t e r s c h ie d e n e n D eu tu n gen / j a a l s o / dafi e i n e r / s o dem
Verm ogen r e c h t n a c h s in n e t / a l l h i e in den T e u ts c h e n W or-
t e r e n / a u f d i e i n n e r l i c h s t e n E ig e n s c h a f t e n d e s n a t iir -
li c h e n Tuhns und L a sse n s g e la n g e n w ir d . (A A , P . 1 0 1 )
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A P P E N D I X C
SCHOTTEL'S OUTLINE FOR A DICTIONARY
OF THE GERM AN LANGUAGE
124.
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A PPEN D IX C
D ie w e il zu f e r n e r e n N a ch sin n e n e s n i c h t u n d i e n lic h /
w i l i c h h ie b e y m ein e u n v o r g r e i f l i c h e G edanken k i i r t z l i c h
e r o fn e n / w ie man n e m lic h zu e i n e r u n m an gelb aren V e r -
f e r t i g u n g e i n e s v o l l i g e n T e u tsc h e n L e x i c i e n d lic h g e -
la n g e n m o c h te .
M usten demnach (1.) a u f g e s u c h e t / und a l l e in ih rem
Stamme o d er S t a m le t t e r e n g e s e t z e t w erden / d i e u n m a n g el-
b a r e Z a h l a l l e r T e u tsc h e n S tam w orter: D abey so n d e r
Z w e i f f e l m it L u st w iirde abzunehm en s e y n / in w e lc h e r
w u n d erk iin st li c h e n A r t l i c h k e i t s o lc h e S ta m m le tte r e n a u f -
s t e i g e n / und d u rch A b- und Zuwachs d e r w e s e n t lic h e n
und z u f a l l i g e n B u ch sta b e n a u f s r e i c h e s t e m a n n ic h e r le y
W orter h e r v o r g e b e n w iirden: D ie S tam w orter a b e r m usten
etw a m it L a t e in is c h e n / F r a n t z o s is c h e n und G r ie c h sc h e n
W ortern e r k l a r e t w erd en . D abey a b er v i e l e g u t e u h r a lt e
T e u ts c h e S tam w orter / ob d i e s e l b e sc h o n in O b e r -T e u ts c h -
la n d n i c h t b e k a n t / so n d e r e n nur in N ie d e r la n d und N ie -
d e r s a c h s e n von a l t e r s h er / und an n och ii b l ic h / n ic h t
w iirden konnnen iib e rg a n g en w erden / a u s k u r t z v o r h e r a n -
g e z o g e n e n U h rsa ch en / l i b . 5 i n f r a w ir d d er L e se r u n se r e
T e u ts c h e r a d ic e s sam t L a t e in is c h e r e x p l i c a t i o n fin d e n
k o n n e n .
Es m iiste a b er (2.) e i n e s je d e n S ta m w o rtes G enu s, Ca
s u s G e n it iv u s & Numerus p l u r a l i s d a b e y g e fiig e t w erden /
denn d a r in h a t d a s T e u ts c h e k e in e g e r in g e V eran d eru n g:
I s t a b er d er R a d ix s o lc h e r m assen b e k a n t / k on nen z u -
g l e i c h a l l e d a h er f l i e s s e n d e a n d ere W orter l e i c h t l i c h
b e k a n t w e r d e n .
M iiste au ch (3.) d i e A b le it u n g r e c h t und gen au in B e-
t r a c h t genommen w erd en / und b e y jedem Stamm au ch v e r -
d o p p e lte n W orte / w o s e lb s t d i e g e n a n te n H auptendungen
g e b r a u c h lic h e S t e l l e n und D eutungen f in d e n / d i e s e l b e
n i c h t iib erg a n g en s e y n . Und i s t von r i c h t i g e r A n za h l /
D eutung und U hrsp ru n g d er A b g e le i t e t e n W orter z u e r s e h e n
i
j
i
.................................... 125______ '______ |
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1 2 6
d e s 1 1 . C ap. d e s a n d eren B u ch es d i e s e s O p e r is .
(4.) D ie w e il d i e D o p p e lk u n st im T e u ts c h e n s o r e i c h -
l i c h / h ochverm ogend und d och e ig e n e r A r t i s t / a l s m iis- j
t e n d i e V e r d o p p e lte n o r d e n t l i c h / und a lle s a m t a l s o h e r -
b e y g e b r a c h t w erd en / daB j e d e s d a s e l b s t / wo s e i n Grund
o d e r G rundw ort b e f i n d l i c h i s t / s i c h g l e i c h f a l s fin d e n
l i e s s e . Von T e u ts c h e r V erd o p p e lu n g i s t a u s f i ih r li c h e r
B e r ic h t g e s c h e h e n in d e r s e c h s t e n L ob red e / und im 1 2 .
c a p . d e s fo lg e n d e n a n d eren B u c h e s.
(5.) D ie s e m iiste s o n d e r l i c h auch in r i c h t i g e r E r -
k a n tn iB d er V o rw o rter b e o b a c h t e t w erd en / d e r e r K r a ft
und W irkung s i c h r a u m ig lic h und w e i t a u s s tr e k k e n / und j
e i n e f a s t a n d ere A r t und W eise h a lt e n / a l s d i e G r ie c h -
sc h e n o d e r L a t e i n i s c h e n .
(6.) Bey jedem S ta m m -Z eitw o rte (V erb o p r im i t iv o )
m u ste a n g e z e i g e t w erd en / o b s r e g u la r o d e r i r r e g u l a r ,
i g l e i c h f l i e s s e n d o d er u n g l e i c h f l i e s s e n d w ere / und zwar
d a s s e l b e in d er e r s t e n und a n d e r e r P e r so n / w ie au ch im
im p e r f e c t o und p a r t i c i p i o , denn d a h ero d a s g a n t z e Z e i t -
w o r t r i c h t i g zu erk en n en i s t / a l s : B r ic h / i c h b r e c h e /
du b r i c h s t . I c h b r a c h . G ebrochen / u . Von den T e u t
s c h e n V e r b is i r r e g u l a r i b u s a b er i s t in d e r S p r a c h k u n st |
gnugsam e N a c h r ic h t zu f in d e n / und s i n d d i e s e l b e i n g e - j
sam t m it F le iB h e r b e y g e b r a c h t / l i b . 2 . ca p 1 4 . j
(7.) M iiste m it h o c h ste m F l e i s s e d a h in g e s e h e n w erd en j
/ daB d i e T e u tsc h e n W orter a u s dem Grunde T e u ts c h e r ;
D eu tu n g e r k l a r e t w iirden / und m iisten zu d e s s e n B eh u f d i e j
T e u tsc h e n B iicher d u r c h s u c h e t / d e r T e u ts c h e r e c h t e G e- j
b r a u c h zu r a h t e g e z o g e n s e y n / w o r in n k e in e g e r in g e A r - j
b e i t b e s t e h e n m och te / au ch v i e l l e i c h t d em selb en / s o I
d ie s e m n och n i e n a c h g e d a c h t / n i c h t s o b a ld e r k e n n lic h
i s t .
(8.) E n d lic h / w o r in n d i e v o rn eh m ste A r b e it m it b e
s t e h e n w iirde / m iiste f l e i s s i g a u f g e s u c h e t w erd en / w as
in B ergw erken / H andwerken / M uhlw erken / S c h i f f a r t e n /
F i s c h e r e ie n / M aidw erken / B u c h d r u k k e r e ie n / K r a u te r -
k u n s t / P h ilo s o p h e i / K iin sten / W is s e n s c h a fte n / und
an d ern F a c u lt a t e n / fiir s o n d e r lic h e / und n i c h t i n g e -
m ein b e k a n te / d och a b er g u t e und g e b r a u c h lic h e W orter
v erh a n d en w ehren / d e r o s e lb e n k e in e s / s o v i e l m iig lic h
/ m iiste iib erg a n g en / s o n d e r e n n e b e n s t s c h i k l i c h e r E r -
k la r u n g / an s e i n e r g e h o r ig e n S t e l l e z u fin d e n s e y n . Es
m iisten au ch d ie g e b r a u c h lig s t e n R e d a r te n / l i e b l i c h e
. S p r ic h w o r te r / s c h o n e L eh rsp ru ch e und d e r o g le ic h e n / s o
w o l in g eb u n d en er a l s u n g eb u n d en er R ede / a lle r w e g e n
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....................' ........ 1 2 7
a u f g e s u c h t / und i n B e r e i t s c h a f t s s y n / dafi / s o v i e l
t ii h n l ic h / ein em je d e n W orte / e i n s o lc h e r B e y s a t z /
E r k la r u n g und L ic h t g e g e b e n / und a l s o m it r e c h t T e u t
s c h e r Z i e r l i g k e i t / sam t a lle r h a n d Blum en d e r R e d e k u n st
/ v i e l e n S t iik l e in d er K lu g - und W e iB h e it / und d en en
S p ru ch en d e r T ugenden und L a s te r d a s g a n t z e Werk a l s o
e r f i i l l e t und d u r c h s iis s e t s e y n . (AA, p p . 1 5 9 -1 6 0 )
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A P P E N D I X D
DERIVATIVES AND COMPOUNDS OF THE
STEM BRUCH
128
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A PPEN D IX D
Zu u n v o r g r e i f l i c h e r A n z e ig e d e s s e n / w as w egen O rd-
nung d er W orter in ein em T eu sch en L e x ic o / a l h i e v o r -
s c h l a g l i c h b e r iih r e t / w i l i c h d a s e i n t z i g e Stammwort
B ruch / sam t d e s s e n / m ir z u g e f a lle n e n d e r i v a t i s und
c o m p o s it is , h e r b e y s e t z e n / d ie e in z u r ic h t e n d e Ordnung
d er W orter / davon a l l h i e ohn a l l e M aasgebung e tw a s e r -
w eh n et w orden / d e s t o d e u t l i c h e r w ahrzunehm en; S t e h e t
a b er a l l e s zu w e it e r e r V e r b e ss e r u n g / und b e r u h e t im
A n fan ge e i n e s D in g e s d e s s e n V o lle n k o m m en h eit g a r n i c h t .
F o lg e n a l s o b i o s d i e W orter m e is t ohn E r k la r u n g / d am it
e s a l h i e n i c h t zu w e i t l e u f t i g w e r d e .
B r u c h .
B r iic h lic h f r i a b i l i s . B r iic h lig k e it
B r iic h ig . E id b r iic h ig . U n b riich ig / u .
G ebruche s c is s u r a r u m m u lt it u d o .
B r u c h lo s s c i s s u r i s c a r e n s .
B r u c h s te in caem entum .
S c h if f b r u c h . F r ie d b r u c h .
L a n d fr ie d b r u c h . E h eb ru ch .
E id b r u c h . W ort- und S ie g e lb r u c h ig .
W olk en b ru ch . N ie r e n b r u c h .
W in d b r u c h .• S te in b r u c h .
M e tz e lb r u c h . B la s e n b r u c h .
Armbruch / B e in b ru ch / P u le b r u s t ( in .1 a im . t i t .
6 5 . §. 7 . L. B o jo r . t i t . 3 . c a p . 1 . § . 4 . l e g i t u r , s i
b rach iu m f r e g e r i t , i t a u t p e lle m non ru m p at, quod a l e -
m anni P u le p r u s t d ic u n t . B u ie / b e l B e u le tum or e x p e r -
c u s s i o n e . P r u s t (B ru ch ) f r a c t u r a s i v e r u p tu r a , L in d e n -
b r .)
N eubruch n o v a le , Grund und Bodem / s o zum e r s t e n -
m ahl a u s g e r e u t und a u fg e b r o c h e n w ir d ; h in c N eu b ru ch zeh n d ,
( D ie s e und d e r g le ic h e n C o m p o sita , m u sten d esw eg en a l
h i e s t e h e n / w e i l d a r in B ruch d e r Grund / o d er d as
G rundw ort i s t / davon gnugsam in d er V I. L obrede
I
i
129 ____ |
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1 3 0
g e s a g t . Kunnen au ch d i e A d j e c t iv a und P h r a s e s
d a b ey g e s e t z e t w erd en / a l s F r ie d b r iic h ig / E h e-
b r e c h e r is c h / S c h r if b r u c h le id e n / L a n d fr ie d b r u c h
b e g e h e n / u .)
B r ic h . I c h b r e c h e . I c h b r a c h . G eb ro ch en .
( I s t e i n A nom alon, und zu m erken / daB e s d u rch
a l l e V o c a le s v e r e n d e r t w erd en / B r ic h / B r a c h /
B ruch / B rech en / G e b r o c h e n .)
S e in e n S in n b r e c h e n .
D ie Augen s in d ihm g e b r o c h e n .
Das s t i l l s c h w e i g e n f i i g l i c h b r e c h e n / rum pere s i l e n -
tiu m . |
D a s.H e r tz w i.l fiir A n g st b r e c h e n . j
. Den W ein b rech en o d e r r e i s s e n / wen man a l s m it
e in e m G e s c h liir f f e d e s s e n Geschmak g ew in n en w i l .
Den H a ls b r e c h e n . Den S c h la fb r e c h e n / u .
B rechu n g / A c t io f r a n g e n d i, d a s B r e c h e n .
B rech e / d i e / . e i n I n str u m e n t / d a m it man a p f e l
b r i c h t .
B rec h e r / B r e c h e r in n .
Z a h n b rech er / E h e b r e c h e r / L a n d f r ie d b r e c h e r .
D ie P o e te n nennen d i e L ie b e o d e r d i e S o r g e / S in n e n - j
b r e c h e r .
H e r tz e n b r e c h e r / R u h e b r e c h e r in .
L e b e n sb r e c h e r / u .
Den N ordw ind / W ald stu rm er / F e ls e n b r e c h e r . j
M au rb recher / e i n G e sc h iitz / u . i
B r e c h h a ft / B r e c h h a f t i g k e i t . j
G e b r e c h lic h / G e b r e c h l i c h k e i t . I
U n b r e c h h a ft / i n t e g e r . !
G eb rech en / M angel / v it iu m .
Es g e b r i c h t .
U n geb roch en / nondum fr a c tu m . i
B rachen r e p a s t in a r e (von dem I m p e r fe c to i c h b r a c h .) j
B rach / B ra ch a k k er.
B r a c h la n d / N o v a le .
Brachm onat / J u n i u s .
A bb rech en / A bbrechung d e r S p e i s e . j
A bbruch d e s G e w in s. !
A b b ru ch ig und sp a r sa m . j
A b b r u c h lig k e it / p a r c i t a s . I
U nab geb rochen / quod nondum e s t d e c e r p tu m . ;
A nbrechen / A nbruch d e s T a g e s . j
A nbrechung d e r M o r g e n r o h te .
U n a n g eb ro c h e n .
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1 3 1
A u fb r e c h e n .
A u fb ru ch d e s L a g e r s .
A u fb rech u n g d e r T u h r.
U n a u fg e b r o c h e n .
B eb rech en c ir c u m c i r c a d e f r i n g e r e .
U n b eb roch en / Nondum ex tre m a p a r t e d is c e r p tu m .
D u rch b rech en / D urch bruch d e s W a s se r s .
D u r ch b r ech er / u n d u r c h g e b r o c h e n .
E n tb r e c h e n / E n tb rech u n g d e s S c h l a f s .
E r b r e c h e n fr a g e n d o a p e r i r e .
E rb rech u n g / u n e r b r o c h e n / u .
E in b r e c h e n / E in b r u c h d e s F e in d e s .
H e r fu r b r e c h e n / H in d u r c h b r e c h e n .
H in z u b r e c h e n / H in e in b r e c h e n / u .
G egeh b ru ch / N a ch b r u c h .
N eb en b ru ch / u .
M isb r e c h e n / L o sb ru ch .
M isg e b r o c h e n / i n fr a n g e n d o a b e r r a tu m .
N ie d e r b r e c h e n / N ie d e r b r u c h d e s W ol-
s t a n d e s a n s t i f t e n .
N ie d e r b r e c h u n g d e s G e b a u e s.
U n n ie d e r g e b r o c h e n / nondum d i f f r a c t i o n e d e s tr u c tu m .
V o n e in a n d e r b r e c h e n / in d u a s p a r t e s f r a n g e r e .
U n - v o n - e in - a n d e r - g e - b r o c h e n .
(S in d s e c h s W orter / und m achen e i n C om p o situ m .)
V e r b rech en / d e li n q u e r e , V e r b r e c h u n g .
i t . in fr a n g e n d o a b e r r a r e .
U n v e r b r o c h e n .
U n te r b r e c h e n / e i n e s A n sc h la g u n t e r b r e c h e n .
V o rb rech en / V o r a b b r e c h e n .
V o r a u sb r e c h e n / u .
V orb ru ch / V o r e in b r u c h .
V orab b ru ch / u .
Z e r b r e c h e n / u n z e r b r o c h e n .
Z e r b r e c h e r .
Z u b rech en / fr a n g e n d o o p e r i r e .
Z ubruch / u n z u g e b r o c h e n .
W id erb rech en / G e g e n b r e c h e n .
G le ic h b r e c h e n / K rum brechen.
R a d eb rech en / u .
fAA. p p . 1 6 0 -1 6 3 )
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A P P E N D I X E
EXAMPLES OF THE STEM LAUF COMBINED WITH
PREPOSITIONS AND OTHER PREFIXES
132
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A PPEN D IX E
W elch er G e s t a l t d i e T e u tsc h e n V o rw o rter o d e r P r a e -
p o s i t i o n e s s i c h h e r v o r g eb en und etw a zu e x p l i c i r e n /
s o l m it u n v o r g r e if f lic h e m E xem pel d e s W ortes L au f v o r - j
s t e l l i g g em a ch et w er d e n . j
I
A b la u ffe n / D e c u r r e r e . i
A n la u ffe n / I n v a d e r e , i t e c u r s u a p p r o p in -
q u a re v e l in c r e s c e r e a c c u r s u .
A n e in a n d e r la u ffe n / Mutuo c o n c u r su c o l l i d e r e s e .
A u s la u f f e n / E x c u r r e r e .
B e la u f f e n / C ircum c i r c a c u r s u c i n g e r e .
B e y la u f f e n / Pone c u r r e r e .
D a r la u f f e n / U sque ad metam i l l a m c u r r e r e . !
- D a r u n te r la u ffe n / In medium quorundam c u r s u p e n e - j
t r a r e . • j
D a h in t e r la u f f e n / Ad p a rtem earn p o s te r io r e m c u r
r e r e .
D a m itte n la u ffe n / C ursu h in c e l a b i .
D a r a b la u ffe n / I b i d e c u r r e r e . j
D a r a n la u ffe n / C ursu i l l a m p a rtem in v a d e r e v e l |
p r o p in q u a r e .
D a r a u f la u f f e n / I liu m locum c u r s u a s c e n d e r e . j
D a r a u s la u ffe n / H in c e x c u r r e r e . j
D a b e y la u ffe n / C urrendo s e s e p a r t i a l i c u i a d - ;
j u n g e r e . ;
D a f u r la u f f e n / P ro r e a li q u a c o n seq u en d a cursum;
i n i r e .
D a v o r la u ffe n / Ad p a rtem a liq u a m primam c u r s u ;
p e r v e n i r e .
D a h e r la u ffe n / Gradu q u a s i e x c e l l e n t i c u r r e r e , i
ite m : ab eo lo c o a c c u r r e r e .
D a h in la u ffe n / Eo & ad i l l a m metam c u r r e r e .
D a r in la u f f e n / C ursu i n t r a r e . j
D a r u b e r la u ffe n / C urrendo s u p e r g r a d i. !
133
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D a riib erh in l a u f fe n /
D a r u b e r h e r la u ffe n /
D a r u b e r w e g la u ffe n /
D a w e g la u ffe n /
D a z u la u ffe n /
D a z w is c h e n la u ffe n /
D u r c h la u ffe n /
E in l a u f f e n /
E in h e r la u f f e n /
E m p o r la u ffe n /
E n t la u f f e n /
E n t g e g e n la u f f e n /
E n tz w e y la u ffe n /
E r la u f f e n /
F e h l la u f f e n /
F o r t l a u f f e n /
G e g e n la u ffe n /
H e ir a la u ffe n /
H e r la u f f e n /
H e r a b la u ffe n /
H e r a u s la u f f e n /
H e r v o r la u ffe n /
H e r e in la u f f e n /
H in la u f f e n /
H e ru m la u ffe n /
H in v o r la u f f e n /
H in a n la u ffe n /
H in a u s la u f f e n /
H in d u r c h la u ffe n /
H i n e in la u f f e n /
H in w e g la u ffe n /
H in z u la u f fe n /
H i n t e r la u f f e n /
H in t e n la u f f e n /
I n e in a n d e r la u f f e n /
L o s la u f f e n /
M it la u f f e n /
M it t e n la u f f e n /
....................... 1 3 4 "
C urrendo ad i l l a m p a rtem s u p e r -
g r a d i .
C urren d o ad h an c p a rtem s u p e r -
g r a d i .
S u p ern o c u r su a b i r e .
C ursu h in c a b i r e .
H in c a c c u r r e r e .
In i l l u d medium c u r s u t e n d e r e .
P e r c u r r e r e .
I n c u r r e r e . j
In c u r s u s e o s t e n t a r e . !
C urren d o a s c e n d e r e . j
P er cursum s e s e s u b d u c e r e .
Obviam c u r s u p r o c e d e r e .
P er accu rsu m d i f f r i n g e r e .
C u rren d o , s e u p e r cursum a s s e -
q u i.
A b e r r a r e in c u r s u .
P e r g e r e in c u r r e n d o . j
C urren d o ob viam i r e . C ontrarium j
cursum i n i r e . j
In sin u m c u r r e r e , v e l in a e d e s |
p r o p r ia s c u r r e r e .
A c c u r r e r e .
C ursu hue d e s c e n d e r e .
C ursu ad h an c p a rtem e x i r e .
C ursu ad h an c p a rtem p r o v e n ir e . !
C ursu ad h a n c p a rtem i n t r a r e . j
Eo c u r r e r e . I
In modum c i r c u l i c u r r e r e . ;
Eo c u r r e n d o p r o v e n ir e .
Eo c u r s u a s c e n d e r e . !
In d e c u r s u e x i r e . |
Eo p e r c u r r e r e .
C urren d o e o i n t r a r e . j
Eo c u r r e r e , & i t a c u r r e n d o d i -
l a b i . j
Eo a c c u r r e r e . j
I n s i d i o s o c u r s u c ir c u m v e n ir e .
In p a r t e p o str e m a c u r r e r e . i
M utuo c o n c u r su m i s c e r i . i
C u r r e n t i im p etu d i s s o l v e r e a u t
f r a n g e r e .
Una c u r r e r e . j
In m ed io c u r r e r e .
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M is la u f f e n /
N a c h la u ffe n /
N e b e n la u ffe n /
N ie d e r l a u f f e n /
O b e n la u ffe n /
O b e n a b la u ffe n /
O b e n a u s la u ffe n /
O b e n h in la u ffe n /
U b e r la u f f e n /
U b e r h in la u f f e n /
U b e r h e r la u f f e n /
U b e r w e g la u ffe n /
V e r la u f f e n /
U b e r e in la u f f e n /
U m la u ffen /
U m h e r la u ffe n /
U n t e n la u f f e n /
V o l l l a u f f e n /
V o n e in a n d e r la u ffe n /
V o n o b e n la u ffe n /
V o n sam m en lau ffen /
V o r la u f f e n /
V o r a b la u ffe n /
V o r a u f la u f f e n /
V o r a u s la u ffe n /
V o r e in la u f f e n /
V o r h e r la u f f e n /
V o r w e g la u ffe n /
W e g la u ffe n /
W ie d e r la u ffe n /
W ie d e r a b la u ffe n /
W ie d e r a u fla u f fe n /
W ie d e r a n la u ffe n /
W ie d e r a u s la u ffe n /
W ie d e r e in la u f f e n /
............................................. 1 3 5
In c u r s u a b e r r a r e .
C ursu p e r s e q u i .
P on e c u r r e r e .
D e c u r r e r e , d eorsu m c u r r e r e :
I te m , a c c u r r e n t i im p etu d e -
j i c e r e .
In p a r t e , q u ae summa e s t , c u r
r e r e .
D e c u r r e r e d e s u p e r i o r i p a r t e .
C ursu p e n e t r a r e h o c , quod summum
e s t in a li q u a p a r t e .
Per; p a r te m s u p e r io r e m c u r s u ;
a b i r e .
S u p e r c u r r e r e , c u r s u v i o l e n t e r
d e j i c e r e : Item : C ursu s u p e r -
a r e .
S u p e r c u r r e r e ad i l l a m p a r te m .
S u p e r c u r r e r e ad h an c p a r te m .
C ursu p e r s u p e r i o r s a b i r e .
D i l a b i c u r r e n d o .
Uno & eodem modo c u r r e r e .
C ir c u m c u r r e r e , in gyrum c u r r e r e .
. C ursu c i n g e r e .
C urren d o h a s v e l i l l a s p a r t e s
c ir c u m ir e .
C ursu i n f r a p e r v e n i r e , ite m : inj
p a r t e i n f e r i o r i c u r r e r e . J
C urren d o i m p le r e . i
C ursu s e d i s s i p a r e . j
D esu p er c u r r e r e . j
S e g r e g a r e s.e p e r cu rsu m .
P r a e c u r r e r e .
P r a e c u r r e n d o a b s c e d e r e . |
P artem p r io r e m c u r su a s c e n d e r e . j
P r a e c u r s u e x i r e .
C urren d o p a rtem primam i n t r a r e . j
C ursu a n t e i r e p a rtem a n te r io r e m .
De p a r t e a n t e r i o r i c u r s u a b i r e .
C ursu a b i r e . j
R e c u r r e r e , ite r u m c u r r e r e . ;
Rursum d e c u r r e r e .
Denuo p e r cursum a s c e n d e r e .
Ite r u m c u r su in v a d e r e . j
Denuo e x c u r r e r e . j
Ite r u m c u r r e n d o i n t r a r e . i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
W ie d e r h e r la u ffe n /
W ie d e r h in la u ffe n /
W ie d e r lo s la u f f e n /
W ie d e r u b e r la u ffe n /
W ie d e r u n te r la u ffe n /
W ie d e r w e g la u ffe n /
W ie d e r z u la u ffe n /
W id e r la u ffe n /
W o lla u ffe n /
Z e r la u f f e n /
Z w is c h e n la u ffe n /
Z u la u ffe n /
Z u h a u ffe n la u ffe n /
Z u sam m en lau ffen /
Z u v o r la u ffe n /
..............................................136 " j
i
I
I-terum hue a c c u r r e r e . !
Iteru m eo c u r r e r e . j
Denuo v e l i t e r a t o c u r s u a l i q u i d j
d i s s o l v e r e . j
I t e r vim su p e r c u r r e r e . ;
Iteru m c u r su in in f e r io r e m p a r
tem t e n d e r e .
Iteru m c u r s u a b i r e .
Iteru m a c c u r r e r e , r e i t e r a t o
c u r s u o p p le r e .
C o n tra c u r r e r e , c o n t r a r i o c u r su j
c u r r e r e . !
Bono i r e c u r s u , f e l i c i t e r e v e - j
n i r e .
D is c u r r e n d o e v a n e s c e r e & a b ir e ,
Item : c u r su c o n t e r e r e .
Medium c u r s u p e n e t r a r e .
A c c u r r e r e , it e m , a c c u r r e n d o
o p e r i r e .
In unum o c c u r r e r e .
C o n c u r r e r e , g r e g a tim cu rren d o
s e s e u n i r e . |
P r a e c u r su s u p e r a r e .
(AA, p p . 1 6 3 -1 6 5 )
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S E L E C T E D
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
137
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A r e n s , H. S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t . D er Gang ih r e r E n tw ic k lu n g
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j A lb e r , 1 9 5 5 .
B a r t o ld . G e s c h ic h t e d e r F r u c h tb r in g e n d e n G e s e l l s c h a f t .
B e r l i n , 1 8 4 8 . j
B e n fe y , T h eo d o r. G e s c h ic h t e d e r S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a f t und
o r i e n t a l i s c h e n P h i l o l o g i e in D e u t s c h la n d . M unchen,
1 8 6 9 .
B lo o m f ie ld , L eo n a rd . L a n g u a g e. New Y ork: H o lt , R in e h a r t
and W in sto n , 1933..
C hom sky, Noam. C a r t e s ia n L i n g u i s t i c s . New Y ork: H arper
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D in n e e n , F r a n c is P . , S.J. " A n a lo g y , Langu e and P a r o l e ." |
P ap er d e l i v e r e d t o t h e L i n g u i s t i c S o c i e t y o f A m e r ic a , j
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I
______________________ . An I n t r o d u c t io n t o G e n e r a l L in - j
g u i s t i c s . New Y ork: H o l t , R in e h a r t and W in sto n , 1967.j
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Creator Lee, Mary Elizabeth (author)

Core Title Justus Georg Schottel and linguistic theory

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Language and Literature

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag language, linguistics,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

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Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-187734

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