A Factor Analysis Of The Semantic-Evaluation Abilities

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Content This dissertation has been
m icrofilm ed exactly as received
65-6912
NIHIRA, Kazuo, 1931-
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE SEMANTIC-
EVALUATION ABILITIES.
U niversity of Southern California, Ph. D ., 1965
Psychology, experim ental
U niversity M icrofilm s, In c., Ann Arbor, Michigan
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE
SEMANTIC-EVALUATION ABILITIES
by
Kazuo N ih ir a
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P re s e n te d t o th e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
R eq u irem e n ts f o r th e D egree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(P sy ch o lo g y )
Ja n u a ry 1965
UNIVERSITY O F S O U T H E R N CALIFO RN IA
T H E G R A D U A TE SC H O O L
U N IV E R SIT Y PARK
L O S A N G E L E S , C A L IF O R N IA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
..............Kazuo......Nihic®...............................................
under the direction of h.X&...Dissertation Com
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Graduate
School, in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R OF P H I L O S O P H Y
Dean
D a te . / . t - ' f ....
PLEASE NOTE: Pages throughout tend to "curl"
Filmed in the best possible way
UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The w r i t e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s g r a t i t u d e t o
P r o f e s s o r J . P. G u ilf o r d f o r h i s u n lim ite d and i n v a l
u a b le g u id a n c e th ro u g h o u t th e c o u rs e o f t h i s s tu d y .
The w r i t e r a l s o w is h e s t o th a n k D r. P. R. M e r r i f i e l d
f o r h i s c o u n s e l d u r in g th e e a r l y p h ase o f th e s tu d y ,
and e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o a l l members o f th e
A p titu d e s R e s e a rc h P r o j e c t a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th
e r n C a l i f o r n i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o Mr. R alp h H o ep fn er and
M iss M aureen O’S u l l i v a n who c o n t r i b u t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y
d u r in g th e te s ts - d e v e lo p m e n t p h ase o f t h i s s tu d y .
The s t a t i s t i c a l w ork was done i n p a r t a t th e
W e ste rn D ata P r o c e s s in g C e n te r a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f
C a l i f o r n i a a t Los A n g e le s. The w r i t e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s
h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h i s a s s i s t a n c e .
F i n a l l y , th e w r i t e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s th a n k s f o r
th e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t by th e O f f ic e o f N aval R e s e a rc h ,
P s y c h o lo g ic a l D iv is i o n , u n d er C o n tra c t N onr-228 ( 2 0 ) ,
ii
th ro u g h th e a u s p ic e s o f th e A p titu d e s R e se a rc h P r o j e c t
a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a .
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... i i
LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................................................................ v i
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................ v i i
C h a p te r
I . THE PROBLEM............................................................... 1
I I . BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY........................................................ 4
A pproaches t o th e P sychology o f Judgment
The A pproach A dopted f o r T his Study
The P roblem and H y p o th e sis
P re v io u s ly I d e n t i f i e d F a c to r s o f S em antic
E v a lu a tio n
The R ole o f E v a lu a tio n i n th e P roblem -
S o lv in g P ro c e s s
I I I . THE TEST B A TTER Y .................................................................... 38
G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re
H y p o th e siz e d F a c to r s and T h e ir T e s ts
R e fe re n c e F a c to r s and T h e ir T e s ts
IV . EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURES . . . . 61
T e st D evelopm ent
The P o p u la tio n and T e s tin g C o n d itio n s
S t a t i s t i c a l A n aly ses
R o ta tio n o f Axes
iv
C h a p te r Page
V. INTERPRETATION OF THE FACTORS 78
F a c to r s o f S em an tic E v a lu a tio n
F a c to r s o f S em an tic C o g n itio n
O th er R e fe re n c e F a c to r s
V I. DISCUSSION 105
The R e la t io n s h ip Between th e F a c to r s o f
D i f f e r e n t P ro d u c ts o f S em antic E v a lu a tio n
The R e la t io n o f New F a c to r s t o th e F a c to rs
o f C o g n itio n
The R e l a t i o n o f New F a c to rs to th e P re v io u s
F a c to r s o f S em antic E v a lu a tio n
V II. SUM4ARY AND CONCLUSION 120
REFERENCES 125
APPENDIX: DESCRIPTION OF TESTS 131
v
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le Page
1. S em antic C o n ten t A rea o f th e SOI Model . . . . 23
2 . S t a t i s t i c s f o r T e s ts G iven t o th e two H igh-
s c h o o l Groups and th e Combined Group . . . . 65
3 . C o r r e l a t i o n M a trix - Group A ........................... 66
4 . C o r r e l a t i o n M a trix - Group B ........................... 67
5 . C o r r e l a t i o n M a trix - Group C . . . . . . . . . 68
6 . U n ro ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group A ............................... 72
7. U n ro ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group B ............................... 73
8. U n ro ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group C ............................... 74
9 . R o ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group A .................................... 75
10. R o ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group B .................................... 76
11. R o ta te d F a c to r M a trix - Group C .................................... 77
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u r e Page
1. S t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m odel ........................................ 20
vii
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
The n a t u r e o f t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l phenom enon c a l l e d
e v a l u a t i o n h a s o f f e r e d a c o n s t a n t c h a l l e n g e t o v a r i o u s
t h i n k e r s . R e s e a r c h e r s i n th e d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s have
a p p ro a c h e d t h i s c h a l l e n g e i n t h e i r own w ay s, y i e l d i n g
d i v e r s i f i e d v ie w s c o n c e r n in g th e n a t u r e o f e v a l u a t i o n . I n
p h ilo s o p h y , e v a l u a t i o n i s c o n c e iv e d a s e i t h e r a fo rm o f
r e a s o n i n g o r a s a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l i n te rm s o f v a l u e s
o r b e l i e f s (L e w is, 1 9 4 6 ). I n e d u c a t i o n , th e c o n c e p t o f
e v a l u a t i o n i s subsum ed u n d e r c r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g (T a b a ,
1 9 4 2 ). I n e x p e r i m e n ta l p s y c h o lo g y , e v a l u a t i o n h a s b e e n
t r e a t e d a s p e r c e p t i o n o r p s y c h o p h y s ic a l ju d g m en t and u s u
a l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d fro m r e a s o n in g and o t h e r h i g h e r i n t e l
l e c t u a l p r o c e s s e s .
The s tu d y r e p o r t e d h e r e a t te m p ts t o i d e n t i f y and
d e s c r i b e th e e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s i n te rm s o f f a c t o r d im e n
s io n s o f human i n t e l l e c t . A f a c t o r d im e n s io n o f i n t e l l e c t
1
i s a p s y c h o lo g ic a l c o n s t r u c t deduced from t h e o r i e s c o n c e rn -
in g th e n a tu r e o f t h i n k i n g and s u p p o rte d e m p ir i c a l ly by th e
s t a t i s t i c a l te c h n iq u e o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s .
I n th e fo llo w in g c h a p te r th e n a t u r e o f th e problem
w i l l be exam ined c l o s e l y . The c o n c e p t o f e v a l u a t i o n w i l l
be d e f in e d i n te rm s o f th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m odel, a
th e o r y o f i n t e l l i g e n c e from w h ich th e h y p o th e s e s o f t h i s
s tu d y have b e e n d e r iv e d . I n t h i s c h a p te r th e r e l e v a n t c o n
c e p ts and phenomena i n th e p sy ch o lo g y o f judgm ent a re
re v ie w e d , fo llo w e d by th e d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e ap p ro ac h and
th e o ry ad o p ted by t h i s s tu d y . F o llo w in g t h i s , th e p r e v i
o u s ly I d e n t i f i e d f a c t o r s o f e v a l u a t i o n a r e d is c u s s e d .
C h a p te r I I I c o n t a in s a c c o u n ts o f th e s t r a t e g i e s o f
t e s t d ev e lo p m e n t, th e d e s c r i p t i o n o f h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s
and t h e i r t e s t s , as w e l l as th e d e s c r i p t i o n of r e f e r e n c e
f a c t o r s and t h e i r t e s t s . C h a p te r IV d e a ls w ith th e adm in
i s t r a t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y and a n a l y s i s o f th e d a ta .
O b tain ed f a c t o r s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d i n C h a p te r V.
D is c u s s io n i n C h a p te r VI c o n c e rn s th e i s o l a t i o n o f
f a c t o r s among th e c a t e g o r i e s o f p ro d u c t a s w e ll as th e
c a t e g o r i e s o f o p e r a t io n i n th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t
m odel. The p re v io u s f a c t o r s of* se m an tic e v a l u a t i o n a re
reexam ined i n th e l i g h t of new f in d in g s ,
a p p e a rs i n C h a p ter V ll.
A summary
CHAPTER II
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A p p ro a c h e s t o t h e P s y c h o lo g y o f Judgm ent
The e x p e r i m e n t a l p s y c h o lo g y o f th o u g h t p r o c e s s
m ig h t b e s a i d t o h av e b e g u n w i t h W undt. The e x p e r i m e n t a l
s t u d i e s i n h i s l a b o r a t o r y w ere p r i m a r i l y c o n c e rn e d w i t h
r e l a t i v e l y s im p le s e n s o r y p r o c e s s e s , r e a c t i o n t i m e , and a t
t h e m ost com plex l e v e l , t h e c o m p a ris o n o f l i f t e d w e ig h ts
an d th e ju d g m e n t t h e r e o f . U s in g e x p e r i m e n t a l i n t r o s p e c t i o n
a s t h e p r i n c i p a l t e c h n iq u e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n , Wundt c o n
s t r u c t e d t h e im p r e s s iv e s t r u c t u r e o f h i s s y s t e m a t i c p s y
c h o lo g y . N e v e r t h e l e s s he s to p p e d s h o r t o f t h e m ost im p o r
t a n t p ro b le m o f a l l . The W u n d tia n m ethod o f i n t r o s p e c t i o n
f a i l e d t o a n a ly z e t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f h i g h e r m e n ta l
p r o c e s s e s .
I n t r o s p e c t i o n may b e a d e q u a te t o b l o c k o u t t h e
m a in c o n t o u r s o f m e n ta l e v e n t s and y e t f a i l
a s a p r e c i s i o n i n s t r u m e n t ; t h e r e may be a r e g i o n
b ey o n d w h ic h i t i s h e l p l e s s t o c a t c h t h e d e l i c a t e
and f a s t m oving p r o c e s s o f t h o u g h t . (M urphy,
1 949, p . 232)
4
5
The w e ll-k n o w n c o n tr o v e r s y o v e r image l e s s th o u g h ts
was a r e a c t i o n t o th e r e a l i z a t i o n o f a r e g i o n i n th e
th o u g h t p r o c e s s t h a t c a n n o t be r e a c h e d by i n t r o s p e c t i o n .
Marbe ad v an ced t h e n o t i o n o f " c o n s c io u s a t t i t u d e s " t o
a c c o u n t f o r th e m e n ta l p r o c e s s o f h i s s u b j e c t s who w ere
u n a b le t o d e s c r i b e t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i r m inds d u r in g a
ju d g m e n ta l e x p e r im e n t. W att and Ach e l a b o r a t e d th e n o t i o n ;
th e y e x p la in e d t h e im a g e le s s s t a t e a s a m a t t e r o f
E i n s t e l l u n g and " d e te r m in in g te n d e n c y " o r o f c o n d i t i o n s
w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d t o a p r e p a r a t o r y , s e l e c t i v e m echanism
p e r m i t t i n g r e s p o n s e t o o c c u r w ith o u t th e m a n ip u la tio n o f
im a g e s .
W att s u b d iv id e d th e m e n ta l e v e n ts i n t o th e f o l l o w
in g f o u r s t a t e s i n o r d e r t o s i m p l i f y t h e s u b j e c t 's i n t r o
s p e c t i o n :
1. P r e p a r a t o r y p e r i o d — i n w h ic h th e s u b j e c t a w a its
th e s t i m u l u s .
2 . A p p ea ra n ce o f th e s t i r a u l u s - - i n w h ic h t h e s u b
j e c t i s s t i m u l a t e d .
3 . S e a rc h f o r a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e - - i n w h ich th e
s u b j e c t 's r e s p o n s e i s s e l e c t e d .
4 . O c c u rre n c e o f r e s p o n s e - - i n w h ich th e s u b j e c t 's
a c t u a l r e s p o n s e i s c a r r i e d th r o u g h .
The s u b j e c t found i t most d i f f i c u l t to o b se rv e th e c o n te n t
o f h i s c o n s c io u s n e s s i n th e t h i r d s ta g e .
The p ro b lem o f th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s c o n
c e rn e d w ith th e t h i r d s t a g e ; th e p r o c e s s o f r e a c h in g d e c i
s io n s o r m aking ju d g m e n ts.
U n t i l th e a d v e n t o f th e W tirzberg s c h o o l, e x p e r i
m e n ta l p sy ch o lo g y d id n o t come to g r i p s w i t h th e p roblem o f
h ig h e r th o u g h t p r o c e s s e s . The W tirzberg s c h o o l r a i s e d q u e s
t i o n s c o n c e rn in g th e m e th o d o lo g ic a l p ro b lem s i n th e e x p e r i
m e n ta l p sy ch o lo g y o f t h i n k i n g , and l e f t th e q u e s tio n s
u nansw ered. The im a g e le s s - th o u g h t c o n tr o v e r s y was s i g n i f
i c a n t f o r th e fo llo w in g r e a s o n s : (1) th e advocacy o f f a c
t o r s such as s e t and d e te rm in in g te n d e n c y was a r e c o g n i t i o n
o f r e g u l a t o r y sy stem s i n th e i n d i v i d u a l 's th o u g h t s t r u c t u r e
as a r e s u l t o f p a s t e x p e rie n c e ( a c t u a l l y u n re c o g n iz e d a t
th e tim e ) , and (2) th o u g h t p r o c e s s e s w ere r e c o g n iz e d as th e
r e s u l t o f and as r e g u la te d by m e n ta l sy stem s n o t r e v e a le d
by th e i n t r o s p e c t i v e a n a l y s i s o f th e " c o n s c io u s " c o n t e n t .^
I f " a n t i c i p a t o r y schema" i s th e p ro c e s s o f u n d e r
s ta n d in g and a c c e p tin g th e t a s k , " d e te rm in in g te n d e n c y " i s
V u l l e r d is c u s s io n s o f th e w ork o f th e W tirzberg
s c h o o l may be found i n V inacke (1952) and Humphrey (1 9 5 1 ).
th e c o n v e rg in g m echanism w hich c o n t r o l s th e p ro c e s s o f
r e a c h in g th e d e c i s i o n . Such a c o n v e rg in g m echanism encom
p a s s e s , i n a d d i t i o n to th e a p t i t u d e s , th e b ro ad a r e a of
p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenom ena, su ch as s e a r c h m odel, fram e o f
r e f e r e n c e , a d a p ta t io n l e v e l , a n c h o rin g e f f e c t , and ev en
more w id e ly , c o n fid e n c e i n ju d g m e n t, r i s k - t a k i n g a t t i t u d e s ,
to l e r a n c e o f a m b ig u ity , and i n t e r e s t i n e v a lu a t iv e a c t i v i
t i e s . Each o f th e s e p s y c h o lo g ic a l c o n c e p ts and i t s r e l a t e d
phenomena i s a f a c t o r o r a group o f f a c t o r s t h a t r e g u l a t e s
th e ju d g m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s . I n an e f f o r t to u n d e rs ta n d th e
c o m p le x ity o f th e p ro b lem , e a c h o f th e s e c o n c e p ts i s
d e s c r ib e d b r i e f l y , e m p h asiz in g how i t i s r e l a t e d t o th e
p ro c e s s o f ju d g m en t.
I n p ro b lem s o lv i n g , th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f th e p e r
t i n e n t a s p e c ts o f th e problem s i t u a t i o n and th e a n a l y s i s o f
th e w anted s o l u t i o n le a d i n t o a p a r t i a l l y co m p lete p a t t e r n
o r s e a r c h m odel; w ith t h i s in c o m p le te p a t t e r n a s a g u id e ,
th e th in k e r s e a rc h e s th e en v iro n m en t o r h i s memory f o r th e
answ er to f i t i t (D uncker, 1945).
B uxton h as d e f in e d th e fram e o f r e f e r e n c e as th e
b ackground o f s t i m u l a t i o n w hich in f lu e n c e s ju d g m e n ta l
b e h a v io r i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n (B uxton, 1942). I t i s
n o t o n ly th e o b je c t o f judgm ent w hich d e te rm in e s th e f i n a l
d e c i s i o n , b u t a l s o th e background c o n te x t w i t h i n w hich th e
o b je c t i s ju d g e d .
The fram e o f r e f e r e n c e , i n a ju d g m e n ta l p r o c e s s , i s
a p a r t i c u l a r s c a le t o w h ich th e o b je c t to be ju d g ed i s
r e f e r r e d . I n th e p s y c h o p h y s ic a l judgm ent o f s i z e s , th e
j u d g e 's t a s k i s t o a b s t r a c t th e d im e n sio n o f s i z e , o r adopt
a s e t to compare s i z e and ig n o re i r r e l e v a n t a s p e c ts su c h as
w e ig h t, c o l o r , s h a p e , t e x t u r e , e t c . The c o n c e p t o f fram e
o f r e f e r e n c e p ro b a b ly o v e r la p s w ith th e c o n c e p t o f s e a r c h
m odel i n th e com plex p ro b le m -s o lv in g p r o c e s s e s . One mean
in g o f "good judgm ent" c o u ld be th e a b i l i t y t o a b s t r a c t a
p ro p e r fram e o f r e f e r e n c e from a s tim u lu s com plex and t o
m a in ta in i t f o r a p a r t i c u l a r ju d g m e n ta l s i t u a t i o n .
The c o n c e p t o f a d a p ta t io n l e v e l , as o r i g i n a t e d by
H e ls o n , i s a d e s c r i p t i o n and e x p la n a tio n o f c e r t a i n fu n d a
m e n ta l phenomena in v i s i o n (H elso n , 1947). The th e o ry i s a
p r e c i s e s ta te m e n t c o n c e rn in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een th e
r e s p o n s e s c a le and th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s t i m u l i . The a d a p
t a t i o n l e v e l th e o ry s u g g e s ts c e r t a i n c o n c e p tu a liz in g c a p a
c i t y o r i n t e r n a l norm o f th e o rg an ism t o a d j u s t th e s c a le
o f re s p o n s e s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y to a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t i m u l i .
The th e o r y h a s b e e n shown t o be a p p l ic a b le t o a w id e r ra n g e
o f p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenom ena, in c lu d in g s u b lim in a l a n c h o rin g ,
th e e f f e c t s o f a n c h o rs i n memory, th e s o c i a l ju d g m e n ta l
p r o c e s s , and th e d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f r e in f o r c e m e n ts and p e r
form ance e f f i c i e n c y (H e lso n , 1964).
When c e r t a i n r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s a r e t i e d i n a
s p e c i a l way t o c e r t a i n s t i m u l i , th e re s p o n s e s c a le i s
d e s c r ib e d as b e in g an c h o re d among th o s e s t i m u l i . A c o n s e
quence o f a n c h o rin g e f f e c t i s a r e d u c t i o n i n v a r i a b i l i t y o f
judgm ent a t and n e a r th e a n c h o rin g s tim u lu s . The m ajor
a n c h o rin g e f f e c t s have b een d e s c r ib e d by Volkmann (1 9 5 1 ).
The e f f e c t o f a n c h o rin g seems q u i t e g e n e r a l, and n o t lim
i t e d to th e p s y c h o p h y s ic a l d a t a . McGarvey d e m o n s tra te s th e
e f f e c t o f a n c h o rin g to th e judgm ent o f s t i m u l i o f s o c i a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e (McGarvey, 1943).
T here i s a c o n s id e r a b le body o f r e s e a r c h on ju d g
m e n ta l c o n fid e n c e u n d er p s y c h o p h y s ic a l c o n d i t i o n s , e . g . ,
i t s e f f e c t on c u e s , i t s e f f e c t on tim e s p e n t i n making
d e c i s i o n s , i t s change fo llo w in g s u c c e s s and f a i l u r e , e t c .
(C a rtw rig h t and F e s t i n g e r , 1 9 4 3 ). Ju d g m en tal c o n fid e n c e and
ju d g m e n ta l tim e have d e f in in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f judgm ent
and c o g n i tio n . I f one c o g n iz e s th e problem s i t u a t i o n
c l e a r l y , th e n no d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e a c t o f judgm ent o c c u rs .
B ut i f th e c o g n i tiv e f i e l d i s n o t c l e a r , and i f th e f i r s t
c o g n i t i o n i s n o t re w a rd e d , c h o o s in g one o f th e a l t e r n a t i v e
10
s o l u t i o n s may be c o n s id e r e d as ju d g m e n t.
I n p s y c h o p h y s ic a l e x p e r im e n ts , when th e o b s e r v e r i s
t o com pare c e r t a i n a t t r i b u t e s o f o b j e c t s , a n i n c r e a s e i n
th e p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e o b j e c t s p ro d u c e s (1 ) an
i n c r e a s e i n th e p e r c e n ta g e o f ju d g m e n ts i n one c a t e g o r y ,
(2 ) a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n f id e n c e r e p o r t e d f o r th e j u d g
m e n t, and (3 ) a d e c r e a s e i n th e tim e r e q u i r e d f o r ju d g m e n t.
P re s u m a b ly , as c o n f id e n c e a p p ro a c h e s a maximum and tim e o f
r e s p o n s e a p p ro a c h e s t h e r e a c t i o n t i m e , ju d g m en t i s m in i
m ized and th e a c t a p p ro a c h e s d i r e c t c o g n i t i o n . T h is l i n e
o f e v id e n c e te n d s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t g iv e
r i s e t o ju d g m en t a r e n o t c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from th o s e
t h a t p e r m it im m ed iate c o g n i t i o n . I n p s y c h o p h y s ic a l e x p e r i
m e n ts , judgm ent and c o g n i t i o n may be c o n s id e r e d t o d i f f e r
on a co n tin u u m o f c e r t a i n t y and u n c e r t a i n t y o f th e s tim u lu s
f i e l d .
The d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n judgm ent and c o g n i t i o n on
t h e c o n tin u u m o f c e r t a i n t y and u n c e r t a i n t y seems r e a s o n a b le
i f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f m e n ta l o p e r a t i o n i s c o n s id e r e d a t
a s p e c i f i c moment i n th e th o u g h t p r o c e s s . H ow ever, i n a
com plex p r o b le m - s o lv in g s i t u a t i o n , t h e d i f f e r e n t t h i n k i n g
o p e r a t i o n s su ch a s c o g n i t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , and judgm ent c a n
b e i d e n t i f i e d w ith th e d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s o f th e t h i n k i n g
11
p r o c e s s . F u r th e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s p roblem i s g iv e n l a t e r .
A number o f r e c e n t t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e rim e n ta l
a r t i c l e s a tte m p t t o p ro v id e i n s i g h t s i n t o th e dynam ics o f
r i s k - t a k i n g p r o p e n s ity and to r e l a t e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s
i n r i s k - t a k i n g t o o th e r p s y c h o lo g ic a l v a r i a b l e s . F o r exam
p l e , r i s k - t a k i n g p r o p e n s ity i s found t o be an im p o rta n t
d e te rm in e r o f p ro b le m -s o lv in g a c t i v i t y (B ru n e r, Goodnow,
and A u s tin , 1956). C o n tra ry t o th e p o p u la r b e l i e f t h a t
r i s k - t a k i n g p r o p e n s ity i s a g e n e r a l p e r s o n a l i t y d i s p o s i t i o n ,
a re v ie w o f th e s e v e r a l ty p e s o f s t u d i e s r e v e a l s a c o n s id
e r a b l e la c k o f agreem ent among them as to w hat a r e supposed
t o be m easu res o f th e same g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ( S lo v ic ,
1964), S lo v ic c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e dom ain o f r i s k - t a k i n g
b e h a v io r a p p e a rs t o be m u ltid im e n s io n a l i n n a t u r e , and i t
i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o a v a r i e t y of m o t i v a t i o n a l and o th e r f a c
t o r s .
The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f u t i l i z i n g h ig h speed com puters
f o r s im u la tio n o f p s y c h o lo g ic a l p ro c e s s i s d e m o n stra te d i n
th e p ro b le m -s o lv in g model o f N ew ell, Shaw, and Simon
(1 9 5 8 ). T h is p ro b le m -s o lv in g m odel e x p l a in s p r o b le m - s o lv
in g b e h a v io r i n te rm s o f in f o r m a tio n p r o c e s s e s . The m odel
p o s t u l a t e s (1) a c o n t r o l sy stem c o n s i s t i n g o f a number o f
mem ories w hich c o n ta in s sy m b o lized in f o r m a tio n and i n t e r
12
c o n n e c te d by v a r io u s o r d e r in g r e l a t i o n s ; (2) a number o f
p r i m i t i v e in f o r m a tio n p r o c e s s e s w hich o p e r a te on th e i n
fo rm a tio n i n th e m e m o rie s--e a c h p r i m i t i v e p ro c e s s i s a
p e r f e c t l y d e f i n i t e o p e r a t io n f o r w hich known p h y s ic a l
m echanisms e x i s t ; (3) p e r f e c t l y d e f i n i t e s e t s o f r u l e s f o r
com bining p r i m i t i v e p r o c e s s e s i n t o th e w hole program o f
p ro b le m - s o lv in g . The a u th o rs a s s e r t t h a t th e b e h a v io r o f
su c h a program c a n be used t o p r e d i c t th e b e h a v io r o f humans
when th e y a r e fa c e d w ith th e same pro b lem .
I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th in k i n g
i n t e r e s t s , th e f a c t o r s o f W illin g n e s s t o Make D e c is io n s
U nder Ambiguous C o n d itio n s and L ik in g f o r D e c is io n s a re
i s o l a t e d a lo n g w ith th e known f a c t o r s o f i n t e r e s t i n o th e r
a r e a s o f th in k i n g o p e r a tio n s ( N ih ir a and M e r r i f i e l d , 1964).
I n th e same s tu d y th e m easure o f i n t o l e r a n c e o f a m b ig u ity
i s found t o be on th e o p p o s ite p o le o f D e c is io n M aking f o r
U n c e r ta in O utcom es. F u r th e r s t u d i e s i n th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
betw een i n t e r e s t f o r and p r o p e n s ity to r i s k - t a k i n g a c t i v i t y
and v a l i d m easures of ju d g m e n ta l p erfo rm a n ce a re needed
f o r th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f b a s ic p s y c h o lo g ic a l v a r i a b l e s i n
t h i s a r e a .
I n summary, t h i s s tu d y i s co n c ern ed w ith th e g e n e r
a l dom ain o f th e th in k i n g o p e r a t io n c a l l e d d e c is io n -m a k in g
13
o r e v a l u a t i o n . Such a th in k in g o p e r a t io n I s a p a r t o f th e
c o n v e rg in g mechanism I n th e r e g u l a t o r y system o f th o u g h t
p r o c e s s e s w hich c a n n o t be r e v e a le d by th e I n t r o s p e c t i v e
a n a l y s i s o f th e “ c o n s c io u s " c o n t e n t.
One a s p e c t o f ju d g m e n ta l p ro c e s s c a n be d e s c rib e d
by th e c o n c e p t o f s e a r c h model w hich I s supposed to b r id g e
th e gap betw een th e problem s i t u a t i o n and th e w anted s o l u
t i o n .
The s t u d i e s o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een th e s tim u
lu s and re s p o n s e v a r i a b l e s s u g g e s t th e Im p o rtan ce o f th e
a b i l i t y t o a b s t r a c t a p ro p e r fram e o f r e f e r e n c e from a
s tim u lu s com plex and m a in ta in i t i n a p a r t i c u l a r ju d g m e n ta l
s i t u a t i o n . Ju d g m en tal re s p o n s e s may a l s o be in f lu e n c e d by
an a n c h o rin g s tim u lu s w hich te n d s to re d u c e th e s e n s i t i v i t y
o f judgm ent.
I t i s a l s o r e c o g n iz e d t h a t th e o rg an ism h as a
c a p a c ity to d e v e lo p i n t e r n a l norms w hich a d j u s t t h e i r
re s p o n s e s c a le s y s t e m a t i c a l l y t o th e p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l i .
I n c e r t a i n p s y c h o p h y s ic a l e x p e rim e n ts , judgm ent and
c o g n i tio n may be c o n s id e re d to d i f f e r on a co n tin u u m o f
c e r t a i n t y and u n c e r t a i n t y o f th e s tim u lu s f i e l d . I n b o r
d e r l i n e c a s e s , judgm ent seems to be c a l l e d f o r i f th e f i r s t
c o g n i tio n i s n o t re w a rd e d .
14
A number o£ s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e th e im p o rta n ce o f th e
r o l e o f r i s k - t a k i n g p r o p e n s ity i n p ro b le m -s o lv in g and
d e c is io n -m a k in g p r o c e s s e s . The dom ain o f r i s k - t a k i n g
b e h a v io r a p p e a rs t o be m u ltid im e n s io n a l i n n a t u r e , and i t
i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o a v a r i e t y o f m o t i v a t i o n a l a s w e ll a s
o th e r i n f l u e n c e s .
W hile some o f th e s p e c i f i c p r i n c i p l e s d is c o v e r e d i n
t h e d i f f e r e n t a p p ro a c h e s t o th e p sy c h o lo g y o f judgm ent a re
p e r t i n e n t t o th e developm ent o f h y p o th e s e s f o r t h i s s tu d y ,
o th e r s a re n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o th e problem s o f th e
p r e s e n t in q u i r y . T h is problem w i l l be m entioned i n r e l a
t i o n t o th e d i s c u s s i o n o f s p e c i f i c t e s t s i n th e fo llo w in g
c h a p t e r .
Most e x p e rim e n ta l a p p ro a c h e s to th e p sy ch o lo g y o f
judgm ent rev iew ed i n t h i s s e c t i o n s t a r t o u t w ith c e r t a i n
h y p o t h e t i c a l p r o c e s s e s o r phenomena o f ju d g m e n t, and a t
tem pt to i d e n t i f y th e p e r t i n e n t p s y c h o lo g ic a l v a r i a b l e s
in v o lv e d i n th e ju d g m e n ta l p r o c e s s . A lth o u g h th e o b ta in e d
f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s among th e s e v a r i a b l e s may h ave th e
power o f p r e d i c t i n g th e s p e c i f i c ju d g m e n ta l b e h a v io r , su ch
e x p e rim e n ts must be r e p e a te d u n d er d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s and
w ith d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f s tim u lu s v a r i a b l e s b e f o r e th e
o b ta in e d f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s may be r e g a rd e d a s th e g e n e ra l
p s y c h o lo g ic a l p r i n c i p l e s . T here a r e alm o st i n f i n i t e v a r i
e t i e s o f s tim u lu s v a r i a b l e s w hich th e b r a i n i s c a p a b le o f
h a n d l i n g .
A n o th er d i f f i c u l t y i n m ost e x p e rim e n ta l ap p ro a c h e s
to th e h ig h e r th o u g h t p ro c e s s e s seems t o be t h a t th e s e
a p p ro a c h e s a r e b ased upon u n p ro v en f u n c tio n s o r p r o c e s s e s
o f th in k i n g such as problem s o lv i n g , r e a s o n in g , ju d g m e n t,
r i s k - t a k i n g b e h a v io r , e t c . , w h ich a re i n h e r i t e d from th e
o ld f a c u l t y p sy c h o lo g y . F o r ex am p le, t h e r e seems t o be a
c o n s id e r a b le la c k o f agreem ent among th e d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s
as t o w hat a r e supposed t o be th e m easure o f r i s k - t a k i n g
p r o p e n s it y .
A new c o n c e p t sh o u ld n o t be in tr o d u c e d u n le s s th e
o p e r a tio n s w hich d e f in e th e phenomenon c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t i
a t e i t from th e a lre ad y -k n o w n p s y c h o lo g ic a l c o n s t r u c t . The
r e s e a r c h t o o l w hich i s most s u i t a b l e f o r th e i d e n t i f i c a
t i o n o f in d e p e n d e n t p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenomena a t p r e s e n t i s
t h a t o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s .
F a c to r a n a l y s i s se e k s th e s o - c a l l e d r e s p o n s e - d e
f in e d in d e p e n d e n t c o n c e p ts b ased upon th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t
i f c e r t a i n p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenomena o r p r o c e s s e s r e a l l y
e x i s t , th e r e m ust be r e l i a b l e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s w ith
r e s p e c t t o t h a t phenomenon w i t h i n th e s u i t a b l y s e l e c t e d
16
p o p u la tio n .
G u ilf o r d , i n h i s a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d ”B a sic C o n c e p tu a l
P roblem s i n th e P sy ch o lo g y o f T h in k in g ,” s t a t e d :
I n s p i t e o f p ro m isin g b e g in n in g s i n th e more
r e c e n t e x p e r im e n ta l a p p ro a c h e s t o t h i n k i n g , i t h a s
seemed to me t h a t one o f th e c r i t i c a l needs h as
b e e n f o r new and more f u n c t i o n a l c o n c e p ts . . . .
F u l l co m p reh en sio n o f th e phenomena i n a dom ain o f
i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e q u i r e s answ ers t o th e q u e s tio n s o f
how and why. H ow ever, we c a n n o t make s u b s t a n t i a l
p r o g re s s tow ard a n sw e rin g th e s e m ajor q u e s tio n s
w ith o u t h av in g f i r s t answ ered th e q u e s tio n w h at.
( G u ilf o r d , I9 6 0 , p . 6)
A number o f p re v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s in d i c a t e d t h a t
judgm ent i s n o t a u n i t a r y a b i l i t y . The q u e s tio n o f w hat
a p t i t u d e s e x i s t i n th e dom ain o f judgm ent i s th e m ajor
is s u e o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . The p r e s e n t s tu d y a tte m p ts t o
answ er th e q u e s tio n o f w hat a p t i t u d e s e x i s t i n th e dom ain
o f judgm ent from th e s ta n d p o in t o f i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s .
The s tu d y o f i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e g in s w ith th e id e n
t i f i c a t i o n o f th e v a r i a b l e s i n w hich in d i v i d u a l s d i f f e r
from one a n o th e r . The p s y c h o lo g is t c a n n o t w r i t e s c i e n t i f i c
laws w ith o u t s p e c if y in g th e v a r i a b l e s , t h a t i s , th e t r a i t s
o r th e d im e n sio n s o f i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e w hich a r e r e l a t e d
by th e s e law s.
The A pproach A dopted f o r T h is Study
D i s s a t i s f i e d w ith th e W undtian method o f e x p e r i
17
m e n ta l I n t r o s p e c t i o n as th e te c h n iq u e f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g
h ig h e r m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s , Spearman a d v o c ate d a " C o r r e l a t i o n
a l P sy ch o lo g y " f o r th e p u rp o se o f d e te rm in in g ’’U n ifo rm ity
o f F u n c tio n ," or th e f a c t o f h av in g l i k e r e a c t i o n s u n d er
l i k e c o n d itio n s (Spearm an, 1904). Spearman b e lie v e d t h a t
th e b e h a v io r o f in d iv i d u a ls ca n be a n a ly z e d in t o c l u s t e r s
o f re s p o n s e s w hich in some se n se go t o g e t h e r , a re f u n c tio n
a l l y e q u i v a l e n t , and im ply th e o p e r a tio n o f some u n id im en
s i o n a l o rg a n iz in g p r o c e s s .
I t seemed i n e v i t a b l e t h a t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f such
r e l a t i o n s h i p s demanded new m e th o d o lo g ic a l in n o v a tio n s in c e
such f u n c tio n a l r e l a t i o n s w ere more o r le s s th w a rte d by
o th e r f a c t o r s , and th e y co u ld be o b serv ed o nly in th e form
o f s tr o n g e r or w eaker te n d e n c ie s . Through a p p l i c a t i o n o f
h i s f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c a l method t o c o r r e l a t i o n a l d a ta o b ta in e d
from a s e t o f v a r i a b l e s w hich he b e lie v e d to map th e c o g n i
t i v e domain a d e q u a te ly , Spearman fo rm u la te d th e TW o-Factor
th e o ry o f i n t e l l i g e n c e . He p o s tu l a te d th e e x is te n c e o f a
g e n e r a l a b i l i t y f a c t o r , found i n a l l c o g n itiv e v a r i a b l e s ,
and one u n iq u e f a c t o r i n ea ch v a r i a b l e . The u lti m a t e t e s t
o f t h i s th e o ry was th e t e t r a d c r i t e r i o n by w hich one c o u ld
v e r i f y t h a t th e ra n k o f a c o r r e l a t i o n m a trix was one. I n
p r a c t i c e i t was d i f f i c u l t to g e t th e t e t r a d c r i t e r i o n
18
f u l f i l l e d when Spearm an and h i s f o llo w e r s s t a r t e d t o a n a
ly z e new and d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f t e s t d a t a ( B u rt, 1940).
I n 1932, T h u rsto n e p o s t u l a t e d a gro u p o f common
f a c t o r s t o d e s c r ib e th e n a tu r e o f i n t e l l i g e n c e (T h u rs to n e ,
1 9 3 2 ). The m ain o b j e c t i v e o f T h u r s to n e 's f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n was aimed a t th e c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f u n d e r ly in g
p r o c e s s . F a c t o r i s t s a tte m p t t o d e s c r ib e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r
e n c e s i n te rm s o f th e d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e u n d e r ly in g p r o c e s s .
A c c o rd in g to t h i s o b j e c t i v e , f a c t o r a n l y s i s i s a s c i e n t i f i c
m ethod f o r s u s t a i n i n g o r r e j e c t i n g h y p o th e se s ab o u t th e
n a t u r e o f th e u n d e r ly in g p ro c e s s t h a t produce th e t e s t
s c o r e s .
Today m u ltip le f a c t o r a n a l y s i s seems t o h av e th e
l e a d - - a s s y s te m a tic e x p e rim e n ta l i n t r o s p e c t i o n had i n an
e a r l i e r d a y - - i n t h e s e a r c h f o r d i f f e r e n t i a b l e h ig h e r
th o u g h t p r o c e s s e s .
W orld War I I f u r n is h e d th e p s y c h o lo g is ts w ith more
c o r r e l a t i o n a l d a t a on more d iv e r g e n t ta s k s and m a t e r i a l s
th a n th e y had e v e r had b e f o r e . W hile much o f t h i s in fo rm a
t i o n was used e f f e c t i v e l y i n p e rfo rm in g a h o s t o f im p o rta n t
p r a c t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s , t h e r e was l i t t l e o r no developm ent
o f a fram ew ork o r a th e o r y o f th in k i n g .
One n o ta b le e x c e p tio n i s th e r e s u l t o f a s e r i e s o f
f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p erfo rm ed by G u ilf o r d and
h i s a s s o c i a t e s a t th e U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a .
T hese i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w ere d i r e c t e d to w ard th e i d e n t i f i c a
t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t i a b l e a p t i t u d e s i n th e t r a d i t i o n a l dom ains
o f r e a s o n in g , c r e a t i v i t y , e v a l u a t i o n , p la n n in g , and problem
s o lv i n g . The c o n tin u o u s e f f o r t r e s u l t e d i n th e developm ent
o f a u n i f i e d th e o r y o f i n t e l l e c t , w hich in c lu d e s t h i n k i n g .
A t h e o r e t i c a l m odel c a l l e d th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l -
l e c t , fo rm u la te d by G u ilf o r d i n 1959, i s an e f f o r t t o
c l a s s i f y known i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t i e s i d e n t i f i e d i n p a s t
f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s t u d i e s ( G u ilf o r d , 1959; G u ilf o r d and Mer-
r i f i e l d , 1960). I n th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m odel (th e
SOI m odel) th e p rim a ry i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t i e s a re c l a s s i
f i e d i n te rm s o f t h r e e m a jo r d im e n sio n s: o p e r a t i o n s , c o n
t e n t s , and p ro d u c ts (s e e F ig u re 1 ) . T here a r e f i v e o p e r a
t i o n s : c o g n i t i o n , memory, d iv e r g e n t p r o d u c tio n , c o n v e rg e n t
p r o d u c tio n , and e v a l u a t i o n , w hich th e o rg an ism c a n p erfo rm
upon th e g iv e n in f o r m a tio n . T h ere a r e fo u r k in d s o f c o n
t e n t s , o r c a t e g o r i e s o f in f o r m a tio n , upon w hich th e o rg a n
ism c a n p e rfo rm th e o p e r a t i o n s . T hese fo u r c o n t e n ts a re
f i g u r a l , s y m b o lic , s e m a n tic , and b e h a v i o r a l . The t h i r d
d im e n sio n o f th e m odel r e p r e s e n t s th e s i x k in d s o f p ro d u c ts
u n i t s , c l a s s e s , r e l a t i o n s , s y s te m s , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , and
PRODUCTS
Evaluation
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
Memory
Cognition
Relations
Systems
Transformations
implications
S ym bolic-----
Q j/y- Semantic
Behavioral
F ig . 1.— Structure-of-intellect model.
21
I m p lic a ti o n s . The p ro d u c ts a r e th e r e s u l t s o f th e organ*
is m 's p s y c h o lo g ic a l p r o c e s s in g o f in f o r m a tio n . F ig u re 1
i l l u s t r a t e s th e t h r e e d im e n s io n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f a c t o r s
in th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m odel.
The P roblem and H y p o th e s is
T h is s tu d y a tte m p ts t o e x p lo r e th e s i x f a c t o r s o f
2
se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n d e r iv e d from th e SOI m odel. The
f o llo w in g summary i l l u s t r a t e s th e f a c t o r i a l c a t e g o r i e s s y s
te m a tiz e d i n th e s t r u c t u r e o f i n t e l l e c t . The a s t e r i s k s
i n d i c a t e th e s i x c o m b in a tio n s o f f a c t o r i a l c a t e g o r i e s w hich
w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s tu d y .
O p e ra tio n C o n te n t P ro d u c t
C - c o g n i tio n F - f i g u r a l U* - u n i t
M - memory S - sy m b o lic C* - c l a s s
D - d iv e r g e n t p r o - M* - se m a n tic R* - r e l a t i o n
d u c tio n
N - c o n v e rg e n t p r o - B - b e h a v i o r a l S* - sy stem
d u c tio n
E* - e v a l u a t i o n T* - t r a n s f o r m a ti o n
I* - implication
^ In t h i s s tu d y , th e term e v a l u a t i o n r e f e r s t o a
dom ain o f i n t e l l i g e n c e s p e c i f i e d by th e SOX m odel. The
dom ain o f e v a l u a t i o n i s t o be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from one o f
22
The h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s a r e deduced from th e m odel, and
th e h y p o th e s e s a r e t o be t e s t e d by f a c t o r a n a l y s i s . P r e v i
ous s t u d i e s have shown th e f r u i t f u l n e s s o f su ch a r e s e a r c h
s t r a t e g y ( G u i lf o r d , M e r r i f i e l d , C h r i s t e n s e n , and F r i c k ,
1960; M e r r i f i e l d , e t a l . , 1960; G ersh o n , G u i l f o r d , and
M e r r i f i e l d , 1963; M e r r i f i e l d , G u i l f o r d , and G e rsh o n , 1 9 6 3 ).
I n r e f e r e n c e t o th e SOI c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , T a b le 1
i l l u s t r a t e s th e p o s i t i o n s o f th e s i x h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s
o f e v a l u a t i o n and e i g h t r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n
t h i s s tu d y .
The s i x h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s i n t h i s s tu d y p e r t a i n
t o th e o p e r a t i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n and a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o sem an
t i c c o n t e n t . The s i x f a c t o r s d i f f e r from e a c h o t h e r o n ly
w ith r e s p e c t t o th e p ro d u c t d im e n s io n . I n te rm s o f e x p e r i
m e n ta l d e s i g n , t h i s s tu d y e x e r c i s e s a maximum c o n t r o l o v e r
th e known v a r i a b l e s i n t h a t O p e r a tio n and C o n te n t a r e k e p t
c o n s t a n t o v e r th e f a c t o r s t o be e x p lo r e d . The s e p a r a t i o n
o f f a c t o r s , how ever, i s e x p e c te d t o be d i f f i c u l t , s in c e
t h e r e i s o n ly one d im e n sio n w i t h i n w h ich th e h y p o th e s iz e d
t h e c o n c e p ts o f judgm ent i n p h ilo s o p h y w here judgm ent i s
c o n c e iv e d a s a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l i n te rm s o f v a l u e s o r
b e l i e f (L e w is, 1 9 4 6 ). The dom ain o f e v a l u a t i o n o v e r la p s
w ith th e c o n c e p t o f c r i t i c a l th in k i n g d e s c r ib e d by Taba
(T a b a, 1 9 4 3 ).
TABLE 1
Semantic C ontent A rea o f th e SOI Model
O p eratio n s
D iv erg en t
P ro d u c tio n
Convergent
P ro d u c tio n
Memory C o g n itio n E v a lu a tio n
P ro d u c ts
EM U CM J U n its
C la sse s
R e la tio n s
Systems
T ra n sfo rm a tio n s
Im p lic a tio n s
C M C
CM R
CM S
C M T
CMI
N M T
DMI
EM C
EM R
EM S
EM T
EMI
NJ
U >
24
f a c t o r s c a n be s e p a r a te d from e a ch o t h e r . I t would be
e a s i e r , f o r exam ple, t o s e p a r a te DFU from EMR, s in c e th e s e
f a c t o r s d i f f e r i n a l l t h r e e d im e n s io n s . However, th e
r e s u l t m ight n o t be d e c i s i v e s in c e th e o b ta in e d s e p a r a t i o n
c o u ld be a t t r i b u t e d to any o r a l l o f th e th r e e f a c t o r i a l
d im e n s io n s .
P r e v io u s ly I d e n t i f i e d F a c to r s
o f S em antic E v a lu a tio n
Among th e f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d i n th e p r e v io u s
s t u d i e s , a t l e a s t f i v e a p p e a r t o be r e l e v a n t to th e f a c
t o r i a l d im e n sio n i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s tu d y . T hese f i v e
f a c t o r s a r e ju d g m e n t, speed o f e v a l u a t i o n , l o g i c a l e v a lu a
t i o n , e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n , and s e n s i t i v i t y to p ro b le m s.
Judgm ent
The judgm ent f a c t o r was i s o l a t e d i n t h r e e f a c t o r
a n a ly s e s c o n d u c te d i n th e Army A ir F o rc e (G u ilfo r d and
L acey, 1947). I t h a s b ee n i d e n t i f i e d by th e fo llo w in g
t e s t s : (1) P r a c t i c a l Judgm ent I , (2) P r a c t i c a l Judgm ent I I ,
b o th o f w hich r e q u i r e th e exam inee t o cho o se one o f f i v e
s o l u t i o n s i n p r a c t i c a l p ro b le m s, (3) Commonsense Judgm ent,
w h ich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o ch o o se th e b e s t o f s e v e r a l
a l t e r n a t i v e a c t i o n s to ta k e i n a s p e c i f i e d p roblem s i t u a
25
t i o n b ased upon t h e i r commonsense ju d g m en t, (4) Sequence o f
M aneuvers, (5) C o m p e titiv e P la n n in g , b o th o f w hich a re
t e s t s o f f o r e s i g h t and p la n n in g , (6) P r a c t i c a l E s tim a tio n
I , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t one o f f i v e a l t e r
n a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s to p e rfo rm a s p e c i f i e d t a s k w ith th e
l e a s t amount o f tim e , and (7) L o g ic a l-R e a so n in g ju d g m en t,
w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o choose th e b e s t o f s e v e r a l
a l t e r n a t i v e a c tio n s t o ta k e i n a s p e c i f i e d p roblem s i t u a
t i o n alm o st w h o lly upon th e b a s i s o f l o g i c a l r e a s o n in g .
The sev en t e s t s o f judgm ent d e s c r ib e d above had
s u b s t a n t i a l s id e lo a d in g s on th r e e f a c t o r s . F o r exam ple,
t e s t s (1) and (5) a ls o had lo a d in g s on th e g e n e r a l - r e a s o n
in g f a c t o r , t e s t s (1) and (6) on p la n n in g , and t e s t s ( 1 ) ,
( 4 ) , and (5 ) on th e v e rb a l-c o m p re h e n s io n f a c t o r .
On th e b a s i s o f th e f in d in g s from th e Army A ir
F o rce s tu d y , G u ilf o r d d e fin e d th e f a c t o r as f o llo w s :
. . . th e a b i l i t y p ro b a b ly in v o lv e s m aking w ise
c h o ic e s from a number o f a l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n s t o
a p r a c t i c a l p roblem . I t seems to be j u d i c i a l o r
c r i t i c i s i n g f u n c tio n . ( G u ilfo rd and L acey, 1947,
p . 8 2 3 ).
S u b s e q u e n tly , th e judgm ent f a c t o r ap p e a re d i n a t l e a s t
th r e e f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p erfo rm ed by th e
A p titu d e s R e se a rc h P r o j e c t a t th e U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn
C a l i f o r n i a .
26
I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f r e a s o n in g t e s t s
( G u ilf o r d , G re en , C h r is t e n s e n , H e r tz k a , and K e tt n e r , 1 9 5 2 ),
th e judgm ent f a c t o r h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d by th e f o llo w in g
t e s t s : (1 ) P r a c t i c a l Judgm ent, (2) R ead in g C om prehension,
(3) E s s e n t i a l O p e r a tio n s , i n w hich th e exam inee i s t o
s e l e c t th e in f o r m a tio n t h a t i s n o t e s s e n t i a l t o th e s o l u
t i o n o f an a r i t h m e t i c - r e a s o n i n g p ro b lem , (4) I n f e r e n c e
T e s t , i n w h ich th e exam inee i s t o s e l e c t th e m ost J u s t i f i e d
c o n c lu s io n t h a t c a n be draw n from a g iv e n s ta te m e n t, and
(5) Remote V e rb a l S i m i l a r i t i e s , i n w hich th e exam inee i s to
s e l e c t th e word t h a t h a s m ost i n common w ith a g iv e n w ord.
T e s ts ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , and (4 ) have s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g s on
o th e r f a c t o r s a l s o . T e s t (2) lo a d s s i g n i f i c a n t l y on v e r -
b a l-c o m p re h e n s io n and g e n e r a l- r e a s o n in g f a c t o r s ; t e s t (3 )
i s a l s o lo a d ed on g e n e r a l r e a s o n in g , and t e s t (4) h a s s i g
n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on che v e rb a l-c o m p re h e n s io n f a c t o r . The
f a c t o r i s c o n s id e r e d as judgm ent s in c e
. . . a l l th e s e t e s t s a p p e a r to c a l l f o r a d e c i
s io n i n a somewhat am biguous s i t u a t i o n . . . . I t
i s n e c e s s a r y , i n g e n e r a l , t o make assu m p tio n s
o v e r and above th e f a c t s t h a t a r e g iv e n i n o r d e r
t o s e l e c t an a n sw e r. ( G u ilf o r d , G re en , e t a l * ,
1952, p . 18)
The judgm ent f a c t o r a l s o h as a p p e a re d i n a f a c t o r -
a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f P la n n in g A b i l i t y ( G u ilf o r d , B e r g e r , and
27
C h r is t e n s e n , 1955). The f a c t o r h as b ee n i d e n t i f i e d as
b a s e d on th e p re s e n c e o f P r a c t i c a l Judgm ent and E s s e n t i a l
O p e r a tio n s , w hich had b e e n a n a ly z e d i n th e p r e v io u s s t u d
i e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o th e s e t e s t s , fo u r o th e r t e s t s have
lo ad ed on th e judgm ent f a c t o r . T hese a r e (1) S e e in g D e f i
c i e n c i e s , i n w hich th e exam inee i s t o p o in t o u t i n w hat way
a p ro p o se d p la n o r a c t i v i t y i s f a u l t y ; (2) C o n tin g e n c ie s ,
i n w hich th e exam inee i s t o s t a t e a p o s s i b l e c o n d i tio n t h a t
m ig h t r e q u i r e th e u se o f a g iv e n o b je c t i n a s p e c i f i e d
s i t u a t i o n ; (3) V e r i f i c a t i o n , i n w h ich th e exam inee i s t o
s t a t e two d i f f e r e n t ways f o r d e m o n s tra tin g th e v a l i d i t y o f
c e r t a i n p h y s ic a l o r b i o l o g i c a l phenom ena; and (4) P la n n in g
E l a b o r a t i o n , in w hich th e exam inee i s t o f i l l i n as many
d e t a i l s a s n e c e s s a r y t o make a b r i e f l y o u t l i n e d a c t i v i t y
w ork.
I n th e AAF s tu d y and th e p re v io u s s tu d y on r e a s o n
in g t e s t s , th e judgm ent f a c t o r was re g a r d e d as th e a b i l i t y
to w eigh s o l u t i o n s and s e l e c t th e b e s t o n e. A lth o u g h S ee-
in g D e f i c i e n c i e s , C o n tin g e n c ie s , and V e r i f i c a t i o n w ere n o t
m u lt ip le - c h o ic e fo rm a t, th e o b ta in e d f a c t o r was re g a rd e d as
s i m i l a r to th e p r e v io u s ly found judgm ent f a c t o r w ith th e
c o n j e c t u r e t h a t " th e i n d i v i d u a l h im s e lf c a n p roduce s o l u
t i o n s p r i o r t o w e ig h in g th e m e r it o f s o l u t i o n s " ( G u ilf o r d ,
28
e t a l . , 1955, p . 1 4 ).
Speed o f e v a lu a t io n
Speed o f e v a l u a t i o n h as b e e n i s o l a t e d I n a f a c t o r -
a n a l y t i c stu d y o f e v a l u a t i o n ( G u ilf o r d , H e r tz k a , and
C h r is te n s e n , 1 9 5 3 ), and d e f in e d by th e f o llo w in g t e s t s :
(1 ) Word C hecking I I , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t
o b j e c t s s a t i s f y i n g two g iv e n c o n d i t i o n s ; (2) Word C hecking
I , w hich i s th e same as Word C hecking I I e x c e p t t h a t i t h as
o n ly one g iv e n c o n d i t i o n ; (3) R a tio E s tim a tio n T e s t , w hich
r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o e s tim a te th e r a t i o o f th e s h o r t e r
l i n e to th e lo n g e r l i n e f o r ea ch p a i r o f l i n e s .
I n th e f a c t o r i a l s tu d y o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , T h u rs to n e
(1941) i d e n t i f i e d a f a c t o r d e fin e d by t e s t s (1) V e rb a l
E n u m e ra tio n , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee to mark th e w ords
w hich b elo n g t o a c e r t a i n c a te g o r y ; (2) Word C h eck in g ,
w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t w ords w hich do n o t
grow and s m a lle r th a n th e f o o t b a l l ; (3) P a r a g ra p h , w hich
r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o answ er m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e q u e s tio n s
on f a c t s a f t e r r e a d in g a p a ra g r a p h ; and (4) S e n te n c e s w hich
r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t a word w hich c o m p le te s th e
m eaning o f a s e n te n c e . I n a s tu d y o f p e r c e p t u a l sp e e d ,
B e c h to ld t (1947) i d e n t i f i e d a s i m i l a r f a c t o r d e f in e d by
29
t e s t s (1) Word C hecking (th e t e s t used by T h u r s to n e ) ; (2)
S iz e C om parison, w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee to mark th e
name o f th e l a r g e r o f two g iv e n o b j e c t s ; and (3) U n fu rn ish e d
H ouse, w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee to ch eck words w hich a re
a s s o c ia te d w ith an u n fu rn is h e d h o u se . B e c h to ld t d e fin e d
th e f a c t o r as " flu e n c y o f a s s o c i a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n w ith
p e r c e p tu a l m a t e r i a l s . " F re n ch (1951) l a t e r c a l l e d th e s e
two f a c t o r s "sp e ed o f a s s o c i a t i o n . " The ta s k s in v o lv e d i n
th e t e s t s w hich d e fin e d th e speed o f a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r a re
e s s e n t i a l l y c o n c e p tu a l r a t h e r th a n p e r c e p tu a l e v a l u a t i o n ,
s in c e th e t e s t s d e a l w ith th e m eanings o f w o rd s, o b j e c t s ,
o r s e n te n c e s . T hus, th e speed of a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r i s
p ro b a b ly e q u iv a le n t to th e f a c t o r o f speed o f e v a lu a t io n .
P e r c e p t u a l e v a lu a tio n
P e r c e p tu a l e v a lu a t io n was i s o l a t e d i n th e same
e a r l i e r e v a lu a t io n stu d y ( G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1953) by th e
t e s t s (1 ) R a tio E s tim a tio n , (2) F ig u re E s tim a tio n , and (3)
Sound G ro u p in g . The f a c t o r was d e f in e d as th e a b i l i t y to
a p p r a is e r a p i d l y th e s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s among
sim p le p e r c e p tu a l m a t e r i a l s . The p e r c e p tu a l n a tu r e o f t h i s
f a c t o r in d ic a t e d i t s rese m b lan c e to T h u r s to n e 's Speed o f
Judgm ent f a c t o r (T h u rsto n e , 1944), which was d e fin e d by
30
(1) C olor-F orm S o r tin g -T im e , (2) S o c i a l Judgm ent-T im e, and
(3) S iz e -W e ig h t I llu s io n - T im e .
L o g ic a l e v a lu a t io n
L o g ic a l e v a l u a t i o n h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s a f a c t o r
i n a t l e a s t fo u r p re v io u s a n a ly s e s . I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c
s tu d y o f r e a s o n in g a b i l i t i e s ( G u ilf o r d , G reen , and C h r is t e n
s e n , 1 9 5 1 ), th e f a c t o r h as b e e n d e f in e d by th e f o llo w in g
t e s t s : (1 ) I n f e r e n c e , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t
th e most j u s t i f i e d c o n c lu s io n t h a t c a n be drawn from a
g iv e n s ta te m e n t; (2) S y llo g is m , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee
t o d e c id e w h e th e r c o n c lu s io n s drawn from two o r th r e e
s ta te m e n ts a re c o r r e c t o r i n c o r r e c t ; (3) F a ls e P re m is e s ,
w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o ju d g e w h e th e r th e c o n c lu s io n
i n a g iv e n s y llo g is m i s t r u e or f a l s e ; (A) Word M a trix
T e s t , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o d is c o v e r th e sy stem
o f change in a 2 x 3 m a trix o f w o rd s; (5) P roblem S o lv in g ,
w hich i s a s ta n d a rd a r i t h m e t i c - r e a s o n i n g t e s t ; and (6)
E s s e n t i a l O p e r a tio n s , w hich has h e lp e d to d e f in e th e ju d g
ment f a c t o r in th e P la n n in g s tu d y and a n a l y s i s o f r e a s o n in g
t e s t s . T h is f a c t o r h a s b e e n c o n s id e re d to be an e v a l u a t i v e
one s in c e i t h as b een d e fin e d by t e s t s w hich em phasize th e
judgm ent o f a l t e r n a t i v e c o n c lu s io n s r a t h e r th a n th e d raw in g
t e s t s (1) Word C hecking ( th e t e s t u sed by T h u r s to n e ) ; (2)
S iz e C om parison, w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o m ark th e
name o f th e l a r g e r o f two g iv e n o b j e c t s ; and (3) U n fu rn ish e d
H ouse, w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o ch e c k w ords w h ich a re
a s s o c ia te d w ith an u n f u rn is h e d h o u se . B e c h to ld t d e fin e d
th e f a c t o r as " f lu e n c y o f a s s o c i a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n w ith
p e r c e p t u a l m a t e r i a l s . " F re n c h (1951) l a t e r c a l l e d th e s e
two f a c t o r s "sp e e d o f a s s o c i a t i o n . " The ta s k s in v o lv e d i n
t h e t e s t s w hich d e fin e d th e sp eed o f a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r a r e
e s s e n t i a l l y c o n c e p tu a l r a t h e r th a n p e r c e p t u a l e v a l u a t i o n ,
s in c e th e t e s t s d e a l w ith th e m eanings o f w o rd s, o b j e c t s ,
o r s e n te n c e s . T hus, th e speed o f a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r i s
p ro b a b ly e q u iv a le n t to th e f a c t o r o f speed o f e v a l u a t i o n .
P e r c e p t u a l e v a l u a t i o n
P e r c e p t u a l e v a l u a t i o n was i s o l a t e d i n th e same
e a r l i e r e v a l u a t i o n s tu d y ( G u i lf o r d , e t a l . , 1953) by th e
t e s t s (1 ) R a tio E s tim a ti o n , (2) F ig u re E s tim a ti o n , and (3)
Sound G ro u p in g . The f a c t o r was d e f in e d as th e a b i l i t y to
a p p r a is e r a p i d l y th e s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s among
sim p le p e r c e p t u a l m a t e r i a l s . The p e r c e p t u a l n a tu r e o f t h i s
f a c t o r i n d i c a t e d i t s re se m b la n c e t o T h u r s to n e ’s Speed of
Judgm ent f a c t o r (T h u rs to n e , 1 9 4 4 ), w hich was d e f in e d by
30
(1 ) C o lo r-F o rm S o rtin g -T im e , (2) S o c ia l Judgm ent-T im e, and
(3) S iz e -W e ig h t I l l u s i o n - T i m e .
L o g ic a l e v a l u a t i o n
L o g ic a l e v a l u a t i o n h a s b ee n i d e n t i f i e d a s a f a c t o r
i n a t l e a s t fo u r p re v io u s a n a ly s e s . I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c
s tu d y o f re a s o n in g a b i l i t i e s ( G u ilf o r d , G re en , and C h r is t e n
s e n , 1 9 5 1 ), th e f a c t o r h as b e e n d e f in e d by th e f o llo w in g
t e s t s : (1 ) I n f e r e n c e , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o s e l e c t
th e most j u s t i f i e d c o n c lu s io n t h a t c a n be drawn from a
g iv e n s ta te m e n t; (2) S y llo g is m , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee
t o d e c id e w h e th e r c o n c lu s io n s drawn from two o r t h r e e
s ta te m e n ts a re c o r r e c t o r i n c o r r e c t ; (3) F a ls e P re m is e s ,
w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o ju d g e w h e th e r th e c o n c lu s io n
i n a g iv e n s y llo g is m i s t r u e o r f a l s e ; (4) Word M a trix
T e s t , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o d is c o v e r th e sy stem
o f change i n a 2 x 3 m a trix o f w o rd s; (5) P roblem S o lv in g ,
w hich i s a s ta n d a r d a r i t h m e t i c - r e a s o n i n g t e s t ; and (6)
E s s e n t i a l O p e r a tio n s , w hich h as h e lp e d to d e f in e th e ju d g
ment f a c t o r i n th e P la n n in g s tu d y and a n a l y s i s o f r e a s o n in g
t e s t s . T h is f a c t o r h a s b e e n c o n s id e re d to be an e v a l u a t i v e
one s in c e i t h a s b een d e f in e d by t e s t s w hich em phasize th e
judgm ent o f a l t e r n a t i v e c o n c lu s io n s r a t h e r th a n th e draw ing
31
o f I n f e r e n c e s o r c o n c lu s io n s . The c r i t e r i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n
i n th e s e t e s t s i s t h a t o f l o g i c a l n e c e s s i t y . T h u s, th e
a u th o rs o f t h i s s tu d y have d e s c r ib e d t h i s f a c t o r as a s e n
s i t i v i t y t o l o g i c a l n e c e s s i t y .
L o g ic a l r e a s o n in g
I n th e f a c t o r a n a ly s e s o f r e a s o n in g t e s t s ( G u il
f o r d , G re en , e t a l . , 1 9 5 2 ), l o g i c a l r e a s o n in g was d e fin e d
by (1) Symbol M a n ip u la tio n , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o
ju d g e s y l l o g i s t i c a l l y p r e s e n te d " i f —th e n " s ta te m e n ts tr u e
o r f a l s e ; (2) S y llo g is m s ; (3) S h ip D e s t i n a t i o n T e s t , w hich
h as b ee n found t o be a r e f e r e n c e t e s t f o r th e g e n e r a l -
r e a s o n in g f a c t o r ; (4 ) S e n te n c e O rd e r, i n w hich th e exam
in e e s a r e to a rra n g e t h r e e s e n te n c e s i n a s e n s i b l e o r d e r ;
(5) Word G roup-N am ing; and (6) F ig u re M a trix T e s t . T hese
t e s t s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by w hat i s commonly r e f e r r e d t o as
" d e d u c tiv e t h in k i n g " j u s t as th e t e s t s d is c u s s e d i n th e
p re v io u s p a ra g ra p h . The a u th o rs r e j e c t e d th e name "d e d u c
t i v e , " how ever, s in c e th e exam inee d o es n o t have t o f u r n i s h
h i s own d e d u c tio n s i n th e s e t e s t s .
I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s
( G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1953), th e f a c t o r was a p p r o p r i a t e l y c o n
s id e r e d as an e v a l u a t i v e one and was named " l o g i c a l
32
e v a l u a t i o n . 1 1 The f a c t o r was i d e n t i f i e d by t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
form s o f s y llo g is m t e s t s , and L o g ic a l R e a so n in g , I n f e r e n c e
T e s t , Word S e l e c t i o n , L o g ic a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , E v a lu a tio n of
C o m p reh en sio n s, i n w hich th e exam inee ju d g e s w hich o f t h r e e
g iv e n r e l a t i o n s b etw een p a i r s o f w ords i s most g e n e r a lly
c o r r e c t .
I n th e s tu d y o f P la n n in g A b i l i t i e s (G u ilfo r d and
B e rg e r, e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ), l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n was d e f in e d by
(1) L o g ic a l R e a so n in g , (2) E s s e n t i a l O p e r a tio n s , and (3)
I n f e r e n c e T e s t . The l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r was a l s o
i d e n t i f i e d i n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f g e n e r a l- r e a s o n in g
a b i l i t i e s ( G u ilf o r d , K e tt n e r , and C h r is t e n s e n , 1 9 5 5 ). The
f o llo w in g t e s t s w ere lo a d ed on th e f a c t o r : (1 ) L o g ic a l
R e a so n in g , (2 ) P roblem S o lv in g , (3) R e ad in g C om prehension,
(4 ) E s s e n t i a l O p e r a tio n s , and (5) Symbol M a n ip u la tio n I I .
As c a n be s e e n from th e v a r i e t y o f t e s t s w hich have
b e e n lo ad ed on l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , th e f a c t o r must have
r a t h e r b ro a d p r o p e r t i e s . F u rth e rm o re , th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t
m u l t ip le - c h o ic e fo rm a t r e q u i r e s e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t y r a t h e r
th a n d e d u c tio n i s n o t r e a d i l y a c c e p ta b le . A t t e n t i o n sh o u ld
be g iv e n t o th e k in d o f th in k i n g p r o c e s s , d e d u c tio n o r
e v a l u a t i o n , t h a t i s more im p o rta n t i n a n sw e rin g c o r r e c t l y .
In e v a l u a t i o n ite m s th e c h o ic e o f a l t e r n a t i v e re s p o n s e s
sh o u ld be d i f f i c u l t and th e d e d u c tiv e p ro c e s s o f th e p ro b
le m -s o lv in g a c t i v i t y sh o u ld be e a s y . T h is h a s n o t alw ays
b e e n t r u e i n th e t e s t s w hich have d e f in e d th e l o g i c a l -
e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r . The l o g i c a 1 - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r , as id e n
t i f i e d i n th e p re v io u s s t u d i e s , m ight have b e e n a com bina
t i o n o f d e d u c tio n and e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r s .
E x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n
The e x p e r i e n t i a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r h a s ap p e ared i n
th e p re v io u s stu d y o f e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s ( G u ilf o r d , e t
a l . , 1953), and h a s b ee n d e f in e d by th e fo llo w in g t e s t s :
(1) U n u su al D e t a i l s , w hich r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o p o in t
o u t two i n c o n g r u i t i e s i n each s k e tc h o f a common s i t u a t i o n ;
(2) O b je c t S y n th e s i s , i n w hich exam inees a r e to s u g g e s t
th r e e th in g s t h a t c a n be made by com bining two g iv e n o b
j e c t s ; (3 ) Word C hecking I , i n w hich th e exam inees a r e t o
s e l e c t th e o b je c t s a t i s f y i n g a g iv e n c o n d i t i o n ; and (A)
S o c i a l S i t u a t i o n s , i n w hich exam inees a re to s e l e c t from
fo u r a l t e r n a t i v e s th e a c t i o n le a d in g t o th e most d e s i r a b l e
co n seq u en c es f o r a g iv e n s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n . Each o f th e s e
t e s t s seems t o r e q u i r e a d i f f e r e n t a b i l i t y ; O b je c t S y n th e
s i s r e q u i r e s an a b i l i t y t o i n t e r p r e t o b j e c t s from a new
p o in t o f v ie w ; S o c ia l S i t u a t i o n s r e q u i r e s an a b i l i t y to
34
make a com plex ju d g m en t w h ich may In v o lv e s o c i a l i n t e l l i
g en c e a s w e l l a s th e i n d i v i d u a l 's v a l u e s y s te m . The a u
t h o r s h a v e d e f in e d t h e f a c t o r a s o f " c o n c e p t u a l e v a l u a t i o n
p r i m a r i l y i n te rm s o f p r a c t i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y , e x p e r i e n c e ,
and s o c i a l c u sto m " ( G u i l f o r d , e t a l . , 1953, p . 2 1 ) . As
th e a u t h o r s s t a t e , t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h i s f a c t o r i s
o f f e r e d a s th e b e s t g u e s s t h a t c a n be made on th e b a s i s o f
t h e s tu d y .
S e n s i t i v i t y t o p ro b le m s
S e n s i t i v i t y t o p ro b le m s h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n a
num ber o f p r e v io u s s t u d i e s . I n a c o m p re h e n siv e f a c t o r -
a n a l y t i c s tu d y w h ich i n v o lv e s th e dom ains o f r e a s o n i n g ,
c r e a t i v i t y , and e v a l u a t i o n s , t h e f a c t o r h a s b e e n d e f i n e d
by (1 ) S e e in g P ro b le m s , w h ich r e q u i r e s e x a m in e es t o w r i t e
f i v e p ro b le m s t h a t a r i s e i n c o n n e c ti o n w i t h e a c h o f s e v e r a l
common o b j e c t s ; (2 ) A p p a ra tu s T e s t , w h ich r e q u i r e s e x a m in
e e s t o s u g g e s t two im p ro v em en ts f o r e a c h o f s e v e r a l g iv e n
im p le m e n ts ; (3 ) S e e in g D e f i c i e n c i e s , w h ich r e q u i r e s exam
in e e s t o p o i n t o u t t h e f a u l t s i n p ro p o s e d p l a n s ; and (4 )
S o c i a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , w h ic h r e q u i r e s ex a m in e e s t o l i s t two
im provem ents f o r e a c h o f th e g iv e n s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h ese t e s t s a l l in v o lv e th e s e e in g o f o r b e in g
35
a w a re o f p r o b le m s o f some k i n d , e i t h e r i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h
common o b j e c t s , m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s , s o c i a l I n s t i t u t i o n s ,
o r p l a n s o r a c t i v i t i e s . I n a f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s t u d y o f
c r e a t i v e t h i n k i n g ( G u i l f o r d , W i ls o n , and C h r i s t e n s e n ,
1 9 5 2 ) , t h e f a c t o r w as d e f i n e d b y S o c i a l I n s t i t u t i o n s and
A p p a r a t u s T e s t .
I n t h e f a c t o r a n a l y s e s o f p ro b le m s o l v i n g ( M e r r i
f i e l d , e t a l . , 1 9 6 0 ) , t h e s e n s i t i v i t y - t o - p r o b l e m s f a c t o r
w as d e f i n e d b y t h e S e e i n g P ro b le m s t e s t . The p r e s e n c e o f
tw o c r i t e r i o n t e s t s f o r P ro b le m S o l v i n g , T r a n s i t i o n , and
P r e d i c a m e n t s , seem ed t o s u p p o r t t h e c l a i m o f t h i s f a c t o r a s
b e i n g i m p o r t a n t t o p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g a c t i v i t y .
The r e v i e w o f t h e s e known f a c t o r s e n a b l e s o ne t o
d raw i n f e r e n c e s a s t o t h e n a t u r e an d t h e b o u n d a r y o f t h e
s e m a n t i c - e v a l u a t i v e p r o c e s s . F i r s t , e v a l u a t i o n i s t h e
p r o c e s s o f r e a c h i n g a d e c i s i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e g o o d n e s s o f
i n f o r m a t i o n i n te r m s o f s p e c i f i e d c r i t e r i a . E v a l u a t i o n
a l s o i n v o l v e s s e n s i t i v i t y i n s e e i n g d e f e c t s , n e e d s , and
d e f i c i e n c i e s . S e c o n d , s e m a n ti c e v a l u a t i o n i s n o t a u n i t a r y
a b i l i t y b u t c o n s i s t s o f a num ber o f d i f f e r e n t a b i l i t i e s ,
e a c h d e a l i n g w i t h d i f f e r e n t fo rm s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a n d d i f
f e r e n t c r i t e r i a . The i n f o r m a t i o n may b e o b j e c t s , r e l a t i o n
s h i p s b e tw e e n s t a t e m e n t s , p i c t u r e s o f common s i t u a t i o n s ,
36
or r e l a t i v e l y complex p r a c t i c a l problem s. The c r i t e r i o n
f o r e v a lu a tio n may be i d e n t i t y , lo g ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , or
i n t e r n a l c o n s is te n c y , o r , in some c a s e s , i t may be th e
s u i t a b i l i t y or e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f th e g iv e n in fo rm a tio n f o r
c e r t a i n p u rp o ses.
The R ole of E v a lu a tio n i n th e
Problem -Solving P ro cess
R e c e n tly , p s y c h o lo g is ts and e d u c a to rs have become
in c re a s in g ly aware o f th e im portance o f e v a lu a tio n and i t s
unique r o le in problem s o lv in g . I t s r e l a t i o n to problem
s o lv in g was suggested by John Dewey (1910), when he p ro
posed f iv e e s s e n t i a l s te p s in problem s o lv in g : f e l t d i f f i
c u lty of problem , i t s lo c a tio n and d e f i n i t i o n , su g g e stio n
o f p o s s ib le s o lu t io n s , c o n s id e r a tio n o f consequences, and
t e s t i n g of th e s o lu tio n s .
A ccording to Dewey's p ro b lem -so lv in g model, e v a lu a
t i o n p la y s i t s most im p o rtan t r o le a t th e l a s t phase o f th e
p ro b lem -so lv in g p ro c e s s . I n t h i s sense th e term " e v a lu a
t io n " i s used to mean th e t e s t i n g o f th e p o s s ib le s o lu tio n s
produced by th e problem s o lv e r in advance of em ploying one
o f them.
In th e SOI model, e v a lu a tio n i s d e fin e d b ro a d ly as
th e p ro cess o f d e c is io n as to w hether in fo rm a tio n t h a t i s
37
c o g n iz e d , rem em bered, o r produced m eets a c e r t a i n s ta n d a rd
o r g o a l . I n term s o f th e t r a d i t i o n a l p ro b le m -so lv in g
m o d e ls, th e o p e r a tio n o f c o g n itio n c o rre sp o n d s t o th e phase
commonly r e f e r r e d to as " u n d e rs ta n d in g th e p ro b le m ,"
" s t r u c t u r i n g th e problem s i t u a t i o n , " o r "developm ent o f th e
s e a rc h m o d e l." The o p e r a tio n o f p r o d u c tio n , e i t h e r d i v e r
g e n t o r c o n v e rg e n t, c o rre sp o n d s t o th e phase commonly
r e f e r r e d to a s " p r o d u c tio n o r s u g g e s tio n o f p o s s ib le s o l u
t i o n s , " o r " i l l u m i n a t i o n . " The o p e r a tio n of memory h as no
p la c e i n D ew ey's m odel. But b o th s h o r t- te r m and lo n g -te rm
memory must be assumed t o be r e q u ir e d i n a l l f iv e s te p s in
h i s m odel. I n t h i s c o n t e x t, th e o p e r a tio n o f memory means
th e su rv ey o f a v a i l a b l e s to r e d in fo rm a tio n used i n s o lv in g
th e problem .
The o p e r a tio n o f e v a lu a t io n may p la y an im p o rta n t
r o l e a t th e l a s t phase o f th e p ro b le m -s o lv in g p ro c e s s i f
th e p o s s i b le s o lu t io n s a r e ab o u t e q u a lly d e s ir a b le o r un d e
s i r a b l e . But e v a lu a t io n may a ls o be c a l l e d f o r a t any
phase o f th e p ro b le m -s o lv in g p r o c e s s , w henever i t i s n o t
o b v io u s t h a t th e in f o r m a tio n , e i t h e r rem em bered, c o g n iz e d ,
o r p ro d u c e d , does n o t meet th e s p e c i f i e d c r i t e r i o n . T h is
assu m p tio n h a s been k ep t in mind th ro u g h o u t th e p ro c e s s o f
h y p o th e s is developm ent i n t h i s s tu d y .
CHAPTER III
THE TEST BATTERY
G e n e ra l P ro c e d u re
When an I n t e l l e c t u a l f a c t o r i s h y p o th e s iz e d from
th e SOI m odel, t h e r e a re two m ajor s t r a t e g i e s f o r d e v e lo p
in g m easures o f th e c o n s t r u c t . One i s b ased upon th e t h r e e -
way d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e f a c t o r i t s e l f . The u n iq u e p o s i t i o n
o f th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r i n th e m odel d e te rm in e s th e k in d
o f c o n t e n t, th e k in d o f o p e r a t i o n , and th e k in d o f p ro d u c t
in v o lv e d i n th e th in k in g p ro c e s s r e q u ir e d by th e t e s t . F or
ex am p le, th e th in k i n g p ro c e s s f o r th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r
o f EMR w ould in v o lv e judgm ent o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een
w o rd s. A m e a n in g fu lly a s s o c i a t e d p a i r o f w ords i s an
exam ple o f a se m a n tic r e l a t i o n s h i p , and so th e t e s t ,
M atched V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s , was d ev e lo p ed by t h i s a p p ro a c h .
A second m ajor s t r a t e g y f o r d e v e lo p in g a t e s t o f a
h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r i s t o ta k e ad v a n ta g e o f th e p a r a l l e l s
i n f e r r e d by th e SOI m odel. F o r exam ple, CMU, c o g n i tio n o f
38
se m a n tic u n i t s , and EMU, e v a l u a t i o n o f se m a n tic u n i t s ,
d i f f e r o n ly w ith r e s p e c t t o th e k in d o f i n t e l l e c t u a l o p e r a
t i o n in v o lv e d . A t e s t f o r th e EMJ f a c t o r c a n be d e v e lo p e d
t o re se m b le a t e s t f o r th e CtU f a c t o r , th e im p o rta n t d i f
f e r e n c e b e in g th e k in d o f o p e r a t io n in v o lv e d . The EM U t e s t
em p h asizes ta s k s w hich demand th e e v a l u a t i v e o p e r a t i o n and
a minimum o f th e c o g n i tiv e o p e r a t i o n . Many t e s t s i n th e
c a te g o r y o f se m an tic c o g n i t i o n , w here most f a c t o r s a re
a lr e a d y d e m o n s tra te d , a r e used as m odels f o r th e d e v e lo p
ment o f t e s t s o f se m an tic e v a l u a t i o n .
The problem o f th e o p e r a t i o n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r
s e p a r a t i n g th e e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s from th e c o g n i tiv e
a b i l i t i e s d e s e r v e s a few com m ents. I n th e p r e c e d in g s e c
t i o n , e v a l u a t i o n i s d e f in e d as th e p r o c e s s o f d e c i s i o n as
t o w h e th e r in f o r m a tio n t h a t i s c o g n iz e d , rem em bered, o r
pro d u ced m eets a c e r t a i n s ta n d a r d o r g o a l. I f a t e s t i s
d e s ig n e d t o m easure an e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t y , th e t a s k sh o u ld
be d i f f i c u l t o n ly i n th e p ro c e s s o f d e c i s i o n , and n o t i n
c o g n i t i o n , memory, o r p r o d u c tio n o f id e a s i n th e p ro b le m
s o lv in g p r o c e s s . D i f f i c u l t y c a n be in tro d u c e d i n t o th e
d e c i s i o n p ro c e s s by p r o v id in g an u n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n i n
re s p o n s e to a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s . I n d e v e lo p in g th e t e s t s
o f e v a l u a t i o n , an a tte m p t was made t o in d u c e th e u n c e r t a i n
40
c o n d i t i o n by m aking a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s ab o u t e q u a lly
d e s i r a b l e , and to s p e c if y th e problem s i t u a t i o n as c l e a r l y
a s p o s s i b le in o r d e r t o re d u c e th e v a r ia n c e due t o c o g n i
t i o n .
I n d e s ig n in g f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s t u d i e s , a s u f f i c i e n t
number o f t e s t s f o r ea ch h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r sh o u ld be
p r e s e n t in th e t e s t b a t t e r y , so t h a t e a c h f a c t o r may be
c l e a r l y d e f in e d and b e t t e r u n d e rs to o d i n te rm s o f th e
a p p a re n t p s y c h o lo g ic a l f u n c tio n s h a re d by a l l i t s t e s t s .
I n t h i s s tu d y a t l e a s t t h r e e t e s t s a re em ployed f o r e a c h o f
th e s i x h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s .
H y p o th e siz e d F a c to r s and T h e ir T e s ts
As in d ic a t e d i n th e p re c e d in g s e c t i o n , f i v e f a c t o r s
i n th e a r e a o f se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n w ere i d e n t i f i e d as th e
r e s u l t o f p re v io u s r e s e a r c h . A re v ie w o f th o s e c o n s t r u c t s
i n th e l i g h t o f th e newly fo rm u la te d s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t
m odel r e s u l t e d i n th e d e c i s i o n to d e v e lo p new t e s t s f o r a l l
s i x o f th e h y p o th e s iz e d a b i l i t i e s . T e s ts r e p r e s e n t i n g th e
p re v io u s f a c t o r s o r m o d if ic a tio n s o f them w ere in c lu d e d i n
th e t e s t b a t t e r y t o p ro v id e c o n t i n u i t y w ith p re v io u s w ork.
The h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s a r e d e f in e d b elo w , w ith
th e names o f th e t e s t s t o r e p r e s e n t them i n t h i s b a t t e r y .
41
F u r t h e r in f o rm a tio n r e g a r d in g any t e s t may be found i n th e
A ppendix.
E M I-■ E v alu atio n o f se m a n tic
u n i t s
U n its a re r e l a t i v e l y s e g r e g a te d o r c irc u m s c rib e d
ite m s o f in f o r m a tio n . The CMJ f a c t o r , c o g n i tio n o f seman
t i c u n i t s , i s p r e s e n t l y r e p r e s e n te d by a common v o c a b u la ry
t e s t and a re a d in g -c o m p re h e n s io n t e s t . T hese t e s t s r e q u i r e
exam inees t o re c o g n iz e th e m eanings o f w ords o r p a r a g r a p h s .
The N M U f a c t o r , a f a c t o r o f se m a n tic u n i t s i n th e c a te g o r y
o f c o n v e rg e n t t h i n k i n g , i s i d e n t i f i e d by t e s t s w hich r e
q u ir e exam inees t o p ro d u ce c o n c e p ts . The DMJ f a c t o r
in v o lv e s th e p r o d u c tio n o f many w ords o r id e a s a p p r o p r i a t e
t o a g iv e n s i t u a t i o n . A se m a n tic u n i t , th e n , may be a
w ord, an o b j e c t , a s e n te n c e , o r a c o n c e p t, d ep e n d in g upon
th e k in d o f th in k i n g p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d . I n t h i s s tu d y ,
th e EM U f a c t o r i s h y p o th e s iz e d t o be th e a b i l i t y to e v a l u
a t e th e s u i t a b i l i t y o r adequacy o f a word o r an o b j e c t i n
te rm s o f g iv e n c r i t e r i a . T hree t e s t s w ere d ev e lo p ed as
m easures o f EMJ.
D ouble D esc riP tio n s--E M J0 1 A .- - E v a l u a t e o b j e c t s
a c c o rd in g t o how th e y m eet two g iv e n c r i t e r i a . I n e a c h
42
ite m , a l l a l t e r n a t i v e s w ere a b o u t e q u a l i n t h e i r c o n fo rm in g
o r n o t c o n fo rm in g t o th e c r i t e r i a upon w h ic h th e y w ere to
b e ju d g e d . The t e s t was a d a p te d from Word C h e c k in g I I
w h ic h was th e l e a d i n g t e s t d e f i n i n g t h e s p e e d - o f - e v a l u a t i o n
f a c t o r ( G u i l f o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 3 ).
Synonyms--EMU02A. - - E v a l u a t e th e I d e n t i t y o r s i m i
l a r i t y o f th e m ean in g o f w o rd s . T h is t e s t i s l i k e m ost
m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e v e r b a l- c o m p r e h e n s io n t e s t s , e x c e p t t h a t a l l
a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e synonyms o f t h e g iv e n w o rd . A c h o ic e
m ust b e made on th e b a s i s o f s u b t l e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m ean in g .
Word S u b stitu tio n --E M L J0 3 A . - - E v a l u a t e a g ro u p o f
w o rd s i n te rm s o f t h e i r s u i t a b i l i t y f o r r e p l a c i n g a s p e c i
f i e d w ord i n a g iv e n s e n t e n c e . L ik e synonyms a b o v e , th e
s u b s t i t u t i o n o f a w ord i n a s e n te n c e was made t o depend
upon f i n e s h a d in g s o f m e a n in g , a s any a l t e r n a t i v e c o u ld
c o n c e iv a b ly be c h o s e n and w ould f i t i n t o th e s e n t e n c e .
EMC—E v a l u a t i o n o f s e m a n tic c l a s s e s
C la s s e s a r e r e c o g n i z e d s e t s o f u n i t s g ro u p e d by
v i r t u e o f t h e i r common p r o p e r t i e s . I n th e CM C f a c t o r , a
p a r a l l e l f a c t o r i n t h e c o g n i t i v e c a t e g o r y , th e c l a s s p r o p
e r t i e s a r e p r e s e n t l y th o u g h t t o b e d e r i v e d fro m th e
43
m eanings o f w ords and o b j e c t s , a s m easu red by Word C l a s s i
f i c a t i o n and V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , o r from a g r o u p in g o f
s e n t e n c e s , a s m easu red by S e n te n c e E v a l u a t i o n . I n t h i s
s tu d y , th e EMC f a c t o r i s h y p o th e s iz e d as an a b i l i t y t o
e v a l u a t e s u i t a b i l i t y o r ad e q u ac y o f c l a s s g ro u p in g s t o
r e p r e s e n t a g iv e n w o rd , o b j e c t , o r s e t o f o b j e c t s .
B e s t Word C lass--EM C 01A . —From g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s ,
c h o o se t h e c l a s s name w h ich b e s t r e p r e s e n t s a g iv e n w ord
o r o b j e c t . The a l t e r n a t i v e c l a s s names a r e a c c e p t a b l e ;
c h o i c e s a r e t o be made upon s p e c i f i c i t y and i n c l u s i v e n e s s
o f t h e name.
B e s t Word P a i r s —EMC02A. — From g iv e n p a i r s o f w o rd s ,
c h o o se th e p a i r t h a t makes th e b e s t c l a s s . The c h o ic e
among w ord p a i r s a l l h a v in g p r o p e r t i e s i n common a r e t o be
made on th e b a s i s o f th e number and im p o rta n c e o f s h a re d
p r o p e r t i e s .
C la s s Name Se le ctio n --E M C 0 3 A .--F ro m g iv e n a l t e r n a
t i v e s , ch o o se th e c l a s s name w h ic h b e s t r e p r e s e n t s a s e t o f
w o rd s o r o b j e c t s . The a l t e r n a t i v e c l a s s names a r e a l l
r e a s o n a b ly a c c e p t a b l e ; c h o ic e s a r e t o be made upon th e
b a s i s o f d e g re e o f s p e c i f i c i t y o f th e name.
44
EMR—E v a l u a t i o n o f se m a n tic
r e l a t i o n s
R e l a t i o n s a r e th e r e c o g n iz e d c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n
u n i t s o f in f o r m a tio n b a s e d upon v a r i a b l e s t h a t a p p ly t o
them . The CMR f a c t o r , c o g n i t i o n o f se m a n tic r e l a t i o n s , i s
i d e n t i f i e d a s an a b i l i t y t o r e c o g n iz e th e r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n
a g iv e n p a i r o r s e t o f w o rd s , a s m e asu red by th e V e rb a l
A n a lo g ie s X and Word M a tr ix t e s t s . The NM R f a c t o r , th e
p a r a l l e l f a c t o r o f s e m a n tic r e l a t i o n s i n th e a r e a o f c o n
v e r g e n t p r o d u c tio n , i s i d e n t i f i e d by th e t e s t s w h ich r e
q u i r e th e s u b j e c t s t o p ro d u c e th e se m a n tic r e l a t i o n by
s u p p ly in g w o rd s. I n th e s tu d y , t h e EMR f a c t o r i s h y p o th e
s iz e d to be th e a b i l i t y t o e v a l u a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among
w ords o r i d e a s .
B e st Trpnri Name--EMR01A. - - S e l e c t th e w ord t h a t b e s t
d e s c r i b e s th e o r d e r o f f o u r g iv e n w o rd s. A l l a l t e r n a t i v e
tr e n d names a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y d e s c r ib e th e g iv e n t r e n d ,
b u t one d e s c r i b e s i t w i t h g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y . The t e s t was
a d a p te d from a t e s t c a l l e d S e e in g T ren d w h ich r e q u i r e s th e
exam inee t o d is c o v e r and name t h e t r e n d e x p r e s s e d i n a
se q u en ce o f g iv e n w o rd s . The t e s t was once lo a d e d on th e
f a c t o r o f o r i g i n a l i t y ( G u ilf o r d and B e r g e r , e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ),
and i n a n o th e r s tu d y , i t a p p e a re d on an NMJ f a c t o r ,
45
commonly r e g a r d e d a s t h e f a c t o r o f nam ing ( G u i l f o r d ,
K e t t n e r & C h r i s t e n s e n , 1 9 5 6 ). A lth o u g h t h e f a c t o r c o n t e n t
o f t h i s t e s t w as n o t d e c i s i v e l y d e t e r m in e d , t h e t e s t was
h y p o th e s iz e d t o m e a su re t h e a b i l i t y o r a b i l i t i e s w h ic h d e a l
w i t h e i t h e r r e l a t i o n s o r s y s te m s o f s e m a n tic i n f o r m a t i o n .
I n e a c h ite m o f B e s t T ren d Name, a l t e r n a t i v e t r e n d names
w ere g iv e n t o t h e ex a m in e e i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e v a r i a n c e
due t o t h e c o g n i t i o n a s w e l l a s th e p r o d u c t i o n o f t r e n d
n a m e s.
L o g i c a l R e a s o n in g --F o rm A - 2 . --C h o o se t h e c o r r e c t
c o n c l u s i o n t h a t c a n b e draw n fro m tw o g iv e n s t a t e m e n t s .
The a l t e r n a t i v e s i n t h i s s y l l o g i s t i c t e s t a r e n o t a l l c o r
r e c t . The i n c o r r e c t o n e s a r e n o t o b v io u s , h o w e v e r, a s th e y
a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f common e r r o r s made i n s y l l o g i s t i c r e a
s o n in g . I n t h e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , a f a c t o r c a l l e d " l o g i c a l
e v a l u a t i o n s " w as i d e n t i f i e d and t h e f a c t o r w as l a t e r
a s s i g n e d t o t h e c e l l f o r t h e EMR f a c t o r i n t h e SOI m odel.
T h e r e f o r e , L o g i c a l R e a s o n in g , one o f t h e t e s t s w h ic h
i d e n t i f i e d t h e su p p o se d l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r , was
in c lu d e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y t o p r o v id e c o n t i n u i t y w i t h
p r e v io u s w o rk .
46
M atched V e rb a l R elations--E M R 02A .. — S e l e c t th e p a i r
o f w ords t h a t r e p r e s e n t s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p m ost s i m i l a r t o
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p g iv e n i n th e s ta n d a r d p a i r o f w o rd s. The
d i f f i c u l t y i s i n th e c h o ic e among a l t e r n a t i v e s , and n o t i n
t h e d is c o v e r y o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n th e s ta n d a r d
word p a i r . The a l t e r n a t i v e s a l l a p p e a r c o r r e c t , b u t one
p a i r e x h i b i t s a r e l a t i o n s h i p more l i k e t h a t i n th e s ta n d a r d
w ord p a i r .
V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s III--EM RQ4A. - - I n an a n a lo g ie s
f o rm a t, th e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e f i r s t two w ords b e in g
f a i r l y o b v io u s , ch o o se th e a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t i s th e b e s t
c o m p le tio n o f th e a n a lo g y . The keyed a l t e r n a t i v e h a s a
g r e a t e r s i m i l a r i t y o f r e l a t i o n t o t h e f i r s t p a i r th a n do
th e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s . I n p r e v io u s s t u d i e s , a t e s t s i m i
l a r t o V e r b a l A n a lo g ie s I I I was a n a ly z e d w ith V e rb a l
A n a lo g ie s I , an a n a lo g y t e s t w hich e m p h a siz e s th e c o g n i t i o n
o f r e l a t i o n t o th e f i r s t p a i r ( G u i lf o r d , e t a l , 1951;
G u i l f o r d , G re e n , e t a l . , 1 9 5 2 ). I n t h i s a n a l y s i s , V e rb a l
A n a lo g ie s I c o n s i s t e n t l y lo a d e d on a f a c t o r c a l l e d
" e d u c a t io n o f c o n c e p tu a l r e l a t i o n s , " o r CM R i n t h e SOI
te rm in o lo g y . The b e h a v io r o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I , th e
t e s t from w h ich V e r b a l A n a lo g ie s I I I was a d a p te d , was n o t
47
c o n s i s t e n t in th e s e a n a ly s e s . The t e s t a p p e ared on l o g i c a l
e v a l u a t i o n , v i s u a l i z a t i o n , and e d u c a tio n o f c o r r e l a t e on
d i f f e r e n t o c c a s io n s .
I t seems l i k e l y t h a t th e r e w ere n o t enough e v a lu a
t i v e v a r ia n c e s o f a se m a n tic n a t u r e i n th e s e a n a ly s e s t o
form an in d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r o f se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n o f r e l a
t i o n s . T hus. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I i s lo ad ed on d i f f e r e n t
f a c t o r s t o s h a re th e v a r ia n c e w ith th e e v a l u a t i v e t e s t s o f
d i f f e r e n t c o n te n ts su ch a s f i g u r a l o r sym bolic m a t e r i a l s .
V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I i s e s s e n t i a l l y th e same as V e rb a l
A n a lo g ie s I I e x c e p t t h a t th e e v a l u a t i v e a s p e c t i s empha
s iz e d s t r o n g l y .
Word L in k a g e —EMR03A.--C h o o se a word t h a t i s s im i
l a r i n m eaning to two o th e r g iv e n w o rd s. The word ch o sen
m ust be r e l a t e d to th e g iv e n w ords i n two d i f f e r e n t w ays.
Only one a l t e r n a t i v e c l e a r l y conform s t o b o th c r i t e r i a ,
th e re m a in in g a l t e r n a t i v e s do n o t conform to one o f them .
E M S --E v alu atio n o f se m a n tic
sy stem s
System s a r e o rg a n iz e d o r s t r u c t u r e d a g g r e g a te s o f
in f o r m a tio n , o r com plexes o f i n t e r r e l a t e d p a r t s . I n th e
NM S f a c t o r , a p a r a l l e l f a c t o r in th e a r e a o f c o n v e rg e n t
48
p r o d u c tio n , th e se m a n tic sy stem s a r e c o n c e iv e d a s o r g a n
iz e d , o r d e r e d , o r i n t e r r e l a t e d s e r i e s o f e v e n t s , a s m eas
u re d by P i c t u r e A rran g e m en t, S e n te n c e O rd e r, and T em poral
O rd e rin g . The t e s t s t h a t d e f i n e th e CM S f a c t o r , a p a r a l l e l
f a c t o r i n t h e a r e a o f s e m a n tic c o g n i t i o n , d e a l w ith r e a s o n
in g p ro b le m s. T hese t e s t s commonly em p h asize t h e a b i l i t y
to u n d e rs ta n d and s t r u c t u r e a com plex p ro b lem s i t u a t i o n i n
t h e l i g h t o f th e r e q u i r e d g o a l t o be a t t a i n e d .
The e s s e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r o f th e CMS f a c t o r seems t o
in v o lv e th e h a n d lin g , m a n ip u la tin g , and k e e p in g t r a c k o f
many a s p e c t s o f a com plex p ro b le m . P r e s e n t know ledge c o n
c e r n in g th e CM S and NM S f a c t o r s s u g g e s ts th e d i v e r s i t y o f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s e m a n tic s y s te m s . I t seems t h a t th e
se m a n tic sy stem ca n be a s e n te n c e , a com plex r e l a t i o n s h i p
among w o rd s, a p ro b le m , o r a common s i t u a t i o n . F o r t h i s
r e a s o n , th e t e s t s d e v e lo p e d f o r th e EMS sam ple a l l th e
s t i m u l i t h a t can be e x p e c te d t o in v o lv e se m a n tic s y s te m s .
C om plete ThoughtS--EM S01A.- - D e c id e w h e th e r a g iv e n
s e n te n c e e x p r e s s e s a c o m p le te th o u g h t. S e n te n c e s w h ich
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y c o n fu s e s t u d e n t s as t o t h e i r e x p r e s s i o n
o f c o m p lete th o u g h t w ere s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s t e s t so t h a t
th e ite m was n o t so o b v io u s .
49
Im p o rta n t Facts--EM S02A . —From g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s ,
s e l e c t th e m ost im p o rta n t and th e l e a s t im p o rta n t f a c t s
needed t o s o lv e a pro b lem . The t e s t was d ev e lo p ed from
E s s e n t i a l O p e ra tio n w hich a p p e a re d lo a d ed on th e f a c t o r s
o f l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , ju d g m e n t, and e d u c a tio n o f c o n c ep
t u a l r e l a t i o n s i n two d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s d is c u s s e d i n th e
p re v io u s s e c t i o n . In E s s e n t i a l O p e ra tio n , th e exam inee i s
r e q u i r e d t o s e l e c t th e in f o r m a tio n t h a t i s n o t e s s e n t i a l
t o th e s o l u t i o n o f an a r i t h m e t i c - r e a s o n i n g p roblem . The
c o r r e c t answ er can be found by s t r u c t u r i n g th e problem
s i t u a t i o n and by a p p ly in g a r i t h m e t i c r e a s o n in g a lo n e .
I n e a c h ite m o f Im p o rta n t F a c t s , e x p e r i e n t i a l
r e a s o n in g i s em phasized i n s t e a d o f a r i t h m e t i c r e a s o n in g .
To em p h asize e v a l u a t i v e t a s k s , e a c h ite m was c o n s tr u c te d
so t h a t a l l th e a l t e r n a t i v e f a c t s p la y a p a r t i n s o lv in g
t h e p ro b lem , b u t one i s m ost im p o rta n t u n d er th e g iv e n
s i t u a t i o n and one l e a s t im p o r ta n t.
S entensense--E M S 03A . - -E v a lu a te th e i n t e r n a l c o n
s i s t e n c y o f th e id e a s o r e v e n ts e x p re s s e d i n a s e n te n c e .
No s e n te n c e i n t h i s t e s t i s o b v io u s ly i n c o n s i s t e n t . On th e
s u r f a c e th e y a p p e a r to be m e a n in g fu lly c o n s i s t e n t . The
t e s t i s a d a p te d from a t e s t c a l l e d A b s u r d itie s w hich i s
lo a d ed on th e f a c t o r o f e d u c tio n o f c o n c e p tu a l r e l a t i o n
I n a p re v io u s s tu d y o f r e a s o n in g a b i l i t i e s ( G u i lf o r d , e t
a l . , 1 9 5 1 ). I n th e s tu d y o f e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s ( G u il
f o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 3 ), A b s u r d i t i e s i s r e p o r t e d a s s i g n i f i
c a n t l y lo a d ed on v e r b a l co m p re h en sio n and a l s o lo a d e d .2 8
on l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e f a c t o r i a l c o n
t e n t o f t h i s t e s t i s p re d o m in a n tly v e r b a l and e v a l u a t i v e .
The r e s u l t s w ere in c o n c lu s i v e a s t o w h ich p ro d u c t d im e n sio n
o f th e SOI m odel th e t e s t seemed t o m e a su re . The lo a d in g
o f A b s u r d itie s on e d u c tio n o f c o n c e p tu a l r e l a t i o n was p ro b
a b ly due to th e f a c t t h a t some o f th e ite m s i n th e t e s t
c o n s i s t e d o f two s h o r t s e n te n c e s . Such ite m s r e q u i r e d th e
exam inee t o c o g n iz e o r e v a l u a t e th e in c o n s is te n c y b etw e en
th e two id e a s e x p r e s s e d i n th e s e p a r a t e s e n te n c e s . I n th e
p r o c e s s o f a d a p t a t i o n , a l l th e tw o -s e n te n c e ite m s w ere
e l im in a te d from t h e t e s t i n o r d e r t o d e c r e a s e th e r e l a t i o n
and in c r e a s e th e sy ste m v a r i a n c e .
U n lik e ly T h in g s —EMS04A. --F rom g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s ,
s e l e c t th e two more l i k e l y t h i n g s i n s k e tc h e s o f a common
s i t u a t i o n . Judgm ents o f u n l i k e l i n e s s i n t h i s t e s t m ust be
made on th e b a s i s o f a p p a r e n t v i o l a t i o n o f p h y s i c a l p r i n
c i p l e s o f v a r y in g d e g re e s o f p o s s i b i l i t y . The t e s t i s
51
d e v e lo p e d from U nusual D e t a i l s w hich h as b een r e p o r t e d to
be lo a d e d on e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n and f a c i l i t y f o r
v e r b a l r e l a t i o n s i n th e e v a l u a t i o n s tu d y as d e s c r ib e d i n
th e p re v io u s s e c t i o n . I n U nusual D e t a i l s , th e exam inee i s
ask ed t o l i s t two i n c o n g r u i t i e s f o r s k e tc h e s o f common
s i t u a t i o n s . I n o r d e r to in c r e a s e th e e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e
and d e c re a s e th e c o g n i tiv e v a r i a n c e , ea ch ite m o f U n lik e ly
T h in g s i s w r i t t e n i n m u l t ip le - c h o ic e fo rm at i n s t e a d o f
s h o r t-a n s w e r fo rm a t.
Word System--EMS05A.- - E v a l u a t e th e i n t e r n a l c o n
s i s t e n c y o f a m a tr ix o f w ords i n w h ich th e w ords a r e
a r ra n g e d i n te rm s o f rows and colum ns. The t e s t i s an
a d a p ta t io n o f Word M a trix in w hich th e exam inee i s to d i s
c o v e r sy stem s o f changes i n a 2 x 3 m a trix o f w ords and
i n d i c a t e s th e m is s in g w ord. The t e s t h as b ee n a n a ly z e d i n
two f a c t o r a n a l y t i c s t u d i e s and found t o have th e f o llo w in g
f a c t o r i a l c o n t e n t s : l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , e d u c tio n o f c o n
c e p t u a l r e l a t i o n s and e d u c tio n o f c o r r e l a t e .
E M T --E v alu atio n o f se m a n tic
t r a n s f o r m a ti o n s
A se m a n tic tr a n s f o r m a ti o n i s d e f in e d as a change
o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o r u se o f v a r io u s o b j e c t s , i d e a s ,
52
c o n c e p ts , and o th e r m e a n in g fu l m a t e r i a l s . The CM! f a c t o r ,
a p a r a l l e l f a c t o r o f s e m a n tic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e a r e a o f
c o g n i t i o n , i s d e f in e d by th e t e s t c a l l e d S i m i l a r i t i e s , i n
w h ich t h e ex am in ees a r e t o l i s t a s many a s s i x d i f f e r e n t
ways i n w h ic h two g iv e n o b j e c t s a r e a l i k e . The t e s t s w hich
d e f i n e t h e N M T f a c t o r , G e s t a l t T ra n s f o rm a tio n , O b je c t
S y n t h e s i s , and P i c t u r e G e s t a l t , r e q u i r e exam inees to p r o
duce a n sw e rs w h ich i n d i c a t e th e ch an g es i n u s e s o r i n t e r
p r e t a t i o n s o f common o b j e c t s . P l o t T i t l e s , one o f th e
t e s t s t h a t d e f in e s th e D M T f a c t o r , r e q u i r e s th e s u b j e c t s to
i n t e r p r e t a g iv e n s t o r y i n many d i f f e r e n t ways i n o r d e r to
w r i t e many c l e v e r t i t l e s . I n t h i s s tu d y , EM T i s h y p o th e
s iz e d a s th e a b i l i t y t o e v a l u a t e ch an g es o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f v a r i o u s o b j e c t s and s t o r i e s . The f o llo w in g t e s t s a r e
a d a p te d from th e t e s t s f o r t h e N M T and DM T f a c t o r s .
P ro d u c t Choice--EM T01A. - - S e l e c t an o b j e c t t h a t can
be made m ost a d e q u a te ly f o r a s p e c i f i e d p u rp o se by com bin
in g two g iv e n o b j e c t s . The exam inee m ust e v a l u a t e th e
adequacy o f th e u n c o n v e n tio n a l u se o f th e common o b j e c t s
t o ch o o se th e r i g h t a n sw e r. The t e s t i s d e v e lo p e d from
O b je c t S y n th e s is w hich i s p r e s e n t l y c l a s s i f i e d as an N M T
i
t e s t .
53
S to ry T itle s --E M r0 2 A . — Choose th e b e s t t i t l e t h a t
g iv e s a new i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f o r s h o r t s t o r i e s . One a l t e r n a
t i v e t i t l e i s alw ays b e s t on t h e b a s i s o f r e le v a n c e t o th e
s t o r y and new v iew o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e s t o r y . The
t e s t i s d e v e lo p e d from P l o t T i t l e w h ich i s p r e s e n t l y c l a s s
i f i e d as a EM T t e s t .
U s e fu l Changes--EMT03A.--F ro m a s e t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s ,
s e l e c t an o b j e c t t h a t c a n be u se d m ost a d e q u a te ly f o r a
s p e c i f i e d p u rp o s e . The exam inee m ust ju d g e w h ich o b j e c t ,
u se d u n c o n v e n tio n a lly , w ould m ost a d e q u a te ly p e rfo rm th e
g iv e n t a s k . A ll th e a l t e r n a t i v e s w ould be u sed t o p e rfo rm
th e t a s k , b u t one i s b e t t e r on th e b a s i s o f p r a c t i c a l i t y
and e f f i c i e n c y . The t e s t i s an a d a p t a t i o n o f G e s t a l t
T ra n s fo rm a tio n w hich i s p r e s e n t l y c l a s s i f i e d a s an N M T
t e s t .
EMI- - E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic
im p l ic a tio n s
I m p lic a ti o n s c a n be b r o a d ly d e f in e d a s e x t r a p o l a
t i o n s from in f o r m a tio n , i n th e form o f e x p e c t a n c i e s , p r e
d i c t i o n s , a n t e c e d e n t s , c o n c o m ita n ts , o r c o n s e q u e n c e s .
P e r t i n e n t Q u e s tio n s , one o f th e t e s t s t h a t d e f in e d th e CMI
f a c t o r , r e q u i r e s th e exam inee t o w r i t e a s many a s fo u r
54
q u e s t i o n s , th e answ er t o w hich sh o u ld h e lp to r e a c h a
d e c i s i o n i n a c o n f l i c t s i t u a t i o n . P o s s ib le J o b s , one o f
th e t e s t s t h a t d e f in e d th e DM 1 f a c t o r , r e q u i r e s th e s u b je c t
t o s u g g e s t a number o f d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a tio n s w hich c o u ld
be i n f e r r e d from a g iv e n w o r k e r 's emblem.
P re v io u s s t u d i e s have i d e n t i f i e d a f a c t o r c a l l e d
" s e n s i t i v i t y to p ro b lem s" w hich h a s b een a s s ig n e d t o th e
c e l l f o r th e EMI f a c t o r . F or t h i s r e a s o n , some o f th e
t e s t s u sed t o m easure th e f a c t o r " s e n s i t i v i t y to p ro b lem s"
w ere in c lu d e d i n t h i s b a t t e r y a s p o t e n t i a l m easures o f EMI
i n a d d i t i o n t o th e new t e s t s d ev e lo p ed o r a d a p te d i n th e
l i g h t o f th e p a r a l l e l f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic i m p l ic a tio n s i n
th e a r e a s o f c o g n i tio n and d iv e r g e n t p r o d u c tio n .
A p p a ra tu s T est--E M I0 5 C .- -S u g g e s t two im provem ents
f o r a common a p p l ia n c e . R esp o n ses a r e s c o re d on th e b a s i s
o f w h e th e r o r n o t th e exam inee i s s e n s i t i v e t o r e a l i s t i c or
d e s i r a b l e im provem ents in th e o b j e c t s . I n a number o f
p r e v io u s s t u d i e s , A p p a ra tu s T e s t i s r e p o r te d to be lo ad ed
on " s e n s i t i v i t y t o p ro b le m s" and th e p e n e t r a t i o n f a c t o r ,
w hich i s p r e s e n t l y c l a s s i f i e d i n th e c e l l CMT. The f a c t o r
" s e n s i t i v i t y to p ro b le m s" i s t e n t a t i v e l y c l a s s i f i e d as EMI
i n th e SOI m odel.
55
S eein g Problem s--EM IO IB. - - L i s t problem s t h a t m ight
a r i s e in c o n n e c tio n w ith common o b j e c t s . T h is t e s t i s
d e sig n e d t o m easure e x a m in e e s' s e n s i t i v i t y t o co n seq u en ces
and im p l ic a tio n s o f th e u se o f o b j e c t s . S eein g Problem
h as h e lp e d t o d e f in e th e s e n s i t i v i t y - t o - p r o b l e m f a c t o r i n a
p re v io u s s tu d y ( G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1956).
Commonsense Judgm ent I--EM I04A . - - S e l e c t th e two
b e s t r e a s o n s why a p ro p o sed p la n i s f a u l t y among th e f i v e
g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s . A l l th e r e a s o n s a r e d e sig n e d t o a p p e a r
r e a s o n a b le , b u t two a r e e i t h e r more im p o rta n t o r seem to
" h i t th e n a i l on th e h e a d ."
Commonsense Judgm ent I I - -EMI04B. - - S e l e c t th e b e s t
method o f d e m o n s tra tin g th e t r u t h o f a g iv e n s ta te m e n t.
A ll th e a l t e r n a t i v e m ethods w ould d e m o n stra te th e s t a t e
m e n t's t r u t h , b u t w ith v a r y in g d e g re e s o f su c c e s s and
p h y s ic a l p o s s i b i l i t y . The b e s t method i s s u c c e s s f u l ,
e f f i c i e n t , and p o s s i b l e .
S en te n ce S e le c tio n --E M I0 2 A . - - S e l e c t th e s ta te m e n t
t h a t i s most p ro b a b ly t r u e , u s in g th e g iv e n in f o r m a tio n .
A ll c o n c lu s io n s c o u ld be t r u e , b u t one i s b e s t s u p p o rte d .
T h is t e s t i s an a d a p ta t io n o f S en te n ce A n a ly s is in w hich
56
t h e e x a m in e e I s t o l i s t a l l f a c t s o r a s s u m p tio n s c o n t a i n e d
i n a s e n t e n c e . The f a c t o r i a l c o n t e n t s o f S e n te n c e A n a ly s is
i s n o t o b v io u s from th e r e s u l t o f a p r e v i o u s s tu d y ( G u i l
f o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 2 ). I n t h e l i g h t o f t h e SOI m o d e l, i t i s
h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t t h e t e s t e s s e n t i a l l y d e a l s w i t h t h e c o g
n i t i o n o f i n f e r e n c e s . I n an a tte m p t t o m in im iz e th e c o g n i
t i v e v a r i a n c e , S e n te n c e S e l e c t i o n i s w r i t t e n i n m u l t i p l e -
c h o ic e f o r m a t .
Word E x te n s io n s --E M I0 3 A . - - S e l e c t t h e name o f an
o b j e c t o r a t t r i b u t e t h a t i s a lw a y s im p lie d by a g iv e n w o rd .
The a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e a l l im p lie d b y t h e g iv e n w o rd , b u t one
i s a lw a y s and i n v a r i a b l y im p lie d w h e re a s t h e o t h e r s a r e
im p lie d o n ly u n d e r r e s t r i c t e d c o n d i t i o n s . The t e s t i s a n
a d a p t a t i o n o f Word S e l e c t i o n w h ic h i s r e p o r t e d t o b e lo a d e d
on b o th l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n and f a c i l i t y f o r v e r b a l r e l a t i o n
( G u i l f o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 3 ). The t e s t ite m s a r e e x t e n s i v e l y
r e v i s e d t o i n c r e a s e e v a l u a t i v e v a r i a n c e .
R e f e r e n c e F a c t o r s an d T h e ir T e s t s
I n a n e x p l o r a t o r y f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n
w h ere t h e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s a r e d e d u c e d from a t h e o r e t
i c a l m o d e l, th e p r e v i o u s l y fo u n d f a c t o r s i n t h e m odel m u st
be c o n f irm e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n o r d e r t o v e r i f y t h e s e p a r a t e
57
e x i s te n c e o f th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s . I t would have been
d e s i r a b l e to in c lu d e r e f e r e n c e t e s t s f o r ea ch o f a l l known
se m a n tic f a c t o r s i n th e SOI m odel. However, th e p r a c t i c a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t e s t i n g tim e l im ite d th e number o f r e f e r
en ce f a c t o r s to o n ly th o s e t h a t w ere s u s p e c te d o f b e in g
#
p o s s i b ly confounded w ith th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s .
S in c e a m ajor c o n c e rn o f t h i s stu d y i s th e s e p a r a
t i o n o f e v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r s from c o g n i tiv e f a c t o r s , s ix
se m a n tic f a c t o r s i n th e a r e a o f c o g n i tio n a r e in c lu d e d as
r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r s . These f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic c o g n itio n
a r e d e f in e d b elo w , w ith th e names o f th e t e s t s u sed to
r e p r e s e n t them i n t h i s b a t t e r y .
CM U--Cognition o f se m a n tic u n i t s
The f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw aren ess o f th e m eaning o f
w ords o r id e a s .
V e rb a l C om prehension--Form B. - - S e l e c t th e word t h a t
i s s i m i l a r i n m eaning to a g iv e n w ord.
Word Completion--CMU01A.- - W r it e th e m eanings o f
g iv e n w o rd s.
58
CMC—C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
c l a s s e s
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw aren ess o f c l a s s e s o f
w o rd s.
V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n —CMC02A. --A s s ig n g iv e n w ords
to one o r n e i t h e r o f two c l a s s e s ; e a c h i s d e f in e d by fo u r
o th e r w o rd s.
CMR— C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
r e l a t i o n s
T his f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw aren ess o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s
b etw een m eanings o f w o rd s .
V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I--CMR01A.- - D is c o v e r r e l a t i o n s
betw een w ords and s e l e c t th e word t h a t co m p le te s an a n a l
ogy.
CMS—C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
sy stem s
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw aren ess o f and m a n ip u la tio n
o f com plex se m a n tic m a t e r i a l s .
S h ip D e s tin a tio n -- F o r m A -2 . - - F in d th e d is t a n c e
from a s h ip t o g iv e n p o i n t s , c o n s id e r in g th e in f lu e n c e o f
s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s .
59
CUT—C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
t r a n s f o r m a ti o n
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw a re n ess o f changes i n mean
in g w hich a r e n o t im m ediate n o r o b v io u s .
S i m i l a r i t i e s —CMT02B. —W rite s i x ways i n w hich
common o b j e c t s o f a p a i r a r e a l i k e .
CMI— C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
im p l i c a t i o n
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s aw a re n ess o f im p l ic a tio n s i n
g iv e n o b j e c t s o r s i t u a t i o n s .
P e r t i n e n t Q u e stio n s--F o rm A - J .- - W r it e fo u r q u e s
t i o n s , th e answ er t o w hich w ould s e rv e as a b a s i s f o r mak
in g a d e c i s i o n i n a c o n f l i c t s i t u a t i o n .
NM T--Convergent p r o d u c tio n o f
se m a n tic tr a n s f o r m a ti o n s
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s th e p r o d u c tio n o f a s p e c i f i c
change i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l to a s p e c i f i e d
new r e q u ir e m e n t. Two o f th e t e s t s d e s ig n e d f o r th e EM T
f a c t o r , P ro d u c t C hoice and U s e fu l C hanges, w ere d ev elo p ed
from N M T t e s t s w ith an a tte m p t t o change th e o p e r a t io n from
c o n v e rg e n t th in k i n g t o an e v a l u a t i v e t h i n k i n g , w h ile k e e p
in g th e same c o n te n t and th e p ro d u c t i n th e two f a c t o r s .
60
For t h i s r e a s o n , N M T was in c lu d e d as a r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r .
P i c t u r e G estalt--N M T03B . " - I n d i c a t e w hich o b je c t i n
a p h o to g ra p h w i l l serve a s p e c i f i e d u n c o n v e n tio n a l o r u n
common p u rp o se .
DM1—D iv e rg e n t p ro d u c tio n o f
se m a n tic im p lic a tio n s
T h is f a c t o r s i g n i f i e s p r o d u c tio n o f a number o f
m e a n in g fu l im p lic a tio n s from g iv e n in f o r m a tio n .
Two o f th e t e s t s t h a t d e fin e d th e s e n s i t i v i t y - t o -
problem s f a c t o r , w hich had b e e n a s s ig n e d t o th e EMI c e l l ,
w ere s u s p e c te d o f s h a r in g common v a r ia n c e w ith th e DM 1 f a c
t o r b e c a u se th e t e s t s r e q u i r e th e s u b je c ts to p roduce a
number o f im p lie d r e s p o n s e s . For t h i s r e a s o n , DM 1 was
in c lu d e d as a r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r .
P o s s ib le Jobs--DM103A.- - W r ite as many a s s i x d i f
f e r e n t jo b s w hich m ight be in d ic a t e d by a p ic tu r e d emblem.
CHAPTER IV
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURES
T e s t D evelopm ent
A t o t a l o f 22 t e s t s was d e v e lo p e d o r e x t e n s i v e l y
r e v i s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . * D uring th e p e r io d o f O c to b e r,
1960, th ro u g h Ju n e , 1961, e i g h t p r e t e s t b o o k le ts o r p r e lim
in a r y form s w ere a d m in is te r e d t o a number o f c l a s s e s a t th e
2
U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a . Two p i l o t s t u d i e s w ere
a l s o co n d u c ted u s in g a t o t a l o f a p p ro x im a te ly 160 h ig h
s c h o o l s tu d e n ts who w ere e x p e c te d t o be s i m i l a r to th o s e
w ith whom th e f i n a l b a t t e r y was to be a d m in is te r e d . T hese
p r e t e s t i n g s w ere d e s ig n e d to o b t a i n c e r t a i n in f o r m a tio n
c o n c e rn in g th e t e s t s and th e exam inees su ch as th e a p p ro -
1Mr. R. H oepfner and M iss M. O 'S u ll iv a n c o n t r i b
u te d g r e a t l y to th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y .
2
For much o f th e p r e t e s t i n g , we a r e in d e b te d t o Dr.
C o n stan ce D. L o v e ll f o r m aking p o s s i b l e th e u se o f th e
p r e t e s t i n g c l a s s e s .
61
62
p r i a t e l e v e l o f ite m d i f f i c u l t i e s , e x a m in e e s ' co m p reh en sio n
l e v e l o f t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s , t e s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s , and optimum
tim e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r new ly d e v e lo p e d t e s t s . E x te n s iv e
ite m a n a l y s i s was c o n d u c te d w henever th e p r e t e s t i n g in fo rm a l
t i o n i n d i c a t e d low r e l i a b i l i t i e s .
The P o p u la tio n and T e s t in g C o n d itio n s
Two h ig h s c h o o ls i n a new ly d e v e lo p e d i n d u s t r i a l
com m unity i n Los A n g eles County c o o p e ra te d w ith th e a u th o r
i n t h i s s tu d y . The f i n a l t e s t i n g b a t t e r y was a d m in is te r e d
i n f o u r n o n c o n s e c u tiv e days o f s i n g l e tw o -h o u r s e s s io n s
e a c h d a y , i n t e r s p e r s e d d u r in g a tw o-w eek p e r io d i n O c to b e r,
1961. A p p ro x im a te ly 1000 l l t h - g r a d e s tu d e n ts from th e two
h ig h s c h o o ls p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a t l e a s t one o f th e t e s t i n g
s e s s i o n s . The t e s t s w ere o r g a n iz e d i n e i g h t b o o k l e t s , e a c h
o f w hich r e q u i r e d a b o u t 55 m in u te s . R e st p e r io d s w ere
in tr o d u c e d b etw e en b o o k l e t s .
An i n s p e c t i o n o f answ er s h e e t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a
la n g u a g e IQ o f a t l e a s t 95 was n e c e s s a r y to u n d e r s ta n d some
o f th e t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s . For t h i s r e a s o n , th e f i n a l
The a u th o r w is h e s to th a n k D r. H. J . Reed and M rs.
I l a h M. W i ls ta c h , o f th e Los A n g eles C ounty S c h o o l D is
t r i c t , and Mr. R. S c h i l l i n g , o f th e La P u e n te S c h o o l D is
t r i c t , f o r t h e i r c o o p e r a tio n i n t h i s s tu d y .
63
sam ple was com posed o f s t u d e n t s who c o m p le te d a l l o f th e
t e s t b o o k l e t s and who had b o th CTM M la n g u a g e and n o n la n
guage IQ s c o r e s o f 95 o r a b o v e .
S in c e th e f i r s t t e s t i n g s e s s i o n a t one h ig h s c h o o l
was i n t e r r u p t e d by c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n f u s io n , th e d a t a from
th e f i r s t two b o o k l e t s w ere o m itte d fro m th e f a c t o r a n a l
y s e s f o r t h i s g ro u p . I n o r d e r t o u t i l i z e a l l th e d a t a , a
s e p a r a t e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s f o r e a c h o f t h e two h ig h s c h o o ls
and one f a c t o r a n a l y s i s f o r t h e com bined g ro u p w h ich
i n c l u d e s b o th s c h o o ls w ere p e rfo rm e d . I n th e f o llo w in g
p a r t o f t h i s r e p o r t , G roup A r e f e r s t o th e sam ple o f 202
s t u d e n t s w i t h an a v e ra g e la n g u a g e IQ o f 109 who c o m p le te d
a l l e i g h t t e s t b o o k l e t s . G roup B r e f e r s t o th e sam ple o f
272 s t u d e n t s w i t h an a v e ra g e IQ o f 110 who c o m p le te d s i x
o f t h e t e s t b o o k l e t s . G roup C r e f e r s t o t h e c o m b in a tio n
o f G roups A and B f o r th e s i x t e s t b o o k l e t s . A l l g ro u p s
in c lu d e a p p r o x im a te ly e q u a l num bers o f b o th s e x e s .
I n Group A, t h e se x v a r i a b l e c o r r e l a t e d .2 8 w ith
S h ip D e s t i n a t i o n , .1 9 w i t h b o th N on-Language IQ and C la s s
Name S e l e c t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e m ale s t u d e n t s p e rfo rm e d
s l i g h t l y b e t t e r on t h e s e t e s t s th a n fe m a le s t u d e n t s i n th e
sa m p le . S in c e c o r r e l a t i o n s o f sex w ith th e r e s t o f th e
v a r i a b l e s w ere q u i t e low , t h e se x v a r i a b l e was n o t in c lu d e d
64
i n a l l t h r e e a n a ly s e s .
• S t a t i s t i c a l A n aly ses
R e l i a b i l i t i e s w ere e s tim a te d by c o r r e l a t i n g p a r t
s c o r e s and a p p ly in g th e Spearm an-Brown fo rm u la . I n an
e f f o r t to in c r e a s e r e l i a b i l i t i e s , s e v e r a l t e s t s w ere ite m -
0
a n a ly z e d a f t e r t h e i r r e l i a b i l i t i e s w ere found to be low er
th a n .5 0 . A f te r th e ite m a n a ly s e s , th e i n t e r n a l - c o n s i s t -
ency r e l i a b i l i t i e s f o r th e s e t e s t s w ere e s tim a te d . T e s t
r e l i a b i l i t i e s a r e r e p o r te d i n T a b le 2.
In t h i s s tu d y , two p a r t s o f each o f th e s i x r e f e r
en ce t e s t s a r e em ployed t o d e f in e th e p e r t i n e n t r e f e r e n c e
f a c t o r s . The r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f th e s e r e f e r e n c e t e s t s a re
i n d i c a t e d by c o r r e l a t i o n s b etw een th e two s e p a r a t e l y tim ed
p a r t s . By n o t a p p ly in g th e Spearman-Brown fo rm u la , th e
r e l i a b i l i t y o f e a c h p a r t i s e s tim a te d i n s t e a d o f th e r e l i
a b i l i t y o f th e co m p o site o f th e p a r t s .
F requency d i s t r i b u t i o n s w ere in s p e c te d f o r i r r e g u
l a r i t y . A ll t e s t s c o re s w ere a c c e p te d as a p p r o p r ia te f o r
P e a rso n product-m om ent c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s . A s e p a r
a t e c o r r e l a t i o n m a trix was o b ta in e d f o r e a c h o f th e th r e e
a n a ly s e s . They a r e g iv e n i n T a b le s 3 , 4 , and 5.
M
Table 2
S ta tlitic i for T este Given to the two H i g h - s c h o o l Groups and the Combined Group
G roup A
(N=202|
G roup B
(N=272)
Group C
(N=474)
T e s t
Standard
Standard Standard
Mean Deviation R eliability* Mean
Deviation R eliability* Mean Deviation Reliability®
1. Language IQ (CTMM) 108.5 9.0 .9 3 b 109.9
8 .6 . 93b 109.9 9.2 . 93b
2. Reading Vocabulary (CAT) 103.8 24.4 . 88b 100.2 27.7 . 88b 101.7 26.4 . 88b
3. A rith m etic Reasoning (CAT) 101.1 27.4 89b 102.0 31.9 . 89 101.6 30.0 . 89
4. A pparatus T e st - EMI05C 9.7 4.3 ,71 11.9 4 .9 .71 11.0 4 .8 .71
S. B e s t T ren d Name - EMR01A 11.4 3.6 .73 11.3 3.5 .68 11.3 3.5 .71
6. B e s t Word C lass - EMC01A 20. 7 3.4 . 6 l c 20.3 3.1 , 52c 20.5 3.2 . 56c
7, B e s t Word P a ir s - EMC02A 18.8 4.7 .73 19.1
4 .4 .69 18.9 4.6 .70
8. C la ss N am e Selection - EMC03A 21.4 3.7 .63
-- . . . .
9. C om m onsense Judgment I - EMI04A 5.6 1.6 ,5 2 d 5.6 1.5 . 38d 5 6 1.5 . 29d
10. C om m onsense Judgment II - EMI04B 4.2 1.5 ■ 26d
-- - - - -
11. C om plete Thoughts - EMS01A 39.0 6.5 .77
- - - - - - - - --
12. Double D escriptions • EMU01A 35,2 4.2 .61 35.0 5.1 .62 35.1 4.7 .62
13. Im portant F ac ts - EMS02A 11.8 3.0 .49
. . . . - - - -
14. Logical Reasoning, F o r m A -2 12.4 4 .5 .82 11.5 4.1 .78 11.9 4.3 .81
15. Matched V erbal Relations - EMR02A 14.7 4 .8 .65 14.9 4.7 .71 14.9 4.7 ,70
16. P e rtin e n t Questions, F o r m A - J ( P a r t I) 9.2 2,6 . 65e 9.1 2.6 . 63e 9.1 2.6 .6 3 '
17. P e rtin en t Questions, F o r m A - J (P a rt 11) 11.0 2.6 . 65* 11.4 2 .6 .63® 11.2 2.6 .63®
18. P ictu re G esta lt - NMT03B 20.0 2 .4 .64 20.2 2.0 .61 20.1 2.2 .63
19. P ossible Jobs - DMI03A (P a rt 1) 8 .0 3.0 .67* 8.6 2 .7 . 61* 8.3 2 .9 .64*
20. P o ssib le Jobs - DMI03A ( P a rt U) 7.7 3.5 . 67* 8.5 3.3 .6 1 ' 8.1 3.4 .64®
21. P ro d u ct Choice - EMT01A 34.6 5.6 .57* 34,5 5.6 .58* 34.5 5.6 .57*
22. Seeing P ro b le m s • EMI01B 14.7 5.2 .73 15.0 5.2 .76 14.9 5.2 .76
23. Sentence Selection - EMI02A 9.6 2.7 .46
. . „ _ . . -- - - - -
24. Sentensense - EMS03A 15.0 2,3 . 50c 15.5 2 .0 , 42c 15.3 2.1 . 47°
25. Ship Destination Test, F o r m A-2 22.5 9.9 • 67d
- -
26. S im ilaritie s - CMT02B (P a rt I) 13.5 3.2 ,54® 14,0 3.2 . 49e
1). 3 3.2 . 5 1 '
27. S im ilaritie s - CMT02B (P a rt II) 10.2 3.3 . 54e 10.3 3.1 .49®
10.2 3.2 .51®
28, Story Titles - EMT02A 21.7 7.0 .67 20.3 6.4 .63 20.9 6.7 .67
29. Synonyms - EMU02A 22.2 3.9 .39 22.4 4 .0 .36 22.3 4.0 .38
30. Unlikely Things - EMS04A 23.6 2.8 .54 23.6 2.7 .48 23.6 2.7 .51
31, Useful Changes - EMT03A 16.7 3.7 .53 16.9 3.4 .55 16.8 3.5 .55
32. Verbal Analogies I - CMR01A ( P a r t I) 5.7
1.9 .38®
5.9 1.9
.37® 5.8 1.9 . 38*
33, Verbal Analogies I - CMR01A ( P a r t 11)
9.2 2.6 .38® 9.6 2.5 .37® 9 4 2.6 .38*
34. Verbal Analogies III - EMR04A 8.1 3.1 .6 0
- -
35. Verbal C lassification - CMC02A ( P a rt I) 25.5 8.1 .64® 25.6 8.2 , 56e 25.6 3.2 .59*
36. Verbal C lassification - CMC02A ( P a rt II) 30.4 10.1 .64® 30.3 8. 5 . 56e 30.4 9.2 .5 9 '
37. Verbal C omprehension, F o r m B
15.4 3.7 .68
- -
38. Word Completion - CMU01A
9.2 3,6 .75
.. - -
39. Word Extensions - EMI03A
17.5 4.3 .63 17.8 4 .0 .66 17.7
4 1 . 64
40. Word Linkage - EMR03A 22.0 4.6 .74
22.6 4.1 .70 22.3 4.3 .73
41. Word Substitution • EMU03A 16.1 3.5 .51
16.2 3.1 .3 0 ,
16.2 3.3 .43
. 30 42. Word S ystem s - EMS05A
11.6 3.3 .28* 11.2 3.1 .30* 11.4 3.2
a All reliability estim ate s a r e based upon a lte rn a te -fo rm
b Reported by the tests publisher.
c K u d er-R ich ard so n formula 20.
d Communality as the lower bound estim ate of reliability.
* C o rrelatio n between the two p arts of the sam e refere n ce te st
* Hoyt's method for estim ating reliability.
m ean s that the te st was not included in the analysis.
elations extended by the S pearm an-B row n formula, except as noted.
t
C o rre la tio n M atrix - Group A
Var. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tO 11 12 13 J4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
2 71 17 44 38 39 41 30 18 35 19 32 40 45 20 24 28 27 35 20
3 71 23 50 41 41 41 30 19 38 21 37 42 51 15 23 31 32 37 18
4 17 23 25 23 18 18 18 21 22 21 15 23 15 34 35 28 34 24 25
5 44 50 25 35 43 42 33 09 43 24 34 58 81 13 28 23 30 42 23
8 38 41 23 35 36 48 38 22 43 19 38 39 43 17 22 13 14 23 22
7 39 41 18 43 36 42 32 09 40 23 33 44 49 12 26 22 21 35 24
8 41 41 18 42 48 42 40 12 50 26 45 46 49 16 24 23 29 34 28
9 30 30 18 33 38 32 40 10 46 24 42 40 41 07 24 13 22 30 22
10 16 19 21 09 22 09 12 10 06 11 04 05 07 20 18 13 02 13 09
11 35 38 22 43 43 40 50 46 06 22 38 44 51 16 25 18 32 35 28
12 19 21 21 24 19 23 26 24 11 22 27 38 40 07 21 32 08 21 39
13 32 37 16 34 38 33 45 42 04 38 27 38 45 11 '2 2 19 28 33 20
14 40 42 23 56 39 44 46 40 05 44 38 38 60 10 21 24 27 36 18
15 45 51 15 61 43 44 49 41 07 51 40 45 60 09 22 25 33 45 35
16 20 15 34 13 17 12 16 07 20 16 07 11 10 09 65 31 26 25 07
17 24 23 35 28 22 26 24 24 18 25 21 22 21 22 65 29 36 39 14
18 28 31 28 23 13 22 23 13 13 18 32 19 24 25 31 29 37 33 23
19 27 32 34 30 14 21 29 22 02 32 08 28 27 33 26 36 37 67 26
20 35 37 24 42 23 35 34 30 13 35 21 33 36 45 25 39 33 67 24
21 20 18 25 23 22 24 28 22 09 28 39 20 18 35 07 14 23 26 24
22 18 15 20 16 12 11 18 17 15 12 23 10 17 18 35 31 26 26 30 22
23 35 43 21 45 33 34 42 34 04 50 26 35 50 54 03 22 17 33 41 20
24 31 26 18 36 21 28 34 32 14 40 32 32 34 42 18 31 18 30 31 26
25 30 48 23 51 33 39 29 34 10 36 39 25 44 52 05 19 32 20 25 21
26 22 21 28 25 16 18 16 21 08 26 25 21 27 29 31 38 21 24 28 20
27 26 26 30 28 27 24 29 25 06 24 25 27 36 34 37 42 30 29 30 21
28 41 44 15 46 36 31 37 33 12 38 19 30 27 50 19 32 17 26 36 16
29 28 28 11 34 29 27 37 30 15 47 26 30 40 42 17 30 19 24 29 21
26 21 22 19 30 20 31 28 37 11 32 29 25 34 40 15 24 19 30 37 32
3 r 22 19 12 23 29 17 29 23 08 27 17 18 22 29 06 12 16 07 14 11
32 45 49 17 46 41 43 39 37 12 37 21 31 45 56 00 22 13 27 31 16
33 37 43 17 44 36 44 41 34 14 37 25 32 49 58 04 16 21 29 32 30
34 37 47 11 55 37 37 39 32 05 41 22 36 47 62 -02 20 16 30 40 27
35 34 43 21 38 42 43 47 39 14 42 30 37 42 51 19 35 28 31 36 25
36 39 46 11 43 42 48 42 37 01 39 24 39 42 54 09 29 24 29 32 22
37 52 39 20 44 35 29 38 31 18 45 21 28 42 47 23 30 21 26 36 26
38 54 41 26 46 37 34 51 37 19 41 22 31 41 51 26 36 29 34 43 22
39 34 38 16 48 32 44 46 34 02 43 23 39 47 57 08 30 20 27 41 21
46 37 32 18 25 41 30 31 28 21 26 25 24 28 39 04 11 22 22 17 31
41 51 42 20 47 28 31 43 38 12 42 28 29 40 55 22 31 27 29 38 19
42 18 29 14 34 22 22 25 16 17 16 19 13 28 33 15 13 13 18 17 18
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42
16 35 31 30 22 26 41 28 21 22 45 37 37 34 39
52 54
34 37 51 18
15 43 26 48 21 26 44 28 22 19 49 43 47 43 46 39 41
38 32 42 29
20 21 18 23 28 30 15 11 19 12 17 17 11 20 11 20 26
16 18 20 14
16 45 36 51 25 28 46 34 30 23 46 44 55 38 43 45 4 6
48 25 47 34
12 33 21 33 16 27 36
29
20 29 41 36 37 42 42 35 37
32 41 28 22
11 34 28 39 18 24 31 27 31 17 43 44 37 43 48
l<; 34
44 30 31 22
18 42 34 29 16
29 37 37 28 29 39 41 19
47 42
38 51
46 31 43 25
17 34 32 34 21 25 33 30 37 23 37 34 32 39 37 31 37 34 28 38 16
15 04 14 10 08 06 12 15 11 08 12 14 05 14 01 18 19
02 21 12 17
12 50 40 36 26 24 38 47 32 27 37 37 41 42 39
45 41 43 26 42 16
23 26 32 39 25 25 19 26 29 17 21 25 22 30 24 21 22 23 25 28 19
10 35 32 25 21 27 30 30 25 18 31 32 36 37 39 28 31 39
24 29
13
17 50 34 44 27 36 37 40 34 22 45 49 47 42 42 42 41 47 28 40 28
18 54 42 52 29 34 50 42 40 29 56 58 62 51 54 47 51 57 39
55 33
35 03 18 05 31 37 19 17 15 06 00 04 -02 19 09 23 26 08 04 22 15
31 22 31 19 38 42 32 30 24 12 22 16 20 35 29 30 36 30 11 31 13
26 17 18 32 21 30 17 19 19
16 13 21 16 28 24 21 29 20 22 27 13
26 33 30 20 24 29 26 24 30 07 27 29 30 31 29 26 34 27 22 29
18
30 41 31 25 28 30 36 29 37 14 31 32 40 36 32 36 43 41 17 38 17
22 20 26 21 20 21 16 21 32 11 16 30 27 25 22 26 22 21 31 19 18
14 26 13 21
29
24 23 09
00 10 22 09 18 22 25 30 14 17 20 06
14 40 45 21 17 37 36 36 14 38 41 44 29 41 39 40 47 32 42 25
26 40 32 27 20 42 31 30 11 32 27 31 31 26 36 39 38 27 33 23
13 45 32 24 23 31 21 36 17 41 39 43 36 37 32 30 39
20 33 37
21 21 27 24 54 18 21 15 15 24 18 23 23 26 31 24 25 21 24 13
29 17 20 23 54 30 23 25 07 31 33 26 29 33 26 32 19 23 27 25
24 37 42 31 18 30 36 32 22 44 40 35 35 34 43 52 41 27 41 33
23 36 31 21 21 23 36 29 29 29 35 28 30 34 48 40 38 32 43 17
09 36 30 36 15 25 32 29 17 26 37 32 35 32 30 37
40 31 35 33
00 14 11 17 15 07 22 29 17 23 15 27 14 11 40 34
26 14 33 -01
10 38 32 41 24 31 44 29 26 23 38 52 35 44 37 42
37 26 34 25
22 41 27 39 18 33 40 35 37 15 38 44 40 43
37 40 49 43 34 30
09 44 31 43 23 26 35 28 32 27 52 44 43 37 36 44
51 24 38 22
18 29 31 36 23 29
35 70 35 14 35 40 43 64 25 39
47 27 32 23
22 41 26 37 26 33 34 34 32 11 44 43 37 64 33 34
45 31 41 22
25 39 39
32 31 28 43 48 30 40 37 37 36 25 33
65 39
23 57 19
30 40 39
30 24 32 52 40 37 34 42 40 44 39 34 65
45 28 60
29
14 47 38 39
25 19 41 38 40 26 37 49
51 47 45 39 45
26
26 48 23
17 32 27 20 21 73 27 32 31 14 26 43 24 27 31 23 28
26
26 18
20 42 33 33 24 27 41 43 35 33 34 34 38 32 41 57 60 48
17
17
06 25 23 37 13 25 33 17 33 - 01 25 30 22 23 22 19 29
23 18
Note. — D e cim al points omitted.
6 7
T a b l e 4
C o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x - G r o u p B
V a r . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 2 4 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33 35 36 39 40 41 4 2
1, 42 2 9 2 5 40 32 35 2 6 33 4 7 52 24 27 2 4 28 28 27 26 33 23 29 37 34 19 25 4 4 36 40 4 4 40 42 4 8 30
2. 42 6 4 10 32 2 8 2 5 16 24 39 34 10 20 11 20 14 20 11 20 24 22 28 13 18 15 22 18 34 26 2 7 36 2 9 30
3. 29 6 4 0 7 30 2 8 33 18 33 34 39 0 5 13 0 9
15 08 20 0 5 2 5 18 14 19 14 16
19 23 21 35 31 2 7 30 21 29
4. 25 10 07 17 15 12 2 4 27 15 22 26 32 17 13 15 13 22 11 22 26 08 10 13 03 12 13 17 16 17 19 19 18
5, 40 32 30 17 21 30 30
29 41 4 6 14 21 2 7 19
26 26 16 2 8 22 27
29 27 24 27 34 2 7 2 5 32 35 26 23 2 4
6. 32 2 8 28 15 21 20 17 27 35 34 10
09
12 11 20 28 10 22 15 18 24 26 17 12 34 26 36 32 2 7 30 2 4 25
7. 35 2 5 33 12 30 20 27 24 32 40 0 8 11 06 07 21 25 0 8 12 11 20 32 23 17 04 2 9
27 38 32 33 28 18 17
9. 2 6 16 18 2 4 30 17 2 7 22 33 2 9 19 17 18 09 29 12 14 13 10
09 21 23 17 13 2 8 18 26 29 22 16 2 4 25
12. 33 2 4 33 2 7 2 9 27 2 4 22 38 4 0 18 2 9 2 7 27 27 39 22 25 29 29
16 24 21 2 6 2 4 32 32 33 40 35 20 22
14. 4 7
39 34 15 41 35 32 33 38 4 9 18 21 21 17 23 2 9 16 33 18 21 30 33 20 20 41 33 4 6 47 38 37 37 33
15. 52 34 39 22 46 34 40 29
40
4 9 02 15 15 15 19 28 11 32 18 21 30 27 24 29 50 44 40 41 4 4 37 3 4 2 9
16. 2 4 10 05 26 14 10 08 19 18 18 02 63 18 27 23 08 34 0 8 36 27 0 9 11 07 11 05 - 0 3 17 0 9 17 05 16 0 5
17. 27 20 13 32 21 0 9 11 17 29 21 15 63 16 28 22 15 31 18 40 37 10 21 01 18 15 15 23 13 21 13 2 4 16
18 . 2 4 11 0 9 17 27 12 06 18 27 21 15 18 16 33 25 15 16 15 24 31 06 21 11 22 14 16 15 19 2 5 23 18 12
19- 2 8 20 15 13
19 11 07 0 9 27 17 15 27 2 8 33 61 20 21 16 33 2 8 11 22 04 10 11 11 12 14 19 23 20 19
2 0 . 28 14 08 15 26 20 21 2 9 27 23 19 23 22 25 61 26 2 4 18 19 25 23 22 16 04 18 20 21 26 22 19 15 23
2 1 . 2 7 20 20 13 26 28 25 12
39 2 9 28 0 8 15 15 20 26 03 20 21 20 18 12 10 12 2 8 23 23 2 8 18 32 17 0 9
2 2 . 26 11 05 22 16 10 08 14 22 16 11 34 31 16 21 24 03 11 25 3 2 ' 10 14 11 11 11 17 14 17 22 16 15 10
2 4 . 33 20 25 11 28 22 12 13 25 33 32 0 8 18 15 16
18 20 11 23 14 20 14 19 29 29 30 26 2 4 26 2 9 2 2 22
2 6 . 23 2 4 18 22 22 15 11 10
29
18 18 36 40 2 4 33
19 21 25 23 49 15 19
07 16 10 12 2 4 17 15
19 18 05
2 7 .
2 9 22 14 2 6 27 18 20 0 9 2 9 21 21 2 7 37 31 28 25 2 0 32 14 49
05 12 18 10 23 25 21 21 21 20 15 14
2 8 . 37 2 8 19 0 8 2 9 24 32 21 16 30 30
0 9 10 0 6 11 23 18 10 20 15 05 27 23 19 2 3 21 2 6 30 31 21 23 15
2 9 - 34 13 14 10 2 7 26 23 23 24 33 2 7 11 21 21 22 22 12 14 14 19
12 27 19 15 2 4 21 32 39 32 27 35 23
3 0 .
19 18 16 13 24 17 17 17 21 20 24 0 7 01 11 04 16 10 11 19 07 18 23 19 17 22 19 17 20 26 12 2 3 18
31 . 25 15
19 03 27 12 0 4 13 26 20 29 11 18 22 10 0 4 12 11 2 9
16 10 19 15 17 15 18 22 22 30 19 2 8 21
3 2 . 44 22 23 12 34 34
2 9 2 8 24 41 50 0 5 15 14 11 18 2 8 11 2 9
10 23 23 24 22 15 37 37 33 26 28 26 19
3 3 . 36 18 21 13 27 2 6 2 7 18 32 33 4 4 ■ ■03 15 16 11 20 2 3 17 30 12 25 21 21 19 18 37 32 30 34 30 25 19
3 5 . 40 34 35 17 25 36 38 2 6 32 4 6 40 17 23 15 12 21 23 14 26 24 21 26 32 17 22 37 32 56 3 9 31 30 26
3 6 . 44 26 31 16 32 32 32 29 33 4 7 41
0 9 13 19 14 26 2 8 17 24 17 21 30 39
20 22 33 30 56 32 32 3 4 32
39-
40 27 27 17 35 27 33 22 40 38 4 4 17 21 25
19 22 18 22 26 15 21 31 32 26 30 26 34 39 32 35 23 23
4 0 . 42 36 30
19 26 30 2 8 16 35 37 37 0 5 13 23 23
19 32 16 29 19
20 21 27 12
19 28 30 31 32 35 2 6 18
4 1 . 4 8 2 9 21 19 23 2 4 18 2 4 20 37 34 16 2 4 18 20 15 17 15 22 18 15 23 35 23 2 8 26 25 30 34 23 26 28
4 2 . 30 30
2 9 18 24 25 17 25 22 33 2 9 0 5 16 12
19 23
0 9 10 22 05 14 15 23 18 21 19 19 26 32 23 18 2 8
Note. — D ecim al points omitted.
4
68
*
T able 5
C o rre la tio n M a tr ix ■ G ro u p C
V a r. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9
12 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 24 26 27 28
29
30 31 32 33 35 36
39 40 41 42
1. 48 41 24 49 31 34 29 29
45 54 22 27 25 28 31 27 24 36 24
29 42 35 23 27 45 38 39
41 40 34 50 29
2. 48
66 11 37 33 30 22 22 40 38 14 21 18 22 22 20 13 24 22 23 34
19 19 18 31 25 34 31
29 35 38 25
3. 41 66 12 38 34 36 23 29
37 43 09
16 18 22 49 19 09
25 19 19 29 20 18 19
33 29 38 37 31 30 30
29
4. 24 11 12 20 17 15 21 24 15 19 28 34 22 23 20 17 22 16 25 27 08 11 15 07 15 15 18 13 17 20
19
15
5. 49 37 38 20 28 36 31 27 47 53 14 24 25 24 33 25 16 32 23 28 37 30 27 25
39 35 31 37 41 25 35 28
6. 31 33 34 17 28 27 26 24 37 38 13 15 12 12 20 25 11 2i 15 22 30 27 19
20 37 30 39
37
29 35 25 24
7. 34 30 36 15 36 27 29
24 37 44 10 18 14 14 27 25
09 20 14 21 31 25 23 10 35 35 40 40 38
29
24 19
9. 29 22
23 21 31 26 29
22 36 34 14 20 16 15 29
16 15 21 15 16 26 26 26 18 32 25 31 33 28 21 31 21
12. 29 22 29
24 27 24 24 22 38 40 14 26
29 19
24 39 23 27 27 27 17 24 24 22 23
29
31 28 33 31 23 21
14. 45 40 37 15 47 37 37 36 38 54 14 19 22 20 27 24 16 32 21 28 34 36 26 20 42
39
44 44 41 32 38 31
15. 54 38 43 19 53 38 44 34 40 54 05 18 20 23 31 31 14 36 23 27 38 33 31 29
53 50 45 47 50 38 44 31
16. 22 14 09
28 14 13 10 14 14 14 05 63 24 26 23 08 34 12 34 31 14 13 10 08 03 00 18 09 13 05
19 09
17. 27 21 16 34 24 15 18 20 26 19
18 63 22 32 30 15 31 25 40
39 18 25 11 15 18 16 28 21 25 13 27 14
18. 25 18 18 22 25 12 14 16
29
22 20 24 22 35 29 19 20 17 23 30 11 20 15
19
13 19
21 21 23 23 23 12
19.
28 22 22 23 24 12 14 15 19 20 23 26 32 35 64 22 24 24 29 28 16 23 16
09 19 20 20 21 23 23 25 17
20. 31 22 19
20 33 20 27
29
24 27 31 23 30 29 64 25 27 25 23 27 27 25 25
09
24 26 28 28 31
19 26 20
21. 27 20 19 17 25 25 25 16
39 24 31 08 15 19
22 25 11 22 21 20 17 16 20 12 23 26 24 25
19
31 18 13
22, 24 13 09
22 16 11 09 15 23 16 14 34 31 20 24 27 11 18 23 30 16 18 10 06 11
19
16 19 18 16 17 08
24. 36 24 25 16 32 21 20 21 27 32 36 12 25 17 24 25 22 18 26 17 29 22 24 21 30
29
28 25 32
29 27 22
26. 24 22 19 25 23 15 14 15 27 21 23 34 40 23 29
23 21 23 26 51 15 20 11 16 16 16 23 21 20 20 21 08
27. 29 23 19
27 28 22 21 16 27 28 27 31 39
30 28 27 20 30 17 51 16 17 21 09
26 28 25 27 20 21 20 19
28. 42 34 29 08 37 30 31 26 17 34 38 14 18 11 16 27 17 16
29
15 16 30 27 20 32
29
30 32 35 23 31 24
29-
35 19 20 11 30 27 25 26 24 36 33 13 25 20 23 25 16 18 22 20 17 30 23 21 26 27 31 36 35 29 38 20
30. 23 19 18 15 27 19
23 26 24 26 31 10 11 15 16 25 20 10 24 11 21 27 23 17 24 27 25 26' 32 21 29
25
31. 27 18 19
07 25 20 10 18 22 20 29 08 15
19 09 09 12 06 21 16
09
20 21 17 19 17 18 16 28 17 30 11
32. 45 31 33 15
39 37 35 32 23 42 53 03 18 13
19
24 23 11 30 16 26 32 26 24 19 38 36 38 31 27 30 22
33. 38 25 29 15 35 30 35 25
29 39 50 00 16 19 20 26 26
19 29
16 28 29 27 27 17 38 35 36 41 36
29
24
35. 39 34 38 18 31 39 40 31 31 44 45 18 28 21 20 28 24 16 28 23 25 30 31 25 18 36 35 59 43
29 31 25
36, 41 31 37 13 37 37 40 33 28 44 47 09 21 21 21 28 25 19 25 21 27 32 36 26 16 38 36 59 38 31 37 27
39.
40 29 31 17 41 29 38 28 33 41 50 13 25 23 23 31 19
18 32 20 20 35 35 32 28 31 41 43 38 31 35 23
40. 34 35 30 20 25 35 29 21 31 32 38 05 13 23 23 19 31 16
29
20 21 23 29
21 17 27 36 29 31 31 26 18
41. 50 38 30
19 35 25 24 31 23 38 44 19 27 23 25 26 18 17 27 21 20 31 38 29
30 30
29 31 37 35 26 23
42. 29 25 29 15 28 24 19
21 21 31 31
09 14 12 17 20 13 08 22 08 19
24 20 25 11 22 24 25 27 23 18 23
N ote. — D e c im a l p o in ts o m itted .
I
69
I n e x t r a c t i n g p r i n c i p a l - a x e s f a c t o r s , a com puter
j
p rogram f o r i t e r a t i v e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s was a p p lie d a t th e
W e ste rn D ata P ro c e s s in g C e n te r a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a l i
f o r n i a a t Los A n g e le s .^ The i t e r a t i v e f a c t o r - a n a l y s i s p r o
gram e x t r a c t e d a s p e c i f i e d number o f p r i n c i p a l - a x e s f a c t o r s
u s in g s p e c i f i e d com m unality v a l u e s . I n th e f i r s t i t e r a
t i o n , th e program r e - e x t r a c t e d p r i n c i p a l - a x e s f a c t o r s u s in g
th e com puted c o m m u n a litie s o b ta in e d from th e r e s u l t o f th e
f i r s t e x t r a c t i o n . S t a r t i n g w ith th e h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n i n
e a c h column as th e i n i t i a l e s tim a te o f c o m m u n a litie s , th e
i n t e r a t i v e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s program i t e r a t e d th e p r i n c i p a l -
com ponent e x t r a c t i o n p ro c e s s n in e tim e s u n t i l th e communal-
i t i e s s t a b i l i z e d - - t h e c o m m u n a litie s changed l e s s th a n .0 1
b etw e en th e e i g h t h and n i n t h c y c le s o f i t e r a t i o n .
The e x t r a c t i o n o f p r i n c i p a l - a x e s f a c t o r s i s e q u iv
a l e n t t o c h o o sin g a s e t o f f a c t o r s i n d e c r e a s in g o r d e r o f
t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e t o t a l v a r ia n c e o f th e m a tr i x .
T h is p ro v id e s a ro u g h s t a t i s t i c a l g u id e a s t o th e number o f
f a c t o r s t o be r e t a i n e d f o r r o t a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n . S in c e th e
o b se rv e d c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t to e r r o r o f e s t i m a t e , i t
\lQ a r e in d e b te d t o D r. H arvey Dingman and Mr.
C u r tis M il le r f o r a i d i n t h i s p ro c e d u re .
was d e c id e d t o r e t a i n th e f i r s t n-num ber o f e x t r a c t e d f a c
t o r s , whose c u m u la tiv e c o n t r i b u t i o n a c c o u n te d f o r a p p r o x i
m a te ly 95 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l v a r i a n c e . A cc o rd in g to
t h i s c r i t e r i o n , 16 p r in c ip a l- c o m p o n e n t f a c t o r s w ere
r e t a i n e d and i t e r a t e d f o r Group A, and 14 p r in c ip a l- c o m p o
n e n t f a c t o r s w ere r e t a i n e d and i t e r a t e d f o r Group B and
G roup C.
R o t a ti o n o f Axes
The Zimmerman m ethod o f g r a p h ic o r th o g o n a l r o t a t i o n
was u sed i n r o t a t i n g th e p r i n c i p a l - a x e s (Zimmerman, 1946).
T h u r s to n e 's o b j e c t i v e c r i t e r i a o f sim p le s t r u c t u r e was th e
p rim a ry c o n s i d e r a t i o n d u rin g th e i n i t i a l p h ase o f th e r o t a
t i o n p r o c e s s e s w here th e aim was t o s p re a d th e v a r ia n c e
o f f a c t o r lo a d in g s a s e q u a l l y as p o s s i b l e among th e f a c
t o r s . A f t e r e a c h a x is was r o t a t e d a t l e a s t o n c e , and th e
f a c t o r s d e f in e d by th e r e f e r e n c e t e s t s b eg a n to em erg e,
p o s i t i v e m a n ifo ld and p s y c h o lo g ic a l m e a n in g fu ln e s s became
th e im p o r ta n t c r i t e r i a . The f i n a l r o t a t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f
s m a ll a d ju s tm e n ts aimed a t th e im provem ent o f p o s i t i v e
m a n ifo ld and sim p le s t r u c t u r e . S a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n s w ere
a c h ie v e d a f t e r 109, 88, and 68 r o t a t i o n s f o r G roups A, B,
and C, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The u n r o ta te d f a c t o r m a tr i c e s and
71
th e f i n a l r o t a t e d f a c t o r m a tr ic e s a r e p r e s e n te d In T a b le s
6 , 7, 8, 9 , 10, and 11.
Table 6
Unrotated F actor Matrix - Group A
Var,
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P h2
2. 64 05 -35 12 36 20 15 -16 -01 -12 -06 -21 -09 04 14 -02 86
3. 66 12 -09 08 41 20 07 -06 -12 -01 -07 -06 01 00 01 01 70
4. 36 -35 08 08 -00 09 05 -03 -15 23 -02 -00 08 -00 -06 -05 36
5. 69 13 -01 -07 07 14 -20 01 -04 03 -03 11 09 -03 04 -01 59
6. 58 12 -06 29 13 -20 15 08 -04 25 -02 12 02 -00 -08 01 60
7. 58 13 11 04 11 -08 02 06 -07 -03 03 01 04 -06 08 -02 41
8 66 10 -07 04 -02 -20 14 04 -04 07 00 13 -03 23 12 07 61
9- 56 09 02 03 -10 -22 05 03 -04 11 -06 -14 -15 09 -12 -25 52
10 - 20 -17 -10 25 01 14 18 18 -05 09 -01 08 -01 -14 -06 -05 26
11- 65 10 -07 -07 -13 -20 02 00 -07 15 -17 -08 11 08 -04 11 59
12. 43 -05 29 25 -33 13 02 -19 -20 -18 -05 03 -14 04 07 02 60
13. 54 08 06 -03 01 -21 07 -07 -05 07 -09 -02 -12 10 11 -02 41
14. 67 15 11 02 -04 -01 -13 -11 -00 02 -05 06 14 12 10 -13 59
15. 80 24 09 -04 -05 04 -09 -06 06 -06 04 09 -00 -06 06 07 75
16. 29 -71 -12 11 09 -08 -09 20 -11 -00 -00 00 10 02 12 02 72
17. 47 -58 -04 -02 06 -18 -16 17 -11 -03 -04 -04 -03 -17 07 -04 70
18. 40 -31 1 1 02 04 16 12 -17 -22 -09 13 03 06 07 01 03 42
19. 50 -34 14 -56 12 09 26 -10 04 17 03 -01 -00 04 -10
09 85
20. 59 -22 04 -41 05 05 10 -05 -01 03 03 06 -06 -04 03 -08 61
21. 40 -07 20 08 -23 09 22 -10 01 01 04 02 -08 -03 01 13 35
22. 33 -40 03 04 -08 03 12 -04 13 -26 -15 26 01 02 -14 -15 51
23. 62 18 04 -17 -08 07 -02 03 -00 04 -22 -10 18 04 -02 -03 57
24. 54 -07 01 -06 -21 06 -01 11 04 -07 -34 -05 -17 -06 04 10 • 53
25. 59 16 23 09 01 28 -22 04 -26 02 -04 -03 07 02 -18 -04 67
26. 41 -32 11 11 -04 -05 -26 -25 12 09 -06 -13 02 -15 -01 08 51
27. 49 -39 20 21 11 -09 -26 -21 34 12 12 -03 -05 16 03 -02 77
28. 62 02 -15 -01 01 05 -07 20 16 -05 -06 06 -12 -01 -01 02 50
29. 55 -01 -16 01 -23 -12 05 01 08 -07 -03 -00 17 -02 -01 06 44
30. 52 00 17 -08 -25 07 05 24 03 03 25 -28 -07 -01 00 -10 60
31. 36 09 -34 09 -22 -09 -04 -16 -17 16 24 06 -02 -09 -05 04 47
32. 62 20 -02 03 17 03 -14 -03 07 12 -05 05 -17 -10 -12 -03 55
33. 64 17 14 05 -00 08 10 04 21 -03 09 10 16 -04 06 -11 58
34. 64 25 03 -14 04 03 -14 -07 00 10 07 15 -11 -17 06 01 61
35. 63 02 20 03 15 -25 08 11 -15 -14 11 04 -09 -03 -02 06 61
36. 65 13 20 02 25 -32 02 01 04 -32 08 -09 06 -02 -23 09 83
37. 65 -06 -43 03 -17 08 -08 -07 06 -06 02 -03 05 01 -15 08 69
38- 70 -09 -35 -04 -09 09 01 08 08 -05 13 08 -11 10 -04 -03 71
39- 66 17 01 -18 -08 -12 -09 09 -04 -09 07 02 08 -12 16 -04 59
40 47 06 09 26 -06 05 39 -03 22 07 -01 -11 11 -18 06 -00 57
41 ■ 65 -01 -30 -06 -11 03 -06 -06 -04 -17 12 -11 06 07 -01 -04 60
42. 40 02 19 11 03 30 -11 37 12 07 08 -00 -01 16 00 17 53
V
12.93 2. 12 1. 21 1.01 . 97 . 87 . 80 . 68 . 61 . 59 . 49 . 40 . 37 . 35 . 32 . 26
N o t e . D ecim al points o m itted for the fa cto r Loadings.
*Vp is the contribution of the fa cto r, often called eigenvalue.
' • * 4
N >
T ab le 7
U nrotated F a c to r M atrix - G roup B
V a r . A B C D E F G H I J K L M N h 2
1 7 1 0 5 - 0 1 - 0 7 - 0 7 0 5 0 3 1 5 2 3 0 5 1 9 - 0 0 0 4 - 0 2 6 4
2 . 5 5 1 4 - 3 8 4 9 - 2 1 0 3 - 1 0 0 9 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 2 - 0 3 - 0 9 7 8
3. 51 2 4 - 3 2 4 0 - 0 9 0 0 - 0 5 - 0 9 - 1 2 - 0 7 - 0 5 - 0 2 0 5 0 5 6 3
4. 3 4 - 2 3 - 0 8 - 1 5 0 4 - 0 8 - 0 7 0 3 - 0 5 - 2 2 1 8 0 6 - 1 6 0 4 3 2
5. 5 8 0 4 0 2 - 0 1 0 7 0 7 - 2 7 - 0 5 0 8 0 1 - 1 3 1 6 11 0 1 4 8
6. 4 8 1 4 0 1 0 2 0 1 - 1 0 13 0 4 0 0 - 0 3 - 0 3 - 0 4 - 1 3 - 1 5 3 2
7. 4 8 • 1 9
0 1 - 0 2 - 0 5 - 3 4 - 1 3 - 0 9 - 0 3 1 4 0 9 0 6 0 8 1 5 4 7
9. 4 3 0 1 0 9 - 1 8 - 2 0 - 0 7 - 1 7 - 0 3 - 0 8 - 2 0 - 0 6 1 6 0 4 0 1 3 8
1 2. 5 9 - 0 8 0 1 0 5 2 3 0 1 0 8 - 2 7 - 1 4 - 1 3 0 6 0 2 - 1 3 0 7 5 5
14- 6 6 1 7 - 0 2 - 0 6 - 0 8 - 0 3 0 7 - 0 0 0 1 - 0 8 - 0 5 0 5 0 8 - 1 0 51
1 5 . 6 8 2 9 - 0 0 - 0 7 1 4 0 0 - 1 2 - 0 4 1 2 - 0 9 0 3 - 0 6 11 1 3 6 3
1 6 . 3 2 ■ - 6 6 - 2 6 - 2 1 - 2 8 - 0 8 0 1 - 1 8 0 7 0 1 - 0 4 0 2 0 5 - 1 7 8 1
17. 4 3 - 5 5 - 2 9 - 1 5 - 0 8 - 0 2 0 6 - 0 9 1 0 - 0 8 - 0 2 - 1 1 0 4 1 4 • 6 6
18. 3 7 - 2 0 1 6 0 3 1 6 2 2 - 0 1 0 3 - 1 4 0 0 0 3 2 3 1 6 - 1 4 4 0
19- 4 1 - 4 4 3 6 3 8 - 1 0 1 3 0 8 0 2 0 6 0 1 0 5 - 0 6 1 2 0 8 7 0
2 0 . 4 7 - 3 2 5 7 2 1 - 2 2 - 1 3 - 1 0 - 0 4 - 0 1 - 0 3 - 1 0 - 1 2 - 0 7 - 0 3 8 0
2 1 . 4 3 0 2 11 1 4 2 1 - 1 9
2 0 - 1 8 1 8 - 0 6 - 0 8 1 8 - 1 3 - 0 0 4 6
2 2 . 3 3 - 3 2 - 0 3 - 1 1 0 1 0 1 - 0 8 0 5 - 0 5 0 3 1 2 - 1 2 - 0 5 - 0 7 2 7
2 4 . 4 5 0 7 - 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 8 0 3 - 0 6 1 4 - 0 2 - 1 5 - 1 5 - 0 5 - 0 6 3 3
2 6 . 4 2 - 4 3 - 1 8 10 1 7 - 0 2 0 8 0 8 0 2 1 8 - 1 5 0 8 - 0 5 1 2 5 2
2 7 . 4 6 - 4 1 - 1 1 0 7 3 9 - 1 7 - 1 6 3 2 - 1 3 0 8 - 0 4 - 0 2 - 0 1 - 0 1 7 3
2 8 . 4 4 1 5 0 7 - 0 6 - 1 9 - 0 2 - 1 0 - 0 6 1 5 3 2 - 0 4 0 5 - 1 7 0 4 4 3
2 9 .
4 7 0 4 1 4 - 1 5 - 1 3 0 8 1 4 1 0 - 1 0 1 3 0 5 0 9 0 1 0 8 3 6
3 0 . 3 4 10 0 5 - 0 9 0 0 0 7 - 2 2 0 5 - 0 8 0 5 - 0 7 0(T - 2 4 - 0 8 2 7
3 1 . 3 7 0 5 - 0 8 - 1 1 0 9 4 4 0 0 - 1 3 - 0 1 0 6 - 1 7 - 0 2 - 0 1 0 5 4 1
3 2 . 5 4 2 1 0 7 - 1 4 11 - 1 4 - 0 4 12 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 0 - 0 7 1 3 - 1 0 51
3 3 . 5 0 1 6 0 9 - 0 9 2 1 - 0 2 - 0 3 0 3 0 5 - 0 1 0 5 - 2 0 0 1 0 3 3 8
3 5 . 6 2 1 5 - 0 8 - 1 0 - 0 8 - 1 7 2 4 0 2 - 2 1 0 9 - 1 2 - 1 2 0 9 - 0 3 6 0
3 6 . 6 1 1 7 0 7 - 1 2 - 0 8 - 0 8 2 0 10 - 2 0 0 4 - 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 2 5 4
3 9 . 5 9 0 8 0 4 - 1 1 0 4 1 2 - 1 1 - 2 4 - 1 6 1 9 2 0 - 1 2 0 5 - 0 7 5 7
4 0 . 5 4 0 1 0 3 13 1 3 0 3 1 6 - 0 5 0 5 0 2 2 4 0 6 - 0 1 - 0 9 4 3
4 1 . 51 0 4 - 0 3 - 1 3 - 1 7 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 0 - 0 6 0 7 0 9 - 1 0 11 4 8
4 2 . 4 3 10 0 2 0 3 - 1 8 1 3 - 0 4 1 0 - 1 5 - 2 4 - 0 4 - 0 9 - 0 7 0 5 3 5
V *
VP
8 . 1 6 2 . 0 2 1 . 0 1 . 9 2 . 8 0 . 6 7 . 51 . 5 0 . 4 6 . 4 4 . 3 9 . 3 3 . 31 . 2 4
N o t e . D e c im a l p oin ts o m itted for the fa cto r lo a d in g s.
Vp is the con trib u tion o f the fa c to r , often c a lle d eig en v a lu e .
T able 8
U nrotated F a c to r M atrix - Group C
V a r .
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N h 2
1. 7 0 0 8 0 9 11 0 9 1 8 12 - 0 6 - 0 9 - 1 1 - 1 4 - 0 9 - 0 6 - 0 7 6 2
2. 5 9 1 9 6 5 2 8 - 1 8 0 1 - 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 4 - 0 5 0 1 - 0 2 9 3
3. 5 7 2 3 3 6 1 6 - 1 4 - 0 7 - 0 9 0 4 0 9 - 0 4 - 0 1 - 0 1 0 5 - 0 1 5 8
4 . 3 5 - 2 8 - 1 0 0 5 - 0 6 0 4 - 0 4 12 - 1 4 0 2 - 1 6 0 0 2 4 - 0 8 3 4
5. 6 3 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 2 1 6 1 0 11 - 0 5 - 0 5 - 0 1 0 2 0 6 4 7
6 . 51 1 6 - 0 2 0 8 - 0 3 - 1 4 - 0 7 0 2 - 2 1 0 7 0 0 2 2 - 0 5 11 4 3
7. 5 3 1 7 - 0 4 - 0 3 0 3 - 2 0 0 1 16 - 0 2 - 0 4 0 8 - 1 1 10 1 2 4 2
9. 4 7 0 4 - 0 7 - 0 4 1 4 - 0 3 - 0 1 10 - 0 1 0 9 - 0 9 0 8 0 5 0 2 2 9
1 2 . 5 2 - 0 4 - 2 6 - 0 1 - 3 0 1 2 - 3 0 16 1 9 0 2 - 0 6 - 0 2 - 1 4 - 0 2 6 2
1 4 . 6 6 1 7 - 0 5 0 3 0 3 - 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 6 0 2 - 0 9 0 1 - 1 2 0 6 5 0
1 5 . 7 3 2 8 - 1 2 - 0 2 - 0 4 0 8 11 0 5 0 5 - 1 7 - 0 5 - 0 1 0 5 0 3 6 8
1 6. 3 2 - 6 3 0 5 2 7 2 5 - 0 3 - 1 1 11 - 0 6 0 2 - 0 1 0 0 - 0 4 0 8 6 8
1 7 . 4 6 - 5 5 - 0 1 2 2 1 9 - 0 3 - 0 7 12 - 0 1 - 1 1 0 6 0 1 0 3 - 0 1 6 4
1 8 . 3 9 - 2 3 - 0 4 - 0 9 - 1 2 0 9 - 0 8 - 1 2 0 8 0 5 - 1 2 - 0 5 0 7 1 0 3 0
1 9 . 4 6 - 4 0 2 4 - 4 6 - 0 3 0 5 0 1 - 1 4 - 0 6 - 0 7 - 0 3 0 4 0 4 - 0 5 6 7
2 0 . 5 6 - 2 8 31 - 5 6 0 7 - 1 0 0 1 11 0 7 0 1 0 3 0 4 - 0 6 0 6 8 4
2 1 . 4 2 - 0 1 - 1 2 - 1 0 - 2 6 0 3 - 1 3 0 9 - 0 8 - 0 5 0 0 0 7 - 0 7 - 0 1 31
2 2 . 3 3 - 3 4 - 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 1 - 0 1 - 0 4 - 0 8 0 4 - 0 3 - 2 4 - 1 4 - 0 3 3 2
2 4 . 4 9 0 1 - 0 6 - 0 3 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 2 - 0 5 - 1 1 1 5 0 4 - 0 5 - 2 2 3 6
2 6 . 4 3 - 4 1 - 0 7 1 5 - 2 0 - 0 2 12 - 1 4 0 9 - 1 1 1 6 1 3 0 2 - 0 4 5 2
2 7 . 4 9 - 4 1 - 1 2 1 4 - 3 0 - 1 7 3 7 - 0 7 0 7 1 6 0 1 0 0 - 0 2 0 4 7 4
2 8 . 5 2 1 2 0 6 0 2 1 9 0 6 0 9 0 4 - 0 7 0 7 1 6 0 2 - 1 3 - 0 2 3 8
2 9 .
5 0 0 3 - 0 9 - 0 5 1 8 0 7 - 0 5 - 1 6 - 0 3 0 7 0 3 0 2 - 0 9 0 8 3 4
3 0 . 4 3 0 4 - 1 0 - 1 0 0 6 0 7 0 2 0 8 0 5 3 0 10 0 4 0 9 - 1 2 3 4
3 1 . 3 4 0 6 - 0 9 0 9 0 7 2 8 - 0 7 - 1 2 13 - 0 1 0 5 1 4 0 7 0 9 2 9
3 2 . 5 7 1 9 - 0 6 0 0 0 2 - 0 5 21 1 0 - 0 8 - 1 4 - 0 6 11 - 0 2 0 0 4 6
3 3 . 5 6 1 6 - 1 6 - 0 9 - 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 4 - 0 9 0 0 0 7 - 1 7 0 4 0 0 4 3
3 5 . 6 3 1 0 - 1 2 0 4 12 - 3 7 - 1 9 - 1 2 0 9 - 0 8 0 3 0 2 0 6 - 1 2 6 6
3 6 . 6 3 1 4 - 1 3 - 0 2 0 9 - 3 2 - 0 6 - 2 3 0 6 0 1 - 1 0 - 0 4 - 0 4 - 0 7 6 2
3 9 . 61 0 9 - 0 9 - 0 6 1 4 0 8 - 0 6 - 0 1 0 9 0 0 2 0 - 1 4 11 0 7 51
4 0 . 51 12 - 0 5 - 0 4 - 2 4 0 6 - 1 5 - 1 3 - 3 0 0 3 0 9 - 0 4 0 5 0 7 4 9
4 1 . 5 7 0 4 0 3 0 8 1 8 2 1 0 0 - 1 8 0 1 0 8 - 1 1 0 3 0 4 - 0 1 4 6
4 2 . 4 1 0 8 0 3 - 0 1 0 4 - 0 1 0 4 0 9 0 0 1 7 - 0 8 0 4 - 0 1 - 1 5 2 4
V
9 . 0 0 1. 9 3 . 9 6 . 8 8 . 7 6 . 6 0 . 4 9 . 3 9 . 3 3 . 3 0 . 2 7 . 2 5 . 2 2 . 2 0
N o t e . D ecim a l points om itted for the fa cto r load in gs.
*Vp is the contribution of the fa cto r, often ca lled eigen valu e.
Table 9
Rotated F actor Matrix - Group A
Var. CMU CMC CMR CMS CMT CMI EMU EMC EMR EMS EMI DMI NMT
Rl *2 *3
h*
2. 59 09 36 28 16 05 -03 29 20 -05 -07 14 -01 07 24 24 86
3. 36 24 35 42 06 07 -01 26 27 -09 -01 09 11 06 06 16 70
4. 07 -03 17 16 10 33 08 14 -04 06 01 20 24 -04 -22 07 36
5. 23 13 22 33 14 10 09 15 42 04 28 04 20 -02 00 -05 59
6. 23 27 26 12 10 12 -03 48 10 13 09 -12 10 12 -25 -02 60
7. 11 31 26 19 09 06 04 23 23 18 17 02 14 -02 03 07 41
6. 23 16 15 09 05 06 07 54 17 20 21 06 22 11 08 -10 61
9. 22 25 14 13 11 07 13 36 -05 18 36 14 -08 -12 -09 -02 52
10. 16 -04 23 08 -06 31 06 08 -03 11 -10 -11 -01 09 -16 05 26
11. 28 19 05 10 15 00 14 32 17 17 37 18 20 18 -15 02 59
12. 04 00 17 16 13 04 56 18 -04 19 09 -10 25 -20 09 14 60
13. 11 22 14 06 13 00 14 42 14 12 21 17 08 -02 05 04 41
14. 14 13 26 24 22 01 09 27 22 05 41 01 27 -09 06 -01 59
15. 24 22 32 23 19 -06 23 21 42 19 27 01 21 -05 06 -10 75
16. 07 -02 -06 06 27 69 -06 07 -04 17 -13 19 22 12 05 08 72
17. 09 19 -01 04 31 63 08 06 14 21 01 26 10 00 01 09 70
18. 15 05 18 18 02 22 17 09 -02 06 -11 18 41 -14 08 08 42
19. 10 11 28 07 -06 14 11 06 15 02 02 74 28 03 -05 -22 85
20. 17 14 26 07 00 24 14 11 27 06 14 49 18 -10 07 -14 61
21. 07 01 28 03 05 -02 35 15 01 25 -01 08 21 -02 -05 -03 35
22. 13 10 24 -06 13 42 30 00 -14 -09 06 05 16 05 16 -21 51
23. 20 13 24 25 08 -03 14 10 22 07 47 19 15 14 -03 04 57
24. 15 04 14 12 17 15 45 13 20 16 23 17 -06 22 04 02 53
25. 12 17 17 60 05 05 23 06 18 05 25 -05 21 -12 -14 07 67
26. 08 05 11 06 57 15 17 01 09 07 00 18 17 -09 -14 06 51
27. 00 04 23 17 68 18 00 22 -04 09 -06 16 20 -16 02 -21 77
28. 30 11 20 22 16 19 13 18 28 17 16 04 -07 13 08 -19 50
29. 36 10 14 -05 18 09 14 11 11 23 29 03 21 14 01 -06 44
30. 12 05 23 25 02 05 11 04 03 57 24 21 00 -15 -01 -06 60
31. 46 -02 -07 09 03 01 04 21 20 17 07 -09 17 -20 -22 00 47
32. 25 26 25 28 20 00 11 25 33 -01 13 03 -08 -06 -13 -11 55
33. 15 15 52 16 11 01 03 13 19 20 27 -05 19 00 06 -14 58
34. 18 20 25 17 10 -04 13 21 53 08 19 07 08 -16 -07 ,10 61
35. 08 52 16 18 06 14 13 29 17 28 05 07 18 -03 08 -01 61
36. 20 72 18 22 22 -05 07 11 06 19 10 06 19 05 14 -08 83
37. 66 -01 08 11 24 13 15 09 19 13 19 05 15 07 -02 -13 69
38. 56 00 16 17 11 24 10 24 23 21 14 10 06 00 11 -24 70
39. 19 25 17 08 09 06 07 13 41 28 37 08 15 -05 11 00 59
40. 19 09 60 03 12 -05 10 15 -04 26 05 -02 08 14 -10 10 57
41. 56 08 08 15 15 11 08 10 17 20 24 11 18 -07 16 -02 60
42. 05 -08 20 53 08 07 05 07 14 30 02 -04 06 17 01 -20 52
N o te. Decim al point! omitted.
" J
Cn
T able 10
R otated F a cto r M atrix - Group B
V a r . C M U C M C C M R C M T C M I A c h . E M U
E M C -
E M I
E M R E M S D M I N M T
R 1 « 2
h 2
1. 5 3 12 2 7 0 9 11 0 6 0 6 4 0 2 6 0 8 0 8 0 6 0 5 0 5 6 4
2 . 3 6 - 0 3 0 2 2 2 - 0 2 6 6 1 3 3 7 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 - 0 5 11 7 8
3. 1 7 1 7 0 1 1 0 - 0 7 6 3 2 8 2 6 11 0 6 - 0 4 - 0 3 - 0 6 0 5 6 3
4 . 1 8 0 2 1 9 1 5 3 0 0 2 0 3 0 3 1 5 1 9 - 0 6 0 5 - 1 5 - 2 3 3 2
5. 0 9 01 1 8 0 8 0 2 1 9 1 5 3 0 4 2 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 6 0 3 4 8
6 . 2 0 21 3 2 0 7 0 3 13 1 4 2 3 - 0 3 1 8 0 3 - 0 1 0 1
0 9 3 2
7. - 0 2 2 1 1 9 0 3 0 5 1 6 - 0 2 4 6 3 3 0 7 - 0 3 - 1 9 - 0 5 - 0 3 4 7
9- 0 7 1 8 16 - 0 7 1 9 1 7 - 1 2 1 3 3 0 3 2 0 1 1 4 0 2 - 0 5 3 8
1 2 . 0 9 1 9 2 4 0 7 1 6 11 4 7 1 8 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 6 - 1 8 - 1 6 5 5
1 4 . 2 7 3 0 2 9 - 0 2 0 7 2 2 12 3 0
1 9 1 8 0 0 1 4 0 4 11 51
1 5 . 2 9 2 1 31 - 0 2 - 0 6 1 7 2 4 2 9 4 4 11 - 0 6 - 0 3 1 4 - 0 6 6 3
1 6 . 0 8 - 0 3 - 0 2 1 6 8 2 0 4 0 1 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 2 2 6 - 0 1 1 3 81
1 7 . 2 3 0 8 - 0 3 2 7 6 5 0 4 1 9 0 2 2 4 - 0 4 - 0 1 1 0 - 0 4 0 4 6 6
1 8 . 0 8 0 6 11 11 - 0 1 - 0 2 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 9 2 2 4 8 - 0 7 - 1 0 4 0
1 9 . 2 0 0 6 0 4 2 0 1 8 10 1 0 0 5 1 8 - 0 8 7 1 1 3 - 1 0 - 0 1 7 0
2 0 . - 0 1 16 2 4 11 2 7 11 - 0 6 1 0 16 2 1 7 3 - 0 3 0 9 - 0 3 8 0
2 1 . 0 0 0 3 4 3 0 5 0 4 0 6 3 0 1 4 1 7 1 3 13 - 0 5 - 2 2 2 1 4 6
2 2 . 1 6 0 5 0 7 2 2 3 2 - 0 4 0 5 1 5 0 3 0 5 0 8 1 0 0 6 - 1 8 2 6
2 4 . 2 4 0 9 1 8 0 4 0 2 0 7 3 5 1 0 11 1 2 0 7 0 6 2 2 1 0 3 3
2 6 . 0 8 0 1 0 1 5 2 2 5 - 0 2 2 5 1 5 1 8 0 2 0 9 1 3
- U 1 5 5 2
2 7 . - 0 3 0 5 2 4 7 1 1 4 0 1 1 2 1 5 1 7 0 0 0 3 1 8 0 2
- 1 9 7 3
2 8 . 1 5 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 3 4 6 16 2 8 1 0 - 1 6 13 1 9 4 3
2 9 - 2 6 3 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 - 1 0 - 0 1 3 0 1 7 2 1 1 2 1 0 - 0 5 0 6 3 6
3 0 . 0 9 0 2 0 9 0 9 - 0 2 0 6 0 7 2 1 0 5 3 8 0 1 0 1 1 9 - 0 9 2 7
3 1 . 2 2 0 8 - 1 3 - 0 3 - 0 2 - 0 2 4 1 11 1 8 2 1 0 0 2 2 1 9 0 6 4 1
3 2 . 2 2 2 1 4 8 0 3 - 0 1 0 8 0 5 1 8 2 7 0 5 - 0 5 0 3 2 4 10 5 1
3 3 . 2 2 2 2 - 3 0 0 7 - 0 5 - 0 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 0 6 0 2 - 0 7 1 8 - 1 2 3 8
3 5 . 1 5 5 7 1 7 1 2 11 1 3 1 5 3 6 0 6 1 0 - 0 5 0 2 0 3 1 3 6 0
3 6 . 1 9 51 1 9 0 9 0 0 0 6 0 7 3 0 1 3 2 6 0 3 0 7 - 0 4 11 5 4
3 9 . 12 1 4 0 7 - 0 9 0 8 0 3 2 4 5 6 2 1 1 9 0 5 1 9 - 0 1 - 1 8 5 7
4 0 . 2 9 0 8 2 9 0 5 0 3 0 8 2 6 3 3 0 8 0 1 1 5 0 9 - 1 8 - 0 5 4 2
4 1 . 5 5 1 6 0 5 0 7 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 9 2 6 0 2 0 9 - 0 4 11 4 8
4 2 . 3 0 2 7 0 5 0 3 0 2 2 7 0 4 0 1 11 2 8 0 9 0 4 0 7 - 0 9 3 5
N o t e . D ecim a l points om itted.
•vl
O '
T able 11
R otated F a c to r M atrix - Group C
V a r .
C M U C M C C M R C M T C M I A c h . E M U E M C E M R E M S D M 1 N M T
* 1 « 2
h 2
1. 5 5 11 2 4 1 3 0 9 0 6 12 1 0 4 1 0 9 0 9 11 0 5 0 2 6 2
2 . 5 5 0 5 10 1 9 - 0 9
71 11 1 8 0 9 11 0 1 0 8 11 0 1 9 3
3. 3 6 1 9 0 6 0 8 - 0 8 4 9 1 7 2 3 2 3 1 0 0 2 0 6 1 0 - 0 2 5 8
4 . 0 5 0 2 0 7 1 8 3 6 0 1 12 0 8 1 6 0 9 1 4 2 0 0 1 - 2 5 3 4
5 . 2 9 0 6 1 6 0 8 0 3 0 9 1 6 2 1 4 6 1 9 1 2 0 5 - 0 7 0 6 4 7
6. 3 0 3 2 1 5 0 8 0 3 0 8 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 9 - 0 1 1 3 - 1 9 - 0 3 4 3
7 . 1 0 2 0 2 5 0 1 0 4 11 1 5 4 4 2 3 13 10 - 0 1 0 5 0 1 4 2
9. 2 0 1 7 0 9 - 0 1 1 3 - 0 1 0 9 2 3 2 0 2 7 0 9
1 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 2 9
1 2 . 0 6 0 9 - 0 7 1 2 0 0 - 0 2 5 7 1 5 2 3 2 1 0 6 3 5 1 4 0 6 6 2
1 4 . 3 5 2 0 1 0 0 9 - 0 3 0 2 2 0 31 3 3 2 2 0 5 1 2 - 0 1 0 9 5 0
1 5 . 2 9 2 3 2 7 0 5 - 0 8 0 5 2 9 2 5 5 4 13 0 7 0 8 - 0 3 - 0 1 6 8
1 6 . 1 7 * 0 7 - 0 8 1 7 7 1 0 7 0 2 11 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 5 0 0 2 2 6 8
1 7 . 1 4 0 3 0 0 1 9 6 7 1 0 1 5 0 9 1 6 0 6 1 5 0 8 0 2 1 9 6 4
1 8 . 0 4 0 6 0 4 1 7 10 0 5 0 7 0 4 2 1 11 2 2 3 7 0 2 0 6 3 0
1 9 . 1 7 1 3 0 7 1 2 1 5 1 2 0 1 - 0 9 11 0 7 71 2 0 - 0 3 0 5 6 7
2 0 . 1 9 11 - 0 1 - 0 2 0 9 17 0 6 2 0 11 2 3
7 §
0 6 - 0 6 1 6 8 4
2 1 . 11 1 5 0 6 11 - 0 2 - 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 9 0 3 1 8 1 9 - 0 2 - 0 5 31
2 2 . 1 8 - 0 6 0 9 2 4 2 6 - 0 9 0 6 0 7 0 4 0 5 2 0 1 6 1 9 1 6 3 2
2 4 . 2 6 1 4 2 3 0 7 1 0 0 2 3 4 - 0 8 2 1 1 4 1 3 - 0 3 0 1 0 2 3 6
2 6 . 0 1 1 5 0 4 4 7 2 9 1 3 2 2 - 0 8 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 9 - 1 0 2 0 5 2
2 7 . 0 2 0 3 0 3 7 3 1 7 01 0 8 2 0 2 0 1 3 1 7 0 9 - 1 2 1 2 7 4
2 8 . 3 8 1 0 2 6 0 2 0 6 0 6 1 4 1 5 1 3 2 4 0 7 - 0 7 - 0 8 1 5 3 8
2 9 . 2 7 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 7 - 0 6 0 6 0 9 1 6 2 1 0 8 2 0 - 0 6 2 0 3 4
3 0 . 10 0 7 1 9 0 8 0 4 0 1 1 6 0 9 10 4 8 0 9 0 5 - 0 7 - 0 4 3 4
3 1 . 11 1 0 1 5 - 0 5 0 5 0 9 15 - 1 0 2 8 1 6 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 5 1 3 2 9
3 2 . 3 2 2 3 1 6 0 9 0 0 - 0 1 1 9 2 7 3 5 0 6 0 9 - 0 7 - 1 5 - 0 6 4 6
3 3 . 1 6 1 3 3 6 1 4 - 0 7 - 0 4 2 3 2 5 2 6 1 5 1 3 0 6 0 7 - 0 3 4 3
3 5 , 1 4 6 0 1 3 0 8 1 6 0 9 13 2 6 2 2 2 2 0 4 0 4 1 9 0 9 6 6
3 6 . 2 5 5 4 1 3 1 6 0 1 - 0 4 0 2 2 7 2 4 2 2 0 7 11 1 7 1 0 6 2
3 9 . 11 1 6 3 8 - 0 4 0 8 11 1 8 1 7 3 2 2 9 11 11 0 6 1 8 5 1
4 0 . 2 1 2 2 4 0 1 4 - 0 6 0 9 2 8 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 31 0 0 - 0 7 4 9
4 1 . 3 9 1 5 2 0 0 5 11 0 7 0 0 - 0 1 31 2 6 0 1 2 4 - 0 5 0 6 4 6
4 2 . 2 6 1 0 0 5 0 9 0 2 0 4 1 0 1 3 12 3 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 - 1 0 2 4
N o t e . D ec im a l points om itted.
~- 4
CHAPTER V
INTERPRETATION OF THE FACTORS
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f r o t a t e d f a c t o r s r e s t p r i n
c i p a l l y upon t e s t s w ith f a c t o r lo a d in g s o f .3 0 o r g r e a t e r .
The names o f th e t e s t s and th e f a c t o r f o r w hich e a c h t e s t
i s d e s ig n e d a r e l i s t e d p r e c e d in g th e d i s c u s s i o n f o r e a c h
o b ta in e d f a c t o r . F o llo w in g th e names o f th e t e s t s a r e
t h r e e colum ns la b e le d Group A, G roup B, and Group C. They
r e p r e s e n t t h e t h r e e s u b j e c t g ro u p in g s f o r w h ich f a c t o r
a n a ly s e s a r e p e rfo rm e d . I f a t e s t h a s lo a d in g s o f .3 0 o r
g r e a t e r on o th e r f a c t o r s i n a s o l u t i o n , th o s e lo a d in g s a r e
m en tio n ed i n p a r e n t h e s e s . A d ash ( - ) i n th e colum n i n d i
c a t e s t h a t th e t e s t was n o t in c lu d e d i n th e a n a l y s i s . A ll
th e d a s h e s , o f c o u r s e , a r e found f o r G roups B and C, as
Group A co m p leted a l l th e t e s t s . An a s t e r i s k (*) n e x t t o
t h e colum n l a b e l i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e f a c t o r d id n o t em erge
from t h a t a n a l y s i s .
E m phasis i s p la c e d upon th e d i s c u s s i o n o f new ly
78
79
i s o l a t e d f a c t o r s o f e v a l u a t i o n . The f a c t o r s o f c o g n i tio n
and o th e r r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r s a r e a l s o d is c u s s e d to th e e x
t e n t t h a t th e d i s c u s s i o n h e lp s t o u n d e rs ta n d th e n a t u r e o f
e v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r s . E x te n s iv e d i s c u s s i o n o f a l l r e f e r e n c e
f a c t o r s i n t h i s s tu d y i s g iv e n e ls e w h e re i n th e s e r i e s o f
r e p o r t s from th e P s y c h o lo g ic a l L a b o ra to ry a t th e U n iv e r s it y
o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a o r i n o th e r p s y c h o lo g ic a l j o u r n a l s .
R e a d e rs a r e r e f e r r e d t o th e a p p r o p r i a t e l i t e r a t u r e ea ch
tim e .
F a c to r s o f S em antic E v a lu a tio n
EMU—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic u n i t s
f
T e s ts Group A Group B Group C
12. Double D e s c r ip tio n s .55 .47 .57
(EMU) (NMT.35)
24. S e n te n s e n s e (EMS) .43 .35 .34
21. P ro d u c t C hoice (EMT) .35 .30 .4 0
(CMR.42)
31. U s e f u l Changes (EMT) .04 .41 .15
(CMU.46)
I n e a c h ite m o f Double D e s c r i p t i o n s , exam inees a r e
t o e v a lu a t e c e r t a i n p r o p e r t i e s o f o b j e c t s a c c o r d in g to two
g iv e n c r i t e r i a . The a b i l i t y m easured by t h i s t e s t seems
c o n g ru e n t w ith th e a u t h o r 's c o n c e p tio n o f th e EM U f a c t o r .
80
The EM U f a c t o r i s h y p o th e s iz e d a s an a b i l i t y t o e v a l u a t e
th e s u i t a b i l i t y and adequacy o f a w ord o r an o b j e c t i n
te rm s o f g iv e n c r i t e r i a .
Two o t h e r t e s t s d e s ig n e d f o r th e EM U f a c t o r lo a d ed
on th e CM U f a c t o r , c o g n i tio n o f s e m a n tic u n i t s . T h is
p ro b le m i s e l a b o r a t e d i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t .
S e n te n s e n s e was o r i g i n a l l y d e s ig n e d f o r th e EM S
f a c t o r b e c a u s e i t d e a l t w ith th e i n t e r n a l c o n s is te n c y o f
id e a s o r e v e n ts e x p re s s e d i n a s e n te n c e . P e rh a p s th e s i g
n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s o f S e n te n s e n s e on th e EM U f a c t o r i n a l l
t h r e e a n a ly s e s means t h a t th e so u n d n e ss o f id e a s o r e v e n ts
e x p r e s s e d i n a s e n te n c e i s e v a lu a t e d i n te rm s o f an i n t e
g r a t e d w hole r a t h e r th a n as s e p a r a t e b i t s o f in f o r m a tio n
and t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s in a g iv e n s e n te n c e . I n o t h e r
w o rd s , th e s e n te n c e s w ere r e g a r d e d a s se m a n tic u n i t s i n
th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l p r o c e s s in g o f in f o r m a tio n . The r e l a
t i v e l y h ig h l e v e l o f v e r b a l a b i l i t y o f th e exam in ees and
somewhat s h o r t s e n te n c e s g iv e n i n S e n te n s e n s e m ight have
c a u se d t h i s phenomenon.
P ro d u c t C hoice and U s e f u l Changes w ere d e s ig n e d
f o r th e EKT f a c t o r . I n ea ch ite m o f th e s e t e s t s , th e
exam in ees a r e to s e l e c t , from a s e t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s , an
o b j e c t o r o b j e c t s t h a t can be u se d m ost a d e q u a te ly f o r a
s p e c i f i e d p u rp o s e .
The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s c o n s id e r e d a s a n outcom e o f
p s y c h o lo g ic a l p r o c e s s in g o f i n f o r m a ti o n . One m eaning o f
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s th e u n c o n v e n tio n a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
common o b j e c t s . I n e a c h ite m o f th e s e t e s t s , th e ex am in ees
a r e shown a s e t o f o b j e c t s and a g o a l t o be s a t i s f i e d . The
g o a l c a n be s a t i s f i e d o n ly a s th e r e s u l t s o f th e t r a n s f o r
m a tio n o f th e g iv e n o b j e c t s . The t e s t s w ere h y p o th e s iz e d
t o m easure th e a b i l i t y t o e v a l u a t e how w e l l e a c h t r a n s
fo r m a tio n a c c o m p lish e s t h e s p e c i f i e d g o a l .
C o n tra ry t o th e h y p o t h e s i s , t h e f a c t o r a n a ly s e s
i n d i c a t e th e s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s o f t h e s e t e s t s on th e
EM U f a c t o r r a t h e r th a n th e f a c t o r s o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n su c h
as th e CKT, NMT, o r EMT f a c t o r s , s u g g e s tin g t h a t th e t e s t s
h ave l i t t l e to do w ith th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenomenon o f
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .
T hese t e s t s seem t o h ave m easu red t h e a b i l i t y to
e v a l u a t e th e g iv e n o b j e c t s , n o t th e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a s s u c h ,
b u t th e a l t e r n a t i v e s t a r t i n g p o i n t s o f th e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .
S in c e a number o f o b j e c t s w ere g iv e n a s th e a l t e r n a t i v e
s t a r t i n g p o i n t s o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , th e t a s k became th e
e v a l u a t i o n o f u n i t s .
82
EMC—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic
c l a s s e s
T e s ts Group A Group B* Group C
8. C la s s Name S e l e c t i o n
(EMC)
.54
- - —
6. B e st Word C la s s (EMC) .4 8 .32
(CMU.30,
CMC.32)
13.
9.
Im p o rta n t F a c ts (EMS)
Commonsense Judgm ent I
(EMI)
.42
.36
(EM I.36)
m m m m
11. Com plete T houghts (EMS) .32
(EMI. 37)
* *
7. B e st Word F a i r s (EMC) .23
(CMC.31)
.44
14. L o g ic a l R easo n in g (EMR) .27
(EM I.41)
.31
(CMU.35,
EMR.33)
Two o f th e t h r e e t e s t s d ev elo p ed f o r th e EM C f a c -
t o r , C la ss Name S e l e c t i o n and B e st Words C l a s s , a r e th e two
le a d in g t e s t s d e f in in g th e f a c t o r in Group A. C la ss Name
S e l e c t i o n d e a ls w ith th e e v a l u a t i o n o f c l a s s names w hich
r e p r e s e n t a s e t o f o b j e c t s , and B e st Word C la s s d e a ls w ith
th e e v a l u a t i o n o f c l a s s names t o r e p r e s e n t an o b j e c t . The
EM C f a c t o r , how ever, f a i l e d to em erge i n Group B and
em erged w eakly i n Group C. T h is m ight be due to th e f a c t
t h a t C la ss Name S e l e c t i o n i s n o t in c lu d e d i n th e a n a ly s e s
o f th e s e g ro u p s. I n s t e a d o f EMC, a compound f a c t o r o f EM C
and EMI em erged i n Group B w hich w i l l be d e s c r ib e d l a t e r .
83
B e st Word P a i r s , a t e s t d e v e lo p e d a c c o r d in g to th e
BMC h y p o t h e s i s , lo a d s s i g n i f i c a n t l y on th e EM C f a c t o r i n
G roup C, b u t th e same t e s t c o n t r i b u t e s to th e d e f i n i t i o n o f
t h e CM C f a c t o r i n Group A. B e s t Word P a i r s a s k s ex am in ees
t o e v a l u a t e w hich p a i r o f w ords makes th e b e s t c l a s s , b u t
th e s p e c i f i c p r o p e r ty o f th e b e s t c l a s s i s n o t d e f in e d in
e a c h ite m . S in c e th e s p e c i f i c p r o p e r ty o f th e b e s t c l a s s
n ee d s t o be d is c o v e r e d by th e e x a m in e e s, c o g n i t i v e a s w e l l
as e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s p o s s i b l y p la y an im p o r ta n t r o l e i n
t h i s t e s t .
Im p o rta n t F a c t s , a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r t h e EMS f a c
t o r , i s b a s e d upon th e h y p o th e s is t h a t th e p r o b le m - s o lv in g
s i t u a t i o n i s a k in d o f se m a n tic sy ste m . The h y p o th e s is i s
d e r iv e d from two p r e v io u s l y a n a ly z e d t e s t s f o r th e CM S
f a c t o r , S h ip D e s t i n a t i o n and A r ith m e tic R e a so n in g , b o th o f
w hich r e q u i r e th e exam inees to s t r u c t u r e p ro b lem s i t u a
t i o n s . Im p o rta n t F a c ts r e q u i r e s th e s u b j e c t s t o ju d g e th e
im p o rta n c e o f a s e t o f g iv e n f a c t s f o r th e p u rp o se o f s o l v
in g sim p le p ro b le m s. However, I m p o rta n t F a c ts lo a d s on th e
EM C f a c t o r and n o t on th e EMS f a c t o r , s u g g e s tin g t h a t w hat
i s e v a lu a t e d i n th e t e s t i s p ro b a b ly a s e t o f g iv e n f a c t s
and n o t th e p roblem s i t u a t i o n . The p ro b lem g iv e n i n e a c h
ite m o f I m p o r ta n t F a c ts i s n o t p e rh a p s com plex enough to
84
o b t a i n th e s c o re v a r ia n c e due t o th e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r
e n c e s i n th e a b i l i t y t o e v a lu a t e sy stem s o f in f o r m a tio n .
The p roblem s i t u a t i o n m erely p ro v id e s th e c r i t e r i o n by
w hich e a c h g iv e n f a c t i s e v a lu a te d i n te rm s o f i t s im por
ta n c e i n s o lv in g th e p ro b lem .
Commonsense Judgm ent I , a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r th e EMI
f a c t o r , h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g on th e EM C f a c t o r .
Commonsense Judgm ent I d e a ls w ith th e e v a l u a t i o n o f p o s
s i b l e f a u l t s i n a p ro p o sed p la n . The s i g n i f i c a n t s id e
lo a d in g o f t h i s t e s t on th e EM C f a c t o r can be i n t e r p r e t e d
t o mean t h a t w hat i s e v a lu a te d i n t h i s t e s t i s n o t o n ly th e
p ro p o se d p la n b u t a l s o th e s e t o f g iv e n f a u l t s i n th e p la n .
The a b i l i t y to d is c o v e r f a u l t s i n a p la n o r t o e v a lu a t e th e
so u n d n ess o f a p la n m ight b e lo n g i n th e p ro d u c t o f im p lic a
t i o n i n th e SOI m odel, b u t th e a b i l i t y t o e v a lu a t e a s e t
o f g iv e n f a u l t s i n a p la n seems to b e lo n g i n th e f a c t o r o f
EMC. S in c e Commonsense Judgm ent I seems t o be a f a c t o r i a l -
ly com plex t e s t , one sh o u ld n o t a tte m p t to i n f e r th e n a tu r e
o f th e EM C f a c t o r p r im a r il y from t h i s t e s t . However, th e
s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s o f I m p o rta n t F a c ts and Commonsense
Judgm ent I on t h i s f a c t o r seem t o s u g g e s t th e com plex
n a t u r e o f th e EM C f a c t o r . The EM C f a c t o r was h y p o th e s iz e d
as an a b i l i t y to e v a lu a t e s u i t a b i l i t y o r adequacy o f c l a s s
t o r e p r e s e n t a g iv e n w ord, o b j e c t , o r s e t o f o b j e c t s . I n
a d d i t i o n t o th e e v a l u a t i o n o f c l a s s p r o p e r ty em phasized i n
our o r i g i n a l h y p o th e s is , th e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e EM C f a c t o r
m ight a l s o in c lu d e th e e v a l u a t i o n o f f a c t s and in f o rm a tio n
i n te rm s o f a r e l a t i v e l y com plex c r i t e r i o n su ch as a p ro b
le m -s o lv in g s i t u a t i o n .
E M R --E valuation o f se m an tic
r e l a t i o n s
T e s ts Group A Group B Group C
34. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I
(EMR)
.53
5. B e st Trend Name (EMR) .42
(CMS.33)
.42 .46
15. M atched V e rb a l R e la tio n s .42 .44 .54
(EMR) (CMR.32) (CMR.31)
39.
Word E x te n s io n s (EMI) .41 .21 .32
(EM I.37) (EMC-
EM I.56)
(CMR.38)
32. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I - - .33 .27 .35
P a r t 1 (CMR) (CMR.48) (CMU.32)
7. B e st Word P a i r s (EMC) .23 .33 .23
(CMC.31) (EMC-
EMI.46)
(EMC.44)
9.
Commonsense Judgment I .05 .3 0 .2 0
(EMI) (EMC.36,
EMI. 36)
(EMS.32)
1. Language IQ (CMU) .26
(CMU.53,
EMC-
EMI.40)
.41
(CMU.55)
14. L o g ic a l R easo n in g (EMR) .22 .19 .33
(EM I.41) (EMC-
EMI.30)
(CMU.35)
41. Word S u b s t i t u t i o n .17 .19
.31
(EMU) (CMU.56) (CMU.55) (CMU.39)
86
From t h e SOI m odel, th e EMR f a c t o r was h y p o th e s iz e d
a s th e a b i l i t y t o e v a l u a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n w ords o r
i d e a s . A c c o rd in g to th e h y p o t h e s i s , f o u r t e s t s w ere new ly
d e v e lo p e d o r a d a p te d from e x i s t i n g t e s t s .
I n G roup A, V e r b a l A n a lo g ie s I I I , B e st T rend Name,
and M atched V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s , a l l o f w h ich a r e d e s ig n e d f o r
th e EMR f a c t o r , a r e found t o be th e t h r e e le a d in g t e s t s
d e f i n i n g t h i s f a c t o r . S in c e V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I was n o t
in c lu d e d i n G roups B and C, B e st T rend Name and M atched
V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s a r e th e two le a d in g t e s t s l e f t w ith th e
t a s k o f d e f i n i n g t h i s f a c t o r .
V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I and M atched V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s
w ere a d a p te d from th e u s u a l t e s t s o f v e r b a l a n a l o g i e s ,
w h ich em p h asize th e c o g n i t i o n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n a
g iv e n p a i r o f w o rd s. I n th e t e s t s o f th e EMR f a c t o r , how
e v e r , th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e f i r s t p a i r s o f w ords a r e
made o b v io u s t o m in im ize t h e v a r ia n c e due to th e e x a m in e e 's
a b i l i t y t o c o g n iz e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . On th e o t h e r h an d ,
t h e c h o ic e s o f a l t e r n a t i v e c o m p le tio n s a r e made v e r y d i f
f i c u l t t o m axim ize t h e e v a l u a t i v e v a r i a n c e by r e q u i r i n g th e
ex am in ees t o com pare th e g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s i n th e l i g h t o f
t h e s ta n d a r d r e l a t i o n s h i p s p e c i f i e d i n th e f i r s t p a i r . The
f a c t t h a t V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on
87
EMR and h a s no s id e lo a d in g i l l u s t r a t e s th e p o s s i b l e s e p a r
a t i o n o f e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t y from c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y by
im p o sin g d i f f i c u l t ta s k s a t t h e d i f f e r e n t p h a se s o f th e
p r o b le m - s o lv in g p r o c e s s .
The r e s u l t from G roups B and C s u g g e s ts a s tr o n g
e s s e n t i a l l y o b liq u e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw e en th e EM R f a c t o r
and th e f a c t o r s o f c o g n i t i o n . I t seems r e a s o n a b le to
assum e t h a t some o f th e EM R t e s t s r e q u i r e fu n d a m e n ta l
know ledge o f th e m eanings o f w o rd s. A p a r t o f th e e s s e n
t i a l o b liq u e n e s s i s p r o b a b ly due t o th e m e c h a n ic a l p roblem
o f th e r o t a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n . S in c e V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I I s
a b s e n t from th e s e a n a l y s e s , th e r o t a t i o n s a r e m isg u id e d by
B e st T rend Name and M atched V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s , w hich have
s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g s on th e c o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s .
The w ell-k n o w n L o g ic a l R e a so n in g T e s t i s in c lu d e d i n
t h i s s tu d y t o p ro v id e c o n t i n u i t y w ith th e f a c t o r o f l o g i c a l
e v a l u a t i o n i d e n t i f i e d i n th e p re v io u s s t u d i e s ( G u ilf o r d ,
e t a l . , 1953; G u ilf o r d & B e rg e r, e t a l . , 1955; G u ilf o r d &
K e t t n e r , e t a l . , 1 9 5 5 ). The p r e s e n t f in d in g s s u g g e s t t h a t
th e l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r i s n o t th e same c o n s t r u c t as
th e EMR f a c t o r , as i n d i c a t e d by th e a b se n c e o f L o g ic a l
R e a so n in g from th e l i s t o f t e s t s f o r t h i s f a c t o r . The f a t e
o f th e l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r i s d is c u s s e d i n th e
88
su b se q u e n t s e c t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t .
P a r t I o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I , a r e f e r e n c e t e s t f o r
th e CM R f a c t o r , h a s s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on th e EMR f a c t o r
i n G roups A and C, b u t n o t i n G roup B. I t i s s t r o n g l y s u s
p e c te d t h a t P a r t I o f t h i s t e s t i s n o t a p u re m easure o f
th e CM R f a c t o r , and t h a t th e t e s t h a s s u b s t a n t i a l e v a l u a
t i v e v a r i a n c e .
EMS—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic
sy stem s
T e s ts Group A Group B Group
30. U n lik e ly T h in g s (EMS) .57 .3 8 .4 8
42. Word System s (EMS) .3 0
(CMS.53)
.2 8 .31
9 .
Commonsense Judgm ent I
(EMI)
.1 8
(EMC.36,
EM I.36)
.32
(EMR.30)
.27
U n lik e ly T h in g s i s th e le a d in g t e s t f o r th e EMS
f a c t o r i n a l l t h r e e a n a ly s e s . U n lik e ly T h in g s was a d a p te d
from a t e s t c a l l e d U n u su al D e t a i l s w h ich a s k s ex am in ees to
f in d u n u s u a l th i n g s i n s k e tc h e s o f a common s i t u a t i o n . The
EMS f a c t o r i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s s tu d y i s s i m i l a r , i f n o t
i d e n t i c a l , t o th e f a c t o r c a l l e d e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n
d e f in e d by U n u su al D e t a i l s i n a p r e v io u s s tu d y ( G u i lf o r d ,
e t a l . , 1953).
89
Word S y stem s, a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r EMS, a p p e a rs t o
be a f a c t o r i a l l y com plex t e s t . I n Group B, Word System s
do es n o t lo a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y on any f a c t o r . I n g e n e r a l , th e
t h r e e s e p a r a t e a n a ly s e s i n d i c a t e t h a t th e t e s t h a s s i g n i f i
c a n t o r m o d erate lo a d in g s on th e EMS, CMS, and C M U f a c t o r s .
E v id e n tly th e t e s t d e a ls w ith se m a n tic s y s te m s , b u t i t
r e q u i r e s e v a l u a t i v e a s w e l l a s c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t i e s . The
n o n s i g n i f i c a n t b u t m o d e ra te lo a d in g o f t h i s t e s t on th e C M U
f a c t o r m ight be due t o th e c o m p le x ity o f th e t e s t i n s t r u c
t i o n s . Two o t h e r t e s t s d e s ig n e d f o r EMS, Im p o rta n t F a c ts
and S e n te n s e n s e , a r e m e n tio n e d in t h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f th e
EM U and EM C f a c t o r s . I n r e t r o s p e c t , th e p r e s e n t know ledge
c o n c e rn in g th e CM S and N M S f a c t o r s le a d s one to form a
number o f h y p o th e s e s c o n c e r n in g th e n a t u r e o f th e EMS f a c
t o r . The p r e s e n t f in d in g s e l i m i n a t e th e two p o s s i b l e
a p p ro a c h e s w h ich a r e b a s e d upon (1) e v a l u a t i o n o f i n t e r n a l
c o n s is te n c y o f a s e n te n c e , and (2) e v a l u a t i o n o f f a c t s
n eed ed t o s o lv e a g iv e n p ro b lem .
90
E M I--E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic
im p l ic a tio n s
T e s ts Group A ' Group B* Group C*
23. S e n te n c e S e l e c t i o n (EMI) .47
14. L o g ic a l R easo n in g (EMR) .41
11. Com plete T houghts (EMS) .37
(EMC.32)
39. Word E x te n s io n s (EMI) ,37
(EMR.41)
9. Commonsense Judgm ent I .36
(EMI) (EMC. 36)
*
S e n te n c e S e l e c t i o n i s th e le a d in g t e s t d e f in in g th e
EMI f a c t o r i n Group A. The t e s t r e q u i r e s th e s u b je c ts t o
s e l e c t th e s ta te m e n t t h a t i s most p ro b a b ly t r u e , u s in g th e
g iv e n in f o r m a tio n . The t e s t h as h ig h fa c e v a l i d i t y i n
r e f e r e n c e t o th e c o n c e p tio n o f th e EMI f a c t o r , w hich i s
h y p o th e s iz e d as an a b i l i t y to e v a lu a te e x t r a p o l a t e d i n f o r
m a tio n i n th e form o f e x p e c ta n c ie s , p r e d i c t i o n s , a n t e c e
d e n t s , c o n c o m ita n ts , o r c o n se q u e n c e s. The f a i l u r e o f th e
EMI f a c t o r t o em erge i n Groups B and C i s p ro b a b ly due to
th e f a c t t h a t S e n te n c e S e l e c t i o n i s n o t in c lu d e d i n th e s e
a n a l y s e s .
The w ell-know n t e s t o f L o g ic a l R easo n in g a p p e a rs to
be f a c t o r i a l l y com plex. I n a d d i t i o n t o th e EMI f a c t o r on
w h ich L o g ic a l R easo n in g h as s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g , th e t e s t
91
h as s m a ll lo a d in g s on th e EMC, CMR, and N M T f a c t o r s in
Group A. I n Groups B and C, th e lo a d in g s o f L o g ic a l R ea
so n in g on th e EM C and CM R f a c t o r s a r e p ro b a b ly o v e r e s t i
m ated s in c e th e EMI f a c t o r d id n o t em erge; c o n s e q u e n tly th e
EMI v a r ia n c e i s d i s t r i b u t e d among o th e r r e l a t e d f a c t o r s i n
th e s e a n a ly s e s . A ll e v id e n c e , i n c lu d in g th e in f o r m a tio n
from th e a n a ly s e s o f G roups B and C, s u g g e s ts t h a t L o g ic a l
R e aso n in g p ro b a b ly s h a r e s th e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r ti o n o f v a r i
ance w ith th e EMI f a c t o r and h a s m o d e ra te s id e lo a d in g s on
th e EM C and CM R f a c t o r s .
Com plete T h o u g h ts, a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r th e EM S
f a c t o r , h as s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s on th e EMI as w e l l a s th e
EM C f a c t o r s . The r e a s o n f o r th e EMI v a r ia n c e i n t h i s t e s t
i s not o b v io u s .
Word E x te n s io n s , a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r th e EMI f a c
t o r , h as s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s on th e EMI and EM R f a c t o r s in
Group A, and on th e EMI-EMC compound f a c t o r i n Group B.
The t e s t a sk s s u b j e c t s to s e l e c t th e name o f an o b je c t o r
a t t r i b u t e t h a t i s alw ays im p lie d by a g iv e n t h i n g . Some
o f th e e a sy ite m s i n t h i s t e s t m ight be answ ered by e v a l u
a t i n g th e c lo s e n e s s o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een o b j e c t s and th e
g iv e n t h i n g . O bvious im p l i c a t i o n s may be p s y c h o lo g ic a lly
r e g a rd e d a s r e l a t i o n s h i p s . W ith o u t f u r t h e r e v id e n c e
c o n c e rn in g e a c h ite m o f t h i s t e s t , i t i s b e s t con clu d ed
t h a t Word E x te n s io n s h as lo a d in g s on b o th th e EH1 and th e
EM R f a c t o r s .
EMC-EMI Compound
T e s t8 Group A* Group B Group C*
39. Word E x te n s io n s (EMI) .56
7. B e st Word P a i r s (EMC) .46
(EMR.33)
28. S to ry T i t l e s (EMT) .46
1. Language IQ (CMU) .40
(CMU.4 6 , CMR.38)
2. R ead in g V o cab u lary (CMU) .37
(A .66, CMU.35)
35. V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - - .36
P a r t I (CMC) (CMC.57)
4 0 . Word L inkage (EMR) .33
(CMR.34)
14. L o g ic a l R easo n in g (EMR) .30
(CMR.34)
36. V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - - .30
P a r t I I (CMC) (CMC.51)
29. Synonyms (EMU) .3 0
(CMC.30)
The n a tu r e o f t h i s f a c t o r i s n o t o b v io u s. S in ce
th e t h r e e le a d in g t e s t s a r e d e s ig n e d f o r e v a l u a t i v e f a c
t o r s , th e f a c t o r i s more l i k e l y t o b e lo n g in th e e v a l u a t i v e
r a t h e r th a n th e c o g n itiv e c a te g o ry o f th e SOI m odel. The
e v id e n c e from th e a n a ly s e s o f Groups A and C s u g g e s ts t h a t
S to ry T i t l e s i s lo a d ed p r im a r il y upon th e C M U f a c t o r w ith
93
some m od erate s id e lo a d in g s i n e v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r s . Ju d g in g
from two o th e r le a d in g t e s t s , t h i s f a c t o r i s b e s t r e g a rd e d
as a compound o f th e EM C and EMI f a c t o r s . The a b s e n c e , i n
Group B, w here t h i s compound f a c t o r em erged, o f C la ss Name
S e l e c t i o n , th e le a d in g t e s t f o r EMC, and o f S e n te n c e S e le c
t i o n , th e le a d in g t e s t f o r EMI, i s p ro b a b ly th e c a u se o f
th e ap p e a ra n c e o f t h i s compound f a c t o r .
F a c to rs o f S em antic C o g n itio n
CM U--Cognition o f se m a n tic u n i t s
T e s ts
37. V e rb a l Com prehension
(CMU)
2. R eading V ocabulary
(CMU)
38. Word C om pletion (CMU)
41. Word S u b s t i t u t i o n (EMU)
31. U s e fu l Changes (EMT)
3. A rith m e tic R easoning
(CMS)
29. Synonyms (EMU)
28. S to ry T i t l e s (EMT)
1. Language IQ (CMU)
Group A Group B Group C
.66
.59 .36
(CMR.3 6 ) (A. 6 6 ,EM C -
EMI.37)
.56
.56
.46
.36
(CMR.35,
CMS.42)
.36
.3 0
.55
.22
(EMU.41)
.17
(A ,63)
.26
(CMC.30,
EMC-EMI.30)
.15
(EMC-EMI. 46)
.53
.55
(A. 71)
.39
(EMR.31)
.11
.36
(A .49)
.27
38
.55
(EMC -EMI. 4 0) (EMR .4 1 )
94
T e s ts (C o n tin u e d ) Group A Group B Group C
6. B est Word C la s s (EMC) .23 .2 0 .3 0
(EMC.48) (CMR.32) (EMC.32)
14. L o g ic a l R easo n in g .14 .27 .35
(EMR) (EMI.4 1 ) (EMC-EMI.3 0 ) (EMR.33,
EMC.31)
32. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I - - .25 .22 .32
P a r t I (CMR) (EMR.33) (CMR.48) (EMR.35)
4 2 . Word System s (EMS) .05 .30 .26
(CMS.53, (EMS.31)
EMS.30)
I n f a c t o r a n a ly s e s o f se m a n tic b a t t e r i e s , i t i s n o t
s u r p r i s i n g to f in d a number o f t e s t s lo a d ed on th e C M U f a c
t o r . Word know ledge i s th e e s s e n c e o f f a c t o r CMU--the
w ell-k n o w n f a c t o r o f v e r b a l co m p reh en sio n . R eading V ocabu-
l a r y - C a l i f o r n i a A chievem ent T e st a p p e a rs to be a f a c t o r i a l -
ly com plex t e s t . T h is problem i s e l a b o r a te d i n th e d i s
c u s s io n o f F a c to r A.
I n Word C o m p letio n , s u b je c ts a r e to w r i t e a sy n o
nym o r s h o r t d e f i n i t i o n f o r g iv e n w o rd s. The t e s t i s
d ev e lo p ed t o o b t a i n a p u re m easure o f th e C M U f a c t o r under
th e h y p o th e s is t h a t th e m u lt ip le - c h o ic e fo rm at o f V e rb a l
C om prehension may in tr o d u c e some e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e i n t o
th e s c o r e .
The V e rb a l C om prehension t e s t used i n t h i s s tu d y i s
an a d a p ta t io n o f th e o r i g i n a l V e rb a l C om prehension t e s t in
th e G uilford-Z im m erm an A p titu d e Survey b a t t e r y . The
95
a d a p ta t io n i s made t o e l im in a te some o f th e ite m s w hich
a p p e a r t o in tr o d u c e e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e in th e s c o r e s . The
c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een V e rb a l C om prehension and Word Comple
t i o n i s .6 8 , and th e two t e s t s a r e found to be e q u a lly
a d e q u a te m easures o f th e C M U f a c t o r .
Word S u b s t i t u t i o n and Synonyms w ere b o th d e s ig n e d
f o r th e EM U f a c t o r . I n Word S u b s t i t u t i o n , exam inees a re
r e q u ir e d t o s e l e c t a word w hich w ould b e s t f i t in t o a g iv e n
s e n te n c e i n p la c e o f an u n d e r lin e d w ord. The t e s t i s d i f
f e r e n t from o r d in a r y r e a d in g com prehension t e s t s i n t h a t
th e a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s a r e ab o u t e q u a lly a c c e p ta b le , so
t h a t th e exam inees a r e r e q u ir e d t o e x e r c i s e e v a l u a t i v e
th in k i n g t o f in d th e b e s t answ er. Synonyms i s a l s o d i f f e r
e n t from t r a d i t i o n a l v o c a b u la ry t e s t s in t h a t th e a l t e r n a
t i v e c h o ic e s a r e ab o u t e q u a lly a c c e p ta b le and th e d i f f i
c u l t y o f th e words i n e a c h ite m i s k e p t a t a minimum l e v e l
i n o rd e r t o a v o id CM U v a r ia n c e i n th e t e s t s c o r e s . In
s p i t e o f an a tte m p t to m inim ize c o g n i tiv e v a r ia n c e and
maxim ize e v a l u a t i v e v a r i a n c e , Word S u b s t i t u t i o n and Syno
nyms have s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g s on th e C M U f a c t o r , i n d i c a t
in g t h a t th e e v a l u a t i v e p ro c e s s c a n n o t be e a s i l y s e p a r a te d
from th e c o g n i tiv e p ro c e s s i n th e c a se o f se m a n tic u n i t s
m e re ly by in c r e a s i n g th e c o m p e titio n among a l t e r n a t i v e
96
c h o ic e s . I t seems t h a t com peting c h o ic e s i n Synonyms
m e re ly in c r e a s e d th e CM U v a r ia n c e by r e q u i r i n g th e exam
in e e s t o e x e r c i s e f i n e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n among th e m eanings
o f w o rd s.
C M C --C ognition o f se m a n tic
c l a s s e s
T e s ts Group A Group B Group C
36. V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - - .72 .51 .6 0
P a r t I (CMC) (EMC-EMI.51)
35. V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - - .52 .57 .54
P a r t I I (CMC) (EMC-EMI. 51)
7. B e st Word P a i r s (EMC) .31 .21 .2 0
(EMC-EMI. 46 ) (EMC. 44 )
29. Synonyms (EMU) .1 0 .3 0 .2 1
(CMU.36) (EMC-EMI.30)
6 . B e st Word C la s s (EMC) .27 .21 .3 2
(EMC.48) (CME1.32) (EMC.32,
CMU.30)
The CM C f a c t o r a p p e a rs to be w e ll d e f in e d i n t h i s
s tu d y . S in c e v a r i a b l e s 36 and 35 a r e two p a r t s o f th e
same r e f e r e n c e t e s t , th e f a c t o r lo a d in g s o f th e s e v a r i a b l e s
a r e l i k e l y t o be o v e r e s tim a te d . I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t
t h i s f a c t o r i s somewhat s p e c i f i c to th e t e s t V e rb a l C l a s s i
f i c a t i o n .
97
C M R --C ognition o f s e m a n tic
r e l a t i o n s
T e s t s G roup A G roup B G roup C
4 0 . Word L in k ag e (EMR) .6 0 .29 .4 0
(EMC-EMI. 3 3 ) (Nm:. 31)
3 3 . V e r b a l A n a lo g ie s I - - .5 2 .3 0 .36
P a r t I I (CMR)
2 . R e a d in g V o c a b u la ry (CMC) .36 .0 2 .1 0
(CMU.59) (A .6 6 , (A .71,
CMU.3 6 , CMU.55)
EMC-EMI. 3 7)
3 . A r i th m e t ic R e a so n in g .35 .0 1 .06
(CMS) (CMS.4 2 , (A .63) (A .4 9 ,
CMU.36) CMU.36)
15. M atched V e r b a l R e l a t i o n s .3 2 .3 1 .27
(EMR) (EMR.4 2 ) (EMR.4 4) (EMR.54)
32. V e r b a l A n a lo g ie s I - - .25 .4 8 .16
P a r t I (CMR) (EMR.33) (EMR.3 5 ,
CMU.32)
21. P ro d u c t C h o ice (EMT) .2 8 .43 .06
(EMU.35) (EMU.30) (A .4 0 )
6 . B e s t Word C la s s (EMC) .2 6 .3 2 .15
(EMC.48) (CMU.3 0 ,
CMC.32)
4 0 . Word E x te n s io n s (CMR) .17 .07 .3 8
(EMR.4 1 , (EMC-EMI. 5 6 ) (EMR.32)
EM I.37)
A lth o u g h Word L in k ag e was d e v e lo p e d t o m easu re th e
EMR f a c t o r , i t i s found t o be th e le a d in g v a r i a b l e f o r th e
CM R f a c t o r i n G roups A and C. I n th e a n a l y s i s o f G roup B,
th e t e s t i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y lo a d e d on th e EMC-EMI compound
f a c t o r s . I n e a c h ite m o f Word L in k a g e , th e s u b j e c t s a r e t o
c h o o se a w ord t h a t i s r e l a t e d t o two o t h e r g iv e n w ords i n
d i f f e r e n t w ay s. F o r e x a m p le , r i n g i s r e l a t e d t o b o th
98
je w e lry and b e l l i n two d i f f e r e n t w ays. The p r e s e n t f i n d
in g seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t a s k i s h e a v i l y d e p e n d e n t
upon c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y s in c e th e ch o se n word m ust be
r e l a t e d t o t h e two o t h e r w ords on th e b a s i s o f th e d o u b le
m eanings o f t h e w ord.
The s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g o f t h i s t e s t on th e
N M T f a c t o r i n Group C i s p ro b a b ly due t o th e f a c t t h a t th e
t a s k em p h asized th e d o u b le m eaning o f w o rd s. T ask s w hich
in v o lv e th e d o u b le m eaning o f w ords o r s e n te n c e s have
p ro v ed t o b e lo n g i n th e p r o d u c t c a te g o r y o f tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
i n t h e SOI m odel.
V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s 1 , as a d m in is te r e d i n t h i s s tu d y ,
had t h r e e e q u a lly tim ed p a r t s . I n t h e p r o c e s s o f f a c t o r
a n a l y s i s , th e seco n d and t h i r d p a r t s w ere com bined to o b
t a i n two v a r i a b l e s i n o r d e r t o c o n f ir m th e CM R r e f e r e n c e
f a c t o r . I n th e above l i s t , v a r i a b l e 33 r e p r e s e n t e d b o th
th e seco n d and th e t h i r d p a r t s , and v a r i a b l e 32 r e p r e s e n t e d
th e f i r s t p a r t o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I . V a r ia b le 33 c o n
t r i b u t e d t o th e CM R f a c t o r as e x p e c te d . V a r ia b le 32, how
e v e r , lo a d e d on t h i s f a c t o r o n ly i n G roup B. I n th e
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e EMR f a c t o r , i t was a rg u e d t h a t th e
f i r s t p a r t o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I , r e p r e s e n t e d by v a r i a b l e
3 2, was s u s p e c te d t o have s u b s t a n t i a l e v a l u a t i v e v a r i a n c e
99
i n i t s s c o r e .
I n g e n e r a l, th e CM R f a c t o r i s n o t as c l e a r l y co n
firm e d as e x p e c te d . However, th e l i s t o f th e t e s t s w hich
lo a d ed on t h i s f a c t o r s u g g e s ts t h a t th e f a c t o r i s q u ite
s i m i l a r t o th e CM R f a c t o r i s o l a t e d i n th e p a s t .
CMS—C o g n itio n o f se m an tic
sy stem s
T e s ts Group A Group B* Group C*
25. S h ip D e s t in a ti o n (CMS) .6 0
42. Word System s (EMS) .53
(EMS.30)
3. A rith m e tic R easo n in g .42
(CMS) (CMU.3 6 ,
CMT.35)
5. B e st Trend Name (EMR) .33
(EMR.42)
T h is i s th e w ell-know n f a c t o r o f g e n e r a l r e a s o n in g .
S h ip D e s t in a ti o n and A r ith m e tic R easo n in g have b een th e two
le a d in g t e s t s d e f in in g t h i s f a c t o r . Word System s a p p a r
e n t l y h a s g r e a t e r lo a d in g on th e CM S th a n on th e EM S f a c
t o r . S in c e e a c h ite m o f Word System s r e q u i r e s th e exam
in e e s t o compare th r e e r e l a t i v e l y com plex m a tr ic e s o f
w o rd s, c o g n itiv e a b i l i t i e s may be r e q u ir e d i n th e p ro c e s s
o f e x p lo r in g th e s t r u c t u r e o f ea ch m a tr ix , r e s u l t i n g i n th e
CM S lo a d in g o f t h i s t e s t . The ab sen ce o f th e t e s t S hip
100
D e s t in a ti o n in th e a n a ly s e s f o r Groups B and C makes th e
em ergence o f CM S u n l i k e l y .
F a c to r A -“A chievem ent
T e s ts Group A* Group B Group C
2, R ead in g V o cab u lary - - .66 .71
(CMU) (CMU. 35, (CMU.55)
EMC-EMI.37)
3 . A rith m e tic R easo n in g .63 .49
(CMS) (CMU.36)
I n th e a n a ly s e s o f Groups B and C, th e CM S f a c t o r
f a i l e d t o em erge, p ro b a b ly due to th e f a c t t h a t S h ip D es
t i n a t i o n , a w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d t e s t f o r th e CM S f a c t o r , was
n o t in c lu d e d i n th e s e a n a ly s e s . I n s te a d o f th e CM S f a c t o r ,
CAT-Reading V o cab u lary and C A T -A rithm etic R easo n in g d e t e r
mined F a c to r A. A lthough A rith m e tic R easoning has b een
known as a t e s t f o r th e CM S f a c t o r , F a c to r A seems to have
d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from th e CM S f a c t o r b e c a u se o f
th e p re s e n c e o f R eading V o c a b u la ry . R eading V o cabulary
used i n t h i s s tu d y i s a s u b t e s t o f th e C a l i f o r n i a A c h ie v e
ment T est--A d v an ce d Form, w hich c o n s i s t s o f 180 w ords from
th e fo u r a re a s o f h ig h - s c h o o l c u rric u lu m : M a th em a tic s,
S c ie n c e , S o c ia l S c ie n c e , and G e n e ra l. S ince th e knowledge
o f th e v o c a b u la ry in th o s e c u r r i c u l a seems to be h e a v ily
101
d ep en d en t upon p a s t s c h o o l a c h ie v e m e n t, F a c to r A i s
re g a r d e d a s a co n fo u n d in g o f th e ach iev em en t f a c t o r and th e
CM S f a c t o r . The f a c t o r i n d i c a t e s th e im p o rta n c e o f th e CM S
f a c t o r i n s c h o o l a c h ie v e m e n t.
C M T--C ognition o f se m a n tic
tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
T e s ts
27. S i m i l a r i t i e s - - P a r t I I
(CMT)
26. S i m i l a r i t i e s —P a r t I
(CMT)
17. P e r t i n e n t Q u e s tio n s - -
P a r t I I (CMI)
Group A Group B Group C
.6 8 .71 .73
.57 .52 .47
.31 .27 .19
(CMI.64) (CMI.65) (CMI.67)
The CM T f a c t o r was o r i g i n a l l y c a l l e d th e p e n e t r a
t i o n f a c t o r . The two p a r t s o f S i m i l a r i t i e s have c l e a r l y
d e f in e d t h i s r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r i n a l l th r e e a n a ly s e s . Due
t o th e f a c t t h a t th e s e two v a r i a b l e s a re two p a r t s o f th e
same t e s t , t h e i r f a c t o r lo a d in g s a r e p ro b a b ly o v e re s tim a te d ,
C M I--C o g n itio n o f se m a n tic
im p l ic a tio n s
T e s ts
16. P e r t i n e n t Q u e s tio n s '
P a r t I (CMI)
17. P e r t i n e n t Q u estio n s-
P a r t I I (CMI)
Group A Group B Group C
.6 8 .82 .71
.64
(CMT.31)
.65 .67
102
T e s ts (C o n tin u e d 1 )
22. S e e in g P roblem s (EMI)
Group A Group B Group C
.45 .32 .26
4 . A p p a ra tu s T e st
(EMI)
10. Commonsense Judgm ent I I
(EMI)
.33 .3 0 .36
.31
The CMI f a c t o r was o r i g i n a l l y c a l l e d C o n c e p tu a l
F o r e s ig h t ( G u ilfo r d & B e rg e r, e t a l . , 1955). Two p a r t s o f
P e r t i n e n t Q u e s tio n s w ere th e le a d in g v a r i a b l e s d e f in in g
t h i s f a c t o r .
M e r r i f i e l d , G u ilf o r d , C h r is te n s e n , and F r i c k , i9 6 0 ; G u i l
f o r d , M e r r i f i e l d , and Cox, 1 9 6 1 ), S e e in g Problem s and
A p p a ra tu s T e st d e fin e d a f a c t o r c a l l e d s e n s i t i v i t y to p r o b
lem s. S e n s i t i v i t y t o problem s h a s b een d e f in e d as ’’th e
a b i l i t y t o se e d e f e c t s , n e e d s , and d e f i c i e n c e s ," and h as
b e e n c o n s id e r e d as b e lo n g in g t o th e c a te g o ry o f e v a l u a t i o n .
C o n tra ry to th e p re v io u s f i n d i n g s , th e s e two t e s t s w ere
lo a d ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y on th e EMI f a c t o r i n t h r e e s e p a r a te
a n a ly s e s i n t h i s s tu d y . I n a p re v io u s s tu d y ( G u ilf o r d ,
e t a l . , 1956), S e e in g Problem s and A p p aratu s T e st d e f in e d
th e s e n s i t i v i t y - t o - p r o b l e m s f a c t o r , b u t th e two t e s t s had
s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g s on th e p e n e t r a t i o n f a c t o r , th e
CMT f a c t o r i n SOI d e s ig n a ti o n . In th e s u b se q u e n t two
I n th e p re v io u s s t u d i e s ( G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1956;
103
s t u d i e s ( M e r r i f i e l d , e t a l . , I9 6 0 ; G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1961),
S eein g Problem s and A p p aratu s T e s t w ere n o t a n a ly z e d
t o g e t h e r .
The r e s u l t s o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y seem to i n d i c a t e
t h a t th e s e n s i t i v i t y - t o - p r o b l e m s f a c t o r , i f i t e x i s t s , more
a p p r o p r i a t e l y b e lo n g s i n th e c o g n i tiv e domain o f th e SOI
mode1.
O th e r R e fe re n c e F a c to rs
NMT--Convergent th in k i n g o f
se m a n tic tr a n s f o r m a tio n s
T e s ts Group A Group B Group C
18. P i c t u r e G e s t a l t .41 .4 8 .37
(NMT)
40. Word L inkage .0 8 .09 .3 1
(EMR) (CMR.60) (EMC-EMI.34) (CMR.40)
P i c t u r e G e s t a l t , a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r th e N M T f a c
t o r , h as i d e n t i f i e d th e NM T s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e f a c t o r i n
agreem ent w ith a p re v io u s stu d y ( G u ilfo rd & W ilso n , e t a l . ,
1952).
DMI- -D iv e rg e n t t h i n k i n g o f
se m a n tic im p l i c a t i o n s
T e s ts G roup A Group B Group C
19. P o s s i b l e J o b s - - P a r t I .7 4 .7 1 .7 1
(DMI)
20. P o s s i b l e J o b s - - P a r t I I .49 .73 .7 8
(DMI)
The DMI f a c t o r h as b e e n i s o l a t e d i n th e p r e v io u s
s t u d i e s ( G u i lf o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 6 1 ); G e rsh o n , e t a l . , 1 9 6 3 ).
S in c e v a r i a b l e s 19 and 20 a r e two p a r t s o f th e same t e s t ,
t h e i r f a c t o r lo a d in g s a r e p ro b a b ly o v e r e s tim a te d .
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION
In t h i s s tu d y , s i x f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n
a r e deduced from th e SOI m odel, and th e v a l i d i t y o f th e
h y p o th e se s w ere t e s t e d by f a c t o r a n a l y s i s . The s i x h y p o th
e s iz e d f a c t o r s p e r t a i n t o th e o p e r a tio n o f e v a lu a t io n and
a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o se m a n tic c o n t e n t. The s i x f a c t o r s d i f f e r
from e a c h o th e r o n ly w ith r e s p e c t t o th e p ro d u c t d im en sio n
o f th e SOI m odel. As h as b e e n s t a t e d , th e p r a c t i c a l co n
s i d e r a t i o n o f t e s t i n g tim e lim ite d th e number o f r e f e r e n c e
f a c t o r s to o n ly th o s e t h a t a r e s u s p e c te d to be confounded
w ith th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s .
Two m ajo r c o n c e rn s o f t h i s s tu d y a r e (1) th e i s o l a
t i o n o f s i x f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n w ith r e s p e c t to
th e p ro d u c t d im e n sio n o f th e SOI m odel, and (2) th e s e p a r
a t i o n o f th e f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n from th e f a c
t o r s o f se m a n tic c o g n i tio n . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , an a tte m p t i s
made t o c l a r i f y th e n a tu r e o f th e o b ta in e d f a c t o r s i n
105
106
r e l a t i o n t o th e s e m ajor c o n c e rn s , fo llo w e d by a d is c u s s io n
r e g a r d in g th e r e l a t i o n b etw een th e o b ta in e d f a c t o r s and th e
p re v io u s f a c t o r s o f se m an tic e v a lu a t io n . L a s tly , on th e
b a s i s o f t h i s s tu d y , t e s t s t h a t a re th e b e s t a v a i l a b l e
m easures o f each o f th e f a c t o r s a r e recommended.
The R e la t io n s h ip Betw een th e F a c to r s o f
D if f e r e n t P ro d u c ts o f S em antic
E v a lu a tio n
Of th e s ix h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s o f se m an tic e v a lu a
t i o n , th e in d e p e n d e n t e x is te n c e o f EMC, EMR, and EM U have
b ee n w e ll su p p o rte d by th e f a c t t h a t th e le a d in g v a r i a b l e s
d e f in in g th e s e f a c t o r s have no s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g s on
o th e r f a c t o r s o f e v a lu a tio n .
The EM C f a c t o r i s r e p r e s e n te d by C la ss Name S e le c
t i o n and B e st Word C la s s . Im p o rta n t F a c ts , a t e s t d e sig n e d
f o r EhB, proved t o have a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on th e EM C
f a c t o r a lo n e . Commonsense Judgment 1 , a t e s t d e sig n e d f o r
EMI, i s a l s o found t o have a s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g on
th e EM C f a c t o r . These i n c i d e n t a l f in d in g s s u g g e s t t h a t
th e EM C f a c t o r in c lu d e s th e a b i l i t y t o e v a lu a te f a c t s and
in f o rm a tio n i n term s o f t h e i r c l a s s p r o p e r t i e s a s w e ll as
th e a b i l i t y to e v a lu a te th e c l a s s p r o p e r t i e s o f words and
o b je c ts em phasized i n th e o r i g i n a l h y p o th e s is .
107
The EMR f a c t o r I s r e p r e s e n t e d by V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s
111 and B e s t T rend Names. The p ro b le m o f m a n if e s t o b l i q u e
n e s s b e tw e e n EMR and t h e f a c t o r s o f c o g n i t i o n i s e l a b o r a t e d
l a t e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n . The s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g o f Word
E x te n s io n , a t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r EMI, on th e EMR f a c t o r i s
i n t e r p r e t e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t o b v io u s i m p l i c a t i o n s may be
p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y r e g a r d e d a s r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
The EM U f a c t o r i s r e p r e s e n t e d by Double D e s c r ip
t i o n s and S e n te n s e n s e . S e n te n s e n s e was n o t o r i g i n a l l y
h y p o th e s iz e d f o r EMU, a lth o u g h i t was n o t t o t a l l y u n ex
p e c te d t o f i n d t h a t a s h o r t s e n te n c e i s p s y c h o lo g ic a lly
r e g a r d e d a s a se m a n tic u n i t . I n te rm s o f t h i n k i n g p r o c
e s s e s , a u n i t o f in f o r m a tio n seems t o im ply an i n t e g r a t e d
w hole o r th e t o t a l i t y o f th e b a s i c th in k i n g u n i t .
The EMS f a c t o r i s v e r i f i e d l e s s s t r o n g l y i n t h i s
s tu d y s in c e th e f a c t o r i s v i r t u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d by U n lik e ly
T h in g s a lo n e . The s u p p o rt f o r t h i s f a c t o r may be fo u n d i n
a p r e v io u s s tu d y w h ich i d e n t i f i e d th e f a c t o r o f e x p e r i e n
t i a l e v a l u a t i o n ( G u i lf o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 3 ). The EMS f a c t o r
seem s t o assum e a r a t h e r u n iq u e p o s i t i o n i n th e a r e a o f
s e m a n tic e v a l u a t i o n a s i n d i c a t e d by th e s h o r t l i s t o f t e s t s
w h ich a r e lo a d e d on t h i s f a c t o r .
108
The EMI f a c t o r i s v e r i f i e d even l e s s s tr o n g ly s in c e
th e f a c t o r i s r e p r e s e n te d by S en ten ce S e le c ti o n a lo n e .
L o g ic a l R easoning shows a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on t h i s f a c
t o r b u t seems r a t h e r a f a c t o r i a l l y complex t e s t .
P ro d u c t C hoice and U se fu l Changes, two o f th e t e s t s
d e sig n e d f o r th e EM T f a c t o r , w ere found lo ad ed s i g n i f i
c a n tly on th e EM U f a c t o r . I n th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e
EM U f a c t o r , i t was su g g e ste d t h a t th e o b je c ts p re s e n te d as
a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s i n th e s e t e s t s may have c a r r i e d enough
cues f o r tr a n s f o r m a tio n , th u s re d u c in g th e ta s k s to be
sim p le e v a lu a tio n o f o b je c ts . I n th e a r e a o f d iv e rg e n t
th in k i n g , th e t e s t s o f tr a n s f o r m a tio n r e q u ir e th e s u b je c ts
t o produce numerous tra n sfo rm e d id e a s . On th e o th e r hand,
th e t e s t s o f tra n s f o r m a tio n i n co n v erg en t th in k in g r e q u i r e
th e exam inees to produce a s in g l e tra n sfo rm e d id e a t o
a t t a i n a s p e c i f i e d g o a l. There w ere two a l t e r n a t i v e
ap p ro ach es i n d e v e lo p in g th e t e s t s f o r e v a lu a t io n o f t r a n s
fo rm a tio n . The f i r s t approach i s r e p r e s e n te d by P ro d u c t
C hoice and U s e fu l Changes, w here th e ta s k i s t o e v a lu a te
th e in f o rm a tio n t o be tra n sfo rm e d to a t t a i n a s p e c i f i e d
g o a l. The second approach i s t o r e q u ir e th e exam inees t o
e v a lu a te th e r e s u l t s o f tr a n s f o r m a tio n o r tra n sfo rm e d
in fo rm a tio n in th e l i g h t o f u n iq u e n ess o r adequacy o f
tr a n s f o r m a ti o n .
S to ry T i t l e s , a n o th e r t e s t d e s ig n e d f o r th e EMT
f a c t o r , i s b a s e d upon th e second ap p ro a c h . The t e s t r e
q u ir e s th e exam inees t o choose th e t i t l e t h a t b e s t g iv e s a
new i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f o r s h o r t s t o r i e s . The a n a ly s e s i n d i
c a t e t h a t S to ry T i t l e s f a i l s t o i d e n t i f y th e EM T f a c t o r ;
i n s t e a d , th e t e s t s h a re s s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a n c e w ith CM U and
was lo a d ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y on th e EMC-EM1 compound f a c t o r i n
Group B. T h is may h av e b e e n due t o th e ab se n c e o f s u f f i
c i e n t EM T v a r ia n c e i n th e t e s t b a t t e r i e s . The q u e s tio n o f
w h e th e r th e EM T f a c t o r c a n b e m easured i s y e t t o be a n
sw ered. The a p p ro ac h w h ich em p h asizes th e e v a l u a t i o n o f
th e tra n s fo rm e d in f o r m a tio n may be p ro m is in g .
The R e la t io n o f New F a c t o r s t o
th e F a c to r s o f C o g n itio n
The s e p a r a te e x i s t e n c e o f th e f i v e o b ta in e d f a c
t o r s o f e v a l u a t i o n from th e f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic c o g n i tio n
seems w e l l s u p p o rte d t o th e e x t e n t t h a t th e le a d in g t e s t s
f o r a l l f i v e f a c t o r s o f e v a l u a t i o n have no s i g n i f i c a n t s id e
lo a d in g s on th e f a c t o r s o f se m a n tic c o g n i t i o n . The a p p a r
e n t o b liq u e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een th e EMR f a c t o r and th e
f a c t o r s o f c o g n i tio n i n Group C i s p ro b a b ly due to th e
p a r t i c u l a r r o t a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n f o r t h e EMR f a c t o r i n th e
110
a b sen ce o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s 111. The com parison o f th e EM R
f a c t o r s t r u c t u r e b etw een Group A and Group C i n d i c a t e s t h a t
th e r o t a t i o n o f th e EM R f a c t o r f o r Group C seemed t o be
m isg u id ed by B e st T rend Name and M atched V e rb a l R e l a t i o n s ,
w hich have s i g n i f i c a n t s id e lo a d in g s on th e f a c t o r s o f
se m a n tic c o g n itio n .
I n th e i n t r o d u c t i o n , e v a lu a t io n was d e fin e d as th e
p ro c e s s o f r e a c h in g d e c is io n s o r making judgm ents c o n c e rn
in g th e goodness o f in fo rm a tio n i n te rm s o f s p e c i f i e d
c r i t e r i a . The u n iq u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e v a l u a t i o n , as
d i s t i n g u i s h e d from c o g n i t i o n , i s th e c o n d itio n o f u n c e r
t a i n t y i n th e re s p o n s e t o a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s . I n d e v e lo p
in g th e t e s t s o f e v a l u a t i o n , an a tte m p t was made (1) to
s p e c if y th e c r i t e r i o n f o r e v a l u a t i o n as c l e a r l y as p o s
s i b l e , (2) to in d u c e th e u n c e r t a i n c o n d itio n by making
a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s a b o u t e q u a lly d e s i r a b l e , and (3) to
keep th e d i f f i c u l t y o f w ords i n th e ite m s a t minimum le v e l
i n o r d e r to re d u c e th e c o g n i tiv e v a r ia n c e . The r e s u l t s o f
t h i s s tu d y i n d i c a t e th e f r u i t f u l n e s s o f t h i s ap p ro ac h
to w ard th e m easurem ent o f e v a l u a t i v e th in k in g . However,
t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l in s t a n c e s i n w hich a t e s t d e s ig n e d fo r
th e e v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r was lo a d ed on a f a c t o r o f c o g n itio n .
C a r e f u l o b s e r v a tio n o f th e s e t e s t s may throw l i g h t upon th e
Ill
n a t u r e o f th e e v a l u a t i v e p r o c e s s e s . I t may a l s o s e rv e t o
p o in t o u t some o f th e problem s i n th e t e s t s ' d ev elo p m en t.
As h as b ee n d is c u s s e d i n th e p re c e d in g s e c t i o n ,
Word S u b s t i t u t i o n and Synonyms w ere b o th d e s ig n e d f o r th e
EM U f a c t o r . I n Word S u b s t i t u t i o n , exam inees a r e a sk e d t o
s e l e c t a word w hich w ould b e s t f i t i n t o a g iv e n s e n te n c e
i n p la c e o f an u n d e r lin e d w ord. Synonyms i s s i m i l a r t o th e
u s u a l v o c a b u la ry t e s t s e x c e p t t h a t th e a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s
a r e a l l ab o u t e q u a lly a c c e p ta b le and th e d i f f i c u l t y o f
w ords i s k e p t a t a minimum l e v e l . I n s p i t e o f an a tte m p t
to maxim ize e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e and m inim ize c o g n i tiv e
v a r i a n c e , th e a n a ly s e s i n d i c a t e t h a t b o th t e s t s a r e e s s e n
t i a l l y C M U t e s t s . I n c o n n e c tio n w ith th e d i s c u s s i o n o f th e
C M U f a c t o r , i t i s arg u e d t h a t th e co m peting c h o ic e s i n
Synonyms and Word S u b s t i t u t i o n p ro b a b ly in c r e a s e s th e C M U
v a r ia n c e by r e q u i r i n g th e exam inees t o e x e r c i s e f i n e r d i s
c r im i n a ti o n among th e m eanings o f w o rd s. I t i s a l s o arg u e d
t h a t th e com peting c h o ic e s a lo n e do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e n s u re
e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e .
- One o f t h e im p o rta n t d i f f e r e n c e s b etw e en th e s e two
t e s t s and Double D e s c r i p tio n , th e le a d in g t e s t f o r th e EM C
f a c t o r , i s t h a t th e c r i t e r i o n f o r e v a l u a t i o n i s s p e c i f i
c a l l y s t a t e d i n ea ch ite m o f Double D e s c r i p tio n , w h ereas
112
th e c r i t e r i a f o r Word S u b s t i t u t i o n and Synonyms a r e sim p ly
s t a t e d as th e a d e q u a te n e s s o f a word i n a g iv e n s e n te n c e o r
c lo s e n e s s o f t h e m eanings o f w o rd s. I n Double D e s c r i p tio n ,
th e exam inees a r e t o e v a lu a t e g iv e n o b j e c t s i n te rm s o f two
s t a t e d a t t r i b u t e s , e . g . , ro u n d n e ss and h a r d n e s s . The ta s k s
in v o lv e d i n t h i s t e s t a r e (1) a b s t r a c t i n g th e p e r t i n e n t
d a ta from e a c h o b je c t i n r e l a t i o n t o th e s p e c i f i e d a t t r i
b u t e s , (2) w e ig h in g ea ch a p p r o p r i a t e l y , (3) com paring th e
a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s w ith r e s p e c t to e a c h a b s t r a c t e d datum ,
and (4 ) i n t e g r a t i n g th e r e s u l t s o f th e co m p ariso n so t h a t
i t i s r e l a t e d to one o f th e re s p o n s e a l t e r n a t i v e s r a t h e r
th a n th e o t h e r s . The o r d e r o f s te p s (2) and (3) i s a r b i
t r a r y , and i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t s te p s ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , and
(4) may form a lo o p . A lo o p in g i s th e b a c k tr a c k in g o r th e
c i r c u l a r flow o f in f o r m a tio n . The lo o p in g phenomenon
t y p i c a l l y o c c u rs u n d er u n c e r t a i n c o n d itio n s in re s p o n s e t o
a l t e r n a t i v e c h o i c e s , and i t i s b e l ie v e d t o be th e e s s e n t i a l
p ro c e s s o f e v a l u a t i o n . I f a t e s t i s d e s ig n e d to m easure
e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t y , s t e p (1) sh o u ld n o t be th e m ajo r so u rc e
o f s c o re v a r ia n c e . The d i f f i c u l t y i n s t e p (1) p r i m a r i l y
a r i s e s from th e a m b ig u ity and in a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l o f
s p e c i f i c a t i o n i n th e c r i t e r i o n f o r e v a l u a t i o n .
I n Word E v a lu a tio n , th e c r i t e r i o n f o r e v a lu a t in g
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g iv e n w ords i s s t a t e d as " th e s u i t a b i l i t y o f a word i n a
g iv e n s e n te n c e " i n p la c e o f an u n d e r lin e d w ord. Such a
c r i t e r i o n c r e a t e s a h ig h l e v e l o f u n c e r t a i n t y in s t e p ( 1 ) ,
s in c e th e exam inees m ust d e te rm in e th e s p e c i f i c m eaning o f
th e u n d e r lin e d w ord i n th e g iv e n s e n te n c e b e f o r e th e y can
p ro c e e d to e v a lu a te a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s , and th e c l o s e r th e
m eaning o f a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s , th e h ig h e r th e demand f o r
c o g n i tiv e a b i l i t y i n o rd e r t o a b s t r a c t th e e x a c t m eaning
o f th e u n d e r lin e d w ord. T hus, i f th e l e v e l o f s p e c i f i c i t y
i s i n a p p r o p r ia t e f o r th e p a r t i c u l a r e v a l u a t i v e t a s k , com
p e tin g a l t e r n a t i v e s p ro v id e th e u n c e r t a i n s t a t e o f a f f a i r s
i n th e c o g n i tiv e p ro c e s s and n o t i n th e r e s p o n s e to th e
a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s .
I n o th e r form s o f t e s t s , th e c r i t e r i a s p e c i f i c a
t i o n s do n o t seem t o y i e l d a s e r io u s problem . I n e a c h ite m
o f V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I , f o r exam ple, a s ta n d a r d p a i r o f
w ords i s g iv e n as a c r i t e r i o n fo llo w e d by th e f i r s t w ord o f
a seco n d p a i r and th e a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s . F i r s t , th e
exam inees a r e to d is c o v e r th e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n th e s ta n d a r d
p a i r o f w o rd s. The second s te p i s f i t t i n g th e f i r s t w ord
o f th e second p a i r i n t o th e c r i t e r i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p d is c o v
e r e d in th e f i r s t p a i r . The s t e p i s o f t e n c a l l e d th e
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s e a r c h m odel. The t h i r d s t e p i s t o t r y
114
o u t th e a l t e r n a t i v e words to se e w hich one b e s t f i t s th e
s e a r c h m odel. An a tte m p t i s made t o in tr o d u c e th e u n c e r
t a i n s t a t e o f a f f a i r s i n th e t h i r d s te p i n o r d e r t o in c r e a s e
e v a l u a t i v e v a r ia n c e .
I n g e n e r a l, th e s t r a t e g y i n t e s t developm ent
em ployed i n t h i s s tu d y i s t o d e v is e ta s k s i n w hich o n ly
th e e v a l u a t i v e p ro c e s s i s d i f f i c u l t i n th e t o t a l p ro b lem
s o lv in g a c t i v i t y . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y seem to s u g
g e s t t h a t c e r t a i n a p p ro a c h e s found t o be p ro m isin g in one
t e s t a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p p l ic a b le i n o th e r t e s t s , and
c e r t a i n ap p ro a c h e s found t o be p ro m isin g i n one p ro d u c t
c a te g o r y o f th e SOI m odel do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p p ly i n o th e r
p ro d u c t c a t e g o r i e s . T here i s , how ever, s u f f i c i e n t e v id e n c e
t h a t e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s can be m e asu rab le as s e p a r a te
from c o g n i tiv e a b i l i t i e s by c h o o sin g a p p r o p r ia te l e v e l s o f
s p e c i f i c i t y f o r c r i t e r i a f o r e v a l u a t i o n and p r o v id in g th e
c o n d i tio n o f u n c e r t a i n t y i n re s p o n s e to th e a l t e r n a t i v e
c h o i c e s .
The R e l a t i o n o f New F a c to r s to th e
P re v io u s F a c to r s o f S em antic
E v a lu a tio n
Among th e f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d i n th e p re v io u s s t u d
i e s , a t l e a s t f i v e a p p e a r to be r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y to th e
115
f a c t o r i a l d im en sio n s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s tu d y . These
f i v e f a c t o r s a r e speed o f e v a l u a t i o n , l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n ,
e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n , ju d g m en t, and s e n s i t i v i t y to
p ro b lem s. I n a p re v io u s f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f e v a lu a
t i v e a b i l i t i e s ( G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1 9 5 3 ), th e f a c t o r s o f
speed o f e v a lu a t io n and p e r c e p tu a l e v a l u a t i o n w ere i s o
l a t e d . T hese two f a c t o r s a r e p ro b a b ly th e two e s s e n t i a l
com ponents o f T h u rs to n e ’s sp e e d -o f-ju d g m e n t f a c t o r (T h u r-
s to n e , 1 944); th e two e s s e n t i a l com ponents b e in g th e seman
t i c and f i g u r a l c o n te n ts o f th e t e s t w h ich d e f in e d T h u r-
s t o n e 's f a c t o r . The s p e e d - o f - e v a lu a ti o n f a c t o r was d e f in e d
by two t e s t s c a l l e d Word C hecking I and Word C hecking I I .
S in c e Double D e s c r ip tio n , th e le a d in g t e s t f o r th e EMJ
f a c t o r , was a d a p te d from Word C hecking I I , th e EM U f a c t o r
i s l i k e l y e q u iv a le n t t o th e s p e e d - o f - e v a lu a ti o n f a c t o r .
An ite m o f im p o rta n ce c o n c e rn in g th e m easurem ent
o f th e u n i t s f a c t o r i s t h a t b o th Word C hecking and Double
D e s c r ip tio n a r e a d m in is te re d u n d er somewhat speeded c o n d i
t i o n s . The EFU f a c t o r , a p a r a l l e l f a c t o r o f u n i t s i n th e
f i g u r a l c o n te n t a r e a , i s i d e n t i f i e d by a t e s t c a l l e d P e r
c e p tu a l S peed, w hich i s a d m in is te r e d u nder h ig h ly speeded
c o n d i tio n s . The speeded c o n d i tio n m ight h e lp exam inees to
a c q u ir e th e d e s i r a b l e s e t to p e rfo rm th e t a s k , s in c e u n i t s
116
t e s t s em phasize th e t o t a l i t y o f In fo rm a tio n b e in g p ro cessed .
I f exam inees a re g iv e n more tim e th a n i s n e c e s s a r y , th e r e is
a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t ea ch exam inee w i l l d ev elo p h is own
ap p ro ach t o th e problem , th u s d e c re a s in g th e f a c t o r i a l
s a t u r a t i o n o f th e t e s t .
The l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r h as b een i d e n t i f i e d
i n a t l e a s t fo u r p re v io u s s tu d i e s ( G u ilfo r d , e t a l . , 1951;
G u ilf o r d , e t a l . , 1953; G u ilf o rd & B e rg e r, e t a l . , 1955;
G u ilf o r d & K e ttn e r , e t a l . , 1955). T h is f a c t o r in v o lv e s
th e s e n s i t i v i t y to l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a s t e s t s o f th e
c o r r e c t n e s s o f a c o n c lu s io n . T h is stu d y in c lu d e s a t l e a s t
two t e s t s w hich c o n t r ib u t e d t o th e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e f a c t o r
o f l o g i c a l e v a lu a t io n . These t e s t s a r e L o g ic a l R easoning
and Im p o rta n t F a c ts . As was concluded i n th e p re c e d in g
s e c t i o n , L o g ic a l R easo n in g p ro b a b ly s h a re s th e g r e a t e s t
p r o p o r tio n o f v a r ia n c e w ith th e EMI f a c t o r and h as m oderate
s id e lo a d in g s on th e EM C and CM R f a c t o r s . Im p o rta n t F a c ts
has s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o a t e s t c a l l e d E s s e n t i a l
O p e ra tio n s w hich c o n t r ib u t e d t o th e L o g ic a l E v a lu a tio n
f a c t o r i n th e p re v io u s s t u d i e s . The p r e s e n t stu d y i n d i
c a te s t h a t Im p o rta n t F a c ts has a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g on th e
EM C f a c t o r . T hus, in th e p r e s e n t fram ew ork o f th e SOI
m odel, th e l o g i c a l - e v a l u a t i o n f a c t o r i s c o n s id e re d to have
117
a r a t h e r com plex p r o p e r ty w h ich in c lu d e s a t l e a s t th e EMI,
EMC, and CM R f a c t o r s .
The f a c t o r o f e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n was i d e n t i -
f i e d i n th e p re v io u s e v a l u a t i o n s tu d y , and i n t e r p r e t e d as
" c o n c e p tu a l e v a l u a t i o n p r i m a r i l y i n te rm s o f p r a c t i c a l
f e a s i b i l i t y , e x p e r ie n c e , and s o c i a l custom " ( G u ilf o r d , e t
a l . , 1953). I n c o n t r a s t t o th e b ro a d p r o p e r ty a s s ig n e d t o
t h i s f a c t o r , th e l i s t o f th e lo a d in g s f o r t h i s f a c t o r i n d i
c a t e s t h a t th e f a c t o r was p r im a r il y d e f in e d by a t e s t
c a l l e d U n u su al D e ta ils a lo n e . S in c e U n lik e ly T h in g s , th e
le a d in g t e s t f o r th e EM S f a c t o r , i s a c lo s e a d a p ta t io n o f
U n u su al D e t a i l s , th e f a c t o r o f e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a lu a t io n i s
ju d g e d t o be e q u iv a le n t t o th e o b ta in e d f a c t o r o f EMS.
One o f th e o l d e s t c o n s t r u c t s w hich seems to be
r e l a t e d t o th e e v a l u a t i v e p ro c e s s i s th e judgm ent f a c t o r
w h ich a p p e a rs i n a number o f p re v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . The
f a c t o r r e p r e s e n t s a r a t h e r com plex a b i l i t y as i n d i c a t e d by
th e v a r i e t y o f t e s t s w hich c o n t r ib u t e d t o d e f in e th e f a c
t o r . P r a c t i c a l J u d g m e n t , th e le a d in g t e s t d e f in in g th e
judgm ent f a c t o r i n th e two p re v io u s s t u d i e s , r e q u i r e s th e
s e l e c t i o n o f th e b e s t s o l u t i o n t o e a c h o f a w ide ra n g e o f
p roblem s i t u a t i o n s , m o s tly i n a m i l i t a r y s e t t i n g ( G u ilfo rd
and L acey, 1947; G u ilf o r d & G re en , e t a l . , 1952). In th e s e
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s t u d i e s , th e f a c t o r i s d e f in e d as th e a b i l i t y t o make w ise
c h o ic e s i n a somewhat am biguous s i t u a t i o n w here i t i s
n e c e s s a r y , i n g e n e r a l , t o make a ssu m p tio n s o v e r and above
th e f a c t s t h a t a r e g iv e n . The judgm ent f a c t o r i d e n t i f i e d
i n th e su b se q u e n t s t u d i e s seems s i m i l a r b u t n o t q u i t e
e q u i v a le n t to th e p r e v io u s ly e s t a b l i s h e d f a c t o r o f judgm ent
(G u ilfo r d & B e rg e r, e t a l . , 1955; G u i l f o r d , e t a l . , 1956).
The new f a c t o r o f judgm ent i s s t r o n g l y r e p r e s e n t e d by a
t e s t c a l l e d S e e in g D e f i c i e n c i e s . The t e s t i s s i m i l a r to
Commonsense Judgm ent I in c lu d e d i n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y ,
e x c e p t t h a t i t r e q u i r e s th e s u b j e c t to f i n d th e f a u l t i n a
p la n w h ereas Commonsense Judgm ent I h as a m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e
fo rm a t. One o f th e s t u d i e s found a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g o f
G e s t a l t T ra n s fo rm a tio n on th e judgm ent f a c t o r . G e s t a l t
T ra n s fo rm a tio n i s p r e s e n t l y c l a s s i f i e d as a t e s t f o r th e
p r o d u c tio n o f se m a n tic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , and th e t e s t i s
used as a m odel t o d ev e lo p P ro d u c t C h o ic e , a t e s t d e s ig n e d
f o r th e EMT f a c t o r . S in c e th e p r e s e n t s tu d y f a i l e d t o
i d e n t i f y th e EMT f a c t o r , th e r e l a t i o n b etw een th e judgm ent
f a c t o r and th e EM T f a c t o r i s n o t known. The judgm ent f a c
t o r p ro b a b ly b e lo n g s t o a h ig h e r l e v e l o f c o n s t r u c t s th a n
th e l e v e l o f s p e c i f i c i t y f o r th e f a c t o r s deduced from th e
SOX m odel.
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The s e n s i t i v i t y - t o - p r o b l e m s f a c t o r h a s b e e n i d e n t i
f i e d i n a number o f p r e v io u s s t u d i e s , and th e f a c t o r h a s
b e e n th o u g h t t o b e lo n g i n t h e e v a l u a t i v e dom ain. The r e
s u l t o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , how ever, seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t
th e f a c t o r , i f i t e x i s t s , p ro b a b ly c o n s i s t s o f th e CMI,
CHT, and EMI f a c t o r s .
CHAPTER VII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
E v a lu a tio n i s th e p r o c e s s o f r e a c h in g a d e c i s i o n
c o n c e rn in g th e g o o d n ess o f in f o r m a tio n i n te rm s o f s p e c i
f i e d c r i t e r i a . T h is s tu d y a tte m p ts t o i d e n t i f y b a s i c
t r a i t s w ith r e s p e c t t o w hich i n d i v i d u a l s d i f f e r from e a c h
o t h e r i n e v a l u a t i v e p e rfo rm a n c e . S ix h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s
o f e v a l u a t i o n a r e deduced from a th e o r y o f i n t e l l e c t u a l
a b i l i t i e s ( th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m o d e l). T hese s i x
f a c t o r s p e r t a i n t o th e e v a l u a t i o n o f v e r b a l m a t e r i a l s as
d i s t i n g u i s h e d from sy m b o lic and f i g u r a l m a t e r i a l s .
One o f th e m a jo r o b j e c t i v e s was t o d e te rm in e w h e th
e r i t c o u ld b e d e m o n s tra te d t h a t t h e r e a r e d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e
a b i l i t i e s ; d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from one a n o th e r and a l s o from
a b i l i t i e s i n o th e r o p e r a t i o n c a t e g o r i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t i e s .
The s i x h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s a r e :
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EMU— E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic u n i t s
EMC— E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic c l a s s e s
EMR—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic r e l a t i o n s
EMS--Eva liiation of semantic systems
EMI—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic tr a n s f o r m a ti o n
EMI—E v a lu a tio n o f se m a n tic im p lic a tio n s
A t o t a l o f 22 t e s t s w ere d e v e lo p e d o r e x t e n s i v e l y
r e v i s e d f o r t h i s s tu d y . E ig h t r e f e r e n c e t e s t s w ere i n
c lu d e d i n th e t e s t b a t t e r y i n o r d e r t o v e r i f y th e u n iq u e
e x i s te n c e o f th e h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s as d i s t i n c t from s i x
known f a c t o r s o f c o g n i tio n and two known f a c t o r s in th e
c o n v e rg e n t and d iv e r g e n t a r e a s o f th e s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l
l e c t m odel.
A t o t a l o f 474 e le v e n th - g r a d e s tu d e n ts from two
h ig h s c h o o ls i n Los A ngeles County w ere used as th e su b
j e c t s f o r th e f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c s tu d y . I t was d e c id e d t o
p e rfo rm th r e e s e p a r a te f a c t o r a n a ly s e s , b a se d upon th e
d i f f e r e n t subg ro u p s o f th e s u b j e c t s and th e s l i g h t l y d i f
f e r e n t c o m p o sitio n o f th e t e s t v a r i a b l e s . The p r i n c i p a l -
axes f a c t o r s w ere r o t a t e d by th e Zimmerman m ethod o f
g r a p h ic r o t a t i o n , aim ing to w ard c l e a r e r p s y c h o lo g ic a l
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e f a c t o r s .
Of th e s i x h y p o th e s iz e d f a c t o r s o f e v a l u a t i o n ,
122
EMU, EMC, and EMR w ere w e l l s u p p o rte d by th e r e s u l t s . EM R
r e p l a c e s th e f a c t o r fo rm e rly known a s l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n ,
w h ich h as b e e n a s s ig n e d to th e EM R c e l l o f th e s t r u c t u r e o f
I n t e l l e c t . EMS and EMI w ere v e r i f i e d w ith l e s s s a t i s f a c
t o r y r e s u l t s . F a c to r EM S i s e s s e n t i a l l y a v e r i f i c a t i o n o f
th e p re v io u sly -k n o w n f a c t o r o f e x p e r i e n t i a l e v a lu a t io n
w hich had b een a s s ig n e d t o t h a t c e l l . F a c to r EMI i s e s s e n
t i a l l y th e same f a c t o r o f l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , d e f in e d
p r e v io u s ly by s y l l o g i s t i c o r in f e r e n c e t e s t s . A lthough
th e EMI f a c t o r was n o t v e r i f i e d i n t h i s s tu d y , th e a p p ro ac h
w hich em p h asizes th e e v a l u a t i o n o f th e tra n s fo rm e d in fo rm a
t i o n may be p ro m is in g .
W ith r e s p e c t t o th e s e p a r a t i o n o f th e e v a l u a t i v e
p ro c e s s from th e c o g n i tiv e p r o c e s s , th e fo llo w in g r u l e s
a r e recommended f o r d e v e lo p in g th e t e s t s o f e v a l u a t i o n .
F i r s t , th e u n c e r t a i n c o n d i tio n must be in d u ced o n ly i n th e
re s p o n s e t o a l t e r n a t i v e c h o ic e s . S econd, th e c r i t e r i a
f o r e v a l u a t i o n m ust be c l e a r l y s p e c i f i e d a t th e a p p r o p r ia te
l e v e l f o r th e p a r t i c u l a r e v a l u a t i v e t a s k . Some problem s
s t i l l rem a in w ith r e s p e c t t o a p p r o p r ia te s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
f o r new t e s t s d e s ig n e d to m easure unknown a b i l i t i e s p r e
d i c t e d by th e m odel.
The s t r u c t u r e - o f - i n t e l l e c t m odel seems t o be a
f r u i t f u l s o u rc e o f h y p o th e s e s f o r th e s c i e n t i f i c d e s c r i p
t i o n and th e co m p reh en sio n o f i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t i e s .
r e f e r e n c e s
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a p p e n d i x
APPENDIX
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS
1. CTM M Language IQ . T h is IQ s c o re i s b a s e d upon ite m s
w h ich a p p e ar t o have th e fo llo w in g f a c t o r c o n t e n t s :
CM U and CM C (V e rb a l C o n c e p ts ), CM S (N um erical Quan
t i t y ) , and EMI ( I n f e r e n c e ) .
2. C a l i f o r n i a A chievem ent T e s t-- R e a d in g V o c a b u la ry . The
t e s t i s composed o f 180 w ords ( th e key w ord and th e
word w hich must be s e l e c t e d i n e a c h c a s e ) i n th e fo u r
p r i n c i p a l a r e a s o f th e s c h o o l c u r r ic u lu m : M a th em a tic s,
S c ie n c e , S o c ia l S c ie n c e , and G e n e ra l.
3. C a l i f o r n i a A chievem ent T e s t- - A r ith m e tic R e a so n in g .
The t e s t c o n s i s t s o f fo u r s e c t i o n s : Number C o n cep t,
Symbols and R u le s , Numbers and E q u a tio n s , and P ro b
lem s.
4 . A p p aratu s T est--E M I05C . S u g g e st two im provem ents i n
common a p p lia n c e s .
Sample ite m :
G i v e n : T elephone
P o s s ib le Answer: A d e v ic e t h a t t e l l s you who
i s c a l l i n g b e f o r e you an sw er.
P a r t s : 2; ite m s p e r p a r t : 8; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : th e number o f a c c e p ta b le r e s p o n s e s .^
^Score i s th e number o f a c c e p ta b le r e s p o n s e s
u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c i f i e d .
131
132
5 . B e s t T rend Name—EMR01A. S e l e c t th e w ord t h a t b e s t
d e s c r i b e s th e o r d e r o f fo u r g iv e n w o rd s.
Sam ple Ite m :
G iven w o rd s: h o u se - p u sh c a r t - b i c y c l e - c a r
G iv en t r e n d nam es: A. sp e ed
B. tim e
C. s i z e
A nsw er: B
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 10; w o rk in g tim e : 6 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R -w /2) th e number o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s m inus
o n e - h a l f t h e number o f w rong r e s p o n s e s .
6. B a st Word C l a s s —EMC01A. S e l e c t th e one c l a s s , o f th e
f o u r g iv e n c l a s s e s , t o w h ich th e g iv e n o b j e c t b e s t
b e lo n g s .
Sam ple ite m :
PALM i s i n th e c l a s s o f A. p l a n t
B . t r e e
C. flo w e r
D. l e a f
A nsw er: B
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 1 4 /1 5 , 1 5 /1 5 ;^ w o rk in g tim e :
8 m in u te s .
7. B e s t Word P a i r s —EMC02A. S e l e c t th e p a i r o f w ords
w h ich makes th e b e s t c l a s s .
Sam ple ite m :
A. m are - h en
B. sow - m are
C. h e n - sow
A nsw er: B
2
N um erator i s th e number o f ite m s s c o re d p e r p a r t ,
d e n o m in a to r i s th e number o f ite m s a d m in is te r e d p e r p a r t .
133
8. C la ss Name S e l e c t i o n —EMC03A. S e le c t a c l a s s name
t h a t b e s t f i t s a group o f fo u r g iv e n w ords.
Sample ite m :
G iven words
C la ss names
Answer: C
c a t
cow
mule
mare
A. Farm anim als
B. f o u r- le g g e d an im als
C. d om estic an im als
P a r t s : 2 ; item s p e r p a r t : 15; w orking tim e : 8 m in u te s.
9. Commonsense Juriftpifttn- I —EMI04A. G iven a s h o r t d e
s c r i p t i o n o f a p la n , s e l e c t th e two b e s t re a s o n s why
th e p la n i s f a u l t y among th e f iv e a l t e r n a t i v e s .
Sample ite m :
A c i t y w ants to improve b o th i t s s t r e e t s and
i t s sewer sy stem . A fte r d is c u s s in g i t , th e
c o u n c il d e c id e s t o work on th e s tr e e t- im p r o v e
ment program f i r s t . What a re th e two m ain
f a u l t s o f th e p la n ?
A. The s t r e e t s w i l l have t o be t o r n up a g a in
in o rd e r to work on th e sewer system .
B. S t r e e t im provem ents can be done g ra d u
a l l y , so m ight a s w e ll be done seco n d .
C. S ince stre e t-im p ro v e m e n t program s a re
c o s t l y , th e c i t y m ight ru n o u t o f funds
b e f o re i t can w ork on th e se w e rs.
D. S in ce s t r e e t improvement i s le s s im p o rta n t
th a n s a n i t a t i o n , th e sewer sy stem sh o u ld
be i n s t a l l e d f i r s t .
E. The home-owners would d is a g re e w ith th e
c o u n c il t h a t s t r e e t improvement comes
b e fo re sew er im provem ent.
Answer: A and D
P a r t s : 1; ite m s : 5 ; w orking tim e : 6 m in u te s.
134
10. C.ntmnnaenBe J u d ymftni- n — EMI04B. S e l e c t two b e s t
m ethods o f d e m o n s tr a tin g t h e t r u t h o f a g iv e n s t a t e
m ent.
Sam ple ite m :
S ta te m e n t: The l i g h t i n an e l e c t r i c r e f r i g e r
a t o r g o es o u t when th e door i s c l o s e d .
A. F e e l i f th e b u lb i s h o t a f t e r t h e r e f r i g
e r a t o r d o o r h a s b e e n c lo s e d f o r some tim e .
B. S u b s t i t u t e a w i r e - s o c k e t a rra n g e m e n t l e a d
in g t o a b u lb o u t s i d e t h e r e f r i g e r a t o r .
C. U t i l i z e a d e l a y e d - s h u t t e r cam era t h a t
w ould ex p o se a f i l m a f t e r th e r e f r i g e r a t o r
d o o r i s c l o s e d .
D. D is c o n n e c t a l l a p p l ia n c e s e x c e p t th e
r e f r i g e r a t o r , c l o s e i t s d o o r, th e n s e e i f
t h e e l e c t r i c m e te r i s r u n n in g .
E. Cut a h o le i n th e r e f r i g e r a t o r d o o r.
A nsw er: B and C
F a r t s : 1; ite m s : 5 ; w o rk in g tim e : 4 m in u te s .
11. C om plete ThoughtS--EM S01A. Judge w h e th e r a g ro u p o f
w ords e x p r e s s e s a c o m p le te th o u g h t.
Sam ple Ite m 1:
H ie p a r r o t w i t h h i s b r i g h t f e a t h e r s
A nsw er: In c o m p le te
Sample Ite m 2:
L ig h t b r e a k s i n s e c r e t p ie c e s
A nsw er: C om plete
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 2 5 ; w o rk in g tim e : 6 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R+B/2) th e number o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s p lu s
o n e - h a l f o f th e o m its and u n a tte m p te d .
135
12. Double D escriptions--EM U 01A .. S e l e c t th e one th in g ,
o u t o f fo u r a l t e r n a t i v e s , w hich f i t s two g iv e n
d e s c r i p t i o n s b e s t .
Sample ite m :
G iven d e s c r i p t i o n s : ROUND and HARD
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. Gold
B. R ecord
C. S t e e l
A nsw er: D
D. C oin
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w orking tim e : 9 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R+B/4) th e number o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s p lu s
o n e - f o u r th o f th e o m its and u n a tte m p te d .
13. Im p o rta n t F a c t s —EMS02A. G iven a problem s i t u a t i o n ,
ju d g e w hich one o f th e fo u r g iv e n f a c t s i s most Im por
t a n t i n h a n d lin g th e s i t u a t i o n and w hich f a c t i s l e a s t
im p o r ta n t.
Sample ite m :
G iven p ro b lem : You a r e to s in g i n an o p e ra
and must d e c id e w hich costum e to w ea r.
G iven f a c t s : A. The o p e ra i s named A D utch
M aiden.
B. The s c e n e ry i s g re e n and
b lu e .
C. The s p o t l i g h t s w i l l be b lu e
D. The t h e a t r e w i l l be v e r y
s m a ll.
A nsw ers: A (m ost im p o rta n t f a c t )
B ( l e a s t im p o rta n t f a c t )
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 5 ; w orking tim e : 8 m in u te s .
136
3
14. L o g ic a l R e a s o n in g ( S h o r te n e d Form A -2 1 . G iv en two
p r e m is e s , c h o o se t h e c o r r e c t c o n c lu s io n fro m f o u r
a l t e r n a t i v e s .
Sam ple ite m :
G iv en p r e m i s e s : No b i r d s a r e i n s e c t s .
A l l sw allo w s a r e b i r d s .
A l t e r n a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s :
A. No sw allo w s a r e i n s e c t s .
B. Some b i r d s a r e n o t s w a llo w s .
C. A l l b i r d s a r e sw a llo w s.
D. No i n s e c t s a r e b i r d s .
A n sw er: A
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 10; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s
15. M atched V e r b a l R e l a t i o n s —EMR02A. G iv en a s t a n d a r d
p a i r o f w o rd s , c h o o se fro m f o u r a l t e r n a t i v e s t h e p a i r
t h a t h a s a r e l a t i o n s h i p m ost l i k e t h a t i n t h e s t a n d a r d
p a i r .
Sam ple ite m :
S ta n d a r d : BIRD - SONG
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. f i s h - w a te r
B. man l e t t e r
c. p i a n i s t p ia n o
D. h o r s e r a n c h
A n sw er: B
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 10; w o rk in g tim e : 9 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R-W /3) t h e num ber o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s m inus
o n e - t h i r d o f t h e w rong r e s p o n s e s .
3
A d ap ted w i t h p e r m is s io n fro m a t e s t o f t h e same
name copy r i g h t e d by t h e S h e r id a n S u p p ly C o ., B e v e r ly
H i l l s , C a l i f .
137
16. P e r t i n e n t Q u e stio n s (Form A - J ) . ^ W rite fo u r q u e s
t i o n s , th e answ er t o which would s e rv e a s a b a s i s f o r
making a d e c is io n i n a g iv e n s i t u a t i o n .
Sample ite m :
G iven s i t u a t i o n : Some te e n a g e r s w ant to b u i l d
a c lu b h o u se . Two v a c a n t l o t s a r e a v a i l
a b le . What q u e s tio n s must be c o n s id e re d
i n making a c h o ic e betw een th e two lo t s ?
P o s s ib le r e s p o n s e : Which l o t i s n e a re r t o w here
th e s tu d e n ts liv e ?
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 4 ; w orking tim e : 12 m in u te s.
17. P e r t i n e n t Q u e stio n s (Form A -J ^ . A d m in istered as
second p a r t o f T e st 16.
18. P i c t u r e G e s t a l t —NMT03B. I n d i c a t e o b je c t o r p a r t o f
o b je c t i n p h o to g rap h w hich w i l l so lv e a s p e c if ie d
problem .
P a r t s : 3; item s p e r p a r t : 12; w orking tim e : 9 m in u te s.
19 P o s s ib le J o b s —DMI03A.^ W rite a s many jo b s as p o s s ib le
w hich m ight be in d ic a t e d by a g iv e n emblem.
P a r t s : 2 ; item s p e r p a r t : 3; w orking tim e : 10 m in u te s.
20. P o s s ib le Jobs--DM I03A. A d m in iste re d as second p a r t o f
T e s t 19.
21. P ro d u c t C h o ice—EMT01A. S a le c t b o th b e s t and w o rs t
o b je c ts from g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s w hich c o u ld be made
by com bining two g iv e n o b je c ts .
Sample ite m :
G iven o b j e c t s : la c e c u r t a i n
w ire h anger
4Ibid.
5Ibid.
138
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. C h ristm as w rapping
B. mop
C. b u t t e r f l y n e t
Answ er: C ( b e s t)
A (w o rs t)
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 1 8 /2 0 , 1 8 /2 0 , 1 9 /2 0 ; w orking
tim e : 12 m in u te s.
22. S eein g P roblem s—EMI01B. W rite as many as f iv e p ro b
lems a r i s i n g from th e p re se n c e o f a g iv e n o b je c t.
P a r t s : 3; item s p e r p a r t : 3; w orking tim e : 6 m in u te s.
23. S e n te n c e S e l e c t i o n —EMI02A. S e le c t a s e n te n c e t h a t
i s most probably t r u e u s in g o n ly th e in f o rm a tio n i n a
g iv e n s ta te m e n t.
Sample ite m :
G iven s ta te m e n t: In th e m id - P a c ific on Buna-
Buna, th e game o f t i c k y - t i c k y i s p la y ed
o u td o o r s .
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. P eo p le in Buna-Buna l i k e to
p la y games.
B. T ic k y - tic k y i s a d i f f i c u l t
game t o p la y .
C. T here i s an i s l a n d c a l l e d
Buna-Buna
A nsw er: C
P a r t s : 2 ; item s p e r p a r t : 3; w orking tim e : 8 m in u te s.
24. S e n te n s e n s e —EMS03A.^ Judge w h eth er a g iv e n s e n te n c e
e x p r e s s e s an i n t e r n a l l y c o n s i s t e n t th o u g h t.
Sample ite m : Johnny, who i s se v e n , went w ith h i s
m other t o Europe t e n y e a rs ago.
^A dapted from D. C. A d k in 's a d a p ta tio n o f a t e s t
by L. L. T h u rs to n e .
139
Answer: I n c o n s i s t e n t
P a r t s : 1; ite m s : 2 0 ; w o rk in g tim e : 4 m in u te s .
25. S h in D e s t i n a t i o n T e s t (Form A - 2 ) .^ D eterm in e th e
d i s t a n c e b etw een s h ip s i n p o r t s , c o n s id e r in g th e r u l e s
r e g a r d in g th e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s o f su ch c o n d i tio n s as
w in d , c u r r e n t , and s h ip d i r e c t i o n .
P a r t s : 1; ite m s : 4 8 ; w o rk in g tim e : 15 m in u te s ; s c o r e :
(r -W/4 ) th e number o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s minus o n e-
f o u r t h o f th e wrong r e s p o n s e s .
o
26. S i m i l a r i t i e s — GMT02B. W rite a s many a s s i x ways i n
w h ich th e two o b j e c t s a r e a l i k e .
Sample ite m :
G iven s ta te m e n t: A pple and o ra n g e a r e a l i k e .
27.
P o s s ib le a n sw e rs: A. sw eet
B. ro u n d
C. have se e d s
D. f r u i t
E. have s k in s
F. grow on t r e e s
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 6 ; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s .
S im ila ritie s--C M T 0 2 B . A d m in is te re d a s p a r t two o f
T e s t 26.
^A dapted w ith p e r m is s io n from a t e s t o f th e same
name c o p y r ig h te d by th e S h e r id a n S upply C o ., B e v e rly H i l l s ,
C a l i f .
Q
A dapted from a U. S. A ir F o rc e t e s t o f th e same
name.
140
28. S to rv T itles--E M T 02A . S e l e c t th e b e s t and th e w o rs t
t i t l e f o r g iv e n s t o r i e s .
Sample ite m :
G iven s t o r y : A fox came t o a v in e y a r d f u l l o f
g r a p e s , b u t t h e r e was a h ig h fe n c e around
i t . A f te r t r y i n g f o r some tim e t o clim b
th e f e n c e , th e t i r e d fox s a i d , " I d i d n ’ t
w ant th o s e g ra p e s anyway; t h e y 'r e to o
so u r f o r m e."
A l t e r n a t i v e t i t l e s : A. F e n c e d -o u t Fox
B. Sour G rapes
C. S to ry o f a Fox
Answer: B ( b e s t )
C (w o rs t)
P a r t s : 4 ; ite m s p e r p a r t ; 4 ; w o rk in g tim e : 16 m in u te s .
29. Svnonvms- -EMUQ2A. S e le c t th e a l t e r n a t i v e word w hich
i s b e s t synonym f o r th e g iv e n w ord.
Sample ite m :
G iven w o rd : Lamp
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. to r c h
B. wand
C. c a n d le
D. l a n t e r n
A nsw er: D
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 9 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R + B /4 ) th e number o f c o r r e c t re s p o n s e s p lu s
o n e - f o u r th o f th e o m its and u n a tte m p te d .
30. U n lik e ly T h in g s—EMS04A. S e le c t th e two more u n l i k e l y
o r in c o n g ru o u s f e a t u r e s from fo u r g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e s
i n s k e tc h e s o f common s i t u a t i o n s .
P a r t s : 5 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 3 ; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s .
141
i
31. U s e fu l Changes--EM I03A. S e le c t th e o b je c t t h a t can
p e rfo rm th e s p e c i f i e d t a s k most a d e q u a te ly .
Sample ite m :
S p e c i f ie d t a s k : To s l i c e c h e e se
G iven o b j e c t s : A. g u i t a r
B. p l a t e
C. p a p e r c l i p
A nsw er: A
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s .
32. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I — CMR01A. G iven a f i r s t p a i r o f
w ords w hich a r e r e l a t e d , co m p lete a seco n d p a i r by
c h o o sin g one o f fo u r g iv e n a l t e r n a t i v e w ords.
Sample ite m :
G iven p a i r s : CLOTH : DYE as HOUSE : ?
A l t e r n a t i v e w o rd s: A. shade
B. p a in t
C. b ru s h
D. wood
A nsw er: B
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 10; w o rk in g tim e : 9 m in u te s .
33. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s Ifr-CMROIA. A d m in is te re d as seco n d
p a r t o f T e s t 32.
34. V e rb a l A n a lo g ie s I I I —EMR04A. The same a s T e s ts 31-
32 e x c e p t i n t h i s c a s e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een th e
f i r s t p a i r o f w ords i s r e l a t i v e l y o b v io u s and th e
c h o ic e among th e a l t e r n a t i v e s to co m p lete th e second
p a i r i s d i f f i c u l t .
Sample ite m :
G iven p a i r s : TRAFFIC : SIGNAL a s RIVER : _?
142
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. bank
B. dam
C. c a n a l
A nsw er: B
D. sand b ag s
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 10; w o rk in g tim e : 6 m in u te s.
35. V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n —CMC02A.^ D ecide i n t o w h ich o f
two c l a s s e s ( d e f in e d b y fo u r g iv e n w o rd s) a g iv e n
word b e lo n g s .
Sample ite m :
C O W d e sk X TABLE
HORSE X sheep CHAIR
GOAT r o c k e r X BOOKC.
DO G t r e e LAM P
X c a t
nose
d r e s s e r X
X donkey
36
37,
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 5 ; w o rk in g tim e : 8 m in u te s .
V e rb a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n — CMC02A. A d m in is te re d a s
seco n d p a r t o f T e s t 35.
V e rb a l C om prehension (Form B. The G uilford-Z im m erm an
A p titu d e S u rv ey ) . 10 A m u lt ip le - c h o ic e v o c a b u la ry
t e s t .
P a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 6 m in u te s ;
s c o r e : (R + B /5 ) th e number o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s p lu s
o n e - f i f t h o f th e o m its and u n a tte m p te d .
^A dapted from a t e s t by L. L. T h u rs to n e .
^ A d a p te d w ith p e r m is s io n from a t e s t o f th e same
name c o p y rig h te d by th e S h e rid a n S upply C o ., B e v e rly H i l l s ,
C a l i f .
143
38. Word Comp l e t Ion--CMU01A. ^ W rite a synonym o r s h o r t
d e f i n i t i o n f o r g iv e n w o rd s.
F a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 10 m in u te s
39. Word E x te n s io n s —EMI03A. S e l e c t th e w ord w hich i s
alw ay s in v o lv e d i n o r im p lie d by a g iv e n o b je c t o r
t h i n g .
Sam ple ite m :
G iv e n : A r a d i o program alw ays in v o lv e s :
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. an an n o u n c er
B. a s p o n so r
C. sound
D. a co m m ercial
A nsw er: C
F a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 8 m in u te s .
4 0 . Word L in k a g e — EMR03A. S e l e c t from a l i s t o f th r e e
w o rd s th e one t h a t i s r e l a t e d t o b o th o f a g iv e n p a i r
o f w o rd s.
Sam ple ite m :
G iv en p a i r : J e w e lry - B e l l
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. ornam ent
B. j i n g l e
C. r i n g
A nsw er: C
F a r t s : 2 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 15; w o rk in g tim e : 8 m in u te s .
1 1
A dapted from th e G uilford-Z im m erm an A p titu d e
S u rv e y , P a r t I , w ith th e p e r m is s io n o f a u th o r s and pub
l i s h e r .
144
41. Word S u b s t i t u t i o n —EMU03A. G iv en a s e n te n c e w ith one
w ord u n d e r lin e d , s e l e c t one o f f o u r g iv e n w ords w hich
w ould b e s t f i t i n t o th e s e n te n c e i n p la c e o f th e
u n d e r lin e d w ord.
Sample ite m :
G iv en s e n te n c e : He was a good d o c t o r , b u t
a l c o h o l was h i s r u i n .
A l t e r n a t i v e s : A. p la g u e
B. u n d o in g
C. f a t e
D. d e s t r u c t i o n
A nsw er: B
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 9 /1 0 , 8 /1 0 , 8 /1 0 ; w o rk in g
tim e : 12 m in u te s .
42. Word S y ste m s—EMS05A. E v a lu a te t h r e e m a t r i c e s o f
w ords and i n d i c a t e th e one t h a t shows th e b e s t tr e n d s
and th e one w ith th e w o rs t t r e n d s o f w ords i n b o th
row s and colum ns.
Sample ite m :
G iv en m a tr i c e s : A.
B
A nsw er: A ( b e s t )
B (w o rs t)
c h i l d to y s p la y
y o u th books Study
man w ork m achines
y o u th s tu d y books
c h i l d p la y to y s
man w ork m ach in es
y o u th stu d y to y s
c h i l d p la y books
man w ork m achines
P a r t s : 3 ; ite m s p e r p a r t : 4 ; w o rk in g tim e : 12 m in u te s .

Asset Metadata

Creator Nihira, Kazuo (author)

Core Title A Factor Analysis Of The Semantic-Evaluation Abilities

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, experimental

Format dissertations (aat)

Language English

Advisor Guilford, Joy P. (committee chair), Cliff, Norman (committee member), Metfessel, Newton S. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-369046

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Legacy Identifier 6506912.pdf

Dmrecord 369046

Document Type Dissertation

Format dissertations (aat)

Rights Nihira, Kazuo

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

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