University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Some Factors Affecting Ucr Diminution

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Some Factors Affecting Ucr Diminution

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Content 70 - 23,178
PEEKE, Shirley Claire, 1940-
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING UCR DIMINUTION.
University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1970
Psychology, experimental
University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING
UCR DIMINUTION
t o y
S h ir le y C l a i r e Peeke
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d to th e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
R equirem ents f o r t h e Degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(P sychology )
June 1970
UNIVERSITY O F S O U T H E R N CALIFORNIA
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 8 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, w ritten by
...............................
under the direction of h.Qr ... D issertation Com
m ittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by T h e G radu
ate School, in partial fu lfillm en t of require
ments of the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H IL O S O P H Y
Dean
D ate i L u & e . _ J l9 . 7 . Q .
D ISSE R T A T IO N CO M M ITTEE
Chair:
ACK NO W LEDG M ENTS
I would l i k e to e x p re ss my a p p r e c i a t i o n to my d i s -
s e r t a t i o n com m ittee, P r o f e s s o r G rln g s, P r o f e s s o r C l i f f ,
and P r o f e s s o r Zimmer f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e d u r in g th e
te n u re o f my oandidacy f o r t h i s d e g re e .
P a r t i c u l a r g r a t i t u d e i s e x p re ss e d to P r o f e s s o r
G rings f o r h i s encouragement and s u p p o rt th ro u g h o u t th e
p e rio d o f my g ra d u a te s tu d y .
A s p e c i a l th an k s i s owed to P r o f e s s o r W a lte r Ooppock
o f th e Psychology Department a t San F r a n c is c o S t a t e C ollege
f o r making r e s e a r c h space and equipm ent a v a i l a b l e to me f o r
th e e x p e rim e n ta l p o r tio n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n . Thanks i s
a ls o owed Dr. M ichael Herz f o r g e n e ro u s ly l o a n in g e q u ip
ment and computer tim e which was an I n v a lu a b le a id in th e
s t a t i s t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s .
My v e ry s p e c i a l a p p r e c i a t i o n goes to my husband f o r
h i s u n d e rs ta n d in g and p a tie n c e d u rin g t h e p e r io d o f t h i s
d i s s e r t a t i o n work. He p ro v id e d th e p ro p e r c om b ination o f
com fort and encouragem ent d u rin g tim e s o f d isa p p o in tm e n t
and f l a g g i n g m o tiv a tio n .
F i n a l l y , I would l i k e to th a n k my p a r e n t s , Mr. and
Mrs. B ern ard Donelan, f o r t h e i r encouragem ent and f i n a n c i a l
a s s i s t a n c e th ro u g h o u t my g ra d u a te t r a i n i n g .
ii
TABLE O P CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I . INTRODUCTION .................................... 1
D e s o r lp tio n o f UCR d im in u tio n and
i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ....................................... 1
I n h i b i t o r y e x p la n a tio n o f re sp o n se
d im in u tio n ....................................................... 7
P a v lo v 's " I n h i b it o r y S t a t e " ..................... 7
K im ble' s " in h ib l t io n - o f - D e l a y "
e x p l a n a t i o n ....................................................... 10
P e r c e p t u a l - c o g n i t iv e e x p la n a tio n s o f
re s p o n se dim in u tio n ......................................... 11
R edu ction in " U n c e rta in ty " as
r e in f o r c e m e n t .................................................. 11
R e la tio n o f u n c e r t a i n t y to Judgments
o f s tim u lu s i n t e n s i t y ............................... 13
The " R e f r a c to r y E f fe c t" in e le c tr o d e r m a l
r e s p o n d i n g ................................................................. 15
S i m i l a r i t i e s between " R e fra c to ry
E f f e c t " and UCR d im in u tio n e f f e c t . 18
E x p e rim e n ta l h y p o t h e s e s ........................ 19
M a n ip u la tio n o f s e t th ro u g h i n s t r u c t i o n s 21
i l l
j CHAPTER
I I . METHOD . . . ...............................................................
J
S u b je c ts ......................................................................
Design ............................................................................
j
j A p p aratu s .......................................................................
j P ro c ed u re .......................................................................
| I n s t r u c t i o n s .. . . ............................................
! I I I . R E S U L T S .................................................................................
i
| Response m easurement ..............................................
| I n i t i a l re s p o n se to th e CS ................................
! UOR a n a l y s i s betw een tr e a tm e n ts . • . .
UOR a n a l y s i s w i t h in Treatnfent J . . • •
AR a n a l y s i s ..................................................................
IV . DISCUSSION ............................................................................
E f f e c t o f t h e tr e a tm e n ts on a n t i c i p a t o r y
r e s p o n s e s • • .......................................................
I
E f f e c t o f a t t e n t i o n on u n c o n d itio n e d
I
j r e s p o n d i n g ............................................................. .
i
V. SUMMARY.................................................................................
j
! REFERENCES.................................................. .......................................
j APPENDICES .............................................. .........................................
j APPENDIX A ............................................................................
CHAPTER PAGE
APPENDIX B . ................................................................. 97
APPENDIX C ........................................................................... 104
APPENDIX D ........................................................................... 106
I
t
l
v
LIST OP TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 . I l l u s t r a t i o n o f E x p e rim e n ta l Design .. .. 25
2. Mean O r i e n t i n g R esponse M agnitudes by
T r e a t m e n t .......................................................................... • 37
3« OR M ag n itu d es f o r T reatm en ts by O rder o f
P r e s e n t a t i o n fo r Each G r o u p ................................... 38
4 . A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r OR Magnitude on
T re a tm e n ts , T r i a l s and G r o u p s . 39
5. O v e r a l l Mean UOR M agnitudes f o r T e s t T r i a l s 40
6. A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r UCR M agnitudes f o r
S u b j e c t s by T reatm ents by T est T r i a l s . . . 41
7 . O v e r a l l Mean UOR M agnitudes by Treatm ent
f o r A l l T r i a l s ................................................................. 46
8 . A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r UOR M agnitudes
f o r S u b j e c t s by T re a tm e n ts by T r i a l s . . . 49
9 . A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r UCR M agnitude f o r
Groups by Ss W ith in Groups by T reatm ents
by T r i a l s ................................................................................ 51
10. Mean UOR M agnitude f o r Each T reatm ent by
E a s t G r o u p ............................. 32
11. A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r a Balanced L a tin
S q u a re D esign w ith R e s id u a l E f f e c t s . .. . 56
12. B etw een-group s A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r
Day One Only ....................................................... 57
13. O v e r a l l Means f o r T r i a l Type, IS I Type,
and Sequence of T e s t T r i a l s f o r T reatm ent J 59
14. A n a ly s is o f V ariance f o r UOR M agnitudes o f
T re a tm e n t J f o r Groups by S u b je c ts by T r i a l
by I S I Type by S e q u e n c e ............................................. 60
v i
TABLE
15. O v e r a l l Mean AR M agnitudes f o r P a ire d
T re a tm e n ts and J C o n tro l S cores ..........................
v i i
PAGE
66
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 . I l l u s t r a t i o n o f M agnitude Measurement
P r o c e d u r e ................................... 31
2 . Mean OR M agnitude f o r Eaoh T reatm ent ( J ,
P -3 , P -10) on A ll T r i a l s ........................................ 33
3 . Number o f Ss G iving an OR on Each Treatm ent
( J , P - 3 , P -1 0 ) bn A l l T r i a l s .............................. 35
4 . Mean UCR M agnitude f o r Each T reatm ent ( J ,
P -3 , P -10) on T e s t T r i a l s . ............................... 42
5 . Mean UCR M agnitude f o r Each T reatm ent ( J ,
P -3 , P -1 0) on A ll T r i a l s ......................................... 44
6. Number o f Ss G iving a UOR on Each T reatm ent
( J , P -3 , P -10) on A ll T r i a l s .............................. 47
7« Mean UOR M agnitude f o r Each T reatm ent by
Order o f P r e s e n t a t i o n .................................................. 53
8 . Mean UOR M agnitude f o r J T est T r i a l s and
T r i a l s Im m ed iately B e fo re and A f t e r T est
T r i a l s by Sequence N u m b e r ........................................ 62
9 . Mean UOR M agnitude f o r J T est T r i a l s and
T r i a l s Im m ed iately B e fo re and A f t e r T est
T r i a l s by O rder o f P r e s e n t a t i o n ......................... 64
1 0 . Mean AR M agnitude and AR Frequency fo r P-3
and J T re a tm e n ts on A l l T r i a l s ......................... 67
11 . Mean AR M agnitude and AR Frequency fo r
P-10 and J T reatm en ts on A ll T r i a l s . . .. 69
v i i i
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
When a p e rs o n i s p r e s e n te d w ith r e p e a te d p a i r i n g s
o f a c o n d itio n e d and an u n c o n d itio n e d stim u lu s (CS-UCS
p a i r i n g s ) , changes ov er a p e r i o d o f time can be seen in
h i s b e h a v io r. T here a r e n o t only changes in th e re sp o n se
t o the fo rm e rly n e u t r a l OS b u t a ls o changes in th e re sp o n se
t o the t o t a l e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t t i n g and even changes in r e
sponse to th e UCS i t s e l f . I t i s th e change which occurs
i n the UOR o v e r t h e co u rse o f c o n d itio n in g which i s o f
i n t e r e s t in t h i s s t u d y .
D e s c r i p t i o n o f UOR Dim inution
and I t s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
In r e f e r r i n g to an a n im a l which had re c e iv e d con
s i s t e n t r e in f o r c e m e n t o f a c o n d itio n e d a lim e n ta ry r e f l e x ,
P avlov (1927) r e p o r t e d t h a t th e l a t e n t p e rio d (th e
i n t e r v a l o f tim e betw een t h e b e g in n in g o f th e CS and the
o n s e t o f th e CR) g r a d u a l l y le n g th e n e d u n t i l th ro u g h o u t th e
i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l ( I S I ) t h e r e was no s a l i v a r y s e c r e
t i o n . I f , h ow ev er, th e IS I were prolonged s e v e r a l se co n d s,
a c o n d itio n e d s e c r e t i o n c o u ld a g ain be o b se rv e d . In a
few t r i a l s t h e CR would a g a in d is a p p e a r and a f t e r r e p e a te d
changes in I S I d u r a t i o n th e s ta g e was reached where no
2
OR a t a l l could be o b t a i n e d . I n c r e a s in g th e I n t e n s i t y o f
the OS o r UOS would se rv e to s tr e n g th e n th e OR only f o r a
time and i f t r a i n i n g c o n tin u e d t h e anim al would grow
" i n e r t in th e s ta n d " and even d e c lin e d th e food given
a f t e r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e OS. Pavlov p o in te d o u t t h a t
"the f a c t t h a t th e a n im al in th e sta n d consumed w ith
a v i d i t y a l a r g e amount o f food when n o t preceded by th e
c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s shows t h a t s a t i e t y o f th e anim al
played no p a r t " (P a v lo v , 1927» p . 2 4 9 ).
P av lov a t t r i b u t e d t h i s change in b e h a v io r to a s t a t e
of i n h i b i t i o n w hich i n e v i t a b l y developed d u rin g the course
of c o n d it i o n in g and perm eated th e e n t i r e e x p e rim e n ta l
s i t u a t i o n . T his i n h i b i t i o n was c o n sid e re d a n u is a n c e in
the l a b o r a t o r y and he d eveloped s e v e r a l methods fo r r e
t a r d i n g i t s d ev elo p m en t. U n lik e o t h e r examples o f
i n h i b i t o r y b e h a v io r , P av lo v a p p a r e n t l y made no a tte m p t to
d i r e c t l y stu d y th e i n h i b i t i o n o f th e UCR.
Kupalov (1961) a ls o r e p o r t e d th e d isa p p e a ra n c e o f
the UCR in c a se s o f d e la y ed c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x e s . He
c it e d f i r s t a
marked r e d u c t i o n in th e m agnitude o f th e s e c r e t o r y
c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x ; in th e n e x t s ta g e th e s e c r e t i o n
i s a b s e n t th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e a p p l i c a t i o n of th e
c o n d itio n e d s t i m u l u s . . . . L a t e r , s e c r e t i o n b e g in s to
d is a p p e a r even i n re s p o n se t o th e u n co n d itio n ed
s t i m u l u s . The dog may e a t f o r 20 seconds w ith o u t
s e c r e t i n g a d ro p o f s a l i v a . I f t h i s p a th o l o g i c a l
3
s t a t e i s i n t e n s i f i e d , th e dog does n o t ta k e th e food
p r e s e n te d to i t im m e d ia te ly , but h e s i t a t e s f o r a few
feeconds. F i n a l l y , th e i n h i b i t o r y p ro c e s s I r r a d i a t e s
to suoh an e x t e n t t h a t th e dog a b s o l u t e l y r e f u s e s to
e a t. (K upalov, 1961, p. 1051)
K o n o rsk i (1967) r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r l y t h a t s a l i v a r y
CRs and UCRs d e c re a s e in m agnitude d u rin g c o n d it i o n in g and
t h a t th e a n im als may become " n e u r o tio " and r e f u s e to ta k e
any food (K o n o rsk i, 1967» p. 28 9 -2 9 0 ).
To a tte m p t t o d i s t i n g u i s h th e UCR decrem ent which
i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e c o n d it i o n in g p ro c e ss from o t h e r
ty p e s o f re s p o n se decrem ent such as a d a p t a t i o n and f a t i g u e ,
e x p e rim e n ts com paring UCR m agnitude d u rin g c o n d itio n in g
w ith UCR m agnitude when th e UCS i s p r e s e n te d alon e have
been conducted by s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Two ty p e s o f
e x p e rim e n ta l d e s ig n have been used to stu d y t h i s re s p o n se
d e crem en t. In th e f i r s t , w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s d e s ig n , a b lo c k
o f p a ir e d OS-UCS t r i a l s a r e p r e s e n te d fo llo w ed by one o r
more UCS-alone t e s t t r i a l s . This i s th e ''UCR re c o v e ry "
method s in c e th e UCR becomes d im in ish e d o v e r th e s e r i e s o f
p a ir e d t r i a l s and th e n " r e c o v e r s " i t s f u l l s i z e when th e
CS i s w ith h e ld in th e t e s t t r i a l . T his d e sig n has th e d i s
ad v an tag e o f p o s s i b l e c o n ta m in a tio n due to a " s u r p r i s e " o r
" o r i e n t i n g " re s p o n s e when th e UCS i s p r e s e n te d w ith o u t i t s
u s u a l w arn ing s i g n a l s i m i l a r t o th e " p e r c e p tu a l d i s p a r i t y "
re s p o n se d e s c r ib e d by G rin g s ( I 9 6 0 ) .
4
The second d e s ig n , betw een-groupB , c o n s i s t s o f
p r e s e n t i n g a s e r i e s o f p a ir e d OS-UOS t r i a l s to one group
o f s u b j e c t s and oom parlng t h e i r re s p o n se w ith t h a t o f
a n o th e r group o f s u b j e c t s r e c e i v i n g a s e r i e s o f UOS-alone
t r i a l s . T h is d e sig n h as th e d is a d v a n ta g e o f a s u b t l e d i f
f e r e n c e between groups b e in g obsoured by th e l a r g e i n d i v i
d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r r in g between s u b j e c t s . A m o d if ic a
t i o n o f t h i s d e s ig n i s th e use o f each s u b j e c t as h i s own
o o n t r o l; how ever, c o n ta m in a tio n o f t r e a tm e n t e f f e c t s by
u s in g e x p e rie n c e d s u b j e o t s i s a danger h e re .
An example o f th e w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s d e sig n i s a stu d y
by Kimble and D u fo rt (1956) who i n t e r p o l a t e d a b lo c k o f
UOS-alone t r i a l s between two b lo c k s o f p a ir e d t r i a l s and
found t h a t e y e b lin k UCRs were l a r g e r when t h e OS waB
o m itte d th a n i n e i t h e r th e p re c e d in g o r fo llo w in g b lo ck s
o f p a ir e d t r i a l s . The g a lv a n ic s k in re sp o n se (GSR) has
a ls o been used in w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s d e s ig n s to stu d y UOR
d im in u tio n . Lykken (1959) found t h a t UORs were s m a lle r on
b lo c k s o f p a ir e d t r i a l s th an on i n t e r p o l a t e d b lo c k s o f
UOS-alone t r i a l s so lo n g as a t l e a s t 5 o r 10 t r i a l s
o c c u rre d i n a b lo c k . When, how ever, th e b lo c k s c o n s is te d
o f o n ly 1 t r i a l ( p a i r e d t r i a l s and UOS-alone t r i a l s
a l t e r n a t e d ) th e UOR deorem ent was no lo n g e r found.
One o f th e f i r s t v a r i a b l e s to be m a n ip u la te d in
s t u d i e s o f UOR d im in u tio n was IS I d u r a t i o n . Using a b e -
tw een-grou ps d e s ig n Kimble and O st (1961) found no d i f
5
f e re n c e between UOR m agn itu d es f o r d i f f e r e n t IS I groups
a lth o u g h th ey d id f i n d th e u s u a l e f f e c t o f UOR d im in u tio n
w ith p a ir e d t r i a l s . In t h i s stu d y UORs o f th e p o s t
c o n d it i o n in g UOS-alone t r i a l s re a c h e d n e a r l y th e same
m agnitude a s th e UCRs on p r e - c o n d i t i o n i n g UOS-alone t r i a l s ,
s u g g e s tin g a '’re c o v e ry " p ro c e ss, which had o c c u rre d when
th e OS was w it h h e l d , r e s t o r e d th e UOR to i t s o r i g i n a l mag
n i t u d e . Lykken (1962) a l s o s tu d ie d th e e f f e c t o f IS I on
UCR d im in u tio n m ea su rin g th e GSR o f r a t s . U n lik e Kimble
and O st, he found t h a t th e optimum i n t e r v a l f o r UCR
d im in u tio n was 1 second w ith th e 0 .5 and 2 second I S I s
b e in g s u p e r i o r t o th e 5 and 10 second I S I s . Also u s in g a
betw een -g ro u p s d e sig n Kimmel (1967)» v a ry in g OS d u r a tio n
as w e ll as I S I d u r a t i o n , found t h a t n e i t h e r o f th e s e
v a r i a b l e s a f f e c t e d amount o f UCR d im in u tio n . However,
Peeke and G rings (1968) found t h a t a c o n s ta n t IS I produced
more UOR d im in u tio n th a n a v a r i a b l e I S I w hich had th e same
a v erag e i n t e r v a l .
U sing GSR Kimmel and Pennypacker (1962) found t h a t
UCRs d im in ish e d on p a ir e d t r i a l s and re c o v e re d to t h e i r
o r i g i n a l a m p litu d e when th e OS was o m itte d . In a d d it i o n
th ey found t h a t th e m agnitude o f UOR re c o v e r y v a r ie d as a
f u n c tio n o f number o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t s . However, th e hypo
t h e s i s o f Kimble and Pennypacker (1963) t h a t UOR re c o v e ry
would vary w ith age assum ing t h a t o l d e r people show more
" p r o t e c t i v e i n h i b i t i o n " th a n younger ones was n o t su p p o rte d .
6
E x t i n c t i o n o f th e d im in u tio n e f f e c t was i n v e s t i g a t e d
by Morrow (1966) in a stu d y in which he p r e s e n te d a s e r i e s
o f p a ir e d t r i a l s fo llo w ed by a s e r i e s o f C S-alone t r i a l s
(in o r d e r to e x t i n g u i s h th e i n h i b i t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e
OS) fo llo w ed by a n o th e r p a ir e d t e s t t r i a l . L a rg e r UCRs
were made to th e p a ir e d t r i a l s which fo llo w ed “e x t i n c t i o n "
th an t o th e p a ir e d t r i a l s p r e c e d in g e x t i n c t i o n , i n d i c a t
in g t h a t d im in u tio n had e x tin g u is h e d .
In a n o th e r b etw een -g ro u p s d e sig n B a x te r (1966) made
an in c o n c lu s iv e a tte m p t to d is c o v e r w hether or n o t UCR
d im in u tio n was a f f e c t e d by a t r a c e v e rs u s a d e la y paradigm .
A lthough th e d e la y group showed a g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n c e from
t h e i r c o n t r o l group th an th e t r a c e group d i d , th e d e la y
group and t r a c e group d id n o t d i f f e r from each o t h e r in
m agnitude o f UCR d u rin g a c q u i s i t i o n . Nor d id th ey d i f f e r
from eac h o t h e r in m agnitude on th e p o s t - a c q u i s i t i o n UCR
re c o v e ry t r i a l s .
G rin g s and S c h e ll (1969a) a ls o s t u d i e d th e e f f e c t
on UCR d im in u tio n o f t r a c e v e rs u s d e la y p arad ig m s. UCR
d im in u tio n o c c u rre d w ith b o th paradigm s and r e s u l t u s in g
d e la y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t r a c e .
In a d d i t i o n to s t u d i e s o f th e e f f e c t o f IS I d u r a
t i o n , number o f a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s , CS d u r a t i o n , e x t i n c
t i o n o f i n h i b i t i o n , t r a c e v e rs u s d e la y paradigm s and con
s ta n c y o f th e I S I , a tte m p ts have been made t o r e l a t e amount
o f UCR d im in u tio n e x h ib i t e d by a s u b j e c t w ith h i s judgment
o f th e I n t e n s i t y o f th e UCS. Kimmel ( 1 9 6 7 ) asked s u b j e c t s
to judge UOS (shock) i n t e n s i t y a s i t was b e in g p r e s e n te d
and found t h a t w h ile th ey judged th e i n t e n s i t y to i n c r e a s e ,
th e y a c t u a l l y produced s m a lle r UCRs. W ith a v e ry s h o r t
I S I ( 0 .5 second) th e r e was b e t t e r c o rre sp o n d e n ce between
judged i n t e n s i t y and m agnitude o f UCR. Peeke ( 1 9 6 7 ) a ls o
found t h a t s u b j e c t s ' judgments o f shock i n t e n s i t y were n o t
r e l a t e d to t h e i r tendency to produce d im in ish e d UCRs.
S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b ta in e d by Kimmel and S c h u ltz (1 9 6 4 ).
Kimmel (1967) a ls o n o te d t h a t s u b j e c t s who were asked to
p e rfo rm th e judgment t a s k showed more r a p i d UCR d im in u tio n
th a n non-judgm ent s u b j e c t s . However, P e n d e rg ra s s and
Kimmel (1968) s tu d y in g th e same v a r i a b l e r e p o r t e d ambiguous
r e s u l t s .
I n h i b i t o r y E x p la n a tio n o f Response d im in u tio n
P a v l o v 's " I n h i b i t o r y S t a te "
P av lo v c o n s id e re d t h a t th e d e c re a s e in r e s p o n s i v e
n e s s to th e UOS w hich o c c u rre d d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g was a
produce o f a g e n e r a l s t a t e o f i n h i b i t i o n which perm eated
a l l a s p e c t s o f th e s u b j e c t 's b e h a v io r . T his I n h i b i t i o n
o c c u r r e d b e c a u se " th e c o r t i c a l c e l l s u n d er th e i n f l u e n c e
o f th e c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s alw ays te n d to p a s s , th o u g h
som etim es v e ry slo w ly , i n t o a s t a t e o f i n h i b i t i o n " (P a v lo v ,
1927» p. 2 3 4 ). He f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t th e prim ary f u n c
t i o n o f th e UCS was to r e t a r d th e developm ent o f i n h i b i
8
t i o n .
By th e term " i n h i b i t i o n " Pavlo v r e f e r r e d to a
p h y s i o l o g i c a l p ro c e s s assumed to be o c c u r r i n g i n th e c o r
t e x , th e d e t a i l s o f w hich a re n o t r e l e v a n t to t h i s s tu d y .
What i s im p o rta n t i s h i s use o f th e te rm , i n h i b i t i o n , to
d e n o te an a c t i v e r a t h e r than a p a s s i v e , d e c a y - l i k e p ro
c e s s . K onorski (1948) made a s i m i l a r d i s t i n c t i o n betw een
a c t i v e and p a s s iv e i n h i b i t o r y p ro c e s s e s by c o n t r a s t i n g a
c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x which has n o t been used f o r some tim e
w ith one w hich h a s undergone e x p e rim e n ta l e x t i n c t i o n .
B r i e f l y s p e a k in g , th e d i f f e r e n c e c o n s i s t s in th e
c irc u m s ta n c e t h a t w h ile a s tim u lu s lo n g l e f t u n a p p lie d
sim ply becomes a w eaker ( l e s s e la b o r a t e d ) c o n d itio n e d
s t i m u l u s , a n o n - r e in f o r c e d s tim u lu s becomes an
e l l o l t o r o f an I n h i b i t o r y c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x . Speak
i n g in p s y c h o lo g ic a l te rm s, i f th e c o n d itio n e d
s tim u lu s i s n o t a p p li e d , th e an im al f o r g e t s t h a t t h i s
s tim u lu s h a s been c o n d itio n e d , w hereas i f th e con
d i t i o n e d s tim u lu s i s n o n - r e i n f o r c e d , th e an im al
l e a r n s t h a t th e re in fo r c e m e n t w hich p r e v i o u s ly had
been p r e s e n te d w ith t h i s s tim u lu s i s now o m itte d
(K o n o rsk i, 1948, p . 1 3 3 ).
By th e term i n h i b i t i o n , K onorski m eant t h a t "a
d e f i n i t e re s p o n se o f th e organism ( e i t h e r p e r i p h e r a l o r
i n t e r c e n t r a l ) e l i c i t e d by a g iv en s tim u lu s and m e d ia te d by
a g iv en p ro c e s s in th e nervou s system i s d e c re a s e d o r
a b o li s h e d by a n o th e r c e n t r a l p ro c e s s produced by a n o th e r
s t i m u l u s , o r even by th e same stim u lu s i f i t s p h y s i o l o g i
c a l r o l e h a s been changed" (K on orsk i, 1 9 6 7 1 P» 3 1 2 ).
P av lov was c a r e f u l to d i s t i n g u i s h s e v e r a l ty p e s o f
i n h i b i t i o n o c c u r r i n g i n th e c o n d it i o n in g p ro c e d u re and
9
p o in te d o u t s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s between th e
v a r i o u s t y p e s . In p a r t i c u l a r he d i s t i n g u i s h e d between
i n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y (th e tendency f o r th e OR o n s e t to
o c c u r l a t e r and l a t e r in th e IS I a s c o n d it i o n in g p r o g r e s s
es ) and th e g e n e r a l s t a t e o f b e h a v i o r a l i n h i b i t i o n
( c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a d e c re a s e in re s p o n s e to b oth OS and
UOS), p o i n ti n g o u t t h a t
. . . t h i s phenomenon 0Lnlli-b3-'bo:ry s t a t e ! should n o t
be c o n fu sed w ith what was p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d as th e
r e s u l t o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y . The i n h i b i
t i o n o f d e la y i s re v e a le d by th e s o - c a l l e d l a t e n t
p e rio d w hich i s o bserved in e v ery c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x
and w hich rem ains unchanged f o r a c o n s id e r a b le p e rio d
o f tim e . The phenomenon which i s b e in g d e s c rib e d
h e r e , on th e o t h e r hand, i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i t s i n
v a r i a b l e p r o g r e s s iv e n e s s (P a v lo v , 1927, p. 2 3 6 ).
Pavlov (1927) d e s c rib e d s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
th e g e n e r a l s t a t e o f i n h i b i t i o n : (1) a OS which h as l o s t
i t s p o s i t i v e p r o p e r t i e s even thou gh c o n tin u o u s ly r e i n f o r c
ed w i l l I n h i b i t th e r e f l e x to a p o s i t i v e OS when p r e s e n te d
J u s t p r i o r to i t , (2) a OS p r e s e n te d w ith a lo n g d e la y
i n t e r v a l (30 seconds o r more) w i l l l o s e i t s p o s i t i v e p r o
p e r t i e s s o o n e r than one w ith a s h o r t d e la y i n t e r v a l (10
seconds o r l e s s ) , (3) th e s h o r t e r th e i n t e r v a l between
s u c c e s s iv e t r i a l s o f a p o s i t i v e , r e i n f o r c e d OS th e so o n e r
i t w i l l l o s e i t s p o s i t i v e p r o p e r t i e s , and (4) th e more
numerous th e r e p e t i t i o n s o f th e OS w i th in a s i n g l e s e s s io n
th e more q u ic k ly i t w i l l l o s e i t s p o s i t i v e p r o p e r t i e s .
Methods employed to r e t a r d th e b u i ld - u p o f th e
i n h i b i t o r y s t a t e were to a l a r g e e x t e n t th e r e v e r s e o f
th o s e methods which b ro u g h t i t on . They in c lu d e an o c c a s
i o n a l a b ru p t s h o r te n in g o f th e I S I , av o id a n ce o f th e use
o f numerous r e p e t i t i o n s o f th e same CS, th e use o f lon g
i n t e r - t r i a l i n t e r v a l s , i n c r e a s i n g th e i n t e n s i t y o f th e OS,
summation by p o s i t i v e in d u c tio n (th e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f
e x c i t a t i o n under the i n f lu e n c e o f p r e c e d in g i n h i b i t i o n ) ,
i n c r e a s i n g th e i n t e n s i t y o f th e UCS and s to p p in g a l l work
on o ld GSs'and d e v e lo p in g CRs to new s t i m u l i . Pavlov r e
p o r t s t h a t t h i s l a s t d r a s t i c m easure le d to a "q u ic k and
d e f i n i t e change in th e c o n d itio n o f th e a n im a l. I t ag ain
became a l e r t , and im m ed iately to o k food on p r e s e n t a t i o n
. . . The c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x e s were q u ic k ly e s t a b l i s h e d
. . . The l a t e n t p e rio d s r e t u r n e d to norm al" (P av lo v ,
1927, p. 2 4 1 ).
K im b le 's " I n h l b l t i o n - o f - D e l a y " E x p la n a tio n
Kimble and Ost (1961) su g g e ste d t h a t th e s p e c i f i c
i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s , i n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y , was r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r UCR d im in u tio n by i t s ten d e n cy t o o p e ra te l a t e r and
l a t e r in th e CS-UOS i n t e r v a l u n t i l i t f i n a l l y o v e rla p s
t h e o n s e t of th e UCS, th e re b y i n h i b i t i n g th e UCR. Kimmel
(1966) c o n tin u e d the r e a s o n in g f u r t h e r by p o i n ti n g o ut
t h a t th e m agnitude o f th e CR a l s o becomes a t t e n u a t e d d u r
in g c o n d itio n in g and a t t r i b u t i n g t h i s a t t e n u a t i o n to th e
phenomenon o f i n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y . He f u r t h e r emphasized
th e g r e a t e r a b i l i t y o f th e a c t u a l " p re s e n c e o f th e CS a t
11
th e moment th e UOS o c cu rs" to produce I n h i b i t i o n compared
w ith th e l e s s e r a b i l i t y o f a CS t r a o e . A stu d y by Peeke
and G rings (1968) f a i l e d t o s u p p o r t t h e h y p o th e s is c o n c e rn
in g th e in f lu e n c e o f I n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y s in c e UOR dim inu
t i o n o c c u rre d to a s i g n i f i c a n t d e g re e when no i n h i b i t i o n
o f d e la y was p r e s e n t ( i . e . , s h o r t l a t e n c y CRs c o n tin u e d to
o c c u r ) . F u r th e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
th e s e i n h i b i t o r y p ro c e s s e s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n to o t h e r
i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e p ts i s found i n Appendix A.
P e r c e p tu a l- C o g n itiv e E x p la n a tio n s
o f Response D im in utio n
In d i s c u s s in g re s p o n se d im in u tio n from th e p e rc e p
t u a l s e t v ie w p o in t, G rings ( i 9 6 0 ) s t a t e d t h a t "as lo n g as
no i r r e g u l a r i t i e s o c c u r in th e t r a i n i n g s i t u a t i o n S w i l l
c o r r e c t l y ' s e t ' f o r n o x io u s UOS and t h e r e f o r e w i l l show a
c u rve o f a d a p t a t i o n w ith s u c c e s s iv e s t i m u l a t i o n . . . The
r e s u l t w i l l be t h a t a n t i c i p a t o r y CRs and UCRs may b o th
show reduced a m p litu d e w ith i n c r e a s e d t r i a l s " (G rin g s,
I9 6 0 , p. 2 4 7 -2 4 8 ). Lykken (1959) s u g g e s te d f u r t h e r t h a t a
s u b j e c t w i l l p re p a re f o r a n o x io u s s t i m u lu s in such a way
a s t o m inim ize th e d i s t u r b i n g q u a l i t y o f t h a t s tim u lu s .
R e d u ctio n in " U n c e rta in ty " a s R e in fo rc e m e n t
A r e l a t e d p o in t o f view i s t h a t o f in f o r m a tio n -
p r o c e s s in g t h e o r i s t s l i k e B e rly n e (I9 6 0 ) who s t r e s s t h a t
12
in f o r m a tio n le a d s to r e in f o r c e m e n t th ro u g h u n c e r t a i n t y
r e d u o t i o n . U sing t h i s k in d o f e x p la n a tio n UOR d im in u tio n
d e v elo p es in p a ire d CS-UCS t r i a l s b e cau se th e OS s e r v e s
a s a w arnin g s i g n a l t h a t th e UOS i s a b o u t to happen, th u s
re d u c in g u n c e r t a i n t y as to th e tim e o f th e UOS o n s e t . T his
d e c re a s e i n u n c e r t a i n t y re d u c e s t h e o v e r a l l a v e r s iv e n e s s
o f th e s i t u a t i o n and lo w e rs th e e m o tio n a l a r o u s a l o f the
s u b j e c t as i n d i c a t e d by h i s s m a ll e r r e s p o n s e s to th e UCS.
T his h y p o th e s is was t e s t e d by Peeke and G rin g s (1968) who
found t h a t u n c e r t a i n t y produced by v a r i a b i l i t y in th e IS I
le d to g r e a t e r GSRs to th e UOS and l e s s UOR d im in u tio n
th a n when I S I s were o f I n v a r i a b l e d u r a t i o n .
R e d u ctio n in u n c e r t a i n t y as t o tim e o f a shock oc
c u rre n c e h a s been s tu d i e d In r a t s a s w e ll as humans. Both
Lockard (1963) and P e r k i n s , e t a l . ( 1 9 6 6) found t h a t when
g iv e n a c h o ic e , r a t s p r e f e r r e d t o r e c e i v e a shock p reced ed
by a s i g n a l th a n to r e c e i v e a shock fo llo w ed by a s i g n a l
when shock was u n a v o id a b ly d e l i v e r e d . S t u d i e s w ith humans
have r e v e a le d a s i m i l a r p r e f e r e n c e . B1Amato and Gumenik
( i 9 6 0 ) found t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f t h e i r s u b j e c t s p r e f e r r e d
im m ediate shock to v a r i a b l y d e la y e d shock and th e s u b j e c t s
c o n s id e re d th e u n p r e d i c ta b l e shock t o be more a v e r s i v e .
Cook and B arnes (1964) found t h a t s u b j e c t s p r e f e r r e d a
s h o r t r a t h e r th an a lo n g d e la y o f sho ck ; and B a d ia , e t a l .
(1966) found t h a t s u b j e c t s p r e f e r r e d an im m ediate to a
d e la y e d shock u n d er 100 p e r c e n t r e in f o r c e m e n t c o n d it i o n s
13
b u t th e p r e f e r e n c e d id n o t o c cu r when a w arn ing s i g n a l
preoeded th e delay ed shook and when shock o c c u rre d on only
25 p e rc e n t o f th e t r i a l s . When in te r v ie w e d , m ost s u b je o ts
s t a t e d t h a t th e delay ed shock made them more te n s e and
an x io u s and seemed s t r o n g e r in i n t e n s i t y th an im m ediate
shook. B ersh , e t a l . (1953) a l s o found t h a t an I r r e g u l a r
tim e i n t e r v a l between OS and UOS produced more " a n x ie ty "
(as m easured by h e a r t r a t e m agnitude to th e CS) th an a
r e g u l a r tim e i n t e r v a l . However, Peeke and G rin g s (1968)
f a i l e d to f i n d such a d i f f e r e n c e in GSRs to th e CS when
r e g u l a r and i r r e g u l a r I S I s were compared.
R e la tio n o f U n c e r ta in ty to Judgm ents o f S tim u lu s I n t e n s i t y
Whereas th e s e s t u d i e s t e n d t o show t h a t s u b j e c t s
p r e f e r to r e c e i v e im m ediate o r cued shock to r e c e i v i n g
d e la y ed o r uncued sho ck , t h e r e h as been l i t t l e p r o g re s s in
d is c o v e r in g why s u b j e c t s re sp o n d t h i s way. Some o f th e
s u b j e o ts in th e stu d y by B ad la, e t aJL. (1966) r e p o r t e d
t h a t th e d e la y ed shock made them f e e l more te n s e and
a n x io u s and seemed s t r o n g e r i n i n t e n s i t y th a n im m ediate
shook; however, t h i s i s n o t a u n i v e r s a l f i n d i n g . When
Kimmel (1967) had s u b j e c t s Judge th e I n t e n s i t y o f th e
shock w h ile i t was b e in g a d m i n i s t e r e d , she found t h a t a l
though th e s u b j e c t s t y p i c a l l y gave s m a ll e r GSRs to th e
p a ir e d shock th a n to th e u n p a ire d shook th e same r e l a t i o n
s h ip d id n o t h o ld f o r i n t e n s i t y Judgm ents. Judgm ents on
14
p a ir e d t r i a l s seemed to v a ry w ith d u r a t i o n o f th e CS and
dropped when th e UCR r e c o v e ry t e s t t r i a l was g iven r a t h e r
th a n I n c r e a s in g as GSR d i d . Peeke ( 1 9 6 7 ) a l s o found t h a t
s u b j e c t s showing UCR d im in u tio n d id n o t n e c e s s a r i l y con
s i d e r th e shooks l e s s i n t e n s e when p a ir e d th a n when un
p a i r e d . About h a l f o f th e s u b j e c t s found t h e p a ir e d
shocks l e s s annoying th an th e u n p a ir e d sho cks and th e r e
m ain in g s u b j e c t s h e ld th e r e v e r s e o p i n io n . However, G rings
(1969) r e p o r t e d a stu dy in which s u b j e c t s were ask ed to
m atch p e rc e iv e d i n t e n s i t y o f a lo u d n o i s e UCS w ith a com
p a r i s o n t o n e . When th e UCS was p re c e d e d by a s i g n a l , th e
s u b j e c t s s e l e c t e d a low er tone i n t e n s i t y th a n when th e UCS
was u n s ig n a le d .
B elan g er and S a t t l e r (1967) lo o k ed f o r p e r s o n a l i t y
d i f f e r e n c e s c o r r e l a t e d w ith the te n d e n c y to p r e f e r im
m e d ia te o v e r d elay ed shock where im m ediate shock was r e i n
fo r c e d 100 p e rc e n t o f th e tim e and d e la y e d shock was given
a c c o rd in g to d i f f e r e n t p a r t i a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t s c h e d u le s .
W hile achievem ent m o tiv a tio n was n o t r e l a t e d to th e c h o ic e ,
th e p r o b a b i l i t y sc h ed u le f o r r e c e i v i n g d e la y e d shock was
r e l a t e d . The h ig h p r o b a b i l i t y o f b e in g shocked r e s u l t e d
i n p r e f e r e n c e f o r Im mediate shock and a low p r o b a b i l i t y r e
s u l t e d in th e c h o ice o f t h e delay ed sh o c k .
E vidence f o r th e im portance o f th e u n c e r t a i n t y
v a r i a b l e i s a ls o found in r e a c t i o n tim e s t u d i e s where a
w a rn in g s i g n a l p re c e d in g t h e s i g n a l to re s p o n d by as l i t t l e
15
as 100 mseo. p e rm its f a s t e r r e a c t i o n s th a n th o s e t r i a l s
where th e w arning s i g n a l i s o m itte d ( B e r t e ls o n , 19 67).
U n c e r ta in ty produced th ro u g h v a r i a b i l i t y in th e f o r e p e r io d
( th e i n t e r v a l between th e w arning s i g n a l and th e s i g n a l to
re sp o n d ) c a u se s an I n c r e a s e in r e a c t i o n tim e and th e
g r e a t e r th e v a r i a b i l i t y th e slo w er th e r e a c t i o n s (Klemmer,
19 5 6 ). A lso , th e g r e a t e r th e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t th e s u b j e c t
w i l l r e c e i v e a c e r t a i n f o r e p e r i o d , th e s h o r t e r h i s r e
a c t io n tim e when t h a t f o r e p e r io d a c t u a l l y o c c u rs (Adams,
1962).
For d i s c u s s i o n o f th e e f f e c t s o f th e p e r c e p t u a l s e t
v a r i a b l e s o f d i s p a r i t y , i n c o n g r u i ty , s u r p r i s e , e x p e c t a t i o n ,
a n t i c i p a t o r y a r o u s a l and p r e c e p tio n on UCR m agnitude and
m a n ip u la tio n o f s e t th ro u g h i n s t r u c t i o n s , see Appendix B.
The “R e f r a c to r y E f f e c t '1 in
E le c tr o d e r m a l Responding
At th e p r e s e n t tim e n e i t h e r th e i n h i b i t i o n - t h e o r y
ap p ro a ch n o r th e p e r c e p t u a l - t h e o r y ap p ro a ch have c o n t r i
b u ted much to th e u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e UCR d im in u tio n e f
f e c t , by whioh i s meant th e n e c e s s a r y and s u f f i c i e n t con
d i t i o n s u nder which th e e f f e c t i s foun d. The f a c t t h a t
i n v e s t i g a t o r s r e p r e s e n t i n g b o th t h e o r e t i c a l frameworks
have found UCR d im in u tio n when c o n s i s t e n t l y p a ir e d s t i m u l i
a r e p r e s e n te d and n o t when th e s t i m u l i a r e p r e s e n te d a lo n e
would seem to im ply t h a t th e o c c u rre n c e o f c o n s i s t e n t p a i r -
in g ( o r i n s t r u c t i o n s to th e e f f e c t t h a t c o n s i s t e n t p a i r
in g i s im pending) i s th e n e c e s s a r y and s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i
t i o n f o r p ro d u cin g UOR d im in u tio n . T h at c o n s i s t e n t p a i r
in g i s a s u f f i c i e n t c o n d itio n can n o t be denied b u t t h a t
c o n s i s t e n t p a i r i n g i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d itio n i s s t i l l open
to q u e s t io n . T his q u e s tio n a r i s e s p a r t i c u l a r l y because o f
some r e c e n t e v id e n ce o f G rin g s and S c h e l l (1969b) which
s u g g e s ts t h a t th e mechanisms u n d e r ly in g th e GSR show a
r e f r a c t o r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . T h at i s , two GSRs cannot be
e l i c i t e d in a s h o r t I n t e r v a l o f tim e w ith o u t a decrem ent
o c c u r r in g to th e second one. One co uld say t h a t th e f i r s t
r e s p o n se i n t e r f e r e s w ith th e second r e s p o n s e . G ring s and
S c h e ll p r e s e n te d a v a r i a b l e f i r s t s tim u lu s (S-^) fo llo w ed
by a s ta n d a rd second s tim u lu s (S2 ) and found t h a t th e r e
sponse m agnitude (R2 ) to th e s ta n d a r d s tim u lu s was a fu n c
t i o n o f two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e f i r s t s tim u l u s , i n t e n s
i t y and d u r a t i o n . As S-^ i n t e n s i t y i n c r e a s e d th e m agnitude
o f R2 d ropp ed . A lso , as th e d u r a t i o n o f S-± in c r e a s e d r e
s u l t i n g i n a s h o r t e r i n t e r v a l between o n s e ts o f and Sg,
th e m agnitude o f R2 drop ped . O th e r r e s e a r c h by Uno and
G rin gs (1965) h a s shown th e f o llo w in g r e l a t i o n s h i p between
re s p o n se c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f R^ and th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
i t s e l i c i t i n g s tim u lu s (S ^). R-^ m agnitude and r e c r u itm e n t
i n c r e a s e d w ith i n c r e a s i n g i n t e n s i t y , w h ile R^ l a t e n c y
and re c o v e ry q u o t ie n t d e c re a s e d w ith I n c r e a s i n g stim u lu s
i n t e n s i t y . From th e r e s u l t s o f th e s e two s t u d i e s one can
17
h y p o th e s iz e a r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e two r e s p o n s e s , R^
and Rg, which have been e l i c i t e d in te m p o ra l p r o x im ity . As
t h e i n t e n s i t y o f i n c r e a s e s , t h e m agnitude o f R-^ i n
c r e a s e s and th e m agnitude o f Rg d e c r e a s e s (p ro v id e d t h a t
a l l o t h e r v a r i a b l e s In c lu d in g Sg a r e c o n s t a n t ) . In th e
G rings stu d y b o th and Sg were lo u d n o i s e s (S-^ v a r ie d
from 80 to 100 db and Sg was a c o n s t a n t 100 db) so b o th
s t i m u l i were a d eq u ate to produoe l a r g e UORs.
Prokasy and E bel (1967) have a l s o been concerned
w ith th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between m u l t i p l e re s p o n s e s which a re
e m itte d in a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e rio d o f tim e . U sing an 8
second I S I , th ey i d e n t i f i e d an HI (a re s p o n s e which
o c c u rre d in th e f i r s t 5 seconds o f th e I S I ) , and R2 (a
re s p o n s e which o c c u rre d w ith a l a t e n c y o f 5 to 9 1 /2
s e c o n d s ), and an R3 (a re s p o n se w hich o c c u rre d w ith th e
l a t e n c y o f a UOR b u t i n th e a b se n c e o f th e UCS). The R1
and R2 c o rre sp o n d somewhat t o an OR and AR and th e R3 i s
s i m i l a r to G r in g s 1 "seco n d i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e " (G rin g s,
et, a l . , 1962), They found t h a t I n c r e a s i n g CS i n t e n s i t y
r e s u l t e d in an i n c r e a s e in R1 f re q u e n c y b u t had no e f f e c t
on R2. F u rth e rm o re , th e o c c u r re n c e o f R2 was n o t c o n d i
t i o n a l l y r e l a t e d to th e o c c u rre n c e o f R l . However, R2
and R3 were found to have a p o s i t i v e c o n d itio n e d r e l a t i o n
sh ip w ith th e R3 l e s s l i k e l y to o c c u r on a t r i a l when R2
o c c u rre d th a n when R2 was a b s e n t . A lthou gh R3 was n o t
d i r e c t l y e l i c i t e d by a UCS a s in the-.G rings and S c h e ll
18
(1969b) s tu d y , th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between R2 and R3 i s su g
g e s t i v e o f I n t e r f e r e n c e .
A stu d y by Gale and S te r n (1967) a ls o r e v e a le d
" r e f r a c t o r i n e s s " o r i n t e r f e r e n c e o f th e second re s p o n se by
a n o th e r re s p o n se j u s t p re c e d in g i t . In t h i s c a s e , was
an "an n o y in g ” shock and S2 was a m ild to n e . O r ie n tin g r e
spo n ses (ORs) t o th e to n e were lo w e r when p reced ed by th e
shook th a n when n o t p receded by th e shock. In b o th s t u d i e s
Sx was a s t r o n g s tim u lu s c a p a b le o f e l i c i t i n g a UOR o ver
many t r i a l s and th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t R^ could i n t e r f e r e
w ith a n o th e r re s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g s h o r t l y a f t e r i t i s a l
t o g e t h e r f e a s i b l e .
S i m i l a r i t i e s Between " R e fr a c to r y E f f e c t " and UOR Diminu
t i o n E f f e c t
Exam ining th e c o n d itio n s u n d er w hich t h e " r e f r a c t o r y
e f f e c t " ( d e s c r ib e d above) i s a c h ie v e d and th e c o n d itio n s
u n der w hich th e UOR d im in u tio n e f f e c t i s a c h ie v e d , we see
c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t i e s : (1) i n b o th c a s e s p a ir e d s t i m u l i
a r e p r e s e n t e d , (2) a decrem ent i n th e re s p o n se to th e
second s tim u lu s i s seen r e l a t i v e to th e m agnitude o f th e
re s p o n s e t o th e same s tim u lu s when p r e s e n te d a lo n e . How
e v e r , th e " r e f r a c t o r y e f f e c t , " a s d e fin e d h e r e , would n o t
r e q u i r e c o n s i s t e n t p a i r i n g o v e r a p e rio d o f tim e ; r a t h e r ,
" r e f r a o t o r i n e s s " would be a f f e o t e d by S^ i n t e n s i t y and IS I
d u r a t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , c o n s i s t e n t p a i r i n g m ight n o t be neces>-
19
s a r y f o r UOR d im in u tio n to o c c u r. The OS m ight e l i c i t an
u n c o n d itio n e d re s p o n s e o r OR o f i t s own which i s o f s u f
f i c i e n t m agnitude to i n t e r f e r e w ith th e UOR and b r in g
ab o u t UOR d im in u tio n . I f t h a t h y p o th e s is i s c o r r e c t , i n
t e n s i t y o f S-^ and d u r a t i o n o f IS I sh o u ld have a g r e a t e r
e f f e o t on UCR d im in u tio n th a n number o f t r a i n i n g t r i a l s in
w hich OS and UOS a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y p a i r e d . I f th e h y p o th e
s i s t h a t UCR d im in u tio n i s produced by th e ‘'r e f r a c t o r y e f
f e c t " i s s u p p o rte d , th e n e x p la n a to r y d e v ic e s c o n c e rn in g
t h e b u ild - u p o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n o r a p r e p a r a t o r y s t a t e
t h a t r e d u c e s th e a v e r s i v e n e s s o f th e UOS would be u n n e c e s
s a r y and u n p a rslm o n io u s.
Experimental Hypotheses
In t h i s e x p e rim e n t i t was h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t UCR
d im in u tio n would o c c u r when a c o n t r o l f o r th e i n t e r f e r i n g
e f f e c t s o f th e OS was in c lu d e d in th e u n p a ire d t r e a t m e n t .
T his c o n t r o l p ro c e d u re c o n s i s t e d o f s e v e r a l " t e s t " t r i a l s
i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e u n p a ire d t r e a t m e n t . These " t e s t " t r i a l s
c o n s i s t e d o f t h r e e t r i a l s in w hich th e OS p reced ed th e UOS
by 3 seconds and t h r e e more t r i a l s in which t h e OS p r e
ceded th e UCS by 10 se c o n d s . The re m a in d e r o f th e t r i a l s
in t h i s t r e a tm e n t were o f t h r e e s o r t s : (1) th e UCS was
p re c e d e d o n ly by a n o th e r UOS, (2) th e UOS was p receded by
a OS a t an i n t e r v a l o f g r e a t e r th a n 15 seco n d s, o r (3) th e
20
UOS was p re c e d e d by two OSs i n s e q u e n c e , n e i t h e r o f w hich
o o o u rre d i n th e 15 se c o n d s p re o e d in g t h e UOS. S in c e t h i s
tr e a tm e n t o o n s i s t e d o f a num ber o f t r i a l s c o n ta in in g an
i r r e g u l a r se q u en c e o f CSs and UOSs and a few t e s t t r i a l s
in w hich t h e OS and UOS w ere p la c e d s i d e by s id e i n
p r o x im ity , t h i s t r e a t m e n t w i l l be r e f e r r e d to a s th e J u x ta
posed t r e a tm e n t ( J ) .
In a d d i t i o n t o t r e a t m e n t J , two p a ir e d t r e a tm e n ts
were p r e s e n te d to t h e s u b j e c t s . One p a i r e d tr e a tm e n t (P -3 )
c o n ta in e d c o n s i s t e n t l y p a i r e d CS-UCS t r i a l s w ith an I S I o f
3 se c o n d s ; th e o t h e r p a i r e d t r e a tm e n t (P -1 0 ) c o n ta in e d con
s i s t e n t l y p a i r e d CS-UOS t r i a l s w ith an I S I o f 10 s e c o n d s .
T h re e -s e c o n d t e s t t r i a l s from t r e a tm e n t J were to be com
p a re d w ith P -3 t r i a l s from t h e same o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n .
S i m i l a r l y , 1 0 -s e c o n d t e s t t r i a l s from tr e a tm e n t J w ere to
be com pared w ith P -1 0 t r i a l s from t h e same o r d i n a l p o s i
t i o n . I f t h e UCR m a g n itu d e f o r a p a i r e d tr e a tm e n t were
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s th a n t h e UOR m ag n itu d e f o r th e J t r e a t
m ent, i t w ould be c o n c lu d e d t h a t UCR d im in u tio n had ta k e n
p l a c e . I f UCR d im in u tio n w ere o b ta in e d u n d e r th e s e c i r -
o u m sta n c e s, t h r e e p o s s i b l e c o n c lu s io n s would be e n t e r
t a i n e d : (1 ) I n t e r f e r e n c e by t h e OS d id n o t o c c u r on J
tr e a tm e n t t e s t t r i a l s , (2 ) some I n t e r f e r e n c e o c c u r re d oh J
t e s t t r i a l s b u t even m ore i n t e r f e r e n c e o c c u r re d on th e
p a ir e d t r e a t m e n t s r e s u l t i n g i n t h e d im in is h e d UOR m ag n i-
tu d e s f o r t h e p a i r e d t r e a t m e n t s r e l a t i v e t o th e UOR m ag n l-
tu d e s o f t h e J t r e a t m e n t , and (3 ) t h e OS d o es n o t produce
i n t e r f e r e n c e and UOR d im in u tio n i s th e r e s u l t o f some
o t h e r p r o c e s s .
Manipulation o f Set Through Instructions
S m a ll d i f f e r e n c e s in r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e s may be o f
g r e a t im p o rta n c e i n t h i s s tu d y and i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t
e r r o r v a r ia n c e be re d u c e d a s much a s p o s s i b l e . The g r e a t
e s t s o u rc e o f v a r i a n c e i n t h i s ty p e o f r e s e a r c h i s t h a t
found betw een i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t s , t h e r e f o r e a w i t h i n -
s u b j e c t s d e s ig n w ould b e an a d v a n ta g e , p a r t i c u l a r l y s in c e
r e s e a r c h on i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s e s t e r e o t y p y shows t h a t an
i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t i s l i k e l y to be c o n s i s t e n t i n h i s r e
sp o n se p a t t e r n s on d i f f e r e n t o c c a s io n s and t o d i f f e r e n t
s t r e s s f u l s i t u a t i o n s . I n u s i n g a w i t h l n - s u b J e c t s d e s ig n ,
i t i s n e c e s s a r y to r e d u c e a s much a s p o s s i b l e t h e c a r r y
o v e r i n r e s p o n s e s e t fro m one e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d it i o n to
th e n e x t . F or t h a t r e a s o n th e a tte m p t was made t o m an i
p u l a t e t h e s u b j e c t 's p e r c e p t u a l s e t p r i o r t o e a c h e x p e r i
m e n ta l s e s s i o n by in f o r m in g him e x a c t l y a s t o t h e te m p o ra l
r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een OS and UOS. l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r t i n g t h e
e a se w ith w hich p e r c e p t u a l s e t s o f human s u b j e c t s can be
a l t e r e d by u s in g i n s t r u c t i o n s h a s a l r e a d y been rev ie w ed
( s e e A ppendix B ) . So lo n g a s th e s u b j e c t h a s c o n fid e n c e
t h a t t h e e x p e r im e n te r i s t e l l i n g him t h e t r u t h a b o u t th e
e x p e rim e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s h e i s a b o u t to r e c e i v e , t h e r e i s
22
no r e a s o n to e x p e c t t h a t t h e d e s i r e d p e r c e p t u a l s e t w i l l
n o t be a c o e p te d by th e s u b j e c t . The e x p e r im e n ta l p r o
c e d u re i n t h i s s tu d y a l s o c o n firm e d t h e e x p e c te d OS-UOS
r e l a t i o n s h i p from t h e f i r s t t r i a l on, th e r e b y g iv in g th e
s u b j e c t an o p p o r t u n it y t o e m p i r i c a l l y v e r i f y t h e a c c u ra c y
o f t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s v e r y e a r l y i n each e x p e r im e n ta l
s e s s i o n .
23
CHAPTER I I
METHOD
S u b je c ts
The s u b j e o t s w ere tw e n ty - f o u r m ale u n d e rg ra d u a te
s t u d e n t s rand om ly a s s ig n e d t o one o f s i x t r e a t m e n t - o r d e r
g ro u p s . They w ere r e c r u i t e d by a d v e r tis e m e n t w ith th e
campus em ploym ent o f f i c e and w ere p a id $5*00 f o r s e r v in g
in t h r e e 1 - h o u r e x p e r im e n ta l s e s s i o n s .
Design
A w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s d e s ig n w ith e ac h s u b j e c t r e c e i v
in g e ac h o f th e t h r e e e x p e r im e n ta l t r e a tm e n ts on a d i f
f e r e n t day was u s e d . A l l s e s s i o n s f o r a g iv e n s u b j e c t o c
c u rr e d a t th e same tim e o f day a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , and
a l l s e s s i o n s w ere c o m p le te d w i t h in a w e e k 's tim e . The
t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s d i f f e r e d i n th e te m p o ra l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e
tw een OS and UCS. T re a tm e n t P -3 c o n s i s t e d o f tw e n ty - th r e e
p a ir e d CS-UOS t r i a l s i n w h ich t h e I S I was 3 s e c o n d s . T r e a t
m ent P -1 0 c o n s i s t e d o f t w e n t y - t h r e e p a ir e d CS-UCS t r i a l s in
w hich t h e I S I was 10 s e c o n d s . T re a tm e n t J c o n s i s t e d o f
s i x t e s t t r i a l s ( r e f e r r e d t o a s J t e s t t r i a l s ) i n w hich
th e OS p re c e d e d th e UCS by an I S I o f 3 o r 10 s e o o n d s; t h e
re m a in in g s e v e n te e n t r i a l s c o n ta in e d an I r r e g u l a r s e r i e s
24
o f OSs and UOSs. The 3 -se o o n d J t e s t t r i a l s o c c u r r e d on
t r i a l s 6 , 12 and 1 8 , w h ile t h e 1 0 -se c o n d J t e s t t r i a l s
o c c u r r e d on t r i a l s 3» 10 and 15* Of th e re m a in in g s e v e n
te e n i r r e g u l a r t r i a l s , two ( t r i a l s 1 and 11) c o n ta in e d a
sh o ck w h ich was n o t p re o e d e d by a t o n e . The two to n e s
w hioh w ere o m itte d from t r i a l s 1 and 11 on th e J t r e a t
m ent w ere i n s e r t e d i n t o t r i a l s 2 and 8 so t h a t t h e two
to n e s p re c e d e d t h e sh o o k on e a c h o f th o s e t r i a l s , m aking
a t o t a l o f t w e n t y - t h r e e OSs f o r t r e a tm e n t J a s f o r th e
o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s .
On th o s e J t r e a t m e n t t r i a l s in w hich a OS p re c e d e d
a UOS ( o t h e r th a n t h e t e s t t r i a l s ) , th e i n t e r v a l s e p a r a t
in g OS and UOS ra n g e d from 15 to 50 s e c o n d s . A s c h e d u le
o f a l l i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l s f o r tr e a tm e n t J i s g iv e n in
A ppendix 0 .
S in c e t h e OS had a 1 se co n d d e r a t i o n in a l l t r e a t
m e n ts, a t r a c e p a ra d ig m o c c u r r e d on a l l p a ir e d t r i a l s .
S in c e t h e d u r a t i o n o f i n t e r - s h o c k i n t e r v a l s m ig h t
a f f e c t th e m a g n itu d V 'O f UOSs, t h e same sc h e d u le o f i n t e r
shock i n t e r v a l d u r a t i o n s was p r e s e n te d in e ac h e x p e r i
m e n ta l t r e a t m e n t . I n te r - B h o c k i n t e r v a l s ra n g e d from 30 to
70 s e c o n d s . A s c h e d u le o f i n t e r - s h o c k i n t e r v a l s i s g iv e n
in A ppendix D.
The p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a l l p o s s i b l e p e rm u ta tio n s o f
t r e a tm e n t o r d e r s r e q u i r e d s i x g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s e a c h r e
c e i v i n g a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r . The r e s u l t i n g d e s ig n i s t h e
25
e q u i v a l e n t o f two L a t in S q u a re s ( s e e T ab le 1 ) . Four s u b
j e c t s w ere random ly a s s ig n e d to e a c h g ro u p .
TABLE 1
ILLUSTRATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
T re a tm e n t _____________________ Group Number
O rd e r I I I I I I IV V VI
F i r s t J P -1 0
P-3 J
P -3
P-10
Second P -10
P -3
J
P -3
P-10 J
T h ird
P -3
J P -10 P -10 J
P-3
A p p a ra tu s
The CS was a 600 c p s , 60 db to n e o f 1 seco n d d u r a
t i o n p ro d u ce d by a H e w le tt- P a c k a r d a u d i o - o s c i l l a t o r and
p r e s e n t e d t o t h e s u b j e c t th ro u g h e a r p h o n e s . The UCS was a
0 . 4 se co n d dc sh o c k from an A m erican E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o ra to ry
s t i m u l a t o r , d e l i v e r e d th r o u g h a s tim u lu s i s o l a t i o n u n i t to
t h e v o l a r s u r f a c e o f t h e l e f t fo r e a r m by two s i l v e r
e l e c t r o d e s . CS and UCS d u r a t i o n s and i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r
v a l s w ere c o n t r o l l e d by H u n te r e l e c t r o n i c t i m e r s . I n t e r
t r i a l I n t e r v a l s w ere d e te rm in e d by a G e rb ra n d s ta p e t i m e r
and w ere ran d o m ly v a r i e d betw een 30 and 70 se o o n d s .
The GSR was o b t a i n e d a s a dc r e s i s t a n c e change
th r o u g h Beckman B i o p o t e n t i a l S k in E l e c t r o d e s i n t o w hich
Beckman e l e c t r o l y t e g e l was i n j e c t e d p r i o r t o t h e i r b e in g
26
a tta o h e d t o t h e palm o f t h e s u b j e c t 's r i g h t h a n d . R e co rd
in g o f th e GSR was a o o o m p llsh e d by t h e O ff n e r GSR b r id g e
and th e o u tp u t was a m p l i f i e d and r e c o r d e d by an O ffn e r
Type R D ynograph.
P ro c e d u re
The s u b j e c t was s e a t e d in a s o u n d - a t te n u a t e d
e x p e r im e n ta l cham ber w hioh was s e p a r a t e d from t h e e x p e r i
m e n te r and th e e x p e r im e n ta l a p p a r a t u s by a one-w ay window
th ro u g h w h ich t h e s u b j e c t c o u ld be v ie w e d . A ll w atch es
and Je w e lry w ere rem oved from t h e s u b j e c t and s k in s u r
f a c e s to w h ich e l e c t r o d e s w ould be a t t a c h e d w ere c le a n e d
w ith a l c o h o l . A f t e r e l e c t r o d e p a s t e was a p p l i e d t o b o th
GSR and shock e l e c t r o d e s , th e y w ere f a s t e n e d i n p la c e w ith
t a p e . The s u b j e c t was th e n g iv e n p r e l i m i n a r y i n s t r u c t i o n s
e x p l a i n i n g t h e g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f th e s tu d y an d t h e sh ock
w ork-up p r o c e d u re and a llo w e d t o r e l a x f o r 10 m in u te s
w h ile t h e e x p e r im e n te r c a l i b r a t e d t h e e q u ip m e n t. T his was
fo llo w e d by t h e sh o ck w o rk -u p p ro c e d u re i n w h ich t h e s u b -
J e o t was a sk e d to r e p o r t when he f i r s t f e l t th e sh o c k .
Then th e sh o ck was i n c r e a s e d i n 2 -3 v o l t s t e p s u n t i l th e
s u b j e c t r e p o r t e d t h e sh o c k l e v e l was h i g h l y a n n o y in g .
T h is l e v e l was u se d th r o u g h o u t t h e re m a in d e r o f th e
s e s s i o n . When t h e s u b j e c t r e t u r n e d f o r t h e seoond and
t h i r d days o f t e s t i n g , th e p r o c e d u r e was i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t
o f th e f i r s t day e x c e p t t h a t d u r in g t h e sh o c k w ork -up t h e
s u b j e o t was a sk e d to r e o a l l how t h e shook f e l t on th e f i r s t
day o f t e s t i n g an d to r e p o r t when i t was a s a n n o y in g a s on
t h a t o c c a s io n .
F o llo w in g t h e sho ok w o rk -u p , t h r e e to n e s s e p a r a t e d
by 30 seoond i n t e r v a l s w ere p r e s e n t e d i n o r d e r to f a m i l i a r
i z e th e s u b j e c t w ith t h e t o n e . Then t h e s u b j e c t was g iv e n
s p e o i f i c i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r th e t r e a t m e n t h e was a b o u t to
r e c e i v e .
I n s t r u c t i o n s
F o r t h e P -3 t r e a t m e n t , t h e s u b j e c t s w ere t o l d , "You
w i l l be g iv e n a to n e l i k e th e one you j u s t h e a r d . T hree
se c o n d s a f t e r th e to n e comes on you w i l l be g iv e n a sh o c k .
T h is s e r i e s w i l l be r e p e a te d many t i m e s . " For th e P -1 0
t r e a t m e n t , i d e n t i c a l i n s t r u c t i o n s w ere g iv e n e x c e p t th e
s u b j e c t s w ere t o l d t h a t th e tim e b etw een to n e and sh o ck
w ould be 10 s e c o n d s . F o r t h e J t r e a t m e n t , th e s u b j e c t s
w ere t o l d , "You w i l l be g iv e n a num ber o f to n e s and sh o ck s
w i t h no p a r t i c u l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e a c h o t h e r . E i t h e r a
to n e o r sh o c k may come a t any t i m e ."
28
CHAPTER I I I
RESULTS
T hree r e s p o n s e s w ere d e f in e d f o r e a c h t r i a l on a l l
t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s : an I n i t i a l r e s p o n s e t o t h e CS (w hich
w i l l be r e f e r r e d to a s th e o r i e n t i n g r e s p o n s e , OR), an u n
c o n d itio n e d re s p o n s e to th e UCS (w h ich w i l l be r e f e r r e d to
a s th e UCR), and a r e s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g a f t e r th e OR b u t b e
f o r e th e o n s e t o f t h e UCR (w h ich w i l l be r e f e r r e d to a s th e
a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n s e , AR). I n s o f a r a s t h e s u b j e c t s d i f
f e r e d g r e a t l y from e a c h o t h e r a s to t h e l a t e n c i e s w ith
w h ich e ac h re s p o n d e d to t h e CS and UCS, i n d i v i d u a l l a t e n c y
c r i t e r i a w ere d e f in e d a s f o l lo w s : '1 '
1 . r e s p o n s e l a t e n c i e s t o t h e CS d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s w ere r e c o r d e d f o r a s i n g l e s u b j e c t ( S ) ,
2 . t h e s h o r t e s t and l o n g e s t l a t e n c i e s t o th e s e CSs
w ere n o te d ,
3 . t h i s ra n g e o f l a t e n c i e s was e x te n d e d in each
d i r e c t i o n by 1 / 4 s e c o n d ,
4 . t h i s r e v i s e d ra n g e became t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r
d e f i n i n g an OR on e a c h o f t h e t h r e e tr e a tm e n ts
1T h is m ethod f o r d e f i n i n g r e s p o n s e s r e s e m b le s t h a t
o f G ale and S te r n (1 967) e x c e p t t h a t t h e s e a u t h o r s used th e
i n d i v i d u a l S ' s mean l a t e n c y p lu s o r m inus 1 /2 se co n d a s
th e ra n g e f o r a c c e p t i n g a re s p o n s e as- an OR.
29
f o r t h a t S; t h a t i s , i f a r e s p o n s e f e l l w ith in
th e c r i t e r i o n ra n g e o f tim e s i t was c o n s id e re d
an OR,
5 . r e s p o n s e s whose l a t e n c i e s w ere to o lo n g to be
in th e OR ra n g e and to o s h o r t to be i n t h e UOR
ra n g e w ere c a l l e d ARs.
E ach d e f l e c t i o n was m easu red in r e l a t i o n to th e
r e s i s t a n c e a t o n s e t o f t h e r e s p o n s e . The change in
m easu red from t h e p o i n t o f i t s o n s e t to th e p o i n t o f i t s
g r e a t e s t m a g n itu d e . In th e c a s e o f AR m e a su re m e n t, some
tim e s s e v e r a l r e s p o n s e s o c c u rr e d in th e I S I . In t h a t c a se
t h e o n s e t p o i n t was th e o n s e t o f t h e f i r s t AR and th e
maximum h e i g h t o f t h e t o t a l o f t h e ARs was c o n s id e r e d th e
peak o f t h e r e s p o n s e . I n a d d i t i o n , o n s e t l a t e n c y m e a su re s
2
The s q u a re r o o t t r a n s f o r m a ti o n h a s b een shown in
e a r l i e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n (G rin g s and O 'D o n n e ll, 1956) to i n
c r e a s e sym m etry o f r e s p o n s e d i s t r i b u t i o n . The m easure i s
d e r i v e d in t h e f o llo w in g ways b a s e r e s i s t a n c e s a t r e
sp o n se o n s e t (Rjj) and a t t h e p o i n t o f maximum change (Ra )
w ere d e te rm in e d . These w ere s u b j e c t e d t o t h e t r a n s
f o r m a tio n
Response Measurement
2
r e s i s t a n c e m easu re was tr a n s fo r m e d i n t o s q u a re r o o t o f
c o n d u c ta n c e change u n i t s (>|AC )• E ach re s p o n s e was
30
w ere re o o r d e d f o r th e OR and AR. I l l u s t r a t i o n o f th e
m easurem ent p ro o e d u re i s shown i n F ig u re 1 .
I n i t i a l R esponse to th e OS
B e fo re t e s t i n g any h y p o th e s e s c o n c e rn e d w ith i n t e r
f e r e n c e from th e CS, i t was im p o r ta n t to d e te r m in e w h e th e r
o r n o t o r i e n t i n g r e s p o n s e s o c c u rre d to th e CS in a l l t r e a t
m e n ts . I f th e OR o c c u rr e d in one t r e a tm e n t and n o t in
a n o th e r , th e n t h e r e would n o t have been an e q u a l o p p o r
t u n i t y f o r i n t e r f e r e n c e from th e OR to ta k e p l a c e .
F ig u r e s 2 and 3 show OR m a g n itu d e s and f r e q u e n c i e s f o r
tw e n ty -o n e t r i a l s on e a c h t r e a t m e n t . S in c e no CS was
p r e s e n t e d on e a c h o f t r i a l s 1 and 11 o f t h e J t r e a t m e n t ,
t h e r e i s no OR and AR d a t a f o r t h e J t r e a tm e n t on th e s e
t r i a l s . C o n s e q u e n tly , OR and AR a n a ly s e s w ere made o n ly
on th e re m a in in g tw e n ty -o n e t r i a l s f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s .
Each p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s th e mean o f tw e n ty - f o u r Ss f o r a
s i n g l e t r i a l and a s i n g l e t r e a t m e n t . Mean OR m a g n itu d e s
f o r e a c h t r e a tm e n t a r e shown in T a b le 2 . E ach s c o r e i s
th e mean o f tw e n ty -o n e t r i a l s and t w e n ty - f o u r S s .
F ig u re 1
I l l u s t r a t i o n o f m ag n itu d e m easu rem ent p r o
c e d u re .
31
CS
/ ■
U C S
J V
U R M A G .
UR ONSET
A R M A G .
O R O N S E T
A R O N S E T
ru
F ig u re 2
Mean OR m ag n itu d e f o r e a c h t r e a tm e n t ( J , P-3»
P -1 0 ) on a l l t r i a l s . E ach p o i n t i s th e mean
o f tw e n ty - f o u r S s .
33
OR MAGNITUDE (jS cf)
N -
0s -
00 -
o -
H
7> -
>
r*
O '
oo -
B -
tr£
F ig u r e 3
Number o f Ss g i v in g an OR on e ac h tr e a tm e n t
( J , P-3» P -1 0 ) on a l l t r i a l s .
35
y
10 \z 14
TRIALS
C T \
37
TABLE 2
M EAN ORIENTING RESPONSE MAGNITUDES BY TREATMENT
J P -10
P-3
.305 .3 4 5 .371
Mean OR m a g n itu d e s f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t by o r d i n a l
p o s i t i o n o f p r e s e n t a t i o n a r e shown i n T a b le 3 . Each s c o r e
i s th e mean o f 4 §,s and tw e n ty -o n e t r i a l s , e a c h group o f
f o u r Ss h a v in g r e c e iv e d t h e t r e a t m e n t s in a d i f f e r e n t
o r d e r . Each tr e a tm e n t was p r e s e n t e d to two d i f f e r e n t
g ro u p s i n each o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n . F o r t h a t re a s o n t h e r e
a r e two s c o r e s f o r e ac h t r e a tm e n t in e a c h o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n .
38
TABLE 3
OR MAGNITUDES FOR TREATMENTS BY ORDER
OF PRESENTATION FOR EACH GROUP
T re a tm e n ts
J P -1 0 P-3
O rd e r Group_______________Group_______________ Group
F i r s t I .288 VI .6 4 8 I I I
.585
IV .297 I I .4 5 3 V .5 8 4
Second VI .297 I .2 6 8 IV .4 3 4
I I I .549 V .1 4 2 I I .198
T h ird I I .179 IV .2 8 2 I .2 3 2
V .2 1 7 I I I .2 7 5 VI
.1 9 5
An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r g ro u p s by Ss w ith in
g ro u p s by t r e a t m e n t s by t r i a l s f o r OR m ag n itu d e i s shown
in T a b le 4 w ith t r e a t m e n t s and t r i a l s a s w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s
e f f e c t s and g ro u p s a s t h e b e tw e e n - s u b j e c ts e f f e c t . E ach
s c o r e i n th e a n a l y s i s was th e s c o r e f o r a s i n g l e S on one
t r i a l o f one t r e a t m e n t . The F r a t i o s f o r g ro u p s and f o r
t r e a t m e n t s w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . H ow ever, th e F f o r t r i a l s
showed a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b etw een them a s can be
se e n i n F ig u re 2 . The g ro u p s by t r e a t m e n t s i n t e r a c t i o n
a l s o p ro d u ced a s i g n i f i c a n t F r a t i o . T h is l a t t e r r e s u l t
TABLE 4
39
ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE POR OR MAGNITUDE
ON TREATMENTS, TRIALS AND GROUPS
Sum o f Mean
S o u rce_________S q u a res_______ d f______ S q u a re s______ P___________ £
Betw een Ss
I 7 .6 8 5 5 1 .5 3 7
S 5 1 .5 4 1 18 2 .8 6 3
W ith in Ss
5 1 .1 8 8 2 .5 9 4
AxB 2 9 .2 0 0 10 2 .9 2 0 4 .1 1 4 < . 0 1
BxS 2 5 .5 5 2 36 .7 1 0
0 9 .9 6 4 20 .4 9 8 5 .4 7 2 < . 0 1
AxO 7 .1 4 0 100 .0 7 1 .7 8 0
CxS 3 2 .8 1 8 360 .0 9 1
BxO 5 .3 4 8 40 .1 3 4 1 .5 6 0 < . 0 5
AXBxO 1 7 .4 6 5 200 .0 8 7 1 .0 1 2
BxCxS 6 1 .7 2 0 720 .086
A = GroupB
B = T re a tm e n ts
0 = T r i a l s
S = Ss w i t h in g ro u p s
i s p ro b a b ly due to th e e f f e c t o f o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n .
E x a m in a tio n o f T ab le 3 i n d i c a t e s t h a t , in m ost c a s e s , a
g iv e n t r e a tm e n t h a s t h e g r e a t e s t m a g n itu d e when p r e s e n te d
f i r s t , a somewhat s m a l l e r m a g n itu d e when p r e s e n t e d s e c o n d ,
e t c . The t r e a tm e n ts by t r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n a l s o shows t h a t
a r e l a t i o n s h i p i s p ro b a b ly p r e s e n t . A lth o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n
s h i p c a n n o t be se e n v e r y c l e a r l y by e x a m in a tio n o f F ig u re
A O
2, I t a p p e a rs t h a t th e OR m ag n itu d e in J t r e a t m e n t
d im in is h e s more o v e r t r i a l s th a n i n th e p a ir e d t r e a t m e n t s .
In g e n e r a l , ORs o c o u rre d on a l l t r e a t m e n t s and th e t r e a t
m ents d id n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from e a c h o t h e r in
m a g n itu d e o f ORs e l i c i t e d .
UOR A n a ly s is Betw een T re a tm e n ts
The s i x J t e s t t r i a l s w ere com pared w ith s i x P-3
and s i x P-10 t r i a l s in a s u b j e c t s by t r e a t m e n t s by t r i a l s
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . The P -3 and P -10 t r i a l s came from
th e same o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n s a s th e J t r e a t m e n t t e s t t r i a l s .
Means w ere com puted f o r th e t w e n ty - f o u r Ss on e a c h t r i a l
o f e a c h t r e a t m e n t . These d a ta a r e shown i n F ig u re A. Each
p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s th e mean o f t w e n ty - f o u r Ss on one t r i a l .
The o v e r a l l m eans f o r t r e a tm e n ts a r e shown in T a b le 5»
and th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e i s shown i n T a b le 6 .
TABLE 5
OVERALL MEAN UOR MAGNITUDES FOR TEST TRIALS
P -10
P -3
.782 .701 .638
41
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE FOR UOR MAGNITUDES
FOR SUBJECTS BY TREATMENTS BY TEST TRIALS
Sum o f Mean
S o u rce________ S q u a re s_______ d f______ S q u a re s______ F___________ £
Betw een
s 25.328
23
1 .1 0 1
W ith in
B 1 .607 2 . .804
BxS
37.119
46 .808
C .483 5 .097
CxS 13.626
115
.118
BxC 1 .418 10 .142
BxCxS 23.922 230 .104
B = T re a tm e n ts
0 = T r i a l s
S = S u b je c ts
No s i g n i f i c a n t F s c o r e s w ere fo u n d in t h i s a n a l y s i s
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e t r e a t m e n t s d id n o t p ro d u ce s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e s i n UCR m ag n itu d e on t h e t e s t t r i a l s .
In o r d e r t o d e te rm in e i f UCR d im in u tio n o c c u r r e d
f o r t h e re m a in in g J t r e a tm e n t t r i a l s ( t h o s e t r i a l s in
w h ich a OS was n o t c l o s e l y p a ir e d w ith a UOS) a s u b j e c t s
by t r e a t m e n t s by t r i a l s a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was done
u s i n g a l l tw e n ty - f o u r t r i a l s f o r e a c h o f th e t h r e e t r e a t
m e n ts . Mean s c o r e s (a v e ra g e d o v e r tw e n ty - f o u r S s) f o r
ea c h tr e a tm e n t a r e shown i n F ig u r e 5 . In a d d i t i o n th e
F ig u re 4
Mean UCR m ag n itu d e f o r e a c h t r e a tm e n t ( J , P -3 ,
P -1 0 ) on t e s t t r i a l s . E ach p o i n t i s t h e mean
o f tw e n ty - f o u r S s .
42
U C R MAGNITUDE (Jac)
0.9
— o
0.7
0.5
“ P-IO
0.4
1 8 lO \5 (o 3
\2.
TRIALS
-fs -
V jJ
F ig u r e 5
Mean UCR m ag n itu d e f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t ( J , P -3 ,
P -1 0 ) on a l l t r i a l s . B ach p o i n t i s t h e mean
o f tw e n ty - f o u r S s .
44
U J 07
a
9 U \3
T R I A L S
->
U 1
46
num ber o f Ss g iv in g a UOR on eao h t r i a l f o r e a c h t r e a tm e n t
i s shown i n F ig u re 6. As can be s e e n , s i x t e e n o r more Ss
re s p o n d e d on eaoh t r i a l f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s ; and tw e n ty -
one o r more Ss re sp o n d e d on e ac h J t r e a t m e n t t r i a l . The
o v e r a l l mean f o r UOR m a g n itu d e s on e a c h t r e a t m e n t i s shown
i n T a b le 7* E ach s c o re i s th e mean o f t w e n ty - f o u r Ss and
t w e n t y - t h r e e t r i a l s . The a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i s shown i n
T a b le 8 .
TABLE 7
OVERALL M EAN UCR MAGNITUDES
BY TREATMENT FOR ALL TRIALS
J P -1 0 P-3
779 669 .649
F ig u r e 6
Number o f Ss g iv in g a UOR on e a c h t r e a tm e n t
( J , P -3 , P -1 0 ) on a l l t r i a l s .
47
8 \0 1 2
TRIALS
20 22
00
49
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE FOR UOR MAGNITUDES
FOR SUBJEOTS BY TREATMENTS BY TRIALS
Sum o f Mean
S ouroe________ S q u a re s_______ d f______ S q u a re s F________ £
Between
S 1 0 0 .2 3 2
23
4 .3 5 8
W ith in
B 5 .4 1 7 2
2 .7 0 9
BxS 1 4 0 .4 7 0 46 3 .0 5 4
C 7 . H 5
22 .323 2 .4 2 9 < . 0 1
OxS
6 7 .3 8 5
506
.133
BxC 3 .9 1 4 44
.089
BxOxS 1 0 9 .7 9 4 1012 .108
B = T re a tm e n ts
0 = T r i a l s
S = S u b je c ts
E x am in a tio n o f F ig u re 5 r e v e a l s t h a t th e UCR m agni
tu d e i s g r e a t e r f o r th e J t r e a t m e n t th a n f o r e i t h e r p a ir e d
t r e a t m e n t on tw e n ty o f th e t w e n t y - t h r e e t r i a l s . The UCRs
o f th e two p a ir e d t r e a tm e n ts a p p e a r t o be l a r g e l y o v e r
l a p p i n g i n m a g n itu d e . A c ro ss t r i a l s th e UCR m a g n itu d e o f
th e J t r e a tm e n t f i r s t d e c l i n e s , th e n r i s e s a g a i n , w h ereas
th e UOR m ag n itu d e o f th e two p a i r e d t r e a t m e n t s d e c l i n e s a t
f i r s t , th e n re m a in s a t a p p ro x im a te ly th e same l e v e l .
D e s p ite th e a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een .tr e a tm e n ts
50
shown i n F ig u r e s 5 and 6 , no s i g n i f i c a n t F r a t i o f o r t r e a t
m ents was fou n d in t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , i n d i c a t i n g
t h a t t h e t r e a tm e n ts d id n o t p ro d u ce s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
i n UOR m a g n itu d e s . In o r d e r . t o d i s c o v e r p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s
o f o r d e r o f t r e a tm e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n , an a n a l y s i s o f
v a r la n o e f o r g ro u p s by s u b j e c t s w i t h in g ro u p s by t r e a t
m ents by t r i a l s was d o n e. Eaoh s c o r e was t h e UCR m ag ni
tu d e f o r a s i n g l e s u b j e c t on one t r i a l o f one t r e a t m e n t .
T h is a n a l y s i s i s shown in T ab le 9*
As can be se e n in T ab le 9> t h e F r a t i o f o r t r e a t
m ents showed t h a t t h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
betw een them ; ho w ev er, th e g ro u p s by t r e a t m e n t s i n t e r
a c t i o n showed a p ro b a b le r e l a t i o n s h i p . The o n ly o t h e r
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t was t h a t f o r t r i a l s .
The g ro u p s by t r e a tm e n ts i n t e r a c t i o n can be
s t u d i e d by e x a m in a tio n o f T a b le 1 0 , w h ic h c o n t a i n s t h e
t r e a tm e n t m eans f o r i n d i v i d u a l g ro u p s . E ach s c o r e i s th e
mean o f f o u r Ss o v e r t w e n ty - th r e e t r i a l s .
In two o f t h e g ro u p s ( I I I an d IV) t h e l a r g e s t mean
o f t h e t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s o c c u rs f o r t h e J t r e a t m e n t ; i n
t h r e e o f th e g ro u p s ( I , I I , an d V I) th e l a r g e s t mean
o c c u rs f o r th e P-10 t r e a t m e n t ; and in t h e re m a in in g g ro u p
(V) t h e l a r g e s t mean o c c u r s f o r t h e P -3 t r e a t m e n t .
The e f f e c t o f o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n can be exam ined
by s t u d y in g F ig u re 7* In t h i s f i g u r e e a c h p o i n t r e p r e -
s e n t s t h e mean o f two g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g one t r e a t m e n t in
TABLE
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FOR GROUPS BY Ss
BY TREATMENTS
9
FOR UOR MAGNITUDE
WITHIN GROUPS
BY TRIALS
51
S o u rce
Sum o f
S q u a re s d f
Mean
S q u a re s F
P
B etw een Ss
A 2 3 .2 2 5 5 4 .6 4 5 1 .0 8 6
S 7 7 .0 0 7
18 4 .2 7 8
W ith in Ss
i
B 5 .4 1 7
2
2 .7 0 9 1 .1 4 2
AxB 5 5 .0 7 4 10
5 .5 0 7 2 .3 4 8 < . 0 5
BxS 8 5 .3 9 6 36 2 .3 7 2
0 7 .1 1 5
22
.323 2 .5 3 8 < . 0 1
AxC 1 6 .9 1 6 110 .1 5 4
1 .2 0 7
OxS 5 0 .4 6 9 396 .127
BxO 3 .9 1 4 44 .089 .8 1 3
AxBxC
2 3 .1 9 9
220 .10 6
.965
BxOxS 8 6 .5 5 2 792 .109
A = G roups
B = T re a tm e n ts
0 = T r i a l s
S = S s w i t h in g ro u p s
52
TABLE 10
MEM UOR MAGNITUDE FOR EACH
TREATMENT BY EAOH GROUP
Group O rd e r J P -10 P -3
Group
Mean
I ( J - 1 0 - 3 ) .515 .6 0 9
.3 7 2 .4 9 9
I I
( 1 0 - 3 - J )
.676 .8 9 3 .2 4 7 .6 05
I I I ( 3 - J - 1 0 )
1 .0 1 7 .5 5 9
.8 4 0 .8 0 6
IV ( J - 3 - 1 0 ) .847 .5 5 8 .6 8 4 .6 9 6
V ( 3 - 1 0 - J )
.803 .3 8 5
1 .0 4 0 .743
VI ( 1 0 - J - 3 ) .818 1 .0 1 0 .7 1 4 .847
F ig u re 7
Mean UOR m ag n itu d e f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t by-
o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n . Bach p o i n t i s t h e
mean o f e i g h t S s .
53
-o
*------ P-3
FIRST
ORDER
SECOND
ORDER OF PRESENTATION
Ul
-P -
55
one p a r t l o u l a r o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n * T h is f i g u r e shows
t h a t t h e J t r e a tm e n t p ro d u ced th e l a r g e s t re s p o n s e when
p r e s e n t e d seoond and t h i r d , b u t p ro d u ce d th e s m a l l e s t r e
sp o n se when p r e s e n te d f i r s t . The e f f e c t o f o r d e r on t h e
p a i r e d t r e a t m e n t s i s th e r e v e r s e o f t h a t f o r th e J t r e a t
m e n t, w ith th e l a r g e s t re s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g when a p a ir e d
t r e a t m e n t i s p r e s e n te d f i r s t and a s m a ll e r r e s p o n s e
o o c u r r i n g when i t i s p r e s e n te d seco nd o r t h i r d .
In o r d e r t o t e s t b o th t h e o r d e r e f f e c t s and th e
p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s o f one t r e a tm e n t on t h e t r e a tm e n t 0 f o l lo w
in g i t , an a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r a b a la n c e d L a t in S q u a re
3
d e s ig n w ith r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s was done u s i n g th e g ro u p
m eans from T ab le 1 0 . However, no s i g n i f i c a n t F s c o r e s
w ere o b ta in e d from t h i s a n a l y s i s (s e e T ab le 1 1 ) . Due t o
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e d i r e c t and r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s a r e e n
t a n g l e d , th e t o t a l sum o f s q u a r e s f o r t r e a tm e n t e f f e c t s
i s com puted e i t h e r a s
D i r e c t e f f e c t s ( u n a d ju s te d ) + R e s id u a l e f f e c t s
[ a d ju s te d )
o r a s
D i r e c t e f f e c t s ( a d j u s t e d ) + R e s id u a l e f f e c t s
( u n a d ju s te d ) •
30 o o h ran and Cox (1 9 5 7 , p . 1 3 3 -1 3 9 ).
56
TABLE 11
ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE FOR A BALANCED LATIN
SQUARE DESIGN WITH RESIDUAL EFFECTS
Sum o f Mean
S ouroe______________S q u a re s d f S quare_______ F
G roups .2 52 5 .054-
O rd e rs .2 2 6 2 .1 1 3 1 .9 6 2
D i r e c t
( u n a d j u s te d ) .059 2 .029
R e s id u a l
( a d j u s t e d ) .029 2 .0 1 4
D i r e c t
( a d j u s t e d ) .079 2 .039
R e s i d u a l
( u n a d j u s te d ) .009 2 .0 0 5
E r r o r .34-5 6 .058
T o t a l .910 17
57
S in c e l a r g e w i t h i n - S s e r r o r v a r i a n c e may have
p re v e n te d a t r e a t m e n t s e f f e o t from em erg in g In th e w i t h i n -
Ss a n a ly s e s o f v a r i a n o e , a b e tw e e n -g ro u p s a n a l y s i s was done
f o r th e d a ta from day 1 o n ly w i t h e ach t r e a t m e n t g ro u p con
s i s t i n g o f t h e e i g h t Ss who r e c e i v e d t h a t tr e a tm e n t on day
1 . The summary o f t h i s a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i s shown in
T a b le 1 2 .
TABLE 12
BETWEEN-GROUPS ANALYSIS OP
VARIANCE FOR DAY ONE ONLY
S ource
Sum o f
S a u a re s d f
Mean
S a u a re P
P
Between G roups .3 7 4 2
.187
1 .4 6 1
W ith in Ss 2 .6 9 1
21 .128
T o ta l 3 .0 6 5 23
As w ith t h e p r e c e d in g a n a l y s e s , t h i s a n a l y s i s d id
n o t r e v e a l any s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een t r e a tm e n t
g ro u p s f o r day 1 .
UOR A n a ly s is W ith in T re a tm e n t J
In o r d e r to t e s t w h e th e r o r n o t th e J t r e a tm e n t
t e s t t r i a l s d i f f e r e d from s u r r o u n d in g t r i a l s and a l s o to
se e i f J t e s t t r i a l s had r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s upon t h e t r i a l s
58
w hich fo llo w e d them , an a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was done f o r
t h e s i x t e s t t r i a l s , th e t r i a l s Im m e d ia te ly p re o e d in g th e
t e s t t r i a l s , and th e t r i a l s im m e d ia te ly f o llo w in g t h e t e s t
t r i a l s . T hus, t h e r e w ere s i x •'Before'* t r i a l s , s i x " T e s t"
t r i a l s , and s i x " A f te r " t r i a l s i n th e T r i a l Type v a r i a b l e .
In a d d i t i o n to T r i a l t y p e , th e a n a l y s i s u se d g ro u p s , Ss
w ith in g ro u p s and t r i a l se q u e n c e ( t h a t i s , w h e th e r i t was
th e f i r s t , seco n d o r t h i r d p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r
t r i a l ty p e ) and I S I ty p e (w h e th e r th e t e s t t r i a l had a 3
o r a 10 second I S I ) . Bach s c o re i n th e a n a l y s i s i s a
s i n g l e t r i a l o f t r e a t m e n t J f o r a s i n g l e S . O v e r a ll means
f o r t r i a l t y p e , f o r I S I t y p e , and f o r se q u en c e a r e p r e
s e n te d i n T ab le 1 3 . The r e s u l t s o f th e a n a l y s i s o f
v a r ia n c e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 4 .
59
TABLE 13
OVERALL MEANS FOR TRIAL TYPE, I S I TYPE, AND
SEQUENCE OP TEST TRIALS FOR TREATMENT J
B e fo re ________________ T e s t_______________A f t e r ______
T r i a l Type
.7 6 6 .7 8 2 .7 82
I S I Type
3 seco n d IS I 10 se c o n d I S I
.7 8 2 .771
Sequence o f T e s t T r i a l s
F i r s t Second T h ir d
P r e s e n t a t i o n P r e s e n t a t i o n P r e s e n t a t i o n
.7 4 1 .7 3 7 .8 51
ANALYSIS OP
OP TREATMENT
TRIAL TYPE
TABLE 14
VARIANCE POR UCR
J POR GROUPS BY
BY I S I TYPE BY
MAGNITUDES
SUBJECTS BY
3EQUENCE
60
Sum o f Mean
S o u rce S a u a re s d f S q u a re s P P
B etw een Ss
A 8 .8 3 7 5 1 .7 6 7
S 3 1 .8 1 5
18 1 .7 6 8
W ith in Ss
B .0 2 3
2 .0 1 2
AxB .5 4 8 10
.0 5 5
BxS 2 .5 3 2 32 .0 7 0
C .0 1 4 1 .0 1 4
AxC .4 4 5 5 .089 1 .6 7 9
D 1 .2 1 1 2 .6 0 6 2.090 , 1 0 < p
< . 2 5
AxD 1 .5 6 3
10 .1 5 6
DxS 1 0 .4 2 4 36 .2 9 0
BxC
.1 1 4 2
.0 5 7
AxBxC 1 .0 3 0 10
.1 0 3
BxOxS 5 .4 5 7
36 .1 5 2
BxD
.6 7 3
4 .1 6 8 1 .4 7 4
AxBxD 2 .1 3 0 20 .1 0 6
BxDxS 8 .1 8 8 72 .1 1 4
CxD .1 7 4 2
.087 1 .3 3 8
AxOxD .9 2 1 10 .0 9 2
1 .4 1 5
CxDxS 2 .3 4 4 36
.0 6 5
BxOxD 1 .6 3 6 4
.409 4 .3 0 5 < . 0 1
AxBxCxD 2 .5 4 7
20
.1 2 7 1 .3 3 7
BxCxDxS 6 .8 5 0 72
.0 9 5
A = G roups
B = T r i a l Type
0 = I S I Type
1) = Sequence
S = S u b j e c t s w i t h i n gro u p s
61
None o f th e m ain e f f e o t s p rod uced s i g n i f i c a n t F
s c o r e s . The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t F was t h a t f o r t h e T r i a l
Type by I S I by Sequenoe i n t e r a c t i o n (F = 4 .3 0 5 , d f = 4 ,
7 2 , p . 0 1 ) . The d a t a f o r t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n a r e shown in
F ig u r e 8 . The " B e f o r e ," " T e s t ," and " A f te r " t r i a l s a r e
g ra p h e d s e p a r a t e l y . W hile th e o v e r a l l means f o r T r i a l
Type a r e n o t d i f f e r e n t , i t a p p e a rs t h a t th e " T e s t" t r i a l s
may h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e " A f te r " t r i a l s by m aking them more
v a r i a b l e th a n th e " B e fo re " t r i a l s . When th e Bame d a t a
a r e o r g a n iz e d d i f f e r e n t l y , a s i n F ig u re 9» a se q u e n c e e f
f e c t a p p e a rs t o be p r e s e n t , w ith th e t h i r d p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
t e s t and c o n t r o l t r i a l s r e s u l t i n g in a g r e a t e r m a g n itu d e
o f r e s p o n s e th a n o c c u r r e d f o r t h e f i r s t and se co n d p r e
s e n t a t i o n s . H ow ever, t h e seq u en ce m ain e f f e c t d id n o t
p ro d u c e a s i g n i f i c a n t F r a t i o .
AR A n a ly s is
In t h i s s tu d y an a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n s e was d e f in e d
a s t h e r e s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g a f t e r th e l a t e n c y r a n g e o f t h e
OR b u t b e f o r e t h e l a t e n c y ra n g e o f t h e UCR. The m ag n itu d e
o f t h i s r e s p o n s e i s n e c e s s a r i l y r e s t r i c t e d by t h e d u r a t i o n
o f t h e i n t e r v a l i n w h ich i t can o c c u r ; t h a t i s , i n t h e 3
se c o n d I S I t h e r e i s l e s s tim e i n w h ich th e AR can o c c u r
th a n i n t h e 10 se co n d I S I , m aking i t d i f f i c u l t t o make
d i r e c t c o m p a riso n s betw een th e two p a i r e d t r e a t m e n t s . How-
e v e r , s i n c e t h i s s tu d y i s i n t e r e s t e d i n th e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f
F ig u re 8
Mean UCR m ag n itu d e f o r J t e s t t r i a l B and
t r i a l s Im m e d ia te ly b e fo r e and a f t e r t e s t
' t
t r i a l s by sequ enoe num ber.
62
ucr m a g n it u d e s ( f s e )
1.0
0.9
3 sec. J te s t trials
tOsec. J te st ttrials
0 8
0.7
/
L I J ____1
1 S T - 2 nd* 3 ^ '
BEFORE
!
j
2 nd' S>'
TEST
j L _ I
1 s t- 2 nd' 3 '
AFTER
o\
V jJ
F ig u re 9
Mean UOR m a g n itu d e s f o r J t e s t t r i a l s and
t r i a l s Im m e d ia te ly b e f o r e and a f t e r t e s t
t r i a l s by o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n .
64
1 .0 r-
3 sec. J "test tria ls
10 sec. J te s t tr ia ls
o—
0.8
bef. t e s t AFT.
FIRST
BEE TEST AFT.
SECOND
BEF TEST AFT
THIRD
one re s p o n s e upon a n o t h e r , d e s c r i p t i v e d a t a on th e m agni
tu d e and fre q u e n c y o f ARs i s l i k e l y t o be o f im p o rta n c e .
ARs w ere m easu red f o r th e J g ro u p a s w e l l a s f o r t h e
p a ir e d g ro u p s i n o r d e r to m o n ito r f o r s e n s i t i z a t i o n e f
f e c t s and th e o c c u r r e n c e o f s p o n ta n e o u s r e s p o n s e s d u r in g
th e i n t e r v a l f o l lo w in g th e OS. Two d i f f e r e n t l a t e n c y
c r i t e r i a w ere u se d f o r d e f i n i n g J tr e a tm e n t ARs, one
c r i t e r i o n was t h a t u se d f o r th e P -3 t r e a t m e n t and th e
o t h e r c r i t e r i o n was t h a t u sed f o r t h e P -1 0 t r e a t m e n t .
O v e r a ll m eans f o r AR m a g n itu d e s o v e r t r i a l s f o r t h e two
p a ir e d t r e a t m e n t an d t h e two J s c o r e s a r e shown in T able
1 5 .
TABLE 15
OVERALL MEAN AR MAGNITUDES FOR PAIRED
TREATMENTS AND J CONTROL SCORES
P-3
J
3 se c o n d
c o n t r o l
P -10
J
10 second
c o n t r o l
.149
.0 1 4 .3 0 2
.095
AR m a g n itu d e s and f r e q u e n c i e s o v e r t r i a l s f o r th e
P -3 t r e a tm e n t and J t r e a t m e n t ( u s in g th e P -3 l a t e n c y
c r i t e r i a ) a r e shown i n F ig u r e 1 0 . AR m a g n itu d e s and f r e
q u e n c ie s o v e r t r i a l s f o r t h e P -1 0 and J t r e a t m e n t s ( u s in g
th e P -10 l a t e n c y c r i t e r i a ) a re shown i n F ig u r e 11 . E ach
F ig u r e 10
Mean AR m ag n itu d e and AR f re q u e n c y f o r P-3
and J t r e a t m e n t s on a l l t r i a l s .
67
68
P
s
0 0 . 4
S
1 0.3
2:
o
5 0.2
a :
< 0.1
0
20
q- o^c / s > y \
U )
(T)
u
O
I b
12
f* 8
L U
cQ
I *
10 12
T R I A L S
• P-3
° J
• P-3
° J
20 23
F ig u re 11
Mean AR m ag n itu d e and AR f r e q u e n c y f o r P -10
and J tr e a tm e n ts on a l l t r i a l s .
69
NUMBER OP S 5
00 f o ^
i 1 — i------r
AR MAGNITUDE ( 4 2 c }
ro
o
ro
o
oo
o
T
o
Cn
i
,..-3
71
s c o re i s th e a v e ra g e o f tw e n ty - f o u r Ss on a s i n g l e t r i a l .
In a l l c a s e s th e p a ir e d t r e a tm e n ts p ro d u c e d l a r g e r ARs th a n
th e J t r e a tm e n t d i d . R e s u l ts o f t - t e s t s on t h e s e d a ta
i n d i c a t e d h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een e a c h
p a i r e d t r e a tm e n t and i t s r e s p e c t i v e J c o n t r o l s c o r e s
( t = 1 2 .0 2 6 , d f = 20, p < . 0 1 f o r P -3 v s . J ; t = 1 1 .2 2 3 ,
d f = 20, p < .0 1 -for P -1 0 v s . J ) . By c o m p arin g F ig u r e s 10
and 11 i t can be seen t h a t th e P -10 t r e a t m e n t r e s u l t e d in
l a r g e r and more f r e q u e n t ARs th a n t h e P-3 t r e a t m e n t .
Much o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s u n d o u b te d ly due t o t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e r e i s a much g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n it y f o r ARs t o o c c u r
in a 10 s e c . i n t e r v a l th a n in a 3 s e c . I n t e r v a l . T h is
h y p o t h e s is i s b o rn e o u t in e x a m in a tio n o f t h e ARs f o r th e
J t r e a tm e n t co m p arin g th e 3 s e c . and 10 s e c . l a t e n c y
s c o r e s f o r t h a t t r e a t m e n t . Many m ore r e s p o n s e s o c c u r r e d
d u r in g th e 10 s e c . i n t e r v a l f o llo w in g th e to n e th a n i n
th e 3 s e c . i n t e r v a l f o llo w in g th e t o n e .
72
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
T h is s tu d y o r i g i n a l l y s e t o u t t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r
o r n o t UCR d im in u tio n w ould o c c u r in a s i t u a t i o n i n w hich
i n t e r f e r e n c e from t h e OS had an o p p o r t u n it y to o c c u r In
t h e " u n p a ir e d 1 * c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t a s w e ll a s In th e p a i r e d
t r e a t m e n t . In o r d e r to answ er t h i s q u e s tio n " t e s t " t r i a l s
i n w h ich th e OS p re c e d e d th e UCS by 3 o r 10 se co n d s w ere
i n s e r t e d i n t o th e s e r i e s o f i r r e g u l a r l y o c c u r r i n g CSs and
UCSs t h a t c o m p rise d t h e J t r e a t m e n t . T hese t e s t t r i a l s
w ere com pared w ith t r i a l s from th e P-3 and P -10 t r e a t m e n t s
i n w h ich c o n s i s t e n t CS-UCS p a i r i n g o c c u r r e d th r o u g h o u t t h e
t r e a t m e n t . I t was th o u g h t t h a t a re s p o n s e to th e OS w ould
h a v e an o p p o r t u n it y to i n t e r f e r e w ith th e m ag n itu d e o f th e
UCR on " t e s t " t r i a l s , th u s m aking th e " t e s t " t r i a l s more
c o m p a ra b le to p a i r e d tr e a tm e n t t r i a l s in w hich th e OS a l s o
p r e c e d e s t h e UOS and m ig h t a l s o i n t e r f e r e w ith th e o c c u r
r e n c e o f UCRs. T h is i s i n c o n t r a s t t o th e u s u a l p ro c e d u re
f o r p r o d u c in g UCR d im in u tio n w here UCRs from a p a ir e d
t r e a t m e n t a r e com pared w ith UCRs from a UOS n o t p re c e d e d by
a OS ( i n l e s s th a n 15 s e c o n d s ) .
A lth o u g h F ig u r e s 5 and 6 (sh o w in g UCR m a g n itu d e
a n d f re q u e n c y f o r e a c h tr e a tm e n t o v e r t r i a l s ) i n d i c a t e
t h a t t r e a t m e n t J p ro d u ced l a r g e r and more f r e q u e n t UCRs
73
th a n th e p a ir e d t r e a t m e n t s , no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e
tw een t r e a t m e n t s w ere fo u n d u s i n g e i t h e r w i t h in - S s a n a ly s e s
f o r t h r e e s e s s i o n s o r u s i n g a b e tw e e n -g ro u p s a n a l y s i s f o r
day 1 o n ly . S in c e th e J t r e a tm e n t was n o t s i g n i f i o a n t l y
d i f f e r e n t from t h e p a ir e d t r e a t m e n t s i n UCR m a g n itu d e , no
UOR d im in u tio n was d e m o n s tra te d i n t h i s s tu d y .
A s i g n i f i c a n t g ro u p s by t r e a t m e n t s i n t e r a c t i o n was
o b ta in e d p ro b a b ly r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f o r d e r o f p r e
s e n t a t i o n o f i t h e t r e a t m e n t s . In th e c a s e o f t h e P -3 and
P -10 t r e a t m e n t s , l a r g e r UCRs w ere o b ta in e d when th e p a ir e d
t r e a t m e n t s w ere p r e s e n te d f i r s t th a n when p r e s e n t e d seco nd
o r t h i r d i n s e q u e n c e . The e f f e c t d id n o t h o ld f o r t h e J
t r e a t m e n t .
The f i n d i n g o f no UCR d im in u tio n i s a t odds w ith
much o f t h e p u b lis h e d l i t e r a t u r e i n t h i s a r e a ; ho w ev er, a
few s t u d i e s h av e r e p o r t e d t h i s f i n d i n g . P e n d e rg r a s s and
Klmmel (1968) f a i l e d t o f i n d UCR d im in u tio n u s in g a
te m p o ra l CS an d lo u d to n e UCS when Ss w ere n o t a sk ed to
make i n t e n s i t y Ju d g m en ts, a lth o u g h th e y o b ta in e d UCR
d im in u tio n f o r S s m aking i n t e n s i t y Ju d g m en ts. B a x te r
(1966) d id n o t f i n d UCR d im in u tio n o v e r t r i a l s when a t r a c e
c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m was u s e d , b u t o b ta in e d UCR d im in u tio n
when a d e la y e d p a ra d ig m was u s e d .
W hile t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y u se d n e i t h e r a Judgm ent
t a s k n o r a d e la y e d p a ra d ig m and t h e s e f a c t o r s may have
c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n a b i l i t y t o f i n d UCR d im in u tio n , o t h e r
74
f a c t o r s may have been sa m p lin g d i f f e r e n c e s . R e -e x a m in a tio n
o f T ab le 10 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e two g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g th e J
t r e a tm e n t f i r s t (g ro u p s I and IV) had two o f th e t h r e e
s m a l l e s t o v e r a l l mean l e v e l s o f th e s i x g ro u p s (g ro u p I
mean = .4 9 9 ; g ro u p IV mean = . 6 9 6 ) . I f more low r e s p o n d e r s
w ere i n a d v e r t e n t l y a s s ig n e d to g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g th e J
t r e a tm e n t f i r s t th a n to g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g a p a ir e d t r e a t
m ent f i r s t , th e J t r e a t m e n t m ig h t have been p la c e d a t a
d i s a d v a n t a g e .
An a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to th e I n a b i l i t y
o f t h i s s tu d y to f i n d UOR d im in u tio n c o n c e rn s th e u se o f a
w i t h in - S s d e s ig n r a t h e r th a n a b e tw e e n -S s d e s ig n a s was
u se d in m ost o t h e r s t u d i e s o f th e UOR d im in u tio n phenomenon
As G ric e (1966) p o i n t s o u t in a d i s c u s s i o n o f
w i t h in - S s v e r s u s b e tw e e n -S s d e s i g n s , th e n a tu r e o f th e
r e l a t i o n s b etw een v a r i a b l e s may be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n th e
two ty p e s o f d e s i g n s . C e r t a i n l y th e d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s
o f one t r e a t m e n t on th e r e s p o n s e to a n o t h e r would n o t ta k e
p la c e in a b e tw e e n -S s d e s i g n . A f u r t h e r c o m p lic a tio n t h a t
i s p r e s e n t i n a w i t h i n - S s d e s ig n i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f an
o r d e r e f f e c t w ith t h e t r e a t m e n t g iv e n f i r s t , p ro d u c in g a
d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e th a n t h e same t r e a t m e n t g iv e n seco n d o r
t h i r d . I f th e o r d e r e f f e c t i n f lu e n c e d a l l t r e a tm e n ts
s i m i l a r l y , th e n th e e f f e c t s w ould c a n c e l o u t i f a random
iz e d o r c o u n te r b a la n c e d d e s ig n w ere u s e d . I t i s p o s s i b l e ,
h o w ev er, t h a t o r d e r a f f e c t s t r e a t m e n t s d i f f e r e n t l y ( a s
75
seem s to be th e oase i n e x am in in g F ig u r e 7 )« W h ile su ch
I n t e r a c t i o n s may th e m s e lv e s h av e s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t , i t
m ust he r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e s e I n t e r a c t i o n s a r e r e s t r i c t e d to
th e u se o f th e w i t h in - S s d e s ig n an d p r o b a b ly a f f e c t th e
l i k e l i h o o d o f o b t a i n i n g t h e UOH d im in u tio n e f f e c t .
A n o th e r im p o r ta n t f a c t o r in th e Btudy o f UOR d im in u
t i o n c o n c e rn s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f th e UOS. T h is f a c t o r i s
p ro b a b ly a p o t e n t c o n t r i b u t o r t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n UOR d im in u
t i o n o b ta in e d b o th b etw een s u b j e c t s and b etw een s t u d i e s .
S in c e th e p r e s e n t s tu d y p ro d u ced l e v e l s o f r e s p o n s iv e n e s s
t o t h e UOS w hich w ere lo w e r th a n many o t h e r s t u d i e s a l s o
u s in g a sh o ck UOS and a s i m i l a r m ethod f o r d e te r m in in g an
"an n o y in g " l e v e l o f sh o c k , th e p o s s i b i l i t y m ust be e n t e r
t a i n e d t h a t th e Ss s e t f o r th e m s e lv e s a low o v e r a l l l e v e l
o f sh o c k . Peeke and G rin g s (1 968 ) i n a b e tw e e n -S s s tu d y
o f UOR d im in u tio n fo u n d t h a t UORs t o t h e u n p a ir e d sho ck
a v e ra g e d 2 .3 4 on t r i a l 1 and a v e ra g e d 2 .3 7 on t r i a l 10
(mean o f 20 S s ) . The p r e s e n t s tu d y fo u n d UCRs t o th e J
t r e a t m e n t a v e ra g e d 0 .9 6 on t r i a l 1 an d a v e ra g e d 0 .6 5 on
t r i a l 10 (mean o f tw e n ty - f o u r S s ) .
The r e a s o n f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e may be t h a t i n i n
s t r u c t i n g t h e Ss in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y to s e t t h e i n t e n s i t y
o f sh o c k a t a l e v e l th e y c o n s id e r e d t o be a n n o y in g , th e y
w ere t o l d t h a t t h e l e v e l th e y s e l e c t e d w ould a l s o be t h e
l e v e l o f sh o ck th e y w ould r e c e i v e on s u c c e e d in g d a y s.
Such know ledge may have c a u se d t h e Ss t o s e l e c t a lo w e r
76
Bhook l e v e l th a n th e l e v e l th e y would have s e l e c t e d f o r a
o n e -d a y s tu d y .
I f th e Ss s e l e c t e d a r e l a t i v e l y low and u n a n n o y in g
l e v e l o f sh o c k , th e p e ro e p tu a .l p r o c e s s e s w h ich m ig h t u n d e r
l i e t h e e f f e c t o f UCR d im in u tio n may he d i s r u p t e d . T h at
i s , one h y p o th e s is c o n c e rn in g th e UOR d im in u tio n e f f e c t i s
t h a t f e a r w ith r e g a r d to t h e o n s e t o f th e sh o c k i s
d im in is h e d when a OS o r w a rn in g s i g n a l i s p r e s e n te d p r i o r
t o th e o n s e t o f th e sh o c k . I f th e sh o ck I n t e n s i t y i s
s u f f i c i e n t l y lo w , h ow ever, t h e r e would he no f e a r o f th e
sh o ck a n d , c o n s e q u e n tly , no r e d u c t i o n o f f e a r when a w arn
in g s i g n a l p re c e d e s th e sh o c k . In t h a t c a s e t h e r e w ould
he no UOR d im in u tio n e f f e c t .
A num ber o f th e p ro b lem s e n c o u n te re d in t h i s s tu d y
( a s f a r a s t e s t i n g th e e x p e r im e n ta l h y p o t h e s is i s c o n c e rn
e d ) p ro b a b ly c o u ld have been a v o id e d by th e u se o f a
b e tw e e n - s u b j e c ts d e s ig n . I f a w i t h i n - s u b j e c t s d e s ig n w ere
t o be u se d a g a i n , a r e d u c t io n i n e r r o r v a r i a n c e p ro b a b ly
c o u ld be o b ta in e d by m a tc h in g Ss on a r e s p o n s i v i t y m easure
b e f o r e a s s i g n i n g them to o r d e r g r o u p s . The o r d e r e f f e c t
c o u ld p ro b a b ly be re d u c e d by p r e s e n t i n g t h e t r e a t m e n t s a t
i n t e r v a l s o f one week o r so r a t h e r th a n p r e s e n t i n g a l l
t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s in th e sp a c e o f one week a s was done in
t h i s s t u d y . How ever, o t h e r p ro b lem s a r e in tr o d u c e d by e x
t e n d i n g t h e e x p e rim e n t o v e r a p e r io d o f s e v e r a l w eek s,
su c h a s ch an g e s in th e S 's h e a l t h o r o t h e r c h a n g e s a f f e c t
77
in g an S 's r e s p o n s i v e n e s s . A n o th e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s to
f o llo w G r i c e 's s u g g e s t i o n (1966) t h a t a d e s ig n be used
w hich com bines b o th b e tw e e n - s u b je o ts and w l t h i n - s u b j e c t s
t e s t s o f t h e same h y p o t h e s i s .
E ffect of the Treatments on
Anticipatory Responses
The t r e a t m e n t s pro d u ced d e c id e d e f f e c t s on th e mag
n i t u d e and fr e q u e n c y o f ARs. B oth t h e P-3 and P -10 t r e a t
m ents had s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r ARs th a n w ere p ro d u ced in
th e J t r e a tm e n t d u r in g co m p arab le l a t e n c y i n t e r v a l s when
f o llo w in g th e OS. W hether o r n o t th e o c c u rr e n c e o f ARs i s
r e l a t e d to t h e o c c u r r e n c e and m ag n itu d e o f UCRs c a n n o t be
d e te rm in e d i n t h i s s t u d y . I t i s I n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e , how
e v e r , t h a t t h e P -1 0 t r e a tm e n t p ro d u ced a much l a r g e r mean
m ag n itu d e o f AR th a n d id th e P -3 t r e a tm e n t (P -1 0 = .3 0 2 ;
P -3 = .1 4 9 ) . But when com paring UOR m a g n itu d e s , t h e P -1 0
and P -3 t r e a t m e n t s p ro d u ce d mean m a g n itu d e s t h a t w ere v e ry
s i m i l a r (P -1 0 = .6 6 9 ; P -3 = .6 4 9 ) .
E ffect of Attention on
Unconditioned Responding
In s t u d i e s o f t h i s k in d , one o f th e m ost p ro m in e n t
f e a t u r e s i s v a r i a b i l i t y i n r e s p o n d in g , n o t o n ly betw een
s u b j e c t s , b u t betw een t r i a l s on th e same s u b j e c t . One
l i k e l y c a u se o f t h i s v a r i a b i l i t y in re s p o n s e i s f l u c t u a -
78
t i o n in a t t e n t i o n . The s u b j e c t h a s been p la c e d in i s o l a
t i o n in a b a r r e n s o u n d - a t te n u a t e d room w ith n o th in g to
r e a d o r lo o k a t and w ith no t a s k t o p e rfo rm e x c e p t to r e
l a x and h o ld s t i l l . In t h i s e n v iro n m en t th e s u b J e o ts r e
p o r t t h a t t h e i r m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s ra n g e from extrem e
d ro w s in e s s t o s e l f - s t i m u l a t i n g f a n t a s i e s to c o n c e n tr a te d
c o u n tin g o f t h e se c o n d s betw een s t i m u l i .
S u p p o rt f o r th e n o t io n t h a t m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s can
a f f e o t p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n d in g comes from s e v e r a l s o u r c e s .
Kimmel (1 9 6 7 ) fo u n d t h a t s u b j e c t s who w ere a sk ed t o Judge
th e m a g n itu d e o f t h e sh o c k w h ile i t was b e in g a d m in is te r e d
gave g r e a t e r CR m a g n itu d e s an d lo w e r UCR m a g n itu d es th a n a
n o n -ju d g m e n t g ro u p ;— In a s tu d y by P e n d e rg ra s s and Kimmel
(1968) a gro u p o f s u b j e c t s Ju d g in g th e i n t e n s i t y o f to n e s
showed a n t i c i p a t o r y c o n d itio n e d te m p o ra l re s p o n d in g w h ile
th e n o n -Ju d g m en t g ro u p d id n o t . In a d d i t i o n , t h e Judgm ent
g ro u p f a i l e d t o show h a b i t u a t i o n o f th e re s p o n s e t o to n e s
w h e rea s t h e n o n -Ju d g m e n t g ro u p h a b i t u a t e d . S tu d ie s by
M cDonald, a t a l . (1 9 6 8 ) an d S a d l e r , e t a l . (1967) have
fo u n d t h a t r e a c t i o n tim e t a s k s and word a s s o c i a t i o n t a s k s
p r e s e n t e d in c o m b in a tio n w i t h a p a i n f u l s tim u lu s re d u c e d
th e a u to n o m ic a c t i v i t y t o t h a t s t i m u l u s . F i n a l l y , Korn
and Moyer (1968) fo u n d t h a t s u b j e c t s i n s t r u c t e d t o "pay
a t t e n t i o n " had l a r g e r ORs, more i r r e g u l a r h a b i t u a t i o n and
g r e a t e r d e c r e a s e s i n b a s e c o n d u c ta n c e th a n s u b j e c t s i n
s t r u c t e d t o r e l a x .
79
W hile t h e s e s t u d i e s d i s a g r e e a s to t h e p a r t i c u l a r
e f f e c t o f v a r y in g a t t e n t i o n , i t i s c l e a r t h a t in a l l c a s e s
t h e r e i s some e f f e c t . I t a p p e a r s t h a t i n a d d i t i o n to
o a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s th e s u b j e c t r e c e i v e s
p r i o r t o t h e e x p e rim e n t and c o n t r o l l i n g h i s e x t e r n a l
e n v iro n m e n t, i t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y to pay some h eed to th e
s u b j e c t 's i n t e r n a l e n v iro n m e n t.
i
!
C H A PTER V
SUM M ARY
When a n e u t r a l s tim u lu s (OS) and an a v e r s l v e
| s tim u lu s (UOS) a r e p a i r e d f o r a num ber o f t r i a l s i n a
I P a v lo v ia n c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m , ch an g es can be se en in th e
| u n c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e (UOR) t o th e UOS a s w e ll as i n r e -
| sp o n se to th e OS. F r e q u e n tly a f t e r r e p e a t e d CS-UOS
i
! p a i r i n g s a d im in u tio n in th e m ag n itu d e o f th e UOR i s found
| r e l a t i v e to t h e m a g n itu d e o f th e UCR when t h e UOS i s p r e -
| s e n te d a lo n e f o r a co m p a rab le num ber o f t r i a l s . Some i n -
| v e s t i g a t o r s s p e c u l a t e t h a t t h i s UOR d im in u tio n i s a c o n -
!
; d i t i o n i n g - r e l a t e d p h e n o m e n o n ,re q u irin g f o r i t s o c c u rr e n c e
i
| r e p e a t e d CS-UOS p a i r i n g s and e x h i b i t i n g o t h e r ty p e s o f
i
c o n d i t i o n i n g phenom ena su c h a s e x t i n c t i o n .
An a l t e r n a t i v e h y p o t h e s is i s t h a t UCR d im in u tio n
i s th e r e s u l t o f a " r e f r a c t o r y 1 1 o r " i n t e r f e r e n c e " e f -
!
| f e e t w hich o c c u r s when t h e r e s p o n s e to t h e OS i n t e r
f e r e s w ith t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e UOR. Such i n t e r f e r e n c e
c o u ld ta k e p la c e on p a ir e d CS-UCS t r i a l s b u t w ould be
i a b s e n t on t r i a l s i n w h ich th e UOS i s p r e s e n te d a lo n e .
i
J E v id e n c e f o r t h e " i n t e r f e r e n c e " h y p o t h e s is comes from
I r e s e a r c h show ing t h a t when one s tim u lu s f o llo w s a n o th e r i n '
| a b r i e f p e r io d o f tim e , th e r e s p o n s e to th e seco nd s tim u lu s j
i s re d u c e d a s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e f i r s t s tim u lu s
81
I n c r e a s e s .
In o r d e r t o se e I f UOR d im in u tio n w ould s t i l l o c c u r
when I n t e r f e r e n c e from t h e OS had an o p p o r t u n it y t o o c c u r
in t h e "U C S -alone" o o n t r o l s i t u a t i o n a s w e ll a s i n th e
CS-UOS p a i r e d s i t u a t i o n , t h e f o llo w in g p arad ig m was u s e d .
S ix t e s t t r i a l s in w h ich t h e OS p re c e d e d t h e UCS by 3 o r
10 se c o n d s w ere i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t (c o n
s i s t i n g o f an i r r e g u l a r s e r i e s o f CSs and UCSs). T h is
t r e a tm e n t was c a l l e d t r e a t m e n t J and th e t e s t t r i a l s w ere
J t e s t t r i a l s . UORs on t h e J t e s t t r i a l s w ere com pared
w ith UCRs w hich o c c u r r e d on a s e r i e s o f c o n s i s t e n t l y p a ir e d
CS-UOS t r i a l s . One g ro u p o f p a i r e d t r i a l s had a CS-UOS
i n t e r v a l o f 10 se c o n d s ( t r e a t m e n t P -1 0 ) and a seco n d group
o f p a ir e d t r i a l s had a CS-UCS i n t e r v a l o f 3 se co n d s ( t r e a t
m ent P - 3 ) .
A w i t h in - S s d e s ig n was u se d i n w hich each o f t h e
t w e n ty - f o u r Ss r e c e i v e d e a c h t r e a t m e n t . E ach S was
ran d o m ly a s s i g n e d t o one o f s i x g ro u p s , e a c h gro u p r e c e i v
in g th e t r e a t m e n t s i n a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r , m aking i t p o s
s i b l e to p r e s e n t th e t r e a t m e n t s i n a l l p o s s i b l e o r d e r s .
The OS was a 1 s e c o n d , 600 cps to n e and th e UOS was a 0 .4
s e c . s h o c k , t h e I n t e n s i t y o f w hich was s e t by e ac h S
i n d i v i d u a l l y a t a l e v e l w h ich was " h ig h ly a n n o y in g ." The
r e s p o n s e r e c o r d e d was t h e g a lv a n ic s k in r e s p o n s e (GSR).
B ase r e s i s t a n c e l e v e l s w ere c o n v e r te d t o c o n d u c ta n c e change
s c o r e s and th e n s u b j e c t e d t o a s q u a re r o o t o f c o n d u c ta n c e
82
change t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .
A verage UOR s c o r e s f o r th e t w e n t y - f o u r Ss w ere com
p u te d f o r e ac h J t e s t t r i a l and f o r t h e s i x P-3 and s i x
P -1 0 t r i a l s from com parable o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n s . An a n a l y s i s
o f v a r i a n c e on th e s c o r e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e t h r e e t r e a t
m en ts d id n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y fro m e a c h o t h e r .
F u r t h e r a n a ly s e s on i n d i v i d u a l s c o r e s f o r e a c h S
i n d i c a t e d t h a t o r d e r o f t r e a tm e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n and p ro b a b le
r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s o f one t r e a t m e n t upon th e f o llo w in g t r e a t
m ent had a te n d e n c y to d im in is h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een
t r e a t m e n t s , m aking i t im p o s s ib le t o s t a t e t h a t UCR d im in u
t i o n was o b t a i n e d .
When th e t r i a l s w i t h in th e J t r e a t m e n t i t s e l f w ere
exam ined by com paring t e s t t r i a l s w i t h th e t r i a l s im
m e d ia te ly p r e c e d in g and im m e d ia te ly f o l lo w in g t h e t e s t
t r i a l s , no d i f f e r e n c e was fo u n d b e tw ee n t h e t r i a l t y p e s ,
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t UCR m a g n itu d e s on t e s t t r i a l s w ere n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th o s e on U C S-alone t r i a l s
w h ich p re c e d e d and fo llo w e d t h e t e s t t r i a l s .
The r e s u l t s w ere d i s c u s s e d i n te rm s o f t h e i n
f l u e n c e s o f a w i t h in - S s v e r s u s b e tw e e n -S s d e s ig n on r e l a
t i o n s betw een v a r i a b l e s .
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3 5 7 -3 6 2 .
L ykken, D. T . P r e l im i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e rn in g th e
" p r e c e p t i o n 1 1 phenom enon. P s y c h o p h y s io lo g y N e w s le tte r ,
1959, 5 , 2 - 7 .
________ • P r e c e p t io n i n t h e r a t : A utonom ic r e s p o n s e to
sh o ck a s a f u n c t i o n o f l e n g t h o f w a rn in g I n t e r v a l .
S c ie n o e , 1 9 6 2 , 1 3 7 , 665- 6 6 6 .
M cD an iel, 0 . D ., H e f f e r d , R. B ., W ie la n d , B e tty A .,
S a d l e r , T. G ., an d B e n to n , R. G. M o d if ic a tio n o f
g a lv a n ic s k in r e s p o n s e by r e a c t i o n tim e m ea su re m e n ts.
P s y c h o p h y s io lo g y . 1 9 6 8 , 4 , 3 4 0 -3 4 1 .
88
Morrow, M. C. R ecovery o f c o n d it i o n e d UCR d im in u tio n
f o llo w in g e x t i n c t i o n . J o u r n a l o f E x p e rim e n ta l
P s y c h o lo g y . 1 9 6 6 , 7 1 , 8 8 4 -8 8 8 .
P a v lo v , I . P . C o n d itio n e d R e f l e x e s . L ondon: O xford
U n i v e r s i t y t r e s s , 1 9 2 7 .
P e e k e , S . 0 . M agn itude o f u n c o n d itio n e d GSR t o sh o ck a s
a f u n c t i o n o f v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e w a rn in g s t i m u l u s .
U n p u b lish e d M a s t e r 's T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn
C a l i f o r n i a , 1967*
P e e k e , S . 0 . and G r in g s , W. W. M ag n itu d e o f UCR a s a
f u n c t i o n o f v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e CS-UCS r e l a t i o n s h i p .
J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l P s y c h o lo g y . 1 9 6 8 , 7 7 ,
64— 6 9 •
P e n d e r g r a s s , V. E . and Kim mel, H. D. UCR d im in u tio n i n
te m p o ra l c o n d i t i o n i n g and h a b i t u a t i o n . J o u r n a l o f
E x p e rim e n ta l P s y c h o lo g y . 1 9 6 8 , 7 7 , 1 - 6 .
P e r k i n s , C. C ., J r . , Seymann, R. G ., L e v i s , D. J . , and
S p e n s e r , H. R ., J r . F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r
s i g n a l - s h o c k o v e r s h o c k - s i g n a l . J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i
m e n ta l P s y c h o lo g y . 1 9 6 6 , 7 2 , 1 9 0 -1 9 6 .
S a d l e r , T. G ., W le la n d , E. A ., M e ffe rd , R. B ., J r . , B e n to n ,
R. G ., and M cD aniel, C. D. M o d i f i c a ti o n i n a u to -
n o m ic a lly m e d ia te d p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s to c o ld
p r e s s o r by c o g n i t i v e a c t i v i t y : an e x t e n s i o n . P sy ch o
p h y s io lo g y , 1967, 4 , 2 2 9 -2 3 0 .
S i e g a l , S . N o n p a ra m e trlo S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e B e h a v io r a l
S c ie n c e s " New Y ork: M cG raw -H ill Book C o ., 1956.
S t e m b a c h , R. A. The e f f e c t s o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l s e t s on
a u to n o m ic r e s p o n s i v i t y . P s y c h o p h y s io lo g y . 1 964 , 1 ,
6 7 -7 2 .
W ils o n , G. I). R e v e r s a l o f d i f f e r e n t i a l GSR c o n d it i o n in g
by i n s t r u c t i o n s . J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l P s y c h o lo g y .
1968, 4 9 1 -4 9 3 .
Uno, T. and G rin g s , W. W. A utonom ic com ponents o f o r i e n t - '
in g b e h a v i o r . P s y c h o p h y s io lo g y . 1 9 6 5 , 1 , 3 1 1 -3 2 1 .
APPENDICES
89
APPENDIX A
90
91
APPENDIX A
I n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y was c o n s id e r e d by P a v lo v to be
one o f f o u r k in d s o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n w hich w ere d i s
t i n g u i s h e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f e x p e r im e n ta l
p ro c e d u re p ro d u c in g them . He a ls o d e s c r ib e d a phenomenon
o f e x t e r n a l I n h i b i t i o n a s e x i s t i n g when a c o n d i t i o n a l r e
f l e x was d i s r u p t e d by some e x t e r n a l s tim u lu s su c h a s a
s t r a n g e n o i s e w hich evoked an i n v e s t i g a t o r y r e f l e x
i n h i b i t o r y t o t h e o c c u rr e n c e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n a l r e f l e x .
The p r i n c i p a l d i f f e r e n c e betw een e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l
i n h i b i t i o n was t h a t e x t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n was p rodu ced on
t h e f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e e x t r a s t i m u l u s , w h ereas
i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n d e v e lo p e d s lo w ly and p r o g r e s s i v e l y .
The o t h e r ty p e s o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n in c lu d e d
e x t i n c t i o n ( d is a p p e a r a n c e o f th e OR when r e in f o r c e m e n t i s
w i t h h e l d ) , d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ( t h e te n d e n c y f o r a OR f i r s t to
g e n e r a l i z e , th e n to e x t i n g u i s h to an u n r e in f o r c e d s tim u lu s
w h ic h i s s i m i l a r to t h e OS), and c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t i o n ( a
s p e c i a l k in d o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n w hich a n e u t r a l s tim u lu s
i s p r e s e n t e d i n c o m b in a tio n w ith a p o s i t i v e OS and w ith o u t
r e i n f o r c e m e n t u n t i l t h e c o m b in a tio n no lo n g e r e l i c i t s a
OR, a t w h ic h tim e th e n e u t r a l s tim u lu s i s known a s a c o n
d i t i o n e d i n h i b i t o r ) .
A n o th e r ty p e o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n (known a s
i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e seco n d o r d e r ) o c c u rs when a n e u t r a l
92
s tim u lu s i s p a i r e d r e p e a t e d l y w ith an i n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l u s .
The n e u t r a l s t i m u l u s a c q u i r e s an i n h i b i t o r y f u n c tio n o f
i t s own and i s c a p a b le o f i n h i b i t i n g th e r e s p o n s e to a
p o s i t i v e OS. A l l ty p e s o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n were
B im lla r , h o w e v er, i n h a v in g an i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t on p o s i
t i v e CRs, in d e v e lo p in g t h e i r i n h i b i t o r y c a p a c i ty
g r a d u a l l y , in b e in g s tr e n g th e n e d by r e p e t i t i o n , and i n b e
in g r e a d i l y d i s i n h i b i t e d by a sudden e x t e r n a l s t i m u l u s .
In r e f e r r i n g t o d i s i n h i b i t i o n P a v lo v em ph asized t h a t “th e
i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s i s more l a b i l e and more e a s i l y a f f e c t e d
th a n th e e x c i t a t o r y p r o c e s s . 1 '
K o n o rsk l ( 1 9 6 7 ) f u r t h e r re d u c e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e
tw een k in d s o f i n t e r n a l i n h i b i t i o n , m a in ta in in g t h a t th e y
a l l r e s t on a s i n g l e p r o c e s s , e x t i n c t i o n , by w hich he m eant
"an y p ro c e d u re l e a d i n g to t h e d e c r e a s e o f t h e c o n d itio n e d
r e s p o n s e by n o n - r e i n f o r c e m e n t , w h e th e r t h i s p ro c e d u re co n
c e r n s t h e CS p r o p e r f a s in e x t i n c t i o n j , t h e OS form ed by
g e n e r a l i z a t i o n f a s in d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and c o n d itio n e d i n h i
b i t i o n ! , o r o n ly th e i n i t i a l p e r io d o f t h e CS-US i n t e r v a l . "
T h is l a s t p o i n t c o n c e rn in g i n h i b i t i o n o f d e la y s u g g e s ts
t h a t t h i s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s i s a k in d o f d i f f e r e n t i a
t i o n i n w h ich t h e CS i s t h e p e r i o d o f tim e o f th e d e la y
i n t e r v a l w ith t h e n e g a t i v e OS b e in g th e u n r e i n f o r c e d e a r l y
p a r t o f th e i n t e r v a l and th e p o s i t i v e OS b e in g th e l a t e r ,
r e i n f o r c e d p a r t o f t h e I n t e r v a l . As t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
p r o c e e d s , t h e OR e a r l y i n t h e i n t e r v a l i s e x ti n g u i s h e d ,
93
l e a v i n g o n ly t h e one o c c u r r i n g l a t e r . K o n o rs k l th e n
r e f e r s to any CS w hich h a s l o s t i t s c o n d itio n e d e f f e c t
th r o u g h " e x t i n c t i o n " ( i n t h e b ro a d s e n s e ) a s an i n h i b i t o r y
CS.
I n h i b i t i o n CSs, a lth o u g h b e in g s i m i l a r i n s o f a r as
a l l a r e b ro u g h t on th r o u g h n o n - r e i n f o r c e m e n t , can be
d iv id e d i n t o p rim a ry I n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l i ( th o s e c o n s i s t e n t l y
p r e s e n te d w ith o u t r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n a s i t u a t i o n i n w hich
UCSs a r e p r e s e n t e d ) and s e c o n d a ry I n h i b i t o r y s tim u li.
( th o s e s t i m u l i w h ich w ere p r e v i o u s l y p o s i t i v e CSs b u t
w hich have l o s t t h e i r CRb by e x t i n c t i o n t r a i n i n g ) . K onor-
s k i h a s shown t h a t t h e s e two ty p e s o f i n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l i
have d i f f e r e n t p r o p e r t i e s . The p rim a ry i n h i b i t o r y s tim u lu s
i s r e s i s t a n t to b e in g c o n d i t i o n e d , w h e re a s th e se c o n d a ry
i n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l u s can b e e a s i l y r e - c o n d i t i o n e d by one o r
few r e in f o r c e m e n t t r i a l s . On th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p rim a ry
i n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l u s , o n ce c o n d it i o n e d , can be r e a d i l y ex
t i n g u i s h e d i n a s h o r t tim e , w h e rea s th e s e c o n d a ry
i n h i b i t o r y s t i m u l u s , when c o n d it i o n e d , i s h i g h ly r e s i s t a n t
to e x t i n c t i o n . K o n o rs k l c o n c lu d e d t h a t " th e k in d o f
p rim a ry t r a i n i n g o f a g iv e n s t i m u l u s , w h e th e r e x c i t a t o r y
o r i n h i b i t o r y , d e te r m in e s i t s l a t e r p r o p e r t i e s : i t i s a s
d i f f i c u l t to tr a n s f o r m an e x c i t a t o r y CS i n t o an i n h i b i t o r y
one ( r e s i s t a n c e to e x t i n c t i o n ) , a s i t i s t o tr a n s f o r m a
p r i m a r i l y i n h i b i t o r y CS i n t o an e x c i t a t o r y one ( r e s i s t a n c e
to c o n d it i o n in g ) * " Prom t h i s e v id e n c e i t i s se en t h a t t h e
94
s ta te m e n t o f P a v lo v 's c o n c e rn in g th e l a b i l i t y o f th e
I n h i b i t o r y p r o o e s s a p p l i e s o n ly to s e c o n d a ry i n h i b i t o r y
s t i m u l i , th o s e whose h i s t o r y i s t h a t o f a p o s i t i v e OS.
H u l l 's O onoept o f I n h i b i t i o n
H u ll (1943) a l s o p o s t u l a t e d a k in d o f i n h i b i t i o n
w hloh a p p e a rs s i m i l a r a t f i r s t g la n c e to P a v l o v 's i n h i b i
t o r y s t a t e s in o e i t i s i n v a r i a b l y g e n e r a te d w henever r e
a c t i o n s a r e e l i c i t e d , w h e th e r o r n o t r e i n f o r c e m e n t o c c u r s .
He c a l l e d t h i s c o n d itio n " r e a c t i v e i n h i b i t i o n " ( I r )> and
r e l a t e d i t t o H o v la n d 's c o n c e p t o f " i n h i b i t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e
m e n t." How ever, H u ll was r e f e r r i n g to a f a t i g u e - t y p e o f
re s p o n s e d e crem e n t w hich d i s s i p a t e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y w ith
p a s s i n g tim e and i s a f u n c tio n o f th e am ount o f w ork i n
v o lv e d i n r e s p o n d in g . P a v l o v 's " i n h i b i t o r y s t a t e " d id n o t
d i s s i p a t e w ith t h e p a s s in g o f tim e a lo n e b u t c o n tin u e d to
b u i l d up o v e r days and o c c u rre d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y in t h e p r e
s e n c e o f one CS and n o t in t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n o t h e r . H u l l 's
c o n c e p t seems r e l a t e d to t h e s p e c i f i c r e s p o n s e b e in g
e l i c i t e d and th e work r e q u i r e d t o p ro d u ce t h a t r e s p o n s e .
P a v l o v 's c o n c e p t i s r e l a t e d to t h e s p e c i f i c s tim u lu s r a t h e r
th a n th e r e s p o n s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith i t s i n c e th e same r e
sp o n se i s r e a d i l y e l i c i t e d by a d i f f e r e n t s t i m u l u s .
The se co n d o f H u l l 's i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e p ts , c o n d i t i o n
ed i n h i b i t i o n ( BI r )f a c c o u n te d f o r s i t u a t i o n s i n w hich
re s p o n s e d e c re m e n ts w ere m a in ta in e d o v e r lo n g p e r i o d s o f
tim e and a o c o u n te d f o r s i t u a t i o n s in w hich d i f f e r e n t i a l
re s p o n s e d e c re m e n ts o c c u r r e d when amount o f w ork expended
was e q u a l . S in c e I r i s a k in to a n e g a t iv e d r i v e s t a t e ,
th e r e d u c t i o n o f w hich i s r e i n f o r c i n g , c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i
t i o n d e v e lo p s when s t i m u l i a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e o c c u rr e n c e
o f r e a c t i v e i n h i b i t i o n become c o n d itio n e d to i t . These
s t i m u l i become c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t o r s and a r e l a t e r
c a p a b le o f w eak en in g p o s i t i v e c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e s .
s I r m a n i f e s ts t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s tim u lu s g e n e r a l i z a
t i o n and i s c a p a b le o f b e in g d i s i n h i b i t e d . In t h e s e r e
s p e c t s s I r i s s i m i l a r to P a v l o v 's c o n c e p t o f i n t e r n a l
i n h i b i t i o n and a c c o u n ts f o r lo n g - te r m re s p o n s e d e c re m e n ts
su c h a s e x t i n c t i o n . H u ll h e ld t h a t i f r e in f o r c e m e n t
o c c u r s , " th e c o n s e q u e n t I n c r e a s e i n h a b i t s t r e n g t h („H_)
S i
w i l l so i n c r e a s e th e r e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l ( s Er ) t h a t when
t h e i n h i b i t o r y p o t e n t i a l ( I r ) a r i s i n g from t h e s u c c e s s iv e
r e a c t i o n s i s d e d u c te d , th e e f f e c t i v e r e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l
( sBr ) w i l l u s u a l l y be s u p e r t h r e s h o l d in am ount . . . "
( H u ll, 1 9 4 3 , p . 289)1
Prom t h i s s ta te m e n t t h e r e i s no p a r t i c u l a r r e a s o n
t o p r e d i c t th e g r a d u a l w aning in r e s p o n s e to b o th OS and
TJOS t h a t o c c u r s d i f f e r e n t i a l l y when OS and UOS a r e p a i r e d
th a n when th e y a r e n o t p a i r e d . The f a c t t h a t sHr was c o n -
s i d e r e d t o be a “s im p le p o s i t i v e g ro w th f u n c t i o n o f th e
num ber o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t s " a rg u e s a g a i n s t th e p r e d i c t i o n
t h a t i t w ould a l s o deoay as a f u n c t i o n o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
APPENDIX B
97
98
APPENDIX B
E f f e c t o f D i s p a r i t y . I n o o n g r u ity and S u r p r i s e on UORs
In a d d i t i o n to s t u d i e s o f th e u n c e r t a i n t y v a r i a b l e ,
a n o th e r d e m o n s tr a tio n o f th e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t ( o r e x p e c ta
t i o n f a c t o r ) i s th e o c c u r re n c e o f th e ‘'p e r c e p t u a l d i s
p a r i t y r e s p o n s e " w h ich i s an i n c r e a s e in UOR m ag n itu d e
o c c u r r i n g to an im p ro p e rly cued UOS when com pared w ith th e
r e s p o n s e to th e same UOS when p r o p e r ly cued ( G r in g s , I 9 6 0 ) .
T h a t i s , th e d i s p a r i t y betw een t h e e x p e c te d s tim u lu s and
th e one a c t u a l l y r e c e i v e d b r i n g s a b o u t an augm ented r e
s p o n s e . The m a g n itu d e o f t h e d i s p a r i t y re s p o n s e h a s been
fo u n d t o v a ry w ith th e s t r e n g t h o f t h e a n t i c i p a t o r y r e
sp o n se w h ich i s , i n t u r n , a f u n c t i o n o f t h e num ber o f p r i o r
r e i n f o r c e m e n t t r i a l s (G rin g s and Kimmel, 1958) and w i l l
v a ry w ith th e d i r e c t i o n o f d i s p a r i t y ; t h a t i s , t h e AR w i l l
be l a r g e r w h e th e r th e a c t u a l s t i m u l a t i o n was s t r o n g e r o r
w e ak e r th a n t h a t f o r w hich th e s u b j e c t was p r e p a re d
( G r in g s , ejt a l . , 1 9 5 9 ). A " te m p o ra l" d i s p a r i t y r e s p o n s e
can a l s o be p ro d u ce d by p r e s e n t i n g th e UOS a t some tim e
o t h e r th a n t h a t u se d i n th e o r i g i n a l c o n d i t i o n i n g ( G r in g s ,
1 9 6 5 ).
B ru n e r and Postm an (194-9) * in d i s c u s s i n g t h e i r c o n
c e p t o f i n c o n g r u i t y , s t a t e d t h a t when p e r c e p t u a l e x p e c ta n
c i e s f a i l to be c o n firm e d , an in c o n g ru o u s s i t u a t i o n i s
p r e s e n t . The p e r c e i v e r 's b e h a v io r can be d e s c r i b e d a s
r e s i s t a n c e to th e r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e u n e x p e c te d o r In o o n -
99
g ru o u s . When th e p e r c e p t u a l p r o c e s s e s w h ich im plem ent
t h i s r e s i s t a n c e f a i l , p e r c e p t u a l d i s r u p t i o n may o c c u r .
The c o n c e p ts o f p e r c e p t u a l d i s p a r i t y and i n c o n g r u i t y
a r e r e l a t e d t o B e r l y n e 's " s u r p r i s i n g n e s s " w h ich r e f e r s to
o r i e n t i n g b e h a v io r o c c u r r i n g when "an u n h e ra ld e d change
in e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d it i o n s o c c u r s ." F or e x am p le, a r e
sp o n se o f s u r p r i s e o c c u r s when CSs h a b i t u a l l y p r e s e n t e d i n
one o r d e r a r e p r e s e n te d in a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r o r when one
k in d o f fo o d r e in f o r c e m e n t i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a n o th e r k in d
w h ich h a s h a b i t u a l l y been p r e s e n t e d . In dogs t h e r e s p o n s e
i s t h a t o f lo o k in g up and a b o u t r a t h e r th a n e n g a g in g in
t h e u s u a l consum m atory b e h a v io r .
A d a p tiv e V alu e o f P r e p a r a t o r y S e t
B e rly n e (I9 6 0 ) d i s t i n g u i s h e d betw een an " e x p e c ta
t i o n " ( o c c u r r i n g when an e v e n t t h a t c a l l s f o r a c t i o n i s p a r t
o f a r e g u l a r l y r e c u r r i n g se q u en c e o f e v e n ts so t h a t t h e
e x a c t r e s p o n s e t o be made can be a n t i c i p a t e d and p r e p a r e d
f o r ) and " a n t i c i p a t o r y a r o u s a l " ( o c c u r r in g when th e p r e
c i s e n a t u r e o f an im p en d in g e v e n t i s n o t know n). B o th
e x p e c t a t i o n and a n t i c i p a t o r y a r o u s a l h av e a d a p t iv e v a lu e
f o r t h e o rg a n is m , h ow ever, in p e r m i t t i n g r a p i d and
e n e r g e t i c a c t i o n when t h e e v e n t i s f i n a l l y d e t e c t e d , in
p r o d u c in g h e ig h te n e d s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s e n s e r e c e p t o r s ,
an d in a llo w in g slow b u ild - u p o f a r o u s a l r a t h e r th a n a
sudden s h a rp i n c r e a s e ( B e rly n e , I9 6 0 , p . 1 8 6 ) .
100
! M a n ip u la tio n o f P e r c e p t u a l S e t Through I n s t m o t i o n s
i R e sp o n se s o f human s u b j e c t s have been r e a d i l y m an i
p u l a t e d by m eans o f I n s t r u c t i o n s and th ro u g h v e r b a l c u e s j
' t
1 I
; s u g g e s t i n g s t i m u l a t i o n a s In a s tu d y by G rin g s , e t a l . j
! I
j (1 9 6 2 ) I n w h ich s u b j e c t s w ere p r e s e n te d w ith th e v e r b a l |
I c u e s : “ c o o l b r e e z e ," “g re e n l i g h t , “ " s o f t m u s ic ," “d a rk j
ro o m ," “lo u d t o n e , " e t c . , w ith each cue fo llo w e d by t h e
i
a p p r o p r i a t e a c t u a l s t i m u l a t i o n . When t e s t c u e s , “e l e o t r l c |
i
sh o c k " and " s c a l d i n g w a te r" w ere p r e s e n te d (w ith o u t r e i n - j
1 |
f o rc e m e n t) t h e s u b j e c t s re sp o n d e d a t h ig h e r l e v e l s th a n
th e y d id t o t h e same w ords p r i o r to t r a i n i n g . In a d d i t i o n |
i j
tw e lv e o f t h e e ig h t y s u b j e c t s r e p o r t e d a c t u a l l y e x p e r l e n c - !
ln g e l e c t r i c sh o c k and one s u b j e c t th o u g h t he f e l t s c a l d
in g w a t e r .
In a n o th e r s tu d y u s in g v e r b a l s t i m u l i , " s t r o n g
s h o c k ," "medium s h o c k ," "weak s h o c k ," and "no s h o c k ,"
G rin g s and Z e ln e r (1965) fo u n d t h a t s u b j e c t s re s p o n d e d
s t r o n g e r t o t h e c u e s p r i o r to r e c e i v i n g e l e c t r i c sh o ck
th a n a f t e r r e c e i v i n g th e s h o c k s , I n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e s u b
j e c t ' s p e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e p r i o r to e n t e r i n g th e l a b o r a
t o r y i s an im p o r ta n t d e te r m in e r o f h i s r e s p o n s e l e v e l .
The u s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n s h a s been shown t o p ro d u c e |
c h an g e s In r e s p o n d in g even b e f o r e th e s u b j e c t h a s e x p e r
i e n c e d t h e e x p e r im e n ta l p a ra d ig m . G rin g s and L o c k h a rt
(1 9 6 5 ) fo u n d t h a t th e u se o f i n s t r u c t i o n s t h a t "no m ore !
! sh o c k s w i l l be g iv e n " b r i n g s a b o u t e x t i n c t i o n o f th e CR
! 101 !
I
I b e f o r e any n o n - r e i n f o r c e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f th e OR a re
!g iv e n . C h a t t e r j e e and E r ik s e n (1962) o b ta in e d s i m i l a r r e - j
s u i t s w ith h e a r t r a t e c o n d i t i o n i n g . In a n o th e r stu d y
IW ilson (1968) f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d d i f f e r e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n i n g , |
|th e n a c h ie v e d a sudden r e v e r s a l o f r e s p o n d in g t o t h e 08+ j
j I
land CS- by i n s t r u c t i n g t h e s u b j e c t s t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e
i
I o f th e two OSs was r e v e r s e d . The new OR was h i g h ly
| r e s i s t a n t t o e x t i n c t i o n even th o u g h no r e in f o r c e m e n ts w ere
jg iv e n a f t e r th e i n s t r u c t i o n s .
In a s tu d y o f a u d i o a n a l g e s i a ( d im in u tio n o f p a in by
sound) S te m b a o h (1 9 6 4 ) g ave d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s
d i f f e r e n t i n s t r u c t i o n s . One g ro u p was t o l d t h a t p a in
1
w ould be d im in is h e d w ith n o i s e , a n o th e r g ro u p was t o l d t h a t
! [
p a in w ould be g r e a t e r w ith n o i s e , a t h i r d g ro u p w a s 't o l d
t h a t p a in w ould be th e same r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n o i s e . The
g ro u p i n s t r u c t e d t o e x p e c t d e c r e a s e i n p a in re s p o n d e d
; p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y a s p r e d i o t e d . The o t h e r two g ro u p s gave
; am biguous r e s u l t s .
1
i W ith r e g a r d t o t h e UOR d im in u tio n e f f e c t , Peeke and
1G rin g s (1968) fo u n d t h a t i n s t r u c t i o n s to th e s u b j e c t s i n -
i
Ifo rm in g them o f t h e e x a c t te m p o ra l r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een CS
!an d UCS b ro u g h t a b o u t an im m ed iate UCR d e c re m e n t on t h e
; i
f i r s t r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l a s c o n t r a s t e d w ith s t u d i e s by Kimmel
(1 9 6 7 ) and B a x te r (1 9 6 6 ) i n w hich t h r e e o r f o u r r e i n f o r c e d
j t r i a l s w ere r e q u i r e d f o r UOR d im in u tio n t o o c c u r .
102
" P r e o e p tlo n " E x p la n a tio n o f UOR D im in u tio n
Lykken (1959) s u g g e s te d t h a t th e p r e p a r a t o r y r e
sp o n se a p p e a r s t o h a v e t h e e f f e c t o f s e n s o r y s u p p r e s s io n ,
e i t h e r a s th e r e s u l t o f r a i s i n g t h e t h r e s h o l d f o r a
p a r t i c u l a r s tim u lu s o r by r e d u c in g t h e " a d m itta n c e " o r
a m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r o f th e a f f e r e n t sy ste m in v o lv e d .
U nder d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s t h i s p r e p a r a t i o n r e s p o n s e c o u ld
a l s o have th e o p p o s ite e f f e c t o f s e n s i t i z a t i o n th r o u g h a
s e l e c t i v e lo w e rin g o f s e n s o ry t h r e s h o l d s o r an i n c r e a s e
in a f f e r e n t " a d m i t ta n c e ." He d e s ig n a te d t h i s p r e p a r a t i o n
r e s p o n s e a s " p r e c e p t i o n . " When t h e r e s p o n s e i s t h a t o f
s u p p r e s s io n i t i s n e g a t i v e p r e c e p t i o n ; when i t i s t h a t o f
s e n s i t i z a t i o n i t i s p o s i t i v e p r e c e p t i o n . N e g a tiv e p r e
c e p tio n i s m ost l i k e l y when t h e s tim u lu s i s u n a v o id a b le o r
t h e g e n e r a l s t r e s s l e v e l i s below a c r i t i c a l v a l u e . P o s i
t i v e p r e c e p t i o n i s m ost l i k e l y when th e s tim u lu s i s a cue
f o r an i n s t r u m e n t a l r e a c t i o n o f some v a lu e t o th e i n d i v i
d u a l , o r when th e g e n e r a l l e v e l o f s t r e s s i s above t h e
c r i t i c a l v a l u e . N e g a tiv e p r e c e p t i o n w ould be p r e d i c t e d to
o c c u r i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g w ith an a v e r s l v e UOS and
t h e r e s u l t i n g s e n s o ry s u p p r e s s io n w ould be se e n in UOR
d im in u tio n . P o s i t i v e p r e c e p t i o n w ould be p r e d i o t e d to
o c c u r i f t h e a v e r s l v e UOS w ere a cue f o r an i n s t r u m e n t a l
r e s p o n s e .
A r e l a t e d p r e d i c t i o n was made by Kimmel (1966) t h a t
UOR d e c re m e n t w ould n o t o c c u r when t h e OR was made i n s t r u -
103
!m e n ta l, t h a t I s , when I t was a d a p t iv e f o r t h e o rg a n is m to
I make an e a r l y OR r a t h e r th a n a d e la y e d o n e . Some e v id e n c e
; h a s a c c ru e d t h a t CRs do n o t show d e c re m e n t when th e y a r e
i
imade I n s t r u m e n t a l , h o w ev er, a s i m i l a r e f f e c t on UOR h a s
n o t been r e p o r t e d .
APPENDIX C
104
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
105
APPENDIX 0
INTERVALS BETWEEN TONE AND SHOOK
PRESENTATIONS FOR TREATMENT J
T one-S hock I n t e r v a l
No to n e
35 se c o n d s
10
20
30
3
30
15
30
10
No to n e
3 se c o n d s
20
40
10
25
50
3
2
30
30
5
8
APPENDIX D
106
107
APPENDIX D
SCHEDULE OP INTER-SHOOK INTERVALS
POR ALL TREATMENTS
I n t e r v a l
Betw een
S hocks
1 • “ 2
53
2 - 3
40
3
- 4 40
4
- 5
38
5
- 6
65
6
- 7 45
7 - 8
55
8
- 9 50
9
- 10
53
10 - 11
35
11 - 12 40
12
- 13
48
13
- 14 60
14
- 15 35
15
- 16 30
16
- 17
62
17 - 18 35
18
- 19
70
19
- 20 45
20 - 21 32
21 - 22 35
22
- 23
38
D u ra tio n
o f
I n t e r v a l

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Creator Peeke, Shirley Claire (author)

Core Title Some Factors Affecting Ucr Diminution

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, experimental

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Grings, William W. (committee chair), Cliff, Norman (committee member), Zimmer, Russel L. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-418419

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