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Alfred Of Sareshel'S Commentary On The 'Metheora' Of Aristotle. (Latin Text)

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Alfred Of Sareshel'S Commentary On The 'Metheora' Of Aristotle. (Latin Text)

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Content This dissertation has been
microfilmed exactly as received
70-8537
OTTE, James Karl, 1935-
ALFRED OF SARESHEL'S COMMENTARY ON
THE METHEORA OF ARISTOTLE. [Latin Text],
University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1969
History, medieval
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
© Copyright by
JAMES KARL OTTE
ALFRED OF SARESHEL'S
COMMENTARY ON THE METHEORA OF ARISTOTLE
By
James Karl Otte
A Dissertation Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(History)
May 1969
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
JAMES KARL OTTE
under the direction of hi§... Dissertation C om
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by The G radu
ate School, in partial fulfillment of require
ments of the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y
Date..X^J.:.£..pl.Q.k..C \.
DISSERTATION COMMITTEE
.......
J— - ABhairman
....
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
INTRODUCTION, PART I:
The Life and the Writings of Alfred
of Sareshel 1
INTRODUCTION, PART II:
Alfred's Commentary on the Metheora 22
THE LATIN TEXT OF ALFRED'S COMMENTARY ON
THE METHEORA 42
VARIANT READINGS TO THE LATIN TEXT 110
FOOTNOTES:
Introduction, Part I 136
Introduction, Part II 1^3
Latin Text 147
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 150
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my
deep gratitude to those who have been of assistance to me
in the preparation of this dissertation. I am indebted
to Professor Marshall Clagett of the Institute for
Advanced Study whose Research Assistant I have been for
the past two years. Besides making available to me his
personal library, he generously gave of his time when I
asked for his assistance in solving paleographical dif
ficulties. But that this dissertation reached its
present form is primarily the result of the assistance
and encouragement which Professor Richard C, Dales of the
University of Southern California so generously afforded
me. Professor Dales, under whose direction this disser
tation was written, has read the entire typescript several
times and at various stages. His many suggestions and
numerous corrections made this effort more valuable; with
out his constant and kind encouragement this edition would
be far short of its present state. Finally, I would like
to express my deepest gratitude to my wife, Gail, who has
typed this dissertation in its first as well as in its
final form. Beyond this assistance I would like to
acknowledge her moral support and warm understanding
during the trials of the completion of this work.
Princeton, N.J. J. K. 0.
May I969
ii
THE LIFE AND THE WRITINGS OF ALFRED OF SARESHEL
For more than half a century scholars have attempted
to reconstruct the life, the writings, and philosophy of
Alfredus Anglicus, de Sareshel. While they have failed
in their endeavor to achieve a complete account of Alfred,
they have nevertheless established him as one of the most
influential intellectual figures of the generation that
flourished around the year 1200, The studies of Clemens
Baeumker, Auguste Pelzer, Martin Grabmann, Miss S, Wingate,
and George Lacombe have identified Alfred as a trans
lator, commentator, and author of an independent treatise.
These scholars have examined Alfred's work in part and
have established his role in the intellectual stream of
the thirteenth century. Yet, in spite of Alfred's
eminence, scholars have not been able to discover definite
dates, a translating center, or a school with which to
connect him.
It is the purpose of this study to summarize the
previous scholarship on Alfred of Sareshel and to comple
ment the efforts of previous scholars with a critical
edition of Alfred's commentary on the Metheora of
Aristotle, This study, therefore, is divided into three
1
basic parts. The first part is devoted to a discussion
of the life and literary activity of Alfred as a trans
lator from Arabic, as a commentator on the "new Aristotle,"
and as author of an independent treatise on the movement
of the heart. The second part will be devoted to a study
of Alfred's commentary on the Metheora. It offers a
discussion of the discovery of the commentary and the
nature and relationship of the three known manuscripts
employed for my edition. Further, it seeks to establish
the date of the commentary and its place among the other
writings of Alfred. Part two will close with an analysis
of the sources employed by Alfred in the commentary.
Finally, the third part of this study constitutes the
transcribed text and critical apparatus of Alfred's
commentary on the Metheora.
Biographical material relevant to Alfredus Anglicusl
can be divided into some four categories: Dedications?
Alfred in Sources of the First Half of the Thirteenth
Century; Roger Bacon's Testimony; Some Recent Speculation.
Dedications:
Two dedications by Alfred give conclusive evidence
that he was active and flourished in the decades just
preceding and following the year 1200. Alfred dedicated
his translation of De plantis to Roger of Hereford,2
whose only certain dates are based on a Computus of 1176,
in which Roger refers to himself as ''iuvenis, " and on an
astronomical table now at the British Museum and dated by
Roger personally for the year 1178,3 The second date is
established by the dedication of De. molu cordis^ to
Alexander Neckam who died in 1217. This date is con
firmed by three independent annals,3 Since the dedica
tion was presumably made to a living friend, it can be
concluded that De motu cordis was written not later than
1217.
The form and nature of the dedication provide addi
tional information. The simplicity oi the dedication of
De plantis. "Alfredi ad Rogerium dedicatio,"^ and the
absence of a formal title for Roger suggest that the
latter v/as not yet a magister. However, Miss Wingate
observed that the "whole tone of the dedication [i.e.,
Alfred's preface to his translation of De. plantisi
suggests that Roger is a man of mature age, already
familiar with the available Aristotelian and other
philosophical works" and concluded that Alfred translated
the work "about the year 1200 or soon after."7 it is
entirely possible that Alfred and Roger were close friends
and for that reason Alfred refrained from using a formal
title in his address. Roger, who was about thirty years
of age in 1176, for in that year he refers to himself as
still "iuvenis," although he had already given many years
to the "regimen scholarum,"8 would have been too young to
fit the description: "a man of mature age already familiar
with the available Aristotelian and other philosophical
works." Any extensive knowledge of the "new Aristotle"
also makes unlikely a date much earlier than the year
1200, The evidence then points to the years 1185-90 as
the earliest likely date for the translation of De plantis.
An additional remark may be called for in regard to
Roger of Hereford, MS Digby kO, fol. 21r, introduces
Roger's work: "Prefatio magistri Rogeri Infantis in
computum," "Infantis" has caused some confusion among
later writers, especially since Roger's name also appears
with "infans" and "yonge," and a gloss on Alfred called
him "Rogerus Puer,"9 Possibly these are various forms of
a surname; certainly a man of mature age would not have
been called "boy" in the primary sense of the word. It
seems very likely to me that "infans," "yonge," and "puer"
are variants of a nickname for which Roger personally
supplied the motive when early in his career he referred
to himself as "iuvenis,"
Alfred dedicated his own treatise, De motu cordis, to
Alexander Neckam, The dedication reads: "Liber magistri
Alfredi de Sareshel ad magistrum magnum Alexandrum Nequam
de motu cordis, "-1 -0
In contrast to the earlier dedication, Alfred now
appears as magister, addressing another magister. Unlike
Roger and Alfred, Alexander Neckam appears in several
records which establish his career with considerable
exactness. He was bom at St. Alban's in 1157 and
became a distinguished professor at the school of Petit
Pont by 1180, By 1186 he was back in England, resuming
"his old position of director or master of the school at
Dunstable,"11 while during the last decade of the twelfth
century he taught at Oxford.1^ in 1213 Alexander Neckam
was elected abbot of Cirencester in which capacity he
died in 1217,13
The period in which Alfred dedicated De. motu cordis
to Alexander could thus extend from about 1180 to 1217,
However, at the earlier date Alexander would hardly have
been a "magistrum magnum," Further, the wealth of
Aristotelian citations employed in De motu cordis, which
in Baeumker's words: "im Anfang des 13, Jahrhunderts
nirgendwo sich finde,"1^ motivated this great scholar to
establish a date close to 1217, the year of Alexander’s
death.13 in a subsequent study, Baeumker preferred 1210
as a more likely date.1^ On the basis of the documents,
I would suggest a date for the composition of De motu
cordis no later than 1213» for in that year Alexander was
elected abbot of Cirencester,i7 and it is highly unlikely
that Alfred would address an abbot as magister. Since
Neckam seems to have left Oxford by spring 1203 to become
canon of Cirencester,Alfred's dedication points to the
last decade of the twelfth century, at the latest to 1203,
when Neckam was a teacher at Oxford, However, the lower
status of canon, as compared with magister, would not
necessarily prevent Alfred from addressing Alexander as
"magistrum magnum" and so a date later than 1203 for "the
dedication of De motu cordis is still possible.
Alfred in the Sources of the First Half of the Thirteenth
Century:
Although no exact dates can be gleaned from refer
ences to Alfred by other writers of the first half of the
thirteenth century, the testimony of several authors has
helped establish Alfred's career and provides some measure
of the rapid diffusion of his works, Alfred's name
appears several times in the anonymous Summa philosophiae
which is sometimes attributed to Robert Grosseteste, In
this work he is called a "modern" in one place, in another
he is confused with Alfarabius (probably because of the
paleographic similarity of the two names), and in a third
place the author of the Summa cites Alfred's commentary on
the Metheoral? Robert Grosseteste, in his De natura
1ocorurn (written ca, 1231)^° not only cites Alfred's
translation of De plantis, but also his commentary:
"Aristoteles dicit secundo De vegetabilibus... et com
mentator dicit...," The "commentator” of course is
Alfred.21 a citation from De plantis was also employed
in Moneta of Cremona's Summa contra Catharos et Waldenses
in 12^)4.22 Alfred's own composition, De motu cordis was
used as a philosophic text by the Arts Faculty at Paris by
1250.^ By the middle of the thirteenth century also,
Adam of Buckfield made extensive use of Alfred's glosses
on the Metheora.2^ Recently, Professor Richard C. Dales
has shown that R, de Staningtona, who taught at Oxford ca.
1240-55, employed some of Alfred's glosses in his own
expositio on the Metheora.25
Bacon's Testimony:
Some biographical material for Alfred of Sareshel is
provided by Roger Bacon. Roger mentions Alfred several
times along with Gerard of Cremona, Michael Scot, and
Hermann the German,2^ to which list in a later work is
added William of Moerbeke.27 in his customary manner
Roger finds only words of contempt for the efforts and
abilities of these translators,^ and concludes that "of
all the translators Boethius alone possessed the languages,
while Robert Grosseteste alone possessed the scientific
training,”29 Incidentally, the order in which Bacon
gives the names of the translators has led Clemens
Baeumker to speculate on a possible date of death for
Alfred. Baeumker believes that Bacon listed their names
in chronological o r d e r , 30 and since Bacon names Alfred
between Michael (d. 1235) and Hermann (d. 1272) Alfred's
life could span a considerable part of the thirteenth
century. This theory raises at least three serious
difficulties. First, speculation on the dates of Alfred's
career must take into account the years 1178 and 1217 by
which latter date he had already completed his crowning
achievement.31 Second, the literary period of the two
translators certainly suggests the opposite of Baeumker's
conjecture, because there can be very little doubt that
Alfred completed his last work, De. motu cordis, before
1217• the same year in which Michael Scot made his first
translations from the A r a b i c . 32 Third, Roger Bacon may
well have given the translators' names at random or in
what he considered their decreasing order of eminence.
The polemic with which Bacon assailed William of Moerbeke
confirms the third objection to Baeumker's theory; it also
reveals the detestable arrogance as well as unreliable
testimony of its unkind author.33
Alfred of Sareshel also spent some time in Spain,
His visit to the Iberian peninsula is attested by Roger
Bacon3^ and confirmed by Castilianisms in Alfred's
writings. In the translation of De plantis he uses the
Spanish term beleno to render the Arabic word for
"henbane" or "nightshade,"35 while in the translation of
De mineralibus he employs the use of the Spanish word
arrova to translate the Arabic term for a weight.3&
Although Bacon complained in the Opus Maius; "Hoc
vocabulum [i.e., belenuml non est scientiale sed laicorum
Hispanorum, "37 he felt free to make it part of his vocabu
lary in the Opus Tertium.3^ Of course Alfred's transla
tions of De plantis and De mineralibus from the Arabic
immediately suggest Spain, Toledo or Cordova, where much
of Greek and Arabic learning was passed on to the Latin
West during the twelfth century.
Alfred himself speaks of "certain other books of
Aristotle on philosophy, of which I even have translated
some from Arabic into Latin,"39 For such activities there
was no better place than Spain. Also, his teacher seems
to have been a Spanish Jew, Alfred calls him "Magister
meus Salomon Avenraza, et Israelita celeberrimus, et
modernorum philosophorum precipuus.Avenraza is perhaps
a Latinized form of ibn Ezra. But in spite of Salomon's
prominence, as vouched for by Alfred, I have been unable to
identify him. Finally, the very form in which Alfred's
name appears in the manuscripts - Alfredus Anglicus -
proves that he was an Englishman. But, what is more
important in our consideration, it proves conclusively
that Alfred spent some time in a place other than England,
This follows clearly from a quick consideration concerning
the etymology of the names Gerardus Lombardus, Hermannus
Alemannus, Willelmus Flemingus and others, who were some
times or always identified by their homeland. This in
itself does of course not necessarily prove Alfred's
Spanish residence, but in conjunction with the other
evidence, there can be little doubt that Alfred journeyed
to Spain, following many of his contemporaries, to tap the
rich sources of Greek and Arabic knowledge,
Alfred in Recent Speculation:
The scarcity of concrete facts concerning the vita
Alfredi. rather than prevent, has produced some interes
ting speculative writing. It has been difficult for
scholars to reconcile Alfred's eminent position as trans
lator and expositor of Aristotle with his absence from a
known center of Aristotelian or Arabic learning.
Although Alfred's name appears in numerous manuscripts as
"magister Alfredus," we can only with some reservation
conclude that he was a teacher. In no instance is his
name or title connected with an institution of learning.
Father Daniel A. Callus writes; "Still more important
[than Alexander Neckam] in introducing the new Aristotle
into England is Alfred of Sareshel,,.," He speculates on
11
the supposition that Alfred's glosses on De generatione
et corruptione, the Metheora, and De plantis represent his
lectures at Oxford hut concludes that there is not the
slightest evidence to support this presumption,^1 Alfred
is not listed in the University Register, nor is he ever
mentioned in connection with Oxford as a teacher.
Another attempt to connect Alfred with a school, the
"cathedral school" of Hereford, has been made by Josiah
C, Russell.^2 On the basis of the rarity of the name
Alfred among "thirteenth century literary men" Russell
suggests that the five Alfreds who appear in documents
relating to Hereford for the period 1153-1207 are iden
tical with the translator Alfredus Anglicus, This is
highly unlikely for several reasons. The popularity of
any given name may change rapidly within a few years, and
the dates - 1153 the earliest, 1207 the latest - simply
lie outside the sphere of an argument for the rarity of
the name Alfred among "thirteenth century literary men,"
Perhaps the greatest shortcoming of this thesis is the
premise that the five Alfreds mentioned in the documents
belong to one person, and possibly to Alfred of Sareshel.
For if they do not refer to the same person, which is
highly probable, "the rarity of the name Alfred" argument
would indeed prove the opposite, A similar comparison of
names for the twelfth century may well establish the
12
popularity of the name Alfred for that century, A son
named after the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred would seem to have
been a symbol of defiance toward the feudal hierarchy of
the Normans, an expression which would diminish with time
and cultural assimilation.
While Russell couches his statements in the language
of "probable," "may have," "highly probable" he concludes,
nevertheless, that Alfred of Sareshel was "canon of St.
Peter of Exeter about 1205"^ while in another account he
appears as canon of Lichfield about 1220,^ One feels
somewhat uneasy about a life and career strung together
from an occasional mentioning of the name Alfred in the
records covering a period of seven decades. If one
assumes the birthdate of Master Alfredus to antedate 1153—
55 by about thirty years, the time required to gain the
distinction Magister, and believes him to be the Alfred
who in about 1220 is still canon of Lichfield, as Rus
sell apparently believes, one would have reconstructed the
life of one of the oldest Englishmen in the Middle Ages,
Yet, some of the Alfreds enumerated by Russell may
well belong to the career of Alfredus Anglicus de Sareshel,
but it is highly unlikely that all, especially the early
references, pertain to him. Russell neglected to see the
significance of one document he cites in his Dictionary of
Writers of Thirteenth Century England. In a charter of
about 1220, a certain "Magister Alueredus de Sarutehill or
Sarntehill canonicus Lich" appears as a witness.
Interestingly, this is the only time in Russell's long
lists of Alfreds that the name Alfred is distinguished by
some form of "de Sareshel," which according to Russell, is
Shareshull, a village near Lichfield in the barony of
Stafford which was held by the Purcell family,^ In view
of the fact that Sareshel had been so highly obscure and
that so far no place had been found that even remotely
suggested itself for identification with that name,^7 we
cars be reasonably sure that "Magister Alueredus de
Sarutehill or Sarntehill canonicus Lich" is indeed
Alfredus Anglicus, the translator, commentator, and author
of De motu cordis. Certainly, the odds of finding
another Alfredus de Sareshel, contemporary with and as
elusive as our Alfred, seriously taxes credulity. Until
more evidence elucidates these questions, we may conclude
that Alfred retired from his scholarly activities by
about 121? to become canon of Lichfield.
Alfred as Translator?
Alfred tells us in the commentary to the Metheora
that he translated some Aristotelian books on philosophy
from Arabic into Latin.Alfred does not give their
titles, but these comprise the versions of De plantis and
14
De mineralibus. Many of the Metheora MSS of the
translatio vetus have the following colophons^9 "com-
pletus est liber metheororum cuius tres primos libros
transtulit magister Gerardus Lumbardus summus philosophus
de arabico in latinum. Quartum autem transtulit Hen-
ricus Aristippus de greco in latinum. Tria ultima
capitula transtulit Aluredus Anglicus Sarelensis de
arabico in latinum,"
Actually the final three chapters which Alfred added
to Book IV of the Metheora were not from the pen of
Aristotle but represent the chemical and geological part
of Avicenna's Kitab al-Shifa which during the Middle Ages
was sometimes called, De congelatione et conglutinatione
lapidum. or De mineralibus.5° Whatever the reasons were
for appending this treatise of Avicenna to Book IV of the
Metheora. Alfred's choice was an intelligent one. The
subject matter of the De mineralibus lends itself
intrinsically to Book IV of the Metheora and it is closer
in substance to Book IV than the latter is to the first
three books of the Metheora.51 Most of all, Aristotle
promises a treatise dealing specifically with minerals at
the conclusion of Book 111,52 an(j when Alfred found the
anonymous De mineralibus, he may well have considered it
Aristotle's promised book.
This controversy has not yet been settled completely,
and some recent scholars have held on to a tradition that
considered at least large portions of the De mineralibus
as genuine Aristotle.53 There seems to have been no
doubt in the mind of Albert the Great that the De
mineralibus was from the pen of Avicenna, and not Aris
totle, F, H. Fobes cites a note from Oxford MS Digby
153» fol. 28, which reads:^ "Et ultimum capitulum in
antiqua translacione quod sic incipit 'terra pura lapis
non fit' non est capitulum aristotelis sed additum ab
alueredo, ut dicit bacun in sua naturali philosophia
capitulo secundo secundum albertum 3 mineralium c, 9, et
contraria per totum librum suum patet quod illud
capitulum est avicenne,"
Actually the scribe of the Oxford note was very
kind to Bacon, for Roger never quite solved the problem
of authorship for De mineralibus:55 "in his Breve
Breviarum he quotes the passage 'Terra pura lapis,,,'
as Aristotle’s in the Tractatus Trium Verborum he ascribes
it to Gerard of Cremona, and only in 1266 or thereabouts
does he find that it was an addition of Alfred's, still
apparently in ignorance of its Avicennian origin,"
The importance of the De. mineralibus lay not in its
authorship, but in its influence on medieval natural
science. The great encyclopedist of science, George
Sarton, found that the De mineralibus was used extensively
by almost every Latin scholar who concerned himself with
16
chemical and geological subjects^ and that from this
treatise they could derive some clear ideas on the nature
of minerals and on the formation of mountains.-57
Clearly then, Alfred's translation of De mineralibus
was a significant contribution to the history of mineralogy
and geology.
Besides De mineralibus, Alfred translated from
Arabic a treatise on botany, variously called De
vegetabilibus or De. plantis. ^ Miss Wingate in her
excellent discussion of this work, which according to its
editor Eduard Meyer was composed by Nicolaus of Damascus,
outlines its medieval Arabic and Latin traditions
according to which Aristotle seems to be its ultimate
source,59 Nevertheless, most modern writers have
accepted Meyer's judgment in treating De plantis as a
composition by Nicolaus.^0 This treatise was translated
into Arabic by Ishaq ibn Hunain during the ninth century
and later corrected by Thabit ibn Qurra.^1
Miss Wingate examined over sixty copies of Dje plantis
which in every case were based on Alfred's v e r s i o n , ^2
Some one hundred and fifty-seven copies of De plantis have
been found,^ and this translation constituted "the chief
source of botanical theory down to the 16th century."6^
The De. plantis is usually found in the codices which also
contain the earliest translations of the "new Aristotle"
17
and it belongs to the oldest compilatio of the libri
naturales. The early translation, the great diffusion,
and the extended use of De plantis. earned Alfred a
significant place in the history of botany.
Alfred as Commentator:
Besides translating De mineralibus and De plantis.
Alfred wrote several commentaries of which none has so
far been edited, Montfaucon mentions a Catalogue of
Beauvais Cathedral, compiled in 1664, with the following
entrys "Alfredus Anglicus in Aristotelem: De mundo et celo,
De generatione et corruptione, De anima, De sompno et
vigilia. De morte et vita, De colore celi."^5 George
Lacombe believes that by De colore celi, the Metheora
is meant,
Although this list has not been vindicated, because
no commentary by Alfred on any of the items has so far
been found, there is very good evidence that Alfred wrote
glosses on De generatione et corruptione and indeed
commented on De colore celi. provided of course Lacombe's
theory is correct about the latter's confusion with the
Metheora. In an unmarked codex of Aristotelian MSS at
the John Walter's Library in Baltimore, the following note
is found in the margin of a Greek-Latin version of De
generatione et corruptione
18
Liber Aristotelis translatus ab Henrico
Aristippo de greco in latinum, correctus et
per capitula distinctus a magistro Alvredo
de Sares(hel), secundum commentum Alkindi
super eundem librum.
On folio l4ra of MS Durham, Chapter Library, C. Ill 15» is
the following entry:®®
Quare autem vapor et calor invisibiles
flammam visibilem producant, in libro De
generatione et corruptione discussimus.
So far there is no trace of the other entries in the
Beauvais Catalogue, but our account of Alfred is far from
complete, and some or all of the listed items may well
turn out to be of his authorship.
Fortunately, Alfred's authorship of a commentary on
De plantis is well established. Miss Wingate examined
this commentary in some detail and observed:®9
The first commentary written on the De plantis
was that of Alfredus himself, written probably
between 1210 and 1215. If» as we shall show
below, there is reason to suppose that Alfredus
used in this commentary the Arabic-Latin version
of the De animalibus by Michael Scot, it can
hardly have been composed earlier than 1210.
Moreover, the number of Aristotelian natural
works utilized by Alfredus in this commentary,
a number only exceeded in his De. motu cordis,
suggests that the commentary of De plantis
belongs to the last period of Alfred's literary
activity. There is no work known to have been
composed at this date which shows so wide an
acquaintance with the biological and natural
works. On the other hand, it is probable that
this commentary was composed before the De motu
cordis, which seems to have been the last of the
extant works of Alfredus, The lie motu cordis
is certainly later than the version of the De
plantis. which it cites, and its wider use of
19
Aristotelian and other works makes it natural
to suppose that it is also subsequent to the com
mentary on that work.
Actually Miss Wingate's argument for Alfred's
utilization of Michael Scot's translation of De animalibus
in his commentary on De vegetabilibus is quite weak,
Alfred's gloss reads: "Animata enim sunt predicta
corpora. Quid vero naturam disiungat ab anima ipse
determinat in animalibus," while Scot's translation
reads: "Et similiter natura graditur paulatim a non
animato ad animalia,., et hoc genus, quum confertur ad
alia corpora, videbitur magis simile animato, quum
remotio inter ipsum et animal est continua.,,,"7° A
loose paraphrase of this kind by no means proves that
Alfred used Scot's translation, Alfred was in Spain to
translate Arabic works and he probably translated this
section on his own, as he seems to have done elsewhere,71
According to Miss Wingate, Alfred cites in his commentary
on De plantis the following "Aristotelian works:" De
generatione et corruptione. De metheoris. De anima,
Analytica posteriora, De mineralibus and D£ a n i m a l i b u s , 72
Alfred and the "De motu cordis ":
Besides the commentary on the Metheora, which will be
discussed below, Alfred composed De motu cordis. Clemens
Baeumker edited this work in 1923,73 but he had shown
Alfred's position in the transmission and diffusion of
Greco-Arabic natural philosophy a full decade earlier,7^
Baeumker observed thati "Two lines of thought come
together in Alfred's work - the neo-Platonic metaphysics
and the natural philosophy and science of Aristotle,"75
Alfred's conception of the degrees of reality in being and
their emanation from the absolute are neo-Platonic, In
contrast to this, Aristotle's treatises represent a major
part of De motu cordis, Alfred quotes extensively in this
work from: Book IV of the Metheora. De anima, De somno et
vigilia, Ethica Nicomachea, Metaphysica, Ph.ysica, and
De vegetabilibus.7^
Alfred accepted Aristotle's erroneous view of the
supremacy of the heart over the brain77 and maintained that
the movement of the heart is caused by the soul as well as
by heat - the soul as the causa principalis, and heat as
the causa instrumentalis.78 Following Avicenna, Alfred
accepts the soul as an independent substance which gives
the body its form and represents the function of the mind.
By giving the soul an independent existence, he escaped the
conclusion of some thinkers that the soul lives and dies
with the body. Among those who quoted Alfred's definition
of the soul were Philip the Chancellor, John de la Ro
chelle, Albert the Great, Barthblemew the Englishman,
Although Alfred was a prominent translator whose own
commentaries helped diffuse the "new Aristotle," his
reputation rested principally on the De motu cordis, which
as early as the first half of the thirteenth century, as
I have mentioned, was used as a philosophical text by the
Arts Faculty at Paris,®0
ALFRED'S COMMENTARY ON THE METHEORA
The Discovery of Alfred's Commentary on the "Metheora":
The foundation for the discovery of Alfred's com
mentary on the Metheora was laid by Auguste Pelzer in
1919,1 This author found that Roger Bacon in many of his
works referred to and made ample use of a "commentator:
super librum metheororum, super capitulum de iride, super
tertium metheororum," without ever giving his name,2
Pelzer was naturally led to the "Commentator" of the
scholastics, Averroes, and after an unsuccessful search
for Bacon's citations he turned to Alexander of Aphro-
disias, who had also commented upon the Metheora. As in
the case with Averroes, the investigation was in vain.3
In his subsequent search for Bacon's "commentator,"
Pelzer found in the "notule magistri Adam" on the
Metheora of MS Urb, Lat, 206, fols, 210r-256v, numerous
citations from an earlier commentary on the Metheora of
which the following phrases are characteristic: "secundum
Alfredum" (see fols, 21QV, 224r, 225v, 255v): "Alfredus
super hunc locum" (see fol. 220v); "ilia sunt verba
Alfredi" (see fol, 2^2V), and many others.^ "Magister
Adam" incorporated large portions of Alfred's commentary
into his own exposition which accompanies this Metheora
22
23
MS on the bottom of each folio. There are also numerous
references to Alfred in the marginal glosses of this MS.
The "Magister Adam" was identified by Grabmann as Adam of
Buckfield,^
Although Pelzer gave several representative citations
which "Magister Adam" attributed to Alfred, it was not
these, but rather a note by Grabmann, that enabled
Lacombe to identify Alfred's commentary on the Metheora.
While examining a Metheora MS at the Escorial (Cod. F. II.
4, fols. 255r-31^-v)» Grabmann noted on folio 255rs
"Alfredus, Titulus talis est: Liber Aristotelis sapientis
in factura impressionum, que fiunt in alto et inferius
terra.When Lacombe later found an anonymous com
mentary on the Metheora (Durham, Chapt. Lib., MS C. III.
15, fols, llv-l8r) with the same gloss, he "had the
impression of meeting an old friend,"^ On the basis of
the numerous citations from Alfred by Adam of Buckfield
and the marginalia attributed to Alfred, Lacombe posi
tively identified Alfred as commentator on the Metheora.
Another MS containing Alfred's commentary (Bibliotheque
Nationale, MS Lat. 7131» fols. 82v-85r) but limited to
only Book IV of the Metheora was found by Miss Marthe
O
Duiong. Besides the Escorial MS mentioned above,
Grabmann found a large number of MSS in Italian libraries
both with Adam of Buckfield's commentary and its
references to Alfred as well as the usual glosses
attributed to him,9 Although Martin Grabmann felt that
enough of Alfred's glosses were extant in the citations
of later commentators and in marginalia to reconstruct
Alfred's commentary,10 George Lacombe's discovery of the
original work made such an undertaking unnecessary and
greatly facilitated editing the work. But early death
prevented Lacombe from preparing the text, and his
pioneering work on Alfred has not been followed up.
Except for the incipits and explicits of each book of
Alfred's commentary given by Lacombe, and some general
remarks concerning its nature by the same author, this
important work for the reception and explanation of the
"new Aristotle" has remained unprinted and unexplained.
The remainder of this introduction is therefore devoted
to a study of Alfred's commentary.
The MSS of Alfred's Commentary on the "Metheora":
Before examining the MSS of the text, a few words
concerning its title seem appropriate. Did Alfred write
"glosses, " or a "commentary" on the Metheora? There is
justification for employing either term, and I do not
intend to answer the question, I have adopted the usage
of Pelzer and Lacombe who seem to make no distinction
between "glosses" and "commentary," but for the sake of
25
convenience I am refraining from describing Alfred's
work as "glossenartiger-Kommentar, " as Grabmann correctly-
entitled it,11
Alfred's glosses on the Metheora as a separate and
complete commentary are extant in only one MS (Durham,
Chapter Library, C, III. 15, fols. Ilv-l8r) henceforth
cited as D. A parallel account, limited to Book IV,
exists in P (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Latin 7131»
fols. 82v-85r). A third MS, 0 (Oxford, Bodleian Library,
Selden Supra, 24, fols. 84r-109r), like D also provides
glosses for all four books of the Metheora. but unlike D,
the glosses of 0 constitute only marginalia which are
extensive but incomplete. Besides these three MSS, an
impressive number of Metheora MSS exist in which glosses
and marginalia are attributed to Alfred by other com
mentators.1^ But the sum total of these citations,
beyond those found by Pelzer, is small,13 Since the
citations given by Pelzer were used by Lacombe to identify
Alfred as the author of the commentary in the anonymous
1
Durham MS, and since I have found no gloss in P and only
one in _0 which is not extant in D, 15 we can conclude that
D is quite complete and close to its original form. But
MS D is later than 0, there are two different hands in 0,
and since the glosses in 0 are very sporadic in some
sections, we cannot exclude the possibility for the
26
existence of later interpolations and emendations in D.
At the same time, 0 may simply represent an incomplete
copy of the original. The lack of other MSS forbids
solving such difficulties at the present. We may there
fore conclude that D represents "Alfredus in Metheora”
but keep in mind the possibility that in the original
form the commentary might have been more or less complete
than its surviving tradition.
As I stated above, D is the only complete MS. In
Aristoteles Latinus1^ it is dated "fourteenth century,"
but unlike many MSS of that century, D does not exhibit a
strong cursive influence nor the highly abbreviated style
which so often characterize Gothic hands. I would there
fore date it more closely as early fourteenth century.
The strokes of the letters are clear, but in most cases
one cannot distinguish t from c. The lemmata are under
lined, but the scribe not infrequently forgot to underline
a lemma or underlined parts of the commentary itself.
Omissions of words and phrases, as well as repetitions of
the same, and lacunae left for later additions of words
which the scribe either could not read or did not know,
clearly indicate that D is a copy and not the original.
Such characteristics also indicate that the scribe was
employed for his ability to copy, not for his understand
ing of the subject. In turn he frequently filled out
lines by adding the letter with which the first word of
the subsequent line begins. The scribe showed great
concern for uniformity and neatness. There are some
chapter titles inserted in the margins in the same hand
as that of the text, while the latter is divided by
paragraphs. But there are no other punctuation marks
than these paragraph signs and title divisions supplied
by the lemmata. There are numerous drawings of little
hands in the margins to indicate important sections of the
text and some paragraph signs have been transformed into
ornate decorative pictures.
Manuscript P is limited to Book IV of the commentary
on the Metheora, though it begins some ten lines earlier
than D, still in Book III. I have not been able to find
a description of this MS and can only venture to give an
approximate date for its writing: about 1300 or about the
same time as MS D. The hand is neat, but the MS is in a
very poor state with whole sections so badly faded that
they are unreadable in the microfilm form in which I used
it. Words are more highly abbreviated in P than they are
in D and the scribe seems to have shied away from such
Latinized Greek terms as: molinsis, pepansis. for which he
sometimes left lacunae, although at other times they are
clearly reproduced. But he freely copied the Arabic
elkibrit which had apparently confounded the scribe of
MS D. The lemmata are generally underlined in P, but the
scribe was not always meticulous in this regard. He seems
to have copied what he saw without understanding it or he
added some rather strange phrases of his own, perhaps both.
Such phrases as "optesis [j_epsesis] et optesis," and
others in which subject and verb do not agree are rather
frequent in P. An interesting feature of P is the fre
quent use of con in places where cum is employed in other
MSS. The syntax of P is close to D with only occasional
changes in word order, but several phrases in P which are
not in D clearly indicate that P was not copied from D.
P proved useful in several instances where I was unable to
read D and where the text is lacking in 0. But as a
primary MS, P would leave much to be desired.
Among the three known MSS which contain Alfred's
commentary, 0 is clearly the oldest. In the Aristoteles
Latinus1? it is dated as late twelfth or early thirteenth
century. Unlike D and P, the commentary in this MS is in
the form of marginal glosses which accompany the text of
the Metheora. The glosses are written next to the
sections of the text which they are to explain and there
fore do not contain the lemmata of D and P. The glosses
seems to have been written by the same scribe who also
wrote the text, thus providing evidence that they were
probably written at the same time. There is also another
hand in the glosses of 0, suggesting later emendations,
but these are limited to a few paragraphs. The primary
scribe distinguished carefully between t and c and pre
ferred the classical spelling for words containing t,
while the second scribe showed a strong preference for c
in such words. But in spite of the additions by a later
hand, 0 is far from complete compared with D. Many
sections of the text in 0 are left uncommented on where
D provides extensive explanations. No certain answer is
possible at this time, but the lack of many passages in
0 which are in D and the fact that 0 is older than D
clearly indicate that 0 is either an incomplete copy or
that D contains many later additions. As in D and P,
the commentary in MS 0 is anonymous and its early date and
the lack of the customary attributions of the glosses to
Alfred point to a source close to the holograph, A
characteristic of 0 is the use of f for words like
"sulfur" or even "fisicorum" which D and P rendered with
ph. Manuscript 0 requires examination in situ, since its
folios are bound and photographic reproduction does not
yield all the marginal glosses close to the binding.
Upon closer examination, 0 may provide a fair number of
additional glosses which are now found only in MS D.
30
The Date of Alfred's Commentary on the "Metheora” and his
other Works;
Prior to William of Moerheke's translation of the
Metheora from Greek, known as the "translatio nova,”
there existed an earlier version, known as the "trans
latio vetus," A frequently found colophon describes the
Metheora of the old translations^ "Completus est liber
metheororum cuius tres primos libros transtulit magister
Gerardus Lumbardus summus philosophus de arabico in
latinum. Quartum autem transtulit Henricus Aristippus
de greco in latinum. Tria ultima capitula transtulit
Aluredus Anglicus Sarelensis de arabico in latinum."
Henry Aristippus died in 1162 and Gerard of Cremona in
1187, These dates establish termini ante quos of 1162
for Book IV and 1187 for Books I-III at the very latest.
When did Alfred translate the "tria ultima capitula"
which, as I have noted, actually constitute Avicenna's
De mineralibus?1^ Alfred's addition regularly follows
Book IV in the oldest surviving MSS of the "translatio
vetus" which date from the end of the twelfth century,20
Moreover, in the five MSS which I have examined, the
incipit of De mineralibus: "Terra pura lapis non fit.,,"
follows the explicit of Book IV without a title or any
other sign of division,21 Clearly then, Alfred trans
lated the "last three chapters," i.e. De mineralibus.
before the year 1200, and his addition was considered
31
part of Book IV in the earliest tradition of the Metheora.
The translation of De mineralibus also provides
some knowledge for Alfred's commentary on the Metheora.
As I indicated above, the commentary accompanies MS Selden
Supra 24 (0) in the form of marginal glosses, but what is
more significant, the largest portion of the commentary is
written in the same hand as the text itself. The com
mentary in 0 is therefore most likely as old as the text
of the Metheora itself. In the Aristoteles Latinus.22
MS Selden Supra 24 is datedt "Saec, XII ex, et XIII in.,"
giving clear evidence that Alfred's commentary, as well as
his translation of De mineralibus. were in circulation by
about 1200, certainly not much later. There are also
several typical copying errors and short omissions in the
commentary of 0, slips which the scribe himself caught and
then corrected below.23 Obviously then, 0 is a copy from
an earlier MS, but at present there is no way of knowing
how much earlier. At the same time, the anonymity of the
glosses in 0 seems to point to the holograph itself or a
source very close to it. For, excepting the later MSS
D and P, which are also anonymous, Alfred's glosses were
frequently cited and identified by other writers. The
fact that they are not identified in 0, the early date of
0, and the fact that 0 was copied from an earlier MS
permits us to conclude with some certainty that Alfred
32
wrote his commentary on the Metheora no later than 1200,
and perhaps several years earlier.
As I indicated earlier, Alfred speaks of "quosdam
alios Aristotelis libros de philosophia quorum etiam
aliquos de Arabico in Latinum transtuli,' ,2^ Since Alfred
is not known to have translated any other works beyond De
vegetabilibus (i.e., De. plantis) and De mineralibus (i.e.,
"tria ultima capitula" of the Metheora), we may conclude
that Alfred means these two treatises when he speaks of
"quosdam alios Aristotelis libros," This is also con
firmed by the commentary itself, in which De. vegetabilibus
and Dje mineralibus are cited several times,25 But with
out Alfred's explicit reference to his translations it
would be impossible to say whether or not he cited them in
translation or from the Arabic original. His little note
permits us to conclude that Alfred had already made his
translations before he commented on the Metheora. Further,
since the commentary dates from at least 1200, we may con
clude that his translations were made before 1200, and
perhaps as much as fifteen or twenty years before the turn
of the century. In regard to Alfred's dedication of De
plantis to Roger of Hereford and the latter's known dates,
I suggested the interval 1185-90 as the most likely period
for Alfred's translating activities in S p a i n . The
translation of De mineralibus also belongs to this period,
33
but we cannot say whether or not it preceded the trans
lation of De. plantis.
As was stated earlier, Alfred in his commentary on
the Metheora refers directly to a gloss on De. generatione
et corruptione:2? "Quare autem vapor et calor invisibiles
flammam visibilem producant, in libro De generatione et
corruptione discussimus." This commentary too then is
earlier than the commentary on the Metheora, and probably
Alfred's first attempt at explaining the "new Aristotle."
But beyond this gloss and a note indicating that Alfred
corrected and arranged it into chapters, nothing is
known.2®
Up to this point it has been possible to place
Alfred's works in chronological order by his occasional
references to earlier works and by circumstantial
evidence. This convenience is not provided regarding
his two remaining works, the commentary on De plantis and
his own composition, De motu cordis. The De. plantis
commentary cites De mineralibus. but it does not cite
Alfred's commentary on the Metheora or De. motu cordis.29
In turn, the Metheora commentary does not cite the com
mentary of De plantis or De motu cordis.3° Finally De
motu cordis cites Alfred’s translations (i.e., De miner
alibus and De plantis) but neither the commentary on the
Metheora nor that on De plantis.31 Closer examination of
the unprinted commentary on De plantis may well reveal its
chronological relationship to the commentary on the
Metheora and De motu cordis, but that is beyond the scope
of the present study.
The chronological relationship of the commentary on
the Me the ora to De. motu cordis also remains unsolved. I
have compared these two works at some length but have
found no direct evidence that would permit a sound answer
pertinent to their sequential order of composition.
Since there is no explicit reference to Alfred's commen
taries on Ite generatione et corruptione, De plantis. or
the Metheora in his De inotu cordis, although all of these
Aristotelian texts are cited,32 0ne could be tempted to
conclude that Alfred translated Aristotelian works and
composed his independent treatise (De motu cordis) before
he commented on his own translations. But the argumentum
ex silentio can be equally well employed in establishing
De motu cordis as Alfred's opus ultimum, simply because a
reference to De motu cordis is conspiciously missing in
any of his commentaries. All we can say then is that
Alfred did not always refer to his earlier works.
It is clear, however, that Alfred's first literary
endeavor was directed toward translating treatises on
natural philosophy. The second logical undertaking
would be commenting on these translations as well as on
others. Lastly, after gaining intellectual maturity from
an "inter hispanicum" which exposed him to the wealth of
Greek and Arabic science, and after several volumes of
translations and commentaries, Alfred would combine his
experiences for composing an independent treatise like
De motu cordis. The De motu cordis abounds in the
natural science of the Greeks and Arabs and distinguishes
its author by a wealth of Aristotelian citations unequaled
by any Latin author of the time,33 The importance of this
treatise and the eminence of its author perhaps are
gauged best by the adoption of De motu cordis as a
philosophical text of the Arts Faculty at Paris during
the first half of the thirteenth century,3^ All the
evidence then suggests that De motu cordis was Alfred's
last and crowning achievement.
As was mentioned earlier, De motu cordis was written
no later than 1217 and possibly before 1203.3-5 On the
basis of what has been demonstrated I would then suggest
the following order and dates for Alfred's works: trans
lations of De mineralibus and De plantis (1180-90); com
mentaries on De generatione et corruptione. the Metheora
and De plantis (1190-1200) De motu cordis (ca. 1200).36
The Sources of Alfred's Commentary:
The sources employed by Alfred for his commentary on
the Metheora constitute an interesting collection of
Greek and Arabic treatises. Among Latin authors only
Lucan seems to have found Alfred's consideration, Alfred
is conscientious in citing his sources? often he not only
names the book, but also the chapter from which he quotes.
But in spite of this, it was no easy task to track down
his citations. This can be explained, however, Alfred
used translations which were then available, as is evident
from several literal quotations from De scienciis of
Alfarabius,He also employed untranslated treatises
as is apparent from several citations of Alexander of
Aphrodisias' commentary on the Metheora.3^ Few of the
versions employed by Alfred were ever printed, and the
subsequent revisions and retranslations by William of
Moerbeke exhibit considerable variations. Alfred also
added to the difficulty. In the three citations from his
own translation of D£ vegetabilibus he gives an exact
citation only once, while in the other two he reproduces
the idea rather than copy from the text. Alfred's
interest in ideas and broad concepts is also apparent
from his references to entire chapters or even to books.
Thus we find him directing the readers "Quid igitur sit
generatio dictum est De generatione et corruptione,"39 or
"In libro scilicet De physico auditu, in libro De gener
atione et corruptione. in libro Celi et mundi, ubi hec ita
37
esse que hie breviter recapitulat, firmasse construxit,
Alfred quotes from Lucan's Bellum civile three
times.^ There is one reference to Plato - his famous
U p
division of animals into four genera in the Timaeus. ^
Most extensive are Alfred's citations from Aristotelian
treatises. The De generatione et corruptione is cited
or referred to about seven times, ^ while the De celo et
mundo is mentioned only once.^ The Physica is cited
twice^ while in a third instance Alfred seems to be
thinking of Book Two, Chapter Two of the Physica, when
he distinguishes between physics and mathematics.^
Among the Stagarite's logical works, the Predicamenta
is cited once.^7 Alfred cites the pseudo-Aristotelian
De vegetabilibus three times,employing his own trans
lation of that work, George Lacombe, who had counted
only two citations from De vegetabilibus, found it
"impossible to say if he [Alfred] is utilizing the Arabic
original or his own translation."^9 But the literal
quotation makes it reasonably certain that Alfred had
already translated this work and did not copy from the
Arabic original. The pseudo-Aristotelian D£ mineralibus
is once briefly discussed^0 by Alfred, but it is not
quoted.
Among the Arabic authors, Avicenna is mentioned
twice,^ Alfred calls him: "Philosophorum maximus
Avicenna," but none of Avicenna's works is cited. Alfred
was profoundly influenced by Avicenna, as Baeumker has so
masterfully shown,52 and Alfred may have found it super
fluous to acknowledge his obvious indebtedness. Alfara-
bius and Albumazar are each cited twice, though the
former is also mentioned in passing.53 The two quota
tions from Alfarabius' De scienciis^^ are literal and
were copied from the translations of Gerard of Cremona.55
The two citations from Albumazar's Introductorium, in
contrast, are very loose paraphrases. Alfred once more
seems to be reproducing an idea in the first instance,56
while in the second reference57 he directs the reader to
a more extensive discussion, in this case, on the tides.
Two names mentioned by Alfred present a special pro
blem. In passing he mentions a Tebustius who in all
probability is Themistius, but since no work by Themistius
is quoted one cannot say for certain whom Alfred had in
mind. The second problem concerns Alfred's teacher:58
"Magister meus Salomon Avenraza, et Israelita celeberrimus,
et modernorum philosophorum precipuus." As I suggested
above, Avenraza is perhaps a Latinized form of ibn Ezra,59
But in spite of Alfred's superlatives, "celeberrimus" and
"precipuus," and my searching, Salomon Avenraza, or ibn
Ezra, remains unidentified for the present.
Quite significant is Alfred's citation of Alexander
of Aphrodisias' commentary on Aristotle’s Metheora.
This commentary was not translated until 1260 by William
of Moerbeke,^0 and Alfred most likely utilized it in the
Arabic form. Since the commentary had been translated
from the Greek original into Arabic, then into Syriac and
again into Arabic,the version available to Alfred, we
cannot expect his citations to follow literally the text
of William of Moerbeke's translation from a Greek
original. They do not? but the citations are sufficiently
close and the circumstances of their traditions are con
vincingly different so that we may conclude that Alfred
employed Alexander of Aphrodisias' commentary on the
Metheora, or at least part of it, in the preparation of
his own exposition of that Aristotelian treatise.
Alexander is cited three times^ and mentioned once in
passing. ^
Besides the authors already mentioned, Alfred also
refers to two treatises, De. urina. and a Pronostica. ^
I have not been able to compare Alfred's citations with
the text of these treatises, but I am reasonably sure that
these two works belong to the collection of the Ars
medicinae: De urina of Theophilus, and the Pronostica of
Hippocrates.^
4o
Preliminary Note to the Latin Text .
The Latin text is based on the collation of three
known manuscripts which are identified below.
SIGLA:
D Durham, Chapter Library, C. III. 15» fols. Ilv-I8r
0 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Selden Supra, 24,
fols. 84r-109r
P Paris, BibliothSque Nationale, MS Latin 7131,
fols. 82v-85r
Since D is the most complete version of Alfred's
commentary, I have employed its folio numbers and placed
them in brackets throughout the text. In one instance
also (page 44 of the text), a paragraph found only in 0
has been inserted within brackets. Also bracketed are
the marginal chapter headings irregularly found in D» as
well as editorial additions. The lemmata from the
Metheora. including those not identified by the scribe
in the commentary, have been underlined. In those
instances in which the lemmata were so highly abbreviated
as to be unintelligible they were expanded. For this I
have followed the translatio vetus of the Metheora in MS
Urb. Lat. 206.
Alternate readings from those in the text of the
commentary are given in the variant readings, following
respectively the folio and line numbers of the text.
References to words or short phrases divided by lines are
to their incipits. In cases of longer phrases, their
explicits are also given. Not noted in the variant
readings are close synonyms, such as vel for aut, or
igitur for ergo, minor differences in spelling, and
simple inversions of words, except when they seem to
have a significant bearing on the meaning of the text or
on the nature of the manuscripts. Numerals are written
out, e.g., IIII to quatuor, when they appeared in that
form in at least one of the manuscripts. The super
script numbers refer to Alfred's sources.
[ALFREDI COMMENTARIUS IN IV LIBROS
METHEORORUM ARISTOTELIS]
[LIBER PRIMUS]
[llvb] Postquam precessit rememoratio: Titulus
5 talis: Liber Aristotelis philosophi sapientis in
factura impressionum superiorura que sunt in alto et
inferius tractatus primus, Notandum Alfarabius in
libro De scienciis capitulo de naturalibus, ait:1 -
"Quarta inquisitio est de principiis actionum et
10 passionum et que prima sunt elementa solum sine com-
positis ab eis, et est in primis tractatibus libri
Liber impressionum superiorum," Elementi nobilis:
Non quod quintum alteretur ad hoc set quod ilia per
quintum. In corporibus mobilibus circulariter non
15 est diversitas: In se scilicet, hoc enim a multis et
per multa ostensum est, ceterum ipsorum ad invicem
proprietas et effectus valde differentes reperiuntur
quod tarn sensu comprehenditur quam experimento con-
tinuo approbaturj unde et eis elementarie qualitates
20 propter diversos effectus, licet falso attribuuntur,
Querere autem utrum formis differant quorum effectus
sunt contrarii, insani capitis est. Ergo tarn ipsa
quam eorum spere eandem habent materiam, formis dif-
ferunt, ut eorum quodlibet sue speciei singulare sit
25 individuum,
42
^3
Quod autem unum ab alio non patitur, duo sunt
in causa: materie simplicitas, forme dignitas, que
contrarium non habent. Unde passiva movent inferi-
oris scilicet mundi corpora, impassibilia videlicet
30 seipsa relinquunt intacta, Vel sics Non est diver-
sitas: In materia vel forma scilicet nec mutatio que
non est nisi de contrariis ad contraria, cum ergo hec
non habeant nec illam recipiunt, Quoniam principia
eorum: Causarum quedam sunt principia et cause, quedam
35 cause tantumj cause tantum, que rem ex aliis ad esse
conducunt vel propter quas ad esse ducitur, ut effi-
ciens vel finalis; principia et cause, ut forma et
materia, de quibus scilicet fit ipsa res. Dicens ergo
IIII principia de formis intelligit, quod ex littera
40 patet. Una enim est materia. At vero continuatio
aeris cum igne est plus: Tota enim exterior aeris
superficies cum tota interiore superficie ignis co-
extenditur, interiorque aeris superficies cum exteriore
aque superficie non ubique coheret. Cum terra enim
45 secundum plurimum continuatur aqua vero ad interiora
telluris recepta, cum aere, ut prediximus se habet.
Item aeris ad ignem continuitas est levitas et sub-
tilitas, caliditas, et multa alia. In sola vero
humiditate cum aqua simbolum habet. Eodem modo aquam
50 cum terra multa coniunguntt sola humiditate cum aere
sociatur, Motus autem: Sola enim elementorum
coniunctio ad complexionalem non sufficit concordiam,
cum solam operantur repugnantiam. Quod si equaliter
conveniant, vel non miscebuntur vel aliquod aliorum
55 ex loco prevalebit, Et dico: Omne mobile causam
habet extrinsecam sui motus, ergo et celestia; hanc
nisi inmotam intelligamus ad infinita ducemur, Horum
ergo motus est primus eiusque effectus inferiorum
permixtio, patet sensui, et probatur a philosophis,
60 fInterstitium: Tria sunt aeris interstitia:
primum inferiori spere ignis superficiei vinctum,
alterum est terra continguum, tertium inter duo
extrema medium in quorum quolibet proprie actiones
fiunt que ex vapore ascendente ex aqua et terra con-
65 tingunt, Et ideo, liber iste per IIIIor volumina
distractus est, Agit enim in primo De impressionibus
que primo aeris interstitio proprie sunt; in secundo
vero de hiis que in medio contingunt; in tertio autem
de hiis que in tertio fiunt ut tria huius liber
70 volumina trium aeris interstitionum accentia integere
complectatur, quartus suo loco determinabitur,]
Motus primus: Naturalis enim principium habet notum,
est quia ad finem fortissimus, primo debilis; violentus
vero primo fortissimus, ultimo debilis, principium
45
75 notum habens, Animalis autem inter hec [l2ra] med-
ius, principium notum habens et finem, Celestis
vero, ut nec principium habuit in tempore, sic nec
fine terminabitur, Pico ergo quod ignis; Mutua qui-
5 dem est elementorum generatio et corruptio, habent
enim eandem materiam et symbolum in qualitatibus,
Ceterum ipse alterationem vocat permutationem, in qua
aliquid in id de quo ipsum generatum est, statim
reverti potest, ut ex aqua fit aer, et econtra et
10 similia; generationem vero ubi non sic, ut cum de ovo
animal, de grano arista, et similia, Autem unum sit
corpus medium: Sunt quidem inter hec aer ignis quorum
infinita est differentia. Sunt et spere planetarum,
que utrum specifice an sola terminorum designations
15 differunt in evidenti ubi est, Pico ergo quod aqua
existens est ab aere; Ut que motu ab invicem diffugiunt
mutua resolutione vinciantur. Sic Peus; Qui
principium omnium precipuaque causa mediarum causarum
fatali serie singulorum esse producit, Quare ergo;
20 Hanc questionem bene solvit inferius sufficienter, ubi
tria aeris interstitia monstrat. Ceterum tria:
sciendum est vapores per duo miliaria, id est unum
stadium, in altum elevari, radiorum que caliditatem
non tantum reflecti a terre superficie. Hoc ipse
25 alibi probat et confirmat Albumazar Introductorium
46
I I I I a , 2 Et hoc de humido vapore intelligendum est,
nam siccus ad supremum aeris interstitium ascendit ut
inferius dicet, Et dico etiam iterum quod vincens,
et cetera: Aquee atque aeree qualitates hie dominium
30 optinent; alioquin inmoderata caliditas siccitasque
superflua vitam vegetabilitatemque corrumperent,
Excitat ad caliditatem motu: Non cum naturali semine
est, set arcane cuiusdam proprietatis motu sicut
magnes ferrum, scamonea coleram attrahunt, et similia;
35 quorum etiam in evidenti causa non est. Verum aer et
aqua diversificantur: Aer, ut in hoc capitulo, et in
aliis dicitur aqua, sicut in secundo libro ostenditur,
primo et secundo capitulo, et ultimo primi,
[interstitia]
40 Et aer tangens aquam: Tria notat aeris inter
stitia, partem eius altissimam que, scilicet, cum
igne continua est, et infimam que terre contingitur,
mediamque que utraque discriminat extremitates, Prima
calida et sicca, eo quod igni sit contigua. Unde et
^5 ibi vapor continguus humidus coagulari non potest, cum
sit proprium ignis frigiditatis actionem dissolvere;
nec ergo in nubes pluviasve aut similia fieri est
possible. Infima autem eius pars quatuor ex causis
calida est, que sunt hee: Linearum angustio, frequens
50 iteratio, angulorum acuitas, longa mora super terram.
Aspirat quoque et loci dispositio. Neque ergo hec
nubes generatur. Ceterum huraida est vapore humido
propter predictas causas a terra et aqua elevata; unde
et accidentaliter in ea nebule fiunt. Pars autem
55 media utriusque extremitatis caliditate libera ad
omnium generationem, que ex vapore humido habent,
fieri habilis est. Solvit ergo questionem superius
positam, ubi dicits Quare ergo fiunt illic nubes. et
cetera. Ceterum hie distinguit interstitia, ut quid
60 in quolibet eorum fieri possit, evidens sit. Eleva-
tione propinqua eis Scilicet ad me[l2rt,]dium inter-
stitium, non tamen omnino accedit alioquin dissol-
veret ipsum calor. Ascendit ad altum: Predictis enim
quinque caloris causis, non solum terree et aquee
5 partes, set aeree etiam vehementi caloris impetu
cogitur in vaporem exurgere, Elementum quintum:
Specificas et precipuas elementorum qualitates a
celestibus removet corporibus, ut earum amotione
amoveantur relique quos que per illas habent fieri.
10 Sublata enim causa tollitur effectus, Omnes enim .
elementarie qualitates a principiis habent fieri, ut
ipse probat in libro D£ generatione et corruptione.3
Est ergo alius ab eis per naturam, id est cum sint hec
naturalia, ilia vero non, facit inter hec naturalia
15 distantiam; cum enim in perpetuum extendi non possunt,
propter qualitatum repugnantiam, deferunt in motu, et
per naturam in infinitum propagantur naturalia,
[Quid effic.it motus]
Quoniam omne mobile esti Est quidam motus quasi
20 quoddam instrumentum caliditatis. Unde et omnia
calida mobilia, ut suo quasi instrumento excitantur,
iugeant, postremo feruntur ad terminum. Motus quidem
coagulata dissolvit, coagulationem non recipit,
partium coherentiam separat, omogenea specificat,
25 multaque alia que ad subtilitatem et acuitatem
pertinent habent facere, Sitque calefacere adeo
usque quod insuperabilis fumi grossitudinem purgans,
flammam excitet, aut ignem in quo vapore non est
vicino arido, inherere faciat, cum predicto effectu,
30 Quies vero, ei opposita, contrarium inducit effectum.
Orbis autem et eius effectus: Unam tantum harum
proprietatum retinet, calefacit scilicet et non
calefit,
[Capitulum de galaxia]
35 Incipiamus. et cetera. In quibus currunt sol et
relique stelle: Assidue que tarn motibus quam pro-
prietatibus quibusdam, calorem excitant, Et
agriculture: Que tarn materie quam forme private
incorruptibilia sunt excepta voluntate sui conditoris,
^0 Et signatur; Si enim terre umbra tantum ascenderet
assidue, a quibusdam aliis ad alias moveretur, ut
quelibet umbra a sole, semper est in motu.
Quia ergo iam manifesta sunt ea, et ceteras
Potest sane minus proiectus movere, quod Aristoteles
45 physicorum corporum generationem vapori ascribit cum
Celebris omnium sententia sit ex quatuor elementis
naturalia fieri. Aer ergo habet elementa suis mixta
subsidiis, nullo ex eis vapore generato. Quid ergo
est quod aquam repugnante natura cogat ascendere?
50 Nam aer tot pluviarum, nivium, grandinum, ceterorumque
que ex aqua fiunt, infusioni solus non sufficit,
maxime cum pars eius superior igne siccetur, totusque
motu celestium subtilietur, Habet ergo ad non-ens
secedere, quod necesse est} accidit quoque a sole
55 terram nunquam siccari, vel ab ipso aquam in nichilum
redigi; quorum utrumque eque impossibile. Nam quod
celestia aquam attrahant partemque refundant, a multis
et per multa cassatum est. Ceterum aeris sub-
tilitatem coruscationis et album et similium materiam
60 esse non posse certum est. Non nulla quoque terre
inferioribus innasci calidissima cernimus, ubi, cum
ignis non est nisi accidentaliter, dicimus ergo ex
aqua et terra et vapore utriusque incluso, [l2va] omnia
fieri? vaporem enim et aquam celestia excitant et eis
quasi instrumentis quibusdam in corporum compositioni-
bus utuntur.
50
5 [De nebula, pluvia, et grandine]
Dicimus ergo nunc res factas. et ceteras Cum
autem vapor humidus ascendens aerem valde frigidum
invenerit, fit pruina; et est pruina corpus quoddam
album quod herbis arboribusque que nudo aeri expon-
1° untur, invenitur adherens simile nivi, excepto quod
compactius est. Expiravit enim aer totaliterj nix
vero aerem retinet. Unde et nunquam pruina sine gelu.
Pruina autem non fit in loco nubium, locus enim non
fit. Nix vero sine gelu quandoque reperitur, nisi
15 valde propinqua terre sit nubes ex qua fit nix. Tunc
autem aut nix aut nunquam nix erit sine gelu, Pruina
autem non fit in loco nubium, locus enim earum est
regio secunda aeris, quia ibi liberime terre vapor
comprimi potest; set fit in primo aeris interstitio,
20 ut preostensum est. Evenit quoque aliquociens nivem
cum descendit liquescere et statim congelari. Causa,
quod frigiditas aeris inferioris qui in nive est
comprimens eicit, qui exiens nivem liquefacit, Ea
ergo resoluta et ultime frigiditati exposita, vertitur
25 in glaciem, Pruina vero vel solis irradiatione vel
superioris aeris caliditate sive etiam humiditate, aut
nebulosa caligine liquefacta, idem ab inferiore aere
patitur. Pruina vero multam in aere humiditatem
monstrat, frigusque ultimum, signumque quoddam
30 dissolutionis geluj hee ergo nivis ad pruinam sunt
convenientie et differentie,
[Unde ros]
Quod si vapori humido ascendenti frigus pro
portionate in aere propinquo occurrerit, quod ipsum
35 comprimat, rorem efficit. Unde et semper moderatum
frigus rorem comitatur. Quod si processu diei ros
ascendit, pluviam ut nebula ascendens, et eisdem de
causis monstrat. Subsidebat enim quiddam ex multi-
tudine materie secunde regionis, quod frigus inferius
40 comprimens rorem expressit, qui postea evocatus ut
nebula imbres inducit.
[Unde nebula]
Si vero vapori humido liber sit ad secundum
aeris interstitium progressus secundum regionis illius
45 habitus constituitur, fit enim si parvus sit calor
multus aer.
[Unde pluvia]
Si vero ipse multus et calor parvus multa pluvia
et frigida. Quod si uterque magnus, pluvia calida
50 multa. Si vero uterque sit parvus precedentis
contrarium. Ultimum frigus nivem facit aut grandinemj
et hec de rore et pluvia.
Qualiter autem fiat grando cuiuslibet quantitatis
et magnarum guttarum pluvia, ipse in sequentibus
55 perspicue dilucidat. Quod autem ut plurimum
grandinem, gelu nocte sequitur, evenit, quia calor
secundam optinens regionem, frigus vehementer fugat,
et ad inferiora nubes comprimendo detrudit. Potest
grandinem parvam ab alto per valde descendere, ut
60 ipse ostendit, grossam vero propre terram generari;
et est calor in nube grandinis. Unde et ipsam sepe
sequitur vel ei admiscetur pluvia, maxime autem
grosse. Idem de nive dicendum. Unde et de nive
minuta signum est quod maior et diuturnior sit
65 futura, Similiterque hec secundi interstitii
metheora, [l2vb] Querere autem quare sic vel sic
albuciatur aer non est presentis negotii, cum ipse
hec superiorum motui ascribat, Omnesque philosophi
asserant, et occulta fides experiatur, et plebei
5 medicine professores non ignorent, Signat nebula
serenitatem: Si descendit, scilicet, nebula, signat
serenitatem; tunc enim signat materiam humidam
finitam esse, et ita serenum futurum; quod si
ascenderit, pluviam pronosticat; ascendit enim vel ex
10 attractu nubium, vel solis calore, vel vaporis
ascentis inpulsu, ex uno horum, aut quibusdam vel
omnibus. Unde et descendat ex multitudine quam aer
non sustinuit, et parte ponderosa relicta ascendit
quod reliquum. Quod autem nec impetuose nec in formam
15 aque descendit nebula serenans, molis est materie
paucitas, et partium parvitas, Et pruina est vapor:
Ex vapore enim fit bruma antequam fiat aqua, si enim
esset aqua, fieret nix vel grando. Ros autem fit:
Si enim a secundo aeris interstitio descendens vel a
20 terra ascendens calorem ab ipsis contraxerit,
aeremque frigidum invenerit, vel si aeri calido
incidens cohortum ex aliquo principiorum suorum
frigus habeat pari huic in proportionem rore, ros
proventi. Et nota quod sic se habet ros ad pluviam
25 sicut pruina ad nivem. Et dico quod pruina non fit
in supremis montibus: In supremis montibus non sunt
nives, et cetera, quod fit cum elevatissima montium
cacumina usque ad tertium aeris interstitium verticem
attollunt. Ceteri alii depressiores ad secundum
30 accedunt interstitium, ut Alpes et Pyrenes montes.
Unde et in eis fere continua est nix utrorumque
causas prediximus. Corinthius: Dicit quod septemtrio
rorem efficit apud Corinthum, Prohibet enim ne
vapor calore turn regionis ipsius turn austri marisque
35 convertatur in aerem; austri ergo in eo serenat.
Estuoso enim equoris vapore locique ipsius situ
adiutus humiditatem perdit. Unde et accidentaliter
calidissimus et siccus potenter desiccat. Boreas
. vero rorem facit ibi et pluviam calorem temperans
kO vaporem congregans; et quia sepius fit ibi ros quam
pluvia, de rore postquam de pluvia dicit. Aliter hoc
non facit, quia humidius vel habundantius movet,
Aliter videtur sentire Lucanus, qui de Libia loquens
in Libro IX° ait:^ "Arctoos raris aquilonibus ymbres
45 accipit et nostris reficit sua rura serenis." Idem et
in tertio asserit dicenss-5 "Ubere vix glebe," et
cetera. Vult enim in Libia quoque evenire, quia hie
in sola Corintho fieri dicit. Set aliter in Libia
aliter in Corintho hoc efficit boreas: in Corintho
50 proprie, in Libia per accidens. Ea enim ultimo et
sempiterno calori solis exposita in arenas dissoluta
est. Unde et vapore humido privata, plantarum
procreationis origine carens et nutrimento contradicit.
Ex se ergo nubem non habet, non ergo rorem aut
55 pluviam; set nec auster ut perequinoctialem plagam
proveniens, nubem adducit, causa in evident! est.
Boreas vero cum diutinum in aere optinuerit
[l3ra] flatu continuo nubes hue usque propellit;
animosa quippe et frigida regione ducit originem.
Quorum Lucanus innuens aits^ "Cum medium," et cetera.
Nubes vero loci calore compresse frigus ad pluvie
5 generationem intendunt, ut ipse in fine capituli
demonstrat. Sic ergo pluit in Libia. Corinthus
vero ex se habet vaporem, sita est enim inter duo
maria. Set estuosa regionis inparie in nubes
coagulari non potest; hunc boreas congregat,
10 infrigidat, constringit. Sic in nubes coagulat.
Has propria deorsum gravitas ducit. Ubi eat, loci
et plage intemperies comprimens, frigus, ut diximus,
in pluvie rorisque generationem exacuit; et sic sunt
pluvie in Corintho. In loco in quo sunt nubes: Aqua
15 non congelatur nisi in loco ubi sunt nubes. In puro
enim aere frigus non intenditur, propter solis
accessum, quern nubium excludit obiectus; vapor tamen
est congelatus in pruinam non in loco nubium, ut ipse
dicit, erit tamen nix, aut nebula, velud superius
20 dicit nubes soli obiecta ad hue ut fiat pruina. Tria
corpora: Id est, corpora trium generum, Duo corpora:
Id est, duorum corporum genera, Et sunt nix et
pruina: Que ipse unum corpus appropinquat, quia
eahdem habent naturam et fere eodemmodo generantur.
25 Similiter de pluvia et rore, Et causa illius sunt
locus et tempus, et cetera. Tempus: Scilicet hiemps.
Locus aeris: Secundum interstitium. Frigiditas:
Proprie frigidum. Et locus eius est strictus: Parum
enim distat locus generationis eius a terre superficie,
30 et hiis tepidus est in vere. Fit ex parte calidi-
tatis: Id est, aeris tepidi, ut ipse dicit in secundo
De vegetabilibus.7 Ex frigore loci et temporis:
Hyemis scilicet, quia tunc frigidus est ille locus.
Quare ipsa provenit ad terram magis in mensura;
35 Accidit quoque cum vehemens inflamavit aerem caliditas,
frigus ad nubis valde humide interiora vehementer
frigari. Frigus ergo totam nubis humiditatem, vel in
lapides magnos coagulat, vel totam ipsam subito et
coartive in unius corporis molem constringit, quod ad
40 domus vel turris instar vel in maiori etiam quanti
tate ad terras descendit. Quod autem in medio
grandinis grosse quiddam carboni simile, quandoque
invenitur acciditque, pars sicci vaporis terrei, intra
vaporem humidum compressa a frigore circumstante in
sui ipsius adustionem armatur. In locis frigidis est
velocior: Aqua tarn frigida quam calida congelatur.
Calida facilius propter qualitatum contrarietatem,
quemque per calorem rarefacta a compactione remotior,
frigiditati non resistitj quoque vapor multus
50 expiravit.
[Quare mare non gelatur]
Unde et mare nunquam congelatur, quia semper
vaporosum, grossum, compactum, invenitur. Cum
contrarius sit frigori calor: Suple et quidlibet
55 vehementius agit in suum contrarium.
[Capitulum de fluminibus ventis et maribus]
Quia ergo iam ostensum, et cetera. De ortu
fluminum facilis est disputatio, horum enim naturas
persequi difficillimum, Magna ergo continue fit in
60 maribus terra, et aere humiditatis dissolutioj que
vaporaliter ascendens, in pluviam convertitur, ut
preostensum hanc terra Ll3r1:)] conbibit. Loca ergo
terre interiora calida, aquam in vaporem convertit,
que per loca spongiosa ingrossatur, montes scilicet
tam sua parte ascendens quam loci ipsius, natura
5 attractus superficie compressus ingrossatur, fitque
aqua. Cuius multitudo egrediens fons dicitur, ut
ipse ostendit in secundo De vegetabilibus.^ Et
quia attractus continuus erit decursus perpetuus nisi
ubi defecerit materia. Unde et ipsis montium
10 cacuminibus vel prope montes fontes erumpunt, ut
plurimum raro quidem in vasta diffusaque planatio,
Vix autem nunquam in hiemis, quia earum superficies
soli exposite tam diffuse quam pororissime sunt, et
immo harenose, plantas ut plurimum non nutriunt,
15 Fontium autem concursus flumina producunt, que mare
influentia lapsus sui denuo sumunt exordium, Estque
hiis motus circularis, et immo perpetuus, ut ipse
ostendit in libro De generatione et corruptione.9
Evenit quoque aliquando vaporem ad montium cacumina
20 ascendere, ipsosque remollire, et in aqua conversis
ipsis totaliter misceri. Unde et mons totus in lutum
clarum vivumque mutatur, cum vallis continens terra
sit solidaj fitque hoc cum vapor non multi est
acuminis attractus, vero debilisj non ergo effluit,
25 set per solem evaporat. Unde et in his locis
nebulose caligines ut multum apparent, suntque montes
lutei, Raptaque superficie, lutum effluent.
Sciendum quoque quod quidem montes ut rupes et
saxosa huiusmodi attractus habilis non sunt, ut ipse
30 ostendit in fine capituli. Item sunt flumina a
mari exeuntia, set pauca, que derivationes potius
sunt apprehenda, fiuntque propter maris altitudinem
et terre depressionem. Item sunt subterranei meatus
ex mari erumpentes in locis depressis qui aqueductus
35 sive tractiones dicuntur, sicut etiam flumina sub
terra fluentia facta sint et alia. Sunt etiam
flumina quedam a terra absorta, itemque refusa, aut
mari occulte reddita. Et hec de ortu fluminum dicta
sufficiant.
40 Essentia terre est similis corporibus animalium:
vere enim pubescit floribus et foliis redimitus;
estate puertior iuvenile robur exercet; autumpnali
siquidem fructuum ubertate felicior viril(is)
integritatis tenet fastigium. Ut vero lutosa in
45 hieme venture dissolutionis tristitiam luctuose
prenunciat. Haut secus in lune menstruo circuitu ex
humorum generatione, incremento, statu, declinatione
contingit. Idem quoque ceteri planete suis annis
efficiunt, totusque universaliter mundus, licet hec
50 vulgus parum, attendat. Quod est quoniam loca
existentia hoc modo, et cetera: Loca enim hec poros
non habent quibus retineri possit aqua,
INCIPIT LIBER SECUNDUS
Et quia iam complevimus rememorationem, et
55 cetera: Primum istum secundi, et si loco prologi
habeat, agit tamen in eo de mari, ostendens unde
habeat continuationem essentie et quare sit salsum,
Est ergo mare sedes elementi aque vel proxime ad
elementum accedit, sicut aer, ignis et terra. Set
60 quia variationes multas habet, et multum sensibiles,
[l3va] licet non tot quot aer, nomenque elementum ex
accidente amisit. Incidit hec ambiguitas, scilicet
unde subsistat, Est ergo elementum primum ab aqua
ut plurimum aqua sicut hoc spirabile aer, et quo
5 sustentamus terra est, quia eius conservatio in
reciprocatione, quemadmodum aliorum elementorum,
sicut ipse ostendit in libro De generatione et
corruptione,10 Cum enim omnia elementa habeant
communem naturam et symbolum in qualitatibus
10 specificis, quarum nulla materie eorum specifica vel
saltern propria sit, neque ipsa sine qualitatibus esse
nec perire possit, cum contrarium non habeat cumque
mutue sint actiones et passiones a specificis et in
specificas, necesse est hec formas permutare et ex
15 permutatione subsistere? qualitatibus enim ipsa
necessitatem essendi importat, cum sine hiis esse aut
ad non-ens secedere, aut minui cum partibus, careat
non possit. Qualitates quoque sese perpetua
successione invehunt, nec informem alia conditione
20 paciuntur naturam, cum suum inpugnans contrarium,
quelibet se ipsam violenter intrudunt; necesse est
ergo aut totum integre et in perpetuum extendi, aut
in universum deperire. Mare igitur ut cetera
elementa motus circularis lineari coextensus illibata
25 conservat. Restat unde amaritudinem mare cotraxerit
inspicere. Non enim ex eo quod aqua, est amara vel
dulcis vel alterius saporis, licet dulcis "proprius
accedat ad elementum,1,11 ut ipse probat in secundo
De vegetabilibus. Prima ergo componentia, quedam
30 cohorta et quasi illi naturali quadam coherentia
confixa ingerunt, ut humidum cum frigido, album
insipidum pinque et talia, frigidum cum sicco, fuscum
acidum, conpactum et similia, calidum cum humido,
rubeum dulce rarum et huiusmodi, siccum cum calido,
35 citrinum salsum, extenuat atque id genus et huius
coherentie rationem subicere non gravaremur nisi quia
prolixum, et alterius est facultatis et mercenarum et
medicine professoribus, licet citra eas profani longe
substiterunt, saltern indietionem compertum; salsum
40 ergo ex calore siccum, Salis ergo equorei triplex
est causa: continuus motus solis super ipsum; vapor
calidus siccus; situs non equus loci dispositio, set
more in eodem loco diuturnitas. Sepultos enim
sitos, quod perpetue mansioni tradantur. Dicimus a
45 sole igitur calorem concipit, per vaporem retinet, in
situ conservat atque huiusmodi argumentum quod maria
a solari circuitu remotiora minora et nobiliora
ceteris minus sunt amara, ut ponticum anglicum et
cetera talia, debilius enim calorem concipiunt,
50 subtiliores vapores agitant, potentius sublimant,
Neque hoc salinarum nescierunt, qui per ignem
adhibitum vel solis calorem vel aliter quolibet modo
liquiditate eiecta, vaporem grossum terreum calidum in
salem vertunt, Nam quod situs etiam aspiret, docent
55 flumina que hac oportunitate caruerunt, quia totaliter
sublimata fluxui denuo reperantur, Maria quoque
quantulacumque sublimatione, per fluminum illapsum
reficiuntur. Re tota in salis naturam, ut Mare
Mortuum [l3vb] convertantur. Querere autem unde
habeant accessum recessumve, presentis non est
negotii, maxime cum hec Albumazar astrologus in
62
tertio Introductorium perspicue declaravit.Ubi
5 etiam quare quedam flumina ut mare se habeant docetur,
fontes autem quidem et putei et flumina quedam ex
maris vicinia, quedam ex locis unde oriuntur natura
salsa reperiuntur,
[De locis sulphuribus et aquis]
10 Mutantur autem ague et earum sapor secundum
modum diversitatis: Usque adeo enim mutantur aque et
earum sapores ex diversitate locorum quod in quibusdam
locis calide vel etiam ferventes prorumpant, quod hac
terre contingentione. In interioribus igitur terre
15 quedam corpora calidissima potentia ut sulphur
attramentum et similia generanturj calidi autem terre
vapores ad interiora ipsius, ut in hyeme compressi,
ipsam interius calefaciunt. Unde et predicta corpora
calefiunt, cumque potentialiter calidissima sunt
20 ulterius etiam quam id a quo calorem acceperant,
incandescunt; huiusmodi argumentum piper, zinziber et
similia interius recepta, cumque solida et calida sint
conceptum calorem non deponunt. Ad hec si vapor
calidus siccus pervenerit igniuntur, et si parva loci
25 fuerit spissitudo, iaculantur incendia* Vapor autem
humidus ad ea perveniens, ut multum consumitur nisi
aliquid insit pinguedinis, tunc enim inde napta aut
pinque aliquid simile efficitur. Quod si fontium
scaturigines ad ea profluant, calorem concipiunt
30 maxime cum guttatim congregentur sicut omnium fontium
principia, Que enim calidissima sunt, parve
humiditatis aspergine vehementius incenduntur, maxime
cum ex aque admixtione aliquid ex eis resolvatur,
Hee ergo aque calidissime hec ita esse et fetor
35 sulfureus, et eorum que in hiis aquis balneantur,
calefactio multique huiusmodi effectus convincunt,
Maris quoque aqua horum corporum tactu fervere
conspecta. Unde etiam duobus modis naturam exequat
industria vel etiam fontium loca scaturigines ad loca
^0 clanculum derivat sulfurea, vel ipsam eruptionem
copiosa sulfuris instruit multitudine. Tunc notum
est ut sit mare factum: Hoc argumentum paucorum
assensione est necessarium. Cum enim mundus nature
factus sit, omniaque naturalia ex aqua et terra et
vapore utriusque intercluso, tanquam ex materia
habeant existere, cum hec sint, ilia preexitasse
necessarium est. Unde et mare necessario creatum
est,
[Capitulum de vento]
50 Inquid philosophus, et cetera: Et dico quia
motus venti est tortuosus. et cetera: Ventum
pluviamque ex diversis constare materiis ex eo quod
utrumque alterum destruit deprehensum est, Ceterum,
ut fiat ventus, necesse est vaporem ilium multum esse
55 ipsumque vel a se agitari vel a nube spissiori vel
subtiliori vel simili. Confluunt enim vapores in
aere, ut stille aquarum in terra, cumque habuit
obstaculum, repercussus fortiter conmovetur, et fit
ventus. Unde et quandoque multa et diversa habent
60 obstacula ad contrarias regiones convertitur sepe in
brevi tempore vel circulariter movetur,
[LIBER TERTIUS]
[Capitulum de terremotu]
[l4ra] Quia ergo iam diximus ventos omnes. et
cetera: Quoniam subtile non deorsum descendit: Cum
5 eius sit proprium ascendere? quod si descenderet, non
iterum tenderet ad circumferentiam, nichil enim
naturaliter contrariis motibus movetur, vel si in
ascensum, violentia cogente, nitentur, eadem
facultate exiret qua ingressus est, Et alter est
10 factus ventus in ventre terre: Nec est quod quisquam
miretur ventum in inferioribus terre generari; per
causas enim in primo libro assignatas, calidi vapores
continuo a terra ascendunt, consequenter, super-
veniente frigore, vel adustione pori terre, connivent,
15 vel habundantiori humiditate compilantur, Compressi
ergo vapores redundant interius, qui quandoque in
vastis remotisque cavernis terre recipiuntur,
quandoque etiam ex ipsa terra caliditate proveniunt,
aliis etiam modis. Ergo inflammat ignem et elevat
20 aquam: Ventus flammam excitat duobus modis: vel enim
ignitur et fit flamma ut cum coartatur in nube, sicut
in capitulo de tonitruo et corruscatione dicetur, vel
carboni candenti ventus allisus, flammam indueit hoc
modo; ventus vapor est grossus, siccus, qui humiditati
25 est omnino inpermixtus, ea tamen in ipso nunc maior
nunc minor invenietur. Is ergo humiditatem habet
valde raram in se siccus, et in hoc igne omogeneus;
calor ergo arido inheret et ab humido facile
separabili fovetur, qui per ipsam discurrens est
3° flamma; quod si exilis et rara fuerit humiditas, alba
erit flamma non multum urens. Si multus vapor et
spissus, rubea erit ad nigredinem vergens flamma,
quod vero carboni inheret flamma est, quia carbo tam
accipit quam attraxit fomentum ante quam inflam-
35 maretur. Hoc ergo vapore medio lignorum aut salturn
humiditas, que per se ob diversitatem erat insuper-
abilis vincitur. Videtur etiam aliquando quasi
moriens flamma carbonem-deserere, et dum quod
humidum inerat fumo exspuanti consumpsit, in aere
^0 quodammodo suspendi, Quare autem vapor et calor
invisibiles flammam visibilem producant, in libro
De generatione et corruptione discussimus. Vapor
autem retentus in terra esti Terra enim ex resistentia
resilit quidem, set statim quiescit propter pon-
derositatem; aqua enim non resilit, set ingurgitatur
propter eius hebetem humiditatem, Nam ignis vel
statim suffocatur vel erumpit propter distendentem
et subtiliantem aeri caliditatem, Ventus vero
quolibet obstaculo repercussus tumultuosus flatus
concipit. Unde et mare vehementer exagitat. Perdit
enim vires spatio diffusus inani, Illi ergo hec
processit provincia. Mollis terre: Est enim
cavernosa, ut multam vaporem concipiat; mollis ex
humiditate que poros ne vapor expirare possit opilet,
[Que efficiunt terremotum]
Terre motus autem non fit in estate; Ut fiat
terremotus tria oportet convenire locum materiam
causam impellentem locus, ut sit vasta concavitas in
nullum aut parvum aut remotum aut tortuosum
respiraculum habens materiam, ut sit vapor calidus
siccus grossus earum inpellentem, ut sit vehemens
maris agitatio [l4rl3] aut ut vapor ex se motum
exipiat quem irrequietum esse necesse est; locus
enim facilem habens egressum huius motui aptus non
est nec vapor frigidus nec humidus, Quidam autem
terremotus est sicut res: Cum scilicet pauca est
materia vel locus strictus, fit terremotus sicut
tremor? tunc enim accidit quasi tremor, motus
scilicet dextrorsum et sinistrorsum, cum quoque
multa fuerit materia, locus dilatatus fit sicut
10 corporum fricantium se, motus scilicet sursum et
deorsum, Generatio autem cuius illic: Quandoque
etiam huiusmodi vapor in interioribus terre compressus,
multa repercussione vehementer agitatur. Unde et
omni humiditate hec consumpta ignitur. Si materiam
15 facile ustilem ut sulphur et similia invenerit,
flammam concipit, que cum oportunitas loci affuerit,
violenter erumpit. Unde et quedam promontoria ex
consueto, ut Ethna, Johannatitius, Vesevus eructant
incendia, que donee suffecerit materia constant, que
20 consumpta grossus ibi tantum fumus appareret, Cinis
autem vel ex loci vel ex materie inhabilitate
provenit, loci, ut cum spissitudo que flammam
generari prohibeat, obsteterit, Aer enim per ignem
subtiliatur et maiorem locum obtinet, et appetit
25 materie, cum flammabilis non est; tunc enim vehemens
caliditas urit, tantum et dissolvit, ut promptum est
videre in preparations calcis,
[Capitulum de alieti]
Quia ergo iam diximus has res tunc dicamus; Ut
30 sit alieti, necesse est ut sit nubes rara vel tenuis
equalium partium lata, sic enim radios solis, aut
lune, aut radiosi alterius corporis lumen recipiens,
nec plane pervia erit, nec certum prebebit obstaculumj
duos autem aut tres pluresve similes esse possible
35 est, Ceterum, alieti a solis spissiorem habebit
nubem, alioquin ab eo facile dissolvetur. Unde et
vehementius ventos pluviasque dissolvit singulariter
quod si non plene rotundus sit, ventum inchoatum
monstrat. Videtur quoque rotundus vel quia inter
40 visum et lumen collocatum est recte,
[Capitulum de yride]
Postquam ergo iam diximus circulumt Involuta
ventas in alto latet et de malignitate nature, queri
non possumus. Omnium autem causa non pollicerij
45 propria Domino sentire est, et divine intelligentie
equalem se protectum, Hec immo dixerim, quia in
capitulo de casquara, rerum magnitudine, oppressus
autem quodam succumbo, nec erubesco cum concessum sit,
ipso Aristotele attestante, non intelligenti dicere
50 non intelligo. Tristor autem maxime cum imitator
Aristotelis precipuus, immo ipso Aristotele excepto,
Philosophorum maximus Avicenna capitulum istud se
nescire fateatur et doleat; ostendit tamen Aristoteles
quot in ipso arcu fieri possunt colores, causasque
55 eorum nec plane determinat, nec reliquit intactas;
in quibus etiam regionibus et quot et quando apparet,
et quare semicirculum non excedat perspicue declaratj
quedam quoque alia que suo loco dicentur. Circa
colorum autem causas, minus efficax est, quas tamen
60 ipse non ignorasse presumo, cum ea que ignoret
auctoritate propria non pigritetur dicere, quoniam
non intelligit nec ego in arabico super hiis quicquam
plane evidens inveni, excepto quod Avicenna [l^va] et
Alexander et Tebustius, [_!Themistius?] Alfarabius
ceterique non nulli, Aristotelis verba vigilanti
studio longa attritione digerentes, quedam non ad
5 perspicue lucis intelligentiam laboriose expresserunt,
quorum ego dicam tam in hoc capitulo quam in preceden-
tibus subsequentibusque, et super quodam alios
Aristotelis libros de philosophia, quorum etiam
aliquos de arabico in latinum transtuli, quanta potui
10 brevitate collegi, omnium ergo communis compositio
est. Ideo spericam hanc formam esse quod ex loco
orbiculari equaliter descendat et omnino semicirculum
non excedere, quia non sub sole sicut alieti, set
ante vel post ipsum a latere apparet, Erit ergo
regionis aqua, et yris perpendiculariter descendit
aliquis penes terre centrum. Idem ergo centrum
iris erit, partes enim iris a partibus suis oppositis
regionis illius equaliter distabant, cum enim
descendant equaliter, idem ergo centrum habebit.
20 Semicirculus ergo proveniet, vel minus in quod evenit
secundum elongationem eius et declinationem a sole,
vel propter visus fallaciam, ut in sequentibus
ostendeturj nec enim sol ipse aliter representabit
quam forme sue exigit dispositio. Radios ergo
25 medie rotunditatis in ipwum diriget, coloratur quoque
secundum radiorum solis susceptionem. Unde primo
flammenia, subnigrum vinosum, scilicet ex adustione,
habet colorum; secundo citrinum tanquam calefacta
desiccata non tamen adusta, quoniam remotior; tertio
30 viridis est, utpote mota quidem a calore nec superata
propter materie multitudinem. Hie enim color, et
post adustionem residente calore, ut in quibusdam
humoribus, et ante maturitatem, ut in foliis arborum,
evenit, Est enim viriditas tam albedine quam a
35 rubore ad nigredinem processus, que omnia in
capitulo de nubibus et in P h y s i c a l 3 determinantur ad
evidentiam. Ultimo alba est yris, tanquam calore
libera, ex splendore tamen radiosa, nec pictores
iris colores exprimere. Iris enim subiectum
40 rarissimum, purum, parvum celo oppositum, et iam cum
colore splendidum, ut colores ipsi splendore
videantur illustrari, pictor subiecta hiis contraria.
Women autem iris nature incidit obscuritas. Iris
enim apud Grecos idem est quod arcus demonis.
71
kS Arabes quoque ipsam Cascuza, quod et 'idem sonat'
appellant. Demon autem idem sonat quod angelus,
Dicitur ergo yris sive Cascuza, id est arcus anglice
considerationis, tanquam ad eius notitiam humanus non
ascendit intellectus. Negat tamen magister meus
50 Salomon Avenraza, et Israelita celeberrimus, et
modernorum philosophorum precipuus, debere dici
Cascuza, set Cazcuza, ut scilicet ultima prima
sillabe sit 'z', quod interpretatur 'arcus multicolor'
sive 'arcus varius,' et quod hoc nomen irim sonare
55 autumat, et quoniam dictis illius plurimum fidem
habeo capitulo tytulum secundum ipsam interpretationem
preposui, Est autem iris ad solidum, tribus colorum
interstitiis discreta superius diffusa et ampla
planities, set visus earn secundum altitudinem tantum,
60 et ad notam comprehendit distantiam. Unde si alicubi
terre superficiei insederit videatur, eorumque
diligens contemplator accedit rursus earn ad eandem
distantiam [l^vl:>] notabit, et sic quantumlibet
procedenti. Est parve mensure in rotunditate:
Omne enim contentum est minus suo continente. Et est
ad viriditatem; A sole remotior et sic frigidior,
5 Et precipue colorem ipsum: Citrinum, scilicet quia
aliis splendidior est, hinc inde irradiatus et
incommiscerentur. Partes enim combuste constricte
sunt ad invicem et inspissate, nec recipiunt citrine
admixtionem, maxime cum non ascendat citrinus verus
10 et viridis miscuntur, desinente paulatim calore et
subintrante frigiditate, maxime cum ambe sint rare,
Et dico quod quando aer quando tingitur: Non quod aer
tinctus sit alio, set vapor vel nubes et non irim ex
reverberatione esse, Intensio et splendor non
15 videntur in aere et aqua nisi quando sunt quieti: Ex
quiete enim partes confluunt cum sint similes, et sic
exterior superficies rotunda fit et levis, recipiens
radiorum circumflexionem inpressionem; ex motu vero
provenit contrarium, cum sit quieti contrarius,
20 Sicut albele: Albele, id est pulvis qui est subtilis,
ut corpora que videntur in radio solis. Dico ergo
in eo quod illud quod relucet in nube: Linea enim a
centro solis per visum aspicientis ad centrum iris
transit? ipsam ergo in terre superficie vel inferius
25 subsistere necesse est, Ideoque circulus eius
numquam integer apparet, Ceterum, quanto magis ad
semicirculum accedit, minoris circuli portio erit, et
quanto plus infra subsistet, maioris; et hoc fit quia
a sole ascendente vel descendente aliter nobis et
3° aliter representatur. Ascendens enim sol irim, eum
ut est, ostendit; descendens, obliquum? unde et
visus fallitur.
73
Alfarabius in libro De scienciis. capitulo de
naturalibuss "quinta consideratio est in corporibus
35 compositis ex elementis; et quod ex eis sunt, que
sunt consimilia partium; et ex eis sunt que sunt
diversarum partium, sicut caro et os; et ex eis sunt
que penitus non sunt pars corporis naturalis
diversarum partium, sicut sal, aurum, et argentum,
^0 Denuo consideratio in eo in quo communicant corpora
composita omnia sive sint partes corporis compositi
diversarum partium, aut non partes, Hec docentur
in libro IIII0 Libro impressionum superiorum," qui
grece dicitur tetras Metheora.
^5 Quartus iste Metheororum a premissis tribus in
modo tractandi et materia diversus reperitur. In
prioribus enim de impressionibus que accidunt in
subluni sufficienter tractavit. In hoc vero de
virtutibus tarn activis quam passivis et compositions
50 naturalium corporum agit. Unde et a philosophis
introductorius in librum De mineralibus1^ potius quam
metheoricus indicatur, Ceterum, in tres partes
particulas discretus est. In prima agit de virtutibus
activis et earum effectu; que in secunda de virtutibus
55 passivis et materia passionis earum; in ultima de
materia et modo compositionis phisicorum corporum.
?4
INCIPIT LIBER QUARTUS
Quoniam quidem quatuor cause; Cause elementorum
sunt quatuor scilicet calidum, frigidum, humidum,
60 siccum; quas causas appellat. Sunt enim specifice
differentie elementorum, et ita cause formales, et ex
horum coniunctione IIIIor proveniunt elementa,
Contraria enim non iunguntur, Et nota quod causas
dicit, non elementa, opinionem illorum confutans qui
65 qualitates tantum elementa esse dicebant, quos alibi
plenius confundit. [_15ra] Fidesque eorum ex
inductione; Est enim introductio phisice, instrumentum
quemadmodum demonstratio mathematice. Phisica enim
inabstracta considerat, et cum motu, que semper in
5 sensibilibus actu existunt; mathematica vero
abstracta, que intellectus sunt; neque tamen debilis
aut minus firma est phisica, quod sensui, qui plurimum
vacillat, suum debet instrumentum, multe enim similium
sensibilium memorie, experimentum est unum, quod
10 sepius tractatum unius artis potentiam parit.1^
[.Quid ars]
Est enim ars de infinitis similibus, quarum
multa experimento precognita sunt, universale et
uniforme iudicium. Sic ergo a sensu ad intelligentiam
15 facto progressu, inductio demonstrationis firmamentum
et baculus est. Terminantes: Alexander ait:*?
"Caliditas terminat et permutat unigena, frigiditas
vero non-unigena." Unigena quidem sunt quecumque
sunt unius generis, ut caro, os, argentum, aurum, et
20 reliqua, quorum partes omnes et eiusdem complexa
sunt, et idem nomen cum toto habent, Non-unigena
vero quidem sunt, quorum compositio ex unigenis est,
ut manus pes, et massa ex argento et auro et ere
composita, Terminant autem unigena calidum, cum
25 non-unigena per unigena disseparat rationis causa,
Massa ex argento et auro et ere concreta ex quot
diversi generis rebus est composita, ex tot quidem per
caliditatem in ea ebullitionem communem facientem
separatur0 Terminat itaque ea unigena, id est
30 specificat non-unigena transformans in unigena.
Frigiditas quoque terminat non-unigena, unigena
transformans in non-unigena, ut cum aurum, argentum,
et es liquefacta et se iuncta ratione coniunctionis
ut prius unam massam conglutinant. Arida nempe:
35 Quemadmodum superius probavit caliditatem et
frigiditatem activas esse, sic in hoc loco humiditatem
et siccitatem passivas esse docet, dicens: ipsa quid
secundum se, et cetera, id est ipso primo loco et per
se nullo mediante ab activis paciuntur; reliqua vero
^0 omnia mediantibus hiis. Item: [non] facile termin-
abile et difficile terminabile, et cetera; id est
facile passiva vel difficile passiva iudicantur
quelibet secundum qualitates eis dominantes. Si enim
humiditas precipua infuerit facile passibilis est ab
^5 utraque activa. Si vero siccitas prevaluerit,
difficile, Tollerantia; Id est passiones non que
dicte sunt, set que fiunt a predictis actionibus.
Secundum se ipsa: Id est secundum quod pura et per se
fiunt in proprio esse suo, non sibi vel aliis con-
50 mixta, id est secundum quod sunt sicca vel humida, non
secundum quod ex eis aliquid vegetabile habet super
perspicuum, quasi diceret:1® patet quod quatuor tantum
sunt elementa, ex libro De generatione et corruptione,
ubi tantum quatuor esse elementa probavit, athomos
55 nichil esse ostendens, et eorum sententiam qui litem
et amicitiam numero elementorum adnumerabant, fucans,
Quibus dedit: Scilicet rationibus quas dedit in
secundo De generatione et corruptione. et bene dicit
naturas, et est enim diffinitionis proprium rei cuius
60 ipsa est naturam determinate ostendere.^9 Nam calidum
et gelu: Caliditatis duplex est actio. Est enim
congregativa et etiam disgregativa. Congregat enim
unigena, disgregat non-unigena. Frigiditas vero
congregat dumtaxat, non disperget, Determinatisque
65 istis: In libro scilicet De phisico auditu,^0 in
libro De generatione et corruptione.21 in libro Celi
77
[l5rl3] et mundi,22 ubi hec ita esse que hie breviter
recapitulat, firmissime construxit. Cum igitur hec
constant ad subsequentia per hec fundamenta probanda
nullo respectu ad iam probata reflexio inconcusse
5 progreditur, Et passivorum species: Non quod
elementa passiva sunt vel activa, set quia habent
activas qualitates.
[De corruptione]
Naturalis permutatio: Et est naturalis permutatio
10 rei manentis, quod erat a natura facta alteratio, ut
cum de puero fit adolescens, et de inberbi barbatus,
et cetera. Virtuturn est opus: Id est, que ex
debilitate activarum et inobedientia subiecte materie
contingits est enim corruptio alia secundum naturam,
15 alia contra naturam. Secundum naturam est ilia que
provenit ex innatarum qualitatum ad invicem contra-
dictione; contra naturam est ilia que addicit vicio
cuiuslibet extrinseci accidentis.
[De generatione]
20 Estque simplex et naturalis generatio: Generatio
est permutatio, et cetera; exitus enim de potentia ad
effectum alius subito, alius paulatim, set qui subito
fit, sine tempore fit, nec est motus, ut est generatio
et corruptio. Vita et mors qui vero paulatim fit, in
25 tempore fit, et est motus ubi, augmentum, diminutio,
et similia, Quod autem dicuntur VI species motus,
sic est intelligendums quod sex sunt species exitus
de potentia ad effeeturn, qui omnes large inproprie
tamen motus dicuntur. Rudibus enim in Predicamentis
30 locutus estj^3 motores potentia dicuntur, cetera
motus. Ipse autem motionem et permutationem
indifferenter accipit, cum sit prorsus differentia.
Ex subiecta materia; Id est materia equalitate sicci
et humidi que sunt subiecta materia, non quod materia
35 ilia sit virtutes passivas, et econtrario. Set
elementa quibus insunt, sicut et virtutes dicuntur
passive sustinentia prednctas passiones, Hee vero
sunt; Antipophora est. Posset enim aliquis dicere
Aristoteles quid dicis esse subiectam materiam. Dico
^0 vero quoniam hee dicte virtutes passive, sunt
subiecta materia activis virtutibus. Habent autem
virtutes active proportionem ex subiecta materia, id
est ex virtutibus passivis; cum enim sic moderate
sint humiditas et siccitas, quod activis non pro-
^5 ducentur, set eis obediant, tunc vincitur materia et
fit generatio; et hoc est activas proportionem
habere ex subiecta materia. Signant autem calidum
et frigidum; Quoniam proportionaliter se habent
activis cum passivis, ut cum natura obedit activis,
50 tunc vincitur materia, id est permutatur in rem
alterius speciei quam prius esset. Fit itaque genus
unigenum? cum econtra accidit contrarium fit, scilicet
corruptio, non generatio, Molinsis et indigestio
fit: Cum virtutes active vel passive adeo debiles
55 sunt, vel passive eatenus potentes ut activa, potius
vincant nichil ab eis tollerantes. Fit quidem putre-
factio, cum vero tantum vigent, active ut partes
vincant materie in alia parte vincenda deficiant.
Tunc quidem fit molinsis? et hoc est quod dicit,
60 Molinsis fit, et cetera: Quasi diceret si activa non
plene vincant materiam secundum partem, set secundum
partem molinsis fit, que est contraria indigestioni
species. Set si omnino deficiant, fit quasi
putrefactio, que est precipue contrarium,
65 Simplici sane: Generatio alia simplex, alia
composita. Simplex est qua res unius speciei in rem
alterius speciei generatur. Non simplex generatio
est ilia qua non fit ingressus in subiectam, set
quedam intra rem existentem alteratio, ut in fructibus
70 augmentativa generatio, maturatio, et similia.
Simplex autem generatio alia est simplicium in
simplicia, alia simplicium [l5va] in composita,
Generatio autem que est simplicium in simplicia
ilia est qua elementa in se vicissim generantur, sunt
enim elementa simplicia-non dico simplicia, id est
80
5 partibus carentia, set simplicia in resolutione
cuiuslibet elementati ultima et minuta, Generatio
vero que est simplicium in composita est ilia qua
elementa generantur in elementata. Generationis non
simplicis multiplex est divisio, quam exequi non est
10 presentis operis. Commune: Id est universale
simplici generationi; et ne viderentur quod aliud
contrarium non haberet, dicit quod putrefactio est
ei contrarium commune, id est universale, quasi
diceret universali illo, Et quod sit universalius
15 probat, dicens: Omnis quippe, et cetera, Putrefactio:
Rem naturaliter corruptam oportet putrefieri omnis
secundum naturam corruptio in hoc, et cetera, Ideo
et cetera putrefacta: Ideo fiunt primum humida, quia
prius calor exalans secum educit humorem partes
20 superficiales humectantem. Dehinc vero humiditate
consumpta calore extrinseco, ariditas inducitur.
Quorum finis eius: Quasi diceret quedam violenter
corrumpi et ipsa non putrescunt; quorum tamen
putrefactio nisi violentia naturam impediret, fieret
25 finis eius corruptio, et cetera, Naturaliter enim
precederet corruptio, et sequeretur putrefactio.
Ex istis quippe, et cetera: Quasi diceret bene debet
putrefactum in hoc resolvi, ex istis enim constat,
omne namque compositum in sua componentia resolubile
81
30 est0 Generatio fit cum active vincunt passivas, id
est quotiens id cuius est terminari,, vincit id cuius
est terminare? cum vero extra accidit, contrarium fit,
quod continens aer sit causa. Fit ita corruptio;
Vel fit corruptio? quotiens vincit terminans termi-
35 natum per continens, id est quotiens aeris caliditas
frigititasve, aut siccitas vel humiditas contenti
virtutes et proprietates vincit, Et in naturam eius
dissolvens caliditatem ipsius eicit, compactionem
illius dissolvit, et sic omnem proportionem actionis
40 et passionis removens, optinet et corrumpit.
Continentis igitur virtutes propriis nichil agentibus,
totius permutationis optinent principatum, et
terminatum est hie, Siccum operantibus activis: Id
est specificatum et proprie digestum per actionem
^•5 virtutum, quarum est terminare, et habent proportionem
ex subiecta materia. In secundum partem corruptis:
In particularibus non universaliter corruptis, id est
a naturalis caloris regimine, natura enim potest
naturali in proprio calore suo deffectui, Preter
50 ignem: Id est extranea namque humoris quod invenit
est depascitura, humiditate vero consumpta, in eius
locum subrepit qualitas? contraria fit itaque ut
subiectum desiccetur. Preter ignem: Non enim
permutari potest pro continente, cum sit calidissimus
82
55 et siccissimus. Vel sic: Preter ignem: Quod quia
solummodo siccum est, indeterminabile est; humido
vero sibi admixto, terminatur,
Putrefactio est corporis communis passio: Com
munis, id est communiter innata a putrescentis
60 geliditate propria, et aeris caliditate xepescente
enim vel deficiente calore intrinseco ob presentiam
frigiditates, proprie facile vincitur caliditate
aliena, Simul exalatur: Calore enim intro deficiente,
calor qui superficie tenus est, humorem extrahit ad
65 superficiem; ubi enim magis viget illic fit magis
vigoris attractio, Humorem: Cum enim naturalis calor
exierit, non est quod humorem possit inducere.
Attrahens calor: Scilicet naturalis [l5vb] cuius est
humorem inducere et attrahere ad rei subiecte nutri-
mentum quidlibet in frigiditatibus, id est in frigidis
temporibus.
5 In continenti aere et aqua: Dieresis est; dicitur
enim in aere et aqua, id est in aere aquoso; per
aquosum enim humiditatis denotat excessum, que cum
nimia est, calorem autem nimium remittit, aut penitus
extinguit. In estate quoque: Causas assignat, vel
10 pretendit, quibus putrefactioni resistitur; quas duas
esse ostendit, id est caliditatem et frigiditatem.
Sunt enim que non corrumpuntur turn propter multam
83
geliditatem, turn propter caliditatem nimiam. Cum
enim frigiditas contenti intensior est caliditate
15 continentis, contentum quidem non putrescit. Non
ita quia, et cetera: Si vero contentum magis est
calidum continente, contentum putrefieri non contingit,
Est enim putrefactio corruptio naturalis caliditatis
a caliditate aliena,
20 [Quid putrefactio]
O i l ,
Movens utique vincit: Alexander:^ "Vere non
vincitur, quia solum movens vincit; exterior autem
caliditas non movet, id est non alterat, et vere non
movet, quia non dissolvit coagulatum, ut sic demum
25 eum vincat, Putrescere enim nequid, nisi prius
dissolvatur; donee enim coagulatum est naturalis,
calor non vincitur ab extrinseco. Partes enim calide,
coagulatione contradicente, non exspirant." Inferior
siquidem Alexander: "Aqua quanto velocius movetur,
30 tanto difficilius putrescit." Propter maiorem quippe
motum, calor in ipsa aqua innascitur maior, qui ei
prius infuit excitatur magis. Exceptis enim duobus,
igne et aere, de omnibus corporibus verum est, quod
in motu posita calescunt. Ignis quippe excipitur,
35 quod est calidissimus, et magis calefieri non potest.
Aer quoque, quia tarn alterabilis vento frigido
agitatus, frigescit. Si obiciat quis de aqua
calefacta, dicens quod ipsa mota citius infrigidatur,
dico quod de naturali calore, non de accidentali,
40 quod dictum est attendimus, Eadem causa: Id est
eadem causa est quare multum minus putrefiat quam
paucum, id est res magne quantitatis quam res parva,
et que sit ilia causa ostendit,
[Quare animalia putridum innascantur]
45 Atque animalia innascuntur: Aliam causam assignat
quare animalia innascantur putrefactis, dicens eo
quod disgregans, et cetera. Naturalis calor: Cum
egreditur victus alieno, humiditas naturalis exit
simul cum calore exeunte. Etenim in quamcumque
50 partem declinat naturalis calor, illic quidem secum
humorem trahit; humorem vero elapsum ad superficiem,
virtus generativa transformat in animalia. Calor
enim disgregans humorem et per partes dividens
ebullitionem prestat in ipsis. Unde quedam partes
55 ipsarum partium attenuantur et expirant in fumum
tenuem, levem, et habilem ad movendum et vivificandum
corpus exterius circumpositum, quod propter aeris
frigiditatem superficie tenus induratur, et velud
panniculo quodam circumvolvitur. Sicque animal
60 procreatur naturali calore faciente ilia constare, id
est manere. Quid igitur sit generatio: Dictum est
De generatione et corruptione.2^ Nunc autem
relinquitur dicere continuas et propinquas species
que fiunt a dictis vir[l6ra]tutibus, id est a cali
ditate et frigiditate ex subiectis, id est ex illis
que sunt subiecta materia inquam dicte materie, vel
virtutes operantur, ut ex ea aliquid efficiant,
5 subiectis dico tam constantibus natura, id est per
naturam scilicet non corruptis, nec putrefactisj hec
enim nature regimine penitus fere sunt destituta,
Notat quod ea contrarietatis proportione qua se
habet generatio ad corruptionem eadem profecto se
10 habet digestio ad indigestionemj et qua proportione
contrarietatis se habet digestio ad indigestionem,
eadem quoque se habent singule species digestionis
ad sibi contrarias species indigestionis. Ex
subiectis; Id est passiva, quia ex hiis omnibus
15 activis constat subiecta materia. Non proprie dici
hec nomina rebus: Id est nomina predicta, sicut hec
digestio et indigestio. Non proprie: Id est non
secumdum propriam, id est unam eandemque signationem
sunt inposita rebus. Non enim iacent, et cetera; Id
20 est non conveniunt universaliter, id est omnino
similibus. Dicitur enim digestio unius rei in aliam
transformatio, ut cibus et potus in humores, humor
in membra, Dicitur etiam digestio rei manentis,
quod erat secundum formam, alteratio, ut cum mu stum
25 per ebullitionem, in eo factam magis subtile et purum
efficitur,
[De digestione]
Digestio igitur est completio: Id est actio
completa. Si enim incompleta est, digestio non est,
30 Ex contraria passionibus; Id est contradicentibus
passivis, resistunt enim activis agentibus in eis,
Et principium completionis et calore proprio: Quis
enim calor promptior, ut digestionem operetur, quam
qui illi naturaliter inheret, quod digeritur nullus,
35 inquam. Merito igitur dicitur digestionem ab eo
principium sumere. At qui principium: Alia multa
coaduvant naturalem calorem ut digestio compleatur.
Set caliditas que in ipso est, id est calor naturalis,
est principium digestionis eius, Aliter: Nutrimentum
40 duplex est. Nutrimentum enim aliquod est simile,
aliquod est contrarium, ei quod, nutritur, Contrarium
quidem nutrimentum dicitur, ea que in cibum et potum
assimilatur, eo quod multum sunt rei nutriende
dissimilia. Simile vero nutrimentum dicuntur
^5 humores, eo quod cum re nutrienda multam habent
similitudinem. Finis autem dixit superius: Quod
nota non iacent naturaliter similibus, Et hoc probat
quia fimera digestio nunquam eorum que digeruntur est
multiplex; eorum enim que digeruntur ut transformentur
50 supponenda alteri species quam prius; eorum inquam
finis est natura, Que vero digeruntur ut manentia
quod sunt alterentur, eorum finis est mutari in
subiectum, quoddam alimentum. Et hoc est quod dicits
Finis, et cetera: Quoniam vero non dicitur multiplex,
55 determinat de qua intendit. Est enim natura duplex
materia scilicet velud intelligitur sine forma et
species, id est substantia specificata. Cum vero
aliquid digeritur ut in rem alterius speciei trans-
formetur, eius finis, id est eius complementum, est
6° ut fiat substantia specificata, id est transformata
in aliam speciem, Illis: Id est in aliam aliis est
finis digestionis, ut aptetur in quoddam alimentum
subiectum, id est obediens nature, velud mustum cum
purum sit et clarum, caro cum est bene elixata, vel
65 assa, et multa alia similiter. Donee enim infuerit
in ipsa materia: Id est, dum materia sic se habet, ad
calorem naturalem, ut possit ab eo moveri et vinci,
Hec enim natura est; unde Aristotles in phisicis
causis initium in unoquoque movens per se, non
70 secundum accidens natura est.
[Quid natura]
[l6rl3] Natura hec est: Signa ponit per que
cognoscitur omnis superfluitas exiens a corpore
digesta vel indigesta esse. Indigesta enim
88
5 liquidiora et minus calida et tenuiora sunt digestis,
Digesta siquidem grossiora, id est densiora, et
calidiora, id est pauciores partes frigidas et plures
calidas habentia; et hoc probat. Tale siquidem;
Levius sicut humor; caloris quidem est fomes, et
10 quod sit suptilius in humore est hoc in sui nutri
mentum facilius, et prius assumit et absumit calor;
sicque quod digeritur crassescit, et quia calor
dissolutus est sicut subtiliora prius, sic postea
crassiora dissolvit et attenuat. Pit itaque levius
15 et quia aquee partes, in caloris nutrimentum citius
absumuntur. Reliquum siccus fit. Atque super-
fluitates: Harum enim inspectione deprehendit
phisicus caloris excessum, aut siccitatis dominium,
frigus exuberans, aut humidum immoderatum, ceterosque
20 nature defectos. Consequenter utrum proportionali
sibi qualitatum elementarium contentu corpus regatur,
ut in libris De urina, Pronosticis, ^ et similibus,
quod et apud medicos nullo ambiguitatis interventu
constans est. Id, quod indefinitum est; Id est,
25 indigestum, superfluitas quandoque dicitur digesta
quandoque indigesta, ut ipse ostendit, Indigesta
duobus modis; uno, quia in humores et membra permutari
non potest; alter, quia eductioni habilis non est,
Digesta grossiora: Hoc est cum naturaliter corporis
89
30 habitudo procedit, Ceterum, quandoque necesse est
digesta liquidiora esse et tenuiora et in calore
remissiora, postremo hiis que hie enuraerantur
contraria, quotiens nimia caliditatis intemperantia,
cum superfluo humiditatis excessu immoderatam parit
35 densitatem.
(_De indigestione]
Indigestio vero incompletio ob indigentiam
proprii caloris: Quasi diceret indigestio est
incompletio. Set materia incompletio est oppositarum
40 passivarum, id est non opponuntur activis, contra
operantur eisque resistunt, enim eis ne terminentur,
id est vincantur ab eis.
[Pepansis]
Pepansis. et cetera; Digestio alimenti: Id est,
^5 digestio fructus in alimentum congruum humane nature,
pepansis dicitur. Fructuum enim alii seminantur et
fructificant; alii maturantur, ut eis utentia
nutriantur que seminata non fructificant. Illorum
autem fructuum qui seminati fructificant, pepansis
50 completa est, cum seminati fructum producere possunt.
Illorum autem fructuum qui non seminantur, quia si
seminarentur, non facerent fructum, illorum inquam
tunc completa est digestio, cum utilia sunt ad
hominum nutrimentum, ut ficus, poma, et huius similia.
55 Cum in fructificatione, et cetera: Cum ex cuiuslibet
fructus semine, similis fructus potest procreari.
Tunc dicitur ille pepanus, quod tunc est in eo
pepansis. Et enim in aliis: Sicut in animalibus.
Unde apud Grecos, in usu est dicere iste iuvenis
60 pepanos est, id est potens generare. Et multa alia:
In hac specie digestionis digesta. Ex spiritualibus,
et cetera: Calor est sufficiens ad digestionem
faciendam, aerearum partium eis subiecti subtiliores
partes ad suum nutrimentum assumit. Grossiores vero
65 subtiliat in fumum humidum, qui naturali levitate sua
fertur sursum, l_l6va] usque ad superficiem. Set quia
superficialis extremitas dura est et consertas habet
partes, resistit fumo exalare volenti; unde quodammodo
reverberatur, Calor autem continue sibi subiecta
5 dissolvens fumum generat continuo, exalantem ad
superficiem quo prius resolutum comprimente, qui
comprimitur adquiescit quod in amigdalo liquido
videtur. Cum enim primo flos amigdali in fructum
generatur, in medio nichil aereum ubi quid reperitur;
10 postea cum iam vetustior est, non est aereum. Set
aqueum quod ibi invenitur aqua ex aereo facta in
tempore maturationis non aqueum set terreum durum,
scilicet quid invenitur aqueo terreum facto. Et ex
exilibus: Apostemata quedam fiunt ex ventositate,
15 grossa quedam ex humoribus que ante ex grossa
ventositate fiunt propria conculcatione, et compres-
sione adquiescunt, ut videtur in balneo guttas
distillantibus a tecto, ex aqueis quoque terrea,
Aquee enim partes consumuntur, terree vero velud
20 duriores remanent. Omotes autem est contrarium
pepansi: Dictum est quod indigestio est causa
indefinite humiditatis. Nunc quid sit indefinita
humiditas declarat dicens: Omotes est, vel partis
spiritualis, id est aeree indigestio, cum earn ex
25 aerea in aqueam non transmutant, vel aquee partis
cum aquea manens, qualis erat non permutatur. Vel
est indigestio alicuius eorum que ex ambobus consxant,
quasi diceret spiritualis vel aquee partis est
indigestio, vel eius quod constat ex utrisque
30 indigestio, ut scilicet spirituales et aquee partes
maneant simul, spirituali non permutata in aqueam,
neque aquea in terream, tunc enim est indigestio
totius quod ex aereo et aqueo constanti, quoniam cum
calor digerens in aerea parte digerenda que
35 digestioni nimimum contradicit, deficit, spiritualis
dicitur indigestio, movit enim calor spiritualem
partem, ut earn digereret in qua digerenda deficit
eius quoque propria dicitur ilia indigestio. Si
vero moverit aqueam ut digereret aqueam nec digessit,
4o aquea dicitur indigestio. Ceterum, si nec aqueam
nec spiritualem moverit, dicitur indigestio alicuius
eorum que ex ambobus constant. Hec autem indefinita
humiditas; Id est indigestio est causa indefinite
humiditatis. Nichil liquidi ipsum per se ipsum
45 maturatur: Neque humidum sine liquido, quia utrumque
utrique causa est ut determinetur. Non enim vinci
a calore: Id est quia non vincitur a calore, id est
quia non digeritur, Neque constat, id est constantie
formationis, scilicet sue complementum non habet.
50 Cruda, et cetera. Porro nempe, et cetera. Aliters
et longe procedentibus: et quasi remotam et dissimilem
quemdam modum assignantibus, dicimus quia later crudus
et lac crudum, cum talia sint quod non possint
permutari et couniri, id est constare, id est sue
55 formationis et substantie complementum habere, sicut
incompleta sunt sine passione, id est sine calore
permutante ipsa, id est digerente. Cum enim deficit
calor latere dum non bene cocto, dicitur later cruduss
et bene dicit longe procedentibus. est enim iste
60 modus digestionis a predicto multum remotus et
dissimilis, [l6v l : ) ] Predicta enim innato sibi calore
digeruntur, ista vero extrinseco, Propterea aqua
elixabilisi Per caliditatem enim partes eius sub-
tiliantur. Set quid terreum infuerit ad fundum
5 residet, Unde ipsa similiter purior manet et
clarior, et sic elixatur. Ceterum, cruda non
dicitur, quia huius elixationem vel movens sufficit
caliditas, Epsesis, et cetera? Hoc autem erit
tenditur spirituale vel aquaticum; Id est indefinitum
10 quod inheret in humidoj quicquid enim digeritur, vel
aereum est quod digeretur in aqueum, vel aqueum in
terreum, Que enim in tiganis assantur; Nam que in
tiganis friguntur, quodammodo assantur, nisi quia
assatio indigestibilior est. In quo nempe est
15 humidum: Illud quod in frixorio ponitur ut frigatur
secundum illam partem que in humido in quo frigitur
iacet, et prius et magis quam supereminens pars
exsiccatur, Calor enim qui in parte supereminenti
est, attrahit ab alia parte humorem ad se, quoniam
20 siccus est. Unde, licet debilior sit calore,
inferioris partis potentior tamen est in attractione,
magis enim indiget quo foveatur, et quia debilior
est qua ut coquat, tam que infuit quam que attractiva
est, humiditas manet, nec consumitur, Illud quidem
25 condensatur simili ratione ad superiorem partem
humor ab inferiori attrahitur. Set quia superior
pars angustatos habet poros propter assationem, non
recipit in se humorem attractum; redundat autem ad
medium ibique hac de causa multiplicatur partes
30 intrinsecas reddit humidiores. Expellitur enim,
et cetera: In assis, ut dictum est, interiores
partes humidiores sunt quam extrinsece. In elixis
autem econtra fit, Expellitur enim, et cetera:
Quod contrarium quidem videtur in illam enim partem
35 in qua maior est calor et maior deberet fieri
attractio; quod quidem ita fieret, nisi aliquid
contradiceret. Set est quod contradicit in asso,
nimia scilicet pororum constrictio in partibus
extrinsecis. In elixis vero ad superficiem humor
^0 extrahitur, quia in superficie calor maior est
humidus, non opilans. Unde et partes intrinsece
sicciores remanent, Iuxta ideam vero non eandem
habent: Id est non secundum eundem modum elixandi.
Set methafora: Id est secundum similitudinem.
^5 Minime namgue iacent: Quasi diceret, non utimur uno
nomine circa hec omnia quia nomina non iacent, id
est non sunt imposita differentiis quibus possumus,
et rebus differentibus quibus possumum ita aliquid
ad agendum de eis, Ea propter: Non dicit quod sit
50 simile, set quodammodo simile. Epsesis enim
digestio est a calore humido, lactis vero et musti
digestio nunc dicta abigne fit qui est calidus et
siccus. Unde quecumque pinguiora, et cetera: Id est
quecumque talia sunt ut possint minora fieri itaque
55 minorata pinguescant, vel magis gravia fiant„ Sunt
enim quedam que minora fiunt, quidem non tamen
pinguiora vel graviora, ut oleum cum bullitur quod
elixabile non est; ilia enim tantum modo elixabilia
dicitur, et sunt que cum bulliuntur minorantur et
60 minorata pinguescunt vel fiunt [l7ra] graviora et non
solum modo talia sunt elixabilia, set et ea que
predictis sustinent contraria, ilia scilicet que,
cum bulliuntur, minora fiunt, ut carnes quedam, et
5 liquidiora, ut lac attenuatum in serum, vel leviora,
ut pulmo. Et hoc est quod dicitur: sive hoc quidem
illorum. id est elixabilium talia queant fieri,
qualia prediximus. Ilia vero contraria sunt
predictis, ob id quod disgregata, et cetera. Causam
10 assignat quare predictis contraria fiant in elixis,
quia quedam elixabilia sunt disgregata, id est divisa
queunt densari hec, id est in hec, et queunt atten-
uari ilia, id est in ilia, sicut lac, et cetera,
Caveas ne in hoc quod dicitur "pinguiora" aut
15 "graviora" aut "minora" fallaris; non intelligenda
est hec compositio inter res diversas facta esse.
Set eiusdem rei ad se ipsam alteratam ac dicatur sic
ilia elixabilia sunt que cum elixantur pinguiora
quam prius essent, aut minora vel graviora quam
20 essent antequam elixarentur in eadem quantitate.
Verbi gratia: si elixum accipiat aliquod vas plenum,
eodem vase repleto de eodem non elixo, magis appendit
elixum quam non elixum, Molinsis nempe, et cetera;
Et defectus quoque: Scilicet fit caliditatis que
25 scilicet possit movere, non tamen ex toto digerere.
Tunc enim evenit earn que in humido: Que quoniam
multa est, non potest ut non moveat, id est ut non
incipiat digerere, Verum quoniam minorem quam
exigat redigerende quantitas molinsim facerit et non
30 digerit, Ideo duriora: Primum enim ut in carne ut
pisce retenti evidens est, Cruda humorum exuberat
multitudo, que substantiam illam terrenam reddit et
fluidam in qua calor humidus agens primo super-
fluitatem humorum evacuat, que poros exterius opilat;
35 et sic substantia ilia compacta durior efficitur,
calor.e consequenter invalescente, cum humiditate ipsius
substantie pori totaliter accipiuntur, totoque
humiditas calore extrahente educitur, qua educta,
partes eius de facili discontinuantur; et sic ipsa
^0 fit tenera et mollior quam prius. Quod autem
crescit frustum cum incipit elixari, duo in causa
sunt: primo, calor humores interius resolvens in
vaporem qui ipsum distendit; secundo, exteriora
digerendo que cum grossa sint, vaporem, intrinsecum
^5 exalare non sinunt.
97
Optesis quidem est digestio, et ceteraj Optesis
ergo, et epsesis autem: Omnes quidem hee species
quas vel naturales vel artificiales vocat, nature
quadam executione proveniunt, Refert tamen utrum
50 artis adhibite compendium aliquid naturaliter
efficiat, an suis nixa subsidiis natura de potentiali
effectum elivat. Epsesis et optesis fiunt arte;
fiunt et natura, Natura, ut epsesis, a calido humido
cibi in humores, humorum in membra digestio, et
55 similia. Arte, ut cum humidum quidlibet appositione
ignis calefacientis quid elixamus, Optesis quidem
natura, ut quotiens humor aliquis in melancoliam, a
calido sicco digeritur; et similia arte, cum per
ignem adhibitum aliquid assatur, Pepansim tacuit
60 quia calore proprio plus fit, licet circa nascentiarum
fructuumve, et similium, maturationes [l7rl3] cathaplas-
matibus regionibus et similibus utamur; hanc ergo
maturatio, quodammodo unitatur, Iste enim que nature
similes; Sunt enim tarn hee quam illo eisdem consimili-
5 busque virtutibus. Et aliter non creatur indigestione,
qualiter animalia in putrefactis nascantur, predocuit,
Quedam ergo animalia ex flegmate putrefacto in .
interioribus generantur, que quia quandoque per
vomitum eiciuntur, ea in stomacho procreari quidam
10 assebant, quos confutans Aristoteles ait: Et animal
non creatur indigestione. Id est in loco diges-
tionis, id est in stomacho. Calor enim digestioni
sufficiens, viget in stomacho. Unde et que in eo
sunt digerenda, non solum movet, set vincit et
15 digerit. Unde non fit ibi corruptio, nec ergo
putrefactio; semper enim corruptio putrefactionem
precedit. Calor ergo et que ipsum conutantur, ut
motus et ebullitio, putrefactionem excludunt.
Ceterum, epsesis rite perfecta, que nature amicum
20 nutrimento, congruum ab epate contribitur, que minus
aptum ad inferiora transmittitur. In intestinis
autem non multum indiget digestio. Unde in ipsis
quandoque fiunt predicta, precipue in illo quod
dicitur orbum vel mantica; in eo enim sola cibi
25 feculentia nature regimine destituta putredini et
fetori concessit. Unde hec animalia in eo creantur
ascenduntque quandoque ad stomachum, et sic
revinciuntur. Sic ergo maturatur in superiori
utero, putrescitque in inferiore que segregatum est.
30 Quid ergo indigestio et digestio: Hee ergo
species, si rite procedunt, per opposita procedunt,
fiunt, differuntque in modo signandi, Digestibilium
ergo quedam calore proprio extrinseco coadiuvante
digeruntur, quorum digestio pepansis dicitur; quedam
35 vero extrinseco cum proprii caloris adminiculo et
complemento, et eorum quedam calore humido digeruntur,
quorum digestio epsesis est proprieque ad elixata
pertinet, quedam calore sicco et eorum digestio
optesis nominatur. Propriaque est assatarum et
40 harum specierum digestibilia solam aptitudinem habent
ex se, non enim suapte natura ad maturitatem feruntur,
ut fructus, set per adhibita digeruntur. Fructus
vero ex se moventur, extrinseca autem iuvantur.
Quorum digestio est pepansis, que quodammodo circu-
45 laris est; cetere vero nequaquam, Hec natura magis:
Est qualitates ferunt in conmixto quolibet, hec
natura predominabitur. Hec quidem endilechia erit;
Virtutum enim et accidentium, quedam actu rebus
insunt, quedam potentia. Actu, ut sensus, digestio,
50 vegetatio, longitudo, asperitas, duritia, et similia.
Potentia, ut rationabilitas anime, caliditas igni,
que ad actum non ducuntur nisi per extrinseca. Non
enim calor set caliditas, nec ratio set rationalitas
specifice sunt ignis et anime differentia; et ita in
55 similibus. Nam humidum arido causa: Cum enim omnia
per coagulationem fieri habeant, nullumque humidum,
aridum, nec econtrario, coagulari possit, recte
utrumque alterum terminare dicitur. Virtutem huius
utrumque apparet utrumque: Id est quod ex utroque
60 compositum est. Huius apparet: Id est in hoc cedere
100
videtur, ut in hoc dominans, Utriusque; Id est cuius
eorum virtutem mixtam habuerit plus, id est in maiori
quantitate, Et in terra atque aqua: Probat terram
et aquam omnium [l7va] esse naturam. Sunt enim
animalium natura que minus videtur, et immo in hiis
tantum sunt animalia sue, scilicet materie propinque.
Notat Plato IIIIor esse animalium genera*, commemorat
5 celeste, aereum, aquaticum, terreum.2® Set sciendum
est animal de eis equivoce predicari. Celeste enim
et aereum naturalia non sunt, non enim substantia
animata sensibilis. Aristoteles de naturalibus
tantum agit, que in aqua tantum et terra sunt. Ex
10 hiis enim fiunt. Ignis enim et aer non coagulantur,
licet in igne quedam animalia aliquantulam moram
sustineant, Fiunt ergo corpora naturalia ex aqua
et terra et vapore utriusque incluso, quod ex
resolutione patet, Necesse siquidem ex humido:
15 Humidum facile cedit impressioni, et hoc molle
dicimus, Aridum resistit, et hoc durum appellatur?
et similiter ex hiis composita que dominantis
qualitatis se habent.
Quoniam quidem ad sensum, et cetera: Simpliciter
20 ad tactum: Tactu enim precipue actionem passionemque
discernimus specificas, et precipuas elementorum
qualitates cognoscimus. Animal quoque, eo constante,
101
animal est. Hiis ergo privilegiis tam actum quam
passionem, cum eorum adminiculum ad eius transferimus
25 arbitrium. Non sine coagulatione; Seorsum enim
elementis. aer suptilis, ignis subtilior, aqua
liquida, terra communitiva imprimens, circumstabunt,
et ita nec dura erunt nec mollia. Aridum ergo cum
humido conglutinatum utralibet activa proportionaliter
30 est conglutinatum.
Sunt autem causa, et cetera; Quare et coagulati-
onisi Cum enim virtus quelibet coagulat vel indurat,
eius contrarium diffundit vel humectat; contrariorum
enim contrarii sunt effectus. Horum ergo due cause,
35 Interdum enim urere dicitur; In estu enim vapores
calidi per causas in primo libro assignatas a terra
continue ascendunt; consequenter, superveniente
frigore, pori terre connivent, compressique vapores
inferius redundant. Unde inferiora terre calefiunt,
^0 Huius argumentum fontium scaturigines et puteorum,
altitudo tepida et multa similia, Addurit enim
quando frigus circumstans ut si vehementer calefactus
quis gelidarum aquarum subita multaque aspergine
perfundatur, causonidem quandoque vel effimeram aut
putridam incurrit, Certum, in fronde recenti, ex
gelu adusto congelatur humiditas, et sic nature
reg:. e destitutus, sequenti sole siccatur, multaque
102
hiuismodi circa naturalia contingunt,
Arescunt utique, et cetera* Nonnula enim causa:
50 Non ypostasym: Aque species sunt quecumque nullam vel
parvam ypostasim habent, et non tantum multam
ypostasim habentia ab aqueorum numero sunt excludenda,
set etiam quedam que nullam habent ut viscosa.
Viscositas enim si superfluat quibusdam causa est
55 quare ypostasim non habeant, ut oleo et pici. Omnis
enim eorum partes sibi coherent nec residere possunt
ut ypostasim habeant propter viscositatem. Utraque
terre calido vel ab interiore: Sive enim caliditate
sive frigiditate quid arefiat, semper in causa erit
60 caliditas* vel enim humidum arefaciat calor humorum
extrahens vel in aerem resolvens, et sic propries vel
frigore compressus, humorem exiens educet, et sic
arefaciet per [l7vb] accidens. Et enim frigiditatem:
IIIIor dicit arefieri aquam: aque species que habent
aquam superinductam; quoque habent aquam cohortam, et
hoc calido vel frigidoj qualiter autem aqua vel aque
5 species arefiant cuilibet in propatulo est, et immo
de eis tantum exemplificat. Si ergo fuerit
sequestratum humidum: Id est aqua que non de substantia
humidi, set superinducta est, arefiet frigiditate,
velud vestis madefacta gelu non detenta. Si scilicet
10 secundum se ipsum humidum, id est aqua fuerit separata
ut si comprimatur exteriori frigiditate. Calor enim
interior egreditur, secumque humiditatem educit.
Unde et ipsum sic arefit frigido, fitque hoc cum
paucum fuerit humidum. Set calor egrediens ibi
15 quoque est causa arefactionis. Vel aliters Si
fuerit. et cetera: Ut ibi agat de ipsis aque
speciebus, ostendens qualiter ipse arefiant,
Humectari ergo: Dupliciter ergo humectari
contingit, vel cum aliquid congelatum calore dissol-
20 vitur, ut glacies, lutum, et similia; vel cum
coagulatum aliquid, aliquo calore vehementi liquatur,
ut mineralia, Huius differentiam ad primam ipse
assignat, dicens: horum coagulatur infrigidatur
spiritus. Et hec vel calido vel gelido vel arido:
25 Caliditas autem et frigiditas principaliter, virtute
enim propria, hoc habent facere. Siccitas vero
humidum arefacere non potest, nisi corporis in cui
ipsum inest, id est aridi admixtione. Unde in
quibusdam terra, ut fictilibus et mineris quibusdam
30 vapor siccus, ut lapidibus preciosis, miscetur.
Quecumque vero propter infrigidationem. et cetera:
Refert enim utrum exierit tantum, aut evaporaverit,
id est utrum recedens ad horam parum, aut nichil
humiditatis consumpserit, ut glacie et similibus; an
35 totam liquiditatem, sola virtuositate relicta, totus
expirans deleverit, ut in ferro et similibus.
Quecumque namque ab arido, et cetera: Later ergo
et lapides quidam: Se a lateribus; huic obinat quod
quidam se a lateribus oleum expressuros asserunt, qui
^0 si olei ipsius generationem inspicerent, se nichil
lateribus debere scirent. Lateres ergo vehementer
igniti, in oleo extinguuntur, extrahitque et desiccat
minutim conteruntur, sublimanturque, ut rose et
similia, profluitque ab eis oleum, ut a rosis, aqua.
^5 Vehemens igitur caliditas aqueitatem olei consumit
ipsamque valde subtiliat, subtiliatumque in concavi-
tatibus a quibus aqua per decoctionem ipsius exierat,
recipit, receptumque decoquit et digerit quodammodo,
quod postea per sublimationem ad locum frigidum
50 ascendens, in naturam suam revertitur. Quod autem
penetrativum ventositatisque et nascentiarum
repressivum invenitur, accidit ei ex multa decoctione
et vaporis igniti admixtione qui a lateri ei
extinctione innascitur. Ceterum, verum penteleon
55 vel ex rupium quarumdam concavitatibus vel ex fontibus
bituminosis profluit, fitque ex vapore humido pingui
ad interiora terre recepto, qui ex loci caliditate
vel vaporis igniti admixtione, vel ex transitu super
minimam ignitam ut elkibrit. Vel ex vehementi
60 agitatione calefit, aqueitatemque omittit. Remanet
105
[l8ra] pingue et humidum, fitque oleum quod per
fontium scaturigines emanat, vel arupidus distillat.
Nigra autem est ex adustione, fetidum ex calidi
humidi coartatione. Unde et artificialiter decoctum
5 evertatur et exalat, coloremque et odorem commutat.
Fitque napta, quod etiam in aqua flammam in materia
sua conservat, nec ab ea extinguitur. Cum enim
valde siccum sit et subtile, aqua non admiscetur.
Extinguitur autem ab acceto, quoniam actualiter
10 humidum, frigidum suptile penetratumque est maxime
accetum, Albescit autem evaporante: Si que ei
accidentaliter infuit ceterum, substantialis et
componens exalare non potest propter viscositatem,
sicut dicit inferius: Et coagulatur et exalatur sicut
15 mustum; fit enim de eo cum decoquitur arob, evenitque
hoc ei contra naturam omnium aquarum, quoniam multum
terre habet admixtum. Quod autem sit aqua, probat
dicens: Nam vapor, et cetera: Accipeque large vaporem
pro alitu, scilicet, exalat enim aqua et non
20 evaporat, ut ipse dicit in capitulo de vaporativis.
At qui arefacit: Frigus arefacit primum, scilicet
convertens aqua in glaciem. Mox processu temporis in
lapides, ut apparet in cristallo. Ipse quoque in
capitulo de mineralibus asserit lapides preciosos
25 primum frigiditate, postea siccitate, congelari; et
immo nec caliditate dissolvi.
Conglutinatio, et cetera: Constat vero ab
oppositis: Quicquid aliquomodo elixari potest, constat
ex oppositis. Si enim liquidius et subtilius fiat,
30 evaporavit; vel aliquo alio modo abscessitur. Que
terreum si densius exalavit que liquidum infuit, que
si levitati concesserit, terrene feculentie admixtio
sequestrata est. Si autem ponderositati acclinius
reperiatur, exspirabit quod infuit aereum, et sic per
35 similia, Nichil enim quod undequa uniforme est,
elixatione terminatur.
Quoniam vero hec solubilia, et cetera; Velud
later: Lapides quidam admoto igne liquescunt ut illi
de quibus fit vitrum et minere; fictilia vero si plus
40 iusto coquantur, liquantur. Hoc autem contrarium
videtur ei que hie dicitur, Hii ergo lapides
solvuntur, quoniam in eis est humor unctuosus, sicut
ipse in capitulo de mineralibus asserit, ubi et eorum
compositionem docet. Suntque alii qui non solvuntur,
^5 cuius causa ibidem ostenditur, Ceterum, fictilia cum
coquantur que liquidum eis infuit exspirat. Unde in
eis pori valde ampli remanent, Viscositas autem, que
eis inest, non perfecte cum eis conglutinata est.
Unde et vehementiori calore resoluta totaliter eis
50 miscetur. Unde et pori eorum inplentur et ipsa
minorantur. Contingit enim quotiens calidum, et
cetera: Notum nullum metallorum a calido coagulari
vel ab humido liquefieri, materia vero quorundam ex
ipsis humido posset liquifieri, nisi precessisset
55 operatio caloris. Ignis enim singenea specificans
ad id quod solum coagulationem aptum est, educit,
quod frigore coagulatum [l8rl3] cum liquiditate careat,
humido liquefieri non potest. Unde dicit: Contingit
enim, et cetera: Non enim habet simbolum cum aqua.
Igitur ex aqua et terra, et cetera: Ex ipsisque
5 ei £2. vajDore: Ex ipsis, ut dictum est, constant et ex
vapore eorum intercluso, cum enim ex terra fumum est
quod fieri ut aurum vel argentum quedam partes
resoluntur in fumum, qui cum non exalet, inclusus
efficit, ut hoc in illud transformetur. Eis que ad
10 sensus propriis: Id est proprietatibus, que ad sensus,
id est que sensibus percipiuntur; sunt autem pro-
prietates ille quibus universa possunt facere quid.
Unde litera sic legitur: Differunt proprii ex quibus
proprii universa habent, posse facere aliud. Ex
15 hoc enim quod candidum aliquid est, aliquid potest
facere in sensus, scilicet dispergere visum; et sic
de aliis. Et hoc est quod dicit: Candidum. et
cetera: Sic lege: vere differunt, proprietatum sensu
perceptibilibus, quia talibus quibus sensum, id est
108
20 sensibile, est universa posse quid in sensus facere.
Ex candore enim potest candidum visum dispergere.
Et aliis magis propriis, et cetera? Sit continua, hec
differunt propriis predictis, et differunt aliis
passionibus magis propriis quam iam dicte sunt.
25 Candor enim facile alterabilis est, et odor et alia
predicta circa sua subiectaj liquibilitas vero et
coagulabilitas non. Quod enim liquabile est, semper
dum est, tale est. Similiter est in reliquis
talibus, Et hoc est quod dicit: quecumque pati
30 durur, id est quecumque ex arido et humido constant,
differunt magis propriis passionibus quam sint prius
dicte passiones.
Dicamus autem primo, et cetera: De omnibus hiis
speciebus agit, quid sint et qualiter fiant ostendens,
35 singuli tamen tractatuli de eis assignari non
poterant; agit igitur de quibusdam coniunctim.
Igitur plurima fere corporum, quasi diceret, corpora
differunt multis passionibus, set istis passionibus
corpora plurima. 'Fere' dicit non ad exclusionem,
40 set ad philosophicum temperamentum. Vel sic legatur:
Corporum fere plurima, id est non omnia, et sit ibi
fere exclusivum. Sunt enim quedam que ante naturam
sunt, ut celestia corpora, que istis passionibus non
differunt, Quam vero singulum eorum, et cetera, sic
4-5 lege: dicemus quam virtutem, id est quam substantiam,
et quam secundum substantie sue modum compositionem
singulum horum habeat, ex quo virtus cuiusque fiet
nota et manifesta. Ubi enim inferius dicet hoc est
magis terre, hoc aqua, ibi substantiam et composi-
50 tionis modum insinuat,
Incoagulabilia vero et cetera: Et siquis viscosum
quemadmodum gluten: Viscosa facile coagulantur; unde
inferius dicet lutum viscosum in lapides verti.
Set viscus non coagulatur, mutakefia enim sunt in eo.
55 Unctuositas et liquor et inseparabiliter mixta, unde
neutrum sine altero per ignem adhibitum exspirat.
Set forte ambo quia separari non possunt, vehementi
calore coexeunt, et quod remanet pulverizatur, nec
frigido viscus comprimitur, aere qui in ipso est
60 repugnante.
110
VARIANT READINGS
n vb
1-3 Titulum et Liber primus supplevi
4-5 Titulus...philosophi om. 0
7 Notandum om, 0/ Alfarabius ex Alforabius D,
Alfarabi 0
8 ait om. 0
9 actionum: accidentium 0 . .
10 et^ om, 0 / hab. set delevi pa D ante que /
prima: propria 0 / elementa: elementis 0
13 quod^ om. D
15 scilicet om. 0
17 proprietas: proprietates 0
18 comprehenditur: deprehenditur 0
23 materiam: naturam D
27 del, diversitas D post forme
30 Vel sic om. 0
45 vero om. D / del, pen D post ad
53 operantur: operentur 0
60-71 Interstitium supplevi, Tria...determinabitur
ex 0 et om. D
72-76 Naturalis,..habens: corruptus est D
76 Animalis: accidentalis[2l D
12ra
7 Ceterum ipse: Set iste D
9 0 hab. et delevi est post ut / tamen de qua del.
D post ut / ex aqua corr. marg, D de aqua 0
12rb
111
13 infinita: [?] 0
16-19 Ut...producit om. 0
17 Sic Deus non apud translationem novam
22 duo: [?] 0
22-23 id...stadium ora., in altum add. 0
23 post radiorum 0 add, que
24-28 Hoc.,.dicit om. 0
29 dominium om, 0
32 ad supplevi / cum: con 0
33 est: sit 0
36-38 Aer,,.primi om. 0
39 Interstitia in marg. D
43 utraque: utriusque 0
45 continguus om, 0
52 generatur: generantur 0 / humida: hec via D
59 ante hie add. 0 ceterum
6l-12r^J Scilicet...calor om. 0
4 terree p. transp. D aeree 0
5 aeree p. transp D terree 0
9 amoveantur corr. ex amoveamur D et om. 0
10 post omnes add. 0 et
15 possunt: possent 0
17 dico om. D et delevi post naturalia
18 Quid efficit motus marg. D
20 quoddam: quedam D
112
21 excitantur: excitentur 0
22 feruntur: ferantur 0
26 ante habent del. D a
28 igniturns ignem D
31-42 Unam.,.motu om. 0
34 Capitulum de galaxia marg. D
38 privato [_?]
45 generationem vapori ascribit: generatorum
vapor ascendere D
46 sententia: summa D
51 solus: solis D
54 quod om. 0
58 cassatum: assertum D
59 album |_?] D; assuf [?] 0
6l innascis inasci D
12va
2 aquams flitum [_?] 0
5 De nebula, pluvia, et grandine marg. D
6-12vb27 Cum...cetera om. 0
32 Unde ros marg. D
42 Unde nebula marg. D
47 Unde pluvia marg. D
i2vb
29 ceteri: ceterum 0
30 Pyrenes: Pirenes 0
32-42 dicit...movet om. 0
44 IX: XI0 D / libro om. D / ymbres: imbres 0
13
ra
l3rb
va
13
113
48-13ra33 Set,,,locus om. 0
57 post aere delevi diutinum D
37 totam: datam D
46-13vb8 Aqua-reperiuntur om. 0
47 contrarietatem corr. ex. contrarietatum D
51 Quare mare non gelatur marg. D
56 Capitulum de fluminibus ventis et maribus
marg, D
3 D hab. bis et delevi fitque aqua cuius
multitudo egrediens post ingrossatur
43 verilis corr. ex veril D
58 supra aque add. D vel
22 in supra scr. D
31 post frigido del. D a
9 De locis sulphuribus et aquis marg. D
11-12 enim...locorum om. 0
14 terre1 om, D / igitur om„ D post interioribus
15 sulphur: sulfur 0
24 igniuntur: ignitus D
33 post ex hab. lac. 0
35 aquis om. D
45 ante vapore add. 0 ex / intercluso: vitruso D
47 necessarium: necesse 0
49 Capitulum de vento marg. D
14ra
14rb
114
6l moveturs etiam moti 0
1 Liber tertius supplevi
2 Capitulum de terremotu marg. D
17 vastis: vallis D
20-42 Ventus...discussimus om. 0
45 ingurgitatur: ingurgitat D
47 descendentem vel add. D post propter
48 aeri: aeris D / humiditatem add. D post aeri
50 vehementer om. D
55 Que efficiunt terremotum marg. D
1 ut om. 0
2 exipiat: concipiat 0 / irrequietum:
inrequietum D
5 post cum om. D scilicet
6-7 fit.,,tremor om. 0
14 si: set D
15 sulphur: sulfur 0
16 affuerit: afficit D
18 Ethna: Enna 0 / eructant: eructuant D
19 post materia del. D constant
24 obtinet, et om. 0
26 caliditas om. D
28 Capitulum de alieti marg. D.
30 alieti: halileti 0
31 aut lune del. D post solis
115
33 prebebit: prestabit D
35 alieti: halieti 0 / a ora. D
37 dissolvit singulariter om. D
38 inchoatum: incoatum 0
41 Capitulum de yride marg. D
42-l^vbl4 Involuta...esse om, 0
62 in arabico: corr. ex marubico D
l^a
1 Tebustius: Q J Themistius [2]
62 accidit lee, inc.
I4vb
5 colorem corr. ex calorem D
18 circumflexionem om, 0
23 aspicientis: aspiciens D / iris: yris 0
28 et hoc fit: fitque hoc 0
30 irim om, 0
33 Alfarabius: Alforabius D Alfarabi 0
35 ante quod del. D et
36 consimilia: similium 0
^•0 consideratio: considero D / ante quo del. D in
43 libro-1 -: tractatu 0 / libro2: libri 0
45 post tribus add. P demonstrationibus
53 particulas om. D
5^ ante in del. D que
55 passionis om. D
56 phisicorum: fisicorum 0
116
58-59 Cause,,.quatuor om. sed scr. 0 scilicet
60 Sunt enim: Quia sunt P
61-63 et...iunguntur om, P
65 ante quos hab. P aut [2]
l5ra
2 phisice: fisice 0
3 phisica: fisica 0 / cum: con P
4 semper tr, post actu 0
5 mathematica: matematica D
7 phisica: fisica 0
8 debet: debeat 0
9 sensibiliums corr. ex insensibilium D, P
14 intelligentiam: intelligentias 0
16 est: sunt P / ait om. 0
17 unigena: unigenia P
18 unigena: unigeniales P / quidem om. D
19 post argentum add. P et
20 complexa: complexionis 0
22 quidem om. 0, P / unigenis: geniali [?] P
24 unigena: unigenea P
27 composita: compositio P
29-32 unigena, non-unigena: unigenea, non-unigenea P
35 superius: inferius P / caliditatem: calidi D
36 frigiditatem: frigidi D / in om, 0 /
humiditatem: humida D
37 siccitatem: sicca D
15
rb
11?
40 nons MS Urb. Lat. 206, fol, 239 om. "non"
41 terminabile om, P
44 precipua: principua P
45 utraques utralibet 0
46 tollerantia add. 0 post est
50-52 id est..,patet om. 0
53 post libro add. 0 scilicet
54 probavit: probat 0
56 fucans: confutans 0
57 rationibus om. 0, P
58 ante bene om. D et
59 diffinitionis: diffinitiones 0
60 ipsa est om, D
61 est2: bis D
64 dumtaxat: totam D
1 hec: hoc 0, P
2 hec: hoc P
3 hec fundamenta: hoc fundamentum 0
4 reflexio: inflexio P
6 passiva: activa 0 / vel activa om, 0
8 De corruptione marg. D
13 activarum: astutiarum D aquarium P
16 contradictione: contradictionem 0
19 De generatione marg. D
24 fit in: et P
118
25 P add. et post augmentum
26 esse add. 0 ante species
27 species add. 0 post sunt
29 predicamentis locutus: predictis loqutus P
30 motores potentia: motio [?J prima 0 / Ipse:
semper P
31 et permutationem: permutationemque 0
32 sit: sint 0
33-37 Id.,.passiones om. 0
33 equalitate: qualitate P
35 passivas: passive P
37 sustinentia: subsistentia P
38 Antipophora: antipofora 0, antiphora P
39 Aristoteles om. D
41-42 activis...materia om. P
44 producentur: preducentur 0, predominentur P
48-53 Quoniam...generatio om. 0
51 esset: esse P
54 vel passive pm„ 0
55 eatenus: eatenis P / activa: activas 0
56 vincant: ea vincat P
58 vincant om. D / alia om, 0
59 molinsis: lac. P
60 post si del, a D / post activa add. 0 ad /
non: ut P
61 post materiam delevi b D / secundum partem
om, 0
15va
119
63 quasi*, quidem 0, P
66 composita: non 0 / generatio add. ante, ilia
post est 0
67 generatur corr. ex generantur D
67-70 Non,,,similia in ras, P
70 augmentativa generatio: augmentatio 0
72 est add. 0 post alia
5 post simplicia add. 0 id est
8 non: autem D
9 post exequi add. 0 presens/'est presentis
operis: exigit opus 0
11 viderentur: videretur 0, P
16-21 Remc..inducitur in marg. et non leg. 0
17 cetera: sunt P
18 primum: premis P
19 educit: inducit P
20 humectantem: humiditatem P
21 ariditas inducitur: ariditatem ducitur P
24 fieret: fieri P
25 finis: quia si P
27-33 Quasi...causa om. 0
32 vero: non P
34 corruptio: corruptum D / vincit: viderit P
36 contenti virtutes: contente virtutis P
37 proprietates: proprietatis P / in: ita 0
38 eicit,..illius om. P, illius om. 0
120
40 optinet: obtinet 0
41 virtutes: virtutum P / illic add, post
virtutes 0
43 est hie om. P
43-45 Id...virtutum om. P
45 quarum: et qualiter D
47 In,..corruptis om. P
48 potest tr. P post suo
49 in: et P
50 Id est om. 0, P
51 depascitura: lac. P / consumpta: consumptas P
53-55 Non.,.sic om. 0
54 pro continente: quod continens P
57 vero: namque 0
58 communis id est: Id est passio D / geliditate:
congelutate P
60 propria om. P / aeris: aeri P
61-63 calore.,.deficiente om, P
65 magis vigoris: maior vigoris P, maior humoris 0
68-15vb4 Scilicet...temporibus om, 0
5
Dieresis: Diciesie P
7
denotat bis D
8 nimium: multum 0, P
9
vel pretendit om. D
10 resistitur: resistit P
12 turn: tunc 0
13
17
18
20
24
25
28
31
33
36
38
39
40-43
•44
46
47
48
50
52
56
59
60
63
121
propters ob 0, P
calidum: calido P
corruptio: corruptione P
Quid putrefactio marg. D
demum om. 0, P
eum: ipsum 0, P / putrescere: putresceret P
Inferior siquidem om. 0
enim add. P post calor
scilicet add. 0 post igne / verum: non D
tam alterabilis: tamquam facile 0 / vento:
est non eo P
quod ipsas quoniam ipsam 0, quoniam ipsa P
dico quod: dicite quia 0
Id...ostendit om. 0
Quare animalia putridum innascantur marg. D
animalia: animalis D, P / innascantur:
abascuntur P
disgregans: digestio 0
post victus add. 0 ab, P cum / humiditas:
humiditatis P
declinat post calor 0 / quidem: quid D
animalia: animata D
tenuem: tenueus P
animal: alitus D
constare: distare P
dicere: id est reliquum est dictum 0
l6ra
122
2 ex3 - om. D
3 inquam corr. ex inqua D
6 scilicet: vel D / nec: ut D
7 fere om. D
8 notat: notandum ace [?J 0
14 passiva: passio P / hiis: eis P
22 cibus: cibi 0 / humor: humorum 0
2? De digestio marg. D
28-31 Id...eis om. 0
33 promptior: ponicior D
34 ante quod add. P per
35 digestionem: digestio 0
36 multa: plurima P
37 coaduvant: coadunant D / calorem om. P
42 quidem: qualis P / ea que: illud quod P
45 habent: habens P
47 nota: nomina D
48 fimera: unica D / digestio: digestionem quod
P / est multiplex om. P
49 enim add. 0 ante que
51 digeruntur: eligentum [?] P
52 quod...est: que conalteretur est finis eorum P
54 vero om. 0
55-56 determinat...scilicet om. D
58 alterius om. 0
6l in aliam om. 0
123
63 nature om, P
64 est: sit P
65 alia om, 0
66 ad: ut P
68 phisicis: phisica a 0
I6rb
1 Quid natura marg, D
2 omnis: quelibet 0, P
5 sunt om, D
6 id est: et D / densiora: dempsiora P
10 suptilius: subtilius 0
12 crassescit: gelascescit D
14 crassiora: grossiora D / itaque: natura P
18 aut: aud [jj 0
22 post urina add. P multa [2]
24-28 Id...est om, 0
27 humores: humore P
28 eductioni habilis: eductionem habens P
33 post quotiens add. 0 nimia
35 densitatem: dempsitatem P
36 De indigestione marg. D
38-42 Quasi...eis om. 0
43 Pepansis marg. D
45 congruum: congrui D
47 al del, post fructificant D
48 que seminata: qui seminati 0, que seminati P /
124
48 fructificant: fructificabant P
51 quia: quare P
52 seminarentur: minaretur P
53 tunc, ora, P
54 nutrimentum: nutriraenta 0 / huius: hiis 0
55 fructificatione corr. ex fructificatio D /
id est add, ante cum2 0 / ex om. P
56 semine,. .fructus om, P / procreari: procutariP
57 quod: quia 0
58-60 Sicut...generare pm, 0
61 ante in add. 0 id est
62 sufficiens: efficiens P
63 aerearum: aeriarum D / eius: ei D
l6va
2 dura: una P
3 ante exalare add. P exabite
5 exalantem: exalantum est P
6 comprimente: comprimentem D
9 nichil aereum ubi: nil preter aerium 0 / P
add, preter et om. ubi
11 aqueum: equ D / aereo: aere P
14 Apostemata: aposteumata P
15 grossa: c°ssa 0
17 guttas: guttis 0, P
19 Aquee: aque P / terree: terre P
23 omotes lac. P / vel om. P
24 aeree: aeris P
l6vb
125
25 transrautants permutat 0, P
26 in post Vel P
27 indigestio: digestio P / eorum: illorum 0
31 spirituali: spirituales P
32 aquea om. P / in: inter P
33 aereos aqueo D, aqueos terreo D / constantis
constant P
34 dirigenda supra scr. 0
35 nimimum: minus 0, mutis, P / calor add, post
eficit P
37 deficit: defecit 0
38 eius quoque propria: illius ergo proprie 0
39 aqueam: earn 0, P
40 si: sic P
43-49 Id,..habet om. 0
44 post humiditatis add. P: Quare id est
humiditas est indeterminata
46 est bis et delevi D
47 Id...calore bis et delevi D
51 et,: id est 0 / et^ om. 0 / remotam: remotum 0
52 quemdam: quendam 0, quam P / modum: aliquid P
54 couniri: communius P / id est^- om. P /
constare: stare P
57 id est: enim P
5 purior: clarior 0 / manet: remanet 0, P
6 clarior: purior 0
7
■ 14
11
13
15
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
29
30
33
3 6
37
elixationems elixationi 0 / sufficit:
sufficienter P
Id...est om. 0
aereum: corr. ex aerium D / ante in2 add.
P quod
assantur om. P
frigatur: perfrigatur 0
supereminenti: supereminenta 0
alia: ilia 0 / se quoniam: quern P
calore: calor P
tamen: cum D
indiget: indigi P
qua: quam P / coquat: qui ubi P / infuit:
fuit P / attractiva: attracta 0, P
manet: namque P / condensatur: conservatur D
condensatur: conservatur D
non: nec P
ibique: ibiquod 0 / hac: ac 0 / multiplicatur
multiplicatus 0 7 Post multiplicatur add. P
dictum est inferiores partes humidiores quam
extrinsece elixatis aut contra [?] fit
post humidiores del. D expellitur...attractio
quod bis est; vide infra 33-36
In,..fit om. P
aliquid om. P
quod contradicit om. P
scilicit: videlicit 0
intrinsece: extrinsece P
Id,..siccus om. 0
17
ra
127
46 post quia add. P cum
51 post musti P lac, et verba in ras. hab.
53 Id est quecumque om. P
54 possint: queant 0, P
56 quedam: quidam D / quidem: quidam D / non om.
D ante tamen
57 cum bullitur: conbullitur P / modo del, post
tantum D
58 modo om. D
59 cum bulliuntur: conbulliuntur P
60 vel: et D
5 liquidiora: liquidata P
6 dicitur: scilicet P
7 illorums eorum 0
11 disgregata corr. ex disgregatam D
12-13 densari...est2: densari hoc enim P
12 hec: hoc P
13 sicut: sic tamen P
15 intelligenda: intellecta P
16 compositio om, 0 / facta: factas P
17 set eiusdem bis 0 / ac: ut 0 / si add, ante
dicatur 0
20 elixarentur in eadem: elixantur et eandem P /
quanta, tatem P
21 accipiat: accipias 0
22 appendit: apprehendit P
24-30 Scilicit...digerit om. P
128
24 caliditatis: caliditas P
27 est1: causa P
28 est add, ante quam P
29 redigerende: rei eligente P / facerit: facit P
30 ut: et D
32 illam: ipsam 0, P
33 fluidam: frigidam P / qua: aqua P
34 opilat: conpilat P
35 ilia: ipsa 0
36 humiditate: humiditatem P
37 totoque: tota que 0 / extrahente: attraente 0
38 educta: eiecta 0, electiva P
39 ante de add. P scilicet / facili: difficili P
40 quod: quedam P
41 frustum: frustrum vel frustra scilicet camis
add. P / duo in causa sunt: in duo in earn
sunt P
44 digerendo: digerenda 0
50 adhibite: adibite P
51 nixa: nixta P / natura: non P
52 elivat: eliceat D / Epsesis: optesis P
53 humido: et similia P
54 cibi: cum P
55 ante Arte add. P id est
56 calefacientis: calefacientes 0 / quid: lec.
inc. 0 / quidem om, 0, P
57 natura om, P set hab.: quoque in quod
17
rb
129
59 Pepansim tacuiti lac, P
1 cathaplasmatibus: cartaplasmatibus 0, cata-
plasmantibus P
2 utamur: itatur P
3 maturatio: maturatem P
^-5 Sunt...indigestione om, 0
7 ergo om. 0, enim P
10 assebant: asserebant 0, ascribant P
12 digestioni: digestio 0
13 et que: eque P
16 corruptio: corruptionem P / putrefactionem
scr. ex putre D, put0 0, putrefactio P
17 conutantur: concomitantur D
19 epsesis: epsesi 0 / rite: vite D / amicum:
omni P
20 contribitur: attribitur 0 / que: ei quod et P
22 indiget: viget 0, om. P
23 quandoque: quoniam P
2^ orburn: orbus 0, lac. P
25 feculentia: luculentia D / post nature add.
P non / destituta: desiccata D
27 ascenduntque: ascendit que 0, ascenditque P /
quandoque: quoniam P
29 putrescitque: putrefit quern 0 / que: quod P
32 in modo: quemodo P / signandi om, 0
33 extrinseco om, 0
3^ digestio om. P
35 proprii: proprio P
39 a del, post est D / assatarums assatorum 0
40 digestibilias digestibilium P
41 suapte: sua parte P
43 extrinseca: extrinsecus 0, P
46-47 Est...predominabitur om. 0
46 qualitates ferunt: qualitatis fuerunt P /
quolibets quodlibet P
49 ut sen suss ve infra [_?] P
51 rationabilitas: rationalitas 0
53 rationalitas om. P
55-58 Gum,..dicitur om. 0
56 P add, aut post humidum
57 aridum nec [?J in ras. P
6l Utriusque: utriuslibet 0 / cuius: eius 0
61-63 Id...quantitate om. P
63-17va3 Probat...propinque om. 0
2 natura: materia D / que: quod P
3 propinque: propinqua P
4 Notum: om. 0, Notum P
6 ante est add. P quod
8 Aristoteles om. P / 0 add, autem ante de
9 tantum2 om. P
11 moram om. P
15 impressioni: impressionem P
16 durum: dupliciter P
17
18
20
23
24
26
27
29
30
32
33
35
38
39
40
42
43
45
48
52
55-57
59
60
131
composita: componitur P / que: scilicet 0,
secundum P
qualitatis: qualitates 0
enim om. P
est om, P / privilegiis: privilegius P
adminiculum in ras, P
suptilis: subtilis 0, P
circumstabunt: circonstabunt P
utralibet om, D
conglutinatum: coagulatum 0
coagulat: coagulatur P / indurat: inducat P
vel: et 0, P
vapores: vapore P
connivent in ras. P
inferiora: superiora P
post fontium add. P et
quando: queque D, quecunque P / circumstans:
circonstans P
quis: aliquis 0 / aspergine: aspersione P
fronde: fonte P
circa: contra D / contingunt: contingit P
delevi h post ypostasim D
ut,.,habeant om. P
quid arefiat: ad se P / erit om, P set hab,
fiunt [?] post semper / preter add, post
causa P
arefaciat: arefaciet 0
132
62 humorems humore P
l?vb
2 que: quoque P
^ aqua om. D
5 cuilibet [?J 0
6 eis: aliis 0
7 est add, post non P
8 arefiet: arefierit 0
9 velud: velut P, lac. hab. 0 / vestis: vectis
D / detenta: distenta 0
9-10 Si scilicet secundum se ipsum ex 0, D hab. lac.
et P om. istam locutionem
11 si comprimatur ex 0, D hab. lac, et P om. istam
locutionem / Calor enim: calorque D, calor P
13 post cum add. P plus
15-17 Vel...arefiant om. 0
17 P om. ipse
19 P add. , aliquod ante calore
21 aliquid: aliquod 0, om. P
23 horum: horumque 0
27 nisi: nec P / in om. 0t inest P / cui: cum P
28 in: et 0
32 refert: refertur P
33 recedens: recendens P
3^ consumpserit: consumperint P / an: autem P
36 in ferro: infrigido P
38 Se a lateribus om, 0 / huic obinat: hie obiciat
D , hie obinet P
133
I8ra
39 oleum expressuros: causam expressimus D,
olei P
40 si olei: solis D
43 minutim: frustatem D
48 decoquit: decoquid 0
51 penetrativum: peccatumque P
53 qui a: quia P / a lateri ei: alius lateris 0
54 0 add, eis post extinctione / verum; vero P /
penteleon: petoleo 0, peneleon P
55 rupium: ruppium P / concavitatibus:
concavitate P
58 vaporis: vapore P
59 elkibrit: D hab. lac., verbum arabicum =
sulphur
60 aqueitatemque P om. -que / ergo add. P post
Remanet
4 artificialiter: artificialis non P
5 evertatur: everitat P
6 in^ om. D
9 acceto: aceto 0
10 suptile: subtile 0
11 9. °131» accetum
11-14 Si,..inferius om. 0
15 fit: querit P / decoquitur: dequoquitur P /
arob: verbum arabicum [2] = residuum [?]
18 Accipeque: accipit ergo P
21 Frigus arefacit om. 0 / primum: primo 0
22 aqua: p aquam D / Mox in ras. 0
l8rb
134
23 ut add, post temporis P / quoque om. P
25 primum om. P / postea: consequenter 0
30 aliquo om. P / abscessitur: albescit D
31 densius: dempsius P / que1*2: quod P / infuit:
infuerit P
32 feculentie: fertilentie D
33 post penderositati scr. D set delevi au
35 undequa om. D, undeque P / est: erit 0
39 vero: quoque 0
kl que: quod P
45 post ibidem add, quoque 0, P
46 que: quod P / post infuit add. P et
50 inplentur: implentur 0
52 Notum: et nota 0
53-54 Materia...liquifieri om. D, P
55 singenea: singeneam P / specificans:
specificas D
56 ad om. 0
5-9 Ex,..formetur om. 0
6 fumurn [?] D, P
12 quid: quidam P
14 aliud: aliquid 0
16 facere: ferre P
19 sensu: sensui P
20 facere: ferre P
22-23 propriis...differunt om. P
135
28 est3 om, P
33-36
De,,.coniunctim om, 0
35
tractatuli: tractandi P
36
igitur de: inde P
42 exclusivum: exclusive P
46 compositionem: compositum P
47 habeat: autem P
48 Ubi: ut P
52 Viscosa: unctuosa D
53
viscosum: unctuosum D
54 mutakefie: muta cefia P
59
ipso: eo 0, P
FOOTNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION, PART Is
THE LIFE AND THE WRITINGS OF ALFRED OF SARESHEL
1, S. D, Wingate, The Mediaeval Latin Versions of the
Aristotelian Scientific Corpus, with Special
Reference to the Biological Works (London, 1931),
p.98, n.7. In this very useful study Miss
Wingate observes: "Alfredus is among the most
elusive of mediaeval writers, if only because of
the Protean forms under which his name appears.
His surname is found as Sarchel, Sareshel,
Sarewell, and in many other variations of
spelling, and it has not yet been successfully
identified with any known English place-name.
The variations on 'Alfredus* are no less numerous,
and were the cause of considerable confusion."
Cf. p.99» n.10. Josiah C. Russell, Dictionary of
Writers of Thirteenth Century England (London,
1936), p,19» seems to have solved this riddle;
also see my discussion p.13*
2, Eduard H.F. Meyer, ed., Nicolai Damasceni: De
plantis (Leipzig, 18^1), p.3.
3, Charles Homer Haskins, Studies in the History of
Medieval Science (2nd. ed., Cambridge, Mass.,
1927), p.125. Cf. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin
Versions, p.55.
Clemens Baeumker, ed., Des Alfred von Sareshel
(Alfredus Anglicus) Schrift De motu cordis.
Beitrage zur Geschichte der Philosophie des
Mittelalters. XXIII (Munster, 1923). 11.
5. Thomas Wright, ed., Alexandri Neckams De naturis
rerum (London, I863), p.XII. Cf. Baeumker, Die
Stellung des Alfred von Sareshel (Alfredus
Anglicus) und seiner Schrift De motu cordis in der
Wissenschaft des beginnenden XIII. Jahrhunderts.
Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften, IX (Miinchen, 1913). 28.
6. Meyer, De_ plantis, p.3*
7. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.59.
136
Haskins, Medieval Science, p.124,
Ibid., pp.124-25. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin
Versions, p.98. Josiah C. Russell, "Hereford and
Arabic Science in England about 1175-1200," Isis,
XVIII, 1 (1932), 15. Antoine Thomas, "Roger
Bacon et les etudiants espagnols," Bulletin
Hispanique, VI (1904), 24-25, cites the gloss.
Baeumker, De motu cordis, p.l.
Wright, De naturis rerum. pp.IX-XI.
R.W. Hunt, "English Learning in the Late Twelfth
Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical
Society. XIX (1936), 20.
Wright, De naturis rerum, p.XII.
Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, p.33.
Ibid., p.48.
Baeumker, De. motu cordis, p.VIII,
Wright, De. naturis rerum, P.XII.
Russell, "Hereford and Arabic Science," p.18,
Ludwig Baur, ed., Die philosophischen Werke des
Robert Grosseteste. Bischofs von Lincoln.
BeitrSge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des
Mittelalters. IX (Mtfnster, 1912), 280, 378, 599.
Richard C, Dales, "Robert Grosseteste's Scientific
Works," Isis. LII (1961), 382.
Baur, Die philosophischen Werke. p.68. Cf,
Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.71.
Martin Grabmann, Forschungen tiber die lateinischen
Aristotelestibersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts.
Beitrage, XVII (Miinster. 1916), 48-49.
Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben (3 vols,,
Mtinchen, 1926-1956)TlI, 192.
Franz Pelster, "Neuere Forschungen tiber die
Aristotelesiibersetzungen des 12. und 13. Jahr-
hunderts," Gregorianum, XXX (1949), 50-51.
Cf. Grabmann, Mittelalterliche lateinische
Aristotelesubersetzungen und Aristoteleskommentare
in Handschriften spanischer Bibliotheken.
Sitzungsberichte, V (Mtinchen, 1928)", 46-51.
Also see below footnote II, 1.
Dales, "R. de Staningtona: An Unknown Writer of
the Thirteenth Century," Journal of the History
of Philosophy, IV (1966),' 206" .
J.S. Brewer, ed., Fr. Rogeri Bacon: Opera Quaedam
Hactenus Inedita (London, 1859), P.91. The text
reads: Alii vero qui infinita quasi converterunt
in Latinum ut Gerardus Cremonensis, Michael Scotus,
Aluredus Anglicus, Hermannus Alemannus, et trans
lator Meinfredi nuper a domino rege Carolo
devicti; hi praesumpserunt innumerabilia trans-
ferre, sed nec scientias nec linguas sciverunt,
etiam non Latinum. Cf. p.471,
Ibid., p.471. William's name first appears in
the Compendium Studii Philosophiae.
Ibid., p.472. Roger Bacon's polemic runs as
follows: "Unde Michaelus, sicut Heremannus,
retulit, nec scivit scientias neque linguas, Et
sic de aliis. Maxime iste Willielmus Flemingus,
qui nunc floret. Cum tamen notum est omnibus
Parisius literatis, quod nullam novit scientiam
in lingua Graeca, de qua praesumit. Et ideo omnia
transfert falsa et corrumpit sapientiam Latinorum
.... Omnes autem alii ignoraverunt linguas et
scientias et maxime hie Willielmus Flemingus, qui
nihil novit dignum neque in scientiis neque in
linguis; tamen omnes translationes factas
promisit immutare et novas cudere varias. Sed
eas vidimus et scimus esse omnino erroneas et
vitandas."
Opus Ma.jus. ed., Bridges (Oxford, 1897-1900), I,
67. "Solus Boethius primus interpres novit
plenarie potestatem linguarum. Et solus dominus
Robertus, dictus Grossum Caput, novit scientias."
Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, pp.23-24.
For the probable chronological order of Alfred's
works see my discussion below, pp.30-35.
139
See Haskins, Medieval Studies, pp.272-80 for an
excellent discussion of the dates of Scot’s
writings and cf. the unsatisfactory attempt by
Wingate to date his translation of De_ animalibus
for 1200-10, Mediaeval Latin Versions, pp.65, 76
and cf, my discussion pp. 18-19.
See above note 28 for Roger's vicious attack on
William of Moerbeke,
Brewer, Opera, p.472. Although Bacon claims that
Saracens did all the work for the translators in
Spain, the latter are nevertheless blamed for the
poor quality of the translations.
Meyer, De. plantis, p.23. Of course Alfred has
Latinized beleno to belenum. Cf, E.S. Forster,
tr., D£ plantis, The Works of Aristotle, W.D. Ross,
gen. ed., VI (Oxford, 1913). 821*33.
E.J. Holmyard and D.C. Mandeville, eds., Avicennae,
De congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, being
sections of the Kitab al-Shifa (Paris, 1927),
p.47. The editors read the Latinized form as
arenorum in the genitive, but MS Urb, Lat., 206,
fol. 254r has aronarum or arovarum, while MS
Escorial F. II, 4, fol. 31lr has aravarum.
Bridges, Opus Ma.jus, III, 82.
Brewer, Opera, p.91.
See below, l4va, 7-9.
See below, l4va, 49-51.
Daniel A. Callus, "The Introduction of Aristotelian
Learning at Oxford," Proceedings of the British
Academy. XXIX (1943), 236-37.
Russell, "Hereford and Arabic Science," pp.14-25.
Ibid., p.19.
Russell, Dictionary, p.19.
Ibid., p.19. Professor Clagett who kindly checked
this reference for me at the British Museum
writes: "Professor Russell is quite correct, it
reads 'magister Alvredus de Sarutehill or
Sarntehill;' I have found both a "u" and an "n"
that resemble the disputed letter.”
Ibid.. p.19.
Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, pp.98-99» nn. 7,
10. After listing the variations on the names
"Alfred" and "Sareshel," Miss Wingate concluded
that Sareshel is probably the old English surname,
Saresell.
See text, below, fol. l4va7-9.
Among the MSS, Biblioth&que Nationale, lat, 6325.
Reims, cod. 682, listed by Grabmann, Forschungen,
p.179, Nurnberg, MS Cent, V, 59. listed by
Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, p. 34, where this
colophon is found, we can add MS Supra Selden, 24.
Holmyard, Mandeville, De^ congelatione. In their
introduction to the edition there is a discussion
of the reasons why this superb treatise was
believed to have been of Aristotelian authorship.
For a detailed analysis of the ?”thenticity of
Book IV of the Metheora see Victor C.B. Coutant,
Alexander of Aphrodisias: Commentary on Book IV of
Aristotle's Meteorologica (Ph.D. dissertation,
Columbia University, 193^). pp.7-24. Cf. H.D.P.
Lee, ed,, Aristotle: Meteorologica (London, 1952),
pp.IX-XXV; and especially the masterful discussion
of Ingemar During, Aristotle's Chemical Treatise
Meteorologica. Book IV (Goteborgi 1944), 17-26,
Alexander of Aphrodisias also believed that
Book IV of the Metheora belonged more properly to
the De generatione et corruptione: "Quartus
inscriptus Aristotelis Meteorologicorum est quidem
Aristotelis, non tamen meteorologici negotii: non
enim illius propria quae dicuntur in ipso; magis
autem, quantum ad ea quae dicuntur, esse utique
consequens his quae De Generatione et Corruptione."
Quoted from A.J. Smet, ed., Alexandre d*Aphrodisias:
Commentaire sur les Meteores d'Aristote (Louvain,
1968), p.281.
Lee, Meteorologica. p.289, 378^5.
Holmyard, Mandeville, Die congelatione, pp.1-4,
F.H. Fobes, "Medieval Versions of Aristotle's
Meteorology," Classical Philology, X (1915), 300,
141
55. Holmyard, Mandeville, De congelatione, p,10,
56. George Sarton, Introduction to the History of
Science (Baltimore, 1931), II, ii, 511.
57. Ibid., p.515.
58. Meyer, De plantis.
59. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.56.
60. Grabmann, Forschungen, p.184. Baeumker, Stellung
des Alfred, p.33 and Haskins, Medieval Studies,
p.128, follow Meyer in calling De plantis
pseudo-Aristotelian.
61. Sarton, History of Science, II, ii, 561, Cf,
Aristoteles Latinus (Roma, 1939), I» 91.
62. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.64,
63. George Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora," BeitrSge
zur Geschichte der Philosoohie und Theologie des
Mittelalters,' Suppl. Ill (Munster, 1935), 463,
64. A.C. Crombie, Medieval and Early Modern Science
(2 vols,, Garden City, N.Y., 1959)» I» 147.
65. H. Omont, "Recherches sur la Biblioth&que de
l'eglise cathedrale de Beauvais," Memoires de
1'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.
XL (Paris, 1916), 48, n o 1347
66. Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora," p.464,
67. Ibid., p.464, Cf. Aristoteles Latinus, I, 238.
68,. See the text below l4ra, 40-42,
69. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, pp.65-66.
70. Ibid., p.76.
71. For a discussion of Alfred's use of untranslated
Arabic works see below, pp.35-39.
72. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.100, n. 33.
73. Baeumker, D£ motu cordis.
142
74. Baeumker, Stellung des Alfredus Anglicus.
75. Ibid.. p.48.
76. Ibid., pp.33-3^.
77. Sarton, History of Science, II, ii, 520.
78. Baeumker, De motu cordis, p.XVIII,
79. Callus, "Introduction of Aristotelian Learning,"
p.238.
80. Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II, 192.
FOOTNOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION, PART IIs
ALFRED'S COMMENTARY ON THE METHEORA
1, Auguste Pelzer, "Une source inconnue de Roger
Bacon: Alfred de Sareshel, commentateur des
Meteorologiques d’Aristote," Archivum Franciscanum
Historicum. XII (1919)» 44-67.
2. Ibid., p.4-4.
3* Ibid., p.45.
4-. Ibid., p.6l.
5. Grabmann, Mittelalterliche lateinische Aristoteles
ubersetzungen und Aristoteleskommentare in
Handschriften spanischer Bibliotheken. Sitzungs-
berichte, V (Munchen, 1928), 46-51. Cf,
Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II,
138-82; Pelster, "Neuere Forschungen," pp.50-51.
6. Grabmann, Lateinische Aristotelesubersetzungen,
P.50.
7. Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora," p.467.
8. Ibid.. p.467.
9. Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben. II,
138-82.
10, Grabmann, Lateinische Aristotelesubersetzungen,
P.50.
11, Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II, 143.
12. Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora," p.465, n. 14.
Cf. Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II,
138-82; Dales, "R. de Staningtona.”
13. Wingate, Mediaeval Latin Versions, p.92, n. 22.
14, Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora."
15. See the text below llv^60-71.
143
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
144
Aristoteles Latinus, I, 366.
Ibid., pp.398-99.
For a list of the numerous MSS which have this
colophon, see above n. 49.
For a detailed discussion of "tria ultima
capitula" = De mineralibus, see above, pp.13-15.
Aristoteles Latinus, II, 133°» lists over one-
hundred Translatio Vetus MSS of the Metheora, all
of which contain Alfred's addition of De
mineralibus.
MSS: Urb. Lat. 206, fol. 253rs Bodleian, C.C.C.
C.114, fol. 110v; Bodleian, C.C.C. D.lll, fol.
227v; Bodleian, Selden Supra 24, fol. 113r;
Escorial, F. II, 4, fol. 309v.
Aristoteles Latinus, I, 398.
MS Selden Supra, 24, fols. 85v» 107v» and others.
See the text below l4va7-9.
See the text below 13r' a32; 13r^7> 13va29» 14V^51.
For a more detailed discussion of Alfred's
dedication of De plantis to Roger of Hereford,
see above pp,2^f.
See the text below, l4ra40-42.
A marginal note in an unmarked codex of
Aristotelian MSS at the John Walter's Library
in Baltimore accompanies a Greek-Latin version
of De_ generatione corruptione: "Liber Aristotelis
translatus ab Henrico Aristippo de greco in
latinum, correctus et per capitula distinctus a
magistro Alvredo de Sares(hel), secundum commentum
Alkindi super eundem librum." See above p.17-18.
Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, p.26; Wingate,
Mediaeval Latin Versions, pp.58, 66.
In the text below there is no hint that Alfred
commented upon De^ plantis which may be subsequent
to the Metheora.
14.5
31.
Baeumker, De motu cordis.
32. Ibid.
33.
Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, p.33. cf. Haskins,
Medieval Studies, p.129.
3^.
Grabmann, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben, II, 192.
35.
My reasons for suggesting these dates follow
clearly in the first case, while the second is
highly conjectural, but not unlikely. See my
discussion pp.3-6 for the date of Alfred's
dedication of De plantis to Roger of Hereford.
36. See my discussion above, pp.2-6.
37.
See the text below, 11^7, l4vb33.
38. See the text below, 15ral6; 15vb21; 15vb29.
39.
See the text below, 15vb6l.
40. See the text below, 15ra65.
41. See the text below, 12^43; 12vb45; 13ra3.
42. See the text below, 17va4.
^3.
See the text below, 12rb12j 13^18; 13va7s 15ra53,
58, 66i 15vb62.
44. See the text below, l$ra66.
45.
See the text below, l4va36; 15ra66.
46. See the text below, 15ra2.
47. See the text below, 15rb29.
48. See the text below, 13ra32; 13rb7; 13va29.
49. Lacombe, "Alfredus in Metheora," p.467.
50. See the text below, l4vb51.
51.
See the text below l4rb52, 63,
52. Baeumker, Stellung des Alfred, p.52, et passim.
146
53.
See the text below, l4va2.
54. See the text below, 11 Vb6; I4vl333.
55.
See FOOTNOTES TO THE LATIN TEXT, nn. 1, 14.
56. See the text below, 12ra22,
57.
See the text below, 13vl3l.
58. See the text below, l4va49.
59.
See the text above, p.9*
60. Smet Commentaire, p.XI.
61. Moritz Steinschneider, Die arabischen Ueber
setzungen aus dem Griechischen. Beiheft XII
(Graz, 1893, rep,Graz, i960), p.59* "Der
Kommentar des Alexander wurde zuerst ins Arabische,
dann ins Syrische und daraus wieder arabisch von
ibn Adi iibersetzt,
62, See the text below, 15ral6; 15v^21{ 15v^29,
63, See the text below, l4va2,
64, See the text below, l6rb22.
65, Alexandre Birkenmajer, "Le role joue par les
medecins et les naturalistes dans la rlception
d’Aristote aux XIIe et XIIIe siecles," La
Pologne au congres international d*Oslo, 1928
(Varsovie, 1930), pp.k-5.
FOOTNOTES TO THE LATIN TEXT
1, Angel Gonzales Palencia, ed., Al-Farabi; Catalogo
de las Ciencias (2nd, ed,, Madrid, 1953)» p.162.
The text in the translation of Gerard of Cremona
reads: "Et quarta est inquisitio de principiis
accidentium et pasionum que propria sunt elementis
solum sine compositis ab eis, Et est in primis
tribus tractatibus libri impresionum superiorum."
2, Albumasar, Introductorium in Astronomiam, ed,,
Jacobus Pentius Leucensis TVenice, 1506), Bk, 3»
c, 5, "De causa accessus et recessus."
3, The Works of Aristotle, translated into English,
vol. II containing De generatione et corruptione,
by Harold H. Joachim (Oxford, 1930J7 Bk, III, c. 3*
4. A.E. Housman, ed,, M. Annaei Lucani; Bellum
civile (Oxford, 1950) t T T T ^ Z Z .
5. Ibid., Ill, 68.
6. Ibid.. X, 289.
7.. Meyer, De plantis. p.33 10; Bekk., 825a20,
8. Ibid., p.27, 25* Bekk., 822b27.
9. De generatione et corruptione, 337al»
10. Ibid.
11. Meyer, De plantis, p.30, 21; Bekk., 824a ,n.
12. Albumasar, Introductorium, fol. 21v. The text in
the 1506 Venice edition reads: "Philosophus autem
mensus est terre vapores a superficie eius non
plus quam 17 stadiis exaltari. Stadium vero
quadringentorum cubitorum que sunt duo miliaria et
unum stadium que cum ita sint que tanta lune
terresque vicinia que hie ait: naturam lune terre
vaporibus infici."
13. Since there is no discussion of colors in
Aristotle's Physica, this reference must be a slip,
or possibly a reference to another Physica.
147
Palencia, Catalogo, pp.162-63, The text in the
Gerard of Cremona translation reads: "Et quinta
est consideratio in corporibus compositis ah
elementis et quod ex eis sunt que sunt similium
partium et ex eis que sunt diuersarum partiumj et
quod ex eis que sunt similium partium, sunt que
sunt partes ex quibus componuntur ea que sunt
diuersarum partium, sicut caro et os, et ex eis
sunt que penitus non sunt partes corporis naturalis
diuersarum partium, sicut sal et aurum et argentum.
Deinde consideratio in eo in quo communicant
corpora composita omnia, Deinde consideratio in
eo in quo communicant composita similium partium
omnia, siue sint partes corporis compositi
diuersarum partium, aut non partes: hoc est in
tractatu quarto libri impresionum superiorum."
See pp. 13-15 for a discussion of De mineralibus.
The Works of Aristotle, vol. II containing Physica,
by R.P, Hardie and R.K. Gaye (Oxford, 1930),
Bk, II, c, 1, seems to have been Alfred's reference
for this explanation.
A.J. Smet, ed., Alexandre d'Aphrodisias: Commentaire
sur les Meteores d’Aristote (Louvain, 1968), p.283.
The text reads: "Ignis enim congenea invicem
congregat et coniungit, emittens ex ipsis et
segregans omne alienum; proprium enim ignis hoc,
utputa aurum alienum quidem abicit, sive argentum
sive aes fuerit, unit autem et copulat partes
ipsius incivem, Frigidum autem non homogenea
solum, sed et non homogenea congregat." Also cf.
p.284, where the text reads: "Calidum quidem enim
et frigidum determinantes congregativa dicimus,
calidum quidem enim congregativum homogeneorum
dicimus, segregativum autem differentium et
alienorum, frigidum autem omnium dicimus congre
gativum homogeneorum invicem et alienorum."
De generatione et corruptione, Bk, II, c. 1.
Ibid., Bk, II, c. 1 et; passim.
Physica, passim
De generatione et corruptione. passim.
149
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
The Works of Aristotle, vol. II containing De
caelo, by J.L. Stocks (Oxford, 1930), Bk. Ill,
Ibid., vol. I containing Categoriae, by E.M.
Edghill (Oxford, 1928), 15*157
Smet, Commentaire, p.290. Alexander's commentary
runs: "putrefaciens autem et permutans vincens
illud quod putrescit et movens.ipsum putrefacit.
Calidum autem et fervens, eo quod amplior sit quae
in ipso caliditas quam ea quae in continente, non
vincitur ab ipsa: amplior enim est pars minorem
vincens extinguit ipsam et corrumpit."
Ibid., p.290. The text reads: "Sed et motum et
fluens minus quam quod non movetur. Propter
quod stationariae aquae facile corruptiores quam
fluentes; in fluentibus enim et motis inexistente
caldiate a motu vivificata debilior fit in aere
continente caliditas."
De generatione et corruptione, Bk. I, c, 3, Bk. II,
cc.' 9-10‘ ,
This is most likely a reference to De urina of
Theophilus, and to the Prognostica of Hippocrates,
which constitute part of the Ars medicinae.
J.H. Waszink, ed., Plato: Timaeus (London, Leiden,
1962), p.33. The text in the Calcidius trans
lation reads: "...diuersa animalium genera statuit
esse debere constituitque quattuor, primum caeleste
plenum diuinitatis, aliud deinde praepes aeriuagum,
tertium aquae liquoribus accommodatum, quartum
quod terrena soliditas sustineret,"
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. ORIGINAL SOURCES
A. MANUSCRIPT
Alfredi, Commentarius in Quatuor Libros Metheororum
Aristotelis.
Durham, Chapter Library, C. Ill, 15* fols. Ilv-I8r.
Oxford, Bodl,, Selden Supra, 24, fols, 84r-109r.
Paris, BibliothSque Nationale, MS Lat, 7131, fols,
82v-85r.
Aristoteles, Metheora, (translatio vetus)
Madrid, Escorial, Real Biblioteca, F, II, 4, fols,
255r-3l4v.
Oxford, Bodl,, Selden Supra, 24, fols, 84r-109r,
Bodl,, C.C.C., C. 114, fols. 77r-H2v,
Bodl,, C.C.C., D. Ill, fols. 200r-230r.
Rome, Urb. Lat, 206, fols, 210r-256v.
B. PRINTED
Albumasar, Introductorium in astronomiam Albumasaris
abalachi octo continens libros partiales.
Venice, 1506,
Alexander Aphrodisias, Alexandre d>Aphrodisias: Commentaire
sur les Mgtlores d*Aristote. A.J. Smet ed.
Louvain, 1966.
Alexander Neckam, Alexandri Neckam: De naturis rerum.
Thomas Wright ed. London, 18( 03.
Al-Farabi, Catalogo de las Ciencias. 2nd. ed., ediccion y
traduccion castellana por Angel Gonziilez Palencia,
Madrid, 1953.
Alfredus, Des Alfred von Sareshel (Alfredus Anglicus)
Schrift De motu cordis. Beitrage zur Geschichte
der Philosophie des Mittelalters. XXIII, Clemens
Baeumker, ed. Munster, 1923.
Aristoteles, Opera Omnia. Ambrosio Firmin Didot, ed.
Paris, 1874, 2 vols. For the medieval versions of
Aristotle see Thomas Aquinas.
150
151
Avicennae: De congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum,
being sections of the Kitab al-Shifa. E.J.
Holmyard and D.C. Mandeville eds. Paris, 1927,
Bacon, Rr, Rogeri Bacon: Opera Quaedam Hactenus Inedita.
J.S. Brewer ed, London, 1859,
Opus Ma.jus. John Henry Bridges ed. Oxford, 1897-
1900, 3 vols,
Grosseteste, Die philosophischen Werke des Robert
Grosseteste, Bischofs von Lincoln. BeitrMge zur
Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, IX,
Ludwig Baur, ed, Munster, 1912.
Lucan, M. Annaei Lucani; Bellum civile. A.E. Housman, ed.
Oxford, 1950.
Nicolai Damasceni: De plantis. Eduard H.F. Meyer ed.
Leipzig, 185T.
Plato, Timaeus. J.H. Waszing ed. London, Leiden, 1962,
Thomas Aquinas, In Aristotelis libros De caelo et mundo,
De generatione et corruptione, et Meteorologicorum
Expositio. R.M. Spiazzi ed, Turin, Rome, 1952'.
In octo libros Physicorum Aristotelis Expositio.
P.M. Maggiolo ed. Turin, Rome, 195^,
152
II. SECONDARY WORKS
Alonso, Manuel Alonso. S.J. "Las Traducciones de Juan
GonzSlez de Burgos y Salomon," Al-Andalus, XIV
(19^9). 291-319.
Baeumker, Clemens. Die Stellung des Alfred von Sareshel
(Alfredus Anglicus) und seiner Schrift De motu
cordis in der Wissenschaft des beginnenden XIII.
Jahrhunderts. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, IX,
Mtlnchen, 1913*
Birkenmajer, Alexandre. "Le role jou£ par les m£decins et
les naturalistes dans la reception d'Aristote aux
XIIe et XIIIe siScles," La Pologne au congres
international d* Oslo, 1928, Varsovie, 1930, PP.1-15.
Callus, Daniel A. "The Introduction of Aristotelian
Learning at Oxford," Proceedings of the British
Academy. XXIX (1943), 229-81.
Coutant, Victor C.B. Alexander of Aphrodisias: Commentary;
on Book IV of Aristotle* s Meteorologica (Ph.D.
dissertation, Columbia University, 1936).
Crombie, A.C. Medieval and Early Modern Science. 2 vols,,
Garden City, N.Y., 1959.
Dales, Richard C. "R. de Staningtona: An Unknown Writer
of the Thirteenth Century," Journal of the History
of Philosophy, IV (1966), 199-208.
_________. "Robert Grosseteste's Scientific Works," Isis,
LI I (1961), 381-4-02.
During, Ingemar, Aristotle1s Chemical Treatise Meteoro
logica, Book IV (Goteborg, 1944),
_________. Aristoteles. Heidelberg, 1966.
Fobes, F.H. "Medieval Versions of Aristotle's Meteorology,"
Classical Philology, X (1915), 297-314.
_________, "Textual Problems in Aristotle's Meteorology,"
Classical Philology. X (1915). 188-214,
Grabmann, Martin. "Aristoteles im 12. Jahrhundert,"
Medieval Studies, XII (1950), 123-62.
153
_________. Forschungen uber die lateinischen Aristoteles-
ubersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts. Beitrage zur
Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, XVII,
Munster, 19'iB,
_________. Mittelalterliche lateinische Aristotelesiiber-
setzungen und Aristoteleskommentare in Hand-
schriften spanischer Bibliotheken, Sitzun^s-
berichte der Koniglich Bayerischen Akakemie der
Wissenschaften, V, Mtinchen, 1928,
_________, Mittelalterliche lateinische Uebersetzungen von
Schriften der Ari stoteleskommentatoren Johannes
Philoponos. Alexander von Aphrodisias, und
Themistios. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, VII,
Miinchen, 1929*
_________, Mittelalterliches Geistesleben. 3 vols,,
Miinchen, 1926-1956.
Haskins, Charles Homer, "Arabic Science in Western Europe,"
Isis. VII (1925). ^78-85.
_________, Studies in the History of Medieval Science
(2nd, ed,, Cambridge, Mass., 1927).
_________, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, rep.
New York, 1957.
Hunt, R.Wc "English Learning in the Late Twelfth Century,"
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, XIX
(1936), 19-35.
Husik, Isaac. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy.
New York, 1930.
Lacombe, George. "Alfredus in Metheora," Beitrage zur
Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des
Mittelalters, Suppl. III,Munster^ 1935, ^63-71.
_________. Aristoteles Latinus. 2 vols., Rome, 1939.
Lee, H.D.P. ed. Aristotle; Meteorologica. London, 1952.
Lemay, Richard. Abu Ma» shar and Latin Aristotelianism in
the Twelfth Century. Beirut, 1962,
154
Minio-Paluello, L. "Henry Aristippe, Guillaume de
Moerbeke et les traductions latines medievales
des M§tgorologiques et du De generatione et
corruptione d'Aristote," Revue Philosophique de
Louvain, XLV (1947), 206-235.
Omont, H. "Recherches sur la BibliothSque de l'5glise
cath£drale de Beauvais," Memoires de 11Acadgmie
des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, XL, Paris,
1916.
Pelster, Franz, "Neuere Forschungen tiber die Aristoteles-
tibersetzungen des 12. und 13= Jahrhunderts,"
Gregorianum, XXX (19%0> 46-77.
Pelzer, Auguste, "Une source inconnue de Roger Bacon:
Alfred de Sareshel, commentateur des Meteoro-
logiques d'Aristote," Archivum Franciscanum
Historicum, XII (1919), 44-67,
Russell, Josiah C, Dictionary of Writers of Thirteenth
Century England. London, 1936.
_________. "Hereford and Arabic Science in England about
1175-1200," Isis. XVIII, 1 (1932), 14-25.
Sarton, George, Introduction to the History of Science
Baltimore, 1931. II. ii.
Steinschneider, Moritz. Die arabischen Uebersetzungen aus
dem Griechischen. Beiheft XII, Graz, I893, rep,
Graz"i i960.
Thery, G. Autor du decret de 1210: II Alexandre
d*Aphrodise. Kain, 1926„
Thomas, Antoine, "Roger Bacon et les etudiants espagnols"
Bulletin Hispanique, VI (1904), 18-28.
Wingate, S.D. The Mediaeval Latin Versions of the Aristo
telian Scientific Corpus, with Special Reference
to the Biological Works. London, 1931,
I

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