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The Effects Of General And Specific Warm-Up On Subsequent Motor Performance

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The Effects Of General And Specific Warm-Up On Subsequent Motor Performance

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Content This dissertation has been 64-2571 microfilmed exactly as received DOOLITTLE, Thous Lee, 1931- THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC WARM-UP ON SUBSEQUENT MOTOR PERFORM ANCE. University of Southern California, Ph.D ., 1963 Education, physical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan T H B EFFECTS O F GBNRAL A N D SPECIFIC W A R M -U P O R S U B S E Q U E N T M O T O R PB IFG R 1U R C B by Thaus Lee D oolittle A D issertation Praasntad to the F A C U L T Y O F T H E G R A D U A T E S C H O O L U N IV ERSITY O P S O U T H E R N C A LIFO R N IA In P a rtia l F u lfllln en t of tha Raqulranants for tha Degree D O C T O R O P PH IL O SO PH Y (Physical Education) June 1963 UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ORAOUATC SCHOOL UNIVBRSITV PARK LOB ANGELES 7. CALIFORNIA This dissertation, written by ....... Theua-.Lee..Doolittle.............. under the direction of h Dissertation C om mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y ........ D a te J U N E .. .1 9 .6 3 . T A B L I O P CO H TSHT S LIST C P TABUS...................................................................... LIST G P F IG tM S .......................................................... v Chaptar I . IMTROOtJCTIOH........................................................... 1 Statenant of tha Problan Significance of tho study Chapter Organisation II. RSV TJnr O P R 8L A T B D LITStATUU............................ 9 Textbook Concepts of Varn-up Physiological H o t or s in V tn-ap Temperature Bffoot Changes in Conposition of Blood ▼lsoosity F le x ib ility Staircase Phenomenon Veural F a c ilita tio n Sffoets of Warn-up Upon Perfornanoe Generalisations Brawn for tha L itaratura I I I . FROCIDURS................................................................... 33 Tast Tarlablaa Tha Bquatlon of Oanaral and Spacifle Varn-up Selection of tha Specific Warn-up of High In ten sity Iquatlng Oanaral and Spaoifie Varn-ups of High In ten sity Datarninatlon of Oanaral and Spaoifio Wam-ups of Low In tensity Suanary of tha Sqnation of Oanaral and Spaoifie Varn-up Bxnerlnental D a sign Selection of Orders Tha Subjects Tasting Proeadura i l a a Chiptor i f . AK1LXBH Of T B B B A T A .................. T)w P irfo m iM t I n v titliitlo a T Im S trtacth X flftitiiA tlflt Thi F le x ib ility Iiv « a tl|« tlM Tha Heart la t« Im reetlfatloa D2BCXMI0V O P R B H U I................ TIm P irf« a iM « Iw riitic itlo o TIm I tf to ith IUTeatlfation TIm F le x ib ility Iw n itl|itlflD The Heart Rate Investigation Ronm rj VI. SW MIRX AID COH CLDBIOB . . . . Smeary Findings Coooluslon Suggestions for Further Study BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... APPUDIX LIST Q T TABUS Tati* Pag* 1. Parfomanoa Inraatlgationt Baaketball Bat Shooting Bo o r a l .............................. 53 2. Parfomanoa Inraatlgationt Baakatball Bat Shooting Booraa--Day* of tha W a a k ................ 55 3. Strangth Inraatlgationt Blmiiltanaoua Vriot Plazion Btrangth in Pounda............................... 58 4. F lex ib ility Inraatlgationt Moan B o or a a of Palnar Plazion of Both W r i a t a ....................... 60 5* Haart Bata Inraatlgationt Cold and Poatwam- np Braohial P u l a a ............................................... 61 6. Parfomanoa Inraatlgationt Btmarp of Analpaia of Varlanoa .......................................... 82 7- Parfomanoa Inraatlgationt Bomarr of Analpaia of Var la non—Including Cold . . . . 83 8. 8trangth Inraatlgationt 8 m a r p of Analpaia of V a ria n c e ..................................................... 84 9- F lex ib ility Inraatlgationt Bumarp of Analpaia of Y arlanea.......................................... 85 10. Haart Bata Inraatlgationt Btumarp of Analpaia of V arlanoa......................... 86 ir LIST O F FIG tK U EB Flgors Pago 1. Diograa of Clock Toat for Basketball Sot S h o t s ...................................................................... 35 2 . W rist Strength T s s tin g ............................................ 37 3* Oroph of Performance In v e stig a tio n .................... 56 ▼ CHAPTBt I IN T R O D U C T IO N The praotiee of waralng-up bo fora engaging in strenuous ath le tic performance has long boon recommended by athlotos and eoaohes, who apparently ballowa th a t this prelim inary a c tiv ity improves subsequent performance. S cien tific a lly determined evidence, however, has provided only lim ited information upon which to base an opinion about the relativ e a e r lts of d iffe re n t kinds of wara-up procedures* Much of the discussion in cu rren t researoh li te r a ture related to wara-up hinges on th e re la tiv e effeo ts of general wara-up procedures as distinguished fron speoifie wara-up procedures* Another question that has arisen froa previous Investigations has to do w ith the In te n sity of suoh wara-up prooedures. A few investigators have atteapted to iden tify the physlologloal aechanisas th a t are involved in the process of Improving performance a fte r wara-up* I t has been hypothesised th at suoh subsequent improvement as aay occur Is related to a ris e in deep auscle temperature which f a c ilita te s the d isso ciatio n of oxygen froa hemoglobin and 1 2 ■joglobIn. Other Investigators have explored the possibil ity th at warming-up may increase the range of notion by decreasing the resistance of fascia, ligaments, tendons, and antagonistic muscles. S t i l l other investigators have hypothesised th at warming-up nay be described in terns of treppe, resulting in more forceful Muscle contractions in the prime ■overs. There is , however, no general agreement about any of these hypotheses, although there tends to be agreement on the generalisation that warn-up a c tiv itie s which are appropriate in nature and in ten sity are not detrim ental and aay be beneficial to subsequent performance. The word "appropriate" appears to be the key word in this generali sation, and i t suggests that further studies of warn-up night well be directed toward specific aspects of the com plex relationship that seens to ex ist between warn-up and subsequent performance. The present study is concerned with d istinctions between general and specific types of warm-up in relatio n to subsequent performance in making set shots in basket b a ll. The re la tiv e effects of these warm-up procedures on specific elements of performance presumably related to basket-shooting were also examined. 3 Statement of the Problem I t was tho purpose of th is study to compare the relativ e effects of general and s pacific warm-up proeaduras of high and low in ten sity on accuracy In basket-shooting, w rist flaxlon strength, w rist fla x lb llity , and haart rata of high school boys. Tha ganarai warm-up procedure consisted of c a iis - thanlc exerolses. Tha specific wara-up procedure consisted of performing em ulated two-handed basketball sat shots against a w all. High and low Intensity ware defined in tarns of rata and duration of a c tiv ity , with tha number of rep etitio n s held constant. Tha high Intensity warm-ups ware completed in one-half of tha time a llo tte d to tha low Intensity warm-ups. Tha ganarai and specific exercises ware equated for energy expended during the warm-up proce dures, in terms of oxygen consumption. Scope of the study. —This study was divided into four subinvestigations: (1) the performance Investiga tio n , (2) the strength investigation, (3) the fle x ib ility Investigation, and (4) the heart rate Investigation. The primary Investigation was concerned with per formance in two-handed basket-shooting. O n each t r i a l , ten shots were taxen from equally spaced spots around a sem i-circle eighteen feet frcm the basket. The strength investigation was concerned with 4 contained palnar flexion strength of taoth w rists, measured simultaneously by a cable tensions ter as described by Doolittle and Logan (36)* This was ineluded because w rist strength was assuned to be a significant factor in control ling basketball shooting* The fle x ib ility investigation was concerned with the nunber of degrees of palnar flexion as neasured fron the anatonioal position of the w rist. This phase of the study was included because i t was assuned that fle x ib ility of the wrist night well be a significant factor in basket- shooting* The heart rate investigation involved neasurenent of the brachial pulse for the f ir s t th irty seconds subse quent to the warn-up procedure for each trial* This was utilised to check the practical equivalence of energy expended in the four classes of warn-up. Kach of the above subinvestigations involved the sane four warn-up variables! (1) general warn-up of low intensltyt (2) specific warn-up of low intensity, (3) spe c ific warn-up of high Intensity, and (4) general warn-up of high intensity. A preliminary investigation of the anount of "work*1 performed in the four warn-up situations was utilized to establish th eir practical equivalence in terns of oxygen consunptlon* 5 The i i m hypothesis was formulated for eaoh of the subiovestlgations, and stated la the n u ll forms The obtained mean differences fo r the variable follovlnc the four warm-up procedures may be readily attrib u ted to ran dom sampling error or chance, and thus do not d iffe r sig n ifican tly from the hypothetical mean difference of sero. Twenty-eight high school freshmen boys were selected a t random and served as subjeots In the four sublnvestlga- tions. Bach subject served as his ow n control. A " tre a t ments by subjects” design of analysis of variance was used to te s t the hypotheses. T enablllty was accepted or rejected at the .01 and .0 5 levels of confidence. Significance of the 8tudy Speolflo and general warm-up may be construed as being a t opposite ends of a continuum. Specific warm-up has been defined as being preliminary a c tiv ity patterned after the performance a c tiv ity for which the performer Is warming-up. Various Investigators have termed I t as a practice e ffe c t, "getting the f e e l,” and neural f a c ilita tion. Warn-up ldentloal w ith the performance would repre sent the highest degree of sp ecificity In warm-up. The more the movement pattern Is varied, the less specific I t becomes. Psychological implications are also greatly Inter twined In th is oonoept. A plausible question appears to 6 be, i t i t su fficien t that th t movement pattern alone ba sp ecific, or m a t tha subject a lto ba oonsolous of tha speelfloityv This question has ja t to ba answered. H ow ever, tom investigators have made attampts to control tha psychological faeto rt whila othars have only mentioned th e ir existence. A tpaeifio warm-up whioh was pattarnad a fta r tha parforaanea a c tiv ity , rathar than tha a c tiv ity i t s e l f » was u tilise d in th is study in order to aohleve greater control over tha amount of energy expanded. This was naoassary in order to equate tha ganarai and spaoifie warm-up procedures In terms of oxygen consumption. Tha specific warm-up was calculated to require tha same foroe and elevation as tha shooting performance te s t. Thus, whila tha importance of tha visual sense was reduced, by eliminating tha aeouraey facto r, tha warm-up was highly spaoifie in terms of klnesthetlo fa c ilita tio n . In an attempt to further lim it tha investigation to a te s t of tha value of kinesthetic fa c ilita tio n and a t the same time to avoid any bias against tha ganarai warm-up, tha subjeots ware not told of tha klnesthetlo sp ecificity . Tha subjeots ware told they ware being compared with each other, and with other boys in tha future, In terms of how well they were able to perform a ll of the a c tiv itie s . They were accustcmd to numerous s k ill and physical fitn ess te s ts In ths physical education prog ran, and there was no Indication th at thay bellowed these to be any d iffe re n t. At no tine was warn-up mentioned. I t was assumed th at the use of untrained, re la tiv e ly naive subjects, plus the above precautions, provided a measure of psychological con tro l which contributed to the significance of the study. Because of the dearth of sc ie n tific investigations relatin g warm-up to performance through f le x ib ility measures, and because of the importance assigned to in creased range of motion by empirloal evidence, inclusion of the w rist f le x ib ility investigation was considered another contribution of th is study. Increases in strength are generally thought to occur as the re s u lt of exercise against resistance. However, some investigators have found increases in strength measures as a re su lt of warm-up, while others have not. The strength investigation was designed to contribute evidence for the solution of th is confllot. In summary, the value of warm-up is thought to lie in one, or both, of two phenomenal (1) general systemlo physiological changes, and (2) neural fa c ilita tio n . This study was sig n ifican t in th at i t attempted to Isolate specific fao to rs, and compare these phenomena in terms of them. This was done by u tilis in g four wara-up situations in which the amounts of energy expended were essen tially 8 equivalent. In Addition, an attempt was made to hold eon- atant a th ird phenomenon, tha psychological factora. Chaptar Orfanixatlon Tha subsequent a a ta rla l ia organised in tha follow ing or dor. Chaptar XI la eonoarnad with tha review of lite ra tu re . Sxperlmental prooadura ia tha ohiaf coneam of Chaptar I I I , with tha apparatoa and equipment uaad and tha taata employed baing praaantad in d e ta il. Tha warm-up a c tiv itie s and tha preliminary investigation aquating than ara alao inoludad in thia ohapter. Chaptar IV eonaiata of tha eoaipllation and analysis of tha data. Intarpratatlon and dlaeuaalon of tha raaalta ara daalt with in Chaptar V. Chaptar VI eontaina tha siuaaary, findinga, oonolnalon, and raoonnandatlona for furthar study. CHAPTHt I I R H T T C IW C P RXUTXD LITBkA TTRS Contained in th is chapter Is a review of the l i t e r ature related to this study* I t has been organised into ths following ssetionst (I) textbook eonoopts of warn-up, (2) physiological faetors in warn-up, (3) naural f a c ilita tion, (4) of foots of wara-up upon porfomaneo, and ($) *«n- oralisatlons drawn froa tha lite ra tu re . This rowiow is roprosontatiwo rathor than exhaus tiv e, booauso tho lito ratu ro on wara-up is diffusa and rep etitio u s. Investigations oonoarnad p ria a rily with " a rtific ia lly waralnf-up” have not baan ineludad baeausa thay ara not garaans to th is study. Taxtbook Conoapts of Wara-up Warming-up bafora stranuous parforaanoa is raeoa- aandad by a l l textbooks dealing with physiology of azar- olse, although thasa raooaaandatlons nay d iffe r with ragard to spaolflo prooaduras as wall as with ragard to ratlonala. larpovioh, in his ta z t Physiology of Mnaaular Activ ity . notad tha profusanass and eonflieting rasu lts of rasaaroh regarding the praotioa of warming-up. H a statedt 9 10 V atelt contractions depend on tw p tn tttri* In hunan ferine*) lovcrlai of the nusolo tenperature below B o n tl decreases nusolo ir r it a b il ity and work capacity. O n tha othar hand, daring physical a c tiv ity nusolo taaparatora rises* These two observations pat togathar have lad to tha praotlea of indiscrim inate warming-up boforo a th la tlo oontosts. I f anyone a tta in ts tha unenviable job of sum arislag tha available raaulta regarding warm-up, ho v l l l find himself s ittin g on a fanoo with ro su lts on both sldas and sons even hanging on tha fanoo its e lf . (5*15-19) Ha Indloatad th a t some of tha oonfllets dapand on tha natara of tha problem, and soma on experimental daslgn. Ha s o n a r isedi (1) Thara seems to ba an agreement th a t nodarata f r ~ 1 r T 1" ' ? - / - tPB Tf l a l j l - <2> “ *•» boravar, tha iBthflg'i M ip tai tiiat m m m i warming-up Is over done. Unless ambient taaparatora Is so lev th at tha limbs ara numb, thara night ba no nsad for ganarai warnlng-up. (5*18) Morahoaso and M iller, in th alr tazt Physiology of XSttlHltt* aora eonoaraad with injury prevention. Thay statads Parfomanoa is improved i f tha aasolas hava boon slig h tly warnad up Just bafora tha a e tlv lty . • . . Pallors to warn op bafora vigorous a c tiv ity nay load to an aetnal tearing loosa of nuscla fibers froa th eir tendinous attaebnents. Tha nusolas aost frequently torn during strenuous n ativ ity which has not boon proceeded by a warning up period ara tha antagonists to tha strong oontraotlng nusolas. These "o d d 1 1 antagonistic nusolas relax slowly and iaoenpletely • • • tha force of contraction of tha agonists and tha nonantun of tha movlm part aasrt a te r r if ic stra in on tha unyielding antagonists with consequent tearing of tha nusola fib ers or th alr tendinous attaehnents. ( 7 *3 0) Rlednan, in her book PhTiialatT of W ork and *>1«»T 11 statad i Tha affaots of tanparaturs. load, Intensity of s t iso latio n , and physiological condition aan ba dbaarvad also in lntaot nosolas during exsrolse* A aild ris a In tanparatnra as a raau lt of ao tiy ity laprowas parfomanoa* O n tha othar hand* intarfaranoa with haat loss in la ta r atagaa of n a tiv ity nay raiaa tha tanparatnra to a point a t whiah n a tiv ity is radnaad* I t is wall known, too. th at ansalaa ara nora affaatlva a fta r tha in itia l "wam-up" (10i29). 3ha aunanriaad by sta tin g v "tha 'warn-up' of tha ath lata shows tha stim ulating affaet of avan slig h t ris a s in tan- paratura on tha haight of eontrsotion" (IO136). Rasoh and Burka, in th a lr tax t on Kinasiology statadi Warn-up banafits to parfomanoa hava baan danon- stratad in a sn ffio ian t nunbar of axparlnants to warrait tha tantatlva oonelnsion th at pralininary axarolsa of tan improves subsequent nazlnal parfomanoa* • * • However, tha experlm nts also snggast th at tha banafits of wam-upt whan thay have baan dataotad a t a l l , ara lnolinad to ba sn allar in nagnltuda than has generally baan assunad by a th la ta s, ooaohas, and physiologists. O htil tha n a tta r has baan d afin italy sattlad i t night ba suggastad th a t spaoifio wam-ups ba u tilisa d rather than ganarai ones, sinea tha praotloe affaot is in its e lf of value ragardlass of whathar I t is aooonpanlad by physlologloal banafits. <9i385) Xorahousa and Rasoh, in th alr taxt Rolantlflo Baa a a ar Ti>«ib1M . prasantad a rathar eonplata sunnary of tha ooneapts of wam-up ganarally aooaptad by a th latas, ooaohas, and a th lstio tra ln srs. Thay statadi Warning up lnproves parfomanoa and prevents injury in vigorous n a tiv itie s by two assan tial naans. F irs t, a rahaaraal of tha s k ill bafora eonpatltlon 12 f l w o o t i , fixes in the i t h l t U 'i M o v an io alir coor dinating system the • n e t nature of the Impending t a l k . I t i l i o heightens hie kinesthetic ««o n i . • • • Taking a few i i r v n la tennis • • • triag e la to focus the pres lie M v m a ti whloh v l l l be eaployed la the giM , thus enheaolag perferaenee whoa the gaac heglns. S e c o n d , the ris e la bodjr teaperetore fa e lllte te e the hloohealeel reeetioas supplying energy for ausou- la r contractions. llevated body teaperature also shortens the periods of aasouler relaxation sad elds la redoelag stiffness* As e re s a lt of these two pro cesses there is an laproveaeat la accuracy. strength sad speed of aoweaent, and aa laorease la tissue e la s tic ity vhloh lessens the lla h lllty to Injury* (8i30) Smeary of textbq« y f c ; aifcH rtw >ii the tex t book w riters d iffe r in th e ir approach, ratio n ale, and reooaaendations, the following areas of agreeaent and con- f llo t eaergedi 1* Wara-up Is thought to he beneficial for laprove- aent of perforaanee, and i t aay lessen the ehanee for Injury. 2* The ralue of wara-up is thought to lie In the phenoaeaon of physlologloal ohaage in whleh the body is actually "warned," or in the phenoaeaon of neural f a c ili tation* Froa th is rationale two types of wara-up prose- dures were reeoaaended, general and speelflo, respectively. There was general agreeaent regarding the la tte r eoneept. There was, however, considerable conflict regarding the ▼slue of physlologloal ohanges and the corresponding gen e ra l wara-up. 3. There was general agreeaent that the praotloe 13 of wamlng-up, la >om f a n , should bo eoatlnnod u n til fu r ther evidence la gained through additional research* Physiological Paotora la Wara-up Amorous Investigations have baaa uadortakon to dotoralno tha systemic physiological affaota of wara-up* Moat of thaa have baan uadartakan froa tha "eause-effeot" point of view. Tha o ver-all ln tan t ha a baan to dataralaa which of tha generalisations oltad In tha pracadlag aaetloa can ba daaonatratad, and how thaaa facto rs nap affao t sub- ■aquant parfomanoa. For purposaa of In tarp ratatio n thaaa studlaa have baan organised undar flwa ganarai haadingss tanparatura a ffao t, ehangas in composition of blood, v isco sity , fle x i b ility , and staircase phenomenon. Tanparatura Iffa e t I t has long baan known th at bodily tanparatura ris e s during exercise* Research In th is area has produced con- fllo tln g theories and ratio n ales both as to tha causa and affect relationships of th is phenonenon and as to I ts Importance to tha exsrelse. Commenting on th is phenonenon, Busklrk and Bass (3 < 3 2 2) suggested th at tha purpose of wam-up night ba to sat "the body's 'therm ostat' located in tha tham aragulatoy oenters of tha hypothalamus," thus preparing tha organism to cope with tho higher temperatures that w ill occur during subsequent sxerolss. They Indicated that temperature endured during heavy exarciae would he detrimental v i f not fa ta l, to the individual during sedentary activ ity . They reaaoned that the lnoreaaed output by the heart during exarciae compensates for the lowered blood flow to the brain aa occurs, in fewer, when the tenperature rlae la not aocoapanled by activ ity . They etated that the therao- atatio aettinga iiy vary froa **98° F (aedentary activity) to 1040 pa or higher. Although they indicated that wara-up alght pre-aet tha theraostat, thay gave no Indication aa to why this could not occur with equal efficiency during the in itia l phaae of the ao tlv ity ita e lf. Buohthal a t a l. lnveatlgated the effect of re e t, work, and reoovery on deep auaele and reotal temperaturec with normal and arreated circulation. Their purpoae was to dlacover whether any rlae in tenperature in the auaelea ia due to an increaae of the circulation, or whether i t is caused by processes with positive heat effects in the ausoles thaasleves. They foundi During dynaaio work (51 kga in 3 minutes) with the flexor ausoles of the elbow, the tenperature in the biceps rises 1.4-2.05°, the least in the strongest subjeots. In the after-period the teaperature fa lls gradually, the faster the less the work has been. . • . For the sane subjeot the teaperature rise during the work, with the same rhytha, is dlreotly dependent upon the magnitude of the work. 15 In experiments of tory short duration tho nnsole tenperature rlsos aftor too work had eoasodi presumably booauso of lnadoquato olroulatlon during tho work. Tho experiments show that tho tonporaturo rlao In tho nusolo In tho naln Is duo to prooesses with posl- tlTo hoat of foot in tho nusolo ltso lf 9 not to lnoroasod olroulatlon. Tho hoat produetlon Is mainly duo to oxidation proooaaos 9 but la also obsorrod during and afto r work with tho olroulatlon arrested. Tha anaorobie hoat produetlon Is Tory sn ail, howoror. (15»257) From tho aboro9 thoy ooneludodt Inasnuoh as tho tonporaturo eurros on tho wholo follow a oourso aln llar to th at of oxygon absorption ottrres, I t would soon reasonable to o one lads th at tho tonporaturo rise In tho nusolo Is nalnly duo to oxida tion proeessoo. Tho function of tho olroulatlon Is to supply tho nusolo with oxygon, and not to hoat tho nusolo. (15*256) Asmussen and Bdjo (16) conducted a sorios of well- o on trolled oxporlnonts with a Tory United nunbor of sub jeots. Thoy dlsoussod thalr findings in terms of per cent ohange in one to four oases. Thoy u tilised a bioyolo orgonotor for both warn-up and tooting procedures. In addition thoy utilised radio diathermy, hot bathe, and massage as a means of passlTe wam-up, and a period of re st for a "cold" control. Thirty minutes of re st was Interposed between tho warm-up and the performance. A s Burke (33*39) pointed out, they did not exorcise psycho logical controls. T w o o rlto rla were u tilised for oraluatlon of the performances "35 turns of the pedals, glwlng a to ta l 16 anount of work performed of 956 nkg, and another consisting of 450 ta rn s, giving s to ta l output of 9,860 akg." ( Ilt3 ) . Tha f i r s t task em ulated a 100 meter sp rin t, whila tha la tta r was eonsidarad analogous to a 1500 natar run. Thay assuned th at tha sp rin t was performed p rln a rily anaeroble* a lly , whila tha dlstanoa event nade sarlous danands on tha olreulatory and rasp irato ry systens. Daap nusola and rec- ta l temperatures wara takan throughout. Thair stated purpose was "to find out whether a higher tanparatura as suoh has a nsasureable beneficial o ffset on physical perfornenoe” (11*2). They stated th alr findings as follows! 1) A given anount of work could ba perfornod b a tte r—1. #• in a shorter tin s —whan the organisn was warned up by a prelininary work. Also a greater nusoular tension could ba developed whan "warned up" than whan not. 2) A passive warning up—a. g. by naans of radio dlatheray or by hot baths—also increased tha capacity fo r work. 3) Massage had no beneflolal affect on tha per- fomanee. 4) Tha harder tha prelininary work was, tha higher rose tha tanparatura and tha b a tte r was tha parforn- anea (only demonstrated in tha work of shorter dura* tlo n (12 to 15 s e c .))• 5) The Increased a b ility to perforn hard work is closely correlated to tha tanparatura of tha working nuselea. 6) Tha naxlnun oxygen uptake is slig h tly higher whan tha organisn is warned up than whan th is Is not tha case, but tha oxygen necessary for a certain anount of work is reduced. Fran these re su lts I t is concluded th at a higher tenperature in tha naseles benefits tha a b ility to perforn work by accelerating the chenieal processes in tha nusolas, probably also by decreasing tha 17 Intramuscular vlscuous resistance. ( I l i 2 1) Keeping la mind the two basic concspts of ganarai and apaolflo warming up, i t should ba notad that Ismussan and B^ja u tilisad prim arily spaolflo and passive warm-ups. In tha only experiment Involving any a c tiv ity approaching ganarai warm-up, whara albow flexion strength was oomparad undar conditions of no warm-up and subsequent to riding tha bloyole argamatar, thara was no difference. Thay statadi • • • an improvement is registered in tha strength of tha oalf muscles, tha tanparatura of which rlsas a fta r bio70lin g , not, however, in tha performance of tha albow flexors, whose tanparatura does not Increase. (U<15) Ismussan and Brfje summarised th alr findings by statin g 1 I t has further baan demonstrated th a t not only tha active warning of tha organism through preliminary work, but also a passive heating of the organisn by radio diathermy or by hot water, has a beneficial affaot on tha output of work, corresponding to tha tanparatura I t Involves. • • • Tha beneficial affaot notad Is preponderantly a temperature affao t, and that other effeots of tha preliminary work (eiroula- tory, respiratory, hormonal, e tc .) nay ba le f t out of consideration in th is connection. (H i 1 7) This observation alone certainly does not negate tha value of Increasing blood circulation by naans of warming-up. I t does, however, land support to tha theory that I t is not Increased circulation that "warms" tha muscle. Buchthal In ocnmantlng on temperature and circulation statadi " It Is tha temperature of tha blood in tha supplying artery which determines whether tha muscle is to give off or to 16 raoalva haat during olroulatlon" (15* 2 5 6)* That i t voald tp p ttr that olroulatlon i t Important In warming tho nu«ola only throoch paaalva haatlng nathoda. Zt forthar appoara that thla w ill only occur i f tha blood la ralaad to a hlfhar tanparatnra than that of tha nuaelaa, ao that aa I t paaaaa through than tha haat w ill ba dla- alpatad, and tha naaelaa tarmad” radiantly. Tha thaory aaaoolatad v lth tha lneraaaad blood and nnaola tanparatnra la that I t T ill eanaa a ahlft of tha ozygan dlaaoolatlon ourva, to tha rig h t, ao that nora ozygan par voluna of blood paaaaa Into tha nnaola oalla, and that tha apaad of tha ohanloal raaetlon in whleh lactic aold la oxidlaad w ill ba lnoraaaad. 8proula and Arohar (2 9), who invaatlgatad tha affaot of running for 2 .5 nln- utaa a t rataa pravloualy found to prodnoa nazlnal ozygan Intaka upon lntravaaoular tanparatnraa, found rlaaa of •67° C for tha fanoral Tain, and *49° C for tha braohlnl artary and vain. Thay concludad that thaaa ohangaa wara lnanfflelant to aoeonnt for a pravloualy danonatratad rightward ah lft of tha ozygan dlaaoolatlon ourva during aatrelaa. Thay alao notad that tha rlaa dlaappaara In fiva to aavan nlnntaa aftar azarolaa* ff,,,ir r w 'T tanparatnra affaot— O n tha baala of atudlaa raviawad tha following aunnary of tha tanparatura affaot appaara jn atlflad . 19 1. Inoreases of deep muscle temperatures voro demonstrated or assumed by a ll of tho Investigators. 2m I t won Id appaar th a t except In lsolatad eases Involving re la tiv e ly cold deep nuseles and high a r t i f i c ia lly administered temperatures to the skin circu latio n Is not a sig n ifican t factor In raisin g musele temperature. 3. There appears to be lack of agreement regarding the relationship between the ris e in deep musole tempera ture and Its effect upon performance. A rise In tempera ture v l l l speed up the chemical reactions, but the true eause of the ris e seems to be the oxidative prooess. Thus I t ean be seen th at greater work performed in le ss time w ill eause an Increase In the oxidative process which in turn re su lts In a greater ris e In deep muscle temperature. Hence, I t Is not beyond the realm of p o ssib ility th at the higher deep muscle temperatures are the re su lt of the improved performance rather than the cause thereof. Lack of agreement ex ists with regard to th is concept. 4. There was co n flict with regard to the length of time during which the Increased temperature remained in e ffe c t. 5* I t would appear th at further Investigation Is needed In which techniques and experimental design are standardised before these co n flicts can be resolved. 20 Changes la Composition of Blood In addition to the circulatory ohaacoa asaoelatad with temperature, which have already boon discussed, changes in haart rata and blood composition ara known to oeour during exercise. The affoots on haart ra ta , as they ara related to th is study, ara discussed in Chapter I I I In relatio n to establishing the c rite ria for the haart rata investigation. Holagren, concentrating on the changes of the adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration of the blood during and following exercise, had th is to sayt I t Is therefore apparent th a t a su fficien tly increased concentration of catechol amines in blood flowing to the rig h t heart, during muscular exercise might exert an important regulatory influence on the cardiac work, on the a r te ria l blood pressure lev el, and on peripheral d istrib u tio n of the cardiac output to active and non- active tissu es. I t therefore seems reasonable to assume that during musoular work in man an Increased level of adrenaline In the general circu latio n may be attained which are physiologically active a t le a st on the myoeardlum besides exerting the well-known metabollo effeots. . • • Concerning the Increased level of circulating noradrenaline during musoular work the quantitative effects on the general circu latio n appear to be d if f i cu lt to evaluate a t present. (I8i69) Although he did not re la te th is to warm-up, I t Is a v e il known fa c t that adrenaline can be secreted by thought, In what amounts to the autonomic nervous system preparing the body for fight or flig h t. Karpovich (5*16) cited a study by Kalareokl in which Imagining warm-up was advocated. 21 This, of course, It the rational* upon vhleh such manta 1 warm-up, or warm-up by thinking about tha a c tiv ity , la based. Whathar or not p re-activ ity axarclaa is banaflcial to tha functioning of tha sacratlon of adrenaline is a t i l l unanswered. One other factor often considered as being as a beneficial effect of warm-up is changes in the blood sugar level. Buchthal, at a l . , (15) indicated that lig h t exer cise of the type often employed for mild warm-up did not m aterially a lte r the blood sugar level. Although i t has been confirmed that changes in the composition of the blood do occur during exerolse i t appears that they are transient and/or secondary, and cer tain ly insufficient to serve as a sole basis for warming- up. Viscosity One of the most com m on reasons given by coaches, a th le tic tra in e rs, and teachers for warming-up is to increase the "suppleness" of the muscles, tendons, liga ments, and Joints by decreasing th eir viscosity, which pre sumably w ill re su lt in a greater range of motion. In discussing v iscosity, Rledman commented* Muscle is not a fixed but a constantly changing system, and i t s viscosity is a changing property, varying with temperature, fatigue, else of load, and speed of 22 contraction. (During the "warn-up" prior to atrenuoue a c tiv ity , tha alig h t ria a in tha teBperature of active naaolee nay Inoraaaa tha effeetiveneae of eontraetion by decreasing tha vlaooalty.) . . . In ita raaiatanea to motion, tha muaela behaves aa though i t vara vlsoous. (10*51) In a review of lita ra tu ra ragarding haat and eold in aan, Hartsnan oitad rasaareh in hia diaouaaion of tha vlaooalty of synovial fluids Raduetion in tha nobility of jointa and an avkvard a loving of novenent ara oomnon experiences whan living outdoor a in a eold ollnate. Hunter. a ttrib u te thia to inoraaaa in tha viscosity of synovial fluid with tha f a ll in ita taaparatura ao that tha rata of a hear in tha flu id during tha eliding notion in tha jo in t dinlnlaheai tha fric tio n a l affaet lnereaeea with deereaao in rata of shear} hence, inoraaaing fraction# of tha applied nuaoular force beeone ineffective in noving tha jo in t. (17x79) A. V . H ill diaeuaaad viacoaity in 1927 in Muacular llovaeant in Haat Tha Factor# Qovernlne Speed and Recovery Frcm Fatiaua. Later, V. 0. Fenn nada aavaral attanpta to clarify tha phenomenon which H ill had termed "viacoaity." Karpovich aunnarised tha work of both of thaaa nans A. V. H ill inveetlgated tha affect of a heavy load on arm flexing and explained i t on tha baaia of internal nuaoular "viacoaity". H ill uaad tha word viacoaity with quotation narka, indicating that tha nature of tha internal raaiatanea nay be nora complicated than aimple viacoaity. Aa i t happened Penn pointed out la te r that vlacoua raaiatanea la ao negligible th at i t cannot be ooaaldered aa a factor affaoting muaole tana ion during contraction. (5*23) Returning to Aanuaaan and Bdje, i t nay be renumbered that part of their conolualon included, "a higher 23 temperature in muscle benefits • . • probably also by decreasing tho lntramusoalar tI soous roslstaaco1 1 ( l i t 22). Seen I f th is is tra s , I f one aoospts Fenn's findInfs th a t tha offsets of tha ohanges In Tisooslty ara nsgllglbls with raspaot to dsersaslns tha raslstanea ha Bust conclude th at daoraaslns tha Tisooslty eannot ba a prime reason for warming-up. F le x ib ility Tha b e lie f th at warm-up a e tlT ltla s lneraasa fle x i b ility or range of notion Is held by nany physical educa to rs. Tha theory nost often adTanced Is th at preliminary stretching radueas "tightness," thus enabling fre e r, easi er | less re s trle te d 9 performance. A a was Indicated p resl- . ously, th is Is elosely associated with the theory th at decreasing the Tisooslty w ill Impress performance. numerous studies base demonstrated th at range of motion can be Increased. Lukes (38)9 howeTert Is the only lnrestlg ato r who has esaluated the effect of com on e a lls- thenle type warm-up on fle x ib ility . H e found th at o alls- thenle warm-up was beneficial In Increasing range of motion In the jo in ts. DeVries (35), using exerolses sp ecifically designed for stretch in g 9 found they Improved performance In standing broad Jump, but had no significant effect upon running 220 Tarda or avlaming f if ty yards 24 Stalroase Phenomenon O n ths basis of physiological rstsareh on lsolatsd •xelssd nusolss in ths laboratory, ths value of warm-up has bssn oftsn attributed to ths stalreas# phenomenon* To ths Investigator’s knowledge thsrs has bssn no rsssareh undertaken to substantiate ths existence of this phenomenon In situ In nan* Karpovich, however, doss refute th is con* cept. Be stated! Sons w riters, attempting to explain the physiology of "warming-up" In a th le tic s, say that one of the reasons for warming-up Is the advantage of the staircase phenomenon* One oan readily see th at the "staircase" can hardly be of praotlcal consideration because! (1 ) ah ath lete before competition rarely , If ever, has fresh or rested musclest (2 ) muscle contraction In nan Is caused by a volley of closely spaced nerve Impulses, and therefore the stalroase Improvement w ill be attained In a fraotlon of a second during the f ir s t contraction and, therefore, w ill be unnoticeable* <5»19) lfeural F acilitation The theory th at neural fa c ilita tio n Is a plausible basis for warming-up has been formally Indicated only by Burke* H e stated! A fin a l theory of warm-up whioh has not been stated formally in the lite ra tu re may be Inferred from some experimental resu lts and from the subjective experience of athletes* This Is the idea that preliminary ezer oise may fa c ilita te neural processes a t either lov or high lev els, or both, of the nervous system* 25 The advantage of th is can ba attrib u tsd to praotlea affao ts, to relnforoement or v erificatio n of eya-to- muscle and proprioceptive sanaorj cues, and sim ilar mechanisms. (3 3 1 2 6) As Burke indicated, infaranoas may ba drawn which logically land strong support for th is theory. Morehouse and Raseh (8 ) , as previously c ite d , a ttrib u te considerable importance to the "kinesthetic feel" of tha performance. I t would appear th at th is nay be tha most sig n ifican t fmo to r in specific warm-up. Landing further support to tha neural fa c ilita tio n theory of warm-up, by inference, is tha Wisconsin or "Kin esthetic Goals Approach to Teaching," described by Libai These conoepts are basic to the emphasis which some of the Wisconsin faculty have placed on velocity and direction in the learning s k ills . . . . An additional ooncept . . . is th a t kinesthetic memory and perception are fundamental to motor performance. . . . 8 uoh memory and reproduction are essen tial elements of motor s k ill. <37« 1> C ertainly i f kinesthetic awareness and memory function in learning or practice, i t is only logical th at they could form the basis for neural fa c ilita tio n during warm-up. Effects of Warm-up Upon Performance The findings about the effect of one or more warm-up a c tiv itie s upon subsequent motor performance have been highly divergent. Wide variance in experimental design, c r ite r ia , and methodology makes d ire ct comparisons v irtu a lly impossible. 26 Mlehaal, Stable, and RoohtUi aoaparad lo ftk a ll throv for dlstaaec lubsiqocat to thraa n n - o p conditional (1) no vir> Q p, (2 ) flra alnutas of unrelated (general) war*-up, and (3) f lr a alnutas of related (apaolfie) vara- up. They found both of tha warn oonditlona to ba b etter than no vara-up a t tha .0 1 level of eonfidenee, but found no sig n ifican t dlffaranoa between tha two* They concluded, ■It appaara that tha intanaity of tha vara-ups and tha duration of tha wara-ups ara partlnant faetora in aotlw- ltla a Involving explosive strength* (24). In a aaoond atudy Roehelle, Stable, and Mlohaal (2 7) atteapted to ru la out poaalbla negative psychological affaota oftan attrlbutad to faar of Injury. To do th is , thay offarad a aonatary raward for throws following no vara-up vhloh battarad tha subjeot'a nora. In ooaparlng no vara-up (v lth aonatary Inoentlve) with apaelflo vara-up, again tha la tta r proved to ba auparlor a t tha .0 1 level of oonfldanoa. In tha no vara-up phaaa thay notad th at tha third t r i a l was auparlor to tha f ir s t a t tha .0 1 lawal of oonfldanoa, awan though t r i a l ooa was nonatarlly worth tvloa that of t r i a l three. This oausad than to eoaeluda that a banaflolal vara-up affaot was galnsd In tr ia ls ona and two. Thay also notad that no ausela soranass rasultad, ragardlass of vhathar or not tha subjaot warasd-up. Lattar (20), In tasting spaad of turning a 27 two-handed bicycle-type crank, Investigated tha e ffe c t of two and four alnutas of general warn-up. Tha wara-up consisted of stationary running whila clrollng tha e ra s, which wara abduetad to shouldar halght. ATtar two alnutas of r e s t, tha crank was turned for four alnutas with tha to ta l revolutions counted. Ha concluded th a t there was no difference between the effects of these wara-up conditions upon the subsequent perforaance. Skubic and Hodgkins (28), in studying the N Bffect of Vara-up A ctivities on Speed, Strength, and Accuraoy,*1 found no sig n ifican t change with or without wara-up. They likewise u tilise d related and unrelated forms of wara-up, as well as a cold condition. C fae possible explanation for th e ir fa ilu re to find any sig n ifican t differences was the low In te n sities of th e ir wara-up a c tiv itie s . General wara-up, for exsaple, consisted of only twelve slde- straddle-hops. Thoapson Investigated the effeots of wara-up upon sw lm ing, basketball foul shooting, typing, bowling, and leg strength. In sons cases he coapared both fo raal and Infernal wara-up, and In others ju st one or the other, with no wara-up. H e concluded i There Is wide v a ria b ility In the e ffe c t of wara-up on Individual perforaance. In other words, wara-up seeas to help perforaance as aeasured by group aver ages but performance of certain Individuals w ithin 28 the croup a u j not bo improved by warn-up preceding the performance. (301248) $ In a rather lim ited study of tho offooto of opooifie warm-up (swimming 500 yards), general warm-up (eallsthen- lo o )| massage, and hot showers on svlanlng performance, deVries (15) eonoludoda "There Is an interaction between tho warn-up proooduro and tho typo of stroke swum." Ho also found indications th at proper warn-up can benefit and that inpropor wam-up can hinder subsequent porfornanee. Karpovloh and Halo (19) , in an extensive studyv investigated the effects of "lig h t Jogging," expert M as sage, and d ig ita l stroking upon subsequent performance in running 440 yards. They found no significant difference between the effects of these three preliminary exercises. In addition, they studied the effeot of preliminary warm-up on the bicycle ergcneter upon subsequent performance on th is apparatus. This phase of the study was patterned closely a fte r th at of Asnussen and B4Je, cited previously. Sixty pedal revolutions per minute, for five minutes, with a load of 5*5 pounds, was used as the warn-up a c tiv ity , and was considered specific in nature. They found that "preliminary exercise did not improve sprint performance on the bicycle ergcneter" (19>1119). Mathews and 8nyder (23) compared the effeots of no warm-up and of a well rounded warm-up upon time in 29 subsequent running of 440 yards* Ths v s ll rounded vara-up eanslsted ofs (1) 440 yards Jogging and walking a lte r nately, (2 ) six push-ups, (3 ) six lag pulls v lth saoh lag, (4) tan toa touohas, (5) six sit-u p s, (6) thrsa tan-yard sp rin ts, and (7) five to tan alnutas of re s t. Thay found that th is vara-up did not slgnlfloantly Improve tha tin s In running 440 yards. Thay also notad no Incidence of Injury. Paohaeo In two stud la s, ona v lth Junior high sehool g irls (2 6), and a saoond v lth college aga nan and woasn (2 5) i investigated tha affaot of prsllalnary vara-up upon Juaplng parforaanoa. Various foras of vara-up vara u til ised, but thay would a ll have to ba eonsldarad ganaral. Thay did, however, a l l p rla arlly Involve tha lovar extreml- tla s . In a l l oasas significant gains vara obtained in w artleal Juaplng subsaquant to vara-up. DeVries (35) Investigated tha affects of statlo stretching, b a llis tic stretching, relaxation, and specific vara-up upon svlaalng, running, and standing broad Juap. Ba found that b a llis tlo stretching saaaad to have benefi c ia l vara-up affect upon Juaplng a b ility . In his other sublnvestlgatlons ha found no significant differences. Blank (13), using spaed of running 120 or 100 yards as his c rite rio n , found a preparatory optlaua vara-up pattern to ba superior to a alnlaua of a c tiv ity a t tha 3 0 •0 0 1 lovol of confidence. Burko (3 3) attempted to determine tho influence of various In te n sitie s and duration* of warn-up on strength, •pood, onduranoo, and accuracy performance. H o mod throo lntonaltloa with throo durations, for a to ta l of nlno wara-up ooablnatlons. H o eoneludod th at wara-up of op tlaal duration and In ten sity nay eontrlbuto to atrongth perform ance. Hassay, Johnson, and Kroner studlad tho offoet of gonoral wara-up upon porforaanoo as aoasurod by riding a blcycla argcaster. Thay usad hypnosis to control tho psyohologleal v ariab le, and tha subjects bolng tastod did not know whothor thay had or had not had a wara-up. Thay eoncludodt Tho findings of th is investigation In no way support tho contention th a t warn up by ow er-all, gonoral bodily a c tiv ity suoh as Is eoaaonly usod prior to ath lo tlo porforaanoo laprovos subsequent ausoular porforaanoo of a typo s ia lla r to th a t found In sp rin t running. Fur- thoraoro, although not rigorously pursued, there was ao Indication th at rath er Interne nuaoular porforaanoo a t roon toaporaturo without wara-up re su lts In soronosa or Injury. (22i69) Xalan (2 1) Investigated tha e ffe c t of Interposed re s t upon perforaance subsequent to general and spoelflo wara-ups. H o varied tho duration of re st froa two to four teen alnutas. Although his findings waro soaawhat H a lte d , ho ooneluded th at tho practice of waralng-up appears to bo ju s tifie d , and th a t p a rticu lar combinations of wara-up and 31 duration otf ra s t ara nara b sn sflclal than othars, da parting on tha typa of wara-up and tha typa of parforaanca. Ha also notad th at pravantlen of injury doaa not appaar to ba a warrantad raaton for warmlag-up. Ganarallsatlons Drawn fran tha Lltaratura Tha following ganarallsatlons rapraaant a oonaanana fran tha ravlaw of llta ra tu r a , lneludlng araat of dlsagras- nant as wall as thosa in whieh raasonabla agraanant Is awldanead. 1. Whila ganaral warn-up appaars to hawa sona Talus undar oartain conditions, indlserininata usa of i t doas not appaar to ba Ju stIflad . 2. Ganaral warn-up appaars to haws Its graatast Talus whan parfornad prior to powar aTants, such as stand ing broad Junp, or throwing for dlstanes. 3. Spaoific warn-up appaars to ba a ju stlfla d prao- tic a , although satisfacto ry physiological axplanatlons haws not as yat bssn prasantad. 4. Bpselflc warn-up appaars to hawa tha graatast affaot upon psrforaanea raquirlng coordinated, s k illfu l affo rt. 5* Tha graatast Talus of spaelflo warn-up nay wall ba a practloa affaot which night ba sxplalnsd la tarns of nsural fa c ilita tio n . 32 6. Vara-up solaly for tha purpoaa of Injury preven tio n , although s t i l l not adaquataly investigated, dots not appaar to ba Ju stifla d . 7* Psychological im plications appaar to ba aqual to , or aora important than, physiological factors with regard to wara-up. I t should ba notad th a t tha la s t two aay ba in te r related , and in addition aay hawa bean af fee tad by tha conditions under which tha research has bean conducted. Nona of tha investigations hawa u tilise d perforaance in an a ll-o u t highly coapatltiva situ a tio n for th e ir o riterlo n . Thus, I t Is highly possible th a t subjects ware "holding back** for fear of in ju ry , or th a t In a highly coapatltiwa situ atio n performers aay subconsciously exert "extra" e ffo rt which night re s u lt In injury. CHAPTtt I I I FR0CSD1R1 The purpose of th is study was to oompare tho re la tive offoots of general mad specific warn-up procedures of high and low in ten sity on aeouraey In basket-shooting« w rist floxlan strongthi w rist flo x ib llity , and hoort ro ts of high school boys. This chapter doliaoatos tho proeoduro onployod in th is study9 and has boon organised as followsi (1) tho to s t variables soetion doseribos tho c rite ria and th eir soleetlon9 (2) tho equation of general and specific wara-up seotion doseribos tho establishment of tho wara-up a c tiv i tie s ! and (3) the experimental design seotloQ describes the subjects and the adm inistration of the experiment. Test Variables In order for th is study to be of p ractical s ig n ifi cance i t was desirable to evaluate the e ffe e t of wara-up on notor perforaaaoe in an a th le tic type event. Since i t would be v irtu a lly impossible to do th is objectively in an actual gaaov or gaae-llke situ atio n ! i t was decided to employ a s k ill te s t. The s k ill te s t was lim ited to one item because i f acre had been included the in itia l te s t 33 34 would have served ao w*n-up for subsequent ones. Tho two-handed b a sk etb a ll shooting f t . —Basketball was oolaetod aa tha a th la tie a c tiv ity froa which a s k ill te s t would ba taken* Thlo waa furthar narrowed down to ahootlag aa th la la tha aoat "important aapaet of tha |u a * For purpoaao of generality I t waa daoldad th at tha ta a t ahould ba b lla ta ra l in nature* Vlth tha foragolng in ■lady tha two-handed baakatball aat ahot waa aalaetad. Baaauaa of ita popularity, tha "clock* approaoh to ta a t lag waa utilized* Flgura 1 illu a tra ta a tha Cloek Taat for baakatball aat shots* Tha ta a t had to ba dlaerlalnatary enough to determine re la tiv e ly aaall change# In p erfo n - anee* Bunn (2s225) 11#ted tha ahootlag afflolaney, in ta n a of pareantaga of baakata aada, a t alghtaan feat aa 24 par cent. Since th la la tha aldpolnt of hia curve, I t waa f a it thla would allow for naxlnua discrim ination. To ■aka tha ta a t nora discrim inatory in ta n a of aoorlng, two polnta ware awarded i f tha ahot ware auooaaaful, one point I f tha ahot ware unauooaaaful but tha b a ll h it tha r la , and no polnta I f tha r ln ware Biased on an unaueoasaful shot. Tha praotleal parfornanoa te s t than, was a aarias of two-handed baakatball sa t shots, one fro* each of tan spots, equally spaced around a seni-oirole alghtaan feat fron a point on tha floor d ire c tly beneath tha canter of 35 § e 4 7 X / \ X 3 ft X 2 X § 1 IO X ------------ 1 8 * — ---------- 0 X Fig. 1 .—Dlngron of Clock Tost for Boskotbsll Sot Shots Scoring* Ono ottonpt Is nsdo fron ooch of tho nunborod spotsj I f tho shot Is suceossful, two points$ I f tho shot Is unsuoeossful bat h its tho r ln , ono polntf ond, follaro to h it tho rln vhon tho shot Is ansueoossful, soro points. 36 the baaket. Wrlat flexion strength. —Frost a review of tha lite ra tu re i t was notad th at strength la ona of tha ele ments noat e o n only mentioned in conjunction with warm-up. lunaroua atudlaa have indicated that lneraaaaa in atrangth ■ay ba attrib u ted to vara-up. In addition, i t la widely aeeaptad th at lneraaaaa in atrangth nay improve perform ance* Tha purpoae of th la phaae of tha atudy vaa to deteralne i f vara-up not dealgned aolaly for atrangth inoraaaa would re m it In aignifleant ehangaa, and to Investigate tha relatlonahip between thaaa ehangaa and perforaanee. Flexion atrangth a t tha wrlat Joint vaa aalaetad aa being rapraaantatlwa of tha atrangth faetora inwolwad in ahootlng. Thla vaa measured by uaa of a cable tenalometer and tha device developed by D oolittle and Logan (36), lllu s - tratad in Figure 2. Wrict f le x ib ility . —Aa Indicated by Burke (33)» fle x ib ility has often bean investigated, but not in ta n a of ita relatio n to perforaanee. Thla eoncept, however, la ona of tha noat often axpraaaad reaaona aa to why vara-up la beneficial. In tam e of baakatball ahootlng i t ia rather apparent th at fle x ib ility of tha v rla ta would ba tha ■oat alg n lflean t, i f fle x ib ility la a factor. Tha purpoae of th la phaae of tha atudy vaa to deteralne i f vara-up not Fig* 2. —Wrist Strength Testing 38 designed solely to Increase f le x ib ility would re su lt in sig n ifican t changes, and to investigate the relationship between these changes and per romance. Range of w rist palmar flexion was determined in aocordanee with aoeepted nethods of gonlometry. Bony land marks used were the olecranon and styloid processes of the ulna and the head of the f if th metacarpal. The protractor head on a machinist combination square was u tilized in taking these measurements, and the scale was read to the nearest h alf degree. Since i t was necessary to measure both w rists individually the mean of the two scores was u tiliz e d . Pulse ra te . —Benstsson (12), Brouoha (14), Wahlund (31), and Young (32) have demonstrated the significance of heart ra te as an indicator of work load. Heart rate has been found by these Investigators to correlate highly with oxygen consumption, caloric expenditure, and exercise in ten sity . Thus, i t was u tiliz e d as a check on the equit ableness of the wara-up conditions. I t was also the pur pose of th is phase of the study to determine i f pulse rate could serve as an index of wara-up. Pulse rate was taken prior to warm-up every day and for the f i r s t th irty seconds subsequent to wara-up. The Equation of General and Specific Warm-up A preliminary investigation was conducted on the 39 rational* that If ganaral and apaolfie wara-up ao tiv itiaa wara to ba compared thay f i r s t had to ba equated. As i t was indicated in tha review of lita ra tu ra , ona of tha apparant values of wara-up lia s in tha oonstruet that i t is dua to tha risa in daap muscle temperature. Due to tha nature of tha subjects, d irect measurement of this phenom enon was not feasible; however, i t may ba inferred from tha lita ra tu ra that a relationship exists between oxygen con sumption and the risa In daap muscle temperature. At the vary le a s t, by equating tha warm-up a c tiv itie s in terms of oxygen consumed, and using increase in haart rata as a check, any possible difference in terms of the amount of work done would ba to a great extent eliminated. Selection of tha Specific Warn-up of High Intensity Tha specific warm-up was patterned a fter the two- handed basketball set shot used in the perforaance te s t, with the subject shooting the b all against the wall repeatedly in a volleylik* manner. I t was assumed that th is method allowed for greater standardisation, in terms of amount of warn-up, than ju st allowing the subject to shoot baskets. I t was further assumed that this method allowed for kinesthetic fa c ilita tio n without the wara-up being psychologically specific. As th is was to be specific warm-up klnesthetlcally, 40 the angle and foroe of tha shot against tha w all, as nearly as possible, had to ba tha same as th at required in tha shooting te s t. This oonoapt was basad on tha papar by Llba eltad in ohaptar I I , 8ha furthar statads Kinesthetic memory and perooptlon ara fundamental to motor performance. In lim iting tha discussion to s k ills vhloh Inrolwa tha projecting of objeots, i t can ba said th a t for any b a ll whloh must ba dlraotad with control, tha parforaar must know how much forea Is to ba appliad and ha must know tha dlraotlon In whloh th at foroa Is to ba dlraotad. Thasa ara sub- q u alities whloh ara paroalwad In motor parforaanoa. Thay ara sub-qualltles whloh oan ba raoognlsad, remembered and raprodnoad. 8uoh memory and reproduo- tion ara assan tlal alaaants of aotor s k ill. (37>1) Vharaas tha Wisconsin theory Is prim arily oonoarned with learning, I t was f a it that If tha sama "sub-qualltles" ware lnwolred In both tha wara-up and tha parforaanoa tha wara-up would ba kln esth atleally specific. By following tha procedures outlined by Llba, and by u tilisin g tha shooting distance established for tha perforaanee ta s t, I t was possible to compute tha force and elevation (dlraotlon or angle) naoassary for an optlaua shot. Hawing determined tha angle and force for an optimum shot, tha height of tha line above tha flo o r, tha distance from tha w all, and tha veloelty (hence tha rata) of shooting ware determined by alaaantary physios. I t was computed th at to simulate a shot alghtaan fe a t from tha basket, tha subjeot would shoot against tha wall to a line tan feat above tha flo o r, and fron behind 41 a 11m s i x f t t t tra m . t M w i l l A t a f ix e d r a t e . For th o d 1 m m Io n a g iv e n A b o rt, I t w a s d e te r a in e d t h a t th o t l M o f f l i g h t p o r a in u la to d a h o t a h o u ld bo .7 5 ao o o n d a , and I t v a a foond t h a t th o h a n d lin g t l M ro q u lro d *5 aooonda o r t h a t th o r a t o ah o u ld bo 1*25 aooonda p o r a h o t , o r to n a h o ta 1 ^ 1 2 .5 ao o o n d a. Spoolflo nn«up of hlah ln ta n o ltr T hl«. then, boooM tho apoelflo warn-upi ualng a tvo-handod baakatball aot ahot tho aubjeet propollod tho b a ll agalnat tho wall to a 1 1 m ton foot above tho flo o r, froai bohlnd a line alx foot frca tho v a il, a t a rato of ono ahot every 1*25 aeo- onda. Tho rato vaa aalntalnod by keeping In tlM v lth a aotronoae. Tho duration for tho apoelflo vara-up of high Intonalty vaa aoloetod aa ono alnuto and th irty aooonda ef ahootlng, th irty aooonda of re a t, and o m alnuto and th irty aooonda of ahootlng. During tho th irty aooonda of root tho aubjeet atood relaxed and hold tho b a ll. Equating General and Spoolflo Wara-upa of High Intonalty Four eallathonlo typo astrolaea voro aoloetod on tho baala of th eir vide aoooptanooi tho to ta l body lnrolroaont, and tholr oqultablonoaa v lth tho apoelflo vara-up. Tho four verei (1) Alternata-Toe-Touohing, (2) Slt-upa (knooa atralg h t), ( 3 ) Slde-Straddle-Hopa, and (4) Four-eount Squat-Thru*ta. Tho oqultablonoaa of tho gonoral and 42 speolfio warm-ups waa of prlmary conosrn, and vaa aohleved In ta n s of pulaa rata inoraaaa and ozygen dabt lnourrad during warming-up. P rior to attaapting tha equating investigation, tha investigator aatabliahad an ozygen dabt and pulaa rata inoraaaa on hinaalf for tha spaelflo warm-up of high inten s ity over two tr ia ls . Working only with squat th ru sts a t f i r s t , by t r i a l and e rro r, tha ganaral wan-up routina daserlbad above was disoovered to produoa an ozygan dabt and pulaa ra ta inoraaaa whloh olosaly approxlaatad that for tha spaoiflo wan-up of high intans ity . Oanaral wan-uo of hizh in te n sity .—The four ezer- oiaas lls ta d above, parforaad in four counts a t tha rata of ona eount ovary 1.25 seconds, for f if t y saoonds aaeh with tan saoonds ra s t batwaan baoama tha ganaral wan-up of high in tan slty . T h a a a n a t l n a I n y a a t l a a t l a n . — T h a tWO w a m -U p S Of high in ta n slty wara tastad on flva mala high sohool sub je c ts , who did not p artlolpata in tha main investigation, on two suoeaading days to substantiata th a ir praetloal equivalence. Tha subjaots wara tastad a t alght o 'd o c k in tha morning, without having had braakfast, and a fte r having rastad in a raolining position for a minimum of twenty minutes a fte r reaehlng tha gymnasium. Thay had had no a c tiv ity prior to tha ta s t other than slow walking, and 43 had had a nornal night" a alaap. lharaaa thay aay not hava qulta aa t tha haaal raqulrsasnts for aadleal dlagnoalay thay vara elosa anough to ba w ithin tha tolaraneaa of th la study. An a tta a p t waa thna aada to aquata tha affaota of ganaral and apaolfla wara-up of high ln tan alty on ozygan conauaptlon and Inoraaaa in pulaa ra ta . Qxygan oonauaptlon waa dataralnad with a Sauborn M atabolator, whloh la a eloaad o irc u it aathod. Ozygan oonauaptlon waa aaaaurad for two alnutaa In tha raatlng a ta ta , with raatlng pulaa rata takan during th la tla a . Tha aubjaot than aowad tan fa a t to tha azarolaa araay whara ha parforaad tha wara-up azarolaa (apaolfla of high ln tan alty tha f lr a t day, and ganaral of high ln tan alty tha aaeond day). Iaaadlataly upon balng told to atop, tha aubjaot novad baok to tha aatabolator whara ozygan oonauaad waa aaaaurad during tha f lr a t two alnutas of raeovary, and pulaa rata waa takan tha f lr a t flfta a n aaoonda. ln.lv.1. af th . lnr.itlt.tion By ic n n ln * th. data tha raau lta eoaparad vary favorably batwaan tha apaelfic wara-up on tha f l r a t day and tha ganaral vara-up on tha aaoood day. Maana wara ooaputad for tha ozygan dabt (poat azarolaa ozygan oonauaptlon alnua raatlng oxy- gan oonauaptlon, poat azarolaa pulaa ra ta , Inoraaaa In pulaa ra ta , and tha ra tio of Inoraaaa in pulaa ra ta to resting pulse rate fo r both warm-up conditions* In no ease was a s ta tis tic a lly sig n ifican t difference found between the means. I t was concluded th at the speelflo warm-up of high In ten sity and the general wan-up of high Intensity were w ithin tolerances of p raetlea l equivalence, in t e n s of work done, for th is study* I t was further I assumed, on the basis of the review of lite ra tu re and the praotleal equivalence of oxygen consumed, th at the deep musole temperature increase was also w ithin these to le r ances* Determination of General and Specifie Van-ups of Low Intensity In order th at the speelflo wan-up might be as specific as possible, the height of the lin e on the w all, the distance out from the w all of the floor lin e , and the time of the b a ll in flig h t (hence the ra te) had to remain the same for the low in ten sity wan-up as they were for the high* I t was deoided th a t to oonvert to low in ten sity , the amount of work per minute should be reduced by one-half and the duration doubled, with the above faetors remaining constant* 8 I f la n w - a a of l w I n f i n i t y — Th. f o llc lo * pattern was established for the specific wan-up of low intensity! wall shooting exerolse th irty seconds, re s t forty-five seconds, shoot th irty seconds, re s t forty-five 45 soooads, shoot th irty Nooodi, r s s t fo rty -flv o soooads, •hoot th irty soooads, r s s t fo rty -flv o ssoonds, shoot th irty soooodsy root fo rty -flv o ssoonds, mad shoot th irty •seoads. Qonoral vutb-up of la m ln ts n s ltr — In ordsr to a a la ta la sons tau t ln to r- sad latra-ro la tlo ash lp s botvoon goaoral, spselflOy high ln to n slty , sad loo la ts a s lty n n - a p s tho sano typo of s lto rstlo a s voro asdo la tho goaorsl wara-up in oonvortlng I t to ono of low lato n slty . Tho osdoaoo vss not ohangod* To havo dono so vould hivo asdo sobs of tho oxorolsos oasoeoptsbly slow. Tho aaount of vork por alnnto, hovovor s was rodaood and tho duration oztoadod as la tho easo of eoovortlag tho spoolflo wara-up froa high to low latonslty* Tho rosultant pattorn vss as follovst Altoraato-Too-Touohlag tvoaty-flvo ssoonds, ro st th lrty -flv o ssoonds y Altoraato-Too-Touohlag tvoaty-flvo sooondSy ro s t th lrty -flv o ssoonds» Blt-ups tvsnty-flvs •ooondSy ro s t th lrty -flv o ssoonds, 81t-ups tvoaty-flvo soooBds, ro s t th lrty -flv o soeoBds, 81do-8traddlo-Hops tvoaty-flvo ssoonds, ro s t th lrty -flv o ssoonds, Bldo- Btraddlo-Hops toonty-flvo soooads, ro st th lrty -flv o ssoonds, Four oonnt Bquat-Thrusts tvonty-flvo soooads, ro st th lrty -flv o soooads, and Four oount Bquat-Thrusts tvonty-flvo soooads* t o r MM-UP* of lew I n f in i ty . -.Although 46 tho oxygon oonaunptlon and pula* rata war* not datarainad for th* low lntanaity wara-upa I t was aaauaad that alnoa tha aaaantlal aaount of work dona waa tha a ana aa in tha eorraapondlng high lntanaity wara-up* thay would b* of p raetleal aqulwalaa** w ithin tha tolaranoaa of th la atudy. Suaaary of th* Bquatlon of Qanaral and 8p*olflo Wara-up By aathoda darlwad from tha klnaathatle goal* approaoh and froa alaaantary phyaloa, a apaolflo wara-up pattarn wa* dataralnad th a t eloaaly alaalatad a two-handad baakatball sa t ahot a t alghtaan faat froa tha baakat. A duration for parforalng th la activ ity a t high lntanaity waa a rb itra rily aatabllahad, and tha aaount of oxygon dabt and pula* rata rlaa lnourrad oaaputad. O n tha baala of tha la tta r two phanaaana and tha aaaa langth of ajDarcla* tia a , a ganaral wara-up of high lntanaity waa dav*lop*d« By kaaplng tha work dona and tha to ta l axarolia tin* and rata oonatant9 but by raduolng tha axarolaa par alnnt* by ono- h alf and doubling tha duration, wara-up aetlw ltlaa of low lntanaity war* davalopad. Thaaa taohnlquaa baeaaa tha four elaaaaa of wara-up aaployad in th la atudy. In tha following pagaa, ganaral wara-up of low lntanaity la rafarrad to aa Q -L O W j apaolflo wara-up of low lntanaity la rafarrad to aa 8-L0ffj apaolflo wara-up of high lntanaity la rafarrad to aa 8-HI0H| and 47 general warn-up of high In ten sity is referred to as G-HIQH. Ixperlnentai Design Fop purposss of groator r e lia b ility i t was decided th a t a i l tha subjects should bo tostod under a l l four con d itio n s of warn-up y v ith oaoh subject serving as h is ova control. Boeauso of tho roplloatloa thus imposed I t vas necessary to vary tho ordor In whleh tho subjeots per formed tho warn-up a c tiv itie s in an attonpt to ralo oat tho offoot of looming upon tho porfornanco to o ts. Selection of Qrdors With four variables, conditions of warm-up in th is case, thoro aro , by tho law of permutations, twenty-four d ifferen t orders in whleh tho four variables nay bo w rltton (1. e . , I-II-IU -IV , IY -I1 I-II-I, III-H -1 V -I, e ta .). 81noo I t was not feasible to onploy a group for oaoh order, or twenty-four groups, four orders wore selected a t randon, with tho only c rite rio n inposed being th a t oaoh elaes of warm-up bo f i r s t in one of tho orders. Tho four orders solootod and tho group assigned to oaoh wore as followss Tho Subjects Twenty-eight high sohool freshmen boys, ages Group A Group B Group C Group D IY -X II-I-II III-II-I-IY I-IY -II-IX I II-IV -1 -III 48 j fourteen and fifte e n , vara selected a t random as subjects. Thay vara randomly assigned to tha four groups above so th at aaeh group eonslatad of seven subjects. Tasting Prooadura Tha study w a s oonduoted over a parlod of four vaaks, v lth aaoh group balng tastad for five eonseoutlve days during ons of tha four vaaks. A ll subjeots vara tastad In tha oold sta ta on Monday and In ona of tha four vans sta ta s on aaoh of tha sueeaadlng four days In aecord- anoa v lth tha ordar outllnad above, and as approprlata to tha group to vhleh thay balongad. A dalnl«t.rlng th . proo.dtir. m n i r.o o rd ln . th . d«t«. —Tha ant Ira study vas eonduetad In a gymnasium vhloh allovad for one-half of a regulation basketball eourt to be olosad o f f v thus elim inating any possible d istractio n s. Tha ambient temperatura ranged betveen six ty -fiv e and seventy-tvo degrees Fahrenheit in tha gymnasium during th is Investigation. Regulation b asketballs, ehaekad for proper In flatio n pressure prio r to aaoh tasting period, vara used throughout th is study. A ll subjects rested a fte r arriving a t tha gymnasium for a minimum of fifte e n minutes. Nona of tha subjaots had participated In any a c tiv ity p rio r to tastin g other than normal walking to and from olass. No attempt vas 49 ■ad* to place tho subjects in o tru ly basal condition} however| thay war# a l l in vhat oould bo termed a rostod oandition, which p arallels aotual practice. Two high school senior boys, of bettor than average intelligence and highly dependable, were nsed as a ssis tants* They had been serving as student instructors so th at the younger subjects were accustomed to following th e ir directions* The assistan ts were trained and used to administer the warn-up a c tiv itie s and to give the two- handed basketball shooting test* They also recorded the scores of the latter* The investigator administered and recorded the data for the pulse ra te , w rist flexion strength, and w rist fle x ib ility tests* The te s ts were administered in the following orders pulse ra te a fte r a minimum of fifte e n minutes re s t and prior to the designated warm-up for the day, pulse rate subsequent to the warn-up, w rist flexion strength, w rist fle x ib ility , and basketball shooting* The post warm-up pulse ra te was taken lmu»dlately when the subject finished the warn-up and no time lapse occurred between tests* The time to take the pulse ra te , w rist flexion strength, and w rist fle x ib ility was approximately three minutes. Thus the subject was engaged in practical performance well within five minutes, th is being the length of time a fte r which some investigators have claimed the benefits of 50 warn-up etas* to a z lst (21, 29)* Tho or If Inal Intent was to transform tha raw seoras Into warn soora deviations by alfab raleally sab tra c t lag tha co ld -test aeora fron tha warn-tost seora, and u t i l l s - lng thasa deviations in tha s ta tis tic a l analysis. Subse quent to gather Inf tha data I t was daoldad to anploy only raw sooras In tha s ta tls tlo a l analysis. Slnoa a l l of tha cold seoras (seoras achieved without prelim inary warn-up) ware measured on tho f i r s t day tha subjects ware tastad , and beoause of tha possible learning o ffset upon tha per- farnaneo neasuros, thay could not bo treated in tha some s ta tis tic a l nannar as tha warn seoras whleh wore varied in tha order thay ware administered. Thus, nantion is nade of relationships between warn and eold conditions only as a n a tte r of In terest throughout tha balance of th is d isser ta tio n , and should not be construed as having any bearing upon tho hypotheses th a t ware established. C H A P T E R 17 A IU L L 1B IS O P TH* D A T A Th* purpose of th is study vat to coapare tho re la tiv e offoeto of gonorol and opoolflc wara-up proooduroo of high and low In ten sity on aocuraoy in basket-shooting 9 w rlot flozlon strength, w rist f le x ib ility , and hoart rato of high sohool boys* loch of tho e rlto rla eonstitutod tho basis for a soparato investigation and tho s ta tis tic a l analysis of tho data is so dosorlbod In th is ohapter* A n u ll hypothesis was foraulotod, and stated as followsi Tho obtained neon differences for tho variable following tho four warn-up procedures nay bo read ily attrib u ted to randon sanpling error or chane*9 and thus do not d iffe r sig n ifican tly froa the hypothetical naan d iffe r ence of sero* This hypothesis was tested for each of the investigations by enploylng L indquist's (6) "Treatment by Subjeots Design" for analysis of variance* The *05 lev el of confidence was se t as the point a t which the null hypothesis would be rejected as untenable and the d iffe r ences considered s ta tis tic a lly significant* The Variance Tables have been included in the Appendix* 51 Th# Parforaanca Investigation At vat fu lly described In Chapter I I I , tha perforn- anoa investigation vat ooneerned v lth tan ta t th o tt In basketball, th at vara equally tpaead around a sen l-elro le v lth a radius eighteen fa a t froa tha basket. Bo or Inc vas two points for a suooassful baskat, on# point for h lttln c tha r ln on an nntuoeattful a tte n p t, and saro fo r nissing tha r ln on an untnooattfnl attan p t. Frosi Tabla 1 I t can ba obsarwad th at tha naan sooraa for G -LO W , 8-LOW , O -H X Q H , and 8-H X Q H vara 8.82, 8 *8 2 , 9*50, 9*07 respectively. O -L O W and 8-LOW had ld antloal naans, ra tu ltln g In tha a n a lla tt naan dlffaranoa balnc taro . Tha graatast naan dlffaranoa vat *68 ooourrlng batvaan Q-HIQH and both O -L O W and 8-LOW . W han traatad by analyalt of varlanea tha d if- faranoat vara not s ta tis tic a lly sig n ifican t. Tha n u ll hypothasls, tharafora, could not ba rejected. A WWIMrlfBB t f tt« PflQUM — I t vas not tha purposa of th la stud;* to eonpars tha oold sta ta v lth any, or a l l , of tha varm stages, and tha azparl- nant v a t, tharafora, not dasignad to do so. Sine# tha original in tan t vas to uta warn teora dawiatlons, a t explained In Chaptar I I I , tha eold seoras on aaoh subject, for tha f i r s t day, vara a t hand. 8olaly as a a a tta r of in ta ra s t, than, tha eold soora naan of 6.68 vas eonparad v lth tha warn seoras by analysis of war lane#• This 53 TABU 1 PBtraXMTCB IBVBBTIOATlOI I B A S K E T B A L L B B T 8H00TIHQ SCCBtt (tonaral Spaolflc Oanaral Specific Bubjtet Lot Low Hl«h Hlfli 1 9 10 10 10 2 10 13 2 1 3 10 9 10 3 4 9 10 8 6 5 5 7 6 3 6 7 9 10 8 7 12 8 10 9 4 12 14 12 9 12 11 10 8 10 8 7 8 7 11 11 9 11 10 12 6 10 10 12 13 8 9 12 11 14 14 13 12 10 15 9 10 8 12 16 9 11 13 10 11 11 11 11 i4 1 2 7 7 19 10 9 14 13 20 7 11 10 11 21 7 11 8 7 22 9 9 11 U 23 14 9 10 11 24 8 5 10 11 2? 7 2 3 5 26 10 8 10 13 27 7 7 12 12 28 5 3 8 9 M m o i 8.82 8 .8 2 9.50 9.07 8. D . 2.17 2.00 1.83 1.98 resulted in a highly sig n ifican t difference, whleh ordin a rily would have lad ona to eonelude th a t wara-up waa i superior to tha eold s ta te in tarns of subsequent perforn- anoa. This eonoluslon, however, eould not ba drawn as tha ieold seoras ware a l l taken on tha f i r s t day of te stin g , and tha warn seoras ware accunulated over four days, thus asking I t possible th at tha difference was in r e a lity due to praetlee. In an attan p t to c la rify tha situ atio n tha naans for tha eold sta te and aaeh of tha warn conditions ware plotted on a graph. Tha seoras ware than assenbled aeoarding to day of tha weak, disregarding type of warn-up, and tha naans ware ecaputed. These nay ba observed in Table 2. Tha naans for days of tha weak ware likewise plotted on tha graph (Figure 3)* In tha process of plotting tha graph i t was noted th at tha differenee of 1*32 between 6.68 for Monday and 8.00 fo r Tuesday was greater than tha diffaranea between any other two succeeding days. W hen treated s ta tis tic a lly by F ish er's "t" for correlated neans tha diffaranea was found to ba not sig n ifican t. This finding plus analysis of tha graph lad to tha in terp re ta tio n th at tha aforeweatloned diffaranea between tha eold sta te and warn-up was a r t i f i c ia l, and in r e a lity only nasked a nornal learning eurve which eould ba attrib u ted to tha practice a ffe c t. This served to enphasise th at tha design of th is study was not TABU 2 PBIFCRM1*CB IVfBTZOATIOHl BA SK ETBALL BIT SHOCTIIO 8CCR0--BATE OF THE W E E K SabjM t Monday (Cold) Taaaday (V an) Vadnaaday (•arm) Thursday (V an) Friday (V an) 1 7 10 10 9 10 2 6 2 1 10 13 3 9 10 3 10 9 4 4 8 6 9 10 5 8 6 3 5 7 6 7 10 8 7 9 7 9 10 9 12 8 6 3 13 14 12 12 9 12 8 11 12 10 10 2 7 7 8 8 U 9 10 9 11 11 12 5 12 10 6 10 13 3 11 9 8 12 14 6 10 14 12 15 10 9 10 12 16 9 9 13 11 10 *Z 13 11 11 11 11 id 2 1 7 2 7 19 10 10 14 9 13 20 6 7 10 11 11 21 5 7 8 11 7 22 9 9 11 9 11 23 7 9 10 14 11 24 6 -5 10 8 11 25 7 2 3 7 5 26 3 6 10 10 13 2Z 6 7 12 7 12 26 2 3 8 5 9 X m m 6.66 8.00 8.86 9*32 10.14 8. D. 1.63 1.99 2.16 2.04 1*33 56 I jOO Ll 1 < C L f t MON COLD G-LOW S -L O W S - W»©N G-MtGM Fig. 3 . —Graph of Performance Investigation Graph of Man soarasi (- - - ) indicates eold and varn-up eoodltlons disregardInc day of tho week (order); ( ■ ■ ) indicates dap of the week (order) disregarding vara*np condition. 57 to compare n » and oold, and farth er Indicated tho Importance of o ountarbalancing treatments* O n# other faot th a t nay ba aotad froa tha graph la th a t tha eonntarbalaiaolag of tha varm-up proeadnraa vas s ta tis tic a lly sound. This n aj ba notad by observing tha ralatlonshlp batvaan tha eurvas, tha aannar In whloh thay in terseo t, and th a lr slopas. Tha Strangth Znvaatlgatlon Tha strangth lnvastlgatlon vas eonearnad v lth slnoltanaous flexion strangth of both v rls ts as measured on tha v r ls t strangth davlea which vas fu lly axplalnad in Chaptar III* Froa Tabla 3» I t ean ba observed that tha Man strangth measures, In pounds, for eold, O-LOV, B-LOf, O-HiaH, and 8-HZQH vara 48.95, 52*30, 50*38 , 49*69, and 50*12 raspaotlvaly* Tha graatast diffaranea vas 3*35 pounds batvaan strangth naasurad eold and a fta r G -L O V * Tha sn allast dlffaranoa vas *26 pounds batvaan 8-LOV and 3-HIQH. As datarnlnad by analysis of varlanea tha d lffe r- anoas vara not s ta tls tle a lly significant* Tha null hypothesis, tharafora, eould not be rejeetad and the naan differences vara acknowledged as being too sn ail to varrant further s ta tis tic a l treataent* The F le x ib ility Investigation The fle x ib ility Investigation vas eonearnad v lth TABU 3 8TK SV 0TH IOT8TIO1TJ.0V* 8U C D L T A M B 01B W R 18T FUXXOV 8TBU8TH IV P0U V D 8 Oonorol Spoolflo Oonorol Spoelflo 8abJ«ot Cold Loo Loo High High I 45.9 55.0 45*0 51.3 2 40.8 57.0 50.0 45.0 45.4/ 3 47.5 47.9 54.7 54.2 52.0 4 5 & 43.0 86.0 43.3 77.5 62.0 40.0 70.4 }5*5 8 1 .3 6 48.8 60.0 53*3 56.7 7 44.5 53.5 58.0 50.0 47.0 8 52.5 54.7 54.0 49.6 54.7 9 46.3 50.3 50.0 60.0 43.3 10 11 32.7 77*5 U :l 67.5 3 2 ** 81.3 3 0 .6 6 1 .3 12 45.0 5 0 .8 49.6 49.6 13 44.2 55.0 47.5 40.8 45.0 14 58.3 53.3 56.4 5 2 .5 58.3 15 50.8 47.5 52.5 5 1 .7 47.5 16 45.0 41.4 36.7 3 9 .1 42.0 55.0 62.1 52.5 7 0 .0 59.7 18 40.8 40.0 49.6 2 1 : 1 42.5 19 62.9 & S 40.8 67.9 59.7 20 21 53.6 40.0 53.0 33*8 III 58.0 35.0 22 55.0 55.8 56.4 57.5 59.1 23 47.9 50.8 42.5 41.7 24 43.3 42.5 3 2 * 3 31.3 45.0 25 61.3 67.9 48.8 5 2 * 2 62.5 26 45.9 56.3 54.2 48.8 55.0 27 32.5 32.3 26.7 32.3 38.0 28 47.1 42.0 54.0 41.4 3 8 .6 Mtans 48.95 52.30 50.38 49.69 5 0 .1 2 8. D. 7.50 8.95 8.47 8.33 8 .4 5 th* d*gr**s of palaar rang* of notion of th* w rists. A * d*sorlb*d la Ch*pt*r I I I , both w rists w*r* n*asur*d indi vidually *ad th* n*an of th* two seor*s was used. Fro* Tabl* 4, i t oan b* ***n th a t th* asan fle x ib ility n*asur*s, ! in d*gr**t of palaar flexion of th* w rist*, war* 87.44, 86.28, 85.26, 85.98, and 86.03 t o r eold, O -L O W , ft-LO W , !0-HX0H, and B-HIQH r*sp*otlv*ly. Th* sn allest n*aa differ* i •no* was .25 d*gr**s b*tw**n S-HIOH and O -L O W whll* th* greatest was 2.18 d*gr**s b*tw**n 8-LO W and eold. A* d*t*rnla*d by analysis of variant* th* dlff*r*ao*s w*r* not s ta tis tic a lly significant} th*r*for*, th* null hypothesis ooald not b* r*J*ct*d and th* n*aa dlff*r*no*s w*r* acknowledged as being too sn ail to warrant farth er s ta tis tic a l tr*atn*nt. Th* H*art Rat* Investigation Th* heart rat* Investigation was adalnist*r*d as a ohaok to deternln* i f th* work output of th* four wara-up procedures aalntaincd its praotieal *qulval*no*. Th* h*art rat* was d*t*rain*d d ig ita lly froa th* brachial pulse, and was taken for th* f ir s t th irty seconds a fte r th* subject had ooapl*t*d his wara-up. By r*f*rring to Tabl* 5, i t oan b* s**n th a t th* a*an puls* rates for O -L O W , ft-LOW , 0-HI0H, and 8-H X O H wara-ups war* 123*6, U 1.0, 129*0, and 116.8 r**p*etlv*ly. Th* greatest dlff*r*nc* TABU 4 FUSIBILITY IIVWTIQATIOHi M U M S 8 C C R B B * O F P A L M A R FUXIOir O F B O T H H I T S Stxbjaot Cold Ganaral Low Spaoifie Low Ganaral Hlfh Spaoifie High 1 2 3 4 I I 9 1 0 I I 12 13 14 S 1 1 19 2 0 2 1 2 2 23 24 n ii 9 2 .0 ll: % 8 6 .0 96.0 96.5 90.8 8 3 « 0 91.2 92.5 8 9 .0 in 8 :8 U :l 87.5 78.0 do. 8 8 7 * 0 90.8 89.8 79.0 90.2 85*8 8 2 .2 91*2 91.2 74.2 & ! 9 6 .2 9 8 .0 78.5 90.5 90.8 86.5 91.0 8 8 .0 9A.2 8 2 .0 91.2 77.0 6 9 .2 80.8 8 2 .8 85*2 84.5 84.0 75.2 81.5 91.5 93.2 89.0 71.0 8 0 .2 8 6 .0 94.5 94.0 9 0 .0 73.5 90.2 89.2 91.5 9 1 .8 79.2 86.5 8 0 .0 89.5 80.8 84.0 78.5 8 3 .2 82.5 8 6 .8 89.0 75.2 8 7 .0 8 3 .2 8 7 .0 94.2 86*5 77.2 6 0 .2 92.2 9 2 .8 9 8 .0 93.0 76.0 8 6 .2 94.0 8 1 .2 94.8 79.2 90.5 79.5 8 9 .0 8 :1 8 1 .5 8 2 .0 S I * 5 8 6 .2 79.5 77.0 91.0 86.5 93.0 9 1 .8 9 0 .8 75.8 83.0 8 6 .0 93.0 93.2 92.0 77.0 93*2 2 1 -5 84.2 93.2 83 82.5 91.0 2 ! :f 8 2 .6 8 5 * 0 84.0 8 7 .8 8 3 .0 ih 8 4 .5 9 3 .2 91.8 Maans 87.44 86.28 85*26 85.98 86.03 8. D. 3.25 3.93 3.92 3.70 2.90 *lioh w rist was aaasurad individually in t a n s of dsgrsss of palaar floxion, and tha naan for tha two ■aasuranents eonputad. TABU 5 ■ h i t h e n u e ru A T io iii e m u m f m n - v M U L pouk 6J Ja d t M M Cold W * r m 8*MV Cald M O M Cald Cald 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 S 2 19 20 21 22 23 24 5 27 ab 40 76 44 102 06 94 £ 48 80 48 1 8 48 46 80 62 92 40 ?6 84 70 74 72 104 126 128 222 118 132 no 134 138 104 110 $ i ? 148 no 146 84 140 1 1 0 122 132 & 1 0 0 114 134 48 £ a o o 88 82 £ 44 £ 96 92 64 64 I 64 £ 66 64 82 68 s 124 110 134 3 ? n 116 116 1 1 0 i £ & 100 144 106 £ 158 1 1 0 124 & 104 04 188 124 60 £ £ 88 60 64 60 £ 68 64 £ 84 68 £ £ S o 60 £ * 120 144 *3? 126 94 1 2 0 116 148 W 118 122 142 140 190 112 195 102 S B 124 112 122 122 & $ 10b 1 1 0 l i t 118 108 I 12* 140 * 8 142 ue 146 3 S 10* 110 E 108 $ 74.6 125*6 74.0 111.0 71*4 129.0 7 2 .0 116.6 S. B. 7*67 12.67 7.33 13.67 8.00 13*01 6.33 13- 33 6o TABLE 4 FLEXIBILITY IN V ESTIG A TIO N S M E A N S SC C R B S* (V P A L M A R FLEX IO N O F B O T H N EU 8T3 Ganaral Spaoifie Ganaral Spaoifie Subject Gold Low Low High High 1 92*0 91.2 8 9 .0 86.5 9 0 .8 2 3 4 l l : % 8 6 .0 74.2 ? d 71.0 6 0 .2 8 6 .0 77.2 do. 2 92.2 75.8 8 3.0 8 6 .0 5 96.0 96.2 94.5 92.8 93.0 6 96.5 98.0 94.0 98.0 93.2 7 90.8 89.5 9 0 .0 93.0 92.0 8 8 3 .0 78.5 73.5 77.0 9 91.2 90.5 9 0 .2 8 6 .2 93*2 10 92.5 90.8 89.2 94.0 91.5 11 8 9 .0 86.5 91.5 8 1 .2 84.2 12 93.5 91.0 91.8 94.8 13 81.5 8 8 .0 79.2 79.2 p 14 91.5 9 8 .2 86.5 90.5 15 8 6 .0 8 2 .0 8 0 .0 79.5 89.0 6 2 .5 16 90.5 91.2 89.5 91.0 S 86.5 87.5 77.0 69.2 8 0 .8 84.0 H i f t ] 19 7 6 .0 8 0 .8 78.5 81.5 8 2 .8 2 0 80.8 8 2 .8 8 3 .2 8 2 .0 8 5 .0 21 8 7 .0 8 5 .2 § 2 - S 85.5 84.0 2 2 90.8 89.8 84.5 8 6 .8 8 6 .2 8 7 .8 23 84.0 89.0 79.5 24 79.0 75.2 75.2 6 7 .0 77.0 75.8 25 90.2 91.5 91.0 65.5 26 85.8 81.5 8 3 .2 86.5 84.5 2 Z 82.2 91.5 8 7.O 93.0 93.2 28 91.2 93.2 94.2 91.8 91.8 Moans 8 7 .4 4 86.28 85.26 85.98 8 6 .0 3 8. D. 3.25 3.93 3.92 3.70 2.90 ♦Each w rist was Measured Individually in terns of dagraas of palaar flaxion, and tha naan for tha two measureaents ccaputad. 61 TABLE 5 H E A R T R A T E IN V ESTIG A TIO N * C O L D A N D P O S T W A R M -U P B R A C H IA L PU LSE Sub O -L O W 3-LOi Q-HIGH 8 -HIGH je c t Cold Vara Cold Wara Cold Wara Cold Wara 1 60 104 68 124 6 0 120 64 106 2 76 126 72 110 T6 144 72 110 3 64 128 62 134 66 *•35 62 110 4 102 122 100 130 98 126 98 118 5 86 118 88 116 8 0 94 80 108 6 94 132 82 26 88 120 90 96 7 110 2* 82 6 0 116 60 118 6 9 80 68 134 138 84 64 116 116 21 148 x39 S 86 10 8 0 104 76 110 64 118 7 s 8 0 11 68 110 64 76 60 122 60 12 Z2 130 96 128 Z2 142 Z4 124 13 88 128 92 138 8 0 140 82 140 14 68 130 64 114 68 150 6 0 130 15 98 64 100 64 112 68 92 16 8 0 148 76 76 144 72 152 8 0 142 *Z 82 110 106 64 120 68 110 id 92 146 82 96 84 102 68 142 19 6 0 84 64 84 68 130 6 0 112 2 0 72 160 76 158 74 172 80 160 21 56 110 62 110 72 124 68 104 22 72 122 68 124 ?4 112 64 110 23 66 132 64 78 64 122 68 110 24 84 134 82 100 80 122 96 136 25 70 156 68 104 6 0 132 66 126 26 74 100 7f 7§ 84 Z2 140 6 0 106 2 ? 76 116 108 86 76 132 76 1.32 2d 72 134 68 124 138 76 128 Meant 74.6 1 2 3 .6 74.0 111.0 71.4 129.0 7 2 .0 1 1 6 .8 S. D . 7.67 12.67 7.33 13.67 8 .0 0 1 3 .0 0 6.33 13.33 62 vas 18.0 beats/nlnute batvaan 8-LO W a ad G-HIGH. Tha sn allest diffaranea vas $ ,4 beats/nlnute batvaan O -L O W and O-HIGH. Traatnant by analysis of varlanoe revealed th at tha dlffaraneas vara s ta tls tle a lly significant beyond tha •01 level of eonfldenoe. Tha null hypothesis vas thus rejected and tha naan differences vara attrib u ted to tha variation In warn-up. Further s ta tis tic a l traatnant by application of F lsh ar's "t" ravaalad th at tha true dlffaranoa vas batvaan the ganaral varn-up pattarn and tha speelflo vam-up pat tern. Tha difference of 12.2 batvaan tha eonblned naans for Q -L O W and O -H ZG H , and far 8-LO W and 8-HIGH resulted In a "t* of 3*59 vhleh vas significant a t tha .01 level of confidence* Tha dlffaranoa batvaan eonblned highs and eonblned lovs vas not sig n ifican t. CHAPTBl V DX8CTB8I0R Q P R R B U L T 8 The analysis vat directed toward a comparison of tha affaeta of apaeifle wara-up pattarnad a fta r tha activ ity and a ganaral wara-up oonslatlng of bodily movements ganaral in natura that ara non-*pacific to tha activ ity . Differences in affaeta ralatad to diffareneaa in intanaity wara aiao anaiysad. I t ia highly probabla th at tha varying raaulta from tha numerous pracading invaatlgationa wara dua to tha procadural diffaranea*. Thaaa seem to f a ll into ona or ■ora of tha four following eatagoriaas (1) leak of uni formity in procadura of experimental design, (2) inaquality of warm-up a c tlv ita a , both w ithin and batwaan d i f far ant invaatigationa, (3 ) biaaad axparimantal daaign th at lnharantly favor ad ona of tha abova concepts, and (4) dia- crapanoiaa in terminology. Tha Parformanoa Investigation Tha diffaraneaa batwaan tha means for parformanca following tha four types of warm-up, aa noted in Table 1, wara not sig n ifican t. Thaaa raaulta substantiate those of Michael, Skublc, and Rochelle (24), who found no 63 6$ a lg n lfle a n t d lffaran o a batvaan ra la ta d and unrelated vara-up In th a lr a ffa o ts upon aubaequent a o ftb a ll throv for d latan ca. Tha other ln v e atlg a to ra have not ooapared se n a ra l and apaolflo wara-upa v lth aaoh o th e r, but ra th a r have ccapered one or tha o th a r, and on occaalon both, v lth no vara-up. Thara haa baan a ganaral tendenoy, hovever, fo r thaaa ra a u lta to ln d io ata th a t apaolflo vara-up la auparlor to no vara-up, and th a t ganaral vara-up la not a lg n lflc a n tly d iffe re n t fro a no vara-up. Thla haa lad to tha p raaatura lnfaranoa aada by nuaaroue v r lta r a th a t apaolflo vara-up la auparlor to ganaral vara-up even vhan tha tvo have not baan d lra o tly ooaparad. ▲aaualng th a t apaolflo vara-up la auparlor to ganaral vara-up, a poaalbla axplanatlon a x la ta aa to vhy no a lg n lflo a n t d iffaran ea vaa found In th la atudy. Spe c if ic vara-up, although defined aa being e ith e r In tha a c tiv ity or patterned a f te r I t , haa, In a l l atudlaa oon- a u lta d , baan In tha a c tiv ity being ta a ta d . In th la atudy, hovever, apaolflo vara-up vaa patterned a f te r tha p erfo ra- anoe a c tiv ity and vaa In r e a lity n eural f a c ilita tio n th a t vaa k ln e a th e tle a ily apaolflo In taraa of th a groaa aovenent p a tte rn . In a d d itio n , tha aubjaota vara not lnforaad of th la k ln eath etlo a p a o lflo ity In an a tte a p t to co n tro l a poaalbla payehologloal b laa. Thua, I t la highly probable th a t tha apaolflo vara-up vaa not payehologleaily ap ao lflo , 65 which u j very w ell be a more s ig n ific a n t fa c to r than naural or k in e sth e tic fa c ilita tio n * I f tha assum ption th a t apaolflo warm-up la su p erio r to ganaral warm-up Is o o rra e t, I t would appear th a t fo r warm-up to q u a llfy as being apaolflo I t would have to ba In tha a c tiv ity , and th a t warm-up s o le ly p attern ed a f te r tha a c tiv ity eould no longer ba considered speelflo* V lth regard to the In te n s ity concept, I t would appear th a t the o b jectiv e of a tta in in g p ra o tie a l equiva lence In te rn s of energy expended had been achieved* In comparing th ese r e s u lts with those of burke (3 3 ), two p la u sib le explanations e x is t regarding h is conclusion about optim al warm-upi (1) a l l c la sse s of warm-up were optim al fo r th e subsequent motor performance, or (2) none of the c la sse s of wara-up were optim al fo r th e subsequent motor performance* Without te s tin g numerous wara-up com b in atio n s I t would be v ir tu a lly Impossible to determ ine what Is optimal* In terms of coordinating optim al w ith no warm-up, i t was Impossible to determine th e e ffe c t of warm-up versus no warm-up due to the design or th is study* In attem pt was made, however, to shed some lig h t on th is fa c e t by oomparlng the means fo r co n d itio n or wara-up w ith the means fa r days of th e week* Thus, th e warm-up curve was compared, by graphic a n a ly sis , w ith th e p ra c tic e e ffe c t or learn in g curve* As can be observed In Figure 3, 66 i t appeared th a t tha p ra o tie a a f f a e t dominated tha warn-up e ffe c t. While th la vaa dona aa a v a t t a r of I n te r e s t, and sound ln ta rp ra ta tlo n a eannot ba drawn fro a I t because of tha design of tha study, I t doaa tand to ln d lo ata th a t tha p rao tlo e a f f a e t la ln p o rta n t. Thla eaata serious doubt on tha fin d In fa of thoaa In v e stig a tio n s th a t have not takan la a rn ln f In to acoount. In a d d itio n I t praaanta quaations to ba anavared by fu rth e r In v e stig a tio n s. Thus, i t nay ba suaaarlsed th a t tha evidence pro vided b y th la atudy, although not overwhelming, would ln d lo ata th a t g en eral and ap ao lflo wara-up a c tiv itie s of high and low I n te n s itie s , Whan thay have baan equated In ta rn s of energy expanded, a re eq u ally a ffa o tlv a a a w a y s of varmlng-up fo r subsequent no to r performance. Tha 8 tre n g th In v e stig a tio n S tra n g th , a l l other th in g s being e q u a l, la consid ered by most ooaohes and p h y sical educators aa being a highly ln p o rtan t p re re q u is ite to perforaanoe. I t la gen e r a lly accepted th a t stre n g th la gained by exercising a g a in st naxlnun re sista n c e ! however, Burke (33) reported Increases In stre n g th v lth wara-up a c t iv it ie s n o n -re slstlv e In n atu re . Since I t Is p o ssib le th a t a tra n s ito ry lnorease could occur, th a t th is Increase n ig h t be of b e n e fit to sub sequent perfornance, stre n g th vas Included as p a rt of th is study. Howewer, since d ifferen c es between maxis fo r stre n g th under th e four m n - a p conditions were not sig n if ic a n t, i t Appears th a t warping the p re -te s tin g warm-up a c tlw ity has no a f f a c t upon th a subsequent stren g th ■ensures. Burke a ls o suggested th a t o p tla a l wara-up Bay c o n trib u te to gains in stre n g th . Lack of confirm ation of h is suggestion, th en , may be a ttrib u te d to the p o s s ib ility th a t the wara-up eaployed in th is study was not "optim al." The g re a te s t increase In stre n g th was recorded a f te r the g en eral wara-up of low In te n s ity , the naan d ifferen c e being 3*35 pounds g re a te r than no wara-up. This suggests the p o s s ib ility th a t an o p tla a l lew el of wara-up Bight r e s u lt in s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in the lewel of stre n g th . I t aay a ls o be noted th a t in no case was th e re a decrease in th e stre n g th lew el, and th a t no learn in g curwe could be d eteeted . The F le x ib ility Inw eatlgatlon Since an in crease in range of n o tio n is one of the popular concepts as to why one should w ara-up, since numerous in w estlg atlo n s hawe shown th a t range of notion can be In creased , and because th e re has not been, to the w r ite r 's knowledge, a study re la tin g increased range of n o tio n to perform ance, f le x i b i l i t y was included as p a rt of th is study. S p ecific ex ercise s fo r in creasing f le x i b il i t y of the w ris t were purposely not ad a in lste re d because ewery 69 attem pt m t AAd« to p a tte rn the warm-ups a f te r those in c o n o n p ra c tic e . However, since d ifferen ces between means fo r f le x i b ility undar tha four warm-up conditions vara not a ig n lfle a n t, i t appaars th a t varying tha p re -te stin g warm-up a c tiv ity had no a ffa e t upon tha aubaaquant f le x i b i l i t y measures. Tha Heart Rata In v estig atio n I t la g en erally accepted by exercise p h y sio lo g ists th a t h eart ra ta is tha b ast sin g le measure of tha Immedi a te a ffe c t of axarclsa upon tha body and tha organism 's a b ility to adapt to tha axarolsa (12, 14, 31, 32). Tha h eart ra ta in v e stig a tio n was thus included as a check upon tha e q u a lity of tha four warm-up co nditions. I t was obvious th a t there was no value in Including tha oold scores in tha a n a ly sis of variance treatm ent of tha data in tha h e a rt ra ta in v e stig a tio n . I s indicated in Table 10 in tha Appendix, d ifferen ces between the means of the four warm-up conditions were s ig n ific a n t, and the n u ll hypothesis was thus re je c te d as being untenable. A s e rie s of t r a tio s indicated th a t the tru e sig n ific a n t d ifferen ce was between the general and sp e c ific warm-up p a tte rn s , ra th e r than between the two in te n s itie s of e ith e r of these p attern s in d iv id u ally or combined. The lo g ic a l Inference th a t had to be drawn was th a t the 69 g en eral wara-up p a tte rn Increased tha h e a rt r a ta aora than tha sp e c ific warm-up p a tta rn , which lndlcatad th a t tha su b jects performed aora work during tha ganaral warm-ups. Two ln ta rp ra ta tlo n a ara p o stlb la . Tha f i r s t would ba th a t ona has to p arfo ra aora work In a ganaral wara-up a c tiv ity than in a • p a c ific wara-up a c tiv ity to gain tha saaa re s u lts in ta rn s of subsaquant performance. Tha •aeond would ba th a t, although tha d lffaran cas war# s t a t i s ti c a ll y s ig n lflc a n tt thay wara not of p ra c tic a l s ig n if i cance. Although tha valua of h a a rt ra ta as an in d ic a to r of anargy expended cannot ba doubted, tha question does a ris e as to whether a variance n u n erlc ally s ig n ific a n t in ta rn s of s t a t i s t i c s Is of p ra c tic a l sig n ific a n c e . When consid ering tha range of divergency p o ssib le, eighteen beats par nlnute appears ra th e r s n a il. Aotual a n a ly sis of th a cold pulse ra te s revealed th a t fiv e su b je c ts, or eighteen par cant varied six te e n or aora beats par nlnute between th e ir oold t r i a l s . Casting fu rth e r doubt on tha s t a t i s t i c a l in d icatio n th a t a p ra c tic a l d lffaran o a ex isted in tha energy expanded, was the inconsistency w ith resp ect to tha response p a tte rn s of in d iv id u al su b jects. Fourteen achieved th e ir highest h e a rt ra te a f te r G-H1GH, s ix a f te r G-LOW , and four each a f te r 3-HIGH, and 8-LOW. Thus, l i t t l e p ra c tic a l sig n ifican ce can be attached to th is apparent 70 d iffe re n c e between the general and sp e c ific wara-up p a tte rn s. I t should ba noted, however, th a t a l l four wara-up conditions ra lsa d tha h a a rt ra ta to a la v a l consonant w ith a lld a x a rc lsa , and th a t nona of tha su b jects approachad fa tlg u a . Suaaery This study eo n trlb u tad s ig n ific a n tly to tha body of knowledge about wara-up In a t le a s t th re e ways. F ir s t, an a tta a p t was aada to equate tha ganaral and sp e e lfle wara-up procedures in terms of energy expanded. Second, ganaral and sp e c ific wara-up procedures ware d ir e c tly eoapared. Thus tha finding th a t g an aral and sp e c ific wara-up proce dures a re r e la tiv e ly equal In ta rn s of b e n e fitin g subse quent notor performance must be considered s u b s ta n tia lly acre sound than the fin d in g s of stu d ies th a t neglected e ith e r or both of these precautions. T hird, w ith regard to In te n s ity , I t would appear th a t varying th e In te n s ity Is a s ig n ific a n t fa c to r only when th is variance a ffe c ts the energy expended, or th a t as long as the energy expended reaalns re la tiv e ly c o n sta n t, varying th e In te n s ity of the wara-up w ill have no s ig n ific a n t e ffe c t. CHlA'Ttt Y1 8U M M A R I A N D C O N C LU B lO N B Contained In th is chapter ara tha summary, fin d in g s, and eonelaalon of th is study, as v a il as scaa suggestions fo r fu rth e r study. Summary Tha purposa of th is study vas to eoaipara tha r e la tiv e a ffa e ts of fa n a ra l and s p a e lfle warm-up procaduras of high and low ln ta n s lty on accuracy In b ask et-sh o o tin g , w ris t fla x lo n s tre n g th , w ris t f l e x i b i li ty , and h a a rt ra ta of high school boys. Tha g an aral warm-up procedure co nsisted of c a lls * th en ic a x a re lsa s, and tha sp e o lflc wam-up procedure eon* s is tad of performing two-handed b a sk e tb a ll s a t shots a g a in st a w all. These wam-up procaduras ware equated in ta rn s of energy expenditure. High and low ln ta n s lty ware defined In terms of r a ta and d u ratio n of th a a c tiv ity , w ith tha number of re p e titio n s held co n stan t. Tha In v e stig a tio n s— Tha c r i t e r i a vara organised In to four su b -stu d ies or In v e stig a tio n s! (1) tha perform ance In v e stig a tio n , (2) the stre n g th In v e stig a tio n , (3) the f l e x i b i l i t y In v e stig a tio n , and (4) th e h e a rt ra te 71 72 In v e stig a tio n . In each In v e stig a tio n L in d q u ist's (6*156) "Treatment by S ubjects Design" fo r a n a ly sis of variance was ussd to t s s t tho n u ll hypothsslst Tha obtalnsd nsan d lffsro n eo s fo r tho v a ria b le follow ing tho four wara-up procaduras nay bo ro a d lly a ttrib u te d to randoa sampling o rro r or chanoe, and thus do not d if f e r s ig n ific a n tly frcsi tho h y p o th e tica l mean d iffe re n c e of sero. The s u b je c ts . —Twantv-a 1th t high school freshman boys were u tilis e d as su b jects throughout th is study. A ll su b jeets performed in a l l s itu a tio n s , thus serving as th e ir own c o n tro ls. Findings 1. Ho s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s were found between a th e e ffe o ts of g en eral wara-up of low In te n s ity , sp e c ific wara-up of low In te n s ity , sp eo lflo wara-up of high Inten s i t y , and general wara-up of high In te n s ity upon subsequent two-handed b a sk e tb a ll s e t shooting, sim ultaneous fle x io n stre n g th of both w ris ts , or p alaar w rist f le x i b ility . -2. Ho s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e was found between c la sse s (general and s p e c ific ) nor between in te n s itie s (high and low) of w ara-up, In terms of th e ir e ffe e t upon subsequent two-handed b a sk e tb a ll s e t shooting, sim ultane ous fle x io n stre n g th of both w ris ts , or p alaar w rist f le x i b ili ty . 73 3* I t was found th a t tha ganaral wara-up pattarn Inoraasad tha haart rata aora than tha spaelflo wara-up pattarn, and tha difference ( t ■ 3*59) was significant a t tha *01 level of eonfldanoa. 4. A prooadura fa r aqua tin g types of wara-up was astab iish ad and found to ba p ra c tic a l, and s a tis fa c to ry axparlanea raooanands i t fo r usa in fu rth a r stu d ie s. Conclusion With raspaet to ganaral and spaclfie wara-ups of high and low ln tan slty as dasorlbad in th is study, thara is no substantial dlffaranea aaong tha suasaquant affects of suoh wara-ups on eleaents of motor performance involv ing acouraey, strength, and fle x ib ility • Suggestions for Further Study D espite tha numerous in v e stig a tio n s th a t have bean already coapleted on tha a ffe c ts of wara-up upon bodily function and subsequent motor performance, thara is need fo r a d d itio n a l researoh, and fo r re p e titio n of preceding stu d ies to su b sta n tia te present concepts. Tha g re a te st need, however, is fo r consistency aaong in v e stig a to rs w ith regard to tha following fa c to rs i (1) wara-up conditions inv estig ated should ba c lo se ly associated w ith, or p re fe r ably id e n tic a l to , those being u tilis e d in ooaaon p ra c tic a l (2) some attem pt should ba Bade to equate the types of 74 wam-up being ooapared In te rn s of energy expenditure} and (3) e la a r d lstln o tlo n s naad to ba aatabliahad batvaan "ganaral" or " ln fo ra a l," and "ap ao lfie" or "fornal" wam-up. Some of tha nora f a r t l l a araas fo r researoh on wam-up appaar to bai 1. Thara Is g ra a t naad to explore tha "o p tlaal" cone ap t by varying tha aaount of wara-up. I t should ba notad th a t th is Is coaplenentary to nunber two above and not In c o n flic t w ith I t , but th a t both cannot ba aceon- pllshad in tha saae la v a stlg a tIo n , and th a t I t must ba c la a rly astab llsh ad whloh of thasa fa c to rs Is balng studied. 2. Q raatar study In tha physiological basas of wara-up, Including a ccaparison batwaan ganaral and sp e c ific wara-up in ta rn s of tho a ffa c ts upon daap muscle tem perature, should ba In stig a te d . 3 . In v estig atio n of the re la tio n sh ip of wara-up, or laok of i t , to subsequent In ju rie s , or lack of than needs to be undertaken. 4. P hysiological, psychological, and p ra c tic a l in v e stig a tio n of the neuromuscular f a c ilita tio n , p ra c tic e , and learning concepts needs to ba g re a tly expanded and pursued. 5 . F urther In v e stig a tio n is needed In the area of f l e x i b i l i t y and perform ance, v lth a p p lic a tio n o f known methods fo r improving f le x i b il i ty being u ti li s e d , and th e ir e ffe c t upon subsequent motor performance determ ined. 6. The use of a c tu a l hig h ly coape t i t ir e performance s itu a tio n s as c r i t e r ia fo r th e e ffe c ts o f wara-up should be a tte a p te d , but sound experim ental design should be M aintained. B ibliography Bibliography Afifikl Boat, Char la s H ., and Taylor, Bornan B. L o o * BaitiBorot n o Canpany, 1950* 1330 pp. ta and Wllklna Baan’T«°£?- B ow Basic irk , Blsvorth B ., and Bass. David I . "Cllnata and B xsrolsa,” Chapior 17 in Bolonco and Mndlolno of l i l . ad. Barron R. Johnson. Bov rorki Harpor ft B rothsrs, I960. 740 pp. G uilford, J . P. McGraw-Hill B o eood odition. B ow xorki ook Coaipany, Zno., 1950* 633 PP» f c r p s a & imaM q p f r u a s s * * Conpany, 1959. 368 pp. Lindquist, B. P. u ConferLdgos loughton ipany, 1953- 393 PP- Morshouss, L aursnesB ., and M illar, Augustus T. Saeand odition. 8 t. »oulst c. V. Mosby Conpany, 1953* 355 pp* of aundors _ _ _ and Basoh, P h ilip J . S e ia n tiflc B asis IS latla TPflnina. PhilodoIpHi• *• *7 5 Ccnpony , 195“ . 238 pp. Baseh. P h ilip J* . and Burka, Hogar K. Kinaaloioay *nd #jrp > " " ' p h iu d *ip h u ‘ u * * B i* d u n , S«rah E . J h T « l o l o « T P f W or^ fly * » i « . Bnr Xorki Tho Drydon P ro as, 1950. 584 pp. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 76 P e rio d le a la Aaniiaaea, E rlln c , and B#Je, Ova. "Body Tenperature and Capacity for W ork/ A ctaPhvaloloaloa Scan- AlBUlflAf 1011622, August, 1945. Bengtsaon. I lia a . "Tha Working Capacity In Mornal C hildren, Bvaluated by Subnaxinal Rxerclae on tha Bloyola Brgoneter and Conpared v lth Adulta,** > ^ $ i c i x a i s y l i B * i r l a * ~ v o l # C L Z ? > f * i o # X I * Blank, Lana B. "E ffects of Warn-up on Speed." I t a t r a c t b y J . Or ova Wolf, Raaaareh Q aartarlT. 26*370-71, Oetobar, 1955. nroucha, Lucian. "E ffects of Muaoular Work and Haat on tha Cardiovascular Bysten " IhflM.tr ia l-Jjifll- flln" 27*3, 114-120, Haroh, I960. Buohthal, F r it a, Hjnchka, Paul, and Llndhard, J . "Tenperature Maaaurananta in Hunan Muscles In S itu a t Raat and During nuacular Work," Acta P jffllolotle* 8*230-58, Decenber, daVrlaa, Harbart A. "B ffeots of varloua Warn-up Prooadoraa on 100-Xard Tlnaa of Coaipatltlva Swlnners," Raaaareh Q uartarlv. 30*11-20, March, 1959. H artm an, A lrlch B. "Haat andC old," A m w l ftlYitW 9f tiUOUfllflU. 17*79-106, 1955. Holngran, AIf. "C irculatory Chang a■ During Muaoular Work In nan," Tht qfiiafllflfYllB I t 9t S llB l- i l 1 1 ^ 7 i ^ ? tQrT InT*g tl**tlQn‘ Yo1* B‘ Bupp* Karpovich, Patar V ., and Hala, Creighton. "E ffect of Warning Up Upon Phyaleal Perfornanee," Journal ^4—r^oan ^ |^|c a l A ssociation. 162*1117- L o tta r, W illard S. "Bffaota of TAtlgue and Warn-up on Spaed of Am Movenenta," Raaaareh Q uarterly. 30*57-65, March, 1959. 21. Ha Ian, Id ward W . "Tha E ffect of R oit Following Wara-up Upon Physloal Performance ," 79 C Ollais s a j S t T * i i j i tla,> A **°°i*tiQ° pr00** 22. Mat say, Be aj an in H.. Johnaou, Warran R ., and Kraner, George F. "Iffa e t of Warn-up Bxarolaa upon Muaoular Parfornanoa Using Hypnosis to Control »"a w e h Quarterly. 32163- 7 1 , March, 1961. 2 3. Hathava, D. K.. and Snyder. H. A. "iffo o t of Warn-up X f t f f i ? " 7 * * * D * > h » , B | | t w c f a Q u i f t « r l y > 30t446-45l, Daeaabar, 1959. 24. Mlohael. Srnaat, Skuble, Vara, and Rochalla, Rana. "Effect of Warn-up on Softball Throw for Dla- tanoa," Raaaareh Quarterly. 28*357-63, Daeaabar, 2 5. Pachaeo, Batty A. "Iaprovaaent in Juaplng Parforaanea > " ttmrttrUr* 28i55-63, March, 1957* 26. . "Bffeetlveness of Wara-up Easrelse In High Behool O lrla," BtmMk,9Uirt«rJLa:> 30i202-213, May, 1959. 27* Rochalla, Rana, Skuble, Vara, and Mlehaal, Irnaet. "Parforaanea aa Affected by Incentive and Pra- fiiim rgh Q w ttily , 311*99- 504, Ootober, i960. 28. Skuble, Vara, and Hodgklna, Jean. "Iffaet of Wara-up A ctivities on Speed, Strength and Aeeuraey," Raaaareh Quartarly. 28(147-152, May, 1957* 29. Sproula, Brian J . , and Arehar, Richard X. "Changes In Intravascular Teaperature During Heavy 30. Thompson, Hugh. "Iffaet of Wara-up Upon Physical Parforaanea In Salaetad A ctiv ities," Raaaareh Quartarly. 29(231-46, May, 1958. 31. Wahlund, Holger. "Detemlnatlon of tha Physical x h i* ** *" 60 32. Young, D. R ., "Energy M e tab o l lam and Oaa Exchange O u ia i Treadm ill Running In Doga." Journal of Applied Phvaloloav. 14»8 3 4. 3 0 , 1959. 33* Burke, Rogar K. "Relntionahlpa Between Phyaleal Parforaanea and Wam-up Prooedurea of Varying Intanalty and Duration." Uhpubllahad Doctoral dlaaartatlon, Unlveraity of Southern C alifornia, 1957. 159 pp. 34* Crakea, Jaaaa. "Raaaareh In Warn-up." Papar raad bafora tha Boutharn D latrlet Confaranoa of tha C alifornia Aaaoclation of Health, Phyaleal Rdueatlon, and Raeraatlon, Long Beach, Cali fornia, October 26, 1961. 35* deVrlea, Herbert Alton. "Wam-up Bffaota of Relaxa tion and Stretching Uhon Or oaa Motor Parform- anee." Uhpubllahad Doctoral dlaaartatlon, Unlveraity of Boutharn C alifornia, I960. 106 pp. 36. D oolittle, Thaua Lea, and Logan, Oana Adana. "A Device for Meaeurlng tha Binultanaoua Flexion Strength of Both W riata." Paper raad bafora tha Boutharn D latrlet Confaranoa of tha Cali fornia Aaaoclation of Health, Phyaleal Iduoa- tlo n , and Recreation, Santa Barbara, C alifornia, October 27, 1962. 37* Llba, Marla. "Batting Kina a the tic Ooala for Projec t i l e 8 k llla ." Uhpubllahad paper, Unlveraity of Wlaeonaln. Dittoed. 36. Lukee. Henry J. "Tha Bffact of Wam-up Rxarolaa on the Amplitude of Voluntary Movement." Uhpub llahad Maatar'a theala, Unlveralty of Wlaeonaln, 1954. 60 pp. Appendix TABU 6 P B IF C B M 4 M C B IWBTIOATIOIT: 8H0URX <F A K A L 1S28 O P V A R IA B C B Sourot d .f. •s m s T Significance Trsataints (A) 3 8.60 2.87 *56 ■o Subjicts (8) 27 516.68 19*14 Tri*taints Subjicts X (AS) 81 416.40 5*14 Total 111 941.68 TABU 7 P B tF O R U A B C S IHTOTIGATIOHi SlIQURY Q P A B A L X 3I8 (F Y A R IA B C B —IB C L U D IB Q C O L D Sourea d .f. •a ■a r Slfalfloanea Traataanti (A) 4 13*.96 33.74 5.64 •01 laval SatjM ts (8) 27 551.34 20.42 Traataants x 8abjtets (A3) 106 623.84 5.78 Total 139 1310.14 TA BL S 8 S T R X M Q T H IHVBTIGATIGNl 8UBIARY O P AI1L23I8 O P YARIABCI 8oorco d .f . 99 F Slfnlfloanca Troataonts (A) 4 174.84 4 3 . 7 1 1.98 Ho S u b jie ti (8) 27 14572*48 5 3 9 . 7 2 Traataonts x Subject* (A8> 108 2 3 8 0 . 3 4 22.04 Total 139 1 7 1 2 7 . 6 6 T A B L E 9 FLEXIBILITY IOTBTIGATIOlfx S U M M A R Y C F AVALlBiS O F 7A R IA V C S Souroa d .f. •a aa T Slfolfleanoa Troataonta (A) 4 69.74 17.44 1.10 V o 8ubJioti (3) 27 4139.85 153.32 Troataonta x Subjocta (AS) 106 1719.48 15.92 Total 139 5029.07 T A B U S 10 HURT R A TE UVTBSTlOATiOlft S U M M A R Y O P A H A LY SIS O P V A R IA N C E Sourer d .f. as ■ S P Significance Traataantc (A) 3 1291.68 430.56 9.86 •01 level S u b lets (8) 27 5466.18 202.45 Treatments x Subjects (AS) 81 3537-82 43*68 Total 111 10295*68

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Creator Doolittle, Theus Lee (author)

Core Title The Effects Of General And Specific Warm-Up On Subsequent Motor Performance

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Physical Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Education, Physical,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Logan, Gene A. (committee chair), Lockhart, Aileene (committee member), Metheny, Eleanor (committee member), Morris, Royce (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-297214

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