University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Time And Man-Nature Value-Orientations As Related To Sex Identity, Ethnicidentity, And Socioeconomic Status And As Predictors Of Academic Success

(USC Thesis Other)

Time And Man-Nature Value-Orientations As Related To Sex Identity, Ethnicidentity, And Socioeconomic Status And As Predictors Of Academic Success

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-4533 LAHR, Donald George, 1927- TIME AND MAM-NATURE VALUE-ORIENTATIONS AS RELATED TO SEX IDENTITY, ETHNIC IDEN TITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC SUCCESS. University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1968 Education, theory and practice University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan TIME AND MAN-NATURE VALUE-ORIENTATIONS AS RELATED TO SEX IDENTITY, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC SUCCESS by ’ Donald George Lahr A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d to th e FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e R eq u irem en ts f o r th e Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (E d u ca tio n ) Ju ne 1968 UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LO S ANGELES, CALIFO RNIA 9 0 0 0 7 This dissertation, written by . ....................... D on ald .G eorge L ah r........................ under the direction of hi.s.....Dissertation Com mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R OF P H IL O S O P H Y Dean Date... J.vm e.,..1..9.6.8. ' a tto n c o m m it t : Chairman TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OP TABLES.................................................................. . . . . . i v C h a p te r I . INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 The Problem I I . REVIEW OP THE LITERATURE.............................................. 15 V alu es and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n R e se a rc h M an-Nature O r i e n t a t i o n and R e la te d T heories* C oncepts and R e se arch Time O r i e n t a t i o n Summary o f th e Review o f th e L i t e r a t u r e I I I . . PLANNING AND CONDUCTING THE PIELD STUDY . . I l l I n t r o d u c t i o n I n s tr u m e n t S e l e c t i o n o f th e Sample C o l l e c t i o n o f School R ecords D ata A d m i n is tr a t iv e P ro ced u re Summary IV. METHODS OP A N A L Y S IS ........................................................ 123 I n t r o d u c t i o n I n d i c e s o f Sex and E t h n i c i t y Socioeconom ic Index S t a t i s t i c a l Methods o f A n a ly s is R e l i a b i l i t y Summary V. FINDINGS: HYPOTHESIS ONE AND TWO.......................... 165 I n t r o d u c t i o n A n a ly s is and D is c u s s io n : H y p o th e sis One A n a ly s is and D is c u s s io n : H y p o th e sis Two Summary i i C h ap ter Page | V I. INTRODUCTION 297 A n a ly s is and D is c u s s io n : Non-Negro Sample A n a ly s is and D is c u s s io n ; Negro Non-Negro Sample Summary V I I. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . 371 The Problem P ro c e d u re s V a l i d a t i o n o f H ypotheses C o n c lu sio n s Recommendations Recommendations f o r F u r t h e r Study BIBLIOGRAPHY 394: APPENDIXES 399: r APPENDIX A. VALUE-ORIENTATION SCHEDULE . APPENDIX B . DIRECTIONS ■ 407 i l l LIST OP TABLES T able 1. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A pproxim ate Mean M onthly Rent ............................................................................ 2. O c c u p a tio n a l and R e s i d e n t i a l C la s s W eights ............................................. . . . . . 3 . T r a n s l a t i o n o f Summed W eights i n t o Com posite Socioeconom ic C la ss ............................... 4. K u der-R Ichard son R e l i a b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s M an-Nature O r i e n t a t i o n O v e r-S u b je c t P r e f e r e n c e .............................................. 5 . K u d er-R ich ardson R e l i a b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t . T im e - O r ie n ta tio n F u t u r e - P r e s e n t P r e f e r e n c e ............................................................................ i 6 . S in g le Ite m C onsensus: .Man-Nature .......................... 7. S in g le Ite m P a t t e r n i n g : Man-Nature ......................... 8 . T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : Man-Nature . . . 9. Between A g gregate D i f f e r e n c e s i n Man-Nature T o tal- O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : S u b je c t P r e f e r r e d to Over P r e f e r e n c e . . . * 10. Between A g g reg ate D i f f e r e n c e s i n Man-Nature T o t a l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : S u b je c t P r e f e r r e d to W ith P r e f e r e n c e . . . . 11. Between A ggregate D i f f e r e n c e s i n Man-Nature T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : Over P r e f e r r e d to W ith P r e f e r e n c e .................... 12. S in g le Ite m -C o n s e n s u s : Time . ............................... 1 3 . S in g le Item P a t t e r n i n g : Time ......................................... 14. T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : Time . ..................... i v Page ; 132 I 1 134 ; 135: I 163 | ? t 1 6 3 i 1 6 8 | 177! 186 | i I 1951 j i | 1 9 9 !' 203 | 236 245 254 T able 15. 1 6 . 17. 1 8 . 19. Page Between A ggregate D i f f e r e n c e s i n Time T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : P r e s e n t P r e f e r r e d to F u tu re P re f e r e n c e . . . Between A ggregate D i f f e r e n c e s in Time T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : P a s t P r e f e r r e d to P r e s e n t . . . . .................... Between A ggregate D i f f e r e n c e s in ■ Time T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g : P a s t P r e f e r r e d to F u tu re P r e f e r e n c e . . . . The E f f e c t o f Sex I d e n tity ,, Socioeconom ic C la s s and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n upon Academic S u ccess ............................... . . . . . . The E f f e c t o f E th n ic I d e n t i t y and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n upon Academic S uccess . . | \ i 1 263 ! 267 ! i 2 7 1 1 300 | 3 5 1 ! v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I The g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n h a s been d ev elo p ed t h a t an e s - : i ! i j s e n t i a l ele m e n t o f th e co ntem porary American e th o s i s a b e - * | ; i l i e f i n a r a t i o n a l l y o r g a n iz e d s o c i a l and p h y s i c a l universe.* T h is can be t r a c e d to th e se m in a l work o f Max Weber and h a s i Sbeen fo llo w e d by such t h e o r i s t s and i n t e r p r e t e r s as T a l c o t t ; P a rs o n s , F red S tr o d tb e c k , Roger Brown, David McKinley and o t h e r s . A lso , draw ing h e a v i l y upon W eb er's P r o t e s t a n t E t h i c and th e S p i r i t o f C a p ita lis m , many s o c i o l o g i s t s a c - I ,, ; c e p t th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t th e d e f e r r i n g o f p r e s e n t g r a t i f i - j c a t i o n f o r f u t u r e rew ard and th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e f u t u r e o v e r th e p r e s e n t o r th e p a s t a r e a ls o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y A m erican, p a r t i c u l a r l y m i d d l e - c l a s s A m erican. P a rso n s , i n ] i p a r t i c u l a r , i n d i c a t e s i n h i s e x p l i c a t i o n s o f Weber how t h i s j f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n i s c l o s e l y c o n n e c te d to th e b e l i e f i n a j 1 2 " 3 4 5! r a t i o n a l u n i v e r s e which man can and sh o u ld c o n t r o l . 3 i — ] ^Max Weber, The P r o t e s t a n t E th i c and th e S p i r i t o f C a p ita lis m , t r a n s l a t e d by T a l c o t t P a rso n s ( Chicagos C h a rle s S c r i b n e r , 1950). | p ! T a l c o t t P a rs o n s , The S t r u c t u r e o f S o c i a l A ctio n ; (New York: F ree P re s s o f G lencoe’ , 1949). j 2 F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F red S tr o d tb e c k , in t h e i r book V a r i a t i o n s i n Value O r i e n t a t i o n s , c o n tin u e d th e d e velopm ent o f Clyde K luckh olm 's c o n c e p t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s as b e in g a b r i d g in g betw een th e e x i s t e n t i a l and v a lu - a t i v e and a s b e in g b a s i c to p a t t e r n s o f a c u l t u r e . F l o r ence Kluckholm advanced th e id e a t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s m a n if e s t th e m se lv e s i n p a t t e r n s o f p r e f e r e n c e and t h a t th e s e p a t t e r n s v a ry betw een and w ith in a c u l t u r e . She and h e r a s s o c i a t e s s e t a b o u t to t e s t t h i s v a r i a t i o n betw een c u l t u r e s . The s tu d y was c o n d u cted i n f i v e sm a ll r u r a l com m u n itie s which were th o u g h t to r e p r e s e n t f i v e d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s . Among th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s which F lo re n c e K luck holm d e s c r ib e d and employed i n h e r f i e l d s tu d y , were th e Man-Nature and Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s . The Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w ith i t s Man-Over, Man-With, and Man- S u b j e c t - to -N a tu re and th e Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w ith i t s F u tu r e , P r e s e n t and P a s t a l t e r n a t i v e s a p p e a r to have a c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d c o n c e p ts grow ing o u t o f th e work o f Max Weber. T h is becomes more ^F red S tr o d tb e c k , "Fam ily I n t e r a c t i o n , V alue and A chievem ent," T a le n t and S o c i e t y , ed . by David M cC lelland | ( P r in c e to n : D. Van N o s tra n d , 1959). 4 D avid M cC lellan d, e t a l . , The Achievem ent Motive (New York: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry , 1953)• ^David McKinley, S o c i a l C la s s and Fam ily L if e (New York: Free P r e s s o f G lencoe, 1954). a p p a r e n t i n F lo re n c e K luck holm 's d i s c u s s i o n o f th e s e o r i e n t a t i o n s where she s t i p u l a t e s t h a t th e dom inant American m i d d l e - c l a s s p a t t e r n s a re M an-O ver-N ature o v e r M an-S ub ject- to - N a tu r e o v e r M an-W ith-Nature and F u t u r e - o v e r - P r e s e n t - o v e r - P a s t . ^ l | Numerous s t u d i e s by e d u c a to r s and s o c i o l o g i s t s have l e d to th e commonly a c c e p te d knowledge t h a t s o c i a l s t a t u s , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , and, to some exten t,, sex i d e n t i t y ., i s c o r - i I [ r e la te d w ith academ ic success., o r , as some have p u t i t , ■ jth ese v a r i a b l e s p r e d i c t academ ic s u c c e s s . C lo s e r exam ina- jtio n o f t h i s a lm o st c o n v e n tio n a l wisdom r e v e a l s t h a t what j jis u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to by th e s e s t a te m e n ts i s th e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t when s t u d e n t p o p u l a t i o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o s o c i a l sta tu s ., c a t e g o r i e s , by some o c c u p a ti o n a l , r e s i d e n t i a l o r o t h e r s o c i a l s t a t u s s c a l e t h a t th e h i g h e r th e r a n k in g o f th e c a te g o r y , th e h i g h e r th e a v e ra g e t e s t s c o r e s o r o f o t h e r i n d i c e s o f academ ic s u c c e s s . Also c a t e g o r i z a t i o n by sex and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y o f t e n r e s u l t s i n th e s e o b se rv ed d i f f e r e n c e s . i A n a ly s is o f t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n p o i n t s to th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t th e dem ographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n , p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e , e t c . , and s e x u a l and e th n i c i d e n t i t y a re n o t c a u s a t i v e o f th e o b se rv e d l e v e l s o f a c a - ^ F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F re d S tr o d tb e c k , V a r i a t i o n s in V alu e O r i e n t a t i o n s (E v an ston : Row, P e te r s e n and Co., 1961). 4 j demic s u c c e s s . I t h as been d e m o n stra te d by many i n v e s t i g a - ; t o r s t h a t th e s e dem ographic i n d i c e s may be tak en a s i n d i c e s : l o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l i f e s ty le s ., s o c i a l s k i l l s , v a lu e s , a t t i t u d e s and b e l i e f s o f s o c i a l s t a t u s , sex and e th n i c a g g re - ; g a t e s , and i t i s g e n e r a l l y a g re e d t h a t i t i s th e s e l a t t e r b e h a v i o r a l f a c t o r s which a r e r e l a t e d to th e o b se rv e d l e v e l s o f academ ic s u c c e s s . R e c e n tly many i n v e s t i g a t o r s have a tte m p te d to i s o l a t e th e s e socioeconom ic s t a t u s , sex and e th n i c r e l a t e d b e h a v i o r a l f a c t o r s and to examine t h e i r c o n n e c tio n to academ ic j s u c c e s s .a n d o t h e r sc h o o l r e l a t e d b e h a v io r . The work o f I " Weber, o f th o s e f o llo w in g h i s i d e a s , and t h a t o f th e K luck- h o lm 's and F red S tr o d tb e c k i n d i c a t e s t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e among th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s , e th n i c and p e r h a p s sex i d e n t i t y r e l a t e d f a c t o r s . Some, e m p i r ic a l i n v e s t ! - j g a ti o n a t l e a s t i n d i r e c t l y s u p p o r ts t h i s . A lso, i t seems j l t q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s may be among th o s e | \ r e l a t e d f a c t o r s c o n n e c te d w ith sc h o o l s u c c e s s . ! | These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , as o u t l i n e d i n t h i s i n t r o d u c - j j t i o n , have g u id e d t h i s r e s e a r c h e r i n th e developm ent o f th e j prob lem and th e su b seq u e n t h y p o th e s e s , p ro c e d u re and a n a l y - j | s i s . 5 The Problem S ta te m en t o f th e Problem 1. Do sex i d e n t i t y j e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s i n f l u e n c e p a t t e r n s o f Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s ? 2. I f any o r a l l o f th e s e f a c t o r s o f sex i d e n t i t y j e th n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s do i n f lu e n c e p a t t e r n s o f Time and Man-Nature v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n by i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e a re d i f f e r ences in v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s betw een m ales and fem aleSj no.n-Negroes and NegroeSj and d i f f e r e n t socioeconom ic l e v e l s does p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n e x h i b i t e d by th e male a n d /o r non-Negro a n d /o r h i g h e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l i n f lu e n c e academ ic s u c c e s s ? A sample p o p u la tio n composed o f m ales and fe m a le sj Negroes and non-N egroes and f o u r socioeconom ic l e v e l s and drawn from a u n i v e r s e o f n i n t h g ra d e s o c i a l s t u d i e s c l a s s e s i n t h r e e u rb a n j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o ls was examined to d is c o v e r w h e th er sex i d e n t i t y j e th n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s i n f l u e n c e d p a t t e r n s o f Time and Man-Nature v a lu e - - o r i e n t a t i o n s . The same sample was a g a in s t u d i e d to f i n d o u t i f th e Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e s e x h i b i t e d by th e male a n d /o r Negro a n d /o r h i g h e s t s t a t u s a g - g r e g a t e was im p o r ta n t i n p r e d i c t i n g academ ic s u c c e s s , ; A r e s e a r c h e r c o n s t r u c t e d a d a p t a t i o n o f th e Time and j Man-Nature s e c t i o n s o f th e Kluckholm and S tro d tb e c k "V alu e-i " O rie n ta tio n Schedule" a s i t was u s e d to m easure v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s . School g ra d e s and s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t j s c o r e s were employed a s i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s . H ypotheses | Pour g e n e r a l h y p o th e s e s were f o rm u la te d to se rv e as j 1 g u id e s f o r th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , They were: j ! 1. The m an -n a tu re v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f a g g r e g a te s j o f th e sample p o p u la tio n w i l l v a ry w ith e t h n i c i d e n t i t y j f sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic l e v e l . ! a* Non-Negroes w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f - : e re n c e f o r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e as com- j i p a re d to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l N egroes. b. Males w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to j th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l j f e m a le s . c . H igher socioeconom ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e as compared to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l low er socioeconom ic l e v e l s . d. When th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y , sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic l e v e l | j a r e combined (1) th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f th e h i g h e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l , m ale, non-Negro ..aggregate j ■will be M an-Over-Nature o v e r M an-W ith-Nature i ov er M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re and th e v a l u e - o r i e n - j t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e lo w e st socioeconom ic j i l e v e l , fem a le , Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be Man- j S u b j e c t - to - N a t u r e o v e r M an-W ith-N ature o v e r j j M an-O ver-N ature, j i i (2) The i n t e r v e n i n g p a t t e r n s w i l l be Man-Over-Na- j t u r e o v e r M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re o v e r Man-With- N a tu re , and M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re o v e r Man- i i O ver-N ature o v e r M an-W ith-N ature, | \ I The tim e o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f a g g r e g a te s o f th e sample p o p u la tio n w i l l v a ry w ith e th n i c i d e n t i t y , sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic l e v e l . a . Non-Negroes w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e re n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l N egroes, b . Males w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l fe m a le s . ) c. H igher socioeconom ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r j ; j p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared j to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l low er s o c i o economic l e v e l s , d. When th e v a r i a b l e s o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y j sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic l e v e l s a r e combined (1) The v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f th e h i g h e s t . socioeconom ic l e v e l , m ale, non-Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be F u t u r e - o v e r - P r e s e n t - o v e r - P a s t ; and th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n .p a t t e r n f o r th e lo w e st s o c i o economic l e v e l , fem a le , Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be P r e s e n t - o v e r - F u t u r e - o v e r - P a s t . (2) The i n t e r v e n i n g p a t t e r n w i l l be F u tu re e q u a ls P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t . 3. P r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over as compared to th e S u bject, a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l p r e d i c t academ ic s u c c e s s . 4, P r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re as compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l p r e d i c t academ ic s u c c e s s . Im p o rtan ce o f th e Study The v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t a s d ev elo p ed by th e Kluckholms i n c lu d e d th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t man f a c e s c e r t a i n u n i v e r s a l p ro b le m s. Among th e s e u n i v e r s a l problem s a re m an 's r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e n a t u r a l e nviro nm ent and m an's o r i e n t a t i o n tow ard tim e . I t i s f u r t h e r p ro p o se d t h a t th e ty p e s o f a l t e r n a t e s o l u t i o n s to th e s e problem s a r e l i m i t e d and t h a t d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s p r e f e r d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s o f [ p r e f e r e n c e . U sing tim e o r i e n t a t i o n a s an exam ple, th e a l - ; i t e r n a t i v e s a re th e p a s t , p r e s e n t and th e f u t u r e and t h e r e j a r e s i x p o s s i b l e p r e f e r e n c e o r d e r i n g s o f th e s e t h r e e a l t e r - i n a t i v e s . In t h e i r f i e l d s tu d y d e s c r ib e d i n V a r i a t i o n s i n j Value O r i e n t a t i o n , F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F red S tro d tb e c k j a tte m p t to m easure th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f f i v e r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll, i s o l a t e d com m unities i n th e American S o u th w est and to r e l a t e th e o b se rv e d v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s ; | to b e h a v i o r a l p a t t e r n s i n th e s e com m unities. j R e l a t i v e l y d i s t i n c t r e l i g i o u s , la n g u a g e , e t h n i c | i d e n t i t y , and o t h e r s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h in and d i f f e r e n c e s b e - ; tween th e s e com m unities and th e f a c t o f t h e i r occupying a r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r l y d e f in e d g e o g ra p h ic space made i t p ossib le! I to t r e a t th e s e f i v e c o m m u n itie s ' as s e p a r a t e and d i s t i n c t s o c i e t i e s each w ith i t s own p a r t i c u l a r c u l t u r e . These com- im u n itie s p ro v id e d a c o n v e n ie n t l a b o r a t o r y f o r t e s t i n g th e 7 i v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t. | However, i t i s w e ll known t h a t th e co ntem porary j i i American t y p i c a l l y does n o t r e s i d e i n i s o l a t e d v i l l a g e s o r on th e la n d , b u t i s i n c r e a s i n g l y an u rb an d w e l le r . A l though f i n d i n g s and c o n c lu s io n s basedivupon i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n i s o l a t e d r u r a l com m unities may h e lp to e s t a b l i s h th e 7I b id . i o ; ; v a l i d i t y o f a c o n c e p t and may be c o n s id e r e d h e u r i s t i c f o r j u rb a n man, i t would seem d e s i r a b l e to c o n tin u e th e i n v e s t i - | g a t i o n i n an u rb an s e t t i n g , j Moving from th e r u r a l to th e u rb an s e t t i n g th e i n - | v e s t i g a t o r i s q u ic k ly c o n fr o n te d w ith th e prob lem o f th e I c o m p le x ity o f th e g ro u p in g o f human a g g r e g a t e s . The open i ; i q u e s tio n o f th e n a tu r e and th e e x i s t e n c e o r n o n - e x is te n c e o f th e phenomena o f s o c i a l c l a s s e s , th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e th n i c and s o c i a l s t a t u s f a c t o r s and i n f l u e n c e o f p a r - j t i c u l a r s o c i a l r o l e s a l l f a c e th e r e s e a r c h e r . The e s t a b - j lis h m e n t o f th e b o u n d a rie s o f h i s a g g r e g a te s i s n e i t h e r • j : ' I sim ple n o r c o n v e n ie n t. R e ly in g a s much as p o s s i b l e upon j p r e v io u s r e s e a r c h he n e v e r t h e l e s s f i n d s t h a t he must e s - j t a b l i s h b o u n d a rie s which c o n ta in a d e g re e o f a r b i t r a r i n e s s * ; The v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n co m p a riso n s, which a re made i n th e ; :u rb an s e t t i n g , a re d e riv e d from th e m easurem ent o f th e j I i o r i e n t a t i o n s o f a g g re g a te s whose b o u n d a rie s a re b a se d upon d i s t i n c t i o n s made w i t h in a s o c i e t y r a t h e r th an b e in g d e r i v e d from th e m easurem ent o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f a g g re g a te s which may each be c o n s id e r e d i n d i v i d u a l s o c i e t i e s w ith t h e i r u n iq u e c u l t u r e s . Summing up t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , i t can be s a i d t h a t th e i n i t i a l a r e a o f im p o rtan c e o f t h i s stu d y r e s t s upon: j ! ( l) th e a sse ssm e n t o f th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s w i t h in an u r - j ban r a t h e r th a n r u r a l c o n te x t; and ( 2 ) th e com parison o f th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t a g g r e g a te s w i t h in a 11 1 s o c i e t y , r a t h e r th a n th e com parison o f the- v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t s o c i e t i e s . In t h i s stu d y th e r e l a t i o n o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s to b e h a v i o r a l p a t t e r n s i s r e s t r i c t e d to a s i n g l e r a t h e r • th a n l i m i t e d a r e a , t h a t o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p to academ ic s u c c e s s ; and th e method o f a n a l y s i s o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s b a se d upon s t a t i s t i c a l m ethods r a t h e r th a n upon th e r e l a t i v e l y i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c v e r b a l - d e s c r i p t i v e m ethodology o f a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l f i e l d work. T his second a r e a o f im p o rtan c e f o c u s e s upon th e q u e s t io n o f w h e th er o r n o t w ith a d i s s i m i - i l a r sample and em ploying o t h e r m ethods o f a n a l y s i s a r e l a - : t i o n s h i p betw een valu e, o r i e n t a t i o n and b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s can be e s t a b l i s h e d . ' T his second a r e a o f Im p o rtan ce i s c l o s e l y c o n n ected to th e t h i r d a r e a , t h a t o f th e g e n e r a l q u e s t io n o f ' t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f v a lu e s to c o n d u c t. A lthough t h i s r e s e a r c h ! would n o t be so b o ld a s to m a in ta in t h a t I t h a s found a n sw ers to t h i s b ro a d and im p o r ta n t q u e s t io n , I t would a s s e r t th e more m odest c la im t h a t i t c o u ld make a n o th e r c o n t r i b u t i o n to u n d e rs ta n d in g i n t h i s a r e a . C e r t a i n l y d e m o n s tra t- ; in g a s t a t i s t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een o b se rv e d v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s and i n d i c e s o f academ ic s u c c e s s does ; n o t p rov e t h a t a g iv e n p a t t e r n o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s r e s u l t s i n a g iv e n l e v e l o f academ ic s u c c e s s much l e s s t e l l : how o r u n d e r what c o n d i t i o n s t h i s t a k e s p l a c e . However, th e d e m o n s tr a tio n o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p does su g - 12: ‘ g e s t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e c au se and e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p ; >and th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f such a r e l a t i o n s h i p would a p p e a r | to be a n e c e s s a r y p r e c o n d i ti o n to th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e j how and why. I F i n a l l y , t h i s stu d y c o u ld h e lp to add to t h e .u n d e r - i s ta n d in g o f th o s e s o c i a l f a c t o r s which le a d to academ ic j s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e . I f v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s a re i n - I deed a s s o c i a t e d w ith l e v e l s o f academ ic ach iev em en t and j i i c e r t a i n p a t t e r n s i n s t r u m e n t a l to s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e , i t i seems t h a t i t would be im p o r ta n t to u n d e rs ta n d th e n a tu r e j o f th e s e o r i e n t a t i o n s , th e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e i r developm ent ! and how to f o s t e r th o s e which would c o n t r i b u t e to d e s i r a b l e ! i i outcom es. E x p la n a tio n o f A b b re v ia te d Terms and Symbolic N o ta tio n The Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l j i g e n e r a l l y be s t a t e d i n a b b r e v i a t e d form . The e x te n d e d formj j w i l l be u s e d o c c a s i o n a l l y f o r p u rp o s e s o f em phasis. The j a b b r e v i a t e d forms w i l l b e: Over s u b s t i t u t e d f o r Man-Over- j N a tu re , S u b je c t s u b s t i t u t e d f o r M a n -S u b je c t-to - N a tu r e , and \ With s u b s t i t u t e d f o r M an-W ith-N ature. j The sym bolic n o t a t i o n s f o r I n t e r n a l p r e f e r e n c e d e- j v e lo p e d by F red S tr o d tb e c k w i l l be employed. They a r e : | 1 3 ! SYMBOLIC NOTATION FOR INTERNAL PREFERENCE PATTERNS. j C onventions f o r th e u se o f th e c o n n e c tin g symbols and when we u se them to d e s c r i b e th e j r e s u l t s o f th e a n a l y s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n , | a re b e s t d e fin e d by exam ple. A>B>C means t h a t a l l [ t h r e e p r e f e r e n c e s (A o v e r B, A o v e r C, and B o v e r C) | h o ld a t th e .05 l e v e l o r b e t t e r . As B>C means t h a t j o n ly A o v e r C and B o v e r C h o ld a t th e .05 l e v e l ; j even though A p r e f e r r e d to B i s more f r e q u e n t a r e - j sponse th an B p r e f e r r e d to A, th e fre q u e n c y does n o t r e a c h th e r e q u i r e d .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . A>BS C means t h a t o n ly A o v e r B and A o v e r C h o ld a t th e .05 l e v e l — even though B i s p r e f e r r e d to C more o f t e n th an C i s p r e f e r r e d to B. A>B£C* means t h a t o n ly th e j p r e f e r e n c e o f A o v e r C r e a c h e s th e .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f - I i c a n c e . And f i n a l l y , A&BSC means t h a t none o f th e ! p r e f e r e n c e f r e q u e n c i e s w i t h in th e p a i r s r e a c h e s th e ( .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . I t may happen t h a t f r e - j q u e n c ie s o f p r e f e r e n c e s a r e e x a c t l y e q u a l betw een two j a l t e r n a t i v e s , In which c a se th e ,,=" s ig n w i l l be u se d j w ith i t s c o n v e n tio n a l meaning ( e . g . , A = B = C ) . ” P ro ced u re B a s i c a l l y th e p ro c e d u re f o r t h i s stu d y was: 1 . d e f i n i t i o n o f th e problem , 2 . s ta te m e n t o f r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s e s r e l a t i n g to th e p ro blem , 3 . rev ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d to th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t, b e l i e f i n c o n t r o l o f th e en v iro n m en t, tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , and r e l a t i o n s h i p o f b e l i e f i n c o n t r o l and tim e o r i e n t a t i o n to s o c i a l s t a t u s , 4. d e v e lo p in g th e r e s e a r c h d e sig n and th e p la n o f th e f i e l d s tu d y , 5 . c o n d u c tin g th e f i e l d s tu d y , 8I b i d . , p. 77. 6 . rev ie w and a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s , and 7 . c o n c lu s io n s and recom m endations f o r f u r t h e r s tu d y . O r g a n iz a tio n . The rev ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e s e n t e d i n Chap t e r II.. C h ap ter I I I d e s c r i b e s ' th e p la n n in g and e x e c u tio n o f th e f i e l d s tu d y . In C h a p te r IV m ethods o f o r g a n iz in g th e d a ta , s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , and r e l i a b i l i t y a re e x p l a i n e d . The f i n d i n g s o f th e stu d y a re r e p o r t e d in C hap ter V and C h a p te r VI. C h a p te r V II c o n ta in s th e summary, co n c l u s i o n s and recom m endations f o r f u r t h e r s tu d y . CHAPIER I I REVIEW OF THE LI TER A TORE T his re v ie w c o n ta in s a d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f th e v a lu e and v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p ts upon w hich th e r e s e a r c h i n t h i s p a p e r I s b a s e d . P re v io u s p u b l i c l y a v a i l a b le r e s e a r c h i n th e f i e l d o f v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n s I s e x - . p l o r e d . The c o n c e p t o f M an-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n i s d e s c r ib e d , d is c u s s e d and compared to r e l a t e d t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p ts . E m p ir ic a l r e s e a r c h b a se d upoh r e l a t e d c o n c e p ts and ad hoc h y p o t h e s is i s exam ined, and th e f i n d i n g s and i n s i g h t s o f s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s and n o v e l i s t s , as th e y r e l a t e to th e mas- t e r y - s u b j u g a t i o n v a r i a n t s o f th e Man-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n , a r e rev ie w ed . The c o n c e p ts o f p r e s e n t , p a s t and f u t u r e tim e a re d e s c r i b e d . The i n t e r r e l a t e d c o n c e p ts o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e , h o r iz o n and o r i e n t a t i o n a r e examined and d i s t i n g u i s h e d from each o t h e r . Time o r i e n t a t i o n i s d e f in e d and d i s c u s s e d , and h y p o th e s e s a b o u t th e dom inant American tim e o r i e n t a t i o n a re d e s c r i b e d and compared. The l i t e r a t u r e on th e developm ent o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e i s e x p lo r e d . The l i t e r a t u r e on tim e p e r s p e c t i v e , h o r iz o n and o r i e n t a t i o n , and th e r e l a t e d con 15 c e p t o f d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n . , a s th e y a p p ly to s o c i a l c l a s s and sex d i f f e r e n c e s , s o c i a l and p s y c h o l o g ic a l d e v i- ancy, and academ ic a p t i t u d e and s u c c e s s i s exam ined. V a lu es and Y alue O r i e n t a t i o n D is c u s s io n s o f v a lu e s a r e d i f f i c u l t enough w it h - j o u t c o n fu s io n o v e r th e u se o f w ords. U n fo rtu n a te ly * j a number o f r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t te r m in o l o g i e s a re now | w id e ly em ployed. A group which i s c o n ce rn e d w ith I u n d e r s ta n d in g " a p ro b lem sh o u ld n o t spend much tim e j a rg u in g o v e r te rm in o lo g y , p r o v id e d th e u n d e r ly in g j m eanings can be c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d and l a b e l l e d ! i n some m u tu a lly c o m p re h en sib le way. 1 j Taking A lle n B a r t o n 's s ta te m e n t a s a p o i n t o f r e f - j e r e n c e , t h i s re v ie w o f l i t e r a t u r e s h a l l n o t a tte m p t an e x - j i h a u s t i v e d i s c u s s i o n o f v a l u e s . R a th e r , t h i s re v ie w w i l l j i c o n fin e i t s e l f to th e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g and e l a b o r a t i o n o f th e p a r t i c u l a r m eanings o f v a lu e , and more p r e c i s e l y , j v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n , a s .they have been p r e s e n t e d th ro u g h a r a t h e r l i m i t e d segm ent o f th e c o p io u s l i t e r a t u r e on v a lu e s . 2 A lle n B a r t o n 's a n a l y s i s and re v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e , i Clyde K lu ck h o lm 's e x p l o r a t i o n i n d e f i n i t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , ^ and F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F red S t r o d b e c k 's th e o r y ^ A llen B a rto n , "M easuring th e V a lu e s o f I n d i v i d u a l s , " R e li g i o u s E d u c a tio n , 57 ( J u l y 1 9 6 2) , S6 3 . 2I b i d . , p p . S63-S97. ^Clyde Kluckholm, "V alues and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s in th e Theory o f A c tio n : An E x p lo r a ti o n i n D e f i n i t i o n and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , " i n Toward a G e n era l Theory o f A c tio n , ed . by T a l c o t t P a rso n s and Edward A. S h i I s (New York: H a rp er & Row, 1951), PP. 388-433, 17 4 o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s w i l l se rv e a s th e p r i n c i p l e r e f e r - | e n c e s . j A lle n B a rto n , i n h i s a r t i c l e "M easuring th e V alues ! o f I n d i v i d u a l s , " m a k e s -fiv e d i s t i n c t i o n s f o r th e p u rp o se o f ; i n d i c a t i n g th e main c a t e g o r i e s o f t h in g s to which th e term ; v a lu e h a s been a p p li e d : These a r e : j D i s t i n c t i o n 1 D i s t i n c t i o n 2 D i s t i n c t i o n 3 V a lu es a s a t t r i b u t e s o f p e o p le o r a t t r i b u t e s o f o b j e c t s . V a lu es a s a t t r i b u t e s o f I n d i v i d u a l s o r o f c o l l e c t i v e s . V a lu es a s c o n s c io u s and v e r b a l i z e d s t a n d a r d s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l , o r as i n f e r e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t s made by th e . j r e s e a r c h e r from o b s e rv e d b e h a v io r . ; D i s t i n c t i o n 4: V a lu e s a s d e s i r e s o r o b l i g a t i o n s . j D i s t i n c t i o n 5: V alu es a s a few b a s i c , g e n e r a l s t a n d - ! a r d s o r t e n d e n c ie s o f c h o ic e , o r a s j a l l s p e c i f i c p r e f e r e n c e s o r s t a n d a r d s . 5 i These d i s t i n c t i o n s a r e a rra n g e d In o r d e r from th e m u tu a lly i n c l u s i v e to th e m u tu a lly e x c l u s i v e . In D i s t i n c t i o n 1 , th e v a lu e d o b j e c t and th e v a lu in g s u b j e c t r e f e r to one a n o th e r . As B a rto n e x p l a i n s , t h e r e a re " v a lu e d o b j e c t s o r a t t r i b u t e s " and t h e r e a re "v a lu e s ta n d a r d s " o f p e o p le . N e ith e r i s u n d e rs ta n d a b le w ith o u t r e f e r e n c e to th e o t h e r . ^ D i s t i n c t i o n 2 i n v o lv e s a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f fo c u s , w h e th er upon th e i n d i v i d u a l .or c o l l e c t i v e , and a complex i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f I n d i v i d u a l to c o l l e c t i v e v a lu e i n c l u d e s c o l l e c t i v e v a lu e c o n se n s u s, o rg a n - ^ F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F re d S tr o d tb e c k , V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s (E vanston : Row, P e te r s o n and C o., 1 9 6 1). ~ ^ B a rto n , l o c . c i t . I b i d . 18 i z e d i n c e n t i v e and s a n c tio n in g sy ste m s, th e p r o c e s s o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n - i n t o the' c o l l e c t i v e , and th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l .with- th e c o l l e c t i v e . W hile th e v a lu e s o f an i n - I d i v i d u a l can he view ed as a n o th e r p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e , j u s t a s m o tiv e s , a t t i t u d e s and h a b i t s a r e a t t r i b u t e s , B a rto n w arns t h a t : Terms l i k e "th e v a lu e s o f an o r g a n i z a t i o n , " " v a lu e s o f s o c i e t y , " o r " i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d v a lu e s " may sometimes be a u s e f u l s h o r t hand f o r some such i d e a s a s " v a lu e s h e ld by a m a j o r i t y o f th e members" o r "th e v a lu e s a c t u a l l y rew arded by th e s o c i a l sy s te m ," b u t th e y can a ls o be u se d t o . c o n c e a l a. f a i l u r e to t h in k th ro u g h th e I a c t u a l s o c i a l p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d i n th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h in c o l l e c t i v e u n i t y . 7 The t h i r d d i s t i n c t i o n p r e s e n t s o pp osin g a l t e r n a t i v e s . A ccep tin g b o th a l t e r n a t i v e s a s v a l i d d e s c r i p t i o n s r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l q u a l i f i c a t i o n . B a rto n r e f e r s to Clyde K luckholm ’s d e f i n i t i o n o f v a lu e s a s an a tte m p t to compromise th e a p p a r e n t c o n f l i c t o f meaning i n t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n . Clyde Kluckholm p ro p o s e s t h a t a v a lu e i s an e x p l i c - j i i t o r i m p l i c i t c o n c e p tio n . By d e s c r i b i n g a v a lu e as a con c e p t i o n , he c a t e g o r i z e d v a lu e as a l o g i c a l c o n s t r u c t , com- j p a r a b l e to th e c o n s t r u c t o f c u l t u r e o r s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e . ; V alu e i s n o t d i r e c t l y o b s e r v a b le , b u t i s i n f e r r e d from th e j v e r b a l and n o n - v e r b a l b e h a v io r o f i n d i v i d u a l s and g ro u p s. j The u se o f th e term c o n c e p tio n " r e q u i r e s t h a t someone h o ld i * ! th e c o n c e p tio n ," be i t o b s e r v e r o r th e s u b j e c t s o f th e ; . , 8 j s tu d y . • . ! ^ I b i d . 8C, Kluckholm, op. c i t . , p p . 395-398* The term s e x p l i c i t and i m p l i c i t l o c a t e th e concep- | t i o n . Kluckholm p o i n t s o u t t h a t many v a lu e s a re o n ly p a r t i a l l y o r o c c a s i o n a l l y v e r b a l i z e d , and t h a t th e r e s e a r c h e r j must c o n s t r u c t th e c o n c e p tio n to e x p la in th e b e h a v io r . ; However, th e v e r b a l i z e d , o r e x p l i c i t v a lu e s can be r e l a t e d ■ to th e r e s e a r c h e r r s c o n s t r u c t s , o r i m p l i c i t v a lu e s , th ro u g h ; th e v e r b a l i z a t i o n o f th e i m p l i c i t v a lu e s . As Kluckholm s a y s : An i m p l i c i t v a lu e i s , however, a lm o st alw ays p o t e n t i a l l y e x p r e s s i b l e i n r a t i o n a l language by a c t o r a s w e l l a s o b s e r v e r . . . . V e r b a l ! z a b i l i t y i s a n e c e s s a r y t e s t o r v a lu e . . . . V a lu es must be s u s c e p t i b l e o f a b s t r a c t i o n by th e o b s e r v e r and fo rm u la b le by th e o b s e r v e r i n such t e r m s 't h a t th e sub ject- can u n d e r - ; s ta n d and a g re e o r d i s a g r e e . 9 B a rto n ad v an ces th e p o s i t i o n t h a t e x p l i c i t and im- ! p l i c i t r e p r e s e n t two ty p e s o f v a lu e s and sh o u ld be d i s - i t in g u i s h e d by t h e i r l a b e l s . On th e o t h e r hand, Clyde Kluckholm would have i t t h a t t h e s e l a b e l s r e f e r to d i f f e r e n t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f th e same phenomena. There a p p e a rs to be a c o n f l i c t betw een th e a tte m p t to c o n s t r u c t a l o g i c a l s y n t h e s i s u n i f y i n g m eaning, and th e a tte m p t to c r e a t e d i s c r e t e c a t e g o r i e s which would be more amenable to p r e s e n t r e l a t i v e l y crude m ethods o f o b s e r v a t i o n and s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . In making th e f o u r t h d i s t i n c t i o n , B a rto n p o i n t s j | o u t t h a t some w r i t e r s ta k e th e p o s i t i o n t h a t v a lu e s in c lu d e j l I | 1 r 1 — - J “ " 1 “ " ~ 1 1 r — 1 1 J < 9I b ld . , p. 397. - | 20 | a l l p r e f e r e n c e s and d e s ire B and make no d i s t i n c t i o n betw een I th e "I want t o ” and th e "I ought t o . " O th e rs i n s i s t , a s I does Clyde Kluckholm, "a v a lu e i s n o t j u s t a p r e f e r e n c e b u t ! i s a p r e f e r e n c e w hich i s f e l t a n d /o r c o n s id e r e d to be j u s t i f i e d - - 'm o ra lly 1 o r by re a s o n in g o r by a e s t h e t i c judgm ents; u s u a l l y by two o r a l l t h r e e o f t h e s e . B a rto n employs th e term p r e f e r e n c e s to i n d i c a t e th o s e " f e e l i n g s o f what we l i k e " and n o rm a tiv e to i n d i c a t e " f e e l i n g s o f what sh o u ld b e ." He p ro p o s e s t h a t : j . We w i l l a p p ly t h e terni " v a lu e s " to b o th k in d s o f mo- | t i v e s o r f e e l i n g s — th e n o rm a tiv e and th e p u r e l y p r e f - j e r e n t i a l . P e o p l e 's l i v e s a re shaped by m ajo r, e n d u r in g p r e f e r e n c e s among c h o ic e s e q u a l ly a c c e p ta b le to th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s c o n s c ie n c e and th e m oral judgm ent o f h i s f e l l o w s — f o r a c t i v i t y r a t h e r th a n p a s s i v i t y , f o r j d e a l in g w ith p e o p le r a t h e r than, w ith t h in g s o r a b s t r a c t t i o n s . . . . At th e same tim e th e se n se o f o b l i g a t i o n a l s o sh apes p e o p l e 's l i v e s and p e r m its s o c i e t y to e x i s t . 11 i W ith th e a d d i t i o n o f B a r t o n 's p r o p o s a l , th e d e s i r e - j o b l i g a t i o n p roblem can be r e s o l v e d i n a t l e a s t t h r e e ways, j j 'V alues can r e f e r to any s t a n d a r d which p r o v id e d c r i t e r i a | j f o r d e s i r i n g , two o r more ty p e s o f s t a n d a r d s , o r to _a p a r - J t i c u l a r typ e o f s ta n d a r d . As K luckholm ’ s p o s i t i o n i n d i - j | c a t e s , th e l a t t e r , a p a r t i c u l a r ty pe o f s ta n d a r d , u s u a l l y | means o n ly th o s e w hich i n c l u d e a se n se o f o b l i g a t i o n . The f i f t h d i s t i n c t i o n p r e s e n t s th e p ro b lem o f g e n e r a l i z a t i o n and s p e c i f i c i t y . The pro b lem o f th e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f h u m a n -p re fe re n c e s and p r e f e r r e d o b j e c t s f a c e s th o se 1QI b i d . , p. 400. ^ B a r to n , op, c i t . , p. S66. : who d e f in e v a lu e s a s a l l p r e f e r e n c e s . B a rto n e x p la in s t h a t j ! c o n c e iv in g o f v a lu e s a s a few b a s i c , g e n e r a l s ta n d a r d s r e - j ; ' ' I : duces th e number o f th e v a r i a b l e s , and makes them p r a c t i - 1 i v * c a l l y and s c i e n t i f i c a l l y more m anageable. T h is i s an ad v an j ; [ ta g e in th e s e a r c h f o r " r e l a t i v e l y g e n e r a l s t a b l e so u rc e s I ! i ..12 1 . o f r e g u l a r i t y , " w hich th e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f human b e h a v io rj j ■ r e q u i r e s . j These b a s i c s ta n d a r d s can be i d e n t i f i e d by a sk in g j ' ! .p e o p le to v e r b a l i z e th e g e n e r a l s ta n d a r d s o f t h e i r behavior,! io r th e y can be I n f e r r e d m a th e m a tic a lly a n d /o r l o g i c a l l y j IB i :from v e r b a l and n o n - v e r b a l b e h a v io r . ° i R eview ing th e work o f P h i l i p J a c o b s , Clyde K luck- j holm and F lo re n c e Kluckholm, B a rto n s t a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t f o u r v a r i a b l e s a p p e a r to be r e l a t e d to th e developm ent and : i I change o f v a lu e s , y e t c an n o t be c o n s id e r e d to be v a lu e s j ! , i th e m s e lv e s . These a r e t th e c a p a c i t y f o r c r i t i c a l and i n d e - | p e n d e n t t h i n k i n g , e m o tio n a l s e n s i t i v i t y , p h i l o s o p h i c a l o r 14 r e l i g i o u s commitments, and knowledge and b e l i e f s . j B a rto n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t one sc h o o l o f l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n f e e l s t h a t c r i t i c a l e x a m in a tio n o f th e c o n se q u e n c e s o f v a lu e s and r a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t e ;s ta n d a r d s sh o u ld be a b a s i c v a lu e . However, " t h e r e i s n o th i n g i n th e d e f i n i t i o n o f v a lu e s which sa y s t h a t th e y sh o u ld be a r r i v e d a t i n t h i s w a y ." 1^ T h e re fo re i t would be b e t t e r | I 12I b i d . , p . S6 7 . 1 3I b i d . l 2 * I b i d ., pp . S6 9 -S 7 2 . 15I b i d . , p . S6 9 . 22 : bo c o n s id e r th e d e g re e o f c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n i n v a lu e b e - j ! h a v i o r as a s e p a r a t e v a r i a b l e . j E m o tio n al s e n s i t i v i t y a p p e a rs to p l a y a r o l e s im i- | :l a r to t h a t o f c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n . . A lthough i t i s a ls o j ^considered by some to be a b a s i c v a lu e , and a p p a r e n t l y may h e a m ajor i n f l u e n c e i n .s h a p i n g v a lu in g b e h a v io r i n a s o c i - j ! i ;ety where t r a d i t i o n s a r e b e in g abandoned, t h e r e a p p e a rs to | be no n e c e s s a r y c o n n e c tio n betw een e m o tio n a l s e n s i t i v i t y j and v a lu in g b e h a v io r . j P h i l o s o p h i c a l o r r e l i g i o u s commitments and b e l i e f s j and knowledge a re d iv id e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . These a re ij { ( l ) f a c t u a l b e l i e f s , o r th o s e w hich can be v e r i f i e d by s c i e n t i f i c o p e r a t i o n s and common o b s e r v a t i o n ; ( 2 ) b e l i e f s j which may o r m ay .not be e m p i r i c a l l y v e r i f i a b l e and which a r e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l w ith v a lu e s ta te m e n ts (such a s b e l i e f s | i n r a c i a l e q u a l i t y , h o n e s ty , e q u a l i t y o f o p p o r t u n it y ,' e t c . ) ; land ( 3 ) " r e l i g i o u s and m e ta p h y s ic a l a ssu m p tio n s a b o u t th e u n i v e r s e and th e b a s i s o f human knowledge and e x p e r ie n c e s ." j I t i s t h i s t h i r d k in d o f b e l i e f and i t s r e l a ti o n s h i p ! to v a lu e s and v a lu in g b e h a v io r which h a s become th e s u b j e c t j | iof a n th r o p o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The te rm v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n h a s been u se d by F lo re n c e Kluckholm to d e s c r i b e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e c o g n i t i v e ( b e l i e f ) , a f f e c t i v e (em otive) and d i r e c t i v e (v a l u a t i v e), ^ and by Clyde K luck- l 6 I b i d . , p . S72. j ; ^ F , Kluckholm and Strodtb eck, op. c i t . , pp. 4 -1 0 . i 23 I ! holm to d e s c r i b e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een c o g n itio n and ! v a l u a t i o n . .Although F lo re n c e and Clyde Kluckholm b o th i n - j e lu d e a l l t h r e e k in d s o f b e l i e f i n t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e i r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een c o g n it i o n and v a lu a tio n ., r e l i g i o u s and | m e ta p h y s ic a l a ssu m p tio n s a p p e a r to p l a y th e most im p o r ta n t j r o l e i n t h e i r t h e o r e t i c a l e x p l i c a t i o n and e m p i r ic a l i n v e s - . i i t i g a t i o n . I S e v e r a l c o n c lu s io n s p e r t i n e n t to t h i s rev ie w and | stu d y can be drawn from B a r t o n 's re v ie w and e x p o s i t i o n . I t ; would be e x tre m e ly d i f f i c u l t y i f n o t p resum ptu ous o r im p o s-j I s i b l e , to o f f e r a c o n c lu s iv e d e f i n i t i o n t h a t c o u ld be de~ j . i i I ; fen d ed a s th e " f i n a l word" on th e s u b j e c t o f v a lu e s . The manner i n w hich an i n v e s t i g a t o r u s e s th e term v a lu e s and , ; th e meaning which he a t t a c h e s to i t depend upon th e th e o - j r e t i c a l system a n d /o r assu m p tio n s from which i t i s derived* S and th e n a t u r e o f th e e m p i r ic a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which he u n d e r t a k e s . V alue o r i e n t a t i o n * though dependent upon and r e l a t e d to value* i s s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s t i n c t i n i t s meaning and i m p l i c a t i o n s from v a lu e . An i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f v a lu e o r l e n - . t a t i o n s sh o u ld n o t be c o n s id e r e d to be an i n v e s t i g a t i o n in th e f i e l d o f v alu es* a lth o u g h i t m ight p r o p e r l y be con s i d e r e d p e r i p h e r a l to th e f i e l d . T his c o n c lu s io n e x p la in s ! th e r e l a t i v e absence i n t h i s re v ie w o f l i t e r a t u r e o f w r i t in g s and s t u d i e s commonly a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e f i e l d o f v a lu e s . 24 I i The work o f F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F red S tr o d tb e c k ; a s embodied i n V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n w i l l be d e- ! ! s c r i b e d and a n a ly z e d i n some d e t a i l b e c a u se o f th e im p o r- I i j ita n c e o f th e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n te x t and th e d e g re e o f depend- I i 1 |ence o f t h i s stu d y upon t h i s w ork. The work o f Clyde KTuck-j jholm, "V alues and V a lu e - O r i e n t a ti o n " (from P a rso n s and Shi I s | Toward a G e n e ra l Theory o f A c tio n ) w i l l a ls o be i n c lu d e d j jbecause o f i t s c lo s e a f f i n i t y to and i n f l u e n c e upon th e iwork o f F lo re n c e Kluckholm and F red S tr o d tb e c k . j i _ : jV a lu es and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s — j Clyde Kluckholm . . j i Clyde Kluckholm d e f i n e s v a lu e as | a c o n c e p tio n , e x p l i c i t o r i m p l i c i t d i s t i n c t i v e o f an I i n d i v i d u a l o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a g ro u p , o f th e d e - j | s i r a b l e which i n f l u e n c e s th e s e l e c t i o n from a v a i l a b l e | ! modes, means, and ends o f a c t i o n . 18 j ' . . . I Having d is c u s s e d th e m eanings o f th e term s c on cep t i o n , e x p l i c i t j i m p l i c i t and d e s i r a b l e i n th e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n , th e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s d e f i n i t i o n can b e g in w ith i t s c o n c lu d in g c la u s e . ! Clyde Kluckholm c a l l s upon th e e v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d by m a th e m a tic ia n s., n e u r o l o g i s t s and p h y s i o l o g i s t s to m ain t a i n t h a t man re sp o n d s n o t o n ly to p a r t i c u l a r s t i m u l i , b u t can and m ust re a s o n d e d u c t iv e l y . I t i s t h i s c a p a c i t y which i s th e b a s i s f o r th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t c o n c e p tio n s i n f lu e n c e b e h a v io r , th e b e h a v io r b e in g s e l e c t i o n , 18 I C. Kluckholm, op. c i t . , p . 395* j He a v o id s th e f r e e w i l l v s . d e te rm in ism c o n tr o v e r s y ‘ i by v iew in g s e l e c t i o n from th e o b s e r v e r ’s p o i n t o f view . I |"As th e o b s e r v e r s e e s b e h a v io r , th e a c t o r o r a c t o r s have j |open i n th e o b s e r v a b le w o rld more th an one mode o r means, o r d i r e c t i o n o f a c t i o n , each o f w hich i s 'o b j e c t i v e l y j o p e n . 1"'*'9 I t i s t h i s p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i o n o f modes, means j ! : |a n d ends which c r e a t e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e e x i s t e n c e o f ; lv a lu e . I I ! As Clyde Kluckholm d e c l a r e s : " I I V a lu es a re o p e r a t i v e when an i n d i v i d u a l s e l e c t s one j I l i n e o f th o u g h t o r a c t i o n r a t h e r th an a n o th e r , i n s o - | f a r a s t h i s s e l e c t i o n i s i n f l u e n c e d by g e n e r a l i z e d 1 | codes r a t h e r th a n d e te rm in e d sim p ly by im p u lse o r j | " p u r e ly r a t i o n a l c a l c u l u s o f e x p e d ie n c e . " 2.0 j In K lu ck h o lm 's d e f i n i t i o n o f v a lu e th e word a v a i l " j a b le r e f e r s a g a in to th e p o i n t o f view o f th e o b s e r v e r . j 1 " r J " “ ' W ith in th e l i m i t a t i o n s im posed by th e p h y s i c a l e n v iro n m en t, th e b i o l o g i c a l n a tu r e o f man and th e " g e n e r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f th e s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l s y s te m s ," i t i s assumed t h a t a l t e r n a t i v e g o a ls , means, and s t y l e s o f a c t i o n a re p o s s i b l e and 21 I o b s e r v a b l e . i ! ! The term s modes, means and ends i n d i c a t e t h a t "con- i c e p t i o n s o f th e d e s i r a b l e " i n c l u d e n o t o n ly g o a ls (ends) b u t a l s o means o.f a c h ie v in g g o a ls and th e s t y l e (mode) i n | which th e means a re u s e d . Three g e n e r a l a r e a s o f o p e r a t i o n a l i n d i c e s o f v a lu e s a r e o u t l i n e d . The f i r s t a r e a i s e x p l i c i t a p p ro v a l 19I b i d . , p . 402. 20I b i d . _ _ 21Ib id ._________ 26 22 o r d i s a p p r o v a l "by word o r d e e d ." Examples o f t h i s a re ought o r sh o u ld sta te m e n ts., fo rm al co d es, i n c l u d i n g law s, myths and r e l i g i o u s dogma, " a c t s which e l i c i t s tr o n g emo- I go i t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s ," 3 and t h e - c o n t e n t o f g o s s i p . The second ' a r e a " i s t h a t o f d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f o r t e x h i b i t e d tow ard th e j a tt a i n m e n t o f an end, a c c e s s to a means, o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f .,24 i a mode o f b e h a v io r . The t h i r d a r e a i s o b s e rv e d when jgiven two o r more e q u a l ly open a l t e r n a t i v e s , a group o r j j i n d i v i d u a l "shows a c o n s i s t e n t d i r e c t i o n a l i t y i n i t s s e l e c - ! J j I t i o n s . " 2^' i ; | ; | Clyde Kluckholm p o s t u l a t e s t h a t th e s e a r e a s o f i n - ; 3 jd ic e s can be i n v e s t i g a t e d by o b s e rv in g b o th v e r b a l and non- j jv e rb a l b e h a v io r . He m eets th e o b j e c t i o n to th e u s e o f te c h 4 ; j in iq u es w hich r e l y upon v e r b a l i z a t i o n o f v a lu e s by p o i n t i n g j i ' ' * *1 | I jout t h a t a c t s a re d e te rm in e d by m o tiv e s , means and s i t u a - i jtions. a s w e ll a s by v a lu e s , and t h a t w h ile a p a r t i c u l a r a c t may c o n t r a d i c t what a p e rs o n sa y s h i s v a lu e s a r e , th e v e r b a l s ta te m e n t may have g r e a t e r p r e d i c t i v e lo n g - r a n g e v a l i d i t y th a n a s i n g l e a c t . The v e r b a l i z a t i o n i s more l i k e l y to r e f l e c t th e s ta n d a r d s w hich th e a c t o r f e e l s a re a n d /o r sh o u ld be o p e r a t i v e o v e r a lo n g e r p e r i o d o f tim e and a p l u r a l i t y o f a c t i o n s . The v e r b a l i z a t i o n i s a ls o more l i k e l y to r e f l e c t what th e i n d i v i d u a l p e r c e i v e s to be th e s ta n d a r d s e x p e c te d i n h i s s o c i e t y . 22I b i d . 23I b i d . 2\ b i d . 25I b i d . .. - ■ 27 I I t i s recommended t h a t b o th v e r b a l and n o n - v e r b a l i n d i c e s be u se d i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to each o t h e r : | ! . . . v a lu e s can be d is c e r n e d by c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s o f ! | s e l e c t i o n s made i n " c h o ic e " s i t u a t i o n s , many o f which ! o c c u r i n th e u s u a l run o f l i v i n g . But- th e i n v e s t i g a - i t i o n can be su pplem ented and r e f i n e d by h y p o t h e t i c a l i s e l e c t i o n s , p r o j e c t i v e tec h n iq u e s., q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and | - sim p le e x p e rim e n ts . The o b s e r v a t i o n and i n v e s t i g a t i o n i o f b e h a v io r i n c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y r e - | w a rd in g . In com parison o f v a lu e s o f g ro u p s, i t sh o u ld j I be p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t to examine th o s e v a lu e s 2g j t h a t a r e c l u s t e r e d a b o u t r e c u r r e n t human s i t u a t i o n s . j I t a p p e a rs from an e x a m in a tio n o f Clyde Kluckholm*s j d e f i n i t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n o f v a lu e s t h a t th e pro b lem o f j ' ’ ' - , j g e n e r a l i t y and s p e c i f i c i t y w hich B a rto n r a i s e s in. h i s f i f t h I d i s t i n c t i o n h as n o t been r e s o l v e d . A ltho ugh Kluckholm r e - j f e r s to p a t t e r n s , c l u s t e r s , and d i r e c t i o n a l i t y , and the- jterm c o n c e p tio n s i s m eant to r e f e r to s t a n d a r d s f o r a c l a s s I o f e v e n t s , w h e th e r v a lu e s a re c o n s id e r e d to be few o r many i s n o t c l e a r l y d e s c r i b e d . However, i t a p p e a rs fro m .h is . d e f i n i t i o n and d e s c r i p t i o n o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s t h a t th e few b a s i c g e n e r a l s ta n d a r d s o f B a r t o n 's would be found on ith e l e v e l o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s . ' ! Clyde Kluckholm o f f e r s two d e f i n i t i o n s o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s : I t i s c o n v e n ie n t to u se th e te rm v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n f o r th o s e v a lu e n o t io n s w hich a re (a) g e n e r a l (b) o r g a n iz e d and (c) i n c l u d e d e f i n i t e l y e x i s t e n t i a l ju d g m en ts. A v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n i s a s e t o f l in k e d p r o p o s i t i o n s em b r a c in g b o th v a lu e and e x i s t e n t i a l e le m e n ts . He o f f e r s a more fo rm a l d e f i n i t i o n : of I b i d . , p. 408. 27I b i d . , p . 409. . . . a v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n may be d e f in e d as a g e n e r a l i z e d and o r g a n iz e d c o n c e p tio n , i n f l u e n c i n g b e h a v io r , o f n a tu r e j -of m an's p l a c e i n i t , o f m an 's r e l a t i o n to man and o f th e d e s i r a b l e and n o n - d e s i r a b l e a s th e y may r e l a t e to m an-environm ent and in te r-h u m a n r e l a t i o n s . Such v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s may be h e ld by i n d i v i d u a l s o r , i n th e a b s t r a c t t y p i c a l form, b y g ro u p s . L ike v a lu e s th e y v a ry on th e continuum from th e e x p l i c i t to th e i m p l i c i t . 28 In h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f n o rm a tiv e and e x i s t e n t i a l |s ta te m e n ts o f f a c t ( e x i s t e n t i a l ) and s ta te m e n ts o f v a lu e ta k e n a s g iv en by n a t u r e . I f th e n a tu r e o f human n a t u r e i s c o n ce iv e d as i n t r i n s i c a l l y e v i l , men a r e n o t e n jo in e d to behave l i k e gods: though i f human n a tu r e i s b e li e v e d to be p e r f e c t i b l e , th e y may b e . . . . 29 11. . . t h i s i s . v a lu e f o r me" i s an e x i s t e n t i a l p r o p o s it i o n ab o u t me. When th e s c i e n t i s t s a y s , " t h i s i s v a l i d " he i s making an e v a l u a t i o n i n term s o f an e x i s t e n t i a l s ta n d a r d , b u t he i s n o t a f f e c t i v e l y n e u t r a l tow ard h i s u t t e r a n c e , f o r i t i s made p a r t l y i n term s o f h i s h i g h e s t v a lu e s ; t r u t h , v a l i d i t y and c o r r e c t n e s s . 30 Kluckholm m a in ta in s t h a t t h e r e a re " t h r e e f u n d a m en tal ty p e s o f e x p e r ie n c in g : what i s b e l i e v e d to be ( e x i s t e n t i a l ) ; what I a n d /o r o t h e r s want ( d e s i r e ) ; what I a n d /o r o t h e r s o u g h t to want ( d e s i r a b l e ) . These t h r e e ty p e s c o rre sp o n d to P a rso n s and S h i l s c o n c e p ts o f th e c o g n i t i v e , c a t h e c t i c and th e v a l u a t i v e . 'p r o p o s i t i o n s Kluckholm s u p p o r ts th e p o s i t i o n t h a t , a lth o u g h i(n o rm a tiv e ) a re c o n c e p tu a ll y d i s t i n c t on an a n a l y t i c a l I l e v e l , th e two a re i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d . He I l l u s t r a t e s t h a t j | r e l a t i o n s h i p : V alu es a re c o n s t r a i n e d w i t h in th e framework o f what i s I b i d . , p . 411 I b id . 29I b i d . 3 p . 392. 31I b i d . , p. 394. 29 ! S in ce i t i s r e c o g n iz e d t h a t th e v a l u a t i v e c o n ta in s w i t h in i t th e e x i s t e n t i a l and th e e x i s t e n t i a l w i t h in i t th e j v a l u a t i v e j and t h a t th e term s e x i s t e n t i a l and v a l u a t i v e i r e f e r to a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s r a t h e r th a n d i r e c t l y to " r e a l i t y / '! l i t m ight a p p e a r t h a t th e term v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n , d e fin e d as j i ; i n c lu d in g e x i s t e n t i a l judgm ents, i s s u p e r f lu o u s . However, I c l o s e r e x a m in a tio n o f th e d e f i n i t i o n and K luckholm 1s e x p l i - j i .. . , !c a t io n can a l t e r t h i s c o n c lu s io n . i i | S e t t i n g a s id e f o r th e p u rp o s e s o f d i s c u s s i o n em otive s ta te m e n ts and t h e i r c o rre s p o n d in g ty p e o f e x p e r ie n c e , j w antin g ( d e s i r i n g ) a n d /o r c a t h e c t i n g , one can examine th e j r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n ' e x i s t e n t i a l and v a l u a t i v e s ta te m e n ts | and t h e i r c o rre s p o n d in g ty p e s o f e x p e r ie n c e ; b e l i e v i n g ( e x i s t e n t i a l a n d /o r c o g n itiv e ) , o u g h t to want ( d e s i r a b l e ) a n d /o r v a l u a t i v e , and th e p a r t which v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s p l a y i n t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p . For th e p u rp o se o f a v o id in g u n n e c e s s a r i l y cumbersome e x p r e s s io n , th e term s e v a l u a t i v e and e x i s t e n t i a l w i l l be u se d a s a s h o rth a n d to r e f e r to b o th s ta te m e n ts and ty p e s o f e x p e r ie n c e . I t i s u n d e rs to o d t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a d i r e c t c o rre sp o n d e n c e betw een s ta te m e n t and e x p e r ie n c e , b u t t h e r e i s a s u f f i c i e n t l y c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p so t h a t th e term s may be u se d a s i n d i c a t e d i n th e i n t e r e s t o f economy. | I t can be assum ed, a s p r e v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e d , t h a t j th e o s t e n s i b l y p u re e v a l u a t i v e o r e x i s t e n t i a l sp e ec h o r ex-j f p e r i e n c e p ro b a b ly does n o t e x i s t , b u t sp eech and e x p e r ie n c e j do c o n ta in more o r l e s s o f th e e v a l u a t i v e o r e x i s t e n t i a l • so t h a t p a r t i c u l a r a c t s o r s ta te m e n ts can be c l a s s i f i e d i i n t o one o f th e c a t e g o r i e s . Those s t a te m e n ts o r a c t s w hich I c o n ta in e q u a l o r n e a r l y e q u a l p o r t i o n s o f b o th c a t e g o r i e s j l p o se a p ro blem o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . P in e d i s t i n c t i o n s can be j made and th e p a r t i c u l a r case can be p l a c e d i n t o one c a t e - i ' . . . Igory o r another,, o r a new c a te g o r y o r c a t e g o r i e s can be t ! [ c r e a te d . I t a p p e a rs from th e i n t e r n a l e v id e n c e o f th e defi-i | i j n i t i o n ( i . e . , a v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n c o n ta in s " d e f i n i t e l y e x - j I s i i s t e n t i a l judgm ents" and " i s a s e t o f l in k e d p r o p o s i t i o n s j I em bracing b o th v a lu e and e x i s t e n t i a l e le m e n ts " )32 t h a t i lv a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s a new c a te g o r y c r e a t e d to c o n ta in th e 1 ! |b o r d e r - l i n e c a s e . The term c o n v e n ie n t i n th e f i r s t d e f i n i - j i j I t io n may a ls o be r e a d to mean t h a t some new p l a c e must be i ! c r e a t e d to p l a c e th o s e c a s e s w hich d o n 't f i t e i t h e r c a t e g o ry . However, i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s m eant to be more th an a r e c e p t a c l e f o r b o r d e r - l i n e c a s e s . The p r o b a b le i n c i d e n c e , f u n c t i o n and l e v e l o f a b s t r a c t i o n o f a c o n c e p t a ls o a p p e a r to be n e c e s s a r y as c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a and im p o r ta n t to th e d i s t i n c t i o n betw een v a lu e and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . Kluckholm ad v ances th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t " t h e r e i s a 'p h i l o s o p h y ' b e h in d th e way o f l i f e o f e v e ry i n d i v i d u a l and 3 2I b i d . , pp. 409-411. 31 I | o f e v e ry r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous group a t any g iv e n p o i n t i n I t h e i r h i s t o r i e s . 1,33 T his p h ilo s o p h y s e r v e s to g iv e "some se n se o f co h eren ce o r u n i t y " to l i f e . I d e n t i f y i n g t h i s j p h ilo s o p h y as* u n d e r ly in g p r i n c i p l e s he sa y s: j The u n d e r ly in g p r i n c i p l e s a r i s e o u t o f , o r a r e l i m i t e d by, th e g iv e n s o f b i o l o g i c a l human n a t u r e and th e u n i v e r s a l i t i e s o f s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n . The s p e c i f i c form u- I l a t i o n i s o r d i n a r i l y a c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t . 3^ i i ! i By r e l a t i n g v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s to a p h ilo s o p h y and i i ’ ‘ ! | ! !e th o s j by i n d i c a t i n g th e g e n e s i s o f th e p h ilo s o p h y b ased i I | lv a lu e - 'O r ie n ta tio n s , and by s p e c i f y i n g i n th e second d e f i n i - j i I r j iti o n th e a r e a s o f b e h a v io r i n f l u e n c e d ,h e a p p e a rs to be d e - j I s c r i b i n g v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a s more a b s t r a c t th a n v a lu e s , more l i m i t e d i n i n c id e n c e o r number, and s e rv in g a more g e n e r a l f u n c t i o n by b e in g r e l e v a n t and p e r v a s i v e i n a j b r o a d e r c a te g o r y o f a c t i o n s . The i m p l i c i t a d d i t i o n a l c a t e g o r y , th e e x i s t e n t i a l - v a l u a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p , g r e a t e r a b s t r a c t i o n , more l i m i t e d i n c i d e n c e , and p e r v a s i v e n e s s o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a re p r o b a b ly most c l e a r l y d e l i n e a t e d i n t h i s p a ra g ra p h : I t sh o u ld be p o s s i b l e to c o n s t r u c t i n g e n e r a l term s th e view s o f a g iv e n group r e g a r d i n g th e s t r u c t u r e o f th e u n i v e r s e , th e r e l a t i o n s o f man to th e u n i v e r s e (b o th n a t u r a l and s u p e r n a t u r a l ) , and th e r e l a t i o n s o f ' man to man. These view s r e p r e s e n t th e g r o u p 's own d e f i n i t i o n o f th e u l t i m a t e meaning o f human l i f e ( i n c lu d in g i t s r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f f r u s t r a t i o n , d i s a p p o i n t ment and c a l a m i t y ) . Such a " d e f i n i t i o n o f th e l i f e s i t u a t i o n " f o r th e group c o n ta in s more th a n n o rm ativ e and a e s t h e t i c p r o p o s i t i o n ; i t c o n ta in s a ls o e x i s t e n t i a l p r o p o s i t i o n s a b o u t th e n a tu r e o f "what I s . " The r e l a - 33Ibid. 3^Ibid. 32 t i o n s h i p betw een e x i s t e n t i a l and n o rm a tiv e p r o p o s i t i o n s I s may be th o u g h t o f a s a two-way r e l a t i o n s h i p : on th e one; hand., th e n o rm ativ e judgm ents must be b a se d upon th e ; g r o u p 's n o tio n of. w hat i n f a c t e x i s t s ; on th e o t h e r I hand, th e g r o u p 's c o n c e p tio n o f th e u n i v e r s e ( o f "what ; i s " and "what i s n a t u r a l o r o b v io u s" ) w i l l presum ably be b a se d p a r t l y on p r i o r n o rm ativ e o r i e n t a t i o n s and i n t e r e s t s . . What "must be done" i s u s u a l l y c l o s e l y r e - j l a t e d to what i s b e l i e v e d to be th e " n a tu r e o f t h i n g s " ; ; however b e l i e f s a b o u t "what i s " a re o f t e n d i s g u i s e d a s - i ■ sum p tio n s o f "what o u g h t to b e . " . .' W ith more fu n d a - ; m e n ta l norm s, I t sh o u ld h o ld even more c o n s i s t e n t l y j t h a t what i s "rig h t." i s o f e q u a l Im p o rta n ce w ith "what : i s " In d e f i n i n g th e c o n te n t o f a c t i o n . 35 j V a l u e - O r i e n t a t i o n s -*- ' F lo re n c e Kluckholm ' F lo re n c e Kluckholm d e f i n e s v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n t h u s l y i V alue o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e complex b u t d e f i n i t e l y p a t t e r n e d j (ra n k o r d e r e d ) p r i n c i p l e s , r e s u l t i n g from th e t r a n s a c - : t i o n a l I n t e r p l a y o f t h r e e a n a l y t i c a l l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e I e le m e n ts o f th e e v a l u a t i v e p r o c e s s — th e c o g n i t i v e , th e ; a f f e c t i v e and the- d i r e c t i v e e le m e n ts —which g iv e o r d e r and d i r e c t i o n to th e e v e r - f lo w in g s tre a m o f human a c t s " and th o u g h ts , a s t h e s e - r e l a t e to th e s o l u t i o n o f "com mon human" p ro b le m s. These p r i n c i p l e s a r e v a r i a b l e from c u l t u r e to c u l t u r e b u t a r e , we m a in ta in , v a r i a b l e j o n ly i n ra n k in g p a t t e r n s o f component p a r t s . 36 : t i The " p r i n c i p l e s , r e s u l t i n g from th e t r a n s a c t i o n a l I n t e r p l a y " 3^ a re composed o f e x i B t e n t i a l and n o rm ativ e j s t a te m e n t s . These p r i n c i p l e s a r e a p r o d u c t o f th e e v a l u a - j . t i v e p r o c e s s , which I s c o n c e iv e d a s b e in g a t r a n s a c t i o n b e tween, what I s known ( c o g n i t i o n ) , what i s d e s i r e d ( a f f e c t i v - i t y ) , and s e l e c t i o n ( d i r e c t i v e n e s s ) . In th e d e f i n i t i o n th e c o g n i t i v e and a f f e c t i v e e l e - 35I b i d . , p . .410. 3^F. Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k , op. c i t . , p . 4. 37I b i d . merits r e f e r to the p r o c e s s e s o f knowing and d e s ir in g , j Kluckholm view s a l l o f th e s e p r o c e s s e s as b e in g b i o lo g i c a l ly ; i b a se d i n c l u d i n g d i r e c t i v i t y w hich i s d e riv e d from a g e n e r - i a l i z e d , " b a s ic b i o l o g i c a l d i s p o s i t i o n to r e a c t d i f f e r e n t l y j to p a r t s o f th e r e c e p t u a l f i e l d . I t i s th e d i r e c t i v e j e le m e n tj she c o n te n d s , w hich g i v e s th e v a lu e system o r d e r , j I jsystem and c o n t i n u i t y th ro u g h tim e . j i ' ! ] B a rto n o f f e r s th e c r i t i c i s m t h a t a lth o u g h th e cog - j i . i j n i t i v e , a f f e c t i v e and d i r e c t i v e e le m e n ts a r e a n a l y t i c a l l y j ^ d is ti n g u i s h a b le , th e " r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t s do n o t so d i s - j * ; j t i n g u i s h them, and th e p ro b lem o f th e r e l a t i o n o f th e cog- j ^ i j n i t i v e to th e ’a f f e c t i v e and d i r e c t i v e ’ i s l e f t o p e n ."-3 j Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k e x p la in th e r e l a t i o n s h i p j ' I to common human problem s and th e i d e a o f p a t t e r n i n g w ith ; th e s e a ssu m p tio n s: 1. There i s an o r d e r e d v a r i a t i o n i n v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n sy ste m s. 2 . . . . t h e r e i s a l i m i t e d i number o f common human p ro blem s f o r which a l l p e o p le a t a l l tim e s must f i n d some s o l u t i o n . 3 . . . . w h ile t h e r e i s v a r i a b i l i t y i n s o l u t i o n s o f a l l th e p ro b le m s, i t i s n e i t h e r l i m i t l e s s n o r random b u t i s d e f i n i t e l y v a r i a b l e w i t h in a ran g e o f p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s . 4. . . . a l l a l t e r n a t i v e s o f a l l s o l u t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t i n a l l s o c i e t i e s a t a l l tim e s b u t a r e d i f f e r e n t i a l l y p r e f e r r e d . 5. E very s o c i e t y h a s , i n a d d i t i o n to i t s dom inant . p r o f i l e o f v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s , numerous v a r i a n t 3 ® I b id ., p . 6 . ^ B a r t o n , p p . , c i t . , p . S71. o r s u b s t i t u t e p r o f i l e s . . , t h a t i n i t s dom inant and th e v a r i a n t p r o f i l e s t h e r e i s a l m o s t . alw ays a ra n k o r d e r i n g o f th e p r e f e r e n c e s o f th e v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r o f i l e s .^0 The common human p ro blem s w hich Kluckholm and h e r a s s o c i a t e s s i n g l e d o u t f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n w ere: (1) What i s th e c h a r a c t e r o f i n n a t e human n a tu r e ? (hum an-riature o r i e n t a t i o n ) (2) What i s th e r e l a t i o n o f man to n a tu r e ? (and s u p e r n a tu r e ) (m an -n a tu re o r i e n t a t i o n ) ( 3 ) What i s th e te m p o ra l fo c u s o f human l i f e ? (tim e o r i e n t a t i o n ) (4) What i s th e m o d a lity o f human a c t i v i t y ? ( a c t i v i t y o r i e n t a t i o n ) (5) What i s the. m o d a lity o f m an 's r e l a t i o n s h i p to o t h e r men? ( r e l a t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n ) 4 1 Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k p o s i t e d t h r e e p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r m an -n a tu re and tim e o r i e n t a t i o n s . For man- n a t u r e t h e s e were Man- 0 v e r - N a t u r e , M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re and M an-in-H arm ony-W ith-N ature. The a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r tim e o r i e n t a t i o n were P r e s e n t j P a s t and F u t u r e . With t h r e e p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s , e x c lu d in g t i e s * t h e r e a r e s ix p a t t e r n s o f ra n k o r d e r i n g . Kluckholm comments upon th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a "dom inant p r o f i l e " and " v a r i a n t " p r o f i l e s : E th n ic gro u p s and s o c i a l c l a s s e s r e p r e s e n t two o f th e many p o s s i b l e ty p e s o f v a r i a n t l y o r d e r e d su b g ro ups i n a t o t a l s o c i e t y . . . th e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t i s t h a t t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s c o n t r i b u t e s g r e a t l y to th e c r e a t i o n o f an i n t r i c a t e web o f v a r i a t i o n . No d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d group e v e r e s c a p e s b e in g i n f lu e n c e d 40 F. Kluckholm and S trod tbeck., op. c i t . , p . 10. 41 I b i d . , p. 10. by th e v a r i a n t l y o r d e re d ones . . . and no v a r i a n t ] group s u r v i v e s w ith o u t r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e d o m in a n tly [ o r d e r e d o n e s .^ 2 I i In a d d i t i o n to th e dom inant and v a r i a n t p r o f i l e s o f | v i groups,, t h e s e ra n k o r d e r s o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e a ls o J found i n i n d i v i d u a l s . A ccording to Kluckholm each i n d i v i d - ! i u a l c a r r i e s w i t h in h i m s e l f t h i s ra n k o r d e r i n g "as a p a r t j ,2io I o f h i s p e r s o n a l i t y . " J | H is p r e f e r e n c e f o r a r a n k o r d e r in g " i s made a p p a r e n t by a v a r i a b l e a l l o c a t i o n o f tim e and i n t e r e s t i n " t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f th e s e v e r a l b e h a v io r s p h e re s and by v a r i a b l e 44 b e h a v io r i n th e d i f f e r e n t s p h e r e s . B e h av io r s p h e re s h a s a p p ro x im a te ly th e same mean in g a s s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n , and i n c l u d e s t h e s e - a r e a s o f b e h a v io r ! e c o n o m ic -o c c u p a tio n a l, r e l i g i o u s ., i n t e l l e c t u a l - a e s t h e t i c , r e c r e a t i o n a l , p o l i t i c a l and f a m i l i a l . She m ain t a i n s t h a t th e te rm b e h a v io r s p h e r e s i s " l e s s c o n n o ta tiv e o f c o n s c io u s ly d e f in e d and d e f i n i t e l y s e p a r a t e d s p h e r e s o f 45 ' - " human a c t i v i t y . " ^ The r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een b e h a v io r s p h e re s and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s p o s i t e d a s r e c i p r o c a l . Changes i n v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l a f f e c t changes i n th e b e h a v io r s p h e re . The predom inance of. a b e h a v io r sp h e re can be p r e d i c t e d from v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s can ^ 2I b i d . , p . 2 6 . 44 I b i d . , p . 29. ^ 3I b i d . , p . 2 8 .. ^ I b id . be i n f e r r e d from the predominance o f b ehavior sp h eres. j However* v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s ta k e th e p r i o r i t y i n t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p "becau se v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e a more g e n e r a l - j l . . . ' i jiz e d and m o re -d u ra b le a s p e c t o f c u l t u r e th a n th e s p e c i f i c j „46 ' p a t t e r n s o f b e h a v io r s p h e r e s . . . . I The r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e b e h a v io r s p h e re s and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d by Kluckholm. She sa y s: ! ! we can e a s i l y see how i t s [th e c u l t u r e o f th e U n ite d j S t a t e s ] dom inant v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s o f In d iv id u a lis m * ! F u tu re Time* M astery o v e r N ature* Doing and an E v i l - j b u t - P e r f e c t a b l e d e f i n i t i o n o f human n a tu re .m a k e f o r a j ; h ig h e v a l u a t i o n o f th e o c c u p a ti o n a l w o r l d .^7 j I J I T h is dominance o f th e o c c u p a ti o n a l sp h e re i s demon-i I . • ! s t r a t e d by th e f a c t t h a t o c c u p a tio n i s th e b e s t s i n g l e i n - | ! ! j dex o f s o c i a l s t a t u s . ! i : C e r ta in v a r i a n t p r o f i l e s a r e p e r m i t t e d i n e v e ry j j s o c i e t y : I To f u n c t i o n s u c c e s s f u l l y e v e ry s o c i e t y m ust have w i t h i n i t some p e rso n s* e i t h e r i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n s o r g ro u p s o f p e rso n s* who w i l l d e v o te th e m se lv e s to th e d i f f e r i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f th e s e v e r a l b e h a v io r s p h e r e s . And* i f th e a c t i v i t i e s o f th e d i f f e r i n g s p h e re s a re to be a d e q u a t e l y perform ed* i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f th e p e r s o n s c h o o sin g each sp h e re have th e r a n k o r d e r o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s which p r o v id e s th e m o ti v a ti o n s p r o p e r to th e s p h e r e .^8 V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n - R e s e a rc h V a r i a t i o n s i n V a l u e O r i e n t a t i o n s The l a r g e s t p o r t i o n o f Kluckholm and S t r o d t b e c k 1s V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s I s d e v o te d to th e d e s c r i p - 4 6i b i d . 4 U b l d ■ ■ p . 3 0 . I b i d . 37 t i o n o f a stu d y c o n d u cted to t e s t th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n ; c o n c e p t. F iv e com m unities, a Zuni p u e b lo , a S p a n ish -A m eri- ; i can v i l l a g e , a p re d o m in a n tly Mormon c o lo n y , a hom estead j j farm in g community o f Texas and Oklahoma im m ig ra n ts, and .a I i ' | N avaho.I n d ia n community were s e l e c t e d a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f ! 4q ! d i f f e r i n g c u l t u r e s . | | On th e b a s i s o f e x t e n s i v e a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l f i e l d j i I work u n d e rta k e n by Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k and t h e i r a s s o - j i I d a t e s , and knowledge drawn from s t u d i e s o f th e s e and s im i- | j l a r com m unities, h y p o th e s e s a b o u t th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s o f j I ’ I |t h e s e f i v e com m unities were fo r m u la te d . | | j | A r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t which c o u ld be u s e d i n a l l j f i v e c u l t u r e s was d e v e lo p e d . The in s tr u m e n t c o n ta in e d 23 ; ite m s which t e s t e d th e R e l a t i o n a l , Time, M an-Nature, and | A c t i v i t y o r i e n t a t i o n s . Each ite m c o n ta in e d a s h o r t d e s c r ip - t i o n o f a p ro b lem o r l i f e s i t u a t i o n . Two, i n th e case o f th e A c t i v i t y o r i e n t a t i o n , and t h r e e , f o r th e o t h e r o r i e n t a t i o n s , s o l u t i o n s o r o p i n io n s , w hich r e p r e s e n t e d o r i e n t a t i o n s , were o f f e r e d . B a rto n , i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s comments: The ite m s on r e l a t i o n o f man to n a tu r e a p p e a r m ain ly c o g n i t i v e . Among th e v a lu e ite m s th o s e d e a lin g w ith r e l a t i o n s h i p s among p e o p le a r e m a in ly n o rm a tiv e . Time o r i e n t a t i o n ite m s a re p a r t l y n o rm ativ e and p a r t l y cog n i t i v e , i f one a n a ly z e s th e d e t a i l e d lang uage f o r " s h o u ld 1 * v s . " i s " s t a t e m e n t s . 5° 4 9 I b i d . , pp. 49-39 7. 9° B a r to n , op. c i t ., p. S Y 6 . The re s p o n d e n t was a sk ed to s e l e c t th e a l t e r n a t i v e i i - which he th o u g h t was b e s t , and i n th e case o f t h r e e a l t e r - j n a t i v e s , th e one o f th e rem a in in g two who.oh he th o u g h t was b e t t e r . A sample o f 20 to 25 a d u l t s d iv id e d e q u a l ly among men and women was s e l e c t e d from each community. Each r e sp ond ent was i n te r v ie w e d , and th e r e s e a r c h in s tr u m e n t was . j a d m in is te r e d a s a p a r t o f th e i n t e r v i e w . S t a t i s t i c a l m ethods were a d a p te d f o r . t e s t i n g w i t h in and .between p a t t e r n s o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s f o r b o th s i n g l e ite m s and th e t o t a l i iiterns in an o r i e n t a t i o n a r e a . ! i I ‘ ‘ i ! The c u l t u r e s o f th e Mormon and Homestead communi- j I t i e s a re p r o b a b ly most l i k e t h a t o f th e c u l t u r e r e p r e s e n t e d j i n th e sam ple u s e d by t h i s p r e s e n t s tu d y . F red S tr o d tb e c k j I a s s e r t s t h a t o f th e f i v e com m unities, th e Homestead and j i Mormon v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s p r o b a b ly would be most s i m i l a r to 51 t h a t o f th e dom inant American V alue O r i e n t a t i o n . F re d S tro d tb e c k . r e p o r t s t h a t t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s betw een th e Homestead and Mormon com m unities i n a l l o r i e n t a t i o n a r e a s . The t o t a l ite m Time o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n was F u tu r e , ob- . s e rv e d b u t n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , o v e r P r e s e n t-O v e r - P a s t . The M an-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n was Man- O ver-H atu r e , o v e r , Man- Wi th -N atu r e , o v e r M a n - S u b je c t- to - N a tu r e . He had p r e - ■^Fred S tr o d tb e c k , "The Mormon and Texan Communities," V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s , ed . by F lo re n c e K luck holm and F red S tr o d tb e c k ( E v a n s to n : Row, P e te r s o n and Co., 1 1 9 6. 1 ), pp.. . 2 5 8 - 2 8 5 . ........................ ; ____________________________ d ie t e d , from observed d i f f e r e n c e s in s o c i a l o r g a n iz a tio n , \ community e c o lo g y , economic i n s t i t u t i o n s , w o r k - l e i s u r e p a t - j | t e r n s , and r e l i g i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n and b e l i e f , t h a t t h e r e j t I would be s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n p a t - j { te rn s o f th e two com m unities. However, betw een th e Home- j stead-Mormon o r i e n t a t i o n s and th e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f th e Z u ni, : i Navaho and S panish-A m erlcan com m unities t h e r e a re s t a t i s - j t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . j j : ! S tr o d tb e c k c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n b e - ; ( h a v io r p a t t e r n s and .value o r i e n t a t i o n s betw een th e Home s t e a d and.Mormon com m unities a r e so s l i g h t , and t h a t "the r a n g e ’ o f p r e c i s i o n p o s s i b l e i n th e p r e s e n t i n q u i r y "^2 i s ! i s u f f i c i e n t l y l i m i t e d so a s to le a v e no b a s i s f o r u s in g th e j I f i n d i n g s o f th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n sc h e d u le a s a g u id e to j d i s t i n g u i s h i n g betw een th e two c u l t u r e s . From th e s e f i n d i n g s and c o n c lu s io n s , i t c o u ld p o s s i b l y be i n f e r r e d t h a t th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n sc h e d u le i s l i k e l y to e l i c i t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tween sam ples o n ly when such sam ples r e p r e s e n t c u l t u r e s w ith s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s i n b e h a v io r sp h e re em p h a s i s . However, s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s betw een sam ples would le n d c o n fid e n c e to th e p r e d i c t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s o f b e h a v io r . Thus, i f th e domi n a n t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f group A a re found to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from group B, one co u ld be c o n f i - 5gI b id ., p. 283. d e n t t h a t th e a c t i v i t i e s most r e l a t e d to th o se v a i u e - o r i e n - | t a t i o n a r e a s would a ls o be d i f f e r e n t and i n th e d i r e c t i o n ! t h a t c o u ld be deduced from th e o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t. For i i i exam ple, i f group A were to e x h i b i t a dom inant Man-Over- j | N atu re p a t t e r n as compared to group B 's M a n -S u b je c t-to - j I N atu re p a t t e r n , one c o u ld p r e d i c t w ith some c o n fid e n c e t h a t ; i | |g ro u p A would g iv e more em phasis to ach iev e m e n t, and t h a t j i | !such i n d i c e s o f achiev em ent as sc h o o l g ra d e s and t e s t r e - I I j i I s u i t s would be d i f f e r e n t and i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f g r e a t e r j " s u c c e s s ” o r h i g h e r s c o r e s f o r group A. j jE a r ly S ta g e s o f F o re ig n j iS tu d e n t A d ju stm e n t— !C. T. M. Hadwen ! 1 • \ C. T. M. Hadwen, i n h i s u n p u b lis h e d Ph.D. d i s s e r - ! ] t a t i o n " E a rly S ta g e s o f F o re ig n S tu d e n t A d ju stm e n t," u se d j th e V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n sc h e d u le to t e s t th e m ajor h y p o th e s is ,| "th e c l o s e r f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s ' v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e to th e dom inant American v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n , th e h igh er, w i l l be i ! ‘ ! t h e i r l e v e l o f a d ju s tm e n t ." ^ - ’ | | Hadwen assumed t h a t th e F u tu re o v e r P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t o r i e n t a t i o n and Man-Over, o v e r W ith , o v e r S u b j e c t - t o - N a tu re o r i e n t a t i o n were th e dom inant Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s . The s u b j e c t s were t e s t e d b o th a s to t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n o f th e assumed dom inant American o r i e n t a - 53C. T. M. Hadwen, " E a rly S ta g e s o f F o re ig n S tu d e n t A djustm ent" (u n p u b lis h e d Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , Y ale U n iv e r s i t y , New Haven, 196 3) , p . 9- 41! 84 i t i o n and t h e i r own o r i e n t a t i o n s . The a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta fo llo w e d a p ro c e d u re d e - j Ivelo p ed by ¥ . Caudle and H. A. S c a r r . The o r i e n t a t i o n p a t - | t e r n s were c l a s s i f i e d i n t o dom inant and f i r s t , second and t h i r d o r d e r v a r i a n t s . The c r i t e r i a f o r th e e s t a b l is h m e n t ' ! o f th e c l a s s e s o f v a r i a n t s was th e "number o f a d ja c e n t po~ I * !s i t i o n ra n k r e v e r s a l s r e q u i r e d to t u r n one i n t o th e j j - j o t h e r s . j j j I U sing th e Time o r i e n t a t i o n a s an example o f t h i s j ! i |p r o c e d u r e j F u tu r e o v e r P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t i s th e dom inant j i ‘ j | o r i e n t a t i o n . P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re o v e r P a s t and F u tu re o v e r ; I P a s t o v e r P r e s e n t a re f i r s t o r d e r v a r i a n t s ; P r e s e n t o v e r i j — i > >■ > ■ ■ ■ ' i > ■ ' ' i 1 P a s t o v e r F u tu re i s a second o r d e r v a r i a n t ; P a s t o v e r P r e s - | e n t o v e r F u tu re and P a s t o v e r F u tu re o v e r P r e s e n t a r e t h i r d I , " L • • 1 1 ■ r ■ - ■ J— L - r ■ 1 ' ■ [ o r d e r v a r i a n t s . The r e s p o n s e s to each o f th e ite m s i n an o r i e n t a t i o n a r e a was w e ig h te d from 0 - 3 ; 0 f o r th e dom inant o r i e n t a t i o n , 1 f o r th e f i r s t , 2 f o r th e second and 3 f o r th e t h i r d o r d e r v a r i a n t s . These s c o r e s were summed f o r th e o r i e n t a t i o n and p la c e d on a s c a l e on w hich th e lo w e st s c o r e s r e p r e s e n t e d agreem ent w ith th e dom inant American o r i e n t a t i o n , and th e h i g h e s t s c o r e s d e v i a t i o n from th e American o r i e n t a t i o n . T h i r t y - t h r e e o f th e f i f t y - s i x s t u d e n ts c o r r e c t l y i i d e n t i f i e d th e dom inant Time o r i e n t a t i o n and f o r t y - s i x c o r - I ! I j — - - - | 54I b i d ., pp. 8 -4 2 . 55I b i d . , pp. 32-33* r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d th e dom inant Man-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n . ■ Hadwen found t h a t "th e f o r e i g n s t u d e n ts showed a j h ig h g e n e r a l a b i l i t y to p e r c e i v e dom inant American v a lu e j I o r i e n t a t i o n s ." 5 j I n t h e i r own o r i e n t a t i o n s , "th e l a r g e s t s i n g l e group! i i n e v e ry v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n a r e a a s s e r t e d t y p i c a l l y American ! j C I7 } ra n k o r d e r s . " 5 ' ! Those who had th e most e r r o r s i n p e r c e i v i n g domi- j n a n t American p a t t e r n s te n d e d to be th e f u r t h e s t from th e ■ j jAmerican p a t t e r n i n t h e i r own p a t t e r n . However,, p e r c e p t i o n | jof th e dom inant American p a t t e r n s and c o rre sp o n d e n c e w ith j I th e American p a t t e r n was o n ly p a r t i a l l y r e l a t e d to s tu d e n t j la d ju stm e n t, a s m easured by i n t e r v i e w s and e v a l u a t i o n s by j ; ' ’ I jteach ers. and c o u n s e l o r s . : ! The Hadwen stu d y i l l u s t r a t e s a n o th e r a p proach to th e a n a l y s i s o f v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n d a ta . T his method o f a n a l y s i s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y l e s s complex th an t h a t u se d i n V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s , and a v o id s th e p roblem o f p r e f e r e n c e s w i t h in p a i r s o f a l t e r n a t i v e s . The h ig h l e v e l o f agreem ent among th e s t u d e n t s i n th e p e r c e p tio n o f th e domi n a n t American o r i e n t a t i o n le n d s a d egree o f c o n s t r u c t v a l i d i t y to th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t, and s t r e n g th e n s the a ssu m p tio n s a b o u t th e n a tu r e o f th e dom inant American o r i e n t a t i o n . 56I b i d . , p. 44. 57I b id . ' ...............'43] O th er P re v io u s R e se a rc h j Evon Z. V ogt, c o - d i r e c t o r o f th e H arvard U n i v e r s i ty j i i ! ; jSchool o f S o c ia l R e la tio n s V a lu es P r o je c t and c o n tr ib u to r j to th e V a r ia tio n s in V alue O r ie n t a t io n s , produced, in c o - | o p e r a tio n w ith Thomas P. O'Dea, a fu r th e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f ^ th e r e s u l t s o f th e V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n stu d y . T h eir d e f i n i t io n o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s i s q u it e s im ila r to Clyde K luck- i |h o lm 's: _ ! By v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e u n d e rs to o d th o s e view s o f th e w o rld , o f t e n i m p l i c i t l y h e l d , w hich d e f in e th e meaning o f human l i f e o r the- " l i f e s i t u a t i o n " o f man | | and th e r e b y p ro v id e th e c o n te x t i n which d a y -to - d a y I p roblem s a re s o l v e d . 58 i : The a u th o r s d e s c r i b e how d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e r e l a - ! i 1 I t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n a f f e c t th e re s p o n s e o f th e Homestead andi i ! I . jMormon com m unities to s i m i l a r p ro b le m s. These com m unities, i n a s i m i l a r g e o g ra p h ic s i t u a t i o n , re sp o n d e d to .the p r o b lems o f b u i l d i n g a sc h o o l, th e c a t t l e r a n g e , and l o c a t i o n o f h o u sin g i n q u i t e d i f f e r e n t ways. The Mormons, w ith t h e i r 1 dom inant c o l l a t e r a l mode o f o r i e n t a t i o n , p la c e d much g r e a t e r ’ em phasis upon c o o p e r a tiv e a c t i v i t y and communal l i v i n g th an C 50 d id th e i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d H o m esteaders. S ince no s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta a r e i n c lu d e d and r e s e a r c h p ro c e d u r e s a re n o t e x p la in e d i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to ^ Evon Vogt and Thomas O’Dea, "A C om parative Study o f th e Role o f V alues i n S o c i a l A c tio n i n Two S o u th w e ste rn C om m unities," S o c ie ty and S e l f , ed. by B. H. S to o d ly (New York: F re e P re s s o f G lencoe, 19 6 2 ), p . 162. 59I b i d . , pp. 160-175. I compare th e c o n c lu s io n s o f V ogt and O'Dea w ith th o se reach ed by Fred S tr o d tb ec k . In ’’Fam ily I n t e r a c t io n in V alu es and Achievem ent* " Fred S tr o d tb ec k d e s c r ib e s how he adapted e ig h t ite m s from th e V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n S c h e d u le. These e ig h t ite m s co n - \ ■ i ta in e d th r e e which S tr o d tb ec k d e s c r ib e s a s r e f e r r in g to "a b e l i e f t h a t th e w orld i s o r d e r ly and amenable to r a t i o n a l m astery; and t h a t th e r e f o r e a p erso n can and should, make | p la n s which w i l l c o n t r o l h i s d e s t in y ." j I These ite m s , w hich th e au th or d e s c r ib e s as a V alue j S c a le ,' were a d m in iste r e d to a sample o f 1 ,1 5 1 boys betw een j th e a g es o f 14 and 17 in New Haven, C o n n e c tic u t. ! The sample was d iv id e d in t o so cio eco n o m ic groups and was fu r th e r d iv id e d in t o u n d e r -a c h ie v e r s and o v e r - a c h ie v e r s , b ased upon a sta n d a r d iz e d academ ic i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t e x p e cta n c y form ula f o r s c h o o l g ra d es and sta n d a r d iz e d ach ievem en t t e s t s . The sample was a ls o d iv id e d in t o e th n ic c a t e g o r i e s : J e w ish , I t a l i a n , I r i s h and A nglo. S tr o d tb ec k found t h a t th e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n betw een so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s and v a lu e s c o r e s , w ith th o se groups o f h ig h e r s t a t u s o b ta in in g h ig h e r s c o r e s . O v e r -a c h ie v e r s had h ig h e r v a lu e s c o r e s than u n d e r - a c h ie v e r s . and, when c l a s s was c o n t r o l l e d , no d i f f e r e n c e s in e th n ic Fred S tr o d tb e c k , "Family I n t e r a c t i o n , V alue and A chievem en t," T a len t and S o c i e t y , ed. by David M cC lelland (P rin cetow n : D ..V an Nos.trand, 1959) * P- 146. 45 I groups were o b ta in e d . S in ce the M cC lelland need a c h ie v e ment in stru m en t was a ls o u sed as p a r t o f t h i s stu d y , o n ly jmales were in c lu d e d in th e s a m p le .^ ; j ’ I j Bernard Rosen adapted a f i v e ite m v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n j |s c h e d u le from the Kluckholm and S tr o d tb ec k v a l u e - o r i e n t a - |t i o n sc h e d u le . These ite m s in c lu d e d th e p a s s i v i s t i c - a c t i - i I ■: 1 - i j v i s t i c , p r e s e n t - f u t u r e and f a m i l i a l - i n d i v i d u a l o r ie n t a tio n s .; I T his sc h e d u le was a d m in iste r e d to a sample o f secon dary j s c h o o l boys in th e M ilwaukee, W isco n sin a r e a . Those who j ' jch oose th r e e or more o f th e p a s s i v i s t i c , p r e s e n t , f a m i l i a l ; a l t e r n a t i v e s were c la s s e d as low v a lu e s c o r e r s and th o se | i who ch oose th r e e o r more o f th e a c t i v i s t i c , f u t u r e , i n - j i d iv id u a l a l t e r n a t i v e s were c la s s e d as h ig h s c o r e r s . U sin g j i th e H o llin g sh e a d two f a c t o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f so cio eco n o m ic j i j I s t a t u s and a c h i-s q u a r e t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e , Rosen found i l th a t th e re was a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e la t io n between so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s and h ig h s c o r e s on th e o r ie n t a t io n s c a l e , a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e la t io n betw een h ig h s c o r e s and a s p ir a t io n s to go to c o l l e g e , and no s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e la t io n betw een s c o r e s on th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n sc h e d u l e and B average and ab ove, and C average and below ■ grades.^2 I 6 l I b i d . , pp. 139- 170. i ' - - j ^ ^ e r n a r d R osen, "The Achievem ent Syndrome: A P sych o- j c u l t u r a l D im ension o f S o c ia l S t r a t i f i c a t i o n , " American So- i o i o l o g i c a l R eview , 21 (A p r il, 195&), 2 0 3 -2 1 1 . | 46 ! In a second s tu d y r e p o r t e d i n 1959* b a se d on an ja d u lt male sample* Rosen u se d an e i g h t ite m a d a p t a t i o n o f i ' i !the Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n sc h e d u le i • ] ; jwhich he e n t i t l e d an Achievem ent O r i e n t a t i o n S c h e d u le . The ! i : |e i g h t ite m s c o n ta in e d t h r e e A c t i v i s t i c - P a s s i v i s t i c o r i e n t a - ; j - !t i o n q u e s t i o n s . He d e s c r i b e d th e A c t i v i s t i c - P a s s i v i s t i c j o r i e n t a t i o n a s : | An a c t i v i s t i c c u l t u r e e n c o u ra g e s th e i n d i v i d u a l to b e - | l i e v e t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e and n e c e s s a r y f o r him to im - j prov e h i s s ta tu s * w hereas a p a s s i v i s t i c c u l t u r e p r o - I ‘ m otes th e a c c e p ta n c e o f th e n o t io n t h a t i n d i v i d u a l e f - I f o r t s to a c h ie v e m o b i l i t y a re r e l a t i v e l y f u t i l e .63 | Two‘ite m s were r e l a t e d to th e I n d i v i d u a l - C o l l e c t i v e j !o r i e n t a t i o n and two to th e F u t u r e - P a s t o r i e n t a t i o n . | | . He found t h a t s o c i a l c la s s * u s in g H o l l in g s h e a d 1s | : ! I two f a c t o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n * was s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to j iachievement orientation; the higher the social clasB* the I j ‘ | g r e a t e r th e achievem ent o r i e n t a t i o n . E t h n i c i t y w ith s o c i a l c l a s s h e ld c o n s t a n t was a ls o s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to | achievem ent m o tiv a tio n * w ith e t h n i c g ro u p s r a n k in g I n o rd e r;1 ! Jew* A n g lo - P r o te s ta n t* Greek* Negro* I t a l i a n and F rench C anadian. W ith s o c i a l c l a s s h e l d c o n sta n t* P r o t e s t a n t 64 s c o r e s were h i g h e r - th a n C a th o lic s c o r e s . j ^ B ern ard Rosen* ■"Race* E t h n i c i t y and Achievem ent*" j American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review, 24 (February* 1959)* 50. f (Th ! I b i d . * pp. 47 -6 0 . 47 | Summary and D is c u s s io n o f i V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n R esearch [ ' | The f in d in g s o f th e Hadwen, S tr o d tb e c k , Vogt and O'Dea and Rosen s t u d ie s le a d to some t e n t a t i v e c o n c lu s io n s [ ! 1 ; [con cern ing th e v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n c o n c e p t. The p e r c e p tio n s I o f Hadwen's f o r e ig n s tu d e n ts support th e p o s i t i o n th a t i th e r e i s in d ee d a dominant v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a tte r n and th a t i t can be d e fin e d . The c o r r e l a t io n s which Rosen and j i S tr o d tb e c k o b ta in e d betw een so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s and o r ie n - j t a t i o n p a t t e r n s ten d to su pp ort th e co n cep t o f s y s te m a tic j i . | [v a r ia tio n in v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n w ith in su b -grou p s o f a s o - | i ' | j c i e t y . The dominant o r ie n t a t i o n was most c l o s e l y a s s o c ia t e d j | I w ith m iddle and upper s t a t u s g ro u p s, and v a r ia n t o r ie n t a - I • I jtio n s m ost c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith low er s t a t u s groups.. j i ! The a s s o c i a t i o n betw een s t a t e d v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s and i n d exes o f b e h a v io r a l outcom es fu r th e r su p p o rts th e p l a u s i b i l i t y o f th e d i r e c t i v e fo r c e o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n s upon b e h a v io r , and the. p o s s i b i l i t y o f a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y a ccou n tin g fo r v a r ia t io n in b e h a v io r through v a r ia t io n in v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n . The u se o f male s u b j e c t s in th e S tr o d tb ec k and Rosen s t u d ie s le a v e s open th e q u e s tio n o f w hether or n ot th e p r o c e s s o f developm ent o f th e o b serv ed v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n s f in d s i t s lo c u s in th e l i f e s i t u a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t | so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s or in th e l i f e s i t u a t i o n s o f male and j fe m a le . I 48 i The dominant o r ie n t a t i o n s may he a con com itan t o f | the s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s o f th e m idd le c l a s s male and n o t ; o f th e m idd le c l a s s fe m a le . F u r th e r , th e v a r y in g com bina- I t i o n s o f o r ie n t a t i o n s r e p r e s e n te d in th e two v a lu e s c a l e s i jmay have o b scu red s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s in th e d i f - ; [ j ‘ j f e r e n t ,v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n a r e a s . These s i m i l a r i t i e s and j i • i I d i f f e r e n c e s m ight have become a p p a r e n t i f th e o r i e n t a t i o n s j j lareas had been d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . A .fu r th e r q u e s tio n which i | I jmust be c o n s id e re d i s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f one a r e a o f o r i e n - | ! i j t a t i o n b e in g m o stly i n f l u e n c e d by th e f a c t o r o f sex r o l e j i d if f e r e n c e s., and a n oth er a r ea by so cio eco n o m ic c l a s s d i f - j 1 ‘ ! i ! ife r e n c e s , and a t h ir d by b o th . The c o n c lu s io n s p r e s e n te d s u g g e s t that' b e h a v io r i s j i i th e outcome o f the. o r i e n t a t i o n . On th e b a s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s , a p l a u s i b l e c a se can be made f o r th e r e c ip r o c a l of, t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , i . e . , the p r o c e s s o f th e developm ent o f a v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n o f m astery or c o n tr o l i s f a c i l i t a t e d by th e e x p e r ie n c e o f m astery or c o n t r o l. Academic m astery may le a d to th e a t t r i b u t i o n o f th e cau se o f s u c c e s s to o n e 's own m astery or c o n tr o l o f th e s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n , w hich in turn i s r e f l e c t e d in e x p r e s s io n s o f a s s e n t to sta te m e n ts o f m a stery . The c o n c lu s io n s o f th e Hadwen stu d y (some o r i e n t a - !t i o n s b e in g r e l a t e d to f o r e i g n s t u d e n t a d ju s tm e n t, o t h e r s n o t o r even n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d ) ^ s u g g e s t th e p o s s i b i l i t y j j ; ^H ad w en , op. c i t . , pp. 3IO-3 1 5._______________________‘___ j t h a t a f a c t o r o f s i t u a t i o n a l p e r c e p tio n may e n te r in t o th e r e l a t i o n s h i p , For example., th e s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n may be jp e rc eiv e d a s one w hich demands m astery or c o n t r o l, or i t i ; may be p e r c e iv e d p r im a r ily a s one which demands .a c e r t a in j mode o f a c t i v i t y a n d /o r r e l a t i o n s h i p . In th e form er c a s e , ja m astery o r ie n t a t i o n m ight be th e dominant d i r e c t i v e o r i - j je n ta tio n j in th e l a t t e r c a s e , m astery m ight be i r r e l e v a n t j jto sc h o o l b e h a v io r and commonly a c c e p te d c r i t e r i a o f s c h o o lj i j i | ] s u c c e s s and th e mode o f a c t i v i t y a n d /o r r e l a t i o n s h i p o r ie n - j ! ' I S ta tio n s m ight be th e dominant d i r e c t i v e o n e s . i ! I Man-Nature O r ie n ta tio n and R e la te d T h e o r ie s , I C oncepts and R esearch Man-Nature O r ie n ta tio n j The q u e s tio n o f man’ s r e l a t i o n s h i p to Nature e l i c i t s , a c co r d in g to Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k , th r e e a l t e r n a t iv e an sw ers. These are th a t man i s s u b je c t to N ature, i n harmony w ith Nature o r t h a t man ,has m a stery o v er Na~ ± 66 t u r e . The f a t a l is m in th e S p a n ish -A m erica n ' s a c ce p ta n c e j o f d eath and i l l n e s s and the d e s t r u c t io n o f crop s and f l o c k s by d is e a s e or storm i s c i t e d by F lo r e n c e Kluckholm a s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f the S u b ju g a tio n to N ature o r i e n t a t i o n . The co n cep t t h a t " th ere i s no r e a l s e p a r a tio n o f man, n atu re and su p e rn a tu r e. One i s sim p ly an e x te n s io n o f 66 F. Kluckholm and St r o d t b e c k , op. c i t ., p. 12. 50 : 67 ' ' th e o th e r . . . d e s c r ib e s th e Harmony-W ith-Nature o r ie n - ; t a t i o n . T his o r ie n t a t i o n i s d e s c r ib e d a s th e dominant one o f th e c l a s s i c a l Chinese., contem porary Jap an ese and Navaho j In d ia n c u l t u r e s . j The M astery-O ver-N ature o r ie n t a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d ] by such a c t s as th e b u ild in g o f dams, road s and b r id g e s , j j jand th e f i l l i n g o f la k e s to overcome n a tu r a l o b s t a c l e s , and j i ■ | I th e b e l i e f in the e f f i c a c y o f m ed ica l care and th e adage, j i k i t"The Lord h e lp s th o s e who h e lp t h e m s e lv e s ." ’ She c o n c lu d e s j ! i jh er d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s o r i e n t a t i o n , "The view i n g e n e r a l ! ; • i I ; i s th a t i t i s m an's duty to overcome o b s t a c l e s ; hence t h e r e , 68 i i s th e g r e a t em phasis upon te c h n o lo g y ." j | T his sta te m en t r a i s e s th e q u e s tio n about th e k in d j jof o b s t a c l e s , w hether n a t u r a l, p h y s ic a l o r s o c i a l , and su g - j g e s t s ('!The view in g e n e r a l" ) 89 th e p o s s i b i l i t y th a t th e Man-Nature o r ie n t a t i o n may be r e l a t e d to a ten d en cy toward a b e l i e f in and e x p e c t a tio n o f m a stery , su b ju g a tio n or h a r mony, in th e s o c i a l as w e ll as th e "n atural" w orld . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e e x te n s io n o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e s o c i a l w orld i s r e in f o r c e d in th e d is c u s s io n o f th e r e l a t i o n sh ip betw een v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n s and b e h a v io r s p h e r e s, and betw een v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s and s o c i a l change. The q u e s tio n o f w hether o r ie n t a t i o n s toward n atu re and th e s o c i a l environm ent are two ty p e s o f a g e n e r a liz e d 67I b i d . , p . 1 3 . 68I b i d . 69I b i d . 51 | m a stery-su b ju gation -h arm on y o r i e n t a t i o n , or w hether one f o l- j low s from th e o th e r are unansw ered. The problem o f r e la t io n ; to th e s o c i a l environm ent seem s to im pinge upon th e r e l a - j ! t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n . However, th e r e l a t i o n a l . o r i e n t a t i o n j r e f e r s to th e m o d a lity o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f man to man i jand n o t th e means and ends a s su b ju g a tio n * harmony, and mas-' i ] E J jtery im p ly . j i I ! A lthough Kluckholm and S tr o d tb ec k do n o t d is c u s s i t , a n a l y s i s o f th e c o n te n t o f th e r e s e a r c h in str u m e n t and th e d e s c r ip t io n o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n s r e v e a l a s e p a r a t io n - c o n t i n u i t y . d i s t i n c t i o n . The su b ju g a tio n and m astery o r ie n - j jta tio n s presume t h a t s e l f i s a s e p a r a te e n t i t y , and th e o b - j [ ' ! j je c t s and o t h e r s in s e l f ' s environm ent are e n t i t i e s a p a rt | and c l e a r l y d is t in g u is h e d from s e l f . The harmony o r i e n t a - j t i o n presum es t h a t s e l f i s c o n tin u o u s w ith th e o b j e c t s and o th e r s o f s e l f ' s en viron m en t, and r e c i p r o c a l l y , th a t th e s e are p a r t o f s e l f . C le a r -c u t d i s t i n c t i o n i s a b s e n t, and the j r e la t io n s h ip i s one o f b le n d in g or f u s in g . I f i t can be assumed th a t m ost Am ericans p e r c e iv e th e m se lv e s as b e in g se p a r a te and d i s t i n c t from t h e i r en viron m en t, some trou blesom e q u e s t io n s are r a is e d co n cern in g th e meaning and r o le o f th e Harmony r e s p o n s e . Do resp o n d e n t s c o n fu se harmony and c o o p e r a tio n , g iv in g them i d e n t i c a l meaning? Does th e ran k in g o f harmony above m astery or su b ju g a tio n in te n d to em phasize th e r e j e c t i o n o f th e form er j a lt e r n a t iv e s ? I s th e harmony a l t e r n a t i v e , in e f f e c t , a 52 j I k in d o f n e u tr a l resp o n se? R e la te d R esearch ! I The r e l a t e d r e s e a r c h th a t w i l l be rev iew ed d oes not J j c o n s id e r th e s e p a r a t io n - c o n t in u it y d i s t i n c t i o n * but r a th e r j I c o n c e n tr a te s upon a n t i t h e t i c a l c l a s s e s o r d ic h o to m ie s . The j | ! d e s c r i p t iv e term s fo r th e two c l a s s e s are n e a r ly synonomous ! w ith th a t o f m astery and su b ju g a tio n * or i t can be in f e r r e d |th a t th e y r e p r e s e n t b e l i e f s * f e e lin g s * a t t i t u d e s or v a lu e s |t h a t are d e r iv e d from a common so u rce; i.e.* p e ssim ism - | ! * ' ioptim ism and s u b ju g a tio n -m a ste r y are n o t synonomous* b u t i t j | c o u ld be h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t m astery o r ie n t a t i o n would be j a s s o c i a t e d w ith f e e l i n g s o f optim ism and su b ju g a tio n w ith p e ssim ism . O r ie n ta tio n toward both th e "n atural" and s o c i a l environm ent i s in d ic a t e d by some o f th e s tu d ie s * w h ile o t h e r s fo c u s upon o n ly th e r e l a t i o n s h i p to the s o c i a l en viron m en t. | The r e v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e on r e l a t e d c o n c e p ts and r e s e a r c h d e s c r ib e s and a n a ly z e s p o r t io n s o f Max W eber's p r o t e s t a n t e t h i c concept* M cC le lla n d 's need achievem en t theory* and Seem an's a n a l y s is o f th e meaning o f a lie n a t io n * showing s i m i l a r i t i e s betw een th e s e s o c i a l and p s y c h o lo g ic a l |c o n c e p ts and th e m a ste r y -s u b ju g a tio n a r e a s o f th e Man-Nature v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . The secon d s e c t i o n d e s c r ib e s r e s e a r c h i n v e s t i g a t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s in in n e r and o u te r lo c u s o f con t r o l , and e x p lo r e s I t s r e le v a n c e to th e M an-Nature o r i e n t a - i t i o n . The f i n a l s e c t i o n i n v e s t i g a t e s th e i n s i g h t s o f novel-! i I s t s , th e o p in io n s o f s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s and e m p i r ic a l s t u - j d i e s which r e l a t e to th e b ro a d theme o f m a s te ry and s u b ju - j g a t i o n . The l a s t s e c t i o n does n o t p u r p o r t to be an e x h a u s- j t i v e c o m p ila tio n o f a l l r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l s . However/ i t i s j j r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f th e i n s i g h t s , o p in io n s and s c i e n t i f i c c o n c lu s io n s i n th e a r e a . j P r o t e s t a n t E t h i c — d e s c r i p t i o n and e x p l i c a t i o n s . - - \ Max W eb er's essay., The P r o t e s t a n t E th ic and th e S p i r i t o f j ( C a p it a l i s m , e x p lo r e s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e d e v e lo p - j ment o f modern c a p i t a l i s m and c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s which made j i t p o s s ib l e .- H is m ajor p re m ise i s t h a t ! i The q u e s tio n o f m otive f o r c e s i n th e ex p an sio n o f mod e rn c a p i t a l i s m i s n o t in th e f i r s t ' i n s t a n c e a q u e s tio n o f th e o r i g i n o f th e c a p i t a l sums which were a v a i l a b l e , b u t above a l l , o f th e developm ent o f th e s p i r i t o f c a p i t a l i s m . 7 ° T a l c o t t P a rso n s sum m arizes and e x p l i c a t e s W eb er's m ajo r p re m ise by sa y in g : an in d is p e n s a b l e (th o u g h by no means o n ly ) ele m e n t i n th e e x p la n a t i o n o f th e system la y i n a system o f u l t i mate v a lu e s and v a lu e a t t i t u d e s , i n t u r n a n c h o re d i n and i n p a r t dep en d en t upon a d e f i n i t e m e ta p h y s ic a l system o f I d e a s . 7 1 ^ Max Weber, The P r o t e s t a n t E th i c and th e S p i r i t o f C a p ita lis m , t r a n s . by T a l c o t t P a rso n s (C hicago: C h a rle s ■Scribner, 1950) j p . - 91* 71 T a l c o t t P a rs o n s , The S t r u c t u r e o f S o c i a l A ctio n (New York: F re e P r e s s o f G lencoe, 1949) v P * 510. 5~k Weber f i n d s th e i d e a l ty p e e x p r e s s io n o f th e s e u l t i mate v a lu e s , a t t i t u d e s and t h i s m e ta p h y s ic a l system i n th e j j th e o lo g y and p r a c t i c e o f C a lv in ism . ) The fu n d am en tal p r o p o s i t i o n s o f C a l v i n i s t th e o lo g y j I I a re t h a t : ( l ) God i s th e tr a n s c e n d e n t c r e a t o r and g o v e rn o r j i o f th e u n i v e r s e and., e x c e p t f o r d i v in e r e v e l a t i o n , i s b e - j yond th e com prehension o f man; ( 2 ) a l l human s o u ls have been and w i l l be p r e d e s t i n e d th ro u g h o u t e t e r n i t y f o r e i t h e r s a l v a t i o n o r dam nation; ( 3 ) th e p u rp o se o f man i s th e g lo ri-j 1f i c a t i o n o f God; (4) th e e s ta b l is h m e n t o f th e Kingdom o f j j i j'Heaven on E a r th i s manr s p r e o r d a in e d means f o r th e g l o r i f i - j j f c a t i o n o f God; and ( 5 ) s i n and death- a r e th e d e s t i n y o f a l l j ' 72 ! ; t h i n g s e x c e p t th ro u g h th e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f d iv in e g r a c e . j . ■ i From th e dogma o f th e tr a n s c e n d e n t c r e a t o r and g o v- j ' e r n o r , and knowledge o f Him and H is u n i v e r s e th ro u g h d iv in e r e v e l a t i o n , grew th e i m p l i c a t i o n o f an o r d e re d and r a t i o n a l u n i v e r s e . P r e d e s t i n a t i o n le d to an a n x i e t y a b o u t o n e ’ s s t a t e o f g r a c e , "So, whenever th e d o c t r i n e o f p r e d e s t i n a t i o n was h e ld , th e q u e s tio n c o u ld n o t be s u p p re s s e d w h eth er t h e r e were any i n f a l l i b l e c r i t e r i a by which membership i n th e e l e c t c o u ld be k n o w n ." ^ The i n d i v i d u a l c o u ld n o t a p p e a l d i r e c t l y to th e t r a n s c e n d e n t , i n s c r u t a b l e God f o r th e answ ers t o h i s anx- 7 2I b i d . , p . 522; Weber, op. c i t . , p p . 9 8-IO 8 . ^^Weber, op . c i t ., p . 1 1 0 . i o u s q u e s t i o n s . However, f a i t h i n th e o r d e r o f G od 's r a t i o n a l u n i v e r s e and i n th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t m an 's p u rp o se was th e g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f God th ro u g h th e e s t a b l is h m e n t o f H is Kingdom, d id p ro v id e an i n d i r e c t though a t t e n u a t e d means o f s a t i s f a c t i o n : S a l v a t i o n c o u ld n o t be g u a r a n te e d by any m a g ic a l s a c r a m ents, by r e l i e f i n th e c o n f e s s io n , n o r by i n d i v i d u a l good w orks. I t was o n ly p o s s i b l e by p r o o f i n a s p e c i f i c ty p e o f con d u ct u n m is ta k a b ly d i f f e r e n t from th e way o f l i f e o f th e n a t u r a l man, Prom t h a t fo llo w e d f o r th e i n d i v i d u a l an i n c e n t i v e , m e th o d ic a lly to s u p e r v is e h i s own s t a t e o f g ra c e i n h i s own c o n d u c t, and th u s to p e n e t r a t e i t w ith a s c e t i c i s m . . . t h i s a s c e t i c co ndu ct meant a r a t i o n a l p la n n in g o f th e whole o f o n e 's l i f e i n a cc o rd a n c e w ith G od's w i l l . . . r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f con d u c t w i t h in t h i s w o rld , b u t f o r th e sake o f th e w orld beyond, was th e consequence o f th e c o n c e p t o f c a l l i n g j o f a s c e t i c P r o t e s t e n t i s m . 74 ! I Weber d e v e lo p s th e p o s i t i o n t h a t th e r e l i g i o u s e l e ment ( C a l v i n i s t i c th e o lo g y ) g r a d u a l l y dropped o u t and i n i t s p l a c e was s u b s t i t u t e d a u t i l i t a r i a n m o ti v a ti o n . The r e l i g i o u s e t h i c which p re c e d e d th e developm ent o f modern c a p i t a l i s m i s tra n s fo rm e d i n t o th e s e c u l a r i z e d e t h i c o f c a p i t a l i s m . The s e c u l a r i z e d e t h i c found i n i t s "pure form" i n th e w r i t i n g s o f Benjam in F r a n k lin c o n t a i n s , i n th e words .of T a l c o t t P a rs o n s , " th e c e n t r a l e t h i c a l e le m e n t, th e a s c e - , . 7 5 t i c d e v o tio n to im p e rs o n a l t a s k s f o r t h e i r own sa k e . W eb er's t h e o r y c o n ta in s s e v e r a l e le m e n ts w hich a re o f p a r t i c u l a r r e le v a n c e to t h i s s tu d y . These a r e : ( l ) th e 7 4I b i d . , pp . 153-15^. 7 ^ P a rso n s, op. c i t . , p . 532. e l a b o r a t i o n o f th e c o n n e c tio n betw een a m e ta p h y s ic a l system j o f i d e a s and a system o f v a lu e s ; ( 2 ) th e em phasis upon r a - j i i t i o n a l c o n t r o l o f b e h a v io r a s th e c e n t r a l e lem en t o f th e j j ' . i l e t h i c ; and ( 3 ) th e a t t i t u d e - tow ard tim e which was one o f j j th e components o f th e e t h i c . T h is t h i r d p o i n t w i l l r e c e i v e ! g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n i n th e s e c t i o n on tim e o r i e n t a t i o n . | The i d e a t h a t C a l v i n i s t dogma was th e c o g n i t i v e : j |b a s i s o f th e e t h i c s u g g e s ts a p o s s i b l e p a r a l l e l to th e v a lu e i | | o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t; i . e . , th e b e l i e f i n an ordered* r a - j ! ; | t i o n a l u n i v e r s e o r w o rld o f n a tu r e s e r v e s as th e c o g n it i v e i ! I ' ' |pole* th e v a lu e s t a n d a r d t h a t one o u g h t to c o n t r o l n a tu r e j | i s e r v e s as th e v a l u a t i v e pole* and th e l i n k o r v a lu e orienta-j- i I t i o n betw een th e two i s t h a t man does o r can c o n t r o l n a t u r e j | i j For W eb er's P u rita n * th e b e l i e f i n an o r d e r e d u n i - ! ' v e rs e r e s t e d upon h i s b e l i e f i n a T ra n sc e n d e n t God who was th e a u th o r o f th e u n i v e r s e . T h is T ra n sc e n d e n t God r e v e a l e d h i m s e l f and h i s p l a n th ro u g h th e works o f h i s s a in ts * i . e . * i n th e B i b le . Weber e x p la in s t h a t f o r th e 1 9t h and 2 0 th c e n tu r y m ap 's r e l i g i o u s e le m e n ts have d is a p p e a re d from th e c a p i t a l i s t i c e t h i c . As L enski p o i n t s out* f o r Weber, once th e c a p i t a l i s t i c e t h i c h a s been e s t a b l is h e d * i t becomes s e l f p e r p e t u a t i n g . * ^ T h is seems to mean t h a t th e e t h i c i s no lo n g e r d ep en d en t upon a c o g n i t i v e pole* be i t r e l i g i o u s o r s e c u l a r . On th e o t h e r hand* th e w r i t i n g s o f David r7 £ . ' Gerhard Lenski* The R e lig io u s F a cto r (New York: D oubleday and Co.* 1 9 6 1) . ___________________________________ - __ M cK inley, Crane B r in to n , and Fred S tr o d tb ec k s u g g e s t th a t j a s e c u l a r i z e d / n a t u r a l i s t i c c o g n i t iv e b e l i e f d e v e lo p e d , in | i p a r t , from and has become th e .modern f u n c t io n a l e q u iv a le n t j 77 f o f th e C a l v i n i s t dogm a.1 j M cKinley s u g g e s ts th e modern e q u iv a le n t o f C a lv in is-i j [ t ie dogma would be th a t th e r e i s a n a tu r a l o rd er in d ep en d en t1 I ; o f a d ie t y and th a t t h i s n a tu r a l o rd er i s r e v e a le d to man | through s c i e n c e . S c ie n c e i s a ls o th e means fo r th e c o n t r o l | 7 R o f th e n a tu r a l en viron m en t. B r in to n and M cKinley su g g e s t I . j I th a t o u t o f th e p h ilo s o p h y o f th e 18 th c e n tu ry e n l ig h t e n - I j | jment d e v e lo p e d , by way o f John L ocke* th e id e a o f a r a - j 79 | t i o n a l l y o rd ered u n iv e r s e in d ep en d en t o f a d i e t y . j The c o n c ep t o f th e " c a llin g " w hich i s an im p ortan t j i elem en t in th e P r o t e s ta n t e t h i c a ls o s u g g e s ts th e b e l i e f in a r a t i o n a l u n iv e r s e , and th e v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n o f th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o n t r o l . P arsons d e s c r ib e s W eber's co n cep t o f th e c a l l i n g : No lo n g e r i s th e n e c e s s i t y to la b o r th e c u r se o f Adam, a punishm ent fo r o r i g i n a l s i n . Nor i s i t m erely an a s c e t i c tec h n iq u e in th e se n s e o f a means o f com bating th e te m p ta tio n s o f th e f l e s h . A l l th e s e are n e g a tiv e m o t iv a tio n s . The P u rita n e t h i c added a p o s i t i v e one o f b a s ic im p o rta n ce. Labor in a c a l l i n g w ith no e a r t h ly aim than "doing a good Job" a c co r d in g to th e i n t r i n s i c 7D avid M cK inley, S o c i a l C la ss and Fam ily L if e (New York: F ree P r e ss o f G len co e, 19&4) j Crane B r in to n , The Shaping o f Modern Thought (Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t ic e - H a ll, I 1 9 5 0 )j S tr o d tb e c k , "T alent and S o c ie t y ," op . c i t , ! 78M cK inley, l o c . c i t . | 7 % r in t o n , l o c . c i t .; M cKinley, l o c . c i t . r eq u irem en ts o f th e s i t u a t i o n , was a p o s i t i v e command o f God, th e f i r s t duty o f one who was e a g er to do h i s w i l l . . . For th e tr u e b e l i e v e r such work was n ot an u n p le a sa n t n e c e s s i t y to w hich he must g r u d g in g ly su b - j m it. I t was th e h ig h e s t f u l f i l l m e n t o f h i s own deep j r e l i g i o u s i n t e r e s t s . 80 , j | ; ! Weber p o in t s o u t th a t as a r e s u l t o f t h i s , " a s c e t- ; I ic is m lo o k ed upon th e p u r s u it o f w e a lth a s an end in i t s e l f ; i as h ig h ly r e p r e h e n s ib le ] b u t th e a tta in m e n t o f i t a s a ; f r u i t o f lab o u r in a c a l l i n g was a s ig n o f G od's b l e s s - j jing . 1,81 ' { ; The c a p i t a l i s t i c e t h i c minus i t s r e l i g i o u s r o o t s j i h o ld s t h a t a man sh o u ld p u rsu e h i s o c cu p a tio n a s an end in j i t s e l f , or in P a r so n 's words "with no o th e r end than 'd oin g j ; j a good jo b ' a c co r d in g to th e i n t r i n s i c r eq u irem en ts o f th e j ! i*82 * s i t u a t i o n ." I The p u r s u it o f th e o c c u p a tio n i s b e s t accom p lish ed by e x e r c i s i n g r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l o v e r o n e 's c o n d u ct, and as p a r t o f t h i s r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l one must in c lu d e prud en t and r a t i o n a l p la n n in g . The t e s t o f th e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s co n duct would be th e a ccu m u la tio n o f w e a lth . The c e n t r a l f e a t u r e o f t h i s e t h i c , fo r the p u rp oses o f t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , i s th e co n cep t o f r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l and p la n n in g . Thus, i t c o u ld f o llo w th a t i f one ought to con t r o l o n e 's condu ct and make r a t i o n a l p la n s , one can do 80 P a rso n s, op. c i t . , p . 527- 8 1 Weber, op . c i t . , p . 172. 82 Parsons, l o c . c i t . 59 th e s e t h in g s . A fu r th e r e x te n s io n o f t h i s l i n e o f r ea so n in g (would assume th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e c o n t r o l o f th e e n v ir o n m ent, b oth n a tu r a l and s o c i a l , b ecau se o f i t s u n d e r ly in g [ r a t i o n a l i t y . To turn t h i s a r o u n d .,'if th e n a tu r a l and s o c i a l j ^environment are n o t r a t i o n a l or do n o t o p e r a te a cco rd in g to . isome p la n or law , the p o s s i b i l i t y o f o n e 's own p la n s b ein g [ r e a liz e d i s l im i t e d , i f n o t c o m p le te ly th w arted . The modern e q u iv a le n t can be seen a s p r o c ee d in g [from the e t h i c one sh ou ld c o n t r o l, to th e v a lu e o r ie n t a t io n ; th a t one c a n 'c o n t r o l, to th e b e l i e f in a r a t i o n a l ord ered [u n iv e r se . Donald M cKinley, in h i s S o c ia l C la ss and Fam ily [L i f e , ta k e s th e p o s i t i o n th a t th e r e i s a dominant American e th o s j "Our view i s t h a t th e b a s ic theme o f the American t (system i s c o n t r o l o f th e s o c i a l and p h y s ic a l environm ent I Oo land th e m a n if e s t a t io n o f t h i s .m astery in h ig h p r o d u c tio n ." ■ 5; [This b a s ic theme (M cKinley a ls o r e f e r s to i t a s th e domi- n an t theme) i s d e r iv e d from th e assum ption t h a t s o c i e t y i t - I I s e l f i s a r a t i o n a l l y ord ered system a c h ie v e d through th e c o n s c io u s r a t i o n a l e f f o r t s o f in d ep en d en t p e r s o n s . The j b a s ic theme can be view ed a s th e dominant o n e, s in c e v a lu e s ; d e r iv e d from i t tak e p r eced en ce ov er o th e r v a lu e s . I t i s i ithe b a s ic stan d ard to w hich o th e r sta n d a rd s o f reward and i i |punishment must r e f e r . " I n d iv id u a ls i n c o n t r o l a re com- ^ M cK in ley, op. c i t . , p. 3 6 , im itte d to i t , " and " o t h e r s n o t com m itted to i t m ust g e n e r - I Oh | a l l y d e a l w ith i t o r a d j u s t to i t . " ; F u rth e rm o re , " t h i s d e f i n i t i o n does n o t r e q u i r e t h a t I a l l o r even most p e o p le a c c e p t i t as t h e i r p e r s o n a l s t a n d a r d . N e a rly a l l m ust, how ever, r e c o g n iz e i t s n o rm ativ e |power i n th e s o c i e t y . " ^ i The b a s i c American v a lu e system w hich fo llo w s from :th e "dom inant theme" i s d e fin e d a s : . . . each p e rs o n m ust p ro v e h i m s e l f b a s i c a l l y w orthy o f a p p ro v a l by a c t i n g a s an in s tr u m e n t o f some h ig h e r g o a l th ro u g h p r o d u c t i v e e f f o r t - - e s p e c i a l l y i n h i s o c c u p a t io n - -w hich w i l l i n d i r e c t l y b r in g a b o u t a somewhat u n d e fin e d b e t t e r s o c i e t y o r l i f e f o r a l l . 86 'More s p e c i f i c a l l y t h i s means t h a t : 1. A p e rs o n m ust a c h ie v e by e f f o r t w hich means p o s t po n in g c e r t a i n p l e a s u r e s o f th e s e n s e s . . . . 2. A p e rs o n a s an in s tr u m e n t o f some f u t u r e g o a l may j in d u lg e h i m s e l f b u t p r i m a r i l y w ith t]rie i d e a o f ; .in c r e a s e d a b i l i t y to p ro d u c e . . . . 3 . . . . a p e rs o n m ust be r a t i o n a l , s k i l l e d and I n e i t h e r f o o l i s h n o r s e n t i m e n t a l , ° 7 The v e ry c lo s e p a r a l l e l to Max W eb e r's t h e s i s , I w hich McKinley q u i t e c a n d id ly s t a t e s he i s a tte m p tin g to I a c h ie v e , i s e v i d e n t . Man i s to l a b o r i n th e s e r v i c e o f |some h i g h e r g o a l. He can and o u g h t to c o n t r o l th e n a t u r a l j iand p h y s i c a l e n v iro n m e n t. He can and o ugh t to c o n t r o l him- !s e l f by p o s tp o n in g im m ediate g r a t i f i c a t i o n . P le a s u r e o r j |r e c r e a t i o n i s J u s t i f i e d o n ly a s i t c o n t r i b u t e s to p ro d u c - 8^ I b i d . , p . 3 9 . 8^ I b i d . 8 6I b i d . 8 7I b i d . , p . 40. 61 t l v e e f f o r t , and r a t i o n a l s o b r i e t y i s th e s ta n d a rd o f con d u c t . F re d S tr o d tb e c k a ls o d e v e lo p s a modern e q u iv a le n t I o f th e P r o t e s t a n t E th i c : ■ - | ( l ) They (th e modern b u s i n e s s e x e c u tiv e and p r o f e s s i o n - | ! a l ) te n d to b e l i e v e t h a t o u rs i s an o r d e r l y u n iv erse., j and t h a t , no m a t t e r how c o m p lic a te d th e problem , t h e r e i s a c o m b in atio n o f r e s e a r c h and o r g a n i z a t i o n w hich w i l l so lv e i t , ( 2 ) th e y b e l i e v e t h a t one must reck o n w ith a | s u p r a - i n d i v i d u a l system which i s im p e rs o n a l (though i n I no se n se d i r e c t e d by a t r a n s c e n d e n t a l God) and, ( 3 ) | th e y have h i t upon a s c e t i c d e v o tio n to work as a s o l u - | t i o n to th e t e n s i o n s betw een d i f f u s e i n t e r p e r s o n a l grat-^ i f i c a t i o n s and th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r achievem ent S tr o d tb e c k s e l e c t s the. e le m e n ts o f r a t i o n a l l y o r - jg a n iz e d p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l u n i v e r s e , p r e d e s t i n a t i o n and i" th e c a l l i n g " from th e P r o t e s t a n t E t h i c , and d e s c r i b e s mod- ; i R ? ' e rn f u n c t i o n a l e q u i v a l e n t s . The b e l i e f i n th e r a t i o n a l n a - ; |t u r e o f th e u n i v e r s e re m a in s , minus i t s o m n ip o te n t c r e a t o r , ( |a s th e c o g n it i v e p o le . The v a l u a t i v e p o le t h a t one ought ! I ■|to c o n t r o l i s e x p re s s e d i n th e a s c e t i c d e v o tio n to work. ■ i ' ■ ■ ■ ; !The p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o n t r o l , th e o r i e n t a t i o n , i s e x p re s s e d i : i n th e b e l i e f i n th e e f f i c a c y o f r e s e a r c h and o r g a n i z a t i o n . Prom t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f S t r o d t b e c k 1s a n a l y s i s , ; j i t can be i n f e r r e d t h a t th e o r g a n i z a t i o n ( " th e im p e rs o n a l |s u p r a - i n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m " ) ^ a s p a r t o f th e s o c i a l u n i v e r s e I ! f j i s a l s o o f a r a t i o n a l n a t u r e . I f , th ro u g h r e s e a r c h a n d /o r | O O ! I S tr o d tb e c k , "Fam ily I n t e r a c t i o n , Value and A c h ie v e -i iinent," op. c i t . , p. 140. ! com pliance to th e r a t i o n a l l y o r d e r e d means o f th e o r g a n i z a - I t i o n , one o r d e r s o n e 's b e h a v io r , rew ard i n term s o f c a r e e r I advancem ent, i n c r e a s e d income and o t h e r symbols o f p r e s t i g e ; I w i l l fo llo w . C o rp o ra te s u c c e s s becomes th e f u n c t i o n a l i I ; !e q u iv a le n t o f w e a lth . F or th e c o r p o r a te e x e c u tiv e and mod-' J j e r a p r o f e s s i o n a l , a s f o r th e P u r i t a n , s u c c e s s i s n o t a g o a l ^ j f o r i t s e l f , b u t th e symbol o f p e r s o n a l v a l i d i t y . i I | Need a c h ie v e m e n t— David M c C le lla n d . — The c o n ce p t o f ; ; th e ach ievem ent m o tiv e , a s e l a b o r a t e d by David M cC lelland, h i s a s s o c i a t e s and many o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s i s i n p a r t d e p riv e d from Max W eb e r's t h e s i s .^ 0 T his i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e I i n some o f M c C le lla n d 's l a t e r r e s e a r c h . A lthough th e i n - |v e s t i g a t i o n s o f th e Achievem ent Motive began w ith th e a t - 91 I tem pt to f i n d a m easure o f g e n e r a l i z e d ach iev e m e n t, th e | ; jem ph asis h as changed to t h a t o f a m easure o f m o tiv a tio n j ! 02 I f o r b u s i n e s s o r economic a c h ie v e m e n t. i ; i ! Roger Brown m a in ta in s t h a t M cC lelland a c c e p te d | |W e b e r's t h e s i s t h a t P r o t e s t a n t i s m le d to a s p i r i t o f c a p i - ! I t a l i s m , which i n tu r n was condu cive to economic developm ents |M cC lellan d sou ght to d is c o v e r i n t e r v e n i n g v a r i a b l e s i n t h i s ! i ■ s jc h a in o f cause and e f f e c t . E a r l i e r r e s e a r c h had shown a i I ; I ^ R o g e r Brown, S o c i a l P sychology (New York: Free | P r e s s , 1 9 6 5) , pp. 423-476. ; 91 ] David M cC lelland, e t a l . , The Achievem ent M otive ; j(New York: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry , 1953)• ^ 2D a v i d M cC lelland, The A ch iev in g S o c ie ty ( P r in c e to n ; j D. Van N o s tr an d , 19 6 l ) .__________ I s tr o n g r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een e a r l y c h ild h o o d independ en ce i ’ . |t r a i n i n g and h ig h ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n . High ach iev em en t ; j ! jm o tiv a tio n was a ls o found to he an im p o r ta n t e lem en t i n th e • ; :developm ent o f e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l c h a r a c t e r . M c C le lla n d 's jm o d if ic a tio n o f W eb er's t h e s i s h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t P r o te s ta n t- : iism ten d e d to em phasize e a r l y indep en d en ce t r a i n i n g , which ih elped to dev elo p an e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l c h a r a c t e r which i n c l u d e d h ig h achievem ent m o ti v a ti o n . When th o s e o f e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l c h a r a c t e r were r e c r u i t e d i n t o c a p i t a l i s t i c i n d u s t r i a l - e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l r o l e s , economic grow th te n d e d to 93 :ensue. J I _ ; I n i n v e s t i g a t i n g th e h y p o th e s is t h a t P r o t e s t a n t i s m I le a d s to e a r l y in d ep en d en ce t r a i n i n g , M cC lelland found t h a t I jnominal a f f i l i a t i o n w ith a P r o t e s t a n t church was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to achiev em ent m o tiv a tio n o r e a r l y independ-l 1 ■ i lence t r a i n i n g . He s u g g e s te d t h a t p e rh a p s th e s i g n i f i c a n t I r e l a t i o n s h i p was to c e r t a i n r e l i g i o u s v a l u e s - - t h o s e which I em phasize an i n d i v i d u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p to God and make a l l i ; iman's deeds r e l e v a n t to s a l v a t i o n r a t h e r th an to r i t u a l i s t i c 94 ! I co m p lian c e. j | M c C le lla n d 's s u g g e s tio n i m p l i e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y ! . ! | t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een e a r l y in depend en ce i . j s t r a in i n g and ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n on th e one hand and a i ' | b e l i e f i n an o r d e r e d r a t i o n a l u n i v e r s e e i t h e r n a t u r a l i s t i c i _ ; | ^B row n, pp. c i t ., pp. 4 51 -4 7 4 .. ^ I b i d . j 64 or t h e i s t i c in o r i g i n , and i t s c o n t r o l a b i l i t y . It. i s p o s s i b l e th a t th e v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n , th a t man can c o n t r o l n a- itu r e , and perhaps by im p lic a t io n th e s o c i a l and p h y s ic a l ^ u n iv erse, le a d s to th e b e l i e f or th e r e in fo r c e m e n t o f th e b e l i e f in th e e f f i c a c y o f e a r ly ch ild h o o d ind ep en dence s t r a in in g . T his p r o c e s s o f c h ild h o o d t r a in in g may le a d to jth e developm ent o f th e c o n t r o l o r i e n t a t i o n — in d eed th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h i s o r ie n t a t i o n may be a p a r t o f th e p r o c e s s . |F u r th e r , th e p o s s i b i l i t y i s su g g e ste d th a t th e c o n tr o l o r ie n t a t i o n may be an elem en t o f th e achievem ent' m otive and I th e e n tr e p r e n e u r ia l c h a r a c te r . Two fu r th e r e le m en ts o f the achievem en t m o tiv a tio n sresea r ch must be p o in te d o u t. Roger Brown, in an e x t e n s iv e I r e v ie w o f the l i t e r a t u r e on ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n , con-: ;e lu d e s th a t most s t u d i e s show a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t io n s h ip |betw een s c h o o l ach ievem en t and th e ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n . |H igh a c h ie v e r s , w ith a b i l i t y h e ld c o n s ta n t, tend to s c o r e ! |h ig h in ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n . The second elem en t i s th a t! [most r e s e a r c h on ach ievem en t m o tiv a tio n h as been done w ith j I male s u b j e c t s . Brown p o in t s o u t, "Because s c o r e s fo r f e - j i 1 |m ale s u b j e c t s d id n o t resp on d to- th e f i r s t v a l id a t in g p r o - j i - ’ i jced u re a s d id s c o r e s f o r male s u b j e c t s , th e r e se a r c h w ith j i ‘ i I M cC le lla n d 1s m easure has fo c u se d on m a les. ^ i I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s in e a r ly in d ep en d - ; j ence t r a in in g o f m ales and fem a le s may le a d to d i f f e r e n c e s ; ! _____ I " i b i d . , p. 439. ;____ j 65 ' I n achievem ent m o tiv a tio n a s d e fin e d by M cC lelland. Brown s u g g e s ts t h a t em phasis i n th e m easuring p r o c e s s upon l e a d e r s h i p and i n t e l l i g e n c e , which a re n o t im p o rta n t e le m e n ts in I th e s t a t u s sy stem o f fem ales i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , may have lie d to th e p a t t e r n o f fem ale r e s p o n s e s . On th e meaning o f a l i e n a t i o n —M elvin Seeman. — ;Melvin Seeman, i n h i s a n a l y s i s o f th e meaning o f a l i e n a t i o n , ; I d e s c r i b e s f i v e a l t e r n a t i v e m eanings o f a l i e n a t i o n . These a r e p o w e r le s s n e s s , m e a n in g le s s n e s s , n o r m le s s n e s s , i s o l a t i o n and s e l f - e s t r a n g e m e n t . " The f i r s t o f th e s e m eanings |w i l l be exam ined b e c a u se o f I t s r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h i s s tu d y . Seeman d e s c r i b e s p o w e rle s s n e s s a s "th e e x p e c ta n c y o r p r o b a b i l i t y h e ld by th e I n d i v i d u a l t h a t h i s own b e h a v io r can n o t d e te rm in e th e o c c u rre n c e o f th e outcom es o r r e in f o r c e m e n ts he d e s i r e s . Seeman d e s c r i b e s t h i s meaning a s d e r i v i n g from |M arx 's view o f th e c o n d it i o n o f th e w orker i n c a p i t a l i s t i c |s o c i e t y . The r u l i n g e n t r e p r e n e u r c o n t r o l s d e c i s i o n m aking, ! ;The w orker f e e l s p o w e rle s s In fa c e o f t h i s c o n t r o l . Max 'Weber and C. W right M ills a ls o c o n t r i b u t e d to th e e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h i s m eaning. j i - i The meaning o f p o w e r le s s n e s s i s s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i - ; ! ^ c a l. I t does n o t r e f e r to o b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s , b u t r a t h e r ; I -^M elvin Seeman, "On th e Meaning o f 'A l i e n a t i o n , " | American S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 24 (December, 1959) j 784. to " e x p e c ta n c ie s th a t have to do w ith th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s sense: ;of in f lu e n c e over s o c i o p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s ." 9^ ! The meaning i s n ot p o le m ic a l or e v a lu a t iv e o f b e - i ' ihavior, R ather i t i s d e s c r i p t i v e . I t d oes n o t r e f e p to Isome o b s e r v e r 's judgm ent* b u t to th e judgment by th e i n d i v id u a l o f th e p o s s i b l e outcom es o f h i s own b e h a v io r . I t d oes n o t r e f e r to a se n s e o f d is c r e p a n c y betw een e x p e c ta - qQ ;t i o n s and d e s i r e s f o r c o n t r o l . ; A lthough Seeman l i m i t s t h i s meaning o f a l ie n a t i o n 'to e x p e c ta n c ie s o f p o w e r le s s n e s s in th e se n s e o f in f lu e n c e lover s o c i o p o l i t i c a l e v e n ts , h i s d e f i n i t i o n and d i s t i n c t i o n s are c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to th e o v e r - s u b j e c t com parison o f the Iman-nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . Whether or n o t th e m an-nature I v a lu e - o r ie n ta t lo n p r e c e d e s, i s c o n c o m itta n t w ith th e se n s e |o f s o c i o p o l i t i c a l p o w e r le s s n e s s , or d e r iv e s from the same is o c i a l c o n d it io n s cannot be d eterm in ed from t h i s d is c u s s io n . 'However, th e c l o s e p a r a l l e l in term s o f e x p e c t a n c ie s , th e |s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l n a tu r e , in d ep en d en ce o f o b j e c t i v e c o n - ; ! - j I d itio n s and d i s t i n c t i o n from th e se n se o f d isc r e p a n c y su g - Ig e st a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p . I t s u g g e s t s t h a t perh ap s where j i ! jone would fin d a g iv e n l e v e l o f s o c i o p o l i t i c a l p o w e r le s s - | n e s s , one would a ls o f in d a c l o s e d egree o f a M an-Su bject- ; ito -N a tu re o r ie n t a t i o n , I 97I b i d ., p. 785. 98I b i d ., pp. 783-790. 67 Locus o f c o n t r o l . - - R e l a t e d to th e c o n c e p t o f mas- j te r y - s u b m is s io n i s th e i n t e r n a l - e x t e r n a l lo c u s o f c o n t r o l c o n s t r u c t . E. B a t t l e and J . R o t t e r d e s c r i b e t h i s : T his c o n s t r u c t d i s t r i b u t e s i n d i v i d u a l s a c c o rd in g to th e d eg ree to which th e y a c c e p t p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l - i i t y f o r w hat happens to them,, i n c o n t r a s t to th e a t - : t r i b u t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to f o r c e s o u t s i d e t h e i r c o n t r o l . The e x t e r n a l f o r c e s m ig h t be th o s e o f chance* | fa te * an i n a b i l i t y to u n d e rs ta n d th e world* o r th e i n f lu e n c e o f p o w e rfu l p e o p l e . 99 B a t t l e and R o t t e r re v ie w th e l i t e r a t u r e o f th e i n - | t e r n a l - e x t e r n a l c o n t r o l c o n c e p t. They r e p o r t t h a t an Ex t e r n a l - I n t e r n a l S c a le was dev elo p ed by I . B a i l e r and h as !been u se d to m easure d i f f e r e n c e s betw een e t h n i c groups* commitment to c i v i l r i g h t s a c t i v i t y among S o u th e rn Negro is tu d e n ts * and m e n ta lly r e t a r d e d and "norm al" c h i l d r e n . G raves r e p o r t s ."w h ites to be most e x te r n a l* f o l l o w e d by S p a n is h -A m e ric a n s . I n d i a n s were m ost i n - j t e r n a l . . . Gore and R o t t e r r e p o r t e d t h a t th o se Negro s t u d e n ts imore com m itted to c i v i l r i g h t s a c t i v i t i e s i n d i c a t e d more I ^ E s t h e r b a t t l e and J u l i a n R o tte r* " C h i l d r e n 's F e e l- Iin g s o f P e rs o n a l C o n tr o l a s R e la te d to S o c i a l C la s s and iE th n ic G roup," J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a lity * 31 (December* 1 9 6 3)* 482. j I . 1Q0 I b i d . * pp. 4 83-485. 101J . D. Graves* Time P e r s p e c t i v e and D e f e rr e d G r a t i - If i c a t i o n P a t t e r n i n a T r i- E th n i c Community* R ese arch R e p o rt !No. 5j T r i- E th n i c R e se a rc h P r o j e c t (D enver: U n i v e r s i t y o f jColorado* I n s t i t u t e o f B e h a v io r a l Science* 1 9 6 1)* c i t e d by I B a t t l e and R o tte r* " C h i l d r e n 's F e e li n g s . . . *" op. c i t . , Ip. 485. j i n t e r n a l c o n t r o l th an th o se l e s s com m itted to c i v i l ! . , . 102 • rig h ts . - I B i a l e r "found th e more 'm a t u r e 1 c h i l d to he more j i n t e r n a l l y c o n t r o l l e d and to show g r e a t e r re s p o n s e to s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e c u e s . " 1 0 ^ i In a l a b o r a t o r y e x p erim e n t in v o lv in g games o f chance | land s k i l l , P h a res found t h a t th e s u b j e c t s who te n d e d to a c - ; Icept i n t e r n a l c o n t r o l s had s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r s c o r e s on Igames o f chance and s k i l l th an th o se who were e x t e r n a l l y • o r i e n t e d . ’ He c o n clu d ed : "When one b e l i e v e s he i s i n con t r o l o f w hat h ap p en s, p o s i t i v e r e in f o r c e m e n t le a d s to i n c r e a s i n g c e r t a i n t y f o r f u t u r e s u c c e s s . " 1^ B a t t l e and R o t t e r i n t h e i r own stu d y s t a t e : A g e n e r a l i z e d e x p e c ta n c y f o r i n t e r n a l v s . e x t e r n a l con t r o l o f r e in f o r c e m e n t was exam ined In 80 Negro and W hite sc h o o l c h i l d r e n . To a s s e s s t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a newly I d e v elo p ed c a rto o n t e s t was g iv en to h a l f th e c h i l d r e n j and a q u e s t i o n n a i r e s c a l e d e v e lo p e d e a r l i e r by B i a l e r I was g iv e n to h a l f th e c h i l d r e n . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f | t e s t s c o r e s to se x , ag e, s o c i a l c l a s s , e th n i c group and : I b e h a v io r on a lin e - m a tc h in g t a s k was i n v e s t i g a t e d . 1 ° 5 M. P. Gore and J . B. R o t t e r , "A P e r s o n a l i t y C o rre - ' I l a t e o f S o c i a l A c tio n ," J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y , 31 (March, H 9 6 3 ) , 58-64, c i t e d by B a t t l e and R o t t e r , " C h i ld r e n ' s P e e l - ; lin g s . . . ," l o c . c i t . j i i j B i a l e r , " C o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f S uccess and F a i lu r d I i n M e n ta lly R e ta rd e d C h i ld r e n ," J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y , 29 j |(Decem ber, 1 9 6 1 ), 303“ 320, c i t e d by B a t t l e and R o t t e r , I I " C h i ld r e n 's F e e lin g s . . . ," op. c i t . , p . 483. j loA .. E. J . P h a re s , E x p ectan cy Changes i n S k i l l and ; !Chance S i t u a t i o n s , " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal P sy ch o lo g y , 54 I | ( A p ril,' 1957), 3 3 9 - 3 ^ : : I I 10^ B a t t l e and R o t t e r , " C h i l d r e n 's F e e lin g s . . . , " | op. c i t . , v . 484.______________ ; ____ _ | I 6 9 I I 1 j They found th a t low er c l a s s N egroes were more e x - i I ■ - i jtern al than m iddle c l a s s N egroes or W hites; low er c l a s s , h ig h IQ N egroes were more e x te r n a l than low IQ m iddle c l a s s : W h ite s ; t h e r e were no sex d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n t e r n a l - e x t e r n a l s c o r e s ; h ig h s c o r e s on th e l i n e m atching t e s t were s i g n i f i - : ic a n tly c o r r e la t e d w ith th e p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e i n t e r n a l; and [exp ectancy o f s u c c e s s was p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to i n t e r n a l - i . 106 e x t e r n a l s c o r e s . Vaughn C r a n d a ll, W alter K atkovsky and Anne P r e sto n , : in a stu d y in v o lv in g 20 b oys and 20 g i r l s (g ra d es 1, -2, 3 ), ! u s in g a q u e s tio n n a ir e produced- fo r th e stu d y e n t i t l e d " C h il d r e n s I n t e l l e c t u a l A chievem ent R e s p o n s ib il i t y Q u e stio n n a ir e" a ttem p ted to m ea su re." th e c h i l d ’s b e l i e f th a t h e, [rath er than o th e r p e r s o n s , u s u a l l y cau sed th e s u c c e s s and I 107 [ f a ilu r e s he e x p e r ie n c e d in i n t e l l e c t u a l s i t u a t i o n s ." They found th a t f o r th e b o ys assign m en t o f s e l f j j ' 1 i r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith ach ievem ent i n [ i | [a r ith m e tic , r ea d in g and IQ. For g i r l s th e r e was no s i g n i f i - j 1 a Q ! can t r e l a t i o n s h i p . | M elvin Kohn, in a stu d y o f s o c i a l c l a s s and p a r e n - j ! I [ta l v a lu e s , u s in g a s a sample p aren ts, o f f i f t h grade c h i l - 1 ' ’ ! 106I b i d . , pp. 4 85-49 0. j ^°^Vaughn C r a n d a ll, W alter K atkovsky, and Anne Preston,j :" M o tiv a tio n a l and A b i l i t y D eterm in an ts o f Young C h ild r e n 's i ^ I n t e lle c t u a l Achievem ent B e h a v io r ," C h ild - Developm ent (S e p - | tem ber, 1 9 6 2) , p . 64. | I 10®Ibid., pp. 643-661. dren, p resen ted to the resp ond en ts a l i s t o f b eh a v io ra l j c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and a sk ed them to s e l e c t th e t h r e e which [ ;th e y c o n s id e re d most im p o r ta n t f o r t h e i r boy o r g i r l . Re- Ispon dents were c a t e g o r i z e d by socioeconom ic c l a s s , and j f a t h e r and m other o f boy o r g i r l . R esponses were compared ;f o r th e d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s . Kohn i n sum m arizing h i s f i n d i n g s s t a t e s : The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t m i d d l e - c l a s s p a r e n t s a re m ost l i k e l y to v a lu e f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n a re i n t e r n a l s t a n d a rd s f o r g o v e rn in g o n e 's r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith o t h e r p e o p le and, i n th e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , w ith o n e 's s e l f . . . . The m idd le c l a s s em phasis on i n t e r n a l s ta n d a r d s i s e v id e n t i n t h e i r c h o ic e o f th e c l u s t e r o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c e n t e r e d aroun d h o n e s ty ; i n t h e i r b e in g l e s s l i k e l y th an w o r k in g - c la s s p a r e n t s to v a lu e o b e d ie n c e and more l i k e l y to v a lu e s e l f - c o n t r o l and c o n s i d e r a t i o n . . . . These v a lu e s p l a c e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y d i r e c t l y upon th e i n d i v i d u a l . He c an n o t r e l y upon a u t h o r i t y , n o r can he sim p ly conform to what i s p r e s e n t e d to him a s p r o p e r . He sh o u ld be im p e lle d to come to h i s own u n d e rs ta n d in g o f : th e s i t u a t i o n . 109 The lo c u s o f c o n t r o l c o n s t r u c t seems to c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l th e Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t. The a c - ; c e p ta n c e o f p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y im p l i e s t h a t i t i s p o s-s s i b l e f o r one to c o n t r o l , to a t l e a s t some d e g re e , what happens i n a g iv e n s i t u a t i o n . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f I n d i v i d - J u a l c o n t r o l c o u ld be a p a r t o f a g e n e r a l i z e d v a lu e o r i e n t a - j t i o n t h a t a s s e r t s m an 's c o n t r o l o v e r h i s p h y s i c a l and B ocial e n v iro n m e n t. C o n tr a s te d to t h i s , a t t r i b u t i o n o f c o n t r o l i to o u t s i d e f o r c e s te n d s to deny th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n d i v i d - j ^M elvin Kohn, " S o c ia l C la ss and P a r e n t a l V a lu e s ," S tu d ie s i n A d o le sc e n c e , ed. by R o b e rt G rin d e r (New York: M acm illan, 1963)* P* 206. ! 71 i : j ; j u a l c o n t r o l and would a p p e a r to be a p a r t o f a g e n e r a l i z e d jv a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n which a s s e r t s t h a t man i s s u b j e c t to th e i c o n t r o l o f h i s p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l e n v iro n m en t, i A lthough e m p i r ic a l e v id e n c e to s u p p o rt th e h y p o t h e - : ; s i s o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een lo c u s o f c o n t r o l , a s d e s c r i b e d i n th e p r e c e d in g s e c t i o n , and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i - i e n t a t i o n h a s n o t been p ro d u c e d , th e l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p ■ betw een th e two c o n c e p ts s t r o n g l y s u g g e s ts t h a t f i n d i n g s I w ith in s t r u m e n t s d e r iv e d from o r r e l a t e d to one c o n ce p t ■would be c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith f i n d i n g s u s in g in s tr u m e n ts I d e r iv e d from o r r e l a t e d to th e o t h e r c o n c e p t. • | The f i n d i n g s t h a t i n t e r n a l r e in f o r c e m e n t and th e I im p o rta n c e o f s e l f - c o n t r o l were a s s o c i a t e d w ith m iddle c l a s s s o c i a l i d e n t i t y , W hite as c o n t r a s t e d to Negro e th n i c ; i _ _ i | i d e n t i t y , and sc h o o l achievem en t f o r b o y s, s u g g e s t th e p o s - ' s i b l e h y p o th e s is t h a t m iddle c l a s s , W hite, m ales m ight be ; m ost l i k e l y to a s s e r t a M an-O ver-N ature p r e f e r e n c e , and t h a t I t h i s p r e f e r e n c e , a t l e a s t f o r m ales, would be a s s o c i a t e d p o s i t i v e l y w ith s c h o o l a c h ie v e m e n t. j ; R e la te d m a s te ry -s u b m is s io n i n s i g h t s , o p in io n s , and j i j s t u d i e s , — In an a tte m p t to c l a r i f y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een| • ' | ’anom ie, a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m and p r e j u d i c e , Edward M eD ill con- ] i i ! d u c te d a r e p l i c a t i o n o f th e S ro le and R o b e rts-R o k ea ch s t u - j ! d i e s w ith a sample o f 266 u rb a n a d u l t s . A f a c t o r a n a l y s i s o f th e r e s p o n s e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t I F a c to r I a c c o u n te d f o r 45 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l v a r i a n c e . I 72 F a cto r I . T his f a c t o r may be la b e le d a s a W eltanschaung which i s n e g a tiv e in n a tu r e , t h a t i s i t r e p r e s e n ts a dim ; view o f the w orld . . . th e p e r s p e c t iv e o f b e in g mas te r e d by th r e a te n in g f o r c e s beyond o n e ’ s p e r s o n a l con t r o l . . . th e h ig h n e g a tiv e lo a d in g o f e d u c a tio n on t h i s f a c t o r i n d i c a t e s a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een | th e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l environm ent to which one has been exp osed and o n e 's g e n e r a l s o c i a l p e r s p e c t i v e . HO F a cto r I I . . . . r e p r e s e n t s a t r u s t o f th e p r e s e n t and th e fu tu r e . . . and op tim ism . The h ig h p o s i t i v e lo a d - ■ in g to income i n d i c a t e s th a t i t i s a m idd le c l a s s se n se . i o f t r u s t and op tim ism . H I F a cto r I I I . . . . i n v o l v e s o v e r to n e s o f p essim ism and a d i s t r u s t o f p e o p le . The w orld i s seen a s somewhat ; c r u e l a n d c a p r i c i o u s . H 2 F a c to r s I and I I I are d is t in g u is h e d p r im a r ily by ithe a t t i t u d e s toward a u t h o r it y . F a c to r I r e p r e s e n te d a mode o f c o m p lia n ce. F a cto r I I I a mode o f d e f ia n c e . Thomas P e ttig r e w , in sum m arizing a r e v ie w o f l i t e r - ; jature on th e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f r a cism upon I t s I v i c t i m s , sa y s: A w id esp read r e a c t io n to r a c ism I s a g e n e r a liz e d p e r c e p tio n o f th e w orld a s h o s t i l e , th r e a te n in g p la c e . .. J t h i s i s a c r i t i c a l f e a t u r e o f the "apprehension phobia" j j e x p e r ie n c e d by many Negro Am ericans; an e x p e c ta n c y o f v i o l e n t m istre a tm en t combined w ith a f e e l i n g o f u t t e r I h e l p l e s s n e s s . . . th e f e e l i n g o f b e in g choked . . . o f j b e in g p u n ish ed f o r som ething you d id n 't d o . . . .H-3 j Kenneth C lark n o te s th a t apath y i s one o f th e c h a r - | ! 110Edward M cD ill, "Anomie, A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m , P r e j u d ic e and Socio-econom ic S t a t u s , " S o c i a l F o r c e s , 39 (March, 1 9 6 1) , 244. 1 1 1I b i d . , p . 245. ! 112 I b i d . | 1'1 '^Thomas P e t ti g r e w , A P r o f i l e o f th e Negro American ; ( P r in c e to n : D. Van N ostrand^ 1964), p . 11. I 7 3 ; a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e lo w e r - c la s s Negro g h e tto d w e lle r . He Ipoints ou t th a t t h i s ap ath y grows o u t o f. a f e e l i n g o f h e lp - 114 : le s s n e s s s im ila r to th a t d e s c r ib e d by P e ttig r e w . James Baldw in d e s c r ib e s th e im pact o f r a c i a l d i s c r im in a tio n upon th e b e h a v io r o f th e Negro: Many have g iv e n up . They s t a y home and w atch T.V. . . . "How are you making it ? " one may ask . . . "Oh I'm TVing i t " w ith th e s a d d e s t, s w e e t e s t most sham efaced o f : s m ile s , and from a g r e a t d is t a n c e . T his d is ta n c e one i s com p elled to r e s p e c t ; anyone who h as t r a v e le d so fa r ; w i l l n o t e a s i l y be dragged a g a in in t o th e w orld . There are fu r th e r r e t r e a t s . . . . There are th o se who are sim p ly s i t t i n g on t h e i r s to o p s "stoned" anim ated f o r a moment o n ly ,' and h id e o u s ly , by th e approach o f someone who may len d them th e money f o r a " f i x . "115 Ralph E l l i s o n ' s I n v i s i b l e Man's sea rch f o r v i s i b i l i t y c o n ta in s a s one o f i t s them es a p a i n f u l l y thw arted cry 'th a t th e w orld o p e r a te a c co r d in g to th o s e r a t i o n a l r u le s which th o s e who r e p r e s e n t power o r th e a tta in m e n t o f i t 'p rocla im i n t h e i r r h e t o r ic ; and th e p r o g r e s s iv e d i s i l l u s i o n i n g r e a l i z a t i o n o f th e u t t e r i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f a r a - i i • i j t i o n a l w orld o r a b e l i e f in one f o r him , y e t th e r e j e c t i o n ! o f th a t realization. ■ j T his theme app ears to be e x p r e ss e d i n th e e p ilo g u e : j ! . . . fo r a l l l i f e seen from th e h o le o f i n v i s i b i l i t y j i s absurd. So why do I w r i t e , to r t u r in g m y s e lf to p u t j i t down? B ecause in s p i t e o f m y s e lf I ' v e le a r n e d some ; ‘^ K e n n e t h C la rk , Dark G hetto (New York; H a rp e r, 19&5-). -’James B aldw in, Nobody Knows My Name (New York: D e l l , 1961), p . 57. ■ ^ R a l p h E l l i s o n , I n v i s i b l e Man (New York: Random ! House, 1 9 4 7) . ! t h i n g s . W ithout th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a c t i o n , a l l know- | ledge, comes to one l a b e l e d " f i l e and fo rg et,, " and I can ■ j n e i t h e r f i l e n o r f o r g e t . Nor w i l l c e r t a i n i d e a s f o r g e t ; me;, th e y keep f i l i n g away a t my le th a rg y ., my compla cency. I i 7 : The prom ise i s made t h a t i f he w i l l o n ly p l a y th e r a t i o n a l l y p r e s c r i b e d r o l e s , he w i l l a c h ie v e an i d e n t i t y . I The r o l e s a re n o t an i d e n t i t y , b u t a means o f d eny in g him :an i d e n t i t y . The whole game i s a b s u r d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , :i d e a s , symbols o f r a t i o n a l i t y , w i l l n o t l e t him f o r g e t . He : Imust come o u t . " I 'v e o v e rs ta y e d my h i b e r n a t i o n , p e rh a p s ;t h e r e ' s a p o s s i b i l i t y even an i n v i s i b l e man h a s a s o c i a l l y | T O |r e s p o n s i b l e r o l e to p l a y . " Abraham K a rd in e r and L io n e l Ovesey, in- r e p o r t i n g Ion t h e i r c o n c lu s io n s from c ase s t u d i e s o f 25 Negro s u b j e c t s ; !i n t h e i r book The Mark o f O p p re s s io n , r e l a t e t h a t th e lo w e r' [ c l a s s Negro, t r a i n e d th ro u g h r e a c t i o n s to l i f e s i t u a t i o n s I to be s u s p i c i o u s , te n d e d to a n t i c i p a t e h o s t i l e r e a c t i o n s i ’ \ I from t h e i r w o rld . They a t t r i b u t e t h i s to : The r e s u l t o f th e c o n tin u o u s f r u s t r a t i o n s i n c h ild h o o d ; i s to c r e a t e a p e r s o n a l i t y d ev o id o f c o n fid e n c e I n h u man r e l a t i o n s , o r an e t e r n a l v i g i l a n c e and d i s t r u s t o f j o t h e r s . T h is i s a p u r e l y d e fe n s iv e m aneuver which p u r - : p o r t s to p r o t e c t th e i n d i v i d u a l a g a i n s t th e r e p e a t e d l y I tr a u m a tic e f f e c t s o f d is a p p o in tm e n t and f r u s t r a t i o n . ! j He must o p e r a t e on th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t th e w orld I s ! : h o s t i l e .119 ■ ! 1 1 7I b i d . , p . 5 0 1 . l l 8I b i d . , p . 5 0 3 . ^^ A b ra h a m K a rd in e r and L io n e l Ovesey, "Psychodynamic j I I n v e n to r y o f th e Negro P e r s o n a l i t y [ r e p r i n t e d from The M ark: : O p p ressio n (New York: W. W. N orton , 1951)3* The Angry B lack; | e d . by John. W illia m s (New York: L an c er, 19d3 ) j P* 85. i I 75 i j Thomas P e t ti g r e w r e p o r t s s i m i l a r c o n c lu s io n s from I i la stu d y w hich he c o n d u cted comparing d i f f e r e n c e s i n a t t i - Itu d es o f a d o le s c e n t Negro and non-Negro m ales. He s t a t e s t h a t Negro m ales te n d to f e e l "more v i c i t i m i z e d , l e s s i n c o n t r o l o f th e en viro nm ent and more d i s t r u s t f u l o f 120 o t h e r s . " A f u r t h e r com parison was made betw een s u b j e c t s :from homes which c o n ta in e d f a t h e r s and th o s e i n which th e !f a t h e r was a b s e n t . P e t ti g r e w c o n clu d ed t h a t f e e l i n g s o f ■ v i c t i m i z a t i o n , la c k o f e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n t r o l and d i s t r u s t o f o t h e r s were more pronounced w ith th e s u b j e c t s from f a t h e r - a b s e n t homes. P. H. Mussen and L. D i s t l e r , u s in g th e Murray ;Them atic .A p perceptio n T e s ts w ith a sample o f Negro and C a u casian n in e to f o u r t e e n y e a r o l d boys., m easured d i f f e r e n ces i n s t o r y r e s p o n s e s . They found t h a t th e Negro boys t o l d s t o r i e s i n w hich th e hero i s h a te d , reprim anded., r e s t r i c t e d o r i n j u r e d . The C a u casian b o y s 1 s t o r i e s te n d e d to i n c l u d e h e ro e s who were n o t r e s t r i c t e d by e n v iro n m e n ta l b a r r i e r s and were adm ired and r e s p e c t e d . They conclud ed | t h a t th e Negro s u b j e c t s te n d e d to view th e en v iro n m en t as ! 121 d a n g ero u s, h o s t i l e and beyond t h e i r c o n t r o l . Using a s c a l e d e v elo p ed from M elvin Seem an's con- 120 P e t tig r e w , op . c i t . , p . 15. 121 P. H. MusBen and L. D i s t l e r , " D if f e r e n c e s betw een I th e TAT R esponses o f Negro and White B o y s," J o u r n a l o f Con- I s u i t i n g P sy ch olog y, 17 ( A p r il, 1953) j 3 7 3 - 3 7 ^ | 7 6 ; j |c e p t o f a l i e n a t i o n w ith a sam ple o f N egroes and W hites from ja c e n t r a l F l o r i d a community, R u s s e l l M id dleton found t h a t , i" a p p ro x im a te ly 2 /3 o f th e Negro s u b j e c t s a g re e w ith most ;ite m s i n d i c a t i n g a l i e n a t i o n , w hereas a m a j o r i t y o f w h ite s - 122 :d i s a g r e e w ith e v e ry i t e m ." Comparing th e r e s u l t s o f : th o s e ite m s w hich i n d i c a t e p o w e r le s s n e s s , M id d le to n 'fo u n d t h a t 70$ o f the Negro r e s p o n d e n ts and o n ly 40$ o f th e W hite : r e s p o n d e n ts i n d i c a t e d a l i e n a t i v e r e s p o n s e s . 'Those N egroes who had 12 o r more y e a r s o f e d u c a tio n e x p re s s e d a l e s s e r f e e l i n g o f p o w e rle s s n e s s i n a l l a r e a s th a n th o s e w ith few er y e a r s o f e d u c a ti o n . . T his r e l a t i o n s h i p to e d u c a tio n Iwas a ls o found w ith th e w h ite r e s p o n d e n t s . M id d leto n con c l u d e d t h a t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e d u c a tio n and r a c e to pow er l e s s n e s s a p p e a rs to s u p p o rt th e p o s i t i o n t h a t f e e l i n g s o f I ;a l i e n a t i o n te n d to v a ry w ith e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and s o c i a l i ) s t a t u s . ^23 John C o s te r , i n a s tu d y o f a t t i t u d e s o f h ig h sc h o o l ; p u p i l s from t h r e e income g ro u p s tow ard s sc h o o l and commu n i t y , u s in g an e x te n s i v e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w ith a sample o f 8781 (In d ia n a h ig h sc h o o l p u p i l s , i n sum m arizing h i s f i n d i n g s j ;r e p o r t s : I ' R esponses to a t t i t u d i n a l ite m s which in v o lv e d an a p p r a i s a l o f th e s c h o o l and s c h o o l program g e n e r a l l y d id ! n o t m a n if e s t marked d i f f e r e n c e s i n sc h o o l and community 122R u s s e l l M id d leto n , " A l i e n a ti o n , Race and E ducation,": |American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review, 28 (December, 1 9 6 3)^ 975- ! 1 2 3I b l d . , p p . 973-977. ; 77 e x p e r ie n c e s . These are i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t th e low income p u p il has ten d ed to a c c e p t h i s l o t in s c h o o l in a s t a t e o f r e s i g n a t io n . . . . The f in d in g s show., n e v e r - t h e - l e s s , t h a t he p a r t i c i p a t e s i n few a c t i v i t i e s . , y e t com plained no more about th e number o f a c t i v i t i e s than h ig h or m idd le incom e p u p i l s . He ten d ed to r e c e iv e low g ra d es in s c h o o l, y e t he was a s s a t i s f i e d w ith th e grad in g system as h ig h and m iddle income p u p ils whose average g r a d e s were much h ig h e r , From th e a r t i s t i c i n s i g h t o f th e n o v e l i s t to th e c o n c lu s io n s d e r iv e d from e m p ir ic a l a n a l y s i s , c e r t a in common th r e a d s can be found. The p h y s ic a l and s o c i a l environm ent i s p e r c e iv e d by lo w e r - s t a t u s W hites and p ro b a b ly to a g r e a t e r d egree by low er s t a t u s N egroes a s th r e a te n in g and h o s t i l e . A s s o c ia te d w ith t h i s p e r c e p tio n o f t h r e a t appears to be th e r e a c tio n o f a p ath y— a f e e l i n g t h a t s in c e one i s p o w e r le ss to change h i s p h y s ic a l a n d /o r h i s s o c i a l en viron m en t, a c t io n d ir e c t e d toward change i s f u t i l e . He f e e l s h im s e lf to be th e v ic t im o f a c a p r ic io u s environm ent beyond h i s c o n t r o l and a n t i c i p a t e s th e w o r st. T h is f e e l i n g ap p ears .to le a d to r e p r e s s e d ra g e and o v e r t p a s s i v i t y o r to a c tin g o u t in d e s t r u c t iv e n e s s and a g g r e s s iv e b e h a v io r , o r a l t e r n a t i o n betw een th e two. Time O r ie n ta tio n Time C on cep ts, O r ie n t a t io n , P e r s p e c tiv e and H orizon D e sc r ib e d and D is t in g u is h e d As w e l l a s b e in g a c u l t u r a l phenomena, th e c o n c e p ts 12 h „ John K. C o s te r , Some C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f High Sch ool P u p i l s from Three Income G ro u p s," J o u r n a l o f Educa t i o n a l P s y c h o lo g y , 50 ( A p r i l , 1 9 5 9 ) ? 6 2 . : 78 iof a fu tu re * p r e s e n t and a p a s t in v o lv e b o th a c o n ce p t o f a b s o l u te tim e and th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e s e t h r e e s t a t e s o f tim e . Modern p h y s ic s h a s r e p l a c e d th e id e a o f a b s o l u te tim e w ith tim e -s p a c e . However* t h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n s t r u c t a p p a r e n t l y i s n o t r e l e v a n t to s o c i a l and p s y c h o l o g ic a l c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n o f a p r e s e n t* fu tu re * and p a s t . As F r a i s s e sa y s: T his e f f o r t o f modern p h y s ic s to d e te rm in e th e s p a c e tim e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e u n i v e r s e may be c o n s id e r e d a s a new a tte m p t a t b e t t e r a d a p t a t i o n o f o u r knowledge to r e a l i t y * b u t i t does n o t a f f e c t ev ery d ay p s y c h o l o g i c a l l i f e * w hich i s n o t a t i t s s o u rc e . We t h e r e f o r e t h in k t h a t th e tim e o f r e l a t i v i t y b r i n g s u s beyond th e bounds o f th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l pro b lem o f te m p o r a lly o r g a n iz e d b e h a v i o r . 1^5 A b so lu te tim e a s u se d i n t h i s c o n te x t does n o t r e f e r to i t s d e f i n i t i o n i n p h y sic s* b u t r a t h e r to a p o i n t o f r e f e r e n c e u se d by o b s e r v e r s o f human b e h a v io r to f i x th e d u r a t i o n o f th e s e p e r i o d s —p a s t * •p r e s e n t and f u t u r e . The t e r r e s t i a l tim e p e r i o d s — th e day* th e year* become f o r th e o b s e r v e r f i x e d p o i n t s on a s c a l e o f m easurem ent t h a t i s t r e a t e d a s i f i t were an a b s o l u t e . In th e p s y c h o l o g ic a l and c u l t u r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f fu tu re * p r e s e n t and p a st* t h i s c o n ce p t o f a b s o l u te tim e a l s o p l a y s a r o l e . The r e c a l l i n g o f p a s t ev en ts* th e d e m a rc a tio n o f th e p r e s e n t and th e d e s i g n a t io n o f f u t u r e o c c u rr e n c e make u se o f some m easure o f tim e . T h is may v a ry 12^ P a u l F ra is s e * The Psychology o f Time* t r a n s . by J e n n i f e r L e i t h (New York: H arper & Row* 1983 ) > P* 287. 79 Ifrom th e form al system based on c lo c k s and c a le n d a r s o f the m ature a d u lt o f th e West to th e In d e ter m in a te y e s te r d a y , today., and tomorrow o f th e v e ry young, and th e tim e d e s ig n a t i o n s o f some p r e - l i t e r a t e c u l t u r e s . However, as F lo r e n c e Kluckholm p o i n t s o u t, th e measurement sy stem u se d 'is n o t th e m ost im p ortan t c r i t e r i a ' 126 fo r tim e o r i e n t a t i o n . R ather i t i s th e a b i l i t y to p la c e e v e n ts in sequ en ce and to make e v e n ts th a t have happened, are happening or a re p r o j e c t e d , r e f e r to one a n o th e r . As F r a is s e sa y s: We can r e p r e s e n t th e p a s t w ith o u t h avin g a " r e p r e se n ta t io n o f tim e ." Here we sh o u ld draw a f i n e b u t n e c e s s a r y d i s t i n c t i o n betw een th e tem p oral h o r iz o n and th e n o tio n o f tim e . The id e a o f a homogeneous background which un d erlies our n o tio n o f tim e i s a d i f f e r e n t th in g from th e r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f one or more p a s t o r fu tu r e e v e n ts . The r e p r e s e n ta t io n o f an e v e n t ta k e s on a tem poral a s p e c t from th e moment i t i s p la c e d in r e l a t i o n to o t h e r s . The m ost sim p le c a se i s o b v io u s ly t h a t o f r e f e r e n c e to th e p r e s e n t , the. s p e c i a l moment w hich d eterm in es the two s i d e s o f our e x p e r ie n c e . More o f t e n we lo c a t e e v e n ts in tim e by p la c in g them in r e l a t i o n to each o th e r . We th u s a r r iv e a t th e form atio n o f tem poral p e r s p e c t i v e s j u s t a s th e r e are p e r s p e c t i v e s in sp a c e . ' Thus when we r e p r e s e n t th e p a s t or th e f u tu r e , we do n o t have some a b s t r a c t scheme o f tim e i n mind, b u t a s e r i e s o f e v e n ts which are o rd ered in accord an ce w ith , p la n e s o f s u c c e s s io n . The r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f s u c c e s s io n is' n o t com p lete u n t i l we have a c q u ir e d a n o tio n o f tim e . . . . But t h i s n o tio n o f tim e i s n o t n e c e s s a r y fo r th e fo rm a tio n o f th e tem p oral h o r iz o n , t h i s i s proved by th e f a c t th a t . th e l a t t e r a lr e a d y e x i s t s in c h ild r e n a t a s ta g e o f t h e i r developm ent where th e y are n o t y e t ca p a b le o f o p e r a tio n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s .1^ 1 9 f F. Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k , op. c i t . , pp. 13-15• 12^ F r a is s e , op. c i t . , p p . 1 5 2- 1 5 3 . 80 ; The term s tim e p e r s p e c t i v e , tim e h o r iz o n and tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , a s u sed in th e l i t e r a t u r e , appear to have an i n t e r r e l a t e d , o v e r la p p in g and a t tim es an alm ost i n t e r - ch an geab le m ean ing! As in d ic a t e d in th e ex ten d ed q u o ta tio n above, th e term s p e r s p e c t iv e and h o r iz o n are b ased upon a s p a t i a l a n a lo g y . U sin g t h i s a n a lo g y , a b a s i s fo r d i s t i n c tio n . betw een th e s e th r e e term s can be e s t a b l i s h e d . Time p e r s p e c t iv e g e n e r a lly r e f e r s to th e r e l a t i o n s h ip o f e v e n ts i n tim e . I t may r e f e r to th e r e l a t io n s h ip o f a p a s t e v e n t or s e r i e s o f p a s t e v e n ts to th e p r e s e n t or f u t u r e . I t i n v o l v e s , b u t . i s n o t i d e n t i c a l w ith , th e memory o f th e p a s t , and p la n s fo r th e f u t u r e . As w ith s p a t i a l p e r s p e c t iv e (a la n d sc a p e d ev o id o f o b j e c t s h a s no d is ta n c e nor d ep th , i . e . , no p e r s p e c t i v e ) , th e r e I s no p a s t p e r s p e c t i v e w ith o u t r e c a l l o f p a s t e v e n ts , o r fu tu r e p e r s p e c t iv e w ith o u t th e p r o j e c t io n o f a n t ic ip a t e d o c c u r r e n c e s . The e v e n ts become th e o b j e c t s o f th e tem poral la n d sc a p e . C on tin u in g th e s p a t i a l a n a lo g y , h o r iz o n g e n e r a lly r e f e r s to d is ta n c e i n th e tem poral la n d sc a p e . T h is d i s ta n ce in v o lv e s n o t o n ly r e c a l l , in term s o f le n g th o f tim e from th e p r e s e n t , o f p a s t e v e n ts in o n e ’s own l i f e and th e l i f e o f the group, and th e p r o j e c t io n o f th e fu tu r e ; b u t i t a l s o i n v o lv e s th e r e le v a n c e o f th e s e p a s t and fu tu r e e v e n ts to p r e s e n t b e h a v io r . For exam ple, th e p a s t tim e h o r iz o n o f a c o l l e c t i v e or group I n v o lv e s n o t o n ly th e le n g th o f r e - 81 ■ cord ed h is to r y ., but .the r e le v a n c e o f th e s e reco rd ed e v e n ts to p r e s e n t a c t i v i t y . Time o r ie n t a t i o n draws i t s meaning from b oth p e r s p e c t iv e and h o r iz o n . As w ith s p a t i a l p e r s p e c t iv e where d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t s are p e r c e iv e d to be o f g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r im portance., so w ith tim e p e r s p e c t iv e d i f f e r e n t e v e n ts in th e tem poral la n d sca p e assume d i f f e r i n g im p o rta n ce. Prom h o r iz o n comes th e id e a s o f d is t a n c e and th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f d is ta n c e to im p o rta n ce. Both th e id e a s o f p e r s p e c t iv e and h o r izo n c o n ta in e v a lu a t iv e e le m e n ts; g r e a t e r or l e s s e r im portance (presum in g c h o ic e and r e le v a n c e o f tem poral o b j e c t s ) assum es a s e l e c t i o n among a l t e r n a t i v e s b ased upon some e v a lu a t iv e c r i t e r i a . Time o r i e n t a t i o n , w h ile i t assum es a tem p oral p e r s p e c t iv e and h o r iz o n , i s con cern ed p r im a r ily w ith p r e f e r e n t i a l o r d e r in g o f tim e a r t e r n a t i v e s ( p r e s e n t, p a s t and f u tu r e ) . P r e fe r e n c e fo r the P a st would in v o lv e th e r e fe r e n c e o f p r e s e n t b e h a v io r , and to a d eg ree i t s c o n t r o l, to p a s t e v e n ts more than to th e im m ediate P r e se n t o r to th e Future; fo r th e P r e se n t th e r e fe r e n c e to th e more im m ediate p a s t and f u t u r e , f o r th e F u tu re, r e fe r e n c e to th e p r o j e c t e d f u tu r e r a th e r than th e im m ediate P r e se n t or th e P a s t. J t i s w ith th e P a st and F uture th a t th e g r e a t e s t d i s t i n c t i o n betw een o r ie n t a t io n and h o r izo n l i e . W hile o r ie n t a t i o n and h o r iz o n assume an elem en t o f d is ta n c e in 82 jthe in d e te r m in a te bounding o f th e p r e sen t* d is ta n c e i s o f l e s s im portance fo r o r i e n t a t i o n . I t appears t h a t a s lon g as th e e v e n t i s p e r c e iv e d by th e in d iv id u a l or th e s o c i e t y to he e i t h e r p a s t or fu tu re* th e d is ta n c e from th e p e r c e iv e d p r e s e n t p rob ab ly i s o f l i t t l e o r no im p ortan ce. A fu r th e r d i s t i n c t i o n w hich can be made i s t h a t th e o r ie n t a t i o n c o n s tr u c t a l s o ten d s to r e p r e s e n t a v a lu a t io n o f change. There ap p ears to be a s i m i l a r i t y betw een tim e o r ie n t a t i o n and a t t i t u d e s tow ards tim e as d e s c r ib e d by E r ic H o ffe r t The c o n s e r v a t iv e dou bts th a t th e p r e s e n t can be b e t tered * and he t r i e s to shape th e fu tu r e in th e image o f th e p r e s e n t . He g o e s to th e p a s t f o r r ea ssu r a n c e about the p r e s e n t . . . . The l i b e r a l s e e s th e p r e s e n t a s th e l e g i t im a t e o f f s p r in g o f th e p a s t and a s con s t a n t l y grow ing and d e v e lo p in g toward an im proved fu tu r e ; to damage th e p r e s e n t , i s to maim th e f u t u r e . . . . The r a d i c a l and r e a c tio n a r y lo a t h th e p r e s e n t . They se e i t a s an a b e r a tio n and a d e f o r m i t y . 1 2 8 Both th e r a d i c a l and r e a c tio n a r y lo o k to th e fu tu r e to e s t a b l i s h e i t h e r a new u t o p ia or an im agin ed p a s t . Perhaps exam ples from th e l i t e r a t u r e and th e v a lu e - - o r ie n t a t i o n sc h e d u le can i l l u s t r a t e t h i s . F r a is s e c i t e s a stu d y by B ern ot and B lancard : . . . o f a French v i l l a g e in Normandy where two d i f f e r e n t p o p u la tio n s c o e x is te d * one o f p e a s a n ts who had been r o o te d f o r g e n e r a t io n s in th e same s o i l * th e o th e r o f g l a s s b lo w ers r e c r u it e d in o th e r p r o v in c e s o f Prance; th e y showed th a t th e two grou p s had d i f f e r e n t tem p oral p e r s p e c t i v e s . The p e a sa n t l i v e s i n a d u ra tio n w hich ' i s th a t o f h i s fam ily* and h i s r e c o l l e c t i o n s go back -i p D E r ic H offer* The True B e li e v e r (New York: Harper & Row* 1951), PP. 7 0 -7 1 . 8 3 beyond h i s own p e r s o n a l m em ories. . , . The g l a s s blo w er f o r h i s p a r t i s an im m ig ran t, c u t o f f from h i s - a n c e s t o r s and t h e i r work. . . . He i s a lm o st w ith o u t a p a s t . 129 They found f u r t h e r t h a t th e two p o p u l a t i o n s d id n o t have th e same a t t i t u d e tow ard th e p r e s e n t and th e f u t u r e . F or th e peasant., f i n d i n g a p o s i t i o n f o r h i s c h ild re n ., lan d t e n u r e j and th e s e a s o n a l o c c u p a tio n s o f farm ing were im p o r t a n t . For th e g l a s s b l o w e r , th e d a i l y r o u t i n e o f h i s lif e ., h i s job i n th e f a c t o r y and s h o r t term, p l a n s f o r th e f u t u r e gave, e v id e n c e o f a r a t h e r r e s t r i c t e d te m p o ra l h o r iz o n . A ltho ugh d i f f e r e n c e s i n te m p o ra l p e r s p e c t i v e and : h o r iz o n were found betw een th e s e two groups., i t does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y fo llo w t h a t t h e r e a re d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e o r i e n t a t i o n o r t h a t th e tim e o r i e n t a t i o n o f th e s e two g ro u p s i s known. One m ight i n f e r from th e e v id e n ce t h a t f o r th e g l a s s b lo w e rs a p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e p r e s e n t m ight be fo u n d . However, i t m ight a ls o be p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e would be a p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e f u t u r e which r e p r e s e n t s a d e s i r e f o r change and a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e p r e s e n t . The tim e o r i e n t a t i o n ite m s o f th e v a lu e o r i e n t a - ' t i o n s c h e d u le a l l r e f e r to a p re se n t., past., and futu re., and f o u r o f th e f i v e ite m s r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y and th e f i f t h i n d i r e c t l y to v a l u a t i o n s o f change. I n none o f th e ite m s i s t h e r e any r e f e r e n c e to th e d i s t a n c e e le m e n t. P r e s e n t , F r a i s s e , op, c i t . , p p . 169™170j c i t i n g L. B ern o t and R. B la n c a rd , N o u v ille , un v i l l a g e f r a n c a i s (P ariB i I n s t i t u t d 1 E th n o lo g ie , 1953)• io ften r e fe r r e d to as now, p a st and fu tu re are in d eterm in ate and a p p e a r to depend upon th e re s p o n d e n ts f o r t h e i r t r a n s i t ) l a t i o n s o f boundary and d i s t a n c e . J Time O r i e n t a t i o n — F lo r e n c e Kluckholm F lo re n c e Kluckholm., i n d e s c r i b i n g tem p o ral fo c u s , d i s t i n g u i s h e s betw een a tim e s e n s e , by which she means r e c o g n i t i o n o f u n i t s o f tim e , e i t h e r from th e s u n r i s e to su n down day o r to th e form al f r a c t i o n ! z a t i o n o f th e t e r r e s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n i n t o h o u rs , m in u te s and seco n d s, and i t s m easu re ment by c lo c k s ; and tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , by which she means an o r d e r i n g o f im p o rta n c e o f th e p a s t , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e . The tim e se n se she a s s e r t s i s "n o t th e c r i t i c a l l y im p o r ta n t c r i t e r i a f o r a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n to t i m e ." 131 She s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s c r i b e s tim e o r i e n t a t i o n a s : The t h r e e f o l d d i v i s i o n p ro p o se d f o r th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a - t i o n schema h a s , t h e r e f o r e , a s i m i l a r i t y to S p e n g l e r 's c o n c e p tio n i n th e d i s t i n c t i o n betw een a r e l a t i v e l y t i m e l e s s , t r a d i t i o n l e s s , f u t u r e - i g n o r i n g P r e s e n t and a r e a l i z a b l e F u tu r e , b u t i t a ls o d i f f e r e n t i a t e s from th e s e an o r i e n t a t i o n which p l a c e s p rim a ry em phasis upon th e m aintenance, o r th e r e s t o r a t i o n , o f th e t r a d i t i o n s o f th e p a s t . 132 She e x p la in s t h a t e v e ry s o c i e t y must d e a l w ith th e prob lem o f tim e o r i e n t a t i o n s and w i l l d i f f e r w ith r e s p e c t to p r e f e r e n t i a l o r d e r in g o f th e a l t e r n a t i v e s . The elem en t o f change a ls o h a s an im p o r ta n t p a r t i n th e t i m e - o r i e n t a t i o n ^ P . Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k , op. c i t . , pp. 8 0 -9 0 . 131I b i d . , p. 13. 132I b i d . , p. 14. 85 Rconcept w ith F u tu re o r i e n t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g a p o s i t i v e Revaluation o f change, th e P r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n a n e u t r a l e v a l u a t i o n , and th e P a s t o r i e n t a t i o n a n e g a tiv e e v a l u a t i o n • and r e s i s t a n c e to change. Kluckholm c la im s t h a t a v e ry g r e a t d e a l can he t o l d a b o u t th e p a r t i c u l a r so c i e t y o r p a r t o f a s o c i e t y b e in g s t u d i e d and much can be p r e d i c t e d abou t th e d i r e c t i o n o f change w ith in i t i f one knows what th e ra n k o r d e r em phasis i s . ^-33 Kluckholm g iv e s f u r t h e r d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e em phasis i n each o r i e n t a t i o n . People who em phasize a P re s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n "pay l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n to what h a s happened i n th e P a s t and r e g a r d th e F u tu re a s b o th vague and u n p r e d i c t a b l e . " 134 The dom inant a t t i t u d e o f th o s e who g iv e th e P a s t p rim a ry em phasis i s t h a t n o th in g new e v e r happened i n th e P r e s e n t o r would happen i n th e Future.; i t had a l l happened b e f o r e i n th e f a r d i s t a n t P a s t . , . . A n c e s to r w o rsh ip and a s tr o n g fa m ily t r a d i t i o n were b o th e x p re s s io n s ' o f t h i s p r e f e r e n c e . 135 As f o r th e em phasis upon th e F u tu re : A m ericans more s t r o n g l y th an most p e o p le p la c e an em p h a s i s on th e F u tu r e — a F u tu re w hich i s a n t i c i p a t e d to be " b ig g e r and b e t t e r . " T his does n o t mean th e y have no r e g a r d f o r th e P a s t o r no th o u g h t o f th e P r e s e n t . But i t c e r t a i n l y i s t r u e t h a t no c u r r e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f Am ericans e v e r w ants to be c a l l e d " o ld f a s h i o n e d ." The ways o f th e P a s t a r e n o t c o n s id e r e d good j u s t b e ca u se th e y a re P a s t , and th e t r u l y dom inant ( t h a t i s , t y p i c a l l y m i d d l e - c l a s s ) Am ericans a re seldom c o n te n t w ith th e P r e s e n t . T his view r e s u l t s i n a h ig h e v a l u a t i o n o f change, p ro v id in g th e change does n o t t h r e a t e n ^ t h e e x i s t i n g v a lu e o r d e r — the. American way o f l i f e . 13° 133I b i d . 135I b i d . , p. 15. 1 3 4I b i d . 1 3 6I b i d . Dominant American Time O r i e n t a t i o n The p o s i t i o n t h a t Am ericans p l a c e em phasis upon th e f u t u r e and te n d to he d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith th e p r e s e n t draws s u p p o rt from th e i d e a t h a t th e P r o t e s t a n t E th ic r e p r e s e n t s th e dom inant American v a lu e system , Weber., draw ing from Benjam in F r a n k l i n 's aph orism s a b o u t th e v a lu e o f tim e and th e n e c e s s i t y o f p r u d e n t planning., and th e con cern o f th e P u r i t a n f o r th e f u t u r e s t a t e o f h i s s o u l , d e m o n s tra te s t h a t th e P r o t e s t a n t E th ic te n d s to em phasize th e f u t u r e a t th e 1^7 expense o f th e p r e s e n t and th e p a s t . Both S tr o d tb e c k and McKinley i n t h e i r d i s c u s s i o n o f th e dom inant American e t h i c , a g re e t h a t th e "tim e i s money" slo g a n i s p a r t o f t h i s e t h i c . Seymour L i p s e t i n h i s book P o l i t i c a l Man c i t e s s t u d i e s from G re at B r i t a i n and th e U n ite d S t a t e s to s u p p o rt h i s c o n te n ti o n t h a t th e m iddle c l a s s e s have a b r o a d e r f u t u r e and p a s t h o r iz o n th a n th e w orking c l a s s e s , and t h a t one o f th e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e m iddle c l a s s e s i s th e g r e a t e r l i k e l i h o o d o f d e f e r r i n g p r e s e n t g r a t i f i c a t i o n f o r th e prom ise o f f u t u r e r e w a r d .^ 9 F ra n c e s Woods c o n te n d s t h a t th e dom inant m iddle c l a s s tim e v a lu e s i n c l u d e th e h ig h v a l u a t i o n o f th e 1 3 ^ W e b e r , p p . c i t . ^ ■ ^ S tro d tb e c k , "Fam ily I n t e r a c t i o n , V alu es and A ch iev e m e n t," op. c i t . , p . l4 0 ; McKinley, op. c i t . , p . 4-0. ■^■^Seymour L i p s e t , P o l i t i c a l Man (New York: Doubleday I 9 6 0 ), pp . 7O-IO3 . -"time i s money" slo g a n , p u n c t u a l i t y and p la n n in g , and a l4o te n d e n c y to v a lu e th e f u t u r e o v e r th e p r e s e n t . A lthough th e e v id e n ce p r e s e n t e d and th e c o n c lu s io n s drawn hy th e fo re g o in g s o u rc e s su p p o rt th e c o n te n tio n t h a t th e American m idd le c l a s s e s p l a c e g r e a t e s t em phasis upon th e f u t u r e , t h e r e a re s u g g e s tio n s i n th e l i t e r a t u r e and In some commonly o b se rv e d s o c i a l changes t h a t p e rh a p s t h i s em p h a s i s upon th e f u t u r e i s changing to an em phasis upon the p r e s e n t . W illia m Whyte, i n O r g a n iz a tio n Man, comments upon th e c o n t r a s t betw een th e a m b itio n o f th e b u s i n e s s e x e c u tiv e to a c h ie v e th e f u t u r e g o a l o f to p p o s i t i o n , and t h a t o f th e p o s t W orld War I I j u n i o r e x e c u t i v e s ' d e s i r e s f o r more imme- l 4 l d i a t e rew ard s and l e s s e r a m b itio n s f o r f u t u r e s t a t u s . David R ie s m a n 's L onely Crowd c o n t r a s t s th e r a d a r o f th e o t h e r d i r e c t e d to th e g y ro scope o f th e i n n e r d i r e c t e d . For th e i n n e r " th e so u rc e o f d i r e c t i o n f o r th e i n d i v i d u a l i s 'i n n e r ' i n th e se n se t h a t i t i s im p la n te d e a r l y I n l i f e by th e e l d e r s and d i r e c t e d tow ard g e n e r a l i z e d b u t n o n e th e - 142 l e s s i n e s c a p a b l y d e s t i n e d g o a l s . " For th e o t h e r - d i r e c t e d : 140 F ra n c e s Woods, C u l t u r a l V alu es o f American E th n ic Groups (New York: H arp er & Bros ,(, 1956 ) > PP • 93-111 • 141 W illia m Whyte, O r g a n iz a tio n Man (New York: Simon and S c h u s te r , 1956). 142 David Riesman w ith N athan G la z e r and R euel Denney, Ih e L onely Crowd (New Haven: Y ale U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , i 9 60 e d . ) , p . 1 5 . 88 The g o a ls tow ard which th e o t h e r - d i r e c t e d p e rs o n s t r i v e s s h i f t . . . i t i s o n ly th e p r o c e s s o f s t r i v i n g i t s e l f and th e p r o c e s s o f p a y in g c lo s e a t t e n t i o n to th e from o t h e r s t h a t rem ain u n a l t e r e d th ro u g h o u t s i t i o n t h a t th e em phasis h a s changed from th e f u t u r e to th e p r e s e n t , th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e " in e s c a p a b ly d e s t in e d g o a ls " and th e s h i f t i n g g o a l s , th e change o f fo c u s from ends to p r o c e s s , and th e r e f e r e n c e o f b e h a v io r to cues from p e e r s a s opposed to th e r e f e r e n c e to i n n e r t o - b e - a t t a i n e d g o a ls , a l l Seem to r e f l e c t a g r e a t e r em phasis upon th e p r e s e n t f o r th e o t h e r - d i r e c t e d , and upon th e f u t u r e f o r th e i n n e r - d i r e c t e d . s t u d i e s o f 36 H arv ard u n d e r g r a d u a t e s , whom he d e s c r i b e s as th e "new a l i e n a t e d , " c o n c lu d e s t h a t among th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s group i s a r e j e c t i o n o f th e f u t u r e and, to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , th e p a s t , and a m ajor em phasis on th e p r e s - Tomorrow te n d s to d is a p p e a r a s a c e n t e r o f r e le v a n c e f o r t h e i r l i v e s . . . . What i s l e f t , o f c o u rs e , i s th e p r e s e n t , and a l l t h a t can be e n jo y e d t h e r e i n : "today" becomes th e one ro c k o f c o n sta n c y i n a s h i f t i n g sea o f change. Y e s t e r d a y 's s o l u t i o n s a re o f t e n i r r e l e v a n t to t o d a y 's prob lem s and no one can know what p a r t o f t o d a y 's wisdom w i l l rem ain v a l i d tomorrow; and i n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n th e t r a d i t i o n a l p o s tp o n in g o f p r e s e n t enjoym ent f o r th e sake o f g r e a t e r f u t u r e rew ard i s d is a p p e a r in g a s w e l l . The raw hedonism o f th e s p i r i t u a l l y dem oral- A1though Rlesman does n o t d i r e c t l y s t a t e th e p ro p o - Kenneth K e n is to n , i n a r e c e n t s tu d y b a se d upon case e n t . 1^ I b i d . , p. 2 1 . 89 iz e d ; sometimes th e q u e s t f o r " k i c k s ," sp eed , se x , and s t i m u l a n t s . 1^ - One o f th e commonly o b se rv e d s o c i a l changes s in c e World War I I h a s been th e em phasis upon consum ption and th e co n c o m ita n t phenomena o f i n s t a l l m e n t buying and mass a d v e r t is e m e n t . The m essage o f th e a d v e r t i s e r seems to b e , e n jo y my p r o d u c t now, w ith th e i m p l i c i t s u g g e s tio n t h a t th e f u t u r e w i l l ta k e c a r e o f I t s e l f . The grow th o f th e s o - c a l l e d p l e a s u r e o r r e c r e a t i o n I n d u s t r y , i . e . , th e p u rv e y in g o f m u sic, a r t , books, p l a y s , v a c a t i o n s , a ls o s u g g e s ts a growing em phasis upon m eetin g p r e s e n t n eeds and th e d e v a lu in g o f f u t u r e c o n c e rn s . The c r i e s o f th e c o n s e r v a t iv e s a g a i n s t S o c i a l S e c u r i t y and o t h e r s o c i a l w e lf a r e m easures m ight i n p a r t be ta k e n as a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t th e I n d i v i d u a l ' s deem p h a s i s o f f u t u r e c o n c e rn s . The f r e q u e n t l y d e s c r ib e d se x u a l r e v o l u t i o n m ight a ls o be s a id to r e f l e c t a g r e a t e r em phasis upon th e p r e s e n t , as an a c t i v i t y to be e n jo y e d now r a t h e r th a n w a itin g f o r some f u t u r e l e g a l i z e d s e x u a l u n io n . Developm ent o f Time P e r s p e c t i v e I f , a s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , tim e o r i e n t a t i o n p r e s u p p ose tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r iz o n , th e q u e s tio n o f age and th e developm ent o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e becomes p e r t i n e n t in th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e tim e o r i e n t a t i o n o f n i n t h g r a d e r s . liiii. Kenneth K e n is to n , Uncommitted: A l i e n a te d Youth i n American S o c ie ty (New York: H a r c o u rt, B ra c e , 19&5)j P- 239* 90 P i a g e t , th ro u g h h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f i n f a n t and c h i l d b e h a v io r j d e m o n s tra te s th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t th e developm ent o f tem p o ral p e r s p e c t i v e b e g in s d u rin g th e f i r s t year., and t h a t by th e end o f t h i s y e a r th e c h i l d h a s a c q u ir e d a tem p o r a l p e r s p e c t i v e which i s in d e p e n d e n t o f h i s own r e a c t i o n s . The developm ent o f la n g u a g e , a c c o rd in g to P i a g e t , a llo w s t r a n s p o s i t i o n s on th e p la n e o f sp eech f o r what th e c h i l d was a lr e a d y c a p a b le o f d o in g . The c h i l d b e g in s to u se words to r e p r e s e n t te m p o ra l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The words y e s t e r d a y , tomorrow, a g a in , and to d a y a re u s e d to r e p r e s e n t tim e . At some tim e a f t e r f o u r y e a r s o f age th e c h i l d b e comes c a p a b le o f more e x te n d ed te m p o ra l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n l 4 t5 h i s s t o r i e s and p l a n s . F r a i s s e , i n sum m arising r e s e a r c h on th e i n f l u e n c e o f age on th e tem p o ral h o r i z o n , p o i n t s o u t t h a t th e c h i l d ' s f u t u r e and p a s t p e r s p e c t i v e s a r e r e l a t e d f i r s t t o ' th e c y c l e s o f h i s l i f e , th e day, y e s t e r d a y , tomorrow, and th en g r a d u a l l y expand betw een f o u r and n in e to i n c l u d e th e lo n g e r c y c l e s , th e week, th e month and th e y e a r . He a s s e r t s t h a t from a b o u t n in e on th e f u t u r e p l a y s a f a r l a r g e r p a r t th a n th e p a s t i n h i s c o n sc io u s p e r s p e c t i v e s . . . . I f he does t u r n to h i s p a s t i t i s o n ly f o r b r i e f moments to l o c a t e h i m s e lf in r e l a t i o n to o t h e r s , b u t he a t t a c h e s no im p o rta n c e to i t . In th e a d u l t on th e o t h e r hand, age b r i n g s w ith i t th e im p o rta n c e o f w hat i s y e t to come and an i n c r e a s e ^ ^ J e a n P i a g e t , C o n s tr u c tio n o f R e a l i t y i n th e C h ild , t r a n s , by M argaret Cook (New York: B a sic Books, 1954)• 91 146 in the im portance o f what has a lrea d y taken p la c e . M elvin W allace and W esley B ecker p u b l is h e d an e x - t e n s i v e re v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e on th e developm ent o f tim e c o n c e p ts , T h e ir summary s t a t e s : Xt a p p e a rs t h a t an i n d i v i d u a l ’s c o n c e p t o f tim e emerges e a r l y i n c h ild h o o d and d e v e lo p s g r a d u a l l y . By th e tim e a c h i l d i s two o r t h r e e y e a r s o ld , he h a s a c q u ir e d a n o t i o n , more o r l e s s l i m i t e d , o f a p a s t , a p r e s e n t and a f u t u r e tim e , b u t u n t i l th e e i g h t h y e a r , th e c h i l d i s p r i m a r i l y co n ce rn e d w ith h i s im m ediate p r e s e n t . The tim e c o n c e p t, w ith e v e r w id en ing p a s t and f u t u r e r e f e r e n c e s , c o n tin u e s to d ev elo p th ro u g h t h e - t h i r t e e n t h o r f o u r t e e n t h y e a r when th e a d u l t c o n c e p t f i r s t em erges. At t h a t tim e th e n o tio n o f c o n t i n u i t y o f tim e and i t s r e l a t i v e l y a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n a re r e a c h e d . 1^7 Xt can be co n clu d ed from th e work o f P ia g e t and th e r e s e a r c h re v ie w e d by F r a i s s e , and W allace and B e ck e r, t h a t from b i r t h u n t i l a p p ro x im a te ly age f o u r t e e n th e i n d i v i d u a l 's c o n c e p ts o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r iz o n undergo d e v e lo p m e n ta l c h an g e s. The e v id e n c e s u g g e s ts t h a t m ost s t u d e n ts a t th e end o f th e n i n t h g r a d e , who a r e n e a r in g th e end o f t h e i r f i f t e e n t h o r th e b e g in n in g o f t h e i r s i x t e e n t h y e a r , * have p r o b a b ly d e v elo p ed m ature tim e c o n c e p ts . F u r t h e r , i f F r a i s s e ’s s u g g e s tio n t h a t th e young te n d to v a lu e th e f u t u r e o v e r th e p a s t , i s v a l i d , one m ight e x p e c t to f i n d t h a t th e f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n was th e m ost p r e f e r r e d , o r a t l e a s t t h a t th e f u t u r e was p r e f e r r e d to th e p a s t o r i e n t a t i o n . I f one can assume a s i s i n d i c a t e d , o r a t l e a s t i n f e r r e d from ^ ^ F r a i s s e , op. c i t . , p . 1 8 1 . ^ ^ M e l v i n W allace and W esley B e ck e r, "Temporal E x p e r i e n c e ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 57 (May, i 9 6 0 ) , 2 1 7 . 92 th e p s y c h o l o g ic a l r e s e a r c h e v id e n c e , t h a t tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r iz o n a re le a r n e d a s p a r t o f th e s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h a t m ature o r a d u l t c o n c e p ts would be th o se t y p i c a l l y a c c e p te d by most a d u l t s i n th e s o c i e t y . D i f f e r e n c e s i n Time P e r s p e c t i v e and H o riz o n , O r i e n t a t i o n and D e fe r r e d G r a t i f i c a t i o n E m p ir ic a l s t u d i e s have been co n d u cted exam ining d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r i z o n . Socioeconom ic s t a t u s g ro u p s , d e li n q u e n t s and n o n - d e l i n q u e n t s , sc h o o l a c h i e v e r s and n o n - a c h ie v e r s have been com pared. S u b je c ts have ra n g e d i n age from 8 to V J , and i n s t r u m e n t s have v a r i e d from q u e s t i o n n a i r e s to p r o j e c t i v e t e c h n iq u e s . The term s o r i e n t a t i o n , p e r s p e c t i v e and h o riz o n have been u se d a lm o st i n te r c h a n g e a b l y . I t i s n o t th e p u rp o se o f t h i s p a p e r to l e g i s l a t e th e d e f i n i t i v e meaning o f th e s e te rm s , o r to i n s i n u a t e t h a t th e a u th o r s o f th e fo llo w in g p u b l i c a t i o n s have e r r e d i n th e u s e o f t h e i r v o c a b u la ry . However, f o r th e p u rp o se o f c l a r i t y , th e i n t e r n a l c o n s i s te n c y o f t h i s p a p e r and a n a l y s i s , th e te rm in o lo g y o f c e r t a i n p a p e r s w i l l be r e d e f i n e d b a sed upon th e i n t e r n a l e v i dence o f th e p a p e r s and a c c o rd in g to th e s t i p u l a t e d conven t i o n p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s c h a p t e r . S o c ia l c l a s s and e t h n i c d i f f e r e n c e s . —Using a sample o f 74 low er c l a s s and 43 m iddle c l a s s c h i l d r e n ag es 8 to 1 0, L. LeShan a d m in is te r e d a p r o j e c t i v e d e v ic e c a l l e d th e ; " T e ll Me a S to ry T e s t , " The s t o r i e s which th e c h i l d r e n p r o duced were exam ined i n term s of. th e p e r i o d o f tim e, c o v ered , L eS han.found t h a t th e m iddle c l a s s g r o u p 's tim e span was g r e a t e r th an t h a t o f th e low er c l a s s . H e .co n c lu d ed t h a t th e m iddle c l a s s group had a b r o a d e r tim e o r i e n t a t i o n th an th e 148 low er c l a s s g ro u p . The -term o r i e n t a t i o n i s u se d i n th e a r t i c l e w ith much the same meaning as th e term h o r iz o n has been u se d i n t h i s p a p e r , 0. Brim and R. B o re r asked a sam ple o f 2,700 Con n e c t i c u t h ig h sc h o o l s t u d e n t s how f a r i n advance th e y had p la n n e d t h e i r l i v e s . The r e s p o n d e n ts were g iv e n th e o p tio n o f s e l e c t i n g a few weeks o r m onths, 1 to 4 y e a r s , o r 5 y e a r s o r more. They found t h a t th e h ig h e r th e f a t h e r ' s o c cu p a t i o n a l s t a t u s and th e g r e a t e r th e number o f y e a r s o f ed u ca t i o n , th e g r e a t e r th e l e n g t h o f p l a n n i n g . W ith s t a t u s con t r o l l e d , boys te n d e d to have a g r e a t e r l e n g t h o f p la n n in g th a n d id g i r l s . The c o r r e l a t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l betw een l e n g t h o f p la n n in g to a f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a tio n was + . 1 1 , f a t h e r s e d u c a tio n + .1 2 and sex (male) + . 2 2 . There was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , s t a t u s c o n t r o l l e d , b e - 1 Lawrence LeShan, "Time O r i e n t a t i o n and S o c i a l C l a s s , " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy c h o lo g y , 47 ( A p r i l , 1952), 5»9-592. 94 l4a tween P r o t e s t a n t s and C a th o l i c s . A lthough Brim and P o r r e r d id n o t i n d i c a t e t h i s , i t a p p e a rs from th e q u e s tio n a sk ed t h a t one c o u ld i n f e r t h a t th e f i n d in g s i n d i c a t e b o th d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e h o r iz o n , d i s t a n c e o f p la n n in g , and tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , a s w e l l as p r e f e re n c e f o r a more d i s t a n t a s compared to a more im m ediate f u t u r e . The s t r o n g e r a s s o c i a t i o n betw een sex i d e n t i t y and le n g t h o f p la n n in g th a n betw een s o c i a l s t a t u s i n d i c e s and le n g th o f p la n n in g p e rh a p s r e f l e c t s sex r o l e e x p e c t a t i o n s . J . P e ttig r e w r e p o r t s t h a t in q u e s tio n in g a sample o f Negro and w h ite y o u th s a b o u t t h e i r e x p e c ta n c y f o r th e f u t u r e , 64 p e r c e n t o f th e Negroes r e p l i e d t h a t th e y th o u g h t t h e i r l i v e s would be b e t t e r in th e n e x t f i v e y e a r s , w h ile o n ly 53 p e r c e n t o f th e w h ite s e x p e c te d im provem ent. A h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e o f low er c l a s s Negroes were more h o p e fu l o f th e f u t u r e th a n m i d d l e - c l a s s N egroes. Groups o f N egroes and w h ite s were q u e s tio n e d a b o u t t h e i r o p in io n s a s to th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f change i n th e w hite com m unity's r a c i a l a t t i t u d e s . S e v e n ty - th r e e p e r c e n t o f th e N eg ro es, a s compared to 6 3 p e r c e n t o f th e w h ite s , th o u g h t 150 t h a t th e r a c i a l a t t i t u d e s would change w ith o u t v i o le n c e . In sum m arizing f u r t h e r s t u d i e s P e ttig r e w says t h a t ^ O r v i ll e G.. Brim and Raymond P o r r e r nA Note on th e R e l a t i o n o f V alu es and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e to L if e P l a n n i n g ," S o c io m e try , 19 (March, 1 9 5 6) , 54-60. ^ -^ P ettigrew , o p . c i t ., pp. 184-186. 95 :Negro c h il d r e n " e x p re s s e d h i g h e r l e v e l s o f a s p i r a t i o n , more a m b itio u s hopes f o r th e f u t u r e and a g r e a t e r d e s i r e f o r f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n "131 th a n d id w h i t e s . L ouis S c h n e id e r and S v e rre L y sg a ard u se d th e term d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n to d e s ig n a te th e phenomenon o f "im pulse r e n u n c i a t i o n o r s e lf - im p o s e d po stponm ent o f g r a t i f i c a t i o n s o r s a t i s f a c t i o n s ." 132 They r e g a r d e d th e d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n as a m iddle c l a s s n o rm a tiv e p a t t e r n , Two g ro u p s o f c h i l d r e n * one m iddle c l a s s , th e o t h e r low er c la ss,, were asked i f g iv en o f p r i z e o f $ 2 ,0 0 0 w h e th er o r n o t th e y would save o v e r h a l f o f i t . S c h n e id e r and L y sag aard found t h a t th e r e sp o n ses o f th e m id d le c l a s s group showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r ten d e n cy to w ish to sa v e th a n d id th e r e s p o n s e s o f 152 th e low er c l a s s g ro u p . J Murray S tra u ss,, i n an e x te n s i v e re v ie w o f l i t e r a t u r e , d e s c r i b e s th e d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n as one o f th e c l a s s i c a l f o c i o f s o c i o l o g i c a l and s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g ic a l a n a l y s i s . . . th e c o n c e p t o f d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n s u b s t a n t i a l l y o v e r l a p s Max W eber’ s key co n c e p t o f " in n e r w o r ld ly a s c e t i c i s m . " S i m i l a r l y , Freud and h i s f o l lo w e r s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y s p h i n c t e r c o n t r o l ) as p r o v id in g th e f o u n d a tio n f o r th e " a c q u i s i t i v e c h a r a c t e r s t r u c t u r e " o f th e e n t r e p r e n e u r , and P a r s o n 's " i n s t r u - 1 3 1I b i d . , p . 1 8 6 . 132L o u is S c h n e id e r and S v e rre L y s g a rrd , "D e fe rre d G r a t i f i c a t i o n P a t t e r n , " American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review,’ 18 ( A p r i l , 1953), 142. 153r b i d . , p. 143, : 96 t | m e n ta l o r i e n t a t i o n " i s a t one p o i n t d e fin e d i n term s . o f r e n u n c i a t i o n o f im m ediate g r a t i f i c a t i o n s i n fa v o r o f d i s c i p l i n e d se e k in g o f l a r g e r f u t u r e g a i n s . ^54 S t r a u s s goes on to p o i n t o u t t h a t th e " d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n " h a s an im p o rta n t p a r t i n * th e a tte m p t to u n d e r s ta n d s o c i a l c l a s s and e t h n i c group d i f f e r e n c e s . He c i t e s th e work o f A l l i s o n Davis* John D ollard* R o b ert H avin ghu rst* S t . C l a i r Drake and Horace Clayton* August H o llin g s h e a d and O scar Lewis to s u p p o rt t h i s c o n te n ti o n . He m a in ta in s : A ll o f th e s e s t u d i e s p o i n t t o ' th e d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n a s one o f th e m ajor c u l t u r a l and p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s w hich e s t a b l i s h and m a in ta in b o u n d a rie s betw een s o c i a l c l a s s and r a c i a l subsegm ents o f American S o c ie ty . . . and , . . s u g g e s t t h a t th e a b i l i t y to d e f e r g r a t i f i c a t i o n i s f u n c t i o n a l f o r movement i n t o o r m ain ten a n ce o f m iddle c l a s s s t a t u s . 155 S t r a u s s f u r t h e r c o n te n d s t h a t s t u d i e s o f tim e o r i e n t a t i o n a n d /o r h o riz o n a ls o a re r e l a t e d to th e phenome n a o f th e d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a tt e r n * th e b o u n d a rie s betw een s o c i a l c l a s s e s and c l a s s m o b i l i t y . He m a in ta in s t h a t : The c o n c e p ts o f " f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n " and d e f e r r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n o v e r la p s u b s t a n t i a l l y s in c e th e i d e a o f deferm ent* as h e re c o n c e p tu a liz e d ^ im p lie s f u t u r e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f th e d e f e r r e d n e e d . -*-56 S t r a u s s c o n s t r u c t e d a D eferm ent S c a le composed o f ite m s r e l a t e d to a f f i l i a t i o n * a g g re ss io n * in d ep e n d en c e (e x - ^ Murray S tra u s s * " D e fe rre d G r a t i f i c a t i o n * S o c ia l C la s s and th e Achievem ent Syndrome*" American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review * 27 (June* 1 9 6 2)* 3 2 6 , l 5 5I b i d . * p . 3 2 7 . 1 5 6I b id . Iclu d in g economic in dep en d en ce) and se x . T his s c a l e was a d m i n i s t e r e d to a sample o f 338 j u n i o r and s e n i o r h ig h sc h o o l hoys i n W isco n sin . He found t h a t t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n betw een socioeconom ic s t a tu s , and s c o r e s on h i s D e fe rre d G r a t i f i c a t i o n P a t t e r n S c a le . However., he found t h a t : The h y p o th e s is o f p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een D G P s c a l e and ach iev em en t r o l e p erfo rm an c e ( s c h o o l g ra d e s) was s u p p o r te d . These r e l a t i o n s h i p s were n o t e li m in a te d by c o n t r o l s f o r so cio -ec o n o m ic s t a t u s and i n t e l l i g e n ce . 157 He found f u r t h e r t h a t th e h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tween s c o r e s on th e D e fe r r e d G r a t i f i c a t i o n P a t t e r n s c a l e and achievem ent r o l e p e rfo rm an c e were a t th e m idd le s o c i o economic l e v e l . I r v i n J . Lehman u s e d a v a lu e s c a l e ( P r i n c e ’s D i f f e r e n t i a l V alue S c a le ) composed o f 64 p a i r s o f c o n t r a s t i n g . s ta te m e n t s to m easure "em ergent" and " t r a d i t i o n a l " v a lu e s o f a sample o f 2 .,700 M ichigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Freshm an. Em ergent v a lu e s were i n d i c a t e d by f a v o r a b le re s p o n s e to s ta te m e n t i n d i c a t i n g s o c i a b i l i t y , c o n fo rm ity r e l a l i v i s m 138 and p r e s e n t' tim e o r i e n t a t i o n . P r e s e n t tim e o r i e n t a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d a s "a s a c r i f i c e o f f u t u r e g o a ls f o r p r e s e n t n e e d s . 1,199 T r a d i t i o n a l 1 5 7I b i d . 19^ I r v i n J . Lehman, "Some S o c i o - C u l t u r a l D i f f e r e n c e s i n . a t t i t u d e s and V a lu e s ," J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l S o c io lo g y , - 36 (Septem ber, 1 9 6 2) , 1 -9 . 159I b i d . , p. 4. I . 98 lv a lu e s were r e p r e s e n t e d by r e s p o n s e s to s ta te m e n ts i n d i c a t - IIng P u r i t a n m o r a l i t y , i n d i v i d u a l i s m , w o rk -s u c c e s s e t h i c and f u t u r e tim e o r i e n t a t i o n . F u tu re tim e o r i e n t a t i o n was d e scrib ed ., " p r e s e n t n e ed s sh o u ld be s a c r i f i c e d for. f u t u r e r e ward and s a t i s f a c t i o n . " ^ ^ In p r e s e n t i n g th e f i n d i n g s , bub a r e a s were n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . Only an o v e r a l l sc o re f o r t r a d i t i o n a l and em ergent c h o ic e s was r e p o r t e d . How much th e w e ig h t o f tim e o r i e n t a t i o n i n th e s c a l e was, o r i t s e f f e c t upon th e o u t come, re m a in s unknown. However, th e s i m i l a r i t y o f th e t r a d i t i o n a l and em erg en t v a lu e s to th e v a lu e s a s c r i b e d by Reisman to th e o t h e r and i n n e r - d i r e c t e d c h a r a c t e r ty p e s , and th e i n d i c a t i o n t h a t tim e o r i e n t a t i o n may have had some e f f e c t upon th e o b s e rv e d outcom es, m e r i t s th e i n c l u s i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h in t h i s re v ie w . Lehman found t h a t m ales were more t r a d i t i o n a l th an I fe m a le s , c h i l d r e n whose p a r e n t s 1 e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l was low were more t r a d i t i o n a l , th o s e o f r u r a l background were more t r a d i t i o n a l th a n th o s e o f u rb a n b a ck g ro u n d s, and c h il d r e n o f la b o r in g c l a s s p a r e n t s were more t r a d i t i o n a l th an c h i l dren o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s . School s u c c e s s and academ ic a p t i t u d e . --Jo h n E. Teahan u se d t h r e e t e s t i n g te c h n iq u e s w ith a sample o f s e v e n th and e i g h t h g ra d e b o y s. He a sk ed th e s u b j e c t s to l 6°Ibid. 99 ’t e l l tw e n ty - f i v e t h in g s th e y had t a l k e d ab o u t i n th e p a s t week. The o t h e r two te c h n iq u e s were L eS h an 's T e l l - a - S t o r y T e s t and T h e m a tic -A p p e rc e p tio n T e s t p i c t u r e s . He r e p o r t e d t h a t th e a c a d e m ic a lly more s u c c e s s f u l s t u d e n ts made more r e f e r e n c e s to th e f u t u r e and had a more e x te n s i v e f u t u r e tim e p e r s p e c t i v e . He c o n clu d ed t h a t s t u d e n t s h ig h .in " f u t u r e e x te n s io n " a ls o a p p e a re d to be more o p t i m i s t i c . W. M isch el and R. M etzner i n v e s t i g a t e d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een an im m ediate rew ard (a 5/ candy b a r) and a d e la y e d rew ard (a 10/ candy b a r ) , tim e p e r s p e c t i v e ( e i g h t q u e s t io n s d e a lin g w ith such e le m e n ts o f f u t u r e p e r s p e c t i v e a s when w i l l c e r t a i n im p o r ta n t e v e n ts happen i n y o u r l i f e , • and how o ld w i l l you be when . . . ) , and age and i n t e l l i g e n ce , as m easured on a s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t . The s u b j e c t s were 68 boys and 58 g i r l s , g ra d e s 1 to 6 from B oston e l e m en tary s c h o o ls . They found t h a t p r e f e r e n c e f o r d e la y e d rew ard was p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to age and i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s c o r e s , and n e g a t i v e l y to th e le n g th o f th e d e la y i n t e r v a l . Those p r e f e r r i n g th e im m ediate rew ard te n d e d to have a v a r i a b l e f u t u r e tim e p e r s p e c t i v e ( e i t h e r long o r s h o r t ) and th o s e who p r e f e r r e d th e d e la y e d rew ard a lo n g e r f u t u r e tim e p e r s p e c t i v e . T here was o n ly a " sm a ll" r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e ^■'■John Teahan, " F u tu re Time P e r s p e c t i v e , Optimism and Academic A c h ie v e m e n t," J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy c h o lo g y , 57 (November, 1958), 379-380. 100 jle n g th o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and s c o r e s o f s t a n d a r d i z e d i n - I l 6 2 t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s . George G en try employed th e te rm tim e o r i e n t a t i o n to d e s c r i b e th e f i n d i n g s and c o n c lu s io n s o f h i s s tu d y . The u se o f th e a d j e c t i v e s e x te n d e d and r e s t r i c t e d to m odify th e term tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , p l u s th e n a tu r e o f th e in s tr u m e n t u s e d , i n d i c a t e t h a t o r i e n t a t i o n a s employed i n t h i s c o n te x t p e rh a p s h a s a meaning c l o s e r to t h a t o f h o r iz o n th a n to o r i e n t a t i o n . A tim e " o r i e n t a t i o n " q u e s t i o n n a i r e d e sig n e d f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h was a d m in is te r e d to one h u n d red s i x t y n i n t h g ra d e p u p i l s . He found t h a t s u b j e c t s w ith a r e s t r i c t e d :time " o r i e n t a t i o n " were r e f e r r e d more o f t e n to sc h o o l au t h o r i t i e s f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y i n f r a c t i o n s , o b t a i n e d low er ;s c o r e s on th e c o o p e r a tiv e R eading T e s t, had few er l e a d e r s h ip p o s i t i o n s i n p e e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and more f r e q u e n t l y : i n d i c a t e d e x p e c te d v o c a t i o n a l g o a ls o f an u n s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d n a tu r e th an d id th o s e who had a more e x te n d e d tim e " o r i e n t a t i o n . " ^ 3 S o c ia l and p s y c h o l o g i c a l d e v ia n c y . — F r a i s s e re v ie w s 16 W a l t e r M isch el and R alph M etzn er, " P r e f e re n c e f o r D elayed Reward a s a F u n c tio n o f Age, I n t e l l i g e n c e and Length o f D elay I n t e r v a l , " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c ia l P sy ch o lo g y , 64 (Ju n e , 1 9 6 2) , 42 5-431. ■^^George G e n try , "Some B e h a v i o r a l ' C o n c o m itta n ts o f Time O r i e n t a t i o n " ( u n p u b lis h e d Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , M ichigan :S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , E a s t L a n sin g , M ichigan, 1 9 6 1 ). I 101 !s t u d i e s com paring th e tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o riz o n o f 's c h i z o p h r e n ic s and "norm al" c o n t r o l gro u p s and d e s c r i b e s th e a b b e r a t i o n s o f te m p o ra l meaning o f K o rs a k o v 's Syndrome. He r e p o r t s s t u d i e s -which c o n t r a s t th e tim e h o r i z o n s ,o f men t a l d e f e c t i v e s to n o n - d e f e c t i v e s , and d e s c r i b e s th e r e t r e a t to th e p a s t o f numbers o f p e o p le o f advanced age and n e u r o t i c "e s c a p e s " to th e f u t u r e o f some p a t h o l o g i c a l c a s e s . He r e p o r t s t h a t i n th e s e co m p arisons th e d e v ia n t g ro u p s te n d to have a more r e s t r i c t e d tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o riz o n th a n do th e c o n t r o l g ro u p s . The r e s t r i c t i o n i n th e c a se o f th e m e n ta l d e f e c t i v e and th e s c h iz o p h r e n ic te n d s to be in th e d i r e c t i o n o f i n t e m p o r a l i t y o r a v e ry s h o r t tim e h o riz o n b o th p r e s e n t and p a s t . E scape n e u r o s i s and s e n i l i t y , how e v e r , show th e em phasis upon e i t h e r a p a s t o r f u t u r e h o r i - l64 zon a t th e expense o f th e p r e s e n t . E r ik H. E ric k s o n , i n d i s c u s s i n g th e problem o f ego i d e n t i t y in th e a d o le s c e n t a s s e r t s t h a t The a d o le s c e n t may need, a t a l l c o s t s , an o u tlo o k w ith a p e r s p e c t i v e w o rth an in v e s tm e n t o f e n e rg y . The a c t u a l r e a l i z a b i l i t y o f such an o u tlo o k may be a m a tte r o f l a t e r l e a r n i n g and a d j u s t i n g and o f t e n a m a t t e r o f h i s t o r i c a l lu c k . T h is need a r i s e s to c o u n t e r a c t what E ric k s o n c a l l s th e a d o le s c e n t "tim e d i f f u s i o n . " T h is need i s met by b e l i e f i n an id e o lo g y which E ric k s o n d e s c r i b e s as " u to p ia n ^ ^ F r a i s s e , op. c i t . , 'p p . 1 5 3- 1 9 8 . ^ ^ E r i k H. E r ic k s o n , "The Problem o f Ego I d e n t i t y , " II d e n t i t y and A n x ie ty , ed. by M aurice S t e i n , A rth u r V id ic h and D avid W hite (New York: F re e P r e s s , i 9 6 0 ) , p . 6 9 . j 102 | s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f tim e p e r s p e c t i v e . " '1 ' ^ T h is s i m p l i f i c a t i o n may ta k e th e form o f a b e l i e f i n s a lv a tio n ., c o n q u e st o r o t h e r g ro up o r p e r s o n a l g o a l s . I t a p p e a rs t h a t th e sim p l i f i e d b e l i e f i n th e f u t u r e can be th e b a s i s o f , i f n o t an im p o r ta n t e lem en t i n , a f u t u r e tim e o r i e n t a t i o n . The "tim e d i f f u s i o n " o f th e a d o le s c e n t a p p e a rs to be s i m i l a r to what o t h e r s have c a l l e d a r e s t r i c t e d tim e h o riz o n a n d /o r empha s i s upon th e p r e s e n t , b a se d upon a d i s t r u s t and f e a r o f th e 167 f u t u r e and an e stra n g e m e n t from th e p a s t , E ric k s o n d e s c r i b e s th e symptoms o f "tim e d i f f u s i o n " : W hatever th e o r i g i n a l i n v e n t o r y o f tim e q u a l i t i e s a r e , o u r m ost m a lig n a n tly r e g r e s s e d young p e o p le a r e c l e a r l y p o s s e s s e d by g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e s w hich r e p r e s e n t some t h in g o f a m i s t r u s t o f tim e a s such,* e v e ry d e la y a p p e a r s to be a d e c e i t , e v e ry w a it an e x p e r ie n c e o f im p o te n c e , e v e ry hope a d a n g e r, e v e ry p la n a c a t a s t r o p h e . T h e re fo re tim e m ust be made to s ta n d s t i l l , i f n e c e s s a r y by magic m e a n s .l° 8 The id e o lo g y a ls o p r o v id e s a s o c i a l l y i d e a l i d e n t i t y f o r th e a d o l e s c e n t . E ric k s o n c o n te n d s t h a t a s long a s th e com m unity's e x p e c t a t i o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s i d e n t i t y ’ i s n o t to o g r e a t l y a t v a r i a n c e w ith th e s o c i a l i d e a l p r e s e n te d i n i t s Id e o lo g y , th e need f o r "an o u tlo o k w ith a p e r s p e c t i v e w o rth an in v e s tm e n t o f e n erg y " w i l l be met. However, when t h e r e i s too g r e a t a v a r i a t i o n , a n e g a t iv e i d e n t i t y te n d s to be c r e a t e d w ith i t s c o n co m ita n t tim e d i f f u s i o n . W hile extrem e tim e d i f f u s i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d with, s o c i a l d e v ia n c y , i n th e c a se where t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l l 66Ibid. l 67Ib id ., pp. 6 5 - 7 5 . l 68Ib id . , p. 7 0 . I 103 I te n d e n c y f o r many i n a s o c i e t y tow ard g r e a t e r v a r ia n c e b e t w e e n community e x p e c ta n c y and s o c i a l i d e a l , tim e d i f f u s i o n and p o s s i b l y p r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n c o u ld be an i n c r e a s i n g l y common phenomena. R. B a rn d t and D. Johnson o b ta in e d s t o r i e s u s in g a s t o r y c o m p le tio n te c h n iq u e from a sam ple o f 26 d e lin q u e n t and 26 n o n - d e lin q u e n t b o y s. The socioeconom ic s t a t u s , age, ach iev em en t l e v e l and i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t o f th e two g ro u p s were e q u a te d . The le n g th o f tim e c o v e re d by th e s t o r i e s was m easured by a s c o r in g c o n v e n tio n d ev elo p ed f o r th e s tu d y .' They found t h a t th e d e li n q u e n t group pro d u ced s t o r i e s w ith a s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r tim e span th a n d id th e c o n t r o l g ro u p . U sing B a rn d t and J o h n s o n 's s t o r y c o m p letio n t e c h n iq u e , A. D avis and A. P a r e n t i i n v e s t i g a t e d th e tim e " o r i e n t a t i o n " o f t h r e e g ro u p s o f e le v e n y e a r o l d s . Time " o r i e n t a t i o n " i n t h i s c o n te x t and w ith t h i s in s tr u m e n t p ro b a b ly h a s a meaning s i m i l a r to t h a t o f tim e h o r iz o n a s i t i s u se d i n t h i s p a p e r . They found t h a t t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e tim e o r i e n t a t i o n o f d i s t u r b e d and norm al boys. ^ ^ R o b e r t B a rn d t and Donald Johnson, "Time O r i e n t a t i o n i n D e l in q u e n ts ," J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy c h o lo g y , 51 (S eptem b er, 1955), 343-345. ■^^Anthony D a v is-a n d A n ita P a r e n t i , "Time O r i e n t a t i o n and I n t e r p e r s o n a l R e l a t i o n s o f E m o tio n a lly D is tu r b e d and Normal C h i l d r e n , " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy c h o lo g y , 57 (November, 1958), 2 9 9- 3 0 5 . ; 104 . iHowever: A te n d e n cy tow ard f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n i n th e norm al group was found to he p o s s i b l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith p e rs o n a l i t y t r a i t s o f p e ssim ism and r e s e n t m e n t .171 In th e d i s t u r b e d group th e more p r e s e n t o r i e n t e d th e c h i l d , th e more s t a b l e h i s f r i e n d s h i p s . S t a b i l i t y o f f r i e n d s h i p was found to be p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith emo t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y . U n d e rta k in g a p a r t i a l r e p l i c a t i o n o f th e B a rn d t and Johnson 1955 s tu d y w ith a sample o f 24 boys and 3° g i r l s , age 15 to 1 6 , a t th e Rhode I s l a n d T r a in in g School f o r Boys and G i r l s , A. D a v is , C. K idder and M. R ich found t h a t t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e tim e span o f th e s t o r i e s f o r boys and g i r l s . Comparing th e r e s u l t s from t h e i r sample w ith t h a t o f B a rn d t and J o h n s o n 's sam ple, th e y :found t h a t t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e span betw een B a rn d t and J o h n s o n ’s d e li n q u e n t group and ;t h e i r g ro u p , and t h a t t h e i r group p ro duced a s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r tim e span th an d id th e B a rn d t and Johnson c o n t r o l 172 g r o u p . Summary and D is c u s s io n .D i f f e r e n c e s i n tim e o r i e n t a t i o n , p e r s p e c t i v e h o r i zon and d i f f e r e d g r a t i f i c a t i o n . —The r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s and 1 7 1I b i d . , p . 3 0 3 - 172 Anthony D av is, C a th e r in e K idder and Melvyn R ich , "Time O r i e n t a t i o n in Male and Female J u v e n i le D e l i n q u e n t s , ": J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy ch o lo g y , 64 (March, 1 9 6 2),: 2 3 9 - 2 4 0 .__ " 105 t h e o r e t i c a l e x p o s i t i o n s s u g g e s t what a p p e a r to be somewhat p a r a d o x i c a l c o n c l u s i o n s . I t can be shown t h a t th o s e most f o r t u n a t e l y s i t u a t e d i n o u r s o c i e t y —m id d le c l a s s , w h ite , n o n - d e lin q u e n t, e m o tio n a lly n o n - n e u r o t i c , a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l and male te n d to have th e m ost e x t e n s i v e tim e p e r s p e c t i v e s and h o r i z o n s , a s i n d i c a t e d by s t o r y r e f e r e n c e s to ; e v e n ts and by p l a n s f o r th e f u t u r e . There a ls o seems to be ; some r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een d e f e r r i n g g r a t i f i c a t i o n and a c a demic s u c c e s s , i f n o t to s o c i a l s t a t u s . E ric k s o n and K e n isto n te n d to d e p i c t th e la c k o f f u t u r e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r iz o n a s e i t h e r a s t a t e o f m i s t r u s t o f tim e o r s p i r i t u a l d e m o r a l i s a t i o n . C o n tr a s te d to t h i s , H o ffe r s u g g e s ts and P e t t i g r e w le n d s e v id e n c e t h a t i t i s th e l e a s t f o r t u n a t e j th e e c o n o m ic a lly d e p re s s e d and th e Negro who te n d to e x p e c t th e m ost from th e f u t u r e and d e p r e c i a t e th e p r e s e n t . ; P e rh ap s th e a p p a r e n t p a ra d o x can be r e s o l v e d by r e - j exam ining th e t i m e - o r i e n t a t i o n c o n c e p t and th e r o l e t h a t i th e v a l u a t i o n o f change p l a y s . I f i t can be assumed t h a t a ; f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a d e s i r e f o r change; a p r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n a d e s i r e to m a in ta in p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , anci p e rh a p s to c o n t r o l th e r a t e o f change,* and a p a s t o r i e n t a - ! t i o n , th e d e s i r e to p r o j e c t unchanged i n t o th e f u t u r e th o s e ; c o n d it i o n s w hich have e x i s t e d i n th e p a s t and c o n tin u e to e x i s t i n th e p r e s e n t ; a s t e p can be ta k e n i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f r e s o l v i n g th e c o n t r a d i c t i o n . ! 106 A c cep tin g th e fo re g o in g assum ption* i t sh o u ld f o l low t h a t th o s e i n th e most f o r t u n a t e p o s i t i o n s would te n d to have a p r e s e n t r a t h e r th a n a f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n * i n d i c a t i n g t h e i r d e s i r e to p r o j e c t t h e i r p r e s e n t c o n d itio n , i n t o th e f u t u r e . In t h i s c o n te x t* th e g r e a t e r e x te n s io n o f p l a n s i n t o th e f u t u r e and th e more p r o l i f i c r e f e r e n c e i n s t o r i e s to th e f u t u r e c o u ld be an in d ex o f c o n fid e n c e i n th e f u t u r e . T his i s a c o n fid e n c e t h a t th e f u t u r e i s c a l c u l a b l e i n term s o f th e p r e s e n t and t h a t th e f u t u r e i s seen a s an e x te n s i o n o f th e p r e s e n t . Change* o r a t l e a s t r a d i c a l change* would n o t be welcome* s i n c e . i t would te n d to make th e f u t u r e l e s s p r e d i c t a b l e . : The p o s i t i o n s t a t e d i n th e fo re g o in g p a ra g r a p h i s p e rh a p s b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d by r e f e r e n c e to th e Brim and P o r- r e r s tu d y and th e su rv e y r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d by P e t ti g r e w . By asking* a s d id Brim and F o rre r* how f a r i n advance p l a n s a r e made* i s to ask* i n e f f e c t * how f a r away th e f u t u r e i s p e r c e i v e d to be p r e d i c t a b l e . By asking* a s d id th e su rv e y s j r e p o r t e d by P e ttig re w * w h e th er o r n o t th e f u t u r e would be b e t t e r p ro b a b ly e l i c i t s a r e s p o n s e which i n d i c a t e s e i t h e r t h a t th e i n d i v i d u a l f e e l s a c o n fid e n c e i n a g e n e r a l i z e d p r o g r e s s a n d /o r h i s p r e s e n t c o n d it i o n i s l e s s th an d e s i r a b le and he d e s i r e s and (p e rh a p s th e d e s i r e b e in g th e a u t h o r o f th e th o u g h t) e x p e c ts change. I f th e q u e s t io n s can be i n t e r p r e t e d i n t h i s way* th e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d would su p -: p o r t th e i d e a t h a t th e more f o r t u n a t e te n d to f i n d th e f u - 107 t u r e more p r e d i c t a b l e and t h a t th e l e s s f o r t u n a t e te n d to w ish to- change p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s and e x p e c t change i n th e f u t u r e . A second i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a p r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n , l i e s i n F lo re n c e K luck holm 's d e s c r i p t i o n o f th o s e who p r e f e r th e p r e s e n t and r e g a r d th e f u t u r e as "vague and u n p r e d i c t a b l e , " K e n i s t o n 's d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e " s p i r i t u a l l y d e m o r a liz e d h e d o n i s t , " E r i c k s o n 's c o n c e p t o f tim e " d i f f u s i o n ," , and th e e v id e n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s ,of tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and h o r iz o n betw een m e n ta lly d e rra n g e d and n o n -d e rra n g e d , d e l i n q u e n t and n o n - d e l i n q u e n t . From t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l and e m p i r i c a l e v id e n c e i t would a p p e a r t h a t th e p r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a f e a r o f a n d /o r a p a th y tow ard th e f u t u r e - - a s E ric k s o n d e s c r i b e s f o r th e m ost d e v ia n t o f a d o l e s c e n t s "hope i s a d a n g e r, e v ery p l a n a c a t a s t r o p h e . " As H o ffe r d e s c r i b e s : "where p e o p le t o i l from su n r i s e to s u n s e t f o r a b a r e e x i s t e n c e , th e y n u rs e no g r i e v an ces and dream no dream s. . . . The i n t e n s i f i e d s t r u g g l e * 1 V R f o r e x i s t e n c e i s s t a t i c r a t h e r th an a dynamic i n f l u e n c e . " / P e rh ap s f o r th e e x tre m e ly p o o r, th e s c h iz o p h r e n ic j and th e extrem e d e l i n q u e n t , t h e r e i s v i r t u a l l y no f u t u r e . I The p r e s e n t o r i e n t a t i o n o f th e s e g ro u p s r e p r e s e n t s n o t an ' j o p tin g f o r th e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , b u t " ^ H o f f e r , op. c i t ., p. 6 5 . 108 r a th e r e i t h e r a r e s ig n e d i n d if f e r e n c e to th e i n e v i t a b l e , or a f e a r f u l h o s t i l i t y d ir e c t e d a g a in s t what i s - p e r c e i v e d to be a tr a p or a dead end. The r e s t r i c t e d tim e h o r izo n and p e r s p e c t iv e m ight a ls o be s a id to i n d ic a t e n ot o n ly a la c k o f c o n fid e n c e in th e f u t u r e , b u t a ls o d e v a lu a tio n o f i t s r e le v a n c e and m eaning. I t i s p o s s i b l e th a t th e p r e s e n t o r ie n t a t i o n may r e p r e s e n t e i t h e r a s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith p r e s e n t c o n d it io n s ] o r an a c ce p ta n c e o f or h o s t i l i t y toward th e s e c o n d itio n s b eca u se no o th e r a l t e r n a t i v e s are known or appear to be p o s s i b l e ] or becau-se, p e r h a p s, in th e c a se o f K e n is to n ’ s sam ple, fu tu r e a l t e r n a t i v e s appear to be f u t i l e . Change in th e f i r s t c a se would be d ev a lu ed s in c e i t would appear to be n o t d e sir a b le ,- in the secon d c a se i t would be d e v a lu e d b eca u se i t app ears to be n o t p o s s i b l e , and in the t h ir d c a s e b eca u se i t i s i r r e l e v a n t or f u t i l e . Perhaps an ex ten d ed tim e h o r izo n accom panied by a p r e s e n t o r ie n t a t io n would i n d i c a t e s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith p r e s e n t c o n d it io n s ] a r e s t r i c t e d tim e h o r iz o n w ith a fu tu r e o r ie n t a t i o n d i s s a t i s f a c t io n w ith th e p r e s e n t and a d e s ir e fo r change, and a r e s t r i c t e d tim e h o r iz o n and a p r e s e n t o r ie n t a t i o n e i t h e r a r e s ig n e d a c ce p ta n c e o f u n d e s ir a b le p r e s e n t c o n d it io n s or a h o s t i l e r e a c t io n a g a in s t p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s — e i t h e r a c c e p ta n c e o r h o s t i l i t y accom panied by a d i s b e l i e f in th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f change. 109 Summary o f th e Review o f th e L ite r a tu r e T h is r ev iew o f th e l i t e r a t u r e was d iv id e d in t o four' major s e c t i o n s . In the f i r s t s e c t i o n an a n a l y s is o f th e co n cep t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n , i t s developm ent and r e l a t i o n sh ip to th e g e n e r a l f i e l d o f v a lu e a n a l y s is was e x p lo r e d . The work o f A lle n Barton., Clyde Kluckholm and F lo ren ce Kluckholm was g iv e n s p e c i a l c o n s id e r a tio n in t h i s s e c t i o n . The secon d s e c t i o n c o n ta in e d an a n a l y s is and c r i tiq u e o f p r e v io u s r e s e a r c h em ploying th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n c o n c e p t. F lo r en ce Kluckholm and Fred S tr o d tb e c k ’s V a r ia t i o n s in V alue O r ie n ta tio n and C. T. M. H a d iven 1s d o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n were examined- in d e t a i l b eca u se o f t h e i r s p e c i a l r e le v a n c e . In th e t h ir d s e c t i o n th e Man-Nature o r ie n t a t i o n co n cep t was rev iew ed and r e l a t e d t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p ts were d e s c r ib e d and d is c u s s e d a s w e l l a s some o f th e s i g n i f i c a n t r e s e a r c h and l i t e r a r y i n s i g h t s c o n n e c te d to th e s e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p ts . P a r t ic u la r a t t e n t io n was d ev o ted to Max Weber’ s th e o r y o f th e P r o te s ta n t e t h i c , some o f i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and r e s e a r c h w hich f o llo w e d from i t . In th e f i n a l s e c t i o n th e Time o r ie n t a t i o n co n cep t was a n a ly z e d . I t was n e c e s s a r y to d e v e lo p d i s t i n c t i o n s b e tween the o r i e n t a t i o n , tim e h o r iz o n s and tim e p e r s p e c t iv e so th a t a framework fo r th e a n a l y s is o f tim e c o n c e p ts cou ld be c o n s tr u c t e d . I t was e v id e n t from th e a n a l y s is o f r e 110 se a rc h th a t tim e o r ie n t a t i o n p r e fe r e n c e was v a r io u s ly con c e iv e d and d e s c r ib e d . In th e rem aining c h a p te r s the e x e c u tio n o f th e stu d y , th e r e s e a r c h d e s ig n , a n a ly s e s o f th e d a ta , th e f in d in g s and th e c o n c lu s io n s w i l l be d e s c r ib e d in d e t a i l . CHAPTER I I I PLANNING AND CONDUCTING THE FIELD STUDY I n tr o d u c tio n The p la n n in g o f the f i e l d stu d y f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h in v o lv e d : th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f an a p p r o p r ia te in str u m e n t w hich c o u ld be u t i l i z e d fo r g a th e r in g d a ta about th e Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n s o f a sample o f urban a d o le s c e n t s ] th e developm ent o f p ro c ed u r es f o r a d m in is te r in g th e in str u m e n t on a group b asis'; th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f c r i t e r i a fo r th e s e l e c t i o n o f a sample p o p u la tio n ; and th e : s e l e c t i o n ' o f th e means o f g a th e r in g a p p r o p r ia te reco rd ed d ata and a d e ter m in a tio n o f what k in d s o f reco rd ed d a ta to i c o l l e c t . The co n d u ctin g o f th e f i e l d stu d y r e q u ir e d th a t ! th e in stru m en t be a d m in iste r e d to a p r o p e r ly s e l e c t e d sam- I p ie and t h a t a p p r o p r ia te r ec o rd ed d a ta be c o l l e c t e d . i The s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c h a p te r w i l l d e s c r ib e th e r e - j i se a r c h in str u m e n t and i t s d evelop m en t, th e c r i t e r i a f o r the! s e l e c t i o n o f th e sample p o p u la tio n and th e p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i o n , th e k in d s o f d a ta o b ta in e d from s c h o o l r e c o r d s , and th e p r o c ed u r es and p r o c e s s e s o f th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f th e in str u m e n t. I l l I 112 In strum ent The In strum ent u sed in t h i s r e s e a r c h was a r e v is e d v e r s io n o f th e Time and Man-Nature s e c t i o n s o f th e K luck holm and S tr o d tb ec k V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n s S c h e d u le. A copy o f th e sc h e d u le may be found in Appendix A. There were f i v e Time and f i v e Man-Nature ite m s . Each ite m fo llo w e d th e same g e n e r a l form at. A b r i e f i n t r o d u cto ry paragraph d e s c r ib e d a problem or l i f e s i t u a t i o n . The in tr o d u c to r y paragraph was fo llo w e d by th r e e sh o r t d e s c r i p t i o n s la b e le d A, B, and G w hich e la b o r a te d th r e e a l t e r n a t i v e r e s p o n s e s to th e problem or l i f e s i t u a t i o n . These r e s p o n s e s r e p r e s e n te d a lt e r n a t e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s . In th e c a se o f th e Time o r i e n t a t i o n s th e y were F u tu re, P r e se n t and P a s t, and f o r th e Man-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n s th ey were M an-O ver-N ature, M an-W ith-Nature, and M a n -S u b je c t-to - N atu re. For p u rp o ses o f b r e v it y th e Man-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n s a re r e f e r r e d to a s Over, With and S u b je c t. The o r d e r in g o f th e v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n d e s c r ip t io n s was d i s t r i b u t e d so t h a t no a l t e r n a t i v e appeared in f i r s t , secon d o r l a s t p o s i t i o n more than two tim e s . The l a b e l s A, B, and C alw ays appeared in t h a t o r d e r . However, A m ight be Future on one ite m , P a st on a n o th er and so on. The same p roced u re was a ls o fo llo w e d f o r th e Man-Nature I t e m s . The th r e e v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s were f o l lowed by th r e e q u e s t io n s . The f i r s t q u e s tio n ask ed th a t 113 th e resp o n d en t c i r c l e th e l e t t e r w hich corresp on d ed to th e a l t e r n a t i v e to which he th ou gh t m ost p erso n s, in h i s n e ig h borhood would g iv e f i r s t p r e fe r e n c e . Each o f th e three- q u e s tio n s were fo llo w e d by th e c a p i t a l l e t t e r s A, B, and C which th e r e sp o n d e n ts were in s t r u c t e d to c i r c l e a s d e s c r ib e d above. P i l o t s t u d ie s were condu cted as p a r t o f th e d e velopm ent o f th e in stru m en t and a d m in is tr a tio n p r o c e d u r e s. An a l l Negro ju n io r h ig h s c h o o l in a la r g e urban sc h o o l d i s t r i c t p ro v id ed th e s e t t i n g f o r th e f i r s t p i l o t stu d y . The la r g e urban s c h o o l d i s t r i c t in which th e p i l o t stu d y was con d u cted was not th e same s c h o o l d i s t r i c t in which the r e s e a r c h fo r t h i s paper was con d u cted . A p a r t i a l l y r e v is e d v e r s io n o f th e K lu ck h olm -S trod tb eck V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n Sch ed u le was a d m in iste r e d to t h i r t y v o lu n te e r n in th grade r e sp o n d e n ts. A n a ly s is o f th e d a ta from th e p i l o t stu d y su g g e s te d t h a t th e in str u m e n t c o u ld be a d m in iste r e d on a group r a th e r than an in d iv id u a l b a s i s , and th a t c e r ta in ite m s o f th e in str u m e n t sh ou ld be r e v i s e d . Some o f th e ite m s were fu r t h e r r e v is e d and a sta n d ard s e t o f d i r e c t i o n s d e v e lo p e d . A secon d p i l o t stu d y was condu cted w ith a sample o f t w e n t y - f iv e n in th grade v o lu n t e e r r esp o n d en ts a t a comparable ju n io r h ig h s c h o o l in th e same la r g e urban s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . A n a ly s is o f th e data from t h i s stu d y in d ic a t e d t h a t , w h ile some o f th e r e v i s i o n s 114 i n th e in s tr u m e n t p ro b a b ly were s a t i s f a c t o r y * o t h e r s needed f u r t h e r developm ent. F u r t h e r r e v i s i o n s were made and su b m itte d i n d i v i d u a l l y to a sample o f tw elv e j u n i o r h ig h sc h o o l stu d e n tB r e c r u i t e d from th e r e s e a r c h e r 's n eig h b o rh o o d . Feedback i n th e form o f comments and q u e s t io n s from t h i s sample g u id ed th e r e s e a r c h e r i n d e v e lo p in g th e f i n a l v e r s i o n . S u g g e s tio n s on p h raseo lo g y * a d d i t i o n s and d e l e t i o n s were made by members from th e School o f E d u c a tio n and th e S o c io lo g y D epartm ent o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S outhern C a l i f o r n i a . These s u g g e s tio n s p ro v ed to be o f g r e a t v a lu e i n d e v e lo p in g th e i n s tr u m e n t. In th e f i n a l r e v i s io n * which was u se d i n th e p r e s e n t re s e a rc h * t h i s w r i t e r a tte m p te d to be as f a i t h f u l as p o s s i b l e to th e language* s y n ta x and g e n e r a l meaning o f th e o r i g i n a l i n s t r u m e n t . Where r e v i s i o n s were n e c e ssa ry * d e l e t i o n s and s u b s t i t u t i o n s were k e p t to a minimum. B r ie f ly * th e r e v i s i o n s were a s f o llo w s . The num b e r s o f th e ite m s r e f e r to th e numbers on th e in s tr u m e n t as re p ro d u c e d in Appendix A. Item s th ree * six* and n in e were tak e n d i r e c t l y from th e o r i g i n a l Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k s c h e d u le . Item s f o u r and e i g h t c o n ta in m inor r e v i s i o n s i n which th e word r e l i g i ous was d e l e t e d and th e p h ra s e f o r c e s o f N ature s u b s t i t u t e d f o r th e word God. For ite m s one and two m inor word s u b s t i 115 t u t i o n s were made to c l a r i f y th e meaning f o r u rb an a d o l e s c e n t s . Ite m s f i v e and seven were changed r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e l y to c l a r i f y th e meaning o f th e problem f o r u rb an a d o le s c e n t s and to make th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een the a l t e r n a t i v e s more d i s t i n c t . Ite m te n was r e v i s e d a lm o st com p l e t e l y . The id e a o f p la n n in g and u se was r e t a i n e d b u t th e pro b lem was s t a t e d i n term s o f u rb a n a d o le s c e n t e x p e rie n c e and th e a l t e r n a t i v e s a p p r o p r i a t e l y r e v i s e d . The f i n a l r e v i s e d i n s tr u m e n t was su b m itte d to t h i s w r i t e r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n com m ittee and approv ed f o r u se in t h i s r e s e a r c h . S e l e c t i o n o f th e Sample The a u th o r o b ta in e d p e rm is s io n to do t h i s stu d y from th e A s s i s t a n t S u p e r in te n d e n t f o r Secondary Schools o f an urban sc h o o l d i s t r i c t i n S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a . S ince p e r m is sio n to a d m i n i s t e r th e i n s t r u m e n t and c o l l e c t d a ta from sc h o o l r e c o r d s was c o n tin g e n t upon h a v in g th e d i s t r i c t as w e ll a s th e sc h o o ls a d m i n i s t r a t o r s * te a c h e rs * and s u b j e c t s rem ain anonymous* t h i s c o n d it i o n was a c c e p te d . The p se u d o nym S o u th lan d C ity S c h o o ls was a d o p te d to r e f e r to th e sc h o o l d i s t r i c t . The s e l e c t i o n o f n i n t h g ra d e s t u d e n t s a s th e popu l a t i o n from which th e sample was to be drawn was p r e d i c a t e d upon th e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The u s e o f a y o un ger p o p u la tio n 116 would p ro b a b ly have l e d to th e n e c e s s i t y o f g r e a t e r change In th e w ording and c o n te n t o f th e in s t r u m e n t . Also d e v e l opm ental s t u d i e s o f tim e c o n c e p ts i n d i c a t e t h a t a m ature tim e se n se i s a c h ie v e d sometime betw een th e t h i r t e e n t h and f i f t e e n t h y e a r . A lthough tim e o r i e n t a t i o n a s u se d i n t h i s s tu d y i s n o t i d e n t i c a l w ith tim e s e n s e , p e r s p e c t i v e , h o r i zon o r o r i e n t a t i o n a s d e s c r ib e d i n p r e v io u s s t u d i e s , i t p r o b a b ly can be assumed t h a t some r e l a t i o n s h i p does e x i s t . T h is su g g e s te d t h a t th e minimum age o f th e sample p o p u la t i o n be a p p ro x im a te ly f o u r t e e n y e a r s . The i n c r e a s i n g r a t e o f le a v in g sc h o o l b e fo re g ra d u a t i o n e n c o u n te re d a f t e r age s i x t e e n p r e s e n t e d pro blem s o f p o s s i b l e sample b i a s . I f , a s h y p o th e s iz e d i n t h i s s tu d y , t h e r e i s a g r e a t e r i n c id e n c e o f v a r i a n t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s among th o s e o f low er socioeconom ic s t a t u s and m in o r ity e t h n i c g ro u p s and a r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n and academ ic a ch iev em en t does e x i s t , i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t th e a c a d e m ic a lly l e s s s u c c e s s f u l , low er socioeconom ic s t a t u s , v a r i e n t l y o r i e n t e d s u b j e c t s would be u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d i n a sample drawn from a g rad e l e v e l p o p u la tio n w hich t y p i c a l l y c o n ta in e d th o s e who were s i x t e e n y e a r s and o l d e r . A lso , g iv e n th e p r a c t i c e , n o t common in. t h i s d i s t r i c t b u t n o n e th e le s s e x e r c i s e d , o f r e t a i n i n g th e academ i c a l l y l e s s s u c c e s s f u l , a t e n t h g ra d e sample a t th e end o f th e sc h o o l y e a r would t y p i c a l l y c o n ta in some, who i f th e y 117; ;had rem a in e d i n s c h o o l, would have re a c h e d t h e i r s i x t e e n t h : b i r t h d a y . A f u r t h e r c o n d it i o n c o n ta in e d i n th e p e rm is s io n f o r i c o n d u c tin g th e stu d y r e q u i r e d t h a t th e f i e l d 'w o r k be l i m i t e d to t h r e e s c h o o ls . The s e l e c t i o n o f th e s c h o o ls was d e s ig n e d to make p o s s i b l e th e o b t a i n i n g o f a sample t h a t ■ would c o n ta in as wide a p o s s i b l e ra n g e o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s and h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y . A f t e r exam i n a ti o n o f c en su s d a ta and c o n s u l t a t i o n w ith sc h o o l o f f i - > c i a l s , t h r e e s c h o o ls, w hich were d e s i g n a t e d a s s c h o o ls H, S, and F, were cho sen . S in c e random s e l e c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s from th e n i n t h g ra d e p o p u l a t i o n o f th e s e s c h o o ls would have been u n d u ly d i s r u p t i v e o f th e s c h o o l s program and c o u ld n o t be p e r m i t t e d , an a l t e r n a t i v e method o f s e l e c t i o n was n e c e s s a r y . Random s e l e c t i o n from a p o p u l a t i o n o f a r e q u i r e d c l a s s , n i n t h g ra d e s o c i a l s t u d i e s , o f f e r e d a p l a u s i b l e a l - i t e r n a t i v e , p r o v id e d t h a t no s e r i o u s b i a s e x i s t e d in th e a ssig n m en t o f s t u d e n ts to p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s e s . D is c u s s io n ! w ith sc h o o l c o u n s e lo r s r e v e a l e d t h a t m ost c l a s s e s were con-; r s i d e r e d to be h e te ro g e n e o u s i n t h a t no a tte m p t had been j made to l i m i t th e ra n g e o f m easured academ ic a p t i t u d e a n d / ! o r a c h ie v e m e n t. However, some c l a s s e s had been d e sig n e d a s e i t h e r advanced o r r e m e d ia l. The judgm ents o f th e coun-; s e l o r s a t th e r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o ls w ere tak e n a s a u t h o r i t a t i v e i n th e d e s i g n a t i o n o f advan ced and r e m e d ia l c l a s s e s . 118 To m inim ize th e p o t e n t i a l b i a s r e p r e s e n t e d by th e s e c i r cum stances i t was d e c id e d to i n c l u d e one c l a s s from b o th th e advanced and re m e d ia l c a t e g o r i e s w henever th e s e e x i s t e d a t the. r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o ls . To o b t a i n 5 c l a s s e s from each sc h o o l th e fo llo w in g p ro c e d u re was u s e d . School H c o n ta in e d two advanced ■ classes* n in e h e te ro g e n e o u s and no r e m e d ia l c l a s s e s . One o f th e two advanced and f o u r o f th e n in e h e te ro g e n e o u s c l a s s e s were random ly s e l e c t e d . School S c o n ta in e d one a d vanced, one r e m e d ia l, and e i g h t h e te ro g e n e o u s c l a s s e s . 1 The advanced and r e m e d ia l c l a s s e s were chosen and t h r e e o f th e e i g h t h e te ro g e n e o u s c l a s s e s were random ly s e l e c t e d . School F c o n ta in e d two advanced, two re m e d ia l and f i v e h e te r o g e n e ous c l a s s e s . One each o f th e advanced r e m e d ia l c l a s s e s and t h r e e o f th e f i v e h e te ro g e n e o u s c l a s s e s were random ly s e l e c t e d . C o l l e c t i o n o f School R ecords D ata As p a r t o f th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p ro c e d u re th e r e sp o n d e n ts were r e q u e s t e d to w r i t e t h e i r names on th e r e s e a rc h in s t r u m e n t . T h is made p o s s i b l e th e c o l l e c t i o n o f d a ta from sc h o o l r e c o r d s . A ccess to th e r e c o r d s f i l e was g r a n t e d and in fo rm a t i o n was g a th e r e d f o r a l l r e s p o n d e n t s . A lthough th e f i l e s f o r some o f th e r e s p o n d e n ts were incom plete., th e fo llo w in g in f o r m a tio n was a v a i l a b l e and t r a n s c r i b e d from th e f i l e s 119 i o f most r e s p o n d e ts : name o f th e re s p o n d e n t, r e s p o n d e n t 's r e s i d e n t i a l a d d r e s s , name and r e l a t i o n s h i p to re s p o n d e n t o f a d u l t s r e s i d i n g a t r e s p o n d e n t 's a d d r e s s , o c c u p a tio n o f r e - ; s p o n d e n t 's f a t h e r and mother,, o c c u p a tio n o f h ead o f r e s p o n d e n t 's h o u se h o ld i f o t h e r th an r e s p o n d e n t 's fa th e r., name and p l a c e o f b u s i n e s s o f r e s p o n d e n t 's p a r e n t s a n d /o r head o f r e s p o n d e n t 's h o u se h o ld . A p i c t u r e o f th e r e s p o n d e n t was a t t a c h e d to th e sc h o o l r e c o r d s . T h is p i c t u r e was u se d to a s s i s t i n a s c e r t a i n i n g th e r e s p o n d e n t 's e t h n i c i d e n t i t y . C o n s u lta tio n w ith sc h o o l p e r s o n n e l supplem ented t h i s r e s e a r c h e r 's e th n i c i d e n t i t y e s t im a t e from th e p h o to g ra p h . The fo llo w in g s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t d a ta was a ls o t r a n s c r i b e d f o r t e s t s ta k e n i n th e e ig h t h g ra d e : th e i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t o f th e Henmo.n-Nelson I n t e l l i g e n c e T e s t, ; th e g rad e p la c e m e n t sc o re o f th e R eadin g, Language and A r ith m e tic S e c tio n s o f th e C a l i f o r n i a Achievem ent T e s t; form I.H .W .; f o r t e s t s tak e n i n th e n i n t h g ra d e ; th e p e r c e n t i l e s c o r e s f o r th e V e rb a l R easo n in g , N um erical R eason- ; i n g , A b s tr a c t R easo n in g , Space R e l a t i o n s , M echanical Reason-r in g , C l e r i c a l Speed and A ccuracy, S p e l li n g and S e n te n c e s j s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t s , and th e p e r c e n t i l e s c o re f o r th e C o o p e ra tiv e Reading Comprehension T e s t form B advanced. i Raw sc o re d a ta f o r th e s e t e s t s would have been p r e f e r a b l e . However q u o t i e n t s , g ra d e p la c e m e n ts and p e r - 120 i c e n t i l e s were r e c o rd e d ; s in c e th e s e were th e o n ly t e s t s c o r e s a v a i l a b l e i n th e r e c o r d s a t a l l t h r e e s c h o o ls . The r e s p o n d e n t 's sc h o o l g ra d e s f o r th e f i r s t and second se m e s te r o f th e e ig h t h g ra d e and th e f i r s t s e m e s te r o f th e n i n t h g rad e were r e c o r d e d . Three g r a d e s f o r each c l a s s were awarded-. The g r a d in g a r e a s were d e s ig n a te d Sub j e c t A chievem ent; Work H a b its and C i t i z e n s h i p . The g ra d in g s c a l e was th e same f o r a l l t h r e e a r e a s b e in g A, B; C; D, and P. A d m i n is tr a t iv e P ro ced ure A s e t o f d i r e c t i o n s (se e Appendix B) were d ev elo p ed ; w hich d e s c r i b e d th e i n s tr u m e n t and e x p la in e d how th e r e sp o n d en t was to i n d i c a t e h i s r e s p o n s e . The in s tr u m e n t was d e s c r i b e d a s b e in g s i m i l a r to. an i n t e r e s t su rv e y ; and em p h a s i s was p l a c e d upon t h e r e b e in g no p r e d e te r m in e d r i g h t o r wrong a n sw e rs. So a s to a v o id th e p o s s i b l e b i a s i n t r o - ; duced by th o se r e s p o n d e n ts whose l e v e l o f r e a d in g compre h e n sio n m ight be i n s u f f i c i e n t to i n t e r p r e t - th e i n s t r u m e n t; i i t was d e c id e d to r e a d th e in s tr u m e n t to th e c l a s s e s . ; To m inim ize p o s s i b l e c o n ta m in a tio n o f th e sample ! j i th ro u g h in f o r m a l i n t e r a c t i o n betw een re s p o n d e n ts o u t s i d e of] I th e c la ss ro o m , th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n too k p l a c e on a s i n g l e | day a t each sc h o o l e x c e p t f o r two o f th e s c h o o ls where four] c l a s s e s were t e s t e d on a s i n g l e day and th e f i f t h on th e fo llo w in g day. T h is p ro c e d u re was n e c e s s a r y a t th e s e 121 j s c h o o ls , s in c e i n th e random s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s two c l a s s e s ; w hich met a t th e same p e r i o d d u rin g th e sc h o o l day had been s e l e c t e d . The a d m i n i s t r a t o r memorized th e d i r e c t i o n s and p r a c t i c e d r e a d in g th e in s tr u m e n t so as to red u c e any u n n e c e s s a r y i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith a c c e p ta n c e and com prehension o f th e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n and i n s tr u m e n t which m igh t have been in tr o d u c e d by too m e c h a n ic a l o r h a l t i n g e x p la n a tio n and r e a d i n g . The p ro c e d u re w hich was fo llo w e d i n each c l a s s was to have th e t e a c h e r i n t r o d u c e t h i s w r i t e r a s a g u e s t who was c o n d u c tin g an i n t e r e s t su rv e y i n th e s c h o o ls o f S o u th - la n d C i ty . The mimeographed in s t r u m e n t s were d i s t r i b u t e d to th e c l a s s , and t h i s w r i t e r r e a d th e in s tr u m e n t to th e c l a s s one ite m a t a tim e . The r e a d e r p a u sed betw een ite m s ; to p r o v id e tim e f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n and s e l e c t i o n o f a l t e r n a - I t i v e s . He p ro c e e d e d w ith th e su c c e e d in g ite m when he p e r - ' c e iv e d t h a t a l l members o f th e c l a s s had com pleted t h e i r s e l e c t i o n s . The l a s t ite m was com pleted f i v e to te n m in u t e s b e f o r e th e end o f th e f o r t y - f i v e m inute c l a s s p e r i o d , I and th e in s t r u m e n t s were c o l l e c t e d . I The v a r i a t i o n i n c o m p le tio n tim e can be a t t r i b u t e d p r i m a r i l y to v a r i a t i o n s i n c l a s s tim e r e q u i r e d by announce-: m ents, a tte n d a n c e a c c o u n tin g and t e a c h e r p r o c e d u r e s f o r i n i t i a t i n g th e c l a s s p e r i o d . There was a ls o some m inor v a r i a t i o n i n th e le n g t h o f tim e o f th e p a u s e s w ith th e a d - j 122 vanced c l a s s e s c o m p letin g t h e i r r e s p o n s e s more r a p i d l y th an th e o t h e r c l a s s e s . A ltho ugh th e i n t e r e s t and c o o p e r a tio n o f th e s t u d e n ts was n o t f o r m a lly m easured, i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c ev id e n ce i n th e form o f t e a c h e r s ' and t h i s w r i t e r ' s o p in io n s o f th e o b se rv e d b e h a v io r o f th e s t u d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e i n s tru m e n t was a t l e a s t m in im a lly i f n o t w e ll r e c e i v e d . Also o f th e f o u r h u n d red t h r e e s t u d e n t s i n a tte n d a n c e i n th e f i f t e e n c l a s s e s o n ly two r e f u s e d to re s p o n d le a v in g th e i n s tru m e n t b la n k . Summary The p la n n in g and e x e c u tio n o f th e f i e l d stu d y have been d e s c r i b e d . I t was shown how th e in s tr u m e n t was d e s ig n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d . C r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i o n o f th e sample were e x p la in e d and th e p r o c e s s o f s e l e c t i o n d e ta ile d ^ School r e c o r d d a t a c o l l e c t i o n was d e s c r i b e d and th e p r o c e s s ; o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e i n s tr u m e n t d e l i n e a t e d . Now t h a t i t h a s been shown how th e d a t a was c o l l e c t e d , th e n e x t t a s k i s to d e s c r i b e how t h i s d a ta was u se d and th e m ethods i employed i n a n a ly z in g th e d a t a . T h is w i l l be a cco m p lish ed i n C h a p te r IV. I CHAPTER IV METHODS OF ANALYSIS I n t r o d u c t i o n . The f i e l d stu d y h a v in g been com pleted, i t was n e c e s s a r y to d e v o te a t t e n t i o n to th e pro blem s o f c a t e g o r i z a t i o n o f d a ta and m ethods o f a n a l y s i s . How i n d i c e s o f sex i d e n t i t y , e t h n i c I d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s were d e v e lo p e d ; a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t i s t i c a l methods were s e l e c t e d and employed; and r e l i a b i l i t y t e s t e d , w i l l be d e s c r i b e d in t h i s c h a p te r . I n d i c e s o f Sex and E t h n i c i t y The c u m u la tiv e r e c o r d s of' th e s t u d e n ts who com- ! p o se d th e sample p o p u l a t i o n i n c lu d e d th e name, sex d e s i g n a - ; I t i o n , and p h o to g ra p h o f th e fa c e o f th e s t u d e n t . From t h i s : j in f o r m a tio n sex and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y c o u ld be e s t a b l i s h e d . j i The sex i d e n t i t y o f th e s u b j e c t was tak en d i r e c t l y j I from th e sc h o o l r e c o r d s , a r e l a t i v e l y e a sy t a s k s in c e th e I I r e c o r d s were s e g r e g a te d by se x . The sam ple p o p u l a t i o n was d iv id e d i n t o two e th n i c c a t e g o r i e s ; Negro and Non-Negro. S ince s c h o o l r e g u l a t i o n s ; f o r b i d r e q u e s t i n g th e s u b j e c t s to d e s ig n a te t h e i r e t h n i c | 123 ! 124 I i d e n t i t y , and no fo rm a l r e c o r d s o f r a c e o r e t h n i c i t y were ' m a in ta in e d , th e a l t e r n a t i v e s o f s e l f - d e s i g n a t i o n and d i r e c t t r a n s c r i p t i o n from sc h o o l r e c o r d s were e l i m i n a t e d . How- I e v e r , th e p h o to g ra p h s o f th e f a c e s o f th e s u b j e c t s a tta c h e d ; to th e i n d i v i d u a l r e c o r d s o f f e r e d th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o b s e r v e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Using p h o to g ra p h s o f f a c e s and r e l y i n g upon t h i s o b s e r v e r ’s presum ed a c c u ra c y i n th e u se o f t h i s s o u rc e , s u b j e c t s were p la c e d i n t o Negro, and Non-Negro group c a t e - I g o r i e s . Socioeconom ic Index The developm ent o f an in d e x o f socioeconom ic status;, f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h fo llo w e d th e s u g g e s tio n s o u t l i n e d by ; Kahl and D a v is. Comparing i n d i c e s o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s , ; th e y found t h a t o c c u p a tio n fo llo w e d i n o r d e r by: y e a r s o f ] e d u c a tio n , so u rc e o f incom e, d w e llin g a r e a , house ty p e and ; amount o f income were th e b e s t p r e d i c t o r s o f th e b e h a v io ra l] c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l i f e s t y l e , v a l u e s , a t t i t u d e s and o p in i-l o n s. They co n clu d ed t h a t th e b e s t s i n g l e in d e x o f s o c i o - I i economic s t a t u s was o c c u p a tio n and t h a t i f th e r e s e a r c h e r ! must r e l y upon a one f a c t o r in d e x t h a t he employ an o c cu - { p a t i o n a l s c a l e . However, th e y s t a t e d f u r t h e r t h a t : "Some improvement i n m easurem ent can be had by combining o c cu p a - ] t i o n and . . . cen su s t r a c t , w ith a h e a v i e r w e ig h t g iv e n ] 125 to th e former.""^ The o c c u p a tio n o f th e head o f th e h o u se h o ld and th e r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t a d d re s s f o r most members o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n b e in g a v a i l a b l e from sc h o o l r e c o r d s , th e d e c i s io n was made to fo llo w th e s u g g e s tio n o f Kahl and D avis and d e v elo p a combined o c c u p a ti o n a l and r e s i d e n t i a l in d ex o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s . T his d e c i s i o n b e in g made, th e q u e s tio n o f which o c c u p a ti o n a l and r e s i d e n t i a l s c a l e s to u se f o r t h i s s tu d y a r o s e . O c c u p a tio n a l In dex Kahl and D a v is, i n com paring th e W arner o c cu p a t i o n a l s c a l e w ith th e o c c u p a ti o n a l s c a l e employed by th e U.S. Census B ureau, found t h a t th e W arner s c a l e was a somewhat b e t t e r p r e d i c t o r o f b e h a v i o r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s th a n was th e Census B u re a u ’s s c a l e . However, th e y p o i n te d o u t t h a t " th e Census Bureau g i v e s d e t a i l s t h a t make coding more r e l i a b l e . " T h is l a t t e r c o n c lu s io n i s a ls o s u p p o r te d - by R. A. E l l i s . Comparing th e d e g re e o f g u e s s in g n e c e s s a r y to com plete th e coding o f a random sample o f o c c u p a tio n s u s in g th e W arner, H o llin g s h e a d , N a tio n a l O pinion R e se a rc h C e n te r and Census Bureau o c c u p a ti o n a l s c a l e s , E l l i s found J o s e p h Kahl and James A. D av is, "A Comparison o f In d e x e s o f Socio-Econom ic S t a t u s , " American S o c i o lo g i c a l Review, 20 (Ju n e , 1955) j 321. 2I b id , ' 126 j : t h a t th e Census Bureau s c a l e r e q u i r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s g u e s s i n g .^ A lthough th e Census Bureau s c a l e h a s been c r i t i c i z e d as b e in g an a r b i t r a r y , system o f c a t e g o r i z a t i o n and la c k in g i n e m p i r ic a l f o u n d a tio n a s c o n t r a s t e d to th e p r e v i o u s l y A m entioned s c a l e s , i t does b e a r a f a i r l y c lo s e resem b lan ce to th e s e sc ale s., h as been found to have p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t y and i t s coding i s c l e a r l y more r e l i a b l e p a r t i c u l a r l y when b e in g u se d by a s i n g l e c o d e r. Thus, i t was d e c id e d to s a c - ; r i f i c e th e p o s s i b l y g r e a t e r p r e d i c t i v e power o f th e o t h e r s c a l e s f o r th e g r e a t e r coding r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e Census i Bureau s c a l e . Also th e p o s s i b l e l o s s i n p r e d i c t i v e power c o u ld be o f f s e t by com bining th e o c c u p a ti o n a l in d ex w ith a r e s i d e n t i a l in d e x . The U n ite d S t a t e s Census B u r e a u 's c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f o c c u p a tio n s c o n ta in s f o u r t e e n c a t e g o r i e s . T hree o f th e s e i c a t e g o r i e s , fa rm e rs and farm m anagers, farm l a b o r e r s and j forem en, and s t u d e n t s were e x c lu d e d s i n c e t h e r e were no j c a s e s i n th e sample p o p u l a t i o n i n th e s e c a t e g o r i e s . The e le v e n re m a in in g c a t e g o r i e s were c o ll a p s e d j i n t o f o u r o c c u p a ti o n a l s t a t u s c l a s s e s a s f o llo w s : j ^R obert A. E l l i s , "Index o f C la s s P o s i t i o n : An Im p ro v ed In terc o m m u n ity Measure o f S t r a t i f i c a t i o n , " American ; S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 28 ( A p r i l , 19^3) j 273* j II . • Kahl and D a v is, op. c i t ., p . 324. I 127 C la s s 1 P ro fe s s io n a l,, t e c h n i c a l and k in d r e d w o rk ers j and m anagersj o f f i c i a l s and p r o p r i e t o r s , e x c e p t farm C la s s 2 C l e r i c a l and k in d r e d w o rk e rs; and s a l e s w orkers C la s s 3 C raftsm enj foremen and k in d r e d w o rk e rs; o p e r a t i v e s and k in d r e d w o rk e rs; and s e r v i c e w o r k e rs ,. e x c e p t p r i v a t e h o u se h o ld C la s s 4 P r i v a t e h o u se h o ld w o rk e rs; la b o re rs,, e x c e p t farm and m ine; h o u se w iv es; and unemployed and widows. The o c c u p a tio n o f th e head o f th e h o u se h o ld where th e member o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n r e s i d e d was th e one which was c l a s s i f i e d . Where b o th p a r e n t s ' o r g u a r d i a n s ' o c c u p a tio n s were l i s t e d and th e sc h o o l r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e d t h a t b o th l i v e d a t th e same r e s i d e n c e a s t h a t o f th e s t u d e n t, th e male p a r e n t o r g u a rd ia n was c o n s id e r e d to be th e h ead o f th e h o u se h o ld . I f th e r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e s t u d e n t was r e s i d i n g w ith a fem ale p a r e n t o r g u a rd ia n w ith no male p a r e n t o r g u a rd ia n r e s i d i n g a t t h a t a d d r e s s , th e fem ale p a r e n t o r g u a rd ia n was c o n s id e re d to be th e head o f th e h o u se h o ld f o r p u rp o s e s o f o c c u p a ti o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . An e x c e p tio n to th e l a t t e r r u l e was made f o r th o s e c a s e s where th e o s t e n s i b l e fem ale h ead o f th e h o u se h o ld l i s t e d h e r o c c u p a tio n a s h o u se w ife and th e sc h o o l r e c o r d s i n d i c a te d a f a t h e r ' s o r male g u a r d i a n 's o c c u p a tio n and a d d re s s 128 o t h e r th a n t h a t o f s t u d e n t ’s r e s i d e n c e . In th o s e c a s e s th e f a t h e r ’s o r male g u a r d i a n ’s o c c u p a tio n was u se d f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s . The r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s e x c e p tio n was t h a t knowledge o f th e m a le ’ s o c c u p a tio n and a d d re s s as shown by th e sc h o o l r e c o r d i n d i c a t e d a p o s s i b l e c o n tin u in g f i n a n c i a l s u p p o rt o f th e s t u d e n t . R e s i d e n t i a l Index The c h o ic e o f r e s i d e n t i a l s c a l e a ls o p r e s e n t s p r o b lems o f a m b ig u ity and c o d in g . R e s i d e n t i a l s c a l e s a re g e n - | e r a l l y o f two m ajor ty p e s : th o s e w hich a tte m p t to a s s e s s th e r e l a t i v e s t a t u s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l r e s i d e n c e , and th o se j ! which a tte m p t to a s s e s s th e r e l a t i v e s t a t u s o f th e r e s i d e n - ; t i a l a r e a . The s c a l e s o f th e f i r s t ty p e were r e j e c t e d s in c e th e y r e q u i r e a p p r a i s a l s k i l l s which t h i s r e s e a r c h e r does n o t have and a ls o would have r e q u i r e d th e i n d i v i d u a l ; i n s p e c t i o n o f f o u r h u nd red r e s i d e n c e s . 5 6 W. L. W arner, e t a l . , and A. B. H o llin g s h e a d h a v e ; d e v elo p ed s c a l e s f o r a s s e s s i n g th e s t a t u s o f a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . However, th e u se o f th e s e s c a l e s demanded in f o r m a - | t i o n w hich was n o t a v a i l a b l e to th e r e s e a r c h e r . ! g ^W. L loyd W arner, Marcio Meeker, and K enneth E e l l s , S o c ia l C la s s i n America (C hicago: S c ien c e R e se a rc h A s s o c i a t e s , 1949). ^August B. H o llin g s h e a d , S o c i a l C la s s and M ental I l l n e s s (New York: W iley, 1958) . 129 i 7 ; The work o f W illia m R. K enkel' and t h a t o f Kahl and: Q D avis su g g e ste d a means f o r d e v e lo p in g a s c a le o f a p p r o x i mate r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s t a t u s . The Census t r a c t o f th e U .S .i Census Bureau was d e s ig n a te d a s th e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . A l- : though i n d i v i d u a l c en su s t r a c t s te n d to c o n ta in a ran g e o f i d w e llin g types* v a lu e s o f r e s i d e n c e and s o c i a l s t a t u s o f r e s i d e n t s * th e y te n d to he r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous i n re g a r d to th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . *A c o n v e n ie n t method f o r com paring th e r e l a t i v e s t a t u s o f c e n su s t r a c t s i s to u se th e a v e ra g e cash v a lu e o f th e r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s w i t h in p a r t i c u l a r cen su s t r a c t s • a s an in d e x . The a v e ra g e c a sh v a lu e can be s t a t e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and employed o r d i n a l l y to compare th e r e l a t i v e ra n k o f a s i n g l e c e n su s t r a c t w i t h in a p o p u la tio n o f n c e n su s t r a c t s . ; i I D e te rm in a tio n o f th e a v e ra g e c a sh v a lu e o f th e : r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n a c e n su s t r a c t i s b o th f a c i l i t a t e d j i and c o m p lic a te d by manner i n which th e d a ta on r e s i d e n t i a l j u n i t c a sh v a lu e i s t a b u l a t e d by th e Census B ureau. R e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o owner and r e n t e r occupied^ I The d a t a f o r r e n t e r o c c u p ie d u n i t s i s p r e s e n t e d i n th e form) j o f c a t e g o r i e s o f m onthly r e n t and f o r owner o c c u p ie d u n i t s [ i n th e form o f c a t e g o r i e s o f c a sh v a lu e o f th e r e s i d e n c e . ; ^John Cuber and W illia m Kenkel* S o c i a l S t r a t i f i c a - : t i o n i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s (New York: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry - ! C ro fts* In c .* 1954J* pp. 134-156. O ! Kahl and Davis* op. c i t .* p, 322. I 13° j T his p r e s e n t s th e problem o f t r a n s l a t i n g one in t o an o th er ; o r o f f i n d in g some common d e n o m in ato r. i F ollo w in g th e method s u g g e s te d by th e work o f W il- I lia m F. Kenkel* c ash v a lu e o f owner o c c u p ie d r e s i d e n c e s was | t r a n s l a t e d i n t o m onthly r e n t a l v a lu e . T h is r e s e a r c h e r con- ; s u i t e d w ith t h r e e l o c a l r e a l e s t a t e a p p r a i s e r s to d e te rm in e I th e b e s t means f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g th e a p p ro x im ate r e n t a l j v a lu e o f a r e s i d e n c e . I t was a g re e d t h a t K e n k e l’ s method o f d i v id i n g th e c a sh v a lu e o f r e s i d e n c e by 10 would g iv e ; th e ap p ro x im ate a n n u a l r e n t o f a r e s i d e n c e . T h is q u o t i e n t i n t u r n c o u ld be d iv id e d by 12 to i n d i c a t e th e app ro xim ate g m onthly r e n t . The c a t e g o r i z i n g o f c a sh v a lu e and m onthly r e n t in .the Census Bureau t a b u l a t i o n o f t h a t d a ta p re c lu d e d th e u s e '[ o f median r e n t a s th e in d e x o f a v e ra g e cash v a lu e . Approxi-? | mate mean m onthly r e n t was a c c e p te d a s th e b e s t p o s s i b l e j a l t e r n a t i v e . A lthough th e method o f c o m p u tatio n p ro b a b ly u n d e r e s tim a te d th e mean m onthly r e n t o f th e Census t r a c t s j i hav in g th e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f h ig h c o s t housing* t h i s j i u n d e r e s t i m a t io n d id n o t m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t th e system o f i r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . j ! The co m p u tatio n o f ap p ro x im ate mean m onthly r e n t j was a c c o m p lish e d as f o llo w s . The d a ta f o r r e n t e r o c c u p ie d j u n i t s was t a b u l a t e d by th e Census Bureau i n t o l e s s th an 20* ^Cuber and Kenkel* l o c . c i t . 20-39* 40-59* 60-79* 80-99* 100-149 and o v e r 150 d o l l a r s a j month r e n t c a t e g o r i e s . I t was s t i p u l a t e d t h a t th e c a s e s i n each c a te g o r y were e v e n ly d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h o u t th e c a te g o r y . S in ce t h e r e was no u p p e r l i m i t to th e l a s t c a te - ; g o ry th e number o f 3 0 ,0 0 0 d o l l a r s was chosen a s th e m id p o i n t . The m id p o in t f o r each c a te g o r y was t r a n s l a t e d from : c a sh v a lu e to m onthly r e n t u s in g th e p r e v i o u s l y m entioned p ro c e d u re f o r t h i s o p e r a t i o n . The m id p o in t o f th e c a t e g o ry as e x p re s s e d as m onthly r e n t was m u l t i p l i e d by th e 1 number o f c a s e s in eac h c a te g o r y . The r e s u l t i n g p ro d u c ts > o f a l l th e c a t e g o r i e s were summed g iv in g th e t o t a l m onthly ^ r e n t o f owner o c c u p ie d u n i t s i n a s i n g l e c en su s t r a c t . The t o t a l m onthly r e n t o f r e n t e r o c c u p ie d u n i t s and th e t o t a l r e n t o f owner o c c u p ie d u n i t s were summed g iv in g th e t o t a l m onthly r e n t o f a l l r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n a Census! T r a c t . The number o f c a s e s in r e n t e r and owner o c c u p ie d 1 c a t e g o r i e s were summed g iv in g t o t a l number o f a l l r e s i d e n - ! t i a l u n i t s i n a Census T r a c t . The t o t a l m onthly r e n t o f j a l l r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n a Census T r a c t was d iv id e d by th e | t o t a l number o f a l l r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n t h a t T r a c t . The r e s u l t i n g q u o t i e n t was d e s ig n a te d th e a p p ro x im ate mean m onthly r e n t . The a d d re s s o f th e r e s i d e n c e o f eac h member o f th e j sample p o p u l a t i o n was t r a n s c r i b e d from th e sc h o o l r e c o r d s , j i The c en su s t r a c t l o c a t i o n o f each r e s i d e n c e was d e te r m in e d .| i The sam ple p o p u la tio n was found to be d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h - | :o u t t h i r t y - s i x cen su s t r a c t s . Using th e p r e v i o u s l y d e- ; s c r i b e d p r o c e s s j th e a p p ro x im ate mean m onthly r e n t f o r each o f th e t h i r t y - s i x t r a c t s was computed. Through t h i s p r o c e dure th e r e s i d e n t i a l a d d re s s o f each member o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n was coded by th e a p p ro x im ate mean m onthly r e n t o f th e cen su s t r a c t in- which th e r e s i d e n c e was l o c a t e d . T h is p ro c e d u re pro d u ced th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a pp rox im ate mean m onthly r e n t s o f censu s t r a c t o f r e s i d e n c e o f th e sample p o p u la tio n a s shown i n T able 1. TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OP APPROXIMATE MEAN MONTHLY RENT A pproxim ate Number o f th e R e s i d e n t i a l Mean Rent Sample Pop. C la s s $ 202 1 3 1 7 2 20 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 5 2 4 1 3 5 4 1 1 7 16 113 5 3 p 112 26 111 1 101 1 9 9 18 9 5 1 9 4 21 9 3 16 92 5 3 9 0 1 7 8 9 2 8 7 6 80 16 7 8 20 7 7 2 4 TABLE 1— C ontinued A pproxim ate Number o f th e R e s i d e n t i a l Mean R ent , Sample Pop. C la s s $ 75 7 74 29 72 26 68 10 67 2 4 65 3 54 ' 12 43 1 The d e te r m in a tio n o f th e c u t t i n g p o i n t s betw een r e s i d e n t i a l c l a s s e s was b a se d upon th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n and th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m onthly r e n t s f o r j a l l r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n S o u th la n d C i ty . The ap p ro x im ate m edian monthly, r e n t o f r e s i d e n c e o f S o u th la n d C ity was $ 1 0 5 , th e a p p ro x im ate f i r s t q u a r t i l e $ 1 2 5 , and ap p ro x im ate t h i r d q u a r t i l e $70. A lthough mean m onthly re n tB o f census i t r a c t s c an n o t be compared d i r e c t l y to th e median and q u a r - | i t i l e s f o r a l l h o u sin g u n i t s i n a c i t y , t h i s d a ta d id su g - j g e s t p l a u s i b l e c u t t i n g p o i n t s . | ! | C l u s t e r i n g o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n w ith gaps b e tween th e c l u s t e r s a t $ 1 2 5 and $ 1 0 5 f u r t h e r s u g g e s te d t h a t i th e s e p o i n t s be ta k e n r e s p e c t i v e l y a s th e c u t t i n g p o i n t s betw een C la s s e s 1 and 2, and C la s s e s 2 and 3. D i s t r i b u t i o n | o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e $80 a month ! l e v e l c o u ld be u se d a s th e c u t t i n g p o i n t betw een C la s s e s 3 and 4 . However, t h i s r e p r e s e n t e d a r a t h e r l a r g e v a r i a t i o n j from th e 3^3 q u a r t i l e p o i n t o f $70 i n S o u th la n d C i ty d i s - j t r i b u t i o n , T h is d is c r e p a n c y was compromised a t th e some what a r b i t r a r y p o i n t o f $76 a month. Com posite Socioeconom ic S ta tu s . Index A c ce p tin g th e recom m endation o f Kahl and D avis a sy stem o f w e ig h tin g was d e v is e d f o r com bining th e r e s i d e n t i a l and o c c u p a ti o n a l s t a t u s r a n k i n g s . The w e ig h tin g em p lo y e d a 2 to 1 r a t i o w ith o c c u p a ti o n a l s t a t u s r e c e i v i n g th e h i g h e r w e ig h t. See T able 2 f o r a ssig n m e n t o f w e ig h ts to r e s i d e n t i a l and o c c u p a ti o n a l s t a t u s c l a s s e s . TABLE 2 OCCUPATIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL CLASS WEIGHTS Occ, C la s s C la s s W eight R es. C la s s C la s s W eight 1 8 1 4 2 6 2 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 4 1 The sample p o p u l a t i o n h a v in g p r e v i o u s l y been a s sig n e d R e s i d e n t i a l and O c c u p a tio n a l C la s s codes were g iv e n a p p r o p r i a t e c l a s s w e ig h ts a s d e s c r i b e d i n T able 2. These w e ig h ts were summed p ro d u c in g a co m posite Socioeconom ic S t a t u s C la s s w e ig h t. These w e ig h ts i n t u r n were t r a n s l a t e d i n t o Socioeconom ic S t a t u s C la s s e s u s in g th e c a t e g o r i e s d e s c r i b e d i n T able 3 . 135 TABLE 3 TRANSLATION OP SUMMED WEIGHTS INTO COMPOSITE SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS Com posite Socioeconom ic S t a tu s C la s s Summed W eights 1 12, 11 2 10, 9 j 8 3 7 j 6 5 , 4, 3 Three h u n dred e ig h t y - s e v e n c a s e s were a s s ig n e d a p - | p r o p r i a t e Composite Socioeconom ic S t a tu s C la s s r a n k in g s . j P o u rte e n c a s e s o f th e o r i g i n a l f o u r h u n d red one c a s e s c o u ld n o t be a s s ig n e d ra n k in g s b e ca u se o f m issing., in c o m p le te o r j u n c l a s s i f i a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l a n d /o r o c c u p a ti o n a l d a t a . | S t a t i s t i c a l Methods o f A n a ly s is j i The t e s t i n g o f h y p o th e s e s one and two r e q u i r e d a j i s e r i e s o f s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s d i f f e r e n t from th o s e f o r h y p o th e s e s t h r e e and f o u r . The m ethods o f a n a l y s i s f o r h y - ■ p o th e s e s one and two fo llo w q u i t e c l o s e l y th o s e d e v elo p ed by Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k and d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p te r IV o f 10 V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n . The m ethods o f a n a l y s i s f o r h y p o th e s e s t h r e e and f o u r fo llo w p ro c e d u r e s d e v elo p ed by James S. Coleman In h i s I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M ath em atica l ^ F l o r e n c e Kluckholm and P red S tr o d tb e c k , V a r i a t i o n s ’ i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n (E v an sto n : Row., P e te r s o n and C o., 1961), PP. 121-137* j "..... 136 ;S o c io lo g y C h a p te r 6, " M u l t i v a r i a t e A n a l y s i s . " 11 The f o l - j blowing d i s c u s s i o n s h a l l c o n s id e r f i r s t th e methods o f analy-j s i s f o r h y p o th e s e s one and two and se c o n d ly th e methods o f j a n a l y s i s f o r h y p o th e s e s t h r e e and f o u r . ; i H y potheses One and Two: j Methods o f A n a ly s is j The d e c i s i o n to employ th e s t a t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u re s de v elo p ed by Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k w a s.b a se d upon th e 1 fo llo w in g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The f i r s t two h y p o th e s e s b e in g I t e s t e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h were s u f f i c i e n t l y s i m i l a r to th e h y p o th e s e s t e s t e d by Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k a s to su g g e s t i t h a t th e u se o f t h e i r p r o c e d u r e s m ight be a p p r o p r i a t e . The i n i t i a l v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n r e s e a r c h was b ased upon f i e l d stu d y i n f i v e com m unities so d i s s i m i l a r t h a t j th e y can be s a i d , a s th e a u th o r s o f V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s d id , to r e p r e s e n t f i v e s e p a r a t e c u l t u r e s . The p r e s e n t f i e l d stu d y d i f f e r s from th e p a r e n t r e s e a r c h i n t h a t th e r e s p o n d e n ts were a d o l e s c e n t , th e l o c a l e u rb a n , th e in s t r u m e n t group r a t h e r th an i n d i v i d u a l l y a d m in is te r e d and th e a g g r e g a te s t e s t e d g e n e r a l l y c o n s id e r e d to be o f th e same c u l t u r e a lth o u g h th e s e a g g r e g a te s m ight be c o n s id e r e d to r e p r e s e n t s u b - c u l t u r e s . A lthough th e c o n c lu s io n s from th e r e s e a r c h i n th e Mormon and Texan com m unities s u g g e s te d 11 James S. Coleman, I n t r o d u c t i o n to M ath em atica l So c io lo g y (New Yorks F re e P re s s o f G lencoe, 19&4) , P P . 1 8 9- 240. 1 3 7 1 th e p o s s i b l e dominant v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s , fo r th e p r e s e n t | r e s e a r c h , i t was th ou gh t t h a t th e se o r i e n t a t i o n s , b ecau se o f th e a fo rem en tio n ed d i f f e r e n c e s in th e f i e l d s t u d i e s , I c o u ld n o t be t r e a t e d as assumed for. th e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h . j I t became n e c e s s a r y to t e s t fo r v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a t te r n s w ith in th e a g g r e g a te s and fo r d i f f e r e n c e s in p a t t e r n s b e - j tween a g g r e g a te s . S in ce p ro ced u res fo r t e s t i n g th e s e p a t t e r n s , p r o c e -j | du res upon w hich th e c o n c lu s io n s o f th e i n i t i a l r e s e a r c h j r e s t e d , had been p r e v io u s ly d ev elo p ed ; i t appeared th a t the j developm ent o f new p ro ced u res m ight be s u p e r flu o u s . N e v er -j t h e l e s s , new methods o f a n a l y s is c o n c e iv a b ly c o u ld have been d e v e lo p e d . However, t h i s approach p ro b a b ly would have j r a is e d th e muddy q u e s tio n o f th e c o m p a r a b ility o f th e f i n d - j i in g s o f t h i s r e s e a r c h and i t s dependent c o n c lu s io n s w ith th e f in d in g s and c o n c lu s io n s o f th e p a r e n t r e s e a r c h . Con s id e r in g th e a lr e a d y somewhat b o ld d e p a r tu r e s in f i e l d Study m ethods, fu r th e r d ep artu re in s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c ed u r es j . ... m i p o s s i b l y c o u ld have v i t i a t e d any b a s i s fo r com parison b e - j tween th e p a r e n t and p r e s e n t stu d y . i Four s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s were a p p lie d , th r e e to m ea s-j ure w ith in a g g r e g a te r e g u l a r i t i e s and one to measure betweerl. a g g r e g a te d i f f e r e n c e s . j i | K en d all S t e c h n iq u e s . — The f i r s t o f th e s e t e s t s i s d e sig n e d to measure th e agreem ent w ith in an a g g r e g a te upon a p a t te r n o f r e s p o n s e s f o r a s i n g l e ite m . 138 The K en dall S o r sum o f sq u a res tec h n iq u e was em p lo y e d to t e s t t h i s q u e s t io n . The form ula fo r th e K endall S i s s t a t e d : 9 9 9 a + b + c = S a + b + c = 0 a = (a ° - ae ) . b = (b° - be ) c = (c ° - c e ) w h ere: a0 - Z A a8 = 2n b° = ZB be = 2n c° = LO e c .= 2n = .o b serv ed = e x p e c te d w h ere: A B C h th e ra n k in g o f a r esp o n d en t o f a l t e r n a t i v e A th e ranking o f a r esp o n d en t o f a l t e r n a t i v e B th e ran k in g o f a resp o n d en t o f a l t e r n a t i v e C = th e number o f r esp o n d e n ts in an aggregate'. 12 With an in str u m e n t em ploying th e ra n k in g o f th r e e j I a l t e r n a t i v e s one a l t e r n a t i v e may be d e s ig n a te d Aj a n o th er Bj 12 B. Kluckholm and Strodtbeck., op . c i t ., p. 127- 1 139 land a t h i r d C. A l t e r n a t i v e s A, B, and C a re ra n k e d by th e r e s p o n d e n ts i n any o f s i x p o s s i b l e c o m b in a tio n s w ith the i a l t e r n a t i v e s r e c e i v i n g r a n k s 1, 2 o r 3 . ! A f t e r ra n k in g s have been a s s ig n e d to a l t e r n a t i v e s j A, B, and C f o r a g iv en ite m , th e r a n k s o f a l l r e s p o n d e n ts | a re summed f o r each a l t e r n a t i v e g iv in g th e A, B, C i n th e l fo rm u la above. | The sum o f th e r a n k in g s f o r a s i n g l e re s p o n d e n t on j I a B in gle ite m may n o t ex ceed th e q u a n t i t y 6 , th e sum o f 1, j 2 and 3 . Bor example t h e r e c a n n o t be t h r e e f i r s t c h o ic e s i n th e p r e f e r e n c e o r d e r in g o f t h r e e f i r s t c h o ic e s i n th e j p r e f e r e n c e o r d e r in g o f t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s . The a v erag e r a n k in g by any r e s p o n d e n t f o r any item, i s 2 , i . e . , th e sum | o f th e r a n k s , 6 , d i v i d e d by th e number o f a l t e r n a t i v e s , 3 . T h is a v e ra g e r a n k in g , 2, m u l t i p l i e d by th e number o f r e sp o n d e n ts in an a g g r e g a te , n, g iv e s th e q u a n t i t y 2n in th e fo rm u la above. A h y p o t h e t i c a l example o f th e o p e r a t i o n o f th e f o r mula can i l l u s t r a t e th e r a t i o n a l e f o r th e u se o f form ula and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n . Assuming an a g g re g a te o f 20 members who were i n com plete agreem ent on th e ra n k in g o f th e a l t e r n a t i v e s o f a s i n g l e ite m and t h a t th e agreem en t was on th e p a t t e r n B p r e f e r r e d to A p r e f e r r e d to C. The sum o f r a n k s j i f o r A would be 40, f o r B 20, and f o r G 60. The e x p e c te d j 1 sum o f r a n k s would be 2 tim e s 2 0 ,. th e number o f resp ond en ts,! o r 40. S u b t r a c t in g 40 from each o f th e s e sums g iv e s 0 , -2 0 , and 20. Summing th e s e q u a n t i t i e s g iv e s 0 o r a s i n th e f o r - ! mula a + b + c = 0 . S q u a rin g th e sums g i v e s : 0 + 400 + 400= 800, o r S = 800, a s i n th e form u la a^ + b 2 + c 2 = S. 1 A fo rm u la f o r th e t e s t i n g o f s i g n i f i c a n c e h a s been d e v is e d i by F ried m an , and S tr o d tb e c k p r o v id e s a t a b l e b a se d upon IS th iB fo rm u la i n V a r i a t i o n s i n V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s . J Exam i-| n a t i o n o f t h i s t a b l e i n d i c a t e s an S o f 120 f o r th e .05 ; l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e and 177 f o r th e .01 l e v e l f o r 20 r e - j 1 s p o n d e n t s . The u se o f th e K e n d a ll S p r o v i d e s th e r e s e a r c h e r w ith some i d e a o f th e l e v e l o f c o n sen su s among h i s re sp o n d -! e n t s . A lthough la c k o f agreem ent i n a l l a g g re g a te s f o r m ost o r a l l ite m s o f a v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n would le a d to j \ s e r i o u s doubt a b o u t th e r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t , a p a t t e r n o f ] i c o n se n su s on some ite m s and la c k o f agreem ent on o t h e r s i i i m igh t be a n t i c i p a t e d . | i l r B in om ial a n a l y s i s . — The second t e s t i s d e s ig n e d to | j m easure th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een a l t e r n a t i v e s i n term s o f j ! t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l p o p u l a r i t y and from t h i s to d e r iv e th e j I m ost l i k e l y p a t t e r n o f r e s p o n s e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r ite m . j l I . The K e n d a ll S te c h n iq u e h a s p e r m i t t e d th e r e s e a r c h - j e r to a c c e p t o r r e j e c t th e n u l l h y p o th e s e s o f no s i g n i f i - . \ ; c a n t p a t t e r n o f p r e f e r e n c e o f a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r a s i n g l e j ite m w i t h in an a g g r e g a te . However, one does n o t know what 13I b i d . , p . 1 2 6 . ^ __________ . ___________ ! i 4 i i i i ! j I t h a t p r e f e r e n c e m ight b e . W ith ra n k in g o f t h r e e a l t e r n a - j i 1 t i v e s A, B, and C, i t was d i f f i c u l t i f n o t im p o s s ib le to a r r i v e d i r e c t l y a t th e m ost l i k e l y p a t t e r n o f r e s p o n s e s . ! However, com p ariso ns can be made o f th e r e l a t i v e p r e f e r e n c e j o f A and B, A and C, and B and C. j As S tr o d tb e c k p u t i t ; One can "examine t h r e e s e p a r a t e n u l l h y p o th e s e s i d e sig n e d to i n c r e a s e th e in f o r m a tio n y i e l d o f a s i n g l e ! ite m . These a r e ( l ) a l t e r n a t i v e s A and B a r e e q u a l ly p o p u l a r , ( 2 ) a l t e r n a t i v e s A and C a re e q u a l ly p o p u la r j and ( 3 ) a l t e r n a t i v e s B and C a r e e q u a l ly p o p u l a r . "14 j The m a th e m a tic a l fo rm u la f o r t e s t i n g th e s e n u l l h y - 1 p o t h e s e s i s i 1 BA>,B - E(BA> B) - .50 j )/m(PA > B) ( 9B > Bj I a u n i t norm al d e v i a t e j j th e o b se rv e d fre q u e n c y o f p e rs o n s p r e f e r r i n g A to B | l th e e x p e c te d fre q u e n c y o f p e rs o n s j p r e f e r r i n g A to B a c o r r e c t i o n f o r c o n t i n u i t y th e e x p e c te d p r o p o r t i o n o f p e r s o n s p r e f e r r i n g A to B th e e x p e c te d p r o p o r t i o n o f p e rs o n s j p r e f e r r i n g B to A j 16 I th e number o f p e r s o n s i n th e sam ple. ^ [ 1 1 i l2|I b i d . , p . 1 3 0 . 15I b i d . , p . 1 3 1 . where 1 Z = BA > B = EPA> B = .50 = PA > B = 9B> A = and m = 142 I The form u la was r e p e a t e d s u b s t i t u t i n g A > C and th e n B> C | f o r A > B. S in ce th e fo rm u la s o lv e s f o r one can c o n s u l t a j t a b l e o f norm al p r o b a b i l i t y curve and a c c e p t a Z o f I ..96 f o r th e .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e and a Z o f 2 .3 3 f o r th e ! .01 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r a two t a i l e d t e s t . j A h y p o t h e t i c a l example u s i n g th e symbol > to mean j i " p r e f e r r e d to " can i l l u s t r a t e how a p a t t e r n f o r an ite m j can be d e r i v e d . The s i x p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e A>B>Cji A>C>B, B>A>C, B > C > A j C >A >B J and C>B>A, For ' : A > B > 0 j A>C>B and C>A>B, A i s p r e f e r r e d to B. F o r I i i a g iv e n a g g re g a te and a g iv e n ite m th e number o f tim e s A i s ; p r e f e r r e d to B i s c o u n te d and p lu g g e d i n t o th e fo rm u la | ' ■ j a lo n g w ith th e number o f members i n th e a g g r e g a te . I f A is ! p r e f e r r e d to B I n o v e r o n e - h a l f th e caseB and th e n u l l h y - | p o t h e s i s i s r e j e c t e d th e n one can co n clu d e t h a t th e most l i k e l y p a t t e r n s a r e e i t h e r A>B>C, A > 0 > ' B i or C>A>B. The p r o c e s s i s th e n r e p e a t e d f o r th e A >C com p ari so n. I f A i s p r e f e r r e d to C i n o v e r o n e - h a l f th e c a s e s and th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s r e j e c t e d th e n one can co n clu d e t h a t th e m ost l i k e l y p a t t e r n i s A>B>C or A>C>B. The p r o c e s s i s a g a in r e p e a t e d f o r th e B > C com pariso n. I f B i s p r e f e r r e d to C i n o v e r o n e - h a l f th e c a s e s th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is j | i s r e j e c t e d . The m ost l i k e l y p a t t e r n 1 b A>B>C. At each j u n c t u r e t h e q u e s t io n s o f o n e - h a l f o r more j o f th e c a s e s and th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s p r e s e n t . I f th e j 143 | I n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s a c c e p te d and o v e r o n e - h a l f o f th e c a s e s : p r e f e r one a l t e r n a t i v e th e n th e r e s e a r c h e r can co n clu de t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e i s o b s e rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . Any s i n g l e ! p a t t e r n can v a ry from a l l t h r e e p a i r s b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t to i twoj one o r none b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t . . j l T o ta l o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n i n g , — I n th e p r e v io u s t est | th e p a t t e r n i n g f o r a s i n g l e ite m had been m easured. I t I i rem ain ed to d e te rm in e th e p a t t e r n i n g f o r a l l f i v e ite m s o f j an o r i e n t a t i o n ta k e n t o g e t h e r . The t e s t i n g o f t h i s q u e s t io n was a c c o m p lish e d j j th ro u g h th e f o llo w in g p r o c e s s . j Each v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n s e r i e s c o n ta in e d f i v e ite m s . ! The number o f tim e s each r e s p o n d e n t i n an a g g r e g a te e x - ; p r e s s e d a p r e f e r e n c e o f A o v e r B was c o u n te d . I t was p o s - j ! s l b l e to p r e f e r A o v e r B from 0 to 5 tim e s f o r each r e - j sp o n d e n t. Thus each re s p o n d e n t c o u ld have a 0., 1, 2. , 3j 4j o r 5 A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e s c o r e . The A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e s c o r e s f o r a l l re s p o n d e n ts i n an a g g re g a te were summed and th e mean A o v e r B p r e f e r - j ence s c o re f o r th e a g g re g a te was computed u s in g th e form ula: w h e re : M = mean 2X = sum o f p r e f e r e n c e s c o r e s N = number o f re s p o n d e n ts i n an a g g r e g a t e . 144 Where th e mean o f th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e sc o re e x ceeded 2 .5 , th e e x p e c te d mean I f t h e r e were no p r e f e r e n c e f o r A o v e r B; I t was c o n clu d ed t h a t A was p r e f e r r e d to B. Where th e mean o f th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e was l e s s th an 1 & 2 . 5 j i t was co n clu d ed t h a t B was p r e f e r r e d to A. I t rem ain ed to d e te rm in e th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e p r e f e r e n c e . T h is was a c c o m p lish e d th ro u g h th e fo llo w in g 17 p r o c e s s . ' The s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e mean o f th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e was computed u s in g th e form ulas w h e re : SE = s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e mean m cr = s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f th e p o p u l a t i o n and N = number o f c a s e s i n th e sam ple. The s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f th e p o p u l a t i o n was com p u te d u s in g th e form u la: o -= /Z X N w here: c r = s ta n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 2 2x = sum o f d e v i a t i o n s from th e mean and N = number o f c a s e s i n th e sam ple. The fo rm u la f o r com puting s i g n i f i c a n c e was: . _ M° - M e “ SE™ o m V l 6 I b l d . , p. 134. 17I b id . j 145 :w h e re : t = a norm al -unit o f s t u d e n t ’ s t M° = o b se rv e d mean M e = e x p e c te d mean SEm0 = s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e o b se rv e d mean. The fo rm u la f o r th e t t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een means c o u ld be s i m p l i f i e d s in c e i t c o u ld be assumed t h a t t h e r e would be no d e v i a t i o n from th e e x p e c t e d mean, th u s th e s ta n d a r d e r r o r o f th e e x p e c te d mean ; would be z e r o . The p r o c e s s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n f o r t e s t i n g th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e was r e p e a t e d f o r th e A o v e r C and B o v e r C p r e f e r e n c e s . The d e te rm in in g o f th e p a t t e r n s o f p r e f e r e n c e fo llo w e d th e o u t l i n e s o f th e p r o c e s s o f e li m in a - j t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e s d e s c r i b e d i n th e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n on | i n d i v i d u a l ite m p a t t e r n i n g . i Between a g g re g a te d i f f e r e n c e s . —Having e s t a b l i s h e d j ■ | t h a t one a g g re g a te e x p re s s e d a p a r t i c u l a r t o t a l o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n , and o t h e r com parable a g g r e g a t e s , t h e i r o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s , how l i k e l y i s i t t h a t th e s e o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s a r e th e same? The t e s t i n g o f t h i s q u e s tio n was acc o m p lish e d I th ro u g h th e fo llo w in g p r o c e s s . I | The p r e f e r e n c e sc o re means f o r each a g g re g a te and j I. th e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e s e means hav in g been computed f o r th e p u rp o s e s o f m easu rin g th e t o t a l o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n i n g l h 6 1 I a com parison "between th e means c o u ld be made. Thus th e j p r e f e r e n c e s c o re mean o f th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e o f a g g re - ■ g a te X c o u ld be compared w ith th e p r e f e r e n c e sc o re mean o f j th e A o v e r B p r e f e r e n c e o f a g g r e g a te Y. A ll t h r e e p r e f e r - : ence sc o re means f o r any a g g re g a te c o u ld be compared to th e ; t h r e e p r e f e r e n c e sc o re means f o r any o t h e r a g g re g a te , T h is com parison o f means was acc o m p lish e d th ro u g h i th e u se o f a t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een j i means. The fo rm u la employed was: j ' . z - M l “ * 2 * /o jl S + tT M g2 | where Z = a u n i t norm al d e v i a t e ■ - th e mean o f th e f i r s t sample Mg = th e mean o f th e second sample ; oM - = th e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e mean i o f th e f i r s t sample j 1 oMp = th e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f th e mean o f th e second s a m p le .3-8 Summary o f Methods o f A n a ly s is f o r H ypo theses 1 and 2 Pour s e t s o f s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u re s have been d e s c r i b e d . These p ro c e d u r e s t e s t th e c o n sen su s w ith in an a g g r e g a t e upon a s i n g l e ite m p a t t e r n , th e s i n g l e ite m v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n , th e t o t a l o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n , and d i f f e r e n c e s betw een a g g r e g a te s o f th e t o t a l o r i e n t a t i o n -j Q Henry E. G a r r e t t , S t a t i s t i c s i n Psychology and E d u c a tio n (New York: Longmans, Green and Co. , 195°).? P P * 214-215. 147 I p a t t e r n . F ortran computer programs fo r each o f th e fo u r ! s t a t i s t i c a l p ro c ed u r es were d ev elo p ed t r a n s l a t i n g th e mathe-j ■ m a t ic a l form u las d e s c r ib e d in t h i s s e c t i o n in t o computer j la n g u a g e. j | H ypotheses 3 and 4 ; j :Methods o f A n a ly s is j The d e c is io n to employ th e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c ed u r es j d ev elo p ed by James S. Coleman r e s t e d upon th e f o llo w in g j c o n s id e r a t io n s . When i t was s t a t e d in h y p o th e se s th r e e andj fo u r th a t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e fe r e n c e p r e d i c t s academ ic I s u c c e s s in d e p e n d e n tly o f e th n ic 'id e n tity ., sex i d e n t i t y and j so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s l e v e l s , th e common knowledge t h a t th e s e v a r ia b le s a ls o p r e d ic t academ ic s u c c e s s was r e c o g n iz e d . I t was a ls o acknow ledged t h a t , I f as h y p o th e siz e d ; i in h y p o th e se s one and tw o, v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e fe r e n c e s i vary w ith e th n ic I d e n t i t y , se x i d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic ; s t a t u s l e v e l s , t e s t i n g the v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e d ic t io n o f j i academ ic s u c c e s s w ith o u t c o n s id e r in g th e e f f e c t o f th e s e j o th e r v a r ia b le s m ight le a d to a t t r i b u t i n g e f f e c t s to v a lu e -! ■ 1 o r ie n t a t i o n p r e fe r e n c e which would o th e r w is e be a t t r i b u t a b l e to t h e s e o th e r v a r i a b l e s . T h e r e fo r e , th e t e s t i n g o f th e h y p o th e se s o f , t h e o r ie n t a t i o n p r e fe r e n c e p r e d ic t in g a c a demic s u c c e s s sh o u ld a ls o In c lu d e th e t e s t i n g o f th e e f f e c t i o f e th n ic I d e n t i t y , se x I d e n t it y and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s ! l e v e l upon academ ic s u c c e s s . These c o n s id e r a t io n s su g g e s t e d t h a t a n a l y s is o f v a r ia n c e a n d /o r m u ltip le c o r r e la - t i o n would be th e a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t i s t i c a l t e c h n iq u e s . How e v e r , th e s e te c h n iq u e s r e q u i r e d t h a t a t l e a s t e i t h e r th e d ep en dent o r t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e be b o th c o n tin u o u s ! and i n th e form o f an i n t e r v a l i f n o t a r a t i o s c a l e so I t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e a r i t h m e t i c o p e r a t i o n s m ight l e g i t i m a t e l y be p e rfo rm e d . The in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f sex i d e n t i t y , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and socioeconom ic l e v e l ; were e i t h e r d ic h o to m ie s o r c a t e g o r i e s and th u s d id n o t m eeti | th e re q u ire m e n t o f c o n t i n u i t y . The d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e o f academ ic s u c c e s s also, d id n o t m eet th e n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n s • s i n c e th e p e r c e n t i l e and g ra d e p la c e m e n t s c o r e s c o u ld n o t j be c o n s id e r e d i n an i n t e r v a l o r r a t i o s c a l e . ; The n o n p a ra m e tric te c h n iq u e s o f c h i - s q u a r e and c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n tin g e n c y c o u ld have been em ployed. How e v e r , t h i s would have been a r e l a t i v e l y p a l e s u b s t i t u t e f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een th e v a r i a b l e s and | j i would have r e q u i r e d a r e l a t i v e l y cumbersome number o f tests.j I t The Coleman te c h n iq u e a v o id e d th e cumbersomeness j o f th e c h i - s q u a r e and c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n tin g e n c y and p r o v id e d a means o f r e p r e s e n t i n g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e v a r i a b l e s com parable to th e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s employed f o r c o n tin u o u s v a r i a b l e s o r a s Coleman s t a t e s , t h i s 1st f'a te c h n iq u e f o r m u l t i p l e a n a l y s i s o f a t t r i b u t e d a ta which a llo w s e x p r e s s io n o f th e r e l a t i o n s i n term s o f a s i n g l e p a ra m e te r f o r eac h in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e , ^C olem an, op. c i t . , p. 190._________ _________________ _ 149 j The g e n e r a l fo rm u la s t h a t were d e v elo p ed and C o le - j ' 20 ! ;man's e x p la n a to r y comments were: I f t h e r e a r e m In d e p e n d e n t a t t r i b u t e s a lto g e th e r ., th e n j t h e r e a r e , a l t o g e t h e r 2m p ' s . For any g iv en a t t r i b u t e 1, t h e r e a r e , t h e r e f o r e , h a l f t h i s many p a i r s , 2m" l , to i be a v e ra g e d . I f th e Ind ex c s i g n i f i e s a p a r t i c u l a r | co m b in atio n o f th e o t h e r d ic h o to m ie s ( e . g . , s t a t e 1 on a t t r i b u t e s 2, 3, 5j 8, m, and s t a t e 0 on a l l o t h e r s , e x c lu d in g th e one i n q u e s t i o n ) , th en t h e r e 'a r e 2m“ l ; such c o m b in a tio n s, and th e p r o p o r t io n d i f f e r e n c e f o r j each c o m b in atio n i s p i c - pc . The e q u a tio n s f o r th e ! e f f e c t s o f a t t r i b u t e i a r e I a J = jil-1 2m -1 E c = l (P i c ( 2 . 1 ) o r , i f we l e t 2m“ 1 = v, v a. = ~ ^ ~ J] (P. - P ) i v „ n v i c c ' c =1 F or two in d e p e n d e n t a t t r i b u t e s , t h e r e a re two c o m p a ri- j sons on each ; f o r t h r e e , t h e r e a re f o u r com pariso n s; j f o r f o u r , e i g h t c o m p ariso n s; and so on. The r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s o r random shocks i n th e same d i r e c t i o n a s th e e f f e c t s , r , i s a ls o found by a g e n e r a l fo rm u la , b u t one l e s s sim p le . I t i s found, a s i n th e t h r e e - a t t r i b u t e c ase i n th e example above, by s o lv in g „ th e s e t o f l e a s t s q u a re s e q u a tio n s f o r r a f t e r m in im iz in g w ith r e s p e c t to eac h o f th e e f f e c t p a ra m e te rs and r . The g e n e r a l e q u a tio n f o r m in d e p e n d e n t a t t r i b u t e s i s 20I b i d . , pp. 200-201. 150 p = l . Tpr m m m (m + l ) p + (m - l ) X! + (m - 3 ) Z! . Z 1=1 J=i+1 1=1 U m m m + (m - 5) Z E Z k = j+ l J=i+1 1=1 P . + i j k + m m + [in — ( 2m - 3 ) ] Z! ••* Z Pj j • • ■ k k=m~l 1=1 + [m - (2m - l ) ] p- 12 m (2 .3 ) where Pj_j • • ♦ I s t h a t p r o p o r t io n f o r which a t t r i b u t e s 1, j , . . . a r e In s t a t e 1. Por th e 1, 2, 3 j and 4 a t t r i b u t e e a s e s , t h i s re d u c e s to r 1 = P (2 .4 ) ^g — If( 3P "t Pg “ P^g) (2 .5 ) = g (4 p + 2p1 + 2p2 + 2p3 - 2Px23 ^ ( 2 *6 ) 4 16 4 _ 4 4 5p + 3 p 1 + Z! Zl p . Lb 1= 1 1 1 =1 + 1 1 = 1 0 4 4 4 £ ^ ^ ^ l Ik ~ ^ 1 2 3 4 ^ k = J+ l 3=1+1 1=1 b (2-. 7) 151 The number o f term s i n each o f th e summations In eq. (2 .3 ) I s g iv e n by th e number o f c o m b in a tio n s o f m t h i n g s tak e n u a t a time* where u I s th e number o f e f f e c t s o p e r a t i v e . There a re l ] pi ' s ( S I V " (3)PU k ' S’ and S° 0n‘ The g e n e r a l e q u a tio n f o r s i s found, d i r e c t l y from eq. (2 .3 ) j by c o n s id e r in g t h a t s p l a y s p r e c i s e l y th e same r o l e f o r 1 - p t h a t r p la y s f o r p , and t h a t th e e f f e c t s w hich c o n t r i b u t e to a g iv e n 1 - p a r e a l l th o se which do n o t c o n t r i b u t e to th e c o rre s p o n d in g p. Thus c o r r e s p o n d in g to p f o r r i n eq. (2 .3 ) would be I f we u se t h i s s u b s t i t u t i o n i n eq . ( 2 .2 ) and r e v e r s e th e o r d e r o f terms., th e e q u a tio n f o r s becomes f n - M 2m - (1 - m)p - (3 - m) T , 2 I . 1=1 i m m - (5 - m) Z Z j=d+l 1=1 Pi j + m m - (m - l) Z ... Z Pj 4 ■ • ' w ~ (m + l)Pi2 ’ * r k=m.-l 1=1 K For th e s p e c i a l c a s e s o f 1, 2 , . 3 , and 4 a t t r i b u t e s , th e e q u a tio n re d u c e s to = 1 - Px (2 .9 ) s 2 = ^ ( 4 + p - p ]_ - p 2 - 3P12) (2 .1 0 ) s 3 = g (8 = 2p - 2p12 - 2p13 - 2p23 - 4p123) (2 .1 1 ) 152 4 4 4 B h = r ~ ( 16 + 3P + £ P. - £ T , p ^ lb 1=1 1 j =1+1 1=1 ” ■ 3 ^ Pj jv ~ 5p12oii) (2 . 12): k = j+ l j = i + l 1=1 1JK -L ^ I In em ploying t h i s form u la th e q u e s t i o n ' a r i s e s o f th e e f f e c t o f sample v a r ia n c e upon th e p a ra m e te r s o f e f f e c t o f sample v a r ia n c e upon th e p a ra m e te r s o f e f f e c t o f th e a t - j 1 t r i b u t e s o r a s Coleman s a y s : i t i s i m p l i c i t l y assumed above t h a t we p l a c e th e same c o n fid e n c e in each p i . W hile t h i s may be so f o r v e ry | la r g e samples., . one c e r t a i n l y would n o t have th e same j c o n fid e n c e i n ■ a p-^ b a se d on 20 c a s e s a s i n a p^ b a se d ! on 200 c a s e s . O r d i n a r i l y , i n f a c t , we would have a b o u t th e same amount o f c o n fid e n c e i n each o r i g i n a l o b s e r v a t i o n , n o t i n each p-^. I f t h a t were so, th en th e c o n fid e n c e we would have i n th e p r e c i s i o n o f each Pi would be i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to th e v a r ia n c e o f t h a t pj_. Or, to p u t i t a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t l y : th e aim j i s n o t sim ply to g e t p a ra m e te r s which w i l l most c l o s e l y re p ro d u c e th e o r i g i n a l P i ’ s . The aim i s to e s t i m a t e , i n as r e l i a b l e a f a s h io n a s p o s s i b l e , th e p a ra m e te rs o f e f f e c t o f a t t r i b u t e s x , y , and z, and th e s i z e o f th e u n e x p la in e d v a r i a t i o n In th e d ep en dent v a r i a b l e r . To do t h i s , i t I s n e c e s s a r y to pay l e s s a t t e n t i o n to d e v i a t i o n s which th e e s t i m a t e s may have from P i t h a t have h ig h v a r i a n c e s . The q u e s tio n i s how b e s t to do t h i s .21 A f t e r d i s c u s s i n g t h i s q u e s tio n he c o n c lu d e s t h a t , (a) when sample s i z e s f o r a l l p ’s a r e l a r g e , r e j e c t th e h y p o t h e s is t h a t d e v i a t i o n s o f p ’s from th e model a re due to sam pling v a r i a t i o n , and d i s r e g a r d th e s l i g h t ; i m p r e c is io n i n th e p ’s p ro d u ce d by sam pling v a r i a t i o n s . T h is im p l i e s u se o f th e d i r e c t , u n w e ig h te d e s t im a t i n g e q u a t io n s , (2 . 1 ) f o r aj_ and (2 .3 ) f o r r . 21I b i d . , p. 201. 153 (b) when sample s i z e s f o r some p ' s a r e small., a c c e p t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t d e v i a t i o n s o f th e p ’s from th e I model a re due to sam pling v a r i a t i o n , and u s e o f w e ig h t in g p r o c e d u r e . 22 S ince th e sample s i z e s i n t h i s stu d y were con s i d e r e d to be s m a ll, i . e . , i n some c a s e s below 50 , a w e ig h t in g p ro c e d u re was c a r r i e d o u t . Coleman d e s c r i b e d t h i s a s f o llo w s : In c a r r y i n g o u t w e ig h tin g to e s t im a t e th e p a ra m e te r s o f e f f e c t , i t seems r e a s o n a b le to w e ig h t each d i f f e r - j ence upon which th e e s t im a t e i s b a se d [see eq. ( 1 .1 4 ) ] j a c c o rd in g to o u r d e g re e o f c o n fid e n c e a b o u t i t s p r e c i - ! s i o n . T h is w e ig h tin g i s by th e i n v e r s e o f th e v a r ia n c e j o f th e d i f f e r e n c e . L et th e d i f f e r e n c e be l a b e l l e d Pj_c - p c f o r th e . g e n e r a l c a se (a s i n S e c tio n 2 a b o v e ) , "w ith th e su b - I s c r i p t c r e f e r r i n g to th e p r e s e n c e o f t h e . e f f e c t i n I q u e s t i o n . Then th e e s t im a t e o f th e v a r i a n c e o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s th e sum o f th e e s t i m a t e s o f th e v a r i a n c e s i , o f P i C and p c ( s i n c e P i C and pc a r e in d e p e n d e n t random ; v a r i a b l e s ) . The l a t t e r v a r i a n c e s a re j 2 - Pl o ( l ~ V (3 j) % o . - „ l 0 ! i j A 2 P o t 1 - P0 ) , i " V “ ( 3 -2) ! c 1 where n i G and n c a r e th e number o f c a s e s on w hich pi c and p c a r e b a se d . Then l c 2 can be e x p re s s e d as th e sum o f th e v a r i a n c e s o f p i C and p c , th u s : A 2 a 2 , A 2 / o O \ o r, = a (3 .3 J i o Pl0 P0 ggI b l d . ■ p. 2 0 3 . Each d i f f e r e n c e i s th e n w e ig h te d by th e i n v e r s e o f t h i s v a r i a n c e , and th e o v e r a l l r e s u l t i s d iv id e d by th e sum o f th e w e ig h ts to o b t a i n th e e s t im a t e o f a^: w i c £ 2 i c (3 .4 ) a, = — 1 2 w 2m -1 — ^ - P0> (3 .5 ) i c The pro b lem of- e s t i m a t i n g r when t h e r e i s w e ig h tin g ; re m a in s u n s o lv e d , and a p p e a rs e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t . In th e a b sen ce o f a s o l u t i o n , th e b e s t p ro c e d u re i s p ro b a b ly to u se th e u n w e ig h te d p ro c e d u re f o r e s t i m a t in g r . An a l t e r n a t i v e p r o c e d u r e i s to s u b s t i t u t e th e | v a r i o u s v a lu e s o f a-^ and p i n eq. ( 1 .7 ) and th en o b - j t a i n an a v e ra g e r from th e s e e q u a t i o n s . 23 An example from t h i s s tu d y can i l l u s t r a t e th e o p e - ; r a t i o n o f th e g e n e r a l fo rm u la , w e ig h tin g p ro c e d u r e s and th e ; t e s t i n g o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . I Male Female Number in category Proportion above 50$ percentile CLASS II CLASS I CLASS II CLASS I Var. Dom. Var. Dom. Var. Dom. Var. Dom. 2 9 36 23 55 4o 44 3 0 25 .41 .64 CO .76 .45 .52 •57 .76 T h is t a b l e shows th e sample p o p u l a t i o n d iv id e d i n t o e i g h t c a t e g o r i e s b a se d upon t h r e e d ichotom ous in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f sex i d e n t i t y , Bocioeconom ic s t a t u s and Man- 23I b i d , , pp. 203-204. 155 ^Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . The V ar. symbol s ta n d s f o r th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over, o r i e n t a t i o n and th e Dom. symbol s ta n d s f o r th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e Over o v e r th e S u b je c t o r i e n t a t i o n . The whole number i n d i c a t e s th e number o f c a s e s i n each c a te g o r y and th e decim al f r a c t i o n th e p r o p o r t i o n o f th e s u b j e c t s i n th e c a te g o r y a t o r above th e 8 .2 g ra d e p la c e m e n t on th e C a l i f o r n i a R eading T e s t , B egin nin g th e p r o c e s s w ith th e w e ig h tin g p ro c e d u re u s in g th e fo rm u la s: P ic = p r o p o r t i o n o f th e p r e s e n t o f th e e f f e c t Pc = th e p r o p o r t i o n o f th e a b sen ce o f th e e f f e c t and t e s t i n g f o r th e e f f e c t o f o r i e n t a t i o n th e c a l c u l a t i o n o f th e w e ig h t f o r th e C la s s I I , M ales, i s a s f o llo w s : where 64 x .36 36 frpic2 = .0064 <fpc ope2 = .00834 156 ! | F ollow ing the formula: ! a . 2 /v , 2 a 2 eric - crpic + ope i o le 2 = .0064 + .00834*' j o ic 2 = .01474 P ro c ee d in g to c a l c u l a t e th e w e ig h ts u s in g th e form ula: 1- ! w 10 *1_2 oic w i c .01474 wl 0 = 6 7 .8 The p r e c e d in g w e ig h tin g p ro c e d u re was r e p e a t e d f o r th e C la s s I , M ales; C la s s I I , Fem ales; and C la s s I , Females p ro d u c in g th e r e s p e c t i v e w e ig h ts o f 7 0 .6 , 8 4 .3 and 6 4 .6 . P ro c e e d in g to th e g e n e r a l form u la a. 2m -1 1 T . w , „ ( p , „ - p j 1 S 'lo 0=1 10 0 w hich may be c a l c u l a t e d i n t h i s c a se a s fo llo w s : 1 ! i 67.8C.64 - .41) + 7Q.6C.76 - .48) + 84.5C.52 - .45) + 64.6C.76 -.57)1 ajT 67.8 + 70.6 + 84.3 + 64.6 j a = 5 3 • 5 3 7 . i 2 8 7 .3 a.^ = .186 157 I ; [ ; t I The t e s t i n g o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i s acc o m p lish e d by d i - j v id in g th e sum o f th e w e ig h te d p r o p o r t i o n s (53*537) by th e : sq u a re r o o t o f th e sum o f th e w e ig h ts ( / 2 8 7 . 3 ) « T his r e s u l t s in th e q u o t i e n t o f 3> l6 . C o n s u ltin g a t a b l e o f cumu-i l a t i v e norm al d i s t r i b u t i o n u s in g a one t a i l e d t e s t o f s i g - ! n ific a n c e ., th e n u l l h y p o th e s e s t h a t th e o b se rv e d e f f e c t o f j v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n was a consequence o f chance may be r e - ! j e c t e d a t th e .001 l e v e l . T h is p ro c e d u re was r e p e a t e d to m easure th e e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s . Also* once th e b a s i c w e ig h ts have been computed., i t was r e l a t i v e l y e a sy to j t e s t th e e f f e c t s o f two o f th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . > Thus, f o r example., one m i g h t - t e s t th e e f f e c t o f o r i e n t a t i o n j and c l a s s w ith th e group o f male re s p o n d e n ts s e p a r a t e l y j i from th e fem ale r e s p o n d e n ts . The u se o f th e Coleman te c h n iq u e s r e q u i r e d some j m ino r changes i n th e c a t e g o r i z a t i o n o f th e d a ta and an im - j l p o r t a n t assu m p tio n a b o u t th e n a t u r e o f th e v a r i a b l e s . The i u se o f th e Coleman te c h n iq u e s i m p l i c i t l y assum es a tim e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e in d e p e n d e n t and d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e s . T hat i s , t h a t th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s p re c e d e i n j tim e th e d e p en d e n t v a r i a b l e . T h is c o n d it i o n i s n o t e x - j p l i c i t l y met in t h i s s tu d y . T h e r e f o r e , i t must be assumed j i e i t h e r t h a t th e c o n d itio n o f th e d ep en d en t v a r i a b l e would j have been th e same had th e t e s t i n g ta k e n p l a c e a f t e r o r j i w ith th e t e s t i n g o f th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f v a lu e j 158 j o r i e n t a t i o n o r t h a t th e c o n d it i o n o f th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b le o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n would have been th e same had i t s t e s t i n g p re c e d e d o r ta k e n p l a c e a t th e same tim e a s th e j t e s t i n g o f th e d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e . The f i r s t o f th e p r e - ■ ced in g a l t e r n a t i v e s was ch o sen . For th e p u rp o s e s o f t h i s s tu d y i t was assum ed t h a t th e d ependent v a r i a b l e o f academ i c s u c c e s s i n th e form o f s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s c o r e s and g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e s would rem ain r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e th ro u g h j a p e r i o d o f tim e n o t to exceed e ig h t e e n m onths. By s t a b i l - ! i t y was m eant t h a t th o s e i n th e s u c c e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s would i j have te n d e d to rem ain i n th e s u c c e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s and th o s e i n th e u n s u c c e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s would have te n d e d to rem a in in th e u n s u c c e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s and t h a t any change betw een c a t e g o r i e s would have been b a la n c e d by c o u n te r j changes and n o t m a t e r i a l l y have a f f e c t e d th e o b se rv e d o u t - | | comes. As th e d e s c r i p t i o n and th e i l l u s t r a t i o n o f th e j | te c h n iq u e s have made a p p a r e n t b o th th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s I and d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e have been t r e a t e d a s i f th e y were [ d ich o to m o u s. i ! ! F or th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f sex i d e n t i t y th e dichotom ous c a t e g o r i z a t i o n i s q u i t e o b v io u s and s t r a i g h t - j fo rw a rd . The e th n i c i d e n t i t y v a r i a b l e c a t e g o r i e s o f Negro j and non-Negro p r e s e n t e d a second dichotom y. In t e s t i n g h y - j p o t h e s e s one and two, f o u r so cioecon om ic s t a t u s c a t e g o r i e s j j had been u s e d . These f o u r c a t e g o r i e s were re d u c e d to two | i by" c o l l a p s i n g c a t e g o r i e s one and two i n t o a s i n g l e new cate-f ................................................. 159; t j g o ry a n d c a t e g o r i e s t h r e e and f o u r I n to a n o th e r s i n g l e cate-; g o r y . A lthough th e Coleman te c h n iq u e c o u ld be a d a p te d to t e s t th e e f f e c t o f a f o u r f o l d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r a t h e r th an a dichotomy* th e r e s u l t i n g t a b l e o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n would have p ro d u ce d i n d i v i d u a l c e l l s c o n ta in in g some r a t h e r sm a ll num bers. T h is i n t u r n would have' a f f e c t e d th e t e s t - ; in g o f e f f e c t o f a l l th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . T h e r e f o r e * ; i t was d e c id e d to red u c e th e o r i g i n a l f o u r f o l d c l a s s i f i c a - j t i o n to a dichotom y. The v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n dichotom y was i m p l i c i t in th e s t a t e m e n t . o f h y p o th e s e s t h r e e and f o u r . The p ro c e d u re i l f o r d iv id i n g th e r e s p o n d e n ts i n t o th e two v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n c a t e g o r i e s was a s f o l lo w s . The f i v e ite m s on th e Man-; N a tu re s e c t i o n w ere exam ined. F or th e Man-Nature se c tio n * ' i i f th e re s p o n d e n t p r e f e r r e d th e Over to th e S u b je c t a l t e r - j i n a t i v e on. th re e * f o u r o r f i v e o f th e items* he was c l a s s i - ; 1 f l e d i n th e dom inant g ro u p . I f th e re s p o n d e n t p r e f e r r e d j j th e Over to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e on o n ly two* one o r j j none o f th e a l t e r n a t i v e s he was c l a s s i f i e d in th e v a r i a n t j i g r o u p . ! i The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n was n o t c a r r i e d o u t f o r th e j Time s e c tio n * since* as w i l l be e x p la in e d l a t e r * th e r e - ! l i a b i l i t y o f t h i s s e c t i o n was such as to r e j e c t th e u se o f j Time o r i e n t a t i o n a s an in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . j For th e d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e o f academ ic s u c c e s s th e j i | r e s p o n d e n ts were c l a s s i f i e d a s more o r l e s s s u c c e s s f u l . i J 160 I ; The c r i t e r i a f o r th e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s were a s f o llo w s i S Where p e r c e n t i l e s were u s e d , a t o r above th e f i f t i e t h p e r - i c e n t i l e was c o n s id e r e d more s u c c e s s f u l , below l e s s s u c c e s s f u l . When t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t in d ex was u s e d , a t o r above th e 100 index, was c o n s id e r e d more s u c c e s s f u l, below i l e s s s u c c e s s f u l . The C a l i f o r n i a Achievem ent T e s t w a s .a d - m i n i s t e r e d a t th e 8 .2 l e v e l i n a l l s c h o o ls so a sc o re o f ; 8 .2 o r h i g h e r was c o n s id e r e d more s u c c e s s f u l , below l e s s I s u c c e s s f u l . ; A com p osite g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e was computed f o r | each re s p o n d e n t f o r th e p e r i o d o f b o th s e m e s te rs o f th e - j e ig h t h g ra d e a n d ' f i r s t s e m e s te r o f th e n i n t h g ra d e . I f thej g ra d e s f o r o n ly one o r two s e m e s te r s were a v a i l a b l e a grade; p o i n t a v e ra g e was computed f o r th e a v a i l a b l e p e r i o d . In i com puting th e g rad e p o i n t a v e ra g e a w e ig h t o f f o u r was a s - j j s ig n e d to an A, t h r e e f o r a B, two f o r a C, one f o r a D, and zero f o r an P. A s u b j e c t m a t t e r g ra d e p o i n t a v erag e j o f 2 .5 o r b e t t e r was c o n s id e r e d to - b e more s u c c e s s f u l , b e - \ low l e s s s u c c e s s f u l . A work h a b i t s g ra d e p o i n t a v erag e o f j 2.75 o r b e t t e r was c o n s id e r e d more s u c c e s s f u l , below l e s s | s u c c e s s f u l . A c o o p e r a tio n g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e o f 3.0 0 was c o n s id e r e d more s u c c e s s f u l , below l e s s s u c c e s s f u l . Two f a c t o r s p r e v e n te d th e d i r e c t r e p r e s e n t i n g o f j th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e e t h n i c v a r i a b l e and th e o t h e r ! in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . W ith in th e Negro sample t h e r e were \ I no c a s e s i n th e h ig h e r o f th e two socioeconom ic c a t e g o r i e s . j l 6 l iMore s e r i o u s , how ever, was th e f a c t th a t so few Negro r e sp o n d en ts were in th e more s u c c e s s f u l c a te g o r y o f th e d e p en d en t v a r ia b le t h a t e i t h e r c e l l s would be empty or con tain - b u t 1 or 2 c a s e s . T h e re fo re th e t e s t i n g o f th e e f f e c t o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y was made th ro u g h com paring th e Negro a g g re g a te w ith th e number f o u r Non-Negro socioeconom ic s t a t u s c a te g o r y and by ch an g in g th e c u t t i n g p o i n t f o r th e more o r l e s s academ i c a l l y s u c c e s s f u l . The 30 th p e r c e n t i l e ., t h e in d ex o f 9 0 j th e 7 . 2 g ra d e p lac em en t and th e 2 .0 g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e f o r s u b j e c t m a t t e r , 2 .2 5 f o r work h a b i t s and 2 .5 f o r c o o p e ra t i o n were s u b s t i t u t e d . R e l i a b i l i t y S in ce th e p r e fe r e n c e s c o r e s on th e f i v e ite m Time and Man-Nature s e c t i o n s o f th e V a lu e -O r ie n ta tio n Schedule were b e in g t r e a t e d as in d ep en d en t v a r ia b le s in t e s t i n g h y p o t h e s e s th r e e and fo u r , a t e s t o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f the in str u m e n t became n e c e s s a r y . --T e stin g c o n d it io n s p r e clu d ed th e u se o f a l t e r n a t e form s or t e s t - r e t e s t methods o f ob t a in in g r e l i a b i l i t y . The s p l i t - h a l f method was q u e s t io n a b le fo r u s e w ith a f i v e ite m t e s t . The K uder-R ichardson or r a t i o n a l e q u iv a le n c e method was th e m ost a p p r o p r ia te o f th e commonly u sed methods p r o v id in g a c o e f f i c i e n t o f th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n o f th e t e s t ite m s . 162 The form u la was r t t " (n n where = r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f th e whole t e s t n = number o f ite m s i n th e t e s t t = th e s ta n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f th e t e s t s c o r e s p = th e p r o p o r t i o n o f th e group a n sw erin g a t e s t ite m c o r r e c t l y q = ( l - p) = th e p r o p o r t i o n o f th e group a n - a t e f o r t h i s s tu d y . However., th e e x p r e s s io n s o f a p r e f e r - th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over i n th e c a se o f th e Man-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n and th e F u tu re o v e r th e P r e s e n t and P r e s e n t j i o v e r th e F u tu re in th e c ase o f th e Time o r i e n t a t i o n can be ! i s u b s t i t u t e d f o r th e term s c o r r e c t l y and i n c o r r e c t l y . j ( i S ince i t was h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s would v a ry w ith s o c i a l s t a tu s * sex i d e n t i t y and ethnic i d e n t i t y th e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was computed f o r a g g r e g a t e s w i t h in th e sample a s w e ll a s th e e n t i r e sam ple. The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s were a s f o llo w s . (See T a b le s j sw ering th e t e s t ite m c o r r e c t l y . ^ The term s c o r r e c t l y and i n c o r r e c t l y a re i n a p p r o p r i - ence f o r th e Over o v e r th e S u b je c t and th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r 4* 5 . ) ^ G a r r e tt* op. c i t . , p . 341 TABLE 4 KDDER-RICHARDSON RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS MAN-NATURE ORIENTATION OVER-SUBJECT PREFERENCE A g g reg ate E n t i r e Sample Non-Negro Males C la s s I Non-Negro Males C la s s I I Non-Negro M ales Non-Negro Fem ales C la s s I Non-Negro Fem ales C la s s I I Non-Negro Fem ales N egroes TABLE 5 KQDER-RICHARDSON RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT TIME-ORIENTATION FUTURE-PRESENT PREFERENCE C o e f f i c i e n t .529 • 554 .536 .595 .454 .468 . .436 .469 A g g re g ate C o e f f i c i e n t E n t i r e Sample .260 Non-Negro M ales .279 Non-Negro C la s s I Males ,266 Non-Negro C la s s I I Males .332 Non-Negro Fem ales ,205 Non-Negro C la ss I Fem ales .255 Non-Negro C la s s I I Fem ales .150 N egroes .257 ; The q u e s tio n o f how l a r g e a c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e l i a b i l i t y i s n e c e s s a r y depends upon th e n a tu r e o f th e t e s t and th e p u rp o se f o r w hich th e t e s t i s g iv e n . G e n e ra lly t e s t s 1 :o f a t t i t u d e s , o p in io n s , b e l i e f s , and v a lu e s do n o t r e q u i r e a s l a r g e a c o e f f i c i e n t as do t e s t s o f s u b j e c t m a tte r a c h ie v e m e n t. A lso a s m a ll e r r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t i s a c c e p t a b l e f o r com paring g ro u p s a s c o n t r a s t e d to t e s t s f o r I i n d i v i d u a l d i a g n o s i s . ; Summary | In t h i s c h a p t e r was a d e s c r i p t i o n o f how th e sample j p o p u l a t i o n was c a t e g o r i z e d by sex i d e n t i t y , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y j and socioeconom ic s t a t u s . A d i s c u s s i o n o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l j methods u se d to t e s t th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s e s and a d e s c r i p - ! ■ t i o n o f th e d e l i m i t a t i o n s o f th e d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e s f o r | h y p o th e s e s t h r e e was i n c l u d e d . The c o n c lu d in g s e c t i o n e x - j p l a i n e d th e m ethods o f t e s t i n g r e l i a b i l i t y and p r e s e n t e d j i a p p r o p r i a t e . r e l i a b i l i t y f i n d i n g s . Methods o f a n a l y s i s h av in g been d e s c r i b e d i n th e n e x t c h a p t e r w i l l be d e v o te d to th e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s r e - | s e a r c h . j CHAFFER V FINDINGS: HYPOTHESES ONE AND TW O I n t r o d u c t i o n The f i n d i n g s r e s u l t i n g from t h e t e s t i n g o f h y p o th e -■ : s e s one and two w i l l he p r e s e n t e d i n th e o r d e r t h a t th e | I s t a t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u r e s were e x p l i c a t e d i n th e s e c t i o n on S t a t i s t i c a l Methods o f A n a ly s is i n C h a p te r IV. T h is s e quence was: ( l ) S in g le Ite m Consensus u s in g th e K e n d all S j te c h n iq u e ; (2) S in g le Ite m P a t t e r n i n g u s in g a b in o m ia l ; a n a l y s i s ; ( 3 ) T o t a l - O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n i n g u s in g a m o d ified i I t t e s t , and; (4) Between A gg reg ate D i f f e r e n c e s u s in g a t e s t j o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een means. j The number o f r e s p o n d e n t s ' o r n i n an a g g r e g a te , th ej | sum o f s q u a r e s , th e s/m o r sum o f s q u a r e s d iv id e d by th e n j i and th e p r o b a b i l i t y w i l l be r e p o r t e d f o r each ite m o f th e S in g le Ite m Consensus t e s t . For th e S in g le Ite m P a t t e r n i n g | th e number i n an a g g re g a te p r e f e r r i n g a g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e ! f o r eac h o f th e t h r e e p a i r s o f a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r each Item , th e z s c o r e , th e p r o b a b i l i t y f o r each p a i r o f a l t e r n a t i v e s , and th e i n f e r r e d p a t t e r n f o r each ite m w i l l be p r e s e n t e d . R e p r e s e n te d f o r e v e ry a g g r e g a te w i l l be th e i n f e r r e d T o t a l - ;............... ..................................................’ ~..........~ .............. 166 I I iO r ie n ta tio n P a t t e r n i n g w ith th e number o f r e s p o n d e n ts , th e j •observed mean fre q u e n c y o f th e p r e f e r e n c e , th e s ta n d a r d j e r r o r o f th e o b se rv e d mean, th e t , p r o b a b i l i t y and i n f e r r e d j p r e f e r e n c e a l s o r e c o r d e d . ■ j The a g g re g a te s b e in g compared, th e s i z e o f th e d i f - | f e r e n c e s betw een th e means, th e z sc o re and th e p r o b a b i l i t y i 'w i l l be r e p o r t e d f o r eac h p a i r o f a g g r e g a te s b e in g compared ! and f o r each o f th e t h r e e p r e f e r e n c e a l t e r n a t i v e s i n th e Between A g g re g ates D i f f e r e n c e s s e c t i o n . j ’ S ince th e t a b l e s o f p r o b a b i l i t y f o r th e K e n d a ll S j T echnique have been computed f o r b u t th e .05 and ,01 l e v e l s ,| o n ly th e s e l e v e l s o f p r o b a b i l i t y w i l l be r e p o r t e d f o r th e j i : I S in g le Ite m C onsensus s e c t i o n . For a l l o t h e r s e c t i o n s i p r o b a b i l i t y w i l l be i n d i c a t e d f o r th e .05* .04, ..03., . 0 2 , .01 , .001, .0001, .00001, and .000001 l e v e l s . Where th e ' ^ i l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y i s g r e a t e r th a n .05 no p r o b a b i l i t y j 'q u a n tity , i s i n d i c a t e d and a dash ( — ) p u t i n th e a p p r o p r i - | I i a t e p l a c e . ! C a te g o r iz a t i o n o f th e d a ta by th e se x , e t h n i c i d e n - j t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s o f th e r e s p o n d e n ts i s m ani f e s t e d i n th e r e p o r t i n g o f th e f i n d i n g s . F in d in g s a re i n i - i 1 ' i t i a l l y r e c o rd e d f o r each o f th e s e c a t e g o r i e s w ith o u t r e f e r - | i ence to th e o t h e r s . A system o f c a t e g o r i z a t i o n was d e- j •veloped which c r e a t e d a s e p a r a t e c a te g o r y f o r th e s i x t e e n • i i p o s s ib le c o m b in a tio n s o f th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s , sex j i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y v a r i a b l e s . When th e sample j p o p u la tio n was d i s t r i b u t e d in t o th e s e s ix t e e n c a t e g o r ie s * i t was found th a t th e p o p u la tio n o f s i x o f th e c a t e g o r i e s ! i was e i t h e r n u l l or o f i n s u f f i c i e n t s i z e . The p o p u la tio n o f j th e s e s i x c a t e g o r ie s was c o lla p s e d in t o two o f th e rem ain - i i ;in g ten c a t e g o r i e s . These ten c a t e g o r i e s r a th e r than th e j j o r i g i n a l s ix t e e n were employed to sh ow 'th e p o s s i b l e com bi- j j :n a tio n s o f th e th r e e v a r ia b le s . The o rd er in w hich th e j f in d in g s are p r e s e n te d and the c a t e g o r ie s employed in th e S in g le Item C on sensus, S in g le Item P a tte r n in g and T o t a l- O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n in g s e c t i o n s a re: ( l ) sex i d e n t i t y ; j ; | a l l m ales and a l l fe m a le s , ( 2) e th n ic i d e n t i t y ; a l l non - N egroes and a l l N eg ro es, ( 3 ) so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s ; a l l c la s a 1 , a l l c l a s s 2 , a l l c l a s s 3 and a l l c l a s s 4, (4) combined v a r ia b le s M ale, non-N egro, c l a s s e s 1, 2 , 3 , and 4; Fem ale, non-N egro, c l a s s e s 1, 2, 3 , and 4; Male Negro, c l a s s e s 3 ; I ! and 4 combined; and Fem ale, N egro, c l a s s e s 3 and 4 combined.! | The t a b le s o f th e f i n d in g s , a n a l y s i s and d i s c u s - j s io n f o r h y p o th e s is one w i l l be p r e s e n te d in th e f i r s t h a l f | o f th e c h a p te r . The t a b l e s o f th e f in d in g s , a n a l y s is and ! d is c u s s io n fo r h y p o th e s is two w i l l be p r e s e n te d in th e ; secon d h a l f o f th e c h a p te r , ' (See T ab les 6 , 7 , 8 , 9, 10, j 168 TABLE 6 SINGLE ITEM CONSENSUS: MAN-NATURE Item n Sum o f S quares s/m p A g g reg ate A ll Males 1 205 2 8 ,4 2 2 .0 138,64 .0 1 2 203 1 , 6 6 6 .7 8 .1 8 .05 3 203 1 5 ,5 5 2 .0 76 .8 4 .01 4 203 3 ,3 5 4 .0 1 6 .5 2 g .01 5 - 204 1 0 , 1 7 8 .0 50 .3 8 s .01 A g g reg ate A ll Fem ales 1 193 2 2 , 8 8 0 .0 1 1 8 .34 £ .01 2 194 2 ,5 2 8 .0 1 3 .0 1 £ .01 3 193 8 ,4 5 0 .0 44 .2 4 g .01 4 192 7 ,9 9 8 .0 4 1 .5 4 s .01 5 193 5 , 7 2 6 .0 2 9 .8 2 .01 169 | I TABLE 6 — C ontinued Sum o f Ite m n S qu ares s/m P A l l Non-Negro j 1 346 8 3 ,9 7 8 .0 2 42.71 s . 01 ! 2 346 5 ,6 4 2 .0 . 1 6 .3 1 £.01 | 3 345 3 3 , 7 1 4 .0 9 7 .7 2 £. 01 j 4 343 1 4 ,0 6 6.0 4 1 .0 1 £ .0 1 j 5 345 3 3 , 9 2 6 .0 9 8 .3 4 *.01 j ! A l l Negro 1 ' 52 1 ,1 9 4 .0 2 2 .9 6 £.01 | i 2 51 896 .O 17.57 ^ .01 3 51 1 ,2 7 4 .0 24 .98 £. 0 1 4 52 1 , 3 6 8 .0 2 6 .3 1 £ .0 1 1 5 51 6 0 0 .0 1 1 .7 6 * .0 1 | 170 TABLE 6 — C o ntinued I t e m n Sum o f S qu ares s/m P 1 69 A l l C la s s 1 3 ,6 9 8 .0 53-59 IIA • O 2 68 48 2.0 7 .0 8 ■ =5.05 3 67 1 ,1 8 4 .0 17 .6 7 g .01 • 4 67 258.0 3 .8 5 — 5 68 3 ,3 3 6 .0 4 9 .0 5 ' * .01 1 9 1 A ll C la s s 2 5 ,5 8 6 .0 6 1 .3 8 rH O • V II 2 92 6 0 2 .0 6 .5 4 IIA • O VJ1 3 92 1 ,6 5 8 .0 ' 1 8 .0 2 g .01 4 91 1 ,0 9 4 .0 12.01 = £ .01 5 91 1 ,7 5 2 .0 19.25 IIA • O 171! TABLE 6 — C ontin u ed Sum o f Ite m n S qu ares s/m P A ll C la s s 3 I 1 ■ 126 1 1 , 7 4 2 . 0 93 .1 9 ^ . 0 1 | 2 126 8 4 2 . 0 6 . 6 8 ^ .05 i 3 1 2 4 8 , 4 9 8 . 0 6 8 . 5 3 £ . 0 1 j 4 126 4 , 238.0 33 .6 3 £ .01 ; 5 1 2 6 ' 3 , 962.0 3 1 . 4 4 s . 0 1 ! ! A ll C la s s 4 ! " - - ■ — ■ " - ■ ■ 1 1 100 3 , 96 2 .0 3 9 .6 2 g .01 I I 2 • 99 7 6 2 .0 7 .6 9 S .05 I 3 100 2 , 232.0 22 .3 2 . s . .01 | j 4 98 2 , 3 0 6.0 23.5 3 £ .01 5 9 9 l , 4 o 6 . o 1 4 . 2 0 g .01 172 ! f TABLE 6 — C on tinued Sum o f Item n S q u ares s/m P Male, Non-Negro, C la s s 1 1 4 1 1 , 0 1 4 . 0 2 4 . 7 3 s . 0 1 2 4 o 2 4 8 . 0 6 . 0 0 — 3 3 9 5 4 6 . 0 1 4 . 0 0 IIA • O 4 3 9 206.0 5 . 2 8 5 4 o 1 , 1 5 4 . 0 2 8 . 8 5 g . 0 1 Male, Non-Negro, C la s s 2 1 5 1 2 , 126.0 4 1 . 6 9 £ . 0 1 2 5 1 1 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 0 3 5 1 6 8 6 . 0 1 3 ^ 5 £ .01 4 5 0 4 9 4 . 0 9 . 8 8 s . 01 5 5 1 8 6 4 . 0 1 6 . 9 4 = ? . 0 1 TABLE 6 “ -C o n tin u e d Sum o f Ite m n S q uares s/m P Male,, Non-N egro, C la s s 3 1 51 2 ,2 8 4 .0 4 4 .7 8 £ .01 2 51 6 2 .0 1 .2 2 3 51 1 ,6 4 6 .0 32.27 £ .01 4 51 60 8 .0 1 1 .9 2 g .01 5 51 80 6.0 1 5 .8 0 5 .01 Male, Non-Negro, C la s s 4 1 26 2 6 6 .0 1 0 .2 3 IIA ■ O f - 1 2 26 4 2 .0 1 .6 2 --- 3 26 3 0 2 .0 1 1 .6 2 g .01 4 26 98 .0 3 .7 8 — 5 26 1 6 6 .0 6 .3 8 ^ .05 TABUS 6 — C o n tin u ed Ite m n Sum o f S q u a re s s/m P F em alej N on-N egro, C la s s 1 1 28 8 4 2 .0 3 0 .0 7 § .0 1 2 28 5 4 .0 1 .9 3 3 28 1 2 2 .0 4 .3 6 — 4 28 1 9 4 .0 6 .9 3 * .0 5 5 28 5 6 6 .0 F em ale, N on-N egro, 2 0 .2 1 C la s s 2 J —1 0 « V II . 1 38 8 0 6 .0 2 1 .2 1 * .0 1 2 39 2 6 6 .0 6 . 8 2 in 0 • V II 3 39 3 1 4 .0 8 .0 5 S .05 4 39 3 7 8 .0 9 .6 9 £ .0 1 5 39 1 3 4 .0 3 -4 4 — 175 TABUC 6 — C o n tin u e d Sum o f Ite m n S q u a re s s/m P Fem ale j Non-Negro,, C la s s 3 1 63 3 , 0 3 8 .0 4 8 .2 2 IIA • O t—1 2 63 2 2 2 ,0 3 .5 2 - - 3 • 62 1 , 6 2 6 .0 2 6 ,2 3 IIA • O M 4 63 8 7 2 .0 1 3 .8 4 £ .01 5 63 l , 4 l 8 . 0 2 2 .5 1 £ .01 F e m ale, N on-N egro, C la s s 4 1 36 6 6 2 .0 1 8 .3 9 £ .01 2 36 8 . 0 .22 3 36' 7 6 .0 2 .1 7 4 34 1 5 0 .0 4 .4 1 5 35 2 3 4 .0 6 .6 9 i n 0 • V II 176 TABLE 6 — C ontinued ' Item n Sum o f Squares s/m P ! N egro, M ale, C la s s e s 3 & 4 ; i 29 4 0 2 .0 1 3 .8 6 s . 01 2 ' 28 2 9 6 .O 10.57' IIA « O 3 29 3 9 8 .0 1 3 .7 2 S . 01 4 29 2 9 4 .0 1 0 .1 4 0 • V II 5 29 1 9 4 .0 6 .6 9 £ .0 5 N egro, Fem ale, C la s s e s 3 & 4 l 21 2 2 2 .0 1 0 .5 7 S . 01 2 21 2 6 6 .0 1 2 .6 7 S . 01 3 20 2 5 8 .0 1 2 .9 0 . S . 01 4 21 3 5 0 .0 1 6 .6 7 s . 01 5 21 1 4 6 .0 6 .9 5 £ .0 5 T A B L E 7 SINGLE ITEM PATTERNING MAN-NATUHE Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n z P With. over Over n Over over With n z P Subject over With n With over Subject n Z P Pattern 1 . i4g 56- 6*425 £*00001 59 146 6.006 £.0001 176 29 10.197 £.0001 S > 0 > w m i ^ l 2 105 98 *526 —r 84 119 2.425 £.02 118 85 2.285 £.03 S » 0 > w M 3 .53 150 6*737 £.00001 48 155 7.439 £.0001 109 94 *982 — 0 > S » W H 3 4 96 107 .770 — 74 129 3.850 £.001 127 76 3*290 £.001 0 » S > w 5 70 154 4.383 £.0001 52 152 6.902 £.0001 110 94 1.026 — 0 > S » W m 1 148 45 7*425 £.0001 73 120 3.257 £.01 164 29 9.581 £.00001 S > 0 > w U J rH 2 101 93 <597 — 80 114 2.460 £.02 123 71 3.607 £.001 S » 0 > w 0) P > 4 3 68 125 4*058 £.0001 59 134 5.355 s .0001 123 7.0 3.770 £.001 0 > S > w rH ip 121 71 3.572 £.001 77 115 2.565 £.02 l4o 52 6.161 £.0001 S > 0 > w <1 5 78 115 2.682 £.01 132 61 2.538 £.02 115 78 2.538 £.02 0 > S > w ! — 1 -< l — ■ 3 T A B L E 7—Continued Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n z p With over Over n Oyer over With n z p Subject over With n With over Subject n z P Pattern o F 4 1 255 91 8.762 s. 000001 106 240 7.150 g . 000001 303 43 13.923 g. 000001 S > 0 > w b O 0 2 169 177 .376 — l4l 205 3.387 S.'001 202 144 3.064 g .01 0 » S > w 1 o 3 102 243 7.537 s .000001 96 249 8.183 g.000001 195 150 2.368 g.02 0 > S > w 180 165 .864 — 126 217 4.860 g.00001 222 123 5.400 g.000001 S » 0 > w 5 i l l 234 6.568 g.000001 258 87 9.153 g.000001 188 157 1.615 — 0 > S » W 1 ^3 9 4.576 g.00001 26 26 .000 37 15 2.912 g.01 S > 0 = w o u hn 2 37 i4 3*080 g.01 28 23 .560 — 38 13 3.360 g.001 S > 0 » W 0 s 3 20 31 1.4oo . — 10 4i 4.200 g.OOOl 38 13 3.360 g.001 0 » s > w 4 38 l4 3.189 g.001 26 26 .000 — 44 8 4.853 g.00001 S > 0 = w 5 36 15 2.800 g.01 26 25 .000 “ 35 16 2.520 g.02 S > 0 = w H1 - i 03 T A B L E 7—Continued Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n Z P With over Over n Over over With n z P Subject over With n With over Subject n z P Pattern ’ 1 51. 18 3-852 IIA • O O O H 18 51 3.852 £.001 6l 8 6.260 £.000001 S > 0 > W ; H 2 30 38 .919 --- 23 45 2.453 £.02 39 29 1.182 — 0 » s » w* 1 S 5 19 49 3.708 S. 0001 20 48 3.545 IIA • O O O H 32 36 •39^ — 0 > W » S 03 , H II O ^ 36 32 • 39^ — 24 44 2.495 £.02 38 30 .919 — S » 0 > W* i 5 11 57 5.909 £,000001 11 57 5.909 IIA • O O O O O H 25 43 i.97i £.05 0 > W > ■ 1 67 24 4.402 £.00001 30 61 3.1^5 £.001 80 11 7.128 T— 1 O O O O O V II S > 0 > W 04 2 46 46 .000 35 57 2.189 £.03 55 37 1.772 — S = 0 > w* S 5 30 62 3.231 £ .001 29 63 3.486 £.0001 49 43 .521 — 0 > S » W g 3 , d 4 U-5 46 .000 — 33 58 2.516 £.02 60 31 2.854 £.01 0 = S > w 5 .29 62 3.272 £.001 29 63 3.481 £.001 48 44 .348 — 0 > s » w l-1 VO T A B L E 7—Continued Item Subject over Over .n Over over Subject n z P With over Over n Over over With n z P Subject over With n With over Subject n z p Pattern i r o ^ 1 93 31 5.612 s . 000001 36 90 4.721 IIA • O O O O H 110 16 8.285 S. 000001 s > 0 > w C O C O 2 70 56 1.158 — 57 69 *979 — 77 49 2.405 g . 0 2 s » 0 » W* 4 u 3 2 8 96 6.016 g . 0 0 0 0 1 24 1 0 0 6.735 H O O O O O v i l 79 45 2.965 g . 0 1 0 > S > w 4 65 6l .267 — 3 8. 8 8 4.565 r —1 O O O v i i 91 35 4.899 IIA • 0 0 0 0 H s i » o > w 5 80 46 2.939 g . 0 1 35 91 4.899 H 0 0 0 0 v i i 79 47 2.761 g . 0 1 0 > s > w . c t * l 74 27 4.617 g . 0 0 0 0 1 46 55 .850 _ _ 77 23 5.215 IIA * O O O O O H s > 0 » w m I Q 2 56 44 1.064 — 44 56 1.064 - - - - - - - - - 65 37 2.462 g.02 s » 0 » w * A o 3 4 o 61 2.026 g .05 30 71 4.019 H O O O v i i 66 34 3.025 g . 0 1 0 > s > w 1— 1 1 — I 4 69 31 3*779 g . 0 0 0 1 53 46 .568 — 70 29 3.979 g . 0 0 0 1 s > w » 0 < H 5 57 43 1*335 — 37 62 2.337 s . 05 67 33 3.338 g . 0 0 1 s » 0 > w H i C D i o I T A B L E 7—Cont tnue d L i Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n . Z p With over Over n Over over With n z P Subject over With n With over Subject n Z p Pattern. < D H 1 29 12 2.k98 g .02 11 30 2.811 g .01 3k 7 k .060 H 0 0 0 V I! S > 0 > W H 2 17 23 • 791 — 11 29 2.688 g .01 • 21 .158 — 0 » S » W* O C Q bD nJ-' 9 31 3-321 g .001 11 . 29 2.688 g .01 19 21 .158 0 > W » S ( 1 ) H, 2 1 Oil- 15 25 l*k23 — lk 26 1.739 — 17 23 • 791 — 0 » W » S I 5 7 33 3-953 g .0001 6 3k k .269 g . 00001 lk 26 1-739 — 0 > W » S i 1 59 12 3. 6k o g .0001 15 36 2.800 g .01 k6 5 5.601 H O O O O O V II S > 0 > W < m 2 * s 25 26 .000 — 20 31 l.kOO — 28 23 .560 — 0 = S » W o r a u bO c 3 y lk 37 3.080 g .01 16 35 2.320 g .02 23 28 .560 - 0 > W » S < U H, ^ olj. 19 31 1-555 — lk 36 2.969 g .01 28 22 .707 -- 0 » S » W* r - § 5 lk 37 3.080 g .01 13 38 3.360 g .001 ■ 25 26 .000 0 > w > s - i o o i i T A B L E 7—Continued Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n Z p With over Over n Over over With n Z P Subject over With n With over Subject n Z p Pattern < D H 1 36 15 2.800 s . 01 10 4l 4.201 s. 00001 46 5 5-601 IIA * 0 0 0 0 0 H S > 0 > W K-\2 27 24 .280 — 25 26 .000 — 30 21 1.120 S » 0 - W O C Q u m 3 9 42 4.481 £.00001 9 42 4.481 £.00001 28 23 .560 — 0 > S » W ; 4 ) H , £po4 1 23 28 .560 — 16 35 2.520 £.02 36 15 2.800 £.01 0 » S > W P i o 5 18 33 1.960 £.05 12 39 5.640 £.0001 31 20 i . 4 o o — 0 > S » W Male ' H I T 9 1.373 __ 9 17 1*373 21 5 2.941 £ . 0 1 s » 0 > w - 2 O W 11 15 .588 — 10 16 .980 ' --- l1 * - 12 .196 — 0 » s » w Pi m 1 3 0 c 3 3 S O , A ^ 7 17 19 9 2.157 1-373 g.04 5 14 2 1 12 2.941 .196 £.01 14 17 12 9 .196 1 . 3 7 3 0 > s » w s » w » 0 ^ 5 9 17 1.373 — 7 19 2.157 £.04 15 11 .588 — 0 » s » w * M C O r\*\ Non-Negro, Female U l W to H h r o h r o r o ui ^ ui H ^ r o h r o h h 4 ^ U l 0 3 lO IIA • O 4 = - H i — i fcl H H o n 0 0 ro 4=" p- ro ro IO ro ro p- H — j on 4=- H ro H H « f • * * ro on to ON 4=" oo ro p- O ON H o H H o IIA * O O n r o o n r o r o o n r o o o n — q O n i-1 e H , — 3 v o 4 = " r o o n o n h r o p - o n r o o n r o o n •F1 ' O O -p- 0 3 0 ro h h o IIA IIA IIA • I « 0 , 0 0 1 o l on o A H 1 o H Non-Negro, Female Class 1 O i VjJ ro H t o h h r o ■ F H ® \j) to ro H • H H • ro * on * IO ro fo on H on 00 00 00 ro O vo H H H o VO O - 4 1 0 ON r o * h * • • r o • 4 = ~ o n o 00 o n r o o o n - J o n o 4 = - I I A ♦ 1 I I I A • O 1 1 O r o H o o o H I — 1 o n o v o t o on K IIA o o H H . - 3 VO \ o H H H ro CO vo ON H H t H 9 ro * on — j on p- ro o ON On on o -4 -41 IIA • O IO r o h h r o H o n o o — 4 H H v ji O H 4 = - IIA * O o o o H t o H * 9 * • P * o on on o I O - m o on I I A 9 o I O 1 1 i I ! £ 9 t o 0 3 o 0 3 0 3 o 0 3 0 3 o 0 3 V V V V V V ¥ I I V c n O 0 3 o o sj o o 0 3 o ¥ V V ¥ V V V V V s i A 1c s3 0 3 si s i s; si c + C D P C O o o & < < y ® o re ' 4 H g c + | o o < § 4 4 c + tS ) 00 S| H < 1 < 1 p — C D C D cF 4 4 P* S 3 O O K 4 * * 3 p d - n > a ) P 1 4 4 N 4) co s i o g , p S j g g P 4 <§ C + 0 3 ^ o P £ 3 <§ 4 sl H * £ ± N 41 4 J P Ct r l- C D TABLE 7— Continued Non-Negro, Female Non-Negro, Female Class k Class 3 VJ1 f O l IO H - P b ) r o H ! +781 ro H H ro ro V jJ H V jJ P o ro V J l C J\ -d o P 03 V Jl vo H ro ro p ro p ro H V J l to H o V O V jl vo p C D P H ro ro v _ m V J l * ■ * « • • « * ♦ t O N V J l O o V J l C D — * 3 V J 1 H — r o — J p V jJ o V jJ -d o o V J l V J J O N V jJ V jJ o V jJ H p V J 1 O n vo I I A I I A I I A I I A » ■ • * o O O o H H H o 1 1 1 J 1 t o 1 1 I i 1 j o o H H H H H I — 1 h* H H ro ro ro PI On 03 oo V J 1 V O V J 1 p i H ro H ro H H P 4r- p V jJ p uj — d o 00 O o C D P PI On ro H P V jl V jJ H ro « ■ • • • * * • t • o\ o on o O O O vo O V J l V O o o o o V jl ro V jl o ro o o o o o H V jJ PI C D o I I A I I A I I A I I A t 1 r I 1 • * • j a 1 1 i i 1 O o o I o O H o ro o o H H ro ro ro ro ro P P p V J l V J l p ro V jJ o C D o V jl V jJ C D O N H H H H ro ro H ro P ro V jJ O N O o V jl o V O V J l p j ro H H V jJ ro ro IO P O n * • * • * * • a • o V J l V J l V J l H o - j V O V J l o ro p o O O n H — j Ir! b ; p 03 V jJ o o P] O N H ro ro PI I I A I I A I I A I I A I I A I I A * • • « • * O o O O o O P 1 t 1 H V J 1 H H i o n 1 1 1 1 i O o H C Q C Q o o C Q O C Q O C Q C Q ¥ ¥ ¥ V V V ¥ V V V o O C Q C Q o C Q o C Q O o V I I ¥ I I I I V V V V V A S3 s ; S3 s ! s3 s3 S 3 s ; s ; H c+ C O 0 s s & 0 3 2 ® 4 ^ o c t* CO & o ° a S . < < C D C D 4 4 tS J 41 o o sj w < i < ! P — C D C D <4 4 4 s; o o |_U <j <j n d ; C D C D 13“ 4 4 N 4) S3 O H1 < c+ C D F 4 C O & § c-j . 3 0 3 & C_i. C D c + £ N 43 4) S - ct C D TABLE 7— Continued T A B L E 7—Continued Item Subject over Over n Over over Subject n z P With. over Over n Over over With n z p Subject over With n With over Subject n z p Pattern 1 22 7 2 . 5 9 9 S.01 12 1 7 .743 23 6 2,971 g .01 S > 0 » W c o 4 - r^ 2 21 7 2 . 4 5 7 S. 02 1 5 13 .189 — 21 7 2.457 g .02 S > W » 0 ; s'"? 3 ro 11 18 1.114 ■ — 5 24 3.342 g .001 20 9 1.857 — 0 » S » W* » > ( D , O C Q ! ( . 21 8 2.228 S . 03 15 14 .000 — 22 7 2 . 5 9 9 g .01 s > w > 0 ! i M c S ( D r 4 5 S O ' 1 9 10 1.485 , — . 15 16 • 371 — 21 8 2.228 g .03 s » 0 » w * j I ® 1 414- * 19 2 3.492 S. 001 12 9 .436 «« 13 8 *873 , i 1 S » W » 0*j d<« p Ska 16 5 2.182 £.03 12 9 .436 — 17 4 2.619 g .01 s > w » 0 ] < D p s t t o 3 < 1 ) J 8 12 .671 — 4 16 2.460 g .02 17 3 2.907 g .01 0 » s > w ! • v i a , oia 4. fHCS 16 5 2.182 s .03 10 11 .000 — 20 l 3*925 g .0001 s > 0 » w j tJH ( u o 5 s J 16 5 2.182 si. 03 13 8 .873 — " 14 7 1.309 — S » W » 0*] i ! T A B L E 8 TOTAL ORIENTATION PATTERNING MAN-NATURE Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference All Males* Subject preferred to Oyer 2.295 2 . 5 198 ' .105 1 . 9 6 9 0 » S Subject preferred to With 5 . 0 9 8 2 . 5 198 .102 5 . 8 4 0 S . 0 1 . S > W Oyer preferred to With 5 . 4 1 9 2 . 5 198 .089 10.299 s . 01 0 > w All Females** Subject preferred to Over 2 . 6 9 9 2 . 5 1 8 9 . . 0 9 9 2.0 0 1 £,05 s > 0 Subject preferred to With 5 . 4 6 4 2 . 5 1 8 9 . 0 9 4 10.252 s . 01 s > w Over preferred to With 5 . 1 5 3 2 . 5 1 8 9 .092 7 . 0 6 9 s . 01 0 > w *Inferred pattern 0 » S > W. **Inferred pattern S > 0 > W. i f — 1 t c o l ov T A B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency .n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference All Negroes* Subject preferred to Over 3.367 2.5 51 .179 4.851 3.01 S > 0 Subject preferred to With 3.793 2.5 51 .158 9.566 3.01 S > W Over preferred to With 2.857 2.5 51 .177 2.007 — 0 » W All Non-Negroes** Subject preferred to Over 2.325 2.5 556 .080 2.166 L T \ O v i i 0 > S Subject preferred to With 5.208 2.5 356 .082 8.608 3.01 S > W Over preferred to With 5.424 2.5 336 .070 15.060 3.01 0 > w ^Inferred pattern S > 0 » W . **Inferred pattern 0 > S > W . ■ T A B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference All Class 1* Subject preferred to Over 2.121 2.5 66 •159 2.372 S. 05 0 > S Subject preferred to With. 2.818 2.5 66 .176 1.801 — S » W Over preferred to With 3-560 2.5 66 . .135 7.813 g.01 0 > W All Class 2** Subject preferred to Over 2.348 2.5 89 .llj -8 1.022 — 0 S Subject preferred to With. 3.202 2.5 89 .146 4.788 g.01 S > W Over preferred to With 3.303 2.5 89 .134 5.983 g .01 0 > w *Inferred pattern 0 > S » W . **Inferred pattern 0 » S > W . M : oo ■ O o i IIA B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference All Class 3* Subject preferred to Over 2.1*19 2.5 124 .123 .653 — 0 » S Subject preferred to With. 3.1*67 2.5 124 .109 8.825 £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 3-1*75 2-5 124 .106 9.148 £.01 0 > W All Class 4** Subject preferred to Over 2.969 2-5 97 .144 3.242 £.01 S > 0 Subject preferred to With 3. 1 *1 2 2.5 97 .l4i 6.428 £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 2.855 2-5 97 .132 2.694 £.01 0 > W *Inferred pattern 0 » S > W. **Inferred pattern S > 0 > W. T A B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Male, Non-Negro, Class 1* Subject preferred to Over 1. 8te 2.5 58 .224 2.924 g .01 0 > S Subject preferred to With. 2.526 2.5 58 .251 .115 — S » W Over preferred to With 5.651 2.5 58 .187 6.050 =i. 01 0 > W Male, Non-Negro, Class 2** Subject preferred to Over 2.180 2.5 50 .184 1.751 — 0 >£> S Subject preferred to With 2.920 2.5 50 .199 2.105 3*.05 S > W Over preferred to With 5.440 , 2 *5 50 .179 5.244 g .01 0 > W ■^Inferred pattern 0 > S » W. **Inferred pattern 0 » S > W. T A B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Std. Error Frequency n. of the Mean t p Inferred Preference - Male, Won-Negro, Class 5* Subject preferred to Over 2.215 2.5 51 .202 i . 4 o 4 — 0 » S Subject preferred to With 3-352 2.5 51 -179 4.756 *.01 ' S > W Over preferred to With 3-588 2.5 51 .169 Male, Won-Wegro, Class 4** 6.436 s. 01 0 > W Subject preferred to Over 2.507 2.5 26 .291 .659 — 0 » S Subject preferred to With 3-115 2.5 26 .318 1-931 — S » W Over preferred to With 3.269 2.5 26 .269 2.853 £.01 0 > W *Inferred pattern 0 » S > W. **Inferred pattern 0 » S » W*. ( — 1 vo T A B L E 8—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Female, Non-Negro, Class 1* Subject preferred to Over 2.^99 2.5 28 . 198. .000 — 0 = S Subject preferred to With 3.214 2.5 28 .254 2.808 £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 3.464 2.5 28 .192 5.016 £.01 0 > W Femalej Non-Negro, Class 2** Subject preferred to Over • 2.578 2.5 58 .242 .324 — S » 0 Subject preferred to With 3-578 2.5 38 .205 5-238 £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 3-157 2.5 38 .202 3.253 £.01 0 > W *Inferred pattern 0 = S > W , **Inferred pattern S » 0 > W . 192 IA B L E 8—Continued P referen ce Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n S td. Error o f th e Mean t P In ferred P reference Female, Won-Kegro, C lass 3 * j Subject p referred to Over 2 . 4 9 9 2 . 5 . 6 2 .168 .000 — 0 = s Subject p referred to With. 3 . 4 8 3 2 . 5 62 . 1 5 7 6 . 2 4 2 £ . 0 1 - s > w i j Over p referred to With 3 - 4 3 5 2 . 5 62 .150 6.209 £.01 0 > W I f Fem ale, Won-Negro, C lass 4 * * 1 I i Subject p referred to Over . 2.852 2 . 5 3 4 .220 1 . 5 9 9 — s » 0 i Subject p referred to With 5 . 2 3 5 2 . 5 3 4 . 2 4 6 2 . 9 8 5 £.01 s > w ; Over p referred to With 2.6 1 9 2 . 5 3 4 . 1 9 9 . 5 8 9 — , 0 » w i *Inferred pattern 0 = S > W . **Inferred pattern S » 0 » W *. M i VO ! U > ; T A B L E 8—Continued. Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean' Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Male, Negro (Classes 3 and 4)* Subject preferred to Over 3.296 2.5 28 *244 3.254 £.01 S > 0 Subject preferred to With 3.703 2.5 28 .214 5 . 60k £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 2.888 2.5 28 .205 I.896 — 0 » W Female, Negro (Classes 3 and 4)** Subject preferred to Over 3.523 2.5 20 .266 3-846 £.01 S > 0 Subject preferred to With 3-904 2.5 20 .163 8.584 £.01 S > W Over preferred to With 2. 76I 2.5 20 .315 .830 — 0 » W *Inferred pattern S > 0 » ¥ . **Inferred pattern S >' 0 » W. ' I 1 J ] I— 1 ! VO I 4 = r i 195 T A B L E ! 9 BE T W E E N A G G R E G A T E DIFFERENCES IN M A N -N A TU R E TO TA L ORIENTATION PATTERNING: . SUBJECT PREFERRED T O O V E R PREFERENCE Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score p All Male All Female 2.295 2.699 .405 2.827 .01 All non-Negro All Negro 2.325 3.367 1.042 5-314 .00001 All Class 1 All Class 2 2.121 2.314-8 .227 1.045 — All Class 1 All Class 3 2.121 2.14-19 .298 1.482 — All Class 1 All Class 1 4 - 2.121 2.969 .848 3*953 .001 All Class 2 All Class 3 2.3I +8 2.14-19 .071 . .368 — All Class 2 All Class 1 4 - 2.3I 48 2.969 .621 3.007 .01 All Class 3 All Class 4 2.419 2.969 • 550 2.904 .01 Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class Class 1 2 ■ 1.842 2.180 .338 1.165 . — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class Class 1 5 1.842 2.215 *373 I .236 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 1 4 - 1.842 2.307 .465 1.266 — Non-Negroj Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class Class 2 3 2.180 2.215 .033 .128 — - Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class b 2.180 2.307 .127 .368 196 T A B L E 9—Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 2.213 : Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 2.307 ,092 • 259 — ; Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.499 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.578 .079 .252 — : Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 ■ 2.1*99 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2,499 .000 .000 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.499 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 • 353 1.192 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.578 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 .079 .268 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.578 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 .272 .837 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 • 353 I .275 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 1.842 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.499 .657 2.197 .03 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 2.180 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.578 .398 1.309 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 2.215 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 .284 1.080 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 2.307 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 .545 1.493 ■ — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 1.842 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.578 .736 2.230 .03 Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 1.842 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 .657 2.346 .02 Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 1.842 i i I Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 1.010 3.216 .01 | T A B L E 9—Continued 197 Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score F Non-Negro, Male., Class 2 i Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.180 2.499 .319 1.181 — — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.180 2. b 9 9 .319 1.281 --- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.180 2.832 .672 2.341 .02 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.215 2.^99 .284 1.003 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.215 2.578 .363 1.152 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.215 2.852 .637 2.130 .04 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class l 2.307 2.4-99 .192 • 5^5 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.307 2.578 .271 .715 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.307 2.499 .368 • 571 — Negro, Male, Classes 3 & Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 & 4 3.296 3-523 .227 .629 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Female,’ Classes 3 & 4 1.842 3.523 1.681 4.830 .00001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & b 2.180 3.523 1.343 4.145 .0001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & b 2.215 3.523 1.308 3.916 .0001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 2.307 ■3.523 1.216 3.086 .01 T A B L E 9—Continued 198 Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.499 Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 3.523 1.024 3.084 .01 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.378 Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 3.523 • 9^5 2.625 .01 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 3.523 1.024 3.251 .01 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 3.523 .671 1.9^5 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 1.842 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 1.454 4.393 .0001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 2.180 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 1.116 3.671 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 2.215 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3-29.6 1.081 3.410 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 2.307 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 .989 2.603 H 0 • Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.499 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 •797 2.538 C V 1 0 • Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 2.578 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 .718 2.087 .04 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.499 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 • 797 2.693 .01 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.852 Negro, Male, Classes 3 4 3.296 .444 1.350 199 T A B L E 10 BETWEEN AGGREGATE DIFFERENCES IN MAN-NATURE TOTAL ORIENTATION PATTERNING: j SUBJECT PREFERRED TO WITH PREFERENCE j i Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score ' P All Males : All Females 3.098 3 .464 .405 2.827 .01 ' All non-Negro All Negro 3.208 3.795 .587 3.656 .001 All Class 1 All Class 2 2.818 3.202 • 384 1.679 All Class 1 All Class 3 2.818 3.467 .649 3.197 .01 ! All Class 1 ' ! All Class 4 2.818 3.412 .59^ 2.633 .01 All Class 2 All Class 3 3.202 3.467 .265 1.513 J 1 All Class 2 All Class 4 3.202 3.412 .210 1.034 1 j ' All Class 3 All Class 4 3.467 3.412 .055 • 357 — , Non—Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 2 2.526 2.920 • 39^ 1.292 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 3 2.526 3.352 .826 2.826 .01 Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 4 2.526 3.H5 .589 1.498 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 3 2.920 3.352 .432 1.613 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 4 2.920 3.H5 .195 .519 _ 200 T A B L E 10—Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P | Non-Negro Male, Class 3 3-352 Non-Negro Male, Class 4 3-115 .237 .649 — ; Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3.214 Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3-578 .364 1.115 — ; Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3.214 ; Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.483 .269 • \o 0 0 — ; Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3.214 1 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 3.235 .021 • 059 — ; Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3-578 i Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.483 .095 .367 — i Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.578 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 3-235 .343 .849 — Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.483 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 3.235 .248 1.071 — Non-Negro Male, Class 1 2.326 ! Non-Negro Female, Class l 3.214 .688 2. 005. .05 Non-Negro Male, Class 2 2.920 I Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.578 .658 2.301 .03 Non-Negro Male, Class 3 3.352 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.483 • !3l .550 — Non-Negro Male, Class 4 3.H5 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 3.235 .120 .299 — Non-Negro Male, Class 1 2.526 Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.578 1.052 3.405 .001 Non-Negro Male, Class 1 2.526 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3-483 • 957 3.^30 .001 Non-Negro Male, Class 1 2.526 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 3.235 .709 2.098 .04 T A B L E 10—Continued Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-NegroMale,, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 2.920 3.214 .294 .910 ------ Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 2.920 3.483 .563 2.217 .03 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 2.920 3.235 .315 • 997 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.352 3.214 .138 .444 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3.352 3.578 .226 .831 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 3.352 3.235 .117 • 385 ,— Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.115 3.214 .099 .243 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3.115 3.578 .463 1.225 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 3.115 3-483 .368 1.037 — Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & ^ 3.703 3-904 • .201 .747 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 2.526 3.904 1.378 4.869 .00001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 &4 2.920 3.904 .984 3.829 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 2 & 4 3-352 3.904 .552 2.339 ,02 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.H5 3.904 .789 2.210 ■03 T A B L E 10—Continued Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score p Non-Negro, Female,, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.214 3-904 .690 2.285 .03 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & ^ 3.378 3-904 . .325 1.240 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.483 3-904 .421 1.863 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes $ 8 c k 3.235 3.904 .669 2.268 .03 Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Male', Classes 3 8s 4 2.526 3.703 1.177 3.737 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 8 c b - 2.920 3.703 .783 2.682 .01 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & b - 3.352 3.703 .351 1.258 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.115 3.703 .588 1.535 — Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ 3.214' 3.703 .489 1.^73 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ 3.578 3.703 .125 .422 . — Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 8 c k 3.483 3.703 .220 .830 — Non-Negro, Female, Class k Negro, Male, Classes 3 & b 3.235 3.703 .468 1.436 — T A B L E 11 B E T W E E N A G G R E G A T E DIFFERENCES IN M AN -N A TU R E TOTAL ORIENTATION PATTERNING: O V ER PREFERRED T O W ITH PREFERENCE Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score p All Males All Females 3.419 3-153 .266 2.078 .04 All non-Negro All Negro 3.424 2.857 .567 2.978 .01 All Class 1 All Class 2 3-560 3.303 .257 1.351 — All Class 1 All Class 3 3.560 3.475 .085 • 535 — All Class 1 All Class 4 3.560 2.855 .705 3-733 .001 All Class 2 All Class 3 3.303 3.475 .172 .949 — All Class 2 All Class 4 3.303 2.855 .448 2.38I .02 All Class 3 All Class 4 3.475 2.855 .620 3-575 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro,, Male, Class 1 Class 2 3.631 3 ■ 44o .191 • 737 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 3 3.631 3.588 .043 .170 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 4 3.631 3.269 .362 1.104 Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 3 3.440 3.588 .148 .601 — Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 4 3.44o 3.269 .171 .529 r . r _ 20 4 T A B L E 11—Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P Non-Negro Male, Class 3 3-588 Non-Negro Male, Class 4 3.269 ■ 319 1.004 Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3-464 Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.157 .307 1.101 ------ Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3.464 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.435 .029 .119 Non-Negro Female, Class 1 3.464 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 2.619 CD $ 3,063 .01 Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.157 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 ' 3.435 .278 1.104 — Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.157 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 2.619 •538 1.904 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.435 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 2.619 .816 3.282 .001 Non-Negro Male, Class 1 3.631 Non-Negro Female, Class l 3.464 .167 .623 — Non-Negro Male, Class 2 3.44o Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.157 .283 1.048 — Non-Negro Male, Class 3 3.588 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.435 •153 .677 — Non-Negro Male, Class 4 3.269 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 2.619 .630 1-940 — Non-Negro Male, Class 1 3.631 Non-Negro Female, Class 2 3.157 .474 1.724 — Non-Negro Male, Class 1 3.631 Non-Negro Female, Class 3 3.435 .196 .817 1 Non-Negro Male, Class 1 3.631 Non-Negro Female, Class 4 2.619 1.012 3.707 .001 ; 205 T A B L E 11—Continued j I >■— — ' " " - i ' ■■ , i - — = j D iffer en ce s Between A ggregates Means Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.440 3.464 .024 .092 ■ — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 5 3.44o 3.435 .005 .021 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 3.44o 2.619 .821 3.063 .01 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.588 3.464 .124 .484 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3.588 3-157 .431 1.633 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 3.588 2.619 .969 3.713 .001 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.269 3.464 .195 .589 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3.269 3.157 .112 .332 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 3.269 3.435 .166 • 539 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ Negro, Female, Classes 3 & ^ 2.888 2.761 .127 .338 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.631 2.761 .870 2.377 .02 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.440 2.761 .679 1.876 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3-588 2.761 .827 2.310 .03 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.269 2.761 .508 1.264 , _ 206; T A B L E 11—Continued ! Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 1 &4 3.464 2.761 .703 1.905 _ _ Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 2 & 4 3.157 2.761 .396 1.059 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 3 & 4 3.435 2.761 .674 1.931 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 & 4 2.619 2.761 .142 .381 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.631 2.888 .743 2.682 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.440 2.888 •552 2.029 .05 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.588 2.888 .700 2.632 .01 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.269 2.888 .381 1.127 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & l 4 3.464 2.888 .576 2.050 .05 Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 2 4 3-157 2.888 .269 ' .93^ Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 3 4 3.435 2.888 .547 2.153 .04 Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 4 2.619 2.888 .269 .941 — 20T j A n a ly s is and D is c u s s io n : H y p o th esis One j j S u b ject-O v er C hoice Negro-Non-Negro S in g le I V a r ia b le A n a ly s is i 1 A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s fo r th e a l l Negro and a l l j non-Negro a g g r e g a te s d i s c l o s e s su pp ort fo r th e r e s e a r c h h y -j p o t h e s is th a t th e non-Negro w i l l have a p a tte r n o f a strong-} e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r the Over a l t e r n a t i v e as compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l N eg ro es. I n s p e c t io n o f th e in f e r r e d p a t te r n s o f r e sp o n se fo r i n d iv id u a l Item s r e v e a ls t h a t fo r o n ly Item one i s th e in f e r r e d c h o ic e i d e n t i c a l in both d i r e c t io n and s i g n i f i c a n c e fo r both a g g r e g a te s . For I ite m s 3 and 4 th e d i r e c t io n o f c h o ic e i s th e same. Where j th e d ir e c t io n I s Over o v er S u b je c t i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e j i .000001 l e v e l f o r non -N egroes and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t fo r Ne g r o e s . Where th e d i r e c t io n i s S u b je c t ov er Over I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l fo r N egroes and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t fo r n on -N eg ro es. For ite m s 2 and 5 th e d i r e c t io n o f c h o ic e i s opposed b e in g Over o v er S u b je c t f o r non -N egroes and S u b je c t o ver Over fo r N eg ro es. The c h o ic e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t fo r th e non -N egroes on Item 2 and s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .000001 l e v e l o f Item 5. The c h o ic e i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e ,001 and .02 l e v e l s on Item s 2 and 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y fo r the N eg ro es. The f in d in g s f o r th e T o ta l O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n in g | j iand the Between A ggregate d i f f e r e n c e s s e c t i o n s len d fu r th e r ; su p p ort to th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The non-Negro a g g r e - j ' y i g a te p a tte r n o f O ver> Sub j e c t » W i t h can be c o n tr a s te d to j ; j i th e Negro a g g r e g a te p a tte r n o f S u b j e c t> O v er » W ith . The j ! d if f e r e n c e betw een th e means o f th e S u b je c t p r e fe r r e d to j ; j : Over p r e fe r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .00001 l e v e l , ; M ale-Fem ale The f in d in g s f o r th e a l l Male and a l l Female a g g r e - I g a t e s I n d ic a t e s t h a t su p p ort can be d e r iv e d fo r th e h yp oth - I e s i s o f a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over as compared to i th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r M ales. The p a t t e r n s o f c h o ic e o f i n d iv id u a l Item s a re th e same fo r M ales and Fem ales in ; d i r e c t io n and s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r ite m s one and tw o. For j ; j i Item s th r e e and f i v e th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e i s p r e fe r r e d to j ’ ' i | th e S u b je c t f o r b o th M ales and F em ales. However, fo r the I M ales th e n u l l h y p o th e s is i s r e j e c t e d a t th e .00001 and th e .0 0 0 1 l e v e l s w h ile fo r Fem ales a t th e .00 0 1 and .01 l e v e l s on th e s e ite m s . On Item fo u r the d i r e c t io n o f c h o ic e i s : r e v e r s e d w ith th e M ales p r e f e r r in g th e Over to the S u b je ct and th e Fem ales p r e fe r r in g th e S u b je c t to th e Over. The Male p r e fe r e n c e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , but th e Female p r e f e r en ce i s a t th e ,001 l e v e l . F u rth er support fo r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is can be g e n e r a te d from ex a m in a tio n o f th e T o ta l O r ie n ta tio n and 209 I I ;D if f e r e n c e s betw een the Means f i n d in g s . There i s an o b - j : ! :se r v e d but n o t s i g n i f i c a n t Male p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e Over as j :compared to th e S u b je ct a l t e r n a t i v e w h ile th e s i g n i f i c a n t | j i Female p r e fe r e n c e i s S u b je ct o v er Over. The d if f e r e n c e b e - j tween th e means o f th e S u b je c t p r e fe r r e d to Over p r e fe r e n c e j i s sm a ll ( .4 0 4 ) , b u t ' s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l . ; ! j i Socioecon om ic S ta tu s A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t i n g to so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s becomes somewhat more com plex s in c e fo u r c a t e g o r ie s o f d ata r a th e r than two are b e in g c o n s id e r e d . To a v o id j havin g t h i s d is c u s s io n becoming u n d u ly cumbersome r e fe r e n c e I | to p a r t ic u la r l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e s h a l l be o m itte d e x - j c e p t where th e y may be p a r t i c u l a r l y r e l e v a n t . ■ The o b serv ed and s i g n i f i c a n t c h o ic e o f a l l fo u r j c l a s s e s fo r item one i s S u b je c t o v e r Over. For ite m th r e e j th e o b serv ed and s i g n i f i c a n t c h o ic e o f a l l fo u r c l a s s e s i s Over o v e r S u b je c t. However, th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no B ig -; n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i s r e j e c t e d a t l e a s t a t th e .001 l e v e l fo r c l a s s e s 1, 2 , and 3j but i t i s r e j e c t e d a t o n ly th e ,05 l e v e l fo r c l a s s 4 . For c l a s s 1 th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e i s o b ser v ed in th e t h ir d p o s i t i o n w h ile f o r c l a s s e s 2 , 3 , and 4 i t o c c u p ie s th e secon d p o s i t i o n , perhaps t h i s i n d i c a t e s a j s tr o n g e r r e j e c t i o n o f th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e fo r c l a s s 1 j I than fo r th e o th e r c l a s s e s . The v a r ia t io n found in ite m | two o f th e o b serv ed but n o t s i g n i f i c a n t p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over o v er S u b je ct o f c l a s s 1 to th e e q u a l i t y o f th e Over- 210 | ■Subject c h o ic e o f c l a s s 2 to th e o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g n l f i - ! | c a n t p r e f e r e n c e o f S u b je c t o v e r Over o f c l a s s e s 3 and 4 b e - j g i n s to g iv e s l i g h t s u p p o rt to th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s i s . I i F u r t h e r s u p p o rt I s added th ro u g h th e I n s p e c t i o n o f th e find-1 in g s f o r ite m f o u r . The n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t | p a t t e r n o f c h o ic e must be a c c e p te d f o r c l a s s 1. The v a r i a - : I 1t i o n from c l a s s 2 to 4 r u n s from th e e q u a l i t y o f p r e f e r e n c e ; ;f o r th e S u b je c t .and Over a l t e r n a t i v e s o f c l a s s 2, to th e I o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e o f S u b je c t o v e r Over | ; f o r c l a s s 3 j to th e o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e o f j I i ; th e S u b je c t o v e r Over a l t e r n a t i v e w ith th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e :occupying th e t h i r d p o s i t i o n f o r c l a s s f o u r . The s t r o n g e s t s u p p o rt r e s u l t i n g from i n d i v i d u a l ite m i n s p e c t i o n comes from th e a n a l y s i s o f ite m f i v e . F o r c l a s s e s '1, 2 and 3 t h e : o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t c h o ic e i s Over o v e r S u b je c t. The ' l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e v a ry from th e .00001 l e v e l f o r c l a s s 1 , to th e ,001 l e v e l f o r c l a s s 2 to th e .01 l e v e l f o r c l a s s 3. C la s s 4 e x h i b i t s an o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f - j ! ! e re n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e * A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s c o n ta in e d i n th e T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n and D i f f e r e n c e s Between th e Means s e c t i o n s f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 , 2 , 3 ^ and 4 a g g re g a te s p r o v id e s q u a l i f i e d su p p o rt f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is t h a t th e h i g h e r socioeconom ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e . j f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e S u b je c t' a l t e r - j n a t i v e th an w i l l th e low er socioeconom ic l e v e l s . The o b - 211 | s e r v e d mean fre q u e n c y o f th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over p r e f e re n c e I n c r e a s e s from 2,121 o f c l a s s 1, to 2.34 8 o f c l a s s 2, to 2.419 o f c l a s s 3 to 2 .9 6 9 o f c l a s s 4, The p r o g r e s - i ! s io n from th e o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e ! Over o v e r S u b je c t o f c l a s s 1 to th e o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g - i n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r S u b je c t o f c l a s s e s 2 | and 3 to th e o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r Over o f c l a s s 4 r e f l e c t s th e a sc e n d in g l e v e l ! o f p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e . The sm a ll d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f c l a s s e s 1 and 2 , 1 and 3 * 2 and 3 a re found to be n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . However, th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een c l a s s e s 1 and 4, 2 and 4, and 3 and 4 a re i s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e . 0 0 1 , .0 1 and .01 l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I The p ro c e d u re o f m easu rin g th e e f f e c t o f th e sex, ; i e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s v a r i a b l e s upon th ej S u b je c t-O v e r c h o ic e by exam ining each v a r i a b l e i n i s o l a t i o n and w ith o u t r e f e r e n c e to th e o t h e r s s u g g e s ts t h a t each o f th e s e v a r i a b l e s does i n f l u e n c e th e c h o ic e . However, t h i s p ro c e d u re can le n d o n ly q u a l i f i e d s u p p o r t to th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . P erhaps th e f i n d in g t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e v a r i e s w ith s o c i o economic p o s i t i o n may be c o n ta m in a te d by an o v e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f fem ales o r m ales, o r N egroes o r non-N egroes a t a g iv e n socioeconom ic c l a s s l e v e l . T hat t h i s , in d e e d , may be i th e c a se i s i l l u s t r a t e d by th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n . The a l l c l a s s 1 c a te g o r y c o n ta in s 4 l non-Negro ’ ' ' ' 212 ~ ;Males* '28 non-Negro Females and no Negro Males o r Fem ales. iOn th e o t h e r hand, th e a l l c l a s s 4 c a te g o ry c o n ta in s 26 Inon-Negro Males* 36 non-Negro Females* 23 Negro Males and ■ 14 Negro F em ales. T h is example p l u s o t h e r s t h a t c o u ld be ; • i ' i 1 e l i c i t e d c a l l s f o r a d d i t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s . T herefore* p r o c e d u r e s were d e v elo p ed so t h a t two o f th e t h r e e v a r i a b l e s j c o u ld be h e ld c o n s t a n t w h ile th e e f f e c t o f th e t h i r d was | • i m easured and where one o f th e v a r i a b l e s co u ld be h e ld con- j ' i s t a n t w h ile th e combined e f f e c t o f th e o t h e r two c o u ld be | ■ i [m easured,' ' j ;Combined V a r ia b le A n a ly s is N egro -n o n -N eg ro . --H o ld in g th e so cio eco n o m ic variab lej c o n s ta n t can o n ly be approxim ated in m easuring th e in flu e n c e; o f th e e th n ic v a r ia b le b eca u se o f th e com bining o f c l a s s 3 ; 1 land c l a s s 4 N eg ro es. The com paring o f c l a s s 3 and th en ; c l a s s 4 non-N egroes to th e c o m b in e d .c la s s 3 and 4 Negroes | i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a d i r e c t com parison a t each c l a s s l e v e l . H olding sex c o n s t a n t and socioeconom ic c l a s s a p p ro x i m a te ly c o n s t a n t and m easu rin g th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means o f th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over p r e f e r e n c e o f Negroes land non-N egroes r e v e a l s t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e i s i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n and s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e ,001 l e v e l f o r th e c o n -N eg ro c l a s s 3 m ales a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 males* a t ,01 l e v e l f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 m ales a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 m ales and f o r the i 213 ; {non-Negro c l a s s 3 fe m a le s a s compared to Negro c l a s s 3 and 14 fe m a le s . The d i f f e r e n c e I s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t b u t i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 fem ales a s 1 compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fe m a le s . j These d i f f e r e n c e s a re a ls o r e f l e c t e d i n th e t o t a l ! ( i o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n i n g , Non-Negro c l a s s 3 m ales and non- ! Negro c l a s s 4 m ales e x h i b i t an o b s e rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t j p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e S u b j e c t . Negro c l a s s 3 ; I ! :and 4 m ales e x h i b i t an o b s e rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e | j f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over. Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 femaleB j a ls o p r e f e r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over. I n s p e c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l ite m s f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e s th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s . For ite m 2 th e d i r e c t i o n and s i g n i f i - ' : cance o f th e S u b je c t-O v e r c h o ic e i s th e same f o r a l l th e j : a g g r e g a t e s . For ite m 5 th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 fem a le s and | I Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fem ale b o th show th e o b se rv e d b u t n o t j s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over. For a l l o t h e r com pariso ns th e d i r e c t i o n o f c h o ic e i s e i t h e r r e v e rs e d w ith th e N egroes e x h i b i t i n g a p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t and th e non-N egroes f o r th e Over; o r i f th e d i r e c - ■t i o n i s th e same th e N egroes d i s p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r - I ence f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over w h ile th e non-N egroes ■ c h o ic e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ; o r th e non-N egroes have s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e S u b je c t w h ile the N egroes c h o ic e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . i 214 j Where sex I d e n t i t y I s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e com- ! : j :b ln e d i n f l u e n c e o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s j upon th e S u b je c t, o v e r th e Over p r e f e r e n c e i s measured., i t i s ! found t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means f o r th e non- I ; I ; Negro c l a s s 1 fem ales and th e non-Negro c l a s s 2 fem ales a s ! ; ’ I : I icom pared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fem ale a r e i n th e p r e - j i d i e t e d d i r e c t i o n and s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l . For t h e | • ! ! non-Negro c l a s s 1 male a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 j | | ia n d 4 male th e d i f f e r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0001 l e v e l and i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n , and f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s : 2 male a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 male th e d i f - ! f e r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .001 l e v e l and i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n . Where socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s h e ld a p p ro x im a te ly c o n s t a n t and th e combined i n f l u e n c e o f sex and e th n i c id e n - j ; t i t y upon th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over p r e f e r e n c e i s m easured, I i t i s found t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means f o r non- ! Negro c l a s s 3 m ales as compared to Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 f e m ales i s i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n and s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0001 l e v e l . For th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 male a s compared to ! th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fem ale and f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s i I 3 fem ale a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and ^ male th e ' d i f f e r e n c e s a re s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l and i n th e j ! j p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n , However, f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 j I fem ale a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 male th e d i f - i j f e r e n c e w h ile i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . 215 i D e t a ile d d is c u s s io n o f the f in d in g s where th e com- ' • i jb in ed in f lu e n c e o f sex id e n t it y * e th n ic i d e n t i t y and s o c i o - l ieconom ic s t a t u s upon d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e 1 I S u b je c t o v e r Over p r e fe r e n c e i s measured w i l l be d e fe r r e d j u n t i l th e s e c t io n on th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y . How- j j |e v e r th e s e f in d in g s a ls o r e v e a l t h a t th e non-Negro a g g r e - | j j i g a t e s seem to have a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over as j ■ compared to th e S u b je ct a l t e r n a t i v e than do Negro a g g r e - j i g a t e s . ; That non -N egroes ten d to have a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e 1 f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e as compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r - : n a t iv e than do N egroes i s r e v e a le d by th e a n a l y s is o f th e f i n d in g s . I n s p e c tio n o f in f e r r e d p a t te r n s o f c h o ic e fo r : th e i n d iv id u a l item s and th e t o t a l o r ie n t a t i o n p a tte r n in g j i d oes n ot p erm it th e r e s e a r c h e r to make i n f e r e n c e s about th e j j s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f any o b serv ed d i f f e r e n c e s . How- | ever* i n s p e c t io n does d i s c l o s e t h a t where sex and s o c i o - i i ; econom ic sta tu s- are h e ld c o n s ta n t and non-Negro a g g r e g a te s are compared to Negro a g g r e g a te s th e non-Negro a g g r e g a te s have a g r e a t e r freq u en cy o f b oth o b serv ed and s i g n i f i c a n t j ; Over ov er S u b je ct in f e r r e d c h o ic e s and a l e s s e r freq u en cy | o f b oth o b serv ed and s i g n i f i c a n t S u b je c t o v er Over in f e r r e d ; c h o ic e s . F u rth er and l e s s q u a l i f i e d su p p ort can be d e r iv e d j from th e a n a l y s is o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een means. Where | ; se x i s h e ld c o n sta n t and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s a p p ro x im a tely t c o n s t a n t th e non-Negro p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e I ! ! i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r th a n th e Negro p r e f e r e n c e . The o h - j s e rv e d h u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e non-Negro ! c l a s s 4 fem ale a n d 't h e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fem ale may be i i :e x p la in e d by th e p o s s i b l e i n f l u e n c e o f th e socioeconom ic I ! ! :s t a t u s v a r i a b l e . A lso a c c e p tin g th e n u l l h y p o th e s is in f j ^ th is i n s t a n c e may be a Type I I e r r o r o f i n f e r e n c e s in c e th e j in u ll h y p o th e s is i s r e j e c t e d f o r th e o t h e r com parison s where | I sex i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a p p ro x im a te ly j c o n s t a n t ; and w h ile th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s a c c e p te d a t th e .0 5 l e v e l , i t would be r e j e c t e d a t' th e .06 l e v e l . Combining th e v a r i a b l e s o f sex i d e n t i t y and e th n i c i d e n t i t y r e s u l t s i n a w id e r d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means in th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n and p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l s which a re more s i g n i f i c a n t . T h is would be e x p e c te d i f b o th o f th e combined v a r i a b l e s e x e r t e d i n f l u e n c e i n th e same d i r e c t i o n . F u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is can be g e n e r a t e d from th e a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s where s o c i o economic s t a t u s i s h e ld a p p ro x im a te ly c o n s t a n t and th e com- b in u e d I n f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c I d e n t i t y i s m easured. Where non-Negro m ales a r e compared to Negro f e - :males i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e v a r i a b l e s I s i n th e same d i r e c t i o n , and r e l a t i v e l y wide d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means and s tr o n g l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e a re fo und . However, where non-Negro fem a le s a re compared to Negro m ales, i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e v a r i - 217 ! a b l e s would be In o p p o sin g d i r e c t i o n s . T hat th e non-Negro ! i c l a s s 3 fem a le s would d i s p l a y an o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 male p ro b a b ly i n d ic a t e s * d e s p i t e a p o s s i b l e c o n ta m in a tin g socioeconom ic s t a t u s i n f lu e n c e t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y i s q u i t e | : s t r o n g . | Comparing th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 ; fem ale f o r th e Over o v e r S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e to th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e Negro c l a s s 4 ' male does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y d i - j m in ish s u p p o rt f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s i s . D e s p ite th e j p r e d i c t e d c o u n te r i n f l u e n c e o f th e sex i d e n t i t y v a r i a b l e | ■ and p e rh a p s th e socioeconom ic v a r ia b le * th e non-Negro f e male does d i s p l a y a g r e a t e r a lth o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t mean p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e . ; The p re c e d in g d i s c u s s i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s r e l a t i n g j to th e i n f l u e n c e o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y upon th e Man-Nature ' I o r i e n t a t i o n h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s s u p p o rt f o r th e r e - j s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is j I w hich s t a t e s t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l v a ry w ith e t h n i c j . i d e n t i t y and t h a t non-N egroes w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f ; s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e a s I compared to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l j ! N egroes i s a c c e p te d . j : 218 i M ale-Fem ale When e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a r e j ■held c o n s t a n t and th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e I S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over p r e f e r e n c e o f m ales and fem ales 'are m easured, i t i s o b s e rv e d t h a t th e male a g g re g a te h as a ; I Slower mean s c o re th a n th e fem ale a g g re g a te f o r each com- , ; j p a r is o n , However, t h i s d if f e r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t fo r o n ly th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 male as compared to th e non-Negro j i c l a s s 1 fe m a le . i j I n s p e c t i o n o f th e t o t a l o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s shows j t h a t f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 m ales th e Over o v e r S u b je c t | p r e f e r e n c e i s b o th o b s e rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t ; w h ile f o r th e o t h e r t h r e e c l a s s e s o f non-Negro m ales t h i s p r e f e r e n c e i s a ls o o b s e rv e d , b u t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . C o n tr a s te d to t h i s th e non-Negro fe m a le s c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 3 e x h i b i t an e q u a l - ! ; I l i t y o f c h o ic e betw een S u b je c t o v e r Over, and non-Negro f e m ales c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 4 e x h i b i t an o b s e rv e d b u t n o t s i g - • j ' I n i f i c a n t p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e S u b je c t o v er th e Over. However,| f o r b oth male and fem ale Negro c l a s s 3 &nd ^ a g g r e g a te s j i th e r e i s an o b ser v ed and s i g n i f i c a n t p r e fe r e n c e fo r the j :S u b je c t o v e r th e Over. W hile th e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e betw een non- INegro m ales and fe m a le s f o r ite m s one and tw o, in s p e c t io n ;of ite m s t h r e e , fo u r and f i v e te n d to r e v e a l a male p r e f - j ; 1 ;erence f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e fem ale ^ p re fe re n c e f o r th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e . F o r ite m 3 f o r a l l 219 ! o f th e non-Negro male a g g r e g a te s th e p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e Over o v er th e S u b je ct a l t e r n a t i v e i s o b serv ed and s i g n i f i ca n t w h ile for. th e fem ale non-Negro a g g r e g a te s i t i s ob se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t f o r o n ly c l a s s 3, o b serv ed and n ot s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c l a s s e s 2 and 4, and th e S u b je c t i s p r e f e r r e d to th e Over fo r c l a s s 1. For ite m 4 th e Over a l t e r - ;n a t iv e i s o b serv ed to be p r e fe r r e d to th e S u b je ct but n ot s i g n i f i c a n t l y fo r th e non-Negro M ales c l a s s 1, c l a s s 2 and 1 c l a s s 3, w h ile fo r non-Negro m ales c l a s s 4 and non-Negro ; fem a le s c l a s s e s 2, 3 and 4 th e o b serv ed but n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ic h o ic e i s S u b je c t o v e r Over. The p r e fe r e n c e o f th e non- Negro c l a s s 1 fem ale fo r th e S u b je c t o v er th e Over i s ob se r v e d and s i g n i f i c a n t . For ite m 5 d i f f e r e n c e s between non-Negro m ales and fem a le s can be seen fo r o n ly c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 4. For the c l a s s 2 m ales the o b ser v ed Over over i S u b je ct p r e fe r e n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t , but fo r c l a s s 2 fem a le s i t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . The o b serv ed b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e S u b je c t o f th e c l a s s 4 m ales can be c o n tr a s te d to th e o b serv ed but n ot s i g n i f i c a n t p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e S u b je c t o v er th e Over o f th e c l a s s 4 j f e m a le s . I n s p e c t io n o f in d iv i d u a l ite m s fo r Negro c l a s s 3 i and 4 fem a le s and Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 m ales r e v e a ls th a t ; o n ly fo r ite m 5 i s th e r e some d i f f e r e n c e in th e S u b je c t- Over c h o ic e . The male c h o ic e o f S u b je ct ov er Over i s ob - 220 ; s e rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , w h ile th e fem ale S u b je c t o v e r ! Over c h o ic e i s o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t . j i Where e th n i c i d e n t i t y i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e 1 combined e f f e c t s o f sex and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a re m eas u r e d th e fo llo w in g p a t t e r n o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means; i ! i o f th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e becomes e v id e n t. ! i !F or a l l com parisons th e mean o f th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over p r e f e r e n c e o f th e fem ale a g g r e g a te s i s h i g h e r th an t h a t o f i i t h e male a g g r e g a t e s . However, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e : c l a s s 2 m ale a s compared to th e c l a s s 3 fem ale t h i s p r e f - j ■e re n c e i s s i g n i f i c a n t when th e socioeconom ic c l a s s ra n k o f th e m ales i s h i g h e r th a n th e socioeconom ic c l a s s ra n k o f j i th e fe m a le s . Where th e so cioeconom ic c l a s s ra n k o f th e ! fem ale i s h ig h e r th an th e socioeconom ic c l a s s ra n k o f th e male th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means i s i n th e p r e d i c t e d i • | ! d i r e c t i o n f o r th e i n f l u e n c e o f sex b u t i t i s n o t s i g n i f i - i 1 ; ; c a n t . j The f i n d i n g s r e s u l t i n g from h o ld in g socioeconom ic ! s t a t u s a p p ro x im a te ly c o n s t a n t and m easurin g th e combined | i . e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y have been d e- ; s c r i b e d i n th e s e c t i o n on th e e f f e c t s o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y . A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s where th e combined e f f e c t s ! o f sex i d e n t i t y , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s j upon d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d ; } to Over p r e f e r e n c e i s m easured r e v e a l s t h a t f o r n'on-Negro j j c l a s s 1 m ales a s compared to Negro c l a s s 3 &nd 4 fem a le s ; 221 j . th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means I s 1 . 6 8 1 * s i g n i f i c a n t a t j i I ; th e .000001 l e v e l and i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e | i e f f e c t o f se x . For th e non-Negro c l a s s 2 m ales a s compared! I : to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fem a le s th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een ’ th e means i s 1 .3 4 3 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0001 l e v e l and i n i i : th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e e f f e c t o f se x . On th e ! ! o t h e r hand, when th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 fem ale i s compared ! to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 male and th e non-Negro c l a s s 2 : fem ale i s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 m ale, th e | fem ale a g g r e g a t e ’s mean p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d L to th e Over i s low er th an th e male a g g re g a te s mean p r e f e r - j e n c e . The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f .797 and .718 j ; a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .02 and .05 l e v e l s r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r ‘ th e two c o m p a riso n s. These o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t d i f - ; f e r e n c e s a re i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e e f f e c t o f j : c l a s s and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , however, th e y a r e c o u n te r to j ; th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e e f f e c t o f se x . ! i I T hat m ales d i s p l a y a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e j Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n do fem a le s i s i n d i c a t e d by th e a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d - ; i n g s . I n s p e c t i o n o f th e s i n g l e ite m p a t t e r n s and t o t a l j ; . i ^ o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s d a ta does d i s c l o s e t h a t f o r male a g - j ; g r e g a t e s a s compared to fem ale a g g r e g a te s t h e r e i s a j i ! g r e a t e r fre q u e n c y o f b o th o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t Over j I o v e r S u b je c t p r e f e r e n c e s and a l e s s e r fre q u e n c y o f b o th j i o b se rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t S u b je c t o v e r Over p r e f e r e n c e s . 222 j A ccep tin g th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t | d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e male and fem ale a g g r e g a te s fo r fo u r o f th e f i v e com parisons where e th n ic i d e n t i t y and s o c i o - ! econom ic s t a t u s are h e ld c o n s ta n t m ight le a d to, th e r e j e c - ! t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . However^ a n a ly s is o f th e j f in d in g s r e s u l t i n g from m easuring th e combined in f lu e n c e j o f sex and so cio eco n o m ic i d e n t i t y w h ile h o ld in g e th n ic iden-j t i t y c o n s ta n t d e la y s a too h a s ty r e j e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h ! h y p o t h e s is . I f th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y and s o c i o - I ;econom ic s t a t u s o p e r a te in th e same d i r e c t io n j i t can be j p r e d ic t e d th a t com bining th e v a r ia b le s would p rob ab ly r e s u l t in a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means. T his p r e d ic t io n ap p ears to be v e r i f i e d in f i v e o f s i x com pari son s where a h ig h e r ranked so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s male a g - ! g r e g a te i s compared to a low er ranked so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s j I fem ale a g g r e g a t e . These f in d in g s a lo n e do n o t p erm it an in fe r e n c e to 'be drawn about th e e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y s in c e i t I s p o s - j i s i b l e th a t th e combined in f lu e n c e may be a t t r i b u t a b l e p r i m a r ily to th e in f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s and n o t to :th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y . I t becomes n e c e s s a r y to e x - i famine th e in f lu e n c e o f so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s w ith sex id e n - i t i t y and e th n ic I d e n t i t y h e ld c o n sta n t b e fo r e th e in f e r e n c e |o f th e in f l u e n c e o f se x i d e n t i t y can be a c c e p te d . A n a ly s is j I o f t h e s e f in d in g s r e v e a ls th a t a lth o u g h a g g r e g a te s o f a ;h ig h e r rankin g so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s have a low er mean p r e f - ■ 2 2 3 j !e re n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s com- j i i i t p a re d to a g g r e g a te s o f low er ra n k in g socioeconom ic s t a t u s ! ! |t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e must be j a c c e p te d . Thus* w ith th e e x c e p t i o n 'o f th e non-Negro c l a s s I 1 male compared to th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 female., n e i t h e r | th e sex i d e n t i t y o r socioeconom ic s t a t u s v a r i a b l e o p e r a t in g j ! ' ! 5 a lo n e a p p e a rs to have a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e b u t when th e j two v a r i a b l e s a re combined and o p e r a t e i n th e same p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n ^ a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e i s d i s c l o s e d . ‘ , The b e s t e x p la n a t i o n o f t h i s would seem to be t h a t b o th sex i d e n t i t y and socio econ om ic s t a t u s i n f l u e n c e th e v a l u e - ; o r i e n t a t i o n c h o ic e . F u r t h e r i n d i r e c t s u p p o rt f o r some i n f l u e n c e o f sex ! : i d e n t i t y comes from th e e x a m in a tio n o f th e combined e f f e c t i ; o f sex and socioeconom ic s t a t u s where a low er ra n k e d male j i i ; a g g re g a te i s compared to a h i g h e r ra n k e d fem ale a g g r e g a te , j j I f th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e combined e f f e c t c o u ld be a t t r i b u t e d p r i m a r i l y to th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s | v a r i a b l e i t would be a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e a g g re g a te w ith : th e low er socioeconom ic s t a t u s ra n k in g would m a n if e s t a ! h i g h e r mean S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over sc o re th an a g g re g a te s i w i th a h i g h e r r a n k in g . However, t h e r e i s an o b se rv e d b u t I n o t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w ith a low er r a t h e r th a n h i g h e r ! ; mean S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over sc o re b e in g found f o r th e | I low er ra n k in g m ale a g g r e g a te when compared to th e h i g h e r j ! ' ! j r a n k i n g fem ale a g g r e g a t e . j : 224 j I When non-Negro m ales a r e compared to Negro fem aleSj j :i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e e th n i c i d e n t i t y I 'an d sex v a r i a b l e s would he o p e r a t in g i n th e same d i r e c t i o n * ! 1 j ; and co n v erse ly * when non-Negro fe m a le s a r e compared to j I Negro m ales i t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t th e i n f lu e n c e o f e th n ic ; | :i d e n t i t y and sex i d e n t i t y would te n d to c a n c e l o u t each 1 i ■ i ■ other. These p r e d i c t i o n s a p p e a r to he s u p p o rte d by th e ■ f i n d i n g s t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means f o r th e non- | !Negro m ale— Negro fem ale com parison a re l a r g e and q u i t e | i ; s i g n i f i c a n t and th e Negro fem ale e x h i b i t s a g r e a t e r p r e f e r - ' ence f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over th a n does th e non-Negro m ale. At f i r s t g la n c e i t would seem t h a t th e s e p r e d i c t i o n s a re n o t s u p p o rte d by th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e - j : tween means f o r th e non-Negro fe m a le — Negro male c o m p a ris o n ; ; s in c e th e non-Negro fem ales m a n if e s t a h i g h e r mean p r e f e r - . Ience f o r th e Over a s compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e . I C lo s e r e x a m in a tio n o f th e s e f i n d i n g s a p p e a r to a l t e r t h i s i n i t i a l i n f e r e n c e . When t h e . s i z e and l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i - : cance o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e non-N e- | i g r o — fem ale N egro—male com parison a r e c o n t r a s t e d to th e ; s i z e and l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e non-N egro—male Ne g r o — fem ale comparison* i t must be n o te d t h a t th e s i z e o f : d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means f o r th e non-Negro fe m a le — |Negro male com parison a re c o n s i d e r a b ly s m a lle r th a n f o r th e ' non-Negro m ale--N egro fem ale com parison and t h a t f o r th e ;non-Negro c l a s s 4 fem ale a s compared to th e Negro c l a s s 3 225 ! iand 4 male th e d if f e r e n c e I s n ot s i g n i f i c a n t . I t would j I : appear th a t th e b e s t e x p la n a tio n fo r th e s e red uced d i f f e r - | i |e n c e s and l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t h a t the in f lu e n c e o f j j i I th e sex i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le h as o p e r a te d to a t l e a s t p a r - j j t i a l l y c o u n te r the in f lu e n c e o f th e e th n ic i d e n t i t y v a r i - I ■ i i a b le . ■ ! | Where th e combined e f f e c t s o f s e x , e th n ic i d e n t i t y | ;.and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s are m easured i t would appear t h a t j th e e f f e c t o f th e sex v a r ia b le can be i n d i r e c t l y o b serv ed ! in somewhat th e same way i t was i n d i r e c t l y o b serv ed where so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s was h e ld c o n s ta n t and combined e f f e c t s o f th e sex and e th n ic i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le s were m easured. I t i s a g a in found t h a t th e non-Negro fem ale m a n ife s ts a g r e a t-! t er p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over o v er th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e I i I than th e Negro m ale; a l s o I t must be n o ted th a t th e s i z e | o f th e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e means f o r th e non-Negro f e male Negro male com parison are sm a lle r than th e s i z e o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means f o r th e non-Negro male Negro fem ale com parison and t h a t th e l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e are red u ced . The p r e ce d in g d is c u s s io n o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f se x i d e n t i t y upon th e Man-Nature v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n has in d ic a t e d su p p ort fo r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s i s . The s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is which s t a t e s th a t v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n w i l l vary w ith sex i d e n t i t y and th a t m ales w i l l have a p a tte r n o f s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e [Man-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e as compared to the M an-S ubject- jto -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l fem ales i s a c c e p te d , j [Socioeconom ic S t a t u s I A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s where sex i d e n t i t y and [e th n ic i d e n t i t y have been h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e d i f f e r e n c e [between th e means f o r th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to Over a l t e r n a t i v e have been m easured f o r h i g h e r ra n k in g socioeconom ic j [a g g re g a te s a s compared to low er ra n k in g socioeconom ic a g g r e g a t e s r e v e a l s t h a t t h e r e a re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s 'betw een th e means. - Nor th e non-N egro-m ale a g g r e g a te s th e lo w e st mean sc o re i s o b se rv e d f o r c l a s s 1 w ith s u c c e s s i v e l y h i g h e r mean :sc o re d b e in g o b s e rv e d f o r c l a s s 2 , c l a s s 3 ) and c l a s s 4 . j The l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b se rv e d betw een c l a s s 1 and [the o t h e r t h r e e c l a s s e s w ith th e s i n g l e l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e I b e in g betw een c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 4 . None o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s j [between th e means a r e s i g n i f i c a n t . For th e non-Negro f e male a g g r e g a t e s , th e lo w e st mean s c o r e s a re o b se rv e d f o r c l a s s 1* and c l a s s 3 w ith s u c c e s s i v e l y h i g h e r s c o r e s f o r i c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 4. The l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b se rv e d |betw een c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 4, and c l a s s 3 and c l a s s 4 . Ex- Ic e p t f o r th e com parison betw een c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 3 j and I betw een c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 3 th e h i g h e r r a n k in g a g g re g a te [ e x h i b i t s an o b s e rv e d s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e . However, none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e j [means a r e s i g n i f i c a n t . 227 : I n s p e c t io n o f th e T o ta l O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n in g and S in g le Ite m P a t t e r n s d i s c l o s e s some sm a ll d i f f e r e n c e s b e tween socioeconom ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a te s . F or th e non-Negro m a l e s th e T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n o f Over o v e r S u b je c t ! : c h o ic e b e in g o b s e rv e d and s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e c l a s s 1 a g - j : | g r e g a t e can be c o n t r a s t e d to th e Over o v e r S u b je c t c h o ic e i o f th e o t h e r t h r e e a g g r e g a te s b e in g o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g - j n i f i c a n t . Only m inor v a r i a t i o n s i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n f o r th e i n f l u e n c e o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s can be found I : among th e i n d i v i d u a l ite m s . | ' j For th e non-Negro females, th e T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n ! j I P a t t e r n o f e q u a l p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over and S u b je c t a l t e r - 1 n a t i v e s o f c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 3 i s c o n t r a s t e d to th e ob s e rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t a l - ; t e r n a t i v e o f c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 4. The i n f l u e n c e o f s o c i o economic s t a t u s i s n o t c l e a r l y m a n if e s te d In th e s i n g l e ite m p a t t e r n s . W ith sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y h e ld c o n s t a n t th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e must be a c c e p te d f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e Sub j e c t p r e f e r r e d to Over p r e f e r e n c e where h i g h e r ra n k in g socioeconom ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a te s a r e compared to low er r a n k in g socioeconom ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a t e s . I n s p e c t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l Ite m s and T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n s does n o t r e v e a l more th a n ambiguous and t e n t a t i v e s u p p o r t f o r th e r e s e a rc h h y p o t h e s is . Only where th e combined i n f l u e n c e o f s e x I d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s , and th e combined i n - 1flu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y , so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s and e th n ic , , ! i d e n t i t y are m easured are th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means i : , i o f h ig h e r ran k in g and low er ran k in g so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a te s s i g n i f i c a n t in th e p r e d ic te d d i r e c t io n fo r th e i n f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s . As in d ic a t e d In th e . d is c u s s io n o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f sex ! i d e n t i t y , th e b e s t e x p la n a tio n fo r th e in f lu e n c e o f th e j ; combined v a r ia b le s i s t h a t each o f th e v a r ia b le s does e x e r t I an In d ep en d en t in f lu e n c e upon v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . W hile th e ; r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is c o u ld be r e j e c t e d on th e b a s i s o f th e j 1 i f i n d i n g s where th e I n f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s i s i | m easured w ith se x i d e n t i t y and e th n ic I d e n t i t y h e ld con - ! s t a n t , and where h ig h e r rankin g so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s f e m ales are compared to low er rankin g so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s I m a le s, such a r e j e c t i o n would be i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith th e findr in g s where th e combined v a r ia b le s are o p e r a tin g In th e same p r e d ic t e d d i r e c t i o n . C o n seq u en tly , th e e x p la n a tio n th a t so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s d oes e x e r t some I n f lu e n c e upon v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n ap p ears to be th e m ost s a t i s f a c t o r y one when a l l o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f s o c i o econom ic s t a t u s are c o n s id e r e d . The p r e ce d in g d is c u s s io n o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s upon v a lu e o r ie n - ; t a t i o n has in d ic a t e d t h a t some su p p ort f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y - i p o t h e s is can be d i s c l o s e d . The s e c t i o n o f th e r e se a r c h h y p o t h e s is which s t a t e s t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l v a ry | .with socioeconom ic l e v e l and t h a t h i g h e r so c io e c o n o m ic ’ l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Man-Over- i N atu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re i a l t e r n a t i v e i s a c c e p te d , ; V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n P a t t e r n s ; S e c tio n d o f r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is 1 s t a t e s t h a t | th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e h i g h e s t socioeconom ic j l e v e l , male* non-Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be M an-Over-Nature : I :over M an-W ith-N ature o v e r M a n - S u b je c t-to -N a tu r e j th e v a lu e - j :o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e lo w e st socioeconom ic s t a t u s j l e v e l j fem ale Negro a g g r e g a te w i l l be M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re j o v e r M an-W ith-N ature o v e r M an-O ver-N ature; and th e i n t e r v e n in g p a t t e r n s w i l l be M an-O ver-N ature o v e r M a n -S u b je c t-to - N atu re o v e r M an-W ith-N ature and M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re o v e r j i M an-Over-Nature o v e r M an-W ith-N ature. j A n a ly s is o f th e T o t a l - O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n s r e v e a l s j i o n ly p a r t i a l . s u p p o rt f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The i n - j i i f e r r e d p a t t e r n f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 male a g g re g a te i s Over> S u b j e c t » W ith and f o r th e N egro, c l a s s 3 and 4 f e - imale a g g re g a te i s S u b j e c t > O v e r» W ith. For a l l th e i n t e r v en in g p a t t e r n s th e S u b je c t and Over a l t e r n a t i v e s a re in e i t h e r th e f i r s t o r second p o s i t i o n , and th e W ith a l t e r n a - j t i v e i s alw ays i n th e t h i r d p o s i t i o n . However, c l o s e r e x - j i a m in a tio n o f th e f i n d in g s r e v e a ls what a p p e a rs to be a t e n d - | 230 ;ency tow ard th e m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f th e p r e d i c t e d p a t t e r n s f o r ; :the h i g h e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l , m ale, non-Negro a g g re g a te and th e lo w e st socioeconom ic le v e l* fem a le , Negro a g g re g ate .! A lthough th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e i s o b se rv e d to be p r e f e r r e d to th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e f o r a l l a g g r e g a t e s , t h i s p r e f e r e n c e i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t fo r. th e non-Negro c l a s s 1, j male a g g re g a te o r f o r th e non-N egro, c l a s s 4, male a g g r e g a t e . The n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t p r e f e r e n c e can j !be q u i t e u n e q u iv o c a b ly a c c e p te d f o r th e non-N egro, c l a s s 1, ! male a g g re g a te w h ile i s o n ly n a rro w ly a c c e p te d f o r th e non- j ! - j Negro, c l a s s 4, male a g g r e g a t e . j When the o b s e rv e d mean fre q u e n c y o f th e S u b je c t 'p r e f e r r e d to W ith p r e f e r e n c e o f th e non-N egro, c l a s s 1, male a g g re g a te i s compared to th e mean f r e q u e n c i e s f o r o t h e r a g g r e g a te s f u r t h e r s u p p o rt f o r th e te n d e n c y tow ard ;the m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f th e p r e d i c t e d p a t t e r n b e g in s to emerge.: The p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e S u b je c t o v e r th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e non-Negro,- c l a s s 1, m ale a g g re g a te i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s when compared to b o th Negro a g g r e g a t e s , a l l o f th e fo u r non-! Negro fem ale a g g r e g a te s and to th e non-N egro, c l a s s 3 j male a g g re g a te , and i s o b se rv e d to be l e s s b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y when compared to th e non-N egro, c l a s s 2, m ale and non-Ne g r o , c l a s s 4, male a g g r e g a t e . ! | A s i m i l a r a lth o u g h n o t a s s tr o n g a p a t t e r n emerges ; when th e o b se rv e d mean fre q u e n c y o f th e S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d ; to W ith p r e f e r e n c e o f th e non-N egro, c l a s s 2 male a g g re g a te ; 231 ! IIs compared to o th e r a g g r e g a te s . The p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e ‘S u b je ct over With a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s when j I i compared to b o th Negro a g g r e g a t e s * non -N egro, c l a s s 2 f e - ; male and non-N egro, c l a s s fem ale a g g r e g a te s . There i s ino s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e in p r e fe r e n c e when th e non-Negro * I c l a s s 2 male a g g r eg a te i s compared to th e o th e r non-Negro \ ; j male a g g r e g a te s or to th e non-Negro., c l a s s 1, fem ale and j non-Negro c l a s s 4, fem ale a g g r e g a te . I I t can a ls o be seen t h a t the p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e ! S u b je ct over th e With i s s tr o n g e r fo r th e Negro a g g r e g a te s j i p a r t i c u l a r l y th e fem ale c l a s s 3 and 4 a g g r e g a te than i t i s j f o r t h e ■non-Negro a g g r e g a t e s . The p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Sub j e c t o v er th e With a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 ! fem ale a g g r e g a te i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y str o n g e r than fo r a l l o f ' th e m ale, non-Negro a g g r e g a te s and th e c l a s s 1 and th e j i c l a s s 3, fe m a le , non-N egro a g g r e g a te s . However, th e p r e f eren ce fo r th e S u b je ct o v e r th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4, male a g g r e g a te i s o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t l y j s tr o n g e r than th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 and c l a s s 2 male a g g r e -j g a t e s . t There are no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e S u b je c t p r e fe r r e d to With p r e fe r e n c e fo r a l l th e p o s s i b l e com parisons betw een th e non-N egro, c l a s s 1, fe m a le s , non-N egro, c l a s s 2 fe m a le s , non-Negro c l a s s 3 f e m a les, non-Negro c l a s s 4 fe m a le s , non-Negro c l a s s 3 m a les, and non-Negro c l a s s 4 m a les. 2 3 2 C o n tra ry to th e p r e d i c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s i s , th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e i s o b se rv e d to be p r e f e r r e d to th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e f o r a l l o f th e a g g r e g a t e s . However, e x a m in a tio n o f th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r each o f th e a g g r e g a te s a p p e a rs to i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e may be a te n d e n c y tow ard th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e W ith o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e r e l a t e d to socioeconom ic s t a t u s , sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y . T h is o b se rv e d p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e W ith i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 fem a le , th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 m ale, and th e Negro c l a s s 3 land 4 fem ale a g g r e g a t e s . : When th e means o f th e Over p r e f e r r e d to W ith p r e f e re n c e a r e compared i t i s found t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i g n f i c a n t l y l e s s f o r th e non-N egro, c l a s s 4 fem ale a g g re g a te th a n f o r a l l o f th e o t h e r non-Negro a g g r e g a te s e x c e p t th e c l a s s 4 male and th e :c l a s s 2 fe m a le . The same p a t t e r n o f s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over o v e r th e W ith i s found when th e Ne g ro , c l a s s 3 and 4 male a g g re g a te i s compared to th e s e same seven non-Negro a g g r e g a t e s . There i s an o b se rv e d p a t t e r n o f l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e when th e Ne- g ro , c l a s s 3 and 4 fem ale a g g re g a te i s compared to th e s e same non-N egro a g g r e g a t e s . However, th e p r e f e r e n c e i s s i g - :n i f i c a n t l y l e s s o n ly when compared to th e c l a s s 1 and th e : c l a s s 2 non-Negro male a g g r e g a t e s . When t h e means f o r a l l ^ fo u r m ale, non-Negro and c l a s s 1, c l a s s 2 and c l a s s 3 non- 233 | ■ Negro fe m a le s a r e compared to each o t h e r , t h e r e a r e no B ig- ! n i f l e a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . ; I n s p e c t i o n o f th e p a t t e r n s o f i n d i v i d u a l Item s a ls o | I n d i c a t e th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a te n d e n c y i n th e p r e d i c t e d d i - ' r e c t i o n . None o f th e p a t t e r n s f o r th e i n d i v i d u a l ite m s f o r i any o f th e a g g re g a te s c o rre s p o n d s b o th i n sequence and i n j ! s i g n i f i c a n c e to th e p r e d i c t e d p a t t e r n o f O v e r> W ith > S u b je c t f o r th e h i g h e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l , m ale, non-Negro a g g r e - | g a t e o r th e p r e d i c t e d p a t t e r n o f S u b j e c t > W it h > Over f o r j : | th e lo w e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l , fem a le , Negro a g g r e g a te . However, some o f th e p a t t e r n s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l ite m s do c o rre s p o n d to th e sequence o f th e p r e d i c t e d p a t t e r n s . The O v e r > W ith » . S u b je c t p a t t e r n i s o b se rv e d f o r th e ite m s t h r e e and f i v e f o r th e c l a s s 1, non-Negro m ale, j j : and f o r th e c l a s s 2, non-Negro m ale. I t i s a ls o o b se rv e d j ! ; f o r ite m f i v e f o r th e c l a s s 1, non-Negro fem a le . The p a t - j i t e r n Over >W ith » S u b je c t i s o b se rv e d f o r ite m f o u r f o r th e j I c l a s s 1, non-Negro m ale. T his sequence i s n o t f o u n d 'f o r | any o t h e r ite m s o f any o f th e o t h e r a g g r e g a t e s . The S u b j e c t > W ith » O v e r p a t t e r n i s o b se rv e d f o r ite m two f o r th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4, male and th e Negro : c l a s s 3 and 4, fe m a le . I t I s a l s o o b s e rv e d f o r ite m f o u r f o r th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4, m ale. The S u b j e c t » W ith » I i : Over p a t t e r n i s o b se rv e d f o r ite m s one and f i v e f o r th e j c l a s s 3 and 4, Negro, fe m a le . The S u b j e c t » W ith » Over ; ] ; p a t t e r n i s o b se rv e d f o r Ite m f o u r f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 4, | 234 s ! i : I m a le , and th e Sub j e c t » W i t h » Over i s o b s e r v e d f o r ite m s ! one and f o u r f o r th e c l a s s 4 , n o n -N e g ro , f e m a le . | i The s e c t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g and e x p l i c a t i n g t h e i n f l u - V I e n c e o f so c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s , sex i d e n t i t y , and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y upon t h e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over p r e f e r e n c e h ave d e - j s c r i b e d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een th e S u b je c t and Over a l - j t e r n a t i v e s f o r th e a g g r e g a t e s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s I s e c t i o n . The a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s r e v e a l s t h a t th e j i O ver a l t e r n a t i v e i s th e f i r s t r a n k e d c h o ic e o f th e n o n - j ; ' | N eg ro, c l a s s 1, m ale a g g r e g a te and th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e th e f i r s t ra n k e d c h o ic e o f th e N eg ro, c l a s s 3 and 4 , f e - imale a g g r e g a t e s . ■ The p r e d i c t i o n t h a t th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e w ould be t h e se c o n d ra n k e d c h o ic e and t h a t th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e ; 1 ’ I t h e t h i r d r a n k e d c h o ic e f o r th e n o n -N e g ro , c l a s s 1, m a le , | land th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e th e t h i r d ra n k e d c h o ic e f o r th e iN egro, c l a s s 3 and 4 , fem a le i s n o t s u p p o r te d . How ever, j ; i !th e f i n d i n g s d id i n d i c a t e ■ t h a t t h e t h i r d r a n k in g p o s i t i o n I ! o f th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e Negro j j c l a s s 3 and 4 m a le , th e N egro , c l a s s 3 and 4 fe m a le an d th e n o n-N eg ro c l a s s 1 m ale a g g r e g a t e s . A n a ly s is o f r e l a t i o n s h ip o f th e S u b je c t to th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h i n t h e n o n - N eg ro , c l a s s 1, m ale a g g r e g a te and th e c o m p a riso n o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h a t o f o t h e r a g g r e g a t e s i n d i c a t e d a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e S u b je c t o v e r t h e W ith f o r th e n o n -N eg ro , I c la s s 1, m a le . A n a ly s is o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e O ver to 235 t h e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e w i t h i n th e n o n -N e g ro , c l a s s 4 , fe m a le ; th e N egro, c l a s s 3 and 4 m ale; and th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fe m a le a g g r e g a te s p l u s th e c o m p a riso n o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h a t o f o t h e r a g g r e g a t e s i n d i c a t e d a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e O ver o v e r th e W ith o f th e s e t h r e e a g g r e g a t e s . A n a ly s is o f f i n d i n g s s u p p o r t s - t h e p r e d i c t i o n f o r th e v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f th e i n t e r v e n i n g a g g r e g a t e s . R e s e a rc h h y p o t h e s is l ( d ) i s a c c e p te d w ith th e e x c e p t i o n o f th e p r e d i c t i o n f o r th e se c o n d and t h i r d ra n k e d a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e h i g h e s t so c io e c o n o m ic l e v e l , male., n o n - Negro j and lo w e s t so c io e c o n o m ic le v e l., fem a le Negro a g g r e g a t e . The r e j e c t i o n o f t h i s p a r t o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is i s a q u a l i f i e d r e j e c t i o n . (See T a b le s 1 2 , 1 3 , 14, 15 j 1 6 , 1 7 .) 236 I i j j TABLE 12 | SINGLE ITEM CONSENSUS: TIME I te m . n Sum o f S q u a re s s/m P 1 204 A l l M ales 4 8 ,5 5 2 .0 0 2 3 8 .OO § .0 1 2 205 9 , 9 2 6 .0 4 8 .4 2 § .0 1 3 202 3 5 , 1 6 8 ,0 174.10 H O » V II 4 203 2 8 , 2 5 6 .0 1 3 9 .1 9 § .0 1 5 204 2 3 , 9 8 2 .0 1 1 7 .5 6 § .0 1 1 192 A l l E em ales 4 6 ,5 6 3 .0 2 4 2 .5 2 § .01 2 193 1 5 , 2 8 2 .0 7 9 .1 8 S . 01 3 194 4 0 ,1 8 2 .0 2 0 7 .1 2 S . 01 4 193 4 0 ,3 0 2 .0 2 0 8 .8 1 ■ S . 01 5 192 2 3 ,9 8 2 .0 1 2 4 .90 s . 01 ; 237 ! j i I j TABLE 12— C o n tin u e d j Ite m n Sum o f S q u a re s s/m P A l l Non-Negro 1 344 ' 1 4 7 ,9 9 8 ,0 4 3 0 .2 3 r~i O « V II 2 346 3 3 ,1 4 6 ,0 9 5 .8 0 g .01 3 344 1 1 9 , 2 5 8 .0 3 4 6 ,6 8 IIA • O I - 1 ■ 4 345 1 0 8 ,3 7 4 .0 3 1 4 .1 3 ^ ,0 1 5 34 5 7 4 ,6 4 8 ,0 2 1 6 .3 7 £ .01 A l l Negro 1 52 2 , 8.2 6 .0 .5 4 .3 5 g .01 2 52 1 , 3 0 2 .0 2 5 .0 4 g .01 3 52 1 ,9 5 2 .0 3 7 .5 4 g .0 1 4 51 1 ,6 4 6 ,0 3 2 .2 7 g ,0 1 5 51 1 , 3 3 8 .0 2 6 .2 4 g .01 238 | i i TABLE 12— C o n tin u e d Ite m n Sum o f S q u a re s s/m P 1 69 A l l C la s s 1 6 , 1 5 8 .0 8 9 .2 4 ^ .0 1 2 69 6 0 8 .O 8 .8 1 in 0 • V II 3 67 4 ,4 4 6 .0 6 6 .3 5 * .01 4 68 4 ,3 7 6 .0 6 4 .3 5 £ .01 5 69 2 , 5 2 2 .0 .36.55 ^ .01 1 91 A l l C la s s 2 1 1 ,3 5 4 .0 1 2 4.76 .01 2 92 2 ,5 3 4 .0 2 7 .5 4 . = 5 .01 3 91 8 ,4 2 4 .0 9 2 .5 7 S .0 1 4 91 8 , 7 0 2 .0 9 5 .6 2 £ .0 1 5 91 5 ,6 2 4 .0 6 1 .8 0 £ .01 i i I I 239 i i [ i i j i TABLE 12— C o n tin u e d Sum o f I te m n S q u a re s s/m P A l l C la s s 3 1 125 1 9 , 0 3 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 5 s .01 2 1 2 6 ' 5 ,8 5 6 .0 4 6 .4 7 £ . 0 1 3 126 1 6 , 6 8 2 .0 1 3 2 .3 9 s .01 4 , 126 1 3 , 9 5 8 ,0 1 1 0 .7 7 £ . 0 1 5 126 9 , 7 8 2 .0 7 7 .6 3 s .01 A l l C la s s 4 1 99 10 , 1 9 4 .0 1 0 2 .9 6 s . 01 2 99 3 , 6 2 6 .0 3 6 .6 2 s ' . 01 3 100 7 , 6 2 2 ,0 7 6 .2 2 s .01 4 100 7 , 1 7 8 .0 7 1 .7 8 £ . 0 1 5 99 6 ,1 0 4 .0 6 1 .6 5 £ . 0 1 ! j i TABIiE 1 2 --C o n tin u e d Sum o f Ite m n S q u a re s s/m P M ale, N on-N egroj C la s s 1 1 4 l 1 , 9 8 2 .0 4 8 .3 4 £ .0 1 2 4 l 2 2 4 .0 ' 5 .4 6 - - 3 39 1 ,3 7 4 .0 3 5 .2 3 £ .0 1 4 40 1, 2 8 6 .0 3 2 .1 5 ■ 1 — t 0 V II 5 4 o 9 0 6 .0 2 2 .6 5 S . 01 M ale, N on-N egro, C la s s 2 1 51 3 ,4 0 2 .0 6 6 .7 1 a . 01 2 51- 4 3 2 .0 8 .4 7 g .05 3 50 2 , 6 8 8 ,0 5 2 .7 1 a . 01 4 51 2 , 3 6 6 .0 4 6 .3 9 . a . 01 5 51 1 ,7 5 4 .0 3 4 .3 9 a . 01 j i i I TABLE 12— C o n tin u e d I Sum o f Ite m n S q u a re s s/m P M ale, N on-N egro, C la s s 3 1 50 2 ,9 9 4 .0 5 9 ,8 8 £ .01 2 51 7 2 2 .0 1 4 .16 s . 01 3 51 2 ,5 0 4 .0 4 9 ,1 0 ■s.01 4 51 1 , 5 8 6 ,0 3 1 .1 0 ^ .01 5 51 1 ,4 1 8 .0 2 7 .8 0 s . 01 ' M ale, N on-N egro, C la s s 4 1 ' 26 7 7 6 .0 2 9 .8 5 § *01 2 26 2 4 5 .0 9 .4 2 j 3 26 ■ 5 0 4 ,0 1 9 .3 8 ! s . 01 4 26 4 5 8 .0 .1 7 .6 2 s . 01 5 26 5 1 2 .0 1 9 .6 9 S . 01 TABLE 1 2 — C on tin u ed Sum o f I te m n S q u a re s s/m P F em alej N on-N egroj C la s s 1 1 28 1,1 5 4 * 0 4 1 .2 1 ^ .01 2 28 9 6 .0 3 .4 2 1 — 2 0 V I I 3 28 8 8 8 .0 3 1 .7 1 ' £ .01 4 28 5 6 6 .O 2 0 .2 1 1 — 1 0 * V I I 5 28 4 5 8 .0 1 6 .3 5 g .0 1 Fem alej N on-N egro, C la s s 2 1 38 2 , 0 7 2 .0 5 4 .5 3 I — I 0 • V I I 2 39 6 6 6 .0 1 7 .0 8 ■ ^ .01 3 39 1 ,4 2 2 .0 3 6 .4 6 1 — 2 O * V I I 4 39 1 ,8 7 4 .0 4 8 .0 5 ^ .01 5 39 1 , 0 5 0 .0 2 6 .9 2 I 1 A • O 243; j 1 i | TABLE 1 2 — C o n tin u e d | ;em n Sum 0 f S q u a re s s/m ■ ■ ■ 1 ■ — — ■ • i P F em alej N on-N egro, C la s s 3 1 6 3 4 ,9 7 4 .0 7 8 .9 5 g .01 2 63 1 ,8 5 4 .0 2 9 .4 3 S .0 1 3 63 4 ,6 3 4 .0 7 3 .5 6 .0 1 4 63 5 ,0 9 4 .0 8 0 .8 6 g .0 1 5 6 3 3 ,0 3 8 .0 4 8 .2 2 I -1 0 , • V I I F em ale, N on-N egro, C la s s 4 1 35 1 ,3 0 4 .0 3 7 .2 6 si ,01 2 35 6 5 4 .0 1 8 .6 9 I I A • O I-1 3 36 1 ,4 8 2 .0 4 1 .1 7 S . 01 4 36 ■ 9 7 8 .0 2 7 .1 7 .01 5 35 7 2 8 .0 2 0 .8 0 ^ .0 1 i i IABIH 12 — C o n tin u e d Ite m n Sum o f S q u a re s s/m P Male j Negro,, C la s s e s 3 & 4 1 29 8 0 6 .0 2 7 .7 9 * .0 1 2 29 • 2 6 6 .0 9 .1 7 - - 3 29 5 4 6 .0 1 8 .8 3 ^ .01 4 29 3 8 4 .0 1 3 .2 4 £ .01 5 29 3 7 8 .0 1 3 .0 3 £ .0 1 F e m a le , Negro* C la s s e s 3 & 4 1 21 5 1 8 .0 2 4 .6 7 I I A « O I — 1 2 21 3 4 2 .0 1 6 .2 9 £ .0 1 3 ' 21 3 6 2 .0 1 7 .2 4 £ .0 1 4 21 2 9 6 .0 1 4 .1 0 g .01 5 21 2 4 8 .0 1 1 .8 1 £ .01 T A B L E 13 c o i ITEM PATTERNING TIM E Pre sen t Future over over Future P resent Item n n z p Present oyer P ast n P a st over P resen t n Z P Future over Pa,st n P ast over Future n z P P attern 0 1 14-5 59 6 .oo4 0 0 0 0 v ii 196 8 13.124 £.000001 179 25 10.648 £.000001 Pr> Fut> P st 3 2 116 89 1-815 — 148 57 6.425 £.000001 136 69 4.609 £.00001 P r » F u t> P st I S 3 132 70 4.304 r— i O O O V I I 177 25 10.606 £.000001 173 29 10.025 £.000001 Pr> Fut> P st H 4 112 91 1.403 — 176 27 IO.387 £.000001 163 4o 8^562 £.000001 P r » F u t> P st 5! 5 139 65 5.056 H O O O O V I I 175 29 10.205 £.000001 68 136 4.746 £.00001 Pr> Fut> P st G O 0 ) 1 143 49 6.736 £.000001 185 7 12.901 £.000001 174 18 H 2 132 61 5.077 £.000001 157 36 8.702 £.000001 111 82 ( U 3 139 55 5.901 £.000001 179 15 11.738 £.000001 168 26 4 127 66 4.359 £.0001 180 13 11.949 £.000001 172 21 l — 1 r — 1 5 131 61 .4.962 £.00001 170 22 10.682 £.000001 132 60 11.051 ?s. 000001 Pr> Fut> P st 1 .9 6 4 £ .0 5 P:r> Fut> Pstj 10.185 £.000001 Pr> Fut> P st I 10.811 s . 000001 Pr> Fut> Pstj 5.115 g.000001 Pr> Fut> Pstj r o 4 ^ - T A B L E 13—Continued P resent Future P resen t Past Future P ast over over over over over over Future P resent P a st P resent P ast Future litem n n Z ■ P n n Z P n n Z P P attern | ! « > i ^ ! o ! fH j b O < U * ? fl !§ m < 0 o f H b O a ) rH H c 1 247 97 '8.033 g .000001 332 12 17.199 £.000001 310 34 14.826 £.000001 2 209 137 3.817 £.0001 • 261 85 9.408 £.000001 218 128 4.784 £.00001 3 244 100 7.710 £.000001 312 32 15.042 £.000001 299 45 13.640 £.000001 4 212 133 4.199 =*.00001 316 29 15.398 £.000001 291 54 12.706 £.000001 5 239 106 7.107 £.000001 304 4l 14.106 £.000001 229 116 6.023 £.000001 1 4o 12 3.744 £.0001 48 4 5.963 £.000001 43 9 4.576 £.00001 2 38 l 4 3.189 £.001 43 9 4.516 £.00001 28 24 .416 3 27 25 .138 45 7 5.130 £.000001 43 9 4.516 £.00001 4 29 22 ■ .840 4l 10 2.411 £.02 43 8 2.689 s . 01 5 33 18 1.854 4i 10 2.411 £.02 38 13 3.127 £.001 Pr> Fut> Pst| Pr> P u t» P sti P r» F u t> Pst! P r» F u t> Pst! P r » F u t> Pstj i T A B L E 15—Continued Present Future over over Future Pr e sent Item n n z p Present over Past n Past over Present n Z P Future over Past - n Past over Future n z P Pattern H rn 1 47 22 2.889 s . 01 67 2 7.704 g . 000001 64 5 6.982 H O O O O O v i i Pr> Fut> Pst' C Q n i 2 36 33 .240 - ^5 . 24 2.407 ^.02 44 25 2.166 g.04 Pr»Fut> Pst! H n 3 47 20 2.978 H O w 62 5 6.726 g. 000001 56 11 5.470 g .000001 Pr> Fut> Pst! 4 34 34 .000 — 62 6 6.184 g . 000001 60 8 6.669 g .000001 Pr = Fut> Pst 3 5 ^5 24 2.407 S .02 59 10 5.778 g . 000001 46 23 2.648 g .01 Pn> Fut> Pst OJ r n 1 69 22 4.822 g .00001 90 1 9.224 g.000001. 82 9 7.5^7 g. 000001 Pr> Fut> Pst m 2 60 32 2.8l4 g .01 69 23 4.691 g .00001 57 35 2.189 g .03 Pr> Fut> Pst H rn 5 63 28 3.481 g .0001 ■ 81 10 7.346 g . 000001 81 10 7-3^6 g. 000001 Pr> Fut> Pst H 4 65 26 3.983 g .0001 87 4 8.595 g .000001 74 17 5.870 g .00001 Pr> Fut> Pst H <! 5 64 27 3.690 g .0001 80 11 7.i4o g .000001 61 30 3.212 g .001 Pr> Fut> Pst T A B L E 13—Continued _ P resen t Future P resen t P ast Future P ast I over over over over over over Future Pre sen t P ast P resen t ' P ast Future ] Item n n Z P n n z p n n Z P P a ttern i i m 1 90 35 4.896 g. 00001 121 4 10.396 g .000001 110 15 8.325 H O O O O O V I I Pr> Fut> Pst! W 2 82 44 3.296 s . 001 100 26 6.503 g .000001 78 48 2.583 g.01 Pr> Fut> P st C Q c t f 89 37 4.543 g. 00001 116 10 9.354 g .000001 110 16 8.285 g .000001 Pr> Fut> P st n O 4 75 51 2.049 £.05 113 13 8.819 g . 000001 108 18 7.928 g. 000001 Pr> Fut> P st Pi 5 . 89 37 4.543 g .00001 111 15 8.463 g .000001 80 46 2.939 g .0 1 ' Pr> Fut> Pst; ■ = f 1 73 26 4.638 H 0 0 0 0 v ii 92 7 8.432 g .000001 85 14 6.855 I 1 A 0 0 0 0 0 H Pr> Fut> P st C Q to 2 64 35 2.647 g.01 80 19 6.053 g .000001 60 39 2.075 g.05 Pr> Fut> P st u j d 3 64 36 2.624 g.01 85 15 6.950 g .000001 82 18 6.371 g .000001 Pr> Fut> P st u § 4 61 39 2.100 g .o 4 84 • 16 6.700 g .000001 84 16 6.700 g .000001 Pr> Fut> P st r - 1 H 5 66 33 3.248 g.001 84 15 6.744 g .000001 73 26 4.638 g .00001 Pr> Fut> P st i j i i ro S T A B L E 13—Continued Present Future P resen t Past Future P ast over over over over over over Future P resen t P ast P resen t P ast Future Item n n Z P n n Z P n n Z P P attern 1 2 8 1 3 2 . 1 8 6 N O O • V I I 3 9 2 5 . 6 2 1 l l / V 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 4 4 . 9 9 7 H 2 2 3 1 8 . 6 2 5 — 2 6 1 5 1 . 5 6 2 — 2 7 1 4 1 . 8 7 4 < 1 > C Q * 5 t — l r n ^ 2 6 1 3 1 . 9 2 1 — 3 5 k 4 . 8 0 3 £ . 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 6 4 . 1 6 3 ■16 2k 1 . 1 0 7 — ■ 3 5 5 4 . 5 8 6 £ . 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 6 4 . 2 6 9 f 1 *1 0 2 8 1 2 2 . 3 7 2 £ . 0 2 3 5 5 4 . 5 8 6 £ . 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 5 4 . 5 8 6 f c O ( D X 1 3 7 Ik 3 . 0 8 0 £ . 0 1 5 0 1 6 . 7 2 1 £ . 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 5 5 . 6 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 8 2 3 . 3 6 0 — 3 7 1 4 3 . 0 8 0 £ . 0 1 3 4 1 7 2 . 2 4 0 ra 3 r n 3 7 1 3 3 . 2 5 2 £ . 0 0 1 k6 4 5 . 7 9 8 £ . 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 5 5 . 5 1 5 S i f 3 4 1 7 2 . 2 * 1 - 0 £ . 0 3 kQ 3 6 . 1 6 1 £ . 0 0 0 0 0 1 4o 1 1 3 . 9 2 0 0 5 3 5 1 6 2 . 5 2 0 £ . 0 2 3 7 l * + 3 . 0 8 0 £ . 0 1 2 6 2 5 . 0 0 0 £ .0 0 0 0 1 Pr> Fut> Pstj PiS>Fut>>Pstj P r» F u t> Pstj Fut>>Pr> Pst! Pr> Fut> Pstj P r » F u t> Pstj Pr> Fut> P st I Pr> Fut> Pst! Pr> F u t» P stj T A B L E 13—Cont inue d Present Future Present Past Future Past over over over over over over Future Present Past Present Past Future litem n n Z P n n Z P n n Z P Pattern * 0 t o o o f H t s O < D o C Q a j 33 17 2.121 g .04 49 1 6.646 g . 000001 44 6 H O O O O O VU H in • in Pr> Fut> Pst 29 22 .840 — 38 13 5.560 g.001 34 17 2.240 g.03 Pr5J>Fut> Pst 36 15 2.800 g.01 4 -5 6 5.521 g .000001 42 9 4.481 g .00001 Pr> Fut> Pst 29 22 .840 — 43 8 4.761 g .00001 4o 11 3.920 g .00001 Pr»Fut> Pst 35 16 2.520 g.02 4-4 7 5 .o 4i g .000001 32 19 1.680 Pr> Fut»Pst 17 9 1.373 — 25 1 4.510 g .00001 23 3 3.725 g .00001 Pr»Fut> Pst 12 13 .000 — 19 7 2.151 g .o 4 18 8 1.765 — ' Fut»Pr> Pst* 16 10 .980 — 22 4 5.555 g.0001 22 4 3.333 g.0001 Pr»Fut> Pst 16 10 .980 — 22 4 5.533 g.0001 21 5 2.941 g .01 Pr»Fut> Pst 18 8 1.765 — 24 2 4.118 g .00001 19 7 2.157 ^-o4 Pr»Fut> Pst ro vn o T A B L E 13—Continued Present Future Present Past Future Past ! over over over over over over Future Present Past Present Past Future Item n n. Z P n n Z P n n Z P Pattern i o U 6 0 a ) Sfcu o m H o 19 9 1.700 — 28 0 5.102 13 - 15 .132 — 19 9 1.700 21 7 2.457 g .02 27 1 4.724 18 10 1.323 — 27 1 4.724 IT 11 •9^5 — 23 5 3.212 30 8 3.407 g .0001 38 0 6.003 30 9 3.202 g .001 30 9 3.202 27 12 2.241 g .03 35 4 4.803 30 9 3.202 g .001 38 1 5-764 28 11 2.562 g .02 36 3 5.123 g .000001 g .00001 g .00001 g .001 g . 000001 S. 001 g. 00001 g. 000001 g. 000001 27 1 4.724 g .00001 Pr»Fut> Pst' 17 11 .945 Fut»Pr»P st 21 7 2.457 ^-02 Pr> Fut> Pst 26 2 4.346 g .0001 Fr»Fut> Pst 22 6 2.834 g .01 Pr»Fut> Pst 34 4 4.705 g . 00001 Pr> Fut> Pst 21 18 .320 Pr> Fut»Pst 36 3 5.123 g.000001 Pr> Fut> Pst 33 6 4.163 g .0001 Pr> Fut> Pst 23 16 .961 Pr> Fut^>Pst ro V J ) M T A B L E 13—Continued P resent Future P resent P ast Future P ast Item oyer Future n over P resent n Z P over P ast n over P resent n Z P over P ast n over Future n z P P attern K \ 1 u j 2 m a j - z H 0 3 2 I d i* - £ 5 * \ 48 44 47 4o 47 15 19 16 23 16 4.031 g.OOOOl 3.023 g.01 3.779 g.0001 2.016 g.05 3.779 S'.0001 61 52 59 62 58 2 11 4 1 5 7*307 5.039 6.803 7*559 6.551 g. 000001 g. 000001 g . 000001 g. 000001 g. 000001 55 38 56 58 4o 8 25 7 5 23 5.795 1.512 6.047 6.551 2.016 g . 000001 g . 000001 g . 000001 g.05 Pr> Fut> P st Pr> F u t» P s t Pr> Fut> P st Pr> Fut> P st Pr> Fut> P st u bO 0 1 A t n 2 0 tn z & o s J H k O ^ 5 26 24 28 23 24 9 11 8 13 11 2.750 g.01 2.028 g.05 3.167 g.001 1.833 — 2.028 g.05 , 31 30 33 30 29 4 5 3 6 6 4.395 4.057 4.833 if. 006 3.719 g . 00001 g .0001 g .00001. g .0001 g .0001 32 22 32 31 26 3 13 4 5 9 ^•733 1.352 4.500 4.301 2.705 g . 00001 g . 00001 g .0001 g . 0 1 Pr> Fut> P st Pr> F u t» P s t Pr> Fut> P st P r » F u t> P st Pr> Fut> P st Present F uture Present P ast Future 0) p Id P h Ph C s l P f H w < u $ P h < u ° & f H + 3 tt) m d S > c d H b Ph P h f H "S | s 5 g P h fn +3 0 ) c Q j h !> cd p O Ph P m f H " S g s & R P M a) s s & ■ § P m s s * ' P P P C O C O cc Ph frl P M Pm P M Ph Pm P P c q c a Ph Ph A £ ^ rj S i Ph Ph O vii H O o H to 1 o o o 1 vii vii vii O nP C M H CO o \ i H p t“ 04 i p c — I I P ON C M C M H KN C M C M i p v o o o a O O P- I P |H H C M C M C M H O o o o H o o o H o V II V II V II V II V II l t \ o n cm o n c t\ o o o n p o n a \ o i n i p i A i A p C M NA C M C M P t- — L r\ t— t~ — VO C M P C M C M C M C M C M C M C M H o O I I O I I v ii • I I t I C M I P H O UN -P0O t-O C O p p POP * » » • • IP rH rH ir\ o v o P o H H H ip p ON P L T N ON C M r | H H r | H C M P P I P •h = 8 £ sassuxo afBR '■ ojSsh: p p p C Q t Q t Q P M P M P 4 pf pl fd &h Pm R m I d Ph Ph Ph V II V II C M P O N C M VO ON t— rH O N P p c o v o p t - • « • • • P C M P H C M M A P C M VO rH On CO t-~ On ua i — I rl r| rl O H H o o o O O O P H O O O O O vii vii vii vii vii OO C M C M C M I P C M ON On 0 0 L C N O N P p H O KN I p NA C M I P r l C M C M 1A UN o o n ONvq c o C M H H H H H O V II On On p i p i p O P C t— ' t~ ” I P VO 0O 0 0 00 « I * • • H C M t - p o o o o c o p t— p I P I P rlrl rl rl rl H C M P P IP • b :$ £ sa ssu JT Q axmna^ ^oacSajj ; • TA BLE l4 j ! TO TA L ORIENTATION PATTERNING I TIM E P reference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n • S td . Error o f th e Mean t P In ferred Preference A l l M ales* ■ Present p referred to Future 3.159 2.5 199 .087 7-541 S .01 Pr > .Fut P ast p referred to P resent • 731 2.5 199 .066 26.778 g .01 Pr > P st P a st p referred to Future 1.134 2.5 199 .072. 18.808 g .01 Fut > P st A ll Females* P resen t p referred to Future 3.502 2.5 190 .082 12.172 g .01 Pr > Fut Past p referred to P resent .481 2-5 190 • 053 37.693 g .01 Pr > P st P ast p referred to Future 1.086 2.5 190 .062 . 22.538 g .01 Fut > P st *Pr > Fut > Pst. ro ui -P r T A B L E l4 —Continued P reference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n S td . Error o f th e Mean t P In ferred P referen ce A ll Non-Negroes* P resen t p referred to Puture 3*289 2 .5 338 .069 11.368 £.01 Pr > Fut P ast p referred to P resen t .561 2 . 5 ' 338 .045 42.916 £.01 Pr > P st P ast p referred to Future 1.031 2-5 338 .051 28.075 £.01 Put > P st A ll Negroes* P resen t p referred to Puture 3-235 2 .5 51 .165 . 4.444 £.01 Pr > Put P ast p referred to P resent .784 2.5 51 .155 11.056 £.01 Pr > P st P ast p referred to Puture 1.235 2-5 51 .lit- 5 8.683 £.01 Put > P st *Inferred pattern Pr > Put > P s t. 255 T A B L E 14—Cont inued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of tb.e Mean t P Inferred Preference All Class 1* Present preferred to Future 3-059 2-5 67 .131 4.252 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .701 2.5 67 ' .096 18.586 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.074 2.5 67 .119 11.879 g .01 Fut > Pst All Class 2* Present preferred to Future 3.516 2.5 89 .131 7-753 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .505 2.5' 89 .078 25.55^ g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.101 2.5 89 .089 15-557 g .01 Fut > Pst *Inferred pattern Pr > Fut > Pst. T A B L E l 1 } — Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference All Class 3* Present preferred to Future 3.368 2.5 125 .105 8.200 S .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present •544 2-5 125 .069 28.230 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.120 2.5 125 .086 15.93^ g .01 Fut > Pst All Class ]** Present preferred to Future 3.285 2-5 98 .118 6.651 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .7 2 k 2.5 98 .101 17.438 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.132 2.5 98 .095 14.343 g .01 Fut > Pst *Pr > Fut > Pst. ro ; v n j T A B L E 14—Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean . Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n < Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Uon-Negroj Male t Class 1* Present preferred to Future 2.999 2 .5 39 ■ -173 2.875 s . 01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present • 794 2 .5 39 .136 12.487 s . 01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.205 2 .5 39 .158 8.153 g .01 Fut > Pst Non-Negro., Male , Class 2* Present preferred to Future 3.380 2 .5 50 CO t— 1 — 1 ■ i 4.926 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .580 2 .5 50 .113 16.923 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Fut tore 1.000 2.5 50 .129 11.572 g .01 Fut > Pst *Inferred pattern Pr > Put > P st. ro ui c o T A B L E l4 —Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency - n 'Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Lon--Negro, Male, Class 3* Present preferred to Future 3.160 2.5 50 .181 3.628 a.01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .700 2.5 50 .114 15.787 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.180 2.5 30 .156 8.424 g .01 Fut > Pst Lon--Negro, Male, Class 4* Present preferred to Future 3.038 2.5 26 .233 2.302 g .05 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .692 2.3 26 .178 10.127 g .01 . Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future I.O76 2.3 26 .179 ' 7.916 g .01 Fut > Pst *Inferred pattern Pr > Fut > P st. T A B L E 1^— Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Non-Negro, Female:, Class 1* Present preferred to Future 3.142 2.5- 28 .200 3.210 S.01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present •571 2-5 28 .128 15.059 £.01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future ' .892 2.3 28 .177 9.058 £.01 Fut > Pst Non-Negro, Female, Class 2* Present preferred to Future 3.657 2-5 38 .190 6.O69 £.01 Pr. > Fut Past preferred to Present .421 2.5 38 ■ .102 20.221 £.01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.263 2*5 38 .115 10.679 £.01 Fut > Pst * Inf erred pattern Pr > Fut > Pat. 260 T A B L E 1^— Continued Preference Measured Observed Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency Std. Error n of the Mean t P Inferred Preference Non-Negro, Female Class 3* Present preferred to Future 3.587 2.5 63 .137 7.895 g.01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .365 2.3 63 .075 28.290 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future ■ 1.079 2.5 63 .110 12.837 g .01 Fut > Pst Non-Negro, Female, Class 4* Present preferred to Future 3.529 2-5. 3k .177 5.795 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present .676 2.5 3k . 16k 11.037 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future .970 2.5 3 k .121 12.622 g .01 Fut > Pst *Inferred pattern Pr > Put > Pst. 261 T A B L E l^ t—Continued Preference Measured 0t > served Mean Frequency Expected Mean Frequency n Std. Error of the Mean t p Inferred Preference Negro, Male, Classes 3 Present preferred to Future 3*071 2.5 29 .219 2.600 g .02 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present 1.035 2.5 29 • 239 6.ii4 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.285 2.5 29 .201 6.037 g .01 Fut > Pst Negro, Female, 1 Classes 3 Present preferred to Future ■ 3.^09 2.5 21 .254 3-573 g .01 Pr > Fut Past preferred to Present A99 2.5 21 .167 11.975 g .01 Pr > Pst Past preferred to Future 1.277 2.5 21- .212 5.988 g .01 Fut > Pst *Inferred pattern Pr > Fut > P st. T A B L E 15 BE T W E E N A G G R E G A T E DIFFERENCES IN TIM E TO TA L ORIENTATION PATTERNING: PRESENT PREFERRED T O FUTURE PREFERENCE . Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P All Males All Females 3-159 3-502 • 3^3 2.869 .01 All non-Negroes All Negroes 3.289 3-235 .054 .301 — All Class 1 All Class 2 3.059 3*516 .457 2 M 6 . 0 2- All Class 1 All Class 5 3.059 3.368 .309 1 .8 k o ----- All Class 1 All Class k 3.059 3.285 .226 1.281 ------- All Class 2 All Class 5 3-516 3.368 . 1^8 .881 ----- All Class 2 All Class k 3-516 3-285 .231 1.310 ----- All Class 3 All Class k 3.368 3.285 .083 . .525 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 2 2.999 3.380 .381 1-53^ ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 3 2.999 3.I60 .161 . 6^3 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 4 2.999 3.038 .039 .3^4 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 3 3.380 3.160 .220 .886 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class k 3.380 3.038 .3^2 1.166 T A B L E 15—Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 3 Male,, Class 4 3.160 3.O38 .122 .413 — Non-Negro : Non-Negro Female, Class 1 Female,, Class 2 3.142 3.657 .515 • 1.866 — : Non-Negro Non-Negro Female, Class 1 Female, Class 3 3.142 3.587 .445 1.835 — 1 Non-Negro Non-Negro Female, Class 1 Female, Class 4 3.142 3.529 .427 1.449 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Female, Class 2 Female, Class 3 3.657 3-587 .070 .298 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Female, Class 2 Female, - Class 4 3.657 3.529 .128 .492 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Female, Class 3 Female, Class 4 3.587 3.529 .058 .666 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 1 Female, Class 1 2.999 3.142 .143 .542 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 2 Female, Class 2 3.380 3.657 .277 1,065 — Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 3 Female, Class 3 3.I60 3.587 .327 l.44l — Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 4 Female, Class 4 3.038 3.529 .491 1.682 ----------- ; Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 1 Female, Class 2 2.999 3.657 .658 2.360 .02 Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 1 Female, Class 3 2.999 3.587 .588 2.660 .01 1 Non-Negro Non-Negro Male, Class 1 Female, Class 4 2.999 . 3.529 .530 2.146 .o4 T A B L E 15—Continued 265 Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 3*380 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 J .lk S . .238 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 3-380 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 3*587 .207 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 3*380 Non-Negro, Female, Class-4 3*529 .149 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 3*160 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3.142 .018 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 3*160 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3*657 .497 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 3*160 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 3*529 *369 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 3.038 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 3*142 .104 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 3*038 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 3*657 .619 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 3*038 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 3*587 *549 Negro, Male, Classes 3 &4 3*071 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3*409 *338 Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 2.999 Negro, Female, Classes 3 &4 3*409 .410 Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 3*380 Negro, Female, Classes 3 .& 4 3*409 .029 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 3*160 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.409 .249 Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 3*038 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3*409 *371 .888 .920 *594 .067 1.897 1.458 *339 2.056 2.033 1.007 1*336 .094 .798 1*075 .04 .05 266 ! T A B L E 15—Continued | Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3 . l b 2 3.409 .267 .827 ---------- Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 5.657 5.409 .248 .782 ---------- Non-Negro, Female, Class 5 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.587 3.409 .178 .616 ---------- Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 3.529 3.409 .120 .387 ---------- Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 2.999 3.071 .072 .258 ---------- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3. 38O 3.071 .309 1.096 ---------- Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 &, 4 3.160 3.071 .089 .313 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.038 3.071 .033 .103 ---------- Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Negro, Male, Classes 3 ^ 4 3.142 3.071 .071 •239 --------- Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.657 3.071 - .586 2.021 .05 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 3.587 3.071 .516 2.000 .05 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & b 3.529 3.071 .458 1.625 ---------- TABLE 16 J ! I BETWEEN AGGREGATE' BXEPEEENCES IN TIME TOTAL ORIENTATION PATTERNING: PAST PR EFER R ED TO PRESENT Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P All Males .731 All Females .481 .250 2.953 .01 All Non-Negroes .561 All Negroes .784 .223 1.381 All Class 1 .701 All Class 2 .505 .196 1.584 All Class 1 .701 All Class 3 .544 •157 I .327 — All Class 1 .701 All Class 4 .724 .023 .165 ----------- . All Class 2 .503 All Class 3 -544 .039 -37^ All Class 2 .505 All Class 4 . 72b .219 1.716 i 1 All Class 3 .544 All Class 4 .72^ .180 ,1.471 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 *79^ Non—Negro, Male, Class 2 .580 .214 1.210 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 -79^ Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 *700 .094 .529 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 «79^ Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 .692 .104. .455 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 .580 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 .700 .120 .747 — ~~~" ......."...................... " ' " ' ' ‘ 2 6 8 TABLE 16— Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P : Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 .580 : Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 .692 .112 .531 -— . Non-Negro Male, Class 3 .700 \ Non-Negro Male, Class 4 .692 0 0 CD .037 -- I Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 •571 ; Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .421 .156 .916 : Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .371 : Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .365 .206 I .388 ; Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .571 i Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .676 .105 .504 ! Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .421 ! Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .365 .056 .422 —— * * — ; Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .421 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .676 .255 1.320 --- ■ Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .363 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .676 .311 1.724 ___ ■ ' Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 .794 j Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .571 .223 1.193 -- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 .580 • Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .421 .159 1.046 -- Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 • .700 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .365 •335 2.463 .02 : Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 .692 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .676 .016 .066 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 .794 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .421 • 373 2.194 .03 Non-Negro , Male, Class 1 .794 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .365 .429 2.768 .01 1 T A B L E 16—Continued Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score » . P Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 : Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 r J 9 k .676 .118 • 554 ___ ! Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 • ; Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .580 -571 .009 ■053 --- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 ' ■ Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .580 .365 •215 1.581 -- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .380 .676 .094 .472 i ; Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .700 • .571 .129 • 754 i i Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .700 .421 .279 1.824 1 j Non-Negro, Male, Class 3. Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 .700 .676 .004 .120 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 .692 .571 .122 • 557 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 .692 .421 .271 1.322 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .692 .565 .327 1.694 j Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 1.035 .499 .536 I .838 -- Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 5 & k ■ 79^ .^99 • 295 1.372 --- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes ^ & k .580 .499 .081 .401 —- Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 .700 .499 .201 • 995 270 | T A B L E 16—Continued I Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Male,, Class i f .692 Negro, Female; Classes 3 & i f ^ 9 9 .193 .791 ----- Non-Negro, Female; Class 1 •571 Negro, Female;. Classes 3 & i f .if 99 .072 .3 ^ 3 .----- Non-Negro, Female; Class 2 .lf21 Negro, Female; Classes 3 ^ ^ A 99 .078 .398 ----- Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .363 • Negro, Female, Classes 3 & i f . i f -99 .134 • \ _ W ro ----- Non-Negro, Female, Class i f .676 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & i f .if99 .177 .756 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 • 79^ Negro, Male, Classes 3 & i f 1.035 . 2ifl .876 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 .580 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & i f 1.035 1^55 1.723 -— Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 .700 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & i f 1.035 •335 1. 26i f ----- Non-Negro, Male, Class i f .692 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ 1.035 • 3^3 1.151 ----- Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 ■ 571 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & * * ■ 1.035 M k 1.712 , ----- Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 . if 21 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ 1.035 .6lif 2.362 .02 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 .365 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 1.035 .670 2.680 .01 Non-Negro, Female, Class i f .676 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & ^ 1.035 .359 1.238 T A B L E 17 BETWEEN AGGREGATE DIFFERENCES IN TIME TOTAL ORIENTATION PATTERNING: PAST PREFERRED TO FUTURE PREFERENCE Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P All Males All Females 1.134 1.086 00 0 • .505 ------ All Non-Negroes A l l Negroes 1.051 1.235 .184 1.197 ----- All Class 1 All Class 2 1.074 1.101 .027 .181 ----- All Class 1 All Class 3 1.074 1.120 .046 .313 ----- All Class 1 All Class 4 1.074 1.132 .058 .380 ----- All Class 2 All Class 3 1.101 1.120 .019 .153 ----- All Class 2 All Class 4 1.101 1.132 .031 .238 ----- All Class 3 All Class 4 1.120 1.132 i .012 .093 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 2 1.205 1.000 .205 1.005 ■ ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 3 1.205 1.180 .025 .112 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Class 4 1.205 1.076 .129 .540 ----- Non-Negro, Male, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Class 3 1.000 1.180 .180 .889 _ T A B L E 17— Continued Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Male, Class 4 1 .0 0 0 I.O76 .076 .344 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Male, Class 4 1.180 I.O76 .104 .438 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Female, Class 2 .892 1.263 .371 1.757 , — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Female, Class 3 .892 I.O79 .187 .897 Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 Female, Class 4 .892 .970 .078 .363 — . Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Female, Class 3 1.263 1.079 ,184 1.156 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 Female, Class 4 1.263 ■ -970 .293 1-755 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 Female, Class 4 1.079 .970 .109 .666 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Female, Class 1 1.203 .892 .313 I .321 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Female, Class 2 1.000 1.263 .263 1.520 . — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Female, Class 3 1.180 1.079 .101 .529 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Female, Class 4 1.076 .970 .106 .491 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Female, Class 2 1.205 1.263 .058 .297 — Non-Negro, Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Female, Class 3 1.205 1.079 .126 .653 TABLE 17—Continued Differences Between Aggregates Means Means Z Score P Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 1.203 • 970 .235 1.181 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 1.000 .892 .108 • 493 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 1.000 1.079 .079 . .467 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 1.000 .970 .030 .169 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Ne gro, Femaie, Clas s 1 1.180 .892 .288 1.220 Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 1.180 1.263 .083 .428 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Non-Negro, Female, Class 4 1.180 . 970. .210 1.066 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 1 1.076 .892 .184 .730 . — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 2 1.076 1.263 .207 .972 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Non-Negro, Female, Class 3 1.076 1.079 .003 .014 — Negro, Male, Classes 3 & Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 & 4 1.285 1.227 .058 .198 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 1.205 1.227 .022 .083 — - Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 1.000 1.227 .227 •915 — _ Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 1.180 . 1.227 .047 .179 274 T A B L E 17—Continued Aggregates Means Differences Between Means Z Score P Non-Negro^ Male., Class 4 Negro, Female, Classes 3 & 4 I .076 1.227 .151 • 543 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 1 ' & 4 .892 1.227 •335 1.214 ^ — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 2 & 4 1.263 1.227 .036 .149 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 3 & 4 1.079 1.227 .248 1.038 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Female, Classes 3 4 & 4 ..970 1.227 .257 .1.053 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 1 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4- 1.205 1.285 .080 ■ .313 ■ — - Non-Negro, Male, Class 2 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 1.000 1.285 .285 1.228 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 3 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 1.180 1.285 .105 ■ 413 — Non-Negro, Male, Class 4 Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 I.O76 1.285 .209 •777 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & l 4 .892 1.285 • 393 1.466 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 2 4 1.263 1.285 .022 .095 ----------- Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 3 4 1.079 1.285 .206 .900 — Non-Negro, Female, Class Negro, Male, Classes 3 & 4 4 .970 1.285 .315 1.340 275 A n a ly s is and D i s c u s s i o n ; H y p o th esis Two . P re se n t o v er F uture C hoice j S in g le V a r ia b le A n a ly s is A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s fo r th e A l l Negro and A l l I Inon-Negro a g g r e g a te s d oes n o t d i s c l o s e su pp ort fo r th e r e - j se a r c h h y p o t h e s is t h a t non -N egroes w i l l have a p a t te r n o f a i ■stronger p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Future a l t e r n a t i v e as compared ■ ! ;to th e P r e se n t a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l N eg ro e s. Only minor j ^ v a r ia tio n s are d is c o v e r e d from th e i n s p e c t io n o f th e p a t - I j I t e r n s o f i n d iv id u a l it e m s . I n s p e c tio n o f th e T o ta l O rien - I t a t i o n P a tte r n s i n d i c a t e s t h a t b oth a g g r e g a te s m a n ife s t a j P r e s e n t > F u tu r e > P a st o r i e n t a t i o n . The d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means fo r th e P r e se n t p r e fe r r e d to th e F uture p r e f e r - , en ce i s q u ite sm a ll and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . | Some su p p ort fo r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is can be de r iv e d from th e f in d in g s f o r th e A l l Male and A H Female a g g r e g a t e s . I n s p e c t io n o f th e p a tt e r n o f c h o ic e f o r i n d i v i d - ! u a l ite m s i n d i c a t e s t h a t on ite m s on e, th r e e and f i v e th e in f e r r e d p a tt e r n o f c h o ic e fo r P r e se n t o v er Future i s th e j | iSame b oth in d i r e c t io n and s i g n i f i c a n c e fo r both a g g r e g a te s . On ite m s two and fo u r th e o b ser v ed c h o ic e o f P r e se n t over F uture fo r th e A l l Male a g g r e g a te i s n ot s i g n i f i c a n t w h ile ! f o r th e A l l Female a g g r e g a te i t i s . W hile th e in f e r r e d p a tt e r n o f c h o ic e f o r th e T o ta l I O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n o f P r e se n t o v er F uture i s th e same fo r 276 | i | :both a g g r e g a t e s , th e o b se rv e d mean fre q u e n c y o f th e P r e s e n t j i j p r e f e r r e d to th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e o f th e A l l Male a g g re - j g a te I s low er th a n th e o b se rv e d mean fre q u e n c y o f th e A ll j j Female a g g r e g a te . The d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e s e means i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .01 l e v e l I n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e I f o r th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e o v e r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e i s s t r o n g e r f o r th e a l l fem ale a g g re g a te th an i t i s f o r th e j a l l male a g g r e g a te . A somewhat anam olous p a t t e r n em erges from th e a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e P r e s e n t p r e f e r r e d to th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e o f th e f o u r socioeconom ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a t e s . For a l l ite m s f o r th e a l l c l a s s 2, a l l c l a s s 3 and a l l c l a s s | 4 a g g r e g a te s th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y p r e - | f e r r e d to th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e . For th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g - j g r e g a t e th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y p r e f e r r e d I to th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e f o r ite m s one, t h r e e and f i v e Iw hile f o r ite m two th e p r e f e r e n c e o f th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e : F u tu re i s o b se rv e d b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t and f o r ite m f o u r an e q u a l number o f re s p o n d e n ts p r e f e r th e P r e s e n t o r th e Fu t u r e a l t e r n a t i v e s . T h is would te n d to i n d i c a t e a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re f o r th e a l l c la s s 1 a g g re g a te a s compared to th e o t h e r t h r e e socioeconom ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a te s . T h is i n d i c a t i o n o f a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s - ■ e n t o v e r th e F u tu re f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te r e c e i v e s ; f u r t h e r su p p o rt from an a n a l y s i s o f th e T o t a l ,O r i e n t a t i o n ■ P attern and D i f f e r e n c e s Between th e Means f i n d i n g s . A l- j though th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re i s th e o b se rv e d and s i g - | n i f i c a n t c h o ic e f o r a l l f o u r a g g r e g a t e s , th e o b se rv e d mean fre q u e n c y o f t h i s c h o ic e f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te i s low er th a n th e o b se rv e d mean f r e q u e n c i e s o f th e o t h e r t h r e e j a g g r e g a t e s . When th e mean f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te | i s compared to th e means f o r th e o t h e r t h r e e a g g r e g a t e s , i t | i s found t h a t th e mean f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te i s j i s i g n i f i c a n t l y low er th an th e mean f o r th e a l l c l a s s 2 a g - j g r e g a t e , b u t t h a t t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te and th e a l l c l a s s 3 and a l l c l a s s 4 a g g r e g a t e s . j ! I f as p r e d i c t e d by th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is h i g h e r : so cioeconom ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l low er socioecono m ic l e v e l s , i t sh o u ld be a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e mean f o r th e P r e s e n t p r e f e r r e d to Fu t u r e p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e a l l c l a s s 1 a g g re g a te would be th e lo w e s t fo llo w e d by p r o g r e s s i v e l y h i g h e r means. T h is p r e d i c t i o n i s s u p p o rte d to th e e x t e n t t h a t th e a l l c l a s s 1 mean . i s th e lo w e st and s i g n i f i c a n t l y low er th an th e a l l c l a s s 2 [ means. However, th e p r e d i c t i o n i s d i s c o n c e r t e d when th e p r o g r e s s i o n o f th e means i s exam ined. The a l l c l a s s 2 mean I s o b s e rv e d to be h i g h e r r a t h e r th a n low er th a n th e means f o r a l l c l a s s 3 and a l l c l a s s 4, and th e a l l c l a s s 3 mean j i i s o b se rv e d to be h i g h e r th a n th e a l l c l a s s 4 mean. When 2 78 j ith e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means f o r th e a l l c l a s s 2, a l l ! : I c l a s s 3 and a l l c l a s s 4 a g g re g a te s a r e examined., t h e r e a r e , I ^however, no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een them. ; The p roced u re o f m easuring th e e f f e c t o f the sex ; ;i d e n t i t y , e th n ic i d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic v a r ia b le s upon j :th e P r e se n t ov er th e F uture c h o ic e by exam ining each v a r i - i • i [a b le in i s o l a t i o n and w ith o u t r e f e r e n c e to th e o th e r s su g - ! ! g e s t s th a t th e sex i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le in f l u e n c e s th e c h o ic e , j iThe in f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s v a r ia b le i s u n c le a r ! i ;and p ro b a b ly th e e th n ic i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le s does n o t i n - j f lu e n c e th e c h o ic e . The l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s p roced u re fo r m easuring the e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y , e th n ic i d e n t i t y and so cioecon om ic s t a t u s v a r ia b le s were d e s c r ib e d in th e d is c u s s io n o f th e ' f in d in g s fo r h y p o th e s is o n e. The p ro ced u res fo r h o ld in g j i one or more o f the v a r ia b le s c o n s ta n t w h ile th e e f f e c t o f j :one or more o f th e v a r ia b le s i s m easured, which was d e - : v e lo p e d fo r t e s t i n g th e e f f e c t o f th e th r e e v a r ia b le s upon th e S u b je ct ov er th e Over p r e fe r e n c e , were a l s o em ployed in t h i s s e c t i o n . ;N egro-non-N egro Combined V a r ia b le A n a ly s is When sex i d e n t i t y i s h e ld c o n s ta n t and so cio eco n o m ic i s t a t u s a p p ro x im a tely c o n s ta n t and th e e f f e c t o f e th n ic iden-j ; t i t y upon th e P r e se n t o v er th e F uture p r e fe r e n c e i s m eas u r e d , i t i s found t h a t th e r e are no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m e a n s f o r Negro and non-Negro aggr e g a t e s . The 279 j i i n f e r r e d T o ta l O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n o f P r e s e n t > F u tu re i s j ' I th e same f o r th e Negro and non-Negro a g g r e g a t e s . In s p e c tio n j o f i n d i v i d u a l ite m s r e v e a l s 't h a t , a lth o u g h t h e r e a r e some ] i m inor d i f f e r e n c e s , th e p a t t e r n o f m ost i n d i v i d u a l ite m s a r e j th e same f o r Negro and non-Negro a g g r e g a te s . j I t i s found t h a t t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n ces betw een th e means o f th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e re n c e f o r th e Negro a s compared to non-Negro a g g re g a te s - i when sex i d e n t i t y i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e combined e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y a re m easured. i When socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e j i combined e f f e c t s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y and sex i d e n t i t y upon | i th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e a re m easured, i t i s , found t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means f o r th e non- | Negro, fem a le , c l a s s 3 a g g re g a te a s compared to th e Negro, ic la s s 3 and 4 male a g g re g a te i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l . However, th e mean p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r ! th e F u tu re o f th e Negro, m ale, c l a s s 3 and 4 a g g re g a te i s low er th a n th e mean p r e f e r e n c e o f th e non-N egro, fem ale, c l a s s 3 a g g r e g a te . A ll o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een means, Where socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e combined e f f e c t o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and sex i d e n t i t y upon th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e I s m easured, a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I When th e combined e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y , e th n i c j I d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s upon th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e i s m easured, i t i s found t h a t th e d i f f e r 280 ence betw een th e means f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 2 fem ale a g - j ig reg a te and th e Negro, c l a s s 3 and 4 male a g g re g a te I s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l . However, th e mean p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re o f th e Negro, m ale, c l a s s 3 I 'and 4 a g g re g a te i s low er th a n th e mean p r e f e r e n c e o f th e I non-N egro, fem a le , c l a s s 2 a g g r e g a te . A ll o t h e r d if fe r e n c e s ) ^between th e means where th e combined e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y , ; ie th n ic i d e n t i t y and socio econ om ic s t a t u s upon th e P r e s e n t ! o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e i s m easured a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . i A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s r e l a t e d to th e i n f l u e n c e ! i o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y upon Time o r i e n t a t i o n r e v e a l s no su p p o rt j I f o r th e p r e d i c t i o n t h a t non-N egroes have a p a t t e r n o f a ! i s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l N eg ro es. For f o u r t e e n o f th e s i x t e e n p o s s i b l e com parison s betw een th e means o f i th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e f o r Negro and n on- Negro a g g re g a te s t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . For th e two com parison s where t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means i t i s found t h a t th e Negro a g g r e g a te s have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a s compared to th e j iP re s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th an do th e non-Negro a g g r e g a t e s . ' I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e s e two com p a r i s o n s c a n n o t be a t t r i b u t e d to th e I n f l u e n c e o f th e e th n i c i d e n t i t y v a r i a b l e . For b o th com parison s a Negro male a g - I ig re g a te I s b e in g compared to a non-Negro fem ale a g g re g a te j s u g g e s tin g t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e may be a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e 281 sex I d e n t i t y v a r ia b le . F u rth er a n a l y s is o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y w i l l be d e s c r ib e d in th e n e x t s e c t i o n . U n t il t h i s h as been a ccom p lish ed a t t r i b u t i o n o f th e s e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s to th e in f lu e n c e j i o f sex i d e n t i t y , e th n ic i d e n t i t y or both cannot be e s t a b l i s h e d . | A lthough i t would seem app arent th a t a more thorough; e x p la n a tio n o f th e f in d in g s must a w a it fu r th e r a n a l y s i s , r e j e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is need n o t be d e la y e d . I The r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is p r e d i c t s both the in f lu e n c e and th e j d i r e c t io n o f th e in f lu e n c e o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le . In I I ord er to su p p ort th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is th e f in d in g s must | i n d ic a t e b oth t h a t th e in f lu e n c e I s p r e s e n t and t h a t i t s | d i r e c t io n I s as p r e d ic t e d . The i n d i c a t i o n s fo r th e p r e se n c e o f th e in f lu e n c e j |of th e e th n ic I d e n t i t y v a r ia b le are as y e t u n c le a r and aw ait f u r th e r a n a l y s i s . I f f u r th e r a n a l y s is sh o u ld r e v e a l th a t th e r e I s no i n d ic a t io n o f th e p r e se n c e o f th e in f lu e n c e o f th e e th n ic i d e n t i t y v a r ia b le , th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is co u ld be r e j e c t e d on th e s e gro u n d s. However, th e r e s e a r c h h yp oth e s i s can a ls o be r e j e c t e d on the grounds t h a t th e r e i s no i n d ic a t io n t h a t th e d i r e c t io n o f th e in f lu e n c e i s a s p r e d i c t e d . I t i s on th e s e grounds t h a t th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is I s b e in g r e j e c t e d . In none o f the com parisons betw een Ne- ;gro and non-Negro a g g r e g a te s i s th e r e any i n d ic a t io n o f a 282 I i s i g n i f i c a n t l y s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Future o v e r th e j j P re se n t by non-Negro a g g r e g a t e s . J The s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is •which s t a t e s ] i t h a t non -N egroes w i l l have a p a tt e r n o f a s tr o n g e r p r e f e r - j en ce fo r the Future Time O r ie n ta tio n a l t e r n a t i v e a s comparedj to th e P r e se n t Time O r ie n ta tio n a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l Ne- | i . I g r o e s i s r e j e c t e d . | ; M ale-Fem ale When e th n ic i d e n t i t y and so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s are j ih eld c o n sta n t and th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een the means o f th e P r e se n t p r e fe r r e d to th e F uture p r e fe r e n c e o f m ales and f e m ales are m easured, i t i s o b ser v ed th a t f o r each com parison ;th e male a g g r e g a te has a low er mean sc o r e than th e fem ale a g g r e g a te . However, none o f th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e j ;means are s i g n i f i c a n t . I n s p e c t io n o f th e t o t a l o r ie n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s shows th a t th e in f e r r e d p a tte r n fo r a l l th e a g g r e g a te s i s P r e se n t > F uture > P a s t. There are some d i f f e r e n c e s in th e p a t t e r n s fo r i n d iv id u a l it e m s . In n in e o u t o f a p o s s i b l e t w e n t y - f iv e com p a r is o n s m ales e x h i b i t a P r e se n t » Future p a tte r n as con t r a s t e d to a P r e se n t > F uture p a tt e r n fo r f e m a le s ,o r m ales :e x h ib itin g - a F uture » P r e se n t p a tte r n c o n tr a s te d to a I P r e se n t » Future p a tte r n f o r th e fe m a le s . On th e o th e r 283 ! i hand f o r f o u r o f th e t w e n ty - f iv e com parisons th e fem ales e x h i b i t a g r e a t e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re o r i e n t a t i o n and j : : ■ i f o r tw e lv e o f th e com parison s t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e . j Where e t h n i c i d e n t i t y i s h e ld c o n s t a n t and th e com- I b i n e d e f f e c t s o f sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a re j i m easured th e fo llo w in g p a t t e r n o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e j i means o f th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e em erges. E xcept f o r th e com parison s b e tw e e n -th e non-Negro', c l a s s 2, i I male a g g re g a te and th e non-Negro c l a s s =1, fem ale a g g re g a te j : - i ;and th e com parison betw een th e non-Negro c l a s s 3, male ag - j g r e g a te and th e non-Negro c l a s s 1, fem ale a g g re g a te th e j mean f o r th e male a g g re g a te i s o b se rv e d to be low er th an th e mean f o r th e fem ale a g g r e g a te . There i s a s i g n i f i c a n t i d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means .when th e non-N egro, c l a s s 1, male a g g re g a te i s compared to th e non-N egro, c l a s s 2, f e m ale; th e non-N egro, c l a s s 3 j> fem a le ; and th e non-N egro, ;c la s s 4, fem ale a g g r e g a t e s . There i s a ls o a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means when th e non-Negro c l a s s 4, male a g g re g a te i s compared to th e non-N egro, c l a s s 2, femalej j i a g g re g a te and th e non-N egro, c l a s s 3 j fem ale a g g r e g a te . J None o f th e o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means a re s i g n i f i c a n t . The f i n d i n g s r e s u l t i n g from h o ld in g socioeconom ic j i s t a t u s a p p ro x im a te ly c o n s t a n t and m easuring th e combined ef-j : . -j f e c t s o f sex i d e n t i t y and e th n i c i d e n t i t y , and th e f i n d in g s ; r e s u l t i n g from m easu rin g th e combined e f f e c t o f sex i d e n - 284 I : ' i ; i i t i t y and socioeoonom ic s t a t u s have been d e s c r ib e d i n th e j i s e c t io n on th e e f f e c t s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y . j ! A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s r e v e a l s t h a t some q u a l i f i e d su p p o rt f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is can be g e n e r a t e d . For a l l b u t two o f th e co m parison s betw een male and fem ale a g g r e g a t e s ., th e mean o f' th e P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e o f 1 th e m ale a g g re g a te i s o b s e rv e d to be low er th a n th e mean o f ! th e fem ale a g g r e g a te . For a l l com parisons o f a g g r e g a te s i t j : [ i i s o n ly when the mean o f a male a g g re g a te i s b e in g compared I I to th e mean o f a fem ale a g g re g a te t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r - : : ' | e n ces betw een th e means o c c u r s . These f i n d i n g s a lo n e do n o t p e r m it i n f e r e n c e s to be drawn a b o u t th e e f f e c t s o f sex i d e n t i t y . I t i s n e c e s s a r y to a ls o examine th e f i n d i n g s where th e e f f e c t o f s o c io e c o nomic s t a t u s i s m easured w h ile sex I d e n t i t y and e th n i c ! i i d e n t i t y a r e h e ld c o n s t a n t . A n a ly s is o f th e s e f i n d in g s ;r e v e a l s t h a t f o r b o th th e non-Negro m ales and th e non-Negro fem a le s th e c l a s s 1 mean I s th e lowest., fo llo w e d i n a s c e n d - ! Ing o r d e r by th e c l a s s 4 mean, th e c l a s s 3 mean, and th e c l a s s 2 mean. The l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means i s betw een th e mean f o r c l a s s 1 and th e mean f o r c l a s s 2 b u t ■ fo r n e it h e r th e non-Negro m ales o r th e non-Negro fe m a le s i s t h i s d if f e r e n c e or any o f th e o th e r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e ;means s i g n i f i c a n t . : P robably th e b e s t e x p la n a tio n o f th e f in d in g s would be th a t sex I d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s when combined j 2 8 5 j i * j ; e x e r t some I n f l u e n c e upon tim e o r i e n t a t i o n and e th n i c i d e n - j ■ tity no i n f l u e n c e . I f i t can be shown t h a t th e sex id e n tity : and socioeconom ic s t a t u s v a r i a b l e s e x e r t an I n f l u e n c e when j th e y a r e combined i t p e rh a p s can be i n f e r r e d t h a t th e y e x e r t a s e p a r a t e i n f l u e n c e . T his i n f e r e n c e can be made even j though when m easured w ith th e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s h e ld c o n s t a n t ! i t c an n o t be shown t h a t each one e x e r t s an in d e p e n d e n t I n - | i f l u e n c e . The i n f l u e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y would be a g r e a t e r ! j 'p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e f o r j | fem a le s a s compared to m a le s . The I n f l u e n c e o f s o c io e c o - j nomic s t a t u s would be a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e by th e h i g h e s t . j and lo w e st c l a s s e s f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e | t l a s compared to th e m iddle c l a s s e s . W hile no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o c c u r when th e e f f e c t s o f e i t h e r sex i d e n t i t y o r s o c io e c o - i ,nomic s t a t u s a r e m easured w ith th e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s h e ld j co n stan t., s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s do o c c u r when th e e f f e c t s o f th e sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s v a r i a b l e s a re j i combined. The s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r when a h i g h e s t s t a t u s male a g g re g a te i s b e in g compared to m iddle and lo w e st s t a t u s fem ale a g g r e g a te s o r a lo w e s t s t a t u s male a g g re g a te i s b e in g compared to m id dle s t a t u s fem ale a g g r e g a te s . The o c c u rre n c e o f a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een [ th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 male and th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 fem ale :m igh t i n d i c a t e t h a t th e I n f l u e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y i s s t r o n g - ! e r th a n th e i n f l u e n c e o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s . On th e o th e r1 ; 286 I hand i t p ro b a b ly would be un w ise to b ase such an in f e r e n c e j i ion a s i n g l e o c c u r r e n c e . i i The p o s i t i o n th a t e th n ic i d e n t i t y p ro b a b ly e x e r t s j ■no in f lu e n c e i s b a sed on th e fin d in g th a t th e r e are s i g n i f i - j can t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een Negro and non-Negro a g g r e g a te s j ionly when a lo w e s t s t a t u s male a g g r e g a te i s b e in g compared j I to a m iddle s t a t u s fem ale a g g r e g a te . I t c o u ld be p o s i t e d ith a t t h e s e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s are a t t r i b u t a b l e to the j : e f f e c t o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y as w e ll as the e f f e c t o f s o c i o - leconomic st& tu s and sex i d e n t i t y . I t would ap p ear, how- j lev er, t h a t t h i s p o s i t i o n would be weakened by th e o b s e r v a - I ! itio n t h a t th e com b in ation o f th e in f lu e n c e o f e th n ic id e n - j i . | t i t y w ith th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y w ith o u t th e i n - ! f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s p rod u ces no s i g n i f i c a n t d lf-i ' j f e r e n c e s nor d oes th e com b in ation o f in f lu e n c e o f e th n ic | | I d e n t i t y w ith I n f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s w ith o u t th e in f lu e n c e o f se x i d e n t i t y produce s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . The p r e c e d in g d is c u s s io n o f th e f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y upon Time O r ie n ta tio n h a s i n d ic a te d th a t th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is can be su p p o rted . The s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is w hich s t a t e s t h a t v a lu e l o r ie n t a t io n w i l l vary w ith sex i d e n t i t y and t h a t m ales w i l l lhave a p a tt e r n o f a str o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e Future a l - | i t e r n a t iv e as compared to th e P r e se n t a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l j | "fem ales i s a c c e p te d . 287 | iSocloeconom ic S t a t u s | The f i n d i n g s r e l a t e d to th e i n f l u e n c e o f s o c io e c o n - | iomic s t a t u s have been d e s c r i b e d and d is c u s s e d i n th e p r e - j v io u s s e c t i o n . W hile t h e r e was some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t a g g re - J :g ates o f h i g h e s t socioeconom ic s t a t u s te n d e d to e x h i b i t th e ! ;lo w e st mean P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e , t h e r e was a ls o i j ‘ ' | some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e a g g r e g a te s o f th e lo w e st socioecon-! !omic s t a t u s te n d e d to e x h i b i t a low er mean P r e s e n t o v e r Fu- ! r I ! t u r e p r e f e r e n c e th a n d id a g g re g a te s o f m iddle socioeconom ic I t t i s t a t u s . The d i s c u s s i o n i n the. p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n p o i n te d o u t j t h a t th e b e s t e x p la n a t i o n f o r th e i n f l u e n c e o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s was t h a t h i g h e s t and lo w e st c l a s s e s a s compared to th e m id d le c l a s s e s e x p re s s e d a l e s s e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e . T h is e x p la n a t i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s i s i n c o n s i s t e n t !with th e p r e d i c t i o n c o n ta in e d i n th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is t h a t h i g h e r socioeconom ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e as compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l low er socioeconom ic l e v e l s i s r e j e c t e d . ^ V a l u e - O r i e n t a t i o n P a t t e r n s S e c tio n d o f r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is 2 p r e d i c t s t h a t th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f th e combined e f f e c t s a g g r e g a t e s w i l l v a ry and a l s o p r e d i c t s what th e v a r i a t i o n i w i l l b e . 288 ! j The T o ta l O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n fo r each o f th e com- j i . . . ! b in e d e f f e c t s a g g r e g a te s I s P re se n t > Future > P a st i n d i - ) | e a tin g th a t th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a tt e r n s do n o t v a r y . j I n s p e c t io n o f in d iv id u a l item s r e v e a ls th a t th e P re se n t o v er th e Future p r e fe r e n c e te n d s o c c a s i o n a ll y to be o b - ! I s e r v e d 'b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t fo r th e h ig h e s t arid lo w e st j i so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s and fo r m a le s. W hile fo r th e m iddle | ■ so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s and fo r . fe m a le s th e P r e se n t o v er the Future p r e fe r e n c e ten d s to be o b serv ed and s i g n i f i c a n t . A weaker p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e P r e se n t o v er th e Future by h igh est' and lo w e s t s t a t u s m ales a s compared to m iddle :s t a t u s fem a le s can a ls o be in f e r r e d from th e d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e means f i n d i n g s . A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s r e - ;l a t e d to th e P r e se n t ov er th e P a st a l t e r n a t i v e a ls o i n d i - i c a t e s some v a r i a t i o n . A lthough the freq u en cy o f s i g n i f i c a n t ! i ! ;d i f f e r e n c e s i s n o t as g r e a t as f o r th e P r e se n t ov er th e I Future a l t e r n a t i v e fin d in g s., th e r e i s some I n d ic a tio n th a t h ig h e s t and lo w e st s t a t u s m ales have a weaker p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e P re se n t over th e P a st when compared to m iddle statu s, fe m a le s. There are no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een the means fo r the Future o v e r th e P a st a l t e r n a t i v e . When th e s e f in d in g s are c o n sid e r e d t o g e t h e r , what ; appears to be c o n t r a d ic t io n s can be r e so lv e d .. The T o ta l- ;O r ie n ta tio n P a tte r n f in d in g s i n d ic a t e th a t fo r each o f th e : a g g r e g a te s th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e I between' th e o b ser v ed mean freq u en cy and th e e x p e c te d mean 289 ! freq u en cy fo r each a l t e r n a t i v e can be r e j e c t e d . For e x - \ amplej the o b serv ed mean freq u en cy o f 2 .9 9 9 o f th e non- 1 t Negroj c l a s s 1, male f o r th e P r e se n t o v e r th e Future a l t e r - | n a t iv e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e e x p e c te d mean j freq u en cy o f 2 .5 0 0 . The o b serv ed mean freq u en cy o f 3*657 | |o f th e non-N egro, c l a s s 2, fem ale fo r th e P re se n t o v er the, ;Future a l t e r n a t i v e i s a ls o s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e : lex p ected mean freq u en cy o f 2 . 5 0 0. For b o th a g g r e g a te s i t | can be in f e r r e d th a t th e P r e se n t i s p r e fe r r e d to th e Future.; Y et i t can a ls o be s a id t h a t th e p r e fe r e n c e o f th e non- j Negro., c l a s s 2, fe m a le , fo r th e P r e se n t over th e Future i s | str o n g e r than th e p r e fe r e n c e o f th e non-N egro, c l a s s 1, m ale. T his in f e r e n c e i s b ased upon a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r - : ence betw een th e means f o r th e two a g g r e g a te s . The c o n tr a - : i d i c t io n i s r e s o lv e d by th e e x p la n a tio n t h a t w h ile a l l o f ! I th e a g g r e g a te s e x h i b i t th e same p r e fe r e n c e s and p r e fe r e n c e o r d e r in g , th e s tr e n g th o f th e p r e fe r e n c e s v a r y . S in c e th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is p r e d i c t s th e e x p e c te d p a t t e r n s as w e ll | as v a r ia t i o n betw een p a t t e r n s , th e f in d in g s o f v a r ia t io n s j betw een a g g r e g a te s o f s tr e n g th s o f p a t t e r n s cannot be u sed to su p p ort th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s d oes n o t r e v e a l support fo r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The s e c t i o n o f th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is w hich s t a t e s th a t when th e v a r ia b le s o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y , sex i d e n t i t y and so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s are com b in ed ( l ) th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a t t e r n s o f th e h ig h e s t 290 | 1 socioeconom ic lev el,, male non-Negro a g g r e g a te -will be Future! : - I ■over P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t; and th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n j ; . i ;o f th e lo w e st socioeconom ic l e v e l , fe m a le , Negro a g g re g a te j w i l l be P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re o v e r P a s t , and (2) th e i n t e r - I ven ing p a t t e r n w i l l be F u tu re e q u a ls P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t i s j | r e j e c t e d . j ' I A l t e r n a t e E x p la n a tio n | : I The a n a l y s i s and d i s c u s s i o n o f th e t i m e - o r i e n t a t i o n j ; - . i f i n d i n g s h a s been c o n fin e d to th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e f i n d i n g s to th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . The n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no ;s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s was, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een m ales and fe m a le s, g e n e r a l l y a c c e p te d and th e ! r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is r e j e c t e d . S in ce a c a u t io u s i n t e r p r e t a - ; t i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s does n o t i n d i c a t e why th e r e s e a r c h hy p o t h e s i s was r e j e c t e d , no e x p la n a t i o n was o f f e r e d i n th e ;d i s c u s s i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s . However, s e v e r a l p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s can be e n t e r t a i n e d w ith th e r e s e r v a t i o n t h a t th e s e e x p la n a t i o n s m ight be t r e a t e d a s s u g g e s te d h y p o th e s e s w hich would r e q u i r e f u r t h e r t e s t i n g and n o t as d i r e c t i n f e r e n c e s from th e d a ta . The f i r s t o f th e s e s e v e r a l e x p la n a t i o n s c o u ld be : t h a t th e i n s tr u m e n t d id n o t m easure Time o r i e n t a t i o n b u t ; r a t h e r some unknown a t t r i b u t e o r was n o t co m p re h en sib le to j ;the- s u b j e c t s . W hether o r n o t th e in s tr u m e n t m easured Time ;o r i e n t a t i o n would have to be d e te rm in e d by a l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s o f th e in stru m en t and p ro b a b ly c o u ld n ot be t e s t e d e m p ir ic a lly . The e x p la n a tio n o f in c o m p r e h e n s ib ilit y would I have d i f f i c u l t y a c c o u n tin g f o r th e h ig h l e v e l o f c o n sen su s j : ‘ ' i i f o r a l l a g g r e g a te s on each ite m . A lthough i t i s con ceivab le; ith a t an a g g r e g a te w hich d id n o t u n d erstan d th e ite m s in j term s o f t h e i r in te n d e d meaning c o u ld e x p r e s s a str o n g j ^preference fo r a s i n g l e p a ttern ., i t seem s more l i k e l y t h a t ! w ith in com p reh en sion a more or l e s s random p a tte r n o f r e - ; i i sp onse would have been e v id e n t . j ; A secon d e x p la n a tio n c o u ld be t h a t th e c h o ic e s i t u a t i o n s p r e s e n te d in th e in str u m e n t were b ia s e d . I m p lic it in th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n th e o r y i s th e co n cep t t h a t i n d iv id u a ls and groups do n o t resp on d to a l l t im e - o r ie n t a t io n ! s i t u a t i o n s w ith th e same p a t t e r n . R ather th ey ten d to r e spond to m ost t i m e - o r ie n t a t io n s i t u a t i o n s more o f t e n than n o t w ith th e same p a t t e r n s and to some s i t u a t i o n s w ith a !p a tt e r n which d iv e r g e s from t h e i r u s u a l p a t t e r n . Thus i t i s p o s s i b l e fo r th e r e s e a r c h e r to have s e l e c t e d from th e p o s s i b l e u n iv e r s e o f s i t u a t i o n s th o se s i t u a t i o n s to which h i s sam ple p o p u la tio n would resp on d in a way which would be d i f f e r e n t from i t s u s u a l r e sp o n se to m ost s i t u a t i o n s . A l th o u g h i t m ight be t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e to t e s t i f t h i s in str u m e n t was b ia s e d in t h i s manner, th e r e s e a r c h d e sig n fo r such r e s e a r c h would p ro b a b ly be more a ttu n e d to th e realm o f s c ie n c e f i c t i o n than to what i s p r a c t i c a l l y p o s - :s i b l e . 2 9 2 | A t h ir d e x p la n a tio n c o u ld be th a t th e r e s p o n s e s i n d ic a te d th e in f lu e n c e o f th e age or d evelop m en tal s t a t e o f th e s u b j e c t s . S in ce p r e v io u s r e s e a r c h on tim e c o n c e p ts i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e s e c o n c e p ts are g e n e r a lly a c q u ir ed a t or ! b e fo r e a p p ro x im a tely age t h i r t e e n , t h i s e x p la n a tio n would \ ; j appear to be co m p elled to e x p la in th e d is c r e p a n c y . I t ■ m ight be p o s s i b l e to t e s t t h i s e x p la n a tio n by l o n g it u d in a l ! r e s e a r c h . However, p a r t i c u l a r l y from a d o le s c e n c e on, ;changes in o r ie n t a t i o n m ight be e q u a lly or more a c o n s e - | quence o f s o c i a l change than o f a g e . j - ’ i A fo u r th e x p la n a tio n would be' t h a t e x c e p t fo r a' s l i g h t l y weaker p r e fe r e n c e fo r m ales a s compared to fem a le s : ■ [ th e r esp o n d e n ts g e n e r a lly p r e f e r th e P r e se n t to th e Future a l t e r n a t i v e and th a t P r e se n t > F uture > P a st v a l u e - o r i e n t a - j i t i o n p a tt e r n r e p r e s e n t s th e p r e fe r r e d p a tt e r n o f r e sp o n se to t im e - o r ie n t a t io n s i t u a t i o n s . T h is e x p la n a tio n app ears to I c o n t r a d ic t f in d in g s o f p r e v io u s r e s e a r c h a s w e l l as th e p r e d i c t i o n s o f Kluckholm and S tr o d tb e c k , p a r t i c u l a r l y as i t j i co n cern s m iddle c l a s s non-Negro r e sp o n d e n ts. | I t may be th a t th e s e c o n t r a d ic t io n s are more ap p a r e n t than r e a l . I t has g e n e r a lly been assumed t h a t d e - ;f e r r in g p r e s e n t g r a t i f i c a t i o n s f o r fu tu r e reward and Future tim e o r ie n t a t i o n are c o n n e c te d . I t app ears th a t t h i s has Ibeen assumed where i t m ight have been e m p ir ic a lly v e r i f i e d . ;As E r ic H o ffe r h as p o in te d o u t, a Future o r ie n t a t i o n may be ;i n d i c a t i v e o f s e v e r e s o c i a l d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w h ile a p r e s e n t ................... " 293 ! lo r ie n t a t io n i n d i c a t e s a r e l a t i v e s a t i s f a c t i o n , be i t b e ca u se th e c o l l e c t i v e w ish e s to m a in ta in a p r e s e n t ly s a t i s - ! fy in g c o n d itio n or s e e s no hope o f changing i t . A lso i t i s p o s s i b l e th a t th e p a t te r n found in t h i s j stu d y may r e f l e c t a change in v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a tte r n j | iamong m iddle c l a s s a d o le s c e n t s . The s l i g h t l y weaker p r e f - | ' ’ • i e re n c e fo r th e P r e se n t among m ales may r e f l e c t a s u r v iv a l | ifrom p r e v io u s g e n e r a t io n s o f th e e x p e c ta t io n th a t th e young male more than th e young fem ale sh o u ld be concerned w ith h i s fu tu r e c a r e e r . The change from a Future > P r e se n t > P a st o r ie n t a t i o n to a P r e se n t > Future > P a st o r ie n t a t i o n may be one o f th e co n seq u en ces o f a f f lu e n c e and r a p id t e c h n o lo g ic a l ■ change. With g r e a t e r a f f lu e n c e th e f e l t demand to make ! p r e s e n t s a c r i f i c e s f o r fu tu r e w e l l b e in g may have dim in i s h e d . The fu tu r e e d u c a tio n o f th e m iddle c l a s s c h i ld may be a c c e p te d a s some g e n e r a l c o n tin u a tio n o f p r e s e n t a c t i v i t y and n o t some b o ld d ep a rtu re which w i l l r e q u ir e a d e f i n i t e and p lan n ed change in p r e s e n t b e h a v io r . T e c h n o lo g ic a l change haB m o d ifie d h i s environ m en t, ;made o ld ca re er s' o b s o le t e and c r e a te d new o n e s. I t may have |a ls o a f f e c t e d h i s v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s . In a r a p id ly changing ip resen t a fu tu r e toward w hich he p la n s may be im p o s s ib le ;s in c e about th e o n ly p s y c h ic c e r t a i n t y he can tak e from th e p r e s e n t to th e fu tu r e i s change. A ccep tan ce o f and p r e f - j 2 9 4 1 ierence f o r t h e p r e s e n t may be h i s a d a p t a t i o n and p a r t o f th e g u l f w hich appearB to s e p a r a t e him from a d u l t s . ; ! Summary The f i n d i n g s f o r r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s e s one and two have been d e sc rib e d * analyzed* and d i s c u s s e d . The r e s e a r c h * ! h y p o t h e s i s t h a t th e Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s j j o f a g g r e g a te s o f th e sample p o p u l a t i o n w i l l v a ry w ith eth nic! lid e n tity * sex i d e n t i t y * and socioeconom ic l e v e l w ith non- iNegroes h a v in g a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e iOver a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e .than w i l l N egroes; m ales h av in g ' a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e Sub j e c t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l fe m a le s; and h i g h e r socioeconomic! ; 1 l e v e l s h a v in g a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l low er [Socioeconomic l e v e l s was a c c e p te d . • The s e c t i o n o f r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is one t h a t p r e d i c t e d t h a t when th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y * sex i d e n t i t y and socio eco nom ic s t a t u s a re com b in e d , th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e h i g h e s t s o c io - ieconomic le v e l* male* non-Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be Over o v e r W ith o v e r S u b je c t and th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e lo w e st socioeconom ic le v e l* female* Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be S u b je c t o v e r W ith o v e r Over was r e j e c t e d . However* a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e m ight be some s t r a i n tow ard th e m a n if e s t a t io n o f th e p r e d ic t e d p a t t e r n s j f o r th e s e a g g r e g a t e s . j • i I The s e c t i o n o f r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is one t h a t p r e - | j ' 1 d i e t e d t h a t th e i n t e r v e n i n g p a t t e r n s w i l l be Over o v e r Sub- j j j e c t o v e r W ith and S u b je c t o v e r Over o v e r W ith was a c c e p te d j E x cep t f o r th e v a r i a t i o n w ith sex i d e n t i t y and p r e - j i d i c t i o n o f p r e f e r e n c e d i f f e r e n c e f o r m ales and fem ales* | which was accepted * th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is t h a t Time v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s w i l l v a ry w ith e t h n i c i d e n t i t y * sex i :i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s w ith non-N egroes h a v in g ; :a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a - ■t i v e as compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th a n w i l l Ne g r o e s ; m ales hav in g a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l fe m a le s; and t h a t h i g h e r s o c i o e c o n o m ic .le v e ls w i l l j i have a s t r o n g e r p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu r e a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l low er s o c i o economic l e v e l s was r e j e c t e d . The s e c t i o n o f r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is two t h a t p r e - f d i e t e d t h a t when th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y * sex i d e n t i t y * and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a r e com bined* th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e h i g h e s t s o c io - exonomic le v e l* male* non-Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be F u tu re o v e r P r e s e n t o v e r P a s t; th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f ; j th e lo w e st Bocioeconomic le v e l* female* Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re o v e r P a s t ; th e i n t e r v e n i n g p a t t e r n -will be P r e s e n t e q u a ls F u tu re o v e r P a s t was r e j e c t e d . A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d t h a t , a lth o u g h th e male p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e F u tu re was w eaker th an th e fem ale p r e f e r e n c e , th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f a l l th e a g g r e g a te s was P r e s e n t o v e r F u tu re o v e r P a s t . CHAPTER VI INTRODUCTION . | The d i s c u s s i o n , a n a l y s i s and d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e f i n d in g s f o r h y p o t h e s is 3 i s p r e s e n t e d i n two main s e c t i o n s ,1 The e f f e c t o f th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f s o c io e c o - j nomic s t a t u s , sex i d e n t i t y and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon th e ; ! ' ' . ! ;d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e o f academ ic s u c c e s s w i l l be d is c u s s e d ! i n th e f i r s t s e c t i o n . Eor t h i s s e c t i o n th e sample p o p u la t i o n was composed o f non-Negro r e s p o n d e n ts . I n i t i a l l y th e j e f f e c t o f each o f th e t h r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s f o r th e e n t i r e non-Negro sam ple w i l l be exam ined. Next th e e f f e c t j : o f th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s and th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n v a r i - j : ' { I a b l e s f o r th e male and th e n th e fem ale non-Negro p o p u la tio n -w i11 be c o n s id e r e d . L a s t l y th e e f f e c t of, v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n f o r c l a s s I m ales, c l a s s I I m a le s, c l a s s I fem ales and c l a s s I I fe m a le s; th e e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s f o r dom inant m ales, dom inant fe m a le s , v a r i a n t m ales and v a r i a n t fe m a le s; th e e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y f o r c l a s s I d o m in a n ts, c l a s s I I d o m in a n ts, c l a s s I v a r i a n t s and c l a s s I I v a r i a n t s w i l l be : exam ined s e p a r a t e l y . j In th e second s e c t i o n th e e f f e c t o f th e two i n d e - ; p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y and v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n 297 298 I ;upon th e d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e o f academ ic s u c c e s s w i l l be j d i s c u s s e d . F or t h i s s e c t i o n th e sample p o p u l a t i o n was com- ; p o se d o f non-Negro c l a s s 4 m ales and fem a le s and Negro c la ssj 3 and 4 m ales and fe m a le s . I n i t i a l l y th e e f f e c t o f th e two in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s f o r th e e n t i r e sample p o p u l a t i o n j !of t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l be d i s c u s s e d . The e f f e c t o f e t h n i c i i d e n t i t y f o r V a r i a n t s and Dom inants w i l l be exam ined f o l lowed by an e x a m in a tio n o f th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n ! f o r N egroes and n o n-N egroes. A lthough t h e term s V a r ia n t and Dominant have been d e fin e d i n C h a p te r IV, t h e y have n o t been u se d p r e v i o u s l y j I i n t h i s c h a p t e r and a re v ie w o f t h e i r m eanings may be u s e - I ! | f u l f o r th e r e a d e r . V a r i a n t r e f e r s to th o s e re s p o n d e n ts ; who s e l e c t e d th e S u b je c t o v e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e on 3 o r ! more o f th e f i v e ite m s on th e r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t . Dominant1 i I r e f e r s to th o s e r e s p o n d e n ts who s e l e c t e d th e Over o v e r th e jS u b jec t a l t e r n a t i v e on 3 o r more o f th e f i v e ite m s on th e r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t . When d i s c u s s i n g th e e f f e c t o f an in d e p e n d e n t v a r i - | a b l e , i t i s u n d e rs to o d t h a t t h i s r e f e r s to th e e f f e c t o f th e p r e s e n c e o f an a t t r i b u t e upon th e d ependent v a r i a b l e . :The d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e o f academ ic s u c c e s s r e f e r s to t e s t s c o r e s o r g r a d e s which a re a t o r above a g iv e n m id p o in t. i i The p r o p o r t i o n o f th o s e i n a g iv e n a g g re g a te who a re a t o r j „above th e g iv e n m id p o in t i s r e c o r d e d i n th e t a b l e s o f th e ■ findings. T h is p r o p o r t i o n may be i n t e r p r e t e d a s th e p r o - 299 Ip o rtio n o f a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l f o r a g iv e n a g g r e g a te . The in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le , o f sex i d e n t i t y r e f e r s to th e p r e s e n c e o f th e a t t r i b u t e o f fe m a le n e s s . The in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n r e f e r s to th e p re s e n c e o f ‘th e a t t r i b u t e o f dom inant v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n , The in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f socioeconom ic B ta tu s r e f e r s to th e p re s e n c e o f th e a t t r i b u t e o f h i g h e r socioeconom ic s t a t u s . (See T able 1 8 .) T A B L E 18 | THE EFFECT OF SEX IDENTITY, SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS AND VALUE ORIENTATION UPON ACADEMIC SUCCESS I Henmon-Nelson . ■Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 34 37 27 58 47 33 26 n n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above n. n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above n n below 100 and 100 above 19 15 18 19 13 1 k 13 43 22 19 21 26 11 22 5 21 Proportion 100 IQ and above .W- .51 • 52 .78 M •53 .67 .81 301 Class Effect = .218 Orientation Effect = .l4l Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect = .053 Z = .96 Z = 4.01 Z = 2.53 r = .414 Males Only Z = 2.55 Z = 2.12 r = .392 Females Only Z = 3.11 Z = 1.47 r = .447 Class Effect = ,200 Orientation Effect = .172 Class Effect = .236 Orientation Effect = .114 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = Z = — Z = 2.35 z = — s = .176 = .236 ' P — P £ .0 0 0 1 P £.01 P £.01 P £.02 P £.001 P s = .203 P — ' P — P £.01 P — Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males 1.94 2.46 Z Z Z = — z = 2.74 P £.03 P £.01 P — P £.01 Bex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = — Z = — Z = — Z = — P — P — P — P — T A B L E 18—Continued Calif oraia Achievement Reading Male Female Class II Class I Class II 'Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 29 36 23 55 40 44 30 25 n n below 8.2 and 8.2 above n n below 8.2 and 8.2 above n n below 8.2 and 8,2 above n n below 8.2 and ■ 8.2 above n n below 8.2 and 8.2 above n n ■ below 8.2 and 8 .2 above n n below . 8.2 and 8.2 above n n below 8.2 and 8.2 above 17 12 13 23 12 11 13 42 22 18 21 23 13 17 6 19 Proportion 8.2 grd pi and above .41 .64 .48 .76 ' .45 • 52 . • 57 .76 ui O ro 303 -Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect =-.008 Class Effect = .ll*2 Orientation Effect = .186 Class Effect = .103 Orientation Effect = .256 •Class Effect = .183 Orientation Effect = .122 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = .1 1) - z = 2.1*7 Z = 3.16 r = .l )-07 s Males Only Z = 1.28 Z = 3.01 r = .398 s Females Only Z = 2.22 z = 1A 9 r = . 1*20 s Z = — Z = — Z = 2.35 Z = 1.89 Z = — Z = 2.11 Z = — Z = — Z = Z = — Z = — Z = — P _ _ P S. 01 P s . 001 .273 p — P s . 01 .21*3 P £ . 0 2 p — .275 p — p — P £.01 P £.03 P — ' P £.02 P — P — P — P — P — P — T A B L E 18—Continued California Achievement Language Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation 31 35 21 55 38 45 30 25 n n below 8.2 and 8 .2 ahove n n helow 8 .2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n below 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove IT 14 18 IT 13 8 l4 . 4l 15 23 16 29 8 22 5 20 Proportion 8.2 grd pi and ahove .49 .38 • 75 .61 .64 •73 .80 i 305 Total Hon-Negro Population Sex Effect = *156 Class Effect = .142 Orientation Effect = .120 Class Effect = .l4j Orientation Effect = .208 Class Effect = .l4 l Orientation Effect = .049 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = 2.74 z = 2.51 Z = 2.08 r = .395 • Males Only Z =1.73 Z = 2.41 r = .367 Females Only Z = 1.81 Z = .63 r = .600 Z = — Z = — z = 3.06 Z = — s = .187 s = .282 P P P P P P r = .210 P — P — P S.01 P — Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z = — Z = — Z = — Z = 2 . 5 3 P — P — P — P £.01 Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants z = 2.50 Z = — Z = — Z = — P £.01 P — P __ P — £.01 £.01 I j £.02 | i j j j £.05 | i £.01 ' | ! I j I I ! £.04 I I ! 1 i j T A B L E 18—Continued California Achievement Arithmetic Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant 'Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 31 33 . . 21 55 38 44 30 25 n n below 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove n n helow 8.2 and 8.2 ahove 16 15 13 20 6 15 8 47 17 21 14 30 8 22 4 21 Proportion 8 .2 grd pi and ahove .48 .61 • 71 • 85 • 55 .68 • 73 .84 L O O ! G \ i 307 T o ta l Non-Negro P op u lation Sex E ffe c t = .031 Z = M P C lass E ffe c t = .201 Z = 3.68 P O rien ta tio n E ffe c t = .127 Z = 2 .2 7 P r = M l s = .271 Males Only C lass E ffe c t = .237 Z = 3 .00 P O rien ta tio n E ffe c t = .136 Z = I .65 P r * = M l s = .150 Fem ales Only C lass E ffe c t =.169 Z = 2 .2 2 P O rien ta tio n E f f e c t = .120 Z = 1 .5 7 P r = .555 b = . 156 - O rien ta tio n e f f e c t s C lass I Fem ales Z = — P — C lass I I Females Z = —. P — C lass I M ales Z - — P — C lass I I M ales Z = — P — C lass e f f e c t s V ariant Fem ales Z = — P — Dominant Fem ales Z = — P — V ariant M ales Z = 1 .7 2 P ^.05 Dominant Males Z = 2.^ 5 P £.01 Sex e f f e c t s C lass I V arian ts Z = > — P — C lass I I V arian ts Z = — P — C lass I Dominants Z = — P — C lass I I Dominants Z = — P — S. 001 £.02 S.01 si.05 £.02 T A B L E 18—Continued Cooperative Reading Male Female . Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 55 kz. 25 57 k k k 9 52 29 n n below 50$ and 5056 above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 505& above n n below 90 $ > and 50$ above ro 0 I k 28 11 12 15 k2 20 2 k 22 27 15 17 7 22 Proportion 50 percentile and above .67 .52 .7 k •55 • 55 -55 .76 I f I 00 j o ; C O \ 309 Total Hon-Negro Population Sex Effect = .001 Z = .03 P — Class Effect = .090 Z = 1,65 P S.05 Orientation Effect = .162 Z = 2.89 P S.01 r = . 1+ 60 s = .287 Males Only Class Effect =.077 Z = 1.00 P — Orientation Effect = .231 Z = 2.8^ P £.01 r = .V35 s = .257 Females Only Class Effect = .105 Z = 1,3^ P — Orientation Effect = .099 Z = 1.27 P — r = .492 s = .30^ Orientation effects Class I Females Z = 1.9^- P ^.03 Class II Females Z = — _ _ P — Class I Males Z = 1.8*1- P £.0*4- Class II Males Z = 2.17 P ^*02 Class effects Variant Females Z = — P — Dominant Females Z = 1.97 P ^*03 Variant Males Z = — P — Dominant Males Z = — P — Sex effects Class I Variants Z = — P — Class II Variants Z = — P — Class I Dominants Z = ■ — P — Class II Dominants Z = — P — T A B L E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Verbal Reasoning Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 3 k 39 26 ■ 57 39 46 34 30 n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 5056 above n n below 50$ and 50% above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above 22 . 12 15 2 k 16 10 15 42 27 12 22 24 21 15 6 24 Proportion 50 percentile and above -35 .62 .38 -74 -31 -52 -38 ________ 1 .80 Class Effect = .135 Orlentation.Effect = .312 Total CTon-Negro Population Sex Effect = -.015 Z = .27 Z * 2.50 z - 5.69 r = .302 Males Only Z = 1.12 Z = 3*98 r = .327 Females Only Z = 2.40 Z = 4.07 r - .257 Class Effect = .086 Orientation Effect = .316 Class Effect = .182 Orientation Effect = .309 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants z = 3.80 Z s 2.01 z = 3*23 Z = 2.40 Z = — z = 2.70 z = — z = — z = — z = ■ — Z — — z = — s - .266 311 i j I p — ’I P £.01 I P £.000001 I i I I ! ? — I P £.0001 ! s = .271 P £.01 P £.0001 s = .252 P £.0001 P £.03 P £.001 P £.01 P — P £.01 P — P — P — P — P — P — TABIE 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Numerical Reasoning Male Female Glass II Class I Class II 'Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant ' Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 33 4o 26 57 4o 46 34 30 . n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n ' below 5056 and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 5056 above n n below 50$ and 50$ above 19 l4 16 24 13 13 b- O O J 25 17 22 24 17 17 8 22 Proportion 50 percentile and above .42 .60 •50 •65 .52 .50 •73 313 Total N o n -N e g ro Population Sex Effect = .004 Z = .08 Class Effect = .102 Orientation Effect = .159 Class Effect = .061 Orientation Effect = .162 Class Effect = .144 Orientation Effect * = .153 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = 1.82 z = 2.79 r = .410 Males Only Z = .77 Z = 2.01 r = -.452 Females Only Z = 1.81 Z = 1.93 r = .395 Z = 1.95 Z = — Z = — Z = — s = .325 = .342 P - P P £ . 04 01 .03 . 0 4 .03 s = .308 P S.05 P „„ P — P __ Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z - — z = 1.92 Z = ~ Z = — P — P ^.03 P — P — Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = — Z = — Z = — Z = ~~ P — P — P — P — 1 A J 3 L E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Abstract Seasoning Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I . : Variant Crientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientationj n 53 k l 25 57 in k k 3 k 29 | ‘ n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n . n below 50$ and 505& above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n ! below 50$ j and ! 5056 abovej 18 15 16 25 9 16 13 k k 21 20 20 2 k 13 21 5 2 k | Proportion 50 percentile and above M ' .61 .6 k .77 .k-9 • 55 .62 ] .83 I | 315 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect = .011 Class Effect - .192 Orientation Effect = .159 Class Effect = .170 Orientation Effect = .144 Class Effect = .215 Orientation Effect = .155 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = .21 z = 5.56 z = 2.52 r = .592 Males Only Z = 2.24 Z = 1.81 r = .567 Females O nly z = 2.79 Z = 1,76 r = >452 Z = 1.94 Z = — Z = ~ Z = — 8 = .266 s = .519 p — P £.001 P £.01 P £.02 P £.04 P £.01 P £.04 s = .200 P £.05 P — P — P — Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z = Z B Z = Z = 2.75 I.69 P — P £.01 P — P £.05 Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = -- z = — z = — . z = — p — p — p — p — T A B L E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Space Relations . Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation ■ Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 34 4l ' 26 57 k l Vf 3^ 30 n n 3elow 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 505& above 19 15 11 30 13 13 9 i*S 19 22 19 28 13 21 9 21 Proportion 50 percentile and above M • 73 • 50 .81* .60 .62 -70 317 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect =-.039 Class Effect = .093 Orientation Effect = .194 Class Effect = .095 jOrientation Effect = .315 Class Effect = .090 iOrientation Effect = .069 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males z = .72 z = 1.76 Z = 3.51 r = .487 M ales Only Z = 1.34 Z = 4.06 r = .427 Females Only Z = 1,14 Z = .88 r = .555 Z = — Z. = — Z = 3.11 z = 2.65 s = .265 = .163 S = .306 p — P g .o 4 P S .001 P — P g.0001 P p p — p — P ^ .001 P S .0 1 Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Miales Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants, Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z P P P P P P P P J L A B E E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Mechanical Reasoning Male Female Glass II Glass I Class II Glass I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant • Orientation n 3 k 39 26 . 57 k 2 45 34 30 n n below 50$ and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 5056 ahove n n helow 50j 6 and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 50$ ahove n n helow 50$ and 50$ ahove 19 15 I k 23 12 I k 19 38 22 20 19 26 12 22 10 20 Proportion 50 percentile and ahove .44 ,6 k *54 .67 .48 .58 .65 .67 319 I Total fflbn-Degro Population Sex Effect = .014 Class Effect = .093 Orientation Effect = .113 Class Effect = .056 Orientation Effect = .165 Class Effect = .130 Orientation Effect = .06k- Orientation effects Class I Females Class I I Females Class I Males Class I I Males Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males z = .25 Z = 1.63 Z = 2.00 r = .467 M ales Only z = .71 Z = 2.03 r = .457 Fem ales Only Z * 1.63 Z = .81 r = .525 ■ Z = — Z = — z = — Z = 1.74 z z z z s = .313 s = .322 P — P §.05 P s .03 p — p §.03 p p s = .281 P — P — P — P ^.05 P P P P Sex effects Class I Variants Class I I Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z Z Z Z P P P P T A B L E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Clerical Speed and Accuracy Male Eemale Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 32 4l 25 . 57 4l F 45 34 29 n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 30 io and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above 12 . 20 16 25 10 15 24 33 19 22 22 23 15 19 11 18 Proportion 50 percentile and above .63 .61 .60 .58 .54 • 51 .56 .62 321 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect = -.046 Class Effect = .016 Orientation Effect = -.006 Class Effect = -.0J0 Orientation Effect = -.020 Class Effect = .064 Orientation Effect = .009 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I .Males Class II Males z = .78 P Z = .27 P Z = .10 P r = .59? s = .459 M ales Only Z = .38 P Z = .24 P r = .630 s = .420 Fem ales Only Z = .78 P Z = .11 P r = .517 b = .410 Z = — P — Z = ~ P — Z = — P — Z = — P — Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z Z Z Z P P P P Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z Z Z Z P P P P T A B L E 18—Continued Differential Aptitude Spelling Male Female Class II Class I Class II | 'Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 33 40 26 57 b o 46 34 30 n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n ' below 50$ and 5056 above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 505& and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ > above n n below 50$ and 5°$ above 19 l4 23 17 15 11 21 36 25 15 23 23 20 14 15 15 Proportion 50 percentile and above .b 2 .43 .42 .63 .38 • 50 .41 .50 323 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect =-.027 Z = .46 Class Effect = .071 Orientation Effect = .109 Class Effect = .124 Orientation Effect = .110 Class Effect = .015 ;Orientation Effect = .107 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = 1.25 z = 1.89 r = .592 s = .455 Males Only z = 1.56 Z = 1.54 r = .570 B - *396 Females Only Z = .19 Z = 1.33 r = .387 s = .491 Z = — P — Z = — P — Z = 1 .8 1 P £.04 Z = — P — p — p — p £.03 p — p — p p Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z = — Z = — Z = Z = 1.98 P _ _ P — P — P £.03 Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = — Z = — Z = Z = — P — P P „ P T A B L E 18—Continued. D if f e r e n t ia l A ptitud e Sentence Male ' Female Glass II Glass I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 33 in 26 57 40 k 6 34 29 n n. below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50 $ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 505& and 50$ , above n n below 50$ and 50$ above n n below 30$ and 50$ above n n below 5P$ and 50$ above n n below 50$ and 50$ above 22 11 25 16 15 11 20 37 26 14 2 k 22 22 12 12 17 Proportion 50 percentile and above •33 •39 .42 .63 •35 .48 • 35 . -59 325 ! Sex Effect =-.002 Class Effect = .124 Orientation Effect = .165 Class Effect = .186 Orientation Effect = .155 Class Effect = .052 Orientation Effect = .177 Total Non-Negro Population Z = .04 z = 2.27 z = 3.05 r = .307 Males Only z = 2.50 Z = 2.08 r = .287 Females Only Z = .64 Z = 2.21 r = .322 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = 1.95 Z = — z = 2.31 Z = — = .424 s = .372 P — P £ .02 P £.01 P £.01 P £.02 P — P £.02 s = .449 P £.03 P „ P £.02 P — Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z - — Z = — z = — z = 2.63 p __ p — p P £.01 Sex effects Class I Variants Class II Variants Class I Dominants Class II Dominants Z = — Z = — Z = — Z = — P — P — P — P — T A B L E 18—Continued i School Grades | Subject Achievement I ■ Male Female Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation X L 37 43 ' ' 28 38 . 43 32 34 30 n n below 2.5 and 2.5 above n n below 2.5 and 2.5 above . n n below 2.5 and 2.5 above n n below 2.5 and 2.5 above n n below 2.5 and 2.3 above n n below 2.5 and 2.5 above n n below 2.5 and 2.3 above n n below 2.5 and 2 .5 above 23 l4 26 17 16 12 25 33 25 18 24 28 15 19 8 22 Proportion 2.5 grd.pt. ave.& above *38 .40 .43 • 57 .42 • 54 .36 •73 327 Class Effect. = .145 Orientat ion Effect = .110 Total Eon-legro Population Sex Effect = .119 Z = 2.17 Z = 2.64 Z = 2.01 r = .320 Males Only Z = 1.59 Z = .98 r = .350 Females Only Z =2.14 Z = 1.84 r = .407 Class Effect = .123 Orientation Effect = .077 Class Effect = .167 Orientation Effect = .142 Orientation effects Class I Females Class II Females Class I Males Class II Males Z = Z = Z = Z = s - .306 = .450 s = .284 P — P — P — P — P s.02 P S.01 P £.03 P P P £ .0 2 P £.04 Class effects Variant Females Dominant Females Variant Males Dominant Males Z = — Z = 1.78 Z = — z = 1.72 P — P £.04 P — P £.05 Sex effects Class I Variants Class I I Variants Class I Dominants Class I I Dominants Z = — Z = — z = 1.87 Z = — P — P _ _ P £.04 p — .table 18—Continued School Grades Work H abits Male Pemale Class II Class I , Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 56 k $ 27 58 I 1. 3 55 3 b 30 n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.73 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above n n below 2.75 and 2.75 above 20 16 23 20 13 1^ 28 30 21 22 20 35 9 25 b 26 Proportion 2.75 grd.pt. ave.& above .k b M •52 .51 .62 .74 .87 <j0 ro C o 329 C lass E ffe c t - .0 4 6 [O rientation E ffe c t = .055 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect = .220 Z = 4.24 PS Class Effect = .155 Z = 5.00 P s Orientation Effect = .084 Z *= 1.58 P r = .577 s = .164 Males Only Z = . 5 9 P Z = .45 P r = .447 s = .472 Eemales Only Class Effect = .242 Z = 5*49 P 2 Orientation Effect = .120 Z = 1.72 P i v = .5 0 0 Orientation effects Class I Females• Z = — Class II Females Z = — Class I Males Z = — Class II Males Z ~ — Class effects Variant Females Z = 2.15 Dominant Females Z = 2.76 Variant Males Z = — Dominant Males Z = — * s = .158 P — P — P — P — P £ .0 2 P £ .0 1 P — P — Sex e f f e c t s C lass I V arian ts C lass I I V arian ts C lass I Dominants C lass I I Dominants Z = 2.15 Z = — Z = 5*90 Z = — ' P £ .0 2 P — P £ .0 0 0 1 p __ .0001 .01 .001 .05 T A B L E 18- —Continued School Grades Cooperation i : 1 i Males Females Class II Class I Class II Class I Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation ] n 36 k h 27 58 b$ 53 3 k 30 n n below 3■ 0 and 3.0 above n n below 3*° and 3.0 above n n below 3*0 and 3.0 above n n below 3 • 0 and 3.0 above n n below 3*0 and 3-0 above n n below 3*0 and 3.0 above n n below 3.0 and 3-0 above n n below 3*0 and 3 • 0 above 21 15 20 2k 10 17 20 38 13 28 9 M j - 6 28 4 26 Proportion 3.0 grd.pt. ave. & above ,k 2 *55 .63 .66 *65 *83 .82 .87 331 Total Non-Negro Population Sex Effect = .231 Z = 4.68 P £.00001 Class Effect = .114 Z = 2.37 P £.01 Orientation Effect = .102 Z = 2.06 P £.02 r = .450 s KA . 1 1 Males Only Class Effect = .148 z = 1.93 P £.03 Orientation Effect = .080 Z = 1.02 P — r = .445 s C M KA « II ' Females Only Class Effect = .092 Z = 1.48 P — Orientation Effect = .116 z = 1.83 P £.04 r = .682 s = .110 Orientation effects Class I Females Z = — p — Class II Females Z = 2.02 p £.03 Class I Males Z = — p — Class II Males Z > — p — Class effects Variant Females z = 1.73 p £.05 Dominant Females Z = — p — Variant Males z = 1.69 p £.03 Dominant Males z = ------- p — Sex effects Class I Variants z = 1.67 p £.05 Class II Variants z = 2.09 P £.02 Class I Dominants Z = 2.40 P £.01 Class II Dominants Z = 3*07 P £.01 3 32 : A n a l y s i s and D i s c u s s i o n : I Non-Negro Sample j A n a l y s i s of. F i n d i n g s I A n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e non-N egro sam ple r e v e a l s t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s I te n d to e x e r t an i n f l u e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s . W ith I f o u r t e e n o f th e s i x t e e n i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s t h e i n u l l h y p o t h e s i s o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a - j j : t i o n can be r e j e c t e d . The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s i s a c c e p t e d f o r J : t h e C l e r i c a l Speed and A c cu ra cy s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l j A p t i t u d e T e s t and th e Work H a b i ts g r a d e i n d i c a t o r s . A l- j i th o u g h th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s n o t l a r g e and j f a l l s w i t h i n th e ra n g e o f .1 0 1 to . 19^ f o r 13 o f t h e 14 s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i c a t o r s , th e l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e t e n d to be i m p r e s s iv e w i t h - e i g h t o f t h e f o u r t e e n b e in g .0 1 o r l e s s : : ' i |a n d th e o t h e r s i x f a l l i n g betw een .04 and .0 2 . The l a r g e s t I ; e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s w ith th e V e r b a l R e aso n in g s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p t i t u d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r . T h is j | e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s l a r g e r th a n any o f th e e f - i f e c t s o f so c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s o r sex i d e n t i t y . The l e v e l j I o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f .0 0 0 0 0 1 i n d i c a t e s a h i g h d e g re e o f c o n - ; f i d e n c e . W ith f o u r t e e n o f t h e s i x t e e n i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic i ; s u c c e s s t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f j so c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s can be r e j e c t e d . The h u l l h y p o t h e s i s j i ! i s a c c e p t e d w i t h th e C l e r i c a l Speed and A c cu ra cy and th e 333 ; i S p e l li n g s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e t e s t i n d i - | c a t o r s . A lthough t h e e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s n o t: i l a r g e and f a l l s 'w ithin th e ran g e o f .0 9 0 to . 2 1 8 , th e l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e te n d to be im p r e s s iv e w ith n in e b e in g .0 1 j o r l e s s and th e o t h e r f i v e f a l l i n g betw een .0 2 and . 0 5 . I ' f A l e s s e r e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y ' upon academ ic s u e - j j c e s s i s d i s c l o s e d from th e a n a l y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s . The j I n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y m ust be a c c e p te d w ith a l l o f th e s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t i n d i c a t o r s e x c e p t th e C a l i f o r n i a Language T e s t. On th e o t h e r J hand, th e n u l l h y p o th e s is can be r e j e c t e d f o r th e e f f e c t | o f sex i d e n t i t y upon a l l t h r e e t e a c h e r g ra d e i n d i c a t o r s . j j W ith t h r e e o f th e f o u r i n d i c a t o r s where t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i - j c a n t e f f e c t , th e e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y i s l a r g e r th an th e 1 ! e f f e c t o f e i t h e r socioeconom ic s t a t u r o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . ; i The .0 2 , .0 1, .0001, and ,00001 l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n - I d i c a t e , when i t i s p r e s e n t , a h ig h deg ree o f c o n fid e n c e i n th e e f f e c t o f sex i d e n t i t y . Comparison o f th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and | socioeconom ic s t a t u s would seem to i n d i c a t e t h a t v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n ' te n d s to e x e r t a s l i g h t l y s t r o n g e r e f f e c t upon academ ic s u c c e s s th an does socioeconom ic s t a t u s . ■ W ith th e e le v e n s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t i n d i c a t o r s where b o th th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and socioeconom ic s t a t u s a r e p r e s e n t j i j th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s l a r g e r th a n th e e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s i n seven c a s e s . On th e o t h e r hand, 334 i fo r the two te a c h e r grade in d ic a t o r s where both e f f e c t s are j p r e s e n t th e e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s i s g r e a t e r . j I f th e a n a l y s i s had been stop p ed a t t h i s point., one j i m ight have in f e r r e d t h a t v a lu e o r ie n t a t io n e x e r te d an i n - : i dependent e f f e c t upon academ ic s u c c e s s ; or s t a t e d in term s j i o f th e research ' h y p o t h e s is th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over as i i compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Man-Nature v a lu e i o r ie n t a t i o n p r e d i c t s academ ic s u c c e s s . However, in s p e c t io n j o f th e f in d in g s r e v e a le d t h a t some o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e - j tween th e p r o p o r tio n s appeared to be making a g r e a t e r con - j t r i b u t i o n to th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s than d id j ! - | 'o th e r s and th a t a p a tte r n o f g r e a t e r and l e s s e r c o n tr ib u tio n seemed to be r e l a t e d to se x i d e n t i t y . I t a ls o appeared ! t h a t perhaps th e r e was a p a tte r n o f g r e a t e r and l e s s e r co n - * t r i b u t i o n o f th e so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s e f f e c t r e l a t e d to sex j i d e n t i t y . I f b oth m ales and fem a le s are making ap p ro x im a tely th e same c o n t r ib u tio n to the e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t io n or so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s , th e s i z e o f th e e f f e c t sh ou ld rem ain j a p p ro x im a te ly th e same fo r b oth m ales and fem a les and the j t o t a l non-Negro sam ple. S in ce th e s i z e o f the sample ten d s I ; i to e f f e c t th e l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e , i t can be e x p e c te d ! t h a t th e e f f e c t s f o r m ales and fem a le s would be l e s s s i g - j j n i f i c a n t than th e e f f e c t s fo r th e t o t a l non-Negro sam ple. j I f on th e o th e r hand, m ales are making a g r e a t e r c o n tr ib u t i o n than fe m a le s i t can be e x p e c te d t h a t th e e f f e c t f o r “ ...... 335 ] m ales would be l a r g e r th a n f o r fem a le s and f o r th e t o t a l j non-Negro sam ple. A lso I t may be found t h a t th e e f f e c t s | f o r m ales would be a s s i g n i f i c a n t o r more s i g n i f i c a n t th a n i I th e e f f e c t s f o r th e t o t a l non-Negro sample d e s p i t e - t h e s m a ll e r s i z e o f th e male sam ple. > i When th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a - j t i o n f o r m ales and fem a le s a r e exam ined, some d i f f e r e n c e s j I f o r th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n a re d is c o v e r e d . W ith | t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon | academ ic s u c c e s s f o r m ales te n d s to be g r e a t e r th a n th e e f - j f e e t f o r fe m a le s . W ith th e C l e r i c a l Speed and A ccuracy j s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r th e e f - j i i f e e t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r e i t h e r m a le s , fe m a le s o r th e t o t a l non-Negro sam ple. The s i z e o f ; th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s a p p ro x im a te ly th e same ! f o r m a le s, fe m a le s, and th e t o t a l sam ple, and th e e f f e c t i s l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r m ales and fem a le s th a n f o r th e t o t a l sample w ith s i x o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . W ith th e o t h e r s i x t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e e f f e c t o f ! i i v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s g r e a t e r f o r m ales th a n f o r fem a le s and th e t o t a l sample and th e s e e f f e c t s a re more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r m ales th a n f o r fe m a le s . T hree o f th e s e s i x e f f e c t s a r e o f e q u a l o r g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r m ales th an f o r th e t o t a l sam ple. j The p a t t e r n o f th e g r e a t e r e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon academ ic s u c c e s s f o r m ales th a n f o r fem a le s i s 3 3 6 j ; ' J Ir ev e rsed when te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s are c o n s id e r e d . The j ; I • s iz e o f th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n i s la r g e r fo r f e m ales than fo r m ales w ith a l l th r e e i n d ic a t o r s and w ith i two i n d ic a t o r s th e e f f e c t fo r fem a le s i s o f eq u a l or g r e a t e r ; 1 s i g n i f i c a n c e than th e e f f e c t fo r th e t o t a l sam ple. I i A fu r th e r com parison betw een th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e i o r ie n t a t i o n fo r m ales and fe m a le s can be drawn from the j ; . i i f i n d i n g s . The n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t j ; j can be r e j e c t e d fo r m ales w ith e le v e n o f t h i r t e e n t e s t j : sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s w h ile fo r th e fem a le s the n u l l h y p o th e s is can be r e j e c t e d w ith o n ly fo u r o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . On th e o th e r hand, th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t must be a c c e p te d f o r th e m ales w ith a l l j th r e e te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s w h ile for. th e fem a le s th e n u l l h y p o th e s is can be r e j e c t e d f o r a l l th r e e te a c h e r grade I i n d i c a t o r s . When th e f in d in g s f o r th e e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s upon academ ic s u c c e s s f o r m ales and fem a le s are j a n a ly z e d , a p a tte r n o f g r e a t e r e f f e c t fo r fem a le s seem s to a p p ea r. W ith th e C l e r i c a l Speed and A ccuracy and S p e llin g s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e st i n d ic a t o r s th e ; | e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r ; j e i t h e r m a les, fem a le s or th e t o t a l sam ple. The s i z e o f e f - j j I f e e t o f so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s i s ap p ro x im a tely th e same fo r ; m a les, fem a le s and th e t o t a l sam ple, and th e e f f e c t i s l e s s ; s i g n i f i c a n t fo r m ales and fe m a le s than fo r th e t o t a l sample 337 w ith t h r e e o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . W ith th e M echanical R easoning s e c t i o n o f - t h e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p t i tu d e t e s t i n d i c a t o r th e s i z e o f th e e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s f o r fem ales i s o b se rv e d to be l a r g e r th an f o r m ales and f o r th e t o t a l sam ple. However, f o r m ales and fem ales th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t must be a c c e p te d . For th e t o t a l sample i t can be r e j e c t e d a t th e .05 l e v e l . W ith f i v e o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e i e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s g r e a t e r f o r fe m a le s th an f o r m ales o r th e t o t a l sam ple, and th e s e e f f e c t s a re more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r fe m a le s th an f o r m ales. Two o f th e s e e f f e c t s a r e o f e q u a l o r g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r fem a le s th an f o r th e t o t a l sam ple. W ith two o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e e f f e c t o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s g r e a t e r f o r m ales th a n f o r fem a le s o r th e t o t a l sam ple, and th e s e e f f e c t s a re more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r m ales th a n f o r fe m a le s . W ith two o f th e t e a c h e r g ra d e i n d i c a t o r s th e e f f e c t o f so cioecono m ic s t a t u s i s g r e a t e r f o r fem ales th a n f o r m ales o r th e t o t a l sam ple, and th e s e e f f e c t s a r e more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r fem a le s th a n f o r m a le s. However, w ith one o f th e t e a c h e r g rad e i n d i c a t o r s th e r e l a t i v e s i z e and s i g n i f i cance o f th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s e f f e c t i s r e v e r s e d w ith th e e f f e c t b e in g l a r g e r and more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r m ales th a n f o r fe m a le s. i *................................... '.................................. 3 3 8 ] A f u r t h e r com parison betw een th e e f f e c t o f s o c i o - j ! economic s t a t u s f o r m ales and fem a le s can be drawn from th e j i ■ ■ • i f i n d i n g s . The n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f ! !socioeconom ic s t a t u s can be r e j e c t e d w ith seyen o f th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s f o r th e fem a le s w h ile f o r j th e m ales th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is can be r e j e c t e d w ith f i v e o f i th e t h i r t e e n t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . The n u l l h y p o th e s is o f ! ;no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t m ust be a c c e p te d w ith one o f th e j t h r e e t e a c h e r g ra d e i n d i c a t o r s f o r fem a le s and w ith two o f j ;th e t h r e e i n d i c a t o r s f o r m ales. j F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta em ploying a s i g n i f i cance o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t i o n s te c h n iq u e may r e - ; v e a l i f c e r t a i n p r o p o r t i o n s a r e making a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e c o n t r i b u t i o n to th e e f f e c t o f e i t h e r v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n o r ; socioeconom ic s t a t u s . T h is a n a l y s i s f o r th e v a lu e o r i e n t a - I ; t i o n e f f e c t may i n d i c a t e i f t h e r e i s a p a t t e r n o f c o n t r i b u - : t i o n s which i s socioeconom ic s t a t u s r e l a t e d a s w e ll a s sex i d e n t i t y r e l a t e d . The a n a l y s i s f o r socioeconom ic s t a t u s i ' ‘ | e f f e c t may a ls o i n d i c a t e i f th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n e f f e c t | i was r e l a t e d to socioeconom ic s t a t u s a s w e l l as sex i d e n t i t y , I t i s p ro b a b ly r e a s o n a b l e to assume t h a t where f o u r ; d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t i o n s a l l c o n tr ib u te , to an e f f e c t ; and th e e f f e c t i s n o t l a r g e ( . 2 0 0 - .2 5 0 o r l e s s ) j th e ■ l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i s a p p ro x im a te ly . 0 5- . 0 1 ., sample : s i z e s a r e o f sm a ll to m oderate s i z e ( 2 5- 6 0 ) and th e e o n t r i - ; b u t to n s o f th e f o u r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s a r e :a p p ro x im a te ly th e same t h a t none o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een! th e p r o p o r t i o n s w i l l he s i g n i f i c a n t . I f u n d e r th e same j C i r c u m s ta n c e s th e e f f e c t i s large,, ( .2 5 0 o r g r e a t e r ) and j ; q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t (.0 0 1 o r s m a l l e r ) , I t i s p r o b a b ly r e a s o n - j ■able to assume t h a t a l l th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o - j :p o r t i o n s may r e a c h s i g n i f i c a n c e . ; On th e o t h e r hand, i f an e f f e c t i s s m a ll th e l e v e l : o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n th e . 0 5 - .O I r a n g e , th e sample s i z e sm a ll! ; to m oderate and one o r more o f th e c o n t r i b u t i n g d i f f e r - ie n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s i s s i g n i f i c a n t i t i s p ro b a b ly : r e a s o n a b le to assume 't h a t th e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f th e d i f f e r - | 1 : e n ce s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s a r e n o t a p p ro x im a te ly th e I j j : same and t h a t th e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f th e ..one o r more s i g n i f i - ; c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i s d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e . A lso , I f the; e f f e c t i s l a r g e and q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t i t i s p ro b a b ly re a s o n s a b le to assume t h a t wide v a r i a t i o n betw een s i g n i f i c a n t ; l e v e l s ( . 0 0 0 1 - . 0 3 ) may a ls o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f th e f o u r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s a r e n o t a p p ro x im a te ly th e same. The f o u r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t i o n s which con t r i b u t e to th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n e f f e c t a r e th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e Dominants and V a r i a n t s f o r th e c l a s s I m ales, c l a s s I I m ales, c l a s s I fem a le s and c l a s s I I fe m a le s . A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s r e v e a l s t h a t w ith th e t h i r t e e n j t e s t sc o re I n d i c a t o r s th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i - : c a n t d i f f e r e n c e can be r e j e c t e d e i g h t tim e s f o r th e c l a s s I ;I m ales, f i v e tim e s f o r th e c l a s s I I m ales and c l a s s I f e - |m a le s > and o n ly once f o r th e c l a s s I I fe m a le s, W ith th e t h r e e t e a c h e r g ra d e I n d i c a t o r s th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s a c c e p te d t h r e e tim e s f o r th e c l a s s I m ales, c l a s s I I m ales and th e c l a s s I fem a le s w h ile f o r th e c l a s s I I fem a le s i t i s a c c e p te d tw ic e . ■ ■ ■ | F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e j j betw een p r o p o r t i o n s w ith th e t e s t s c o re i n d i c a t o r s r e v e a l s | 1 t h a t w ith two i n d i c a t o r s , th e C a l i f o r n i a A r ith m e tic and j C l e r i c a l Speed and A ccuracy s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l | A p titu d e t e s t t h e r e a re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s .. W ith j j !th e V e rb a l R easoning s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e | i T e s t i n d i c a t o r s a l l f o u r d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t . However, th e l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ran g e from .03 f o r th e : c l a s s 2 fem a le s to .0 0 0 1 f o r th e c l a s s 1 fe m a le s. The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t i o n s w ith C oopera t i v e Reading t e s t i n d i c a t o r a r e s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e c l a s s I m ale, c l a s s I I male and c l a s s I fe m a le . F or th e c l a s s I j male and th e c l a s s I I male w ith th e C a l i f o r n i a R eading ! Achievem ent t e s t i n d i c a t o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s a re s i g n i f i c a n t . The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e c l a s s I male and c l a s s I I : fem ale w ith S e n te n c e s s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e j T e s t i n d i c a t o r . The d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s i s s i g n l f i - ; c a n t o n ly f o r th e c l a s s I male w ith th e Henmon-Nelson T e s t, 3^1 j C a l i f o r n i a Language Achievem ent T e s t and th e S p e l li n g s e c - :t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r s * o n ly f o r :th e c l a s s 1 fem ale w ith th e N um erical R easoning and A b s tr a c t R easoning s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e st i n d i - | ;c a t o r s and o n ly f o r c l a s s XX male w ith M echanical R easoning j : s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r . ; I The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t i o n s j I w ith th e t e a c h e r g ra d e i n d i c a t o r s i s found w ith th e Coopera-j 't i o n g ra d e i n d i c a t o r f o r c l a s s I I f e m a le s . j The f o u r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t i o n s which co n- ; t r i b u t e to th e socioeconom ic s t a t u s e f f e c t a re th e d i f f e r - ; | ;e n ce s betw een c l a s s I and c l a s s I I f o r Dominant males* J V a r i a n t males* Dominant fe m a le s and V a r ia n t fe m a le s. A nal y s i s o f th e f i n d i n g s r e v e a l s t h a t w ith th e t h i r t e e n t e s t ! j ; sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f - j f e r e n c e can be r e j e c t e d s i x tim e s f o r th e Dominant fem ales* i s i x tim e s f o r th e Dominant m ales b u t o n ly once f o r th e V a r i a n t fem a le s and once f o r th e V a r ia n t m a le s. W ith th e t e a c h e r g ra d e i n d i c a t o r s th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is i s r e j e c t e d j j tw ice f o r th e Dominant fem ales* tw ice f o r th e V a r i a n t f e - |m ales b u t o n ly once f o r th e Dominant m ales and once f o r : th e V a r ia n t m ales. ; | F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e j I i betw een p r o p o r t i o n s w ith t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s d i s c l o s e s ; t h a t w ith th e Space R e la tio n s * M echanical Reasoning* and 342 C l e r i c a l Speed and A ccuracy s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e t e s t sc o r e I n d ic a to r s t-here are no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . With Henmon-Nelson T e st in d ic a t o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een the p r o p o r tio n s fo r th e Dominant males., Domi nan t fem a le s and V a r ia n t fem a le s are s i g n i f i c a n t . The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s w ith th e C a lif o r n ia .A r it h m e t ic ■Achievement T e st are s i g n i f i c a n t fo r th e Dominant m a le s* G l and V a r ia n t M ales. For th e Dominant m ales and Dominant ;fem a le s w ith th e A b str a c t R easoning s e c t io n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e st i n d ic a t o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f i c a n t . The d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e p r o p o r tio n s i s s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly fo r th e Dominant m ales w ith i r ‘ | th e C a lif o r n ia Language A chievem ent Test., and th e S p e llin g ., and S e n te n c e s s e c t i o n s o f the D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e st . i n d ic a t o r s and I s s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly f o r th e Dominant f e m a l e s ; . j I w ith th e C a lif o r n ia R eading A chievem ent Test., th e C oopera- ;t i v e Reading T est and th e V erb al R eason in g and N um erical R eason in g s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e st I n d i- ! c a t o r s . | The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f l - f ;c a n t fo r th e Dominant m ales and Dominant fe m a le s w ith th e S u b je c t grade in d ic a to r ., fo r th e Dominant fem a le s and the V a r ia n t fem a le s w ith th e Work H a b its grade i n d i c a t o r , and fo r th e V a r ia n t m ales and V a r ia n t fem a le s w ith th e Coopera t io n grade i n d i c a t o r s . The fo u r d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s which con - : ’ | ;t r ib u t e to th e sex i d e n t i t y e f f e c t are th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e - | tween m ales and fem a le s f o r c l a s s I D om inants, c l a s s I I > i D om inants, c l a s s I V a r ia n ts and c l a s s I I V a r ia n ts . A n a ly - | ; I s i s o f th e f in d in g s r e v e a ls t h a t th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no j ;s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e must be a c c e p te d w ith a l l t h ir t e e n j ; t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s fo r th e c l a s s I Dominants,, c l a s s I I Dominants and th e c l a s s I I V a r ia n ts . The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t j d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r tio n s w ith th e t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a - j ^ to r s i s fo r th e c l a s s I V a r ia n ts w ith th e C a lif o r n ia Lan- j guage Achievem ent T e st i n d i c a t o r . j I The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f i j can t f o r th e c l a s s I Dominants w ith th e S u b je ct grade i n d i - i c a to r , f o r th e c l a s s I V a r ia n ts and c l a s s I Dominants and I th e Work H a b its grade i n d ic a t o r and fo r c l a s s I V ariants-, ; | c l a s s I I V a r ia n ts , c l a s s I Dominants and c l a s s I I Dominants j i ! w ith th e C oop eration grade i n d i c a t o r . j i I D is c u s s io n o f F in d in g s j I t may be in f e r r e d from th e a n a l y s is o f th e f i n d - j in g s th a t sex i d e n t i t y te n d s to e x e r t an in f lu e n c e upon ! academ ic s u c c e s s . When th e t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s are e x amined s e p a r a t e ly , t h i s in f lu e n c e would appear to be r a th e r n e g l i g i b l e . R e je c tin g th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t fo r o n ly one o f t h i r t e e n i n d ic a t o r s m ight p o s s i b l y be o f a Type I e r r o r o f i n f e r e n c e . On th e o th e r hand, i t i s q u it e c o n c e iv a b le t h a t sex i d e n t i t y co u ld e x e r t an i n - : 3 ^ ! ;flu e n c e ■upon a s i n g le a rea o f t e s t e d achievem en t and n o t | upon o th e r a r e a s . Support fo r th e l a t t e r in f e r e n c e would ; appear to come from th e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h l e v e l o f s t a t i s t i c a l • - • I i c o n fid e n c e in th e e f f e c t and from o b s e r v a t io n s beyond t h i s i stu d y t h a t o c c a s io n a l s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e j I measured academ ic ach ievem en t o f boys and g i r l s do occu r | p a r t i c u l a r l y In th o se a r e a s r e l a t e d to v e r b a l f a c i l i t y . The s t r o n g e s t su pp ort f o r th e in f e r e n c e t h a t sex | i d e n t i t y in f l u e n c e s academ ic s u c c e s s comes from th e a n a ly - ! s i s o f th e f in d in g s w ith te a c h e r grade i n d i c a t o r s . With ; I :th e s e i n d ic a t o r s t h e ' e f f e c t s are r e l a t i v e l y la r g e and q u it e j ; s i g n i f i c a n t . Perhaps t h i s d if f e r e n c e betw een th e f in d in g s |w ith te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s and t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s may! be a t t r ib u t e d to a v a lu a t io n o f sex I d e n t i t y which o c cu rs in th e p r o c e s s o f te a c h e r grad in g and does n o t occu r in th e i p r o c e ss o f sta n d a r d iz e d t e s t i n g . T his e x p la n a tio n d oes n o t p o s i t some i d e a l " o b j e c t iv it y " fo r sta n d a r d iz e d t e s t s nor c a p r ic io u s " s u b j e c t iv it y " fo r t e a c h e r s . I t assum es r a th e r i a p a r t ic u la r k in d o f b i a s , In t h i s c a se sex i d e n t i t y , i s j i more l i k e l y to in f lu e n c e one k in d o f i n d ic a t o r than a n o th e r . T h is e x p la n a tio n is- fu r th e r su p p orted by th e f i n d in g s t h a t th e e f f e c t of. sex I d e n t i t y i s g r e a t e r and more s i g n i f i c a n t fo r th e C oop eration and Work H a b its g r a d e s than fo r th e S u b je ct g r a d e s. I t m ight be assumed t h a t th e p roc e s s o f te a c h e r grad in g i s more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c in th e Co- j !o p e r a tio n and Work H a b its a r e a s and more r e a d il y adm its a j ■ sex i d e n t i t y b i a s . j : ' I I t i s no s u r p r is e t h a t th e in f e r e n c e th a t s o c i o - ] econom ic s t a t u s i n f l u e n c e s academ ic s u c c e s s -c a n be drawn ! ■ from th e a n a l y s is o f th e d a ta . T h is in f e r e n c e app ears to j h o ld w ith t e s t i n d ic a t o r s a s w e l l as te a c h e r grade i n d i c a - | t o r s fo r m ales a s w e l l as fe m a le s . When s i g n i f i c a n c e o f j d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s are examined th e r e i s some ! i i n d ic a t io n th a t th e Dominants made a g r e a t e r c o n t r ib u t io n j , i to th e so c io ec o n o m ic e f f e c t than th e V a r ia n ts . However, j ! t h i s perhaps i s a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e in f lu e n c e o f v a lu e j o r i e n t a t i o n . j | The g r e a t e r in c id e n c e o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s a s compared to th e in c id e n c e o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n f o r m a le s, th e j l e s s e r in c id e n c e o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s when compared to th e in c id e n c e o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f - i i f e e t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n fo r fem a le s and th e g r e a t e r i n - j c id e n c e o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s fo r m ales a s compared to fe m a le s may be a t t r ib u t e d to th r e e i n t e r r e l a t e d e x p la n a t io n s . The f i r s t o f th e s e may be th a t th e r e i s a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s among fe m a le s a s compared to m a les. The secon d may be th a t th e e f f e c t o f so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s i s more e q u a lly d i s t r i b u t e d among m ales and fe m a le s than i s the e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . The t h ir d o f th e s e may be th a t th e e f - i '.................. : .................. ~ .~ ....~ ...' .... .................. ....... ~ ......... 346 f e e t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n may be g r e a t e r fo r m ales than fo r j ‘ ' 1 f e m a le s . j I t can be in f e r r e d from th e a n a l y s is o f th e f i n d - j l in g s th a t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n i n f l u e n c e s academ ic B u ccess. i However, i t would appear t h a t t h i s i n f l u e n c e s v a r ie s w ith i j sex i d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s . A lso th e r e appears | !to be a v a r ia t io n a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e typ e o f academ ic s u e - : ;c e s s i n d i c a t o r . When th e f in d in g s u s in g t e s t i n d ic a t o r s j : i are exam ined, the, b e s t e x p la n a tio n i s th a t v a lu e o r ie n t a - j r t io n e x e r t s a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e among m ales than among f e - j m ales and a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e among c l a s s I ' s , than among ! i c l a s s I I ' s . I t i s a ls o q u ite l i k e l y th a t v a lu e o r ie n t a t io n e x e r t s a str o n g in f lu e n c e among c l a s s I m a les, a m oderate ' in f lu e n c e among c l a s s I I m ales and c l a s s I fem a les and a I s l i g h t in f lu e n c e among c l a s s I I fe m a le s . | These i n f e r e n c e s are su p p orted by th e f in d in g s th a t i'with th e e le v e n o f the tw e lv e i n d ic a t o r s where th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t th e e f f e c t fo r m ales i s la r g e r than the e f f e c t fo r fem a le s and th e r e are more s i g - j i n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s fo r m ales than fo r fe m a le s . A n a ly s is o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s r e v e a ls th a t w ith o n ly two o f th e s e i n d ic a t o r s are th e con t r i b u t i o n s o f th e c l a s s I m a le s, c l a s s I I m a les, c l a s s I j : ^ 1 ;fem a le s and c l a s s I I fem a le s a p p ro x im a tely e q u a l. A lso th e j a n a l y s is i n d i c a t e s th a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een the propor t i o n s o f Dominants and V a r ia n ts were s i g n i f i c a n t most o f t e n 3^7 I ifor c l a s s I m a les, l e s s o f t e n fo r c l a s s I I m ales and c l a s s II , j ;fem a le s and o n ly once for' c l a s s I I fe m a le s. . j F u rth er su pp ort fo r t h i s v a r ia t io n o f in f lu e n c e can [ i be found from th e a n a l y s is o f th e d if f e r e n c e s , betw een p ro p o r t i o n s o f c l a s s I and c l a s s I I . For both m ales and fe ~ m ales th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s o f th e c l a s s I j ■and c l a s s I I was more f r e q u e n tly s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e dom i- ! :n a n tly o r ie n t e d than fo r th e v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d . T h is i n - i d ic a t e d , In a d d itio n to th e e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s j I among th e dom in antly o r ie n t e d , th e g r e a t e r e f f e c t o f v a lu e I I j o r ie n t a t i o n among h ig h e r so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s . Where th e j e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n was a p p ro x im a tely th e same fo r j j c l a s s I and c l a s s I I th e e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s w ould be a p p ro x im a tely th e same fo r th e v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d and d om in an tly o r ie n t e d . Where th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n ta -i t io n was g r e a t e r f o r c l a s s I than f o r c l a s s I I th e e f f e c t ; o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s would ten d to be g r e a t e r fo r th e d om in antly o r ie n t e d than fo r th e v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d . | When f in d in g s u s in g te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s are j exam ined th e b e s t e x p la n a tio n i s t h a t v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n e x e r t s a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e among fem a le s than among m a les. A lso , i f i t can be assumed t h a t th e p r o c e s s o f te a c h e r grad-j ■ in g i s more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c fo r Work H a b its and C oop eration ! ' j g ra d es than fo r th e S u b je ct g r a d e s, v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n ten d s to e x e r t a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e among c l a s s I I ’ s than among ; c l a s s I ' s w ith th e more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c g r a d e s . With th e 348..; : l e s s i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c grad es there, may ..be. a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e • • • - j o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n among th e c l a s s I ’ s than among th e j : c l a s s I I 1s . j These in f e r e n c e s are su pp orted by th e f in d in g s th a tj it h e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n I s s i g n i f i c a n t w ith a l l \ th r e e in d ic a t o r s fo r fem a les bu t n o t fo r m a les. A n a ly s is j ; I n d ic a t e s t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s o f the V a r ia n ts and Dominants i s s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly fo r th e c l a s s I I j I fem ale w ith th e C oop eration g r a d e . These f in d in g s c o n tr a s t; q u ite d r a m a tic a lly w ith th e f in d in g s w hich u sed t e s t sc o re ! I n d ic a t o r s . I t can a ls o be n o ted th a t th e f in d in g s o f ! g r e a te r e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n fo r fem a le s than fo r j j m ales occu r in th e in d ic a t o r area where th e e f f e c t o f sex I d e n t i t y i s g r e a t e s t . The In fe r e n c e o f th e v a r ia t io n in in f lu e n c e o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n w hich I s a s s o c ia t e d w ith so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s i s based p r im a r ily upon th e f in d in g s fo r d if f e r e n c e s b e tween p r o p o r tio n s o f th e e f f e c t o f so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s . With th e S u b je c t achievem en t grade fo r both dom in antly t o r ie n t e d m ales and fem a le s th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p rop or t i o n s o f c l a s s I and c l a s s I I are s i g n i f i c a n t w h ile f o r v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d m ales and fem a le s th e d i f f e r e n c e s are n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . T his te n d s to i n d ic a t e a g r e a t e r i n flu e n c e o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n f o r th e h ig h e r so cio eco n o m ic 1 l e v e l . With th e Work H a b its grade fo r both th e d om in antly j l 1 and v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d m ales th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e j 3^9 ; ■ | ’p r o p o r t i o n s o f c l a s s I and c l a s s I I a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t j w h ile f o r b o th th e d o m in a n tly and v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d f e m ales th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f th e c l a s s j I and c l a s s I I a re s i g n i f i c a n t . T h is te n d s to i n d i c a t e no j v a r i a t i o n o f i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w ith socioeconom ic s t a t u s . On th e o t h e r hand* w ith th e C o o p e r a - ’ t i o n g rad e f o r th e v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d m ales and fem a le s th e j d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t i o n s o f c l a s s I and c l a s s I I a r e j | s i g n i f i c a n t w h ile f o r d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d m ales and fe m a le sj th e d i f f e r e n c e s a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . T his te n d s to i n d i - ! i c a te a g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n f o r th e low er j i so cioeconom ic l e v e l . I i i The d i s c u s s i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s f o r th e I n f lu e n c e o f! v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n may be summarized by t h i s g e n e r a l s t a t e ment o f e x p la n a t i o n . There a p p e a re d to be a g e n e r a l I n - j f lu e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n w hich seems to v a ry w ith sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s and which i s d i f f e r e n - | t i a l l y r e v e a l e d by th e ty p e o f i n d i c a t o r . Where th e ty p e | o f i n d i c a t o r a p p a r e n t l y employs a l e s s i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c p r o c l I i e s s o f e v a l u a t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y i n i t s f i n a l o r s c o r in g j s t a g e s and where th e sex i d e n t i t y i n f l u e n c e i s r e l a t i v e l y j i sm all* th e i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon academ ic j 1 j s u c c e s s te n d s to be g r e a t e r among m ales a s compared to f e - j m ales and g r e a t e r among h i g h e r socioeconom ic l e v e l s a s com-! p a re d to low er socioeconom ic l e v e l s . j 350 j Where th e ty p e o f i n d i c a t o r a p p a r e n t l y employs a | ! :more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c p r o c e s s o f e v a l u a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n j :the f i n a l o r s c o r in g s t a g e s and where th e sex i d e n t i t y i n - ! . :flu e n c e i s r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e , the i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n - ' i S ta tio n te n d s to be g r e a t e r among fem a le s as compared to ! ; I ;males and g r e a t e r among low er socioeconom ic l e v e l s a s com- j ■pared to h i g h e r socioeconom ic l e v e l s . ; The a n a l y s i s and th e d i s c u s s i o n o f th e f i n d in g s o f ! | th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n f o r th e non-Negro sample has d i s c l o s e d s u p p o r t f o r th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . W ith ] | th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n 1 ; i v a r i e s w ith sex i d e n t i t y ; and socioeconom ic s t a t u s and i s j J d i f f e r e n t i a l l y r e v e a l e d by th e ty p e s o f i n d i c a t o r and l i m i t i n g th e a c c e p ta n c e to th e non-Negro sample th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is t h a t p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e M an-Over-Nature a s com- ! p a re d to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Man- j i i N ature V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n w i l l p r e d i c t academ ic s u c c e s s i s j i I a c c e p te d , (See T able 1 9 .) ! T A B L E 19 THE EFFECT OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AND VALUE ORIENTATION UPON ACADEMIC SUCCESS Henmon-Nelson Negro Classes 3 & 4 Non-Negro Class 4 , Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 30 16 27 26 n n below 90 and 90 above n n below 90 and 90 • above n n below 90 and 90 above n n below 90 and 90 above 14 16 3 13 11 16 4 22 Proportion 90 IQ and above .47 • 19 • 57 .85 Ethnicity Effect = .413 Orientation Effect = .024 Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate Z = 4.66 Z = .28 r = .330 Z = — Z = 5-48 Z =-2.09 Z — 2.21 s = .233 P £.000001 P £.02 P Ss.02 P £.00001 P — 352 T A B L E 19—Continued California Achievement Reading Negro Classes 3 & ^ Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 29 13 26 2 5 n n below 7*2 and 7.2 above n n below 7*2 and 7.2 above n n below 7.2 and 7.2 above n n below 7*2 and 7-2 above 19 10 7 6 10 16 5 20 Proportion 7.2 grd pi and above .34 .46 .62 ! 0 C O » 1 Ethnicity Effect = .304 Orientation Effect - .160 Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate Z = 3.02 Z = 1.61 r = .325 s = .211 Z = 2.16 P £.02 Z = 2.13 P £.02 Z ~ — P — Z = — P — P £.01 P — 353 ! T A B L E 19—Continued California Achievement Arithmetic Negro Classes 3 & 4 Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 28 13 26 23 n n below 7*2 and 7.2 above n n below 7*2 and 7-2 above n n below 7*2 and 7.2 above n n below 7.2 and 7.2 above 11 17 8 5 o\ 1 — 1 4 21 g " Proportion 7.2 grd pi ■and above .61 .38 *73 .84 Ethnicity Effect = .258 Orientation Effect =-.001 Ethnic effects Yariants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate z = 3.02 z = .01 r = .525 Z = — Z = 3.00 z = — z = — P g-.oi p — 3 = .218 p — P ^.01 p — p — TABLE 19— Continued Cooperative Reading Negro Classes 3 & ^ Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 53 16 29 30 n n below 30# and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n . below 30$ and 30$ above 20 13 13 3 13 14 6 24 Proportion 30 percentile and above • 39 .19 .48 .80 Ethnicity Effect = .365 Orientation Effect = .083 Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate Z = 4.11 Z = .95 r = .260 Z = — Z = 4.99 Z = — z = 2.7 0 s = .292 P g .00001 P P g,000001 p P g .01 355 ! T A B L E 19—Continued Differential Aptitude Verbal Reasoning Negro Classes 3 & ^ Non-Negro Class A Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 30 12 27 27 n h below 30 and 30$ .above n n below 30# and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 3 0$ > and 30$ above 6 21*. 3 9 16 11 10 17 ■ Proportion 30 percentile and above .20 ■ .25 1 — t • 1 .63 Ethnicity Effect = .260 Orientation Effect = .lVj Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate z = 2 .7 5 Z = 1.46 r = .157 Z = -- Z = 2.4-4 Z = — Z = 1.66 s = .438 P ~ P s.01 p — P £. 05 P S.01 P — 356 I T A B L E 19—Continued Differential Aptitude Numerical Reasoning Negro Classes & k Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation el 28 14 27 29 ' n n below 30$ and 3O5& above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30% and 30$ above 15 13 10 4 14 13 8 21 Proportion 30 percentile and above .46 .29 .48 .72 Ethnicity Effect = .207 Orientation Effect = .073 Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro T o ta l A ggregate Z = 2 .0 8 2 = .75 r = .357 Z = . — z = 2.92 Z = — Z = 1.89 s = .363 P — P £ .0 1 P — P £.03 P £ .0 2 P — T A B L E 19—Continued Differential Aptitude ' Abstract Seasoning Negro Classes 3 & 4 Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 28 14 28 . 28 • n n below 30$ and 30 $ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30 $ and 30$ above 15 13 8 6 7 21 8 20 Proportion 30 percentile and above .46 .43 •75 ‘ *71 j Total Aggregate *285 z = 3.27 P S . 001 .037 z = .38 P — r = .462 s = .290 Ethnic effects Variants Z = 2.32 Dominants Z = 2.30 Orientation effects Negro Z = — P — Non-Negro Z = — P — P S i *02 P §.02 Ethnicity Effect = Orientation Effect = T A B L E 19—Continued D if f e r e n t ia l A ptitud e Space R ela tio n s Negro Classes 3 & ^ Non-Negro Class ^ Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 28 13 29 30 n n below 3°$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above 18 19 6 7 13 lb 10 20 Proportion 30 percentile and above .36 -5b M .67 Total Aggregate i Ethnicity Effect = .1 2 b Z = 1.22 P — Orientation Effect = .186 Z = 1.86 P S.O^ | i - r = .557 s = .333 Ethnic effects Variants Z = — P — Dominants Z = — P — Orientation effects ] j Negro Z = — P — ! i Non-Negro' Z = — P — j T A B L E 19—Continued D if f e r e n t ia l A ptitude M echanical Reasoning Negro Classes 3 Sc 4 Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 29 14 29 29 n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$- above h n below 30$ and 30$ above CO r-{ C M 12 2 16 13 7 22 Proportion 30 percentile and above .28 .14 .45 .76 E th n ic ity E ffe c t = .399 O rien ta tio n E ffe c t = .090 E th n ic e f f e c t s V ariants Dominants O rien ta tio n e f f e c t s Negro Non-Negro T o ta l A ggregate Z = 4.59 Z = 1.04 r = .167 Z s — z = 5 .0 8 Z Z s = .344 P S .00001 P = 2.55 P *.000001 p P *.01 T A B L E 19—Continued Differential Aptitude Clerical Speed and Accuracy Negro Classes 3 S c ^ Non-Negr^ Class k Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 2 9 1 ^ 27 28 n n below 30 $ and 30 $ above n n below 30 $ and 30 $ above n n below 3 0 i o and 30 $ above n n below 30 $ and 30 $ above 10 19 8 6 7 20 8 20 Proportion 30 percentile and above .66 ; 4 3 . 7 ^ . 7 1 Ethnicity Effect = .155 Orientation Effect =-.103 Ethnic.effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate Z = 1 .6 0 Z = 1 .0 7 r = .610 Z = — z = 1 .7 8 Z = — Z = — P P s = .338 P — P *.0^ p P 361 T A B L E 19— Continued Differential Aptitude Spelling Negro C la sses 3 & 4 Non-Negro C lass 4 V ariant O rien ta tio n Dominant O rien ta tio n V ariant O rien ta tio n Dominant O rien ta tio n n 29 14 26 29 - n n "below 30$ and 30$ ahove n n helow 30$ and 30$ ahove n n "below 30$ and 30$ ahove n n helow 30$ and 30$ ahove 15 14 10 4 13 13 12 IT P rop ortion 30 p e r c e n tile and ahove .48 .29 • 50 • 59 Ethnicity Effect = .144 Orientation Effect =-*035 Ethnic effects Variants Dominants Orientation effects Negro Non-Negro Total Aggregate Z = 1.42 z = .32 P P r = .410 Z = — z = 1 .9 8 Z = — Z = — S = .481 p — p £*03 p — p — 36 2 | i i i f TABIE 19— Continued j i l Differential Aptitude j Sentences j Negro Classes 3 & 4 Non-Negro Class 4 Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation Variant Orientation Dominant Orientation n 28 14 26 29 n n below 30$ and . 30$ above • n n below 30$ and 30$ above n n below 3°$ and 30$ above n n below 30$ and 30$ above 18 10 10 4 13 11 H fOl rH Proportion 30 percentile and above .36 .29 .42 * 5 5 Total Aggregate Ethnicity Effect = .146 Z = 1.46 P — Orientation Effect = .042 Z = .4? P — r = .310 s = .502 Ethnic effects Variants Z = P — Dominants Z - 1-71 P ^.05 Orientation effects Negro Z = — P — - Non-Negro Z = — P — A n a ly s is and D i s c u s s i o n ; Negro Non-Negro Sample A n a ly s is o f th e F in d in g s The f i n d i n g s i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e b a sed upon th e ; ; I a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta from a sample composed o f c l a s s 4 non- j Negro and a l l N e g ro es. Only tw e lv e t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s , were em ployed. S in ce th e a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta from th e ; non-Negro sample i n d i c a t e d t h a t sex i d e n t i t y i n f lu e n c e d j i academ ic s u c c e s s w ith th e C a l i f o r n i a Language Achievem ent ! T e s t i n d i c a t o r and a l l t h r e e t e a c h e r in d ic a t o r s ., and s in c e j th e s i z e o f t h i s sample was too sm a ll to p e rm it d iv id i n g th e sample i n t o male and fem ale segm ents, i t was d e c id e d to ! u se o n ly th e tw elv e t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . J A n a ly s is o f th e f i n d i n g s r e v e a l s t h a t e t h n i c i d e n - : ' i t i t y te n d s to e x e r t an i n f l u e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s I i : i w h ile th e i n f l u e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon academ ic s u e - ! ■ ’ I c e s s i s a p p a r e n t l y c o n fin e d to th e non-Negro segment o f th e ; sa m p le . j i When th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s m easured ; I f o r th e e n t i r e sam ple, a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t i s found o n ly j w ith th e Space R e l a t i o n s s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l Ap- j t i t u d e T e s t. I n s p e c t i o n o f v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n f i n d i n g s d i s - J c l o s e s t h a t f o r th e Negro segm ent o f th e sample th e p r o p o r - j t i o n o f a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l i s o b se rv e d to be h i g h e r j i f o r th e v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d th an f o r th e d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d w ith n in e o f th e tw elv e t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s . W ith two o f j 364 i ; ' i t h e s e n in e t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f a c a - j d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l f o r th e non-Negro segment i s a l s o o b - j j i s e rv e d to be h ig h e r f o r th e v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d th a n f o r th e j d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d . A lthough th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a - i i t i o n i s o b se rv e d to be i n a n e g a tiv e d i r e c t i o n w ith th e s e j two i n d i c a t o r s , i t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , n o r a r e th e d i f f e r - j e n ces betw een p r o p o r t io n s s i g n i f i c a n t . j W ith th e re m a in in g seven t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s , th e j Negro v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d have a h i g h e r p r o p o r t io n o f a c a - j d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l th an th e Negro d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d andj j th e non-Negro d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d a re o b se rv e d to have a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l th a n do th e non-Negro v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d . The o b se rv e d , b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n f o r th e e n t i r e sample ; w ith th e s e seven t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s , can p ro b a b ly be j a t t r i b u t e d to th e g r e a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n o f th e non-Negro segment to th e t o t a l e f f e c t . T h e ir g r e a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n a r i s e s p r i m a r i l y from th e g r e a t e r w e ig h t a s s ig n e d to th e l a r g e r non-Negro segm ent. i F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f f i n d i n g s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t i o n s w ith th e s e seven t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s r e v e a l s t h a t w ith Henmon-Nelson T e s t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f o r th e Negro and th e non-Negro s e g m en ts. W ith th e re m a in in g s i x t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s t h e r e j | a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f o r th e Negro segm ent. For th e non-Negro segment th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r t io n s I ................. "365" a r e s i g n i f i c a n t w ith C o o p e ra tiv e Reading T e s t; and th e j I V e rb a l Reasoning,, N um erical R easoning and M echan ical Reason-- ;in g s e c t i o n s o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r s , j A n a ly s is o f th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t i o n s w ith ; th o s e t h r e e t e s t sc o re i n d i c a t o r s where th e d o m in a n tly I ■ o rie n te d a r e o b se rv e d to have a h i g h e r p r o p o r t io n o f a c a - j id e n tic a lly s u c c e s s f u l th a n th e v a r i a n t l y o r i e n t e d f o r b o th j Negro and non-Negro segm ents i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e I n f lu e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n i s g r e a t e r f o r non-N egroes th an f o r N egroes. W ith th e p r e v i o u s l y m entio ned Space R e l a t i o n s I 's e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a t o r where j th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e j 1 ■ j e n t i r e sam plej th e d if f e r e n c e - betw een p r o p o r t i o n s was n o t ! s i g n i f i c a n t f o r e i t h e r Negroes o r non-N egroes w ith th e t e s t ; 1 i n d i c a t o r . W ith th e o t h e r two t e s t i n d i c a t o r s th e d i f f e r - I 1 ; ence betw een p r o p o r t i o n s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e Ne- ; g ro e s w h ile th e d i f f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t w ith th e V e rb a l R easoning s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t i n d i c a - ] i t o r s f o r non-N egroes and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e o t h e r t e s t ! sc o re i n d i c a t o r . The e f f e c t o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y upon academ ic s u c c e s s i s i n d i c a t e d by an e x a m in a tio n o f th e f i n d i n g s . A ll o f th e 1 i : s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s o f e t h n i c i d e n t i t y f o r th e e n t i r e sam- j p i e and a l l o f th e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r - j 1 t i o n s o c c u r when th e p r o p o r t io n o f a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l j 366 inon-N egroes i s h ig h e r than th e p r o p o r tio n o f a c a d e m ic a lly j s u c c e s s f u l N eg ro es. j A s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y i s found ! w ith e i g h t o f th e tw e lv e t e s t - sc o r e i n d i c a t o r s . As would j be a n t i c ip a t e d in t h i s s i t u a t i o n where th e p r o p o r tio n s o f ! a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l te n d s to be h ig h e r among th e v a r i - • a n t l y o r ie n t e d than among d om in an tly o r ie n t e d fo r N egroes and h ig h e r among th e d om in an tly o r ie n t e d than among th e j v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d fo r non -N egroes th e c o n tr ib u tio n to th e ) e f f e c t o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y te n d s to be g r e a t e r fo r Dominants I than f o r V a r ia n ts . A n a ly s is o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een j p r o p o r tio n s w ith th o s e e ig h t t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s where th e e f f e c t o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y i s s i g n i f i c a n t shows t h a t ! w ith two o f these, t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e - ; tween p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f i c a n t fo r Dominants and V a r i- j a n t s . W ith .th e s i x o th e r t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e Dominants and n ot fo r th e V a r ia n ts . i When th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een p r o p o r tio n s w ith th e j i ! fo u r o th e r t e s t sc o r e i n d ic a t o r s are exam ined i t i s found t h a t w ith th r e e o f th e s e i n d ic a t o r s th a t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tween p r o p o r tio n s are s i g n i f i c a n t fo r th e dom inants. With o n ly one in d ic a to r ., th e Space R e la tio n s s e c t i o n o f th e D i f f e r e n t i a l A p titu d e T e s t, i s th e e f f e c t o f e th n ic i d e n t i t y j | n o t s i g n i f i c a n t and the d if f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r tio n s fo r V a r ia n ts and Dominants n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . 3 6 7 j D is c u s s io n o f th e F in d in g s The i n f e r e n c e s -which can he drawn from th e a n a l y s i s j o f th e f i n d i n g s i n t h i s s e c t i o n must be q u a l i f i e d . The j s i z e o f th e sample l i m i t e d th e number o f in d e p e n d e n t v a r i - : a b l e s . A lthough sex i d e n t i t y d id n o t i n f l u e n c e academ ic 1 s u c c e s s f o r th e non-Negro p o p u l a t i o n w ith th e tw e lv e i n d i - | ; c a to r S j i t was a p p a r e n t t h a t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n e f f e c t was j g r e a t e r f o r m ales th a n f o r fem a le s w ith most o f th e s e i n - I i i d i c a t o r s . I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f | m ales and fem a le s i n t h i s sample may have been r e l a t e d to j th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and what i s b e in g a t t r i - ] | b u te d to th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e th n i c i d e n t i t y to th e e f f e c t j | o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n m ight o r m ight n o t be more a c c u r a t e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e to th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f sex i d e n t i t y to v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n . j The n a tu r e o f th e d e p en d en t v a r i a b l e i s n o t th e same i n t h i s s e c t i o n . The c u t t i n g p o i n t i s th e 90 IQ., 3 0 th p e r c e n t i l e and 7 . 2 g rad e l e v e l r a t h e r th a n th e 100 IQ, 5 0 th I p e r c e n t i l e and th e 8 . 2 g ra d e l e v e l a s i n th e p r e v io u s s e c - ; j t i o n . T h e r e fo r e , th e term academ ic s u c c e s s does n o t have j th e same meaning i n b o th s e c t i o n s b u t i s r e l a t i v e to i t s u se in th e p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n . A common c u t t i n g p o i n t c o u ld n o t be u se d b ecau se o f th e sm a ll number o f d o m in a n tly o r i e n t e d N egroes and th e f a c t t h a t th e p r o p o r t io n o f h ig h er! socioeconom ic l e v e l non-N egroes above th e c u t t i n g p o i n t f o r t h i s s e c t i o n would have been to o l a r g e f o r th e e f f e c t i v e 368 ; ;-use o f th e method o f a n a l y s i s . The p r o p o r tio n o f N egroes j F ! below th e c u t t in g p o in t u sed f o r th e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n would; i have a ls o been too l a r g e . With a la r g e r Negro sam ple, th e j V • \ r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll p r o p o r tio n a t or above th e 100 IQ, 50th ;p e r c e n t i l e and 8 .2 grade l e v e l p rob ab ly would n o t have p r e - j is e n t e d too g r e a t a d i f f i c u l t y w ith t h i s method o f s t a t i s - j t i c a l a n a l y s i s . i I t can be in f e r r e d from th e a n a l y s is o f th e f in d in g s th a t e th n ic i d e n t i t y ten d s to e x e r t an in f lu e n c e upon a c a - i : demic s u c c e s s . T h is in f e r e n c e i s su p p orted by th e r e j e c - I t io n o f th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f j \ ; f ■ eth n ic i d e n t i t y w ith e ig h t o f th e tw e lv e i n d i c a t o r s . The j b e s t e x p la n a tio n o f th e s e f in d in g s would appear to be th a t : non -N egroes are a c a d e m ic a lly more s u c c e s s f u l than N eg ro es. i I t can be in f e r r e d from th e a n a l y s is o f th e f i n d - j j in g s t h a t the in f lu e n c e o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n upon academ ic j : I s u c c e s s i s r e l a t e d to e th n ic i d e n t i t y . W hile i t would a p p ear from th e f in d in g s fo r th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n f o r th e e n t i r e sam ple t h a t v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n d id n o t have j a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t upon academ ic s u c c e s s , a n a l y s is o f th e d if f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r tio n s f in d in g s m o d ifie s t h i s e x p la n a t io n . i The b e s t e x p la n a tio n o f th e f in d in g s app ears to be j : t h a t fo r non -N egroes v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n in f l u e n c e s academ ic j : s u c c e s s w ith th e d om in antly o r ie n t e d ten d in g to be a c a - ; d e m ic a lly more s u c c e s s f u l than th e v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d . On j' ......... ’...................... ’ ............. ' 3 6 9 ] |th e o th e r hand, fo r N eg ro es, v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n does n o t j ' - | appear to have much I f any in f lu e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s , j I • ’ ' ;T his e x p la n a tio n i s su p p orted by th e f in d in g s t h a t fo r Ne- j g r o e s th e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r tio n s |o f a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l v a r ia n t ly and d om in antly o r ie n t e d i w ith e le v e n o f tw e lv e i n d i c a t o r s . With one i n d ic a t o r , th e i v a r ia n t ly o r ie n t e d are s i g n i f i c a n t l y more s u c c e s s f u l than th e dom in antly o r ie n t e d . S in ce th e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i s a c c e p te d w ith e le v e n o f tw e lv e i n d i c a t o r s , r e j e c t i o n w ith th e t w e lf t h c o u ld e a s i l y be a J ; ' t Type I e r r o r o f i n f e r e n c e . j ■ i A n a ly s is and d is c u s s io n o f th e f in d in g s in d ic a t e j i t h a t th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is t h a t th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over as compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e Man- ^ N ature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n w i l l p r e d ic t academ ic s u c c e s s can : be a c c e p te d fo r th e non-Negro segm ent o f th e sam ple, but ; must be r e j e c t e d fo r th e Negro segm ent o f th e sam ple. i 1 Summary j The f in d in g s r e l a t e d to th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is number th r e e have been d e s c r ib e d , a n a ly z e d and d is c u s s e d . ; The r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is t h a t p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over a s ; compared to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l p r e d ic t academ ic s u c c e s s was a c c e p te d f o r non -N egroes b u t r e j e c t e d fo r Ne- I g r o e s . I I 370 j A n a ly s is o f th e f in d in g s fo r non -N egroes in d ic a t e d j th a t th e in f lu e n c e o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n was g r e a t e r fo r j i m ales than f o r fem a le s and fo r h ig h e r so c io ec o n o m ic l e v e l s ! than fo r low er so c io ec o n o m ic l e v e l s w ith t e s t sc o r e i n d i c a - j I t o r s . W ith te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n j in f lu e n c e was g r e a t e r fo r fe m a le s than f o r m a le s. ; F u rth er a n a l y s is i n d ic a t e d t h a t w ith b oth t e s t score' and te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s in f lu e n c e d i academ ic s u c c e s s . With te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s sex id e n t i t y in f lu e n c e d academ ic s u c c e s s . I In th e n e x t c h a p te r t h i s stu d y w i l l be summarized and c o n c lu s io n s and recom m endations p r e s e n te d . CHAPTER V II j i SUM M ARY^ CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | The Problem ■ T h is stu d y attem p ted to d eterm in e i f sex I d e n t i t y , j e th n ic I d e n t i t y and so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s in f lu e n c e d p a tt e r n s ’ : ■ | :o f Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . I t a ls o a ttem p ted ;to d eterm in e i f th e Time and Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n | i .p a tte r n s p r e fe r r e d by th e m ales a n d /o r non -N egroes a n d /o r j j ih ig h e s t so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l in f lu e n c e d academ ic s u c c e s s . | P roced u res i A r e v is e d v e r s io n o f th e Time and Man-Nature v a lu e - j ■ ■ i ;o r ie n t a t i o n in str u m e n t was a d m in iste r e d to fo u r hundred I n in th grade s t u d e n t s . The p o p u la tio n sam ple was drawn from a la r g e Southern C a lif o r n ia s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . The s u b j e c t s j came from f i f t e e n s o c i a l s t u d i e s c l a s s e s in th r e e ju n io r j h ig h s c h o o ls . Teacher g r a d e s , sta n d a r d iz e d t e s t and demo g r a p h ic d ata were o b ta in e d from s c h o o l r e c o r d s . The s o c i o - ;econom ic s t a t u s o f th e s tu d e n ts was d e c id e d upon by an a n a l y s i s o f th e o c c u p a tio n o f the head o f th e h o u seh o ld and i r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . Sex i d e n t i t y and e th n ic i d e n t i t y were j ;in f e r r e d from s c h o o l r e c o r d s . 371 i 372: V a lid a t io n o f H ypoth eses H y p o th esis 1 j j That non-N egroes w i l l have a p a tte r n o f a s tr o n g e r i p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e M an-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared j ' to th e M a n -S u b ject-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l N egroes;I | th a t m ales w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Man-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e Man-I S u b je c t-to -N a tu r e a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l fem a le s; and t h a t . ! ; I I h ig h e r so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s w i l l have a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e ; | f o r th e M an-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e Man-j ■ S u b je c t-to -N a tu r e a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l low er socioecon om ic! ^ | : l e v e l s was a c c e p te d . | l ! Negro a g g r e g a te s ten d ed to p r e f e r th e S u b je c t a l - : t e r n a t iv e to th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e and non-Negro a g g r e g a te s ! i ten d ed to p r e f e r the Over a l t e r n a t i v e to th e S u b je c t a l t e r - | n a t i v e . When th e mean f o r th e S u b je c t p r e fe r r e d to th e Over p r e fe r e n c e o f non-Negro a g g r e g a te s was compared to means Negro a g g reg a tes., s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een i th e s e means were found. j Male a g g r e g a te s ten d ed to p r e f e r th e Over a l t e r n a - j t i v e to th e S u b je ct a l t e r n a t i v e and fem ale a g g r e g a te s j ten d ed to p r e fe r th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e to th e Over a l t e r - j n a t i v e . When th e means f o r th e S u b je ct p r e fe r r e d to th e j Over p r e fe r e n c e o f male a g g r e g a te s was compared to th e meanj i ! o f fem ale a g g r e g a te s , s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e se means were found. When so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s and e th n ic 373 j i d e n t i t y were h e ld c o n sta n t* o n ly th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een ) th e means f o r th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 male and th e non-Negro i | c l a s s 1 fem ale was s i g n i f i c a n t . However* s i g n i f i c a n t d i f - j f e r e n c e s d id o c c u r when m ales and fem a le s were compared ! u s in g o t h e r c o m b in a tio n s o f v a r i a b le s * and i t was i n f e r r e d j i t h a t th e b e s t e x p la n a tio n f o r th e s e f i n d i n g s was t h a t sex I i d e n t i t y i n f l u e n c e d th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e . i H ig h e r socioeconom ic l e v e l a g g r e g a te s te n d e d to j : p r e f e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e and j low er socioeconom ic l e v e l a g g r e g a te s te n d e d to p r e f e r th e j i S u b je c t to ’ th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e . When th e means f o r th e ! S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to th e Over p r e f e r e n c e o f h i g h e r s o c i o - j ; j economic l e v e l s was compared to th e means o f low er s o c i o economic le v e ls * some s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s were found. When sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y were h e ld c o n sta n t* | no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means were found. However* s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s d id o c c u r when h i g h e r and I j low er l e v e l a g g r e g a te s were compared u s in g o t h e r com bina- i f t t i o n s o f v a r i a b le s * and i t was i n f e r r e d t h a t th e b e s t e x - | i p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e s e f i n d i n g s was t h a t socioeconom ic s t a t u s in f l u e n c e d th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e . T hat th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e h i g h e s t i socioeconom ic le v e l* male* non-Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be Man- O ver-N ature o v e r M an-W ith-N ature o v e r M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re and t h a t th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n o f th e lo w e st s o c i o economic le v e l* fem ale Negro a g g re g a te w i l l be M an -S u b je ct- 374 I i i to - N a tu r e o v e r M an-W ith-N ature o v e r M an-O ver-N ature was r e - j ; j e c t e d . I t was found t h a t th e p a t t e r n f o r th e h i g h e s t ’ : socioeconom ic l e v e ls male non-Negro a g g re g a te was Over > j S u b je c t » W ith, and th e p a t t e r n f o r th e lo w e st socioeconom ic : lev el., fem ale Negro a g g re g a te was Sub j e c t > Over » W ith. j iThe S u b je c t p r e f e r r e d to th e W ith p r e f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t : ■ I i : f o r a l l a g g r e g a te s e x c e p t th e non-Negro c l a s s 1 male and ! th e non-Negro c l a s s 4 m ale, and th e Over p r e f e r r e d to W ith j : j p r e f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t f o r a l l a g g r e g a te s e x c e p t th e Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 fe m a le , Negro c l a s s 3 and 4 m ale, and j non-Negro c l a s s 4 fe m a le . These f i n d i n g s a p p e a re d to i n d i - j c a te t h a t a lth o u g h th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e d id n o t occupy th e j second p o s i t i o n i t was a l e s s c e r t a i n t h i r d c h o ic e f o r th e : extrem e a g g r e g a te s th a n f o r th e i n t e r v e n i n g a g g r e g a te s and ! i t h a t p o s s i b l y t h e r e was some s t r a i n tow ard h a v in g th e W ith ; a l t e r n a t i v e occupy th e second p o s i t i o n a s p r e d i c t e d by th e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . T hat th e i n t e r v e n i n g p a t t e r n s w i l l be Man-Over- j i N atu re o v e r M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re o v e r M an-W ith-N ature and j M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re o v e r M an-O ver-N ature o v e r Man-With- N a tu re was a c c e p te d . H y p o th e sis Two That m ales w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a s t r o n g e r p r e f - j e re n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e P r e s - j e n t a l t e r n a t i v e th an w i l l fem a le s was a c c e p te d . A lthough 375 i : 3 imale a g g r e g a te s ten d ed to p r e fe r th e P r e se n t a l t e r n a t i v e to j ■the Future a lt e r n a t iv e * t h e i r p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e P r e se n t ten d ed to be n o t as str o n g as th e fem ale p r e fe r e n c e . When th e means f o r th e P r e se n t p r e fe r r e d to th e F uture p r e fe r e n c e o f male a g g r e g a te s were compared to means o f fem ale a g g r e - I ; I ig a t e s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e s e means were I : . . i foun d. When e th n ic i d e n t i t y and so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s were j h e ld c o n sta n t no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means | ! :were foun d. However* s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s d id occu r j when m ales and fem a le s were compared u s in g o th e r com bina- \ :t i o n s o f v a r ia b le s * and i t was in f e r r e d t h a t th e b e s t e x - | ! p la n a tio n o f t h e s e f in d in g s was th a t sex i d e n t i t y i n f l u - j i enced th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e f e r e n c e . That non -N egroes w i l l have a p a t t e r n o f a str o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e F uture a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e ; i P r e se n t a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l N egroes and t h a t h ig h e r so c io ec o n o m ic l e v e l s w i l l have a p a t te r n o f a s tr o n g e r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e F uture a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e i P re se n t a l t e r n a t i v e than w i l l low er so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s j I j and p roved to be u n te n a b le . j t A lthough th e r e were two i n s t a n c e s where th e means j f o r th e P r e se n t p r e fe r r e d to th e F uture p r e fe r e n c e o f non- Negro a g g r e g a te s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t than th e means o f Negro a g g r eg a tes* i t was in f e r r e d t h a t th e s e d i f - j f e r e n c e s c o u ld be a t t r i b u t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f se x id e n - j t i t y . O therw ise th e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e - I 376 :tw een th e means o f th e P r e se n t p r e fe r e n c e to th e Future p r e fe r e n c e fo r N egroes and n on -N egroes. In some in s t a n c e s h ig h e r l e v e l so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s 'a g g r e g a te s ten d ed to have a weaker p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e P r e s- ;e n t over th e F uture than d id low er l e v e l so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s a g g r e g a t e s . In o th e r I n s ta n c e s I t was th e low er l e v e l a g g r e g a te th a t ten d ed to have a weaker p r e fe r e n c e , i I t was in f e r r e d t h a t th e s e a p p a r e n tly c o n tr a d ic to r y f i n d in g s c o u ld he a t t r i b u t e d to th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y , and perhaps a so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s in f lu e n c e in which both th e h ig h e s t and lo w e st so c io ec o n o m ic l e v e l s ten d ed to have ia weaker p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e P r e se n t a l t e r n a t i v e a s compared to th e Future a l t e r n a t i v e than d id th e m iddle so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l s . .T h is I n flu e n c e was su p p orted by th e fin d in g th a t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e P r e se n t p r e fe r r e d to th e F uture p r e fe r e n c e o ccu rred o n ly when t h e . :h ig h e s t l e v e l m ale a g g r e g a te was b ein g compared to a low er l e v e l fem ale a g g r e g a te or th e lo w e s t l e v e l male a g g r e g a te s were b e in g compared to m iddle l e v e l fem ale a g g r e g a te s . That th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a t te r n o f th e h ig h e s t ; so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l , m ale, non-Negro w i l l be F u tu r e -o v e r - P r e s e n t- o v e r -P a s t; and th e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a tte r n o f th e ; lo w e s t so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l , fe m a le , Negro a g g r eg a te w i l l be P r e B e n t-o v e r -F u tu r e -o v e r -P a stj and th a t th e in t e r v e n in g p a t te r n w i l l be Future e q u a ls P r e se n t-O v e r -P a s t proved to be u n te n a b le . The tim e v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p a tte r n o f a l l i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 377 ■ I a g g r e g a te s was P r e s e n t > F u tu r e > P a s t . i i E xcep t f o r the s e c t i o n w hich p r e d ic t e d th e in f lu e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y , th e r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s is was r e j e c t e d . j ;H y p o th esis Three j That p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e M an-Over-Nature a s compared ; 1 j ■to th e M a n -S u b ject-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l p r e d ic t a c a - | :demic s u c c e s s , was su p p o rte d . However, t h i s su p p ort was q u a l i f i e d by th e f in d in g s th a t s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o f p r e f e re n c e fo r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e upon academ ic s u c c e s s was ; l im i t e d to th e non-Negro segment o f th e sample p o p u la tio n , j :For th e Negro segm ent o f the sam ple p o p u la tio n th e r e s e a r c h ! i i h y p o th e s is was r e j e c t e d . j For th e non-Negro segm ent w ith th e t e s t sc o r e i n d i c a to r s th e r e was a g r e a t e r in c id e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t and ; la r g e r e f f e c t s fo r m ales than fo r fe m a le s and th e r e were j :i n d ic a t io n s from th e a n a l y s is o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een j ^ p rop ortion s th a t th e e f f e c t was g r e a t e r fo r th e h ig h e r j so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l than fo r th e low er so cio eco n o m ic l e v e l j I s u b j e c t s . On the o th e r hand, w ith te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s th e r e was a g r e a te r in c id e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t and la r g e r e f f e c t s f o r fem a le s than f o r m ales and w ith some o f th e te a c h e r grade i n d ic a t o r s th e e f f e c t was g r e a t e r fo r th e low er so cio eco n o m ic than fo r th e h ig h e r so c io ec o n o m ic l e v e l j s u b j e c t s . j 378 H y p o th e sis Four T hat p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e a s com- ip a re d to th e P r e s e n t a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l p r e d i c t academ ic s u c c e s s p ro v ed to he u n t e n a b le . ! The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f th e P r e s e n t o v e r th e S F u tu re p r e f e r e n c e o f th e Time ite m s f o r th e e n t i r e sample i was .26 0, S ince t h i s l e v e l o f r e l i a b i l i t y was ju d g ed to b e \ too low, s c o r e s o f P r e s e n t-O v e r - F u tu r e p r e f e r e n c e co u ld n o t; be u s e d a s p r e d i c t o r s . S ince r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is co u ld n o tj 'b e te s te d ., i t was r e j e c t e d . I : . ! : - j C o n c lu sio n s ! The f i n d i n g s a r e .n e c e s s a r i l y r e s t r i c t e d by such : f a c t o r s a s th e hypoth eses., th e d e l i m i t a t i o n o f th e stu d y , ; I th e r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t and th e p o p u l a t i o n . G e n e r a li z a - ; ; t i o n s a re l i m i t e d to com parable p o p u l a t i o n s and f u r t h e r i n - ; v e s t i g a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d b e f o r e th e s e f i n d i n g s can be con- i s i d e r e d a p p l i c a b l e to o t h e r p o p u l a t i o n s . W ith th e s e r e s t r i c t i o n s i n mind th e fo llo w in g con - I e l u s i o n s may be drawn; 1. Sex i d e n t i t y , e th n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic : s t a t u s a p p e a r to i n f l u e n c e Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . The i n f l u e n c e o f th e s e v a r i a b l e s seems to be th e ■ g r e a t e s t upon th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r M an-O ver-N ature a s com- ; p a re d to th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r M a n - S u b je c t- to - N a tu r e , I t i s i a p p a r e n t t h a t non-N egroes a r e more l i k e l y to p r e f e r th e ; 379 | 1 IM an-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re .J i I :a l t e r n a t i v e th a n a r e N egroesj m ales a r e more l i k e l y to p r e - | f e r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e to th e M a n - S u b je c t- to - \ i N atu re a l t e r n a t i v e th a n a r e fe m a le s; and h i g h e r s o c lo e c o - I ;nomic s t a t u s p e rs o n s a r e more l i k e l y to p r e f e r th e Man-0ver4 N atu re a l t e r n a t i v e to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e ! ! ' t th a n a re low er socioeconom ic s t a t u s p e r s o n s . I t i s a ls o j a p p a r e n t t h a t non-N egro, h i g h e s t socioeconom ic l e v e l m ales j j a r e most l i k e l y to p r e f e r th e M an-O ver-N ature a l t e r n a t i v e | f ■to th e M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e and Negro lo w e st j ! socio eco n o m ic l e v e l fem a le s a r e most l i k e l y to p r e f e r th e j ■ j M a n -S u b je c t-to -N a tu re a l t e r n a t i v e to th e M an-O ver-N ature ■ a l t e r n a t i v e . V a r i a t i o n s i n t h i s p r e f e r e n c e seem to be most I c l o s e l y c o n n e c te d to v a r i a t i o n s i n th e e t h n i c i d e n t i t y f o l - i lowed by v a r i a t i o n s i n s e x . I d e n t i t y and l a s t l y to v a r i a - ; t i o n s In socioeconom ic s t a t u s . These v a r i a t i o n s seem to I n d i c a t e t h a t e t h n i c i d e n t i t y e x e r t s th e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e j on M an-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n , th e i n f l u e n c e o f sex Id e n - j j t i t y fo llo w s and th e i n f l u e n c e o f socioeconom ic s t a t u s i s ; th e l e a s t . 2. I f I t can be assumed t h a t th e a t t r i b u t e s o f b e in g non-Negro and male and o f h a v in g a h ig h socioeconom ic ; s t a t u s a r e esteem ed and th e a t t r i b u t e s o f b e in g N egro, f e male and o f hav in g a low socioeconom ic s t a t u s a r e e i t h e r d is e s te e m e d o r l e s s esteem ed th a n t h e i r c o n t r a s t i n g a t t r i - ; b u t e s and i f i t can be assum ed t h a t v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f - : " 380 ;e r e n c e s o f th e esteem ed te n d to be th e dom inant v a lu e - j i ■ i i o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e , i t would a p p e a r t h a t th e dom inant i 'p r e f e r e n c e i s M an-O ver-N ature p r e f e r r e d to M a n -S u b je c t- to - j ; ' ■ ' | ‘N a t u r e . 3. I t a p p e a rs t h a t e t h n i c I d e n t i t y does n o t i n - j : I : I f l u e n c e , socioeconom ic s t a t u s may e x e r t some s l i g h t i n f l u - j e n c e , and sex I d e n t i t y does te n d to e x e r t some i n f l u e n c e j ^upon Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . W hile a l l socioeconom ic l e v e l s I i a p p e a r to p r e f e r th e P r e s e n t to th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e ; : s t r e n g t h o f th e m id dle l e v e l s p r e f e r e n c e may be s l i g h t l y j g r e a t e r th a n l i k e s t r e n g t h o f th e h i g h e s t and lo w e st le v e ls .; B oth m ales and fe m a le s seem to p r e f e r th e P r e s e n t to th e t F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e . However, th e fem ale p r e f e r e n c e i s ! p r o b a b ly s t r o n g e r th a n th e m ale p r e f e r e n c e , i 1 A lthough t h e r e may be some v a r i a t i o n in th e s t r e n g t h :o f th e p r e f e r e n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith sex i d e n t i t y and to a !l e s s e r e x t e n t w ith socioecon om ic s t a t u s , th e s u b j e c t s r e g a r d l e s s o f sex I d e n t i t y , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic s t a t u s p r o b a b ly te n d to p r e f e r th e P r e s e n t to th e F u tu re a l t e r n a t i v e and to a g re e upon a P r e s e n t > F u t u r e > P a s t tim e ;v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n . 4 . The academ ic s u c c e s s o f non-Negro s t u d e n t s a p - ;p e a r s to be I n f l u e n c e d b y ■ Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e . Those s t u d e n t s who t e n d to p r e f e r th e Over a l - ! i ; t e r n a t i v e to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e seem to be a c a d e m ic a lly ; more s u c c e s s f u l th a n th o s e s t u d e n t s who t e n d to p r e f e r th e j 3 8 1 ! !S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e to th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e . The in f lu e n c e o f Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e f - ! er e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s seems to vary w ith th e sex / | I i d e n t i t y and so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s o f th e s tu d e n ts and w ith j th e k in d o f i n d ic a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s . When academ ic | ; | ;s u c c e s s i s i n d ic a t e d by s ta n d a r d iz e d t e s t s c o r e s , i t a p - j i . j |p e a r s th a t th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Over ov er th e S u b je ct I 1 a l t e r n a t i v e e x e r t s a g r e a t e r in f lu e n c e upon th e academ ic j s u c c e s s o f m ales than o f fem a le s and upon the academ ic s u e - | ■ ; j c e s s o f h ig h e r so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s s tu d e n ts than o f low er I so c io ec o n o m ic s t a t u s s t u d e n t s . When academ ic s u c c e s s i s in d ic a t e d by te a c h e r g r a d e s , i t appears th a t th e p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e Over o v er th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e e x e r t s a g r e a t e r I ; in f lu e n c e upon th e academ ic s u c c e s s o f fe m a le s than o f 'm a le s. i I f i t can be assumed t h a t p r o c e s s o f e v a lu a tio n i s ! |more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c w ith te a c h e r g ra d es than w ith sta n d a r d iz e d t e s t s and i s more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c w ith C oop eration and Work H a b its g ra d es than w ith S u b je c t g r a d e s, i t a p p ea rs| : (w ith more i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c i n d ic a t o r s ) th e in f lu e n c e o f th e ■ Over ov er th e S u b je ct Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n p r e f e r - i ; en ce i s g r e a t e r among fem a le s and low er s t a t u s stu d e n ts ; than among m ales and h ig h e r s t a t u s s t u d e n t s . I t a ls o ap p e a r s th a t w ith l e s s i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c i n d ic a t o r s th e i n f l u - ; en ce o f th e Over ov er S u b je c t Man-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n ■ p r e fe r e n c e i s g r e a t e r among male and h ig h e r s t a t u s s tu d e n ts 382 ith a n among fem ale and low er s t a t u s s t u d e n t s . 5-. The academ ic s u c c e s s o f Negro s t u d e n t s a p p e a rs n o t to he I n f l u e n c e d by M an-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n p r e f e r e n c e . Those Negro s t u d e n t s who te n d to p r e f e r th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e seem to be n e i t h e r more n o r l e s s a c a d e m ic a lly s u c c e s s f u l th an th o s e Negro s t u d e n t s who t e n d to p r e f e r th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e to th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e . C o n s id e ra b le c a u tio n must be e x e r c i s e d i n making t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . The o n ly s a f e c o n c lu s io n t h a t can be drawn u n d e r th e c o n d i t i o n s , q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and r e s t r i c t i o n s o f t h i s study., i s t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n ces were found w ith e le v e n o f th e tw e lv e i n d i c a t o r s ; and w ith one i n d i c a t o r th e p r o p o r t i o n o f th o s e Negro s t u d e n ts a t o r above th e 90 IQ l e v e l who p r e f e r r e d th e S u b je c t to th e Over a l t e r n a t i v e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r th a n th e p r o p o r t i o n o f Negro s t u d e n t s a t o r above th e 90 IQ l e v e l who p r e f e r r e d th e Over to th e S u b je c t a l t e r n a t i v e . 6 . When th e f i n d i n g s and c o n c lu s io n s f o r h y p o th e s e s one and t h r e e a r e c o n s id e r e d t o g e t h e r , i t a p p e a rs t h a t t h e r e may be a r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e Man-Nature v a lu e - o r i e n t a t i o n o f a segment o f th e p o p u l a t i o n and th e i n f l u ence o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n upon th e academ ic s u c c e s s o f th e segm ent. Where th e O v e r-N atu re o r i e n t a t i o n a p p e a rs to be ; c l e a r l y p r e f e r r e d to th e S u b j e c t - to - N a t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n as ■ among non-N egro, h i g h e r socioeco nom ic s t a t u s m ales th e :p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e O ver-N atu re o r i e n t a t i o n seems to e x e r t 383 I th e g r e a t e s t in f lu e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s , Where th e r e j d oes n o t seem to be a . c l e a r p r e fe r e n c e fo r e i t h e r th e O ver- | I i N ature or th e S u b je c t-to -N a tu r e o r ie n t a t io n a s among non- Negro low er so cio eco n o m ic s t a t u s m a les, and non-Negro f e - : m a le s, th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e O ver-Nature o r ie n t a t i o n seem s j to e x e r t a l e s s e r in f lu e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s . Where th e S u b je c t-to -N a tu r e o r ie n t a t i o n app ears to be c l e a r l y ' p r e fe r r e d to th e O ver-N ature o r ie n t a t i o n a s among N egroes, th e p r e fe r e n c e f o r th e O ver-Nature o r ie n t a t i o n does n o t I ! seem to in f lu e n c e academ ic s u c c e s s . I i I f ' i t can be assumed t h a t th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e | O ver-N ature o r ie n t a t i o n i n d i c a t e s a h ig h v a lu a tio n o f co n - j | t r o l over th e environm ent and th e p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Sub- j e c t - t o - N a t u r e o r ie n t a t i o n a d is v a lu in g o f c o n t r o l and t h a t ; academ ic s u c c e s s as in d ic a t e d in t h i s stu d y can be c o n - j s id e r e d a s an i n d ic a t io n o f a ch iev em en t, then perh ap s th e fo r e g o in g sta te m e n ts c o u ld be summed up in th e fo llo w in g manner. I t would seem th a t among th o se segm ents o f th e j I p o p u la tio n where c o n t r o l o v er the environm ent i s v a lu e d , the i v a lu a t io n o f c o n t r o l ten d s to be in s tr u m e n ta l to a c h ie v e - j j ment; among th o s e -s e g m e n ts o f th e p o p u la tio n where c o n t r o l o v e r th e environm ent ten d s to be n e it h e r c l e a r l y v a lu ed nor d is v a lu e d the v a lu a t io n o f c o n t r o l ten d s to be l e s s i ! i in s tr u m e n ta l to ach ievem en t; and among th o se segm ents o f j i th e p o p u la tio n where c o n t r o l o v e r th e environm ent i s d i s - ! j ............................. ‘ 384] iv a lu e d th e v a l u a t i o n o f c o n t r o l te n d s to be n o t i n s t r u m e n t a l ! I ; to a c h ie v e m e n t, ! T h is c o n c lu s io n i s o f f e r e d more t e n t a t i v e l y th a n j any o f th e p r e v io u s c o n c l u s i o n s . The c o n clu d ed r e l a t i o n s h ip does n o t a p p e a r to p r e v a i l when t e a c h e r g r a d e s a re j i j ; ta k e n a s i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s , i t depends upon ] th e a c c e p ta n c e o f th e b r o a d e s t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f e r e d i n j : c o n c lu s io n number f i v e , and i t i s a l o g i c a l d e d u c tio n from j th e f i n d i n g s r a t h e r th an a c o n c lu s io n drawn from th e t e s t - j I in g o f a r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s is . ! i 7* Sex i d e n t i t y a p p e a rs to i n f l u e n c e t e a c h e r ! | g ra d e s b u t n o t s t a n d a r d i s e d t e s t r e s u l t s . When t e a c h e r j I g ra d e s a re ta k e n a s i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s , n o n- I Negro fem a le s seem to be a c a d e m ic a lly more s u c c e s s f u l th a n ; non-Negro m a le s. On th e o t h e r hand, w ith one e x c e p tio n , j t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t f o r sex i d e n t i t y when s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s a r e tak e n a s i n d i c a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s . 8 . I t a p p e a rs t h a t th e V a l u e - O r i e n t a ti o n i n s t r u - ! ment can be employed to m easure th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f j u rb a n n i n t h g ra d e s t u d e n ts and can be a im p o r ta n t d e v ic e i n i i n t r a c u l t u r a l a s w e ll a s c p o ss c u l t u r a l s t u d i e s . 9. I t seems t h a t Kluckholm and S t r o d t b e c k Ts p r e d i c t i o n t h a t th e dom inant American m id dle c l a s s M an-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l be M an-O ver-N ature o v e r M an -S u b jeet-j to - N a tu r e o v e r M an-W ith-N ature can be' s u p p o rte d by t h i s s tu d y . T h e ir p r e d i c t i o n t h a t th e dom inant Am erican m id dle 385 i ; I c l a s s Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n w i l l be F u t u r e - o v e r - P r e s e n t - j o v e r - P a s t a p p a r e n t l y c a n n o t be s u p p o r t e d by t h i s s t u d y . 10. I t w ould a p p e a r t h a t th e M an-N ature v a l u e - o r i e n - i t a t i o n f i n d i n g s and c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y do n o t c o n tr a - ! ! f d i e t and may be c o n s i d e r e d to s u p p o r t and be c o n s i s t e n t w ith! 1 | t h e p o s i t i o n d e v e lo p e d by Max Weber and a c c e p t e d and e l a b o - j r a t e d by o t h e r s o c i a l t h e o r i s t s whose work f o l l o w s from i W e b e r 's . B r i e f l y , t h i s p o s i t i o n h o l d s t h a t a b e l i e f i n a j ; I r a t i o n a l l y o r g a n i z e d and c o n t r o l l a b l e u n i v e r s e and t h e v a lu - | | i n g o f c o n t r o l a r e i m p o r t a n t and e s s e n t i a l e le m e n ts o f th e b e l i e f and v a lu e sy s te m o f W e ste rn i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y . | • | T h is p o s i t i o n f u r t h e r m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e s e b e l i e f s and j 1 v a l u e s a r e m ost s t r o n g l y h e l d by t h e d o m in a n t m id d le c l a s s o f t h e s o c i e t y and t h a t t h e s e b e l i e f s and v a l u e s i n f l u e n c e th e b e h a v i o r o f t h i s c l a s s . T h is s tu d y seem s to i n d i c a t e | s u p p o r t and e x t e n s i o n o f t h i s p o s i t i o n — i n c l u d i n g sex i d e n t i t y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y a s w e l l a s s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s a s i n d i c a t o r s o f s o c i a l dom inance and f i n d i n g v a l u i n g o f c o n t r o l h e l d m ost s t r o n g l y by th e s o c i a l l y do m in an t and m ost i i a f f e c t i n g t h e i r b e h a v i o r . The p o s i t i o n a l s o m a i n t a i n s t h a t a means o f c o n t r o l i s th e d e f e r r i n g o f p r e s e n t g r a t i f i c a t i o n f o r f u t u r e re w a rd and t h a t t h i s i s r e c i p r o c a l l y r e l a t e d to t h e v a l u i n g o f th e F u tu r e o v e r th e P r e s e n t o r th e P a s t . I t : | ; i w ould a p p e a r t h a t t h e Time v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n f i n d i n g s and j c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y do n o t s u p p o r t and a r e n o t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s p a r t o f th e . P r o t e s t a n t E t h i c . 3 8 6 ; t I Recommendations | Recommendations f o r e d u c a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e a re l i m i t e d i i i by th e n a t u r e o f th e s tu d y . As p o i n t e d o u t by th e d i s c u s - ! s io n o f th e pro b lem and th e im p o rta n c e o f th e stu d y i n Chap-} i t e r X, th e d e m o n s tra tio n o f a s t a t i s t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e - j tween v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n as i n d i c a t e d by re s p o n s e s to th e i r e s e a r c h i n s tr u m e n t and a l i m i t e d a r e a o f c o n d u c t, academ ic ! ; s u c c e s s as i n d i c a t e d by s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s and s c h o o l g r a d e s does n o t prove a cau se and e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p n o r does i t j i r e v e a l how o r why t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p came i n t o b e in g . R a th e r t h i s stu d y advances th e more m odest c la im t h a t th e I d e m o n s tra tio n o f a s t a t i s t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s u g g e s ts th e I I p r o b a b i l i t y o f v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n c o n t r i b u t i n g to academ ic s u c c e s s and t h a t th e e s t a b l is h m e n t o f t h i s p r o b a b i l i t y can s e rv e a s one o f th e b a s e s f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . R e co g n izin g t h a t f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n m ight e a s i l y . ;r e n d e r th e s e recom m endations u n te n a b le and t h a t th e s e r e c ommendations fo llo w more from s u g g e s te d p o s s i b i l i t i e s th a n j from th e s t r i c t e s t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e f i n d i n g s o f th e j s tu d y , some t e n t a t i v e s u g g e s tio n s c o u ld be made. I t i s j | ; q u i t e p l a u s i b l e t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r th e M an-O ver-N ature j ’ a l t e r n a t i v e i s r e c i p r o c a l l y r e l a t e d to th o s e c h a r a c t e r i s - j : t i c s o f dominance and a g g r e s s iv e n e s s commonly a s s o c i a t e d j : w ith non-Negro e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , male sex i d e n t i t y and h i g h - j e r socioeconom ic s t a t u s . I f t h i s i s th e c a s e , th e n e n c o u r- lagement o f t h i s kin d o f b e h a v io r c o u ld be in s tr u m e n ta l to i academ ic s u c c e s s . T h is l a t e r ' sta te m e n t would r e q u ir e s e v e r a l im por t a n t q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . T h is encouragem ent* i t would appear., .would need to be c o l l e c t i v e and i n d i v i d u a l . The b a s i s fo r l t h i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n r e s t s in th e c o n c lu s io n t h a t th e p r e f e r - !ence fo r th e M an-Over-Nature a l t e r n a t i v e appears to e x e r t th e g r e a t e s t in f lu e n c e upon academ ic s u c c e s s where th e a g g r e g a te p r e fe r e n c e i s s t r o n g e s t . W hile th e i n d iv id u a l en couragem ent o f dominance and a g g r e s s iv e n e s s m ight c o n t r i b u te to th e academ ic s u c c e s s o f c e r t a in m iddle c l a s s non- Negro m alesj i n d iv id u a l encouragem ent p ro b a b ly would have l e s s e f f e c t upon low er so c io ec o n o m ic c l a s s s tu d e n ts and l i t t l e e f f e c t upon Negro s t u d e n t s . C o l l e c t i v e encouragem ent m ight be recommended fo r ;Negro stu d e n ts* s in c e a c o l l e c t i v e s e n s e o f c o n t r o l appears to be a n e c e s s a r y p r e c o n d itio n to i t s e f f e c t i v e i n f l u e n c e . Perhaps t h i s i s r e p r e s e n te d in th e B la ck Power movement. To th e e x te n t to w hich t h i s movement can be s a id to en - ;courage a c o l l e c t i v e se n se o f c o n tr o l* dominance and a g g r e s s i v e n e s s i t m ight c o n tr ib u te to a g r e a t e r c o l l e c t i v e r e a l i z a t i o n o f th o s e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w ith academ ic s u c c e s s and in turn t h i s c o u ld be r e f l e c t e d in a h ig h e r c o l l e c t i v e and i n d iv id u a l l e v e l o f academ ic s u c c e s s . A nother q u a l i f i c a t i o n a r i s e s from th e f in d in g s th a t when sta n d a r d iz e d t e s t s a re u sed a s i n d ic a t o r s o f academ ic s u c c e s s , non-Negro h ig h e r s t a t u s fe m a le s a r e about as s u e - j j c e s s f u l a s h ig h e r s t a t u s non-Negro m ales and th a t th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e o r ie n t a t i o n i s n o t a s g r e a t fo r h ig h e r s t a tu s ! i fe m a le s a s i t i s fo r h ig h e r s t a t u s m a le s. I t i s q u ite . p o s - | s i b l e t h a t f o r h ig h e r s t a t u s fe m a le s n e it h e r th e c o l l e c t i v e ! | ; or in d iv id u a l encouragem ent o f dominance and a g g r e s s iv e n e s s j i would be too e f f e c t i v e in a c h ie v in g g r e a te r academ ic s u e - ! ; c e s s . A m o st;o b v io u s q u a l i f i c a t i o n i s th e problem o f mak- j ; in g encouragem ent and th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f dominance and a g -i i g r e s s i v e n e s s to v a l u e - o r i e n t a t io n o p e r a t io n a l, [ F R e la te d to t h i s recomm endation a re th e f in d in g s ■ i j t h a t fo r non -N egroes th e M an-Over-Nature p r e fe r e n c e d oes j | n o t in f lu e n c e te a c h e r g ra d es fo r m ales bu t i t d oes fo r ) fe m a le s . T h is m ight s u g g e s t t h a t a d egree o f dominance and; j a g g r e s s iv e n e s s i s g e n e r a lly c o n sid e r e d d e s ir a b le by te a c h - ! I i e r s . T h is d e s ir a b le modicum o f a g g r e s s iv e n e s s and dominance may be a c r i t e r i a fo r punishm ent and reward and perhaps t h i s d e s ir a b le modicum i s a r e f l e c t i o n o f th e t e a c h e r ' s , i p a r t i c u l a r l y fem ale t e a c h e r ' s , own v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s . j j T h is d e s ir a b le modicum may be a t t h a t p o in t where th e r e i s o n ly a s l i g h t b u t not c le a r p r e fe r e n c e fo r th e Man-Over- N ature o r i e n t a t i o n . I f th e fo r e g o in g d is c u s s io n can be a c c e p te d i t m ight be p r e d ic t e d th a t th e s c h o o ls , p a r t i c u l a r l y te a c h e r s would ten d to be fa v o r a b ly i n c l i n e d toward th e m a n ife s ta t i o n o f a g r e a t e r c o l l e c t i v e se n s e o f c o n t r o l, dominance 389 I and a g g r e s s iv e n e s s on th e p a r t o f th e d is e s te e m e d . How- j ;ever* t h i s f a v o r a b le i n c l i n a t i o n m ight te n d to d e c r e a s e a s ! j th e d e g re e o f m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f a se n se o f c o n tr o l* dominance and a g g r e s s iv e n e s s i n c r e a s e d beyond some now i n d i s t i n c t j m iddle ra n g e . j T h is s u g g e s tio n c o u p le d w ith th e c o n c lu s io n s o f • j t h i s stu d y r e l e v a n t to th e i n f l u e n c e o f sex i d e n t i t y upon i I Iacademic s u c c e s s a s m easured by s t a n d a r d i z e d b u t c o n t r a s t e d I i i ;to t e a c h e r g r a d e s and th e v a r i a t i o n o f th e e f f e c t o f v a lu e j i o r i e n t a t i o n by sex i d e n t i t y and w ith th e ty p e o f i n d i c a t o r | ! j l e a d s to th e n e x t recom m endation. The g e n e r a l l y a c c la im e d ; i i p o s i t i o n o f th e s c h o o ls t h a t rew ard s a r e e a rn e d f o r achieve-j j ment and p un ish m en t b a se d upon e q u i t a b l e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e j r u l e s may need r e e x a m in a tio n i n p r a c t i c e . I t i s q u i t e p o s - ; f s i b l e t h a t th e same a ch iev e m e n t o f two a g g r e g a te s o f s t u - j d e n ts may be more o r l e s s h i g h l y v a lu e d d ependin g upon non p e rfo rm an c e c r i t e r i a . The sex* a t t i t u d e * b e l i e f s and u n r e l a t e d b e h a v io r o f th e s t u d e n t may i n f l u e n c e th e e v a l u a t i o n o f p e rfo rm a n c e . I f t h i s i s th e case* and i t a p p e a rs j ! i t h a t p e rh a p s i t may be* i t can be recommended t h a t s c h o o ls j examine th e p r o c e s s o f s t u d e n t e v a l u a t i o n w ith th e g o a ls o f j ■ attem pting to i s o l a t e and e l i m i n a t e n o n -p erfo rm an c e c r i t e r i a w h ic h .a r e p r e s e n t l y f u n c tio n in g u n d e r th e g u is e o f p e r f o r m - | ance c r i t e r i a . j A f i n a l m o ral q u a l i f i c a t i o n must be c o n s id e r e d . |S e r io u s q u e s t i o n s have been r a i s e d a b o u t th e d e s i r a b i l i t y 390 : ;of m an’s r e l a t i o n s h i p to n a tu r e b e in g one o f c o n t r o l and dom inance. A r t i c l e s which have a p p e a re d i n such r e l a t i v e l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d j o u r n a l s o f o p in io n a s th e S a tu rd a y Review , jD aedalus and th e S c i e n t i f i c American have i n c r e a s i n g l y con- ' 'n e e te d th e p ro b lem s o f th e p o l l u t i o n o f th e e n v iro n m en t w ith | th e c o n t r o l o v e r n a t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n . I t i s r e c o g n iz e d t h a t | th e c o n t r o l o v e r n a t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n g oes beyond th e i s o l a t e d ^problem o f e n v iro n m e n ta l q u a l i t y and i s i n t e r c o n n e c t e d w ith j j 'th e e th o S j r e l i g i o n and norms o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n - j s h i p s i n t h i s s o c i e t y . P e rh ap s th e p r e f e r a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e i to c o n t r o l i s n o t su b m issio n b u t c o o p e r a t i o n . There seems | ; j to be a p le a d in g t h a t t h i s s o c i e t y change i t s f i r s t ra n k e d j M an-Nature v a l u e - o r i e n t a t i o n from Over to W ith b e f o r e i t becomes e n g u lf e d In i t s own w a s te s b o th n a t u r a l and human. i I f t h i s a p p e a l I s v a l i d , i t would be wrong to recommend j ith e encouragem ent o f a c o n t r o l o r i e n t a t i o n a s a means to ! im proving academ ic p e rfo rm a n c e . . | Recom mendations f o r F u r t h e r Study j i 1. A s tu d y sh o u ld be made to examine th e r e l a t i o n - j i s h ip betw een tim e p e r s p e c t i v e , tim e h o r iz o n and tim e o r i e n - ;t a t i o n and th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e s e c o n c e p ts to th e sex ;i d e n t i t y , e t h n i c i d e n t i t y and so cioeconom ic s t a t u s o f ado- ! ■ I i l e s c e n t s u b j e c t s . The c o n te n ti o n t h a t th e c u l t u r a l l y d i s - | a d v a n ta g e d y o u th does n o t la c k a f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n b u t ! r a t h e r s u f f e r s from th e la c k o f a f u t u r e c o u ld be te s te d * 391 j \ I t c o u ld be h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g tim e s t a t e s (tim e p e r s p e c t i v e and tim e h o r iz o n s ) a r e j r e l a t e d to e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , sex i d e n t i t y and socioeconom ic j s t a t u s w h ile p r e f e r e n c e f o r p r e s e n t , f u t u r e o r p a s t (tim e i o r i e n t a t i o n ) re m a in s a p p ro x im a te ly th e same, ! j In t e s t i n g th e g e n e r a l tim e o r i e n t a t i o n h y p o th e sis,, j I : ; th e s u b h y p o th e s is t h a t th e g e n e r a l tim e o r i e n t a t i o n o f i a d o le s c e n t s u b j e c t s i s P r e s e n t > F u t u r e > P a s t c o u ld a ls o be ; t e s t e d . To t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s is , s e v e r a l r e v i s i o n s o f th e ! i tim e o r i e n t a t i o n s c h e d u le and a n a l y s i s o f r e l i a b i l i t y could! be s u g g e s te d . The number ite m s sh o u ld be i n c r e a s e d a n d /o r | a t e s t - r e t e s t s i t u a t i o n be d e v is e d so t h a t o t h e r means o f I r e l i a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s c o u ld be em ployed. Also i t m ight be a d v is a b l e to u se ite m s which i n d i c a t e p r e f e r e n c e f o r v a r y - i in g l e n g t h s o f f u t u r e tim e r a t h e r th a n m ere ly an u n d i f f e r - j t ; e n t i a t e d f u t u r e . I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e j f o r a s i x months to one o r two y e a r f u t u r e may be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from th e p r e f e r e n c e f o r a more rem ote f u t u r e . ! i 2. A s tu d y s h o u ld be made to examine th e r e l a t i o n - ; { j s h ip betw een th e M an-Nature and M an-S ociety o r i e n t a t i o n s o f : a d o l e s c e n t s u b j e c t s . I t h a s been assumed a s th e consequence o f l o g i c a l d e d u c tio n t h a t m an's r e l a t i o n s h i p to n a tu r e i s a n a lo g o u s to m an 's r e l a t i o n s h i p to s o c i e t y . In a f u r t h e r j s tu d y t h i s assu m p tio n c o u ld become a h y p o t h e s is . j The t h r e e m ajo r a l t e r n a t i v e s o f Over, S u b je c t and ; W ith c o u ld be employed i n exam ining th e M an-Nature a s w e l l 392 a s th e M an -S o ciety o r i e n t a t i o n . In a f u r t h e r stu d y th e a l t e r n a t i v e s m ight be s t a t e d in term s which would be more f a m i l i a r to u rb an r e s i d e n t s . The p o s in g o f th e W ith a l t e r n a t i v e o f th e M an-Nature o r i e n t a t i o n i n u rb a n term s m ight be l e s s d i f f i c u l t now b e ca u se o f th e p o s s i b l e r e c e n t r e l a t i v e i n c r e a s e i n p o p u la r knowledge a b o u t e co lo g y and popu l a r co n cern w ith c o n s e r v a tio n and e n v iro n m e n ta l p o l l u t i o n . These r e c e n t p o p u l a r i z a t i o n s m ight a ls o make p o s s i b l e a w id e r ra n g e o f p r o b a b le p ro b lem s i t u a t i o n s . 3 . There a re many p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n and c o n d u c t. On th e v a lu e o r i e n t a t i o n s i d e o f th e r e l a t i o n ship,, i t m igh t be p r o d u c t i v e to examine v a ry in g d e g re e s o f p r e f e r e n c e r a t h e r th an a dichotom y p r e f e r e n c e . On th e con d u ct s i d e , t e a c h e r g r a d e s and s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s c o r e s do n o t e x h a u s t th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . B I B L I O G R A P H Y i j [ I l 393 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books i B aldw in, Jam es. Nobody Knows My Name. New York: D e l l, ! 1 9 6 1 . | B r i n to n , C rane. The Shaping o f Modern T h o u g h t. Englewood C l i f f s : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1950. Brown, R oger. S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y . New York: F ree P r e s s , 1 9 6 5 . i C l a r k , K enneth. Dark G h e t to . New York: H a rp er, 19^5• | Coleman, James S. I n t r o d u c t i o n to M a th e m a tic a l S o c io lo g y , j New York: F re e P r e s s o f G lencoe, 1964. j 1 ! Cuber, John and K enkel, W illia m . S o c i a l S t r a t i f i c a t i o n in th e U n ite d S t a t e s . New York: A p p le to n - C e n tu ry - C ro f ts , 1954^ ' E l l i s o n , R alph. I n v i s i b l e Man. New York: Random House, ! 1947. I ; I ‘E r ic k s o n , E r ik H. "The Problem o f Ego I d e n t i t y , " I d e n t i t y and A n x ie ty . E d ite d by M aurice S t e i n , A rth u r V id ic h and David W hite. New York: F ree P r e s s , i 9 6 0 . F r a i s s e , P a u l. The Psychology o f Tim e. T r a n s l a te d by J e n n i f e r L e i t h . New York: H arp er and Row, 1 9 6 3 * ■ G arrett, H enry. S t a t i s t i c s i n Psychology and E d u c a ti o n . New York: Longmans, Green and C o., 1958^ :G e n try , G eorge. "Some B e h a v io r a l C oncom itants o f Time O r i e n t a t i o n . " U n p u b lish e d Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , M ichigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , E a s t L a n sin g , 1 9 6 1 . Hadwen, C. T. M. " E a rly S ta g e s o f F o re ig n S tu d e n t A d ju s t m e n t." U n p u b lish e d Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , Y ale U n iv e rs ity ,! New Haven,. 1 9 6 1 . 394 395 ^Hoffer, E r i c . The True B e l i e v e r . New York: H a rp er and Row, 1951. H o llin g s h e a d , A ugust B ., and R e a l ic h , F r e d e r i c k . S o c ia l C la s s and M ental I l l n e s s . New York: W iley, 195&. K a r d in e r , Abraham and Ovesey, L io n e l. "Psychodynamic I n v e n to r y o f th e Negro P e r s o n a l i t y , " The Angry B l a c k . E d ite d by John W illia m s . ( R e p rin te d from The Mark o f O p p re ss io n , New York: W. W. N o rto n , 1951.) New York: L an c er, 1 9 6 3 . K e n isto n , K enneth. The Uncom mitted: A l i e n a te d Youth i n Am erican S o c ie ty " New York: H a rc o u rt B ra ce , 1 9 6 5 . j Kluckholm, C lyde. "V alues and V alue O r i e n t a t i o n s i n the T heory o f A c tio n : An E x p lo r a ti o n i n D e f i n i t i o n and j C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , " Toward a G e n era l Theory o f A c t i o n . | E d ite d by T a l c o t t P a rso n s and Edward S h i l l s . New York: j H arper and Row, 1951. j Kluckholm, F lo re n c e and S tr o d tb e c k , F re d . V a r i a t i o n s i n j Value O r i e n t a t i o n s . E v an sto n : Row, P e te rs o n and C o., } _ _ 5 _ 1 Kohn, M elvin. " S o c ia l C la s s and P a r e n t a l V a lu e s ," S tu d ie s ! in A d o le s c e n c e . E d it e d by R o b e rt G rin d e r. New York: M a c m illia n , 1 9 6 3 . | L e n sk i, G erh ard . The R e l i g i o u s F a c t o r . New York: D ouble- | day and Co. , 1 9 61. i l I L Ip s e t, Seymour. P o l i t i c a l Man. New York: Doubleday, | i 9 6 0 . ! i M cC lelland, D avid, e t a l . The A chievem ent M o tiv e . New i York: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry , 1953- j M cC lelland, D avid. The A ch iev in g S o c i e t y . P r in c e to n : Van N o s tra n d , 1 9 61. 1 McKinley, D avid. S o c ia l C la s s and Fam ily L i f e . New York: F ree P r e s s o f G lencoe, 1964. P a rs o n s , T a l c o t t . The S t r u c t u r e o f S o c i a l A c t io n . New York: F re e P r e s s o f G lencoe, 1949. P e t ti g r e w , Thomas. A P r o f i l e o f th e Negro A m erican. P r in c e t o n : D. Van N o s tra n d , 1964. 396 ;P i a g e t , J e a n . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f R e a l i t y i n th e C h i l d . T r a n s l a t e d by M a r g a r e t Cook. New Y ork: B a s i c B ooks, 195^ • R iesm an, D avid w ith G l a z e r , N athan and Denney, R e u e l. The L o n ely Crowd. New Haven: Y a le U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , I9 6 0 . S t r o d t b e c k , F r e d . "F am ily I n t e r a c t i o n , V alu e and A c h ie v e m e n t," T a l e n t and S o c i e t y . E d i t e d by D avid M c C le lla n d . P r i n c e t o n : D. Van N o s tr a n d , 1959- IV ogt, Evon and O 'D ea, Thomas. "A C o m p ara tiv e S tu d y o f th e R ole o f V a lu e s I n A c tio n I n Two S o u th w e s te r n Communi t i e s , " S o c i e t y and S e l f . E d i t e d by B. H. S to o d l y . New Y ork: F re e P r e s s o f G le n c o e , 1 9 6 2 . W arn er, W. L lo y d , M eeker, M arcia and E e l l s , K en n eth . S o c i a l C l a s s i n A m e ric a . C h ica g o : S c ie n c e R e s e a rc h A s s o c i a t e s , 1949. W eber, Max. The P r o t e s t a n t E t h i c and t h e S p i r i t o f C a p i t a l i s m . T r a n s l a t e d by T a l c o t t P a r s o n s . C hicago: C h a r le s S c r i b n e r , 1950. W hyte, W illia m H. The O r g a n i z a t i o n Man. New Y ork: Simon and S c h u s t e r , 1 9 5 6 . Woods, F r a n c e s . C u l t u r a l V a lu e s o f A m erican E th n i c G ro u p s . New Y ork: H a rp e r and B r o s . , 1956. A r t i c l e s and P e r i o d i c a l s :B a r n d t, R o b ert and J o h n so n , D on ald . "Time O r ie n t a t io n in D e lin q u e n t s ." J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , 51 (S ep tem b er, 1 9 5 5 ), 3 4 2 -0 4 6 . B a r to n , A l l e n . "M easuring th e V a lu e s o f I n d i v i d u a l s ," R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n , 57 ( J u l y , 1 9 6 2 ) , S63-S97- B a t t l e , E s th e r and R o t t e r , J u l i a n . " C h ild r e n 's F e e li n g s o f P e r s o n a l C o n tr o l a s R e la te d to S o c i a l C la s s and E th n ic Group," J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y , 31 (D ecem ber, 1 9 6 3 )^ 4 8 2 -4 9 0 . B rim , O r v i l l e and F o r r e r , Raymond. "A N ote on th e R e la t io n o f V a lu e s and S o c i a l S t r u c tu r e to L i f e P la n n in g ." S o c io m e tr y , 19 (M arch, 1 9 5 6 ), 5 4 -6 0 . 397 C aster* John K. "Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f High School Pu p i l s from Three Income G ro u p s." J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y , 50 (A pril* 1959), 55-^27 C ra n d all* Vaughn* Katkovsky* W a lte r and P reston* Anne. " M o tiv a tio n a l and A b i l i t y D e te rm in a n ts o f Young C h i l d r e n ’s I n t e l l e c t u a l Achievem ent B e h a v io r." C h ild De velopm ent* September* 1 9 6 2 * pp. 643-661. Davis* Anthony and P a re n ti* A n ita . "Time O r i e n t a t i o n and I n t e r p e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s o f E m o tio n a lly D is tr u b e d and Normal C h i ld r e n ." J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c ia l P sy cho logy* 57 (November* 1 9 5 8)* 2 9 9- 3 0 5 . Davis* A nthony,-K idder* C a th e rin e and Rich* Melvyn. "Time O r i e n t a t i o n i n Male and Eemale J u v e n i le D e l in q u e n ts ." J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l Psychology* 64 (March* 1 9 6 2 )* '238-242.----- E l l i s * R o b e rt A. "Index o f C la s s P o s i t i o n : An Improved In terc o m m u n ity Measure o f S t r a t i f i c a t i o n . " American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review* 28 (A pril* 1 9 6 3)* 271-277. Kahl* Jo sep h and Davis* James A. "A Comparison o f In d ex e s o f Socioeconom ic S t a t u s . " American S o c i o l o g i c a l Re v iew * 20 (June* 1955), 317-325. Lehman* I r v i n J . "Some S o c i o - C u l t u r a l D i f f e r e n c e s i n A t t i t u d e s and V a lu e s ." J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l S o c io lo g y * 36 (September* 1 9 6 2 )* 1 -9 . LeShan* Lawrence. "Time O r i e n t a t i o n and S o c ia l C l a s s ." J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c ia l Psychology* 47 (A pril* 1952) , 569-594. McDill* Edward. "Anomie* A u th o r ita r ia n is m * P r e ju d ic e and Socio-Econom ic S t a t u s . " S o c ia l Forces* 39 (March* 1961)* 239-245. M iddleton* R u s s e l l . "A lie n a tio n * Race and E d u c a tio n ." American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review* 28 (December* 1 9 6 3 ), 973-977. M ischel* W a lte r and M etzner, R alp h . " P re f e re n c e f o r De la y e d Reward as a F u n c tio n o f Age* I n t e l l i g e n c e and Length o f D elay I n t e r v a l . " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P sy c h o lo g y , 64 (June* 1962)* 425-431. 398 Mussen, P. H. and D i s t l e r , L. " D i f f e r e n c e s Between th e j TAT R e sp o n se s o f Negro and W hite B o y s." J o u r n a l o f j C o n s u ltin g P s y c h o lo g y , IT ( A p r i l , 1953) j 373-380• ! P h a r e s , E. J . "E x p ectan cy Changes i n S k i l l and Chance j S i t u a t i o n s . " J o u r n a l o f Abnormal P s y c h o lo g y , 54 ( A p r i l ,1 R osen, B ern ard . "The A chievem ent Syndrome: A P sy ch o - j C u ltu r a l D im ension o f S o c i a l S t r a t i f i c a t i o n . " Am erican j S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 21 ( A p r il, 1956) , 2 0 3 -2 1 1 . I R osen, B ern ard . "Race, E t h n i c i t y and A ch iev em en t." Am eri-I can S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 24 (F eb ru ary, 1 9 5 9 )j 47-6o7 j S c h n e id e r , L ou is and L ysg arrd , S v e r r e . "D eferred G r a tific a -f t i o n P a tte r n ." American S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 18 (A p r il,‘ 19 53), 1 4 2-149 . | Seeman, M elv in . "On th e Meaning o f A lie n a t io n ." American j S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 24 (Decem ber, 19 5 9 ), 7 83-79 1. j \ S t r a u s s , Murray. " D eferred G r a t i f i c a t i o n , S o c i a l C la s s j and th e A chievem ent Syndrome." American S o c i o l o g i c a l R eview , 27 (J u n e, 1 9 6 2 ) , 326-335- Teahan, John. "Future Time P e r s p e c t i v e , Optimism and A ca- ; demic A ch iev em en t." J o u r n a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l I P s y c h o lo g y , 57 (November, 1 9 5 8 ), 3 7 9 -3 8 0 . i 19 57), 339-342. W a lla c e , M elvin and B e ck er , W esley. P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 57 (May, ! A P P E N D I X E S 399 APPENDIX A VALUE-ORIENTATION SCHEDULE 400 Hame 1* Some people were talking about the way children should be brought up. Here are three different ideas. A. Some people say that children should always be taught well the customs and beliefs of the past. They believe the old ways are best, and that it is when children do not follow them enough, that things go wrong. B. Some people say that children should be taught some of the old customs and beliefs, but it is wrong to insist that they stick to these ways. These people believe that it is necessary for children always to learn about and take on whatever of the new ways will best help them get along in the world. C. Some people do not believe children should be taught much about past customs and beliefs at all, except as an interesting story of what has gone before. These people believe that the world goes along best when children are taught the things that will make them want to find out for themselves new ways of doing things. Circle your choice. Which of these people had the best idea about how children should be taught? A B C Which of the other two people had the better idea? | A B C Considering again all three ideas, which would most other people in your neighborhood say had the best idea? A B C 2. One time a man had a lot of animals. Most of them died off in dif ferent ways. People talked about this and said different things. B. Some people said that it was probably the man's own fault that he lost so many. He probably didn't use his head to prevent the losses. They said that it is usually the case that men who keep up on new ways of doing things, and really set them selves to it, almost always find a way to keep out of such trouble. C. Some people said that it was probably because the man had not lived his life right--had not done things in the right way to keep a proper balance between himself and the forces of nature (that is, the ways of nature like the rain, winds, snow, etc.) A. Some people said that you just can't blame a man when things like this happen. There are so many things that can and do happen, and a man can do almost nothing to prevent such losses when they come. We all have to learn to take the bad with the good. Circle your choice. Which.'of these reasons do you think-is most usually true? B C A Vvhich of the other two reasons do you think is more true? B C A lich of the three reasons would most other persons in your gigliborhood think is usually true? B C A 3* Three young people were talking about what they thought their fami lies would have one day as compared with their fathers and mothers. They each said different things. C. The first said: I expect my family to be better off in the future than the family of my father and mother or relatives if we work hard and plan right. Things in this country usually get better for people who really try. B. The second one said: I don>t know whether my family will be better off, the same, or worse off than the family of my father and mother or relatives. Things go up and down even if people do work hard. So one can never really tell how things will be. A. The third one said: I expect my family to be about the same as the family of my father and mother or relatives. The best way is to work hard and plan ways to keep up things as they have been in the past. Circle your choice. Which of these people do you think had the best idea? C B A Which of the other two persons had the better idea? C B A Which of these three people would most other people in your neighborhood your age think had the best idea? ' C B A J j . . There are different ways of thinking about how nature is related to man and to weather and all other conditions which make the crops and animals live or die. Here are three possible ways, C. The forces of Nature and people all work together all the timej whether the conditions which make the crops and animals grow are good or bad depends upon whether people themselves do all the proper things to keep themselves in proper balance with the forces of Nature, B. The forces of Nature do not directly control all the conditions which affect the growth of crops or animals. It is up to the people themselves to figure out the ways conditions change and to try hard to find the ways of controlling them. A. Just how the forces of Nature will control the conditions which affect the growth of crops and animals cannot be known to man. But it is useless for people to think they can change condi tions very much for very long. The best way is to take condi tions as they come and do as well as one can. Circle your choice. Which of these ways of looking at things do you think is best? C B A Which of the other two ways do you think is better? C B A Which of the three ways of looking at things would most other people in your neighborhood think is best? C B A Three men. were talking about gardens, lawns and growing things. They had different ideas as to what was the best way to plant and take care of grass and trees and other plants, C, One man thought that the best way to plant and take care of grass and trees and other plants was to work hard at it and also try to live in right and proper ways. He felt that it is how a man lives and tries to keep himself in a proper bal ance with the forces of nature as well as how a man works that has the most effect on conditions and the way grass, plants and trees turn out, A, One man thought that the best way to plant and take care of grass and trees and other plants was to work at it hard enough but not to do more than was necessary to keep them going. He felt that how the grass, trees and other plants turned out depended mainly on natural conditions and that anything extra a man might do won’t change things much, B, One man thought that the best way to plant and take care of grass and trees and other plants was to work hard at it aid use all the new scientific ideas such as fertilizers and insect spray that one could. He felt that by using new scientific ideas one could most of the time overcome the effects of natur al conditions. Circle your choice. Miich of the ideas do you believe is usually best? C A B Which of the other two ideas do you believe is better? C A B ViThieh of the three ideas would most other persons in your neigh borhood think is best? C A B People often have very different ideas about what has gone before and what we can expect in life. Here are three ways of thinking a about these things. B. Some people believe it best to give most attention to what is happening now in the present. They say the past has gone and the future is much too uncertain to count on. Things do change, but it is sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse, so in the long run it is about the same. These people believe the best way to live is to keep those of the old ways that one can— or that one likes--but to be ready to accept the new ways which will help to make life easier and better as we live from year to year. A. Some people think that the ways of the past (ways of the old people or traditional ways) were tne most right and the best, and as changes come tilings get worse. These people think the best way to live is to work hard to keep up the old ways and try to bring them back when they are lost. C. Some people believe that it is almost always the ways of the future— the ways which are still to eome--which will be the be3t, and they say that even though there are sometimes small setbacks, change brings improvements in the long run. These people think the best way to live is to look a long time ahead, work hard, and give up many things now so that the future will be better. Circle your choice Which of these ways of looking at life do you think is best? B A C Which of the other two ways do you think is better? B A C Yiihich of the three ways of looking at life do you think most other people in your neighborhood would think is best? B A C 7» Three men were ta lk in g about the things th a t con tro ls weather. Here i s what th e y ea ch s a id . A. One man s a id : I b e l i e v e th a t p e o p le h a v e n e v e r c o n t r o lle d th e smnw, r a in and o th e r k in d s o f w ea th er and’ p r o b a b ly n e v e r w i l l . There h ave alw ays b een good y e a r s and bad y e a r s . That i s th e way i t i s , and i f you are w ise you w i l l ta k e i t as i t com es. B. The seco n d man s a id : I b e lie v e th a t p e o p le h ave u se d in v e n t io n s and d is c o v e r ie s t o overcom e many t h in g s . They sh o u ld t r y to f in d ways to overcom e th e w e a th e r . P eo p le may ev en be a b le to c o n t r o l l snow, r a in , d rou gh t and f l o o d s . C. The t h ir d man s a id : I b e l i e v e th a t p e o p le sh o u ld ityelp th e f o r c e s itfhich make r a in , snow and o th e r k in d s o f w e a th e r . Yi/hen we l i v e th e r ig h t k in d o f l i v e s , we work w ith th e s e f o r c e s . . So, by l i v i n g i n th e p ro p er way and d o in g 'cne r ig h t th in g s p e o p le can in f lu e n c e and make a d if f e r e n c e i n th e w e a th e r . C ir c le your c h o ic e . Which o f th e s e men do. you th in k ^had th e b e s t id e a ? A B C W hich o f th e o th e r two men do you th in k had th e b e t t e r id e a ? A B C Ytfhich o f th e th r e e men do you th in k m ost o th e r p e r so n s i n you r n eig h b o rh o o d w ould th in k had th e b e s t id e a ? A B C 8 . Some p e o p le w ere t a lk in g abou t th e ways o f b eh a v in g and th e s ta n d ards f o r how p e o p le a re supposed, t o a c t on im p o rta n t o c c a s s io n s and i n h on ored p l a c e s . They saw t h a t t h e s e ways w ere ch a n g in g from what th e y u s e d to b e . C, Some p e o p le w ere r e a l l y p le a s e d b e c a u se o f th e c h a n g e s . They f e l t th a t new ways a re u s u a lly b e t t e r th a n o ld o n e s , and th e y l i k e to keep e v e r y th in g m oving ah ead . A, Some p e o p le w ere unhappy b e c a u se o f th e c h a n g e s. They f e l t t h a t t h in g s sh o u ld be k e p t e x a c t l y — i n e v e r y w a y --a s th e y had b e e n in th e p a s t . B. Some p e o p le f e l t th a t th e o ld ways w ere b e s t b u t you j u s t c a n ’t hang on t o them . I t makes l i f e e a s i e r to a c c e p t some ch an ges as th e y come a lo n g . C ir c le you r c h o ic e . Which o f th e s e th r e e s a id m ost n e a r ly what you w ould b e l i e v e I s r ig h t ? 0 A B Vvhich o f th e o th e r two do you th in k i s more r i j a t ? C A B Yi/hich o f th e th r e e w ould m ost o th e r p e o p le i n you r n eig h b o rh o o d s a y was m ost r ig h t ? C A B 9 . Three men were talk in g about whether people themselves can do any thing to make the liv e s of men and women longer. Here i s what each sa id . , B. One sa id : I t i s already true th a t people lik e doctors and others are find ing the way to add many years to the liv e s of most men by discovering new medicines, by studying foods, and doing other such things as vaccinations. If people w ill pay a tte n tio n to a l l these new things they w ill almost always liv e longer. A. The second one s a id : I r e a l l y do not believe th a t there i s much human beings themselves can do to make the liv e s of men and women longer. I t is my b e lie f th a t every person has a s e t time to liv e , and when th a t time comes i t j u s t comes. C. The t h ir d one sa id : I believe there i s a p la n to l i f e which works to keep a l l liv in g things moving together, and i f a man w ill le a rn to l iv e h is whole l i f e i n accord w ith th a t plan, he w ill liv e longer than other men. C ircle your choice. Which of these three said most nearly what you th in k is rig h t? B A C Which of the other two ways i s more rig h t? B A C Which of the three would most other persons in your neighborhood say was most rig h t? B A C 10, A club i s going to get some money as th e ir share of an award. The members are try in g to decide what to do with th e i r share. No one knows how much money the club w ill get and members have d iffe re n t ideas about planning. A. Some say th a t the club should use th e i r share ju s t about as they have used money in the p a s t, C. Some say th a t before they get the money the club should work out plans f o r what they could do with d if fe r e n t amounts of money. B. Some say th a t the club should wait u n t i l they get the money to decide what to do with i t . C ircle your choice. Which of these ways do you think is usu ally best in cases lik e th is ? A C B Which of the other two ways do you think is b e tte r? A C B bhich of the th ree ways do you think most other persons in your neighborhood would think best? A C B APPENDIX B DIRECTIONS 406 H e llo , my name I s Mr.. L ah r— I have been asked to h e lp you w ith an i n t e r e s t su rv ey t h a t we a re going to be ta k in g to d a y . As you may know, an i n t e r e s t su rv e y i s n o t l i k e a t e s t where t h e r e a re r i g h t o r ! wrong a n sw e rs. R a th e r an i n t e r e s t su rv ey a s k s you what you ; th i n k . So, what you r e a l l y t h in k becomes th e r i g h t way to j answ er. T h is su rv ey i s b e in g g iv e n i n n i n t h g rad e c l a s s e s j i n y o u r sc h o o l and i n o t h e r j u n i o r h ig h sc h o o ls i n S ou th- : la n d C ity . | i I am going to hand o u t th e su rv e y now. P le a s e w r i t e y o u r name i n th e sp ace on th e to p o f th e p ag e. P le a s e do : n o t t u r n th e p ag es u n t i l you a r e a sk e d . Thank "you. ! (Hand o u t p a p e rs ) I would l i k e to e x p la in how t h i s su rv e y w orks. (Go to j c h a lk b o a rd . . I l l u s t r a t e . ) On th e s e s h e e t s t h e r e a re 10 I : s e c t i o n s . Each s e c t i o n h as a problem o r s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n . I !Below th e p rob lem a r e t h r e e p a r a g r a p h s , which g iv e t h r e e j ways o f th in k i n g a b o u t th e d e s c r i p t i o n . These p a ra g r a p h s j a r e l e t t e r e d A, B and C, o r C, B and A, e t c . Below the : p a ra g ra p h s a re t h r e e q u e s t io n s w ith th e l e t t e r s A, B and C ; below each q u e s t i o n . The f i r s t q u e s tio n a sk s which one o f th e t h r e e p a ra g r a p h s you t h in k i s b e s t o r you most a g re e , w ith . You answ er th e q u e s tio n by c i r c l i n g th e l e t t e r which! ! goes w ith th e p a ra g r a p h . ’ ! The second q u e s tio n a s k s which p a ra g ra p h you t h i n k I s ! : n e x t b e s t o r w ith which you n e x t c o u ld a g r e e . L e t ' s say j you chose to c i r c l e l e t t e r A f o r th e f i r s t q u e s t io n . Then I f o r th e second q u e s tio n you would have to choose betw een j B and C, o r i f you chose B on th e f i r s t q u e s t io n you would ; have to choose betw een A and C f o r th e seco n d q u e s tio n and j so on. For th e t h i r d •q u e stio n you a r e asked to c o n s id e r a l l t h r e e p a ra g ra p h s a g a in and to say w hich one you t h i n k most o t h e r persons...in y o u r n eig h b o rh o o d would t h in k i s b e s t . Now, we r e a l i z e t h a t p r o b a b ly none o f u s knows ev ery one i n o u r n eig h b o rh o o d o r knows e x a c t l y how th e y t h i n k . However, we a l l have some i d e a o f how o t h e r p e o p le t h in k and how j th e y m ight answ er th e s e q u e s t i o n s . ; 4 ° 7 j 4o8 The d i r e c t i o n s r e q u ir e th a t I read t h i s su rvey to you w h ile you read i t to y o u r s e l f . A fte r we have read a q u e s t io n you may w ish to lo o k ov er th e paragraphs a g a in . T his | i s up to you . Has everyon e w r itt e n h i s or h er name a t the top o f th e paper and does everyon e have a p e n c i l or pen? The im p ortan t th in g to remember i s th a t t h i s i s a su r vey and n o t a t e s t so th e r e are no r ig h t or wrong an sw ers. What you th in k i s th e im p o rta n t t h in g . Some c h o ic e s may be ^ d i f f i c u l t to make, so ta k e your tim e and do what you th in k i s b e s t .

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Group Factors And Individual Internalization Of A Value

PDF

An Analysis Of Socio-Cultural Factors And Performance Of Primary Grade Children

PDF

Reward Expectancy Strength As Related To The Magnitude Of Frustration In Children

PDF

Social Factors Related To Dentistry As A Career

PDF

Pupil Attitudes And Pupil Achievement Resulting From Certain Biological Sciences Curriculum Materials

PDF

Perception Of The Power Structure By Social Class In A California Community

PDF

An Examination Of Elasticity As An Econometric Guide To Fiscal Policy

PDF

Sex-Role Preferences Of Early Adolescents In Relation To Adjustment

PDF

Normative values of selected law enforcement officers and adult male offenders

PDF

A Four-Year Follow-Up Of Educationally Disadvantaged Preschool Children, Analyzing Home Environment Variables Facilitating Achievement

PDF

Majority And Minority Americans: An Analysis Of Best Selling American Fiction From 1926-1966

PDF

A Study Of Delinquency Among Urban Mexican-American Youth

PDF

Contemporary Theological Approaches And The Political Role Of The Anglo-American Protestant Denominations In An Urban Complex

PDF

Some Social Factors Affecting The Power Structure And Status Of A Professional Association In Reference To Social Work

PDF

The Career Business Executive As A Definitive Occupational Type

PDF

The Major League Professional Baseball Player: A Sociological Study

PDF

Middle-Class Marital Roles - Ideal And Perceived In Relation To Adjustment In Marriage

PDF

Reference Group Theory, Selection, And The Images Of Professions

PDF

A Study Of The Teacher Stereotype: The Image Of 'Mr. Novak' As Seen By Undergraduate Teacher Candidates And Practicing Professional Teachers

PDF

Librarians' Perceptions Of Librarianship

Asset Metadata

Creator Lahr, Donald George (author)

Core Title Time And Man-Nature Value-Orientations As Related To Sex Identity, Ethnicidentity, And Socioeconomic Status And As Predictors Of Academic Success

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Education, general,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Martin, David W. (committee chair), Hickerson, Nathaniel (committee member), McDonagh, Edward C. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-644673

Unique identifier UC11361190

Identifier 6904533.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-644673 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6904533.pdf

Dmrecord 644673

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Lahr, Donald George

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA