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A seasonal study on the distribution of polycystine radiolarians from waters overlying the Catalina basin, southern California

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A seasonal study on the distribution of polycystine radiolarians from waters overlying the Catalina basin, southern California

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Content A SEASONAL STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OP POLYCYSTINE RADIOLARIANS PROM WATERS OVERLYING THE CATALINA BASIN, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA by R ich ard Edward Casey A D i s s e r t a t i o n P re se n te d to th e FACULTY OP THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f the R equirem ents f o r th e Degree DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY (Biology) Jan u ary I966 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7 This dissertation, written by R ichard Edward Casey under the direction of h.%^...Dissertation C om mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y Dean D ate January...l266.. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My s in c e r e thanks a re extended to Dr. L. A. Chambers and th e A llan Hancock Foundation f o r f i n a n c i a l su p p o rt through Hancock A s s i s t a n t s h i p s and Hancock G raduate F ellow s h ip s , L a b o rato ry f a c i l i t i e s , and th e use o f the R.V. VELERO IV, and to C aptain F. C. Zeisenhenne and crew o f th e R.V. VELERO IV f o r a id in th e c o l l e c t i o n o f th e samples f o r t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n . I h e re re c o rd my in d e b te d n e s s to Mr. ¥ . R. R ie d e l, o f th e S c rip p s I n s t i t u t i o n o f Oceanography, f o r i n i t i a t i n g and encouraging my r a d i o l a r i a n r e s e a r c h , re a d in g t h i s manu s c r i p t and. f o r the a c q u i s i t i o n o f sedim ent samples f o r t h i s stu d y . My g r a t i t u d e f o r p a r t i a l su p p o rt o f th e study through N a tio n a l Science F oundation g r a n ts 6-23647 and G-9 6 1 2, and the O ffic e o f Naval R esearch G ra n t-2 2 8 ( 19) I h e re re c o rd . My s in c e r e thanks a re giv en to D rs. G. J . Bakus, 0. L. Bandy, R. Y. Dawson, T. Hopkins, J . L. Mohr ( c h a i r man), and R. L. Zimmer, a l l committee members whose advice and p a tie n c e are a p p r e c ia te d . Also thanks a re due to Dr. D. G o rs lin e , f o r ad v ice in o ceanographic p ro ced u res and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Miss D. E. Robbins, D rs. R. Fay, J . Foxworthy, R. Macleod, and M essrs. R. Anderson, W. Anderson, W. B anta, G. B arson, P. Benson, G. B rusca, M. Coffy, L. E l l i s , J . Ewing, S. H a ll, G. K elley , C. Larson, R. Lavenberg, H. Matsudo, G. Moser, J . Paxton, M. Oguri, P. Rogers, E. Weidner, and R. Young p ro v id e d in d is p e n s a b le h elp in the c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s is o f th e sam ples. Mrs. R. Casey and Mr. G. Casey a s s i s t e d in th e p r e p a r a tio n o f t h i s m a n u sc rip t, t h e i r h e lp i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABIÆ OF CONTENTS Page AGKNOWIEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... i l Chapter I . INTRODUCTION............................................................................ 1 I I . PREVIOUS STUDIES .................................................................. 3 I I I . STUDIES IN PRO G RESS........................................................ 11 IV. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY........................................................ l4 V. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................... 15 VI. THE STUDY AREA....................................................................... 20 V II. GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHY....................................................... 22 V I II . PAUNAL ZONATION.................................................................. 26 IX. DETAILED OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA AND SURROUNDING WATERS............................................. 36 S u rfa c e W ater Masses Water Masses E xcluding the S u rface W aters I s o h a l i n e Maps Dynamic H eight Measurements N o n co n serv ativ e P r o p e r t i e s X. CORRELATION OF FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND DETAILED OCEANOGRAPHY . . ...................... 46 XI. OCEANOGRAPHIC.AND PALEO-OCEANOGRaPHIC IMPLICATIONS ...................................................................... 53 LITERATURE C IT E D ..................................................................................... 58 APPENDIXES.................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX 1 . FAUNAL REFERENCE SHEET 65 APPENDIX 2. PLANKTON DATA SHEET 80 APPENDIX 3 . SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION SHEET 82 X l l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF PIGUFES F igure Page 1. Study A r e a ...................................................................................... 84 2. North E a st P a c i f ic S u rface C i r c u l a t i o n . . . . 86 3. L o c a tio n s o f Sediment Samples .................................... 86 4. North P a c i f i c S u rface Water Masses .......................... 88 5. N orth P a c i f i c W ater Masses E xcluding the S u rface W aters ...................................................................... 88 6. S u rface Water T-S C u r v e s ................................................... 90 7. T-S Curves ( C C O F l).................................................................. 92 8. T-S Curves ( U S C ) ....................................................................... 94 9. 10 Meter I s o h a l i n e s .......................................... 96 10. 50 Meter I s o h a l i n e s ............................................................. 98 11. 100 Meter I s o h a l i n e s ............................................................. 100 12. 200 Meter I s o h a l i n e s ............................................................. 102 1 3 . 500 Meter I s o h a l i n e s ............................................................ 104 14. 0 to 500 Meter Dynamic H eight Anomalies . . . I 06 1 5 . 200 to 500 Meter Dynamic H eight Anomalies . . 108 1 6 . PO^-P C u r v e ................................................................................. 110 1 7 . Og C u r v e s ...................................................................................... 110 1 8 . NO^-N C u r v e ........................ . . . -.................................... 110 1 9 . SiOg-Si C u r v e ............................................................................ 110 20. B athytherm ograph D a t a ........................................................ 112 21. D i s t r i b u t i o n C hart .................................................................. I l4 I V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF PLATES P la te Page I , P ig s. 1 and 2 ArtopllLum e le g a n s Haeckel . . . 119 P ig s. 3 and 4 P te ro c o ry s hirundo Haeckel . . . 119 P ig s. 5 and 6 Sethophorm is n o tu la Haeckel . . 119 I I . P ig s. 1 and 2 C alo cy clas amicae Haeckel . . . 121 P ig s. 3 and 4 E u c h ito n ia f u r c a t a - e l e g a n s group 121 P ig s. 5 and 6 E ucyrtidium h e r t w i g ii Haeckel . 121 I I I . P ig . 1 A crosphaera murrayana (Haeckel) 123 P ig s. 2 and 3 (?) D ic ty o c e ra s in sec tu m Haeckel 123 P ig. 4 Peridium s p in ip e s Haeckel . . . 123 P ig. 5 A o ro b o tris s a c r i b r o s a Popofsky . 123 Pig. 6 Amphispyris c o s t a t a Haeckel . . 123 IV. P ig s. 1 and 2 A nthocyrtidium c i n e r a r i a H aeckel 125 P ig s. 3 and 4 (?) C la th ro c o ry s m urrayi Haeckel 125 P ig s. 5 arid 6 LI theme 11s sa mono c e r a s Popofsky. 125 V. P ig s. 1 and 2 (?) Sethoconus f a c e tu s Haeckel . 127 Pig. 3 B o tr y o c y r tis q u i n a r ia (?) Ehrenberg ......................... P ig s. 4 and 5 (?) C arpocanlstrum evacuatum Haeckel ........................................ V 127 127 127 P ig. 6 C lathrocanium ornatum Popofsky VI. P ig s. 1 and 2 D ictyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg 128 P ig s. 3 and 4 E ucyrtidium hexagonatum Haeckel 128 F ig s. 5 and 6 Hexadoridium stre p ta c a n th u m H a e c k e l .................................................. 128 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P la te V II. P ig s. 1 and 2 P ig . 3 P ig. 4 P ig s. 5 and 6 V I I I . P ig s. 1 and 2 P ig s. 3 and 4 P ig s. 5 and 6 IX. P ig s . I and 2 P ig . 3 P ig s. 4 and 5 P i g . 6 X. P ig . 1 P ig . 2 P ig . 3 P i g . 4 P ig . 5 P i g . 6 Lamprocyclas n u p t l a l l s Haeckel L a rc o s p lra q u adrangula Haeckel Llthamphora f u r c a s p l c u l a t a Popofsky ............................................. L ltharachnlnm araneosum Haeckel Pterocanlum p raetex tu m :erocanium p (Ehrenberg) Pterocanlum trllo b n m Haeckel S p o n g aster t e t r a s Ehrenberg Spongocore p u e l l a Haeckel Spongetrochus b r e v ls p ln n s H a e c k e l .............................. Spongotrochus g l a c l a l l s Popofsky ......................... , (?) Theoconus z an cleu s Haeckel Theophormls c a l l l p l l l u m Haeckel Slphocampe e ru c o sa H aeckel . . Spongopyle o s c u lo s a D reyer . . Cornut e 11a pro fu n d a Ehrenberg Stlchophorm ls c o r n u t e l l a Haeckel P erlp y ram ls c lrc u m te x ta Haeckel Page 131 131 131 131 133 133 133 135 135 135 135 137 137 137 137 137 137 v l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION R a d io la ria n B are p la n k to n ic m arine P ro to zo a which i n h a b i t a l l oceans from the s u rfa c e to the g r e a t e s t d epths (H aeckel, I 8 8 7). Follow ing th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Honigberg and committee (1964) the S u b class R a d io la r ia o f th e C lass A ctinopodea i s d iv id e d i n t o th e O rders P o ru lo s id a and O culosida, th e l a t t e r o r d e r b eing su b d iv id ed in to the Sub o rd e rs N a s s e l l a r i n a and P h aeo d arin a. The r a d i o l a r i a n s a re s e p a ra te d from o th e r s u b c la s s e s o f th e C lass A ctinopodea by th e p o s se s sio n o f a c e n t r a l ca p su le between the ecto p la sm and endoplasm. The c h a r a c te r o f p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h i s c e n t r a l ca p su le i s th e b a s i s fo r d iv id in g th e S u b c la ss R a d io la r ia i n t o the v a rio u s o rd e rs and su b o rd ers m entioned. Members o f the Order P o ru lo s id a p o s se ss a c e n t r a l c a p su le w ith p o re s d i s t r i b u t e d o ver th e e n t i r e s u r f a c e . In th e Order O culosida, th e s e p o res are e i t h e r r e s t r i c t e d to one p o le (Suborder N a s s e lla r in a ) o r to a tu b u l a r opening a t one p o le w ith a c c e s so ry p o res a t the o p p o s ite p o le (Suborder P h a e o d a r in a ) . Ehrenberg ( I 8 3 9) used th e name "P o ly c y stin a " to d e s ig n a te r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the assemblage now termed 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 R a d i o l a r i a (Mfiller, 1858)0 E h re n b e rg 'a term " P o ly c y stin a " has long sin ce been abandoned in modern c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . However, the term " p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s " has come to r e p r e s e n t (by common usage o f p r e s e n t day w orkers) those r a d i o l a r i a n s which p o sse ss s k e le to n s o f o p a lin e s i l i c a . The p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s in c lu d e most members o f the Suborder N a s s e lla r in a and th e Order O culosida. Although th e s e r a d i o l a r i a n s a re not c lo s e ly r e l a t e d , t h e i r common p o s s e s s io n o f s k e le to n s o f o p a lin e s i l i c a make them compat i b l e f o r the te c h n iq u e s n e c e s sa ry i n e c o lo g ic a l and p a le o - e c o lo g ic a l s tu d i e s . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I I PREVIOUS STUDIES The f i r s t n o ta b le work on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l i v i n g p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s was done by E. Haeckel ( 188 7) o n ~ m a te r ia l from the voyage o f the H. M. S. CHALLENGER. In t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n , he devoted one c h a p te r to r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n and concluded t h a t r a d i o l a r i a n s o ccur in a l l se a s, w ith in a l l c lim a tic zones, and from the s u rfa c e la y e r s to g r e a t d e p th s. He i n t e r p r e t e d th e d i s t r i b u t i o n in a v e r t i c a l w ater column to c o n s is t of th re e m ajor d i v i s i o n s : a s u rfa c e (mainly sp u m e lla ria n and a c a n th a r ia n r a d i o l a r i a n s ) ; a z o n a r ia l fauna o f in te rm e d ia te d ep th s; and an a b y s sa l fauna o f ro b u s t forms l i v i n g n ear th e sea f l o o r . However Haeckel used v e r t i c a l open p lan k to n n e t s , and on th e b a s i s o f a r e c e n t study (Reshetnyak, 1955) w ith c lo s in g n e ts one may conclude t h a t H a e c k e l's assignm ents o f r a d i o l a r i a n s to p a r t i c u l a r s t r a t a were o n ly ro ughly c o r r e c t . Haeckel d eterm ined t h a t th e r i c h e s t development o f forms and the g r e a t e s t number o f s p e c ie s o ccu rs w ith in th e t r o p i c s . The " f r i g i d zones" p o sse ss few genera and s p e c ie s . Prom the t r o p i c s th e abundance o f s p e c ie s d im in ish es t o wards the p o le s , and more r a p i d ly in the N orthern than 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 S outhern Hemisphere. A lso, th e Southern Hemisphere seems to p o s se s s more sp e c ie s than the N o rth ern . The P a c i f ic Ocean r a d i o l a r i a n faunas seem to be q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and q u a l i t a t i v e l y ( g r e a t e r number o f s p e c ie s ) r i c h e r than t h a t o f any o th e r ocean. Haeckel s t a t e d t h a t c e r t a i n s p e c ie s are l i m i t e d to p a r t i c u l a r b a th y m e tric f a u n a l zones. H aeckel re c o g n iz e d th r e e zones: P e la g ic F aunal, Z o n a ria l Faunal and A byssal F aunal zones. R a d io la r ia n s o f the P e la g ic Faunal zone swim ( f lo a t) a t th e s u rfa c e and when th e y sin k (example: In a stormy s e a ) , descend to a shallow depth o f 20 to 30 fathom s. This fau n a c o n s is t s p r im a r ily o f p o r u lo s ld s p e c ie s b u t I n c lu d e s a few members o f the Order O cu lo sid a . The s k e le to n s o f th e se forms d i f f e r from th e a b y s sa l forms by p o s s e s s in g a more d e l i c a t e s t r u c t u r e w ith s le n d e r elem ents and l a r g e r p o re s . Many o f th e se r a d i o l a r i a n s In th e p e la g ic fauna p o s se s s e i t h e r Incom plete s k e le to n s o r none a t a l l . W ithin th e l i m i t s o f th e same fa m ily , p e la g ic sp e c ie s seem to be l a r g e r than a re th e r e l a t e d a b y s s a l forms. The members o f th e Z o n a ria l Faunas I n h a b i t v a r io u s b a th y m e tric zones between the P e la g ic Fauna which l i v e a t th e s u rfa c e o f the open se a , and th e A byssal Fauna, which f l o a t Im m ediately over the bottom . Members o f the Order P o ru lo s id a predom inate In the u p p er p o r tio n s o f th e Z o n a ria l Zone, from 25 fathoms to 2000 fathom s. At g r e a t e r d ep th s t h i s group I s g ra d u a lly re p la c e d by s p e c ie s o f th e Order Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 O culosida which p red o m in ates from about 2000 fathoms to j u s t above th e ocean bottom a t any bottom depth. The A byssal Fauna^ com prising forms which f l o a t only a l i t t l e d is ta n c e above the bottom o f th e deep sea, i s composed m ainly o f examples o f th e Order O culosida and Sub o rd e r P h a e o d a ria . B randt (l895) showed e x p e rim e n ta lly t h a t th e Col- l o d a r i a (which a r e p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s ) are a b le to r e g u l a t e t h e i r s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y by a l t e r i n g th e amount o f GOg i n t h e i r e cto p lasm and th u s " s e l e c t" d ep th s in the w a te r column. Popofsky ( 190 7, 190 8, 1912, 1 9 1 3) p u b lish e d a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s on th e r a d i o l a r i a n s w ith th e f i r s t comprehensive tre a tm e n t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n . In h i s p ap ers he d e s c rib e d ex amples o f s e a s o n a l, b i p o l a r , and in d ig e n o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n s , as w e ll as some c a se s o f th e same s p e c ie s showing morpholog i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s between warm and c o ld w ater and open sea and c o a s t a l form s. He even s t a t e d t h a t what he c o n sid e re d b i p o l a r i t y m ight r e a l l y r e p r e s e n t t r o p i c a l submergence (190 8). Popofsky ( 191 2) s tu d ie d th e warm w ater s p h a e r e l l a r - ia n s (73 s p e c ie s ) from the A t l a n t i c and w estern In d ia n Oceans. C o r r e la tin g th e se sp e c ie s w ith oceanographic d a ta from t h i s e x p e d itio n (German Southpole E x p e d itio n ), he found t h a t w a te r tem p e ra tu re in f lu e n c e s th e s iz e o f some Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 sp e c ie sJ and t h a t two sp e c ie s were m ainly p o la r i n d i s t r i b u ti o n . In h i s work on warm w a te r n a s s e l l a r i a n s ( 1913) in the A t l a n t i c and southw est In d ia n Oceans, Popofsky found t h a t most li v e d from 0 to 400 m e te rs. The In d ia n and At l a n t i c Ocean s p e c ie s were g e n e r a lly s m a lle r than the same sp e c ie s in the P a c i f ic Ocean. A few cold and warm w ater forms o f th e same s p e c ie s were found which could be d i s tin g u is h e d by t h e i r s iz e and morphology. Popofsky ( 190 8) d e a l t w ith 86 A n ta r c tic sp e c ie s (e x c lu s iv e o f th e P haeodaria) c o l l e c t e d during the German South Pole E x p e d itio n d u ring the y e a rs 19OI to I 9 0 3, e ig h t o f which appeared to be endemic cold w ater forms. Popofsky found t h a t some r a d i o l a r i a n s e x h ib ite d se a so n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s in t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n inasmuch as th ey were p r e s e n t only d u ring th e summer months (December to March), as a r e s u l t o f an i n t r u s i o n o f warmer w a te rs. S ev e ra l sp e c ie s seemed to him to have a b i p o l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n , p o s s ib ly due to submergence to d ep th s g r e a t e r than 400 m eters in th e lower l a t i t u d e s and he co n sid e re d some sp e c ie s to have d i f f e r e n t o p e n -se a and c o a s t a l forms. Haecker ( 19 0 7) s t a t e d t h a t some S p h a e r e l l a r i a and C y r t e l l a r i a a re r e s t r i c t e d to d ep th s o f 400 to 500O m eters. He found th e se deep w ater forms to have m assive s k e le to n s , reduced r a d i a l s p in e s , and a l a t e r a l l y compressed form. Haecker ( 1908a) d i s t i n g u i s h e d a "C o llo id " zone (0 -5 0 me Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 t e r s ) j "C h allen g erld " zone (50 to 350 o r 400 m e te rs ), and a T uscarora zone (350 or 400 to 1000 o r I 5OO m e te rs ). A l though th e se are b a s i c a l l y ph aeo d arlan zones, th e p o ly c y s tin e s a lso showed a s im i l a r z o n a tio n . Haecker ( 1908b) s ta t e d t h a t sp e c ie s are in flu e n c e d m o rp h o lo g ic a lly by t h e i r environm ent. He surm ized t h a t s u r f a c e - l i v i n g forms a re in g e n e ra l sm all and s p h e r i c a l , p o s s e s s in g f r a g i l e s k e le to n s , while deep l iv in g forms are g e n e r a lly b i l a t e r a l l y sym m etri c a l w ith la r g e r and h e a v ie r s k e le to n s . Mast ( 1 910) found In d ia n Ocean a s tr o s p h a e r id s to be "endemic" t h a t i s , co n fin ed to warm w a te rs. M ielck ( 1 9 1 3) n oted t h a t in the North Sea and n o r t h e a s t A t l a n t i c Ocan, th e S p h a e r e l l a r i a and N a s s e l l a r i a are o r d i n a r i l y r e s t r i c t e d to d ep th s g r e a t e r than 100 m eters in sp rin g and summer, b u t appear in autumn and w in te r above 100 m e te rs. He found th e se d i s t r i b u t i o n s to be r e l a t e d to the i n f l u x o f w ater from a d ja c e n t re g io n s . Schew iakoff ( 1 92 6) n o te d t h a t M editerranean Spumel- l a r i a and N a s s e l l a r i a r i s e from deep w ater to the s u rfa c e in c o ld e r months o f the y e a r (from October to May). During t h i s p e rio d they g a th e r in masses in the 0 to 50 m eter la y e r , w hile A c a n th a ria n s, to the c o n tr a ry , descend from the s u rfa c e la y e r s to the 5 0-2 0 0 m eter zone. B e rn s te in (1934) found t h a t in the n o r th Kara Sea, . some s p e c ie s were in d ig en o u s and o th e r s were b rought from the B a re n ts Sea w ith th e in flo w o f A t l a n t i c w a te r. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 Reshetnyak (1955) expanded H a e c k e r's scheme by add ing two e c o lo g ic a l c a te g o r ie s o f r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n . This study In the Kurll-K am chatka Deep r e s u l t e d In th e d e s ig n a tio n o f s te n o b a th lc and e u ry b a th lc form s. S te n o b a th lc forms are s t r i c t l y co n fin ed to s e v e r a l b a th y m e tric zones and e u ry b a th lc forms are d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h o u t th e d e p th s. Reshetnyak worked w ith o ver 100 s p e c ie s , 45 p e rc e n t o f which she r e f e r r e d to as s te n o b a th lc forms. Her zona tio n I s as fo llo w s: 1. Surface R a d io la r ia , 0-50 m eters 2. Subsurface forms, 50-200 m eters 3. M oderately deep forms, 200-1000 m eters 4. B a th y p e la g lc r a d i o l a r i a , 1000-2000 m eters 5. A byssal form s, 4000-8000 m eters 6 . A t r a n s i t i o n a l fauna from 50-1000 m eters S te n o b a th lc forms a cco rd in g to R eshetnyak a re r e l a t e d to each o f th e s e zones. E u ry b a th y a l forms a re e i t h e r d i s t r i b u t e d through th e e n t i r e depth o f the w ater from 50 to 8000 m eters o r e x h i b i t a more lim ite d d i s t r i b u t i o n from 50 to 2000 m e te rs. A lthough the e u ry b a th y a l forms I n h a b i t many d ep th s th ey u s u a l l y show some d epth zone o f g r e a t e s t abundance. Reshetnyak found r a d i o l a r i a n s to d is p la y g r e a t e s t d e n s ity and d i v e r s i t y between 200 and 2000 m e te rs. She a lso n oted t h a t a t g r e a t d ep th s the p r o to z o lc p la n k to n I s composed alm ost e x c lu s iv e ly o f R a d io la r ia . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 R eshetnyak c o r r e l a t e d th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R a d io la r ia w ith te m p e ra tu re and s a l i n i t y f o r h e r study a r e a . Her c o r r e l a t i o n s a re as fo llo w s: 1. S u rface R a d i o l a r i a T=2,6°C and 8=33.0 °/o o 2 . S u b su rface R a d io la r ia T=0.3°C and 8=33.0 °/o o 3 . M oderately deep R a d io la r ia n T=3.5°C and 8=34.1 o/bo 4. B a th y p e la g lc R a d io la r ia T=1.7°C and 8=34.7 °/o o 5. A byssal R a d i o l a r i a T=1.5 to 2.0°G and 8=34.7 ° /b o . R ie d e l (1958) compared p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s from A n t a r c t i c sedim ents w ith R a d io la r ia from th e sedim ents o f o th e r oceans and p u b lis h e d th e fo llo w in g c o n c lu sio n s co n cern in g r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n : 1. C e r ta in s p e c ie s a re endemic to th e A n t a r c t i c . 2. E ig h t o f th e s p e c ie s s tu d ie d a re b i p o l a r . 3. T h irte e n s p e c ie s a re a p p a re n tly cosm opolitan in d i s t r i b u t i o n . 4. The m a jo r ity o f th e s p e c ie s found in th e s h a l low er samples (to about 200 m eters) are e i t h e r r e s t r i c t e d to A n ta r c tic w aters o r have a b i p o l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n . 5. Many o f th e a p p a r e n tly cosm opolitan s p e c ie s a r e found on ly in deeper samples (below 200 m e t e r s ) . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 Hilllsemann ( 196 3) worked w ith t h ir ty - tw o sp e c ie s o f R a d io la r ia c o l l e c t e d from the A r c tic D r i f t i n g S ta tio n T-3 from o f f E llesm ere I s la n d to the North P ole. She found two d i s t i n c t zones; a shallow zone o f endemic forms and a d eeper zone o f cosm opolitan forms. Papers by Cleve (1899), Ehrenberg (l8 4 6 , I 8 6 1, 1862, 187 2, 1873 and 187 6) and H aeckel (1862 and I 8 8I) are u s e f u l as so u rces o f r e f e r e n c e s to taxonomy and to the geographic and g e o lo g ic d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c e r t a i n r a d i o l a r i a n s . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I I I STUDIES IN PROGRESS Dr. James Hayes, o f the Lament G eo lo g ical Observa to ry o f Columbia U n iv e r s ity , i s working on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s from sedim ent co re s taken in t r a n s e c t s a c ro ss th e A n ta r c tic Convergence. His u n p u b lish ed d i s s e r t a t i o n re co rd ed a s i g n i f i c a n t change in the p o ly c y s t i n e fauna a c ro s s th e A n ta r c tic Convergence and in c lu d e d h i s method o f t r a c i n g s h i f t s in the convergence by working "down s e c tio n " in th e c o re s. Mr. John Tibbs, o f the U n iv e r s ity o f Southern C a l i f o r n ia , i s I n i t i a t i n g a study on Phaeodarian r a d i o l a r i a n s taken in p lan k to n tows from A n ta r c tic w a te rs. Mr. Tibbs has p e r s o n a lly taken and p re se rv e d the tows to a s su re a competent d isc o u rse on b o th d i s t r i b u t i o n and cy to lo g y . A group o f w orkers which must be m entioned i s com posed o f André H ollande, Monique Enjumet and t h e i r c o l l a b o r a t o r s o f the L ab o rato ry o f G eneral B iology, a t the U n iv er s i t y o f A lg ie r s . This group, alth o u g h n o t working on r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n , i s c u l t u r i n g the r a d i o l a r i a n s and studying t h e i r c y to lo g y , e v o lu tio n and s y s te m a tic s . T heir 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 major paper on th e s u b je c t ( 196 0) prom ises f u tu r e p u b l i c a t i o n s in th e se a r e a s . A number o f r e s e a r c h e r s a re a t p r e s e n t in v o lv e d in s tu d ie s concerned, i n whole o r in p a r t , w ith r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n . The m a jo rity o f th e s e p eople were assem bled a t S crip p s In s titu tio n o f Oceanography in the summer o f 1964 fo r th e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l R a d io la r ia n Conference o rg a n iz e d by Mr. W illiam R ie d e l o f t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n . The Conference con s i s t e d o f th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f u n p u b lish e d work and work in p ro g re s s by th e a tte n d in g members. Two o f th e p r e s e n t a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r ib u t i o n s to th e f i e l d o f r a d i o l a r i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n . The f i r s t was p r e s e n te d by Miss Cathy C la rk , o f Cambridge U n iv e r s ity , who i s working on the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s in In d ia n Ocean sed im en ts. Her work i n d i c a t e s t h a t , by u s in g th e "endemic" r a d i o l a r i a n fauna, th e In d ia n Ocean may be d iv id e d in to warm, t r a n s i t i o n , and co ld w ater r e g io n s . She a ls o su g g ested t h a t sub s p e c i f i c v a r i a t i o n s may be t i e d to d i f f e r e n t r e g io n s o r "w ater m asses." Mr. S ta n le y K ling, o f S c rip p s I n s t i t u t i o n o f Ocean ography, d e s c rib e d h i s stu d y on th e v e r t i c a l and h o r iz o n ta l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f P haeodarian r a d i o l a r i a n s o f f th e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t. While h i s work i s s t i l l in i t s i n i t i a l s ta g e s and he Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13 has reac h e d no c o n c re te c o n c lu s io n s , h i s fin d in g s to d ate i n d i c a t e t h a t a s tro n g zo n atio n pro b ab ly does occur f o r th e Phaeodarian r a d i o l a r i a n s . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER IV PURPOSE O P THE STUDY I t i s a p p aren t from the review o f p re v io u s work t h a t few s tu d ie s have been p u b lish e d on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s and even fewer on t h e i r se a so n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e re fo re , t h i s study was u n d ertak en to d e term in e: (l) w hether p o ly c y s tin e R a d io la r ia d is p la y v e r t i c a l zonation in an a r e a o f f th e southern C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t, ( 2 ) i f such zo n atio n e x i s t s to what degree i t f l u c t u a t e s s e a s o n a lly (in numbers, d e p th s, sp e c ie s o r o th e r o b serv a b le p e rim e te rs ) and ( 3 ) i f so, to atte m p t to determ ine th e cause o f t h i s f l u c t u a t i o n and (4) i f s e a so n a l v a r i a t i o n s can be s u b s t a n t i a t e d w hether th ey can be u s e f u l l y a p p lie d to oceanographic and p a le o -o c e a n o g ra p h ic s tu d i e s . 14 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V MATERIALS AND METHODS S ix t y - s i x p lan k to n tows were taken w ith C la rk e - Bumpus opening and c lo s in g n e ts (a device w ith an opening o f 5 in c h d iam eter and n e t w ith mesh opening o f 62 m icro n s— or in a few s e r i e s , n o ted on th e p lan k to n d a ta s h e e t, a 74 micron mesh n e t) and tw enty-tw o tows were taken w ith Nansen c lo s in g n e ts ( q u a r t e r m eter n e t w ith a 62 micron m esh). Water samples f o r hyd ro g rap h ic d a ta were taken w ith Nansen b o t t l e s . A ll th e p la n k to n tow s.w ere p re s e rv e d w ith e th y l a lc o h o l ( a b s o lu te a lc o h o l poured i n t o sea w ater to equ al about 10 p e rc e n t depending on th e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f plan k to n ) and s ta in e d w ith Rose Bengal (cubic c e n tim e te r in one l i t e r a lc o h o l) d is s o lv e d in a b s o lu te e th y l a lc o h o l. A 1/2 a l i q u o t was taken from the p re se rv e d sample u sin g a m o dified Folsom Plankton S p l i t t e r . The a l i q u o t was then d ig e s te d by adding hydrogen p ero x id e and h e a tin g on a h o t p l a t e . A s l i d e was made o f the h ard p a r t (m ainly c a l careous and s i l i c e o u s ) rem ain s. These were examined under th e compound m icroscope, and th e t o t a l number o f r a d i o l a r ia n s from the a l i q u o t was i d e n t i f i e d and counted u s in g 100 15 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16 power m a g n ific a tio n w ith t r a n s m itte d l i g h t . O b serv atio n s o f the fo ra m in ife ra n s and diatom s used i n t h i s study were c a r r i e d o ut on th e u n d ig e s te d a rc h iv e h a l f o f the sample. R a d io la r ia n d e n s i t i e s were determ ined from th e Clarke-Bumpus tows by u s in g c a l i b r a t e d flow m eters on the n e t. Although th e se m eters a re su p p lie d w ith a c a l i b r a t i o n the n e ts were r e c a l i b r a t e d by towing th e sam pler along a p i e r f o r a c e r t a i n known d is ta n c e (one r e v o lu tio n o f the p r o p e l l e r i n d i c a t e d a f i l t e r i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f O.OO6 cubic m eters o f w a t e r ) . A ttem pts to r i g the Nansen n e ts w ith m eters proved unworkable (th e use o f th e Nansen n e t w ith a chinch l i n e r e s u l t s in a c o n s id e ra b le j e r k on the m eter which proved to be too much f o r the d e l i c a t e m eterin g de vice) . The volumes o f w a te r, however, were e s tim a te d from th e le n g th of tow, as i f th e r e were no head o f w ater and 100 p e r c e n t f i l t e r i n g e f f i c i e n c y were ac h ie v e d . R a d io la r ia n d e n s i t i e s from the Nansen n e t tows a re c o n sid e re d as minimum because o f the amount of w ater f i l te r e d , was e s tim a te d by assuming th e re was no head o f w a te r. However, a head o f w ater was observed in a c t u a l tows upon r e t r i e v i n g an open Nansen n e t , e s p e c i a l l y a t n ig h t when p h o sp h o rescen t w a te rs could be seen as a head o f u n f i l t e r e d w ater around the mouth o f th e n e t . The Clarke-Bumpus tows show a minimum amount o f w a te r f i l t e r e d and a maximum den s i t y o f r a d i o l a r i a n s because the m etering device would n o t fu n c tio n u n le s s a c e r t a i n minimum v e l o c i t y o f w ater was Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 p a s sin g th rough th e n e t, and due to the s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n s in th e speed o f th e sh ip , the m eter d id n o t r e g i s t e r d u rin g some slow d r i f t c o n d itio n s . This c o n d itio n was observed many tim es in th e p ro c e s s o f low ering and r e t r i e v i n g an open Clarke-Bumpus n e t d u ring tows. T h e re fo re , th e tr u e d e n s i t i e s o f r a d i o l a r i a n s are somewhere between th e minimum and maximum d e n s i t i e s sampled by Nansen and Clarke-Bumpus n e ts r e s p e c t i v e l y . The maximum d e n s i t i e s were, in g e n e ra l c o l l e c t e d w ith th e Nansen n e t b u t t h i s was due to th e f a c t t h a t th e Nansen n e t sampled sm all volumes o f w ater i n the s h a l low zones and t h e r e f o r e a c c u r a t e l y sampled th e dense shallow zones where th e Clarke-Bumpus n e t sampled above, in and b e low th e s e zones in each tow. The Clarke-Bumpus n e ts u sin g th e 74 micron mesh were r e p la c e d by 62 micron mesh n e ts so t h a t th ey would c o l l e c t in th e same s iz e range as th e 62 micron Nansen n e t . There was no d i f f e r e n c e between th e s iz e ra n g e s, o r between den s i t i e s o f d i f f e r e n t s iz e ra n g e s, o f r a d i o l a r i a n s c o l l e c t e d w ith e i t h e r mesh s i z e . The re a so n s f o r t h i s s i m i l a r i t y in c o l l e c t i n g e f f i c i e n c y were th e s e : th e 74 micron mesh n e t s were o ld and th e a p e r t u r e s were a c t u a l l y l e s s than 74 m i c ro n s, and very few r a d i o l a r i a n s are s m a lle r than 74 m i crons . The Clarke-Bumpus n e ts were towed h o r i z o n t a l l y from th e R. V. VELERO IV a t an average d r i f t speed o f one k n o t. Wire a n g le s were p e r i o d i c a l l y taken to determ ine maximum Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18 and minimum d e p th s. The Nansen n e ts were a ls o used from the ■\TELERO IV ly in g m o tio n le ss , and sampled v e r t i c a l s e c tio n s o f the w ater column. D e p th s ,fo r b o th n e ts , were determ ined u sin g a maximum depth gauge fo r g r e a t e s t depth, and w ire angle and l in e out f o r minimum d ep th . These two ty p es o f n e ts were employed in o rd e r to o b ta in a complete sampling o f the w ater column through use o f a c ro ss hatched sampling g r id ( v e r t i c a l and h o r iz o n ta l tows) to avoid e r r o r s which might develop from p a tc h in e s s o f th e p la n k to n . The w aters over the C a ta lin a B asin were sampled monthly from November, 1962 to October, 1963 and then again in F ebruary, 1964. Each month th e sampling procedure con s i s t e d o f towing th e Clarke-Bumpus n e t s (w ith 100 and 200 m eters o f w ire o ut (day and n ig h t) and w ith 9OO and 1000 m eters o f w ire o u t ( e i t h e r day or n i g h t ) , fo r 30 m inutes, u n le s s o th e rw ise s t a t e d on th e D i s t r i b u t i o n C hart, F ig u re 2 1). Nansen s t a t i o n s were made along w ith Clarke-Bumpus s t a t i o n s in A p r il, August, and O ctober, 1963, and in Febru a ry , 1 9 6 4. These were f is h e d a t v a rio u s depths from 1000 m eters to th e s u rf a c e . The ex act d ep th s are shown on the D i s t r i b u t i o n C hart (F ig u re 2 l ) . Two methods were used in o rd e r to c o l l e c t in fo rm a tio n to e x p la in the zonation found in the plan k to n study. One method was to stu d y r e c e n t sedim ent samples p ro v id e d by Mr. W illiam R ie d e l, S crip p s I n s t i t u t i o n o f Oceanography, from the to p s o f co res from a re a s b en eath w ater Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19 masses which might c o n tr ib u te r a d l o l a r l a n fau n as to th e C a ta lin a B asin study a r e a . Prom th e se sedim ents th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p o ly c y s tln e r a d l o l a r l a n s In th e N o rth e a ste rn P a c i f ic was determ ined f o r th e 38 s p e c ie s used In t h i s stu d y . These samples were clean ed by b o i l i n g In hydrogen p ero x id e and then In h y d ro c h lo ric a c id and by washing through a 62 micron s ie v e . The r e s id u e s (m ainly s i l i c e o u s ) were then mounted on a s l i d e In perm ount, and s tu d ie d un d er the compound m icroscope. The second method was to use o ceanographic d a ta a c q u ire d on th e a u t h o r 's c r u i s e s and by CCOPI ( C a l i f o r n i a Co o p e r a tiv e F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n ) c r u is e r e p o r t s ( 1963a, 1963b, 1964a, 1964b, 1964c, 1 9 6 9). This phase o f th e study w i l l be taken up l a t e r In th e m a n u sc rip t. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER VI THE STUDY AREA The w a te rs o v e r ly in g th e C a ta lin a B asin (F ig u re l) were s e le c t e d as a study a r e a a p p r o p r ia te to th e p u rp o ses s t a t e d in the i n t r o d u c t i o n , i . e . , b ecause th ey r e p r e s e n t t r a n s i t i o n zones o c e a n o g ra p h ic a lly (Tibby, 1939), (Sverdrup and Johnson, I g ^ l ) , (Reid, 1958), and (Emery, i 9 6 0) and b i o l o g i c a l l y (Bradshaw, 1956), ( B rito n , 1958), (B alech, i 9 6 0), (Plem inger, 1964), and (Johnson, i 9 6 0). The stu d y a r e a i s lo c a te d over th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d (Emery, i 9 6 0) which i s a deep ( 5OO to 18OO m eters) submerged p la tf o r m between th e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f and c o n t i n e n t a l slo p e (F ig u re l ) . From the many b a s in s o f th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o r d e rla n d , the C a ta lin a Basin was chosen as th e stu d y s i t e s in c e i t r e p r e sen te d " t y p i c a l " deep w ater o ceanographic c o n d itio n s fo r which b a s ic in fo rm a tio n i s ab u n d an tly a v a i l a b l e from CCOFl and AHF (A llan Hancock F oundation) program s. The stu d y a re a i s a lso w ith in e f f e c t i v e c r u i s i n g range (4o m ile s from San Pedro H a r b o r) . The p la n k to n samples f o r t h i s stu d y were taken to a depth o f 1000 m eters which i s the s i l l depth o f the C a ta lin a B a sin . G r e a te r depths were avoided b ecause deeper w a te rs i n th e b a s in a r e a t y p i c a l in t h a t th e b a s in 20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21 e n tr a p s s i l l depth w ater and r e t a i n s i t fo r unknown le n g th s o f tim e (Emery, I 9 6 0) . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER VII GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHY The g e n e ra l c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s and w ater masses o f the North E a st P a c i f ic are shown on F ig u re 2. I t may be seen t h a t the C a l i f o r n i a C u rrent i s an e x te n sio n o f the Kuroshio and North P a c i f ic C u rre n ts. In the North, the e a s te r n b o rd e r o f the C a l i f o r n i a C urrent l i e s J u s t a few m ile s o ffs h o re p a r a l l e l i n g th e c o a s t o f C a l i f o r n i a u n t i l i t p a sse s P o in t Conception where the c u r re n t i s then flow ing about 150 m iles from the c o a s t a t San Pedro because o f the c o n t i n e n t a l in d e n ta tio n south o f P o in t Conception. Thus, th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rrent i s approxim ately 100 m iles west o f the stu d y a re a moving south and c o n tr ib u tin g w a te rs to the a r e a . I n v e s t i g a t o r s in t h i s a re a ; Tibby (19^1), Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming (1942), Reid e t a l . ( 195 8), and Emery ( i 9 6 0), have measured a g y r a l o f w ater over the b o rd e rla n d . Tibby (l9 4 l) n o te d t h i s g y r a l w ith d r i f t b o t t l e s tu d ie s and Sverdrup and Fleming ( l9 4 l) p l o t t e d i t from dynamic h e ig h t s tu d i e s . Emery ( 1960) b e lie v e s t h a t t h i s g y r a l i s the r e s u l t o f th e entra in m e n t o f w ater by th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t. Emery ( 1 9 6 0) su ggested t h a t as th e C a l i f o r n i a C urrent p a sses P o in t Conception i t e n t r a i n s w ater from the a re a o f the 22 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23 Santa R o sa-C ortez Ridge (F igure l ) j th u s drawing w ater from th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d . W aters a re a lso given o f f ( p e r haps sometimes in p a c k e ts) by v a rio u s e d d ie s as the C a l i f o r n ia C u rren t p a s s e s along th e Southern C a l i f o r n i a and B aja C a l i f o r n i a c o a s ts . This i s the g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n o f th e su rfa c e w aters (0-200 m eters) o f th e a r e a . As f o r the i n te rm e d ia te w a te rs (200 m eters to th e ocean f l o o r o f the c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d b u t not th e b a s in w a te r s ) , Sverdrup and Fleming ( l9 ^ l ) showed t h a t t h i s w ater has a so u th ern o r i g i n . Emery ( 19 6 0) expanded t h i s work by ta k in g the d a ta o f a w ater c a s t o ffs h o re in th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t w aters (which he c a te g o r iz e d as "n o rth e rn w ater") and then ta k in g a s t a t i o n n e a rs h o re (both s t a t i o n s were s i t u a t e d a t about 32° n o rth ) which he tagged (w ith tem p e ra tu re and s a l i n i t y ) as "so u th e rn w a te r ." He used v a rio u s c a s t s between the two s t a t i o n s and o v er th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d to p l o t the degree o f mixing by p e rc e n ta g e s between th e "n o rth e rn " and "so u th ern " w a te r. From t h i s a n a l y s is Emery concluded t h a t in g e n e r a l, mixing between the two "w ater masses" o ccu rs between 200 and 500 m eters w ith the w ater above 200 m eters being dominated by "n o rth e rn " w ater and the w a te rs below 5O O m eters bein g dom inated by "so u th ern " w a te r. Emery (1954) also concerned h im s e lf w ith th e o r i g i n o f b a s in w a te rs on the c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d . Using te m p e ra tu re as an i n d i c a tio n o f o r i g i n , he concluded t h a t a l l o f th e b a s in s are f i l l e d and r e p le n is h e d by w ater from th e so u th , except f o r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24 Santa B arb ara and Tanner B a s in s, which are r e p le n is h e d from the w est, and West C ortez and Long B a sin , which a re f i l l e d from th e south and w est. Reid ( 1 9 5 8) worked e x t e n s iv e ly on th e CCOPI c r u i s e s and found tongues o f so u th e rn w a te r (h ig h in s a l i n i t y and low in oxygen i n t r u d i n g n o r th to the stu d y a re a (between 200 and 400 m e t e r s ) ). P r o fe s s o r I s a a c s ( d i r e c t o r o f CCOPI o p e ra tio n s ) p r e s e n tin g h i s c u r r e n t summary o f the g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rre n t and r e l a t e d w a te rs i n a Symposium on the Marine Environm ent, P u l l e r t o n J u n io r Col le g e , March 26, 1963, su g g e ste d t h a t a g e n e r a l p i c t u r e o f the oceanography o f f the C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t and th e w a te rs over th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d i s as fo llo w s: du rin g th e oceanographic summer, th e w e s t e r l i e s d r iv e the C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t s tr o n g ly , w ith a r e s u l t a n t tendency f o r th e c u r r e n t to move o f fs h o re ( C o r i o l i s e f f e c t ) w ith consequent g e n e r a l u p w e llin g s along th e c o a s t n o r th o f P o in t Conception, b u t w ith no Davidson C u rre n t (a n o rth w a rd , n e a rsh o re c u r r e n t p r e s e n t du rin g c e r t a i n tim es o f th e y e a r flow ing from P o in t Conception to th e s t a t e o f W ashington) a t th e s u r f a c e . Dur ing th e w in te r, th e change in a tm o sp h eric p r e s s u re on a la rg e s c a le r e s u l t s in weaker w e s t e r l i e s and, in t u r n , a weaker C a l i f o r n i a C u rre n t. A summer low p r e s s u r e a re a over the so u th w estern U n ited S t a t e s i s r e p la c e d in w in te r by a hig h p r e s s u r e a re a , w ith o f f s h o r e winds d u rin g w in te r as Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 compared to onshore winds in summer. These two phenomena (a weakening o f the C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t and th e o ffs h o re winds) allo w th e Davidson C u rre n t to come to the s u rf a c e , and to flow northw ard along the c o a s t o f C a l i f o r n i a between the shore and th e e a s t e r n boundary o f th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rrent (a few m iles o f f s h o r e ) . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER V III FAUNAE ZONATION I t became obvious from th e com position o f the f i r s t few tows In November o f 1962 t h a t a v e r t i c a l zonation o f some s o r t d id e x i s t among th e p o ly c y s tln e r a d l o l a r l a n s In th e w a te rs o v e rly in g the C a ta lin a B asin . As f u r t h e r samples were analy zed . I t a lso became a p p a re n t t h a t th e r e was e i t h e r a se a so n a l o r long range change In v e r t i c a l fa u n a l zones and In d e n s i t i e s and numbers of s p e c ie s p r e s e n t In the sampling a re a . Approxim ately 200 sp e c ie s o f p o ly c y s tln e r a d l o l a r la n s were c o l l e c t e d during th e study p e rio d (O ctober, I 962 to February, 1964), b u t only t h i r t y - e i g h t s p e c ie s o ccu rred In s u f f i c i e n t numbers to be used f o r an e c o lo g ic a l a n a ly s is o f f a c t o r s p r e s e n t In th e a r e a . These t h i r t y - e i g h t s p e c ie s , being p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d , a re enumerated In an a n n o ta te d fa u n a l r e fe r e n c e l i s t (Appendix, P a rt l ) . Nine zones o f r a d l o l a r l a n d i s t r i b u t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t In space and time were found In the study a re a . The fa u n a l re fe r e n c e l i s t (Appendix 1, P a rt l) I s o rg an ized according to th e se n in e zones w ith s p e c i f i c re fe r e n c e to the d i s t r i b u tio n o f each sp e c ie s b o th by season and d epth (th e r e a d e r 26 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27 may a lso r e f e r to the fa u n a l d a ta sh e e t (Appendix 2) f o r more in fo rm a tio n on any given s p e c i e s ) . Appendix 3 shows th e zo n atio n o f r a d l o l a r l a n s taken from th e sedim ent samples and a g ro ss I n d ic a t io n o f t h e i r abundance (abundant (A), common (c), and r a r e (R )). Of the t h i r t y - e i g h t s p e c ie s used In th e stu d y , th e abundant s p e c ie s a re th o se which o ccur In th e g r e a t e s t p e r centage In r e l a t i o n to o th e r sp e c ie s from th e same sedim ent sample. Common s p e c ie s a re e a s i l y found In th e sedim ent sample b u t a re n ot r e p r e s e n te d as dominant (abundant sp e c ie s ) members o f th e th a n a to c o e n o s e s . Rare s p e c ie s are r e p re s e n te d by o n ly a few I n d iv id u a ls In th e sedim ent sam p l e . Since v ary in g amounts o f sedim ent were u sed from each core s t a t i o n and o th e r v a r i a b l e s such as rew orking s o lu t i o n , r a t e s o f se d im e n ta tio n , sample s iz e , d i f f e r i n g r a d l o l a r l a n d e n s i t i e s In the w ater column, and d i f f e r e n c e s In r e l a t i v e d e n s i t i e s o f one s p e c ie s to a n o th e r In d i f f e r e n t w ater m asses, are In e sc a p a b le In such sam ples, t h i s q u a s l- q u a n t l t a t l v e a n a l y s is I s common p r a c t i c e . A lthough some c r i t i c i s m has been le v e le d a t the la c k o f a more q u a n t i t a t i v e approach to th e se m a t e r i a l s , t h i s a n a l y s is I s con s id e re d to be th e one most v a l i d to th e aforem entioned v a r i a tio n from sample to sample. Three s p e c ie s , o f th e 38 used, were n ot found In th e sedim ent samples (Sethophorm ls r o t u l a , Hexadorldlum s tre p ta c a n th u m , and Theophormls c a l l l p l l l u m ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 8 and th e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f th e s e forms were tak en from th e so u rces i n d i c a t e d in th e c h a r t . Prom the sedim ents (Appendix 1 , P a r t 3 )j r a d i o l a r i a n faunas (th e term fauna used th ro u g h o u t th e t e x t , r e f e r s to th e r a d i o l a r i a n s from a c e r t a i n re g io n , ex cep t when th e sp e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e d e a ls w ith a f o s s i l assem blage where i t r e f e r s to th o se r a d i o l a r i a n s from a s p e c i f i c g e o l o g i c a l p e r io d ) may be found t h a t are r e s t r i c t e d to , o r a t l e a s t occur in abundance o n ly i n , th e th re e w a te r masses ( S u b a r c tic , E a s te rn North P a c i f i c , and E q u a to r ia l) a d ja c e n t to , and most p ro b a b le to c o n t r i b u t e to th e fauna o f , th e stu d y a r e a . There a re a ls o a l a r g e number o f cosm opolitan s p e c ie s which are d i s t r i b u t e d in th e sedim ents from a l l th r e e w a te r m asses, and a few which a re common to th e E a s te rn North P a c i f ic and th e P a c i f i c E q u a to r i a l Water Masses. Prom t h i s sedim ent a n a l y s i s , i t i s p o s s i b l e to i n d i c a t e th e o r i g i n s o f th e n in e f a u n a l b a th y m e tric zones found in t h e stu d y a r e a . On th e D i s t r i b u t i o n C hart (P ig u re 2 1), th e s e n in e zones a re la b e le d a s , o r d i v i s i o n s o f , th e S u b a r c tic , North E a st C e n tr a l, E. ( E q u a to r ia l) o r C. (Cos m opolitan) w ater mass zones. The re a so n t h e r e a re fo u r E q u a to r ia l zones on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r t and only one on the sedim ent c h a r t i s t h a t i t i s , o f co u rse , im p o ssib le to d iv id e th e E q u a to r ia l sedim ents i n t o th o se s p e c ie s l i v i n g a t d i f f e r e n t d ep th s i n th e t r o p i c s . This zo n atio n shows up o n ly when th e w ater column i t s e l f i s sampled a t d i f f e r e n t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29 d e p th s, t h i s same re a so n in g h o ld s f o r th e one cosm opolitan group o f s p e c ie s i n th e sedim ents and th r e e in th e p lan k to n tows. In o th e r words, th e p la n k to n tows can d iv id e up the w ater column in to b a th y m e tric zones, whereas th e sedim ent below th e w ater column r e c e iv e s th e f a l l o u t from a l l th e se z o n e s. As th e Z onation Chart i n d i c a t e s , a l l th re e w ater b o rd e rin g masses a re r e p r e s e n te d o ver the y e a r and one- t h i r d d u ra tio n o f the stu d y . The E a s te rn North P a c i f ic w a te r i s i n d i c a t e d in November, 1962 and again in O ctober, 196 3, by th e p re se n c e o f C alo cy c la s amj.cae, E u c h ito n ia f u r c a t a - e l e g a n s and E u c y rtid iu m h e r t w i g i i . The E q u a to r ia l w a te r i s p r e s e n t w ith in the stu d y a re a in th e ocean o g rap h ic summer ( l a t e May to September) o f 1963 and i s d iv id e d in to fo u r, d i s t i n c t b a th y m e tric zones: an E q u a to r ia l S u rface Zone (with A crosphaera m urrayana) ; an E q u a to r ia l Zone # 1, 25 to 50 m eters ( ? ) ( P ic ty o c e ra s insectum and P eridium s p i n i p e s ) ; an E q u a to r ia l Zone # 2, 50 to 125 m eters (A c ro b o tris s a c r i b r o s a , Am phispyris c o s t a t a , L ith o - m e lis s a m onoceras, Peridium s p i n i p e s , A nthocyrtidium c i n e r a r i a and (?) C la th ro c o ry s m u rra y i) ; and an E q u a to r ia l Zone # 3; 125 to 200 m eters f(?) Sethoconus f a c e t u s , Peridium s p i n i p e s , A nth o cy rtid iu m c i n e r a r i a and (?) C la th ro c o ry s m u rra y i). The s u b a r c tic w a te r i s i n d i c a t e d by a few specimens (A rto p iliu m e le g a n s , P te ro c o ry s h ir u n d o , and Sethophormis Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 r o t u l a ) In the w in te r o f I 962 (December, January and. Febru ary) and 1963 (November, December, January, F ebruary, and March). The cosm opolitan faunas (cosm opolitan throughout the t e x t r e f e r s to those sp e c ie s o r r a d i o l a r i a n faunas which are p r e s e n t throughout the North E a st P a c if ic and are con s id e re d by the a u th o r, due to h i s study o f sedim ent samples in a l l the oceans, to be p r e s e n t in a l l oceans) a r e , o f co u rse, r e p re s e n te d throughout th e y e a r. In the stu d y they may be d iv id e d in to two la r g e groups: shallow cosm opolitan (0-200 m eters) composed o f B o tr y o c y r tis q u i n a r ia ( ? ) (?) Carpo- c an istru m evacuatum, C lathrocanium ornatum , D ictyocoryne p ro fu n d a , Hexadoridium s tre p ta c a n th u m , Lamprocyclas nup- t i a l i s , L a rc o s p ira q u ad ran g u la, Lithamphora f u r c a s p i c u l a t e , L itharachnium araneosum, Pterocanium trilo b u m , Pterocanium p ra e te x tu m , S pongaster t e t r a s , Spongocore p u e l l a , Spongo- tro c h u s b r e v i s p i n u s , Spongotrochus g l a c i a l i s , E ucyrtidium hexagonatum, (?)Theoconus zancleus and Theophormis c a l l i p i l - lium , and deep cosm opolitan (200-1000 m e te rs ). The deep cosm opolitan zone may again be d iv id e d in to a deep zone # 1 (200-400 o r 500 m eters) p o p u la te d by Siphocampe e r u c o s a , and Spongopyle o s c u lo s a , and a deep zone # 2 (400 or 50O-IOOO m eters) p o p u lated by G o rn u te lla profunda and Stichophorm is c o r n u t e l l a . P eripyram is c irc u m te x ta i s common to b o th deep zo n es. Although I b e lie v e t h i s deep zonation (Deep Cosmo p o l i t a n # 1 Zone and Deep Cosmopolitan # 2 Zone) to be Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 b a th y m e tric ly v a l i d , few specimens (ex cep t f o r Spongopyle o sc u lo sa which was w e ll r e p re s e n te d ) o f th e se deep s p e c ie s were c o l l e c t e d . This s p a rs e n e ss i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f deep w aters g e n e r a lly . A ll th e se zones are based on d e n s i t i e s o f r a d i o l a r i a n s . As may be seen in e i t h e r th e F aunal R eference L i s t (Appendix l) o r the Plankton Data Sheet (Appendix 2) none o f the s p e c ie s i s co m p letely a b sen t from o th e r depth zones o r months o f sam pling. A good example o f one o f the n in e b a th y m e tric fa u n a l zones i s the E q u a to r ia l Zone # 2 e x i s t i n g between 50 and 125 m eters d u ring the summer. A c r o b o tris s a c r i b r o s a o c cu rred m ainly in the summer Nansen c o l l e c t i o n s (August) w ith d e n s i t i e s alm ost fo u r tim es as g r e a t as th o se f o r any o th e r Nansen s e r i e s , namely w ith l44 r a d i o l a r i a n s p e r 10 cubic m eters between 50 and 123 m eters and 48.4 p e r 10 cubic me t e r s o f w ater from 123 to 194 m e te rs. Below 194 m eters th e re was a drop in d e n s ity w ith 1 .3 i n d i v i d u a l s c o l l e c t e d from 194 to 480 m eters and only .8 i n d i v i d u a l s p e r 10 cubic m eters from 480 to 9^0 m e te rs. Amphispyris c o s t a t a was c o l l e c t e d in i t g r e a t e s t d e n s ity (64 in d i v i d u a l s p e r 10 cubic m eters) d u ring August in E q u a to r ia l Zone # 2. During t h i s same August s e r i e s which sampled the e n t i r e w a te r column from s u rfa c e to 960 m eters Amphispyris c o s t a t a was n o t found a t any depth o th e r than the b a th y m e tric l i m i t o f th e E q u a to r ia l Zone # 2. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 LIthomol i s s a m onocerasj alth o u g h n ev er abundant, was a d e f i n i t e E q u a to r i a l s p e c ie s p ro b a b ly f i t t i n g i n t o Zone # 2 . A n th o cy rtid iu m c i n e r a r i a and (?) C la th ro c o ry s m urrayi are "sh ared " by b o th E q u a to r i a l Zones 2 and 3. The same c r i t e r i o n was used in d eterm in in g th e o th e r e i g h t zones o f t h i s stu d y and a l l zones, even i f r e p r e s e n te d by o n ly one "endemic" member, are c o n s id e re d v a l i d and p r o p e r . When th e r a d i o l a r i a n s a re employed as b i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r s o f w a te r m asses, th e fo llo w in g dynamic p a t t e r n s may be s k e tc h e d . During th e summer o f 1963 ( l a t e May to S ep tem b er), th e r e was a s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n t o fo u r zones o f e q u a t o r i a l o r a t l e a s t warm te m p e ra tu re o r i g i n s . These have been t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o th e a re a along w ith the i n t r u s i o n of a shallow (0 to 200 m eters) e q u a t o r i a l o r warm tem perate w ater from th e E q u a to r i a l P a c i f ic W ater Mass re g io n . Be tween September and O ctober o f I 963 (and O ctober and Novem b e r o f 1 9 6 2) th e r e was a s t r i k i n g re p la c e m e n t o f th e Equa t o r i a l w a te r and fauna by the North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic Eauna which was i t s e l f " d ilu te d " and pushed out by u p w ellin g o f deep w a te r and i t s a s s o c i a t e d fauna (m ainly deep zone ^ 1 w ith even some from deep zone # 2 ). This d i l u t i o n o r up- w e llin g began in December o f 1962 and November o f 196 3, w ith i n t r u s i o n o f S u b a rc tic s p e c ie s , and c o n tin u e d u n t i l the slow b u ild -u p o f th e s t r a t i f i e d E q u a to r i a l W ater dom ination. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 I n d i c a t o r s o th e r than r a d i o l a r i a n s used in t h i s study were diatom s and f o r a m i n i f e r a n s . The diatom C oscino- d isc u s c e n t r a l i s p a c i f i c a Gran and Angst, shown by Balech ( i 9 6 0) to be a c o ld -w a te r form, was found in s u f f i c i e n t numbers to be used as an i n d i c a t o r . The warm w ater diatom P la n k to n e lla s o l (Wallich) was used as an i n d i c a t o r o f warm w ater ( a f t e r B alech , i 9 6 0). T h e ir r e l a t i v e abundances are p l o t t e d a t the bottom o f th e Z onation Chart (P igure 2 l ) , and show the c o ld -w a te r form abundant d u rin g a l l months except June to October o f 1 9 6 3. The warm-water form appeared in s i g n i f i c a n t numbers o nly d u rin g the p e rio d from June to September, I 9 6 3, w ith i t s g r e a t e s t d e n s ity in June (w ith a r a t i o of two w arm -w aterto one c o ld -w a te r i n d i c a t o r s in Sep tember o f 196 3)■ I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n ote h e re t h a t th e g r e a t e s t d e n s ity o f th e summer diatom (P la n k to n e lla s o l ) o ccu rs i n August, two months b e fo re the g r e a t e s t d e n s ity o f t o t a l r a d i o l a r i a n s . Two f o ra m in if e ra were used as i n d i c a t o r s o f w ater masses fo llo w in g B radshaw 's (1959) evidence f o r N orth E a st P a c if ic z o n a tio n (1959). G lo b ig e rin a quinqueloba (Natland) were r e p o r te d as b ein g a S u b a rc tic North P a c i f ic form, a l though, t h i s s p e c ie s i s d i f f i c u l t to i d e n t i f y owing to i t s resem blance to immature s ta g e s o f o th e r s p e c ie s o f th e genus G lo b ig e r in a . Due to t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y , 1 do n o t p ut much f a i t h in i t s a p p a re n t abundance th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r . The Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 34 warm-water ( E q u a to ria l sp e c ie s) f o ra m in ife ra n j G lo b ig e ri- r e l l a a e q u i l a t e r a l i s (Brady) was p r e s e n t on ly in the summer samples (F igure 21). The maximum d e n s ity o f G. a e q u i l a t e r a l i s (as o f the r a d i o l a r i a n s ) o ccu rs in August, a f t e r the maximum d e n s ity o f the warm w ater diatom , P la n k to n e lla s o l . There are two l o g i c a l e x p la n a tio n s f o r the d ev elo p ment o f th e E q u a to r ia l fauna in th e re g io n ; ( l) perhaps th e re i s a permanent seed p o p u la tio n and c o n d itio n s a re op tim a l fo r growth o f the p o p u la tio n , o r ( 2 ) th e e q u a t o r i a l fauna may be tr a n s p o r te d in to the a rea w ith Southern (Equa t o r i a l ) w a te r. I t i s , o f co u rse, a ls o co n c e iv a b le t h a t both) o f th e se f a c t o r s p la y a p a r t in development o f th e E q u a to r i a l fauna. Balech ( i 9 6 0) proposed, and th e p r e s e n t study confirm s, t h a t seed ( p o te n ti a l ) p o p u la tio n s o f both P lan k t o n e l l a so l and C oscinodiscus c e n t r a l i s p a c i f i c a e x i s t th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r and the "bloom" o f P la n k to n e lla s o l (along w ith th e d e c lin e o f C oscinodiscus c e n t r a l i s p a c i f i c a ) i s p ro b ab ly due to in c o r p o ra tio n o f e i t h e r warm o r cold w ater w ith consequent r a p id re p ro d u c tio n o f th e seed popu l a t i o n . Since the F o ra m in ife ra and R a d io la r ia a re most abundant two months subsequent to t h i s "bloom" o f Plank t o n e l l a s o l , i t may be assumed t h a t the g r e a t e s t in flu e n c e on th e se p ro to zo an s i s t h e i r (th e p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s ) tr a n s p o r t in to the a re a by the E q u a to r ia l Water Mass. From t h i s evidence and th e d e t a i l e d oceanography ( s p e c i f i c a l l y p. 39 o f t h i s m anuscript) I b e lie v e th a t the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 main f a c t o r c o n t r ib u t i n g to the r a d i o l a r i a n faunas and den s i t i e s p r e s e n t du rin g th e stu d y p e rio d was th e i n c o r p o r a tio n o f w a te rs from the w a te r masses a d ja c e n t to the c o l l e c t i n g a re a . This i s as f a r as th e p i c t u r e may be taken u s in g on only b io lo g ic i n d i c a t o r s . The fo llo w in g c h a p te rs (IX and X) a re a tte m p ts to r e l a t e the f a u n a l zo n atio n o f th e p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s j u s t review ed to th e v a rio u s o ceanographic f a c t o r s which might in flu e n c e t h i s z o n a tio n . These f a c t o r s a r e : ( l) s u r face w ater ty p e s, ( 2 ) w ater masses (te m p e ra tu re and s a l i n i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s ) , ( 3 ) dynamic topography, (4) i s o h a l i n e d i s t r i b u t i o n s and ( 5 ) n u t r i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER IX DETAILED OCEANOGRAPHY OP THE STUDY AREA AND SURROUNDING WATERS S u rface W ater Masses I t has been a g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e to n e g le c t th e upper 100 o r 200 m eters in th e w ater column when p l o t t i n g T-S cu rv es o r T-S en v elo p es because th e u pper w a te rs a r e con s id e r e d to be too v a r i a b l e In b o th tem p eratu re and s a l i n i t y , and r e p r e s e n t o n ly l o c a l c o n d itio n s (Sverdrup and Fleming, 1 9 4 1). However, A. M. Muromtsev (1958) p u b lish e d a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e P a c i f i c Ocean s u rfa c e w a te rs (0 to 100 o r 200 m e t e r s ) . The w a te rs which m ight c o n tr ib u te to the C ata l i n a B asin a re the K u r llo - A le u tla n S urface Water, th e C a l i f o r n i a S u rfa c e W ater, and th e N orth T ro p ic a l S u rface Water (F ig u re 4 ) . Muromtsev used te m p e ra tu re , s a l i n i t y , and oxy gen to I d e n t i f y th e v a rio u s s u rfa c e w ater m asses. The r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f M urom stev's s u rfa c e w ater m asses to th o se a t th e study a re a a re I n d ic a te d In F ig u re 6. I f we f i r s t d is r e g a r d th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t S urface W ater, t h e r e I s a g e n e r a l f l u c t u a t i o n In w ater mass c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from the K u r llo - A le u tla n S u rface W ater In the w in te r s (Feb r u a r y , 1963 and 1 9 6 4) and th e N orth T ro p ic a l Surface Water 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 37 in th e summer (July^ I 9 6 3) • The d iv erg en ce o f the November, 1962 and O ctober, I 963 l i n e s p ro b a b ly r e s u l t s from the f a c t t h a t the November, 1962 samples were taken a f t e r the i n t r u sio n o f North C e n tra l P a c i f i c Water ( th e r e f o r e the c l o s e r to the K u rilo -A le u tia n S u rface W ater). The October, 1963 s t a t i o n shows b e s t c o r r e l a t i o n to th e North T ro p ic a l Surface W ater, f o r i t r e p r e s e n t s the te rm in a l phase o f the p resen ce o f North T ro p ic a l S u rfa c e Water and was taken b e fo re to the i n t r o d u c t i o n o f the N orth P a c i f ic C e n tra l W ater. I t should be n o tic e d t h a t a l l th e l i n e s f o r th e C at a l i n a B asin w a te rs a re c lo s e to th e C a l i f o r n i a C urrent S ur face W ater. I t i s p ro b ab le t h a t th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rrent S ur face Water i s a m ixture o f two d i s t i n c t s u rfa c e w ater masses (th e K u r ilo -A le u tia n S u rfa c e W ater and th e North T ro p ic a l S u rface Water) and n o t an in d ep en d en t w ater mass. I q u e s tio n the v a l i d i t y o f th e concept o f the North C e n tra l P a c i f ic W ater Mass b eing an in d ep en d en t w ater mass in e i t h e r th e s u rfa c e w ater mass o r the w ater mass c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . I b e lie v e i t to be an a re a o f in te rm ix in g o f the S u b a rc tic and E q u a to r ia l Water Masses which should be ex tended to cover t h i s r e l a t i v e l y sm all c e l l of w ater (North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic Water M ass). T h e re fo re , those r a d i o l a r i a n s I r e f e r to as N orth E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic might a lso be termed N orth C e n tra l P a c i f i c s p e c ie s . Also th e r a d i o l a r i a n s termed S u b a rc tic in t h i s p ap er m ight J u s t as w e ll be c a l l e d K u ro sh io -A le u tia n , and th o se termed E q u a to r ia l, North Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 T ro p ic a l, fo r th e se are s u rfa c e w ater (0 -2 0 0 m eters) forms. Water Masses Excluding th e S u rface Waters T-S curves o f the study a re a from th e CCOPI r e p o r t s (Figure 7) f o r November, 1962 to F ebruary, 1964, a l l e n t e r the E a st North P a c if ic C e n tra l Water Mass between 100 and 200 m eters, a re c lo s e ly a lig n e d , and a t about $00 m eters b e gin to converge upon a s in g le w ater ty p e . The m a jo rity o f th e se curves below 100 o r 200 m eters a re on the P a c i f ic Eq u a t o r i a l sid e o f th e North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic Water e n velope. From t h i s In fo rm a tio n alo n e. I t might be g e n e r a lly concluded t h a t th e w a te rs a re N.E.C.P. w ith some adm ixture from the P a c if ic E q u a to r ia l Water Mass. T-S curves computed from the a u t h o r 's own w ater c a s ts a t the same tim es th e p lankton s t a t i o n s were made (Figure 8 ) are c o n s id e ra b ly d i f f e r e n t from th e CCOFI d a ta w ith in the same p e rio d f o r t h i s stu d y . These samples (taken by the I n v e s t i g a t o r ) , however, show a se a so n a l p ro g re s s io n In the T-S r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The T-S curve f o r December, 1962, I n d ic a te s a mixing o f N.E.C.P. and P.S.A. ( P a c if ic Subarctic^ w ater. The T-S curve f o r May shows th e same tre n d . From J u ly to September, the curves I n d ic a te m ixture and I n t r u s io n of P.E. ( P a c if ic E q u a to r ia l) w ater w ith a "drop" to th e l e f t I n d ic a tin g e i t h e r th e I n t r u s io n o f more N.E.P.C. o r P.S.A. w ater. In February, 1964, the w in te r m ixture o f N.E.P.C. and P.S.A. w aters becomes a p p aren t as I t d id the p re v io u s y e a r. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 I s o h a lin e Maps In o rd e r to look a t th e p i c t u r e in g r e a t e r d e t a i l , complete g r id s o f CCOPI c r u is e s f o r th e s e months were p r e pared u s in g t e m p e r a t u r e - s a l i n i t y , o x y g e n - s a l i n i t y , tem pera- tu re -o x y g e n , sig m a -t, and s a l i n i t y c u rv e s. The o n ly prom i s i n g v a r i a b l e s were th e s a l i n i t y cu rv es f o r th ey follow ed th e same g e n e ra l c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s p r e s e n t in the a r e a . T h e re fo re , s a l i n i t y curves ( is o h a l i n e s ) were re c o rd e d from 10, 5 0, 100, 200, and 500 m e te rs. Using i s o h a l i n e s as i n d i c a t o r s o f w ater movement, the fo llo w in g c o n c lu sio n s may be d e riv e d from th e CCOPI g r id s r e p r e s e n te d by P ig s. 9 through 1 3. The ten m eter i s o h a l i n e (P ig u re 9 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t from O ctober, 19^2, through P eb ru ary , 19^3, th e r e was l i t t l e in c o r p o r a tio n o f so u th e rn w ater in t o th e stu d y a re a a lth o u g h a l o c a l eddy and an in sh o re n o r t h e r l y c u r r e n t was p r e s e n t. In f a c t , c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d w ater was f lu s h e d to th e so u th . . I n c o rp o r a tio n o f w ater in to th e stu d y a re a from the n o rth (S u b a rc tic ) and, p e rh a p s, w est (KECP) o c c u rre d d u rin g t h i s p e r io d . The e x is te n c e o f th e Davidson C u rren t was a lso v e r i f i e d (by th e northw ard bend o f i s o h a l i n e around P o in t Conception) d u rin g t h i s p e r io d . In A p ril and May, 19 6 3, E q u a to r ia l w ater began to in tr u d e from th e so u th . This c o n d itio n c o n tin u ed u n t i l J u ly and August w ith an e f f e c t i v e b lo c k p r e r e n t i n g w a te r from flow ing n o rth around P o in t Con c e p tio n . This b lo c k c o n tr ib u te d to the l o c a l g y r a l and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ho s t a b i l i t y o f th e a re a i n th e s e months. In O ctober, I 9 6 3, w a te rs ag a in came in from th e North and West (S.A. and N .E .C .P.) and th e so u th ern w a te rs o f h ig h e r s a l i n i t y were flu s h e d so u th and n o r th ( i l l u s t r a t e d by th e re a p p e a ra n c e o f th e Davidson C u rren t and i s o h a l i n e s bending so u th along Baja C a l i f o r n i a ) . In Jan u a ry , F eb ru ary , and March, 1964, the same g e n e r a l p a t t e r n o c c u rre d w ith i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f the Davidson C u rre n t, b u t w ith v ery l i t t l e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f w ater i n t o th e study a r e a from th e so u th . The 90 m eter i s o h a l i n e s ( F ig j r e 10) o f O ctober to November, I 9 6 2, i n d i c a t e a g e n e ra l t r a n s i t i o n between w a te rs from the n o rth w e st (S.A. and N .E .C .P .) and th e south ( E .P .) . In Jan u a ry to P ebruary, 1963, th e r e was an obvious i n t r u s i o n of n o rth w e ste rn w ater c o n c u rre n t w ith th e developm ent o f th e Davidson C u rre n t, a f lu s h in g to n o r th and so u th and w ith some s o u th e r ly i n t r u sio n . A p r il to May, 1 9 6 3, i s o h a l i n e s show the same g e n e ra l p a t t e r n w ith no i n t r u s i o n from th e so u th . In J u ly to Aug u s t , 1 9 6 3, th e r e was a g r e a t i n t r u s i o n from the so u th c o in c id in g w ith th e p e r s i s t e n t b lo c k a t P o in t C onception. In O ctober, I 9 6 3, th e flu s h in g o f the area was again obvious w ith the development o f th e Davidson C u rrent ( in d i c a te d by a s a l i n i t y o f 3 3 .6 °/o o o f f P o in t Conception) and a s o u th e r l y component n e x t to the c o a s t. In January to March, 1964, th e b u ild in g up o f the Davidson C u rrent and th e push in g o u t to th e n o r th and so u th o f w a te rs from th e study a re a was obvio u s. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4i The i s o h a l i n e s a t 100 m eters (P igure l l ) i l l u s t r a t e in c o r p o r a tio n from both the n o r th and south during October to Novemberj 1 9 6 2, w ith development o f the Davidson C urrent and the c o rresp o n d in g f lu s h in g and u p w e llin g in th e study a re a r e p r e s e n te d by the s l i g h t l y h ig h e r s a l i n i t i e s . A p ril to May, 196 3j showed t h i s u p w ellin g and Davidson C u rren t complex w ith w ater b eginning to come up along B aja C a l i f o r n i a . The stu d y a r e a was dom inated by s o u th e r ly w ater in J u ly w ith a good b lo c k s t i l l p r e s e n t a t P o in t Conception. In O ctober, I 9 6 3, th e f lu s h in g was a p p a re n t accompanied by u p w e llin g . In Jan u a ry to March, 1964, again th e p resen ce o f the Davidson C u rren t and u p w e llin g was a t i t s peak, w ith a s o u th e r ly component pinched o f f along B aja C a l i f o r n i a . The 200 m eter i s o h a l i n e s (F igure 12) showed a con s t a n t t r a n s p o r t o f s o u th e r ly w a te r through th e c o n tin e n ta l b o rd e rla n d unimpeded around P o in t C onception. This " c u r r e n t " was p r e s e n t th ro u g h o u t a l l seasons and even during th e tim es when th e Davidson C u rren t "broke s u rfa c e " in th e w in te r months. The 300 m eter s a l i n i t i e s (F igure I 3 ) i l l u s t r a t e d the same g e n e r a l n o rthw ard w a te r movement. ' However, in October to November, I 9 6 2, th e r e was a s tro n g s a l i n i t y g r a d ie n t a t P o in t Conception which p ro b ab ly r e f l e c t s i n h i b i t i o n o f flow around the P o in t. From Jan u a ry to F ebruary, 1963, t h i s b a r r i e r was l o s t and flow around th e P o in t resumed. I n h i b i tio n o f t h i s flow again became a p p a re n t in A p ril to May, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 42 1 9 6 3. In O ctoberj 196 3, t h i s b a r r i e r s t a r t e d to b re a k down ag ain , and in Jan u ary to March, 19^4, th e h ig h s a l i n i t y water was a p p a re n tly moving in to th e c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d and around P o in t Conception from th e n o r th to the so u th . These i s o h a l i n e d a ta complement o th e r d a ta very w e ll. In th e u pper 200 m e te rs, th e r e i s a s o u th e r ly (Equa t o r i a l ) component b u ild in g up in A p ril to May, I 9 6 3, and becoming s tr o n g e s t in J u ly to August, I 9 6 3. The b lo c k a t P o in t Conception i s very a p p a re n t a t t h i s tim e as i s the la rg e en tra p p e d g y r a l. The g y r a l b re a k s down in O ctober, 1963j w ith mixing and f lu s h in g b u t th e u p w e llin g does not become dominant u n t i l th e oceanographic w in te r (February through M arch). Prom O ctober to November, I 9 6 2, u n t i l the tr u e oceanographic summer months th e re i s a g e n e ra l in c r e a s e o f the s o u th e r ly component. Dynamic H eight Measurements The O-5O O dynamic h e ig h t c h a r ts (F ig u re l4) show th e fo llo w in g : in October to November, 1 962, the Davidson C urrent was p r e s e n t , r e c e iv in g w a te r from the south a t .1 knot, and flow ing n o r th p a s t P o in t C onception. No p r o nounced g y r a l was p r e s e n t and w ater was flu s h e d from the a re a around P o in t Conception to th e n o r th . In Jan u ary to February, 1963, the same g e n e ra l p i c t u r e p e r s i s t e d (with an i n d ic a te d flow o f .3 k n o ts pushing n o r th around P oint C onception), b u t t h i s c o n d itio n changed in A p ril to May, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43 1963j w ith th e development o f th e so u th ern C a l i f o r n i a g y r a l . This g y r a l was most pronounced in J u ly to August, I 9 6 3, as w ater p e e le d o f f th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t and approached from th e so u th mixing w ith and in tr o d u c in g so u th e rn w a te r. A b lo c k o f s u rfa c e w ater was a ls o d e te c te d a t P o in t Conception (alth o u g h the i s o h a l i n e s more a c c u r a t e l y v e r i f y th e e x i s ten ce o f t h i s b lo c k because th e y are a t s p e c i f i c d ep th s and dynamic h e ig h t p i c t u r e ta k e s in the e n t i r e w ater column to 500 m e t e r s ) . This b lo c k a t P o in t Conception e s t a b l i s h e s a n o rth e rn boundary o f the g y r a l which was p r e s e n t to some ex ten t th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e y e a r , alth o u g h i t was b e s t d e v eloped d u rin g the o ceanographic summer. In October, 1 9 6 3 , th e f lu s h in g again commenced and by Jan u ary to March, 1964, the Davidson C u rren t was p r o nounced. The 2OO-5OO m eter dynamic h e i g h t s (F ig u re I 5 ) a lso show some i n t e r e s t i n g tre n d s r e p r e s e n te d in F ig u re 1 9. There i s a g e n e r a l movement o f w ater through th e stu d y a r e a from south to n o rth during a l l months o f th e stu d y . There i s a ls o a c o n s ta n t flow n o r th around P o in t Conception d u rin g a l l seaso n s, even when the Davidson C u rren t b re a k s s u rf a c e . N onconservative P r o p e r tie s The d a ta used to c o r r e l a t e n u t r i e n t s and organism s was d e riv e d from a p o l l u t i o n stu d y (A llan Hancock Founda t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Southern C a l i f o r n i a , An Oceanographic and B i o lo g ic a l Survey o f the Southern C a l i f o r n i a Mainland Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 44 S h e lf, in p re ss ) c a r r i e d o ut f o r n e a r -s h o re w a te rs (w ith in 3 m iles o f th e s h o r e ) . Though t h i s p o l l u t i o n stu d y was conducted 40 m ile s from the stu d y a r e a , the g e n e ra l te n d e n c ie s and extrem es o f maxima and minima are r e l a t e d due to the f a i r l y r a p i d mixing o f the s u rfa c e w aters (O to 200 me t e r s ) in the a re a o f f so u th e rn C a lif o r n ia (Emery, i 9 6 0). Since th e raw d a ta a re d e riv e d from a y e t unpub l i s h e d work, no e x a c t c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f the n u t r i e n t s (NO^-N and PO^-P), a re h e re g iv e n . The maximum c o n c e n tra t i o n o f th e NO^-N, however, was in th e o rd e r o f 35 AJga/L to 10 u g a /L d u rin g th e A p r il, 1964 maximum. These v a lu e s had in c r e a s e d from a minimum o f 0 .2 to 9.0 riga/L in Jan u ary , 1 9 6 4. The n u t r i e n t s were a t a c o n s i s t e n t l y low l e v e l a t a l l d ep th s sampled (0-200 m eters) from J u ly , I 963 to Jan u ary , 1 96 4, w ith d e p le tio n b e g in n in g in March and A p r il o f I 9 6 3. The same p a t t e r n h o ld s f o r th e PO^-P v a lu e s w ith maxima in A p r il, 196 4, o f 0 .8 to 3 .0 ;uga/L PO^-P and a minimum o f 0 .4 to 2.8 p g a /L PO^-P in F eb ru ary , 1964. The g e n e ra l n u t r i e n t c o n c e n tr a tio n curve i s superim posed on th e D i s tr i b u t i o n C hart (F ig u re 21) f o r easy c o r r e l a t i o n . The i n c r e a s e in n u t r i e n t s b eg in n in g in Jan u ary i s c o r r e l a t e d w ith th e u p w ellin g o f w ater (F igure 21) and the ste a d y d e c lin e t h e r e a f t e r i s a t t r i b u t e d to th e a s s i m i l a t i o n o f th e s e n u t r i e n t s by th e p h y to p la n k to n . The c o n s i s t e n t l y low v a lu e s in th e summer are due to b i o l o g i c a l a s s i m i l a t i o n and subsequent l o s s o f l i v i n g and n o n - liv in g o rg a n ic e n t i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45 t i e s to dep th s below th e s t r a t i f i e d upper 200 m eters during t h i s p e r io d . Although t h e r e i s s t r a t i f i c a t i o n b u ild in g up in May and June, th e n u t r i e n t s are f a i r l y h ig h during t h i s p e rio d b u t drop r a p i d l y as th e se n o n c o n se rv a tiv e elem ents are u sed up and n o t r e p le n is h e d . The n u t r i e n t cu rv es measured in the C a ta lin a Basin on a s in g le c r u is e f o r PO^-P, NO^-N and SiOg-S in « g a /L are given in P ig s. l 6 , l 8 and 19 r e s p e c t i v e l y . (These m easure ments were taken in June, 1964 and ag ree w ith the curves o f Emery ( 19 6 0) f o r th e same a re a ( C a ta lin a B a s in ). The oxy gen cu rv es from CCOFI s t a t i o n s f o r th e study p e rio d a re also given (F ig u re 17). The oxygen v alu e s were g r e a t e r during the w in te rs in th e shallow w aters (0 to 200 m e t e r s ) . The v a lu e s a re lower d u rin g th e summer in the s u rfa c e w ater b e cause o f s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n h i b i t i n g mixing and u p w e llin g , and to th e lo s s o f n u t r i e n t s w ith o u t re p le n ish m e n t. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER X CORRELATION OP FAUNAE DISTRIBUTION AND DETAILED OCEANOGRAPHY No r a d l o l a r l a n i s r e s t r i c t e d In i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n to th e l o c a l a re a . The cosm opolitan s p e c ie s a re always p r e s e n t, and s p e c i f i c faunas are b rought in from th e th r e e ad j a c e n t w ater masses by the c u r r e n t system s. The p a t t e r n , over th e l 6 months o f the stu d y , seems to be the fo llo w in g : in November, 19^2, a d e p au p erate fauna l e f t over from the p re v io u s summer's E q u a to r ia l fauna o ccu rs and an i n f l u x o f r a d i o l a r i a n s i s in c o r p o ra te d from th e North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic . A lthough, b o th during t h i s p e rio d and again in th e fo llo w in g y e a r (O ctober, 1 9 6 3), th e r e seemed to be l i t t l e d i r e c t oceanographic evidence f o r i t , t h i s fauna i s o b v io u sly bro u g h t i n . This i s due to th e f a c t t h a t th e fauna r e p r e s e n t a mixed N orth E a st Cen t r a l P a c if ic and C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t (S u b a rc tic ) fauna t h a t f i l l s th e void l e f t by the flu s h in g both to th e n o r th (p a s t P o in t Conception flow ing in t o the Davidson C u rren t) and to th e south, o f the la rg e s t r a t i f i e d c e l l t h a t has b u i l t up o r has been pushed in t o th e a re a as a le n s d u ring th e sum mer. 46 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 47 Dr. R. B. Tibby, o f the A llan Hancock Foundation o f the U n iv e r s ity o f Southern C a l i f o r n i a , has su g g e ste d ( p e r so n al communication) t h a t the in c o r p o r a tio n o f t h i s North E a st P a c if ic r a d i o l a r i a n fauna might be accom plished by the s tr o n g e r North W e s te r lie s which begin t h i s time o f th e y e a r w e ll o f f s h o r e . These winds would in c r e a s e th e mixing o f the North E a st P a c i f ic Water Masses and th e S u b a rc tic W ater Mass in th e s u rfa c e w a te rs so t h a t th e North E a st P a c i f i c fauna i s tra n s p o r te d in t o th e stu d y a re a w ith s h i f t i n g o f the C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t w a te rs i n t o th e a re a in November, 19^2, and O ctober, 1 9 6 3. At th e moment t h i s e x p la n a tio n i s specu l a t i v e . In any case, i n t r u s i o n o f North E a st P a c i f ic Water did occur in November, 19^2, and ag ain in O ctober, 1 9 6 3. This c o n d itio n i s s h o r t - l i v e d . The i n t r u d i n g w ater i s a s s o c ia te d w ith a d e c re a se in d e n s ity g r a d i e n t s t h a t had e x i s t e d in th e summer, and w ith the o ffs h o re winds c r e a te d by the afo rem en tio n ed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h i f t i n g o f atm ospheric h ig h s and lows which d riv e t h i s w ater from the stu d y a r e a . This r e s u l t s in th e North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic and S u b a rc tic Water b eing flu s h e d from the a re a (some going n o rth i n th e Davidson C u rre n t, some l o s t to the so u th , and the r e s t p ro b ab ly pushed o f fs h o re o r d i l u t e d ) so t h a t the p e r io d o f u p w e llin g o c c u rre d from th e months o f December, I 9 6 2, to about May, I 9 6 3, and ag ain b eg in n in g in November, 1 9 6 3. During t h i s w in te r p e rio d a l l 38 sp e c ie s used in t h i s study o ccu rre d , th e g r e a t e s t number f o r the e n t i r e survey. This Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48 i s a t t r i b u t e d to th e f a c t t h a t th e r e s i d u a l E q u a to r ia l and N orth E a s t C e n tra l P a c i f ic p o p u la tio n s are s t i l l p r e s e n t, however s p a rs e , w hile S u b a rc tic s p e c ie s have been i n t r o duced. During t h i s p e r io d , th e w ater column to a t l e a s t 500 m eters) i s d is tu r b e d and mixed so t h a t sp e c ie s from co sm opolitan deep fauna # 1 a re commonly found, and from deep fauna # 2 o c c a s io n a lly found, in th e s h a llo w e st tows. This c o n d itio n o f u p w ellin g l a s t s u n t i l th e re i s a slow i n t r u s i o n o f E q u a to r ia l Water t h a t s t a r t e d in A p ril, 1 9 6 3. Evidence f o r t h i s i n t r u s i o n i s based on b i o l o g i c a l ev id en ce and on th e in c r e a s e in s a l i n i t y , th e appearance o f Shallow E q u a to r ia l W ater c o n ta in in g Ac ro sp h a e ra murrayana which i s i n d i c a t i v e o f th e se w a te rs . In June, 1963, th e r e was th e g ra d u a l b u ild -u p o f the "summer l e n s e s ." This i s shown by the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n in b i o l o g i c a l and oceanographic p r o p e r t i e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e summer season in which the w a te r i s to be d iv id e d in to Shallow E q u a to r ia l zones, 1, 2, and 3j o f d ep th s o f a p p ro x im a te ly 25 to 50 m e te rs, 50 to 125 m eters and 125 to 200 m eters, r e s p e c t i v e l y . There are d i s t i n c t th e rm o c lin e s (F igure 20) w ith i n f l e c t i o n s a t 25 and 50 m e te rs, and an i n f l e c t i o n in the T-S curve a t 200 m e te rs . No s t r u c t u r e was observed a t 125 m e te rs. These th e rm o c lin e s and T-S i n f l e c t i o n s p ro b ab ly i n d i c a t e th e p r e s ence o f s h e a r zones as w e ll as d e n s ity g r a d ie n ts so t h a t o r i e n t a t i o n i n t o s t r a t a above and below th e se d epths may be a very l o g i c a l phenomenon. I t i s d i f f i c u l t to e x p la in the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 49 a p p aren t fa u n a l break a t 125 m eters w ith o u t a d e f i n i t e l y m easurable s t r u c t u r e . I t would be tem pting to a t t r i b u t e t h i s b re a k to l i g h t I n t e n s i t y , to a b i o l o g i c a l a s s o c i a t i o n , o r to numerous o th e r p o s s ib le b a r r i e r s . However, I b e lie v e th e re are two more f e a s i b l e e x p la n a tio n s fo r t h i s break. The f i r s t I s t h a t the é c o lo g ie f a c t o r d iv id in g the two fa u n a l groups I s not between them b ut a t the upper (50 m eter) and lower (200 m eter) extrem es o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n s . In o th e r words. E q u a to r ia l Shallow zone § 2 I s h e ld below the 50 m eter th erm o c lln e and zone # 3 I s h e ld above the 200 m eter T-S I n f l e c t i o n . T h e re fo re , the 125 m eter b a r r i e r I s r e a l l y a "no m an's la n d ." The second e x p la n a tio n I s t h a t th e d e n s ity d i f f e r e n c e I t s e l f I s so g r e a t (th e d i f fe re n c e s In slg m a-t v a lu e s fo r th e summer from 0 to 200 m eters a re alm ost tw ice as g r e a t as In th e w in te r [August, 1963 = 2.37, February, 1964 = 1.4 2 ] t h a t the organism s may be a b le to o r i e n t them selves w ith in th e se d i f f e r e n c e s . As s t a t e d In th e s e c tio n In g e n e ra l oceanography, d u ring th e w in te r mixing and u p w ellin g b reak down th e t h e r m ocllne and cause mixing so t h a t w a te rs from 50 to 200 me t e r s are warmer In the w in te r than In the summer. Why then, cannot th e E q u a to r ia l sp e c ie s In zones 1, 2, and 3 s t i l l abound d u rin g t h i s p e rio d ? P robably, th ey a re flu s h e d out and not renewed. However, th e a u th o r b e lie v e s t h a t lo s s o f s t a b i l i t y In the w ater column may be j u s t as Im p o rta n t, and may r e s u l t In a b reak in g down o f th e a b i l i t y o f r a d l o l a r l a n s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50 to o r i e n t them selves in to th o se s p e c i f i c d ep th s which might be n e c e s sa ry fo r t h e i r p r o l i f e r a t i o n . This phenomenon has been n o tic e d w ith th e d i n o f l a g e l l a t e N o c tilu c a m i l i a r i s $uriray) in r e l a t i o n to the s t a b i l i t y o f the w ater column d uring th e summer o f 1962 (Casey, 1 9 6 2), at th e F rid a y H ar b o r L a b o ra to rie s o f the U n iv e r s ity o f W ashington. To de term ine the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f w ater column s t a b i l i t y w ith p o p u la tio n d e n s ity o f N o c tilu c a m i l i a r i s v a rio u s ex p erim e n ts were perform ed. Those ex p erim en ts in c lu d e d th e p la c in g o f b a i t boxes o f f a p i e r to c a p tu re w a te r, o b serv in g bays b e fo re and a f t e r mixing (b e fo re and a f t e r s to rm s), and d i r e c t o b s e rv a tio n u s in g SCUBA g e a r. During th e se s tu d ie s N o c tilu c a m i l i a r i s became abundant on ly during p e r io d s o f w ater column s t a b i l i t y . I b e lie v e t h i s s t a b i l i t y and "bloom" r e l a t i o n s h i p to be th e same g e n e r a l f a c t o r in v o lv e d in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n and p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f th e E q u a to r ia l r a d i o l a r i a n s . N u tr ie n t s tu d i e s o f th e U.S.C. p o l l u t i o n p r o j e c t show a maximum in th e n u t r i e n t s NO^-N and PO^-P in May and June, a r a p id d e c lin e u n t i l J u ly and August when th e r e i s a p la te a u , and then a r a p id r i s e i n Ja n u ary and February accompanying u p w e llin g . Measurements were taken a t 10, 25, 5 0, 100 and 200 m ete rs; a l l show th e same g e n e r a l f l u c t u a t i o n s . E a rly in th e summer the n u t r i e n t s are u t i l i z e d and re p le n ish m e n t i s p ro b a b ly cut o f f by s t r a t i f i c a t i o n a t t h i s tim e. This i s an i n d i c a t i o n o f th e p re se n c e o f North E a st Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 51 P a c if ic C e n tra l W ater, in a d d itio n to t h a t o f r a d i o l a r i a n i n d i c a t o r s . I f the f lu s h e d E q u a to r ia l w a te rs were r e p la c e d by w a te rs o f th e same type ( E q u a t o r i a l ) , then th e flu s h in g would n ev er be n o tic e d ; and, i f i t were f i l l e d by u p w e llin g , the n u t r i e n t in c r e a s e in th e s u rfa c e w a te rs would o ccu r in October and November r a t h e r than in Ja n u ary and F ebruary. This same p a t t e r n o f d i s t r i b u t i o n c o n s i s t e n t l y r e p e a ts i t s e l f du rin g th e North E a st P a c i f ic i n t r u s i o n and u p w ellin g p h a se s. Although t h e r e i s n o t y e t in fo rm a tio n enough to be sure t h a t t h i s i s the normal p a t t e r n o f s e a so n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , i t i s p ro b a b ly c lo se to th e norm, and such annual d i f f e r e n c e s as do o ccu r in v o lv e ( l) e i t h e r e a r l i e r o r l a t e r i n t r u s i o n s o f th e w a te r masses (a good example i s th e v a r i a t i o n a lre a d y seen in th e d i f f e r e n t months which were r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f N orth E a st P a c i f i c W ater), o r (2) th e t o t a l e x c lu s io n o f one o r more w a te r masses d u rin g some y e a rs ( i t seems q u ite p o s s i b l e under th e e x i s t i n g c i r c u l a tio n and m été o ro lo g ie c o n d itio n s t h a t , f o r example, th e i n t r u s i o n o f th e North E a st P a c i f ic Water Mass does n o t occur). During such extrem es as g l a c i a l o r i n t e r g l a c i a l p e rio d s (or perhaps even th e s o - c a l l e d monotonous y e a r s o f 1948 to 1958 when the te m p e ra tu re s showed l i t t l e s e a so n a l o r annual v a r i a t i o n ) i t would be p o s s ib le t h a t e i t h e r an E q u a to r i a l o r S u b a rc tic i n t r u s i o n would n o t o c c u r. I am n o t s u g g e stin g t h a t th e same s p e c ie s which r e p r e s e n te d th o se n in e zones (o r t h e i r d ep th r e l a t i o n s h i p s ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 52 in th e p r e s e n t stu d y may be extended beyond th e stu d y a re a and be c o n sid e re d i n d i c a t o r s o f g e n e r a l zones f o r w a te rs o f the S u b a r c tic , C e n tra l and E q u a to r ia l geo g rap h ic r e g io n s . I b e lie v e i t i s very p o s s ib le t h a t th e same s p e c ie s w i l l occu r in f u tu r e seasons and w i l l be seen to be I n d i c a t o r s o f t h e i r w a te rs o f o r i g i n ; however, f o r example, i t i s q u i t e p o s s ib le t h a t I n s t e a d o f fo u r E q u a to r ia l.Z o n e s , zero to many may be r e p r e s e n te d e i t h e r by th e same, d i f f e r e n t , o r a com bination o f th o se in d ic e s c i t e d in t h i s stu d y . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER X I OCEANOGRAPHIC AND PAIEO-OCEANOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS Although, as w ith a l l o th e r b i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r s , th e use o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s has l i m i t a t i o n s , t h i s group ap pears to serve w e ll f o r r e c o g n itio n o f w ater masses and has been used s u c c e s s f u lly here to i d e n t i f y c u r r e n ts and w a te r o r i g i n s . In f a c t , where i t was n ot p o s s ib le to d e te c t N orth E a st C e n tra l P a c i f ic Water by d i r e c t oceanographic means the o ccu rren c e o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s i n d i c a t i v e o f t h i s w ater mass show t h a t some in c o r p o r a tio n o f w a te rs and organism s from t h i s a re a must have taken p la c e . The p aleo -o c e a n o g ra p h ic u ses o f th e p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s may n o t be so e v id e n t. The o p a lin e s i l i c a s k e le to n s o f p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s a re p re se rv e d in most m arine sedim ents from P aleo zo ic tim es to p r e s e n t . They have been r e p o rte d as o c c u rrin g in Precam brian sedim ents (D eflan- d re , 19^ 9 ) a lth o u g h t h i s has been q u e stio n e d by some work e r s . Some l i f e forms, s u s p ic io u s ly resem bling r a d i o l a r i a n s , have been found in rocks a ssig n e d to an age o f 2.7 b i l l i o n y e a r s (Barghoorn and T y le r, I 9 6 9) . The fo llo w in g i s a study to p r e s e n t th e p a le o -o c e a n o g rap h ic p o t e n t i a l s o f the p o ly c y s tin e r a d i o l a r i a n s . 53 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3h P a le o -o cean o g ra p h ic s tu d i e s were conducted on a ro ck sample o b ta in e d by Dr. 0. L. Bandy (A llan Hancock Founda tio n ) from c o l l e c t i o n s taken by th e U .S.N .S. ELTANIN. This sample was p ro cu red from the Peru C hile Trench, E lta n in S ta tio n # 37. Papers on f o s s i l assem blages by Campbell and C lark ( 1 9 4 4), C arnevale (1908), D reyer ( 1 8 8 9), Nakaseko ( 1 9 5 5) and R ie d e l ( 1952, 1953, 1957) were in d is p e n s a b le f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s . The fo llo w in g s p e c ie s a re abundant in th e rock sample from E lta n in # 37: P te ro c o ry s sp len d en s Campbell and C lark Spongocore puer Campbell and C lark Rhopalodictyum m alagaense Campbell and C lark R. tonam iense Nakaseko C alo cy clas m a rg a te n sis Campbell and C lark C. hannai Campbell and C lark Spongodiscus g ig a s Campbell and C lark Spongopyle d r e y e r i i C arnevale C o rn u te lla c f . p a lo v e r d e n s is Campbell and C lark Ommatocampe hu g h esi Campbell and C lark Panarium penultimum R ied el A nthocyrtium e h r e n b e r g ii e h r e n b e rg ii (S tohr) Lychnocanium grande Campbell and C lark Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55 The fo llo w in g a re p ro b a b le g eo g rap h ic d i s t r i b u t i o n s and g e o lo g ic ran g es o f th e abundant s p e c ie s . The geograph i c a l lo c a t i o n s are determ in ed from th e l i t e r a t u r e . Pterocorys splendens Spongocore puer Ehopalodlctyum malagaense R. tonamiense Calocyclas margatensis C. hannai Spongodiscus gigas Spongopyle dreyerii Cornutella cf paloverdensis Oimatocampe hughesi Panarium penultimum Anthocyrtium ehrenbergii Lynchno canium grande Geographical Local. trop-temp Depth Geol. Range surf. Mio. cosm. trop-temp surf-deep deep " Mio.-Rec. Mio. surf-deep " " U. Mio-Plio IT It " Mio. The p re se n c e o f abundant specimens o f P te ro c o ry s splendens Campbell and C lark , and numerous specimens o f Rhopalodictyum m alagaense Campbell and C la rk , C alo cy c la s m a rg a te n sis Campbell and C lark , C a lo c y c la s hannai Campbell and C lark , and Spongodiscus g ig a s Campbell and C lark p la c e t h i s assem blage a s s u r e d ly In th e Miocene. The absence o f E ucy rtld lu m delm ontense Campbell and C lark (which ran g es th ro u g h o u t th e Miocene becoming ex trem ely r a r e In o r a b se n t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 from in the upperm ost Miocene)^ and th e o c cu rren c e o f Panarium penultimum R ie d e l (which o ccu rs from uppermost Miocene in to th e P lio c e n e , o c c u rrin g extrem ely r a r i l y in some sedim ents e a r l i e r than upperm ost Miocene) s tr o n g ly i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s assem blage should be a s sig n e d to th e u p p e r most Miocene. Spongocore puer Campbell and C lark , Rhopalodictyum m alagaense Campbell and C la rk , and R. tonam iense Nakaseko a re members o f t r o p i c a l o r t r o p i c a l to s e m i - t r o p i c a l g en era. One may conclude t h a t th e upperm ost Miocene w a te rs from which th ey were d e p o s ite d were then t r o p i c a l o r s u b tr o p i c a l . Spongopyle d r e y e r i i C arnevale was o r i g i n a l l y de s c r ib e d as b eing c lo s e ly r e l a t e d to th e l i v i n g s p e c ie s Spongopyle o s c u lo s a D reyer. O r ig in a l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f Spongopyle d r e y e r i i and Spongopyle o s c u lo s a , were compared w ith the specimens from E l t a n i n # 37, th e s p e c ie s are a p p a r e n t l y synonymous. Spongopyle o s c u lo s a D reyer (th e l i v i n g s p e c ie s) i s a cosm opolitan d e e p - liv in g form. The a u th o r has found t h a t t h i s s p e c ie s i n h a b i t s th e w a te rs o f f th e c o a s t o f Southern C a l i f o r n i a below 200 m eters and o ccu rs abun d a n tly o nly between 400 and 500 m e te rs. T h e re fo re , th e p re se n c e o f numerous specimens o f t h i s s p e c ie s i n d i c a t e s th e d epth o f d e p o s itio n to be more than 400 m e te rs. Then th e se forms were from a t l e a s t m od erately deep, warm u p p e r most Miocene w a te rs. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LITERATURE C IT E D BALECH_, E. i 9 6 0. The changes in th e phyto p lan k to n o f f the C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t. C a l i f . C o o p erativ e Oceania F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n , S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a Marine R esearch Com m itte e , 7:127-132. BERNSTEIN, T. 193'*+. Zooplankton des n ë r d lic h e n T e lle s des K arischen Meeres. Trudy A rk tic h e sk . I n s t . , Leningrad, 9 :3- 5 8. BARGHOORN, E. S ., and TYLER, S. A. 1 9 6 9. M icroorganisms from th e g u n f l i n t c h e r t . S cien ce, 147(3658):563-573» BRADSHAW, J. S. 1959. Ecology o f l i v i n g p la n k to n ic F ora- m in ife r a in th e n o r th and e q u a t o r i a l P a c if ic Ocean. Cushman Foundation Foram. R e s ., C o n trib u tio n , 10:25-64. BRANDT, J . 1 8 9 5. B io lo g is c h e und f a u n i s t i s c h e U ntersuch- ungen an R a d io la r ie n und anderen p e la g is c h e n T hieren; 1. U ntersuchungen ü b er den h y d r o s ta tis c h e n A pparat von T h a la s s ic o lle n und c o lo n ie b ild e n d e n R a d io la rie n . Zool. J a h r b ., S y s t . , 9 :2 7 -7 4 . BRINTON, E. 1 9 6 2. The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f P a c i f ic e u p h a s iid s . B u ll. S crip p s I n s t , o f Oceanography, Univ. o f C a l i f . P re ss , 8 ( 2)151-270. CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE FISHERIES INVESTIGATION, S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a Marine R esearch Committee, P h y sic a l and Chem i c a l Data R e p o rts, U n iv e r s ity o f C a l i f o r n i a , S crip p s I n s t i t u t i o n o f Oceanography. 1963a C ruise 6210-11 5 O c to b e r -l 8 November I 962 1963b C ruise 63OI- 2 10 J a n u a ry -2 3 February 1963 1964a C ruise 6304 9 A p ril-2 4 May I 963 1964b C ruise 6307 10 J u l y -8 August 1963 1964c C ruise 6 3IO 2-29 O ctober 1963 1965 C ru ise 64oi 10 Jan u a ry -4 March 1964 58 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59 CASEY, R. E. 1 9 6 2. S tu d ie s on N o c tilu c a m i l i a r i s unpub l i s h e d term p a p e r, F rid a y Harbor L a b o r a to r ie s , U n iv e r s i t y o f W ashington (on f i l e ) . __________. 1 9 6 3. S tu d ie s on th e Ecology o f P la n k to n ic P o ra m ln lfe ra and R a d lo la r la o f f th e so u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t. A b s tr. o f the Ann. Convention o f the P a c i f ic S e c tio n S.E.P.M. J o u r, o f P aleo n to lo g y , 3 7 (4 ):9 7 7 . CAMPBELL, A. S ., and CLARK, B. L. 1944. Miocene r a d i o l a r ia n faunas from S outhern C a l i f o r n i a . Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. 5 1 :7 6 p. CARNEVALE, P. I 9O8 . R a d lo la r le e s l l l c o f l a g e l l a t l de Bergonzano (Reggio E m ilia ) . R. 1 s t . Veneto S c l. L e t t . A r t l , Mem., 28 ( 3 ) :1 - 4 6 . CLEVE, P. T. 1 8 9 9. P lan k to n c o l l e c t e d by th e Swedish Ex p e d i t i o n to S p ltz b e rg e n In I 8 9 8 . K. Svenska. V etensk. Akad., H a n d l., 32 ( 3 ). DEFLANDRE, G. 1949. Les s o l - d l s a n t R a d i o l a i r e s . In PIVETEUA, J . T r a i t e de p a lé o n to lo g ie 1:389-435. DREYER, F. 1 8 8 9. M orphologlsche R adio l a r i e n s tu d l en. H e ft. 1; Die Pylom blldungen; Je n a lsc h e Z e lt s c h r . fiür N a tu rw ls s ., 2 3 :1 3 8 p. EHRENBERG, C. G. 1839. Ihcer d ie B lldung d er K r e id e lf e ls e n und des K reldem ergels durch u n s lc h tb a r e Organlsmen. K. Akad. W lss. B e r l i n , A bhandl., Ja h rg . I 8 3 8, 59-14?. _. l8 4 ? . Ueber d ie m lkroskoplschen d l e s e ls c h a l l g e n P o ly c y s tln e n a l s m âchtlge Geblrgsm asse von B arbados. K. Akad. W lss. B e r l i n , M o n atsb er., Ja h rg . l8 4 ? :4 0 -6 0 . _. 1 8 5 6. M lk ro g e o lo g le . L e ip z ig . 1 8 5 9. Kurze C h a r a c t e r l s t l k der 9 neuen Genera und der 105 neuen S p ecies des âg âlsch en Meeres und des T lefg ru n d e s des M ltte l- M e e r e s . K. p r e u s s . Akad. W lss., M o n atsb er., Ja h rg . I 8 5 8, 1 0 -4 l. . 1 8 6 1. Ueber den T lefg ru n d des S t l l l e n Oceans zwlschen C a lif o r n ie n und den S a n d w lc h -In se ln . K. p r e u s s . Akad. W lss., M o n atsb er., Ja h rg . i860, 8 1 9- 8 3 3 . 1 8 6 2. Ueber d ie T le f g r u n d -V e r h â ltn ls s e des Oceans am Elngange d er D a v ls s tr a s s e und b e l I s l a n d . K. p r e u s s . Akad. W lss., M o n atsb er., J a h rg . I 8 6 1, 2?5- 3 1 5. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6o EHRENBERG^ C. G. l8j2. Mlkr“ o g eo lo g isch e S tu d ien a l s Zusam- menfassung s e in e r Beobachtungen des k l e i n s t e n Lebens der Meeres-Tiefgrillnde a l l e r Zonen und dessen g e o lo g isch e n E i n f l u s s , K. p r e u s s . Akad. W iss., M onatsber.^ Ja h rg . 187 2, 265- 3 2 2. 1 8 7 3. M ikrogeologische S tu d ien fiber das k l e i n s t e Leben d er M eeres-Tiefgrflnde a l l e r Zonen und dessen g eo lo g isc h e n E i n f l u s s . K. Akad. M iss. B e r l i n , A bhandl., Ja h rg . 187 2, 131- 3 9 9. 1 8 7 6. F o rts e tz u n g d er m ik ro g eo lo g isch en S tu d ien a l s Gesam m t-Uebersicht d er m ikroskopischen P a lâ o n to - l o g i e . K. n r e u s s . Akad. M is s., A bhandl., Ja h rg . 1875:266 p. EMERY, K. 0. 1 9 5 4. Source o f w ater in b a s in s o f f so u th ern C a l i f o r n i a . Jo u r. Mar. R e s ., 13:1 -2 1 . i 9 6 0. The Sea o f f Southern C a l i f o r n i a . John M iley and Sons, In c . New Y ork : 366 p. FIEMINGER, A. 1964. D i s t r i b u t i o n a l A tla s o f C alanoid Copepods in th e C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t Region, P a r t 1. C a l i f o r n i a C o o p erativ e F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n , S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a Marine R esearch Committee, A tla s no. 2: 313 p. HAECKEL, E. 1862. Die R a d io la r ie n , Eine Monographie. B e r l i n . 572 p. __________. 1 8 8 1. Prodrom is s y s te m a tis R ad io lariu m . Entw urf e in e s R a d io la r ie n Systems a u f Grund von S tudien d er C h a lle n g e r - R a d io la r ie n . Je n a . Z, Naturw. 15:418-472. 1 8 8 7. R eport on the R a d io la r ia c o l l e c t e d by H.M.S. CHALLENGER d u rin g th e y e a r s I 87 3- I 8 7 6. R ept. S c i. R e s u lts H.M.S. CHALLENGER, Zoology I 8 , c l x x x v i i i : 1803 p. HAECKER, V. 1907. A ltertfim lich e S p h a e r e lla r ie n und C yrtel- l a r i e n aus g ro sse n M e e r e s tie f e n . Arch, ftlr P r o ti s t e n k . 10:114-126. 1908a. Die T rip y le e n , C o llo d a rie n und Mikro- r a d i o l a r i e n d er T ie f s e e . M iss. Ergebn. Deutschen T iefsee-E x p ed . I 8 9 8- I 8 9 9 . 14:476 p. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 l HAECKER, V. l$08b. Form und Pormblldung b e l den Radio l a r i e n . Wiss. Ergebn. der Deutschen T ie fs e e -E x p e d itio n 1898-1899, l4(3):477-706. HOLLANDE^ A. and ENJUMET, M. I 96O. Cytologie, e v o lu tio n a t systém atiq u e des Sphaeroildes. Arch, du Museum N a tio n a l h 'H i s t o r i e N a tu r e lle ( P a r i s ) , S er. 7 (7 ):1 3 4 p. HONIGBERG, B. M. and com m ittee. 1964. A Revised C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f the Phylum P rotozoa. Jo u r. Protozoology, l l ( l ) : 7- 20. HÜLSEMANN, K. 1 9 6 3. R a d io la r ia in plan k to n from the A r c tic d r i f t i n g S ta tio n T- 3 , in c lu d in g the d e s c r ip tio n s o f th re e new s p e c ie s . A r c tic I n s t i t u t e o f North American, T echnical Paper No. 1 3 :5 2 p. JOHNSON, M . ¥. i960. Tice O ffshore d r i f t of Larvae o f the C a l i f o r n i a Spiny L o b ste r P a n u liru s i n t e r r u p t u s . C a l i f . C ooperative Oceanic F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n s R eport, S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a Marine Research Committee, 7:147- 1 6 2. MÜROMTSEV, A. M . 1958. The P r in c ip a l H y d ro lo g ic al Fea t u r e s o f th e P a c if ic Ocean. G .I.M .I.Z . LENINGRAD 1958. Trans from R u ssian , I s r a e l Pro. fo r S c i. Trans. J e ru s a - leum 1963 f o r th e N a tio n a l Science Foundation, U .S.A .: 417 p. MAST, H. 1 9 1 0. Die A s tro s p h a e rid e n . W iss. Ergebn. der Deutsch T iefsee-E x p . au f dem Dâmpfer " V a ld iv is ," I 8 9 8- 1899 (Je n a ), 1 9 (4 ):1 2 5 -1 9 0 . MIELCK, ¥ . 191 3. Resume des o b s e rv a tio n s su r le Plankton des Mers E x p lo rées p a r le C o n seil pendant le s années 1902- 1908; R a d io la r ia : C o nseil Permanent I n t e r n a t , pour l 'E x p l o r a t i o n de la Mer. B u ll. T rim e st., ' 3:303-402. MÜLLER, J . 18 5 8. Ueber d ie T h a la s s ic o lle n , P o ly cy stin en und Acanthometren des M itte lm e e re s . Akad. Wiss. B er l i n , A bhandl., Ja h rg . 1 8 5 8 :6 2 p. NAKASEDO, K. 1955. Miocene R a d io la ria n f o s s i l assemblage from the so u th ern Tovama P r e fe c tu r e in Japan, S c i. Rept, Osaka Univ. South and North C o l l ., no. 4. \ POPOFSKY, A. 19 0 7. Neue R a d io la rie n d er deutschen Sud- p o la r E x p e d itio n . Zool. Anz., 3 1( 2 3) :697-705. 1 9 0 8. Die R a d io la rie n der A n ta r k tis . Deutsche S u d p o lar-E x p ed ., 1 0: 183- 3 0 5. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 62 POPOFSKY, A. 1 9 1 2. Die S p h a e r e lla r ie n des Warmwassergehl- e t e s . Deutsche S udp o lar-E x p ed ., 13:73-159. 1 9 1 3. Die N a s s e lla r ie n des W arm w asserhegletes. Deutsche S udpo lar-E x p ed ., l4 :2 1 7 -4 l6 . REID, J . L ., J r . , RODEN, G. I . , and WYLLIE, J. G. 1958. S tu d ie s o f the C a l i f o r n i a c u r r e n t system . C a l i f o r n i a C ooperative Oceanic F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n s P ro g re ss R eport 1 J u ly 1956-1 January 1958:27-56. REID, J . L ., J r . 1 9 6 2. Measurements o f the C a l i f o r n i a C o u n te rc u rre n t a t a depth o f 250 m e te rs. J o u r. Mar. R e s., 20:134-137. RESHETNYAK. V. V. 1955. V e r t i c a l D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the R a d io la r ia o f th e K u rl11an-Kamchatka Deep. Tr. Zool. I n - t a ANSSSR, 21:94-101. RIEDEL, ¥ . R. 1952. T e r t i a r y R a d io la r ia In w estern P a c i f ic sed im en ts. GÔteborgs. V etensk Samh. H an d l., F o l j . 7, S er. B, 6 ( 3 ) : I - I 8 . _________ . 1 9 5 3. Mesozoic and l a t e T e r t i a r y R a d io la r ia o f R o t t l . J o u r. P a le o n to l. 2 7 ( 6 ) :8 0 5 -8 l3 . __________. 1 9 5 7. R a d io la r ia : a p r e lim in a r y s t r a t i g r a p h y . Rep. Swedish Deep-Sea E x p e d itio n , 6 ( 3) : 6 l - 9 6. R a d io la r ia In A n ta r c tic sed im en ts. B.A.N.Z. ANTARCTIC Res. Exped., R e p ts ., S er. B, 6 (1 0 ):2 1 7 -2 5 5 . SGHEWIAKOFF, ¥ . 1926. A c a n th a rla : Fauna e F lo ra d e l Golfo dl N apoli. Monogr. 37:755 p. SVERDRUP, H. U ., and FLEMING, R. H. 1941. The w ater o f f th e c o a s t o f so u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , March to J u ly 1937. B u ll. S c rip p s I n s t , o f Oceanography, Univ. o f C a l i f . , 4:261-378. SVERDRUP, H. U ., JOHNSON, M. ¥ . , and FLEMING. R. H. 1942. The O ceans. P r e n tl c e - H a l l , New York:1044 p. TIBBY, R. B. 1 9 4 1. The w a te r masses o f f th e west c o a s t o f North America. J o u r. Mar. R e s ., 4:112-121. __________. 1 9 3 9. Report on r e t u r n s o f d r i f t b o t t l e s r e le a s e d o f f so u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , 1937. B u ll. Dlv. F ish and Game o f C a l i f o r n i a , 55 :1 -3 6 . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A P P E N D I X E S Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX 1 . --FAUNAE REFERENCE LIST O r ig in a l d e s c r i p t i o n , w ith subsequent d e s c r i p t i o n s which have good i l l u s t r a t i o n s or d e s c r i p t i o n s , a lso n o te s on the d i s t r i b u t i o n . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SUBARCTIC FAUNA (0-100 m eters) A rto p lllu m eleg an s Haeckel Ar to p i Hum ele g a n s Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. l440, PI. 75j f i g . 1 , Occurs s p a rs e ly during th e e n t i r e y e a r and i s s c a t te r e d throughout th e w ater column, brought in by th e C a l i f o r n i a C urrent system d u ring a l l s e a s o n s . P te ro c o ry s hirundo Haeckel P te ro c o ry s hirundo Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. I 31 8, P I. 71, f i g . 4. P te ro c o ry s hirundo Haeckel; R ie d e l 1957j p. 238, PI. 4, f i g . 1. Occurs in a l l months alth o u g h never v ery abundant, i s found m ainly in the w ater months, g r e a t e s t abun dance o ccu rred in the December, 1962 Clarke-Bumpus h a u ls w ith d e n s i t i e s o f 6 in d i v i d u a l s p e r 10 cubic m eters in the n ig h t 54 to 80 m eter tow, and 24 i n d iv id u a ls p e r 10 cubic m eters in the IO8 - I 60 h a u l; s p e c ie s may be c lo s e ly r e l a t e d to Dictyophimus a ra b ic u s H aeckel. Sethophormis r o t u l a Haeckel Sethophormis r o t u l a Haeckel 1882, PI. 5 7, f i g . 9 . 65 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66 Sethophorm is r o t u l a Haeckel I 8 8 7, P I. 57, f i g . 9- Sethophorm is r o t u l a H aeckel; Popofsky 190 8, P I. 33, f i g . 5 . T etraphorm is enneastrum (Haeckel) Hulsmann 1 9 6 3, pp. 28-29, f ig . 20. Pew specimens tak en , s c a t t e r e d th ro u g h o u t the d epths f is h e d , most specimens tak en in the s u rfa c e w a te rs o f the w in te r months, p ro b a b ly a f a i r l y good b i p o l a r form w ith o c c a s io n a l specimens found in th e lower l a t i t u d e s . NORTH CENTRAL PACIFIC FAUNA (O -I 50 m eters) C alo cy c la s amicae Haeckel C alo cy c la s amicae Haeckel I 8 8 7, P I. 7^, f i g . 2. Sparce th ro u g h o u t the y e a r, dense only in the months o f O ctober and February in th e Nansen tows w ith d e n s i t i e s o f: 32 i n d i v i d u a l s p e r 10 cubic m eters in the 0 -2 5 m eter depth range w ith 3 2 /1 0 in the 2 5- 5 0, 1 6 /1 0 in 5 0 -7 5 and one specimen in the 190-340 m eter depth range in the F ebruary sampling; the s u b - s p e c i f i c form r e p r e s e n te d in the w aters o v e rly in g the C a ta lin a B asin (w ith r a i s e d c e p h a lis ) o nly o c c u rs in the N orth C e n tra l P a c i f i c sedim ent sa m p le s ). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 67 E u c h lto n ia f u r c a t a - e l e g a n s group E u c h lto n la f u r c a t a Ehrenberg 1 8 7 2, p. 308, PI. 6 ( 3 ), f i g . 6 . P t e r a c t l s e le g a n s Ehrenberg I 8 7 2, p . 299; P I. 8 , f i g . 3. E u c h lto n la e le g a n s (Ehrenberg) H aeckel, 1 8 8 7, p. 535. E. f u r c a t a and E. e le g a n s a re h ere c o n sid e re d sy nonymous, a l l specimens from th e Nansen tows were c o l l e c t e d In O ctober, I 963 In the fo llo w in g d e n s i t i e s : 0-97 m eters 36/IO cubic m e te rs; 0-480, 6 .4 /1 0 ; 2 . 4 /1 0 a t 480-970 m e te rs; th e C lark e- Bumpus tows showed th e g r e a t e s t d e n s i t i e s In Oc to b e r , 1963 and F eb ru ary , 1984 tows. E u c y rtld lu m h e r t w l g l l Haeckel E u c y rtld lu m h e r t w l g l l Haeckel I 8 8 7, p . 1491, P I. 8 0, f i g . 1 2 . P robably th e b e s t I n d i c a t o r o f the N orth C e n tra l P a c i f i c Fauna, a p p e a rs In November, I 962 In th e day 1 0 8 -160 m eters Clarke-Bumpus tow a t a d e n s ity o f 2 0 /1 0 cubic m e te rs. In th e Nansen tows occur In g r e a t e s t d e n s ity In th e u pper 100 m eters w ith Oc to b e r , 1963, 0-97 m eters 16/IO and F eb ru ary , 1964 0-25, 32/ 10; 25-50, 16/10 and 50-75 I6/ÏO. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 68 EQUATORIAL SURFACE FAUNA (Surface) A crosphaera murrayana (Haeckel) G hoenicosphaera murrayana Haeckel 188 7, p . 102, PI. 8 , f ig . 4 . A crosphaera murrayana (Haeckel) H llm ers; Popofsky 1912, p. 259, f i g s . 22 and 23. Occur th ro u g h o u t th e c o l l e c t i n g p e r io d , however they were always found in shallow tows and d u rin g A p r il, 1964 were c o l l e c t e d by d ip p in g b ucket in w a te r. EQUATORIAL ZONE # 1 (?) D ic ty o c e ra s in sectu m Haeckel D ic ty o c e ra s in sectu m Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1324, P I, 71; f i g . 6 . Taken in every month, e s p e c i a l l y abundant in summer months, g r e a t e s t abundance o c c u rre d in August, 1963 Nansen samplesj 2 5-50 m e te rs, 80/IO cubic m e ters; 5 0- 1 23, 1 0. 7 /1 0 a b se n t above and below th e se d epths e x cep t f o r one specimen, taken a t 480-960 m e te rs. Peridium s p in ip e s Haeckel* (a lso found in E q u a to r ia l Zones 2 and 3 ) Peridium s p in ip e s Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1154, P I. 53, f i g . 9 . Most abundant form ta k e n , c o l l e c t e d in every tow a t every d epth e x c e p t fo r 4 tows, g r e a t e s t d e n s ity Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 69 665 i n d i v i d u a l p e r 10 cubic m eters In the August Nansen tow 50-123 m eters. EQUATORIAL ZONE # 2 (50-125 m eters) A c ro b o trls s a c r lb r o s a Popofsky A c ro b o trls s a c r lb r o s a Popofsky 1913, p. 3 2 2, f i g . 29. Occurs In a l l months e s p e c i a l l y In th e up p er 200 m e te rs, g r e a t e s t abundance In August, 1963 Nansen tows 5O -I 23 and 123-194 m eters w ith abundances o f 144/10 and 4 8 .4 /1 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y . Amphlspyrls c o s t a t a Haeckel Amphlspyrls c o s ta ta Haeckel I887, p. 1097, P I. 88, f i g . 3 . Pew I n d iv id u a ls c o l l e c t e d w ith th e g r e a t e s t d e n s ity taken In th e Nansen August tows o f 5O -I 23 m eters o f 64/10 cubic m eters. L lth o m e lls sa monoceras Popofsky L lth o m e llssa monoceras Popofsky 1 9 1 3, p. 335, PI. 32, f i g . 7 . Few specimens tak en , w ith th e g r e a t e s t d e n s i t i e s o c c u rrin g In J u ly , August and September o f 1 9 6 3. A nthocyrtldlum c i n e r a r i a Haeckel* (found In E q u a to r ia l Zone 3 a lso ) A nthocyrtldlum c i n e r a r i a Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. I 2 7 8, PI. 6 2 , f i g . 16I A nthocyrtldlum c i n e r a r i a Haeckel 1887; R le d e l 1957, pp. 84- 85, Fl. 2, f i g s . 6-9. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 70 Taken ab u ndantly In every month ex cep t F ebruary, 196 4, g r e a t e s t d e n s ity in August, 1963 Nansen I 2 3- 194 a t 8 5 /1 0 w ith a l l specimens in August taken between 50 and 480 m e te rs, a ls o r e p r e s e n te d in the Clarke-Bumpus August, 1963 tows 8 7- I 3O day and n ig h t a t 2 8 /1 0 and 1 0. 8 /1 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y . (?) C la th ro c o ry s m urrayi* (found in E q u a to r ia l Zone 3 a lso ) C la th ro c o ry s m urrayi Haeckel 1887, P . 1219, H I. 64, f i g . 8 . C la th ro c o ry s m urrayi Haeckel I 8 8 7j Popofsky 1913, pp. 35 2- 3 5 3, PI. 3 2, f i g s . 2 and 3 , t e x t f i g . 5 7 . P re s e n t in th e August and October Nansen tows and m issin g in th e A p ril and F ebruary tows, g r e a t e s t abundance in Nansen tows: August 50-200 m eters w ith d e n s i t i e s o f 5O-1 2 3, 4 2 .8 /1 0 ; 123-194, 32/10, and dropping to I . 3/IO i n 194-480 and I . 6 /1 0 in the 4 8 0-960 tows. EQUATORIAL ZONE # 3 (125-200 m eters) (?) Sethoconus f a c e tu s Haeckel Phlebarachnium facetum Haeckel 1 8 8 1, p . 430. Sethoconus f a c e tu s Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1296, P I. 55, f i g . 1 . G r e a te s t abundance in th e August Nansen tows w ith d e n s i t i e s o f 4 8 .4 /1 0 , 5 0 -1 2 3 and 187/ 10, 123-194; however a ls o p r e s e n tin g January 54-80 m eter day Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71 tow a t 1 2 6 /1 0 w ith th e n i g h t h a u l a t same depth showing 126/ 1 0 . SHALLOW COSMOPOLITAN (0-200 m eters) B o tr y o c y r tis q u i n a r i a (?) Ehrenberg B o t r y o c y r ti s q u i n a r ia Ehrenberg 1872, p. 287, P I . 10, f i g . 1 6. P re s e n t a l l y e a r round in th e upper 200 m eters, alth o u g h th o se i n d i v i d u a l s in th e S u b a rc tic s e d i ments show a s u b s p e c if ic v a r i a t i o n o f la r g e i n i t i a l chambers, none o f th e s e were found. The i n d i v i d u a l s c o l l e c t e d are s im i l a r to those o f the C e n tra l and E q u a to r ia l P a c i f i c . (?) C arpocanistrum evacuatum Haeckel C arp o can istru m evacuatum Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1172, P I. 5 2, f i g . 11. G r e a te s t d e n s i t i e s in the u pper 100 m eters occur a l l months o f th e y e a r w ith average d e n s i t i e s in th e u p p er 100 m e te rs o f 1 2 /1 0 cubic m e te rs. C lathrocanium ornatum Popofsky C lathrocanium ornatum Popofsky 1913, PP. 343-344, PI. 33, f i g . 2. Pound th ro u g h o u t th e year w ith g r e a t e s t abundance in th e u pper 200 m e te rs. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 72 D lctyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg D lctyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg I 8 7 2, p. 307; 1873, PI. 7, f i g . 2 3 . S c a tte r e d th roughout th e y e a r and w ater column in the Clarke-Bumpus tows w ith d e n s i t i e s o f 24/10 December $4-80, March 3O/IO a t 5 4 -8 0 ^ F ebruary 3 2. 8 /1 0 a t 132-200; Nansen tows show same shallow cosm opolitan d i s t r i b u t i o n . E u c y rtid iu m hexagonatum Haeckel E u c y rtid iu m hexagonatum Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1489, PI. 8 0, f i g . 1 1. Abundant in a l l months in th e upper 200 m eters, g r e a t e s t d e n s ity in Clarke-Bumpus in the August 4 4 -6 5 m eter day h a u l a t a d e n s ity o f 8 I/IO ; g r e a t e s t d e n s ity in Nansen tow 100/10 a t 0-97 A p r il, 1 9 6 5. Hexadoridium stre p ta c a n th u m Haeckel Hexadoridium stre p ta c a n th u m Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 206, PI. 2 5, f i g s . 1 and l a . P re se n t th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r w ith g r e a t e s t abun dance in th e u pper 100 m e te rs. Lamprocyclas n u p i t a l i s Haeckel Lamprocyclas n u p i t a i l s Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 1390, P I. 74, f i g . 1 5 . In th e Clarke-Bumpus tows a l l specimens except one were tak en above 200 m eters th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 Nansen tows show same d i s t r i b u t i o n w ith " r e s t r i c tio n " to th e upper 200 m eters. L a rc o s p lra quadrangula Haeckel L a rc o sp lra quadrangula Haeckel I 8 8 7, P . 6 9 6, P I. 4$, f i g . 3 . Pew specimens s c a t t e r e d th roughout th e y e a r and " r e s t r i c t e d " to the upper 200 m e te rs. Llthamphora f u r c a s p l c u l a t a Popofsky Llthamphora f u r c a s p l c u l a t a Popofsky 1 90 8, p. 295j P I. 3 6j f i g s . 6 - 8 . Occurs In a l l seasons norm ally abundant from 100 to 200 m eters w ith f a i r d e n s i t i e s to 500 m eters w ith th e d e n s ity d r a s t i c a l l y f a l l i n g below 500 m eters; g r e a t e s t Nansen abundance found a t 5 0- I 23 m eters a t I 98/IO In August, g r e a t e s t Clarke-Bumpus d e n s ity In February a t 258/IO w ith I 32-200 day tow. L ltharachnlum araneosum Haeckel L ltharachnlum araneosum Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. I I 6 3 , P I. 55, f i g s . 8 and 10. G r e a te s t abundance (Nansen) In August 20-25/10 f o r the depth range o f 50-200 m e te rs, g r e a t e s t C la rk e - Bumpus abundance 32.8/10 a t 132-200 m eters In the February n ig h t h au l a lso p r e s e n t In o th e r months o f the y e a r m ainly In th e upper 200 m eters. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74 Pterocanlum p raetex tu m (Ehrenberg) Lychnocanlum p raetex tu m Ehrenberg 1872j p. 3 1 6; 1 87 8, PI. 10, f i g . 2 . Pterocanlum p ra e te x tu m (Ehrenberg) 1872; Haeckel, pp. 1330-1331. Pterocanlum p raetex tu m (Ehrenberg) 1872; Haeckel 1887; R le d e l 1957. pp. 8 6- 8 7, PI. 3. f i g s . I - 3 . Never very abundant, occur th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r m ainly w ith in th e up p er 200 m eters. Pterocanlum trllo b u m Ha e c k e l Dlctyopodlum trllo b u m Haeckel 1862, p. 34o, P I. 8 , f i g s . 6 - 1 0. Pterocanlum trllo b u m Haeckel 1887. P . 1333. Pterocanlum trllo b u m Haeckel 1887; Popofsky 1913. pp. 390- 3 9 2, t e x t f i g s . 104-109. O ccurring In a l l months In th e u pper 200 m eters, g r e a t e s t abundance (Nansen) In August, 1963 w ith 5 3 . 3 /1 0 In 5 0 -1 2 3 m e te rs. S p o n g aster t e t r a s Ehrenberg S pongaster t e t r a s Ehrenberg I 9 6 1, p. 8 3 3; 1873. PI. 6(3), f i g . 8. S pongaster t e t r a s Ehrenberg 1862, p . 3OI; 1873, PI. 6(3), f i g . 8. Pew specimens c o l l e c t e d , s c a t t e r e d thro u g h o u t th e upper 200 m eters In a l l seaso n s. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75 Spongocore p u e l l a Haeckel Spongocore p u e l l a Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. 347, PI. 48, f i g . 6 . Few specimens showing extrem e morphologic v a r i a b i l i t y , occur In a l l seaso n s In g r e a t e s t abundance In the u p p er 200 m e te rs. Spongotrochus b r e v ls p ln u s Haeckel Spongotrochus b r e v ls p ln u s H aeckel 1862, p. 462, P I. 2 7, f i g s . 4 and 5. G r e a te s t abundance u s u a l l y between 50-200 m eters, e x c e p t In w in te r when th ey occur between O-5O me t e r s a l s o , p o s s ib ly a su b sp e c ie s or stag e o f Spongotrochus g l a c l a l l s . Spongotrochus g l a c l a l l s Popofsky Spongotrochus g l a c l a l l s Popofsky I 90 8, p. 228, PI. 26, f i g . 8, PI. 27, f ig . 1, PI. 28, f i g . 2. Spongotrochus ? g l a c l a l l s Popofsky 1 9 0 8; R le d e l I 9 5 8, p. 227, PI. 2, f i g s . 1 and 2, t e x t f i g . 1 . Spongotrochus ? g l a c l a l l s Popofsky 1 9 0 8; Hulseman 19 6 3, pp. 18- 2 2, f i g s . 10 and 1 1 . Evenly d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h o u t th e upper 200 m eters In most se a so n s, however d u rin g w in te r months o ccu r In abundance (F eb ru ary , Nansen 48/10 a t 0-25 m eters) In th e s u rfa c e w a te rs , l a r g e r specimens are g e n e r a l l y found a t d ep th s exceeding 200 m e te rs. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76 (?) Theoconus zan cleu s Haeckel Theoconus zancleum M uller l8$8, p. 4 l , PI. 6, f i g s . 1-3 • Theoconus z a n cleu s Haeckel 1887, p . 1399. Theoconus zan cleu s Haeckel 1887; Popofsky 1913, pp. 397- 398, PI. 28, f i g s . 6 and 7 . G r e a te s t abundance In th e u pper 200 m e te rs, o ccu rs In a l l months taken in a l l tows during the August, 1963 Nansen sam pling. Theophormis c a l l i p i l i u m Haeckel Theophormis c a l l i p i l i u m Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. I 367, P I. 70, f i g s . 1- 3 . Theophormis c a l l i p i l i u m Haeckel 1887; Popofsky I 9 1 3, p . 3 9 6 , PI. 3 8 , f i g . 3 . Occurs s p a r s e ly in a l l seasons m ainly in the upper 200 m e te rs. DEEP COSMPOLITAN # 1 FAUNA (200-400 o r 500 m eters) Siphocampe eru c o sa Haeckel — Siphocampe eru c o sa Haeckel 1887, pp. I 5OO-150I, PI. 79, f i g . 11. Occurs i n a l l sea so n s a t d ep th , g r e a t e s t d e n s i t i e s below 200 m eters to 1000 m eters w ith maximum den s i t i e s between 200 and 400 m e te rs. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77 Spongopyle o s c u lo s a Dreyer ■ Spongopyle o s c u lo s a Dreyer 1889, pp. 42-43, PI. 6 , f i g s . 99 and 1 0 0. Spongopyle o s c u lo s a Dreyer 1889; R le d e l 1958, pp. 225-226, PI. 1, f i g . 12. Occurs In a l l seasons w ith g r e a t e s t abundance from 200 to 500 m eters, maximum d e n s ity sampled w ith the Clarke-Bumpus tow between 400 and 500 m eters y e a r round, norm ally " r e s t r i c t e d " to t h i s depth and few I n d iv id u a ls are "brought up" by w in te r u p w e llln g . DEEP COSMOPOLITAN # 2 FAUNA (400 o r 500-1000 m eters) C o rn u te lla profunda Ehrenberg C o rn u te lla c l a t h r a t a p rofunda Ehrenberg I 8 5 6, PI. 35b, f i g . 21. C o rn u te lla p rofunda Ehrenberg 1859, P . 31. Sethoconus profundus (E hrenberg); Haeckel 1887, p. 1 2 9 4. C o rn u te lla hexagona Haeckel 1887, p. I I 8 0, P I. 54, f i g . 9 . C o rn u te lla p rofunda Ehrenberg 1859; R le d e l 1957, p. 2 3 2, PI. 3 , f i g s . 1 and 2. This i s a deep s p e c ie s found a t depth In a l l s e a sons w ith a few o c c u rrin g a t th e s u rfa c e during the w in te r u p w e llln g ; few specimens were tak en . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78 most o f them a t a depth o f 500 m eters o r g r e a t e r ; the g r e a t e s t d e n s ity was sampled a t a depth o f 132-200 m eters a t 14.6/10 during the February Clarke-Bumpus. S tichophorm is c o r n u t e l l a Haeckel S tichophorm is c o r n u t e l l a Haeckel I 8 8 7, P“ . 1455, PI. 75, f i g . 9. Very few specimens ta k e n , th e m a jo rity o f th e se taken were below 5OO m e te rs, none were taken above 100 m e te rs. F erip y ram is c irc u m te x ta Haeckel P erip y ram is c irc u m te x ta Haeckel I 8 8 7, p. I I 6 2 , PI. 5 4, f i g . 5 . S p ecies n o t abundant, g r e a t e s t d e n s i t i e s between 200 and 1000 m e te rs; sh a llo w e st r e c o rd s ; C la rk e - Bumpus Jan u ary , I 963 IO8 -1 6 0 m e te rs, June, 1964 9 4 -i4o m eters and a F eb ru ary Nansen tow o f 1964 4/10 a t IOO-19O; t h i s i s due to the u p w ellin g p r e s e n t d u rin g w in te r months. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDIX 2 . --PLANKTON DATA SHEET Shows th e number p e r tow and d e n s it y p e r tow o f the 38 r a d l o l a r i a n s p e c ie s u se d i n t h i s s tu d y . D e n s i ti e s i n Clarke-Bumpus tows were c a l c u l a t e d as th e number p e r 10 c u b ic m eters which was th e maximum volume o f w ater f i l t e r e d w ith th e n e t . D e n s itie s in th e Nansen tows were c a l c u l a t e d as number p e r 10 cubic m eters f o r th e same re a s o n . Under volume o f w a te r f i l t e r e d , th e l e t t e r e_ i n d i c a te s e s tim a te d volum es. Clarke-Bumpus n e t s w ith a 74 m i cron mesh were used d u rin g November, I 9 6 2. A ll s t a t i o n in fo rm a tio n i s given a t the top o f th e s h e e t . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SA 5 1 CLARKE-BUMPUS 8 8 8 8 8 8 o] f\l nj fy il “ 2 0 » 1 o % s > ê I i I ! s. • 0 « 0 0 « I 0 Ô 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 lA m i n i n 0 0 0 0 -3- 4 - ( u \ lA t n i n m i n m i n i n t n m i n i n i n in m i n i n u j i n i n i n 0 \0 iH *H H rH AJ AJ n - cv ( KN lA fA rA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA -3- -3- G O CO vO vO \o VO n - (N * ■ Oi N (\i fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA fA lA fA K vO VÛ V O vO \ o \ o V O VO V O VO vO vO V i vO f v CO fA -tf* i n CO Ov 0 fA fA n - fA .3" i n vO ac C M AJ fA AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ rH 0 0 0 9 9 2 u u u u k u % > % > 1 rH 5 Q s m ► a i £ £ 0 » < A < A < £ £ £ 9 f ) 0 i n i n iO i n 0 0 i n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H 0 AJ 0 i n AI 0 OJ 0 0 AJ 0 H H 0 H vO A1 0 fA 0 H fA AJ fA 0 c < y r-4 M r-t r4 H AI r4 iH 7 7 r4 7 H »H 7 0 A i n i n 0 0 i n 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 m H AJ i n fA rH i n fA fA m fA s rH C Js fA 0 V O AJ ON AJ 0 0 AJ iH AJ Ov 0 f v j r4 H H r4 iH AJ 0 H AJ AJ iH AJ rH 0 AJ g $ 0 0 0 0 0 V O V O O v 0 0 V O H 0 r H 4" O N 0 iH Q 1 C O 1 1 1 0 0 1 o O 0 0 t 0 0 0 in 1 0 0 1 0 4- 0 H A J 4- 0 4 r H m H 4- 0 0 in H m n- 0 C O H O v 0 4- m A J fA fA fA C O C O 0 0 C O Artopilium eltgans Pteiocorys hirundo Sathophormis rotula 1 to 1 1 0 1 0 10 » i ô _ Ô M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 in 0 V O m 0 0 « vO 0 g v 0 0 V O vO Ov in 0 H 0 n - m Ov 0 0 0 0 iH 0 < H -t O v 0 H 0 H 4 0 0 0 0 4 fA in 0 0 rH CO rH 4 AJ c V O 0 0 0 0 1 00 1 CO 1 1 Ov Cv iH rH 1 1 00 1 vO rH rH 0 1 00 1 % 0 m 1 0 0 1 CO 0 4 1 f 1 1 m 0 1 7 AJ 0 m 1 X rH 4 q 4 q H AJ 4 0 4 0 iH 1 n. 0 n . 4 vO AJ Os AJ 0 rH 0 4 00 m rH in iH 4 CO in iH in <H 4 0 4 Cv 4 Ov AJ 4 m rH m H 4 CO 4 CO Ov rH in n. fA in ov fA 4 tN ov rH 4 N fA in 0 «H iH m V O vO vO os 0 0 Ov c 4 4 4 in m in m in in in 0 0 0 0 0 CO 0 0 00 CO CO CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 12 6 6 18 V m 98 3 2 I 4 2 4 I 4 1 22 k Calocyclas amicae ^ 2 C P Euchitonia fiircata-elegans Eucyrtidium hertw igii 10 TT SE El E2 H è r o s p h M r a m u r r a y a n a "T 24 17 R i r l d l u m s p i n i p e s 2 0 fro à i 5 f i l T T f02 S fO f i l 7 42 18 l i f l f l H 162 18 23 136 11 2I f i l 13 § 36 15 8 60 32 è 176 é 132 632 8S6 11 128 56 6 t? I0G6 442 ijDictyoceras insectum 10 1 l i il 1 1 6 1 i l 12 ,1 28 IM h Acrobotrlssa crlbrosa i • i S 1 6 2 8 n - r V -T" 26 Amphlspyrls costata 1 12 1 f 32 Anthocyrtldlum cineraria 1i 3 0 il 1 6 i l 1 6 1 18 i l 4I 4: i l h 12 192 32 h h 2 6 [tJCIathrocorys murrayi à à 2Î 1 3I 2: 1 6 3I 1 i l 4 i l 128 32 k 26 h Llthomellssa monoceras 1 0 1 10 1 il V . 3 2 h , L 1 26 gJSethoconus facetus À 4 4 0 3* 4 0 l 1 1 T 6 12I il i l 1 i l ï | i l _ r 4 ? é 2 6 6 32 56 23.4 1 2 6 SC ^ arpocanistrum evacuatum Clathrocanium ornatum Dictyocoryne profunda Hexadoridium streptacanthum Lamprocyclas nuptialis Larcosplra quadrangula Lltharachnlum araneosum Pterocanlum praetextum Pterocanlum trilobium Spongaster tetras Spongocore puella Spongotrochus brevlsplnus Spongotrochus glaclalls Isucyrtldlum hexagonatum prtieoconus zancleus jTheophorm is callipilium ith a m p hora furcasplculata â 4 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 4 1 1 4 0 1 0 1 0 4 24 2 12 h 3.2 32 32 32 52 20 24 12 10 i! 3 » 1 10 6 60 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 J 1 I s 6 30 3 t 2 5 1 20 50 10 2 I 20 10 2 1 20 10 1 1 2 10 10 20 S 30 il il 22 % 1 22 g il 2 ? 1 2 0 2 1 2 7 2 2 1 12 6 12 42 12 12 6 6 12 1 1 2 1 6 6 12 6 18 6 24 1 1 3 1 2 2 6 2 2 1 6 6 16 6 12 12 36 12 12 4 3 1 1 1 6 4 10 2 2 18 6 6 6 16 24 60 6 12 8 6 2 2 2 6 36 12 12 12 6 1 2 2 3 13 6 12 30 30 12 18 52 1 6 1 6 3 18 6 2 12 6 ,1 1 4 44 2 4 26 4 2 5 7 2 264 12 24 168 24 12 30 U 30 42 8 32 32 1 0 » 132 1 32 la i» 1 28 4 2 88 44 3 3 1 1 4 2 66 96 32 28 104 52 26 l 4 2 7 1 V 88 6.4 192 28 2 2 44 52 2 9 5 1 2 2 1 44 198 16 32 58 52 26 1 1 3 >2 4 % 2 32 9.6 312 104 1 1 11 1 1 1 4 6 22 32 352 32 28 28 104 158 2 11 M 352 M 2 0 1 U DC Spongopyle osculosa Cornutella profunda Peripyramis circum texta Siphocam pe erucosa Sttchophormis cornutella 1 10 2 1 4 1 4 2 3 4 16 5 2 20 to 40 0 24 12 I I 24 96 30 17 1 ,1 ^ 3 1 1 5 0 2 4 1 8 II 6 9 0 I 5 33 41 30 191 2 12 1 7 55 4 15» 121 3 4 l o w 3 4 5 4 1 W 112 1.4 10» 20» 'zo - 1 22 1 1 1 2 4 22 22 0» 2 W 2 I 3 5 0 2 0 7 » Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. lA A V Û V O © © © A C^ O v O V C O 00 rH rH O V O v 0 0 0 0 0 0 vO vO A- A- sO fA A A A A- A- 0 0 0 0 A A O V O v O V A- 1 — ( rH A. A. rH 'H A * A A A * A- A * O V O V vO vO rH H fA fA A A A A A A A A V O vO V O vO vO V O vO vO vO V O =0 O v (M f V J A- vO A- A. C O (JV iH rH f\J C M C M C M (M C M (M C M rH H to to to O4 a a * » 4» a S a a • © 0 ► 0 < < < C O (O C O 0 0 lA A 0 0 A A 0 0 A 0 0 0 O J 0 0 A A A Q rH rH C M rH ov 0 A O v 0 5 A 0 rH fH rH rH 0 rH 0 rH rH rH Q 0 lA A Ô A A 0 0 A 0 0 0 lA A A C M rH C M 0 A J f -± A C O O v f\l 0 O V Jl- 0 O V C M A A 0 rH 0 rH 0 0 rH 0 0 iH rH C M 0 © lA irv O'- A. o V O v O V Û « 0 ( \ J r y • rH rH • • O O c\. rH M 00 C O y - 5 8 8 ^ o lA ir\ fvi (M 0 K\ 1 o -± 'O £ s> pj I lA V O £ ? s vO § ? 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 O v C O 0 0 O v C O O V A * vO A C M 0 C M 0 J - J - C A A A A A ov A H 0 ^ O V 0 rH 0 ^ H A- rH 1 r V O rH V O rH 1 1 O V 1 A- rH 1 1 C O 1 A. rH 1 1 1 0 A 1 1 1 1 0 A 1 0 t 1 0 0 1 C O 1 1 0 rH C M A » A- rH C M vO A. Jt Ov C O 0 IN - f C O -J- O V C O 3 C O C O - t 00 V O rH J - O v A A- A rH ^ O V O V A A. 0 O C M O f o c ^ ArH A -A ov O V C O C O O V 1 J f 1 ^ t V O • SO 1 A- A- 00 C O C O Ov ov O V O V O V 00 00 C O C O C O 00 C O 00 00 00 2 2 4 1 3 8 2 a 5 6 2 1 8 7 1 4 1 IT S O V O K\ à è A-vO 00 0 C M 00 A f < i i V vO A A 0 V O rH ^ O V a h A«A ov 1 ov 1 C M C M O V O V 1 1 0 1 4 lA ^ vO vO K\ à K V 0 A 0 A A 0 A • Î 0 C M - f C M 0 0 C M C M C M A rH rH rH rH rH rH 0 0 A 0 A. A O V C O Ov 0 C M A * J f A A rH 0 ov 1 0 C M 1 I C O 1 N C O A 0 A- 0 O v 0 C M A 81 1 M U 1 27 Î 2J 5 145 1 10 U 176 2 25 b 141 ltd 2 V I I 9 V 1', w i ! NANSEN e • • • 5 # 0 • 5 0 A A A A 0 0 0 0 0 0 A A C M C M A. A. 0 0 C M C M C M A A tA A rH •H A A rH C M A A C M C M rH rH rH A A A A J - vO V O vO vO V O A- A- 00 O V - f C M C M C M C M to to 4 » a a 0 . • < < 0 0 C m lA -4- O Ks < y v oo I rA -4- A A 0 Q 0 0 0 A 0 - f C M A 0 A 0 A - f C M C M A A 0 0 J t - f A C M C M C M H rH rH rH rH H 0 0 » #6 0 S : 0 A 8 1 A- rH Op 1 A A rH a O v 1 0 C M 1 1 1 00 1 A- 1 00 1 A 0 A 0 O V 0 0 C M A A * R § § % 00 O O A> so !• C O 8 T C O oo C^iA 00 r oo S5S^ % I o o 00 lA (A C w 1 s fA (A 2 1« 1 5 S3 265 1 .8 U J l 3 4 2 12 12 15 1 18 1 8 M 4 J L H è U H U !t K 32 l l 19 19 Î Î _ u _ _ 2 _ J L n i; \n i t ! i i 22 21 119 592 755 169 3 26 1 14 8 1 8 2 7 3 1 1 3 0 4 3 0 1 0 8 7 7 1 4 4 1 4 1 0 0 N 2M 132 a 162 98 5 135 5 12 29 47 29 28 30 7 49 6 99 129 IS 29 67 92 136 91 91. 63 IV 142 174 107 220 415 L 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 6 56 99 98 59 42 2) M 39 106 26 24 — I T T 1 0 4 1 9 109 2 I 25 27 3 1 1 4^ 27 27 2 4 59 116 3 V 2 59 1 2 1 29 94 l 2 Ï3 9 Î 97 99 126 159 97 13 19 99 63 7 .1 29 16 6 9 224 162 1« 3 97 6 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 58 15 I 16 IS 435 23 202 264 32 94 164 132 i n j l 149 V 3 323 473 M 1 9 .1 <0 12 142 219 37 27 23 49 23 23 11 * 13 i u it 94 3 1 % i \ K S T & ^ % ^ 3 # % a 3 « 3 S l î J 8 2 U 8» 117 1 1 3 1 1 7 112 3 7 11 112 44 1 2 I i J II T — T 10 ‘ l i I 1 II iZ 4 k g 53 96 147 53 1 4 1 2 • 48 32 2 1 1 11 2 "T 2 i 1 3 U J 41 1 7 4 10 16 11 1 2 1 1 4 1 7 ? s 6 11 2 4 4 4 I 4 2 2 1 1 52 4 11 u 10 2 2 1 2 3 5 3 10 t l 12 2# U JL^f 1 1 i Is 16 16 4L 1S U J 24 Ü P i t 49 49 9___________ 2 r T T i li 2 i Ik 9 } z r m 1. « 1 1 32 U 6 49 49 l i 23 1 26 l i Ü7 i, * 9 6 I I 247 7 39 L 27 27 42 i 7 i ? I7 I4 7 $8 l& 109 I4 1 2 2 29 94 H 2 54 1 2 9 1 1 174 29 29 39 27 « 1 56 Is 1 2 3 h i l i. 43 43 il h 59 I 9 9 145 12 6 ' 1 9 .1 106 h I 9 k 19 3 39 6 106 65 ^ 23 k W 1& Â 2 l i 23 1 26 4 4 1 1 2 6 I 7 7 3 3 10 10 2 2 4 4 I 42 2 112 ils i) It 4 29 26 104 29 26 1 5 6 U II L 17 i , 109 27 ÎÎ 27 103 M2 h i t 56 27 42 9 2 9 112 94 119 1 2 7 4 1 6 96 27 < 62 2 26 94 2 1 27 27 104 10 20 22 10 29 994 27 29 i l 2l 1 j U s j J L i y J S 6 114 13 lo i, 2 3 2 59 1 1 1 29 2 .1 2 .1 29 1 3 25 1 1 2 4 25 7 .1 1 & 1 35 67 1 23 2 59 1 2 3 2 3 2 5 4 9 2 1 1 2 5 9 9 7 2 3 1 4 6 5 2 9 6 6 5 M 1 7 4 5 9 3 I 1 Î5 1 1 6 2 7 5 2 1 2 ? i I b §2^ 2 & 2 9 6 3 3 9 lit 9 7 2 9 1 7 4 1 4 5 2 3 M 6 1 2 2 6 6 2 I 2 3 2 4 9 5 9 2 9 2 9 ? 1 9 1 6 1 4 8 9 6 6 |l 4 1 3 H 5 2 5 3 11 1 4 6 <6 I 9 & 3 & 1 & k 2 1 6 5 7 17 1 5 2 1 1 5 1 6 ] ll iL 2 3 1 1 9 1 2 3 1 . 9 1 4 9 2 3 k t & a H 4 4 7 3 7 3 7 3 1 1 1 6 9 6 1 0 9 4 1 1 1 6 2 1 9 4 9 4 I 2 1 2 3 =17 2 3 6 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 4 6 2 1 9 2 6 3 2 3 9 1 7 3 4 6 2 3 9 1 9 4 k 5 2 0 1 9 9 1 4 6 417 i9 1@ iM iR 0 4 9 J 1 6 ll I 3 4 9 1 6 3 M 1 16 i k 1 3 2 167 1 O 1 5 3 2 29 2 21 1 3 1 9 4 49 4 64 i l 19 l i 1 2 16 197 1 2 2 4 1 2 9 12 0 i i l I t 2 u 2I7 k k I 2 2 92 142 110 91 23 9 99 949 299 293 146 49 19 l l 100 2 15 23 2 L 311 U 3 34 ’k 4 i 3 1 9 1 2 5 3 1 6 7 5 3 a 3 10 9 49 963 494 I i i 4 h Î2 1 4 \ 1 l i 6 24 Î 'j 24 16 V ! 9 J 16 u ^ ll is \ I II 3} 11 12 14 l i 3 12 2 4 * i A 2 \ i \ Î I 'I 16 16 3 I 1 1 2 32 1 3 J 48 2 32 3 48 3 4 37 32 H JL1S-ULJ& 2 * 7 37 V l i % hu & JL? 'S 12 IS 7 2 5S 32 & m d u ' u & Ü 6 3I I 1 16 16 48 41 16 16 3N2Ü 3 2 12 4 I I AH I d d 11 2 7 4 44 4 14 I 8 1 208 1 23 2 4 611 58 & 6 1 27 4 100 1 2 11 18 58 297 6 3 4 336 160 110 73 II 154 38 42 2 1 3 1 U 13 13 376 is 4 3 2 5 11 a U6 9 37 110 2 # 41 1 r • 1 a 10 140 a a 1 2 2 4 '4 5 111 » 111 1 1 24 112 1 8 i , I M J l 32 S3 370 402 0 9 r r 4 32 188 318 3 28 1 II T 18 11 22 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L e g en d : APPENDIX 3 . --SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST SA - S u b a r c tic Sediment NECP-North E a st C e n tr a l P a c i f ic PE - P a c i f i c E q u a to r ia l Sediment CB - C a t a l i n a B asin Sediment S e d im e n t--sa m p le s : SA- 8u b a r c t i c , NECP-North E a st C e n tra l P a c i f i c , E P -E q u a to ria l P a c i f i c , C-Cosmopolitan P la n k to n --sa m p le s : S A -S u b arctic, NECP-North E a st C e n tr a l P a c i f i c , E S -E q u a to ria l S u rfa c e , E # l- E q u a to r ia l Zone #1, E # 2 -E q u a to ria l Zone #2, E # 3 -E q u a to ria l Zone #3j SC-Shallow Cosmopoli ta n , C r # l-Cosmopolita n Deep Zone # 1 , CD^B-Cos- m o p o litan Deep Zone # 2 A-Abundant C-Common R-Rare ( )-N ot found in sedim ents d i s t r i b u t i o n ; taken from l i t e r a t u r e . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 82 APPEKDIX 3 SEDIMEIW DISTRIBUTION LIST ■ s § 1 1 0 rH CO pH SA ENPC PE CB A rto p iliu m e le g a n s C R R R SA SA P te ro c o r y s h iru n d o A R R R S ath o p h o rm is r o t u l a (A) (H) (R) (R) (H ülsem an, 1 9^ 3 ) C a lo c y c la s am icae A c c ÏÏECP NECP E u c h ito n ia f u r c a ta - e le g a n s A c c E u c y rtid iu m h e r t w i g i i A R c ES A c ro sp h a e ra m u rrayana R C A c ( ? ) D ic ty o c e ra s in se c tu m R C A c H ljf _L P e rid iu m s p in ip e s C A A A c r o h o tr is s a c r l b r o s a A c A m p h isp y ris c o s ta t a C A c E#2 A n th o c y rtid iu m c i n e r a r i a C A c (? ) C la th ro c o ry s m u rra y i R A 0 L ith o m e lis s a m onoceras R A c (? ) S eth o co n u s f a c e tu s C R B o tr y o c y r tis q u in a r ia ( ? 7 R C C C (? ) C a rp o c a n istru m evacuatum C C C C C la th ro c a n iu m o rnatum C C C D ic ty o c o ry n e p ro fu n d a R C C C E u c y rtid iu m hexagonatum c C c H exadoridium s tre p ta c a n th u m (C) • (c ) (C) (H a e c k e l, 188?) L am procyclas n u p t i a l i s C c c c L a r c o s p ira q u a d ra n g u la R c c c L ltham phora f u r c a s p lc u la t a A c c c L lth a ra c h n lu m araneosum (R) (c ) (C) (C) (H a e ck e l, 188?) SC P te ro c a n lu m p ra e te x tu m c c c P te ro c a n lu m trllo b u m R A A c c S p o n g a s te r t e t r a s R c C c Spongocore p u e ll a c C c S p o n g o tro ch u s b r e v ls p ln u s A c C c S p o n g o tro ch u s g l a c l a l l s A c c c (? ) T heoconus z a n c le u s C c A A T heophorm is c a l l i p i l i u m (C) (C) (C) (P o p o fsk y , 1 9 1 3 ) c i # i Siphocam pe e ru c o s a A c c c Spongopyle o s c u lo s a C c c c C o r n u te lla p ro fu n d a A c c c CD#2 S tic h o p h o rm is c o r n u t e ll a C R R R P e rip y ra m is c irc u m te x ta A c C C Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 1 . --S tu d y Area, th e s t i p p l e d a re a d en o tes th e c o n tin e n t, the c ro s s -h a tc h e d a r e a s a re the b a s in s o f the c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d which are la b e le d as fo llo w s n o r th to south: SBB-Santa B arb ara B asin SMB-Santa Monica B asin SCB-Santa Cruz B asin SPB-San Pedro B asin CB - C a ta lin a B asin (th e study area) SNB-San N icholas Basin TB -Tanner Basin IB -Long B asin WCB-West C ortez Basin ECB-East C ortez B asin SCB-San Clemente B asin SDT-San Diego Trough VB -V elero Basin The s o l i d l i n e to th e West o f the c o n t i n e n t a l b o rd e rla n d denotes th e beg in n in g of th e c o n t i n e n t a l slope to th e l e f t ; the broken l i n e r e p r e s e n t s the Santa R osa-C ortez Ridge. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 84 ilm lm llii .%v. iiia sE • • • • • • • : • ; • • # FIGURE 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 2 . — N orth E a st P a c i f i c C ir c u l a t i o n , th e f o l lowing a b b r e v ia tio n s a re used.: AC -A laskan C u rren t CC - C a l i f o r n i a C u rren t E C C -Equatorial Counter C urrent KC -K uroshio C u rren t KE -K uroshio E x ten sio n NEC-North E q u a to r ia l C u rrent NPC-North P a c i f ic C u rrent SC - S u b a r c tic C u rren t SEC-South E q u a to r ia l C u rrent F ig . 3 - — L o c atio n s o f Sediment Samples (MUK, RIS, D W B G r e p r e s e n t s p e c i f i c c r u i s e s and 22, 1 1 8 , 6 s t a t i o n s o f S c rip p s I n s t i t u t i o n o f Oceanography c o re s; 8493 r e p r e s e n ts an A llan Hancock Foundation core s t a t i o n ) . Subarctic-M JK 2 2 -5 3 '02"N l 4 7 ’50"¥ North E a st C e n tr a l P a c ific -R IS 1 18-28’25"N 1 7 3' l 6"W N orth E q u a to r i a l Pacific-DNBG 6-9'36"N 130'4l"W C a ta lin a B asin-8493-33 ' H "N 118'22"W Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 86 V 100 ° FIGURE 2 6 0 ° \40° RIS 118 8493 DWBG 6* 1 2 0 140 160 180 160 140 120 100 ° FIGURE 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 4 . --W orth P a c i f ic S urface Water Masses: A B S W -A laska Bay Surface W ater CSW - C a l i f o r n i a Surface W ater ESW - E q u a to r ia l Surface Water K A S W -K u ro sh io -A le u tia n S u rface Water KSW -Kuroshio S urface Water NCSSW-North C e n tra l N TSW -N orth T ro p ic a l Surface Water S W N T -S u rfa c e Water North Temperate Fig. 5*—North P a c i f ic Water Masses ex clu d in g the S urface W aters: ENPC -E a st North P a c if ic C e n tra l PE - P a c i f i c E q u a to r ia l TR - T r a n s i t i o n Region SA - S u b a rc tic P a c if ic W NPC -West North P a c i f ic C e n tra l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 88 60 4 0 ABSW KASW KSW ^ SW NT CSW N C SSW NTSW ESW 120 140 160 180' 160 140 120 100 f ig u r e 4 60 ' 40' SA W NPC 120 140 160 180 120 160' 100 140 figure 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 6 . --S u rfa c e Water T-S Curves: CCSW-California C u rren t S u rface Water KASW-Kuroshlo-Aleutlan S urface Water NTSW-Worth T ro p ic a l S urface Water Dashed l i n e s r e p r e s e n t s u rfa c e w ater curves taken from CCOFI S t a t i o n s over the C a ta lin a Basin f o r th e months s t a t e d . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 90 SALINITY % oo 33.0 34.0 25 20 u o lU oe 3 I— < Q £ lU a. s \ \ \ \ FIGURE 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 7 . — T-S Curves (CCOFI) superim posed on the w ater mass envelopes (Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming, 1942) f o r th e North E a st P a c i f ic : ENCP-East North C e n tra l P a c i f ic (same as NECP) PE - P a c i f i c E q u a to r ia l PSA - P a c i f i c S u b a rc tic Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. o o 35.0 33 NOV 2 62 FEB 2 63 MAY 2 63 JULY 16 63 O C T 8 63 FEB 6 64 20 u PSA 92 FIGURE 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig , 8 . — T-S Curves (USC) superim posed on th e w ater mass envelopes (S verdrup, Johnson and Flem ing, 1942) fo r th e N orth E a st P a c i f ic : ENCP-East North P a c i f ic C e n tra l PE - P a c i f i c E q u a to r ia l PSA - P a c i f i c S u b a rc tic Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. oo 33 34.0 35.0 STA. 8354 8718 8798 8 9 4 0 8967 9293 DEC 8 62 I JUNE 8 63 JULY 18 63 SEPT 26 63 OCT 28 63 FEB 5 64 20 u 10 PSA 94 FIGURE 8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 9 .-- 1 0 Meter I s o h a l l n e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96 '1° » lO METER OCT-NOV 62 JAN-FEB 63 APR-MAY 63 JULY-AUG 63 OCT 63 JAN-MAR 64 F ig u re 9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig . 10. —50 Meter I s o h a lln e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 8 ( « • F io . lo 50 M E T E R OCT-NOV 62 JAN-FEB 63 APR-MAY63 JULY-AUG 63 O C T 63 JAN-MAR 64 F ig u re 10 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 1 1 .--1 0 0 Meter I s o h a lln e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 0 0 M C .< 1 0 0 METER OCT NOV 62 J A N - F E B 63 35.I J A PR-M AY 63 JULY-AUG 63 OCT 63 JAN - M A R 64 l a o * F ig u re 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig. 1 2 .— 200 Meter I s o h a l l n e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 0 2 w «• m lO - "= » 2 0 0 METER O C T - N O V 62 J A N -F E B 63 «• APR-MAY 63 JULY-AUG 63 ... If OCT 63 F igure 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig . I 3 . - - 5OO Meter I s o h a l l n e s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. io4 no » 5 0 0 METER OCT “ NOV 62 JA N “ FEB63 A PR-M AY 63 JULY-AUG 63 OCT 63 JA N -M A R 64 F ig u re 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig . 1 4 .--0 to 500 Meter Dynamic H eight Anomalies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 O '° 5 0 O METER JAN-FEB 63 A PR-MAY 63 JULY-AUG 63 OCT 63 JA N -M A R 64 F ig u re l4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig . 15. — 200 to 500 Meter Dynamic H eight Anomalies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 0 8 NOT COMPUTED n o t c o m p u t e d 2O O'0 5 0 0 METER JA N -F E B 63 [A P R -M A Y 6 3 JU L Y -A U G 63 >0- . 40 OCT 63 JA N -M A R 6 4 F ig u re Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . l6 .--P 0 |^-P Curve P ig . 1 7. --Og Curves P ig . l8 .--N 0 ^ -N Curve P ig . 1 9 .--S iO g -S i Curve Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 110 o , y i z X H- Û . U l O FIGURE 16 8 0 0 3 0 0 : s S i U l s z = = • M OV t u Q F6B 8 B3 MAY JULY 18 1000 FIGURE 17 U i % Z z s a l O O O FIGURE 18 FIGURE 19 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P ig . 2 0 .--B athytherm ograph Data , Aug. 22, 1963 = AHF 8 ta . #8882 Feb. 4, 1964 = AHF S ta . #9293 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 112 TEMPERATURE (N"C A U G 3 2 6 3 LU K - z X I - o . U l O 100 1 2 5 1 5 0 figure 2 0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. F ig . 2 1 . - - D i s t r i b u t i o n C h art A g e n e r a liz e d r a d i o l a r i a n zo n atio n c h a r t; the d epths f o r the August E q u a to r ia l Zones are based on Nansen tows from those ex a c t d ep th s and a re c o n sid e re d to e x i s t a t the same depths from March to September on the b a s is o f in fo rm a tio n from th e Glarke-Bumpus tows. O ctober, I 9 6 2, shows a h y p o th e tic a l d i s t r i b u t i o n d e riv e d from th e s im i l a r c o n d itio n s o f Novem- b e r , 1962, and O ctober, 196 3, and i s in c lu d e d to complete th e p i c t u r e . The S u rface E q u a to r ia l zone i s d e riv e d m ainly from a c o n s is t e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f A crosphaera murrayana in th e summer o f 1963 the o b s e rv a tio n and c o l l e c t i o n o f t h i s sp e c ie s in the s u rfa c e f ilm d u rin g the summer o f 1964. The n u t r i e n t curve shows the r e l a t i v e in c r e a s e and d ecrease in n u t r i e n t s o f th e s u rfa c e w a te rs as d isc u s s e d i n th e t e x t . The warm w ater foram s e c tio n shows the r e l a t i v e abundance o f G lo b ig e r in e lla a e q u i l a t e r a l i s . The diatom s e c tio n shows the r e l a t i v e abundance o f the c o ld - w ater diatom C o scin o d iscu s c e n t r a l i s p a c i f i c a and the warm- w ater diatom P la n k to n e lla s o l. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 114 £53 B r ui !* 5 z < - CN lU “» O i O |< 3 3 a Ô25 % iim ïïiiiîm n ü i! I |s | i v i i o i v n o i ' I I O O I I I I I I T T f f W f f W T T f f A % / \ 1 \ / / V l . i $ o Ç I I o § l i i ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 115 F ig . 2 2 .— G e n e ra liz e d F a u n a l O rig in G raph. G e n e ra liz e d g rap h o f th e o r ig i n s and avenues o f i n tr o d u c tio n o f th e r a d i o l a r i a n fa u n a s in tr o d u c e d in to th e s tu d y a re a (and p r e s e n t a s c o sm o p o lita n fo rm s) d u r- in g th e p e rio d o f th e s tu d y . 1. S ethophorm is r o t u l a 2 0 . L itham phora f u r c a s p ic u la t a H aeckel P opofsky 2. P te ro c o ry s h iru n d o . 2 1 . B o tr y o c y r tis q u in a r ia (? ) H aeckel E h ren b erg 3. A rto p iliu m e le g a n s 2 2 . L am procyclas n u p t i a l i s H aeckel H aeckel 4 . A c ro sp h ae ra m urrayana 2 3 . (?) C a rp o c an istru m evacuatum (H aeck el) , H aeck el 5 . (î)D ic ty o c e ra s in se c tu m 2 4 . L ith a ra c h n iu m a ra n e o sum H aeckel H aeckel 6 . P e rid iu m s p in ip e s 2 3 . C la th ro c an iu m oranturn H aeckel P opofsky 7. A c r o h o tr is s a c r i h r o s a 2 6 . P te ro c a n iu m p ra e te x tu m P opofsky (E h ren b erg ) 8 . A m phispyris c o s t a t a 2 7 . D ic ty o c o ry n e p ro fu n d a H aeckel E h ren b erg 9- L ith o m e lis s a m onoceras 2 8 . P te ro c a n iu m trilo b u m ■ P opofsky H aeckel 10. A n th o c y rtid iu m c i n e r a r i a 2 9 . H exadoridium s tre p ta c a n th u m H aeck el H aeck el 11. (?) C la th ro c o ry s m u rray i 3 0 . S p o n g a ste r t e t r a s H aeckel E h ren b erg 12. (?) S ethoconus f a c e tu s 3 1 . C a lo c y c la s am icae H aeckel H aeckel 15. E u c y rtid iu m hexagonatum 3 2 . E u c h ito n ia f u r c a ta - e le g a n s H aeckel group ik. L a r c o s p ira q u a d ra n g u la 3 3 . E u c y rtid iu m h e r t w i g i i H aeckel H aeckel 15. S pon g o tro ch u s g l a c i a l i s 3 4 . Spongopyle o s c u lo s a P opofsky D reyer l 6 . S p ongotrochus b r e v is p in u s 35. Siphocam pe e ru c o s a H aeckel H aeck el 17. Theophorm is c a l l i p i l i u m 3 6 . P e rip y ra m is c irc u m te x ta H aeckel H aeck el 1 8 . Spongocore p u e ll a 3 7 . S tic h o p h o rm is c o r n u t e ll a H aeckel H aeck el 19. (?) Theoconus z a n c le u s 3 8 . C o rn u te lla p ro fu n d a H aeckel E h re n b erg Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I l 6 U J ÈS J S S a X lW N I H id 3 Q Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P L A T E S One o r more photo g rap h s o f each s p e c ie s , some showing the same I n d iv id u a l a t d i f f e r e n t f o c a l d epths and o th e r s showing th e v a r i a b i l i t y o f th e s p e c ie s ; the b la c k l i n e e q u a ls a p p ro x im a te ly 100 m icrons. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE I P ig s. 1 and 2 . —A rto p iliu m e le g a n s Haeckel P ig s. 3 and 4 . - - F te ro c o ry s hlrundo Haeckel P ig s. 5 and 6 . - - Sethophorm is r o t u l a Haeckel 118 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. % Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE I I F ig s . 1 and 2 . —C a lo c y c la s amlcae Haeckel F ig s . 3 and 4 . - - E u c h ito n ia f u r c a t a - e l e g a n s group F ig s . 5 and 6 . - - E u c y rtid iu m h e r t w i g l i Haeckel 120 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. gR cv T Ù W L ' fc ^ ! £ f î? S ü M ,g j.;,,s r , , W %* '#%aw m m \1S^ iïïK-ï'» Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE I I I P ig . 1 . —A crosphaera murrayana (Haeckel) P ig s. 2, 3 . — (?)D lctyocares Insectum Haeckel P ig . 4 . - - Peridium s p in ip e s Haeckel P ig . - - A c ro b o tris s a c r i b r o s a Popofsky P ig . 6 . - - Amphispyris c o s t a t a Haeckel 122 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE IV F ig s . 1 and 2 . - - A nth o cy rtld lu m c i n e r a r i a Haeckel F ig s . 3 and 4. (?) C lath ro co ry s' m urrayi Haeckel F ig s . 5 and 6 . - - L ith o m e lis s a monoceras Popofsky 124 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE Y F ig s. 1,2. — (?) Sethoconus f a c e tu s Haeckel P ig . 3 . - - B o tr y o c y r tls q u i n a r ia (?) Ehrenberg P ig s. 4 ,5 . — (?) C arp o can lstrum evacuatum Haeckel Pig. 6 . — C lathrocanium ornatum Popofsky 126 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. a m # - a o ° o ? 5 I jO O O o 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE VI P ig s. 1 and 2 . - - D lctyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg F ig s . 3 and 4 . —E ucyrtidium hexagonatum Haeckel P ig s . 5 and 6 . --H exadoridium stre p ta c a n th u m Haeckel 128 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE V II P ig s. I j 2 . - - Lamprocyclas n u p t l a l l s Haeckel P ig. 3 . - - L a rc o s p lra q uadrangula Haeckel P ig. 4 . - - Lithamphora fu r-c a sp lc u la ta Popofsky P ig s. . --L ith a ra c h n iu m araneosum Haeckel 130 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. m m a m 0 m ^v Ï* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE V I II P ig s . 1 and 2 . - - Pterocanium p ra e te x tu m (Ehrenberg) P ig s . 3 and 4 . - - Pterocanium trilo b u m Haeckel P ig s . 5 and 6 . - - S p o n g aster t& tra s Ehrenberg 132 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ife 0 # ' m # # m m m m Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLATE IX P ig s. 1 , 2 . — Spongocore p u e l l a Haeckel F ig . 3 . —Spongotrochus b r e v is p in u s Haeckel P ig s. 4 , 3 . - - Spongotrochus g l a c i a l i s Popofsky Pig. 6 .—(?)Theoconus zan cleu s Haeckel 134 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. . PLATE X P ig . 1 . - - Theophormls c a l l i p i l i u m Haeckel P ig . 2 . - - Slphoeampe e ru c o sa Dreyer P ig . 3 . - - Spongopyle o s c u lo s a D reyer P ig . 4 . - - C o rn u te lla p rofunda Ehrenberg P ig . 5«- " S tichophorm is c o r n u t e l l a Haeckel P ig . 6 . — P erip y ra m is .circum texta Haeckel 136 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received g 6-5474 CASEY, Richard Edward, 1938- A SEASONAL STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYCYSTINE RADIOLARIANS FROM WATERS OVERLYING THE CATALINA BASIN, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1966 B iol ogy-Genetics University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Casey, Richard Edward, 1938- (author)

Core Title A seasonal study on the distribution of polycystine radiolarians from waters overlying the Catalina basin, southern California

School Graduate School

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Biology

Degree Conferral Date 1966-01

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag biology, genetics,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Mohr, J.L. (committee chair), [illegible] (committee member), Bakus,G.J. (committee member), Bandy, O.L. (committee member), Hopkins, T.L. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c17-165824

Unique identifier UC11349133

Identifier 6605474.pdf (filename),usctheses-c17-165824 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6605474.pdf

Dmrecord 165824

Document Type Dissertation

Rights CASEY, RICHARD EDWARD

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA