University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Attitudes Of Ministers And Lay Leaders Of The American Baptist Conventionof The State Of Washington On Selected Social Issues

(USC Thesis Other)

Attitudes Of Ministers And Lay Leaders Of The American Baptist Conventionof The State Of Washington On Selected Social Issues

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content T his d isserta tio n has been 62— 3719 m icro film ed ex a ctly as rece iv ed BROWN, R obert L ane, 1 9 1 6 - ATTITUDES O F MINISTERS AND LAY LEADERS O F THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION O F THE STATE O F WASHINGTON ON SELECTED SOCIAL ISSUES. U n iv ersity of Southern C aliforn ia, P h .D ., 1962 S ocial P sych ology U niversity M icrofilms, Inc., A nn A rbor, M ichigan Copyright by Robert Lane Brown 1962 ATTITUDES OF MINISTERS AND LAY LEADERS OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ON SELECTED SOCIAL ISSUES by Robert Lane Brown A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Sociology) January 1962 UNIVERSITY O F S O U T H E R N C A L IFO R N IA GRADUATE SC H O O L U N IV ER SITY PARK L O S A N G E LE S 7 . C A LIFO R N IA This dissertation, •written by under the direction of H,a Dissertation C om mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y Dean Date January 1942 DISSERTATI Lnmrman i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Problem Definition of Important Terms Used in the Study Limits of the Study Organization of the Study II. CHURCH HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND PRINCIPLES. 10 Brief History of the Baptist Church Church Organization Baptist Principles of Belief Summary and Conclusion III. SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE...................... 26 Theoretical-historical Background Measurement of Attitudes Thurstone method, criticisms, and variations LIkert method, criticism, and variations Guttman method, criticisms, variations Lazarsfelds Latent Structure Theory Selected Studies on Attitude Measurement Conclusion IV. THE SOCIAL ISSUES 5o II Chapter Page V. METHODOLOGY INVOLVED IN PREPARATION FOR AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE FIELD STUDY . . . 58 The Study Design The Instrument for Measurement The Sampling Method The Samples and Their Characteristics Weighting Scheme Scoring System Administration of the Questionnaire Summary VI. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS . . . 111*. Scales Resulting from Application of Attitude Statements The new scales New description of social issues Tentative generalizations of progres- slvism and conservatism Relationship of the Variable to the Attitude Scales Major hypothesis Comparison of ministers and deacon chairmen in Out-state Washington Comparison of ministers and deacon chairmen in Metropolitan Washington Metropolitan vs Out-state residence for combined offices Comparison of ministers--Metropolitan vs Out-state Comparison of deacon chairmen-- Metropolitan vs Out-state Length of pastorate Length of church membership for deacon chairmen Membership In other denominations Length of time in other denominations Length of residence In community and state for deacon chairmen Birthplace of respondent Birthplace of father and mother Educational level of respondents Occupational level Age Income Number of children Military service iii Chapter Page Political affiliation Number of church-related activities Hours per week in church-related activities Number of non-church-related activities Size of community Union membership Race Size of church Social mobility Attitudes toward effects of war Attitudes toward use of the Sabbath Generalizations on significance of the variables Analysis of Findings from the Social Issues Approach Attitude toward A--liquor traffic Attitude toward B--social welfare Attitude toward C--likelihood of war D--Church-state relations E— Law enforcement F--Overseas relief G— Intercultural relations Analysis of variables summary and generalizations Chapter Summary Appendix A, Resolutions on Social Issues Appendix B, Attitude Questionnaire Utilized in Field Research Appendix C, Attitude Statements, by Attitude Areas Usable for Measurement of Respondents, Resulting from Guttman Analysis Techniques Appendix D, Map of Washington with Potential and Actual Interview Sites, Selected Regions of State, Reasons for Establishment of Regions, with List of Churches Contacted Appendix E, Reasons for Failure to Contact Potential Respondents Selected Appendix F, Method for Obtaining Chi Square Scores VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary Conclusions APPENDICES .................... 21+1+ 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 0 1 + LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Early Baptist Churches In Washington A Selected Listing .............................. 17 2. Associations, Number of Churches, Membership within the Washington Baptist Convention ............................ 20 3. Frequency of Appearance of Social Issues, Western Washington Baptist Convention, 1919-1931, Totals by Years ................... 53 1+. Frequency of Appearance of Social Issues, Washington Baptist Conventions, 1932-1959 Totals by Years................................ 51+ 5. Total Frequency of Social Issues Categories, Reclassified and by T o t a l s ................... 55 6. Randomization of Attitude Statements ..... 66 7. Potential and Actual Cases for Study .......... 71 8. Number of Cases, Ministers, Deacon Chairmen, and Both, by State and Area .... 71+ 9. Deacon Chairmen and Length of Church Membership..................................... 75 10. Ministers and Length of Pastorate............... 75 11. Length of Residence in Community and State, Ministers .............................. 76 12. Length of Residence in Community and State, Deacon Chairmen ....................... 76 13. Birthplace of Respondents ........................ 77 ll+. Birthplace of Fathers and Mothers of Respondents..................................... 78 15. Membership In Other Denominations ........... 79 v Table Page 16. Length of Membership In Other Denomination . . 79 17. Educational Level of Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen............................ 80 18. Respondents’ Occupational Level, Utilizing Holllngshead's Seven Level "Socio-Economic Factor," Ministers and Deacon Chairmen . . . 82 19. Years In Occupational Field by Deacon Chairmen....................................... 82 20. Age of Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen....................................... 83 21. Family Income of Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 22. Principal Source of Income, Deacon Chairmen . . 85 23» Total Number of Children in Family, Past and Present, for Ministers and Deacon Chairmen....................................... 86 21+. Military Service and Non-service for Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen....................................... 88 25. Branch of Service..................... 88 26. Length of Military Service of Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen ................ 89 27. Political Affiliation of Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen . . ......... 90 28. Extent of Political Participation by Respondents, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen....................................... 90 29. Number of Committee Memberships and Offices Held in Church and/or Denomination................................... 91 30. Number of Associations and Activities Outside Church-related Organizations .... 92 vi Table Page 31. Amount of Hours Spent In Church-related Activities per Week.............................. 93 32. Union Membership and Non-membership of Deacon Chairmen................................... 9i+ 33. Racial Composition of Metropolitan Cases . . . 96 3l|. Percentage of Cases by Size of Community, as Resulting from Successful Interviews . . . 97 35* Cases by Size of Church, as Resulting from Successful Interview ....................... 98 36. Social Mobility.................................... 99 37. Weighting Scheme for Study ...................... 103 38. List of Social Issue Attitude Areas, by Guttman Scaling Techniques in Application of Questionnaire..................................117 39. Raw Scores for Social Issue Statements by Attitude Areas that Scaled per Guttman M e t h o d ............................................. 126 2 14 .0. Variable, Areas, X Scores, Degrees of Freedom, and Significance of Relationships for Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined. . 135 2 1 4 .1. Variable, Areas, X Scores, Degrees of Freedom, and Significance of Relationships for Ministers...................................... 150 2 42. Variable, Areas, X Scores, Degrees of Freedom, and Significance of Relationships, for Deacon Chairmen............................... 155 1|3. Race and Political Party Affiliation by Percentages, Metropolitan Cases .............. 202 I 4I 4 .. Effects of War with Statements and Percentages of Response for Agreement, Uncertainty and Disagreement, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen, Combined ................ 206 vil Page 209 212 21k 216 216 220 221 223 233 235 Use of the Sabbath with Statements and Percentages of Response for Agreement, Uncertainty and Disagreement, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined ......... Study Variables and Number of Significant Scores When Related to Social Issues for Ministers ............................ Study Variables and Number of Significant X^ Scores When Related to Social Issues, for Deacon Chairmen ..................... Stu^y Variables and Number of Significant X Scores When Related to Social Issues, for Both Offices Combined ..................... Significance - Non-significance of Variables When Related to Attitude Areas for Ministers ....................................... Significance - Non-significance of Variables When Related to Attitude Areas for Deacon Chairmen ................................ Significance - Non-significance of Variables When Related to Attitude Areas for Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined . . . Significance - Non-significance of Variables When Related to Attitude Areas for Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined, for Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Separately ..................................... Social Issues in Order of Greatest to Least Uniformity as Related to Number of Non-significant - Significant Scores on Variables ................................... f Correlation of Frequency of Appearance in Resolutions and Predictability Order in the Field Study of the Various Social Issues .................. ..................... viii Table Page 55» Correlation of Frequency of Appearance in Resolutions and Predictability Order in the Field Study of the Various Social Issues, for Ministers ........................... 237 56. Correlation of Frequency of Appearance in Resolutions and Predictability in the Field Study of the Various Social Issues, Deacon Chairman....................................238 57. Transfer of Raw Data to Weighted Form, Guttman Scores on Liquor Traffic for Deacon Chairmen ................................. 302 58. Computation of Chi Square Score for a Given Problem................................... 303 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Map Pago 1. Map of Washington with Locations of Potential Interview Sites and Selected Regions of the S t a t e ..................................... 279 x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The first chapter of this study Includes the state ment of the problem, the major hypothesis and sub-hypotheses, definitions of terms and organization of the paper. Statement of the Problem This is a study reflecting the attitudes of minis ters and local lay officers, specifically chairmen of the Boards of Deacons, of churches of the Washington Baptist Convention on selected social Issues that have been pre sented as resolutions at past and recent state conventions. The purpose is to determine divergence and/or convergence of attitude s. The importance of this study arises from the obser vation that ministers, due to their peculiarities of training and experience, are more progressive in regard to social issues than the local lay leadership as defined. The null hypothesis may be stated as follows: there is no dif ference in attitudes of ministers and the lay officers on selected social issues. A whole set of sub-hypotheses logically follows from this hypothesis due to certain variables as age, 2 socioeconomic position, and others. Therefore, it is pro posed that there are also differences between and within categories due to: 1. Urban-rural residence. 2. Length of membership or pastorate in the local church. 3. Membership in other denominations. 1+. Length of membership in the community and state. 3>. Place of nativity of respondent or parents. 6. Father’s occupational level. 7. Respondent's occupational level. 8. Education. 9. Age. 10. Income. 11. Source of income. 12. Marital status. 13. Size of family. ll_l_. Service, and length of service, In armed force s. l£. Political affiliation and participation. 16. Amount of church attendance (lay leaders only). 17. Number of church-connected and out-of-church- connected associations. 18. Membership in labor unions (lay leaders only). 19. Race. 20. Size of community. 3 21. Size of church by number of members. 22. Social mobility. It is proposed then to test the chief hypothesis and sub-hypotheses through an attitude questionnaire in order to ascertain suggested differences in clergy and laity. Definitions of Important Terms Used in the Study For clarity of communication the terms as use d by the researcher have been defined as follows: Attitudes are tendencies to act toward or against certain objects as observed in the verbalized responses to the items in the attitudinal questionnaire. Ministers consist of those ordained or licensed persons serving as the minister and pastor of local Baptist churches affiliated with the Washington Baptist Convention. These comprise a total of a little under 130 persons. Lay leaders are those persons who do not hold theo logical degrees as a whole, but who are elective from among the lay members .of the local church, and for this study specifically chairmen of the Boards of Deacons of local Baptist churches. Again, there Is a possible total just under 130 In the state• Social issues are those categories logically derived from the many resolutions presented before the Washington Baptist Convention and such issues deal with problems of social concern such as liquor traffic. The issues are primarily social rather than religious, though it is pos sible and probable that some categories may have strong religious overtones. Washington Baptist Convention is the over-all organization of the local Baptist churches of the American Baptist denomination as differentiated from other denomi nations as Southern Baptist, Conservative Baptist and others. The Washington Baptist Convention is not strictly limited to the State of Washington, tnough largely so, for there are four affiliated churches in the State of Alaska and five in northern Idaho. However, the study deals only with those churches within the state boundaries and unless otherwise stated, the term Washington Baptist Convention applies to these within-state churches. Metropolitan is the term used in this study to de scribe the areas of Seattle-Tacoma, Spokane and Vancouver and is arbitrarily chosen as a compromise between the United States Census terms of "standard metropolitan area" and "urbanized area," and a particular grouping of communities by the Convention itself. ^"U.S., Bureau of the Census, Census of Population. 1950. Vol. II, Characteristics of the Population, Fart U-7. Washington (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. Ik, 15, 30. This source defines both standard metropolitan area and urbanized area as including at least one central city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. In the first instance a whole county or contiguous counties, if meeting certain criteria, is included. In the second case it is the central city and urban fringe which includes a certain density and indeed may 5 Therefore the term "metropolitan" refers to the Spokane area as an urbanized area, Vancouver as part of the Portland Standard Metropolitan Area lying principally in Oregon, and the Seattle-Tacoma area including King County and flowing over into two communities in the next northern county which seem to be logical additions to the area, or Edmonds and Mountlake Terrace. There is no break in popu lation from Seattle to Edmonds and Mountlake Terrace and in the latter case, the community is part of the Convention organization division known as the Seattle Association oriented around the metropolitan hub. A question may arise as to why the Census Bureau’s S.M.A. was not utilized. Its use would have entailed covering every Baptist Church in several counties not under scrutiny; considerations of time, money, and energy entered in. Further, the two terms discussed, while helpful in research are not to be considered mandatory. Several writers have indicated that one may encounter difficulties 2 in attempting to apply either term. Out-state refers to all those communities include small segments of a contiguous county or counties. This source lists three standard metropolitan areas within Washington: Seattle S.M.A. comprising King County, Spokane S.M.A. comprising Spokane County, and Tacoma S.M.A. comprising Pierce County. 2 Harold M. Meyer and Clyde F. Kohn, Readings in Urban Geography (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp. 27-56. "throughout" the "state" other than those already defined as metropolitan. Usual terminology as upstate, downstate, and rural, or the like, do not fit the framework of this study owing to the relationships geographically of out-state and metropolitan communities. Race is concerned with three broad groupings of white, Negro, and Oriental, the latter referring specifically to Chinese and Japanese. The classifying of the individual is based upon his appearance. The respondent is to be queried if any doubt exists. Social mobility is that which is measured by com paring the level of fathers' and respondents' occupations as observed from the respective items in the general infor mation section of the questionnaire and utilizing the socio economic factor of Hollingshead ' s Index of Social Position.-^ Progresslvlsm is the desire for improvement or re form in government, business, religion, social life, edu cation or other areas of life; specifically in this study such progressive philosophy is that measured by a kind of score on the research questionnaire, in which scores of 1 to 5? are possible with a score of 1 representing extreme progressivism. Conservatism relates to the desire for maintaining -^A. B. Hollingshead, Index of Social Position, The Socio-Economic Factor (New Haven, Conn.: Yale UnlversIty, n.d.J. things as they are or even returning to some practices or principles or the past. This philosophy is also measured by a kind of score on the research questionnaire, in which 5 represents the extreme conservative position. A number of terms or variables are self-explanatory as age, length of service in the ministry, military experi ence, and others. Limits of the Study The study has some well-defined limitations. First, it is limited to the specific categories of issues which have arisen from a number of resolutions appearing before the Western Washington Baptist Convention and its successor, the Washington Baptist Convention, from the years 1919 until 19^9. These issues are fully discussed as to origin in Chapter III. Second, the subjects of study are samplings of ministers and those lay leaders known as chairmen of Boards of Deacons of churches affiliated with the Washington Baptist Convention as applying to the churches within the state even though there are affiliated churches in Alaska and Idaho. The emphasis Is upon the office rather than the church, however. This Is made evident In the- section of the Btudy having to do with statistical testing, for there may be churches without the particular office extant. Third, bias on the part of both interviewer and interviewee being a possible problem, the conservative approach employed here utilizes a questionnaire with closed- ended items for attitude response and, wherever possible, use of checking on sensitive items in the general infor mation section. A last limitation refers to the use of "question naire" in this study. The term ordinarily refers to mailed instruments and the term "interview schedule" to instruments designed for use in personal interview. However, as the term "questionnaire" is more generally known to the lay public, it is used. Organization of the Study The present first chapter includes the statement of the problem, its importance, the chief hypothesis and sub hypotheses consistent with the problem. A list of terms and statements as to limitations of the study and organi zation of the study follow to complete the chapter. Chapter II discusses briefly Baptist church history In Europe and America; church organization on local, association, and state levels, Baptist principles; and con cludes with a brief summary. Chapter III, Survey of the Literature, deals with three principal facets of attitude study. First, attention is paid to the theoretical and historical background of the concept as developed by writers and theoreticians from Thomas and Znaniecki to Bonner, Young, and Linde smith and Strauss. Second, the measurement of attitudes is discussed chiefly along scalar lines, touching upon the measurement methods of Thurstons, Likert, Lazarsfeld, and G-uttman, with more details relative to the last named because of its utilization in the field data analysis in this paper. The third major section of this third chapter deals with review of field studies in attitudes. Chapter IV is entitled "The Social Issues" and describes the manner in which the Issues were obtained and classified into logical categories for re search. Chapter V describes the methodology involved in the application of the social Issues attitude questionnaire. The steps In order In this major section Include description of the study design, the instrument (or questionnaire), the samples and their characteristics, and scoring systems. The chapter ends with details on administration of the question naire and summary. Chapter VI Is concerned with the analysis of the data obtained in the questionnaire as applied to sample subjects. Summary and conclusions for the entire study comprise the subject matter for Chapter VII. Finally, a bibliography and appendix conclude this work. CHAPTER II CHURCH HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND PRINCIPLES This chapter includes information on Baptist church history, organization, and principles, discussed In that order and concludes with a brief summary. The purpose Is to provide a background for understanding the Baptist movement as well as to gain perceptions as to why certain of the social issues should have arisen. Unless otherwise noted, reference Is to the general movement designated Baptist, rather than to a specific denomination. Brief History of the Baptist Church Students of the Baptist movement have set dates for its origin from shortly after the time of Christ to the Anabaptist movement In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.^ Vedder believes that there Is more substantial Henry C. Vedder, A Short History of the Baptists (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1897)» pp. i|6 -5 4 - A. H. Newman, A History of the Baptist Churches in the United States (PhIladelphia: American Baptist' ^ubli- cation Society, T898), pp. 12-13* Edward T. HIscox, The New Directory for Baptist Churches (Philadelphia: The Judson Press, 10^, 25th printing, 1951)#' PP* 49U» 503-506. A New Baptist Manual (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, The Judson Press), p. 19. 10 11 ground for placing the origin in the seventeenth century which saw an unbroken succession of Baptist churches and the establishment of doctrine and practice that remained essen- p tlally the same from l61j.l on. The first regularly organized Baptist church was formed in England in 1571 under the leadership of Rev. John Smyth; however, the word Baptist was not in the title of the church. Persecution led Smyth and his followers to emigrate to Holland where the so-called Second English Church was organized. Having previously come under the influence of Robert Browne, his views on Congregationalism and Insistence upon liberty of conscience were found in this church. These doctrines are still traceable in Baptist thinking. Smyth died in Holland in 1612, but preceding his death, a chief follower, Thomas Helwys, with others of this Second Church returned to England and founded the first church entitled Baptist on English soil and composed of Englishmen in 1611 or 1612. Churches of the type founded by Helwys came to be called General Baptists, because they held to a general atonement for all men while orthodox Calvinists held to a particular atonement for the elect only.^ 2 Vedder, op. cit., p. 135. ^Newman, op. cit., pp. 38-39. ^Vedder, op. cit., p. 138. 12 The movement known as the Particular Baptists, had a peculiar development of its own, withdrawing from the over all Baptist movement In disagreement with the practice of Infant baptism and set up a distinct church In 1633 under John Spilsbury. This group in turn split over the question of mode of baptism; I.e., complete immersion as against sprinkling or other non-ImmersIon practices. An Important feature of the Particular Baptists was their Confessions of I6i 4.l 1 ., Calvinistic In nature involving immersion as the method of baptism and baptism upon confession of faith, and also containing the first publication of the doctrine of freedom of conscience. This doctrine held that one must recognize the laws of the nation but where there is conflict between allegiance to God and to law, one yields passively £ to law. Not so dangerous today, the statement was extremely so in its day. Moreover, one can trace some of the influence of this doctrine in the social issues of this study, particularly separation of church and state. The Particular Baptists increased In number and influence through the Revolution of 1688 and Cromwell's time, many of their number serving as army officers and soldiers. Moreover, there was an Important link between these English Particular Baptists and the American Church through Mark Lukar, who emigrated to Newport, Rhode Island, ^Ibld. . pp. li+5-J|6 13 and was on© of the founders of John Clarke's Church.^ By the end of the nineteenth century, Particular and General Baptists were so approaching each other in belief 7 and practice that a union had virtually been consummated. 1 Roger Williams was a significant figure in the Baptist movement in America. He emigrated to Boston in 1631 in search of greater religious freedom. While pastor of the Salem Church of the Anglican group, he was called before the colonial court, then banished from Massachusetts because of his teaching that the magistrate ". . . has no right to punish breaches of the first table of the law--those com- n mandments, namely, that relate to worship of God." While in banishment, he was Instrumental in purchasing land at the site of Providence from Indians and founded a colony, Rhode Island. Here, Williams and his fol- 9 lowers formed the first Baptist church on American soil. ^Newman, op. clt., p. 50. 7Ibid., p. 55. ®Vedder, op. c it. , p. 192. 9IbId.. pp. 190-91. H'iscox, op. clt. . p. 512. New Baptist Manual, op. clt.. p. 22. Gordon Schroeder, A New Member13 Guide (Booklet; Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, rev. 1954), PP« 1-lU* Robert Torbet, Who Are the Baptists? (Pamphlet; New York: Department of Evangelism, 'Tne American Home Mission Society), p. li+ He became the first governor of this colony which was the first civil government to allow complete freedom of religious worship. This thought was echoed In Williams' writing, "Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience," in 161+1+*, in which he argued that political power should not be used to support any religious belief or sect.^ Thus, while many other religious bodies today stand for religious freedom and church-state separation, certainly the Baptists have been leaders in this direction. Though offering religious freedom, the Baptists In America themselves suffered from persecution. Still member ship grew as attested to by the following figures on numbers 12 of churches and ministers as well as membership. Date Churche 3 Ministers Members 1790 872 722 65,000 181+0 7,771 5,208 571,291 i860 12,279 7,773 1,016,131*. 1890 3U,780 22,706 3,164,12k 1921 53,163 — 7,153,313 191+0 60,192 -- 8,1+1+0,922 1959 89,1+1+1+ 67,961 19,796,000 "^Hiscox, op. cit. , p. 513. ^■^Edwin A. Burtt, Types of Religious Philosophy (New York: Harper and Bros., 1951), p^ 11+8. 12 Figures from 1790-1890, inclusive, come from Hiscox, op. cit., p. 5l6. The remaining figures are derived from U.S. Statistical Abstracts of 1921. 191+0. and 1959. Note that there are time lags, FoF~TxampTe"7the 191+0 abstract figures refer to 1926 statistics, 1959 figures, as totals, are derived from several years by report, but the trend Is consistent and positive. It should be observed that the figures are for the 1$ These figures are important in that they reveal the population growth rate of the movement exceeds that of the country. Fisher feels that part of the increase was due to the recognition of Baptist support of the Revolution, human rights and religious freedom. ^ While there may be surface contradiction of present day abhorrence of war and support of peace, it seems evident that the Baptists have held-- policy-wise--for human rights; this view is supported by the concern for social security measures and overseas relief resolutions in more recent times. A3 alluded to previously, the Baptist movement in America has not been a unified whole. A number of Baptist groups arid organizations do exist or have existed, including the American Baptist Convention, the Southern Baptist Con vention, Sixth Principle Baptists, Freewill Baptists, and several other, each with particular points of emphasis within or above the group of Baptist principles and pract ice s. The national organization with which the Washington Baptist Convention is affiliated is the American Baptist Convention, the latter being a name chosen in 195>0 to re place the title of Northern Baptist Convention, itself not whole movement and do not pertain to any specific group or denomination or race. -^George Park Fisher, History of the Christian Church (New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1900), p. l\j£. formed until 1907.^ The first Baptist church in 'Washington Territory was New Prospect Church, organized in 1859 at Mound Prairie near Olympia. A layman, T. J. Harper, was instrumental in its initiation, later becoming ordained and pastor of the same church. Ensuing Indian wars and mining developments seemingly were connected with its disbanding in 1867. As an indication of the extent of early development of the Baptist movement in this state, other Baptist churches, their founders, and dates of founding are given in Table 1. These churches were part of an organization com prising Washington, Oregon, northern Idaho and British Columbia, With Increasing numbers of churches and member ship, divisions and reorganization continued until, In 1932, 19 the present Washington Baptist Convention emerged. It is this organization that provides the vehicle for gathering data for this research study. Church Organization The purpose of this section Is to present a picture of Baptist church organization on the loc district, and state level. "^■Ralph M. Johnson and R. Dean Goodwin, Faith and F ellowship of American Baptists (Booklet; New York: Council on Missionary Cooperation of American Baptist Convention, n. d. ), p. 10. 1^ ^Minutes of the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Washington Baptist Convention, p. 777 17 TABLE 1 EARLY BAPTIST CHURCHES IN WASHINGTON, A SELECTED LISTING16 Name of Church Location Year Founded Founder Mound Prairie Mound Prairie 1859 T. J. Harper Salmon Creek Near Vancouver 1863 Rev. Rev. A. Clark J. T. Clark Puyallup Puyallup 1867 Rev. R. Weston Seattle First Seattle 1869 Rev. R. Weston Elma Church Chehalis County 1870 P. H. Harper Oysterville Shoalwater Bay 1871 Rev. S. E. Stearns Olympia First Olympia 1871 Rev. E. Curtis Fore st Clark County 1872 Rev. Alvin Clark Harmony Church Skagit City 1873 Rev. B.N.L. Davis White River Near Kent 187U --- Centralia First Centerville (Centralia) 1875 Rev. P. H. Harper Mountain View Clark County 1877 Re v. J. J. Clark Bolstfort Near Chehalis 1879 Rev. W.E.M. James Smockaway Smockaway 1879 Rev. W.E.M. James Hopewell Skagit 1881 Rev. B. N Geo. Taylor . L. Davis ^J. C. Baker, Baptist History of the North Pacific Coast (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Societv. 1915), pp. 139-66. 18 First, dealing with the local churches, such may be considered as free churches in a free state for Baptists historically have declared for absolute separation of church and state (civil government as used here, of course). Baptists claim that a Christian church is a congregation of baptized believers associated by mutual convenant, self-governing and independent of all others, though maintaining friendly and associational intercourse with all of like faith and order. It has no power to enact laws, but only to administer those which Christ has given.17 The New Baptist Manual states It in this fashion: "In other words, the church is not a human but a divine institution, Further, it Is noted that all members of a local church, including pastor, are to be held equal and have only one vote each In deciding questions all of which are to be decided by majority vote. The church is executive rather than legislative, enjoined with carrying out the law given by God. A logical Implication Is that Baptist associations or conventions cannot be members of any federated bodies of denominations necessitating action on the local level as a result of decision at the higher levels. As to form of government, according to the New Baptist Manual, there are only two church officers required 17 Hiscox, op. clt. , p. llj.l±. X 8 New Baptist Manual, op. clt., p. 27. 19 19 by the New Testament. 7 These are pastor, by whatever designation, and deacon. Other officers are to be regarded as committees to do a specific job. Thus it is not unusual to find a whole list of positions in a local church such as trustees, church secretary, financial secretary, evangelism committee and chairman, youth work officers and members, choir officers and members, building committee, and others, with related duties. Ministers are elected and dismissed by the member ship of the local church. Within the state there are district or regional groupings of independent churches known as Associations, having principally as purposes education and fellowship of the constituent church memberships. There are ten such associations with 1 i|2 churches and about 33,000 members as indicated in Table 2. At the state level is the Washington Baptist Con vention, as previously noted. Its present headquarters are In Seattle. It is headed by an Executive Secretary, President, and other officers and has a number of depart ments and committees with specialized functions. The local church Is eligible to membership in the Washington Baptist Convention If It actively cooperates with that body and the American Baptist Convention and gives the 19Ibid.. pp. 28-29 20 TABLE 2 ASSOCIATIONS, NUMBER OP CHURCHES, MEMBERSHIP WITHIN THE WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTI0N20 Association Number of* Churche s Total Membership in Association Bellingham 11 2,750 Cascade 7 2,1+50 Central 12 1,355 Columbiaa 13 2,789 Cowlitz 10 2,327 Olympic n 2,197 Puge t S ound 16 l+,776 Seattle*3 32 9,21+8 Spokane0 21 3,950 Whitman 9 1,701 T otal 11+2 33,51+3 SI Includes five Richland churches, four of which are only nominally associated with the Convention. A unique situation of United churches with interdenominational ties exists here. bFour of these churches are in Alaska. cFour two others are of these not fun churches are jt ioning. in Idaho, and at least 20 Minutes of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of* the Washington Baptist Convention. 19&0. pp. £1-75* ft should be noted that this source varies by one year from that used in setting up the sampling design In interviewing, but dif ferences In churches are very few. 21 major part of its missionary contribution to the Unified Budget of the Convention and institutions approved by the American Baptist Convention. Basis of membership in the state body is the pastor and two delegates from each church having one hundred or less members, with one delegate for 21 each additional two hundred members or fraction thereof. While in general one correlates the Washington Baptist Convention with the State of Washington, it is also true that at least four of its member churches are in Idaho 22 and four in Alaska. The Washington Baptist Convention meets annually In May at a place determined by the Board of Trustees. It Is at this time that the resolutions from which the social Issues are selected for this study arise. Baptist Principles of Belief Baptist churches affiliated with the American Baptist Convention Individually are independent In the management of their Internal affairs, though voluntarily associated In much of their work. There is no formulated or authoritative creed to which all must subscribe, the only "element of visible unity between them (Baptists) Is the Bible and the common faith and practices which they severally gather from 21 Minutes, Twenty--seventh Annual Meeting of the Washington~~B'apt 1st Convention, lQ.56, pi 23. ^ Ibld. , p. 66. 22 its teachings. Further, while holding in common with other Christians of other denominations . . . the great doctrines of faith as set forth in historic Christianity . . . we are distinguished by certain principles . . . (1) the supreme authority of the Sacred Scriptures in all spiritual matter; (2) the church as a fellowship of men and women who have received a new life in Christ, and who have borne witness to that in believer's baptism; (3) the equality of all believers before God through the one Mediator, Jesus Christ, or the priesthood of all believers which is the spiritual foundation for a congregational and democratic polity; and (1 +) the principle of religious liberty and its corollary, the separation of church and state, which are both based upon the proposition that the individual soul is responsible to God alone for his eternal destiny.^ There are only two sacred and obligatory rituals for the Baptist believer, Baptism and the Lord's Supper. The first must be by immersion and as an act of obedience and witness signifying one’s belief in Christ's death, resur rection, and power of salvation, constituting both a con fession of faith and a unity of faith. The Lord's Supper is a provision of bread and wine as symbols of Christ's body and blood to commemorate His suffering and death for sinners. It is viewed as a sacred obligation for believers and is for believers alone. It remains commemorative, symbolic, and predictive of Christ's coming again, but is not saving. ^^New Baptist Manual, op. clt., pp. £-6 ^^Torbet, op. clt.t pp. 2-3* 23 While the foregoing principles are not individually peculiar to the Baptists of this denomination, in combina tion they tend to be distinguishing. The principles seem to have remained constant even though this Baptist movement has had no formal creed. Summary and Conclusion This chapter has provided an understanding of Baptist history including beginnings in Europe and America. Organization and principles were also discussed. The first regularly organized Baptist church began in England in 1571 under John Smyth. The first Baptist church with that name openly attached was that begun by Helwys in 1611 or 1612. In America the first Baptist church was that of Roger Williams in or about 1632. New Prospect Church, 18^9, at Mound Prairie was the first Baptist church in Washington. As to larger organization than the local churches, on the national level there are several groups of Baptists, but the one of chief concern is that of the American Baptist Convention with which is affiliated the Washington Baptist Convention, the vehicle of study In this research, and organized in 1932. Organizationally, the Baptist churches have declared for Independence of the local body, but have supported nationwide works and conventions. Historically, such Inde pendence has also been a principle. Further principles are 2k separation of church and state, authority of the scriptures, believer's baptism, and priesthood of all believers. Only two sacraments are recognized by the church: baptism and communion. These principles are held by Baptists everywhere, in Washington as in other states. Washington organization consists of local churches "voluntarily” organized in regional associations and both affiliated with the State Convention which includes some territory beyond its boundaries. Officers at various levels have been indicated. Finally, some connection may be noted between church history and social issues. The social issues, by areas, are liquor traffic, war and peace, social welfare measures, law enforcement, church-state separation, use of the sabbath, overseas relief, and interfaith and intercultural relations. These are discussed in Chapter IV as to derivation. Church-state separation has been a consistent issue and principle from the beginning of the Baptist movement to the present day and has involved such historical figures as Smyth, Helwys, Roger Williams and others. Law enforcement may be traced to the Confessions of l6i | i | in which adherence to the nation's law was declared; however, where in disagree ment, God's will must take pre-eminence in passivity. Fisher feels that at the time of the American Revolution, Baptists had achieved recognition because of their support, among other things, of human rights which may 25 b© inferred to overseas relief, social welfare, and inter- cultural-interracial relations. This is marred by slavery attitudes among some segments of the movement, however. Use of the sabbath is implicit in adherence to the Bible as sole and final authority. Peace and war issues are not related consistently to the movement--Baptists were officers in Cromwell’s armies, and supported American Revolution; they were not fully opposed to wars in 1861-65, World War I, or World War II. On other social issues, the literature of the church does not clearly define its position. From this one cannot conclude, however, that these issues have not appeared in Baptist history. CHAPTER III SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE The survey of the literature pertaining to attitudes follows in four principal sections: (1) theoretical- historical background, (2 ) measurement of attitudes, (3) studies on attitude measurement, and (/+) concluding remarks. Details are limited purposely on parts (1) and (3), for data are readily available In the literature. Furthermore, as this study is concerned with measurement a balance consistent with such purpose would determine brevity at these points with more attention to measurement methods. The ore t ical-historical Background It is proposed In this section to indicate some of the theoretical Ideas relative to the concept of attitudes as they have appeared in a relatively short history. The approach is selective. As far as socio-psychological treatment Is concerned, Thomas and Znaniecki must be recognized as the first writers dealing with attitude. In the methodological note of the Polish Peasant, they Introduce the double scheme of value- attitude in which one perceives the subjective personal and 26 27 objective social influences relating to tendency to act.^ The Thomas-Znaniecki concept is a distinct divergence from earlier ideas which hold to the innate. Bogardus is an early contributor to attitude study with his social distance concept and his idea perceiving p personality as an organization of attitudes. Allport con tributes the concept of motor sets as attitudes.^ To the theoretical framework, Charles A. Ellwood adds primary group emphasis.^ Bernard introduces the idea of primary and derivative attitudes while Brown provides the idea of attitudes as clusters. George Herbert Mead offers several important I. Thomas and Florlan Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, Methodological Note (Boston: T'he Gorham Press, 1910) , pp. 1-86. ^Emory S. Bogardus, Fundamentals of Social Psychology (New York: Century Company, 1921+), 1+79 pp. _________, Fundamentals of Social Psychology (New York: Century Company, 193l) * 1+1+1+ pp" , Fundamentals of Social Psychology (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 191+2), 531 pp. -Tloyd Henry Allport, Social Psychology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press7 Cambridge, 1925), 1+53 PP. ^Charles A. Ellwood, The Psychology of Human Society (New York and London: D. Appleton and Company, Inc". , 1926), 1+59 pp. 5 L. L. Bernard, An Introduction to Social Psychology (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1926), 651 pp. Lawrence Guy Brown, Social Psychology (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company^ Inc., 1934J§ 65l PP. 28 Ideas useful to social psychology and attitude study In his social act, meaning of the gesture, "self1 1 and "others."^ Other contributions by social psychologists Include Ellsworth Paris* attempts at dichotomization of attitudes and formation of attitudes through crises; Otto Klineberg1s synthesizing of ideas as well as his emphasis on stereo typing; Britt's overt-covert continuum of attitudes; and Queener's suggestion as to the importance of prestige in 7 attitudinal formation and behavior. The Hartleys on the other hand perceive attitudes as barriers to communication which is the basic social process Q In their social psychology. Robert E. L. Faris presents one of the most extreme environmental social concepts of q behavior Including the attitudinal. Bonner, Kimball Young, and LIndesmith and Strauss ^George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1934)* 40* PP« 7 Ellsworth Faris, The Nature of Human Nature (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1937 TT370 pp. Otto Klineberg. Social Psychology (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1940)# pp. Stuart Henderson Britt, Social Psychology of Modern Life (rev. ed.; New York: Rinehart and Company, 1949)» 703 PP. E. L. Queener, Introduction to Social Psychology (New York: Wm. Sloane Associates, 1951)* 4^5 PP. ^E. L. and R. E. Hartley, Fundamentals of Social Psychology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 740 pp. q Robert E. L. Faris, Social Psychology (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1952), 420 pp. 29 present social psychologies tending to play down the concept of attitudes substituting as more important for social psychology, respectively, concepts of personality, role- playing and role-taking, and language symbols;^ thus they represent the end, perhaps, of a cycle in which instincts and other biological motivations give way to ever increasing ly social attitudes to emphasis on other behavioral elements and causes in more recent years. Several writers are critical of the very concept of attitude itself as being untrustworthy in use, confused, lacking in systematic treatment, and being mistakenly equated with social psychology.^ ■^Herbert Bonner, Social Psychology (New York: American Book Company, Inc.7X^55), 1+35 pp. Kimball Young, Social Psychology (3rd ed.; New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts^ Inc., 1956), o32 pp. Alfred R. Lindesmith and Anselm L. Strauss, Social Psychology (rev. ed.j New York: The Dryden Press, 195&), 703 PP. ■^^Richard T. La Piere, "The Sociological Signifi cance of Measurable Attitudes," American Sociological Review, III (April, 1938), 175-82. Gardner Murphy and Lois Barclay Murphy, Experimental Social Psychology (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1931), PP. 615-93. Raymond B. Cattell, Description and Measurement of Personality {Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York: World Book Company, 191+6), p. 198. Leonard W. Doob, "The Behavior of Attitudes," Psychological Review, LIV (January, 191+7), 135. Muzafer Sherif and Hadley Cantril, The Psychology of Ego Involvements (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 191+7), P. 5. _________, "The Psychology of Attitudes," Psychological Review, LII (November, 191+5), 295-315. 30 A number of views on the concept of attitudes have been presented from W. I. Thomas to Linde smith and Strauss. Actually, one may perceive some common threads running through the varied theoretical approaches such as functional state of readiness with peculiar additions such as ways of classifying and interconnections with other factors or concepts. One might perceive a general trend away from reliance on the biological, beginning with Thomas and Znaniecki (but not completely divorced) and sweeping up to the present with a few apparent reversals. Another trend in these later years has been to move to other concepts as being of equal or more importance to social psychology. Measurement of Attitudes This section is concerned with measurement of atti tudes, and primarily with scalar methods. There is a recog nition that there are other than scalar methods, but such are not of great significance in this study. The beginning of measurement of attitudes may be traced to as early as 1825 when Herbart suggested the possibility of using mathe- 1 P matical phenomena in the description of mental phenomena. Fechner was the first to successfully employ numerical expressions to describe the operations with psychological judgments. Other early pioneers included Quetelet, the 12 Andrew Lawrence Comrey, "Foundations of Psycho logical Measurement," (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation in Psy chology, University of Southern California, I9I 4 . 9) , p. 19. 31 first man to apply the normal curve and elementary statisti cal method to biological and social data, along with Sir Francis Galton, Cattell, and others. This study asserts that there are four chief scalar methods for measuring attitudes; the Thurstone, LIkert, Guttman, and Lazarsfeld methods, and that most of the other so-called scalar methods are modifications of these. Thus, attention is given to these four with some brief mention of derivations. In no instance Is there more than brief des criptions, except In the case of the Guttman technique which Is given more, yet still not extensive, treatment; this pro cedure Is based upon a compromise between space limitations and the fact that the latter technique is that used in this study. Thurstone method, criticisms and varlations.--L. L. Thurstone probably represents the first Instance of the ade quate treatment in the measurement of psychological data in such a way that social psychology could be benefitted. Beginning with psychophysical measurements, he develops the over-all approach which he designates as the method of equally-often-noticed differences and described by Remmers 11 as the method of equal-appearing-intervals. J Succinctly, the method consists in the gathering of a number of attitude statements representing all possible gradations In a ^H. H. Remmers, Introduction to Opinion and Attitude Measurement (New York: Harper and Brothers, 19^), P^ 87. 32 specific area. A number of judges sort the statements Into piles representing intervals on the attitude continuum. Scale values, or the point at which the Judges are evenly divided, are checked for placement of statements on a scale. Q values, or distribution about the scale value, therefore amount of ambiguity, are also utilized In use of specific Items. A scale then Is constructed utilizing a number of the most discriminating items, the statements being randomly placed. The scale is applied to a population and sample; an individual's score consists of the average of the values of the statements Indorsed. Scores obtained by individuals and groups may be compared. A number of criticisms have revolved about the use of Judges,^ the cumbersomeness of construction and use,^ and the practice of eliminating extremists In scale Donald E. W. Henderson, "Note on the Influence of Cultural Background on the Sorting of Attitude Statements,” American Psychological Review, VIII (April, 19l|3), 216-18. Muzafer Sherif and Carl I. Hovland, "Judgmental Phenomena and Scales of Attitude Measurement: Placement of Items with Individual Choice of Numbers of Categories," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XLVIII (January, 1953), 135-1*9. “ R. PIntner and G. Forlano, "The Influence of Atti tude Upon Scaling of Attitude Items," Journal of Social Psychology, VIII (February, 1937), Ml* Allen L. Edwards, Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction (New York: Appleton-dent ury-Cr ofts, Inc. , 19^7), pp. 107-109. ^Britten L. RIker, "A Comparison of Methods Used In Attitude Research," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXXIX (January, 19i|i|), 1+1. 33 construction. A number of variations of the Thurstone method have appeared as those by Pintner and Forlano, Seashore and Heavner, Ballin and Farnsworth, Edwards, Remmers, and, of course, the Social Distance Scale of Bogardus. Likert method, criticisms, and variations.— The Likert scale is initiated, like Thurstone *s, by the selec tion of items from various sources. Next these are drawn up in multiple response categories, then administered in a pretest to a fairly large number of people who check one of the response categories per item or statement. Arbitrary weights are assigned to each category. The score of the individual is the total of the weights of items checked. A next step is ascertaining discrimination power of items by comparison of the top 10 per cent of the pretest subjects and the low 10 per cent of the subjects (or some other percentage or by phi coefficients or multiserial correlation). Twenty to twenty-five items showing greatest discrimination are put into a final scale with the same weights and then given to the study sample or population and scored in the same manner. Again, comparisons may be made of individuals and groups. It may be noted that Likert experimented with Sigma values but found that simple assign ment of weights to the response categories of weights were rather acceptable and utilizable. Remmers refers to Likert's method as the method of Summated Ratings^ and differentiates between this and Thurstone's method by finding that the latter gives a true attitude score; i.e., endorsement of statements close to true position on attitude continuum. In the Likert scale a subject arrives at a cumulative type of measurement. A further difference is that judges are not used by Likert to set up the scale for pretest. There has also been criticism pro and con regarding the Likert method, one being the validity and reliability of 17 Thurstone as against Likert techniques. Another criticism ■ j Q revolves about the necessity of a judging group. Rundquist and Sletto present a variation of the Likert method in change of names of category responses to statements as well as offering support for some of his Remmers, op. c it. , p. 96. ■^Leonard W. Ferguson, "A Study of the Likert Technique of Attitude Scale Construction," Journal of Social Psychology. XIII (February, 191+1), 51-57. . "The Requirements of an Adequate Attitude Scale," Psychological Bulletin, XXXVI (October, 1939). 665-73. A. L. Edwards and Kathryn Claire Kenney, "A Compari son of the Thurstone and Likert Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction," Journal of Applied Psychology, XXX (191+6), 83. ^®Ferguson, "A Study of the Likert Technique ..." 3oc. cit. Ferguson, "The Requirements of an Adequate Attitude Scale," loc. clt. Edwardsand Kenney, loc. clt. Allen L. Edwards, "A Critique of 'Neutral1 Items in Attitude Scales Constructed by the Method of Equal Appearing Intervals," Psychological Review, LIII (January, 191+6), 159-69. 35 19 contentions as to advantages of his method. ' Guttman method, criticisms, variations.--The Thurstone and Likert methods have been referred to as methods of Internal consistency and have been criticized as measuring not one but several dimensions, thus giving only a 20 crude measurement. Louis Guttman presents the proposition of unidimensionality in his techniques as meeting the criticism above, thus representing a measure of only one factor. Actually, Guttman has presented a number of devices to measure unidimensionality; the Cornell technique, the scalogram board for scale analysis developed during World War II in the "American Soldier Studies," and a least squares technique for obtained reproducibility. The last named proved too cumbersome. The second is primarily a device for mechanical manipulation of scores and weights. The first, or Cornell Technique, is the one used in the following des cription of Guttman*s scalogram analysis. This technique receives its name from the fact that 21 it was first developed for teaching purposes at Cornell. 19 Edward A. Rundquist and Raymond F. Sletto, Personality in the Depression (Minneapolis: University of Kinne sot a Pre s s , 1936), pp. F» 1+7-1+8* 102. ^°William J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, Methods in Social Research (New York, Toronto, London: Mcfiraw-HIll Book Company, inc., 1952), p. 285. 21 Louis Guttman. "The Cornell Technique for Scale and Intensity Analysis, Educational and Psychological Measurement, VII (191+7), 2l+7. 36 The hypothesis underlying the scalogram is that the "items have an order such that ideally persons who answer a given question favorably all have higher ranks on the scale than 22 persons who answer the same question unfavorably." In other words, the hypothesis states that a universe of quali tative data is a scale for a given population of people using the scalogram-approach. A perfect scale Is seldom found. Data 90 per cent reproducible are considered sufficiently reproducible; Guttman himself has used data with reproducibility In the upper 8o ts. The practice has grown to accept 85 par cent as sufficiently reproducible, other factors to be considered. In initiating the use of scalogram analysis one must first define the universe of content (or decide the general content of the questions), next define the population and determine sampling of It. Following this It Is necessary to sample the universe of content and have the people indicate their answers to each question of the questionnaire. Pretest of both population sample and content are Involved in the latter step. Under the Guttman method, sampling of questionnaire Items and of population differs. Population can be sampled by ordinary statistical procedures, but sampling of items Is 22 Samuel Stouffer, et al. , Measurement and Prediction Studies in Social Psychology in World War II, Vol. IV (Princeton, ftew Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1950), p. 9. 37 not at all a random sampling procedure, since "It is a psychological process undergone by the research worker which thus far has little analytical theory behind it."^ The underlying proposition for scalogram analysis is that if a universe of questions is scalable, any sample of questions from that universe must be scalable. Thus a set of questions either comes from a universe of content or from several universes. Scalogram analysis allows the finding of a set of sample questions as well as giving a ranking of persons in a single dimension; i.e., a particular universe. Any set of questions drawn from the same universe should logically produce the same ranking of persons. The process, then, in scalogram analysis is to pick a number of questions pertaining to the universe of content (subject matter). Then analysis of the responses is carried out by the Cornell technique, described in thirteen steps and in a little more detail than other methods because of its Importance to this study. 1. Weights are assigned for the first trial to each category of questions beginning with zero with the greatest weight being given to the most favorable attitude. The weighting can be changed as consequent analysis determines. 2. A total score is obtained by adding up all of a 2 3 Louis Guttman, "Intensity and A Zero Point for Attitude Analysis," American Sociological Review, XII (February, 191+7), 59. 38 person’s weights in all categories. 3. Questionnaires are shuffled In rank order according to total scores. 1|. A table Is prepared with one column per category (of each question) and one row per person. 5. The response of each person to each question is indicated by an x in his row for the column for each category, beginning at the top row with the highest scoring person. 6. Frequencies are obtained for each response for each category. 7. Examination is made of the table to see if the pattern of responses is of a particular kind. Perfect re producibility would demand that if there are nine persons with response 1|, they should be the top nine in the group. 8. Categories are combined to overcome habits of people in which they have essentially the same position on the basic continuum but differ on the extraneous factor of verbal habits. The manner of combining is determined by examining overlapping of xfs within the columns of each question. One will have to determine how many scale types are desirable. The purpose, however, of combination is to reduce error. 9. Reassign weights, establish a second trial rank order for the people. 10. Rescore each person's questionnaire according to 39 new weights In which new weights are placed at the top of the table used in first trial tabulations. 11. Shift the people Into the rank order of their new scores on a new table having proper number of columns of combined categories. 12. Cutting points are established for each question by ascertaining by examination at which point in the column of categories per question most responses are included and below which other responses are excluded. (Example, three columns per question, first ten have x's in this column, only a few x's are below this point In this column, cut here.) Figure the errors by ascertaining the number of x's not in the proper column in those sections determined by cutting points. If there are several errors, re-combine, if possible, some categories of a question. Total error should not be much over 10 per cent. Thus, if error is not too great, it is concluded the area under examination Is scalable; also knowing a person's rank order enables one to reproduce his response to each question In terms of combined categories with a determined percentage of accuracy, or 100 per cent minus error. (Reproducibility in Guttman's terminology.) 13. The per cent reproducibility alone Is not suf ficient to lead to the conclusion that the universe of con tent Is scalable for reproducibility, for reproducibility 1*0 can be artificially high because one category in each Item has a very high frequency. rtAn empirical rule for judging the spuriousness of scale reproducibility has been adapted to be the following: no category should have more error in it than non-error."^ Further, Guttman indicates that there are at least four other features that should be taken Into account: range of marginal distributions, pattern of errors, number of Items in the scale, number of response categories in each item. The first has to do with artificiality due to Insuf ficient numbers in a category. The second has to do with randomization of errors or dominance of some significant other variable. The last two deal with the fact that the smaller the number of categories or items the greater the reproducibility but without the dependence of more cate gories or items. It may be added here that scalogram analysis, In enabling the computation of Individual scores, may be utilized for comparing groups through such statistical pro- 2 cedures as X , difference between means and t tests, and other procedures. A question may arise at the point of pretest, and that is related to the difference between pretest group and later sample group. If not drawn from same population the ^Guttman, "The Cornell Technique for Scale and Intensity Analysis," op. cit. , p. 2^0. scale developed In pretest may have little utility in the actual test, thus one must ascertain that pretest and test samples are related to the same people universe. Guttman goes further than scalability and reproducibility; he feels there should be items in a test that will give both uniform distributions of frequencies and non-uniform frequencies. The former would measure unidimensionality, of course; the second differentiated scale types or intensity as reflected in his quasi scales. Quasi scales are so called because they result from the combining of opposite ends and "there is no perfect relationship between a person's response to each question and his score on all the questions: instead 25 there is a gradient." In other words, scales result from unidimensionality; quasi scales from intensity. As the intensity function is not major in the present study, no explanation of it is offered. There are a number of adverse criticisms of the 2 6 Guttman techniques by various writers. The criticisms 2^Ibid., p. 263. P A Kenneth E. Clark and Philip H. Kriedt, "An Appli cation of Guttman1s New Scaling Techniques to an Attitude Questionnaire," Educational and Psychological Measurement. VIII (191*8), 221“ Clyde R. Coombs, "Some Hypotheses for the Analysis of Qualitative Variables," Psychological Review. LV (January, 191*8), 167-71*. Allen L. Edwards, "On Guttman's Scale Analysis," Educational and Psychological Measurement. VIII (191*8), 3Tb: James S. Coleman, "Multidimensional Scale Analysis," 1+2 center around lack of ease in recombining categories, lack of relationship to other scalar methods, crudeness of development, arbitrary and misleading selection of 90 per cent reproducibility, method of item selection, as a priori, error in computation by Guttman in some of his own work, lack of understanding of social class differences in responses by Guttman, and the practice of dichotomization as not being truly possible, nor measuring all possible facets of attitudes. Criticisms from writers mentioned beforehand present some agreement that the method may be useful in opinion and attitude research, and the assumptions that any number of items drawn from a universe are scalable; also, there is a recognition that the method has great portent for the future. There are a number of variations of the Guttman method. Ford presents a method in which statements are rated as easiest to hardest and using simple geometric 27 progressions for scoring. ' Stone relates a refinement of the Ford variation using the I.B.M. machine and enabling the American Journal of Sociology, XLIII (November, 1957), 253-63. Karl F, Schuessler, "Item Selection in Scale Analysis," American Sociological Review, XVII (April, 1952). 183-92. Andrew F, Henry, "An Empirical Study of Attitude Components," Social Forces. XXXVI (October, 1957), 26-31. ^Robert N. Ford, "A Rapid Scoring Procedure for Scaling Attitude Questions," Public Opinion Quarterly. XIV (1950), 503-32. 1 * 3 2 Q user to scale twelve or fewer dichotomies. Goodenough presents what is realistically only a more convenient method for manual manipulation of data for pa summarizing and predicting. 7 In this technique, tabulating is restricted to single columns per statement using 1 and 0 for right and wrong, agree-disagree, instead of entering of x's in columns for each statement as in the Cornell technique. Scores are obtained per subject, errors tabu lated, bar graphs indicating expected patterns are constructed--total errors in relation to number of subjects times number of statements provides reproducibility. The technique, slightly altered, likewise works for other than dichotomized items. The Goodenough technique is related because of its extensive application in analysis in this particular study. Lazarsfelds Latent Structure Theory.— This most recent of the major methods of scalar attitude measurement is so laborious and complex that very little detail is pro vided here. It Is, however, a generalization of the Spearman-Thurstone factor analysis and recognizes that there may be two or more elements possible In a given item; one a Q Carol Larson Stone, A Machine Method for Scaling As Many As Twelve Dichotomies. Station*s Circular August, 195ti, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, 1£ pp. ^Allen L. Edwards, "On Guttman's Scale Analysis," op. clt. . pp. l8i+—97- U4 element associated with latent classes and one specific to the item, in the case of the latent dichotomy type of structure. While very similar, in patterning of responses, to the Guttman technique, there are several differences for what might be error to Guttman may not be so with Lazarsfeld. Reference must be made to more primary sources for a better understanding of this method; it cannot be explained in a few paragraphs. Before concluding this section on attitude measure ment methods, it should be observed that this four-method classification is somewhat arbitrary. Jerome Green notes a 11 fourfold but different approach. Remmers sets up a two fold classification of classical scaling techniques and 12 unidimensional techniques. Droba set up a sixfold method 11 about 1939. Thus classification systems may be recognized depending upon the classifier's viewpoint. -^Stouffer, et al., op. cit. , pp. 6-7* 19-33* 3&2- i|72, (the last series of pages refer to Chapters 10 and 11 of the volume and are detailed, difficult, and technical). ^Jerome Green, "The Use of an Information Test About the Negro as an Indirect Technique for Measuring Atti tudes, Beliefs, and Self-perceptions," (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1954)* pp. 19-20. 32p emmers, op. cit. , p. 76. 33d . s. Droba, "Methods* for Measuring Attitudes," Psychological Bulletin, XXIX (May, 1932), 309-23. k$ The study recognizes, also, that there are other ways of studying attitude, as Rorschach Tests, T.A.T., Problem Check Lists, and others, but does not intend to pursue other than scalar measurements. Selected Studies in Attitude Measurement There are many studies revolving about attitude measurement, so much so that it would be difficult to Indi cate all of them. Therefore brief mention is made of some of the attitude areas researched along with some of the researchers involved. Among the earliest of the number of studies under taken to measure attitudes toward militarism-paclfism, are those of Droba.^ Probably the greatest in terms of scope Is the Studies in Social Psychology during World War II carried out by a large staff headed by Samuel Stouffer.-^ Several studies center around ethnic and racial attitudes, seeking to discover the attitudes of immigrants, prejudice where none is declared, changes in racial S. Droba, "A Scale of Militarlsm-PacIfism." Journal of Educational Psychology, XXII (January, 1931), 96-111. f "Effect of Various Factors in Militarism- PacifiamY^^ournal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXVI (January, 1932), lkl-53. , "Political Parties and War Attitudes," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXVIII (January, 1934 JT W - ■^Stouffer, etal., op. clt., Vol. I-IV. Samuel A. Stouffert "Studying the Attitudes of Soldiers." American Philosophical Society Proceedings. XCII. (191*8). 537, 339-UU.-------- ------- ----------- 1 * 6 attitudes, self-beliefs of racial groups, effect of infor mation on racial attitudes, similarity of racial attitudes from society to society in western culture. Still other ethnic and race studies deal with racial desegregation, westernization of Japanese children, social class and religiosity as related to ethnic prejudice, and ■57 others. ■^Tlach phrase represents the principal finding or purpose in the following sources in order of appearance: Wm. L. Warner and Leo Srole, The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups (Yankee City Series, Vol. Ill; New Haven: Yale University Press, 19i+5), 318 PP» Frank R. Westie, "A Technique for the Measurement of Race Attitudes,” American Sociological Review. XVIII (February, 1 9 5 3 ), 73-78. Leonard I. Pearlin, "Shifting Group Attachments and Attitudes Toward Negroes.” Social Forces, XXXIII (October. 19 51+), 1+7-50. Jerome Green, op. c it., pp. 19-20. Louis E. Merz and Leonard I. Pearlin, ”The Influence of Information on Three Dimensions of Prejudice Toward Negroes," Social Forces. XXXV (May, 1 9 5 7 ), 31+1+-51. Thomas Pettigrew, "Social Distance Attitudes of South African Students, Social Forces. XXXVIII (March, 1960), 21*6-53. 37 v Each phrase represents the principal finding or purpose in the following sources In order of appearance: Marian Radke Yarrow, John D. Campbell, and Leon J. Yarrow, "Interpersonal Dynamics In a Desegregation Process," The Journal of Social Issues. XIV (1958), 3-63. Mary Ellen Goodman, "Japanese and American Children: A Comparative Study of Social Concepts and Attitudes," Marriage and Family Living. XX (November, 1959), 316-19. Melvin M. Tumin, ^Readiness and Resistance to Desegregation: A Social Portrait of the Hard Core," Social Forces. XXXVI (March, 1958), 256-63. Abraham L. Rosenblum, "Ethnic Prejudice as Related to Social Class and Religiosity," Sociology and Social Re search, XLIII (March-April, 1959TI 272-75* 47 Another area of extensive study relates to attitudes toward the United Nations and Internationalism. Relation ship of attitude toward behavior in general is the interest 79 of several writers. Intensity of attitudes also comes under surveillance as exemplified by Cantril and Brim.^ Among other identifiable areas or categories of attitude study are religion, family, industrial strife and others too numerous to footnote. Documentation of this statement is made through reference in other later sections to specific studies. Repetition thus is avoided. ^Theodore F. Lentz, "The Attitudes of World Citizen ship," Journal of Social Psychology, XXXII (November, 1952), 207-14. Alphonse Malek Said, "A Generalized Scale for the Measurement of Attitude Toward International Issues," (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1956), 177 pp. Gerald Ronnell Leslie, "Attitude Toward the United Nations," (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1951)# 96 pp. Gerald Ronnell Leslie and Brewton Berry, "Note on Attitudes Toward United Nations: An Experiment in Attitude Change," Social Forces. XXXII (October, 1953), 87-90. ^Richard T. La Plere, "Attitudes vs. Actions," Social Forces, XIII (December, 1934)* 230-37. Harold H. Kelley and E. H. Volkart, "The Resistance to Change of Group Anchored Attitudes," American Sociologi cal Review. XVII (August, 1952), 453-65- Melvin L. De Fleur and Frank R. Westie, "Verbal Attitudes and Overt Acts," American Sociological Review, XXIII (December, 1958), 667-73- ^Hadley Cantril, "The Intensity of an Attitude," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XLI (April, 1946), 129-35* Orville G. Brim, Jr., "Attitude Content--Intensity and Probability Expectations," American Sociological Review. XX (February, 1955), 68-76. 1+8 Conclusion The purpose of this chapter was to survey the literature. Therefore, it opened with a study of theo retical-historical background, moving from Thomas and Znaniecki to Linde smith and Strauss. While there have been some disagreements and variance of viewpoints on the concept of attitude relative to its central importance, reliability on the biological as against the social environment for origin, etc., one does see the communality of functional readiness in most writers. Next, the study moved briefly on to measurement of attitudes, finding a beginning with Herbert and Quetelet, but dealing principally with the four scalar methods of Thurstone, Likert, Guttman, and Lazarsfelds. Thurstone's method, often called the method of equal-appearing-intervals, involves averaging out responses to a number of statements with the average representing an individual’s scalar pos it ion. Likert*s technique has been designated the Method of Summated Ratings due to the fact that one's score is the accumulated totals of responses to weighted items. A criticism of the Thurstone and Likert techniques is that one does not know how many dimensions of attitudes are in cluded in the given score. Guttman deals in terms of uni dimensionality or the premise that a score indicates one's position along a continuum which deals with only one 49 attitude area and, further, that the score places one relative to others in that measurement consistent with reproducibility. The last refers to percentage of per fection of pattern derived. Lazarsfelds1 more complicated latent structure models depart from unidimensionality and, in fact, seek, beyond the manifest element, one, two or more underlying elements in attitude statements. A laborious method, the Lazarsfelds approach can only be assessed in the future as to usefulness. Criticisms and variations of the foregoing methods were also related. The last section of this survey of the literature concerned itself with areas of attitude field studies. This was treated with brevity and generalization due to the over whelming number of attitude studies in the literature. CHAPTER IV THE SOCIAL ISSUES This chapter indicates the social issues to be utilized in this attitudinal study, as well as how these issues came to be construed. In studying attitudes of ministers and lay officers of the American Baptist Churches of Washington, it was de cided that the most meaningful issues would be those that were reflected In resolutions of the State Conventions over the recent past. With that In mind, permission was obtained from the Executive Secretary of the State Convention to examine the Minutes of the Annual Meetings."*' Resolutions offered yearly Included those of a strictly religious nature, others of a more social nature, and, some that did not lend themselves to easy categorization. A study of the categories as finally organized Indicates areas which might not be considered strictly social. However, the strictly religious Issues ^"This section Is based upon the Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Western Washington Baptist Convention for the years of 1919-1931# and the Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Washington Baptist Convention, 1932-1959. Prior 'to 1932 there was no organization with the latter name. 50 51 have been avoided in keeping with the title of this study. The content of the various resolutions varied widely (though later resolved into eight main areas) as may be ascertained in Appendix A, dealing with the Western "Washington Baptist Convention and the Washington Baptist Convention. In all, there was a total of 137 incidences of appearance of social issues, 38 appearing in 1919-1931 under the Western Washington Baptist Convention, 99 appearing in 1932-1959 under the Washington Baptist Convention. By inci dence is meant the appearance of specific issue even though it may have been included as part of a larger resolution; i.e., a given resolution may have contained several issues. Furthermore, a given issue may have appeared more than once in a given year. In either case it is given the frequency of one for each appearance. There may be a certain validity in including such duplicate frequencies since intensity of feeling on the part of the conventioneers is disclosed. A study of Appendix A reveals wide variety in the content of resolutions and in the year or years in which such specific resolution-content appeared at conventions. While It Is not proposed to analyze these issues, but to arrive at a series of Issues whereby to measure present attitudes of ministers and lay leaders, it is of Interest to note that the specific issues relate to the peculiar con ditions of the day. Thus the period of 1929-1939 brought 52 about a number of resolutions dealing with such items as hours of labor, child labor, old age and social security measure s. Yet, consistently, resolutions relative to liquor, war and peace, and relief measures have appeared over the years--a fact indicated by perusal of Appendix A. Tables 3 and U exhibit the incidence or frequency of appearance of social issues, by totals for years for both the Western Washington Baptist Convention and the Washington Baptist Convention. For the former there was a total of 38 incidences, or an average of 3 P©** year, approximately. For the latter there was a total of 99, for an average of 3*8 per year, excluding two years for which there were no reports. One may note that the years of 1931-191+1 brought forth the largest number of incidences, possibly reflecting the great social unrest of that time. As stated previously, the study provides for the selection of items that will be meaningful in Washington Baptist history in order to measure present attitudes. For ease of utilization the social issues were dealt with in broad areas, rather than as specifically stated in the annual minutes. With this aim in mind, classification and reclassification of various specific items resulted. At length the process culminated in meaningful cate gories as follows: liquor traffic, war and peace, social welfare measures, law enforcement, interfaith-intercultural TABLE 3 FREQUENCY OF APPEARANCE OF SOCIAL ISSUES, WESTERN WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 1919-1931, TOTALS BY YEARS Year Number of Issues 191 9 ............................ 2 1920 1 1 9 2 1 5 1922 3 1923 3 1921+ $ 19 2 5 ............................ 2 1926 1 1927 2 1928 1+ 1929 ■ 1+ 1930 Oa 193 1 ............................ 6 T o t a l ..................... 38 £ No items that could be considered social Issues appeared. TABLE 4 5 4 FREQUENCY OF APPEARANCE OF SOCIAL ISSUES, WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 1932-19^9, TOTALS BY YEARS Year Number of Issues 1932 ......... 7 1933 ............ 7 1934 ............ 3 1935 ......... .. 7 1936 ............ oa 1937 ......... .. 3 1938 ........... 5 1939 ......... .. 8 1940 ......... - 5 1 9 4 1 ......... - 9 1942 ......... .. 3 1943 ........... 0a 1944 ............ 1 1945 ......... .. 0a 1946 ......... .. 1 1947 ............ 2 1948 ............ 3W 1949 ............ ob 1950 ............ 4 1 9 5 1 ......... .. 6 1952 ......... .. 3 1953 ............ 1954 ............ 4 3 1955 ......... .. 5 1956 ............ oc 1 9 5 7 .......... 2 1958 ............ 4 1959 ............ 4 Total . . 99 a No Items that could be considered social Issues. u 1949 Minutes not available at Baptist Headquarters. °1956 No minutes, Combined national and state meeting. 5 5 relations, church-state relations, use of the Sabbath and overseas relief. The social issue categories appear in the order of importance as measured by total incidence over the years, except that church-state relations and use of Sabbath were tied in rank. Table 5 reveals the total incidence referred to as under the Western Washington and the Washington Baptist Conventions with totals by years, by issue categories, and over-all total. TABLE 5 TOTAL FREQUENCY OF SOCIAL ISSUES CATEGORIES RECLASSIFIED AND BY TOTALS 1919- 1932- Total Issue 1931 1959 1919-1959 Liquor traffic 8 28 36 War and peace 2 II4 . 16 Social welfare measures 0 11 11 Law enforcement 6 10 Inter-faith and inter- cultural relations 0 9 9 Church-state relations 1 6 7 Use of Sabbath 1| 3 7 Overseas relief 3 3 8 Miscellaneous 16 19 35 Totals 38 99 137 56 As previously mentioned, some items did not lend themselves as readily to categorization as to religious or social nature. Further, by studying Table $ one may per ceive a fairly large incidence for the miscellaneous category. One explanation is that some items appeared only once or twice and were placed into this category. Some, as drug traffic, mentioned four times, actually in 1920, 1921, 1922, and 1929 (see Appendix A) were arbitrarily considered as not having special significance for present times. The content of the social issue categories, prior to elimination of specific items through field test, follows: 1. Liquor traffic--sale, use, advertising, and other matters relative to alcoholic beverages. 2. War and peace--attitudes toward war and peace, prevention of wars, organizations working toward peace, and our nation’s relationship in regard to other nations and the United Nations organization. 3. Social welfare measures--working conditions, old age security, child labor, woman labor, etc. [ ( . . Law enforcement--proper regard for law by citizens and agents charged with maintenance of law as police and judges, and the relation of persons in general to such law enforcement. 5. Inter-faith and intercultural relations--rela- tions of white Baptists to black Baptists and to persons of 57 any other faith or ethnic group in all types of social or socio-religious relationships. 6. Church-state relations--position of church or state relative to each other as separate entities in their own right lacking coercive power over each other; hence, occupying separate spheres of influence. 7. Use of Sabbath--the place of Sunday as a special phenomenon of religious value relative to activities and attitudes toward it. 8. Overseas relief--attitude toward those who are less fortunate due to war, famine, or other deplorable con ditions in other territory than our own. Pretest eliminated some of the specific content of the categories as well as some categories above as explained in Chapter V and Chapter VI. However, the categories of social issues retained the specific titles and much of the content. This section contains an account as to the manner of arriving at social issues for study in this research by survey of the records of minutes of annual meetings of the two related Washington Baptist groups of recent years. One hundred thirty-seven incidences or frequencies were dis covered, studied, combined and recombined, with some elimi nations, until a satisfactory listing of eight areas of social issues were attained for inclusion in an interview schedule. CHAPTER V METHODOLOGY INVOLVED IN PREPARATION FOR AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE FIELD STUDY This chapter has for its objective the discussion of the preparation for use and administration of the measuring instrument in the field study. Following the description of the study design, the instrument for measurement of the attitudes, the sampling methods, the samples and their characteristics, the weighting scheme used in scoring, the scoring system and the administration of the questionnaire are disclosed. Chapter VI presents the findings of the study. The Study Design It is hypothesized that ministers, due to their peculiar training and experiences, are more progressive In their attitudes toward social Issues than the church membership. To test the hypothesis, ministers are compared with a particular lay officer, the chairmen of the Boards of Deacons of the local churches. A prime reason for such selection is that this office exists In most churches of this denomination. Obviously, logical sub-hypotheses arise In the study and have been listed in Chapter I. They 58 59 revolve about age, Metropolitan-Out-state residence, edu cation, and other variables. Both ministers and chairmen of Boards of Deacons are those of local churches affiliated with the Washington Baptist Convention, statewide, and American Baptist Con vention, nationally. In Goode and Hatt terminology, this can be referred to as a cross-sectional analysis.^" It is proposed to follow the usual steps of research design in seeking to test the main hypothesis and sub hypotheses. Following from the nature of these hypotheses which deal with offices in a particular religious denomi nation, research effort is devoted to a brief study of the history, principles, and practices of that distinct body to provide a background of thought. As an attitude study, survey of the literature deals with attitude theory, measurement, and studies in the field. (These preceding steps have been included in prior discussions, Chapters I- III. ) Remaining steps in the design for research include the selection of a measuring Instrument, the subject of the next subsection. As this Is to be a statewide study, sampling is to be used, therefore sampling Is described followed by a description of the sample and Its ^Ttfill lam J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, Methods in Social Research (New York, Toronto, London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1952), p. 100. 60 characteristics. It was discovered after the study had begun that a system of weighting sample answers was necessary; a next step preceding the description of the scoring system. A next step involves dealing with administration of the testing instrument to the sample and involves the method for approaching, establishing rapport, and application of the questionnaire. The final steps in such research design are (1) analysis and interpretation, and (2) drawing conclusions and summarizing. Each of these two steps is covered in distinct, separate chapters. The Instrument for Measurement Goode and Hatt relate that "Observation may take many forms and is at once the most primitive and the most 2 modern of research techniques." The writers describe various observation methods and procedures and cautions relative to them. Among the descriptions is that of the ■i "schedule"^ which is a set of questions asked in face-to- face situations or interviews. The particular instrument used for gathering information in this study is technically a schedule. However, as explained in Chapter I, the term used on the face of the instrument and in communication with 2Ibid. . p. 119. 3Ibid., p. 133- 61 prospective respondents is "questionnaire.” With the decision to use a questionnaire {the "questionnaire" of the preceding paragraph), gathering of pertinent and potential attitude statements was begun. Following the Likert technique, which had originally been chosen for the study, several hundred statements were gathered from previous questionnaires, from books. Journal articles, doctoral dissertations, from the Minutes of the Annual Meetings of the Western Washington Baptist Convention and the Washington Baptist Convention (see Chapter III), several contrived armchair observationwise and several from suggestions by colleagues at Central Washington College of Education in Ellensburg. With the assistance of several teaching colleagues, the several hundred statements were sorted and limited to 112. The 112 statements on attitudes were applied in a pre test to 97 students enrolled in a Principles of Sociology class, a class in crime and delinquency, a small graduate psychology class, and a relatively small undergraduate psychology class. A list of 3£ statements was compiled as a result of this pretest, four each for the 8 areas of social issues plus 2 general and one miscellaneous item. A five week test-retest resulted in a satisfactory . 8I 4J4. correlation of reliability using the Pearsonian Product Moment Correlation formula. 62 ■While still in the initial phases of the study, it was decided to resort to the Guttman method as being more meaningful. This was not too difficult to do as con struction of individual items does not necessarily vary greatly. One may argue that selection of items does not differ greatly, for while Likert may select items from many sources and Guttman draws his from a universe of content, all items essentially come from a universe of content in that they must relate to a specific area if they are to measure that area. However, the Guttman technique seems to assure that the items more specifically fit in a given area or they will not scale sufficiently. It does seem more likely that one may include items in the Likert technique which, while somewhat related to the general area, may In clude elements of other areas of attitude, thus not identi fying the attitude as clearly. These would be nonscalable or quasi-scale types under the Guttman technique. If one is attempting to measure a specific area of attitudes, then, greater validity and reliability would be attained by applying the Guttman technique to the original 112 statements. Whereas, 35 statements with fairly high scale value discrimination had been obtained with the Likert technique, these statements would not scale using the Gutt man technique. Returning to the original 112 statements of the pretest, Guttman scale analysis provided 27 statements arranged In sets of 3 statements for 9 areas of social Issues, with one original area being subdivided into two sub-areas of 3 items each. All of the statements were dichotomized from original 5 possible responses of "strongly agree," "mildly agree," "uncertain or don't know," "mildly disagree," and "strongly disagree." By areas the resultant reproducibility scores on the pretest were: Liquor traffic .896 Social welfare .920 War and peace .917 Church-state relations .967 Law enforcement .923 Overseas relief .887 Use of Sunday .895 Intercultural relations .918 On the whole these are very acceptable scores. Two addi tional statements, from the original several hundred, that fitted in were added to each area for a total of atti- tudinal statements for the questionnaire, or nine areas of five statements each. The addition of two statements per area was an insurance against the possibility that all of the pretest items might not scale with what might be con sidered a different sample, therefore, areas of attitudes about social issues might be lost entirely. (for both sub- areas, but together less than .800) 6U In addition to the attitudinal items, a number of general information questions that seemingly applied to this type of study were added after extensive reading and con sultation with Guidance Committee Members as well as with colleagues In teaching. Special mention should be made as to item 31 °f the general information section of the ques tionnaire, relating to size of community. The classifi cation is that obtained from an official map prepared by Washington State agencies.^ As one may observe by turning to the questionnaire, Included In Appendix B, the attitude scales consist of 1+5 statements, each of which is to be answered by a response of "strongly agree," "mildly agree," "uncertain," "mildly disagree," or "strongly disagree." The numbers 1 2 3 l| 5 and 5 U 3 2 1 consist of pre-recorded grading of responses for easier scoring and tabulation. (See section "Weighting Scheme" in this chapter.) The number 1 represents pro- gresslvlsm on the issue and the number 5# the conservatism aspect, with the numbers In between representing degrees of attitude of progressive and conservative thought, except that 3 represents uncertainty or lack of knowledge. Those pre recorded numbers should provide no problem for the ^Official Washington State Highway Map--Tourlst Guide, Washington State Highway dommission, WashingtonState Department of Highways, in cooperation with Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development, H. Dewayne Kreoger, Director, 1959. 65 interviewees, an argument supported by some writers, directly or indirectly.^ As to whether leaning in the direction of con servatism or progressivism, the 35 statements in the Likert form of the questionnaire were checked for discrimination between the top 10 per cent of respondents and bottom 10 per cent by a technique which also shows reversal of expected direction. Following the field application this was again done to satisfy that direction was as expected with the added statements on the Guttman scales. Observation of the questionnaire, Appendix B, re veals only upon first glance, statements numbered from 1 to 1+5 in the attitude section. In actuality, the attitude statements have been systematically randomized with each attitude area represented in regular recurrence as indicated in Table 6; i.e., the letters standing for each area were placed in a box, shaken, drawn out one at a time to provide the order of appearance of the issue areas. Once established, the five statements per area were repeated in that order. Scoring of the questionnaire is discussed in a sub sequent section of this chapter. However, the general 9 ^Among those advocating precoding, with varying re marks and cautions, are Goode and Hatt, op. clt., p. 316, Marie Jahoda, Morton Deutsch and Stuart W. Cook, Research Methods in Social Relations, Part 2: Selected Techniques~~ {Mew York: I’he £)ryden Press, 1951)* p. 1+5^. 66 TABLE 6 RANDOMIZATION OF ATTITUDE STATEMENTS Attitude Area Statement Numbers in Order of Appearance Liquor traffic 1, 10, 19, 28, 37 Social welfare 2, 11, 20, 29, 38 Effects of war 3, 12, 21, 30, 39 Likelihood of war k, 13, 22, ■ t r —1 UO Church-state separation 5, 14, 23, 32, 1+1 Law enforcement 6, 15, 2l+, 33, 1+2 Overseas relief 7, 16, 25, 31+» 1+3 Use of Sabbath 8, 17, 26, 35, 1 +1 + Intercultural relations 9, 18, 27, 36, 1+5 information section of the questionnaire has been so arranged that it will not only be possible to compare minis ters and chairmen on the social issues, but also to compare between and within samples relative to a number of variables age, occupation, experience, socio-economic factors, political affiliation and participation, labor union atti tudes, and several others as they may have a relationship to the selected social Issues. Summarizing as to the questionnaire itself, It is in three sections: first, a title page with very brief Identi fication of purpose; second, an attitude statement section with I|.5 items, each with a standard answering scheme; and third, the general information section. 67 The Sampling Method It was Intended In this study to interview a repre sentative number of ministers and deacon chairmen (lay leaders). This decision followed perusal of the Annual Minutes^ of the Convention and the aforementioned map of Washington, leading to some conception of possible cases and distances. The decision for some sampling then was predicated upon the familiar multiple problem of available time, money, energy, and distances Involved. It was decided to attempt 100 per cent coverage of Metropolitan Washington, except Spokane which was not in cluded in the first plans. For the rest of the state, designated Out-state Washington or just Out-state, the hope was a double one of about ip0 per cent of the possible number of cases along with a method that would ensure some adequacy of representation of geographical areas and sizes of communities. In the absence of prior knowledge as to unavailables, lack of existence of offices, and the like, it seemed logical that the intent would best be met by use of a kind of stratified random sampling of communities as locations of the desired offices. The details Involved in designation of geographical areas within the State of Washington plus a map of the State showing the regions, potential locations (or communities ^Minutes of the Washington Baptist Convention, 1958-19^9, QP. clt., pp. 9-13. 68 having Washington Baptist Convention affiliated churches), and selected samples, as well as some changes in procedures and lists of churches by area and size, are available in Appendix D. Outside the Metropolitan areas referred to above, the state was divided into the following divisions corres ponding with geographical divisions or areas: I--Northwest, II--West Central, III--Southwest, IV--North Central, V— Central, VI--South Central, VII--Northeast, VIII--Southeast. The 1959 map, referred to previously, arranged com munities by the following sizes: 0-250, 251-1*000, 1,000- 5,000, 5,000-10,000, 10,000-50,000, and 100,000 plus popu lations, there being no cities between 50,000 and 100,000 population. All communities having the designated churches were noted and numbered according to area and size of community. The purpose in such random stratified sampling was to draw one case that was a minister and one case that was a lay leader designated deacon chairman from each area for each community size as detailed in the preceding paragraph. In each instance of area, communities of a given size were numbered where more than one community was in the category. A single number then was drawn from a box into which all possible numbers had been placed and shaken up. (Use of a table of random numbers would have simplified this process somewhat, perhaps.) 69 In several Instances only one community of size existed, simplifying the drawing. In several areas no com munities of a given category or categories existed, particu larly was this true in the less populous North Central and Northeast areas of the state. Where more than one church existed in a community, the churches were numbered and one location drawn by lot. However, in the case where a com munity was drawn in the Out-state having Negro churches, the Negro churches were considered separately. Only one com munity was affected by this, however--Yakima which has two white and one Negro churches. Two other Washington Out-state communities have Negro churc-hes, but the communities were not drawn in the sampling method. As the study progressed, it became clear that one could not claim the state to be adequately represented with out the inclusion of Spokane. Assessing money and time against this problem, a compromise was reached in which it was decided to sample this Metropolitan area of the state. Thus the goal in this metropolitan city was Just under 50 per cent, or actually six of thirteen churches as locations of offices. With the addition of Spokane, Metropolitan Washing ton becomes the description included under definitions in Chapter I. Potential cases, using local churches as indicators, were 128 ministers and 128 lay leaders, or deacon chairmen, 70 or 25»6 cases. Using the sampling methods detailed above and described in greater detail in Appendix D, \\2 ministers and L j . 2 deacon chairmen should have been obtained in Metropolitan Washington. However, as Table 7 illustrates, the actual number of cases was 38 ministers and 35 deacon chairmen. The reasons for the differential, or "lost" cases, are re vealed in Appendix E. The expected numbers in the Out-state samples were 33 ministers and 33 chairmen of Deacon Boards; the obtained figures were 29 and 26 respectively. Again, Appendix E explains the differentials. In all, there were 67 ministers and 61 deacon chairmen interviewed In this study, or a com bined total of 128 cases, or just half of the potential total of 256 persons, irrespective of Metropolitan or Out- state residence. It might appear, in comparing potential cases through sampling or 150 total cases possible as against 128 obtained, that there were 22 cases "lost" or about 17 per cent. In reality, part of this seeming "loss" resulted from the fact that the particular office did not exist at the time of study In the particular selected location. As Table 7 discloses, 13 potential cases were lost because of the fact the office did not exist. Therefore, the loss of cases dwindles to 9 only due to unavailability or refusal, or a real loss of 6.5 P©r cent due to reasons indicated In Appendix E. Thus, one may conclude that success 71 TABLE 7 POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL CASES FOR STUDY General Area of State Potent ial Cases, per Annual Minutes No Office Extant in Church Unavailables, Refusals, Re sponse Error® Corrected PotentIal and Obtained Sampling Number Ministers Metropolitan other than Spokane 36 1 1 35/ 3k Spokane 13 1 1 12/k Out-state 79 3 1 76/29 Total 128 5 3 123/67 Deacon Chairmen Metropolitan other than Spokane 36 l 3 35/32 Spokane 13 2 1 11/3 Out-state 79 . . 5 . 2 7-V.2.6 Total 128 8 6 120/61 Unavailables--cannot find the respondent In a specified environment or environments. Refusals--available but refuses to cooperate. Response error— available and willing to answer but deliberately or accidentally distorts his responses.7 ^Russell L. Ackoff, The Design of Social Research (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1953)» 292. 72 in number of cases, where such offices existed, amounted to about 93* per cent completions. It should be continually borne in mind that the study is concerned with office and not church. Appendix D also contains figures leading to con clusions on representative adequacy. Item 5 under "Con clusions” points out that using the stratified sampling method, but also including some error in sampling, the pro portion drawn across the state as a potential--therefore the basis for being noted as representative— hovers around 50 per cent, roughly. Item of the same section reveals a divergence from that expectation. The most important con sideration is the first set of figures referred to, for upon this rests claims of adequacy and representation. It is the attempt at such and not the attainment that Interests the reader, for weighting may provide at least a partial answer to lack of complete attainment. The figures, in spite of some error, plus the stratified sampling leading to representation of all areas of the state as well as by sizes of communities, leads to the conclusion this is a reasonably representative study. In summary of this section, 100 per cent coverage was attempted with some loss In Metropolitan Washington, except Spokane where about $0 per cent was the sampling proportion. In Out-state Washington, stratified random sampling was attempted. In actuality, the number of obtained 73 cases, respectively, for ministers and deacon chairmen was: Metropolitan (other than Spokane), 3^ and 32; Spokane I4 . and 3; and Out-state, 29 and 26; or totals of 67 and 61, for a grand total of 128 cases. Though there is some distortion, the claim to being sufficiently representative and adequate is being maintained. The Samples and Their Characteristics Some difficulty would be evident if one were to give an over-all description of the samples, drawn as described in the preceding section, if any communality of characteris tics is to be base. At best, one could describe six sub samples, two categories of persons in three areas as Spokan9, Metropolitan other than Spokane, and Out-state. This is so because of both potential and obtained sample differences in numbers of cases in each sub-sample. To overcome this difficulty, and in order to attain some uniform basis for description and comparison, the des criptions are upon the whole population of ministers and the whole population of deacons. This is done through the device of weighting which is described in a later section. The reason for this seems reasonable when it is realized that almost 100 per cent coverage of potential of ministers in Metropolitan Washington, with exception of Spokane, for example, is to be compared with about I 4 .O per cent sampling of ministers in Out-state Washington. The data on characteristics of the population are Included in several tables placed in appropriate locations throughout the body of this chapter. Unless specifically stated, the percentages or other figures are based upon weighted data. Table 8 indicates that as expected in Metropolitan areas, in the Out-state areas, and over the state as a whole, the cases are roughly divided between ministers and deacon chairmen, roughly a function of the existence of both offices in Baptist churches. Differences in straight 50-50 division percentage-wise relates to the operation of the factor of lack of office for various reasons. This does not imply that there are equal numbers of Metropolitan and Out-state cases. The relationship relative to cases of Metropolitan-Out-state is 38.6 per cent to 61.J+ per cent, respectively. TABLE 8 NUMBER OF CASES, MINISTERS, DEACON CHAIRMEN, AND BOTH BY STATE AND AREA8- Area Percentage s Ministers Deac 0 n Chairmen Total Metropolitan 50.1| i+9. 6 100.0 Out-state 50.9 49.1 100.0 State, total 50.6 k9-k 100.0 aThe findings indicated in this and every subsequent table are based upon weighted scores, with the exception of Table 35, Size of Church. In this Instance, findings are upon the basis of actual frequencies. Reasons for and description of such weighting Is discussed in this chapter in a section entitled "Weighting Scheme. " 75 The laymen show a great stability as far as member ship in their church, community, and state are concerned (Tables 9 and 10). As might be expected, ministers show a much shorter length of pastorate--the comparable item--due to the nature of their profession, it is suggested (Tables 11 and 12). In both instances, because open end categories were used, exact means and medians are not easily obtained. However, for ministers mean and median length of pastorates would be in the 3-9.99 year bracket. Median and mean length of membership in church for laymen would be found in the 9-11+.99 year bracket. TABLE 9 DEACON CHAIRMEN AND LENGTH OF CHURCH MEMBERSHIP*1 Percentage s Under 9 years 9-11+.99 15 years years and over Total 30.81+ 31.15 38.01 100. 0 aThe use finding of means probably fall in and 3-8.99 years of an open end category precludes the and medians. However, the mean and median category 9-11+.99 years for deacon chairmen for ministers. TABLE 10 MINISTERS AND LENGTH OF PASTORATE*1 Percentages Under 3 years 3-8.99 9 years years and over Total 1+3.52 37.96 18.52 100. 0 ^he use of an open end category, precludes the finding of means and medians. 76 TABLE 11 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN COMMUNITY AND STATE, MINISTERS Time Period Percentage s „ In ^ "" Community Sta?e Under 3 years 1+1. 84 19.07 3-8.99 years 38.14-7 22.77 9 years and over 19.69 68.16 Total 100.00 100.00 TABLE 12 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN COMMUNITY AND STATE DEACON CHAIRMEN f Percentage s T Ime Pe r I od In Community In State Under 16 years 41.2 22.4 15 years and over 68.8 77.6 Total 100. 0 100.0 As to place of birth, most respondents were born in the United States other than Washington, 75*7 per cent Tor ministers and 63.7 per cent Tor deacon chairmen, with figures of 11.9 per cent and 30.3 per cent, respectively, for those born in Washington. Only 13*4 per cent and 6.0 per cent, respectively, were born outside the United States (Tabl9 13)• 77 TABLE 13 BIRTHPLACE OF RESPONDENT Place of Birth Percentages Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Washington 11.9 30.3 20.6 Other state, United States 75.7 63.7 69.9 Outside United States 13. h 6. 0 9.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 More than 75 per cent of fathers and mothers of both ministers and deacons were born in the United States. Of the rest of the mothers and fathers, percentages of 10.7 to 22.81 were of European birth or European descent. The per centage of Afro-Asian births was rather small (Table lL).). Roughly a third of the ministers and deacon chairmen had had membership in other denominations (Table 15). Of these who had held such membership, 52 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively, for ministers and deacon chairmen, had maintained such membership seven or more years (Table 16). Table 17 reveals a wide difference not only in amount of schooling but also In kind of schooling--a basis for the hypothesis that ministers are more progressive than the lay officers involved. Perusal of the table indicates a persistent difference In percentages at the various levels. 78 TABLE XI4 . BIRTHPLACE OF FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF RESPONDENTS Percentage s Place of Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Birth Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers United States 7^.67 77.63 81.20 80.80 78.10 79. 1+3 European or European descent®- 22.81 19. 8I| 10.70 10.70 16.90 15. 35 Afro-Aslan 2.52 2.52 5.70 3.10 3.90 2.90 Unclass If led* 3 0. 00 0. 00 2.20 4.80 1.10 2.32 Total 100.00 99.99 100.00 99.1+0 100.00 100.00 £ Born either in Europe or of European heritage, but not in U.S.A. ^One case not sure, one person an orphan--did not know parents at all. 79 TABLE 15 MEMBERSHIP IN OTHER DENOMINATIONS Percentages Deacon Ministers Chairmen Both Ye s 35.0 33.6 31+.3 No 65.0 66.L i . 65.7 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 TABLE 16 LENGTH OF MEMBERSHIP IN OTHER DENOMINATIONS Percentage s T ime Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Under 3 years 27.29 9.20 18.29 3-6.99 years 20.61 11.79 16.22 7 or over 52.10 79.01 65. U9 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Qo TABLE 17 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OP RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Percentage s Educational Level Ministers Deacon Chairmen Botha Grade School, 1-7 years 0.00 7.48 3.69 Grade School, 8 ye ar s 2.12 10.76 6.38 High School, 1-3 years k.25 3.28 3.77 High School, Graduate 0.00 23.U7 11.57 College, 1-3 years 5.82 19. 66 12.61; College, Graduate 2.97 9.33 6.10 Beyond B.A., but not Seminary 2.12 9. 83 5.92 Trade, Technical, Business School 2.1+5 16.19 9.22 Seminary, Non-college 12. 30 0.00 6.21; Seminary, College Grad., Graduate work 67.97 0.00 31+.1+7 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 ^his set of figures may have very little value because seminary work may be also considered a kind of graduate work, but a specialized training not comparable to "Beyond B.A." category for laymen. 81 However, this kind of categorization does not lead to tests of significance, especially as related to beyond-high school figures. For certainly seminary students are distinctly different from graduate students in other fields due to type of training as well as by the religious element in the "call to ministry." This is the heart of the study. Table 18 discloses the range of occupational levels among these lay leaders as compared with the more selected grouping among the ministers, a fact tied in with the nature of the occupation in the latter Instance and at least partially due to the measuring instrument utilized at this point, the socio-economic factor accompanying Hollingshead 1s Two-factor Index. All of the ministers are found in levels 1 and 3 the levels of occupations; the pertinent figures for these levels for deacon chairmen are 8.8 per cent and 28.02 per cent. This should have some significance for attitudes as the hypothesis suggests. Data on length of time in the occupational field for deacon chairmen reveal that one half have been so occupied for 15 years or more; again a sign of stability (Table 19). Unfortunately, the figures for ministers on this factor were so incomplete as to be useless. In general, one may say that age-wise the populations are mature. The mean age for ministers is 1i7*52 years, for deacon, chairmen i|8.6l years, and for both together 1 |8.19 years (Table 20). The same table indicates that median age 82 TABLE 18 RESPONDENTS’ OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL, UTILIZING HOLLINGSHEAD1S SEVEN LEVEL "SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR," MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Percentages 1 2 3 1+ "'"T" " ..E 7 Total Minister 70.20 0. 00 29.80 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Deacon Chairmen 8.80 20.83 28.02 7.83 15. 61+ 1.91+ 16.91+ 100.00 Both 1+0.59 10.01+ 28.98 3.78 7.51+ .90 8.16 99.99 ^Does not Include a couple cases which were inde te rminate. TABLE 19 YEARS IN OCCUPATIONAL FIELD BY DEACON CHAIRMEN8 Years Per cent Less than 1 year .90 1-2.99 years 3.70 3-N..99 years 7.98 5-6.99 years 3. 28 7-8.99 years 1.85 9-10.99 years 7.98 11-12.99 years 11.1+9 13-11+. 99 years 10.76 15 years and over 52.01+ ^se of open-end category, "15 years and over," precludes finding mean and median, both would be In the open-end class. 83 TABLE 20 AGE OP RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Age In Years Percentage s M'listers De aeon Chairmen Both 20-21+ 2.12 .92 1.53 2^-29 6.37 2.35 1+.39 30-31+ 13.03 5.13 9.13 35-39 8.90 17.82 13.29 1 +0-1 +1 + 15.99 23.36 19.63 1+5—1+9 15.11 5.13 10.19 50-51+ 15.67 19.77 17.69 55-59 5.09 6.97 6. 02 60-61+ 2.12 9.83 5.92 651-69 8.05 2.35 5.2k 70-71+ . 81+ .92 .88 75-79 2.1+5 3.08 2.76 80-8I+ 1+.25 2.35 3.32 Total 99.99 99.98 99.99 Me an age of ministers ......... 1+7.52 years Mean age of deacon chairmen . . 1 +8.61 ye ars Me an age , both combined . . . . 1+8.19 ye ars Mean age obtained by frequencies, using formula x = x' + ■ (I) Median age of ministers .... 1+6.18 years ) Median age Median age of deacon chairmen . 1+5.1+6 years J ^ & v ) weighted fre- Median age of b o t h 1+5.991+ years) quencies using formula: u S Z {1) for ministers is L|.6.l8 years, for lay leaders U5.1+& years, and for the total study population l|5*99 years. These can be compared with the median age of male population of the Q State of Washington in I960 at 29.1 years. As may be observed in Table 20, the range extends in both categories of persons through age categories of 20-2i; to 80-81|. (Exact ages are not known because of checking categories rather than giving specific age.) Relative to income and using family income as the variable, the mean figure for deacon chairmen of $7*065.96 was 26 per cent above the mean family income of ministers which was $5*165-82. While some caution must be exercised due to assumptions made and due to lack of data on one deacon (Table 21), the differences are great enough to point up discrepancies relative to educational requirements and remuneration. In other words, if income and education were correlated, it is probable such differences would be even greater, As to source of Income, as might be expected, minis ters are largely on salary, but deacon chairmen show a di versity of source, with 35-5 per cent on salary, 29.3 per cent receiving wages, 26.5 per cent receiving profit, and about 10 per cent of fees or other sources (Table 22). One test of differences between ministers and deacon chairmen Q U.S., Bureau of the Census, Advance Reports. General Population Characteristics, Washington, PC (A2 ) -ij.9, March 25, 1961. 85 seems to be logically on the basis of the category "salary." TABLE 21 FAMILY INCOME OF RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN8, Percentage s Income Bracket per Year Ministers Deacon Chairmen® Both ♦10,000-19,999 . 81+ 11+. 75 7.63 8,000- 9,999 8.85 16.53 12.60 6,000- 7,999 27.1+5 33.25 30.28 U,000- 5,999 35.90 21.01 28.61+ Under $1 4 .,000 26.96 11+.1+7 20.87 Total 100.00 100.01 100.02 Mean Income ♦5,165.82 ♦7,065.96 Not comparable aBased upon assumption that midpoint of class ade quately represents average of that class. Top Income level for ministers was ♦10,000-15,000. ^One deacon chairman did not supply data. TABLE 22 PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF INCOME, DEACON CHAIRMENa Percentage s Salary Wage s Fee s Stocks, Bonds Profits Other Total 31+. 53 29.30 2.35 0.00 26.53 7.29 100.00 couple aComparable on salary. data for ministers not charted, all but 86 The average family size as related to number of children past or present or both in the home ranges from none to 9 or more, with very few In the last category. Per minister there are 2.5 children per family. Per deacon chairmen the figure is 2.9, slightly distorted downward. For both the figure is 2.7 (Table 23). TABLE 23 TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY, PAST AND PRESENT, FOR MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN* Number of Children Percentage s Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both 0 12.75 3.28 8.08 1 13.55 12.60 13.08 2 26.98 29.22 28.08 3 21+.50 26. 72 25.59 k 12.19 15.27 13.71 5 5.93 5.63 5o 78 6 1.66 1+.01 2.83 7 2.1+5 0. 00 1.21+ 8 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 9 or more 0.00 3.28 1.62 Total 100.01 100.01 100.01 £ Average size of family Is slightly distorted by class "9 or more,” but total distortion would be rather small, as contributing little to total frequency and per cent. Average family size, per minister . . . 2,1+65 Average family size, per deacon .... 2.9396 Average family size, both combined . . 2.6995 87 Most of the ministers and deacon chairmen did not see military service, partially due, it is conjectured, to the function of age which Is indicated earlier. Of the ministers 35*3 P©** cent and 1+0.2 per cent of the lay officers saw military service (Table 21+). Respectively, ministers then deacon chairmen, the percentages for branches of service were: Army, 1+0.7 and 55.8; Navy, 1+5.6 and 28.0; Marine, 13.7 and 1.9; Air Force 0.0 and 11+.3 (Table 25). No explanation Is available for these Interesting differences, especially as there was no provision made for soliciting in formation beyond this point, other than to note that 23 per cent of ministers in service were chaplains. This repre sents 8.1 per cent of the total population of ministers. As might be expected of the overwhelming majority of ministers who served, 78 per cent, saw service In either World War II or the Korean War. Only about 16 per cent saw service prior to World War II. For deacon chairmen who saw service, 80.2 per cent served In World War II or the Korean War and only 11.7 per cent saw service prior to World War II. Discrepancy between these figures and 100 per cent totals are accounted for by service other than the Korean War since the end of World War II. As to length of military service, the ministers were divided almost 50-50 at the 2 year mark while deacons were divided 25-75 per cent, approximately, with the larger figure representing 2 years or over of service (Table 26). 88 TABLE 24 MILITARY SERVICE AND NON-SERVICE FOR RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Percentages Factor Ministers Deacon C haIrma n Both Military Service 35.3 40.2 37.8 Non-service 61+.7 £9.8 62. 2 Total 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 TABLE 2£ BRANCH OF SERVICE Branch Percentage Ministers8, s Deacon Chairmen Army 40.7 £5.8 Navy 4£. 6 28. 0 Marine 13.7 1.9 Air Force 0.0 14.3 T otal 100.0 100. 0 twenty-three per cent of these were chaplains scattered throughout the branches. 89 Conjecture only is possible as to reasons for this occurence. TABLE 26 LENGTH OP MILITARY SERVICE OF RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Service in Years Percentage s Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both 0-1.99 1+8.81 25.68 36.67 2-3.99 33.51 58.01+ 1+6.39 1+ years plus 17.68 16.28 16.95 T ot al 100.00 100.00 100.01 Traditionally church-related persons of the Protes tant faiths have leaned toward the Republican Party. This Is true with regard to both ministers, 59.5 per cent, and deacon chairmen, 52.35 per cent. This does not mean that the rest were Democrats, actually 13.6 per cent and 21.9 per cent respectively, for significant percentages declared for Independent and Nonpartisan political affiliation, or 27.5 per cent and 25.7 per cent. In description one may only guess what these figures (Table 27) indicate. Later testing may reveal differences in political affiliation and atti tudes held. In the main, as to actual political participation the two classes of persons are relatively conservative for only 13.38 per cent of the ministers and L | . . 2 per cent of the 90 lay officers profess to any activity beyond discussion in the family or with friends (Table 28). If this has impli cations for church-state relations, they are not clear immediately, for one might expect ministers to be more con cerned about such separation due to occupation. On the other hand, if greater education is related to progressivism, the direction is to be expected. TABLE 27 POLITICAL AFFILIATION OF RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Percentage s Political Affiliation Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Re publican Democrat ic Independent, Nonpart isan 59.ue 13.63 27.k9 52.35 21.93 .... 25.71 56.06 17.1+5 26. k9 Total 100.00 99.99 100.00 TABLE 28 EXTENT OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION BY RESPONDENTS, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN Perce ntage s Extent of Participation Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Never outside family Discuss issues with friends Active party participationa 13-02 73-62 13.3.6 19.89 75.91 h. 20 17.49 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 aParticipates in some way as attend meetings, rallies, making speeches, or have held or do hold political party or elective public office. 91 Interestingly, relative to amount of participation in church-related and non-church-related activities as measured by number of offices, committeeships and associa tions, one finds expected relationships (Tables 29 and 30). TABLE 29 NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS AND OFFICES HELD IN CHURCH AND/OR EENOMINATI0Na Percentage s______________ Number of Deacon Positions Ministers Chairmen Both None 28.22 20.59 21+. 1+6 1 18.63 52.21+ 35.20 2 27.31+ 7.90 17.76 3 16.95 8.21 12.61+ b 1.68 2.35 2.01 5 2.52 7.79 5.12 6 2.97 0.00 1.50 7 1.68 0.00 .85 8 0.00 0.00 . 00 ♦9 or more 0. 00 .92 .1+6 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 £ In the case of the deacon chairmen, the positions are other than the chairmanship and membership on the board. In the case of the ministers, the positions are other than pastorate or ex-officio memberships in the local church; thus include local ministerial association, county, state, national associations. Average number of positions, ministers . . . .1.70 Average number of positions, deacon chairmen . I.k9 Average number of positions, both combined . . 1.62 There is a slight distortion downward, due to open end category; however observation indi cates this would be small. 92 TABLE 30 NUMBER OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE CHURCH-RELATED ORGANIZATION Number of Act ivit ie s Percentages Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both None 39.22 31+.85 37.06 1 36.29 36.27 36.28 2 17.72 13.1+2 15.60 3 1+.25 1+.71 4.47 k 1.68 3.28 2.47 5 .81+ .92 .88 6 .00 .92 .1+6 7 .00 2.35 1.16 8 .00 .00 .00 9 or more . 00 3.28 1.61 Total 100.00 100.00 99.99 Average number of such activities, ministers...........95 Average number of such activities, deacon chairmen . 1.1+6 Average number of such activities, both combined . . 1.205 (There is a slight distortion through the open end category.) For church-related activities, ministers show an average of 1.7* for other-than-church associations .95. For deacon chairmen the respective figures are fairly close to each other, or 1.1+9 and 1.1+6 activities. These figures do not represent the actual offices of pastorate or the chairman ship and membership on the deacon board. These figures seem small, but represent ranges of activities from none other to 9 or more in the various categories. 93 Amount of hours per week in church-related activities for both ministers and deacon chairmen vary widely. For each category of persons, due to occupational or non- occupational association there are different sets of hour categories. Table 31 indicates 21 per cent of the ministers admit to spending under 50 hours at this task, 38-87 per cent declare for 50-69 hours, and a tremendous 1+0.12 per cent state they are occupied 70 hours or more with such church-related activities. For deacon chairmen who are obviously more limited because of occupational commitments elsewhere, weekly hour categories and percentages are as follows: under 1+ hours, 26.1+ per cent; i^— 7-99 hours, 51-32 per cent; and 8 hours and over, 22.21+ per cent. TABLE 31 AMOUNT OF HOURS SPENT IN CHURCH-RELATED ACTIVITIES PER WEEK Amount of Hours Ministers Amount of Hours Deacon Chairmen Percentage Percentage Under 50 21. 01 Under 1+ 26.1+14. 50-69 38.87 1+-7-99 51-32 70 and over 1+0.12 8 and over 22.2k Total 100.00 Total 100.00 As to union membership 39.6 per cent of deacon chairmen maintain such relationship (Table 32). As expected, union membership among ministers would approach zero. 91+ Actually, three ministers serving relatively small, finan cially poorer churches were union members as they sought to do double service— pastorate and earning a living wage. Much antagonism toward unions was volunteered by the lay leaders; exact figures are lacking, however. TABLE 32 UNION MEMBERSHIP AND NON-MEMBERSHIP OP DEACON CHAIRMEN Percentage 39.6 60.1 + 100.0 Earlier in the chapter a potential figure of 128 ministers and a like number of deacon chairmen were indicated. When one turns to figures on race, one can only turn to figures based upon expected numbers based upon numbers of churches. Actual proportions of ministers and deacon chairmen as far as extant positions racially can only be estimated. Utilizing the churches as the criteria rather than positions, one would expect to find two Japanese minis ters and two Japanese deacon chairmen, and one Chinese for each category, or three Orientals. For Negroes, there would be 15 ministers and 1$ deacon chairmen. The remaining Union members . . Non-union members Total . . . . 95 potential would be 110 Caucasion deacons and 110 Caucasian ministers. The respective percentages for each category by race would be 2.3* 11.7# and 85*9. These are unweighted figures. However, such figures are meaningless for comparative purpose due to the fact that this research is developed around found cases, not churches. Furthermore, at time of study one church was in the act of changing from a Caucasian to a Negro pastor. More meaningful it seems for the purpose of study is to find racial figures that are to be used for comparative purposes. As all of the Orientals and most of the Negro churches and located cases were found in Metropolitan areas, Table 33 seems to have more importance in comparing attitude reactions by race at this level. It is evident that racially, Caucasians predominate in the Metropolitan areas with 63«li+ P©r cent and 70.63 per cent for ministers and deacon chairmanships. Negroes repre sent 30.28 and 2l|.6l per cent of the respective offices, and Orientals 6.57 per cent and i|. 76 per cent of ministers and deacon offices. It may be that the racial proportions may Influence greatly any Metropolitan vs Out-state findings for there are no Oriental and only five Negro churches of V/ashington Baptist Convention affiliation outside of Metro politan areas of the state. Potentially, then, there are 5 Negro ministers and 5 Negro chairmen of Deacon Boards. 96 One each was drawn by sampling in Yakima. All possibJLe Out- state Negroes are round in communities of size 10-50,000. TABLE 33 RACIAL COMPOSITION OP METROPOLITAN CASES* Percentage s Race Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Caucasoid 63.11+ 70.63 66.85 Negroid 30.28 21+. 61 27.1+7 Or iental 6.57 i+. 76 5.67 T otal 99.99 100.00 99.99 £ For comparative purposes, race was discussed relative to Metropolitan areas only. Outside the Metro politan areas, one Negro pastor and one Negro deacon were interviewed. Negro American (Washington) Baptist Churches are almost nonexistent outside Metropolitan areas— there being such in only Wenatchee, Everett, Bremerton, and Yakima; the latter provided the minister and deacon indicated. There are no oriental churches outside the Metro politan areas. Therefore, it seems apparent that race is a slight influence as far as respondents are concerned in Out-state Washington, especially in the classes of communities below the largest size. Proportionately, it would also appear that one Negro minister and one Negro deacon might well represent that group among all Out-state ministers and deacons. Table 3I4 . indicates the percentage of cases, by the various sizes of communities and by categories of ministers 97 and deacon chairmen, successfully interviewed as part of the total sampling design, the greatest percentages are to be found in the Metropolitan areas. Other categories are dis- closed as ranging from 8.5 cent to just under 17 per cent. TABLE 3 1 + PERCENTAGE OP AS RESULTING CASES BY SIZE OP COMMUNITY, FROM SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEWS Percentages Size of Community Minister Deacon Chairmen Both Metropolitan 3 8. 1 + 1 38.82 38.68 10,000-50,000 16.99 18.82 17.76 5,000-10,000 8.50 7.06 7.80 1,000- 5#ooo II+.87 16. 1+7 15.68 251“ 1,000 12. 71+ 11+. 12 13. 0- 250 8.50 1+.71 6 . 61+ Total 100.01 100.00 100.00 Table 35 is the only one dealing with unweighted data. An assumption of representative adequacy is stated, based upon the premise that the different sizes of churches by membership are scattered throughout the state and further by the fact that there is no way to positively state the membership of a church, other than discussion with pastors. Sizes of churches are based upon figures of active membership. Yet such figures are very different from those 98 recorded In the Annual Minute a. An example is the Ellensburg Baptist Church listed at 189 resident members and 250 total 9 members. Neither figure represents active membership. After a year, in which growth was recorded, a studied account of records placed active membership at 158 persons for that particular church. In several instances, pastors remarked that they knew such records were inadequate. TABLE 35 CASES BY SIZE OP CHURCH, AS RESULTING FROM SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW4 Percentage s Size of Church Minister Deacon Chairmen Both Under 100 28.1 + 23.0 25.6 100-199 29.9 37.7 33.6 200-599 31.3 31.1 31.3 600-3,000 10. h 8.2 9.U Total 100.0 100. 0 99.9 ^hese percentages are the from weighted scores, rather are may not be representative of the only ones not obtained derived from raw data, and state as a whole. Table 35 would lead to the belief most of the churches are relatively small if the assumption of repre- sentatlvene ss Is granted--58 per cent of the obtained minis- ters and 69.7 per cent of the obtained deacon chairmen were found in churches with under 200 membership. Only ^Minutes of the Washington Baptist Convention, 1958-1959, P. 56. 99 10.2 4 - P©r cent and 8.2 per cent represented churches having 600 or over in membership. The remaining 31 P©r cent approximately, in both categories are related to churches with memberships between 200 and 599. A last interesting set of percentages revolves around social mobility which was obtained by comparing the rather's occupation with the respondent's (Table 36). TABLE 36 SOCIAL MOBILITY*1 Type of Mobility Percentage s Ministers Deacon Chairmen Both Upward 74-49 41.33 58.20 Stationary 20. 30 22. 20 21.23 Downward 5.22 . 34.47 20.57 Total 100.01 98. 00 100.00 Social mobility Is obtained by comparing father1s occupational level with respondent's occupational level. One case each, minister and deacon chairman, not Included because information available did not lead to determination of occupational level. Three classifications of mobility are used--upward, stationary, and downward. Almost 75 per cent of the minis ters are upwardly mobile, 20 per cent are stationary and only 5 per cent represent downward mobility. For deacon chairmen there is less upward mobility, 41*33 per cent; slightly more stationary status, 22.2 per cent; and much more downward mobility, 3^-5 P©*1 cent. The questions raised here are: is there a conscious or unconscious desire for status upon the part of those entering this profession of the ministry? Is upward mobility correlated with attltude-progresslvism? On the part of the deacon chairmen, one may ask how one can correlate the amount of downward mobility with leadership? On the other hand, a great deal of judgment in many cases by the research writer was necessary in placement of persons in levels. Perhaps this part of the study has least validity and reliability. Two last comments before closing this section relate to sex and the description of "deacon chairmen.'1 First, all of the persons Interviewed up to the next to the last case were males. In the single Instance of female, the person was head of the Deacon Board in a Spokane church. One case obviously does not provide sufficient data to measure sex d ifference s. As to the description of lay leaders who have been consistently designated as chairmen of Boards of Deacons, there have been a few cases not quite fitting. In two churches there are joint boards combining the usual trustees and deacons, and In one Instance a classification not ordinarily Included in American Baptist Churches, or Elders. In these few Instances, the head of this board was the person interviewed. The field research, of course, caused 101 this change In description given in the first chapter. Weighting Scheme Weighting in this study has a double significance. In the first instance, it applies to weights used in the Individual statements, in the second to weighting due to variance of numbers in samples. The first instance has been alluded to in the section on the Measuring Instrument In which It was pointed out that each statement had five positions in regard to possible answers, or ''strongly agree," "mildly agree," "uncertain or don't know," "mildly disagree," and "strongly disagree." In order to be utilized In statistical analysis, it Is neces sary to assign weights in the form of numbers of 1 to 5 (it could have been 0 to [ ( . , but either method of numbering is arbitrary to a degree). Rather more Important was the matter of direction or "progressivism" or "conservatism" of the statement. Once that was determined, assignment of weights started at either end with number "1" representing the position deemed most progressive, then marking from left to right or vice versa, according to direction, 2, 3, 1+, and 5>. As indicated In an earlier section dealing with the LIkert method, simple assignment of weights was found satisfactory.^ A principal Idea being that they must be "^Edward A. Rundquist and Raymond T. Sletto, Personality in the Depression (Minneapolis: University of 102 uniform. In other words, any uniform weighting scheme may be used for this purpose; five positions might be weighted at 1, 3* 5* 7* an{3 9 as well. However, 1 to 5 seems to prevail in this literature, and has been used extensively in Guttman writings in the "American Soldier" as well as others. The second weighting scheme relates to various size samples and the attempt to equate them for comparative purposes. This section is prefaced with the remark that as stated in prior sections, it had been intended to interview all Metropolitan ministers and deacon chairmen, except in Spokane. In Spokane and the Out-state a sampling system was devised. However, extraneous factors entered Into the picture, the first of these being that no office existed because of movement of pastors or lack of organization in the case of deacon chairmen. Thus, instead of having two sampling methods, there resulted six distinct samples, three each for ministers and deacons. In order to provide a balance In the scheme, then, It became necessary to find weights for each category to enable comparisons. Table 7* P&g© 71* provided figures on potential and corrected potential cases following from loss of cases due to lack of office, unavailables, and refusals. Thus fractions appear when comparing corrected potentials and actual cases Interviewed. Thus, also, these fractions or Minnesota Press, 1946)* p. 102, find that arbitrary weights were as satisfactory as the more completely found sigma we ights. 103 ratios between corrected potential to sampling become 3$/3k» 12/1| and 76/29 for ministers for Metropolitan-other-than Spokane, Spokane, and Out-state. The respective ratios for deacons for the respective areas are 3^/32, 11/3* and 73/26. To place each of the items in a position for comparative purposes, the new weighted figures are obtained by dividing the smaller figure into the larger. The resultant weights obtained are as follows in Table 37* TABLE 37 WEIGHTING SCHEME FOR STUDY General Areas of State Ministers Deacon Chairmen Metropolitan except Spokane 1.03 1.10 Spokane o o • C ^ \ 3*67 Out-state 2.60 2. 80 The logic behind the scheme for weighting is that, in order to make comparisons, compensation must be made not only for different potentials, but also for unavailables, refusals, and response errors. These cannot merely be dismissed. A question may be raised as to whether such losses can be compensated for; rather, are they different kinds? While there is no way to check other than to look at each reason for tfloss,t ! and then attempt to weigh the various reasons and assess their place in the total scheme, 101+ this could prove an almost Impossible task. Weighting seems to provide a sufficient, if not better, answer in terms of obstacles noted. Thus a given weight is multiplied against a response in a given category of persons to account for missing cases. Example: 3 cases, only, were found to represent a potential 11 in Spokane for deacon chairmen. Multiplying by 3-67 provides 11.1 persons, or fairly close to the real 11 persons. Incidentally, unless one is willing to labor to an unnecessarily difficult and tedious degree, the weights must be rounded off to readily usable figures. This is especially true when machines are not available for all statistical manipulations. The weights in Table 37 tend to be slightly underrepresentative, with the exception of the sample used above. However, with ministers the error amounts over-all to .i|6 per cent or less than one-half of 1 per cent; for the deacons, error is .83 per cent or less than 1 per cent when dealing with total figures for chi square purposes. Scoring System The questionnaire used in the study, its development and the resulting attitude areas and statements relative to them have been described in a preceding section of this chapter. Further, the method for determining the direction— whether a given statement is progressive or conservative in nature--has been previously described. io5 An important aspect of this study is the scoring system to be used. As indicated in the third chapter as well as the present one, the principal methodology will be the Guttman approach. This presumes a pattern of responses for a set of statements dealing with a particular universe of content. The pretest, when used, and the actual appli cation of the questionnaire, to be discussed next, enables one to set up this pattern of responses. The attitude statements, it has been pointed out, have numbers of 1-5 representing degrees of progressivism to conservatism. These provide not only for scoring each statement, but for arranging for placement of related state ments in patterns. This is explained in relating the Guttman technique in Chapter III. Nevertheless, if one were to answer scoring "1" for each of three related statements, he would have a score of 3 for the area. A person with a score of would automatically be seen as answering the same as the first person on the first two statements and being more conservative on the last of the three. If the answers to the statements were all dichotomized in the foregoing example, a score of 3 would be In the direction of progressivism, a 6 at the extreme of conservatIsm. Thus the scoring for each individual in each area (there will be no over-all score possible, but a series of attitude area scores) depends upon his agreement and the 106 degree of It along indicated direction of the statements in each area, together with the pattern Into which the total statements fall in an area. In actual use, some combining Into trichotomies and dichotomies are necessary at times with the Guttman technique In order to perceive patterns. This will be discussed as part of the analysis in the next chapter. Guttman scores not only serve to provide placement of an individual but also effectively rank the whole group of Individuals in a study if the statements are scalable--in this case ministers and deacon chairmen--and lend themselves to statistical tests of difference. Analysis and validation of hypothesis and sub hypotheses are to be based upon the Guttman technique - produced attitude scores and their application to chi square test. This, too, will be discussed In Chapter VI. A criticism of the Likert technique has been that a cumulative score tells very little about the content of the Items comprising the given scale; I.e., measure.not one but several dimensions (see page 32+) though Indicating how con servative or progressive, how pacifist or militant, etc., a person may be. It quickly becomes apparent that some of the criticisms found on page i|2 of this study are valid when related to the Guttman technique. Guttman scores may indi cate direction of but not how much or whether a given group or person Is, for example, progressive or conservative. This is one of the weaknesses Inherent In a method 107 In which various scores representing points on a continuum may be arranged In various fashions as long as patterns are recognizable. For instance, with five weighted scores per statement, one may dichotomize using 1-2-3-1+ and 5, the first four representing one combination and the $ by itself. If the dichotomy Is renumbered 1 and 2 with 1 representing scores toward but not in, In Instances, the progressive side completely (for the original score of 3 represented neutrality and the I | . mildly disagree), one does not know with a given score how much progressivism is present. In the sample cited above one can only state that a 1 means that the person or group scoring at this level is further to the left (In direction of progressive if 1 is at left of continuum, 2 at right) than persons or groups scoring at 2. In a scale containing three statements, a score of 3 total does not mean that the person Is progressive; It is very possible that one combination of statements leading to a score of 3* where dichotomization is resorted to, might include prior to dichotomization, one progressive statement score of 1 or 2, another statement scoring 3 f01* not sure or don't know, and a J ^ . score on a third statement which is actually conservative. Therefore, while Guttman techniques do identify rather specifically a universe of content and measure It and It alone, it leads to a "more-of-this or that" kind of 108 decision as alluded to earlier. This is a criticism of the method, but does not eliminate Guttman methodology for this study due to the fact that the hypothesis is a "this-or- that" kind in which differences between categories are the important consideration and not whether the category is to be determined as absolutely progressive or conservative. Administration of the Questionnaire In all cases except one, the questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher. The single exception involved the assistance of a school teacher who had studied in classes under the researcher and had carried on some research himself. Careful perusal of that question naire revealed no evident fault. In the case of all possible respondents, there was an attempt to contact them In advance, first through a mimeographed letter explaining the purpose of research and ' requesting a choice of dates. A postcard was enclosed for convenience. In most Instances, the postcard was not returned. In cases where It was returned, another postcard was sent to the respondent setting a definite date. Thus, It became necessary to resort to other means for contact; personnel at Baptist State Headquarters In Seattle were helpful. Furthermore, some ministers aided by calling colleagues and especially were helpful In arranging appointments with their respective chairmen. In several 109 Instances, a series of letters were sent. In other cases, telephone calls resulted In appointments. It was suggested that the appointments be at the church building. However, due to Intervening circumstances, Interviews were held in all kinds of non-standardized places, from homes of all sorts, to one building wrecking location, also offices served as places of Interviews. The approach otherwise was very much the same. It began with a reiterated purpose of Interview, brief dis cussion as to methodology, and then the answering of statements. Methodology consisted of providing a card with a suggested answering scheme for attitude statements. Next, respondent and researcher read each statement together, the respondent answered and the researcher wrote the letters SA, MA. U, MD or SD before each statement and also circled the appropriate 1-5 or 5-1 number as a check. Especially In the matter of attitude statements, the research worker attempted to be more of a sounding board, answering questions or offering few suggestions with due caution. In the case of the General Information items, all the checking necessary was done by the researcher. Rapport was generally excellent as all but a few exhibited genuine interest and desire to help. After the first few Interviews, elapsed time was kept, and the shortest time period was a rather rapid fifteen minutes, the longest a little over an hour, with the majority about forty minutes as a rough estimate. Following completion of the questionnaire, each respondent was afforded an opportunity to make comments or raise questions. With a note of thanks, the session was closed. Part of the difficulty in arranging interviews and a certain lack of response to first contacts was due to the time period for beginning interviews, in August, when many pastors as well as lay leaders were on vacations or at camps or conferences. A certain amount of repetitive covering of territory was necessary, especially in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Some six thousand miles total were traveled in order to accommodate all respondents, including the repeat visits. Summary In this chapter on methodology of the field study, the design for study was first elaborated. This was to be a personal interview approach to all ministers and deacon chairmen in most Metropolitan areas and about a I 4 .O per cent sampling of the rest of the positions throughout the state. The instrument to be utilized in such research design was to be a questionnaire in three parts--introduction and purpose, forty-five attitude statements, and a series of general information items. The questionnaire was contrived along the lines of well-developed procedures utilized by Llkert and Guttman, and providing for later Guttman scaling Ill of the attitude items. The attitude items, in reality, can best be thought of as being nine separate scales by attitude areas ranging from liquor traffic to intercultural relations. Sampling procedures involved an attempt at full coverage of Metropolitan deacons and ministers except Spokane, where 12 of 26 persons was the goal. In Out-state Washington, about one half of the possible cases was the goal, but in order to attain representation by size of communities, a resort was made to division of the state into geographical regions and selection from within of at least one case each per size community. In all Instances above, the design for sampling was disturbed by Intervening variables. Because of the latter and also because of different sampling methods per general areas, weighting became necessary for any valid comparison to be made. Next, a description of the samples and their charac teristics was given. In effect, It was felt best to de scribe what the populations would be, based upon weighted score s. Ministers and deacon chairmen were stable as far as residence, occupation and age are concerned. They were American born in the main and a wide variety of educational levels was revealed by lay leaders; ministers by the nature of the occupation were most closely grouped and at a higher level occupationally. 112 Income-wise, ministers suffered In comparison to deacon chairmen. Ministers were more limited in source of Income and have slightly less children. It was also found that 35 P©r cent of the ministers and I 4.0 per cent of the deacon chairmen saw military service, primarily in World War II and the Korean War. Deacon chairmen served longer. Both categories of persons leaned toward the Republican Party, but the overwhelming majority participated little in active politics. Further participation, as measured by number of activities, was relatively low In both church-related and other than church-related associations or office s. Hourly-wise there was a great variation in time spent in church-related activities by both ministers and deacon chairmen; nevertheless, one is Impressed with the great number of hours spent by a large proportion of ministers in devotion to service. Most ministers were not union members; 39.6 per cent of lay officers were. Racially, referring to potential numbers by number of churches, one would expect respectively, 2.3 per cent Orientals, 11.7 per cent Negroes, and 8^.9 per cent Caucasians for both ministers and deacon chairmen. The figures changed somewhat but not greatly so when reference was made to obtainable cases based upon positions and not churche s. Most of the churches whose ministers and deacon 113 chairmen were interviewed were small--actually under 200 n»mbership. Most ministers were upwardly mobile, while only a strong minority were so classed among lay officers. As to sex, all but one interviewed person was male. While definitions had been pre-set for deacon chairmen (lay leaders), peculiar conditions in the field caused a slight change in this definition. Weighting, referred to a few paragraphs before, was actually the next point of discussion. The scoring system was described as resting upon the designation, concomitant with numbering, of Items along a continuum of conservatIsm-progressivism. Such scored items were to be arranged Into patterns indicating conservatIsm- progressivism, and usable for placing individuals and groups as well as lending to tests of differences. Administration of the questionnaire took place under attempted standardized conditions in face-to-face Interviews. Interest and rapport were evident in this vital stage of the study. CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS The purpose of this chapter Is to analyze and interpret the findings based upon data obtained through the application of the measuring Instruments to the selected respondents in the field study through personal interview. This Is to be accomplished in three major sections. The first section deals with scaling results In the attitude section of the questionnaire. Parts two and three deal with analysis of data based upon the relationships of variables Included In the general information section to attitude scores in the attitude section. In the second part, and resulting from the manner of hypothesizing, analysis and interpretation will proceed from the variables approach; 2 I.e., analyzing X scores from the standpoint of office, age, Income, etc. The third part will reverse the process somewhat by analyzing findings from the social issues view point; i.e., how much or how little do given areas fluctuate internally. The chapter will close with a unit summary. in* , Scales Resulting from Application of Attitude Statements Chapter V, among other things, detailed the methods by which the measuring instrument, designated questionnaire, was organized. The attitude section has undergone a three- stage development indicating that a given set of statements may provide a score by one system for the sample from a population, yet not be completely related to a universe of content for the same sample, and further, the same set of items in the second instance may not scale for a different population. The above facts are recognized in Guttman methodology in which Guttman has included as steps, the defining the universe of content and defining population.^ The impli cation is that a given set of statements must apply directly to an attitude or else there will be no scale and in the second instance that the scale is to be applied to a given populat ion. The three stages are illustrated (1) in the use of the Likert technique in the original pretest with college students, (2) the failure of the items to scale as one scale using the Guttman technique, and (3) developments resulting from application of the questionnaire found in Appendix B and used in the field study of what has proven to be a ^Samuel Stouffer, etal., Measurement and Prediction. Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Vol. IV (Princeton, N.J.: University of Princeton fresa, 1950), pp. 21+8 ff. 1 1 6 different population, not only In terms of titles (or minis ters and deacon chairmen as against college students) but in terms of different scales resulting from the field study. In the original pretest, items involving eight attitude areas, or social issues, were combined with a few miscellaneous Items into a scale. Following the decision to use Guttman methodology, these became nine areas when one area became subdivided. The new scales.--In Table 6, in Chapter V, the nine attitude areas were Indicated as: liquor traffic, social welfare, effects of war, likelihood of war, church-state relations, law enforcement, overseas relief, use of the sabbath, and intercultural relations. As part of the analysis and interpretation phase of the study, some attention must be allocated to the question naire because of developments In attempting to apply state ments pretested on one group to another group as mentioned above. The forty-five attitude statements in the question naire failed to form the nine scales in the same manner for a number of varied reasons. Appendix C includes new scales for the social issues with statements placed in order of scaling and by sets of statements per social Issues. Two of the attitude areas of Table 6 failed to provide adequate reproducibility scores, hence they were dropped for scaling purposes. Table 38 pro vides a list of the attitude areas resulting from the 117 analysis of items by the Guttman technique along with the reproducibility score and treatment of the items in the individual social issues attitude areas which must be con sidered as scales. The attitude areas are lettered from A to G for convenience in use of tables later. TABLE 38 LIST OF SOCIAL ISSUE ATTITUDE AREAS, BY GUTTMAN SCALING TECHNIQUES IN APPLICATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE Letter Desig- nat ion of Area List of Areas No. of Item in Original Que s 11onnaIre and Order in Scale Repro ducibility for Items In Scale Tre atment of Statements, all Dichotomized A Liquor traffic 1-19-37 .901 # 1=12 31+-5 #19=123l+-5 #37=123-1*5 B Social welfare 2-11-20 .685 # 2-12-31*5 #11=1231+-5 #20=12-31*5 C Likelihood of war 13-22-1+0 .880 #13=123-1*5 #22=12-31*5 #l+0=123l+-5 D Church-state relations 32-H4.-23 .875 #32=123-1*5 #ll*=123l*-5 #23=123l+-5 E Law enforcement 21+-15-6 .937 All=12-3l*5 F Overseas re lief 7-16-25-31+ .883 # 7=1-231*5 #16=12-31*5 #25=12-31*56 #3l+=12-3l+5 G Intercultural re lat ions 9-18-27-1*5 .875 All-12-31+5 118 The social issues statements not scaling were those two sets previously entitled "effects of war" and "use of Sabbath." Some analysis will revolve about the failure of these to scale and significance of this to the study. The attitude areas that resulted in scales, then consist in: liquor traffic, social welfare, likelihood of war, church- state relations, law enforcement, overseas relief, and intercultural relations. It will be remembered that the number of statements per social issue scale was five in the questionnaire (see Chapter V, the section "The Instrument for Measurement" and, also, Appendix B "The Questionnaire"). Under Guttman analysis the number of statements that scaled in various attitude areas were reduced in every instance. Both the third column of Table 38 as well as Appendix C reveal that the number of statements in the attitude scales that finally developed was either 3 (for the first five attitude areas) or 1+ (for the two last areas). The conclusion drawn here is that the universe of content was certainly not the same for both pretest group and study groups. The same table discloses reproducibility scores of .875 to .973 which seem very acceptable. As noted previ ously, Guttman has utilized reproducibility scores of .85 and above, though holding elsewhere that at least .90 is desirable. In regard to the two attitude areas that would not 119 scale In field application, one area, that dealing with attitude toward effects of war, gave an R of .85 as a best measure but included one of three statements having more error than non-error in it. Reference to the section on Guttman methodology in Chapter IV leads to the caution that the scale is unusable when such condition exists. The best reproducibility using 3 items otherwise was approximately .650, clearly insufficient by the criteria set up. The second non-scaling attitude area, "use of the Sabbath," produced an R of slightly under .70 as a best result. Again, using a criterion of .85 as sufficient, the scale on "use of the Sabbath" is unusable. The column in Table 38 headed "Treatment of State ments, all Dichotomized," shows the method of combining answer categories for each single statement to provide progressivism-conservatism comparisons. A weakness, or at least, a limitation, in use of such dichotomies becomes immediately apparent. The peculiar patterning that is pos sible under Guttman procedures may preclude any use of the patterns as found to describe a person or group as con servative or progressive without some assumptions which may 2 be dangerous. ^Guttman permits any combination which maintains order of responses. That is, one may combine in a number of ways as long as there is no skipping of categories nor com bining of ends. Hence. 1-231+5, 12-3-45, 1234-5, 1-2-3-45, but not 12-4-35, 512-34, etc. See Samuel Stouffer, et al.. Measurement and Prediction, Studies in Social Psychology in World War II, Vol. IV (Princeton, N.J.: University of Princeton Press, 1950), pp. 144“50, for examples and description. 126 This was discussed more fully in Chapter IV under the heading of "Scoring System." However, on the given state ment, within the scale pattern, one may conclude that a person or group tends to be more progressive or more con servative than another person or group. This is in accord with the main hypothesis and implied, if not stated, in reference to the minor hypotheses. The feeling may persist that the study should also reveal whether a group is conservative or progressive. This would perhaps involve a re study of and reclassification of all or most data. Nevertheless, there seems to be enough evidence present to make some tentative generalizations on the progresslvism or conservatism of the combined group (both offices) on each social issue. This will appear later in a subsection. New description of social Issues.--An additional note must be introduced relative to change In the description of the social Issue attitudes areas found in the preceding chapter, describing the areas as well as dealing with origin of Issues. Pages 56-57 of this study reveal the descriptions as to what were considered logical outcomes of study of resolutions appearing in the annual conventions and before such had been applied In actual field tests. In the following pages are the new descriptions of the seven social Issues that scaled In the field study. New descriptions are necessary due to the fact that certain 121 statements did not scale, therefore cannot be considered as part of the social Issue as utilized In analysis. Following each description of the ultimate social issue area, there will be Identification, based upon such description, of progressivism and conservatism relevant to each. A. Liquor traffic relates to both advertising of and use of liquor as well as education as to its effects. Progressivism, in this study, would hold there should be no prohibition on advertising and use, for edu cation would be sufficient. Conservatism, on the other hand, would prohibit use and advertisement and lack of reliance on education. B. Social welfare has to do here with hours, and wages for labor, and the cause of poverty. Progressivism favors state minimum wage levels, reduced hours of labor, and placement of poverty under injustice in distribution of wealth. Conservatism, ideally, does not favor legislation in the area of wages and hours, and tends to see poverty as an individual matter. C. Likelihood of war is concerned with the range of probability from inevitable to eradication. Progressivism maintains there will not be another world war, that we can do more than partially eliminate such conflict, and that race groups do not design to rule the world. Conservatism holds to the belief there will always be wars and probably another world war with partial 122 elimination at best. Further, racial groups wanting to dominate the world may be a cause of conflict. D. Church-state relations revolves about religion as a factor in election to public office and expenditure of federal funds for religious schools. The progressive person believes religion should not be an issue in running for public office, and that federal funds for any kind of parochial school are permissible. The conservative feels the religion of a candidate should be a consideration and that federal funds should not be dis bursed to parochial schools of any kind. E. Law enforcement reveals a concern with policing and sentencing methods relative to operation of law. Progressivism perceives police work results as re sulting from skill and labor, and both police and judges as unprejudiced in treatment of offenders. Conservatism takes the position that stool pigeons, luck, and prejudiced police and judges are all factors in enforcement of laws. F. Overseas relief is concerned with the amount of private and public relief as well as use of public monies sent as aid to other lands. Progressivism entails the idea that while insuf ficient aid is going overseas, it is being used as intended. Conservatism, conversely, holds the amount is too great and is not reaching intended persons. G. Intercultural relations has become a social 123 Issue dealing with Jews, alone, as to extent of power, clannishness and aggressiveness and kind of business methods, Progressivism Indicates that Jews are not too power ful, clannish or aggressive, and do not differ from other businessmen in methods. Conservatism looks upon the Jew as too powerful, clannish and aggressive, and a sharp dealer busine sswise. It should be observed that in tables in appendices and elsewhere from this point on, when a letter is used to refer to an issue area, such use follows from this latest classification of social issues. Another note should be made as to the content of G, intercultural relations. Originally the design of the questionnaire, Likert type, had Included statements on Jews, Negroes, and other foreign or racially different groups. As the study Included respondents who were Negro, Japanese and Chinese, but no Jewish, some objectivity has been added by the unlooked for elimination of statements. More meaningful results should be forthcoming when respondents are less likely to become emotionally involved In racial self judgments . The patterns pictured in the foregoing description may be pictured as ideal types, for the Weberian concept would hold that Ideal types are constructs formed by exag geration of one or more traits or viewpoints that may be evident In reality. One will not really find persons at 12k either extreme of progressivism or conservatism. The score of ”3” for example, in an area in which there are three statements and in each of which a score of "1" is the measure of progressivism, does not prove that a respondent is all that the foregoing description of progressivism would be. Nevertheless, the score of ”3" indicates tendencies which may be of value in analysis. Therefore a statement that a person or group is more pro gressive or that greater progressivism is evident, however the statement is made, simply means that that individual or group tends more toward that ideal pattern than other indi viduals and groups--not that the person or group is progressive per se. Furthermore, no person will fit the ideal pattern of progressivism or conservatism on all of the social issues. Were this so, it would have been possible to construct a single Guttman scale including all these attitude areas instead of the seven. Men are not entirely progressive or conservative in all facets of attitudinal belief. Tentative generalizations of progressivism and con servatism of total group.--As previously explained, the manner of reducing categories to obtain scales under Guttman methodology may preclude knowledge from scores alone as to the respondent’s or group*s position relative to a distinct point or band differing from other points or bands of attitude. Further, this is complicated by the fact that 125 scales assume one has items representing ranges of an attitude. Therefore a given scale score, while revealing a pattern of response, does not tell how much or how little of an attitude is present necessarily. Item analysis may aid in making the tentative generalizations. In this sub section, references to score numbers relate to original scores of 1 and 2 for progressivism, 3 for uncertainty, and and 5 for conservatism unless otherwise stated. For liquor traffic as an issue these totals are ob tained on the statements that scaled, with the figures obtained from Table 39: Statement 1 progressive--18; conservative--107 Statement 19 progressive--15} conservative--109 Statement 37 progressive--78; conservative i|9 (Progressive is the combination of raw scores 1 and 2; conservatism raw scores and 5- ) Statements 1 and 19, as may be deduced from Appendix C, relate directly to abolition. The raw scores preceding indicate overwhelming conservatism. As to state ment 37, the subject matter is opposition by choice of methods. Progressivism and conservatism relate not to approval or disapproval. Therefore the tentative conclusion is that the combined population of ministers and deacon chairmen definitely oppose the liquor traffic. ThiB, of course, coincides closely to the content of resolutions and 126 TABLE 39 RAW SCORES FOR SOCIAL ISSUE STATEMENTS BY ATTITUDE AREAS THAT SCALED PER GUTTMAN METHOD Area Statement Number Raw Scores* Progressivism ! 2 " Uncertain Don't Know 1 3 Conservatism " 1+ 5 1 8 10 3 27 80 A 19 3 ±2 3 15 91+ 37 52 26 1 27 22 2 56 36 12 7 B 11 8 15 15 38 52 20 13 17 10 1+7 1+1 13 26 30 13 25 31+ C 22 21 29 8 1+1 29 Uo k 13 56 21+ 31 32 l+o 21 1 + 32 31 D 1U 10 5 1 + 19 90 23 9 5 2 18 91+ 2k 85 23 9 6 5 E 15 5U 36 16 20 2 6 n 16 9 51 1+1 7 77 31+ 7 5 5 T7I 16 57 31+ 12 11 r 25 36 25 k2h 16 7 3U 9 22 1+3 38 16 9 59 35 21 9 1 + (T 18 29 39 21 15 27 8 23 18 1+9 30 1+5 31 1 +1 + 26 18 9 aAll rows total 128--number of cases interviews. For this single statement, a category had to be added. This column, and score therefore, represent fre quencies for "about right" and "not sure, don't know," considered here as neutral positions. 127 votes on the resolutions at conventions of the Washington Baptists. Opposition to liquor has appeared consistently and at least in 19U1 education in churches regarding liquor for each statement in the social issues area of social wel fare indicates that each item as stated is progressive. Original unweighted scores do not permit generalization, as in liquor traffic, as an issue, for while there is over whelming agreement with the first statement (92 of 128 votes), there is also overwhelming disagreement with the next two (or 90 and 88, respectively, of 128). An interesting point is that the wording of statement 11 is almost identical with a resolution appearing before the annual convention and receiving adoption.^ One explanation for change reflected in convention to I960 study is the change in economic conditions. As to the social issue of likelihood of war, total raw scores, obtained from Table 39, for statements were: 3 was proposed. Reference to Appendix B and to the scoring system Statement 13 progressive— 56; conservative— 59 Statement 22 progressive— 50; conservative — 70 Statement 1+0 progress ive--17; conservat ive--55 ^Minutes of the Annual19^-1, Wa Baptist Convention, Aberdeen,' W ^ in, p. 1+9- ^Annual Minutes, 1935, P» 23. I9I 4 .I, Washington 12& The tentative generalization here is that the minister-deacon chairmen combined group Is conservative In Its attitude toward likelihood of war. (This may be ex pressed as pessimistic regarding avoidance of war.) This issue has appeared most frequently, next to the social Issue of liquor traffic, as a resolution (see Table 5). The next social Issue Is that of church-state relations. Combined figures from Table 39 Indicate frequencies per statement below: Statement 32 progressive--6l; conservative 63 Statement li+ progressive--15; conservatIve--109 Statement 23 progressive — II4 .* conservative--112 The tentative conclusion here is that the group generally exhibits conservatism in this area of social Issues. Actually the issue was sixth in order of frequency at State Conventions, according to Table 5, page 55* As to law enforcement, figures from Table 39 are as follows: Statement 2J+ progressivlsm--108; conservatism--ll Statement 15 progressivism 90; conservatism--22 Statement 6 progressivism 26; conservatism--92 It is not possible.to draw conclusions as to an over-all progressivism or conservatism for this area, though one may point out that In two of three statements there was decided progressivism. Parenthetically, one may hypothesize that perhaps the chance of greater contact with police 129 officers as against contacts with judges of courts has pro duced greater prejudice against the former. Overseas relief as a social issue provides the fol lowing combined figures for statements: Statement 7 progressivism— 118; conservatism--10 Statement 16 progressivism 91; conservatism--25 Statement 25 progressivism---6l; conservatism--25 Statement 3b progressivism 31; conservatism--5U With the exception of the last statement, pro press ivism is clearly dominant. Item 3b> Appendix B or C, reveals that the statement is not as closely related to the foregoing three statements though scaling with them. One may make this conclusion, that the combined group is overwhelmingly progressive when amount of overseas relief is concerned. However, the group Is not certain the aid reaches intended sources. Overseas relief is seventh In the order of appearance of resolutions at conventions. The last social issue area revolves about inter cultural relations, or specifically about Jews. The combined raw scores are: Statement 9 progre s s ivism--9i|; conservat ism--13 Statement 18 progressiv!sm--68; conservatIsm--36 Statement 27 progressivism--31; conservatism--79 Statement b5 progressIvism--75; conservatism--27 With the exception of statement 27* there Is a rather evident progressive attitude toward the Jews. Though it may cast some doubts on validity of this scale some reference must be made to comments made by respondents relative to this statement, which is "Most Jews are clannish." Agreement with this statement was construed as conservatism. Yet fairly early in the research, the inter viewer became aware that unusual response and volunteered comments accompanied such agreement. As a result many of the statements wer9 written down. These below came through re-scanning the questionnaires. Minister: "Gentiles won't give them a chance." Minister: ". . . pressure from outside." Minister: ", . . stereotyped." Minister: ". . . forced into it." Deacon chairman: ". . . forced on them." Deacon chairman: ". . . forced into the condition." Minister: "... must qualify it." Minister: "They've been driven into it." Minister: "We've forced them into being clannish." Minister: "Had to to survive." Deacon chairman: "Environment forces them." Minister: "We've forced them into this." Minister: "Historically true." Does this apparent conservatism, by raw score, really point to prejudiced attitude or a recognition of fact? In the absence of other questions clarifying the 131 foregoing comments by ministers and deacon chairmen, and due to the fact that the statement formed a scale with three other statements, per Guttman, the scale scores were utilized. Nevertheless, one may hazard a very tentative guess that the total group of respondents are more or less progressive relative to this issue. In concluding this sub-section, these tentative generalizations ar9 made: the respondents as a group are conservative relative to liquor traffic, likelihood of war, and church-state relations. They are progressive in regard to the issues of overseas relief and intercultural relations. As to social welfare and law enforcement no tentative generalizations are offered. The above have been ent itled -"tentat ive " because some buttressing of conclusions was necessary, some doubt was cast on validity in one area, but moreso because raw, unweighted (for proper representation of Metropolitan, Out-state, Spokane) data were used. This remains an area for further study, for clarification. A reminder should be enjoined here that the order of appearance of the social issues in the questionnaire is not the same as the order by frequency of appearance in Annual Minutes. Randomization in the questionnaire, plus earlier Likert scoring, accounts for the difference. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that order of discussion does not coincide with the importance of the issue by the criteria 132 of incidence at conventions. Explanation will accompany discussion at various points. Relationship of the Variable to the Attitude Scales For the remainder of this chapter emphasis shall be upon analysis and interpretation of findings from the study. First, attention shall be given to the principal hypothesis, next to the sub-hypotheses which deal with a number of variables, and then to the social issue areas of the atti tude section of the questionnaire which did not scale with specific items in mind for whatever value may be forthcoming. A comparatively brief section shall relate to the attitude areas as wholes; a shift in viewpoint from analysis of variables to analysis of attitude areas as units of study. Before any further analysis, two notes of importance should be considered momentarily. First, the level of sig nificance consistently shall be the $ per cent level. Second, unless otherwise designated, the tests of signifi cance are based upon weighted scores (weights here meaning weighting of samples of persons rather than statements); therefore, analysis proceeds upon the basis of whole populations. Major hypothesis.--In Chapter I, in "Statement of the Problem," page 1, are these words expressing the major hypothesis: ". . . ministers, due to their peculiarities of training and experience, are more progressive in regard 133 to social issues than the local lay leadership . . . " (or chairmen of the Deacon Board). Some support is found for this in articles in the journals. Davis has asserted that ministers have higher aspiration levels than their constituency but they probably do not take more radical action; however, as a way to work out the intentions, they do so through church outlets in d • order not to conflict with community standards. The intent of this inclusion is to indicate that the minister does think differently. However, the article does not apply only to deacon chairmen when speaking of constituency. Among the findings by Glock and Ringer in their study of the Protestant Episcopal Church was that church policy, reflecting leadersnip, was ahead of its laity on most social Issues.^ Further, Moore has indicated that "The seminaries educate ministers far beyond the understanding and religious position of the laity." In comparing all ministers with all deacon chairmen in local churches within the state and affiliated with the ■^Jerome Davis, "The Social Action Patterns of the Protestant Religious Leader," American Sociological Review. I (February, 1936), lO^-llp. ^Charles Y. Glock and Benjamin B. Ringer, "Church Policy and the Attitudes of Ministers and Parishioners on Social Issues," American Sociological Review, XXI (April. 1956), 155. 7 James B. Moore, "Why Young Ministers are Leaving the Church," Harpers, CCXV, No. 1826 (July, 1957)# 66. 13U Washington Baptist Convention, the variable becomes "office," the first variable of Table I 4O. A brief summary of this variable leads to the conclusion that there is no difference in attitudes of the two categories of offices in regard to the social issues of A--liquor and B--social welfare; but there are significant differences in attitudes toward areas C to G. Pour of the differences are in the hypothesized direction; ministers are more progressive in attitudes toward C--likelihood of war, E--law enforcement, P--overaeas relief, and G--intercultural relations. However, in one area the chief hypothesis is invalid, for deacon chairmen proved to be more progressive in regard to D— church-state relations. The way by which the chi square scores, found in Tables I 4.O, I4 .I, and i|2 are obtained is described in Appendix P. It is sufficient here to state that the basis is weighted scores. Glock and Ringer have also asserted that ministers' attitudes clearly reflect church policy where the church has made up Its mind, but that there Is great variance where Q policy is not present. Table page 55*, reveals that A--liquor traffic and B--social welfare are near the head of the list as far as convention action is concerned. Q Glock and Ringer, op. clt. , pp. ll|8-5>6. 135 TABLE I 4 .O VARIABLE, AREAS, X2 SCORES, DEGREES OF FREEDOM, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RELATIONSHIPS FOR MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN COMBINED Degree S ignifi- Factor of Chi of cance, Greater Variable Social Square Free - $% Progres- Measured Issue Score dom Le vel s ivism 1. All A .0288 1 •X T r~* NS* — — — — Ministers Compared B .82348 1 NS* ----- with All C 9.638 1 S* Min. Chairmen of Deacon D 11.137 1 S» De ac. Board E 2.9926 1 S - : : - Min. ( Chief F 2^.95 1 S-:r Min. Hypothe sis) G 46.50 1 S* Min. 2. Comparison A .85176 1 NS* — - of Out-state Ministers B .399 1 NStt --------- with Out-state C 8.0395 1 S - : : - Min. Deacon Chairmen D 6.1957 1 S - : : - De ac. E 2.0352 1 NStf --------- F 30.249 1 S* Min. G 41.0676 1 s# Min. 3. Comparison of A .6607 1 NS* Metropolitan Church Leaders B 2.8926 1 Stf Metro. with Out-state C .0051 1 NS* _ Church Leaders (Church leaders D 8.9799 1 S* Metro. are ministers E 2.4026 1 NS-* --------- and deacons combined) F 8.3039 2 S« Metro. G 11.8088 2 s* Metro. £ Asterisk («) indicates refers to two-tailed test. one-tailed test. Unstarred 136 TABLE 1+0--Cont lnued Variable Measured Soc tai ls sue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , Le ve 1 Factor of Greater Progres- s ivism 1+. Comparison of Metropolitan Ministers with Me tropolitan Deacon Chairmen A B C D E 3.8857 .1+698 2.137 5.1159 2.21+7 1 1 1 1 1 S* NS* NS* S* NS* Min. De ac. F 1.11+1+8 2 NS* ----- G 7.125U 1 S* Min. 5. Membership in other Denominat ion, Ministers and Deacons C omb ine d A B C D E . O03I+ .0132 3-51+3 .0089 .0839 1 1 r 1 1 NS NS NS NS NS ----- F .0921 1 NS ----- G .691+ 1 NS ----- 6. Where Respondent Born, Ministers and Deacons Comb ined A B C D E F G 4-U97 .81+19 5.oi8 2.237U 6.581 .3672 .1582 2 NS ----- 2 NS ----- 2 NS ----- 2 NS* ----- 2 S Am. Born 2 NS ----- 2 NS — — — _ 137 TABLE l4.0--Continued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom S ignifi- cance, 5# Le ve 1 Factor of Greater Progre s- sivism 7- Where Father Born, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined A B C D E . 11; 8 6 2.233 £.61+2 . 669 1. 546 2 2 2 2 2 NS NS NS NS NS ---- F 7.5129 2 S Am. Born G .0267 2 NS ---- 8. Where Mother Born, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Comb ined A B C D E 6.1326 1.544 .3228 .1187 .3^13 1 1 1 1 1 S NS NS NS* NS Am. Born F .449 1 NS ---- G . 7084 1 NS ---- 9. Occupational Le ve 1, Ministers and Deacon Chairmen, for categories 1 and 3 only A B C D E 4.6035 8.0367 5.9896 2.56 1.442 1 1 1 1 1 S* s* S* NS* NS* De ac. Min. Min. F 24.953 2 S* Min. G 38.848 2 S* Min. 138 TABLE UP--Contlnued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi S quare Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance, 5# Level Factor of Gre ater Progres- sivism 10. Age , Ministers and Deacon Chairmen Combined A B C D E F G 2.530 .3326 19.0928 1.9U 3-115 1*.088 7.72 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 NS* NS S* NS* NS* NS* S* Younger Younger 11. Level of A 8.1*015 b NS Income B 16.3261* b S Lower Lev. C 9.1*773 b NS ----- D 18.52 b S Low Level E 1+.65 b NS ----- F 17.355 b S Higher Levels G 3.658 b NS ----- 12. Number of A 3.0068 b NS _____ Children B 3.815 b NS ----- C 9.1553 b NS ---- D 11.876 b S U-shaped E 5.35U b NS ----- F 2.613 b NS ----- G 2.966 b NS ----- 139 TABLE I 4O--Continued Variable Measured Soc ial Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance . Le vel Factor of Greater Progre s- sIvism 13. Comparison of Ministers with Deacon Chairmen in which both have had service A B C D E 3.71+u • US78 . 661 3.11+8 .0007 1 1 1 1 1 NS NS NS NS NS « v m t m « » m F I +.803 1 S Min. G 1.1979 1 NS ---- 1) 4. Military versus Non-military Service A B C .001I 4 . 1076 1.323 2 1 1 NS NS NS ----- D 6.239 1 S Non-serv. E .916 1 NS ----- F 1.726 2 NS ----- G .11+8 1 NS ----- 1$. Length of Military Service A B C .11+79 7.1+869 3.68 2 2 2 NS S NS More serv. D 2. 70 2 NS ----- E 2.87 2 NS ----- F 3.298 2 NS ----- G 3.889 2 NS — — TABLE 1+0--Continued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free - dom Signifi cance , 556 Le vel Factor of Gre ater Progre s- sivism 16. Political Affiliation (party) A B C .911+1+ 16.223 6.27*+ 2 2 2 NS S S Dem. Rep. D IS . 75 2 S Dem. E 2.21+9 2 NS ----- F 9-36U 2 S Rep. G 6.688 2 S Rep. 17. Political A Participation _ r5 7.1+631 9.7679 2 2 S# S# More Lesser C 1+.2392 2 NS# ----- D 111. 1+179 2 S# Le s ser E 13.069 2 S# More F 18.1+11 2 s# More G 7.7986 2 s# More 18. Number of Church- related Committee s and Offices Held A B C D E .3152 6.6589 5.01+65 .5751+ 11.0077 2 2 2 2 2 NS s NS NS S More More F 18.385 2 s More G 9 . 01+55 2 s More 11+1 TABLE 1+0--Contlnued Varlable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5# Leve 1 Factor of Greater Progre s- sivism 19. Number of Act ivit le s Outside of Church A B C .2187 5.701 .9621 2 2 2 NS* S* NS* Le ss D 5.6596 2 S* U-shaped E 5.076 2 s* More F 10.01 2 s* More G 5.519 2 s * U-shaped 20. Size of Community A B 1.59 3.91+6 3 3 NS* NS* ----- C 2.1+1+3 3 NS* ----- D 7.1+69 3 S* Larger E 1+. 1+1+9 3 NS* ----- F 19.1658 6 S* Larger G 19.021+2 6 s* Larger 21. Race-- White and Negro- Oriental A B C .078 10.299 10.0316 1 1 1 NS S S Non-white White D 20.109 1 S Non-white E 6.206 1 S White F 3.1+62 1 NS ----- G 3.0698 1 NS — — — _ 11+2 TABLE 1+0--Cont inued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free - dom Signifi cance , Level Factor of Greater Progre s- sIvism 22. Size of Church A B .9328 1+.0826 3 3 NS NS ----- C 6.101 3 NS ----- D 2.83 3 NS ----- E 3.671 3 NS ----- P 5.258 3 NS ----- G .1+1+67 3 NS ----- 23. Social Mobility of A B 1. 718 7.093 2 2 NS* S* Downward Re spondents C 10.986 2 S* Upward D 17.111 2 s* Downward E 7.865 2 s* Stat ionary P 1+.522 2 NS* ----- G 2.157 2 NS* ----- E--law enforcement, F--overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations are near the bottom of the list. The Glock and Ringer findings may well be applicable to some areas; more difficult to explain are the findings on attitude toward C--likelihood of war. Apparently it Is not the proportions of each office which have served in the armed forces, as later study of the variable of service will Indicate, that accounts for differences. This factor of comparison of 1U3 minister veterans and deacon chairmen veterans shows no dif ference in significant scores, except one of seven areas; this is also discussed in that later section. The question may be asked--is the social issues area of likelihood of war highly structured in policy? To some extent, as far as frequency of appearance at conventions, it is more structured than other issues except liquor traffic. Thus, one must look to type of education perhaps as an answer, or to Davis, who indicates higher intentions and aspirations on the part of the religious leader, for what- 9 ever cause. A hint is that personality type may be involved. As to the reversed expectation, in which deacon chairmen as a body are more progressive than ministers on the social issue of church-state relations, one may conjecture. The literature and lack of space on the ques tionnaire for free answers utilized prevents more accurate knowledge. Historically, a principle of the Baptist Church has been absolute church-state separation, as indicated on pages 12, 13> 111* 18, and earlier. Yet Table 5# page seems to point out that it is not a matter of as great concern as are other factors in more recent days. As the data was collected during the period of open candidacy of Kennedy vs Nixon for the Presidency, one may 9 Jerome Davis, loc. clt. look at party affIllation for clues as to differential thinking on the matter. The percentage of party affiliations for ministers was: Republican--59 per cent, Democratic--13 per cent, and Independent-Nonpartisan--28 per cent. For deacon chairmen the respective affiliations were 5l»4 Per cent, 22 per cent, and 26.6 per cent. One may perceive relatively great differences between percentages revolving about Republican and Democratic affiliation. Later tests of variables indicate that party affiliation does result in many significant differences. Thus a conclusion is that the deacon chairmen, being more Democratic, were influenced in their attitudes by the presence of a Catholic candidate relative to this social issue. In concluding this section then, ministers were more progressive in their attitudes toward law enforcement, over seas relief, and intercultural relations as well as toward likelihood of war. In all four, the tentative conjecture is that training, experience and perhaps personality types may be reasons. In two areas, Issues of liquor traffic and social welfare, the fact of nonsignificant difference Is thought to follow the thesis of a quoted writer that where there is strong church policy, there will be similarity of attitudes. In a reversal, deacon chairmen were more pro gressive In the issue of church-state relations, held to be due to political party affiliation and the election fever which was running during the period of data gathering, or August-October, I960. No attempt Is being made to ascertain whether or not the given group under analysis is progressive or conservative per se. While tentative generalizations may be possible from the raw scores obtained for the whole group, a complete re-analysis of the data would have to ensue; this Is held not to be necessary for the study. As the study evolved, attention was given to a number of sub-hypotheses, or minor hypotheses revolving about a number of variables. The first sets of variables may be considered directly related to the major hypothesis in that the two offices are examined in various kinds of relation ships pertaining to office first, then to possible differences between categories of residence, or Metropolitan- Out-state relationships. Following will be other variables as length of pastorate, length of church membership and ending with social mobility. Comparison of ministers and deacon chairmen in Out- state Washington.--The same hypotheses held under the major hypothesis are held for this comparison of offices. Variable 2 of Table 1+ 0 deals with the relationships being studied. In regard to the social issues of A--liquor traffic, B--social welfare, and C--law enforcement, no sig nificant differences are found. It is evident that there has been one change from the discussion of the preceding 11*6 section relative to law enforcement. In the other four areas of social issues, there are significant differences with directional findings paralleling those of the major hypothesis grouping. The reasoning may be repeated here: that ministers are more progressive in unstructured areas of social issues, except in the instance of church-state relations, where the factors of political affiliation and an intense election campaign period over rode other considerations. Comparison of ministers and deacon chairmen in Metropolitan Washington. --Variable 1* of Table 1*0 is Metro politan residence and comparison is between the two offices. Again, the same hypothesis held in relation to the whole group of ministers and lay officers is presented here; i.e., ministers are more progressive than the deacon chairmen. Several deviations from prior findings occur here. First, for B--social welfare, C--likelihood of war, E--law enforcement, and F— overseas relief, there are no signifl- 2 cant differences in X scores. Thus the hypothesis of more progressivism on the part of ministers is not proven. In regard to D--church-state relations, deacon chair men prove to be more progressive. Apparently, the generali zation developing from political affiliation is holding here also. Respective figures for Republican affiliation are: ministers--!*4 ?. 8 per cent, deacon chairmen--f>0 per cent (or practically no difference). Figures for Democratic i h7 affiliation are: minlsters--17.3 P©r cent and deacon chair- men--23.8 per cent. Remaining percentages are for combined Independent-nonpartlsan "affIliation." In two social Issue areas, A--liquor traffic and G--intercultural relations, the hypothesis of greater pro- gressivism on the part of the ministerial group apparently is shown. Past explanation for the latter Is one more offered. Why ministers should take a more progressive attitude on liquor In the Metropolitan areas is difficult to understand. It apparently cannot be attributed to the age variable for neither ministers nor deacons vary by age levels, as later discussion will reveal. Neither should It be attributed to education nor occupational level, for analysis will show no difference of significance between and within the offices in other areas and for the state. This may need to await further study. However, the greater progressivism on liquor traffic should not be con strued as progressIvism per se. Metropolitan vs Out-state residence for combined offices. --Variable 3 on Table 1|0 attempts to analyze the convergence and/or divergence of attitudes between combined offices In Metropolitan Washington and combined offices in the Out-state area. The alternative hypothesis for this section is that Metropolitan offices will be more progressive based upon the premise that dwellers in large urban areas tend to be more liberal In attitudes and action than persons In smaller cities and towns. 2 No significant X scores were discovered relative to A--liquor traffic, C--likelihood of war, and E--law 2 enforcement. As there is a significant X score for the latter Issue when all ministers are compared with all deacon chairmen, when Metropolitan groups are compared with each other, and when Out-state groups are similarly compared, one may question as to the sig nificant difference when variable 1 2 of Table Ip0, or the major hypothesis was discussed. The X figure there was 2.99 (significant at the 5 per cent level for a one-tailed test). The same variable (but listed as variable 2 on the same table) in the Out-state comparison 2 attained a X score of 2.Ql|j as variable I 4 . on the Out-state 2 comparisons a X score of 2.25, both non-significant at the 2 5 per cent level. On a one-tailed X test, a score of 2.7 was found at the 5 per cent level, with 1 degree of freedom. Hovering relatively close to the significance level in both comparisons, a relatively slight variance between groups would produce a X score that was just beyond the 5 per cent level--still, it is significant. Significant differences were found In the direction of progressivism associated with Metropolitan residence In ^This viewpoint is supported by the Stouffer study of civic leaders In which a conclusion was that Metropolitan areas have more tolerant people than rural areas. Samuel A. Stouffer, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (Garden City,.N„Y. : £)oubleday and Company, 1955), p^ 3-56. The study, it should be pointed out, was relative to communism. 11+9 attitudes toward B--social welfare, D--church-state relations, F— overseas relief, and G--Intercultural relations. Analysis of proportions of Democrats reveals that 22 per cent of the Metropolitan officers and l£.8 per cent of the Out-state officers were so affiliated. For the Issue of church-state relations, then, two factors may have been operating to provide the foregoing fact of progresslvism on the part of the Metropolitan group; one, the assertion of greater progresslvism found in large urban centers, and, two, the fact that there were more Democrats in the Metropolitan region proportionately. The other three Issues follow the hypothesis advanced. Comparison of ministers— Metropolitan vs Out-state.-- 2 This comparison follows from X scores found In Table Lj.1, variable 1, on the following pages, and compares the minis ters by the two general areas of residence. The hypothesis pertinent to Metropolitan residence as related to greater progresslvism is not proven in six of the seven soc ial Issues. 2 One X score, only, resulting from testing of data on liquor traffic concurred with the hypothesis. At the moment, no reasonable explanation is forthcoming as to why this finding should be, in the light of earlier explanations on the per vasiveness of issues when a firm part of the church policy. The lack of difference in other social Issue areas may be attributed to a unitarism of thought among this professional group. TABLE 1*1 VARIABLE, AREAS, X2 SCORES, DEGREES OF FREEDOM, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RELATIONSHIPS FOR MINISTERS Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free - dom Signifi cance , 5% Le vel Factor of Greater Progres- s ivism 1. Comparison Metropolitan Ministers with Out-state Ministers A B C D E 1+.255 1.585 .21*1 1.961 1.261* 1 1 1 1 1 s*a NS* NS* NS* NS* Metro. F . 082 1 NS* ----- G 2.13 1 NS* ----- 2. Length of Pastorate A B 11.137 .8308 2 2 S NS U-shaped C 9.2161 2 S Le sser D 9.1065 2 S Le sser E 7.1*862 2 S Lesser F . 0286 2 NS ----- G 13.3068 2 S Le sser 3. Membership in other Denominat ion A B C .9925 2.5051 2.08709 1 1 1 NS NS NS ----- D . 3^53 1 NS ----- E .2766 1 NS ----- F .1+^03 1 NS ----- G .8292 1 NS ----- **Star (*) indicates one-tailed test. Unstarred refers to two-tailed test. 151 TABLE ij.l--Contlnued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5# Le vel Factor of Greater Progre s- s ivism 1+. Length of T ime as Member in other Denominat ion A B C D . 7252 .3183 .6769 .1+761 1 1 1 1 NS NS NS NS ---- E .12525 1 NS ----- F 7.1+9 1 S Longer G 1.0885 1 NS ----- 5. Educational Level of Ministers A B C 2.1882 .1+92 1.2256 2 2 2 NS NS# NS# ----- D 7-5292 2 S# Lower E 3.3261 2 NS# ----- F 1+.1857 2 NS# ----- G 1.691+6 2 NS# ----- 6. Age A 3.2571+ 2 NS# — —-- B 13.83 2 S# Younger C 11.569 2 s# Younger D . 3. 61+68 2 s# Younger E 3.831+8 2 s# Younger F 2.6971+ 2 NS# — — G 8.8038 2 s# Y 0unger 152 Table 1+1-- Continued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree. of Free dom Signifi cance , 6% Level Factor of Greater Progre s- sivism 7. Occupational Level A B .321+5 .9253 1 1 NS# NS# ---- C .1201 1 NS# ---- D .91+50 1 NS# ---- E .6209 1 NS# ---- P .671 1 NS# G .ol+o5 1 NS# ---- 8. Military versus Non-military Service A B C .1731+ .2168 .01685 1 1 1 NS NS NS ---- D 3.196 1 NS ---- E .051+1+ 1 NS ---- P 2.1+669 1 NS ---- G 3.1777 1 NS ---- 9. Political Affiliation (Party) A B C 7.2553 .2799 1.521+6 2 2 2 S NS NS Dem. D 1.781+5 2 NS ---- E .31+01+ 2 NS ---- F 2.^1 2 NS ---- G 7.8805 2 S Dem. 153 TABLE Ul--Contlnued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5* Level Factor of Greater Progres- s ivism 10. Number of Church- Related Committee s and Offices Held A B C D E .9634 3.4682 6.1183 .1418 12.1596 2 2 2 2 2 NS NS S NS S More More F 6.2933 2 S More G 1.6943 2 NS ---- 11. Hours Spent in Church- Related Activit ie s A B C D 3.4605 5.003 3.7615 3*2038 2 2 2 2 NS NS NS NS ---- E 1.162 2 NS ---- F 2.5009 2 NS ----- G 1.4247 2 NS ----- 12. Activities Outside Church (Number) A B C .2706 1.4623 7.1772 2 2 2 NS* NS* S* More D 1.0943 2 NS* ---- E .3479 2 NS* ----- F 2.5429 2 NS* ----- G 5.3764 2 S* More TABLE 41--Continued Variable Measured Social Issue s Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5# Le ve 1 Factor of Greater Progre s- sivlsm 13. Race, White and Negro- Oriental A B C .84735 1.8623 3.209 1 1 1 NS NS NS :::: D 10.139 1 S Non-white E 7.8887 1 S White P 1.774 1 NS ----- G 5.3516 1 S White Comparison of deacon chairmen--Metropolitan vs Out-state. - -Table 42, variable 1, on the following pages, provides the chi square scores for this analysis. One-tailed tests follow from the hypothesis of greater progresslvism In Metropolitan subjects. No significant differences are dis closed relative to the issue areas of A--liquor traffic, B— social welfare, G— likelihood of war, and F--law enforcement. Previous comments on established policy may well explain much of the similarity of attitudes here. Significant differences, all concurring with the hy pothesis for this section, are related to attitudes toward D--church-state relations, P— overseas relief, and G--inter- cultural relations. The progresslvism in regard to church- state relations, as an area of attitudes may result from both the stated hypothesis and the fact of a greater pro portion of Democrats in the Metropolitan area. 155 TABLE 42 VARIABLE, AREAS, X2 SCORES, DEGREES OF FREEDOM, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RELATIONSHIPS FOR DEACON CHAIRMEN Varlable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5% Le vel Factor of Greater Progres- sIvlsm 1. Comparison Metropolitan Deacon Chairmen with Out-state Deacon Chairmen A B C D E .931 1.214 .159 2.843 1.549 1 1 1 1 1 NS NS NS S NS Metro. F 6.406 1 S Metro. G 4.77 1 S Metro. 2. Length of Church Membership A B C 13.99 8.681 .1795 2 2 2 S#a s# NS* Shorter Length Shorter Length D 3.9513 2 NS# ----- E F 4.464 4.7403 2 2 NS# S# Shorter Length G 3.1513 2 NS# ----- 3 . Membership in other De nomina11ons (yes or no) A B C 1.68367 2.1115 1.4357 2 2 2 NS NS NS ----- D .544 2 NS ----- E 1.1014 2 NS ----- F .8903 2 NS ----- G 6.9138 2 S No **Star (#) Indicates one-tailed test Unstarred refers to two-tailed test 156 TABLE 1+2-- Cont lnued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5# Level Factor of Greater Progres- sivism i+. Length of Time Member in other Denominat ion A B C D .002023 .03371 3.11+096 .03321+ , 2 2 2 2 NS NS NS NS ---- E .0772 2 NS ---- P 1.9307 2 NS ---- G 2.356 2 NS ----- 5. Length of Residence In the Community A B C • 571+39 7.9305 1.8286 1 1 1 NS# S# NS# Shorter Resid. D 8.2917 1 S# Longer Re s id. E 1.8379 1 NS# ----- P .0385 1 NS# ----- G . 81+37 1 NS# — — 6. Length of Re sldence in State A B C .6355 1.0319 .9673 1 1 1 NS# NS# NS# ----- D E 2o 161+7 3. 70l| 1 1 NS# S# Shorter Resid. P .5875 1 NS# ----- G .0203 1 NS# ----- 157 TABLE U2—-Cont lnue d Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance , 5# Le vel Factor of Greater Progres- s ivlsm 7. Educatlonal Leve 1 A B C 2.3905 11.7902 7-1+007 2 2 2 NS* S* S* Lesser Educ. More Educ. D 5.011+5 2 S* Le sser Educ. E 10.1596 2 S* U-shaped F 10.785 2 S* More Educ. G 9.7599 2 S* U-shaped 8. Occupatlonal Le ve 1 of Deacon Chairmen A B C 16.727 26.387 18.971 3 3 3 S* S* s* U-shaped Lower Higher D 19.567 3 s* Lower - E 13.623 3 s* Higher F 13.966 3 s* Higher G 8.1+39 3 s* Not Clear 9. Years In Occupational Fie Id A B C 1.1+93 2.31+57 5.11+51+ 2 2 2 NS* NS* S* Less Years D 5.6059 2 s* U-shaped E .021+8 2 NS* ------------- F 5.1793 2 S* Longer G 1+. 1+707 2 NS* ------------- 158 TABLE 1+2— Cont inued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance . $% Level Factor of Greater Progres- sivism 10. Age A 3.3031+ 2 NS* - — — B 1.120 2 NS* — — C 9.2089 2 S Younger D 1.1+917 2 NS# ----- E 1.333^ 2 NS* ----- F 10.7988 2 S# Younger G 12.31+ 2 S# Younger 11. Source of Inc ome A B 10.7196 25.29 2 2 s s Salary Wages C 10.1577 2 s Salary D 5.7609 2 NS ----- E 9.1+11 2 S Salary F 11.01+1+ 2 S Salary G 3.7735 2 NS ----- 12. Military versus Non-military Service A B . C .9137 .02195 3.8962 1 1 1 NS NS S Service D 3.1+968 1 NS ----- E 2.68191 1 NS ----- F 1.0832 1 NS ----- G 3.08 1 NS ----- 159 TABLE 1+2— Continued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free dom Signifi cance . 5* Level Factor of Greater Progres slvism 13. Political Affiliation (party) A B C 1.1+11*9 35.0131+ 1+.1568 2 2 2 NS S NS Dem. D 15.6679 2 S Dem. E 3.3751+ 2 NS -------- F 2.2175 2 NS — — G 8.7609 2 S Re p. 11+. Number of Church- Related Committee s and Offices Held A B C D E 1.8062 1+. 8906 . 6611+ 2.2861 1.3097 2 2 2 2 2 NS NS NS NS NS -------- F 19.7557 2 . S More G 9.2571 2 S More 15. Hours Spent In Church- Related Act ivitle s A B C 2.158 .5277 7.0956 2 2 2 NS* NS* Stt More Hours D 1.7975 2 NS’ t* -------- E 2. 71+01+ 2 NS* -------- F G 10.3769 5.5355 2 2 S* Stt U-shaped More Hours 160 TABLE 1+2--Continued Variable Measured Social Issue Chi Square Score Degree of Free - dom Signifi cance , 5# Level Factor of Greater Progres- s ivism 16. Activities Outside Church {number) A B C 1.001+6 5.95 . 1761+ 2 2 2 NS* S# NS# U-shaped D 7.71+1+ 2 S# U-shaped E 6.5659 2 s# More P 11.11*86 2 s# More G 2.51*12 2 NS# ----- 17. Union Membership Versus Non-union Membership (yes - no) A B C D E 2.812 1*7.538 8.671 16.063 1.1388 1 1 1 1 1 s# s# s# s# NS# No Yes No Yes F 1.931+6 2 NS# ----- G 1.5981 2 NS# ----- 18. Race, A White and „ Negro-Oriental C 2.181+ 6.320 5.1666 1 1 1 NS S S Non-white White D 8.91*0 1 S Non-white E .2927 1 NS ----- P .596 1 NS ----- G .0205 1 NS ----- 161 Length of Pastorate.--Throughout this study, the position is taken that greater involvement in church activities tends to bring about greater conservatism. Mead has stated that religion Is "more conservative than almost any other institution in the community. Beisanz and Beisanz, in a general discussion of religion Imply strongly that Mead is correct in declaring that It ". . . is a prime essential for stable, long-term 12 organization." A further implication by the last source Is that large, firmly entrenched religious groupings tend to 1 3 be more conservative; ^ certainly the Baptist Church, In the light of Its long history must be considered in this category. Therefore, In the discussion of length of pastorate, certainly those who have had considerable stay in one place George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: The University of Chicago Pre ss, 19314-) * P* 296. Stouffer found, also, In writing about attitudes toward atheists, communists and nonconformists, that church attenders are likely to be less tolerant (or more conserva tive). Stouffer, Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties, op. cit. . p. 15*5. Ward, while agreeing that the church has always been conservative, has also revolutionary functions In challenging the individual to change his life, but seemingly the chal lenge of this kind rests upon the relationship of vested interests to gospel. Harry F. Ward, The New Social Order (New York; The MacMillan Company, 1926), pp. 330-32. 12 John Beisanz and Mavis Beisanz, Modern Society (2d ed.; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 195*9)# P. 325. 13Ibid., p. 327. should be more conservative; or conversely, those with shorter pastorates should be more progressive. In Table I 4 .I, pages 150-154, in two areas, the social issues of B--social welfare and P— overseas relief, there are no significant differences. These may be explained on the basis of unity of thought within the total group due to church polity. Still this is not a complete explanation for as to attitudes toward C--likelihood of war, D--church-state relations, E--law enforcement, and G--intercultural relations, the sug gested relationship holds--that those having served shorter pastorates are more progressive. The picture is further complicated by the fact that the social issue of A--liquor traffic provides significant differences but of a U-shaped type. For both those with pastorates under 3 years and those over 9 years are decidedly more progressive than the category of 3 t° 9 years service. A study of ages of minis ters might provide some answer to the dilemma, but no clarification is offered for that problem revolving about liquor, for a later study of the age variable reveals this is one of two areas in which there Is no difference. The second, for age, of no difference concerns overseas relief. Race also provides no clue to the results in the two issues. (See variables 12 and 13 of Table 1|1). It must be recognized that due to the problem of many variables being related to seven attitude scores, ready explanations may not be available In the absence of other 163 helps than the cross tabulations themselves. However, It Is felt that enough self-evidence will enable some generali zations over the long haul. One of the kinds of evidence lacking Is that no question was Included in the question naire to determine how long an Immediate past pastorate had been and how often the person had moved about In his ministry— truly a weakness In structure of the measuring Instrument. Furthermore, the question does not take Into consideration the total length of time the minister has been In the ministry. Length of church membership for deacon chairmen.-- The hypothesis guiding this variable, which is a measurement as to how long the deacon chairman had been a member of the particular church, Is the same as for length of pastorate, or greater conservatism with Increasing involvement, holding that the church Is a conservative institution, thus lengthened association must affect adherents. Length of church membership is considered the most comparable Item to length of pastorate; however, some differences may result from office. p Variable 2, Table i|2, provides the X scores for present discussion. The hypothesis is not proven in regard to the four social issues of C-~llkelihood of war, D— church-state relations, E--law enforcement, and G--inter- cultural relations. In the other three areas of issues, or A--liquor traffic, B--social welfare, and F--overseas relief, I6I 4 . those with shorter membership are more progressive. A dis cussion as to why the difference may be that lesser involve ment in church relationships has not provided the oppor tunity for the rather overwhelming viewpoint on liquor to have full influence. Further, while there is an over-all view (the two offices combined) for the state to be pro gressive, if the tentative conclusions as to progressivism- conservatism on pages 12l j .-132 of this study are granted; the sub-section hypothesis still holds, that longer involvement tends to result in more conservatism. The caution should be renewed here that absolute progressivism-conservatism is not under test here. One observation to be noted is that apparently greater involvement of deacon chairmen and ministers may be associated with greater anti-Jewish feelings--for Jews are the subject matter of intercultural relations. Do the Baptist church teachings including sermons, Sunday School lessons, and use of the Bible itself influence the two offices in this respect? Later variables under study may provide some answer for no-difference on the first four issues. The conclusion to this sub-section is that increasing length of church membership shows a straight line relationship with in creasingly conservative attitudes toward liquor traffic, social welfare, and intercultural relations. Membership in other denominations.--Barber. Warner, 165 and other writers have discussed the social class conno tations of kinds of denominational membership.^ Were all the other churches to which ministers and deacon chairmen had belonged been named and classified, one might present a more thorough discussion as to what might be expected; without the additional evidence, a null hypothesis may be the best approach. For ministers alone, there are no significant dif ferences on all social issues between those who have and those who have not held membership in other denominations. For deacon chairmen, only one significant score was attained, and that on intercultural relations in which those who have been members of other denominations display greater progre ssivism. ^Social class distribution of U.S. religious groups are portrayed on Table 6 of Bernard Barber's Social Stratiflcation (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1957), pT 157 . The notation ’'Baptist" under which would fall American Baptists, as well as other Baptist groups, is listed at the bottom of 12 categories as far as upper class affiliation is concerned. Barber, however, used Liston Pope as a reference in placing Baptists along with Methodists and Disciples of Christ as typically associated with middle class, ibid., p. 156. Warner finds the Baptist Church of "Yankee City" is significantly high in membership in terms of both Upper Middle and Lower Lower class composition, The Social Life of a Modern Community (New Haven: Yale University Press, VfflTT PP • 356 - 6 7 7 . — Wesley and Beverly Allinsmith, "Religious Affiliation and Political Economic Attitudes," Public Opinion Quarterly, XII, No. 3 (I9I 4 . 8), 377-87* found in their study that Baptists were on the low end of the socio-economic level. One may conclude that while Baptists may be middle class In the main, they do have many lower class adherents and few upper class members. 166 An interesting set of findings relates to ministers and deacon chairmen who have been members of other denominations. There is no significant difference for all seven areas when both offices are combined (Table I 4 .O, variable 5). Further, when observing ministers alone, the same findings hold, as Table I 4 .I discloses. When deacon chairmen are studied for this variable (Table 1|2, variable 3) 2 greater variance is revealed by X scores; however, in only p one area does the X score reach the j? cent level of significance, and that relative to intercultural relations in which those who have been members of other denominations display greater progressivism. One may conclude one of two things: (1) that people in other denominations think much alike or else (2) those who leave other denominations for the Baptist denomination come because the peculiar beliefs are attractive to them. Probably a third remote idea might be that the Baptist teachings are so effective that one leaves behind former convictions. Yet previous findings have indicated that there is not such complete uniformity of thought, in utilizing various variables. But why are deacon chairmen variant about the matter of attitudes toward Jews? Why are those who have been in no other denominations more conservative? Several conclusions are possible. First, that people in other denominations think alike. Second, that those who come to the Baptist 167 denomination from others come from churches of a similar social class background rather than from a widely variant church, either sect or highly formalized. A question unanswered is that as to reasons for deacon chairmen being more widely variant in attitude toward Jews. Is there a difference in emphasis at this point among various denominations? Length of time in other denominations.--This variable is a logical follow-up of the preceding one and deals with any difference among persons who were members in other than Baptist churches. Table 1+1, variable 4, indicates no dif ference In attitudes among ministers except on the issue of F— overseas relief In which case more progressivism Is associated with longer duration of membership in these other bodies. For deacon chairmen in this category, no signifi cant differences are found on any social issues as noted In Table 1+2, variable 1+. Length of residence in community and state for deacon chairmen.--One might expect that any factor leading to stability would also lead to conservatism in attitude. Thus the hypothesis accompanying this sub-section Is that, in either Instance, longer residence will be associated with conservatism. Table 1+2, variable 5, in relation to com munity, provides little proof of this for these lay officers for the five social issues of A--liquor traffic, (^-likeli hood of war, E--law enforcement, F--overseas relief, and 168 G— Intercultural relations. Significant differences in the areas of B— social welfare and D--church-state relations in the direction of the hypothesis do exist, however. Length of residence in the state, variable 6 of Table 1+2, is associated with only one significant difference. In the attitude toward E— law enforcement, longer residence and great conservatism are associated. The conclusion is that longer association with an institution, community, state, etc., is not a simple one, but that the particular situation must be studied as for total Influence on its individual members and groups. A further implication Is that other factors may be more important than a given one as far as depth of influence is concerned. In the main, length of residence In the community and state has been relatively non-influential In the study of these respondents. Birthplace of respondent.--A combined testing was resorted to for this variable, number 6 of Table 1|0, due to the fact that there were Insufficient cases for some rows. Thus no significant differences were found, when considering place of birth In which the categories were "Washington," "other states," and "other countries," except In the atti tude toward E— law enforcement. American-born persons tended to present more progressivlsm: more willingness to believe that law enforcement was Just, equal, and fair to all men. This runs counter to long held ideas that law is the preserve of the wealthy few as well as a history of 169 lawlessness In the American culture.^ This fact may have had more Importance had a check list been added to the questionnaire referring to length of residence in the country of birth. Thus it is possible only to conjecture that perhaps early experiences with agencies of enforcement in other places revealed differences in treatment based upon social class position. However, one may also conjecture that treatment accorded the immigrant who came as a sufficiently mature person to recognize dif ferences in attitude toward himself by agents of the American law, may have played some part. Birthplace of father and mother.— A survey of the variables of birthplace of father (Table i|0, variable 7) and birthplace of mother (Table lj.0, variable 8), both offices combined, provides little assistance for the single problem in the preceding sub-section. In relation to the three variables, only one social issue provides a X score that is significant, but in each social issue area, the significant ^Walter P. Webb has described this lawlessness among the cattle barons of the old west in ’ ’The Magic Line,” in Meyer Weinberg and Oscar E. Shabat1s compilation, Society and Man (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 195b), pp. 131-32, 136. Erwin Edman, "The Democratic Idea in America,” Gate- way to the Social Sciences, ed. Arthur W. Thompson (rev. ed.; New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 19^9), pp. 170-77, traces the development of revolt against entrenched govern ment as it spread from Europe to America, along with suspicion of it. Gunnar Myrdal discusses the low degree of law ob servance in America in An American Dilemma. Vol. I (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1944) i "PP* 14-18. 170 issue is different from that relative to the other two variables. Thus, "father’s" birthplace reveals that respondents with American-born fathers show more progressivism in regard to P— overseas relief. "Mother’s” birthplace reveals that respondents of American-born mothers are more progressive on A— liquor traffic. The preceding sub-section related to law enforcement as the only issue connected with a significant difference. Lack of information on length of residence in the other country and in this one may lead only to conjecture. Chiefly, however, it would appear that place of birth is relatively insignificant for the study. Educational level of respondents»--Due to the fact that the kind of education that a minister undergoes is of a special kind, one cannot compare educational leveIs, except superficially--the major hypothesis is based upon theological as against non-theological training, along with experience, primarily. Thus comparison has been made, in one sense, in studying the major hypothesis. Thus, as far as the variable of educational level is concerned, reference is made to separate offices. Turning first to ministers and Table J+l, variable 5» one finds the overwhelming majority as having had seminary training, and only about 22 per cent not having had such seminary training. Three levels of education are adapted from these facts: 171 non-seminary, seminary--non-college graduate, and seminary— college graduates. There is only one attitude area in which a significant difference is found, D— church-state relations. Seminary--college graduates, with greater education there fore, are much more conservative than the two other cate gories in which there is a little, still a slightly reversed, difference between them. With fairly close agreement on attitudes by educa tional levels, one may conjecture that education may not be the significant factor in ministers* attitudes; experience and the "call** may be more important. Relative to the dif ference on D--church-state relations, the reasons for this are not apparent for the percentage of Democrats in the upper bracket is greater than the middle (seminary--non- college graduates) but less than non-college--non-seminary. This is contrary to expectations developed in an earlier section, but does not necessarily negate the previous findings. The education of ministers and of deacon chairmen will be of a different type. In regard to the lay officers, then, the guiding hypothesis would be greater progressivism with increasing education.^ Table l\.2, variable 7, does "^Stouffer found in his study of civic leaders that the more education, the more tolerant the person. Stouffer, Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties, op. cit.. pp. 90, 91, ^ Bruno Bettelheim and Morris Janowitz, Dynamics of Pre judice (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), p. l±9, Tn 172 reveal differences in all but one social issues area, that one being A— liquor traffic, which is the most highly struc tured issue. Apparently, the Glock-Ringer thesis is holding for this social issue for laymen. The hypothesis does not receive full support in all the other areas, however, for greater positivism is associated with lesser education relative to B— social wel fare and D--church-state relations. It may well be that self-considerations have entered the picture in connection with the social welfare issue, for those with lower edu cation achievement are more likely to be in occupations related to minimum wages, and hours of labor. Furthermore, persons of lower educational-occupational levels are more apt to hold Democratic party affiliation, hence, the view point on church-state relations. The hypothesis apparently holds in the matter of likelihood of war and overseas relief, and to a more limited extent, in relation to law enforcement and intercultural relations with the latter two issues, in which categories of education for testing purposes were "grade school," "high school," and "beyond high school," there were definite dif ferences between the first category and the other two combined. But there was a reversal in attitudlnal direction studying war veterans, states that public opinion polls hold there is decreasing prejudice (a form of progressivism- conservatism) with greater education, but that verbalization may account for some of this*. 173 between the last two. In other words, high school educated persons were more progressive than those with more advanced education, and both were much more progressive than those with only grade school education. A study of Table 52, page 223, comparing variable 16 for ministers and variable 17 for deacon chairmen, reveals the considerable variation by education. Two conclusions may be drawn: that there is no straight line correlation between education and attitudes when some other Intervening variable is present; and that ministers do not represent as widely diverse levels of education as the lay leaders. A more general conclusion is beginning to take form and that is that a uniform hypothesis that may treat a single variable but cut across several attitude areas, or social Issues cannot be expected to operate uniformly. That is, there is no singleness of attitudes toward many issues based upon the fact that intervening variables interfere with complete unitarIsm of thought and feeling within Individuals. Thus, an hypothesis can be looked upon as a guide, but with out expectation of uniformity of proof or disproof in this study. Occupational level.— This variable has been con sidered from three different viewpoints. First, and from data presented in Table 1|0, variable 9, ministers and the lay officers are compared at a point where levels are most similar; or at levels 1 and 3 the Hollingshead 17U classification, previously described in Chapter IV. The hypothesis for this comparison is the same as stated else where in the minister-lay officers relationship, or greater progressivism on the part of the ministers. This is found to be so relative to B--social welfare, C--likelihood of war, F— overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations. However, a reverse finding places the deacon chairmen, of this occupational level, as more progressive than ministers in their attitude toward A--liquor traffic. There is no difference statistically in attitudes toward D--church-state relations and E--law enforcement. The second approach compared the ministers by the two levels. No significant differences were found discernible in Table l | . l , variable 7- The third approach to occupations concerned intra group analysis of the lay officers with the Hollingshead’s seven levels reduced to four in the following combinations: 1 and 2, 3 an<3 Kt 5 an^ 6, and 7 alone. The hypothesis for this variable applied to lay officers is that increasing progressivism is associated.with increasingly higher occu- 17 pational level: 1 is highest level, 7 lowest in scale. Interestingly enough, there were significant differences in 17 'Edward A. Rundquist and Raymond F. Sletto, Personality in the Depression (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1936), pp. 3kb~b^^ They found in their study that, among other things, those in lower level occu pations were "poor" (more conservative) toward economic con servatism and law. 175 ©very attitude area of social issues. Support for the hypothesized direction -was found in the scores about C--likelihood of war, E--law enforcement, and F— overseas relief. The hypothesis was not supported in the other four areas. As to B--social welfare and D--church-state relations, lower occupational levels were more progressive, probably due to occupational involvement with wages and hours In the first Instance and greater likelihood of Democratic affiliation in the other. Liquor traffic presented a confusing picture with categories at the extremes being most conservative, or levels 1 and 2 and level 7. Levels 3 and 1|, and 5 and 6 were much more progressive and fairly close in percentages of column categories. In the last remaining social Issue the findings were also somewhat confused with variation from level to level, hence, most progressivism was found at the combined 1 and 2 group, and In decreasing order of progres sivism the 5 and 6 grouping, 7 group, then the 3 and i j . grouping. When the occupational categories are collapsed into two levels of 1'-2-3-1+ combined and 5-6-7 combined and 2 tested, the X score is about .32, or clearly non significant. Nevertheless, a partial answer as to the reversal of expected findings relative to the matter of liquor traffic may be the distinct spread of deacons con cerning this issue along with the fact that training and occupational habit of ministers more likely would cause them 176 to look with disfavor upon liquor. This Is not entirely tenable in light of discussion on liquor elsewhere. In addition to occupational level, one questionnaire item related to the number of years spent in the occupa tional field, and findings are indicated on Table lp2, variable 9, for deacon chairmen. The variable was not treated for ministers due to insufficient data. Greater involvement is held to be a conservative influence as a hypothesis. This was found so, relative to C--likelihood of war. The reverse was found in connection with F--overseas relief. For D--church-state relations a U-shaped curve of response was found with categories of "under 9 years" and "15 years and over" much more progressive than the middle range of "9-1^-. 99 years." It is possible that this may tie in with particular political affiliations, otherwise no ready explanation is available. No significant differences were found for A— liquor traffic, B— social welfare, E--law enforcement, and G--Intercultural relations when associated with length of time in an occupation. Age.--Increasing age Is to be considered related to 18 increasing conservatism as a hypothesis. With both l8 Stouffer, Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties, op. cit., pp. 89, 105# found that young people were more tolerant than older in attitudes within the scope of his study. Optimism, also declined with age at each edu cational level, though generally increasing with Increasing 177 offices combined, significant differences associated with the age variable were two, in attitudes toward C— likelihood of war and G--intercultural relations, in the expected direction (Table I 4 . 0, variable 10). For ministers, alone, the variable of age elicited more significant scores than either occupational level or educational level. As Table 1+1, variable 6, indicates, in line with the hypothesis, the younger were more progressive than the older ministers, or stated in the structure of the hypothesis statement, the older were more conservative relative to B--social welfare, C--likelihood of war, D--church-state relations, E--law enforcement and G--inter- cultural relations. Note should be mad9 that in the first two social issue areas, there was a slight but probably not significant decrease in conservatism over the preceding age category but not relative to the whole range of categories. education, p. 101. John R. Schmidhauser, nThe Political Behavior of Older Persons: A Discussion of Some Frontiers in Research," Western Political Quarterly. XI (March, 1958)» 113-24* raises the question whether or not conservatism is a con comitant of old age. He does not provide a definite answer but points the way to a study of the Investigation of the social environment for understanding the creation of atti tudes (when did they begin voting habits). (The area under study was political behavior.) Ansel P. Simpson, "Social Class Correlates of Old Age," Sociology and Social Research. XLV, No. 2 (January, 1961), 131-39. Simpson echoes the above finding to an extent calling for a further study of the aged relative to the social situation in which he is found as well as ques tioning the aged person himself. Rundquist and Sletto, op. clt., pp. 341-42, found declining progressivism toward law with advancing age in their "Depression" study. 178 A--liquor traffic and P— overseas relief were associated with no significant differences by age, for ministers. Among deacon chairmen, age, as dealt with in Table i+2, variable 10, is revealed as significant with the older deacons exhibiting greater conservatism in attitudes toward C--likelihood of war, F--overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations. The fact that non-significant scores are also found in regard to A--liquor traffic, B--social welfare, D--church-state relations, and E— law enforcement would indicate that age is not a sole factor. At least in the areas of liquor traffic and social welfare the Glock-Ringer thesis may hold true. As to church-state relations one may suppose an even division of Democrats by age levels. Up to this point, one may conclude that more dif ferences in attitude are due to the variable of age than any other, in the over-all comparison of officers combined and offices separate. Also, it seems more and more evident that some social issues are least affected by the variable as liquor traffic. This will probably become clearer when the social issues become the focus of analysis. Income.--The hypothesis is forwarded here that 19 greater income is associated with more progressivism. ^Bettelheim and Janowitz, op. cit. . pp. on the other hand found no difference among veterans of various socio-economic classes in the variable of anti semitism. 179 Variable 11, Table l j .0 , discloses non-significance of dif ferences in attitude toward four social issues of A--liquor traffic, C--likelihood of war, E--law enforcement and G--intercultural relations, for ministers and deacon chair men combined. Contrary to hypothesis, increasing income was found associated with conservatism toward B--social welfare and D--church-state relations. But in accord with the hypothesis, upper income levels tended toward more progres sivism when related to F--overseas relief. A brief discussion would hold that attitudes toward liquor and perhaps law enforcement are structured in church policy, but this would not hold for the other two or three non-significant items as testing in other sections would show, especially as variables seemingly closely related as occupation and education have not brought about similar results in some social issue areas. One may associate self- interest with the finding in social welfare and probable greater Democratic affiliation with church-state relations findings. It is becoming more apparent that relative to the social issues of overseas relief, lay officers in the upper levels of income, education, and occupation are more progressive. While self-interest may explain the difference on the home brand of social welfare as due to nature of the Issue as related to wage earners combined with probability of less education and lesser occupation, how can difference on overseas relief be explained? 180 It may b© hypothesized that greater education, relative freedom from a day-by-day or week-by-week reliance on the job provides a wider vision for upper level persons. Further, that overseas relief is a more abstract problem, not as emotionally involved with the here and now, and higher education and occupation as well as income to buy leisure time and kinds of reading materials do affect the 20 particular attitudes toward the particular social issue. Source of income is not a helpful variable in analyzing ministers because all but a handful were on salary. However, in the case of deacon chairmen, source of Income is varied, and as item 12 of the General Information section of the Questionnaire, Appendix B, discloses, there are six categories for source: salary, wages, fees, stocks and bonds, profits, and other, which refers to combinations 2 primarily. In testing for X three categories, or classes, were set up due to inadequate cases in certain categories listed in the preceding sentence; the classes for comparison become "salary," "wages," and "other" with the latter in cluding fees, stocks and bonds, profits and the original "other." Table 1+2, variable 11, presents findings of sig nificant differences in five areas. In regard to greater 20 A general consensus in social stratification classes in colleges and universities is that greater income leads to purchase of a higher style of life. This is borne out somewhat in Bernard Barber's Social Stratification. op. cit., pp. 138-67, 1+05-1+06. l8l progressivism, those on salary lead, with wages next, and "other" least in attitudes toward A--liquor traffic. Relative to B--social welfare measures progressivism was much more evident in wage-earners, next with the salaried, and relatively minor among "others." As to C--possibilities of war, salaried were more progressive, those in "other" next, and "wages" least. However, the difference in per centages between "other" and "wages" was small. The true significance lay between the latter two and "salary." The attitude toward E--law enforcement found those on salary most progressive with "other" next, and those on wages definitely leaning toward conservatism. The greatest difference in percentages lay between the last item and the first two. In attitude toward P--overseas relief, leadership in progressivism was again held by those on salary, next was "other" and last "wages." In regard to D--church-state relations and intercultural relations there was no dif ference between sub-groups of deacon chairmen. Recapitu lating, greater progressivism was the mark of the salaried in the four areas of liquor traffic, likelihood of war, law enforcement and overseas relief; wage earners displayed more progressivism in the area of social welfare as might be logically assumed. For, hours, minimum wages, and the peculiar philosophy over state of poverty would have more direct application to their daily lives, whereas for the 182 other categories of persons these items do not and may even tend to become more objective data in planning and management. A hypothesis on source of income would have held that wage earners would tend to hold more conservative views on most social issues. This is a tacit recognition that education, occupation, and Income levels do have some effect and wage earners would be more likely to be at the bottom of these levels. However, wage earners would also be more likely to come into contact with police in our society and receive differential treatment, thus be more conservative at 21 this point. (Conservative here may be considered dis trustful and pessimistic.) Number of children.--This variable, number 12 of Table J+0, may be defined as number of children now or ever in family, therefore it may be perceived that the influence on thought may extend to grandchildren. Regardless, number of children for both offices combined presents a finding of significance in only one area; D--church-state relations. Here there is no straight line relationship nor even a 21 Both Sutherland and Barnes and Teeters support this contention, as the latter two in their book present evidence from and discussion about statements from Sutherland. Barnes and Teeters state, "Differential treat ment -by law enforcement agencies to the detriment of minority groups and to the poor is almost universal, but it is most marked in the urban centers.” Harry Elmer Barnes and Negley K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology (3rd ed.; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.! Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959), p. l5l. 183 U-shaped curve, for utilizing five classes of numbers pro gressivism is found in decreasing degree as follows: 5 or more children, 1 child, 2 children, 3 or 1+ children, no children. Inclusion of the item on number of children was to have tested the stabilizing effect of such in a family, thus on the persons tested. It may well be that number of children has little influence in what is already a rela tively greatly stable group of persons. Military service.— Droba wrote in an early article that war service seems to Influence men in the militaristic 22 rather than the pacifistic direction. In a sense, Campbell and MacCormack and other writers present some disagreement 21 in their studies of the military. J One may wonder whether the citizen army type of experience may have lasting effect on attitudes regarding progressivism or conservatism D. S. Droba, "Effect of Various Factors In Militarism-Pacifism," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XXVI (January, 1932), 153- 21 Donald T. Campbell and Thelma H. MacCormack, "Military Experience and Attitudes toward Authority," American Journal of Sociology. LXII (March, 1957), 1+82-90. Morris Janowltz, he Professional Soldier (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe, Illinois, I960), pp. 175-95, 233-55, Indicates that the officers In the armed service are becoming more like the civilian population In their political beliefs (p. 235) and that treatment of en listed men and their families Is becoming more liberal (p. 180). However, this is In reference to professionally oriented soldiers. Bettelheim and Janowltz, op. clt.. pp. 62-73, state that experiences previous to military service determine attitudes toward the army itself (p. 69). 1814- especially with the time interval involved Tor most between service and interview period. The hypothesis presented here is one of no difference. This variable was treated in three different ways. First, comparison of the two offices in cases where service had been noted; second, comparison of those who. had had military service with those who had not for both offices combined and within each office; and, third, length of military service. Though the questionnaire listed branch of service, this phase was not tested due to limitations of numbers of cases and in some instances combining of cate gories placed almost all ministers in one set and laymen in another. Another difficulty was that of accounting for the fact that so many ministers were not then ministers and some not even interested in so becoming. (The last fact is not tabulated but must remain impressionistic for the researcher did not realize the implications during the beginning weeks of interviewing.) Thus, the first comparative findings are obtained from Table L j . 0 , variable 13. In this phase of the study there were no significant differences in attitudes between former servicemen who were either ministers or deacon chair men in six of the seven areas. In the one area of difference 2 (and the X score was not far beyond the 5 P©r cent level) ministers presented a more progressive attitude toward F--overseas relief. 185 In regard to the second treatment of service, listed as variable l l j . of Table J 4.O, service vs non-service with both offices combined as a group was center of focus. In six areas there was no significant difference, but in attitudes toward D--church-state relations those with military service revealed more progressivism. As to why, one may conjecture that the varied experience In the military, especially for those who had been overseas Is broadening, as these have observed church-state relations in other places. A corol lary to this might be that they have perceived how rela tively ineffective government control or relations with established churches can be in the lives of adherents. Yet this explanation leaves unexplained a number of factors in other areas. Another conclusion is that political affilia tion somehow again has affected this particular aspect of the frhole problem. A re-study of the data has indicated these percentages of those with service by political party: Republican......... ........... i|0.7 % Democrat ..................... Independent-Nonpartisan . . . 34*55^ For those in the non-service bracket the figures are as follows: Republican...................63.2 % Democrat..................... Independent-Nonpartisan . . . 22. 186 If conclusions in preceding sections are correct, that the church-state relation is related to political party, It would seem that the Democratic influence would be more prevalent in the service group, thus may account for church-state differences. Still following up on service and non-service, but limiting to ministers, only, one sees no differences of significance via Table l+l, variable 8, in all attitude areas. As to deacon chairmen, Table 1+2, variable 12 discloses almost Identical reactions, except that one significant difference relates to C--likellhood of war in which those with service are more progressive; i.e., tend to believe there will be no war and therefore It is not Inevitable. The third approach dealt with length of service as a variable in itself, and, of course, Is concerned only with the veterans of both offices. There is increasing progres sivism with increasing length of service (Table 0, page 220 variable 15)* Droba was wrong as far as these populations are concerned. An observation may pertain to the over-all variable of military service; it does not change attitudes to any great degree among the local church leadership In this denomination. This is apparently true whether thinking In terms of service as against non-service for all cases, or for the two kinds of cases, or for comparisons of offices on service, and also for comparisons of length of service. An 187 intervening variable may be the elapsed time since service. A further observation pertains to the subtle shifts in findings of significance that come about due to selection of categories within categories for study. For both offices combined no difference may be the rule, but with separation an area may be one of real difference in attitude for one category but not the other. Political affillation.--While the Democratic party has frequently been looked upon as the more liberal and, indeed radical, party on most social issues, there may not be a straight line relationship with the seven social issues of this study, for the Eisenhower administration has under taken or been the fertile atmosphere for liberal moves in some social issue areas, particularly in continuance of over seas relief programs and Supreme Court decisions in liberalization of Negro rights. In the area of law enforce ment, no difference is hypothesized, but in the other areas more progressivism on the part of the Democrats is hypothesized. The latter results from the historical facts that prohibition was repealed under a Democratic adminis tration, Democrats have introduced consistently social wel fare measures, have been accused of causation for or entry of the United States Into war, and would be more favorable toward progressivism in church-state relations by virtue of running a Catholic candidate. This variable may have some unexplainable aspects If 188 one were to miss the point of subtle shifts in significance and non-significance in the preceding sub-section. Never theless, scrutinizing Table 1|0, variable 16, one may discern a number of differences in regard to political affiliation among both offices when combined as a group. Three classes of persons were involved in setting up chi square tests, Republican, Democrats, and Independent- - Nonpartisans. The latter classification resulted from the fact that so few cases fell in Nonpartisan that many cells were left unfilled and filled cases were often below minimum requirements posited by Guilford, among other writers,^ In use of the variable with the offices combined, significant differences were obtained in all but one atti tude area, or E--law enforcement. More progressivism was found on the side of Democrats relative to D--church-state relations and B--social welfare. Next were the Independent- Nonpartisans, with Republicans least. Republicans presented greater progressivism In three attitude areas: ' C--llkelihood of war, F--overseas relief, and G--lntercultural relations--with Independent-Nonpartisans and Democrats In declining order. The first named result Is contrary to hypothesized expectations when related to 2^J. P. Guilford, Fundamental Statistics In Psychology and Education (3rd ed.; New York, Toronto, London: McGraw-Hill fiook Company, Inc., 1956), p. 235. "If any ex pected frequency Is less than two, we should not apply the computing formulas for chi square, even with the correction." (Yates Correction; also example, pp. 238* 239). 189 Republican campaign charges over the past few elections. The same variable, political affiliation, brings about different results when related specifically to either office. Table I 4 .I, variable 9* discloses some interesting differences. Whereas for both offices combined, A--liquor traffic brought a finding of non-significant difference, in dwelling upon ministers a difference is found with Democrats being much more progressive in attitudes, with a decided gap between them and Independent-Nonpartisans and Republicans who were closely aligned as to percentages of answers for dichotomized Guttman scores. Another significant difference was found about attitudes toward G--intercultural relations, where Democrats tended toward greater progressivism followed closely by Republicans with Independent-Nonpartisans apparently providing for the finding of significant difference. Table 1|2, variable 13, deals with the same factor as related to deacon chairmen. No difference is the finding regarding political affiliation and A--liquor traffic, C--likelihood of war, E--law enforcement, and P— overseas relief. However, as regards the three other attitude areas the differences in attitude were significant. In attitudes toward B--social welfare and D--church-state relations the order of progressivism to conservatism was the same with Democrats, Independent-NonpartIsans, and Republicans. The order revolving about significant difference in 190 progressivism-conservatIsm as regards G--intercultural relations was Republicans, Independent-Nonpartisans, then Democrats. In analyzing this section on political affiliation, with help from Table j?2, variable 27, page 223, one may per ceive that ministers vary in attitudes regarding A--liquor traffic while deacon chairmen do not; the reverse Is true in attitudes toward B--social welfare and D--church-state relations. In three areas there Is little variation within offices, but sufficient between offices to register as important. In one area, G--intercultural relations, there are both differences within and between offices. In the main where there are differences between Republicans and Democrats, they are in hypothesized directions. Another phase of political participation dealt with amount, rather than party, of political affiliation. The questionnaire, In item 18 of the General Information sectiorv provided for four checking categories, but due to preponder ance of answers in one category--discuss issues with friends— a small minority of cases were left for distri bution, thus three categories of responses were organized covering both offices to provide sufficient frequencies in certain categories, and these were discussed in Chapter IV. A single area, C--likelihood of war, had a chi square that was non-significant as may be seen in variable 17 of Table 1|0. The significant differences in other areas were as follows: Increasing political participation was associated with greater progressivism in regard to A--liquor traffic, E— law enforcement, F— overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations; declining participation was associated with progressivism toward B--social welfare, and D--church-state relations. A probable explanation for the latter is that of the relationship of time to participate to higher income, occupation; hence, the opportunity to par ticipate afforded more to Republicans than Democrats; i.e., Democrats do not participate as much therefore the fact of greater progressivism toward social welfare and church-state relations would not be evidenced. As to the former findings above, some are expected due to the relationship of partici pation opportunity to socio-economic conditions, hence, "salaried” as against "wages" showed greater progressivism toward liquor and overseas relief. Upper bracket persons are less likely to have contacts with courts and police, at least of an unpleasant nature, therefore greater progres sivism is explainable. Number of church-related actlvltles.--In preceding sections where involvement in church has been discerned, the hypothesis has been that such leads to greater conservatism with increasing involvement. The same hypothesis is ad vanced here, for greater number of activities that are church related would tend to tie one to a conservative 192 29 influence, the church. The definition of church-related activities is found on page 91» Chapter V. The findings, where significant dif ferences occur, are contrary to stated expectations. With regard to B--social welfare, E--law enforcement, P— overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations, progressivism accompanies greater participation for both offices combined. This greater participation apparently does not lead to dif ferentiations of attitudes toward A— liquor traffic, C--likelihood of war, and D— church-state relations. When studying the effect of greater participation by number of church-related offices for ministers alone (Table I 4I, variable 10), no significant difference is ob servable for A— liquor traffic, B--social welfare, D--church- state relations, and G--intercultural relations. However, greater progressivism is associated with more activities for C--llkelihood of war, E--law enforcement, and F--overseas relief. Turning for a moment to deacon chairmen for the same variable (Table i+2, variable li|), findings of significant differences apply to only two areas, F--overseas relief and G--intercultural relations in which cases greater progres sivism accompanies increasing number of offices and commit teeships held in a direct line. ^See footnotes 11, 12, and 13, page l6l. 193 In analyzing this section, with the aid of Table 52, variable 29» page 225* no significant difference is found between or within offices for attitudes toward A--liquor traffic or D--church-state relations when number of church- related offices held Is the variable under consideration. Significant differences, as to C— likelihood of war, are due to between-offIce difference and not to within-offIce difference. Significance in relation to E--law enforcement Involves differences within ministers but not within the office of deacon chairmen. The reverse is true for attitude toward G--intercultural relations. In relation to F--over- seas relief It Is probable that differences are between and within offices. A generalization might well be that increased par ticipation as far as offices are concerned results in no difference in several social issue arjas, but where there were differences, progressivism was found related to such greater activity as measured by more committeeships and offices. Or does greater participation here show more awareness of problems, hence, greater positivism? This latter statement does not necessarily conflict with other findings Involving greater participation, for greater participation by way of number of offices may not be correlated with greater participation In terms of length of membership for example. 1914. Hours per week In church-related activities.--The hypothesis again Is that of greater conservatism associated with increasing involvement. Due to different classifications used relative to this variable of time, each office is treated separately. Parenthetically, it may be noted that had all data been placed into closed categories, medians or means might have been utilized as points for division and comparison. The different classifications result from kind of involvement; in the case of ministers, such involvement is occupational, but for deacon chairmen avocational. For ministers, as may be seen in Table l\.lt variable 11, number of hours spent in church-related activities apparently has no significance in differentiating attitudes in all seven areas. Probably an overriding feature is the fact of occupation itself, for Table I | . 9 , page 218, variables 2, 5* and 7, reveal very little difference in those areas which are directly concerned with the character of the office. The hypothesis is not proven. This is not quite true for deacon chairmen, however, for significant differences are found relative to C--likeli- hood of war, F--overseas relief, and G--intercultural relations (see Table 1+2, variable 15>). In the first and last cited, increasing hours accompanied progressivism. In the case of overseas relief, a U-shaped curve of response was found with greater progressivism associated with lesser 195 hours (under 1 |) and greater hours (8 hours and over) but more conservatism In the middle ranges (I).-7*99 hours) In which the majority of cases fell. No explanation is offered for this. While the hypothesis is not proven in all Instances, one may note that, In fact, there is a reversal of the hypothesis In two areas. Number of non-church-related activities.— This variable reveals several significant differences related to numbers of such associations. Reading Table i|0, variable 19, one sees such differences in attitude areas Involving B— social welfare, D--church-state relations, E--law enforcement, F— overseas relief, and G--lntercultural relations, when both offices are combined as focus of study. With social welfare and church-state relations the relation ship Is not a straight line one; there Is greater progres sivism In both Instances with no associations, least with one association, and then again an Increase in progressivism when 2 or more associations are Involved. The exact opposite occurs with measurement of Intercultural relations; greater conservatism on the end categories and more progressivism with one association. As to law enforcement and overseas relief the relationship Is a direct one of greater progres sivism with greater participation. For ministers, considered alone, only two areas pro- p vide significant X scores, C--like1ihood of war and G--Intercultural relations in which greater number of 196 associations accompanies greater progressivism (Table ipl, variable 12). For deacon chairmen, alone, four areas prove sig nificant, as seen in Table i|2, variable 16. Relative to two, or E--law enforcement and F--overseas relief, there was increasing progressivism with increased participation. However, in regard to B--social welfare and D--church-state relations, progressivism tended to assert itself at the extremes with lesser progressivism in the middle category, or only one association. One may note, then, that church activity as against 2 non-church activity is associated with different X findings. On three issues, non-church activities are associated with significant difference, but not with church- related offices, by number. These are in the areas of likelihood of war, church-state relations and law enforcement. As to overseas relief, there is a similarity of findings, but in relation to intercultural relations no difference for non-church, but significantly different for church-related activities, by number. Size of community.--As discussed when comparing Metropolitan with Out-state Washington, the hypothesis is that increasing size of community will be associated with increasing progressivism on social issues. The population sizes utilized here have been discussed in Chapter V, but for brief recall, they were 0-250; 251-1*000; 1,000-10,000; 197 10,000-50,000, and 100,000 and over. The last classifi cation includes all communities falling within the study definition of Metropolitan, defined in Chapter I. Referral to Table 1^0, variable 20, for both offices combined, indicates some differences relative to size of community. Relative to D--church-state relations, F--over- seas relief, and G---intercultural relations, larger com munities provide more progressive attitudes. However the relationship is not simple, for in F--overseas relief, communities of 10,000-50,000 are more progressive than Metropolitan areas, but together they present more progres sivism than combined classes of 1,000-10,000 and 0-1,000 population. Relative to D--church-state relations a reversal occurs in that communities of 0-1,000 provide more pro gressivism than the two class sizes above, though less than Metropolitan. This parallels fairly closely the findings when Metropolitan combined offices and Out-state offices are compared (see Table 52, page 223, variables 3 and 32). However, the fact of fluctuation in Out-state classes of sizes is not to be overlooked. In the areas where no significant differences are found, one may posit that the assertion that formulated policy brings relatively little deviance holds true across the state as a whole. Union membership.--Traditionally ministers belong to no unions. In this study, 3 ministers serving churches as pastors also held other jobs, but these will not enter into 198 the discussion In this sub-section. Therefore, turning to Table 1+2, dealing with deacon chairmen, examination of variable 17 reveals significant differences between union members and non-union members. Surprisingly there Is great progressivism, relating to A--liquor traffic and C— likeli hood of war, among non-union members. But union membership is associated with greater progressivism In attitudes toward B--social welfare, and D--church-state relations as probably to be expected with more liberal thinking in unions, the 26 hypothesis of the present sub-section. Contrary to hypothesis, there are no significant differences relative to E--law enforcement, F--overseas relief, and G—-Intercultural relations. Law enforcement has been a relatively undif ferentiated area for lay officers. Actually, one might reverse the hypothesizing of greater progressivism with union membership In light of union history and agents of the 27 law. It may be that with growing respectability of 2b Wilensky found that at least relative to political conduct, unions were influential in presenting a labor- liberal orientation in 191+8, but that this was more apparent among active than inactive members. Harold L. Wilensky, T,The Labor Vote; A Local Union's Impact on the Political Conduct of Its Members," Social Forces, XXXV (December, 195>6), UL—120. Two other authors support the idea that there is still a great deal of radicalism in unions, but that there has been some decline nevertheless, In Gateway to the Social Sclences, Louis M. Hacker, "Labor and American Institutions," pp. ll6-22; and Florence Peterson, "Cause of Industrial Rest," pp. 122-26. 27 'The Haymarket Riots, Pullman strike, and other later management-labor conflicts In which the law was found 199 unionism, one may expect such attitudes revolving about law to become more like those of non-union members. Yet one might expect that the likelihood of war might reflect greater supposed progressivism of unions. It is conjectured that the expected findings do reflect the hypothesized greater progressivism due to more liberal thinking based upon union concern with working con ditions (regarding issue of social welfare) and greater probability of union members being Democrats (regarding church-state relations). But no attempt is offered to explain the reversal of expected directions, or the greater progressivism on the part of non-union persons toward liquor traffic and the likelihood of war. Race.--The picture drawn from race and ethnic studies In Chapter III, Review of the Literature, pages Lj. 5- 1+6, does little in assisting the setting up of a'single hypothesis. Therefore, It is posited that a single direction may not be suggested due to the fact that Negroes, and to a certain extent, Orientals, will react differently to social situations than whites because of past social experience s. The direction of progressivism-conservatism that on the side of management are well kriown. For a specific source relating to police brutality, wide use of labor in junction, and overwhelming anti-unionism In a specific area, Southern California, one may turn to the liberal, Carey MacWilllams, Southern California Country, Chapter XIV, "The Politics of Utopia," (New ‘ York: DueIT, Sloan and Pearce, 191+6), pp. 273-313. 200 •will be taken will depend a great deal upon the social class position of the non-white group. Most non-whites will be found in the lowest socio-economic classes, whites tend to be distributed over greater ranges; even the fact that Baptists tend to be middle class does not mean that Negro p Q Baptists are of that same level. Therefore self-interest and experiences will provide differential results in looking at the social issues, especially as compared with whites. In Chapter I, race was described as comprising three groups, or Caucasian, Negro, and Oriental. In Chapter IV, the description related that, as there were no Orientals of this denomination outside the Metropolitan areas and few Negroes, comparisons of race would be restricted to Metro politan areas. After attempts at statistical testing, a further limitation was posed by insufficient expected fre- 2 quencies in X cells for Orientals. Thereupon it became imperative that further combination be utilized. This resulted in two classes--of' caucasoids and non-caucasoids or, for brevity, whites and non-whites— for comparisons. Race, without regard to office, brought these ft See footnote li+, page 165# in this chapter for contention of middle class position. Writers supporting the view that Negroes are in lower class positions in the American stratification system are Barber, op. clt.. pp. $9-62; and Joseph A. Kahl, The American Class Structure (New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1957)7 PP- ^3-1+3. 201 results in Table I 4 . 0, variable 21: whites were significantly more progressive than non-whites in regard to C--likelihood of war and E— law enforcement, but non-whites displayed sig nificantly more progressivism when it came to B— social welfare and D— church-state relations. Table I 4 .I, variable 13, dealing with ministers, alone, showed whites were more progressive in attitude areas of E— law enforcement and G— intercultural relations, but non whites in relation to D--church-state relations. The first two findings indicating greater conservatism on the part of the non-whites, probably may be based upon explanations of generally lower class membership of non-whites and the greater possibility of differential treatment by the agencies of law as asserted by several students of the situation.2^ There may be some transference of feelings of resentment against the whites as gentiles to the Jews in the area of intercultural relations. Others have commented upon the last as having resulted in some areas. ^ OQ Simpson and Yinger write that the Negro is differ entially treated under the law, that his class position affects the kind of treatment of offenders by police and courts, that the Negroes get little protection against white aggression. While much of the description pertains to the South, they quote similar situations in Philadelphia, New York, Los Angeles, and the North in general. George Eaton Simpson and J. Milton Yinger, Racial and Cultural Minorities (New York: Harper and Brothers^ ), pp. 50d-15. Footnote 21, also supports this contention as to differential treatment and refers to Sutherland, Barnes and Tee ters. ^°Simpson and Yinger, ibid., pp. 219-21, have indi cated that Negroes have transferred resentment against 202 Explanation for greater progressivism of Negroes regarding church-state relations is that of political party affiliation, for as Table 1+3 indicates, there is a con siderable difference in percentages of the different party affiliations. The table refers to both offices, it should be noted. TABLE i ;3 RACE AND POLITICAL PARTY AFFILIATION BY PERCENTAGES, METROPOLITAN CASES Race Republican Democrat Independent- Nonpartisan Total White s 59.0 12.0 29.0 100.0 Non-white s 5o. 0 33.0 17.0 100.0 Table J+2, variable 18, deals with race as related to deacon chairmen. Differences in attitudes are revealed among these lay officers with whites more progressive in attitudes toward C--likellhood of war, but with non-whites more progressive in attitudes toward B--social welfare and D-~church-state relations. All other areas proved insig nificant statistically. One possible suggestion as to why Negro deacon chairmen may be more conservative toward war likelihood is that Negro ministers have less education than white ministers, therefore rely much more on the literal whites in general to a white minority group, or the Jews, as a release for emotions. 203 interpretation of the Bible as, for example, the admonition that there shall be wars as found in Matthew- 2l+: 6. Size of church.— This variable, number 22 of Table 1+0, proved non-significant when both offices were com bined for all attitude areas. No attempt was made to test this variable for separate offices. It is possible that some differences might have been found with such separation. Nevertheless, a tentative hypothesis would hold that there should have been some difference with more progressivism found in larger churches. Social mobility.— Variable 23 of Table 1+0 deals with social mobility for both offices combined for the entire state. The categories utilized here in discussion are simply upward, stationary, and downward mobility. A single hypothesis will not suffice here, rather It is posited that ♦ there will be increasing progressivism with regard to A--liquor traffic, B— social welfare, and D--church-state relations with Increasingly downward mobility; but In creasing progressivism associated with upward mobility with regard to C--likellhood of war, E--law enforcement, p— over seas relief, and G--Intercultural relations.To a great -^Thls is reflected somewhat in Melvin Seaman's study of "Social Mobility and Administrative Behavior," American Sociological Review, XXIII (December, 195>8), 61+2, In dealing with the persons- of administrators. He states: "The consequences (or correlates) of mobility are mediated by the kind of status Interests that the individual brings to bear on the events that constitute his social history." Peter Blau, "Social Mobility and Interpersonal 2 Ol| extent this thinking is based upon socio-economic factors as occupational and educational levels, certainly part of the consideration as to whether a person is mobile upwardly or downwardly. This is not fully true because stationary ’ 'mobility” may represent higher social class for some cases. Three social issue areas, A--liquor traffic, P— overseas relief, and P--intercultural relations, offer no proof for the hypotheses. Relative to B--social welfare, most progressivism was associated with, first, downward mobility, next with upward mobility, and, least, with stationary position. The chief difference lay between down ward mobility and upward and stationary mobility, combined, for the latter represented close percentages of dichotomized Guttman scales. For this issue, findings are in the ex pected direction. With C— likelihood of war as an issue, a straight line of progressivism--conservatism was found associated with upward-stationary-downward mobility, in agreement with the hypothesis. The exact reverse relationship was found with regard to D--church-state relations, however, but this again in agreement with the particular hypothesis. Relations,” American Sociological Review, XXI (June, 1956;, 290-95# finds that either upwardly or downwardly mobile persons may be more prejudiced against various minorities; an important factor is their relationship to their newly entered group. Pred B. Silberstein and Melvin Seeman, "Social Mobility and Prejudice,” American Journal of Sociology, LXV (November, 1959), 258-6i|, echo the previous Seeman con- clusion above. 205 In regard to E--law enforcement, stationary persons were most progressive, closely followed by the upwardly mobile, 73.6 s-nd 70 per cent, respectively, on the more progressive side of the Guttman dichotomized scores. Last were the downwardly mobile. Thus, the hypothesis has been only partially proven, that as far as upward and downward mobility is concerned, the upwardly mobile are more progressive. As indicated in the sub-section entitled "Scales Resulting from Application of Attitude Statements," two of the social issues included In the attitude section of the Questionnaire, Appendix B, did not scale. The two areas dealt with attitudes toward effects of war and use of the Sabbath. Some attention will be paid to these as areas and specific items. Attitudes toward effects of war.--This area did not provide a usable scale. Whereas .85 has been the criterion for acceptability of a scale for use in this study, the best reproducibility score by any combination of three or more statements in this area was about .65. Table I 4 . J 4. reflects the stated attitudes of all the cases regarding effects of war. As may be seen the "uncertainties" and "don’t knows" are but a small percentage of the total possible. With the exception of statement 39, the responses tend to be very one-sided. Further, the items are divided into 3 statements considered conservative as 206 stated, or statements 3, 12, and 39. Two statements, 21 and 30, are considered progressive as stated. The Llkert tech nique of* comparing top 10 per cent with bottom 10 per cent aided In establishing direction of the items (i.e., an item incorrectly weighted will score a minus, thus reverse the dire ction). TABLE l j i j . EFFECTS OF WAR WITH STATEMENTS AND PERCENTAGES OF RESPONSE, FOR AGREEMENT, UNCERTAINTY AND DISAGREEMENT, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN COMBINED8, Percentages Attitude Statement (No. on Questionnaire) Agree Uncer tain, Don't Know Dis agree Total State. Cons. or Prog. 3. The evils of war are only slightly greater than Its benefits. 72.7 5.5 21.9 100.1 Cons. 12. War does help to make a man out of a person. 76. 6 7.0 16.U 100.0 Cons. 21. Army discipline in jures self-respect and Individuality. 18.0 11.7 70.3 100.0 Prog. ■ 0 C"l Those military units should be retained which afford training to the body and mind. 68.0 8.6 22.7 100.1 Prog. 39. Multitudes have bene- fitted by learning the lesson of war-time discipline. 39.8 7.8 52.3 99.9 Cons. aNote that there has been combination of raw scores: agree here refers to combined ”strongly agree” and “mildly agree,” while disagree also results from combined "strongly” and "mildly” disagrees of original scores. 2 07 The results obtained on Table l | l f . would seem to indi cate a certain amount of approval of war as to its effects with the exception of the last item. Yet the very fact of insufficient reproducibility makes it seem apparent that from item to item there .was a great deal of crossing from progressivism to conservatism on the part of respondents. As stated before, the best R was about .65, and that was obtained with only 3 of 5 statements. This would be interpreted, in total, as representing Baptists of the offices measured as being very uncertain as to the effects of war. However, probably the greatest amount of questioning during interviews by respondents revolved about the meaning of statements. For item 3* only "slightly greater than" puzzled many. In item 21, questions revolved about inclusion of "self respect" and "individuality" in the same statement, hence, ambiguity. In item 39, the principal doubt revolved about whether military or civilian life was the aim of the question, and what was meant by war-time discipline. These statements which had scored well when utilizing students on the Likert technique and the first three of which had scaled on application of Guttman methodology did not scale for the study respondents. While one may hazard the guess that the ministers and deacon chairmen look some what favorably upon effects of war, this remains a definite hazard in light of the ambiguity of statements. 208 It may be that some of the confusion evidenced by activities in the historical past are present yet. In Chapter II, pages 12-15 provide evidence that Baptists did join into -war's. Attitudes toward use of the Sabbath.--Another area that did not scale revolved about use of the Sabbath, or Sunday. Table l±5 gives the attitude statements in this area along with percentages of the three response positions of agree, uncertain and disagree. The number of "uncertalns" Is very low on this particular attitude scale. Best repro ducibility obtained was under .70, Insufficient by our criteria. Glancing at the table superficially one might state that there seems to be a fairly equal division, with the exception of one item on this attitude. However, as the statements do not scale, one cannot perceive how much or whether a given individual Is progressive or conservative on the issue, over-all, for lack of scaling would promise that there is no single attitude Involved. Item 8 seemed to be one of genuine division of attitude. Statement 17 raised many questions among respondents as to whether reference was to practice or exception. Item 35 apparently reflects genuine division of attitude. Statement I 4 . i 1 . evoked Inquiries as to meaning of "Christian’s conscience," i.e., what was meant, who was the - Christian, was the activity a non-Christian’s and judged by 209 TABLE 1+5 USE OP THE SABBATH WITH STATEMENTS AND PERCENTAGES OP RESPONSE FOR AGREEMENT, UNCERTAINTY, AND DISAGREEMENT, MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN COMBINED Attitude Statement (No. on Questionnaire) Agree Percentages Uncer tain, Don't Dis- Know agree Total State. Cons. or Prog. 8. No Christian should do business on Sun days including the purchase of gaso line or food. 53.0 1.6 1+5-3 99.9 Cons. 17. It is more important to help others than to sit in church to hear a sermon 50.8 7.0 1 +2.2 100.0 Prog. 26. The most important thing about Sunday is that it1s a chance to sleep late, go fishing, "get away from it all." .8 .8 98.1 + 100.0 Prog. 35. Sunday should be limited to such activities as church attendance, visitation of sick and afflicted, and quiet reading at home, 60.9 .0 39.1 100.0 Cons. 1+1+. Any activity not offending the Christian's conscience is acceptable on Sundays. £0.8 2.3 1+6.9 100.0 Prog. 210 a Christian's conscience, etc., or ambiguity in the state ment is evident. Statement 26, relative to sleeping late, fishing, and just getting away from it all, elicited an almost per fect unanimity of response. For the persons of both offices, this reflected the opinion that Sunday is for worship. Statements 8 and 35 were considered to be conserva tive in direction whereas, 17, 26, and I 4 . I 4 . were considered progressive. Percentages related to these statements and direction, plus the fact that the items did not scale leaves little room for conclusions. However, one might state that the first three items would have scaled, except that using the criteria given by Guttman, and written in Chapter IV, the marginals on statement 26 are insufficient for setting up cutting points that are meaningful. In this section, even though non-scalable, one may observe points of Interest nevertheless, including the questioning of conscience, the more liberal reference to use than would have been permissible in Blue Laws, and an over whelming conviction that Sunday is not just a day of rest. Generalizations on significance of the variables.-- From the foregoing data and from analysis of Tables I 4 . 9, 50, 51, and 52, some of the effect of the variables may be discerned. For ministers considered alone, one may perceive from Table 1^9» the last column, the number of instances in which the particular variable has been found with 2 significant X scores. Rearranged and rewritten in Table 1| 6, it can be seen that four variables do not serve to differ entiate among ministers, these variables being membership in other denominations, occupational level, military service and hours spent in church. Other variables which lend littH© predictive power as to divergences among ministers are three: Metropolitan vs Out-state residence, length of time in other denominations, educational level. Political affiliation and number of activities do influence attitudes toward social issues in two instances each. However, race and number of church-related commit tees and offices provide for or are associated with a greater number of differences among ministers in relation to social issues. Nevertheless greatest differences seem associated with length of pastorate and age level. In terms of these two variables, significant differences result in measuring attitudes toward 5 social issues for each variable, and there is overlapping in I 4 . social issues areas: likeli hood of war, church-state relations, and intercultural relat ions. 2 Ninety-one X scores were obtained in this set of variables-to-social-issue-areas measurements. Of these, 23 scores were significant, showing Important measurable dif ferences In attitude at these points. Stated another way, in 25.3 PQF cent of the measurements, there were significant differences among ministers. 212 TABLE I 4 . 6 STUDY VARIABLES AND NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT X2 SCORES WHEN RELATED TO SOCIAL ISSUES, FOR MINISTERS Variable Number of Significant 2 X Scores Membership In other denominations 0 Occupational level 0 Military service 0 Hours spent in church 0 Metropolitan vs Out-state residence 1 Length of time In other denominations 1 Educational level 1 Number of activities outside church 2 Political affiliation 2 Race 3 Number church committees and offices 3 Length of pastorate 5 Age level 5 Total 23 213 Table i|7 discloses that for the lay officers, there were more variables associated with significant differences 2 than for ministers. Only one item had no significant X scores--that was length of time in other denominations. Membership in other denominations, military service, and length of residence in the state were associated with rela tively few differences. Among variables associated with a greater number of 2 significant X scores were: number of non-church-related activities and union membership (J 4. such scores); source of income (5?) ; educational level (6); and occupational level ( 7 ). As predictive variables in regard to similarity and dissimilarity of attitude in the office of deacon chairmen, one may refer to the above items. In analyzing deacon chairmen alone, there was a total of 126 chi square scores. Of these, 5>U reached the 5 per cent level of significance, or 1|2 per cent as against 2£. 3 per cent for ministers. In chi square analysis of this difference between- the two offices, measuring the extent of variation by variables and resultant scores of differences- non-difference, a X of 7«0l|i| for one degree of freedom, utilizing a one-tailed test, was attained. Clearly, one may state that ministers are much more uniform than the lay officers in attitude response to social issues. TABLE I 4 . 7 STUDY VARIABLES AND NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT X2 SCORES WHEN RELATED TO SOCIAL ISSUES, FOR DEACON CHAIRMEN Variable Number of Significant 2 X Scores Length of time in other denominations 0 Membership in other denominations 1 Military service 1 Length of residence in state 1 Length of residence in community 2 Number church-related offices and committees 2 Metropolitan vs Out-state residence 3 Length of church membership 3 Years in occupational field 3 Age 3 Political affiliation 3 Hours in church activities 3 Race 3 Number non-church-related activities k Union-non-union membership k Source of income 5 Educational level 6 Occupational level 7 Total 215 This, of course, should be no surprise when one realizes that ministers represent a more homogeneous grouping in terms of education, income, occupation, and so forth. Table i|8 representing both offices combined, pro vides a number of predictive variables. Size of church, membership in other denominations, where respondent born, where mother born, where father born, number of children, military service variables, lead to no great differentiation within this category. Among variables most helpful in leading to pre diction of divergences of attitudes are social mobility, race (Metropolitan, only), church and non-church activities by number, Metropolitan vs Out-state residence, ministers vs deacons, occupational level, political affiliation and political participation, with the last two providing greatest 2 differences in terms of numbers of significant X scores. There were 65 significant scores of 161 total in this arrangement of items, or l|.0.5 pe*1 cent significant s c ore s. Analysis of Findings from the Social Issues Approach Previous sections have analyzed findings by way of reference to the variables because the manner of hypothe sizing has determined such an approach primarily. Neverthe less, some value should result from analysis from another viewpoint or approach, that of analysis of the social issues 216 TABLE I 4 . 8 STUDY VARIABLES AND NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT X2 SCORES WHEN RELATED TO SOCIAL ISSUES, FOR BOTH OFFICES COMBINED Variable Number of Significant 2 X Scores Size of church 0 Membership in other denominations 0 Where respondent born 1 Where father born 1 Where mother born 1 Number of children 1 Comparison of ministers and deacons with military service 1 Military vs non-military service 1 Length of military service 1 Age 2 Income level 3 Size of community 3 Comparison--Metropolitan Minlsters- Metropolitan Deacons 3 Social mobility 1+ Race Number church-related offices and committees k Metropolitan vs Out-state, offices combined k Out-state ministers vs Out-state deacon chairmen k All ministers vs all deacon chairmen 5 Occupational level 5 Number non-church activities $ Political affiliation 6 Political participation 6 Total 6S 217 areas themselves as focus. This part of the analysis shall be fairly brief, for the thought occurs that reference to the "whys" of association of variables to the issues has been adequately explained in the preceding sections. The chief intent, then, is to enumerate the signifi cant scores, with some reference to the variables concerned, as related to the social issue. The hope here is that further enlightenment may be gained as to the relative power of social issues to cut across variables and stand alone, as it were, in their own right; i.e., some social issues may be so dominant in the lives of church-related peoples that all are impelled to react relatively the same. However, concomi tant in such declaration would be the idea that there would be a definite tendency toward an extreme position by the group as a whole. This is not possible to find in the pres ent research design, outside of the conjectures raised in tentative conclusions about group progressivism-conservatism. Attitude toward A--llquor traffic.--This area seems to provide greatest concurrence of attitude of all the soc ial i ssues, especially as related to the lay officers and to both offices combined as categories. Among ministers there is a great deal of concurrence (Table i|9) with only three variables associated with significant differences in regard to this attitude area. These variables consist in length of pastorate, in which there is a U-shaped curve with the extreme positions tending toward progressivism, political TABLE i+9 SIGNIFICANCE - NON-SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLES WHEN RELATED TO ATTITUDE AREAS FOR MINISTERS® Factor Being Tested A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C E> ' E" F G Total S Scores 1. Metropolitan vs Out-state ministers S NS NS NS NS NS NS 1 2. Length of pastorate S NS S S S NS S 5 3. Membership in other denominations NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 1*. Time in other denominations NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 5. Educational level NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 6. Age levels NS S S S S NS S 5 7. Occupational level NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 8. Military vs Non-military service NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 9. Political affiliation S NS NS NS NS NS S 2 10. Number church committees & offices NS NS S NS S S NS 3 11. Hours spent in church NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 12. Activities outside church NS NS S NS NS NS S 2 13. Race NS NS NS S S NS S 3 Total NS Number Per cent 10 12 9 9 9 11 8 76.9 92.3 69.2 69.2 69.2 81*.6 61.5 Total S Number Per cent 3 23.1 1 7.7 b b k 2 5 30.8 30.8 30.8 15.I* 38.5 ^otal significant scores. 218 219 affiliation in which decreasing progressivism (or con versely, increasing conservatism) from Democrats to Republicans to Independent-Nonpartisans; and, thirdly, Metropolitan-Out-state residence which found the former more progressive. For deacon chairmen, the greatest number of variables listed in Table 5>0, 011 14- 18 variables, revealed no significant difference in attitude toward this issue. Differentiating variables were length of church membership, occupational level, source of income, and union membership. When both offices were combined, the data being re vealed in Table f?l» 18 of 23 variables proved non significant. The five significant variables were comparison of Metropolitan ministers and lay leaders with each other, birthplace of mother, occupational level, political affiliation and political participation. It will be seen then that attitude toward liquor provides the most stable area for the prediction of simi larity of response toward the given issue both within and between categories of offices, with two minor exceptions revolving about ministers. At this point, one may reiterate the contention by Glock and Ringer that matters about which policy has been fairly well defined will bring about some uniformity of thought. TABLE 50 SIGNIFICANCE - NON-SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLES WHEN RELATED TO ATTITUDE AREAS FOR DEACON CHAIRMEN Social Issue Attitude Areas Total S Factor Being Tested A B C D E F ( S ' Scores 1. Metropolitan vs Out-state NS NS NS S NS S s 3 2. Length of church membership S S NS NS NS S NS 3 3. Membership in other denominations NS NS NS NS NS NS S 1 l \ . . Length of time in other denominations NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 5. Length of residence in community NS S NS S NS NS NS 2 6. Length of residence in state NS NS NS NS S NS NS 1 7. Educational level NS S S S S S S 6 8. Occupational level S S S S S S S 7 9. Years in occupational field NS NS S S NS S NS 3 10. Age NS NS S NS NS S S 3 11. Source of Income S S S NS S S NS 5 12. Military - Non-military service NS NS S NS NS NS NS l 13. Political affiliation NS S NS S NS NS S 3 l i j . . Number ohurch offices & committees NS NS NS NS NS S S 2 15. Hours in church activities NS NS S NS NS S S 3 16. Number activities outside church NS S NS S S s NS k 17. Union vs Non-union membership S S S s NS NS NS k l8. Race NS S S s NS NS NS 3 111 9 9 9 13 8 10 77.8 5o.o 50.0 50.0 72.7 hk.h 55.6 Total S Number Per cent I 4 . 9 9 9 5 10 6 22.2 50.0 So.o 50.0 27.8 55.6 1^.1+ 220 TABLE 51 SIGNIFICANCE - NON-SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLES WHEN RELATED TO ATTITUDE AREAS FOR MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN COMBINED Variable A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C D E F G Total S Scores 1. Comparison— All ministers/All deacons 2. Comparison Out-state ministers with NS NS S S S S S 5 Out-state deacon chairmen 3. Comparison Metropolitan Ch. leaders NS NS S S NS S S k with Out-state Ch. leaders 4. Comparison, Metropolitan ministers NS S NS S NS S S k with Metropolitan deacon chairmen S NS NS S NS NS S 3 5. Membership in other denominations NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 6. Where respondent born NS NS NS NS S NS NS 1 7. Where father born NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 8. Where mother born S NS NS NS NS NS NS 1 9. Occupational level S S S NS NS S S 5 10. Age NS NS S NS NS NS S 2 11. Level of income NS S NS S NS S NS 3 12. Number of children 13. Comparison of ministers & deacon chairmen who have had military NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 service NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 l i j . . Military vs Non-military service NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 15. Length of military service NS S NS NS NS NS NS 1 221 TABLE 51— Continued i Variable A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C D E F G Total S Scores 16. Political affiliation S S S S NS S S 6 17. 18. Political participation Number church-related committees S S NS s S S S 6 19. and offices Number outside of church NS S NS NS S s S 1 + activities NS S NS s S s S 5 20. Size of community NS NS NS s NS s S 3 21. Race NS S S s S NS NS 4 22. Size of church NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 23. Social mobility NS S S S S NS NS 4 Total NS Number 18 13 16 10 ■ 16 11 12 Per cent 78.; J 56.5 69.(> 43-5 69. < > 47.8 52.2 Total S Number 5 10 7 13 7 12 11 Per cent 21.7 43.5 30.4 56.5 30.4 52.2 I 47.8 222 TABLE 52 SIGNIFICANCE - NON-SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLES WHEN RELATED TO ATTITUDE AREAS FOR MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN COMBINED, FOR MINISTERS AND DEACON CHAIRMEN SEPARATELY Variable A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C D E F G Total S S c ore s 1. Comparison, All ministers/All deacons NS NS S S S S S 5 2. Comparison, Out-state ministers with Out-state deacon chairmen NS NS S S NS S S k 3. Comparison, Metropolitan area leaders with Out-state leaders NS S NS S NS S S h Comparison, Metropolitan area minis ters with deacon chairmen S NS NS S NS NS S 3 5. Comparison, Metropolitan and Out-state ministers S NS NS NS NS NS NS 1 6. Comparison, Metropolitan and Out-state deacon chairmen NS NS NS S NS S S 3 7. Length of pastorate, all ministers S NS S S S NS s 5 8. Length of church membership, deacon chairmen S S NS NS NS S NS 3 9. Membership in other denominations: All NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 Ministers NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 Deacon chairmen NS NS NS NS NS NS S 1 10. Length of time in other denominations: Minister NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 Deacon chairmen NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 223 TABLE 52— ContInued Variable A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C D E F G Total S Scores 11. Length of residence in community, deacon chairmen NS S NS s NS NS NS 2 12. Length of residence in state, deacon chairmen NS NS NS NS S NS NS 1 13. Birthplace of respondent, ministers plus deacons NS NS NS NS S NS NS 1 Ik. Where father born, ministers plus deacons NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 15. Where mother born, ministers plus deacons S NS NS NS NS NS NS 1 16. Educational level, ministers NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 17. Educational level, deacons NS S S S S S S 6 18. Occupational level: Both S S S NS NS s S 5 Ministers NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 Deacons S S S S S S S 7 19* Years in occupational field, deacon chairmen NS NS S S NS S NS 3 20. Age: All NS NS S NS NS NS S 2 Ministers NS S S S S NS S 5 Deacons NS NS S NS NS S s 3 21. Level of income, all NS S NS S NS S NS 3 22. Source of income, deacons S S S NS S S NS 5 23. Number of children NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 2i|. Comparison of ministers plus deacons w/milltary service NS NS NS NS NS S NS 1 25. Military vs Non-military service: All NS NS NS S NS NS NS 1 Ministers NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 Deacons NS NS S NS NS NS NS 1 TABLE 52— Contlnued Variable A B Social Issue Attitude Areas C D E F G Total S Scores 26. Length of military service, all NS S NS NS NS N s NS 1 27. Political affiliation: All S S S S NS s S 6 Ministers S NS NS NS NS NS s 2 Deacons NS S NS S NS NS s 3 28. Political participation, all S S NS S S S s 6 29. Number of church-related activities: All NS s NS NS S s s 4 Ministers NS NS S NS s s NS 3 Deacons NS NS NS NS NS s S 2 30. Hours, weekly, church activities: Ministers NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 Deacons NS NS S NS NS s S 3 31. Number of activities--non-church: All NS S , NS S S s S 5 Ministers NS NS S NS NS NS S 2 Deacons NS S NS S S S NS b 32. Size of community, all NS NS NS s NS s s 3 33. Union vs non-union, deacons S S S s NS NS NS b 34* Race: All, Metropolitan area NS S S s S NS NS b Ministers, Metropolitan area NS NS NS s S NS S 3 Deacons, Metropolitan area NS S S s NS NS NS 3 35* Size of church, all NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 36. Social mobility, all NS S S S S NS NS 4 Total NS Number Per cent 42 34 34 28 38 30 30 77.8 63.O 63.O £1.9 70.4 £5.6 55.6 Total S Number Per cent 12 22.2 20 20 26 16 24 24 37.0 37.0 48.1 29.6 44.4 44.4 226 This issue does not support the hypothesis that ministers are more progressive. A tentative conclusion, also, is that both groups are probably relatively con servative on the issue (see sub-section on "Tentative Generalizations"). While the abstinence from liquor does not appear as a principle in Chapter II covering church history, It has been a strong issue consistently at least In recent years. Attitude toward B--soclal welfare.— When referring to social welfare measures and the office of ministers, It Is evident from Table i|9 that there Is only one variable proving significant for differences of reactions and that is age levels, with younger ministers more progressive. Yet, for deacon chairmen, dealt with alone, 9 of 18 variables presented significant variations of attitude; length of church membership, length of residence In community, edu cational level, occupational level, source of Income, political affiliation, number of activities outside of church, union membership, and race, all provided variations of response. With both offices combined, with measurement that of between as well as within, 10 of 23 variables were signifi cant in providing differences (see Table 5l)« The variables concerned are Metropolitan-Out-state residence, occupational level, income level, length of military service, political affiliation, political participation, number of church- 227 related activities, number of non-church activities, race, and social mobility. One may well conclude from the preceding analysis that the communality of interest due to similarity of training and experience, and perhaps the type of dedication to service, has resulted in less differentiation among ministers when compared by the several variables than is true of deacon chairmen. On the other hand, the deacons must be considered a rather variant group when compared to ministers. Half of the variables are associated with some variation of atti tude within the group. On more than half of the variables some difference is represented relative to the total group. Attitude toward C--llkellhood of war.--When studying the office of minister, it can be seen by Table 1|9> that four variables are associated with significant chi squares, or length of pastorate, age, number of church-related activities and non-church activities. Table $0 discloses that for deacon chairmen the factors of educational level, occupational level, years in occupational field, age, source of income, military service, hours in church activities, union membership and race are apparently associated with differences in attitude, or one half of 18 variables. For both offices combined, there is significantly less difference within, as indicated in Table 5l, for only 228 7 of 23 variables have some effect relative to the social issue. For the purpose of predicting similarity of attitude for the local church leadership represented, this area is tied with one other as second most reliable, but differences do revolve about comparison of offices, occupation, age, political affiliation and social mobility. D— church-state relations.--For ministers, as may be perceived by perusing Table 49, 4 13 variables are associated with significant differences in attitude; specifically toward the social issue areas of church-state relations, length of pastorate, educational level, age and race present a picture of divergence of attitudes. Deacon chairmen present more variety of attitudes within the office, for as Table 50 indicates, church-state relations are associated with differentiation in regard to 9 of 18 variables, including Metropolitan-Out-state resi dence, length of residence in community, educational level, occupational level, years in occupational field, political affiliation, number of non-church activities, union-non union membership and race. When both offices are combined and church-state relations are under surveillance, the greatest number of differences within the over-all group are found for this issue, or 13 of 23 variables show significant differences. Among these are comparisons involving Income, number of children, military service, political affiliation and 229 participation, church and non-church offices, race and social mobility. For purpose of prediction Involving local church leadership, one may forecast greatest deviation about this social Issue area. The ministry and the lay officers are In great disagreement. Political affiliation and race, and factors Involved In socio-economic position seem to play a significant part in these differences. This Issue is one of the least structured of those studied, appearing as sixth in the list of eight as measured by frequency of appearance at conventions (see Table 5, page 55). This is in agreement with the Glock and Ringer thesis. A comment on this area of social Issues may be made relative to the principles discussed in Chapter II, on pages ll-li|, 16, and 18. The principle of church-state relation is important as having appeared In the New Baptist Manual. printed as a guide for church members. It may be that this principle is losing force among Baptists as measured by divergence of attitude around the Issue. E--law enforcement.--Among ministers, significant variation of attitudes toward law enforcement Is found associated with four of 13 variables, or length of pastorate, age, race, and number of church-related committees and offices. Table 1+9 provides this Information. For deacon chairmen, the social issue brings about relatively similar response with 5 of 18 significant 230 scores. In comparison with ministers, the percentages of significant response is 30.8 and 27-8# ministers and lay off icers, respectively (see Table 50). For the local church officers combined, 7 of 23 variables are associated significantly. For this category .of offices, the social issue of law enforcement provides stability or similarity surpassed only by the liquor traffic and tied with the social issue involving war (see Table 5>1). However, there is a difference between ministers and chair men on the issue by office at the 5> per cent level. Still this has the smallest chi square score of all differentiated social issues between the two offices. (A chi square of 2.99 was obtained, the score necessary for 5 per cent level of significance is 2.71-) Early in Baptist history, in the Confessions of I6I 4 . I 1, adherents proclaimed for obedience to the nation's laws (page 12), as long as they don't conflict with God's laws. The influence apparently is still felt in Baptist thought. F— overseas relief.— For ministers, and referring to Table I 4. 9, this social issue provides a relatively high simi larity in attitude response, second only to social welfare. Length of time in other denominations, which is related only to a portion, 3I4 - P©r cent, of the group, does reveal sig nificant differences for that portion concerned. The only other significant difference revolves about the variable of 231 number of church committees and offices. However, for deacon chairmen, as Table £0 graphi cally points out, overseas relief as an issue results in greatest variation within the group as to number of signifi cant differences by variables, or 10 of 18 chi square score s. For both offices combined, Table 5l, the social issue also provides for the greatest variation with the exception of the church-state relations issue; or a total of 12 of 23 variables. Importantly, one of the variables accompanying difference is office, or comparison of minis ters and deacon chairmen; this effect may be perceived in reading the two preceding paragraphs. G--intercultural relations.--Lastly, this social Issue, relative to ministers, is associated with greatest divergence for office and issue. Table ip9 discloses sig nificant differences in attitudes toward tne Issue when compared for length of pastorate, age, political affiliation, number of non-church-connected activities, and race, or 5 of 13 variables. The same issue in connection with the office of deacon chairmen reveals 8 of 18 such significant scores. Metropolitan-Out-state residence, membership in other denominations, educational level, occupational level, age, political affiliation, number of church-related activities, and hours in church apparently have some relationship to 232 variation in intercultural relations attitudes. Again, utilizing the combined offices as the object of analysis, 11 of 23 variables are significant in differ entiation within the group, as Table 51 discloses. Metropolitan-Out-state comparisons of varying kinds provide for i j . of 11 referred to responses. Other such variables are occupation, age, political affiliation and participation, number of church-related activities, and number of non- church-connected activities. Analysis of variables summary and generalizations.-- The purpose in this section was to enumerate the social issue areas as to significant scores. Tablesl|9# 50 and 51 were extensively used in this section. For ministers, the social issues which reflect influence of or from the several variables, in order from 2 least to greatest amount as perceived through X scores of significant level, are social welfare, overseas relief, liquor traffic, likelihood of war, church-state relations, law enforcement (these last three tied in ranks), and finally intercultural relations. One might reverse the viewpoint and predict that greatest to least differences among Baptist ministers would be found from intercultural relations, etc. (Table 53 discloses the rank order.) For deacon chairmen, one may again trace the social issues from least affected to most affected, apparently, by variables as measured by differentiation. Thus, the order 233 ■would be liquor traffic, law enforcement, Intercultural relations, social welfare, likelihood of war, church-state relations (the last three tied In ranks), and overseas relief. A reversal of order would provide greatest to least prediction. TABLE 53 SOCIAL ISSUES RANKED IN ORDER OP GREATEST TO LEAST UNIFORMITY AS RELATED TO NUMBER OF NON-SIGNIFICANT-SIGNIFICANT SCORES ON VARIABLES Soc ial Issues Order, Both Groups Combined Order, Ministers Order, Deacon Chairmen Liquor Traffic 1 3 1 Likelihood of War 2 (tie) k (tie) 4 (t ie ) Law Enforcement 2 (tie)' k (tie) 2 Social Welfare U 1 i j . (t le ) Intercultural Relations $ 7 3 Overseas Relief 6 2 7 Church-state Relations 7 1 + (t le ) k (tie) When both offices are treated as one group, pre- diction of greatest to least similarity of attitudes would be In order about the social Issues of liquor traffic, likelihood of war, law enforcement, social welfare, inter cultural relations, overseas relief, and lastly, church- state relations. 23k A conclusion then may be that, basing knowledge on direction of attitudes, one may expect to be most successful in predicting the attitude of the minister, the deacon chairman or the group, whichever may be the unit of analysis, by referral to the foregoing findings. It may be logically concluded that there probably is some correlation with fre quency of appearance of these issues as resolutions at state conventions and the similarity of belief above. Table 5» P&g© 55 of this study, presents the order of frequency of social issues as they have appeared at state conventions as resolutions. Table $b» following, presents a comparison of the order of Table 5 and predictability of similarity of order in the present sub-section. Predicta bility order refers to the ranking from highest to lowest, of the social issues, as they provide knowledge for simi larity of attitudes when variables are under consideration; hence, liquor traffic is the most stable issue for pre diction of similarity for ministers and deacons combined, for example. Utilizing the Spearman Rho formula for rank- difference, a coefficient of .902 was obtained. One may conclude that there was a close relationship of orders of resolution and field study when the local leadership is the unit of analysis. In fact, this kind of leadership is strongly represented at state conventions, one may conclude. 235 TABLE 5 1 * . CORRELATION OP FREQUENCY OP APPEARANCE IN RESOLUTIONS AND PREDICTABILITY ORDER IN THE FIELD STUDY OP THE VARIOUS SOCIAL ISSUES* Social Issue s Study Frequency, Order, In Both Convention Groups Resolutions Combined D D2 Liquor Traffic 1 1 0 0 Likelihood of War 2 2.5 o.5 0.25 Social Welfare 3 b -1 1 Law Enforcement 1* 2.5 +1.5 2.25 Intercultural Relations 5 5 0 0 Church-state Relations 6 7 -1 1 Overseas Relief 7 6 +1 1 £ d2 = 5.50 * 1 6X1)2 _ 3: P -L p N{N -1) _ 1 ' 7(7-1) - 1 7(11 -8) - 1 - = 1 - .098 = .902 o Correlation obtained by use of Spearman Rho, found in J. P. Guilford, op. cit., pp. 286-87. 236 Table 55 provides a startling contrast with the foregoing conclusion, however, when the predictability order of social issues is related to the convention order, with ministers as focus, for it can be seen that correlation by use of Spearman Rho is a slightly positive .li+3, or a slight, almost negligible relationship.3^ On the other hand, the correlation by use of Spearman Rho for the relationship of convention order and predictability in the field study for deacon chairmen is .607, or a moderate correlation with a substantial relationship.33 (See Table 56) Some interesting implications arise from these cor relation figures. Whereas, in the first correlation problem, a close or strong relationship appears evident between con vention resolutions as to frequency and the predictability of order in the field study (predictability of order refers to the order of prediction as to ranking of issues as affected from most to least by variables thus showing some uniformity of attitudes), the correlation is almost non existent as far as ministers are concerned, but fairly positive with a substantial relationship for lay officers. Then, one may conjecture that ministers are bound less by convention resolutions; i.e., there is more variation -^Guilford, op. clt. , p. 11+5. 33Ibid. 237 TABLE 55 CORRELATION OF FREQUENCY OF APPEARANCE IN RESOLUTIONS AND PREDICTABILITY ORDER IN THE FIELD STUDY OF THE VARIOUS SOCIAL ISSUES, FOR MINISTERS Order, Study Social Convention Order, Issues Resolutions Ministers D D2 Liquor Traffic 1 3 -2 1 + Likelihood of War 2 5 -3 9 Social Welfare 3 1 + 2 1 + Law Enforcement k 5 -1 1 Intercultural Relations 5 7 -2 1 + Church-state Relations 6 5 + 1 1 Overseas Relief 7 2 +5 25 U8 f- 1 &*D2 _ 1 6 x l i t8 - 1 318 ft K N(N -1) 1 7 ( W P- 1 33& = 1 - .857 = .11+3 £ Discrepancy between figures here and Table 53 Is due to the fact that in working out ranks for use in formulas one averages out ties. 238 TABLE 56 CORRELATION OF FREQUENCY OF APPEARANCE IN RESOLUTIONS AND PREDICTABILITY IN THE FIELD STUDY OF THE VARIOUS SOCIAL ISSUES, DEACON CHAIRMEN Social Issues Study Order, Order, Convention Deacon Resolutions Chairmen D D2 Liquor Traffic 1 1 0 0 Likelihood of War 2 5 3 9 Social Welfare 3 5 2 k Law Enforcement k 2 2 b Intercultural Relations 5 3 2 k Church-state Relations 6 5 1 i Overseas Relief 7 7 0 0 £ d2 = 22 P != 1 - 6lD2 6 x 22 122 33% # i t N(N2-1) 7(1+8) * 1 - . 393 * .607 between the group and the "larger grouping than between deacons and the larger grouping. If so, It would appear convention resolutions reflect lay thinking more than minis terial when It comes to placement of Importance of social issues, contrary to an earlier thought. Perhaps it could be better stated as indicating that passage of resolutions at past state conventions for this denomination reflect 239 compromise between the two bodies, unconsciously perhaps, and with lay thought being a little more dominant. It is contended here that the persistence of certain social Issues as matters of resolution over the years would preclude strong personalities as causal; rather that there has been some structuring of issues over the years. A last caution at this juncture Is that one may not compare the social issues at conventions and in the study absolutely, for there Is some variance In content, though probably defying measurement. Very little has been written In this analysis con cerning the size of the chi square scores. Obviously, size does not purvey any importance in itself, for also to be taken into account are the degrees of freedom and whether or not the test is of the one-tailed or two-tailed type. For this study, the Importance of the score Is whether or not the score falls on or within the. 5 par cent level. These scores are included in Tables 1|0, J+l, and [|2. Nevertheless, a few additional comments may be made. In reference to ministers, significant scores are relatively modest In size. Table i|l, pages 150-15U# indicates that the largest X score with one degree of freedom is 10.139# relative to race and church-state relations* with a two- tailed test. For two degrees of freedom, a score of 13.83 with a one-tailed test was found when comparing age levels and social welfare. 21+0 For deacon chairmen, a rather powerful I 4. 7.^38 score was obtained for social welfare when union and non-union membership was the variable. For two degrees of freedom, a score of 35-01 was obtained, again relating to social wel fare with the variable of political party affiliation. The data for this paragraph is found in Table 1+2, pages 155-1&0. Most of the chi square scores are relatively modest. 2 When both offices are combined, larger X scores are obtained partly as a function of number of cells, ranging from I ) , to 12. A rather larger 1+6. $0 for 1 degree of freedom was obtained for the minister-deaeon chairmen relationship relative to intercultural relations. A rather strong 38.8I 4.8 was obtained in one reduced variable relative to inter cultural relations (see Table 1+0, pages 135-11+2). All in all, the largest chi square scores were ob tained when both offices were combined for analysis of variables. While selecting the 5 per cent level, one would indicate even more confidence in the larger chi square scores. This does not obviate the importance of the 5 per cent level; a score at or within this part of the normal curve is acceptable for making conclusions as to differences. Chapter Summary The purpose of this chapter was to analyze and interpret the findings based upon the data through the ap plication of the measuring instrument to the selected 21+1 respondents in the field study. The first set of analyses and interpretations of this chapter referred to the scales that finally resulted from the field test. The development of the measuring instrument has been described in previous chapters. However, due to utilization of the Gut.tman tech nique, one may only be certain of a scale with actual application to a sample or population of persons. The scales that did result in usable form were seven, revolving about that number of social issues. In actuality, the newly defined universe of contents, by In clusion of statements scalable, called for a new description of the social Issues. Some very tentative generalizations were made from the scores on raw data and based upon the total cases, or both ministers and deacon chairmen together. These tenta tive generalizations are that the total group is conservative relative to liquor traffic, likelihood of war, and church- state relations. Progressivism is dominant In regard to the social issues of overseas relief and intercultural relations. No generalizations were offered as to social welfare and law enforcement. The second set of analyses and Interpretation of the chapter revolved about the relationship of variables to the attitude scales, beginning with the chief hypothesis that ministers are more progressive than the lay officers. Other variables followed In order; Metropolitan and Out-state 2 l \ . 2 relationships, membership in other denominations, length of time of such membership, length of pastorate, length of church membership through several variables, and concluding with the variable of social mobility. In some instances a given variable was analyzed for both offices combined, for ministers alone, for deacon chairmen alone, according to such determinants as purpose, data available, and others indicated by description within the sub-section dealing with the variable. A number of very Important findings accompanied this particular arrangement for analysis; these will be re stated in the next chapter as conclusions. A brief discussion within this second set of analyses and interpretation concerned Itself with two social Issues that did not scale, or "use of the Sabbath" and "effects of war." This was followed by some generalizations on significance of the variables, dealing with their rela tionship to the social issues; some predictive features were discerned from them leading to possible prediction as to characteristics of the 3tate-wlde local church leadership (ministers and deacon chairmen) when considered as a whole, also of ministers and deacon chairmen as categories separately. The third set of analyses and interpretations re volved about the seven social issues, themselves, a departure from the preceding set In which variables had been 2k3 the focus of hypothesizing. The chief intent here was to determine whether some social issues were so intense in their hold on the persons involved because of denominational commitment that they would override other variables. This third set enabled the establishment of several areas of prediction; whether one might expect relatively little variation regardless of variables of age, education, race, etc., or a great deal. With this brief chapter summary, this section closes. A larger summary and conclusions about the study follow in the next chapter. CHAPTER VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS It is the purpose of this chapter to summarize the whole study and then to draw conclusions based upon findings. Summary Chapters I through VI have dealt with the step-by- step development of this study. The study has resulted from the hypothesis that ministers are more progressive toward social issues than are the lay officers, or deacon chairmen, of the local churches of the Washington Baptist Conve nt ion. Presented is a summary of the findings that have evolved from the study of the two groups which are composed of mature persons, on the average, of the white race principally. The two groups are spread across the State of Washington in communities from very rural to metro politan, representing several levels of education, occu pation, and economic position. The study of progressivism-conservatism has dealt 2 1 * 1 + with seven Issues. These issues are briefly described. Liquor traffic relates to advertising and use of liquor as well as education to its effects. Social welfare has to do with hours and wages for labor and cause for poverty. Likelihood of war Is concerned with the range of probability from inevitable to eradication. Church-state relations revolve about religion as a factor In running for public office and expenditure of federal funds for religious schools. Law enforcement reveals a concern for policing and sentencing methods. Overseas relief is concerned with the adequacy of the amount of private and public relief as well as the use of public monies sent as aid to other lands. And last, the Issue of intercultural relations deals with the extent of power, aggressiveness, clannishness and business methodology of Jews. These are the understandings when reference Is made more simply to an Issue as "liquor traffic," etc. Progressivism or conservatism on the given issue Is indicated by the particular positive or negative approach. A fuller description of the progressive or conservative person may be referred to in pages li|.5 to 11+9. A caution must be noted here: there has been a real danger of this study presenting a hodge-podge of findings due to the design which has attempted to study several variables in relation to several social Issue areas. 21+6 This explanation is by way of indicating that for many specific findings, as for example, the effect of lower income on any one of the several social issues, the reader may have to turn to the particular sub-section dealing with that specific item. While such "variables" as age, office, etc., have been more or less treated as independent variables, little or no description has dwelt upon this, for it can be ob served that some social issues themselves have been more influential in attitude formation. Therefore, the study has not endeavored to analyze each factor as an independent or dependent variable. In the main then, this section shall be concerned with broader generalizations and summaries revolving about the two chief local church offices In the Washington Baptist Convention; both separately and in one combined group and relative to social Issues and variables. I. Summarization on the major hypothesis which declares ministers to be more progressive than the deacon chairmen. (In a real sense we are speaking of typical ministers and typical deacon chairmen.) 1. These Baptist ministers exhibit greater progres- slvism, significantly so, toward the social Issues of likelihood of war, law enforcement, overseas relief and intercultural relations than do the lay officers. In other words, based upon the findings of this study, ministers may be predicted to be less fearful of outbreak of war, more optimistic toward law as being unprejudiced, more willing to provide aid for needy persons in other lands, and less likely to be prejudiced against Jews. The chief hypothesis finds support in these findings. The deacon chairmen of this Baptist denomination appear to be more progressive toward the issue of church-state relations, or believe religion should not be an issue in running for public office and perhaps as well as being more liberal relative to tax monies for religious school support— this is not as clearly defined as the first part of the statement, however. This is strangely so in light of the fact that there is more variation about the more progressive central position for deacon chair men than for ministers in relation to their central (or average) position on all three statements, combined, comprising the issue. The chief hypothesis seems definitely disproved for this issue and even reversed. Ministers and deacon chairmen do not differ signifi cantly in their attitudes toward the social issues of liquor traffic and social welfare. The Crlock and Ringer thesis that policy structured items elicit similarity of response seems to have some force for those issues that have appeared most frequently at state conventions of the Washington Baptist movement. There is some variation within office, however, that slightly alters the Glock and Ringer thesis. On the other hand, one may observe that ministers are more progressive in the relatively less structured areas of social issues (in terms of declining frequencies at conventions) except in the instance of church- state relations in which case the factors of politi cal affiliation and an intense election campaign period proved more influential than other cons iderat ions. Sub-hypotheses growing directly out of the major hypothesis and involving between- and within-Metropoll- tan and Out-state areas. 1. When comparing ministers with deacon chairmen in Out-state Washington, one may predict there will be little difference in attitudes toward liquor traffic, social welfare and law enforcement. However, minis ters will be more progressive in attitude toward likelihood of war, overseas relief, and inter- cultural relations. Deacon chairmen reveal greater progresslvism toward church-state relations. The continuing hypothesis of greater progressivism on the part of ministers is not supported in the first and third parts, but is supported in the second. When comparing ministers with deacon chairmen in Metropolitan Washington, one may predict there will be no significant differences in attitude toward social welfare, likelihood of war, law enforcement, and overseas relief, but that these ministers are more progressive in attitude toward liquor traffic and intercultural relations. Relative to church- state relations, deacon chairmen present greater progre ss ivism. When comparing the offices combined with Metro politan vs Out-state residence as focus, the pre dictions are that there are no significant differences about attitudes toward liquor traffic, likelihood of war, and law enforcement, but that in the remaining social issues greater progressivism is found in the Metropolitan areas. When comparing ministers alone relative to Metropolitan-Out-state residence, significantly different attitudes may be predicted in the direction of greater progressivism on the part of Metropolitan ministers toward the issue of liquor only. (Caution: does not mean as a body they are progressive.) When comparing deacon chairmen as. to Metropolitan- Out-state residence, significant differences in attitude are predicted for church-state relations, 2^0 overseas relief, and intercultural relations, with Metropolitan deacon chairmen being more progressive. No other differences may be predicted. III. Summarization based upon the analysis of variables, in which prediction of differences toward social issues is perceived as arising from the influence of variables themselves. 1. For ministers, one may predict that little or no difference in attitudes will be found when the variables of membership in and length of time in other denominations, occupational level, military service, hours spent in church, and educational level are the focus of analysis. However, one may predict that there will be increasing differ entiation of attitudes, In order, of number of activities outside of church, political affilia tion, race, number of church committees and offices held, length of pastorate, and age level of minister. 2. For deacon chairmen, one may predict that rela tively little or no difference in attitudes will be found when considering the variables of member ship and length of time in other denominations, military service, length of residence in state and community, and number of church-related offices and committees. One may predict some, but not extreme variation in attitudes when the variables are Metropolitan-Out-state residence, length of church membership, years in occupational field, age, political affiliation (especially predictive, however, in church-state relations area), hours in church activities and race. But one may predict greatly increasing variation of attitudes, in order, of number of non-church- related activities, union-non-union membership, source of income, educational level, and occu pational level. In the last - Instance, the variable was associated with significant dif ferences In attitudes toward all seven social Issue s. When considering both ministers and deacon chair men as a single body of local church leadership, the predictably stable variables become size of church, membership In other denomination, birth place of respondent or parents, number of children, military service, and age. The two most variant Items to be associated with attitudes, for this group are apparently political affilia tion and extent of political participation. The latter, while providing significant scores, probably should be considered more a potential IV. 2^2 source of attitude differentiation due to the fact that so many persons do not participate beyond the modal category. Remaining variables are more modest in Influence In differentiation of attitudes. Summary based upon analysis of the social issues as focus of attention. 1. For Baptist ministers one may predict that greatest uniformity of response to a social issue will be toward social welfare, followed by overseas relief and the liquor traffic, but that there will be greater nonconformity about likelihood of war, law enforcement, church-state relations, and inter cultural relations. 2. For deacon chairmen, one may predict that greatest uniformity of response to a social Issue will be found relative to liquor traffic with law enforce ment closely behind. The rest of the social issues will result in much more lack of uniformity, particularly overseas relief, an issue in which great uniformity of belief is exhibited by ministers. 3. For the combined offices representing local church leadership as defined, greatest uniformity of attitudes are predictable for liquor traffic as an issue. Next would be a tie between attitude toward likelihood of war, and law enforcement. Much more differentiating would be the issues of social welfare, Intercultural relations, overseas relief, and church-state relations. For the last two, one would not be able to predict attitude other than differential with any real degree of certainty for 2 the issues are associated with significant X scores for over half of the possible variables and probably reflect between-office differences primarily. Summaries based upon miscellaneous findings In the study. 1. LIkert and Guttman techniques of scalar measurement do measure differently, thus one must select that technique which best fits the researcher's design for study. 2. Some very tentative findings based upon the assumption of even dispersion of raw scores leads to the prediction that the local church leaders studied will be found overwhelmingly opposed to the liquor traffic, pessimistic regarding the likelihood of war, conservative in their viewpoint toward the relationship of church toward state (or conservative on these issues). At the same time, they will be, as a combined group, progressive In attitude toward law enforcement and sociall welfare. (This does not obviate differences between and within groups.) Ministers will be found to be more uniform in attitude response; that is they tend to cluster together more closely than do the lay officers. One may predict this similarity as due to a uni formity in education and training to a certain extent. However, this is not the whole story, for even where there are differences in education, there is still a considerable uniformity of response. Thus a correlate to similarity may be occupational features and possibly a kind of pers onality. There is more than an accidental relationship between the frequency of appearance as resolutions at conventions and meaning for local church leader ship as measured by attitude response toward the social issues. However, the issues appear to be reflected more among the lay officers than among the ministers. This does not negate the Glock and Ringer thesis which holds that ministers' attitudes (in another denomination, however) clearly reflect church policy where the church has made up its mind, for ministers do tend to agree with the direction of the three most significant issues as measured by frequency of appearance. The chief distortion of order occurs because the ministers are more concerned over the humanitarian Issue of overseas relief, for whatever cause, than the deacon chairmen. Thus, they have raised this Issue out of convention order. Two of the outstanding features relate first to the strong feeling against liquor traffic evi denced over and over again by the data and second, to the divergence from long established church policy In the area of church-state relations as probably Influenced by the feature of political party affiliation. Yet one Is struck by the fact that Metropolitan ministers were significantly more progressive In attitude toward liquor traffic than either Metro politan deacons or Out-state ministers. Republican church leaders were less likely to believe war was probable than were Democratic. Perhaps an Influence, here, was the position of the then Republican President Eisenhower as a force for peace. This has some Implication regarding campaign propaganda. It was not possible to ascertain whether or not the populations were progressive or conservative on the social issues of effects of war or use of the Sabbath due mostly to ambiguity of statements. 256 However, an outstanding feature in the latter issue was an almost perfect agreement that Sunday was a time for more than just a chance to sleep late, go fishing, "get away from it all"; i.e., a recognition that Sunday was a day of worship. As mentioned before, any number of findings might be summarized but with these comparatively few (but most im portant) the summary is concluded. Conclusions What are some of the broad generalizations that might be drawn from this study? The following are presented for consideration: 1. Attitudes are not simple functioning elements in behavior, for within a given individual or group are found seemingly contradictory attitudes as measured by direction toward different objects, or in this case, social issues. 2. Strongly rooted issues in a group or people tend to bring about similar attitude responses toward that object by the members of the group. 3. Some variables tend to be more influential in eliciting different attitude responses than others, chiefly those of Metropolitan-Out-state residence, age, race, edu cation, political affiliation and occupational levels. Overtones of socioeconomic positions may be discerned. No variable results in a uniform response from office to office also. 257 i|. Corollary to 1, 2, and 3 above, differentiation, or lack of it, in attitude response is dependent upon the strength of the attitude held previously as against the crosscutting effects of the different variables. Relative to this conclusion, it may be that self-consideration over rides group (convention) concerns where policy is not strongly structured and this self-consideration is allied with particular educational, political, and occupational positions. 5. Cultural-religious change is apparent in this religious movement in the light of the evidence that the principle of church-state separation is losing force. 6. No religious body approximates uniformity of attitudes especially when considering various offices within It. Doctrine and policy greatly represent compromise rather than any objective truth to a certain extent. A number of questions were not answered in this study and may be considered as areas for further research: 1. How closely do the attitudes portrayed here represent those of the local church membership? That is, how uniform is the reaction of the whole membership of the Washington Baptist Convention toward social issues? 2. How closely do the attitudes of the individual deacon chairmen correspond to those of his respective minister? (Intervening variables might make this worthle ss.) 2^8 3. Does personality type, hinted at in several places In the study, determine entrance into the ministry or does the ministry determine personality type? A corol lary is: is a "call" from God a more Important feature than education or other experience In determining ministers1 reactions? 1|. Is age related to political party affiliation In such a way that differences In attitudes can be traced to the social climate at time of affiliation rather than to age? 5. Why should non-union lay officers be more pro gressive In attitude toward liquor traffic than union members? 6. How significant Is race in accounting for Metropolitan-Out-state differences as well as some within- group differences? 7. What part has upward mobility played in forma tion of ministers' attitudes? Is there an element of status striving unconsciously in entry to the ministry? 8. Is anti-Jewish feeling a correlate of greater church involvement? Is what may be more objective teaching to the ministers reflected In more emotional results In lay personalities? A whole series of such questions might be raised, nevertheless a final comment will close this study at this point. The hypothesis of greater progressivlsm on the part of ministers In comparison with deacon chairmen was reversed in relation to the social issue of church-state relations, not proven in two other areas, and proven in four areas of social issues. While education, experiences, and occupa tional characteristics may have been overridden in some attitude areas, it is contended that these have proven to be significant in the four areas noted above. APPENDICES APPENDIX A RESOLUTIONS ON SOCIAL ISSUE RESOLUTIONS ON SOCIAL ISSUES RESOLUTIONS ON SOCIAL ISSUES, ANNUAL MEETINGS OP THE WESTERN WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 1919-1931, BY CONTENT Issue Years of Appearance Support of League of Nations 1919 Condemnation of lynching 1919 Control of drug traffic 1920,1921,1922,1929 Industrial problems 1921 Divorce deplored 1921 Desecration of Sabbath, "Blue Laws" 1921,1922,1923,192U Starvation In China 1921,1927 Pood and clothing for Near East 1922 Protest public school teachers slighting beliefs of church 1923 Protest law enforcement laxness (in general) 192^,1925,1926 Protest enforcement laxness re prohibit ion 192^,1925,1928 Protest Japanese exclusion act 1921+ Urge Christians exercise right to vote 1923,1921+, 1928 Commended Anti-Saloon League 1927,1928,1929,1931 Support U.S. treaty to outlaw war 1928 Protest advertising of cigarettes 1929 Urge U.S. membership in World Court 1929 Urge armament reduction 1931 Elimination of Compulsory military drill in schools 1931 Urge settlement of international differences by arbitration 1931 Commendation of W.C.T.U. 1931 Urge no state money for any religious effort 1931 262 263 RESOLUTIONS OP SOCIAL ISSUES, ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 1932-1959, BY CONTENT Issue Support of l8th Amendment Endorse work of Anti-Saloon League Endorse work of the W.C.T.U. Oppose passage of Initiative re pealing state prohibition law Pledge support and aid In securing adequate unemployment Insurance, old age security, child labor laws Oppose compulsory military training Support Geneva Conference to prevent war Petition against race track gambling Oppose sale or advertising of liquors Expression of gratitude on working with one Negro church Urge general support for peace Urge support of legal procedures, law, government Protest against war Protest evils in motion pictures Favor 6-hour day, 38-hour week for all labor Urge child labor legislation Urge a program to oppose use of liquors Application of Christian principles to all social and economic problems Against tax aid to parochial schools Years of Appearance 1932 1932 1932,1935,19^1,1951, 1953 1932 1932,1935,1937,1938 1939 1932,1933,191+8,1951, 1955 1933 1933 1933,1931+, 1935,191+0, 191+1,1952,1951+, 1955 1933 1933,191+1 1933,1939,1953 1931+,1935,1937,1938, 1939,191+0,191+1 193l+,1935 1935 1931,1935 1937,1938,1939,191+1, 191+2,191+8,1950 1937 1938,191+7 261+ RESOLUTIONS OF SOCIAL ISSUES, ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 19314.-1959, BY CONTENT (Continued) Isaue Protest desecration of Sabbath Protested case of impersonation of minister Oppose racial prejudice of all kinds Urge ban on shipping war materials to Japan Protest state taxing of food Protest ambassador to Vatican Urge Christian contacts with servicemen Support of conscientious objectors Investigation of state penal inst itutIons Protest sale of liquor to servicemen Protest treatment of second generation Japanese Urge association with churches of other races For civil rights program Commend Washington Temperance Assoc Urge legislation against slot machines, punchboards Urge support of refugee program Urge Congress aid India in famine Urge exercise of franchise Urge attention to Inter-faith marriage perils Minimum salary for ministers supported Support of United Nations Home of aged supported (Baptists) Years of Appearance 1939.1951.1957 1939 1939,19l+0,19l4l,19l|7, 1958,1959 1939 1939 19140,19148,1950,1959 191+1 191+1 191+1 191+2,1951 191+2 191+1+ 191+8 1950.1953.1957 1950,1952 1951,1955 1951 1952 1953 1951+, 1957 1951+, 1955 1958 RESOLUTIONS OF SOCIAL ISSUES, ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE WASHINGTON BAPTIST CONVENTION, 193U-1959, BY CONTENT (Cont inued) Is sue Support Peace tax proposal Protest atom bomb tests Urge adequate financing, housing, staffing of penal, custodial, and mental institutions Recommend abolition of capital punishment Years of Appearance 1958 1958 1959 1959 APPENDIX B ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE UTILIZED IN FIELD RESEARCH 267 Q U E S T I O N N A I R E ATTITUDES OF MINISTERS AND LAY LEADERS of the AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION of the STATE OF WASHINGTON on SELECTED SOCIAL ISSUES A study by Robert Lane Brown, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Central Washington College of Education, as partial requirement toward the Ph.D. Degree in Sociology, University of Southern California CONFIDENTIAL: The information furnished by you to the interviewer is accorded confidential treatment. A report will be compiled as to the findings resulting from this study, but no names of persons or locations will be revealed in order to protect the Iden tity of each of the interviewees. Thus, with these safeguards in mind, we request your cooperation on this project. 51+321 12311-5 5J+321 1231+5 5^321 51+321 51+321 51+321 51+321 51+321 123U5 51+321 51+321 1231+5 51+321 51+321 1231+5 268 1. We should seek laws to abolish the liquor traffic. 2. There should be a state minimum wage level of $1.25 per hour in all industries including agriculture. 3. The evils of war are only slightly greater than Its benefits. 1+. The U.S. and Russia will settle their dif ferences without war. 5. The schools are at fault in not teaching religious truths. 6. Some people get better breaks from law officers than others. 7. There Is too much private relief money going from churches to aid persons in other lands. 8. No Christian should do business on Sundays including the purchase of gasoline or food. 9. Jews have too much power in this country. 10. It is unchristian for anyone to rent out a building which he may own for use as a place to sell liquor. 11. We should favor the 6-hour day, 30-hour week for all employees by law. 12. War does help to make a man out of a person. 13. There will always be wars because there will always be racial groups who want to rule the world. ll+. It is all right for federal funds to be spent on aid to parochial schools of any kind. 15. The sentences of judges In courts are determined by their prejudices. 16. Our government is spending far too much on overseas relief. 17. It is more important to help others than to sit In church to hear a sermon. 269 51+321 51+321 1231+5 1231+5 51+321 1231+5 51+321 51+321 1231+5 51+321 1231+5 51+321 1231+5 51+321 18. Most Jews are overly aggressive. 19. We should prohibit advertising of liquor in the press, on billboards, and over TV and radio. 20. Poverty Is chiefly a result of injustice In the distribution of wealth. 21. Army discipline injures self-respect and Individuality, 22. The most we can hope to accomplish is the partial elimination of war. 23* Federal aid to parochial schools of the Protestant faiths Is all right. 2l+. Most police work is the result of luck or use of stool pigeons. 25. Which of the following agrees most closely with your own views as to the amount of government aid going overseas to aid persons In other lands? (check one) _________ Absolutely too much _________ A little too much _________ About right _________ Not quite enough _________ Absolutely too little 26. The most important thing about Sunday Is that it’s a chance to sleep late, go fishing, "get away from it all." 27. Most Jews are clannish. 28. As long as people will drink anyway, it would perhaps be better to control by law the amount anyone may have (ration liquor). 29. A certain amount of unemployment is to be expected and should not artifically be inter fered with by law. 30. Those military units should be retained which afford training to the body and mind. 31. The big nations will never go to war though there may be limited "police actions" as in Korea. 270 51+321 35. 1231+5 32. Religion should not be an issue in running for public office. 1231+5 33* Laws are written to favor neither rich nor poor in the courts of the land. 51+321 3l+. The persons for whom the most help is intended are not the prime receivers of government aid sent overseas. Sunday should be limited to such activities as church attendance, visitation of sick and afflicted, and quiet reading at home. 1231+5 30. Jews are under-represented in many industries in this country. 1231+5 37. Opposition to use of liquor should be a matter of education rather than law. 51+321 38. There are sufficient laws now to take care of wages and working conditions; any more would be restricting on liberty. Multitudes have benefited by learning the lesson of wartime discipline. 1231+5 1+0. There will not be another world war. 1231+5 1+1. The U.S. Constitution section holding that there should be a separation of church and state affairs-is being adequately followed by church and government. 51+321 1+2. The only ones who need to fear harsh treatment at the hands of the law are the criminals. 1231+5 1+3* Relief money sent from private sources, as" church organizations, has been very significant in prevention of stark hunger in other lands. 1231+5 1+1+* Any activity not offending the Christian's conscience is acceptable on Sundays. 1231+5 1+5. There is little difference in business methods between Jewish and other white merchants. 51+321 39. 271 GENERAL INFORMATION 1. How long have you been a member, pastor (cross out the one not applicable) of this particular church?_________ 2. Of what other denominatlon(s) have you been a member? For how long? (in months and years) 3. How long have you resided in this community?_ State?_ i|. Where were you born? (City and State)________ 5. In what country was your father born?________ Mother? 6. What was your father's principal occupation? (longest duration)__________________________________________________ 7. How far did you go In school? (Check highest) _____ Grammar school, (1-7 years) _____ Grammar school, (8 years) High school, (1-3 years) _____ High school, graduate (1+ years) ----- Zllllll: _____ Any teoh i 1 0r _____ Graduate work beyond B.A. training No schooling _____ Seminary 8. (If not a pastor) what is your occupation?______________ How many years have you been In this field? What other kinds of work have you done In which you spent six or more months?_____________________________ 9. (If a pastor) what other occupations did you follow in which you spent six or more months?_____________________ 10. Please check one of these age brackets according to your own age. (Hand to interviewee) 60-61+ 20-2)+ 1+0-I+1+ ----- 65-59 25-29 1+5-1+9 70-7)1 30-31+ 50-51+ _____ 75-79 35-39 55-59 80 & over 272 11. Please Indicate on the chart the letter of the bracket where you fit economically speaking: i.e., what was your total remuneration in 1959 from all sources as wages, salary, fees, bonuses, and rentals if such is included as part of your total payment. Note that there are two columns for checking: Self re fers to yourself as chief breadwinner; Family would in clude your remuneration plus that of any other members living at home who may have earnings and contribute to the total income. (NOTE: If interviewee is uncertain, ask him to refer to 1959 income tax figures.) Self a. Family a. a. Amount In excess of $25,000 b. b. ' " b. 20,000-25,000 c. c. c. 15,000-19,999 d. d. d. 12,500-14,999 e . e. e. 10,000-12,499 f. f. f. 8,000-9,999 g. g. g • 6,000-7,999 h. h. h. 4,000-5,999 i. i. i. 3,000-3,999 J. .1. J. 2,000-2,999 k. k. k. less than 2,000 12. From what source do you receive the bulk of your income? (Check) Salary Stocks & bonds _____ Wages Profits _____ Fees Other, specify________ 13. What Is your marital status? (Check one) Married Widowed _____ Other, _____ Single Divorced specify____ 14* Number of children? _________ Ages of boys ______________________________________ Ages of girls______________________________________ 15. Have you ever served in the armed services? Yes No If yes, when __________ If yes, what branch? Army______________ Air Force Navy______________ Other,spec Marine Corps Was this as a chaplain? Yes_____ No_____ 273 16. How long were you in service? (Months and years)________ 17. What is your political affiliation? (Check one) ______ Republican Other, specify_____________ ______ Democrat 18. Would you check the following statement that represents your maximum participation as far as voting is concerned. ______ Not registered to vote _____ Vote infrequently ______ Vote occasionally as important issues arise ______ Vote most often or always as elections arise 19. Would you check the following statement that represents your maximum political participation other than voting. ______ Never or very seldom discuss politics outside my immediate family ______ Discuss issues with friends ______ Participate in some way in political party activities as attend meetings, rallies, or making speeches ______ Have held or do hold political party or elective office(s). 20. Do you have a telephone? Yes_____ No______ 21. If a layman: How often do you attend church services? {Che ck one) _____ At least once per week ______ Twice a month at least ______ Once a month on the average ______ Occasionally 22. If a layman: What other committees and offices do you hold in your church or denomination? (List) 23* Could you estimate how many hours on the average you spend per week in church-related activities? ________ 27k 2I 4 .. (Pastor and Layman) What organizations are ypu a member of outside of church-connected associations? (Check) Rotary _____ Lions ______ Kiwanis ______Shriners _____ Masons ______ Chamber ______Other (List") of Commerce 25. If a layman: Are you a member of a labor union? Ye s______ No_______ (If yes) Which one?_________________________________________ 26. (Pastor or laymen) Have you been in the position where you might have made a choice to join a union and did not? Yes_________ No_________ 27. What Is the monthly rental (or rental value If inter viewee owns home) of your home (or parsonage)?__________ he following can be filled in without asking questions unless there Is some doubt on Interviewer's part. 28. Race:_____ White _______ Negro Oriental 29. Sex: ______Male Female 30. Cooperation: Veiycoop. Somewhat ______ Reluctant 31. Size of community: In column A check size where now living. If desired, may want to check column B by asking "Where have you spent most of life in regard to community size?" A B Population of Community or Town ______ Over 100,000 50,000-100,000 10,000-50,000 5,000-10,000 1,000-5.000 261-1,000 0-250 32. Specific name of local church.____________ 33- Size of church (total active membership) APPENDIX C ATTITUDE STATEMENTS , BY ATTITUDE AREAS USABLE FOR MEASUREMENT OF RESPONDENTS, RESULTING FROM GUTTMAN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 276 ATTITUDE STATEMENTS, BY ATTITUDE AREAS USABLE FOR MEASUREMENT OF RESPONDENTS, RESULTING FROM GUTTMAN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Attitude Area A--Llquor traffic 1. We should seek laws to abolish the liquor traffic. 19. We should prohibit advertising of liquor in the press, on billboards, and over TV and radio. 37* Opposition to use of liquor should be a matter of education rather than law. Attitude Area B— Social welfare 2. There should be a state minimum wage level of $1.2^ per hour in all industries including agriculture. 11. We should favor the 6-hour day, 30-hour week for all employees by law. 20. Poverty is chiefly a result of injustice In the dis tribution of wealth. Attitude Area C--Likelihood of war 13. There will always be wars because there will always be racial groups who want to rule the world. 22. The most we can hope to accomplish is the partial elimination of war. 1+0• There will not be another world war. Attitude Area D--Church-state relations 32. Religion should not be an issue in running for public office. 11|. It is all right for federal funds to be spent on aid to parochial schools of any kind. 23. Federal aid to parochial schools of the Protestant faiths Is all right. 277 Attitude Area E— Law enforcement 2l±. Most police work Is the result of luck or use of stool plge ons. 15. The sentences of judges In courts are determined by their prejudices. 6. Some people get better breaks from law officers than others. Attitude Area F--Overseas relief 7. There is too much private relief money going from churches to aid persons in other lands. 16. Our government is spending far too much on overseas relief. 25. Which of the following agrees most closely with your own views as to the amount of government aid going overseas to aid persons in other lands? (Check one)l ______ Absolutely too much ______ A little too much ______ About right ______ Not sure, don't know _____ Not quite enough ______ Absolutely too little 34. The persons for whom the most help is intended are not the prime receivers of government aid sent overseas. Attitude Area G-— International relations 9. Jews have too much power in this country. 18. Most Jews are overly aggressive. 27. Most Jews are clannish. There is little difference in business methods between Jewish and other white merchants. ^A checking category was added to original £ due to numbers of answers given here; altered during field use. APPENDIX D MAP OF WASHINGTON WITH POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL INTERVIEW SITES, SELECTED REGIONS OF STATE, REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF REGIONS, WITH LISTS OF CHURCHES CONTACTED. I *40A • 44B m 3Zl •52 A • ROC Map 1 Map of Washington with Locations of Potential and Actual Interview Sites and Selected Regions of the State 279 1. Legend for Map of Washington All cities having Washington Baptist Convention Churches are numbered from 1 to 65, except Metropolitan areas which have names printed. Numbers run generally from North to South in three sec tions of the state--Northwest, Western, Southwestern; North Central, Central, South Central; and Northeastern and Southweastern; thus 1 to 3k are found in the western portion, 36-53 in the central portion, and 54“65 in 'the eastern portion. Each community or city has also a letter immediately after the number. The letters utilized have the fol lowing meanings as to population size of the community: A -- 10,000 - 50,000 B -- 5,000 - 10,000 c -- 1,000 - 5,000 D -- 251 - 1,000 E — 0 - 250 Metropolitan areas are those designated by the United States Census Bureau, except that there has been some alteration in the case of Seattle to meet a Convention designated Association, or the Seattle Association, and use of urbanized area as Spokane. See Chapter I. Underlined numbers represent those communities, in addition to Metropolitan areas, selected for sampling. Broken lines within the state represent the more or less natural regions. Roman numerals correlate with these regions as designated on other pages. 2. Reasons for Selection of Natural Regions Mountains divide western sections from central and eastern very distinctly. Kettle River Range in the northern part of the state and distance between communities in the southern part divide eastern from central portions. Three western areas of the state are based primarily upon the following in division from each other: a. Southwest communities in a natural arc follow the Columbia River and Highway U.S. 99 as it swings toward Olympia. b. West Central communities fall in a definite crescent around the Puget Sound from Port Angeles through to the coast along Highway U.S. 1+10 and U.S. 101. c. Northwest seems a logical unity based on such features as the distance between Everett and Mt. Vernon, the island position of two potential sample communities, and self-evident grouping of the northernmost communities particularly. One might question the exclusion of Everett from this grouping rather than inclusion in the West Central Arc. Distance separates distinctly the two northern com munities in North Central from Central. Waterville potentially offered difficulty. The most difficult separation was Central and South Central. Yakima might have fallen in either area. By lot it was included in Central. Distance between communities alone was sufficient to divide Northeastern and Southeastern. A distinctive feature of the Southeastern section was that communities lay along or very close to U.S. Highway 39f>. A sampling procedure based upon highway systems alone might have logically been used. 283 3. List of Seattie-Tacoma Area Washington Baptlat Convention Churches Selected Originally for Study A. In Seattle: Calvary Baptist Chinese Baptist Columbia Baptist First Baptist Fremont Baptist Gregory Heights Japanese Baptist a. Nisei b. Issei - D Mt. Olive Baptist Mt. Zion Baptist B. In Tacoma: Bethlehem Baptist First Baptist Grace Baptist Immanuel Baptist - M o These names are as listed In the 1958-1959 Minutes of the Washington Baptist Convention, pp. 9-13. One may note on p. 16 of this reference that there are other Baptist churches of like principles that had not yet affiliated with the Convention at time of publication, these are not In cluded in the study. An M or D following the name of a church is Indi cation that the particular case was unavailable, lacking, or refused to respond. New Hope Baptist Oak Lake Baptist Peoples Institutional Baptist Queen Anne Baptist Ridgecrest Community Baptist Shorewood Baptist Tabernacle Missionary Baptist University Baptist - D Washington Park Community Baptist - M, D West Seattle Baptist Shiloh Baptist Sixth Avenue Baptist St. John's Baptist - D 281* . C. Other Communities of the Area location:3 Clyde Hill First Baptist -» Issaquah Community First Baptist Panther Lake Community — First Baptist Community Baptist — First Baptist D. Vancouver: First Baptist Successful cases on this list: Ministers -- Deacon Chairmen Both by church name and Bellevue Edmonds Issaquah Kent Kent Mountlake Terrace North Bend Renton Vancouver 3k 66 ^These churches are all part of the Seattle Association, except Edmonds which is, however, a part of Metropolitan Seattle. 285 II. Section of the State, Communities, Sizes, Inclusive In Sampling No. and Not In Letter Name of In Sample Community on Map Community Sample M D Size NORTHWEST I 1C Blaine X 1,000 - 5,000 2C Lynden X 1,000 - 5,000 3E Laurel X X 0 - 250 l+A Bellingham X X 10,000 50,000 5A Marietta X 10,000 - 50,000 6D Lyman X X 1,000 - 5,000 7C Burlington X X 1,000 - 5,000 8b Anacorte s X X 5,000 - 10,000 9C Oak Harbor X 1,000 - 5,000 10B Mt. Vernon X 5,000 - 10,000 11C Darrington X 1,000 - 5,000 WEST CENTRAL II 12A Everett X X 10,000 - 50,000 13C Snohomish X 1,000 - 5,000 II4 .C Sumner X 1,000 - 5,000 15A Puyallup X 10,000 - 50,000 16A Port Angeles X 10,000 - 50,000 17C Port Townsend X 1,000 - 5,000 286 No. and Letter on Map Name of Community Not in Sample In Sample M S Community Size WEST CENTRAL II (continued) 18A Bremerton X 10,000 - 50,000 19D Be Ifair X X 251 1,000 21C Gig Harbor Gorsta X X X 1,000 — 5,000 22A 01ympiab X X 10,000 - 50,000 23C Elma X 1,000 - 5,000 2i|A Aberdeen0 X X 10,000 - 50,000 25 A Hoquiam X 10,000 - 50,000 26C Raymond X 1,000 - 5,000 27C South Bend X 1,000 - 5,000 Unnumbered, not a town but a rural location near Bremerton. Olympia was, at first, considered by the researcher to be Metropolitan. This consideration was based upon factors as close connection by highway system with Tacoma, and discussions with persons acquainted with the state. Reconsideration followed upon actual visitation of the community, only after contact had been made by letter. While inclusion may distort the area sampling, to have eliminated would also have been arbitrary. cAberdeen,and Woodland--error in drawing of number, thus Woodland omitted but should have been included with just the reverse for Aberdeen. 287 No* and Letter Name of on Map Community Not In In Sample Sample M D Community Size SOUTHWEST III 28b Centralia X 5,000 - 10,000 29B Chehalls X 5,000 - 10,000 30E Klaber-Boistfort X 0 - 250 31B Kelso X 5,000 - 10,000 32C Woodlanda X 1,000 - 5,000 33E Brush Prairie X 0 - 250 3UB Camas X X 5,000 - 10,000 35d North Bonneville Refusal 251 - 1,000 NORTH CENTRAL IV 36C Oroville X 1,000 - 5,000 37C Okanogan X X 1,000 - 5,000 38D Waterville Refusal 251 - 1,000 CENTRAL V 39C Cashmere X 1,000 - 5,000 UOA Wenatchee X 10,000 - 50,000 1|1C Quincy X X 1,000 - 5,000 See note nc"on Aberdeen on preceding page 288 No. and Letter on Map Name of Community Not in Sample In Sample M D Community Size CENTRAL V (Continued) i|2A Moses Lake X 10,000 - 5o,ooo U3C Cle Elum X 1,000 - 5,000 Ul+B £ Ellensburg Unsuit able 5,000 - 10,000 KItt itas X 251 - 1,000 46D Cow iche*3 X 251 - 1,000 1|7A Yakimac X X 10,000 - 50,000 SOUTH[ CENTRAL VI i|8D Buena X X 251 - 1,000 U9B Sunnyslde X X 5,000 - 10,000 5oc Prosser X 1,000 - 5,000 5lA Richland X X 10,000 - 5o,ooo 52A Kennewick X 10,000 - 50,000 530 Goldendale X X 1,000 - 5,000 ^llensburg not Included, see reason in Appendix F„ ^Estimated size, no figure otherwise available. Listed In a Rand McNally 19Sh map without size. £ Two churches of 3 in Yakima covered, second one drawn because Negro church. Checks in sample column repre sent 2 persons each. 289 No. and Letter on Map Name of Community Not in Sample In Sample M D Community Size NORTHEASTERN VII Sbp Kettle Palls X X 251 - 1,000 55c Newport X X 1,000 - 5,000 56c Deer Park X 1,000 - 5,000 SOUTHEASTERN VIII 57C Tekoa X 1,000 - 5,000 58d Oake sdale X X 251 - 1,000 59E Ste pt oe X X 0 - 250 60C Palouse X 1,000 - 5,000 6lC Colfax X X 1,000 - 5,000 62A Pullman X X 10,000 “ 50,000 63E Haya X X 0 - 250 6I 4 .C Dayton X 1,000 - 5,000 65a Walla Walla X 10,000 - 50,000 ^rror in sampling, both same size. 290 5. Spokane Churches, Metropolitan Areas There are thirteen churches in the Spokane urbanized area including three £ Negro churches.(N) Name of Church Not In In Sample Sample M D Unavailable Calvary (N) X X Central X X Edge cliff Community xb Euclid Avenue X First X Grace X Immanuel Community X X Liberty Park x° Lincoln Heights X Morning Star (N) X River Ridge X Spokane Valley X New Hope Missionary (N) X aDrew about half (6) cases, w/o regard to race. By chance two of four churches finally contacted were Negro, or two of six potential. ^Complete refusal because it is not cooperating with denomination at time. cPastorate in transition; unable to locate members of church. 291 6. Out-state Communities Listed by Size (Starred names: drawn in sample; drawn in sample, successfully included.) Population 0 - 2f?0 Boistfort-Klaber Brush Prairie Gorst Hay Belfair Bue na Cowiche Waterville Laure I*** ■iHJ- Kettle Falls Blaine Burlington Cashmere Cle Elum Colfax Darrington Dayton Deer Park Steptoe Burton Community Population 251 - 1.000 Population 1,000 Elma Gig Harbor Goldendale Lynden ■H-M- Newport Oak Harbor Okanogan Oroville Kittitas T ## Lyman North Bonneville Oake sdale Vaughn - 5,000 Palouse Port Townsend Prosser Quincy Raymond Snohomish South Bend Sumner Tekoa Woodland* (Sampling Error) Population 5*000 - 10,000 Anacortes* Ellensburg’* „ -SHfr Camas Kelso Centralia Mt, Vernon Chehalls ’ Sunnys ide Population 10,000 - 50,000 Aberdeen**** Puyallup Bellingham**** Port Angeles Bremerton Pullman**** ■Cl . . Everett Richland**** Hoquiam Walla Walla Kennewick Wenatchee Moses Lake „ . . ■ S t - ' J t ’ Yakima Olympia**"** 293 7. Miscellaneous Comments 1. Bellingham has two Baptist Churches (ipA and £A). Both were drawn in the belief that one was a community church outside of Bellingham. True fact discovered after the interview. Did not attempt to complete deacon chairman interview, who was unavailable in any event--commercial fishing at sea. 2. Everett has five churches, Bremerton six, and Yakima three. Everett and Yakima were drawn for sample locations; in Everett one church drawn to represent location by lot. In Yakima one church, Negro, that one selected to represent race. One of two white churches drawn by lot. Thus by chance, there were only two Out-state communities in which intra community sampling was necessary. 3. One is on dangerous ground in indicating acci dental errors aid a study. While the writer holds that there has been some distortion through inclusion of Olympia in Out-state area II, West Central, especially with the error tossing Aberdeen into the same area and providing for over-representation for community size, while at the same time an error increased number of cases in communities of 0-2^0 population in area VIII, Southwest, the assertion is that this is not as fatal as first appears. This declara tion has two supporting reasons: 1) the study does not contemplate comparing regions (areas) of the state, in which 29k case the distortion -would be more detrimental; 2) the addi tions have provided added cases In areas where certain sizes of communities predominate, perhaps reflecting the over-all Influence of this factor. Some conclusions 1. Number of communities represented in Out-state is 66. These 66 communities have 78 churches. Our strati fied sampling procedure involved selecting communities by- size. In most of these, there was only one church per community. Where there were more than one church per community (in only five of the 66 communities) we drew random numbers for one to represent the community. Exception: In Yakima, drew 2 churches, one white by number, one Negro because It was intended to pick up all Negro churches wherever such were found in Out-state com munities researched; Yakima was only community outside Metropolitan Washington having such a Negro church. 2. Number of communities drawn for potential sample was 31 or approximately $0 per cent (actually l±l per cent). 3. Actual number of communities surveyed was 27, representing 29 churches. 295 I ; . . Proportion of actual representation by stratas-- size of community (successful interviews) a. 0-250 k of 8 communitie s 50# b. 251-1,000 6 of 10 communit ie s 66% c. 1,000-5,000 7 of 26 communities 26% d. 5,000-10,000 3 of 8 communit ie s 11.$% e. 10,000-50,000 7 of communit ie s 50% 5. Proportion of representation by potential sample (i.e., sample originally drawn, but not wholly successful). a. 0-250 I 4 . of 8 communities $0% b. 251-1,000 8 of 10 communities 60% c. 1,000-5,000 8 of 26 communities 30% d. 5,000-10,000 of 8 communities $0% e. 10,000-50,000 7 of 15 communities The most serious weakness in the sampling by stratas is the 1,000-5,000 strata. APPENDIX E REASONS FOR FAILURE TO CONTACT POTENTIAL RESPONDENTS SELECTED 297 REASONS FOR FAILURE TO CONTACT POTENTIAL RESPONDENTS SELECTED Poss ible Out-state Interviews Lost 1. Boistfort--no Deacon Board in existence. 2. Watervllle— no longer have Baptist minister, change denominations with rotation of minis ters by different denominations--no office by definition. 3. Kitt itas— no organized Deacon Board in existence. 1|. North Bonneville--building owned by Conven tion but church considers self ,lCommunity, , not "Baptist,1' thus no cooperation. No office by study definition. Woodland--error in not contacting in time for interview, due to error in drawing number (Aberdeen instead of Woodland). 6. Eliensburg--pastorate in transition; Chair man of Board of Deacons was the researcher, thus made no attempt at interviewing; fear of loss of objectivity. 7. Bellingham (Marietta)--did not interview the deacon chairman for Marietta Community Church due to discovery Marietta not a separate community but part of Bellingham. Also, deacon chairman unavailable because fishing at sea as occupation. Total Out-state Lost 11 298 X ~ REASONS FOR FAILURE TO SECURE SAMPLE CASES PossIble Re spondents Lost METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON Spokane 1. Euclid Avenue--complete refusal_due to present state of non-cooperation with Convention, thus no interview with minister or deacon chairman. 2 2. Liberty Park--pastorate in transition, unable to locate deacon chairman 2 3. New Hope Missionary— no Deacon Board in existence 1 Seattle 1. Japanese Baptist (Issel section)--refusal to permit interview with deacon chairman 1 2. University Baptist--unable to find satis factory date after 3 cancellations for various causes, by deacon chairman 1 3. Washington Park Community Baptlst--pastor- ate in transition, unable to locate any person responding to position of deacon chairman. 2 Tacoma 1. Immanuel--pastor failed to appear for appointment. 1 2. St. John1s--attempted four contacts with deacon chairman, failed to appear for scheduled appointment at business office. 1 Total Metropolitan Lost 11 APPENDIX P METHOD FOR OBTAINING CHI SQUARE SCORES 300 METHOD FOR OBTAINING CHI SQUARE SCORES In testing the significance of variables, with the single exception of that of size of church, weighted data were utilized. The chi square scores resulting from these tests are found in Tables 1+0, 1+1, and 1+2 (pages 135, 150, and 155, respectively) and are alluded to in Tables 1+9, 50, 51, and 52 (pages 218, 220, 221, and 223, respectively). A specific example is presented using the data from the variable indicated as number 16 of Table 1+2, or politi cal affiliation of deacon chairmen and the relationship to A--liquor traffic. This was chosen because it represents rather well the procedures involved as well as being some what intermediate in terms of numbers of cells in the chi square problems which were from the simple 1+ celled to a few 12 celled problems. However, most were 1+ celled and 6 celled. The step-by-step method by which the chi square score was obtained for this problem follows: 1. Transfer of raw data to weighted form. a. Tabulation of persons with the various Guttman scores according to area of state. b. Multiplication by weights obtained as indicated by Table 7, page 71, and the section entitled ’ ’Weighting Scheme," pages 1G1-101+ and including 301 Table 37, page 103, which contains the weights in order to make areas of the state comparable. These steps are illustrated in Table 57. 2. Application of chi square test to weighted data, using the formula found in Guilford,'1 ' X2 Calculators were utilized throughout this part of the study. There are two principal parts to working the problem, see Table 58. These are: a. Plotting data in cells b. Application of formula The example given is a 6 celled test of chi square. All precautions usually advised were taken with whatever number of cells per test. For example, Yates correction for continuity was applied in 2x2 tables where such cor- rection was necessary. J. P. Guilford, Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education (3rd ed.j New York, 'Toronto, and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956), p. 232. 2Ibid., p. 23k* 302 TABLE 57 TRANSFER OF RAW DATA TO WEIGHTED FORM, GUTTMAN SCORES ON LIQUOR TRAFFIC FOR DEACON CHAIRMEN Guttman S c ore s at 3 and 4 Comb ined 5 and 6 C omb ine d Political Affiliation © o c © tH GO © PS X! bO © <n £ 1 O b * h 3 X» -P al a) o f l EH 1 —t T3 © - t - > X! © bO U •H 0 © 0 3: CO GO G 1 0 3 x> - p c d a t o d PS E - i i —' T3 © -P X ® bO U •H 0 ® 0 3 CO Republican M S 0 1.10 3.67 2. 80 5 0 6 Total 5.50 .00 16.80 22. 30 6 3 8 Total 6. 60 11. 00 22.UO 40.00 Democrat M S 0 1.10 3.67 2.80 3 0 1 Total 3.30 . 00 2.80 6.10 8 0 k Total 8. 80 .00 11.20 20. 00 Independent M S 0 1.10 3.67 2.80 2 0 2 Total 2.20 .00 5.60 7.60 7 0 3 Total 7.70 . 00 8.40 16.10 Non- part isan M S 0 1.10 3.67 2.80 1 0 0 Total 1.10 . 00 . 00 1.16 0 0 2 Total .00 . 00 5.60 5.60 Letters have these meanings: M--Metropolitan other than Spokane S--Spokane 0--0ut-state 303 TABLE 58 COMPUTATION OP CHI SQUARE SCORE FOR A GIVEN PROBLEM Party Guttman Score 3 and 1+ Combined 5 and 6 Combined Total Republican 22.30 19.53 2.77 Uo.oo 1+2.77 2.77 62.30 fo fe fo-fe Democrat 6.10 8.18 2. 08 20.00 17.92 2.08 26.10 fo fe fo-fe Independent- Nonpartisana 8.90 9.59 .69 21.70 21.01 .69 30.60 fo fe fo-fe Totals 37.30 (37.30) 81.70 (81.70) 119.00 fo fe 1) X = ( fo-fe )' Te 2) X2 + 4761 + ?.59 + 5>?61 21.01 3) X2 = . 3929 + .17914- + .5289 + .21*14 + .01+96 + .0227 i*) X2 = 1.1+11+9 5) X2 Is non-significant, because with 2 df and a two- — 9 ' 5 per cent level. aNecessary to combine Independent and Nonpartisan due to fact not enough scores to meet requirements of ex pected frequencies in some cells. * _ . J. P. Guilford, Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education (3rd ed.; New York, Toronto, and London: McGraw-'HIll Sook Company, Inc., 1958), p. 51+0, Table E. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ackoff, Russell L. The Design of Social Research. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1953* Allport, Floyd Henry. Social Psychology. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press, 192i+ • Baker, J. C. Baptist History of the North Pacific Coast. Philadelphia: American Bap't 1st ""Publication Society, 1912. Barber, Bernard. Social Stratification. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1957. Barnes, Harry Elmer, and Teeters, Negley K. New Horizons in Criminology. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959. Beisanz, John, and Beisanz, Mavis. Modern Society. 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959. Bernard, L. L. An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1926. Bettelheim, Bruno, and Janowltz, Morris. Dynamics of Pre judice. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950. Bogardus, Emory S. Fundamentals of Social Psychology. New York and London: Century Company, 192i|. ________ . Fundamentals of Social Psychology. New York and London": Century Company, 1931* ____________ Fundamentals of Social Psychology. New York and EorTdon! D. Appleton-Century Company, 19^-2. Bonner, Herbert. Social Psychology. New York: American Book Company, 1*553• Britt, Stuart Henderson. Social Psychology of Modern Life. Revised ed. New York! Rinehart and Company, Inc.,1949* 305 306 Brown, Lawrence Guy. Social Psychology. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1934* Burrt, Edwin A. Types of Religious Philosophy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 19517 Cattell, Raymond B. Description and Measurement of Personality. Yonkers-on-rtudson, New York: World Book Company, I9I4 . 6. Edwards, Allen L. Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957* Ellwood, Charles A. The Psychology of Human Society. New York and London: b. Appleton and Company, 1926. Faris, Ellsworth. The Nature of Human Nature. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937* Faris, Robert E. L. Social Psychology. New York: The Ronald Press Company^ 1952. Fisher, George Park. History of the Christian Church. New York: Charle s Scribner ! s 3'o'hs, 1900. Goode, William J. and Hatt, Paul K. Methods in Social Research. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc.. 19%T. Guilford, J. P. Fundamental Statistics In Psychology and Edueat ion. 3rd ed. New York, Toronto, and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956. Hartley, Eugene L., and Ruth E. Fundamentals of Social Psychology. New York: Alfred A'. Knopf, 19t>2. Hiscox, Edward T. The New Directory for Baptist Churches. Philadelphia: TEe Hudson !Press, 1094 (25th Printing, 1951). Jahoda, Marie, Deutsch, Morton, and Cook, Stuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations. Part 2: Selected Technlques. New York: The Dryden Press, 1931* Janowitz, Morris. The Professional Soldier. Glencoe, Illinois; The Free Pre'ss" of Glencoe, Illinois, I960. Kahl, Joseph A. The American Class Structure. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1957* Klineberg, Otto. Social Psychology. New York; Henry Holt and Company, 19^.0. Lindesmith, Alfred R. , and Strauss, Anselm L. Social Psychology, Revised ed. New York: The Dryden Press, 1956. MacWIlliams, Carey. Southern California Country. New York Due 11, Sloan, anci Pearce, 191+6. Mead, George Herbert. Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931+. Meyer, Harold M., and Kohn, Clyde P. Re ad ings in Urban Geography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, Murphy, Gardner, and Murphy, Lois Barclay. Experimental Social Psychology. New York and London: Harper and Brothers,1931- Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma. Vol. I. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 191+1+. Newman, A. H. A History of the Baptist Churches in the United States. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1898. Queener, E. L. Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Wm. Sloane Associates, 195l. Remmers, H. H. Introduction to Opinion and Attitude Measurement. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951+. Rundquist, Edward A., and Sletto, Raymond P. Personality in the Depression. Minneapolis: University of Mlnne sota Pre ss, 1936. Sherif, Muzafer, and Cantril, Hadley. The Psychology of Ego-Involvement. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., I9V7. Simpson, George Eaton, and Yinger, J. Milton. Racial and Cultural Minorities. New York: Harper and iBrothers. I 9FBI-------------------- Stouffer, Samuel A. Communism. Conformity, and Civil Liberties. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, Stouffer, Samuel A., et al. Measurement and Prediction. Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Vol IV. Princeton, New Jersey: University of Princeton Press, 1950. 308 Thomas, William I., and Znaniecki, Florian. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Vol. Ij Methodological Note. Boston: The Gorham Press, 1918,. Thompson, Arthur W, (ed.). Gateway to the Social Sciences. New York: Henry Holt and' 'Company, Inc., 1959. Thurstone, L. L. , and Chave , E. J. T he Me a s ur erne nt of Attitude. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1929. Vedder, Henry C. A Short History of the Baptists. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1897. Ward, Harry P. The New Social Order. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1926. 1 Warner, W. Lloyd, and Lunt, Paul R. The Social Life of a Modern Community. Yankee City Series, Vol. !Ti New Haven: Yale University Press, I9I 4 .I. Warner, W. Lloyd and Srole, Leo. The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups. Yankee City Series, Vol. III. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945. Weinberg, Meyer, and Shabat, Oscar E. (Compilers). Society and Man. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Inc.. 1956. Young, Kimball. Social Psychology. 3rd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1956. Periodicals Allinsmith, Wesley and Beverly. "Religious Affiliation and Politico-Economic Attitudes," Public Opinion Quarterly, XII, No. 3 (19i|8), 377-87. Blau, Peter. "Social Mobility and Interpersonal Relations," American Sociological Review, XXI (June, 1956), 290-95. Brim, Orville G., Jr. "Attitude Content-Intensity and Probability Expectations," American Sociological Review, XX (February, 1955)7 68-76. Campbell, Donald T., and McCormack, Thelma H. "Military Experience and Attitudes toward Authority," American Journal of Sociology. LXII (March, 1957), lj.82-90. 309 Cantril, Hadley. "The Intensity of an Attitude," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XLI (April, 194&), 129-35. : Clark, Kenneth E., and Krledt, Philip H. "An Application of Guttman's New Scaling Techniques to an Attitude Questionnaire," Educational and Psychological Measurement. VIll (1946 J , 215-24. Coleman, James S. "Multidimensional Scale Analysis," American Journal of Sociology. XLIII (November, 1957), 253-63. Coombs, Clyde H. "Some Hypotheses for the Analysis of Qualitative Variables," Psychological Review. LV, No. 1 (January, 1948)# 167-74. Davis, Jerome. "The Social Action Patterns of the Protestant Religious Leader," American Sociological Review, I (February, 1936), 105-14. De Fleur, Melvin L., and Westie, Frank R. "Verbal Attitudes and Overt Acts," American Sociological Review. XXIII (December, 1958), '667-73'.------ ------------- Doob, Leonard W. "The Behavior of Attitudes," Psychological Review. LIV, No. 1 (January, 1947), 135-551 Droba, D. D. "Effect of Various Factors in Militarism- Pacifism," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXVI (January, 1932), 1^1-53. "Methods for Measuring Attitudes," Psychological Bulletin. XXIX, No. 5 (May, 1932), 309-23. _______. "Political Parties and War Attitudes," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXVIII (January, 1934), 1+68-73. . "A Scale of Militarism-Pacifism," Journal of Educational Psychology, XXII (January, l93l), 96-111. Edwards, Allen L. "A Critique of •Neutral* Items In Atti tude Scales Constructed by the Method of Equal Appearing Intervals," Psychological Review, LIII, No. 1 (January, 1946), 159-69. _________. "On Guttmanfs Scale Analysis," Educational and Psychological Measurement, VIII (194871 315-16. 310 Edwards, A. L. , and Kenney, Kathryn Claire. TIA Comparison of the Thurstone and Likert Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction," Journal of Applied Psychology. XXX (191+6), 72-83. Ferguson, Leonard W. "The Requirements of an Adequate Attitude Scale,” Psychological Bulletin. XXXVI, No. 8 (October, 1939), 665-73. ' _________. ”A Study of the Likert Technique of Attitude Scale Construction,” Journal of Social Psychology, XIII (February, 191+1), 5lS I • Ford, Robert N. "A Rapid Scoring Procedure for Scaling Attitude Questionnaires,” Public Opinion Quarterly, XIV, No. 3 (1950), 503-32. Glock, Charles Y., and Ringer, Benjamin B. "Church Policy and the Attitudes of Ministers and Parishioners on Social Issues," American Sociological Review, XXI (April, 1956), 148-56. Goodman, Mary Ellen. "Japanese and American Children: A Comparative Study of Social Concepts and Attitudes," Marriage and Family Living, XX (November, 1959), 316-I9T Guttman, Louis, "Intensity and a Zero Point for Attitude Analysis," American Sociological Review, XII (February, 191+7), 57-677------------ ------------- _________. "The Cornell Technique for Scale and Intensity Analysis," Educational and Psychological Measurement. VII (191+7), 21+7-79. Henderson, Donald E. V. "Note on the Influence of Cultural Background on the Sorting of Attitude Statements," American Sociological Review, VIII (April, 191+3), 216-18. Henry, Andrew F. "An Empirical Study of Attitude Components," Social Forces, XXXVI (October, 1957), 26-31. Kelley, Harold H., and Volkart, E. H. "The Resistance to Change of Group Anchored Attitudes," American Sociological Review, XVII (August, 1952), 1+53-65. La Piere, Richard T. "Attitudes vs Actions," Social Forces, XIII (December, 1931+), 230-37. 311 La Piere, Richard T. "The Sociological Significance of Measurable Attitudes,” American Sociological Review, III (April, 1938), 175-82^ Lenski, Gerhard F. "Social Correlates of Religious Interest," American Sociological Review, XVIII (October, 1953), 533-1+1+.' Lentz, Theodore F. "The Attitudes of World Citizenship," Journal of Social Psychology. XXXII (November, 1952), 207-11*. Leslie, Gerald Ronnell, and Berry, Brewton. "Note on Attitudes Toward the United Nations: An Experiment in Attitude Change," Social Forces, XXXII (October. 1953). 87-90. Merz, Louise E,, and Pearlin, Leonard I. "The Influence of Information on Three Dimensions of Prejudice Toward Negroes," Social Forces. XXXV (May, 1957), 3l 4 . J 4 .-5i. Moore, James B. "Why Young Ministers Are Leaving the Church," HarpersT, CCXV, No. 1826 (July, 1957), 65-69. Pearlin, Leonard I. "Shifting Group Attachments and Atti tudes Toward Negroes," Social Forces, XXXIII (October. 1951*), 1+7-50. Pettigrew, Thomas F. "Social Distance Attitudes of South African Students," Social Forces, XXXVIII (March, I960), 21+6-53. PIntner, E., and Forlano, G. "The Influence of Attitude Upon Scaling of Attitude Items," Journal of Social Psychology. VIII (February, 1937)7 39-1+5. Rlker, Britten L. "A Comparison of Methods Used in Attitude Research," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. XXXIX (January, 191+1+), 2I+-1+2. Rosenblum, Abraham L. "Ethnic Prejudices as Related to Social Class and Religiosity," Sociology and Social Research. XLIII (March-Apr11, 195?), 272-75. Schnidhauser, John R. "The Political Behavior of Older Persons: A Discussion of Some Frontiers In Research," Western Political Quarterly, XI (March, 1958), 113-21+. Schuessler, Karl F. "Item Analysis In Scale Analysis," American Sociological Review, XVII (April, 1952). 163-92. 312 Seeman, Melvin, "Social Mobility and Administrative Behavior," American Sociological Review, XXIII (December, 19^8) * 6L).2. Sherif, Muzafer, and Cantril, Hadley, "The Psychology of Attitudes," Psychological Review, LII, No. 6 (November, 19^), 295-315. Sherif, Muzafer, and Hovland, Carl I. "Judgmental Phenomena and Scales of Attitude Measurement: Placement of Items with Individual Choice of Number of Categories," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XLVIII ( January, 1 9 ^ 7 7 T35=lfl"----------------- Silberstein, Fred B., and Seeraan, Melvin. "Social Mobility and Prejudice," American Journal of Sociology (November, 1959)"^ 258-61+. Simpson, Ansel P. "Social Class Correlates of Old Age," Sociology and Social Research, XLV, No. 2 (January, 1961J, 131-39. Stouffer, Samuel A. "Studying the Attitudes of Soldiers," American Philosophical Society Proceedings, XCII, No. 5 (191+8), 336-1+0. *------ ----------------------------------- Turain, Melvin M. "Readiness and Resistance to Desegregation: A Social Portrait of the Hard Core," Social Forces, XXXVI (March, 1958), 256-63. Westie, Frank R. "A Technique for the Measurement of Race Attitudes," American Sociological Review, XVIII (February, 1<555), 73-78'. “------------- Wllensky, Harold L. "The Labor Vote: A Local Union's Impact on the Political Conduct of Its Members," Social Forces, XXXV; (December, 1956), 111-120. Yarrow, Marion Radke, Campbell, John D., and Yarrow, Leon J. "Interpersonal Dynamics in a Desegregation Process," Social Issues, XIV, No. 1 (1958), 3-63. Doctoral Dissertations Comrey, Andrew Lawrence. "Foundations of Psychological Measurement." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation In Psychology, University of Southern .California, 191+9. 313 Green, Jerome. "The Use of an Information Test about the Negro as an Indirect Technique for Measuring Attitudes, Beliefs and Self-Perceptions." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 195U* Leslie, Gerald Ronnell. "Attitude toward the United Nations." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1951. Said, Alphonse Malek. "A Generalized Scale for the Measure ment of Attitudes toward International Issues." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1956. Mis cellaneous A New Baptist Church Manual. Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society (The Judson Press), revised, 19l|8. Hollingshead, A. B. Index of Social Position: The Socio- Economic Factor. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, n.d. Johnson, Ralph M., and Goodwin, R. Dean. "Faith and Fellow ship of American Baptists." Booklet. New York; Council on Missionary Cooperation of American Baptist Convention, n.d. Official Washington State Highway-Tourist Guide, Washington State Highway Commission, Washington State Department of Highways In cooperation with Washington State Depart ment of Commerce and Economic Development, H. Dewayne Kroeger, Director, 1959. Schroeder, Gordon H. "A New Member's Guide." Booklet. Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, revised, 195U» Stone, Carol Larson. "A Machine Method for Scaling as Many as Twelve Dichotomies." Stations Circular 329, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington, August, 1958. Torbet, Robert. "Who Are the Baptists?" Pamphlet. New York, N.Y,: Department of Evangelism, The American Home Mission Society, n.d. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Population, 1950# Vol. IX, Characteristics of the Population, Part l+7» Washington. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952, ll+, 15, 30. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Advance Reports. General Population Characteristics, Washington. PC (A2 ) — JLp9* Washington: Government Printing Office, 1961. U.S. Bureau of the Census. United States Statistical Abstracts. Washington: United States Cjovernment Printing Office, 1921, 191+0, and 191+9. Washington Baptist Convention. Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Washington Baptist Convention^ 1919- 1959.

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Role Expectations Of American Undergraduate College Women In A Western Coeducational Institution

PDF

Perception Of The Power Structure By Social Class In A California Community

PDF

The Construction And Empirical Test Of A Theory Based On Selected Variables In Small-Group Interaction

PDF

The Effect Of Differential Treatment On Attitudes, Personality Traits, And Behavior Of Adult Parolees

PDF

Social Class Membership And Ethnic Prejudice In Cedar City

PDF

Personality Characteristics: Ideal And Perceived In Relation To Mate Selection

PDF

Personality And Interpersonal Factors Associated With The Duration Of Marriage Counseling

PDF

A Study Of The Attitudes Of Mothers Of Mentally Retarded Children As Influenced By Socioeconomic Status

PDF

Prediction Of Therapeutic And Intellectual Potential In Mentally Retardedchildren

PDF

Normative values of selected law enforcement officers and adult male offenders

PDF

Perceptual Defense And Somatization: A Comparison Of The Perceptual Thresholds Of Obese And Peptic Ulcer Patients

PDF

A Psychosociological Study Of Fertile And Infertile Marriages

PDF

Social Changes In Selected Institutions Of The Ussr With Special Reference To The Family

PDF

Selected Social Psychological Factors Related To Viewers Of Television Programs

PDF

Reference Group Theory, Selection, And The Images Of Professions

PDF

The Selfish Self: A Social Psychological Study Of Social Character

PDF

Measuring Thought Process As An Ego Function In Schizophrenic, Mentally Retarded And Normal Adolescents By Means Of The Rorschach

PDF

Integration And Conflict: Initial Perspectives On Urban Race Riots

PDF

The Implications Of Cultural Anthropology For The Question: What Is The Basis Of Moral Obligation?

PDF

An Investigation Of Attitude Differences In Parents Of Stutterers And Parents Of Non-Stutterers

Asset Metadata

Creator Brown, Robert Lane (author)

Core Title Attitudes Of Ministers And Lay Leaders Of The American Baptist Conventionof The State Of Washington On Selected Social Issues

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Sociology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, social

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Vincent, Melvin J. (committee chair), Sabagh, Georges (committee member), Seward, Georgene H. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-251330

Unique identifier UC11358488

Identifier 6203719.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-251330 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6203719.pdf

Dmrecord 251330

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Brown, Robert Lane

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA