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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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A Historical Study Of The Characteristics Of Acting During The Restoration Period In England (1660-1710)
(USC Thesis Other)
A Historical Study Of The Characteristics Of Acting During The Restoration Period In England (1660-1710)
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Thi» dlinnrrtation haa born 03— (>327 m icrofilm I’d exactly as rrcciv i’d J 1 NSUY, Wcalcy Joe, 1931- A IIISTOKICAL STUDY OK T 1IK CHAIIACTKK- Li TICS OF ACTING DUItLNC TDK HKSTOKATIDN I'KHJDD IN KNGI.AND (1660- 1710). U niveratty of Southern C alifornia, 1063 b|>i’i*c h— T heatr r University Microfilms, Inc., Ann A rbor Michigan A HISTORICAL STOUT OP THR CHAftACTERIST1C3 OP A CTX H O X A JR IH G THK RK8T0RAYI0H PStXOD I I IS0XAH3 (1660-1710) *7 ¥ • • ! • / Jo* J * s * b j A Dl***rt*tlo*> Fr***nt*A to th* PACULTY OP TRB O R A D O A TH SCHOOL tm ra S X T T OP SOU TH HU I CAUPORHXA I b P o rt 1*1 P u lf lllM B t o f th* I t i u l r i a w t * fo r th * X>*(r** D O C TO H OP PHILOSOPHY ( C O B M B lO O tlO * — Dt * M ) Jim * 196) U N r v tf W T V or • O U T H t H N C A L IFO R N IA O N A O O * T | K M O O L O M tv tltft'T T P A M * iOttNOtlllf U L ifO A N it Thit dmrrtatton, written hy W »il«j J . J«n«bj under the direttion of h i l Dittertation Com mittee, and approved hy alt iff memhert, hat heen fretented to and aeerfted hy the Graduate Si hoot, in partial fulfillment of requirement! for the decree of t\*tt ?/ /)U D O CTO R OF P H IL O S O P H Y D mi TABLI O f CQVTX1T3 CHAPTn FAQ I . TH* FSO B U m .................................................................................... O rig in o f the P r o b lt a ...................................................... 3 t a te n a n t of the Problem ............................................ U B l U t l o m o f tho S t u d y ............................................. D e f i n i t i o n of T am a ........................................................... R«itoritloB ................................................................ A otlng .................................................................................... C h a r a o t e r l e t l e e ................................................. . . . N t b o d o l o 0 and P r o o e d u r e ............................................. The Working B ib lio g rap h y ........................................ O rg a n is a tio n o f B ib lio g ra p h y .............................. 1 L ooatlon of D a t a ........................................................... 1 R ecording and O rg a n is a tio n o f D ata . . . . 1 Review o f L i t e r a t u r e ...................................................... 1 5n— ary o f Remaining C h a p t a r a ................................... 1 IX. HI8T0RXCAL BACXOBOUHD OP TH* HSSTOKATIOH m i O D ........................................................................................ IS I I I . UStOHATIOI DBAKATIC LITKHATUH* AKD THI TKJUTR*........................................................................................ PS I n tr o d u c tio n .......................................................................... PS B a s to r a ti o n D ra n atlo L i t e r a t u r e ................................. 50 The R e s to r a tio n T h e a t r e ................................................. 5S 11 C HAFT El 1'AOE A otlng Coapanls* During th* R e s t o r a t i o n ..................................................................... 41 D*T*lopa*nt and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c * of th* F h y * le a l T h f f e t m ....................................................... 46 D*v*lopa*nt and C h a r a o t a r l a t l o a of So*n*ry L i g h t i n g ............................................. 39 Ttoa A u d l a n o a ..................................................................... 62 flu an a i~j and C o n c l u s i o n * .................................................. 66 IT. KLIIABSTHAl ACT1*0 60 Th* R e la tio n s h ip B*tw**a 111 sa b * th an A otlag and l * a t o r a t l o a A otlng .............................. 69 S o h o la rly Opinion on 111sah*than A otlng . . . 74 S o h o la rly O pinion F avoring a F o ra a l S ty l* • 79 S c h o la rly O pinion F avoring a V a tu ra l S ty l* 92 C ontoaporary Coaaont and C r l t l o l s a on 111aab*than A otlng ...................................................... 106 Coaaonts and C r l t l o l s a s on A otlng Theory 106 Coaaont* and C r l t l o l s a * on th* 0** of A c t i o n .....................................................................................I l l Coaaont* and C r l t l o l s a * on th* tTs* o f T o l o * ..........................................................................................117 C oaaoats and C r l t l o l s a * on C h a r a o to r ls a tlo n 121 Y. 1AILT IIORTXDTI-CWTO* Y AOTIVO.........................................190 Th* l * l s t l o a a h l p B«tv**n l a r l y 111 CHAPTER PAOB X lghto o n th -C o n tu ry A otlng u d Boo to rn tlo n A o t l n g .............................................................................. 131 S o h o la rly Opinion on B arly U g h to o n th - Contury A o t ln g ............................................................ 136 Contonporary CoMonto and C rltlolono of U r l ; U g h to o n th -C o n tu ry A o t l n g ................... 147 S i r R iohard B toolo and Tha T a tlo r . . . . 14g Aaron R ill on th o A rt o f A o t l n g ............ 154 Y hoophlluo O lbbor on tho A rt o f A otlng . * 164 D r. John R ill and Tho A o t o r ............................ 171 O th o r C ontonporary Ooanonto and O rltlo ln n n on tho A rt o f A o t l n g .......................................... 176 ▼I. RR8T0RATI0R ACT110............................................................ 207 S o h o la rly Opinion on X o o to ra tlo n A otlng . . 207 Charloo Qlldon ■a* xkt H i s s i Be- f iu H t u u i c i a ................................................................. J i a O o llo y Olbbor and g g Anolonr f o r h i# L lfo 229 Anthony Aoton on t o o t o ra tio n A otlng . . . 239 O th o r Ooanonto and O rltlo lo a o on l o o t o ra tio n A o t l n g .............................................. 243 T I I . 8U V V O JTT • COIOWBICW, AID 8t>O0S8TXO*8 FO R FURTUR UfllAROH............................................................ 257 I n M o r j .............................................................................. 257 O o n o l a o l o a o ..................................................................... 272 !▼ CHAP?n PAOB 8 u | | t i t l o n i f o r P u rth o r I t H i r o t i ............................ 275 BIBLIOORAPHT .................................................................................................. 277 ▼ CHAJTUI I THS f ROBLW Coll*/ Cibb*r, l*t* R estoration a c to r, playwright, u»4 th**tr* i i n i i i r , wa* aaoni th* f lr * t of * long **rl** of te g llah v rlt* r* to record hi* lapraealon* of th* a o to r’a a r t. H* va* qulok to reoognlt* th* d lfflo u ltl* * of *uoh a tank. When Clhbtr began hi* description of th* gr*at**t of th* R estoration aotore, Thoaas B etterton, h* paused b rie fly to r* fl* o ti • . . ? l t f I t 1* th at th* aoaontary Beauties flow ing froa an naraonlou* Ilo eu tlo n oannot, Ilk* tho** of Po*try» b* th * lr own Reoord! That th* anlaated Orao** of th* Player oaa llv * no long*r than th* ln a ta a t Br*ath and Hotlon th a t pr***nt* than, or a t boat can but fa in tly g lla a e r through th* Moaory or , lap*rf*ot A tte statio n of a f*w surviving 8p*otators. Aft*r w riting thl* Cibber proo**d*d to reoord, as b**t h* know how, hi* lnpr***lon* of th* aotlng of Thoaaa B*tt*rton and nun*roue others. Soholars of th* Restoration and *arly eighteenth-o*ntury theatre ar* fo r ever g ra te fu l th at hi* r« fl* o tlo n on th* d lfflo u lty of hi* Job did not prevent hla froa carrying out hi* task* Olbbor va* n o t, of oour**, abl* to ua* th* aethod* Colley Olbb*r, An Aooloar for th* Llf* of Hr Col lav O lb b r . W ritten it BinseTf. »I. RobertVTLow (London i John 0. v ia l no, 1M 9), I . 99-100, 2 o f aodern ■o h o lo rs h ip and w ith I t o o lle o tlo a and a n a lj a la o f d a ta to a r r iv e a t g e n e ra l and e p e e lflo o o ao lu elo n o l a eu p p o rt o f a p a r t i c u l a r problem . f e v e r th e le o e , even w ith th e h e lp o f ao d o ra o o h o la ra h lp ( th o a o to r 'o a r t , h o fo ro tho ad v en t o f tho phonograph aad a o tlo a p lo tu r e , lo re c o g n ise d ao oao th a t "can h u t f a i n t l y g l l a a e r . " h u t Ilk # O lbbor, th o d o o lro to p u rout tho o tu d j o f tho a o to r 'o a r t lo c r e a to r th an l t o a tte n d a n t d l f f l o u l t l e o . i . otxoxv o r m rxo»um Tho p ro h lo a o f th le o tu d j developed o u t o f hoth s o h o la rly aad p r a o tlo a l o o a o ld e r a tlo a e . F roe a o o h o la r lj p o in t o f r l e ir , th o X o o to ra tlo a th e a tr e h a d , u n t i l ro o o a t y o a re , Ion* re n a ln o d unexplored hp tho h ie to r ia a o o f th e a tr e and d ra a a . Tho llo o a tlo u a - aooo aad th o poor q u a lity of eoao o f th o p ie r* o f t h a t p e rio d , th e ra k la h aad n o a - a r t lo tl o la to r o o to o f tho aad leao o t h a t a tte n d e d th o th e a t r e , and th o eoaev h et uaoavory ro p n ta tlo a o o f f e g la a d 'o f l r o t ao tro o o o o oauood h o th e o h o la re aad o r l t l o o to view th o e n t i r e lo o to r n tlo a t h e a tr e w ith a g r e a t d e a l o f d le a p p r o h a tlo a . M oreover, th o to a p o ra a e a t o f th o T lo to rla n a la d wao n o t oao t h a t o h e rla h e d th o ta a k o f b rin g in g to l i f e th o l e e t o r a t l o a t h e a t r e , ha a r e c u l t , th ey d le a le o o d th o e n t i r e p o rte d ao n o t holme w orthy o f any o o a o ld e ra h le o r e x te a o lv e 3 •tu d jr. K arl H aatslu** In h i* fi* * -* o lu a * h is to r y o f th* th * * tr* p u b lish * * in t r u t * l o ti o n in 1909* w rot* th a t th* R * « to ra tl* a • . . o a ll* 4 f o r th aa u ab rl4 1 * 4 11o * n tlo u • * • • * , a o r a l o a l , lapw dont p l* a* u r* l a * a f l a | a a l 4 o l a | a l l t h a t had h**a h l t h a r t * fo rb ld d * * , aad ***a au*h a o r * f which l a r v a l l t r f a r *z***4*4 th * bowad* a a i l a o l l a a - t l o a o f th * f e g ll a h a a tlo a a l o h a ra o to r. Aai a* th l* llo * a tl* u * u * s * f o w l I t * b * * t r * f t i * l a th* th * atr* * » th*** plao** w*r* a t took *4 bv aa a l l * a f a c t * o f whl«h th*y ha** a***r * lao * b**a * a t lr * l y o u r*4. 2 S * * * ral y * ar* l a t * / v l a 1999* V oraaa I . H o llan d , w r l t l a | a b o u t th * f i r s t ao d * ra ooa*dl**— tho** o f th* l* * t o r a tl o a - - * a l d i • . . "T hat a l* * r a b l* , ro u g ed , taw d ry , s p a r k lin g , h o llo w -h * a rt* 4 oow*dy o f th * R e s to r a tio n ," a* Thaokoray o a ll* 4 i t , ha* alway* b**a th* d a r lin g of a u d lm o * * , b u t ■ * tru a p * t to o r l t l o * . • • . ***r a ln e * th * ••▼ *nt**ath o o n tu rr, o r l tl o * a la o a t w ith o u t * io * p tlo a ha** 4aan*4 o r b * l l t t l * d K * * to ra tlo a *oa*dl**t d*aa*4 th * a f o r bad a o ra l* o r b « l l t t l * 4 th * a by * ay lag th*y 4 * a l only w ith " a a n a * r * ." ' Today th * h is to r y o f th* th o a tr* 1 * *l*w*d by •o h o la r* a* a slo w ly aad g ra d u a lly *T ol*lng a r t f o r a l a 4 whloh saoh p irlo d o f t h i a t r * h is to r y B ik ii I t s l a p o r t u t c o n tr ib u tio n s to su e o ssd ln g p s rlo d s . Ths o o n p ls ts u n d sr- s t u d l t | o f ons p srlo d o f t h s s t r s h i s t o r y r s q u l r s s an u a d s rs ta a d ln g o f p rs o s d la g and su o o ssd la g p e r io d s . Ths s o h o la r o a n n o t, then, d is m is s any p s rlo d from o a rsfw l aad a in a to s o r u tla y . ■ ot only h as t h s r s b ssa a lao k o f l n t s r o s t l a th s K s s to rn tlo a t h s a t r s l a g s n s r a l , b a t t h s r s h as a ls o boon a lao k o f l n t s r s s t l a l o s t o r a t l o a a o tln g l a p a r t l o u l a r , Ths s o h o la rly works on th s K s s to ra tio n t h s a t r s t h a t havs b ssa w r l t t s a l a r s o s a t y s a ro a r s p r l a a r l l y o o a ss ra sd w ith th s p la y w rig h ts , th s ty p sa o f p la y s , th s a a d ls a s s , and, l a sons lm o ta a o ss, th s p h y o lo a l t h s a t r s s . A lthough work h as b s s a doas on p a r ti o u l a r ao to ro aad a o tr s s s s o , no s s t s a s l v s stu d y h as b ssa n ad s o f th s e h a r a o ts r lo tlo o o f t h s l r n o tin g . Aa l a p o r ta a t p r a o tlo a l o o a s ld s r a tlo a l a th s o r ig in aad d s v s lo p a s a t o f th i s p ro b ls a was th s a v a i l a b i l i t y o f o r l g l a a l s o a rs s a a t s r l a l s l a l l b r a r l s o a o o s s s lb ls to a stu d s a t o f th s Pul v a r s i t y o f Sou th o rn C all f o r a l a . Ths V l l l l a a Aad rows 01 ark H s a o rla l L ib ra ry sad th s B u a tla g to a L ib ra ry o on t a l a alm ost u a l l a l t s d o r l g l a a l sad sso o ad ary s s u r s s a a t s r l a l s f o r th s s o h o la r w orking l a s l x t s s a t h , s s v s a ts s a th , aad s ig h to o a th o s a tu ry t h s a t r s h is to ry * I t was lo g lo a l to u ss t h i s ad v an tag s l a th s p u r s u it sad d o v o lo p ao at o f tho p ro b lo a . 5 I I . 8 TATWBBT OP THS PHOBLDI Tho p r o tlo a o f th lo o t a l ; m to d o to ra la o tho o h a r a o to r lo tlo o o f tho u t l a i o f tho a o to ro aad ao tro oooo o f th o B o o to ra tlo a th o a tro l a k f l u d (1 (4 0 -1 7 1 0 ). B p o o lflo a llp aa a t to a p t vaa aado to aaowor th o fo llo w la c q u o o tlo a o i X. Vhat could ho dotorm laod o f th o o h a r a o to r lo tlo o o f B o o to ra tlo a a o t l a f bp aa l a r o a tl f ta t lo a o f B lls a b o th a a a o t l a s t A* What r o la tlo a a h lp o ilo to d botwooa B llo a h o th a a a c tla * aad B o o to ra tlo a a o t l a t ? B. V hat vao th o o o h o la rlp o p la lo a ao to tho o h a r a o to rlo tlo o o f B llo a h o th a a a o tla f ? 0 . V hat woro th o o h a r a o to rlo tlo o o f B llo a h o th a a a o tla g haood oa eo n to ap o rarp to o o o a to aad o r ltlo la a o T XX. V hat ooald ho d o to ra la o d o f th o o h a r a o to rlo tlo o o f B o o to ra tlo a a o tl a s bp aa l a r o o t l c a t l o a o f o a rip o lfh to o a th -o a a tu r p a o t l a f l a h |la a d Y A * V hat r o la tlo a a h lp o x lo to d botwooa B o o to ra tlo a a o t l a f aad o a rlp o lf h to o a th - o o a ta rp a o t l a f t t B. V h tt was o o h o la rly o p in io n aa to th * o h ar- e o te r le tlo o o f e a rly • l f h t a i i i t h - o n t u r j n o tin s t C. Vbat v a ra tho o h a m o te r lo tlo e of e a r ly e lg h te e n th -o e a tu ry n o tin g baoed on oon- ta a p o r n r j ooanonto and o r ltlo le a o ? I I I . Vhat eould ho dotorm ina* o f th o o h n rn o to rlo tlo o o f to o to r n tlo a n o tin g ? A. Vhat vno o o h o la rly o p in io n no to th o o hnr n o to r lo tlo o o f lo o to r n tlo n n o tin g ? I* Vhat woro tho o h n rn o to rlo tlo o of lo o to r n tlo n n o tin g baoed on oontem porary ooanonto and o r ltlo lo a n ? I I I . LXKITATI0I8 OF ?H1 87001 Tho fo llo w in g l l n l t a t l o a o woro oboerred In th lo otudyi 1* Tho bnolo noovnptlon vno mnda th a t tho d e v e l- opnont o f th o a r t and te c h n iq u e of n o tin g vno aa e v o lu tio n a ry prooeoe and th o o ty lo o f a o tln g o f one p e rio d la flu o a o e d tho o ty lo o f a o tln g o f tho p e rio d ln n o d la te ly fo llo w in g * ?• Tho prim ary eouroea on lo o to r n tlo n and e a r ly e ig h te e n tb -o a n tm ry a o tln g woro U n ite d te w r itte n ooanonto o r o r l t l o l e a o o f th o a o to ro 7 o r a o tln g o f th a parlod* Th d id n o t In o lu d a i n t e r n a l av ld an aa f r o a p l a j a . 3. l o a t t a a p t was aad a to apply any o f tha con- o lu a lo n a and l a p l l c a t l o n a o f tha atudy to th a p ro b la a a ln w o lrad In tha r a a i v a l o f R a a to r a tlo n p la y a . IT . DIPIKITIOR OP TKRKS K a a t o r a t l o n . Tha R a a to r a tlo n waa t h a t p a rlo d In K ngllah h l a t o r y b a g in n in g in 1660 w ith th a r a a t o r a t l o n o f C h a rlaa I I to th a th ro n a o f feigland. Tha R a a to r a tlo n p ro p a r andad w ith th a d a a th o f C h a rlaa In 1683. Rowavar, In l l t a r a t u r a th a K a a to ra tlo n p a rlo d g a n a r a lly ln o lu d a d tha d a ta a 1660 to 1700 whan th a Auguatan p arlo d bagan. In a o t ln g tha d a ta waa axtandad to 1710 baoauaa in t h a t y a a r Thonaa B a t t a r t o n , who waa th a g r a a t e a t o f th a K ngllah K a a to ra tlo n a o t o r a , d la d . Ha p a rfo ra a d u n t i l tha t l n a o f h i a d a a th . A o tln g . aa I t r a l a t a d to th a a tu d y , waa d a fln a d aa . . th a o r a a t l o n of an l n t a l l a o t u a l and a a o t i o n a l d r a a a t l o o h a r a o t a r l n a t i o n p r o ja o ta d by aa an a o f v o lo a and n o tio n to an a u d la n o a ." * John I . D l a t r l o h , , C l i f f a , V. J . i P ra n tlo a -H a (Englawood • p. *55. p. *55 8 O h a ra o t* rl* tlo * . Tki o k i r M t i r l a t l o i u i«d to 1 4 * a tlfy th * M t l a i o f * p * rlo 4 1* th * a tr* h lo to r y v*r* * • f* ll* V * l X. fk » o i7 * A. X>*fr** o f t r t o r u t v n i i o t a a u ? l a a U r a o i a r l a a t l o o . I . D afraa o f i t u l t r l l B t U o B l a th * a** o f ▼olo* a a l o o tlo a . C. D *(r** o f 4 1 ff* r* ao * l a th * p la y la f o f •oa*4y M l tr « |* ly * X X * A o tlo a o h a r a o t* r l* tlo * . A. H oT*a*at. 1 * 0 * * ta r* . 0 * F a o la l * x p r* * o lo a. XXX. T ooal * h a r a o t* r l* tlo * . A. l * t * . i . n t o h . 0 . Q u a lity . 9 . For*** XT. Ohara* t o r l a a t l o a . A. 9*gr** o f f* * ll& f th * o a o tlo a * o f th * p a r t h * la c p o rtra y *4. 1 . 9 * |t** * f o a o tlo a a l 1 4 * a tlf lo a tlo a w ith • h a r a o to r p o r tr a y *4* 0 . D *ir** * f * o aal* t* a* y l a a a la ta l a l a * th * 9 o h a ra o ta r p o rtra y a d . 0 . I>agraa o f v a ry in g v o lc a and m otion to tha p a r t p o rtra y a d . T. METHODOLOGY AID PROCEDURE Tha p rla a ry n athod of th la atudy waa h l e t o r l c a l . Tha h l a t o r l o a l aath o d haa baan d a fln a d by P ro fa a a o r M ilto n 0. Dlokana o f th a V n lv a ra lty o f S o u th arn C a lif o r n ia aa . . . a ra a a a re h p lan th a t u a d a rta k a a to d a a o rlb a r a la tio n a h lp a aaong p a a t a v a n ta d u rin g a d iv an p arlo d o f tln a « by aaana o f o o n tro lla d o b a a rra tlo n a o f tha ra o o rd a o f p a a t o b a a rv a ra .* Tha w orklna b lb llo a r a o h r . Tha o o a p lla tlo n o f th a w orking b ib lio g ra p h y f o r th la atudy waa baaad on b lb llo g * ra p h la a o o n taln ad In th a ata n d a rd ra fa ra n o a worka on tha R a a to ra tlo n th a a tr a . Thaaa ln o lu d ad th a fo llo w in g i 1. L a a lla H otaon. Tha Oo— onw aalth aad R a a to ra tlo n S ta a a . C aab rld g ai H arvard V n lv a ra lty P ra a a . 192B. 42a pp. 2 . R obart W. Low.. 4 R lb llo g r .u h lo a t Aooount t h . . t r l o . l L l t . r a t u r . f n n U u E a r ll a a t T laaa to Jfcg P ra a a n t P a r . Londoni *1111 to n 0 . D lokana, C on au n lo atlo n a 991* R aaaaroh M atboda in O o w u n lo a tlo n a , L ao tu ra R o taa, V n lv a ra lty o f B ou thani C a lif o r n ia , Loa A ngalaa, C a lif o r n ia , S p rin g B a n a a ta r, 1 9 9 9 * 10 John C. B la ln o , 1807. 384 pp. 3. A llard y o o V lo o ll. A H lo to r r S t l Dr— a . 1660-1700* F ourth e d i t i o n . C aab rld g o , [E n g .J i Tho tJ n lo e ro lty Preoo, 1932. *62 pp. 4 . H o n • Ouaaero. Tho P l t i b o u n o f Pi m i . low Yorki Tho K a o a llla a Coapanj, 1933. M 3 pp. 3* Kontaguo Suaaoro. Jfct B o o to ra tio n T h o o tro . Vow Yorki Tho K a o a llla a Ooapany, 1934. 352 pp. Tho above s ta n d a rd ro fo ro n o o worko i n tu rn o u p p llo d f u r t h o r oourooo. I t booaae noooooary to o rg an lo o b i b l i o g r a p h ic a l oourcoo I n t o a p r a o t l c a l and o onvonlont p a t t o r n . O r g a n is a tio n o f b i b l i o g r a p h y . Tho fo llo w in g o r g a n i s a t i o n a l p la n wao dovlood f o r tho f i l i n g of b i b l i o g r a p h ic a l aa t o r i a l e . X. Baokground H a t o r l a l . A. O o o la l, P o l i t i c a l , and Voonoalo H is to r y . 1. P r la a r y Oourooo. 2. Sooondary Oourooo. B. B o o to r a tlo a L i' r a 4 ire o th o r th a a P la y o . 1. P r la a r y Oourooo. 2. floooadary Oourooo. 0. O oaoral R lo to r lo o o f tho X n g llah T h o a tro . D. O oaoral R lo to rlo o o f t e g l l a h D ra a a tlo I I . XXI. XT. T. T I. 11 L l t i r t t v r * aad C r l t le l o a . S. O m r t l R i i t o r l i i o f k f l l i h A o to ro . A otoro a n l k o t l a i o f th * U l u l i t h a T h o atro . A. X rlM i7 Boarooo. B. Boooadary Boarooo. f h i B o o to r* tlo a T h o atro . A. O oaoral B lo to rlo o o f th o B o o to ra tlo a T h o a tro . B. O oaoral B lo to rlo o o f B o o to ra tlo a D ro aatlo L Ito r* ta r o aad O r ltlo lo a . 0 . Th* B o o to ra tlo a A o to r. 1. P rla a ry B oaroo*. 2. Boooadary B oarooo. X ). Th* B o o to ra tlo a D raaa. 1. P rla a ry Boarooo. 2. Boooadary Boarooo. B. O thor M a to rla lo S o la tia * to th* B o o to ra tlo a T h o a tro . A otoro aad A o tla f o f th o B arly B lg h to o a th - O oatary T h o atro . A. P rla a r y Boarooo. B. Boooadary Boarooo. B lo o o rta tlo a o S o la tia * to th lo S tad y . B ltllo * ra p h lo o S o la tia * to th lo B tad y . Loo a t l o a o f d a ta . Th* d a ta f o r th lo la o o o tl* a tlo a 12 •o ro e o llo o ta d f r o a a a t a r l a l a a v a ila b l# l a th o fo llo w in g U b r a r lo a i 1. Tha l i b r a r y o f lo b ra o k a S ta to T aaohara Collogo* K oanoy* la b ra a k a . T h is l i b r a r y vaa wood p r l a a r l l y f o r tho lo o a tlo a o f bsokgrouad aad b aa lo ro fo ro ao o oourooo* l a a fov lao taao ao * aoooadary oourooo v tr o o r a ll a b i a fro a th lo lib ra ry * 2. Tha l i b r a r y o f th a U U 1 v a r s i t y o f lo braoka* L ia o o la , la b ra a k a . Thlo l i b r a r y oupploaoatod tho a a to r i a l o f th o abovo l i b r a r y . I t ooa- ta la a d aa o x o o llo a t g o a o ra l th o a tr o e o llo o - tlo a o f aoooadary oouroo d a ta aad ooao p rla a ry aouroo data* 3 . Tha l i b r a r y o f th a V a iv a rs ity o f S o u th sra C a lif o r a la , to o Aagoloo* C a lif o r a la . Thlo l i b r a r y a ls o o o a ta la o d aoooadary oouroo a a to r la l* aad* l a ooao oaoao* o r l g l a a l oouroo a a to r la l* 4 . Tha Loo Aagoloo Pub11o L ib rary * Loo la g slo o * C a l lf o r a l a . Thlo l i b r a r y o o a ta la o d b o th aoooadary oouroo a a t o r l a l aad a l l a l t o d a a o u a t o f o r l g l a a l oouroo a a to r la l* 9* Tho V l l l l a a Aadrova C larh K o a o rla l L ib rary * Thlo l i b r a r y o o a ta la o d oao o f th o f l a o o t aad 13 ■out o o a p la ta o o l l a o t l o n s o f o r i g i n a l aourea a a t a r l a l a on a l l a a p a o ta of th a R a a to r a tlo n p s r lo d i n In g la n d . 6. Tha H u n tin g to n L ib r a r y , P aaadsnn, C a l i f o r n i a . Thla l i b r a r y o o n ta in a d a a l u a b l s o r i g i n a l aouroa a a t a r l a l a on tha E lls a b s th a n , th a R a a t o r a t l o n , and th a a a r l y B lg h ta a n th -C a n tu ry p a rlo d a i n In g la n d . R aoordlna and o r e a n i i n U o n o f d a t a . Tha d a t a wara rao o rd ad on 5 x 6 ln d sx e a r d a . Xaoh card e o n ta in a d a aub- J a o t h anding t o g a t h a r w ith a a b o r t t i t l a and a u th o r hand in g . Tha o r g a n i s a t i o n o f d a t a follow ad tha g a n a ra l p a t t a m a a t f o r t h In tha o r g a n i s a t i o n o f th a b ib lio g ra p h y . Howavsr, aa naw d a t a wara addad an ln e r a a a l n g l y eonplax a y a ta n waa d s r l a s d . VI. HSVXfW OF LITERATURE In pub11 ahad f o r a , th a g r a a t a a t amount o f ra s a a ro h i n t o th a a o t ln g a t y l a o f any p a rlo d waa dona by B s r tr a a Jo a a p h . Ml a A f lU U VM 40 a x o a l l a n t a t t a a p t to r a o r a a t a th a a t y l a o f th a S lls a b a th a n a r a . * HIa r a a o n a tr u o tio n waa baaad a n t l r a l y upon th a a l n l l a r l t l a a *B. L. Jo a a p h . I l l a a b a t h a n A otlax ( Londont Oxford O n lT a ra lty P ra a a , 1 9 5 1 ) . 1 9 7 pp. 14 t h m i r h a t o r l o a l d a l l T t r / a a d M l l n i A lthough M s t v l d i a o t i «m >< o o n e lu ilT t, I t has boon 9 d l s f u t t d by sosis s o h o la ra . M s f a ll u r o to ta k a I n to aooouat o th s r f a o to r o , suoh as th s p h y s lo a l t h s a t r s vhloh m ight a ls o has# ln flu s a o s d th s X lls a b s th a a a o tln g s t y l o f e o a s ld s ra b ly woakoasd th s v a l i d i t y o f M s e o a o lu o lo a s. M s sosoad book, 4 £ ^ | B h ak sso o ars. was aa a tte m p t to ap p ly tho rs o s a r o h s s o f h lo 1 1 1 sab s th an h & S X M / L * to g o th a r v l t h th s stu d y o f th s to x ts of S h a k ssp sa ro ' o p la y s , la o rd o r to ovolvo a ao th o d f o r th s d l r s o t o r aad a o to r by v h lo h thoy oould s u o o s s s f u lly approaeh S hakso p earsan 7 oharao t o r i aa t l o a . A t h i r d book by Jo se p h , Tho XCBdft A o to r. tra o o d th s devslopm eat o f tra g lo a c tla g l a Ml* land b eg laM ag v l th tho a<s o f S h ak ssp sars and oadlng v h sa tho p ro so d ra a a o f a a t u r a l l a a was ab o u t to roaoh I t s s o a lth * ° A rev iew o f In d ex es o f gr a d u a te work d id a o t re v e a l any in v e s tig a tio n s dovotod s p o o lf lo a lly to X o s to ra tlo a a o tla g s t y l o . T h srs w ars, how ovsr, ooao s tu d io s whloh woro oonooraod w ith th o p ro d u o tlo a o f X o s to ra tlo a p lay s aad e lg h te s a th - o s a tu r y a o tla g . O regory F a l l s , l a M s s tu d y , a tto a p to d to 7 l o u t lo d f o s s p h I P aul B s r tr a a Jo ssp h A rts Books, 19 * B e rtra a J o s s T h s a trs A rts Books, 15 r* o o n * tra o t h i s t o r i c a l l y th* o r l f l u l p ro d u c tio n a« thoda o f B o o to ra tlo a oo*«4y and ap p ly th a oonoluolono to th* p r* * * a ta tlo n o f ao d * ra r* T lT * l* of tho** o o a* d l* a.* Th* a u th o r a ta d 1*4 th * p h y o le a l th * a tr* « th * t h o a t r l e a l * 1** ■ w t i o f p ro d u o tlo a , and th* a c tin g amd * t i |* huala*** o f th * B o o to ra tlo a th * a tr * . In th * I a t t * r * * o tlo n oa a o tla g aad * t a |* h u ala* * * , h* ooaoludod th a t th * r* va* a d * f la l t* d lff* r* m e* hotv**a th * o ealo aad tr a g lo a ty l* o f a o tlag * Vb*r*aa th * tr a g lo * ty l* va* h o a h a a tlo aad a r t l f l o l a l , th * o oalo a ty l* vaa r * a l l * t l o o r n a t u r a l , t h a t 1*» r * * U * tlo o r a a t a r a l to th * B o o to ra tlo a aad lo n o * . F a ll* d id a o t o o a a ld * r I t p o a a lh l* to d * t* ra ln * v h * th * r o r a o t th * ooal* a ty l* o f a o tla g vould appoar r a a l l a t l o o r a a t a r a l to pr*o*at~ day audl* n o * a. v i l i i a a V. Adaaa, l a a *tady o f th * r * la tlo a a h lp h*tv**a a a tla g aad r h a to r lo a l d * llT * ry d u rin g th* o lg h to o a th -o o a ta ry , ooaolad*d t h a t a o tla g la fla * a e * d pah 1 1 * addroaa d a rin g th * f i r s t th ro o -q u a rto r* o f th * •lffe t* * a th ~ o * a tu ry v h ll* l a th * l a t t o r q u a r te r o f th * o o a tu ry pah 1 1 * addr*** la fla * a * * d a o tln g . * 0 Th* a u th o r °0 ro g o ry F a ll* . "Aa A a a ly tlo a l aad l l * t * r l * a l I a r * * t lg a tl * a o f th * S ta g in g o f B o o to ra tlo a O oaody a* B olato d to Hodora BorlTaT** (a a p a h lla h o d B o a to ra l d lo a o r t a tl* a « B o rth v o o to ra Q n iv o ro lty , F ra n * to n , I l l l n o l * , 1 9 9 5 ). »M p p . * ° V lllla a V* Adoaa, " X o la tlo a a h lp o B*tvo*a th * F rla o lp lo * o f A o tlag aad B h o to rlo a l O o llfo v f l a 16 t r a o * d t h i d t ? « l o p B » t o f M t l a i 1 b t h » • • ▼ • a t * * a t h - o * a t m r y t t t r t l B f w ith t h * a B « t t * r t o a S c h o o l.” Thl* was o h * r * o t * r l i * 4 • • r * f l a * d u U r * * t r a l a * d , w h ll* t h * a o t l a d o f t h * aC ltk * r« V ilk * -B o o t h S o h o o l* v u o h a r a o t * r l * * 4 h y • i * t g * r a t l o a . L «* J . M a r t i * * i i b 1 b * 4 * a u i k i r o f * * l * o t * d p l i y i a a d a o o o r t a l a o d t h a t , ml t h o u g h t h * | r « « t u j o r l t y o f t h * a o t l o a o f t h * K * * t o r a t l o u p l a y * 4 1 4 t i k a p l a o * o b t h * apTO Bf B B l g h l f l O B B t BBOUBt O f B O tlO B WB* p l a j O d * V l t h l B t h * * * * a * . a ^ Th* s l g a l f l o a a o * o f H a r t l a ' * a t u d y t o t h l * l B T * * t l d a t l o a w b* t h * f o o t t h a t t h * a o t o r * h a d auoh f r * a t * r f r * * d o a o f a o w o a o a t t h r o u g h t h * u a * o f a l a r d * r a o t l B f a r * a . N o r * o v * r , t h * p i a y l a p aw l t h l a t h * s o * * * a | b t * a a o r * r * a l l * t l o * f f * o t l a t h * u a * o f * o * a * r y a a d o * a a * 4 B * a t l y l a th * a o t l a t . tzx. snM usr o r u u x s x i o c h i m b s C haptor XI o f th l* stu d y 1* a r*Tl*w o f th * h la - t o r l o a l ta o k fro u a d o f th * l * * t o r a t l o a p * rlo d . C h ap ter X X X 1* a r«*l*w o f K * * to ra tlo a d r a a a tlo B ld h t* * ath 0 « a ta ry B a l a a d ” (u ap ah ll* h * d B o o to ra l d l* * * r- t a n i t f Th* Q h l* * r* lty * f I l l l a o l * t Urhaaa, I l l l a o l * , 1954)7 140 pp. U U . J* R a r tla , aA otloa VI t h l a th* S**a* oa th* l* * t* r a tl* a S U |« a (a a p a h lla h a d B oot o ra l d l* * o r t* tl* a , B taaf* rd O alw *r*lty« F alo A lto , C a llf o r a l* , 1 9 9 6 ). * 4 4 PP. 17 l l t i r a t u n . In >441 t l o a . a b r i e f review o f th e X a a to ra tlo a t b a a t r a , ln o lu d ln g a e t l n i o o ap aalaa and a u - a |t r a » th# p b p a lo a l t h a a t r a , th* *udl*no*t u d th* u*« o f e o en sry and li g h tin g a re o o r# re d . C hapter IT 1* * p r e s e n ta tio n o f e o h o la rly o p in io n and oontem porary o o n aeate aad o r l t l o l a n e oa 1 1 1 a n te th a n a o tln g r e l a t i n g to a o tln g theory* th * u se o f th e woloe* th e ua* o f a c tio n , aad o h a r a o te r le a tlo a l a o rd e r to d e te r mine th e o h a r a o te r la tlo a o f th e n o tin g o f t h a t p e rio d . O hapter T le a p r e e e a ta tlo n o f e e h o la rly o p in io n aad o o a te n p o ra ry oonaenta aad o r l t l o l a n e on e a r ly e lg h te o a th -o o n tu ry a o tla g r e l a t i n g to a o tln g th e o ry , th e ua* o f th* r o le * , th* uee o f n o tio n * aad o h a r a o te r ln a tio n l a o rd e r to d e te m ln * th e o h a r a o te r l* tlo a o f th e a o tln g o f th lo p e rio d . O hapter TI l a a p r e s e n ta tio n o f a o h o la rly o p in io n aad o o a te n p o ra ry oonaenta and o r l t l o l a n e oa le n to r a tio n a o tla g r e l a t i n g to a o tla g theory* th e ua* o f th e voloo* th * ua* o f n o tio n , aad o h a r a o te r ln a tio n l a o rd e r to d e te r - n in e th e o h a r a o te r la tlo a o f l o a t o r a tl o n n o tin g . O hapter T X X o on ta in * th * n a a t r y and o o a o lu slo a a on th * o h a r a o te r la tlo a o f lo a t o r a tl o n a o tla g aad re o o aaea d e- t lo a a f o r f u r t h e r re a e a ro h . CHAI T O IX HX8T0BXCAL BACJCOBOtm i) OP TH* RKSTQRATIOI PQIIOO Ha* 14AO, v u a a lg a l f l o a a t d a ta l a Bag11ah h la to r y . Oa t h a t day , C h arlaa X X * a f t a r a la a a a y aara l a a x l l a , la a la d a t D oaar and a a t fo o t oa la g l i a h a o l l — th a ■i m f e |l « n i th a t a faw y a a ra h a fo ra had aa aara d th a haad o f h la fa th a r* C h arlaa X. T hla a a a a t o ig a lf la d th a and o f B nglassd'a f l r a t aad l a a t a s p a r la a a t l a th a d a a o o ra tle fo ra o f to v a r a a a a t u a d a r th a la a d a ra h lp o f th a P u rlta a * O liv e r C ro aw all. Xt e l c a l f la d th a h a g ln n la c o f a new a r a aad a l l h ^ l a n d waa r a jo lo ln g . b i l a a l ' a two faao u a d l a r l a t a — Jo ha fraly m aad S a m e l Pepya— rao o rd ed th lo entfenalaan w ith a a tr la o l a t h a l r re a p e o tlv e d l a r l a a i Thlo day ooaa l a h la M ajeo tle C h a rla a th a 2 d to London a f t a r a aad* I lo a d K a lla , aad C alam itona 8 u f - f a r l n f h o th o f th a K ina A Ohurohi h a la a 17 y a a ra o i Thla waa a la o h la B irthday* and w ith a T rlvaph of above 2 0 0 0 0 horoo I f o o ta , h ra n d la h ln i t h a l r owordo and a h o n tla « w ith n n ax p ro o aah la Joyi Tha wayao otr«w *d w ith fla w a ra , th a h a llo M an iac* th a a tr a a ta o huag w ith T a p la a ry , fo u a ta la a a ru n n in g w ith w laa . . • anon a Bee ta u r a tio n waa n e v e r aaana l a th a a a a tlo a o f any h la to ry * a a t l o a t o r nod a r a , alao o th a r a ta r a a o f th a B ahvIonian O aptlw lty* n o r ao jo y f n ll a day* A no h r i g h t , e v e r aaana l a t h l a n a tio n s th lo h ap alag whoa to e s p e o t o r a f f a o t I t* waa p a a t a l l hanaaa p o lic y . 1 da Baar ya* Tha D la rr o f John B r c lr a . C larendon rra o e * 1W ?)7 I f lT ad . B. 8 . 244. 16 19 Pepya, • l l t t l a more a u o o ln o t, b r i e f l y w ro te i "The 9 • h o u tln c u d Joy esp re aa e d by a l l l a p a s t I m a g in a tio n .” The p o l l t l o a l , r e l l g l o u e , o o c l a l , l n t e l l e o t u a l , and a r t l a t l o o o n d ltlo n a o f th e B e a to r a tio n war* l a aaay wiya a r a a o t l o a to th a m i l i t a r y r u l a o f O liv e r Cromwell and th a P u rita n aupreaaoy d u rin g th a Coaaonw ealth and P r o t a o t o r a t a (1 1 4 9 -1 6 (0 ). Tha a t t a a p t to govern Hagland w ith o u t r o y a l t y r a a u l t a d l a d la a p p o ln t a a n t and f a i l u r e . Tha l a t t e r y e a ra of t h l e p e rio d ware markad w ith ln o re a e e d ta a a l o a batw aaa governm ent and th a g o v ern ed . la g la n d faoad w ith two a l t e r n a t l v e a - - o l v l l war o r r e e t o r a t l o n o f tha ao a aro h y . Tha aonarohy waa r a a t o r a d . Tha f i f t y y a a ra t h a t follow ed b ro u g h t about many e l g n l f l o a n t ohangea i n a l l phaaaa o f K ngllah U f a . Tha p o l l t l o a l h l a t o r y o f th a p e rio d aaw th a l a a t o f th a S t u a r t a oa th a th ro n e o f feigland. C h a rle a I I waa auo- oaadad by h la b r o t h e r , J a a a a I I , th a l a a t of E n g la n d 'e C a th o llo k ln y a . Hla a h o r t r u l e a t a r t a d l a 1609* Ha waa d riv e n f r o a th a th ro n e l a th a O lo rlo u a o r B lo o d laaa R ev o lu tio n o f 1 (8 0 . V i l l i a a I I I , r u l e r o f H o lla n d , and h la w if e , H ary, a l d a a t d a u g h te r o f J a a a a I I , landed oa X hgllah a o l l and J a a a a o a p l t u l a t e d w ith o u t a f i g h t o r lo a a 9 S aau el Pepya, The D larv o f Samue l P a r r a . ad. Henry B. W heatley I Londoni O e o r g a B e l l * Soaa, 1097), I , 162. of l i f e . Mary d ie d In 169** and W ill la * in 170?. Anno Hyde, a n o th e r o f J a n e s II* a d a u g h te rs* and th a l a a t of th a S tu a r ta * aaoandad tha th r o n a . D uring h e r re ig n * and u n d a r th a le a d e r s h ip o f tha g r e e t Duke o f M arlborough* the War of tha S panish Suooaaalon waa andad. Aa a r e a u l t of t h l a war B r i t a i n 'a c o lo n le a were ln o re a a e d t b a r n a v a l powar waa su p ren e t h er a a r e h a n t a a r l n e waa th e g r e a t e a t on the e e a a t h e r b u aln eaa and o o n a e ro ia l s t r e n g t h waa advanced and f o r y e a rs atood u n c h a lle n g e d ) Louis XIT waa reduced to la p o - tenoy) F rance waa on the v erg e of b an k ru p to y t th a l o t h e r l a a d s waa no lo n g e r a a e rlo u a eoonoalo t h r e a t ) th e powar o f 3paln waa r a p id ly d e e l l n l n g i and B r i t a i n eaargad f r o a the war th e f o re n o a t o f £uropean n a t i o n s .^ Tha d a a th o f Anna in 171* ended a g r e a t p erio d i n B r l t l e h h i s t o r y . By t h l a t i r e . . . th a a a ln fo u n d atio n # o f th a B r l t l a h c o n s t i t u t i o n aa i t l a known today had baooaa f l n a l y e s ta b - 11 ah ed, and th a c o n t r o v e r s i a l ia a u a a which had d i s t r a c t e d th a n a tio n s in c e E l i s a b e t h 's t l a e had bean s e t t l e d . 4 Tha and o f h e r r e ig n aaw bo th England and S ootland governed by U n i t e d and J o i n t B o n a re h lee i F a r l l a a e n t had ^Ooldwin S a l t h , £ H is t o r y y f t e f l i n ^ (la w Torki C h a rlea S o r i b n a r 's Sons* 1 9 5 7 )» p T j t t . * 1 . B. Howat and F re a to n B lo u o a * Ml s t o r y o f tha K n e lla h -S a e a k ln e Fa o n laa (lew Torki O afora U n iv e r s ity F r e e s , 19*37* p. 177. one o f tha B o a t o o n tr o v e r a la l o f th a a a ia a u a a waa a a t t l a d when B r l t l a h law Bade i t la p o s s i b l e f o r a O a th o llo to auooaad to th a th ro n e o f ftig lan d . th* r i g h t to f ix tli* lu o o iiilO B to th* th ro n * i n i b | l i i b ■ o a tr o b i w*r* for*w *r dependent upon t b t l r p a r l l u t n t i i mud aonaroha war* to no t w ith th * advlo* o f r**ponnlbl* M in is te r* who w«ro to b* of th * p arty w hich nn— i i d H n n a j o r l t y In th* Houa* o f Coanana* Th* ln * t o f th * 3 tu n r tn and p h y sic a l f n llu r * * o f h * r o l o a l u j* n r * nh* d * * * rr * 4 to b e a r In h is to r y th* t l t l * o f th* "Good Qu**n Ann*.*5 Th* s c o la l ohang** in te g la n d d u rin g th* B * a to ra tlo a p e rio d war* o o n sld e ra b l* . Th* f l r a t j* n r* o f th* re ig n of C hari** X X war* narked by a s tro n g re a o tlo n to P u r ita n d o m in atio n . Thla waa follow ed by a g rad u al l * r * l ln g - o f f p e rio d du* p r l n a r l l y to th* r l a * o f th* n ld d l* o la a a b o th in town and co u n try and a d*or*aa* In th * ln flu e a o * o f th * o o u rt d u rin g th* r« lg n * o f VI111an X X X and Ann*. D uring th* tw enty y ear* th a t pr*o*d*d th* r* lg n o f C hari** X I, P u rita n m o ra lity dom inated th * a o o la l I l f * o f th * feig11ah p*opl*. T h * lr pl*a*ur«* had b**n a* rlo u * ly o u r te lle d through law * n fo ro * n * n t. Th* la n d in g o f C hari** a t X >O T*r r* l* a* * d th* te g 11 ah p*opl* f r o a th * f* ar* and . . • had pr**ld*d o r* r a w onderful *ip an aIo n o f B r itis h n a tio n a l s tr e n g th , and la * p lt* o f th* a o r a l X X X o f ■*w To *V ln*toa S. C h u ra h lll, Th* Ago o f la w o lu tlo n B ie te r r o f th * t e g lla h B h H m T * * i 1 * . I ▼ rk i Dodd, n * ad , * Ooapany• 1957J, p . a . ■ (V o l. ▼ O l* .| 22 au p p raaaio n a o f th a p rao ad ln g y e a ra . "A ll o ra r th a oouatT 7 n ay p o laa w ara a a t up a g a In , lo y a l to a a ta war# d r u a k ti ln n o d a ra ta ly * f u r l t a n l n waa ra p u d la ta d and d a rld a d . " 6 Tha k a a to r a tlo n ra a to ra d th a old a o o ia l o rd a r of C harlaa X. Tha lo rd a and ( a n t r y , law yara and elarg y * raaunad t h a l r old p o a ltlo n whloh th ay had l o a t umdar C ro aw all. At th a o a n ta r o f t h l a ra a to ra d a o o ia l o rd a r waa th a k ind and h la o o u rt. C ronw all had haaa th a d o m in atin g p a r a e a a llty o f th a C onnonvaalth g o v arnnant and C h a rla a XI waa th a dom inating p a r a o n a llty o f th a la a to r a tlo n * Hla a x lla l a F ranoa had n o t only ta u g h t h la to lova th a p o lla h a d a p la n d o r o f th a Franoh o u ltu r a , b u t a la o th a y a a ra o f a x ll a w ith l t a aoooapaaylng b a rd a h lp a and d a p rlw a tlo n a had o ra a ta d In h la an ln a a t la b l a a p p a tlta f o r p la a a u ra . Xt waa th la p u ra u lt o f p laaau ra* ao ra th a n a n y th in g a la a , whloh baoana th a d om inating and a o a t ra a a a b a ra d o h a r a e ta r l a tl o o f h la ra ig a * Ha a a t th a ax an p la f o r a o o u rt n o tad f o r l t a llo a n tlo u a m a a a and d a p r a r lty . Tha w rltla g a o f h la o o n ta n p o ra rla a r a r t a l r a th a r a u o a ln o tly , and o fta n a l l t t l a to o p la in ly * th a n atw ra o f h la o h a ra o ta r and th a o o u rt whloh ha ln flu a n o a d . Xn th a *0. I . C lark* th a In t a r S t u a r t a . 16*0-1714 (O xford Tha C larandon Fraaa* 1954)7 p* I5 l» 23 £ £ 1 1 1 ££ S t i t i w ii th* fo llo w in g v«r»« on Chari** I I i H* *p*nd* *11 h i* day* In ru n n in g to P lay * , Wh*n h* should In th* Shop b* p o rin g t And h* w**t«* *11 h i* S ig h t* In h i* c o n s ta n t D e lig h t* . Of R * v * llln g , Shrinking and W horing.7 Blahop B u rn et w rot* a p o in te d d * * o r lp tlo n of C h a ri* * '* c o u r t In h i* H la t o r r o f h i* Own T l» * i . . . h* had a v*ry 111 o p in io n bo th of non and woa>*n, and d id n o t th in k th * r* wa* * l t h * r * o b rl* ty o r o h a e t l t v i n th* w orld o u t o f p r l n e l p l * , b u t t h a t *oa* had e i t h e r th * on* o r th* o th * r o u t o f h u ao r or won* l t y . He th o u g h t t h a t nobodv **rv*d h ln ou t o f lov*i and *o h* wa* o u lt* w ith a l l th* w orld and loved o th e r* a* l i t t l e a* h* th o u g h t th*y loved hla.® John B velyn. who could h a r d ly b* expeoted to approve o f th* k i n g '* oond u o t, w rot* on Ja n u a ry 25. 1605t . . . I aa n*v*r to f o r g o t th* un*xpr***abl* lu x u ry d prophan****, g a n ln g , * a l l d i s s o l u t i o n . and a* I t w*r* t o t a l f o rg * tf u lln * * * * o f God ( I t b*lng Sunday Mvonlng) whloh th l* day * * n n lg h t, I wa* wltn**** of( th* l i n g , a l t t i n g I to y in g w ith h i* Conoubln** P o r ta a o u th . Cl*aY *land, A H aa arln o t dot A fr* n o h boy • l n g l n g lov* oong*. i n t h a t g lo r lo u * G a ll e r y , w h i l s t p*r*on* w*r* a t Ba***t round a la rg * t a b l * , a bank o f a t l * a * t 2 0 0 0 In Gold b* fo r* th * a , upon whloh two G«nti t h a t w*r* w ith a* aad* r * f l* x lo n * w ith a * to n - l a h a o n t , i t b*lng a *o*an* o f u t t a o o t v a n i ty i and * u r* ly a* th*y th o u g h t n***r hav* an b d i *lx day* a f t e r wa* a l l i n D uot.9 And *v*n th* p l* a * u r* lo v in g Saauol F*py* wa* o lt* d i n 0 * T. th * S tu a rt* Pr***» 19*0), p . 153. °B lohop G ilb e r t B u m * t, B urnet** M l*tor* o f Qg Offl T in * . *d. Oaaund A iry (now * d ltlo n i Oxford* Th* claren d o n P ro**, 1900), X. 1W *M . ^B v*lyn, o p . c l t . i IV. A 13-ld. Wedgwood. _ (C aa b rld g * . 24 •hooked a t th* b e h a v io r o f th* k in * and c o u rts A ugust 31# 1661. At Court th in g * *r* In * v ery 111 c o n d itio n * th e re b e in g *o *uch e m u la tio n , p o v e rty , and th* Tlo** of d rin k in g * sw ea rin g , and loo** amours, t h a t X know no t what w i l l b* th * end of I t , but o o n f u * lo n .l° J a n u a ry 1, 1662-63. . . . X fin d t h a t th * r* l a n o th in g a l s o a t b u t bawdry a t C ourt f r o a top to b o t t o a . . . . Xtooeaber 31, 1666. A a a d , v loloua* n * g llg * n t Court* and a l l aob*r a*n th * r* f e a r f u l o f th* r u i n of th* whol* kingdom t h l a n e x t year* f r o a whloh, good Ood d * l l v * r u * ll< J u ly 27, 1667. . . . th* King and C ourt w*r* n*v*r In th * w orld ao bad as th*y a r e now f o r g a a ln g , sw ear in g , w horing, and d r i n k i n g , and th* a o a t ab o a ln ab l* v lo*a t h a t ev er were In th* worlds so t h a t a l l b u st ooa* to n ought. Th*a* e n t r i e s r * a d l l y I n d ic a te d t h a t in th* f i r s t • I g h t y e a r s o f C h a r l e s 's re ig n th* o o u rt o o n * ls t* n tly upheld I t s r e p u t a t i o n f o r l a a o r a l l t y . A lthough I t was f a s h lo n a b l* to k**p wtletr*****, and a tte n d p l a y s . I t was a l s o " . . . fa s h io n a b le to be we 1 1- ln fo ra e d on a o l e n t l f l o , l i t e r a r y , a r t i e t l o , and p o l l t l o a l n a t t e r s . ” ** Even though t h l a n i g h t have been p r e te n s io n , . . th e p re v e la n c* o f th e s e t a s t e s had s o i v l l l s l n g 1 0? * p y s, ££. a i l * * 11 • 93. 1 1 I b l d . . I l l , 1. I ? I b l d . . YI, 119. 1 3 I b l d . . Y II, 39. **H. D. T r a i l l f e d . ) . f r o a th e Aooooalon gf James X to th e D eath o f Anne (V o l. IV o f S o c ia l h u l a a i . 6 v o l s . t I f v T o r l i oT P7 Putm an's Sons, I 9 0 5 J* p. 4TB. 25 I n f lu e n c e on th* c o u n try a t l a r g e . Th* a o t l v l t l e * o f th* k in g and th* c o u r t were p ar t i a l l y a r * a o tlo n to th* p u r l t a n l e a of th* Coaaonw ealth. E v e n tu a lly th * r* wa* a r e a c t i o n to th* llo * n tlo u a n a * a and d e p r a v ity of th * o o u rt In tu r n . Th* d e a th of C hari** and th* f l i g h t o f Jan** changed th* te n o r o f c o u r t I l f * con s i d e r a b l y . Th* oourt* c * n t* r o f E n g lish I l f * e ln c a th* Tudors* n o t only l o s t l t a p o l l t l o a l I n flu e n c e but i t * • o o l a l ln f lu a n o * a* w e ll . fo llo w in g th* G lo rlo u a R e v o lu tio n o f 1666* a o o ia l r e f o r a beoaa* th * s u b je c t of p o p u la r a g i t a t i o n . . . . Though V I l l l a n and Kary w*r* n o t s a in ts * th*y l e n t t h e i r ln f lu a n o * to the r e f o r a o f a a n n e ra and a o r - a l a . The o o u r t In t h e i r r e i g n had l i t t l e * o o la l in flu e n c e * b u t th* q u l* t and *ob*r t a a t e a p r e v a le n t m A nne'a o o u rt a o d l f l e d a o o ia l ou*toaa c o n sid e ra b ly .* ® Th* fo ro e a behind e o o la l r e f o r a , e l g n l f l o a n t l y * w*r* n o t thoae o f th* co u rt* b u t tho** o f th e p e o p le . "The s tr o n g P u r i t a n to n e o f th* a o tlv * D la a e n tln g ohurche* and th e s o l i d b o u rg e o is v i r t u e s o f the a l d d l e - o l a s s o l t l a s n s both h e lp ed to ste a d y th * n a t i o n a l te a p e r a - a e n t . * 17 g. Lunt* H istory of England ( th ir d e d ltlo n j lew Torki H arpsr 6 Brothers* 1967), p. 056. 17*el*o© Shsrwln Bushnell* Tfcg H le to rlo a l o f | g g l l | h L i t e r a t u r e (lew T orki Henry H o lt and Coapany, 1950). p. 15*. 2 6 Tha ohang* in * o o l t l a t t l t u d * wa* b ro u g h t about by • ohanglng * o o ia l a t r u o t u r * . Th* la n d ed g e n try . to g * th * r w lth th* a * r« h * n t o l* * * t by th* *nd o f th * S t u a r t r* lg n r*plao*d th * o o u rt and I t * o l r e l * a* th * n o * t im p o rta n t and l n f l u a n t l a l S n g lls h a o o ia l o la a * . Th* d*v*lopn*nt and ohang* i n r * l l g l o u * th o u g h t and p ra o tlo * d u rin g th* p * rlo d f ro a th* lt* * to r a tio n o f C hari** XI to th* d * ath o f Quean Ann* wa* * s t* n * lv * . Th* f a l l u r * of Crouw all and th* Coanoaw*alth g o * * ra a * n t d**troy*d th* power o f th * P u rita n * and th * K * a to ra tio n o f Chari** IX ag ain aad* th* A nglican ohuroh th* d o a ln a n t and a o * t pow erful ohuroh o f feigland. I t wa*. how*T*r, aa un*a*y ▼iotory f o r th* A nglloan*. a T le to ry th e y t r i a d to main t a i n th ro u g h th* *uppr***lon o f C a th o llo * and d la a a n t ln g P ro t* * ta n t group*. Xn*t*ad o f * * ta b ll* h ln g t h * l r *upr*u- aoy. nuaorou* and dlw *r** r o llg io u * ** o t* • prang up th ro u g h o u t f e g la n d . Th* wid* d i v e r s i t y of r o llg lo u * thought oouplad w ith th* *pr*ad o f * o l * n t l f l o In q u iry r * * u lt* d i n aaay p*rpl*x*d u ln u * . T hl* o r* at* d th* n*w ag* o f * k * p tlo l* a d o a ln a ta d by r a t i o n a l l a a . ooaaon • • * • * , a g * n * ra l ln d if f * r * n o * to r * l l g l o n , and In aoa* oa***. o o a p l* t* r * l l g l o u * a p a th y . Th* R * * to ra tlo a wa* an ag* o f u n p a r a ll* l* d I n t e l l e c t u a l * o h l* v « n * a t. Xn *ol*uo*( p h ilo s o p h y . and p o l l t l o a l th o o ry th * u la d * o f n*n v*r* d o u la a t* d by a s p i r i t o f 71 r a t i o n a l ! * * . S c i e n t i f i c in q u ir y and I n t e l l e c t u a l c u r i o s i t y v a ra w idespread and th e a u t h o r i t y of n e d le T a l eo h o la e - t l e i a * wa* e f f e c t i v e l y b ro k en . The Royal S o c ie ty , e t l l l B hgland’* f o r e a o e t e o l e n t l f l o o r g a n l e a t l o n , wa* c h a r te r e d by C harle* I I In 1662, Such men a* John Look*, Tho»ae Hobbee, S i r Ieaao Rewton, and R obert Boyle ande la aen e * c o n t r ib u t io n * to e o l e n t l f l o and p o l l t l o a l th o u g h t, tn g lan d *. . . abounded In g r e a t and l n t e r e e t l n g s e n t few age* of h l e t o r y were ae p r o l i f i c o f g en lu a and a b i l i t y ," * ® Th* ao o o * p lleh * * n t* o f th e e* »*n la i d th e fo u n d a tio n f o r the e lg h te e n th - o e n tu r y and th e Age o f E n llg h te n a e n t. "The p e rio d n ark ed the t r a n s i t i o n fro * a e d l e v a l to * o d e m th o u g h t." * ^ In a l l a re a * — p o l l t l o a l , a o o i a l , r e l l g l o u e , and l n t e l l e o t u a l — the p e rio d fro * C harle* I I through Ann* ■arked th e b e g in n in g of th* * o d e m world* *® David Ogg, ftM iflfil lfi th e A l i n S L C B fT lff Sfflond (eeoond e d l t l o n i &xfordi The C larendon F re e * , 1 W ) , I I , 733. 19K. H. P. Burton, Reatoratlo* Literature (Londoni Hutohlneon University Library, 195<J J, p. ?o. CHATTO I I I HXSTORATIOV BRAKATIC LITDUTVU A JT D THX TRKATU I . imODDOTZOf K i i t o r i t l o n U U n t u n u i t h e a t r e v u t r e f l e o t l o n o f th e p o l i t i c a l , 0 0 0 1* 1 , r o l l « 1 o u t , * * 4 I n t e l l e c t u a l l i f t 41eouoe*4 1 * th o p re c e d in g c h a p te r . Por • p e rlo 4 o f t i n e tho c o u r t o f C hcrloo I I d o a l n t o l l i t e r a t u r e oo i t 414 p r a o t l o a l l y e v e ry phcoo o f K o o to rc tlo a l i f e * Tho l i t e r s tu r e a l r r o r * 4 to * l * r | o e x t e n t th * Im m orality *a4 4eoe» 4oaoo o f th o o o u r t . T here v o r e , however, a o ta b lo exoep- t l o a e , p e r i l o u l e r l p l a th e work* o f Joha H IIto n *a4 John Buayan. With th e 4 e* th o f C h e rle o , tho f l i g h t o f J a a e o , *a4 th e ao o eooloa o f V I1I l e a ea4 Mary, 11 t o r e t u r o , eo e l l pheoee o f k | l l a h l i f e , hegea to he la f lu e n o e 4 by th* r l e l a g al4 4 1 o e l e o * . I t wee ao lo n g e r the ex o lu o lv e p r o p e r ty o f e o o t e r l e , h u t th e p r o p e r ty o f th e l a r g e r eeg- a e a t o f th * t e g 11 eh p o p u la tio n . X>*o*4*ao* ea4 1 M o r a l i t y were r* p l* e * 4 hy e e a t l a e a t e l l e n *a4 a e r e l l t y . L i t e r a t u r e *oul4 no lo n g e r m erely aameoi I t he4 to have a m oral an4 l a e t r u o t l v e purpoe* a* w e l l . t e e t o r a t i o n l i t e r a t u r e wao, f i r s t o f a l l , a r e v o l t ag alm et lem aleeam ee hum aalea. The l a e t g r e a t expreeolem 26 29 o f th a h u a a n la t viaw waa John H IIto n * a F a rad 1aa Loat and Sanaon A ao n lataa w hloh, alth o u g h p ro p a rly p a r t of H a a to ra tlo n l l t a r a t u r a , war# a r a a n a n t o f tha Itanalaaanoa. fu a a n la a waa o h a lla n g a d by th a ohanga In ra U g lo u a th in k * ln g — nuaaroua P r o t a a t a n t a a o ta aaoh had t h a l r own and o o n f l l o t l n g b a l l a f a — and by th a naw conoapta in phlloaophy and In a o la n o a . Thla r a a u l t a d In a changa of a t t l t u d a and a ohanga o f v a lu a a . In th a l l t a r a t u r a th a r a waa a " . . . r a v o l t a g a ln a t a u t h o r i t y o h a r a o t a r l a t l o o f th a a a v a n ta a n th oairt«ry. . . . , l I t waa d u rin g t h l a p a rlo d t h a t K ngllah o l a a a l o l a a d av a lo p a d . Thla waa p a r t i a l l y tha r a a u l t o f tha ln f lu a n o a o f P ran o a. Tha c o u r t waa f a n l l l a r l c a d w ith fra n c h c l a a a l - o la a d u rin g t h a l r a x l l a . M oraovar, o o n a ld a ra b la o l a a a l o a l ln f lu a n o a oaaa f r o a Ban Jonaon o f th a p rav lo u a aga. C la a a lo la a ”. . . l a th a r a f l a o t l o n In l l t a r a t u r a o f tha o o n t l n a n t a l r a f l n a a a n t in a l l a a p a o ta o f l l f a t h a t o h arao - t a r l a a d Buropaan c l v l 11 n a tio n In th a a a v a n ta a n th o a n t u r y ." Tha o h a r a o ta r o f a a r l y H a a to ra tlo n l l t a r a t u r a waa ln flu a n o a d by th a o o u r t . L l t a r a r y a t t a a p t a wara w r l t t a n W t h i o l t . . p. 309. ^H ardin C ra ig , ( a d . ) , k B l a t o r r g f Jhftliifc Tor** Oxford T m iw araity r r a a o f 1990), 50 to p la a a a th o f a a h lo n a b la w orld of C h a rla a I I and h lo o o u r t l o r o . In aoaa ra a p a o ta t h l a waa a p r a o t l o a l n ao aa- o l t y . A l l t a r a r y nan d id n o t a a k a h la p r o f i t on th a a a la o f h l a w orka, h u t r a t h a r fro a th a p a tr o n a ta o f th a w aalthy In o o u r t. T hla fa a h lo n a b la o l r e l a p r a f a r r a d in l l t a r a t u r a what In t h l a e a n tu ry waa o a lla d " r a a l l a n .* "In th a f l r a t o u tb u r a t a o a t o f th a l l t a r a t u r a d a a l t w ith u n p la a a a n t a a p a o ta o f U f a . " ^ D uring t h l a p a rlo d p roaa toaoaaa th a a o a t p o p u la r ▼ahlola f o r a r t l a t l o a x p ra a a lo a In th a aa a a y , th a l l t a r a r y p r a f a o a , and th a p o l l t l o a l p a a p h l a t . Tha o t r u o t u r a , n o t tha w ooabulary, o f t h l a proaa a t y l a waa a a a a n t l a l l y th a proaa a t y l a o f to d a y . Tha f l n l a h a d p ro d u c t waa aaan In th a aaaaya o f Addlaon and S t a a l a a a r l y In tha a lg h ta a n th - o a n tu ry . P ro aa a t y l a waa a a rk a d by a l a p l l o l t y , o o r r a e t - n a a a , l u o l d l t y , and p r a o lo lo n , a l l r a f l a o t l n g tha ta n p a r o f th a t l a a a . IX. RZ8 TORATIOI DRAMATIC LITMATUR* l n t l a a t a l y and o lo a a ly than th a o th a r ty p a a o f l l t a r a t u r a th a a o o la ty f o r whloh I t waa w r l t t a a . Q u lta n a t u r a l l y t h a t a o o l a ty , l a th a a a r l y y a a ra o f th a l a a t o r a t l o a , waa ^Lunt, o l t . . p. 500. 31 th* o o u rt. Th* P u r i t a n ln flu * ao * and th* q u a i l t y o f th* play* b t l d r l v n auoh o f th* nlddl**>olaa* audl*no* away f r o a th * th * a tr * a b * fo r* th*y w*r* olo**d l a 1642. A ft* r th*y v*r* r*op*n*d o f f l o l a l l y l a 1660, th* th * a tr * a w*r* alm ost th * *xolu*lv* p ro p e rty o f th * o o u r t. P la y w r lth t* w*r* * o l* ly oono*ra*d w ith p l* a * ln a t h l * l l n l t o d audlono*. Only «h*n th * n ld d l* o la a * booan* l n f l u * a t l a l and pow erful toward th* *nd o f th * o o n tu ry , d id th * p la y w rlfh ta ad a p t t h * l r o u tp u t to th* avw m o ra lity . When th* oomady o f mamaor* d * f* n * ra te d I n t o th* oon*dy o f a * a tln * n t, th * ft* * to r a tlo a p * rlo d i n d ram a tic l i t * r a t u r * aaa* t o an and. K * * to ra tio n drama developed w ith in th * g en e ra l framework o f a l l Jt* * to ra tlo n l i t e r a t u r e . I t had th* o h a r a e t * r l * t l o * and wa* in flu * a o * d by th * foro** dl*ou***d l a th * pr*o*d- l& l * * o tlo n . Th*r* w*r* a d d i tio n a l ln flu * n o * a w hloh • p * o i f l o a l l y a ff* o t* d th * drama. Th* mo*t a p p a re n t * p * o lflo ln f lu a n o a * on th * l * * t o r a t l o n drama w*r* th * o o a d ltlo a * and ohang** I n th* t h e a t r e l t * * l f . Aotr«***a perform ed p u b llo ly oa th * *t*c* f o r th * f l r * t t i n * . 8o*n*ry wa* * l a b o r a t * a* th * r * * u l t o f th* p r * - 1t* * to r a tio n development* I n th* o o u rt maaqu** and p r iv e t* playhou***. Th* audlono* waa o ft* n n o r* pl*a**d by th * * p * o ta o l* o f th* p la y th a n th* p la y l t * * l f . Play* **ldom ra n lo n d « r th an on* w**k, *o th* <mphaal* wa* on q u a n t i t y , n o t q u a i l t y i th*y w*r* a faah lo n ab l* 32 d l* * r * lo n . Th* fa s h io n a b le Ban o f o o u r t dabbled in w r i t i n g play* *• t h * j had dabbled In o t h e r fo r* * of l i t e r a r y *xpr***lon. Th* th r* * b* * t known typaa o f R e s to r a ti o n d r a a war* th * R*rolo Tragedy, th* Comedy o f Kannar*, and Blank- Tara* T ragedy. In a d d i tio n th * r* war# faro * oo**dl**v opara*, and numerous t r a n a l a t l o n a o f fo re ig n and o l a s a l o a l work*. H*rolo d ra n a wa* o a ll* d ”. . . on* of th* * l l l l * * t o r a a t lo n a o f th* human mind. . . . ” I t wa* lndaad a r a th * r r ld l o u l o u a typ* o f p la y whloh today ha* nor* h i s t o r i c a l than l i t e r a r y m a r l t . H arolo drama wa* a * u p ar- human and s u p e r n a tu r a l typ* o f drama whloh g e n e r a lly had a* I t * th a a a low* v e rs u s h o n o r. I t * moat d i s t i n g u i s h i n g e h a r a o t * r l e t i o was th * u** o f th* h a r o lo o o u p le t whloh u s u a lly lap**d I n t o l l t t l * mor* than a J l n g l * . Th* o h a ra o t« r* of h a r o lo drama w*r* e x a lte d In ra n k , u s u a lly of n o b l* b i r t h . Th* * * ttln g * w*r* r*mot* and u n r * a l and o f ta n f o r e i g n . I t had a * * * l - h l e t o r l o a l atm osphere In whloh to o k plao* s t i r r i n g *oana* o f low* and v a l o r b*tw**n p a r* o n lf l* d m a r t i a l h*ro** and an g o llo h a r o ln a a ending i n th* v l o t o r y of v i r t u * o v er th * v i o i s s l t u d * * of war. Throughout th* p l o t th * r* war* a * * rla * o f a a n s a t lo n a l ^Holland, op. o l t . . p. 13. 33 r a v a r a a a . Tha p ro d u c tio n c o n ta ln a d a la n a n ta o f nualo and a l a b o r a t a a c t u a r y . Daad bo d laa v i r t u a l l y l l t t a r a d tba a t a g a , tha r a a u l t ->t auddan d a a th and nunaroua b a t t l a a . Tha d l o t l o n waa a r t i f i c i a l , d a c la a a to r y , and b o n b a a tlo . In a p l t a o f th a a a r a t h a r n a g a tlv a a t t r l b u t a a , h a ro lo d ran a waa p o p u lar on tha R a a to r a tlo n a ta g a f o r a l n o a t twanty y a a r a . Tha p ra o u ra o r o f tha h a r o lo d ra a a waa S ir V l l l l a a D avanant. Aa auoh ha a p l t o a l t a d tha lin k batwaan 111 sa b a th a n d r a a a and R a a to r a tlo n drona and a u c o a o a fu lly sad a th a t r a n a l t l o n . B afora th a t h a a t r a a wara clo aad by th a P u r I t a n a , Davanant waa w r i tin g p ia y a t h a t wara eon* o a raa d w ith . * l d a a l o o n f l l c t a o f lova and h o n o r, th a a l n o a t a x o lu a lv a conoarn of tha h a r o la p la y ." ^ Hla p ra - K a a to ra tlo n p la y , Lova and Honor (1 6 3 * ), waa p ro p h a tlo o f th a l a t a r h a r o lo d r a a a . During h l a a x l l a ha v r o ta h la h a r o lo poaa, Q o n d lb a rt. Bafora tha t h a a t r a a wara o f f l o l a l l y raopanad by C harlaa I I ha w rota and produoad what haa baan o la a a a d aa tha o r i g i n a l h a ro lo p la y , Tha 81ana qX Rhodaa (1 6 5 6 ). l o t only waa t h l a play rag ard ad aa t h a l n n a d l a t a a n o a a to r of h a ro lo d r a n a , b u t a la o aa th a f l r a t b ig 11 ah o p a r a .* In t h l a p lay th a h a ro lo o o u p la t *Alan 8 . Downar, Tha B r l t l ah Drana (law Torki A p p la to n -C a n tu ry -O ro fto , T n o ., 19V )), p. ?15. *Oaorga H. l a t t l a t o n and A rth u r I . Caaa ( a d o .) . 34 waa used f o r tha f i r s t time f o r d ra m a tic p u rp o ses. More over* i t o o n ta ln a d th a th a a a whloh o o n a ta n tly ra o u rra d Id h a r o lo dramas a . . . th a p r a a a n t a t l o n of tha t r u a haro and th a p l o tu r a o f h la c o n s ta n t s t r u g g l e b stw ssn th a o a l l 7 of love and th a c a l l o f duty or h o n o r." V h ile Davenant waa tha p r s c u r a o r of tha h a ro lo drana* i t waa through th a p la y s o f Roger Boyle* Klkanah S e t t l e , S i r H obart Howard* and In p a r t i c u l a r * John Pryden. t h a t th a f o r a wan r a f ln a d and g ain ed d l a t l n o t l o n . Tha a u o o a a a fu l b u rle s q u e of Oeorge T l l l l a r a * Duke of Buckingham* o f tha h a ro lo drama i n h l a Tha R e h e a r s a l. oauaad Prydan to abandon th a rhymad o o u p la t and th a h a ro lo drama. In 1677 ha w ro ts h la blank ▼araa tra g e d y baasd on S h a k e s p e a re 's Anthorur and C le o p a tra e n t i t l e d A ll f o r L o ra. A f te r th la , th a h a ro lo d ra a a ra p i d l y d e o lln e d . I t waa a b r i e f and I n t e r e s t i n g phenomsnon In th a h i s t o r y o f ftig llo h d ra m a tic l l t a r a t u r a . Whan Drydan dropped th a h a ro lo rhyned p la y in fa v o r o f b la n k versa* ha waa follow ed by moat of th a o th e r p la y w rig h ts * a n o th e r f a o t whloh em phasises D ryden'a lm portanoe end ln f lu a n o a on R e s to r a tio n drama. Tha t r a n s i t i o n to blank v e r s a b ro u g h t th a drama one s t e p o lo a a r to th a drama o f c o n t in e n t and p ath o s o f th a a lg h ta a n th - o a n tu r y . B r i t i s h D ram atists from Drrdan to S heridan (Bostont Houghton H I f r i l n Company* 1939)* p. 3 . 7 Downer* q p . o l t . . p. 217. 35 B l u k - T i r n tra g a d y v u a o r t o lo a a ly r a l a t a d to th# n a t i v e f t i | l l a h t r a i l t l o n ami o l a a r l y ahowad an ln o r a a a ln g oon- • o l o u m i a o f n a o o l a a a le a l r u l a a . Tha naw f o r a , h a v a v a r, r a t a l a a i a a a j o f th a q u a i l t l a a t h a t a a rk a d o r a a r r a i th a h a r o lo d r a a a . Tha B o o o la a a lo a l r u l a a on ly r a fo rn a d aoaa o f l t a a itra v a g a n o a a i n i a o r a r o a a a t l o a l a a a n t a . l a n t , pathoa* a a i th a h a r o lo o o n f l l o t batw aaa lo r a a a i honor wara o t l l l l a a v td a a o a . Tha lo o a la a o f th a p la y a f r a - q u aB tly obangod f r o a th a O r l a a t t p o p u la r l a h a r o lo draaa* to I t a l y . O raaoa, a a i lo a a* p o p u la r l a • l g h t a a a t b - o a a t u r y d r a a a . B aaldaa Drydoa, th a a a l a a r r lta r o o f b la n k - r a r a a tra g a d y wara Thoaaa Otway a a i l a t h a n l a l Laa. Tha r a a l l y a l g a l f l o a a t c o n t r i b u t i o n o f th a K a a to r a tlo a to d r a a o t l o l l t a r a t u r a waa l t a ooaady o f a a a a a r a . a o a a tln a a r a f a r r a d to aa " a r t l f l o l a l oo aad y ."* I t waa* howarar* a r t l f l o l a l only l a th a aaaaa t h a t I t r o a l l a t l o a l l y p o rtra y a d th a a a a and a a a a a r a o f an a r t l f l o l a l o o o la ty . Soldo* h aa a typo o f ooaady r a f l a o t a d ao a o a u r a ta ly th a au dloaoa f o r whloh I t waa w r l t t a n . I t waa " . . . a g a a u la a r a f l a e t l o a o f th a ta a p a r* I f n o t th a A a o t u a l l l f a * o f th a u p p ar o la a a a a o f th a n a t i o n . . . . " 7 N h o a a a I . h t j l a n r t I n h l a book. Tha la a t o r n t l a a Canada o f W it. ( P r l a a a t o n . Saw J a r a a y i Tha P r ln o o t a a U alw araTty r r a o a * 1952)* 232 pp.* p r a f a r r o d to l a b a l t h l a typo o f d ra n a aa "Canady o f W it.* * t f l l l l a a Vaughn Hondy. K obort Norao L o v a tt, and 36 Th* c h a r a c t e r i s t i c * o f th* oonedy of ta n n e r* f u r t h e r e s t a b l i s h e d I t * r * a l l * t l o n a t u r e . Th* lo o a le * were n o t th* f o r e i g n c o u a tr l* * o f the h e r o lo d ran a and b la n k -v e r* * tragedy* b u t draw ing rooaa* o o ffee-h o u eea* and th * s t r e e t * and garden* o f London. Th* o h a ra o t* ra w*r* th* people of faa h lo n and o f te n w*r* *od*l*d a f t e r s p e d f i e a e a b e ra of th* R e s to r a ti o n s o o l e t y . O ther o h a r a o t * r i * t i c * c f th la ooaedy ln o lu d a d i p lo t* ba*td on lo r* I n t r i g u e * , w ith a • I n g le p la y u a u a lly o o n ta ln ln g two or th r* * p lo t* and • e ld o a o b se rv in g th* u n ity of a o t lo n i exoept f o r o e o a a lo n a l r o n a n tlo **otlon* In whloh p o e try waa a t l l l used* i t **ploy*d pro** d la lo g u * i I t showed I t * r e a o t lo n to p u r l t a n l a a through I t * r l d l o u l e of e o o ia l convention** ■oat oonaonly th* i n s t i t u t i o n o f n a r r l a g e t I t r l d l o u l e d tho** who** a a n n o r d id no t c o n f o m to th* p r e v a i l i n g • o o l a l ood* o f th * ola** to whloh th*y b*longedt I t abu**d th* ag*d| I t wa* a a tl> h * ro lo and o y n lo a l and d*taoh*d In ton*! and i t sad* u*« o f typ* o h a r a o t e r e - - t h * ra h * , w ild g a l l a n t * t provoked husband* eo u n try w l f * v * to . Th* a o a t d l* tln g u l* h ln g f e a t u r e o f R e s to r a tio n ooaady* however* wa* I t * w it In o l* v * r d ia lo g u e through v e r b a l fe n c in g and r e p a r t * * . . . . th* e p l g r a a a a tlo b r i l l i a n c e of t h i s p a r t o f Fred I . K i l t on* A B l* to rv of L i t e r a t u r e (s e v e n th e d l t l o n i lew Torki C h a rles B o r ib a e r '* Bona* 1 9 3 6 )* p. 165. ?7 th# feg llo b 4 r u a 1# It# Boat attrmotle# f#atur#j th# •x q u l# lt#ly turn#4 phra##, th# oarofully U i t a o H antlth##l#, th# pr#ol## or surprising ooacarlaon 1# th# p#rf#ot #xpr#s#loa of # #ool#ty fori whloh #tyl* and not #lno#rlty v## th# main oonoern.10 Th# f i e # g r o a t w r i t e r # of ooa#dl#a o f manner# w#r# S i r O#org# S th # r# g # , w illia m Wyoh#rl#y, W illiam Congreve, S i r John Vanbrugh, and Q#org# F arq u h ar. Congr###'# War o f th# World (1700) 1# con#ld#r#d th e g r e a t e s t a a a t e r - pl#o# o f t h i s typ# of coa#dy. In 1690 J#r#my C ollier wrot# hi# faaou# £ Short View of th# Immorality and Frofanen### £ i the English U U l * In thl# notorlou# condemnation of th# stag# h# •ff# o tlv # ly mirrored th# ##ntlB#nt# of th# increasing tld# of o rltlcl# B being l#T#l#d at th# Heatoratlon play# and thalr author#. A f te r th# R e v o lu tio n o f 1688 and w ith th # aaownalon of W l llla n I I I and Mary to th# thron# o f E ngland, pr#o#d#d by th# abeone# o f th# o o u rt o f Chari## I I , p u r i t a n m lddl#- o la a # m o r a lity began to r # a # # # r t l t # # l f . Thl# # l# a # n t wa# g a in in g # t# a d lly In p o l l t l o a l and a o o i a l ln f lu # n o # . The## B#ab#r# g r a d u a l ly began to r# p la o # th # fa a h lo n a b l# a u d l- eno# #o long In a tta n d a n o # and o o n tr o l o f the th # a tr # . T h a lr a t t e n t i o n wa#, o f oour##, n o t d i v e r t e d by th# loo## n o r a l l t y and eynlolam o f th # R e s to r a ti o n d r a m a tis t # . In 10I>own#r, o l t . . p. 19® 58 th e o p l r l t o f tho now 0 4 * tho S o cie ty f o r tho R eform ation o f Maanere woo founded In 1692* Thlo cro u p a p p r o p r ia te ly donounood tho th e a tr e * Change le a d in g to tho e v e n tu a l do o th o f th o ooaedy o f nannere v t a I n e v i t a b l e . Tho tu r n in g p o in t in tho drnnn woo tho produo t i on o f C olley C ib b e r 'e Lovoo Loot S h i f t In '9 9 6 . While th o f l r o t fo u r n o te r e t a i n e d auoh o f th e old R e e to r a tlo a o t y l e , i n th o f i f t h no t tho h ero ropontod and re f o ro o d . Tho play ”. . . n ark o tho ooanonoeaent o f an o ra o f o e n t l - n o n t a l oonody. . . . Clbbor woo fo llo w ed by S i r R lohard S to o lo who ”. . . e f f e c t i v e l y n u rd 0 rod tho oonody o f n a n n e m and e x h ib ite d a o o l l t a r y example o f opontonoouo g e n lu e i n e n t i t l i n g h lo f l r o t d r a a a tlo e f f o r t , Tho f i a a a l . * 12 C lb b o r, S to o lo , tho now m iddle o la o o , Jeremy C o l l i e r , tho abeonoo o f tho ln f lu e n e e of Charloo TX and h i e o o u r t, and tho S o o lety f o r th e R eform ation of Hannero a l l oonblnod to g e th e r to b r in e to aa end th o R e e to r a tlo a dram a. XXX. TK1 RIST01ATX0R TKXATR1 Tho h i e t o r y o f tho t h e a t r e lo aa e v o lu tio n a ry ^Htaloolm IIw in , The Flarmoor*n £ ftB g l£ £ l 18 le n to ra tia m (Lomdont Jonathan Capo, 1918), p. 197. I2 I b l d . . p. 162. p r o o tM . Tb« B r i t i s h t h s s t r s «•> s o t r * - o r a « t t i wbsn i t v u r t o p a n t i s f t s r b i i n i o lo a sd f o r s i g h t s 'l l y s a r s . Bow- a v a r , th s R s s t o r a t l o n w lta a s s s d asn y a l g a l f i o a a t adwaaosa. I t v w d u r in g t h i s p a rlo d t h s t a any o f tb s f s s t u r s s o f th s ■ odsrn t h s s t r s v s r s fo rm a lly ln tro d u o s d on t h s s t a g s . p s rfo im a n o s s . With t h s dsoay o f t h i s g o w sm a sn t sad b s f o r s t h s a o t u a l l a a t o r a t l on, t h s s t r s a o t l w l t y ln o r s a s s d u a d s r t h s l s a d s r a h l p o f S i r t f l l l l a a D avsnaat sad o t h s r l a s s w all-know n t h s s t r s m aaag srs. S i r V i l l l a a D avsnaat waa t h s a o s t l a p o r t a a t sad l a f l u s a t l a l a a a l a th s h i s t o r y o f t h s a s T s n ta s n th - o s n tu ry t h s s t r s . Ba was a o t l v s l a th s t h s s t r s b s f o r s th s Coam oavsalth sad waa g r a n ts d a p a t s n t by C h a rla a I to b u ild a t h s s t r s so a a r l y aa 1639* B a rs a a a t waa a a a o e la ts d w ith Xalga J o n a s , th s g r s a t d s a l g a s r o f s o s a le s l s n a a t a f o r C ourt Hasqusa d u r in g th s t l a a o f C h a rlaa I . B is a s a o a l a t l o a w ith I a lg o Jo n a s i n th a Court Hasqusa • • . had prowldad h l a w ith ln w a lu a b la s x p s r la a o s I n s ta g in g ! i t had l n f a a t a d him w ith aa l n s u r a b l a fo n d n saa f o r t h s a p s o ta s u la r « a d s a l r s t o s x p s r l a s n t w ith maw d aw leas and ta sh n lq u as* sad a o u r l o s l t y aa to t h s l l n l t a and p s s s l b l s u a sa o f th s t h s s t r s . ** D avsnaat produasd a s s r l s a o f t h r s s p la y a J u s t f h s r s wars th ro u g h o u t th s Coamonwsalth and F r o t s o t o r a t s p s r lo d a of a p o rad lo and l l l s g a l th s a 1 ^ A r t h u r Irw in B a a sn t, (Londent H aom lllaa and C o ., 1*1 40 p r i o r to tho H o o to r a tlo n . Ho r o f o r ro d to th o a aa •oporao" and *a o r a l r o p r o o o a t a t l o a o Bt th o r o f o r o , thoy had g o ro rn - a o a t a l a p p r o v a l. Tho/ aarkod th o b o g ln a ln g o f r o c u l a r d r o a a t l o a o t l v l t y In th o porlod u ad o r o tu d y . Tho FI r a t Para f c l t r t l l H B l h i Hut lan d Haaaa waa flw on oa F r i d a / • Ra/ 23, 1636, In a t h o a t r a whloh Pavonant had b u i l t In h l a own houao. I t waa a r o p r o o o n ta tlo a w ith d o o la a a tlo a and a u o lo . T hat aaao / o a r Davonant proaontod Tha i l a a a $ 1 IfeftlU* "• • • a o a t opooh-aaklng p i a / In th a h ^ l l a k l a n g u a g e • 1 4 I t waa tho f l r a t t n c l l a h opora and th o d l r o o t p ro o u ra o r of tho h a r o lo p l a / . In t h l a p i a / Pavonant ooablnod t a l o n t a w ith Jo h n Vobb, a aoano d o a l f n o r who waa tho f o r v o r p u p il of I n ig o Jonoo. . . • Vobb and Davanont * . * w orking to g o th o r , osooutod l a tho t l a a o f C h a rla a I I p la n a f o r a u la to d In tho t l a a o f C h a rlaa I , and I t l a duo to th o a t h a t tho M o t o r / o f th o t h o a t r a in te g la n d l a e o n t l n v o u a .i ) In t h l a p l a / Davanant and Vobb aado uao o f th o p ro - a e o n lu a a ro h , a o u r t a l n , aovablo o o tn o ry , and proaontod w hat a a / hawo boon tho f l r o t woaan to r o g u l a r l y ap p o ar In a p u b lic p o rfo raa n o o l a fo g la n d . *Tho o o a b ln a tio n o f now o lo a a a ta i n th o p ro d u o tlo n . . . J u s t i f y th o aoooptaneo o f 41 t h l a p la y aa tha prologua to a naw d r a a a t l o a r a . " 16 Whan P avanant p ra aa n ta d h la t h i r d p r * - R a a to ra tlo n p ro d u o tlo n , Tha C r u a ltr o f th a S p an la rd a a t P aru in 1658» ha had aorad o u t o f h la hona, R utland Houaa. For t h l a p ro d u c tio n ha ran o d a la d th a old C ockpit T h a a tra In P ru ry Lana. L a ta r th a aana y a a r D uranant p ra a a n ta d h la f o u rth p ro d u ctio n * I t l H la to n r s t fll£ F r a n c l i P ra h a . In 1659 ha produead h la l a a t p r a - R a a to r a tlo n p la y , Tha 81aaa of fifeglU . In a d d i t i o n to D av an an t'a p r a - R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a a o t l a l t l a a , th a r a wara th r a a o th a r th a a tr a a b aln g uaad by t h r a a a d d i t i o n a l a o tln g o o n p an laa. Tha th r a a th a a tr a a wara tha Rad B u l l , Tha C o o k p lt, and S a lla b u ry C o u rt. Tha th r a a o o n p an laa, who a p p a ra n tly uaad th a t h a a t r a a aonawhat ln ta r o h a n g a a b ly , wara tha Rhodaa oonpany, l a t a r to ba abaorbad by D aran an ti a group of old p la y a ra undar tha la a d a r a h lp o f H lo h aal Kohun, l a t a r to ba abaorbad by tha aaoond t h a a t r a p a t a n t a a . S i r *1111an K llll g r a w i and a oonpany undar th a nanaganant o f V i l l l a a B aaaton. A otln* O o . t o m t h . l U . t o r .t l o n London waa a a rra d by two oonpanlaa o f a o to ra f o r twanty*two y a a ra fo llo w in g th a R a a to ra tlo n * . . . Owing to tha g r a a t ln f lu a n o a o f K llllg r a w ^ R a r b a g a , ¥1111 an P ar a nan t . p. 125 **? and Davanant w ith tha King* on ? l a t A ugust, 1660, th a r a paaaad th a M t j B Ignat th a o r d a r whloh ao alg n sd to th a two n a n a g sra a o o n p ls ts Monopoly of th a London t h a a t r a a , a u t h o r i s i n g than to b u ild a ooupla of p la y - houaaa, p la o ln g th a oonpanlaa u n d ar t h a l r J u r l a d l o - t l o n , g o v a rn n sn t and a u t h o r i t y , and g r a n tin g th a n tha o s n a o ra h lp of a l l p l a j a , In a n o r t , and a b a o lu ta o o n t r o l . 17 L a y a n a n t'a oonpany waa undar th a p a tro n a g a o f tha Duka o f York. K l l l l g r a w 'a waa undar th a ap o n ao rah lp of tha King* f r o a O otobar to Hovanbar o f 1660, L a y a n a n t'a and K l l l l g r a w 'a oonpanlaa wara a n a lg a n a ta d i n t o a a ln g la oonpany u a ln g th a C o o k p lt, Drury Lana, aa t h a l r t h a a t r a . Tha two oonpanlaa a a p a ra ta d and a a ta b llo h a d th a n a a lv a a In t h a l r own t h a a t r a a I n Voysabar* Tha p r l n o l p a l a o to ra of L a y a n a n t'a oonpany wara f o r n a r n an b ara of th a Rhodaa* oonpany of youngar aotora* Tha n o a t l n p o r t a n t o f th a aa wara Thomaa B a t t a r t o n , Cay# U n d a r h lll, and R o b art Hokaa. Anong tha a o to ra who Jolnod tha oonpany l a t a r war# Anthony L algh, VI111 an f o u n tf o r d , Hanry H a r r l a , and John Bowman. Bor a a b o r t t l n a woman'a p a r to wara rla y a d by n a l a a o to r a aa in B llc a b a th a n t l n a a . Howayar, C h a rla a II p a r n l t t a d wonan to a o t on tha pub llo atagao* Tha n o a t l n p o r t a n t wonan In D av a n an t'a oonpany 'Montagus Buanaro, Tha P la rh ouaa o f Panra (Raw Torki Tha K ao n lllan Oonpany, 19771* P* 02. Two o th a r th a a tr a n anagara, Oaorga J o lly and V l ll la n Baaoton appar- a n tly o p aratad oonpanlaa d uring tha a a rly yaara o f tha R a a to rn tlo n . T h alr a o t l r l t l a a , how arar, wara too d a ta lla d and too nuoh tha a u b ja o t of o o n jso tu ra to ba lnoludad in th a abova d lao u aa lo n . *5 war* 1 1 1 ta b * th D avanport, Mary Saundaraon who l a t a r baoan* th a wl fa o f T h o m B a t t a r t o n , and B llc a b a th B a rry . Tha t h a a t r a a uaad by H l l l l a n Davanant and h la com pany up to 160? and t h a l r ro a p a o tlv * opanine d a ta a a t th a a a t h a a t r a a wara aa f o llo v a i 1. S a lla b u ry C ourt, Bovanbar 5, 1660. 2 . L ln o o ln 'a Inn F la I d a , J u a a , 1661, ( a l a e known aa L l a l a 'a Tannla Court o r th a Duka*o H ouaa). 5. D oraat O ard tn a, Bovanbar 9 , 1671* F roa Juno 5, 1665 to Bovanbar 29, 1666 b o th p a ta n t t h a a t r a a wara e lo a a d baoauaa o f th a pla<un« I n 1660 Davanant dlo d and t t a n an a can an t o f h la t h a a t r a waa ta k a n o v ar by h l a widow and h la aon, Dr. C h a rlaa D avanant, w ith tha a a a la ta n o a o f Thoaaa B a tta r to n and Hanry f la r r l o . S i r Hanry K llll c r a w fo ra a d h l a oonpany, Tha Klnc*a Han, f r o a th * a o to r a o f tha Bad B u ll oonpany un d ar K lohaal Kohun. Thaaa wara o ld a r a o t o r a , aany o f whoa had ao tad In th a t h a a t r a d u rin g th a t l a a o f C harlaa I . Anonc th a a o to ra l a K llllc ra w * * ocapany war* C h a rla a H a rt, V leh o laa B u rt, K lo h aa l Hohun, John Laoy, V a l t a r Clun, Bdward K ynaaten, Joaaph R a ln aa , and V l l l l a n H a r r l a . Tha a o tr a a a a a l a K llllc r a w * a ooapany la o lu d a d H ra. H a r f a r a t Buchaa, Ana and Xabaooa H a r a h a ll, and K ra, H all Owyn. Tha t h a a t r a a uaad by Thonaa K llll c r a w and h la ooapany up to 168? tn d t h a l r r a o p a o tlv a oponlng d a ta # a t tfaaaa t h a a t r a a wara aa follow #i 1. Tha Rad B u ll, Rovanbar 5, 1660. ?. O lb b o n 'a Tannla C o u rt, Vovanbar 8 , 1460, ( a l t o r a f a r r a d to a t Tara S t r a a t T h a a tr a ) . 5. T h a a tra l o y a l , Drury Dana, ( a l t o r a f a r r a d to aa Covant Cardano, B rld«aa S t r a a t f th a K l n f 'a t th a T h a a tr# R oyal| and Drury L ana). 4 . L ln o o ln 'o In n B la ld , Ju n a , 1672, ( K l l l l g r a w 'a ooapany aovad h a ra whan tha T h a a tra Royal b u rra d down. I t waa f o r a a r l y Da v a lia n t'a t h a a t r a b a fo r a ha novad to D oraat O ardana). 5. Saoond Drury Lana, Rovaabar 26, 1674, ( a la o o a l la d th a Saoond T h a a tra R oyal. C h rla to p h a r Wran waa tha a r o h l t a o t ) . In 1677 Thoaaa I l l l l g r a w l o a t o o n tr o l o f h la o o i- pany and ha d la d a faw y a a ra l a t a r . In 1662 d a o ra a a ln g a tta n d a n o a and l n o r a a a l n f f ln a n - o l a l and p a rao n n a l d l f f l o u l t l a a a ad a i t n ao a aa ary f o r th a two o o ap an laa to J o in to ffa th a r. f o r t h l r t a a n y a a ra ona ooapany, th a Utoltad Coapany, aarv ad tha t h a a t r a naada o f London. At th a o p an ln c o f th a Uni tad Conpany B a t t a r t o n waa w ith o u t r i v a l aa an a e t o r . H a rt, H a r r l a , B u rt, and Hohun wara r a t i r a d o r about to r a t l r a fro n tha t h a a t r a . John V a rb ru ffa n and Anna B r a o a g lr d la , n o t p ra v lo u a ly *5 s a n tlo n a d , wara ■•■bar* of th a Uni tad Company. Tha Uni tad Company opanad a t th a aacond Drury Lana t h a a t r a on ■ ovaabar 16, 1662. D oraat Oardan waa uaad f o r o o o a a lo n a l p ro d u c tlo n a o f ao ra a p a o ta e u la r p la y a . On th a d a a th o f Daw anant'a widow, th a t h a a t r a p a ta n t baoaaa tha J o i n t p r o p a r ty o f C harlaa and A la ia n d a r D aaanant. On tha r a t l r a a a n t o f h la b r o t h a r , C harlaa ownad a l l o f th a p a t a n t r l g h t a . In 1690 C h a rlaa aold tha p a ta n t to a la w y a r, C h ria to p h a r Bioh. By 169? Rich had galnad o o a p la ta con- t r o l of th a ooapany. Undar h l a t y r a n n i c a l and panny- p in o h ln g a a n a g a a a n t th a ooapany want f r o a bad to w oraa. F i n a l l y , a group o f a c t o r a , u n d ar th a la a d a r a h l p o f Thoaaa B a t t a r t o n , broka away and London a g a in had two t h a a t r a a . Tha h lu to r y o f a o tln g co a p an ia a f o r tha n a x t f i f - ta a n y aa ra waa a x t r a a a l y d i f f i c u l t to f o llo w . "F roa 1709 onward . . . London w itn a aaa d an a l a o a t y a a r l y r t o r g a n l - 16 a a t l o n of t h a a t r l o a l o o a p a n ia a . . . M oraovar, a c t i n g p a ra o n n a l wara o o n tln u a lly moving fro a ona ooapany to a a o th a r . B a t t a r t o n , a f t a r b re a k in g away f r o a th a U nitad Company, fo ra a d a o o o p aratlw a a a n a g a a a n t w ith c h a rin g a o t o r a . T h la ooapany bagan n o tin g i n th a L in co ln * a Ian F ia ld t h a a t r a whloh had o r i g i n a l l y opanad f o r ^ ^ a a t t L. Avary ( a d . ) , Tha London 8 ta x a . 1660- 1660. F a r t 2. 1700- 1729 (C a rb o n Ja la , f l l l n o l a i B outharn l i l l n o l a T m iv a ra lty F ra a a , I 9 6 0 ), I , l x x x i . *6 f iiT ftitn t'a ooapany in 1661. Tha t h a a t r a waa uaad f o r tan ; a a r a a f t a r whloh tin * B a t t a r t o n and h l a group o f a o to ra ■orad to a naw t h a a t r a , th a Q uaaa'a T h a a tra In th a Haymarfcat. T hla th a a tr a had baan b u i l t a a p a o l a l l y f o r B a t t a r t o n by f llr John Vanbrugh. Tha a o t o r a r a a a l n l n g w ith El oh a t Drury Lana had a g r a a t d a a l o f d i f f i c u l t y o o a p a t- ln g w ith t h a l r r i v a l a a t Linooln*a In n F la ld a and th a ooapany a x p a rlan o ad n u n aroua f i n a n c i a l and p a rao n n a l profe lo n a . U aauooaaaful a t t a n p t o v a ra nada to a l t a r n a t a p la y a and oparaa batw aan tha two houaao. Jtloh f i n a l l y l o a t c o n t r o l of th a t h a a t r a i n 1 7 0 7 . 1 9 I t waa n o t u n t i l th a n an ag an an t t r l u n r l r a t a o o n a la tln g o f C o llay C lb b a r, H obart V llk a , and Thonaa D oggatt waa fornad l a 1710 t h a t a o tln g o o ap an laa wara ag a in r a o r g a a la a d and a a ta b l la h a d on a b u a ln a a a llk a and p r o f a a a lo n a l b a o la . I>.T «l0M .at m C t . r . o t . r l . t l o i o f th« H 1 1 l o . l T t i i t m Tha t h a a t r a a of th a H a a to r a tlo n , alth o u g h th a d l r a e t a n ta o a d a n ta to th a a o d a m t h a a t r a , wara th a d l r a o t daao an d an ta o f th a l a t a S lla a b a th a n t h a a t r a a , in p a r t i c u l a r , th a p r l v a t a t h a a t r a a , and tha Maaqua t h a a t r a a . Many of th a t h a a t r a a uaad a a r l y l a th a H a a to r a tlo n wara b u i l t b a f o r a th a t h a a t r a a o lo a a d l a 1642. Da v a n a n t a a a la ta d I n ig o Jonaa and John Vabb I n th a I 9I b l d . . I , xxvl. 47 p ro d u e tIo n o f aaequee f o r th o t h e a t r e of C harloa I . These form er p ro d u o tio n a undoubtedly g r e a t l y I n flu e n c e d Davenant when he o o n a tru o te d h la s ta g e a t R u tlan d Houee, h l a p r i v a te hone. In h l a p r o je o t he waa a a a la te d by Webb. Davenant*e a ta g e waa a l t u a t e d a t th e end of a narrow ro o a . I t waa a u f f l o l e n t l y la r g e to hold an audlenoe o f 400 p eo p le a lth o u g h about 150 were In a tte n d a n o e a t th e opening o f The f l r a t Dare t o t e r t a l n a e n t . A e u r t a l n of gold and p u rp le o lo th waa p ro b ab ly ueed only to open the 20 p la y and the n u e lo g a l l e r y waa plaoed o v erh ead . tfebb'e d ea lg n a f o r The S lea a o f Rhodee were d le o o v sre d by VI111an 0 . K e ith In 1914. Theae were of o o n e ld e ra b le a id In r e o o n a t r u o tl n g th e R utland Houee t h e a t r e . The p ro ao en lu n opening waa 18 f t . 4 i n . wide and 9 f t . h ig h . The e ta g e had a depth o f 18 f t . A p ro ao en lu n waa b u i l t b u t th e re ?1 waa no f o r e a t a g e . B ealdee R utland Houee the t h e e t r e e ueed f o r produe- tl o n e m e d i a t e l y p re c e d in g th e R e a to r a tlo a and f o r a w h ile a f t e r th e R e a to r e tlo n were a l l b u i l t b e fo re the o lo e ln g o f th e t h e a t r e a In 1442. A ll b u t one o f the * ° L e e lle Hoteon B tane (O an b rld g et Harvard U n iv e r s ity F re e a , 1970J, p. 150. ^ ^ f l l l l a n Grant K e ith , "The Deelgne fo r the F i r s t Movable Boenery In th e ftig lle b Publlo S tag e,* The B u rlin g to n Hagna^ge, KIT (A p ril, 1914), 29-32| l l v (May* **e t h e a t r e s , The Red P u l l , re p re s e n te d the l a t e r E liz a b e th a n tre n d toward e x a l l e r , p r iv a te th e a tr e s * Very l i t t l e l a known about th e p h y sic a l d e t a i l s o f any of th e fo u r t h e a t r e s . The Had B ull was the o ld e s t b u i l t t h e a t r e ueed d u rin g the R e s to r a ti o n . I t had been b u i l t about 1609 and was re n o v a te d and p a r t i a l l y r e b u i l t In 1629. I t was s t i l l s ta n d in g In 1663. So p l o t o r l a l evid en ce f o r t h i s t h e a t r e e x i s t s . I t was, however, a l a r g e , o p e n - a ir p u b lic t h . . t r « . ” W right, 1b h i . H I . t o r i . H U t r l o n l o . (1699) w ro te i "The G lobe. F ortune and B u l l , were l a r g e Houses, 29 and la y p a r t l y open to th e W eather. . . . ” And K lrk aan , In hie Frefaoe to X h i £ 1 1 1 ' or Sport Upon Sport (1672), 20 d e s c r ib e d the playhouse as " . . . a la rg e one. . . ." The C o o k p lt, a o n e tla e s r e f e r r e d to aa The Phoenix, waa o o n v erted f r o a a b u ild in g uaed f o r o o o k flg h ts In 1616 to a r o o fe d , p r i v a t e t h e a t r e . A ln o st no d e t a i l s were a v a i l a b l e oonoernlng I t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . The H i e t o r l s l l n Coapany ^ J a a e a W right, H la to rla H is trio n ic s (Londont 1699)* c ite d In C ibber, o p . o l t . . I . xxlx. 24P ranola K lrkaan, The w its , or S port Upon S p o rt, ed. John Jaaea IIeo n (Ith a o a , new T o n i C ornell U n iv e rsity F re e s, 1932), p. 269. 49 provided a l l tha Inform ation aa to l t a aiaa and aha p a . TROB. Th. » l . c k - f r l . r . . C o c k c l t . and a .l l .k m - T - C o u r t, wara o a l l a d r r l w a t a H o u a a a ,a n d wara wary am all to what wa aaa now. Tha O aokalt waa a ta n d ln g aln o a th a B a a ta u r a tlo n , and h h o la cemaanr Aotad t h a r a f o r aoma t i n t . LOTB. t b a r# aaan t h a t . TIU1. Than you h a re aaan th a o t h a r two, I n a f f a o t f f o r thay wara a l l th r a a B u i l t a l a o a t a x a o t l r a l i k e f o r Form and B lgnaaa. Kara th ay had P i t a f o r th a O antry, and Aotad by C a n d l e - l i g h t . o A rough a a tlm a ta o f l t a a la a waa datarm lnad by oom- p a r la y I t to th a two a l m l l a r t h a a t r a a . B l a c k f r la r a waa b u i l t I n a h a l l 46 f a a t wldu and 60 f a a t lo n g . B a lla b u ry C ourt waa b u i l t on a p lo t o f ground 4? f a a t wlda and 140 f a a t lo n g . Tha Cookplt waa re n o r a te d f o r D a ra n a n t'a a a r l y p ro d u o tlo n a . I t waa probably l a r g e r than h l a t h a a t r a a t B u tlan d Houaa and allow ad h l n to produoa a o ra M a l a b o r a t a p ro d u o tlo n a . B oholara wara n o t in agraam ant aa to l t a a l a a . Hotaon r a f a r r a d to I t aa R. . . a w a ll- o o n a tru e ta d a a p l t h a a t r a o f a r a a p a o ta b la a l a a . . . »* w h ile Buamara r a f a r r a d to I t aa a . • . a am all ro o fa d t h a a t r a . . . In any aw ant, I t waa am a llo r th a n l a t a r **W right, a n . a l t . . I , t i r l l l - x x l i . Buamara, g g . a l t . . p. 29* ^ I f o t e o a , £ | . a l t . . p. 197. ^ I b l d . . p. 6 9 . 2 9 0uam era, o>. a l t . * p. 69. so Restoration theatres. S a lis b u ry C ourt waa b u i l t in 16?9. I t was s p r i v a te t h e a t r e , ro o fe d and b u i l t of b r ic k on a p l o t of land 40 f e e t wide and 140 f e e t lo n g . Tha i n t e r i o r waa d e s tro y e d by s o l d l a r a In Karoh of 1649. E arly in 1660 W l llla a b e e sto n had i t r e f i t t e d f o r f u t u r e p ro d u o tlo n a . I t burned to the cround in th e G reat F ir e of London in 1666. Ro f u r t h e r d e t a i l s about I t s c o n s t r u c t i o n were known. G ibbon's T annls C o u rt, s o a e tin e s r e f e r r e d to aa th e Vara S t r e e t T h e a tre , waa b u i l t i n 1634 and was ". . . th a l a s t o f tha K lls a b e th a n k in d . . . . Recon s t r u c t i o n of th in t h e a t r e wno a l n o s t a l l o o n j e o t u r a l . AooordlnR to S u a a e rs i t " . . . was a p l a t f o m s t a g e , hung w ith t a p e s t r i e s , and no t s o t w ith so e n e ry . An oblong to ro o fe d t h e a t r e . . . ." K llll g r e w u n d o u b te d ly re n o v a te d the t h e a t r e beoause i t se rv e d f o r t h r e e y e a rs as the p leo e f o r th e p ro d u o tlo n a of the K in g 's Ken. These fo u r p la y h o u s e s , th e n , mark th e t r a n s i t i o n f r o a th e X lls a b e th a n to the R e s to r a ti o n t h e a t r e . L in o o ln 'a Inn F ie ld s was th e f i r s t t h e a t r e b u i l t 50Adaas, £ £ . o±±.t pp. 368 Xi* ^ H o ts o n , £ £ . c l t . . p. 119* S u a a e rs , o p . o l t . . p. 83. 51 d u rin g th e R e s t o r a t i o n . I t was opened on June 2 8 , 1661. H i s t o r i c a l l y t h i s was an Im p o rtan t d a t a . I t waa and a ■ 34 th a f i r s t E n g lish p l o t u r a - e l a g e . . . 11,33 and marks " . . . th a b eg in n in g o f tha p i c t u r a - a t o g a a r a . . . .* I t was a ls o *. . . tha f i r s t r e g u la r t h a a t r a to u se nov- a b le e o e n a r j . " Tha t h a a t r a was b u i l t f o r D avanant'e company and ha follow ad tha French f a s h io n of c o n v e rtin g te n n is c o u r ts In to t h e a t r e s . Tha t h a a t r a was a p p ro x l- n a t s l y 70 f a a t wide and 75 f a a t i n l e n g t h . 3^ S h o rtly a f t e r opening Davenant c lo sed th a t h a a t r a to allo w f o r a l t e r a t i o n s * th a s ta g e a p p a re n tly b ein g to o orampad f o r h la a o a n ary . Vary few s p a e l f l o d e t a i l s wara known about tha t h e a t r e * s o o n s tr u o tlo n . Tha s ta g e probably p r o ja o te d In th a form of an apron beyond th a p ro ao en lu n I n to th a a u d ito riu m . Tha music room In tha t h a a t r a was o v er tha proaoanlun* L in o o ln ’ s Inn F ie ld s waa uaad as a t h a a t r a th ro u g h o u t th e R e s to r a ti o n and I n to tha e i g h te e n th - c e n tu r y . The f i r s t T h a a tra R oyal, Drury Lana* was opened on 3 3I b l d . . p. 4 . 34 A rth u r Colby 8 p rag u a, aftd f l t t g h U Sfl th e R e s to r a ti o n S tan s ( Cambridgei H arvard U n iv e r s it y m s i , l W J , p . 197 as " H o x s o n , o p . o l t . . p. 120. 36Summers, op. o l t . . p. 103* b2 Hay 7, 166?. I t w r»a tha f i r s t Haatoratlon thaatra b u ilt for Kllllcraw and tha King's Han. Sanual Fapya attandad tha thaatra tha sroond day a fta r I t opanad. Ha wrota In hla diary on Kay B, 166?i . . . to tha T h a a tra R oyal1, b a ln g th a aaoond day o f I t b aln g opanad. Tha houas l a a ad a %rlth a x t r a - o rd tn a ry good o o n trlw a n o s s , and y a t h a th sons f a u l t s , aa th a narrow nsaa of tha paaaagaa In and ou t o f th a p l t t , and th a d l s t a n o s f r o a th a a ta g a to th a b o x as, which I aa o o n f ld a n t can n o t h s a r i b u t f o r a l l o t h s r th in g s I t l a w a l l , o n ly , abovs a l l , th a n u slq u a balng balow, and a o a t o f I t sounding undar tha wary a ta g a , th a r a l a no h a a rln g tha baaaa a t a l l , n o r vary w a ll of tha t r a b l a a , which aura must ba aandad.37 Tha thaatra waa b u ilt on a plot of land 112 fa st long by 50 or 59 faat wlds. I t had tha following charao- ta rla tlc a i . . . I t waa dlw ldsd i n t o Boxaa . . . K lddla O a lla r y . . . and Uppar G a lla ry . . . Tha p i t banohaa wara oovarsd w ith g raan o lo th and tha f l o o r waa a ta a p l y ra k a d , so t h a t paopla a t tha baek of th a P i t could oonvarsa w ith tha oooupanta o f th a boxaa banlnd. Thara wara s ix p ro ao an lu a doora and an apron a ta g a . Tha l i g h t was by o h a n d s lla r a . Thara was a g la a a d e u p o la o v ar th a p i t , and wlndowa. . . . Vhan tha t h a a t r a waa e lo aa d baoauaa of th a plagua In 1665, I t u ad srw an t r a p a i r a and a l t a r a t i o n a . Papya nada th a fo llo w in g s n t r y l a h l a d ia r y on Naroh 19, 16M . . . . to th a K in g 's p ln y -h o u sa , a l l In d i r t , thay b a ln g a l t a r i n g o f th a a ta g a to naks I t w ld s r. But God 57Papya, o l t . , I I I , 1 15. *® Fhyllla H a rta o ll (ad.), Tha Oxford Cow a m i on tQ tha T h aatra (saoond a d ltlo n i London* Oxford Uhl v a r s ity P ro as, 1957), p. 2 0 1 . 5 3 knowa whan thay w i l l begin to a c t a g a in i h u t ay b u a l- neea h a ra waa to aaa tha ln a l d e o f th a a ta g a and a l l th a t l r l n g - r o o n a and a a e h ln a a i and In d eed , i t waa a e ig h t worthy a t i l n i . But to aaa t h a i r o lo th e a , and th a v a rlo u e a o r t a , and what a m ix tu re o f th ln g a th a r a waai h a ra a woodan*lag, th a r a a r u f f , h a ra a hobby- h o ra a , th a r a a orown, would Bake a nan a p l l t h l n a a l f to aaa w ith lau g h in g ! and p a r t i c u l a r l y U e y ' a w ard- ro b a , and S h o t r e l l * a . But th a n a g a in , to th in k how f l n a th ay ahow on th a atag a by o a n d l a - l l g h t , and how poor th ln g a thay a r a to look now too n a a r hand, l a n o t wary p la a a a n t a t a l l . Tha aa o h ln a a a ra f l n a and th a p a ln tln g a v ary p r e t t y . 39 A p p aran tly tha a ta g a waa w ldanadi "In o rd a r to g lv a rooai f o r a n p l t r ao a n ary , a l a r g a r nunfcar o f a o t o r a , 40 and a g ra n d a r a p a o t a o l a ." Tha f l r a t T h aa tra Royal waa d a a tro y a d by f l r a on Ja n u ary 25, 1672* D oraat Sardana waa opanad on Bovanber 9, 1671. I t waa . . th a n o at a a g n i f l o a n t p u b llo t h a a t r a av ar 41 o o n a tru o ta d In ttigland b a fo ra 1671." I t waa l a r g a r than a l t h a r th a L in e o ln 'a Inn P la ld a T h a a tra o r th a f l r a t T h a a tra Royal In Drury Lana. D oraat Oardana waa daalgnad by C h rla to p h a r Vran w ith d a o o ra tlo n a by O r l n lln g Olbbona* D a f l n l t a knowledge about th a t h a a t r a waa a v a i l a b l e f r o a th a a o u lp tu ra a whloh adorned th a f l r a t e d i t i o n o f B a t t l a 'a Tha i t Woroooo (1673), " . . . fo u r o f whlah ahow th a g r e a t oarved proaoenlun a ro h , w h ile a n o th e r p io tu r e l a ^ 9?ep y a, ££. o l t . . T, 251. 40 S u a a a re , o l t . . p. 8 9 . 41 Hotaon, ££. o l t . . p. 235. 54 the e x t e r i o r o f th e t h e a t r e . " * ^ The t h e a t r e « t i 57 f e e t wide and 140 f e e t lo n g .4 ^ "There were seven boxes, h o ld in g tw e n tj p e rso n s eacht above th e n *.he m iddle g a l l e r y , o r ' p a r a d l s , ' h i g h e r s t i l l . " * * The t e w e n of Horocoo s c u lp tu r e e ln d le a t e d t h a t th e a u s lo room wae o v er the s t a g e . W right reoorded t h a t th e t h e a t r e wae . . v ery auoh im proved, w ith th e A d d itio n of c u r io u s M aohlnee, by Hr. B e t t e r t o n . . . to th e g r e a t Kxpenee and o o n tln u a l Charge o f th e P la y e r e ." * ^ A f t e r 168? when th e two companies u n i t e d , D o rset G ardens wae ueed p r im a r ily f o r o p e r a t ic p ro d u o tlo n a and g e n e r a lly began to f a l l i n t o d le u e e . The eeoond T h e a tre Royal opened on Haroh 26, 1674. I t a p p a re n tly was n o t ae e l a b o r a t e as the D o rse t Gardena t h e a t r e . Dryden oompared the two in h la p ro lo g u e to th e o p en in g n ig h t p ro d u o tlo m A P l a i n - B u i l t h o u ee, a f t e r eo long a s t a y . W ill send you h a l f - u n s a t i s f i e d awayi When, f a l l ' n f r o a your ex p ected pomp, you fin d A h a r e oonvenlenoe on ly l e d e s i g n 'd . You, who eaoh day oan t h e a t e r s h e b o id . L ike Vero*e p a l a c e , s h in in g a l l w ith g o ld , Our mean u n g lld e d s ta g e w i l l e o o rn , we f e a r . And, f o r th e homely room d is d a in th e o h e e r. •T were f o l l y now a e t a t e l y p i l e to r a l a e . a? C am pbell, ££• o l t . . p. 241. * 5H otson, lo o , o l t . ** I b l d . , p. 255. **W rlght, o i l . • X* m i l . 55 To build u playhouse w hile you throw down pltjra, W hilst i o i m i , M O hlnai, and n p t y o p a n i r t lf n . . . . The th a itr a was ths sans s i i s as ths f i r s t Thsatrs Hoyal--112 f a s t by 50 or 59 f e e t — ajteept that tha addition of a aosna roo* at tha raar lnoraasad tha length fro* 112 faat to 140 fa a t. In ad dition tha aoana roo* was provided 47 with a o a lla r probably usad for tha sto rin g o f *aohlnee. Tha fr o n tlsp la ca o f Arlana. an opara by Pierre Pevln parfor*ad In 1674, daplotad tha Thaatra Royal ataga although tha daslgn was only suggastlva and of l l t t l s value for tha aetual raoonatruotlon of tha thaatra* Additional evldenae conoarnlng tha thaatra was found in Wran's daslgns for tha thaatra whioh hara basn preserved. Thay wara raprlntad In tha A rohltaotural Raoord for 1915 with an a r tlo la by Hamilton B a ll.* * • • . Hr* B all has in th is a r tlo la suooaadad in a sta b llsh ln g at la a s t tha p rob ab ility I f not tha o srta ln ty that ona o f tha drawings which hs has dssoribad Is that o f ths 1674 thaatra in Drury Lana. Ths saotlon which i s raproduoad shows a sta g s divided Into two p a rts, tha whole sta g s balng b u ilt with an ln o lin a fro* front to baok. Ths front part o f ths sta g s Is flanked by two prososnlun doors) ths baok part Is arranged fo r f l a t so sn ss or sh u ttars In ths i t John Drydsn, "P rologue on opening n i t s of Saoond T h s a tr s R o y a l, ■ Ths P o l l t l o a l Works of John Pnrden. ad. George R. Royea (B ostoni Houghton H l r r l i n Coapany, 1909)• pp. 75 -7 4 . 47 ' H o t s o n , o p . o l t * . p . 2 5 6 . * * B a * llto n B a ll, " C o n tr ib u tio n s to th s B b g lleh P la y h o u s e ," A r o h l t s o t u r a l l a o o r d . XXXXXX (1 9 1 5 ), 559*60. 56 u s u a l fashion* Ths baok s h u t t a r s , I t would s#sa» oould bs opsnsd up to r s v s a l th s f u r t h s r r c c s s s s s o f th s s t a g s whsn I t waa d s s l r s d to do s o . *9 In 1695 th s s t a g s was r s a o d s l s d . C o lisp C lbbsr rso o rd s d sons of t h s eh a ag ss. I t n u st bs o b a s rv 'd . * . t h a t th s Araa o r P la tfo rm of th s old S ta g s p r o js c t s d about f o u r f o o t fo rw a rd a r. In a 5 s a l - o r a l P l g u r s , p a r a l l s l to th s Bsnohsa o f th s P i t t and t h a t t h s f o r a s r low sr I>oors o f B ntranos f o r th s A otora w ars b rought down b stw ssn th s two f o r s a o s t (and th an o n ly ) P I l a s t a r s i in t h s p la o s o f whleh Doors now th s two S tags-B oxas a r s f l a t . That w hsrs th s Doors of th s K n tran o s now a r s , th a r a f o r a s r l y sto o d two a d d i t i o n a l Blds-W lngs, I n t h s f r o n t to a f u l l S at of S o s a s s , whloh bad than a l a o s t a d o u b ls I f f s o t In t h s l r L o f tln s s a and K a g n lflo a n o a .5 0 Ths T h s a trs Royal was n o t a x t a n s l v s l y r s a o d s ls d ag ain u n t i l th s l a t t s r p a r t of th s s lg h t s s n t h - o a n t u r y • Ths p r s s s n t T h s a trs Royal I s lo o a ts d on th s sa a s s i t s as th s T h s a tr s Royal b u i l t in 1676. Ths Quaans T h s a tr s In t h s H ay a a rk st was th s f i r s t t h s a t r s to bs b u i l t In th s a l g h t s a n t h - o s n t u r y . " In I t s s a p h a s la upon s l s s and s l a b o r a t s d s s l g n . I t s a t a p a t t s r n to bs fo llo w sd . . . ” f o r th s r s s t o f th s o a n t u r y . * 1 Ths lam snsa s l s s of t h s t h s a t r s soon provsd I t s l a p r a o t l o a l - l t y . C o lls y C lb b ar, a t t h a t t i n s an a o t o r w ith Rioh*a ooapany, e l s a r l y r s a l l s s d th s t h s a t r s ' s l i m i t a t i o n s . 4 ^ C a a p b sll, o p . o l t . . pp. 265-64. 5 0 C lb b ar, s | . o l t . . I I , 6 6 -6 5 . **A¥sry, o l t . . I , t x r l . 57 • . • tb « 7 b«4 n o t y a t d l a c o r s r 'd t h a t t l a o a t i r t r ; p ro p a r Q u a lity and Convsnlsnoa o f a good T h a a tra had boon a a o r l f l o a d o r n a g ls o ta d to ahaw th a S p s o ta to r a v a s t t r l u a p h a l F lso a o f A r o h ita o tu r a t • . * For what oould t h a l r v a s t Coluaaa* t h a l r g l l d s d C o r a lo s s , t h a l r 1 a a o d a r a ta High lo o f a a v a il* whan a o a re a ona Word In ta n oould bn d i s t i n c t l y hnard i n i t ? . . . At th a f l r a t o p a a ln i I t* th a f l a t C a llin g t h a t l a now ovar th a O ro h a a trs waa th a n a S a n l-o v a l Aroh t h a t sprung f l f t a a n F a a t h lg h a r f r o a abovs th a C o ralo n i th a C a lli n g o v ar th a F i t , too* waa a t l l l a o r a r a l a a d , b a ln g ona l a v a l Lina f r o a th a h lg h s a t baok p a r t o f th a up p ar O a lla ry to th a F ro n t o f th a S tag a i Tha F ro n t- boxaa wara a oontlnuod S a a l o i r o l a to th a b ara V a lla o f th a Houss on aaoh Bldni T hla a x t r a o r d ln a r y and s u p s r - flu o u a Spaoa o o o a s lo n 'd auoh an U n d u la tio n f r o a th a Volos o f a v s ry A o to r, t h a t g s n s r a l l y what th a y aaid aoundad I l k a th a O abbllng o f no aany F aopla l a th a l o f t y Xalaa I n a o a t h a d r a l . . . th a a r t l o u l a t a Sounda o f a ap aaklng Voloa wara drow n'd by th a hollow R sv sr- b a r a t l o a a o f ona Word upon a n o th a r.5 2 Tha Quanna T h a a tra waa l a t a r a l t s r o d I n o r d a r to e o r r a o t aoaa o f th a a a d a f l o l a n o l a a . Howavsr, I t waa a t l l l la r g a and a v a n tu a lly was uaad only f o r o p a r a t l o produo* t l o n a . Tha S a a t o r a t l o n p h y a lo a l t h a a t r a r a p ra a a n ta d tha h a lf-w a y p o in t batwaan th a I l l s a b s t h a n p l a t f o r a s ta g s and th a a o d a rn p l e t u r s - f r a n a s t a g s . Tha fo llo w in g l a a aua- a a r y o f th a g a n a r a l f s a t u r a a o f th a R s a to r a tl o n th a a tra a * Tha l a a t o r a t l o n t h a a t r a a wara n o t la r g a th a a tra a * In th a a w o lu tlo n o f th a p h y a lo a l t h a a t r a th a y atan d batwaan th a a a a l l p r l v a t a t h a a t r a a o f tha l a t a K llaab n th a n p s rlo d and th a l a r g a t h a a t r a a o f th a a lg h ts a n th - o s n tu ry * **Olbbar, o p . o l t *. I* 521-22* 58 Thay had two a ta g a a , on* In f r o n t o f tha p ro aca n lu a and ona bahlnd I t . Tha apron a ta g a , which In th a f o ra o f an l n v a r ta d oonvax advanoad w all I n to th a a u d la n c a , waa ona o f th a d la tln g u la h ln g o b a r a o t a r l a t l c a of th a t h a a t r a of t h l a t l a a . I t waa what ra a a ln a d o f th a B llia b a th a n p l a t - f o r a a ta g a . Boat of th a a o tln g took p la o a on tha apron a ta g a , ao th a a o to ra o ontlnuad to M a in tain a o a r t a l n aao u n t of l n t l a a o j w ith tha au d lan o a. Tha atag a waa •rak ad * o r b u i l t on a alopa f r o a tha p i t to th a r a a r of th a a ta g a . A otora and a o tra a a a a a n ta ra d through ona of f o u r p ro a e a n lu a d o o ra , a n o th a r d l a t l n g u l a h l n g e h a r a o t a r - l a t l o o f th a H a a to ra tlo n t h a a t r a . Thaaa wara lo o a ta d on a l t h a r a ld a o f tha apron In f r o n t o f th a pro ao o n lu a and owar aaoh door waa a baloony. An a l a b o r a t a ayatan o f t r a p d o o ra , fo llo w in g th a 1 1 1 aa b ath an t r a d i t i o n , waa ln o o r p o ra ta d I n to th a a ta g a f l o o r . A lthough a o u r t a i n waa u aad, I t waa g a n a r a l l j r a la a d a t tha b a g ln n ln g of th a play b a f o r a th a prologu* and lowarad a t th a e lo a a b a f o r a th a a p llo g u a , b u t n o t batwaan aoanaa and aota* Tha a u a lo ro o a In atm# t h a a t r a a waa lo o a ta d o aa rh a a d , abova th a pro- a o a n lu a , and In o th a r o aaaa, u n d a rn a a th th a a ta g a . Tha a u i l t o r l u a o o n a la ta d o f th a p i t and th r a a t i a r a o f g a l - la r& a a. Tha p i t waa alopad toward th a r a a r and o o n ta ln a d b ao k laaa banohaa oowarad w ith g ra a n c l o t h arran g ad I n a a a a l o l r o l a o o rra ap o n d ln g to th a o r a l ahapa o f th a ap ro n . 59 Tha f l r a t row of t i a r a waa d lv ld a d i n t o boxaa and oon- ta ln a d th a l o y a l Box. Abova th l o t l a r waa th a n ld d la g a l l a r y , and abowa th a n ld d la g a l l a 1 7 , tha u p p ar g a l l a r y . . n t m C b i r . o t . r l . t l o . o f h m n « < L l . h t m I t waa d u rin g th a l a a t o r a t i o n t h a t n o v ab la aoanary waa p a r f a o ta d In te g l a n d . Tha I n g l l a h p ao p la davalopad a t a a t a f o r a l n h o r a ta and a p a o ta o u la r a f f a o t a . A lthough th a I l l a a b a t h a n p u b llo t h a a t r a a aada a l n l a a l uaa o f aoanlo a l a n a n t a , ao an a 1*7 waa uaad In th a p r l v a t a t h a a t r a a and th a aoanary I n th a C ourt H aaquta, b a fo ra tha o lo a ln g o f tha t h a a t r a a , waa aunptuoua and a l a b o r a t a . K llll g r a w and B aaanaat w ara both a e q u a ln ta d w ith t h l a uaa o f aoanary and o a r r l a d th a l a t a r t r a d i t i o n o v ar I n to tha h a a t o r a t l o n t h a a t r a . D a m a n t , In p a r t i o u l a r , waa a o q u a ln ta d w ith th a u aa o f ao an ary In th a Kaaquaa whan ha ra p la e a d Ban Jonaon aa eo-w orkar w ith In ig o Jonaa In th a d aalg n and p ro d u o tlo n o f Haaquaa. D aaanant uaad a o a n a r j In h la p ro d u o tlo n a j u a t p r i o r to th a H a a to r a tlo n and alth o u g h I t waa o f a oruda and a l a a a n t a r y o h a r a o t a r *. . . I t fo m a d n a v a r t h a la a a th a o r i g i n o f n o d arn a ta g a d a e o ra tlo n In fengland.**^ Tha g a n a ra l o h a r a o t a r l a t l e a o f th a aoanary uaad I n ^ A l l a r d y o a V l o o l l , B a a to r a tlo n f i r m . ld tO - lTOQ (T o l. X o f 4 l l a t o n r o f f c n l l a h PranaT l b f O - 19PQ. f t i r t a d l t l o n . 4 T o l a .t C a a b rld g a, l* v g .7 7 Tha U n lr a r a l ty Praaa, 1 9 5 9 ) , p. 29. 60 tha R a a to r a tlo n in o lu d a d th* uaa of th* w in g -a n d - a h u tta r a a ta w ith b o rd a ra ov arh aad . Tha a h u t t a r a wara lo o a ta d toward tha baok of th a a ta g a and could ba opanad to r a v a a l f u r t h a r ra o a a a a a of th a a t M i I f d a a l r a d . Thay wara a la o uaad f o r "dlaoow ary" aoanaa* Tha aoanary waa changad l r f u l l Tlaw o f th a a u d la n e a . A c u r t a i n waa uaad only a f t a r th a prologua and b a fo ra tha a p llo g u a o f th a p la y a . I l a b - o r a t a uaa waa aada o f p a ra p a c tlw a and p a ln ta d aoanary whloh had a d a o o ra tl* * r a t h a r th a n an v lro n m an tal f u n c tio n . Kaohlnaa o f a l l ty p aa wara uaad to ln o r a a a a th a a p a o ta o la . Vhat tha H a a to r a tlo n audlanoa n la a a d In th a q u a l i t y o f tha p la y a waa a a d a up f o r In th a a l a b o r a ta n a a a o f tha aoanaa and n a o h ln a a . Tha nathoda o f l i g h t i n g In th a R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a wara oruda and ln a d a q u a ta . L ig h t aaa* p r im a r ily f r o a two ao u ro aa. S lnoa th a p la y a a t a r t a d In th a a f ta rn o o n th a a u d l t o r l u a waa l l g h t a d by n a t u r a l l i g h t , 1 . a . , wlndowa on th a a id a a and aoaa a o r t o f g la a a d o u p o la ov arh aad . tn a d d i t i o n , t h a r a may ha*a baan a typa o f a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t on th a a ld a a of tha a u d l t o r l u a i n tha form o f o an d laa plao ad In aoonoaa. Tha apron o f th a a ta g a waa l l g h t a d by o an d laa a rra n g a d In o h a a d a lla ra * Thaaa wara plaoad In f r o n t o f th a p ro ao a n lu a and d lr a o ^ ly abova th a a o to r a p a r f o r n ln g on th a a p ro n . Tha Woroooo an g rav - ln g a o f th a D oraat Oardan t h a a t r a ahow p o a l tlo n a f o r a l l 61 c h a n d e li e r s . Sose s o r t of f o o t l i g h t s wara uaad In th a R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a , alth o u g h t h a r a was no ex a o t knowladgs aa to whan t h a / wara ln tro d u o a d . Tha f l r a t f o o t l l g h t a wara probably I n th a form of a faw s e p a r a te o i l " f l o a t ” la n p a . In sona t h a a t r s a tha in d iv i d u a l la n p s wara ra p la o a d by a f l o a t however. Q uasars d a a o rlb a d ona aa fo llo w si . . . a nunbar o f o o tto n wloka ru n n in g through la rg a round p la o s a o f oork and f l o a t i n g on a q u a n t i t y of o i l o o n ta ln a d In a lo n g , narrow t i n box whloh f l t t a d o v e r a tr a p in f r o n t o f tha ataga* A t i n r a f l a o t o r aoraanad tha nakad l i g h t f r o a th a epao- t a t o r s . Thaaa f l o a t s did n o t axtand th a whola le n g th o f tha f r o n t of tha s t a g s , b u t only ocouplad a H a l tad spaoa, o a n t r a . . . S u aasrs f u r t h s r conoludad t h a t th a sa f l o a t s oould ba lowarad to i n d l o a t s d a rk n e s s . However, N lo o ll d i s agreed and oould fin d no evidence to su p p o rt t h i s th e o ry . Ha b e lie v e d t h a t d a rk n e ss was in d ic a t e d on tha s ta g e by tha a o to rs u s in g o a n d la a , e i t h e r c a r r i e d on and o f f th a a ta g a o r e x tln g u le h e d on tha s t a g e . In any e v e n t, th a a o to r was n o t w a ll lll u n ln a t e d * R ichard Fleoknoe ooaparad th a Prenoh and I t a l i a n aeana d e s ig n e r s to th a E n g lish In 1664 and noted t h a t th a l a t t e r w ara I n f e r i o r " . . . e s p e c i a l l y n o t knowing y e t how to p la o a our L lg h ta , fo r M o n t a g u e S u a s a rs , X&£ R e s to r a ti o n U llSA li* p. 273. 55ilO O ll, QP. O l t . , p. 62. 62 56 f o r th* aor* advantage and I l l u m i n a t i n g o f th* 3c*n*a." Tht Audience Flay* were w r i t t e n f o r a M a i l , e x o lu a lv * group o o n e le tln g o f a e a b e re o f th e o o u rt and th e fa e h lo n a b l* p eo p le o f London. I t wae a v a s t l y d i f f e r e n t audleno* f r o a t h a t which a tte n d e d th e t h e a t r e in th* day* o f K lla a b e th . W rig h t, In h ie H l e t o r l a H l e t r l o n l c a . made a oo*pari eon between th e two a u d le n o e e . He w rote t h a t b e fo r e th e oloe* o f th e th e a tr e * th e r e were f i v e p la y h o u se * , w hile p r e s e n t l y two oould b a r e ly be supported* Do n o t wonder, b u t o o n e ld e r , t h a t tho* th* Town was th e n , p e rh a p s , n o t auoh nor* th a n h a l f eo populous aa now, y e t th e n th s P rlo e s were sm a ll ( t h e r e b sln g no S c e n e s) and b e t t e r o r d e r k e p t among th e Ooapany t h a t o aa ai whloh made very good p eo p le th in k a Flay an ln n o o e n t D iv e rs io n f o r aa I d l e Hour o r two, th e p la y s th e m selv es b e in g th e n , f o r t h s moat p a r t , mors I n e t r u o t l v * and Moral* Wbersaa o f l a t o , th* P la y h o u se s a r e so ex tream ly p e a ts ro d w ith T laard -m ask s and t h o l r T ra d e , (o o o a slo n ln g o o a t l a u a l Q u a r re ls and Abuses) t h a t many o f th e nor* O lv lll a e d F a r t of th s Town a re uneasy i n th s Company, and shun th e T h e a te r a s they would a House o f S can d al* 57 The t h e a t r e waa a a e e tln g -h o u a e f o r th * c o u r t i e r s , who follow ed th e le a d of t h e i r k in g , C h a rle s IX* C h a rle s f r e q u e n t l y a tte n d e d th e th e a tre * ^ ^ 1 1 chard F leoknoe, a sbui utmciL , cited In Critical B a a a v a of the Seventeenth i. B . S plngarn (O x fo rd i T h e C laren d o n Freaa, 5^Wrlght, o l t . . I, m i l . 6? Th# London t h a a t r a audlanoa waa a v a i l . Th* f a o t t h a t I t waa oapabl* o f a u p p o r tln f only two t h a a t r a a , and f r o a 1662-1699 only on*, van s u f f l e l a n t p ro o f o f th la f a o t .* * Papya, who o f ta n fr* q u * n t* d th a t h a a t r a , aada ■any a n t r l a a In h la d ia r y on tha a ls o o f th* au d lan o a. On J u ly 4 , 1661, ha w ro ta t h a t I t waa ”. . . a tra n p * to aa* t h l a houaa, t h a t uaad to b* ao th ro n c a d , now aq a a p ty . . . . Throa y a a ra l a t a r ha w ro ta t h a t th a • houaa waa v a ry a a p ty . » • #«60 A fta r a n o th a r th ra * y a a ra ha aad a th * aaaa r a n a r t . 6 1 In th * aaaa y a a r ha n o ta d t h a t I t waa a a p t l a r ”. . . th an a r a r I aaw I t . • . Alao ha w rota l a 1667 t h a t th a r a ”. . . waa v a ry l l t t l a ooapany In th* houaa. . . ."** On a n o th a r oooaalon ha found th a p i t a a p t y . T w o y a a ra l a t a r th* houaa waa a t l l l a a p ty .* * I t waa n o t u n t i l I t haoaao a c a ln **■1 0 0 1 1 , og. o l t . . p. 6 . In h i* d l a a a r t a t l o n on th * R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a a u d la n o a , C a rl A. Thoaaa ada- q u a ta ly doouaaatad h l a h y p o th a a la t h a t th a r a waa a tan d - anoy to u n d a r a a t l n a t a th* a la o o f th* a u d la n o a . lo w o rar, th a f a o t a t l l l ra a a In a d t h a t th* o r o r a l 1 aadloneo waa a x t r a a a l y a a a l l . "A C r l t l o a l B l a t o r l o a l Study o f tha 81a a , O o a p a a ltlo a , and S a h a rlo u r o f th a R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a A udlanoa, 1660-1700" (u a p a b lla h a d L o o to ra l d l a a a r t a t l o n , Tha O a l r a r a l t y o f Sou t h a n C a l i f o r n i a , Loa A ncalaa, 1992). 545 pp. **Papya, £ £ . o l t . . I I , 69. *° I b l d . . IT , 67. *XI b l d . . IT , 279. **I b l d . . T I I , 94. **I h l d . . T I I , 62* ** I b l d . . T I I , 115. <5I b l d . . T U I , 256. fa a h lo n a b la f o r tha n ld d la c la a a to a tta n d tha t h a a t r a 1b th a a l g h ta a n th - o a n tu r y t h a t an au dlanoa of c o n a ld a ra b la a l i a waa t | a l n i n a tta n d a a c a a t th a t h a a t r a . Tha t h a a t r a audlanoa waa oonpoaad a l n o a t a n t i r a l y o f tha o o u r t and thoaa a tta o h a d to th a o o u rt I n c lu d in g fo p a , baaux, w l t a , and o o u rta a a n a . "Of d l r a o t r a fa ra n o a to tha n l d d l a o la a a a a In th a t h a a t r a wa haaa p r a o t l o a l l y no ra o o rd .* * * Ton Brown, In h la d a a o r l p t l o n o f tha p la y - houaa, w ro ta i "Man o f f l g u r a and o o n a ld a r a tlo n a r a known by aa ld o u b a ln g t h a r a , and nan o f wladon and b u aln aaa by b a ln g a 1waya a b a a n t . " ^ With th a oonlng of th a a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y , and w ith th a a a ra ra n o a o f th a o lo a a o o n n ao tlo n o f tha o o u rt and tha p la y h o u aa, th a n ld d la - o la a a au d lan o a bagan to r a t u m to tha t h a a t r a . During t h l a t l n a i Tha t h a a t r a waa nldway batwaan two a x t r a n a a . I t waa n o t u n lv a r a a l aa I n B h a k aap aara'a t l n a , and i t waa n o t a r l a t o o r a t l o aa I n th a t l n a o f th a B a a to r a tlo n t I t waa n a r a l y f a a h l o n a b la . * 6 Tha B a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a audlanoa waa an a o t l r a ona. * S rie o ll, o l t . , p. 7. ***f©n Brown Brown, Anuaananta B arloua and Q onloal and (T o l. IX o f A B l a t o r r o f a d i t I o n . 4 a o l a . i Canarl P ra a a , 1 9 5 2 ), p. 1 1 . 65 The fops and c r i t i c s crowded th a p i t and "fopa c o r n e r ." Tha a o r a r e s p e c t a b l e paopla a a t in tha b o ie e . Anong th a a a l l eovad tha orange wanohas and ln d la a of q u e s tio n a b le ▼ lrtua in t h a l r v i s a r d B asks. A lthough t e a p o r a r l l y renewed f r o a t h a l r p la o a on th a s t a g e , th a g a l l a n t s had a a a / aooaaa to th a t i r i n g rooaa and wara c o n s ta n t f r a - q u s n te r s o f a o tr a a a a a bahlnd th a ao an aa. On Pebruary 18, 1667* P e p /s found th a t a l k i n g o f S i r C h a rla a S a d ia / and two l a d l a s both I n t e r e s t i n g and d i s c o n c e r t i n g f o r ha . l o s t tha p le a s u r e of th a play w h o l l y . T h a t a l k in g In th a p i t o f te n i n t e r r u p t e d i n t o b raw ls and o c c a s io n a l l y aoneona was k i l l e d In th a t h a a t r a . Ths audlanoa ■owed f r o a ona playhouse to a n o th e r w ith l i t t l e l n t a r a a t In tha a e r l t s of th a p la y . K th ereg e, In h l a play She Would I f She Could (1 6 6 8 ), ooaaantad on t h i s c u s to a i Froa ona P la y -h o u s e , to th a o th e r P la y -h o u s e , and I f th e y I lk a n e i t h e r tha P lay n o r th a Woaen, thay a e l - doa s ta y any lo n g e r than th a ooablng o f t h a l r P e riw ig s , or a w h isp er o r two w ith a P rle n d i and than thay oook t h a l r c a p s , and o u t thay s t r u t a g a in .70 They did n o t always w h isp e r aa K therege l n d l o s t e d . Shadwall In Act I o f Tha V irtu o s o (1676) spoke o f those who **Pepye, o l t . . IV, 166. *^81 r George Ktherege, She Wgttll I f She Could. (1660], The Draaatlo Works of a ir Ceoraa i th srsas. ad. H. P. B. B r a t t - B a l t h (O xford? B a s il ftlao k w a ll, 1V?7), XI, 103. 66 • * . oons Drunk and S o rsa n ln * I n t o a f la y - h o u s a , and s ta n d upon tb s B anohss, and to a a t h a l r f u l l f s r l v i f s and s n p t j H sada, and v l t h t h a l r s h r i l l uabroksn f l o s s , o ry , D a n -a s. t h i s I s § f i m l l Z l l Z 1 f r i t h s a l o v o to i Whoro. J a o k . ' * With a t h a a t r a au dlanoa auoh aa t h l a p la y w r ltl a g waa nora o f a hobby than a a s r lo u a p r o f s s a l o n . XT. 8TOKAXT AM D C0VCLO8X0I8 Bona t s n t a t l a a o o n o lu a lo n s ab o u t h a a t o r a t l o n a c tin g oan bs fo rn s d on th a b a a la o f tha fo re g o in g d la o u a a lo n o f h a a t o r a t l o n d r a n a t l o l l t a r a t u r a and th a h a a t o r a t l o n p h y a lo a l t h a a t r a . Tha d r a a a would a p p s a r to land l t s a i f to two o ty ls a o f a o tln g — a n o ra n a t u r a l a t y l a f o r oonsdy and a H is to r i c a l , form al o t y l s f o r tr a g a d y . I t should bs re a a n b e re d , however* t h a t th s oonady o f n an n aro d a p lo ta d an a r t l f l o l a l a o o la ty and o n ly In t h i s sa n sa waa I t n a t u r a l . I t was n o t n a t u r a l In t h a p ra a a n t day franaw ork o f r a a l l t y . To d a p l o t a n s n b s r o f th a o o u rt " n a t u r a l l y " would r e q u i r e a e r a a t d a a l o f poelng* n a n n s r la n s , and f o r n a l l s a d and g ra o e f u l g e s t u r e s . I t would aaan ln p o o a lb la to n o t tha h a ro lo d ra n a i n any s o r t o f n a t u r a l a t y l a . I t d s a l t w ith auparhunan and o u p a r n a tu ra l poopla and e v e n ta . I t d id n o t 71Thonaa Bhadwall, Jfcg V irtuoso. [1676], Tha avfin ^honaa Bhadwall. Ths V irtu o so . Consists Works of Thomas Shad w all, ad. (Londoni Tha Fortune rraaa, lfZTii p. 1 Montague Bunmsrs 106. 67 h o ld th a m ir r o r up to n a t u r a . I t waa u n l l k a l y t h a t th a a t y l a o f a c t i n g d l f f a r a d f r o a th a a t y l a o f tha p la y . B lank-w araa tra g a d y r a t a l n a d aaay o f th a a la n a n ta o f h a r o lo d ra a a i n r a n t , b o n b a a t, and p a th o a . Tha a t y l a of a o t ln g waa p ro b ab ly a l m l l a r to t h a t o f h a r o lo d r a a a . Tha B a a to r a t lo n p h y a lo a l t h a a t r a v aa r a l a t l w a l y a a a l l . A la o a t a l l th a a o tln g waa dona on th a ap ro n o f th a a ta g a i n an l n t l n a t a r a l a t l o n a h l p w ith th a a u d la n o a . Tha a l a a o f th a t h a a t r a d id n o t danand a l n p la wooal loudnaaa I n o r d a r to ba hoard o r u n d a ra to o d . Tha p h y a lo a l t h a a t r a would n o t hava r a q u lr a d a r a n t i n g and b o n b a o tlo a l a t y l a of a o t l n g . On th a o t h a r hand, th a l i g h t i n g waa poor. Thla would n a o a a a l t a t a n a x la u n p h y a lo a l axpraaalw anaaa i n o rd a r f o r th a a o t ln g to c a r r y to tha a u d la n o a . Thla p ro b ab ly tandad to a x a g g a ra ta th a uaa o f a c t i o n , and o o rraapond- l n g l y , th a uaa o f r o l o a . Tha audlanoa t h a t a tta n d a d th a t h a a t r a , on n o a t o o o aa lo n a, waa n o ra l n t a r a a t a d I n l t a a l f th an In th a playa b a ln g p ra a a n ta d . Thay wara p ro b ab ly n o ra ln p ra a a a d by a h a a r v ooal ta o h n lq u a a and p h y a lo a l d lo p la y a o f a o t l n g a b i l i t y r a t h a r th a n a o t ln g o h a r a o ta r la a d by a n o t lo n a l and o h a r a o t a r l d a n t l f l o a t l o n . CHAPTER IT KLIZABSTHAV ACT!VO I t *fti d u r l B | th* 1 1 1 cab*than p erio d t h a t th* fe ig lle h a o to r achieved p r o f e s s io n a l s t a t u * . H* vas no l o a f * r a ro fu * and vagabond o r u n i v e r s i t y am ate u r, but a p la y * r p r o te o te d by th * p a tro n a f* o f k in g s and queens. Th* a f* t h a t produo*d th * g r e a t e s t E n g lish d r a m a t i s t , Vi 111am S h a k e sp e a re , a l s o produo*d th* two f i r s t g r e a t fc ig lla h a o to r a — Edward A lley n aad llo h a r d E urbage. Th* purpose o f t h i s e h a p te r wae to d * t* m ln * th* o h a r a o t e r l s t l o o o f S lls a b * th a a a o t l n g . A lthough th e re waa a o o n s ld e ra b le amount o f oontem porary m a t e r i a l w r i tte n i n p r a i s e o f I n d iv id u a l m otors, th e r e was alm o st n o th in g w r i t t e n about th e o h a r a o t e r l s t l o a o f t h e i r ao tln g * T here f o r e , th e oon o lu alo n e f o r t h i s o h a p te r were based on two so u re e a i ( 1 ) th * most s i g n i f i c a n t prim ary eouroee whloh have been used by e o h o la re to d eterm in e th e n a tu r e of S lls a b e th a n a o t l n g , aad ( 2 ) th* o onolualone o f th ese e o h o la re as to th* n a tu r e o f S lls a b e th a n a o tln g * There waa aa alm o st l i m i t l e s s number o f books and a r t l o l e e d e a lin g w ith B h akeepeare, h i s t h e a t r e , and h i s fo llo w d r a m a tle t a . Bouroes were l i m i t e d , t h e r e f o r e , to a r t l o l e e based on s c h o la r ly r e s e a r c h whloh d e a l t p r im a r ily *6 69 w ith I l l s a b a t h a n a o tln g and books which dawotad a co n o id - a r a b la p o rtio n o f t h a l r t a x t to a p a rlo u s c o n s ld a r a tl o n of I l l s a b a t h a n a o t l n g . I . TH I RILATIOBBHIP BKTVXSR XLIZABITHAft ACTIBO AID RXSTORATIO* ACTIBO This s tu d y was basad on th a a s s u a p tlo n t h a t th a d sY alo p asn t of th a a r t and tao h n lq u a o f a o t ln g was an e v o lu tio n a ry p ro o a s s and th a e h a r a o t a r l s t l o s o f tha a c tin g of ona p a rlo d ln f lu s n c a d th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o s o f tha a o tln g of th a p a rlo d Im m ediately f o llo w in g . 1 Tha aooaptanoa o f t h i s b a s lo a s s u a p tlo n was s u f f l o l s n t to J u s t i f y tha stu d y of X llE ab ath an a o t ln g In t h i s d l s s a r t a t l o n . I t waa poa- e l b l a , however, to a s t a b l l s h a d a f l n l t a r a l a t l o n s h l p batwaan 111*abathan and lla a t o r a t lo n a o t l n g . A nuafear o f X a a to ra tlo n a o t o r a wars m otive In th a t h a a t r a b a fo ra 1640, and R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a n a n a g e re , i n d u c i n g S i r W lllla n D avacant and S i r Hanry t i l 1 1grew, w ars prom inent i n th a p r e - R e a to r e tlo n t h a a t r a . Thomas B i lllg r a w fo ra a d h i s ooapany from a group of o ld a r a o to ra o f th a f o r a a r Bad B u ll Ooapany. Tha m a jo r ity o f th a a a had a o ta d b a fo ra th a R a a to r a tlo n . S ix te e n a o to ra wara 11s ta d by Downee as b a ln g p a r t o f K l l l l g r s w 'a 18upra. p. 6. 70 p ooapany, tha King*a Fan, In 1663. A chaok o f th aaa a lx - taan a o to ra waa nada in Edward H u n g a ta r'a £ D lo tlo n a n r of A o to ra .^ Of th a a l x ta a n a o to ra l l a t a d by Down#a, ta n had baan a c t l v a in tha t h a a t r a a b a fo r a th ay v a ra c lo a a d . Thaaa ta n ln o lu d a d T haophllua B ird , C harlaa H a r t, H lohaal Hohun, John Laey, E lo h o la a B u rt, W i l l l a a C a rtw rig h t, J r . , W a lta r Clun, H ichard B a x ta r, H obart S h a t a r a l l , and w i l l l a a W ln ta ra h a ll ( o r W i n t a r a a l l ) . F u rth a r l n f o r a a t l o a aa to tha p r a - H a a to r a tlo n a a a o o la tlo n a o f th aaa a o to r a vaa pro* ▼ldad by W rig h t. and Clun war# brad up Bora a t tha B laok- f r l a r a . and a o ta d Woaana P a r t a , H art waa B o tin a o n ’ a Boy or A p p ra n tlo a . Ha a c ta d th a Dutchaaa In th a Tragady of th a Card i n a l , whloh waa tha f l r a t F a r t t h a t gawa h l a n a p u i a i i o n . C a rtw rig h t and W ln tarah a l b a lo n g 'd to tha p r l v a t a Houaa in S a lla b u ry * o o u r l . py x t waa a Boy f l r a t u a d a r Bhank a t tha Blaok- f r l a r a . th a n undar Baa a to n a t th a Coo k c l t i and Q £ ^ n anJ a h a t t a r a l wara in th a aaaa C o n d itio n w ith h ln a t th a l a a t r l a o a . T hara B u rt uaad to F lap th a p r i n c i p a l Wonan*a F a r t a , in p a r t i c u l a r In Lora*a C r u a l t n and a t th a t l n a Hohun ao tad B a l l a a a n t a . whloh F a r t ha r a t a l n ' d a f t a r th a l a a t a u r a t l o n . * Hona o f th a a o to r a o f D a ra n a n t’ a ooapany a p p a ra n tly ao tad b a fo ra t h a B a a to r a t lo n . Downa• , h o w arar, notad two John Dovnaa, lo a o lu a ABftllSABMftf #d * Sunnara ( Londoni Tha r o r t u a a r r a a a , 19 7 6 ), p. ?• ^Bdwln V ungaaar, A D i o tlo n a r r o f Aotor a (Haw Havant T a la U n lv a r a ity F ra a a , Is?**). n a a a in . T hla book o o n ta in ad th a n o a t o o n p la ta H a t o f a o t o r a . In c lu d in g b lo g r a p h lo a l d a t a l l , a p p a a rln g in In g la n d b a fo r a 1642. *Wrlght, ££. o i t . . I, n l T - m . 71 s p e c i f i c I n s ta n c e s when B e t t e r t o n was I n s t r u c t e d b j Davenant I n the perform ance o f a p a r t . The f l r e t of th e s e was in th e p a r t o f Hamlet. Downes s t a t e d i Hr. B h tk y iM ir l ta u g h t fir. B e t t e r t o n l a e v e ry F ar t i d e o f l t t whloh h j h i e e x a o t Fer r o m a n c e o f I t . g a i n 'd him l a t e e n and d e p u t a t i o n . S u p e r l a t i v e to a l l o th e r P l a y s .? The eeoond p a r t In Whloh B e t t e r t o n was t r a i n e d by Davenaat waa t h a t o f Henry T i l l . . . . The p a r t o f th e King waa eo r i g h t and J u s t l y done by Hr* B e t t e r t o n , he b ein g I n s t r u c t e d In I t by S i r W i l l l a a . wao h a d I t from Old H r. Lowem. t h a t had h ie I n s t r u c t i o n s from JJ(. S hahesnear h i m s e l f , t h a t I d a re amd w i l l a v e r , none o a a . o r w i l l oome n e a r him I n t h l e Age, i n th e perform ance o f t h a t p a r t . . . •* T h is o e r t a l n l y d id n o t prove t h a t K lls a b e th a n and H e s to r a tlo n a o t ln g were one and the same th in g . h e v e r th e - l e s s , i t d id I l l u s t r a t e an unbroken t r a d i t i o n In th e evo l u t i o n o f th e a r t o f a o tln g from one p e rio d to th e n e x t. The p resen o e o f p r e - H e s to r a tl o n a o t o r s on th e h e s t o r a t l o n s t a g e , and the t r a i n i n g o f a t l e a s t one h e s t o r a t l o n a o t o r by a member of th e p r e - h e s t o r a t l o n t h e a t r e e s t a b l i s h e d a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een B lls a b e th a n and h e s t o r a t l o n a o t ln g . In a d d i t i o n to S i r W illiam D avenaat and S i r Henry K illl g r e w , two o th e r t h e a t r e managers o p e r a t in g eompanies ^Downes, o l t . . p. 21 ^I b l d . . p. 24. 72 tha y e a r b a fo ra tha H a a to ra tlo n ware n p u rt of the p ra - H a a to ra tlo n t h a a t r a . W i llla a B aaaton, who l a t a r baoar* * Ttiambar o f K l l l l g r e w 'a a o tln g coapanjr, waa tha a on of C h rla to p h a r B aaaton. Ha waa a t h a a t r a r a n a g a r and a c to r In th a l l l a a b a t h a n t h a a t r a . I t waa p ro b a b la t h a t ha waa tr a in e d 7 aa an a c t o r by hi a f a t h a r . K oraovar, Baaaton waa ap p ar e n t l y a la o an l n a t m o t o r o f a o t o r a . P ra n c la K lrk n an , In h i a d e d ic a to ry a p l a t l a to Tha Lowaa of C la rlo and Leal a (1 6 )2 ) , w ro ta o f Baaatoni . . . you • * . a ra th a h a p p la a t l n t a r p r a t a r and Judg o f our f o g l l a h S ta g e -P la y e a t h i a R a tio n av a r p ro - duoedi whloh th a Poet* and A otora o f thaaa t l a a a , can n o t (w ith o u t I n g r a t i t u d e ) denyt f o r I hare h a a rd tha o h l e f , and a o a t ln ^ a n lo u a o f th e n , acknowledg t h a l r Pane* A P r o f l t a a a a a n t l a l l r aprung fro * y o u r ln a t r u o - t i o n a , Judgment and f a n c y .* Richard Fleoknoe, In a poatacrlp t to Love*a Do*InIon (1 6 )4 ), *ada ovar tha rlgh ta to hla play I f i t wara avar aotad to Baaatoni . . . who by Raaaon o f h l a long P ra o tlo a and V xparlenoe i n t h l a way, aa a la o f o r having b ro u g h t up a o a t o f th a A otora e x t a n t , I th in k th a f l t t a a t Kan f o r t h l a Charge and X ap lo y aan t.9 7* l o o l l , Raatoratlon E ra n a . p. 291. e f r a n o l a K lrk a a n , Tha Love* o f C la r lo and L u l l . [1652J, o l t a d In S tr l o k la n d O leeon, *A B la lT o g r a p h y o ? F ra n o la K lrkaan w ith h l a P ra fa o a a , D a d lo a tlo n a , and C o M an d a tlo n a , (1 6 5 2 -8 0 ),* Oxford B lb llo g ra & h lo a l SooiatT P u b l l o a t l o n a . law S a r l a a , 1 1 1 9 4 7 ) , 70. 9[Riohard Flaoknoa], Love*i Poalnlon. A Praaatloua Very l i t t l e Mta known about John Rhodes, th* Manager of th* younger group of a c to r* a t th* C ockpit. HI* a o to ra w*r« e v e n tu a lly In c o rp o ra te d I n to D avenant'* ooapany. H* wa* probably n * l t h * r a c t o r n o r aanager b * fo r* th* R a a to r a t lo n . Th* on ly I n d lo a tl o n of h i* t h e a t r i c a l a o t l v l t y wa* provided by Down** who w rot* t h a t h* wa* • . . . a B o o k s e lle r b ein g W ardrobe-Keeper f o r a e r l y (a* I aa l n f o r a M ) to King C hari** th e F i r s t * * , Coapany of Conedlan* In B1sob- F r i a r * . . . *” 10 Davenant and K llllg r e w both had long h i s t o r i e s o f a o t l v l t l e * In th e S lls a b e th a n t h e a t r e alth o u g h n e i t h e r of then were a c t o r * . Davenant was a t h e a t r e aan ag er and p la y w rig h t b e fo re the o lo s ln g of th* t h e a t r e and hi* p ro - d u o tlo n e j u s t p rec e d in g th e R e s to r a tio n were dlaou***d e l s e w h e r e . K 1 1 1 1 g r e w wa* a ls o on* of the C a v a lie r p la y w rig h t* and a p p a re n tly developed an e a r l y I n t e r e s t In th* t h e a t r e . Pepys, on O otober 51, 1662, was to ld about K l l l l g r e w '* a e th o d o f s e e in g play* when he was a boy. . . . He would go to th e Bed B u ll, and when th* aan o r l* d to th * boy*, 'Who w i l l go and be a d e v i l , and h* • h a l l th * play f o r nothing?* th en he would go i n , and b e ,a d e v i l upon th * * ta g e , and so g e t to **e . l* I i 8 . l l . n t H o r . l l t l . . . . (Dondcni [ n . n . J 10Downe*, o l t . . p. 17. **S u r r a . pp. 3 9 -* l 12P*py*, , 2^ . o l t . . I I , 381. 7 * Thoaa b r l a f ax o u ralo n a on th# at*** v ara tha a x ta n t o f K l l l l g r a w 'a a o tln g o a r a a r . Tha R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a vaa nanagad in l t a a a r l y y a a r a toy nan who had baan b ro u g h t up in th a t h a a t r a long b a f o r a thay wara oloaad I n 1642. Thay o a r t a l n l y p r a a a rr a d a t l a a a t a p a r t o f th a X llx a b a th a n a o tln g t r a d i t i o n l a R a a to r a tlo n t i n a a . I I . 8CH0LARLY OP H I OR OR XLIZABSTHAR ACTIRO Shakaapanraan a o h o la ra b a fo ra 1939 had n o t r a a l l y oonearnad th a n a a lv o a w ith th a a a t u r a o f S lla a b a th a n n o tin g bayoad a faw r a t h a r broad g a a a r a l l a a t l o n a baaad on l l n l t a d a v ld o n o a . I n t h a t y a a r . A lfra d Hartoaga w ro ta h l a w a ll - known a r t l o l a , " S lla a b a th a n A o tln g ." 1^ In I t ha l a i d th a fo u n d a tio n f o r a l l aubaaquant d la o u a a lo n a on S lla a b a th a n a c t i n g . T hla ln o lu d a d th a d l v l a l o n of a o h o la r ly o p in io n I n t o two g a n a ra l o l a a a l f l a n t l o n a i (1) th o a a who o o a a ld - a ra d S lla a b a th a n a o tln g to ba fo rn a l* and (2) thoaa who o o n a ld a rad S lla a b a th a n a o t ln g to ba n a t u r a l . Horaowart ha d a f ln a d th a n a a n ln g o f aaeh o f thnaa o l a a a l f l o a t i o n a . T h ara haaa baan o th a r p o ln ta o f wlaw. Bona w r l t a r a b a l l a r a d S lla a b a th a n a o t l n g to hawa davalopad f r o a a A lfra d H arbaga, " S lla a b a th a n A otlng*" lb fo rm al to a n a t u r a l s t y l a ; o tb c ra t h a t I t waa a n lx tu r a o f both a fo rm al and a n a t u r a l s t y l s . In tha m ain, how- a v s r , a l l s c h o l a r l y w r i t i n g on S lla a b a th a n a o tln g a f t a r H arb a g a 'a a r t i c l a au p p o rta d a& th ar tha form al s t y l a or th a n a t u r a l s t y l o . B o .o l.rl3 r P e l Hi on r . » o r l m . form .1 8 t r l « Tha f i r s t and foram oat a r t l o l a l a su p p o rt of tha fo rm al s t y l s waa t h a t o f H arbaga. Ha d a fln a d h l a purpoaa a s • • • an a tta m p t to d a f ln a two a l t a m a t a a t y l a s o f a o tln g — form al a o t l n g and n a t u r a l so tin g i to a tta o k th a o asa f o r n a t u r a l a o tln g on tha 811ssb a th a n Stags and to d s fs n d th a oasa f o r form al a c t i n g . . . .1* In h i s a r t l o l a Harbaga f l r a t rawlawad th a d sv a lo p - n a n t o f t h a o r l a s on th a n a tu ra o f E ll ta b a th a n a o tln g b a f o r a h i s own s tu d y . Ha found t h a t w r l t s r s had aupportad s l t h s r th a fo rm al o r th a n a t u r a l a t y l a and ha s u a n a r lta d th a p o in t o f riaw o f th a la n d in g spokssman on a l t h a r a i d s . Tha o u ts ta n d in g s o h o la r i n fa v o r o f tha form al t h s o r y p r i o r to H arb a g a 'a a r t l o l a was K. 0. Bradbrook. H sr p o s i t i o n , and t h a t o f th o a a s u p p o r tin g h a r p o in t of r la w was s t a t a d In 1 1 1aabathan C o n d itio n s , w r l t t a n 1952. T h is l a th a g a n s r a l oonssnsua o f o p in io n on l 4I b ld . . p. t e t . 76 I l l u l f U l u Thor# could bo o o a p a ra tlv v ljr l l t t l o buolnooo, and f e a t u r e would bo f o n a l l i a d * O o a m t l o u l a o v H i n t and h elffctened d e l i v e r y would bo n eo eae ary to o a r r y o f f d r a a a t l a l l l u a l o a . . . . Vhen n e i t h e r aoemery n o r U f f c t l a f o u t o f f tho o h a ra o - t o r o fro a t b o l r a u d ien ce and p ro v id ed t h e noooaoary d l o t l n c t l o n botwooa tb o a , i t would have to ooao f r o a movement, tono and f e a t u r e . 1" I n a l a t o r book by b rad b ro o k , n o t a o n tlo n o d by H arbafo, tbo a u th o r waa even a o ro o p e o lflo i n d e a o r l b l n f I I I ta b ? th a n a o t ln g . Tooal o h a r a o t o r i o t l c o woro dooorlbod aa . I n f l a t e d . . .* and "• • . o ton t o r i an. . , Aotlon o h a r a o t o r i a t l o o woro dooorlbod ao o o n a l e t l n f o f e z a f f o r a t e d o r e ta tu e o q u e movement, c o n v e n tio n a l p o a tu r e , 17 and d l o t o r t o d f a o l a l e z p re a a lo n . In r o f a r d to o h a rao - t o r i t a t 1 on i t wao concluded t h a t booauoo o f a o o n a ta n tly o h tB |lB f r e p e r t o r y , p la y I n f In broad d a y l l f h t , and tho uoo of th o a o lllo q u y •* • • i t would bo Tory d i f f i c u l t to oink tho a o t o r l a h lo p a rt* . . . ,18 H arbafe found tho caoo f o r tho n a t u r a l th e o ry o f K lla a b o th a a mot i n f o u an arlao d by H arley G r a n v ille - b a r k o r In b io F rofaoen Shakoopoaro w r i t t e n In 1927* 0* b ra d b ro o k . 111 nab# tb a n SAb&ft O o n d ltlo n o . ▼ oralty » S . 0. Bradbrook, Thonoo a a f C onventlone r i J f e , [ K f . J i Tbo u n iv o re Ib id . , p. 21. v o r o l t y 77 8bakoopoaro*o a t a g o o r a f t o o n o o n tra to o , u d l n o v l t - a b ly , upoa o p p o r tu n ity f o r tho aotor* Wo th in k now of th o playo thoaoolvoo* t h o l r f l r o t p u b llo know tho* b y t h o l r t o i l no i nnd th o d m l o p o o n t of tho a o t o r ’o a r t f r o a th o a g l i l t i o a and fu n a la o n to of th o olowa, and f r o a form al r o p o t l t l o a o r ro u ad -ao u tb o d r h o t o r l e to im a g in a tio n l n t o r p r o t a t l o a o f o h a ra o to ro b y ouoh o to a d ard o ao H aalo t o o t up f o r M o p la y o r a , wao a f a o t o r l a tho d ram a 'a t r l u a p h t h a t vo bow too o f to a lg a o r o . Shakoapoaro h l a o o l f , l n t o n t a o ro and ao ro upoa p lu o k la g ou t th o h o a r t o f th o human a y o to r y , o t l a a l a t o d h lo a o to ro to a polgaaaoy and l n t l a a o y o f o a o t lo n a l o x p ro o o lo a— o t l l l oan o t l a u l a t o thoa to i t , ao ao o th o r p la y w rig h t hao q u l t o l o a r a t to d o . *9 l a an a r t l o l o w r l t t o a two yoaro o a r l l o r . Oraawl11o -B ark o r proooatod th o th o o lo t h a t a t tho h o lg h t o f X llo a b o th a n d r a a a t l o a o t l v l t y , o a o t l o n a l l o a hooaao aa l a p o r t a a t o lo a o a t l a th o a o to r* o a r t . Ho w roto t h a t • . . . oa th o l a a otadoo o a o tlo n a l a o tln g hogaa to ooao toy 20 l t o own.* Tho do v o lo p ao n t and r o f ln o a o a t In tho p la y - w r l g b t 'o a r t b ro u g h t w ith I t a o o rroopondlng dovolopaont and r o f l n o a o a t l a th o a r t o f a o t l n g . *tho advaaoo wao f r o a playo t h a t aakod f o r l l t t l o a o ro than r o o l t a t l o a to p la y a t h a t woro o p p o r tu n ltl o o f o r a o t l a g t f o r th o v iv id r o a l l o l n g o f e h a r a e to r l a n o t i o n . T h o drama wao ao 2 2 lo n g o r a l a p l y a ”ahow* tout aa o a o t lo n a l o x p o rlo n o o . l a l9 I a r l o y O ra a v lllo -B a rk o r. rro fa o o a t o Hhakoopoaro ( f l r a t a o rlo o i Loadoai Bldgwlok k Jaekooa L t d ., 1977), p. n l v . ^ ° la r la y O ra a v lllo -B a rk o r, *A lo to Upon C haptoro X X aad XXI o f Tha XI la a too th an I t i r t . * Tho lo v lo w o r B tu d lo o . I (J a n u a ry . l § f f l . 00-71. 2IItold. . p. 62. 7S t h i s r* a p * o t, 9 r a n v lll* - B a r k * r aupportad th* p o in t o f rl*w th * t S lla a b a th a n a o tln g novad fro * • o ru d * t o o n v a n tlo n a l, form al a t p l a to an a n o t l o n a l , n a t u r a l a t p l a . A ft* r a a t t l n g f o r t h tb* a u a * a rlt> o f th* two oppos in g p o in t* o f ria w on K lla ab * tb a n a o t l n g , Harbaga th*n d « fln * d a x a o tlp what waa manat bp " f o r m a l a n d what waa ■ •a n t bp " n a tu r a l* wh*n I t r* f* r r* d to a o t ln g . T hla d a f l - n i t I o n waa b a a t l l l u a t r a t a d th ro u g h th* uaa of th a fo llo w in g o h a r t d * rl» * d bp th* r* a * a ro h * r o o ap a rln g and 2 % o o n tr a a tln g th * two a t p l * a . ' Both a tt* n p t* d to o r a a t* an l l l u a l o n o f r a a l l t p C onalatanop I n o h a r a o ta r C onalatanop In o h a r a o ta r n o t n*o*aaarp A otor ra n a ln a d i n o h a r a o ta r A otor n o t r* q u lr* d to r a n a l a In o h a r a o ta r I n l t a t * d bahaw lor of a o t u a l I n i ta t* d c o n v e n tio n a l bahav- hunan b aln g a F o rtra p a d o h a r a o t a r In p a ra o n a ta d o h a r a o t a r R aal o o n v a ra a tlo n B u b ja e tlv * and lm a g ln a tlv * A otor aank h l a p a r a o n a lltp l o r o f B pabollaad o h a ra o ta r H apraaantad o h a r a o ta r S a o l t a t l o a O bJaotlv* and t r a d i t i o n a l A otora p a r a o n a lltp and 2^Harbag*, " S lla a b a th a n A o tln g ," pp. W 7 -W 79 I n to p a r t o r abapad th a o h a r a o ta r a a p a ra ta d p a r t to h l a p a r a o n a l l t p S im p lifie d and ex a g g e ra te d S im p lifie d and ex a g g e ra te d v l t h l n a wida range o f bp p r a a o r l p t l o n oholoa Both nap a l t h a r a l a u l a t e o r f a a l th a a a o tlo n a o f t h a l r p a r t a A f t e r d e f in in g form al and n a t u r a l a o t l n g , Harbaga n e x t a tta o k a d tha awldanoa put f o r t h bp tha proponanta o f th a n a t u r a l a t p l a In B lls a b a th a n a c tI n # . T hla ln o lu d ad a r l da no a o f two tp p a a t a x t a m a l a n d a n o a and l n t a r n a l a n danoa. Harbaga found th a main a x t a m a l a n d a n o a to c o n a la t o f H a m le t's " A d n o e to th a P la p e ra * t tha a s s u a p tlo n t h a t H lohard Burbage waa a n a t u r a l a o t o r w hlla Idward A llapn waa a form al a c t o n and tha p a s s a g e , p u rp o rte d to d a a o rlb a th a a o t ln g o f Burbage, from B lohard F le o k n o e 'e ^ S h o rt D laoouraa cm th a 8ta x s . Ha found nona o f t h l a awldanoa a u f f l o l a n t to b u ild a oaaa f o r n a t u r a l a o tln g In th a B lls a b a th a n th a a tr a * Tha l n t a r n a l awldanoa uaad bp thoaa i n fawor o f th a n a t u r a l th a o rp Harbaga found e q u a llp u n ta n a b la . Thla ln o lu d a d ona o h a r a o ta r d a a a r lb la g th a a c tio n a o f a n o th a r o h a r a o t a r w ith in th a d ia lo g u e o f th a plop* Harbaga b allaw ad auoh d a a o r l p tlo n a wara ln a g la a tlw a and d id n o t 60 n * o * * * a rlly I n d lo a t* p r* o l* * ly what th* a o to r wa* doing a t th* t i n * . H* concluded t h a t u n t i l I t can b* d isc o v ered what a o t u a l l y took p lio * on th * i t t | * ", . . v* s u i t q u a l if y th * d e c l a r a t i o n * o f th * a o t o r i p t i k l n i , u n t i l th*y lo** a l l s i g n i f i c a n c e o r l n d l o a t l o a o f what h i* fo llo w a o to r* a r * d o in g ." Xn p r e s e n t i n g h i* oa** f o r form al a o tln g Karbag* aad* th* fo llo w in g p o in t* t 1. Th* P ro fa o * to th * play a t l l l In a a a u a o r lp t o f Th* O rc rla n Conqueror oy Th* F a lth l* * * K *U ot o a t* g o rls * d s ta n d a r d , c o n v e n tio n a l | i « - t u r * « . ^ 2 . t i l ta b * th a n a o t l n g wa* ta u g h t to an e x te n t n*T*r b e fo re o r a f t e r e q u a lle d In th* th e a t r e . Harbag* I n f e r r e d t h a t *uoh to a o h lag t*nd*d to o ta n d a rd ls * o r o o n v e n tlo n a lla * a o t l n g . 3. t a g l l e h * o h o o la a* t* r* ta u g h t a o tln g a* a p a r t of a s t u d e n t '* r h * t o r l o a l t r a i n i n g and no d i s t i n c t i o n wa* mad* b*tw**n rfa eto rlo and a o t l n g . Thl* b ro u g h t I n t o play c l a s s l o a l a u t h o r i t y and l a p a r t i c u l a r th* * ta n d ard lc* d u** o f volo* and g * * tu r* p re se n te d l a th* ” s i - . p p - n o - i i • e i works of C lcaro and Q u l n t l l l l a n . " I t la s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t th ro u g h o u t th a B lls a b a th a n p a r lo d , th a sama word a o tlo n l a uaad a l l k s to d s a lg n a ta a c tin g and o r a t o r i c a l g a s t u r a . " 4 . Tha o o n tln u ad auocaaa o f boy a c t o r a Bust haws ln d lo a ta d a formal s t y l o of a o t ln g o th srw la a th ay oould n o t haaa a u o o a a a fu lly oompatad w ith m atura a o tln g oom panlaa. 5. Tha p a r a la ta n o a o f th a dumb show *. . . i n d i c a t i n g a tandanoy among p la y w rig h ts to sag- r a g a t s i n t h a l r minds two m sthods of o o n rsy - ln g l n t a l l l g a n o s i by pantomlms and by d l a l o g u a ." * 7 6. Tha spaad w ith whloh th a 1 1 1 sa b sth a n s porform sd t h a l r p la y s would n o t b a r s allo w ad f o r a n a t u r a l , lm a g ln a tlv s l n t s r p r a t a t l o n o f o h a r a o t a r . 7. Tbs o p a n - a ir t h a a t r a w ith l t a o s n t r a l l y plaoad s t a g s was mors a u ita d to a form al a t y l s o f noting* Ao Harbaga*a f i n a l p o in t ha dlam laaad th a th s o ry t h a t B lls a b a th a n n o tin g advanoad from a fo rm al to a ^ H a r b a g a , " B lls a b a th a n A otlng*" p* 701. ?7I b i d *. p. 703. n a t u r a l a t y l a w ith tha d a v flo p a a n t and r a f l n a a e n t o f pi aya. R a th a r, th a r a d a ra lo p a d a ao ra r a f ln a d typa of form al a o t l n g . Thara waa " . . . an ln o ra a a a In g r a c a , In r a a t r a l n t , In n a a ta r y o f th a a t y l l i a d g a a t u r a , an d , abova U n a a . " ?e With th a a a p o ln ta Harbaga p ra a a n ta d h la eaaa fo r fo rm al a o t ln g . T h a lr a f f a c t lT a n a a a waa o o n a ld a ra b ly d lm ln ia h a d , howavar, whan Harbaga w rota a r a rla w o f B. L. J o a a p h 'a 111aabathan J o a a p h 'a book waa a l a o a t tha f i n a l word I n tha oaaa f o r th a f o m a l a t y l a of a o t l n g . Harbaga waa a p p a ra n tly n o t aa convlnoad a f t a r twalwa yaara t h a t I l l i a b a t h a n a c t i n g waa fo rm a l. In h l a rawlaw ha w ro ta i In r a a d ln g I l l i a b a t h an ^ U y , I hava had th a our- lo u a a a n a a tlo n o f ra a d ln g a l a a m ad a x p o a ltlo n o f vlawa I had twalwa y a a ra ago, bu t whloh hawa a ln o a lo o t muoh o f t h a l r a p p a a l.« 9 Horaowar, Harbaga aaamad to taka th a p o a l tlo n t h a t S lla a b a th a n a o tln g wao p ro b ab ly a m lx tu ra o f tha two a t y l a a . D l f f a r a n t p a r t a o f S lla a b a th a n p la y a a ra d l f f a r a n t , aomatlmaa l a t l m a t a , aomatlmaa th a r a v a r a a i aomatlmaa " r a a l l a t l o , " aomatlmaa th a r a v a r a a , aomatlmaa I n a l l , In tho c l a a r , n u a l c a l , and a x p ra a a l ding o f w i m . . p . 705. 2 , A lfr* 4 b r t a | * > l i » i w l n o f by B. L. Jo a a p h , H hakaanaara Q u a r t a r l r 1991)9 p. 3b0. e? v e r a e , e o n e tlu e e In proa*. Th* d ia lo g u e l a e o a e tln e a Aa A lte r n a tio n o f o r a tio n * , aom etlaea an eto h ea o f oon- v e r e a t l o n w ith every ooamonplaoe i n t o n a t i o n p re - • e r v e d .* * l a epJte o f t h l a a p p a re n t chan#* in a t t i t u d e , Herbage had h l a o r i g i n a l a r t i c l e r e p r i n t e d in 1995 in h ie book, D m t i f I a£ g h a k e e p e e re .31 In th e aaae y e a r t h a t Herbage*a a r t i c l e waa pub- ll a h e d , t h e r e appeared a n o th e r a r t l o l * v h lo h , a lth o u g h I t aooepted th* form al a t y l e of a o t ln g d u rin g E lla a b e th a n t i n e a , p re ae n te d th e p o in t o f view t h a t the a o tln g o f Edward A lleyn wa* d i f f e r e n t f r o a t h a t o f H lohard Burbage. The a r t l e l e , by Loula E. Eloh, waa th* c o n tin u a tio n of a p o in t o f view adopted by 0. B. H a rrlao n In 1 9 2 7 .33 Herbage p la c e d H a rrla o n on the eld* In fa v o r o f n a t u r a l E lle e b e th a a a o t l n g , b u t n o ted t h a t he ■. . . g r a n t* I t to Burbage b u t d en le* I t to Burbage** o o n te a p o r a r y , Bdward A lle y n ." 34 Elch follow ed th e p a t t e r n e a ta b l la h e d by H a rrla o n . H* n o te d , however, t h a t both a o to ra 30 I b l d . . p. 561. 31A lfre d H arbaga, T h e a tre f o r Sh ak eap ear* (T orontoi U n lv e r e lty o f T oronto P re a e , 1 9 " 5 ). 110 pp. 3 ^ Louie S. 11oh * "la d A lle y n v era u a Blok B urbage," Sneeoh H ononraoha. TX (1959)* 110-26. 330 . B. H a r rla o n , "8hakeapeara*a A o to r a ,” B hakeaeeare and th e T h e a tre (The Shake*pear* A a a o o la tlo n . W V W e T London* o s r o r J O n lv e ra lty P ra e a , 1927), p. 62. 34H arbage, " E ll« a b e th a n A o tln g ," p. 695* 6 4 *. . . would R « n t o ua to day q u i t * b o n b a a t l o , f la m b o y a n t, u r a n t i n g . * X a T a rth a la a a , through an a x a n ln a tlo n of th a r o l a a piayad by A llay n and tha r o l a a playad by Burbaga, XIoh aaaunad A llay n to haaa baan a r a n t i n g a o t o r w hlla Burbaga playad In a n o ra r a f l n a d , n a t u r a l a t y l a . In ana ly s i n g th a p a r t o f T a a b a rla a a , XIoh oonoludad t h a t tha p a r t r a q u lr a d *. . . a n a j a a t l o b a a rln g and a t r l d a , a f l a r o a brow, a poapoua v o le a and d a l l v a r y , th a a a A llayn ■ uat haua poaaaaaad to play th a p a r t a d a q u a t a l y ," 3* A f ta r axaad.nl ng a l l th a p a r ta A llayn waa known o r auppoaad to haaa playad th a a u th o r w ro tai "In a l l of th a n Ju d lo lo u a 'r a a t r a l n t * would ba d l f f l o u l t . I n n a t a l y , th a p a r t a a ra ao a x tr a n a aa to a l n o a t ' a o t t h a a a a lr a a i n t o r a n t i n g t7 ▼ o o lf o r a tio n .** H arbaga, probably no t f a m i l i a r w ith X lo h 'a a r t l o l a , had w r l t t a n th a aaaa y a a r t h a t . th a r a l a n o t a a o l n t l l l a o f avldanoa t o proaa t h a t A llayn*a a o tln g waa d l f f a r a n t In kind o r i n f a r l o r in q u a l i t y to B u r b a g a 'a .* 3® V l l l l a a A rn a tro n g 'a "Shakaapaara and tha A otlng o f «q Xdward A llayn* waa davotad to a d a fa n a a o f t h a t a o t o r . T 55H c h , g i l . , p. 126. 36I b l d . . p. 117. 37I b l d . . p. 121. 3*X arbaga, * X llsa b a th a n A o tln g ,* p. 691- 3% l l l l a n A rn a tro a g , *8hakaapaara and th a A otlng o f Xdward A lla y n ,* S hakaaaaara B u ra a r. a d . A llard y o a 65 Arm strong a tte m p te d to r e s t o r e A lle y n 's r e p u t a t i o n * 7 a e a s s s ln g the v a l i d i t y o f s ta te m e n ts th a t 3hakeep*are was o r l t l o l s l n g A lla y n in h la "Advice to th e P la y e rs " and In the p a r o d ie s o f p assag e s In p lay s a c te d by A lle y n 's men a t AO the Rose found i n Hennr I T . P a rt 2. Armstrong conoluded t h a t b o th Burbage and A lle y n re o e lv e d s i m i l a r p r a is e from t h e i r c o n te m p o ra rie s and were n o t p la ced I n to two d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s . T h e re fo re , t h e i r s t y l e of a o t l n g , whloh 41 was f o rm a l, was e s s e n t i a l l y th e same. The n e x t I n a s e r i e s of a r t l o l e e devoted to S llsa b e th a m a o t l n g wao one w r i t t e n by Waldo P. K o ls lr e n t i t l e d "Oayton on B lla a b e th a n A o tln g ." 42 Zn 1154 Edmund Oayton p u b lis h e d hlo P l e a s a n t Motes upon Bon Q u lio t. T his book c o n ta in e d m a t e r i a l whloh was of e lg n lf lc a n o e in the stu d y o f 11 1 sab eth an t h e a t r e . A lthough I t was w r i tte n a f t e r th e t h e a t r e s were o lo s e d , " . . . the s ta te m e n t of Oayton o o n o ern la g a o to rs and a o tln g ar# u n q u e s tio n a b ly r s m ln ls o s n t of th e B lls a b a th a n and Jacobean oompanlea of p l a y s r a . " 43 H o l e l r used th e m a t e r i a l from Oayton to R l o o U , VIZ, 82-09* ^ Z b l d . . p. 82. 4 l Z b ld . . pp. 87-88, 42Waldo P. H o le l r , "Oayton on E ll m b s th a n A o tln g ,” Publlom tlom s o f th e Modern Language A s s o c ia ti o n . LTZ I J u a e j i J a i J , *79-§3. 43Zbld. . p. 580. 66 s u p p o rt H a rb a g a 'a omnm f o r a f o r a a l a t y l a o f a o t l n g . Thla n a t a r l a l had n o t h a r a t o f o r a baan uaad b j a o h o lara on a l t h a r ald a of th a q u a a tlo n . Aocordlng to KoRalr I t aug- l » i t a d . t h a t B lla a b a tlia n a o tln g w aa. In o o ap a rlao n w ith n odam a ta n d a rd a of th a a r t « s l a p l l f l a d , a tra n u o u a , and to a la r g a d a g ra a f o i a a l l i » d , , M In 194A H obart H. Bowara w rota an a r t l o l a d a a lln g a o l a l y w ith g a a t u r a In K lla a b a th a n a o t l n g . 4 *^ E s a a n t l a l l y Bowara au p p o rtad Harbaga*a th a o ry o f f o r a a l a o t ln g . Tha purpooa o f h l a a r t l o l a waa . • • to in tro d u o a a faw a d d i t i o n a l b i t s o f a n danoa f r o a th a wast o o rp u s o f B lls a b a th a n d ra a a whloh, ao f a r aa 2 aa awara, hava n o t p r a r lo u o ly baan eon- o ld a ra d . Thaaa r a f a r a n o a a eonoarn g a s t l o u l a t l o n and r o a tu ra I n a o t l n g , r a t h a r than v o o al d a l l r a r y i n ln a a , a a u b j a o t t h a t r a a a ln a o b a o u ra.* * Using p r i m a r i l y l n t a r n a l a rld a n o a In whloh ona o h a r a o t a r d a o o rlb a d th a a o t l o n of a n o th a r o h a r a o t a r , Bowara oonoludad t h a t B lls a b a th a n g a a tu r a in a o tln g was 47 f o rm a l, c o n v a n tlo n a l, and s t a n d a r d l s a d . Aa n o ta d ab o ra, H arbaga waa n o t la p ra a o a d w ith tha uaa o f l n t a r n a l a r i - danoa f o r o o n o lu a lo n o about B lls a b a th a n a o t ln g . ** l b l d . . p . 503* 45I o b a r t H. Bowara, " Q a o tlo u la tlo n In B lls a b a th a n A o t l n g ,” gout h a r n F o lh lo ra XIX (B aoaabar, 19^6) • **Ibld. . p. 267* *^Ib ld . . ca ssia . ^ B ucra. pp. 79-00* 87 Faw a o h o la ra b iT t oonaldarad th a n a tu ra o f S lla a b a th a n a o tln g aa ax ta n a lw a ly aa B a r tr a a Jo a a p h . Ha waa th a only a u th o r who davotad a o o a p la ta book to t h l a a l n g la o b j a o t l v a . Joaaph*a U l u f e l l f c l B 4 i U A I ap p aarad i n 1991* > • a p p lla d th a f ln d ln g a of h la f l r a t book to tha p r a c t i c a l p ro b la a a o f a c t i n g S hakaapaara on th a ao d a rn a ta g a i n a n o th a r book a n t i t la d Ao U n a S h a k a a n a a ra . In a t h i r d book, th a XCftKA£lfl£* ^ ° « p h tr a o a d tha h l a t o r y and d a v a lo p n a n t o f th a t r a g l o a o to r and h la a r t f r o a S lla a b a t h a n to nodarn t l n a a . C a r ta ln ly faw a o h o la ra hava baan ao o o n a l a t a n t l y o o n o tm a d w ith th a n a tu ra o f a o tln g aa Jo a ap h . Joaaph*a book on X lla a b a th a n a o t l n g b ro u g h t to g a th a r a a a a a lv a anount o f a i t a m a l awldanoa I n th a oaaa f o r f o r a a l a o t ln g . Hla book, to g a th a r w ith H arb a g a 'a a r t l o l a , a l n o a t a a t t l a d tha a rg u n a n t. Takan t o g a t h a r th a y wara o o n rln o ln g p ro o f In th a oauaa o f f o r a a l a o t l n g . Tha o o m a r a to n a of Joaaph* a a rg u n a n t waa t h a t th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f S lla a b a th a n a o tln g oould ba d a t a m l n a d by a tu d y ln g S lla a b a th a n r h a t o r l o . Ha a t a t a d t h a t *• . . a atudy o f r h a t o r l o a l d a l lv a r y oan laad to an u n d a ra ta n d ln g o f what waa dona on th a a ta g a .* * ^ Joaaph a a ta b l la h a d th a l i n k batwaan r h a t o r l o and d a llw a ry through *^Jo aap h , S lla a b a th a n A o tln g . pp. lb -1 7 . M th* us* of o r i g i n * ! ev id en ce whloh equated th* no t o r with th* o r a t o r . F u rth e r* fo llo w in g th* argum ents **t f o r th b j Herbage* h* n o te d t h a t r h * to r l o waa ta u g h t In th* graamar aohool* and u n i v e r s i t i e s . I l l e a t• th a n eohool boy# took p a r t In play* aa p a r t of t h o l r t r a i n i n g In r h e t o r l o , ^ * A fte r e s t a b l i s h i n g th* r e l a t i o n s h i p between r h e t - o rlo and ao tln g * Joseph sad* d e t a i l e d use o f a work th a t he o o n a ld e re d i "Th* f u l l e s t aooount o f r h e t o r i c a l d e l l v - e ry w r i t t e n In B n g llsh d u rin g th e r e n a le s a n c e . . . ." This was John B u lw e r'e whloh appeared to g e th e r I n 1444* These two t r e a t i s e s were d e t a i l e d aooounts of th* us* of th* hands* araa* and f i n g e rs I n r h e t o r l o a l d e l i v e r y . In a d d i tio n to w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n s , he provided p l a t e s I l l u s t r a t i n g e p e o lf lo ty p es o f g e s t u r e s . On th e b a s i s o f h i s f in d in g s Joseph w ro te t h a t *. • . g iv e n two a o to ra o f eq u al ta le n t * each would be a b le to perform th e eaae speeoh in s x a o tly th e sane way, a p a r t f r o a d i f f e r e n c e o f v o ic e and f a c i a l e x p r e s s io n . F i n a l l y , he oonoluded t h a t i A ll th* ev ldenoe goes to show t h a t r h e t o r l o a l a o t ln g on th * sta g * was oonduoted ao o o rd ln g to an ao o ep tsd body o f r u l e s . The a c t o r 's f u n c tio n was n o t to " o r e a t s , " b u t to perform . He was to us* h i s voloe *°Ib ld . . p. 1. *gIb ld . . p. 2. n lb ld .. p. 15. 53Ib ld . . p. 152 99 •>* and body to * lv a I l f * to th r t o x t . . . . Thla l a s t e t a t a a a n t l d a n t l f l a d Joaaph r a t h a r a lo a a ly w ith th o aa who b a lla v a d th n t E lla a b a th a n a c tin g waa fo rm a l. Jo a a p h , howavar, aaamad to r a a a n t th a im p li c a t i o n t h a t r h a t o r l c a l d a l l v a r y and form al d a l lv a r y wara ona and tha aama th ln $ . In JiH T r a a l a Aotor ha d lia g r a a d w ith Harbapa and h la oonoapt of form al aotlnjc. Ha a a l n - ta ln a d t h a t Harbaga had d a fln a d n a t u r a l a c tin g aa t h a t I n whloh th a a o to r m a ln ta lra d o o n alata n o y o f o h a r a o ta r and l m l t a t a d r a a l human b a ln e a . T h la, a c c o rd in g to Jo aaph, waa a i a o t l y what th a X llia b a th a n a o to ra wara t r y i n g to aa a o h la v a . Ha w ro ta t h a t • . r h a t o r l c a l d a l lv a r y waa Id n o t fo rm a l, n o r waa I l l i a b a t h a n a ta jta -p la y ln g . . • .* D afa n d ln f h la p o in t of v la v ha a a ld i "Tha manuala of o r a to r y t a l l ua muob about I l l i a b a t h a n a o t l n f t b u t thay p ro v ld a no fro u n d a f o r a b a l l a f t h a t I l l i a b a t h a n a o t l n f waa fo rm a l. . . ." Tha d l f f a r a n c a to Joaaph waa t h a t a lth o u g h I l l i a b a t h a n a o tln g waa a t y l l i a d I t waa n o t f a l a a . Tha spaaoh waa f l t t a d to th a paraon and th a a o tlo n to th a apaaoh. I t waa I n t h l a aanaa t h a t th a a o t ln e waa a t y l l a a d . Thara waa mo lm poalnc a f a l a a form al a t y l a on a work to whloh I t d id n o t b a lo n fi 1notaad th a a t y l a o f th a a o t l n a a ip r a a s a d th a a t y l a o f th a w ork, a l l o l t i n e In p a rro m a n o a th a a a a a n t l a l a p l r l t of ** I b l d . . p. 2. ^ J o i a p h , Thi T rag io A o to r. p. 10 *6I b l d . 90 th* play* Th* a o t ln g * u lt* d th* * ty l* of th* word*, and ** * r * * u l t gnv* th* * p * o t* to r* * t r u t h f u l vlaw of th* o h a r a o ta r * , who, abov* *11, l l r * d w ith * genuine lif* .* ® I t w** d o u b tfu l t h a t Herbage dl**gr**d w ith th* above * t* t* * * n t. In th * c h a r t b***d on Marbag*** d * f l n l - t l o n o f fo rm al and n a t u r a l a o t ln g I t waa noted t h a t both a t y l a a a tte m p te d to o r * a t* an l l l u a l o n o f r e a l i t y . ^ * In b o th a t y la a th # a o to r * l t h * r alm u la te d o r a o t u a ll y e i p e r l - •noad th* am otion* o f t h a l r p a r t a . On th* o th a r hand, Jo aap h had w r i t t e n t h a t n o tin g on th* l l l a a b a t h a n atag * •* . . waa oonduotad a o e o rd ln g to an aooaptad body of r u l e * . " * 0 Jo aap h u n d oubtedly o b je c te d to th* tarm " f o rm a l” whloh Im plied a d e liv e r y t h a t waa d u l l and I l f * - l a a a , la o k ln g In a l n c e r i t y and fe e lin g * W o XU gab*than a o h o la r , *t**p*d In th* drama of 3hak**p*ar* and h la oon- ta m p o ra rie a , b * lla v * d t h a t th* play* were noted In auoh a manner* T h a ra fo r* , a lth o u g h Joeeph dl*agr**d w ith Harbaga** te rm in o lo g y , ha * a a * n t l a l l y au pportad th* oa** f o r a form al a t y l a of K lla a b o th a n noting* Tha l a a t o f th a a r t l o l a * o o n ald erad In t h l a a a o tlo n waa on* w r i t t e n by A lth e a Smith M a ttin g ly i n 195*. Th* a r t l o l a , "Tha F la y in g Tima and Manner of D e liv e ry of S h ak ea p e a r* ' a Flay* I n th * l l l a a b a t h a n T h a a tr* ," aupportad ^ I b l d *. p. 27. ^ B u n r a . pp. 7B-79* ^ J o a a p h , l l l a a b a t h a n A o tln a . p. 155. 91 th* f o ra a l th e o ry of K llc a b e th a n a c tin g .^ * I t did n o t, however, p r e s e n t any new evidence or l i n e s of re a s o n in g . M attin g ly alm ply r e - c a p l t u l a t e d what had a lre a d y bean p u b lish ed in o th e r a r t i c l e * on 111cabethan a o tln g . Th* a o a t re c e n t book which devoted a c o n s id e ra b le e e o tlo n to E llc a b e th a a a o t ln g waa w r i t t e n In 196?. Th* au th o r waa Edwin Duerr and the book. The Length and Depth o f T hla wae th e f l r a t book to be devoted to a com plete h l a t o r y of a c t i n g f ro a e a r l l e a t to modern 6? t l a e e . The book waa w e ll documented and o b v lo u aly the r e a u l t of a g r e a t d e a l o f s o h o la r ly r e a e a r o h . In th* e c o tlo n on E llc a b e th a n a c t i n g D uerr aocepted the formal p o in t of v ie w . He did n o t , however, add any new aourcea o r argument* In su p p o rt o f the form al a t y l e . He conoluded t h a t f o r th e E llc a b e th a n a o t o r . a p r i m i t i v e , loud, and bold r h e t o r l o a l d e l i v e r y waa needed to e u a ta ln a p la y . . • He ad m itte d th* p o s s i b i l i t y of a change in ^ A l t h e a Smith M a ttin g ly , "Tha P la y in g Tima and Manner of D e liv e ry of S hakespeare*a P la y s In th e E llta b * th a n T h e a tr e ," Speeoh Monographs. XXI (March, 1 W ) , 29-58. A? vcT h la s ta te m e n t d id n o t In te n d to o v erlo o k Aotora on A £U & |, a d s . Toby Cole and Helen K rloh Chlnoy (lew T o r t i Crown P u b l i s h e r s , 1949). 596 pp. T h is book, how e v e r, was p r i m a r i l y oonoerned w ith th a p r e s e n t a t i o n of o r i g i n a l so u ro e a to I l l u s t r a t e th e h l a t o r y o f a o tln g . *?Edwla D uerr, The L e n g th and Depth o f A otlng (le w Torki H o lt, R in e h a rt a n d V l n e t o n , l " 6 5 ; , p. 179. 9 2 a t y l a aa th a p a r l o d p r o g r e a a e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y whan th a a o t o r a b egan p l a y i n g In th a a a a l l e r , I n d o o r t h a a t r a a . Thaaa oh ang ea d i d n o t r e a u l t , h o w a v ar, In a n a t u r a l a t y l a o f a o t l n g . . . . whan tha a o to ra moved to tha c o n fln a d q u i e t of a ' p r i v a t e ' t h e a t e r , I lk a th a B l a o k f r i a r a , a any of t h a t nay have developed naw d a l l o a o l a a o f e x p re a e lo n , b u t a t l l l th ay olung to a r h a t o r l c a l d a l l v a r y In a d d re a e ln g a o u ltu r a d audianoa whloh had been t h o r oughly ta u g h t CaloquanoaJ In a o h o o la . . . Tha a o a t r a o a n t s c h o l a r l y w o rk , than* whloh d a a l t w ith E l l i a b a t h a n a o t l n g a u a t a l n a d t h e form al t h e o r y . Tha above e c h o l a r a b e l i e v e d t h a t K l l a a b e t h a n a o t l n g waa fo rm a l. With tho b e a t a v a l l a b i a avldanoa thay docu- ■anted t h a l r p o in t o f view. I t waa d i f f i c u l t to b a lla v a t h a t a n o t h e r g ro up o f a c h o l a r a , u s i n g b a s i c a l l y th a a a a a a v ld a n o a , wara a q u a l l y co n v in o a d t h a t E l i z a b e t h a n n o t i n g waa n a t u r a l* S c h o la rly Opinion f a v o r in g a B a tu ra ! S ty la Thoaa ao h o ln ra who a tte m p ted to prove t h a t S lla a b a th a n a o tln g waa n a t u r a l l l l u a t r a t a d v a ry in g d agraea of o p in io n . T h a lr oaae waa n o t aa a o l l d l y o r aa o o n o lu - a iv a ly p ra a a n ta d aa thoaa u p h o ld in g th a form al th e o ry . Tha f l r a t o f a a e r l e a of a r t l o l e a on n a t u r a l a o tln g appeared i n 1953. Tha a u th o r waa John R u a e e ll Brown. Hla 6* I b l d . . p. 100. 93 o r tlo lo in i t n t lt lM "O n th« Aotlni of Shakoopoaro'o Brown bollowod thot by tho tin # of Shakoopoaro tho fornol otylo of ootln f woo bolnf roploood by o noro notnrol otylo o f ootlnf* H o purpooo woo to prooo . . thnt Bltsobothon noting aland ot on lllu o lo n of l l f o , although oono oootlgoo of on old forma11 on r o o iU M .1^ Although Brown roallsod th ot tho ooawontlono of tho Blloobothoa thoatro ofton oodo i t d lfflo u lt to ouo- toln on lllu o lo n of rool l l f o , ho proooatod oxtornol o r l- 4 noon to Provo thot I t woo both ottonptod oat oehlowod. O n tho boolo o f th io owldonoo ho ooooludod thnt . Blloobothoa ootoro alnod ot on lllu o lo n of rool l&fo and that tho boot of thon oohlowod lt«**^ Brown aoat ottoekod tho opooifio nrguaoato favoring fornol o o tln f. Yhooo orfunonto, and th o lr oouator- orfwnonto, woro owannrlood no followoi 1. Xntornnl orldonoo. Tho fron t n ojorlty of ln to m n l owldonoo oupportlnf tho fornol otylo woo tokoa fron oarly Blloobothoa ployo. I t did not toko Into oonoidorotloa thot tho dowolopnont nod roflnonont o f ployw rltlnf ^ J o ln Bnoooll Brown, "O n tho A otlnf of Shokoopooro'o Ployo," 9 n r ft» lT o f ItttBfc* n z i z (Pooonbor, 1993). * t 7 - I T WtM I. . p. 477. <7l m . , p. *76. lo4 to ft oorrooyoamiag I t T t lt p a n t an4 roflaomoat lm aotlag toohalaaoo* Diroot ftllr tia . Dir aot tM raaa 414 aot aaaaa* a a rlly 4ootroy tka llluft&oft o f r o a llty . Tho lllfto lo a of ll f o vftft i l m l hy tka ft«a41oftOo. fha olofto rolatloftftkly hfttvooa ftotor «m 4 ftft41«ft«o oft o ily mft4o O la yooalhlo. Ilftak-varaa. fta mao of k loak-vono ft* u argvmoat fo to r la i formal o a tlfti alao 414 aot toko latft ftooomat tho a k a ifla i fttyloo la v r ltia g am 4 u t l i | , Aoooytlag tko «hamfo» tho taofttlom w a ao lomgor aAothor ylaya varo •oto4 la a foraol or afttaral otylo* hat vhftt vftft tho aow fttylft th at n a ««o4 aval la tho yro4««tloa o f tho ol4or ylaya* A ooorilaf to Brava, ao tho Toro* hooamo lo o t formal am 4 vfcotorloal, ao 414 tho a o tla |. Both almo4 at •a lllftftloa o f llfo * Tho motor ao orator* la tfalo yart of hlo a r t- lolft Broom at took*4 oh*t ho hollovo4 to ho tho omo argamomt that vao aoooyto4 ao yrovtag that Bllaahothaa aotlag vao formal. Brava hollovo4 thoro vao oortalm ly a rolatlom ahly hotvoom rmotorlo am4 aotlag, hat that ro la - tloaahly 414 aot provo that thoy voro omo om 4 95 th o oaao th lM f. Ho p o ln to d o u t th a t d l a t l a o - t l o a o v o r o a l a o a a d o h o t v o o a t h o t w o , t a d h o t h v a r a a o t l a t a a d a d t o a o h l a o o t h a a a a a a f f o a t . l a o a a a l a d o d t h a t t h a a a h a l a r l j a t y l a a f a o t l a g v a a a a o a p t a d a a a p a r t o f r h a t o r l a « h u t o o a d o a a o d o a t h a ^ l l o aa e U | « . h r o v a a o a a l a d a d h i a a r g a a a a t a f a r t h a a a t w r a l a t y l o h y a t t o a p t l a g t o o o t a h l l a h a r o l a t i o a a h l p t a t v a a a t h o a r t a f K o a a lo o a a a o p a l a t l a g a U t h a a r t o f a a t l a g * h o t h a f v h l a h t r i a d t a a a h l a r a o a l l l a o l o a o f l & f a . l a a d a l t t o d t h a t t h l a i r g m a t . . . d o o a a o t a x p l a l a a l l l a t h a h o o t r a a a l a a a a o a p a l a t l a g o r t h a h o o t H I i k h u u a e t l a g * h a t I t h a a a a l a p o r t a a t p l a a a l a t h a a r t l a t a * l a t a a t l a a a . f a d a a a r l h a t h a r a a a l t a a t a r t a a f o r a a l l a t o d a a y t h l a l a t o a t l o B i M t K f t l a a a a a a a o r a a p p r o p r l a t o w o r d .1 9 I r o v a ' a a a l a t h o o l o , t h o * , v a a t h a t l l l a a h a t h a a a a t l a g a l a o d a t a a d a a h l a r a d l a t h a h o a t l a o t a a a a a a a l l l a o l o a o f U f a . 4 a a a a h I t v a a a o r a a a t a r a l t h a a f a r a a l * I . 4 . f a a k a a , l a h i a a r t l o l a • t h o f l a y o r a f a a a l o a , h o a a I a t o o a a l l l a a h a t h a a f a y o h a l o g y a a d 4 o t l a g » * t a o k a a a t h a r p o l a t o f v l a v v l t h l a t h o g a a o r a l f r a a o v o r k o f t h o * * I h i d . . l l B f l i h * a* H u t v r a l p o in t of Hi a M in lin o of argantnt w u to proro U a t although B lloahothaa n otin g « u formal w ith in tho proaont t i | oonoopt of noting* i t wno aoooptog no ro a l ¥7 tho X llonhothoao. Tho Blloohothorn n ttltu O o to m i nag h in hoharlor onggooto th a t thop wonlg nooopt a aaoh aoro r ig lg oh arn otor-p roooatatlon than lo p ooolh lo now, ang th a t aaoh o f what wo rogarg no o oar n a tio n a l i n th o ir y l u i wno r o a lio t lo to thon.71 Took00 ho11or*g th a t tho 111oahothan o t j lo o f not in g wno n o t formal* a . . . hat rathor a o ty lo o f n oting o fto n r o a lio t lo in owr oonoo* hat oapahlo a loo o f formal io n . . • Aaoag tho o r lt io io n o f plapo ang plaporo o f SU aahothaa tin o o Foakoo foaag owigoneo to oapport h io th oolo th a t B lloahothaa n otin g wno aoooptog 00 r o a l. Zt ooatalaog tho " . . . la p lio a t io a th a t tho aotoro o tlrr o g in tho augloaoo ln o r g la a to goolroo* hooaaoo th o ir ropro- oon tatlon wao too liw o lp or l l f o l l k o . . . . #^ Foakoo than proooogog to oxaalno o r ig in a l orlgonoo wbloh ho o la o o lfio g in to f ir o tFPoot (1 ) orlgonoo o r l t l - o ls in g aotoro* (2) orlgonoo gofoagln g aotoro* (5 ) origan 00 *>*. A. Foakoo* "Tho Flaporo Faoolon* B o m lo to o on XU oahothan Forohologr ang A oting*” looaro ang Stagioo* low to rio o * T il ( I f j S ) . M -T 7. 7 1 int*. » • to* 7tiu«.. ». n . 7 ,U U m ». 72. 97 erltlololag ooaatrp aotoro, (9 ) itldne* o a toj*e o o a- poalee, a> i (9) aX eoellaaeoae evlleaee. T h e flret tv o tfH* *t trllMN h e lleetHel m h«li| bltatd. F roa the third ty p e of eridMdi h e eiM lnded that ", ♦ . eovatrj flaylhl v a o . • . aearly the eaae m tal, or etlff, reat- 1 1 1 eetli|. • . la the fourth ty p e of erldeaee h e fend aethlii rolatiag to the style of eotlaf. O f the lu t type of erldeaee h o ooeololel that ", • . groat oaa- tloa lo seed ed fc o fo ro o a o h oheerrttioae aro teed b o eri- deB O O of o |eaer«l aotlB g etyle."^* therefore, F o a k o o fend oil typee of erldneo « e e d la lateralalag tko eh ar» aoterletlee of Slloatethaa aotlag a o laooaolaelve. T k o tvo palate of viev h o fend lefeaeltle w o re tkat B X la a k o tk a a aotlag v a o lifelike a m i that tko 111tak eth am aulleaoe aoooptol It a o real* O oatlalag tk o o o tvo potato, vlth goaoral laforosooo froa tko other five typee of erl- leaee, F o a k o o fiaally ooaeleleli that o aa h e eall la tkat SU aahotkaa aot lag v a o theaght at tko tim e to h o lifelike, at aa? rate la tk o E h lie th e m tree, aal tkat okat v o k a o v of tk o laah o tk o B attitaloo to e o d hollofo ahoat people's heherleer vetld oaggeot, a o lo h e rrn e oat h y keheepeere'e pleye, a raag o of aotiag o ap ah lo of greater wtrnie of ooeelea, of aao h aotloa ohleh voalg aot o o o a ferooi or grot 0 0 4 0 0 , hat roaliotlo vlthla a fra n o v o rfc of "reality* tkat oolaolloo to a largo ostoat vltk oaro. tko rooalt voall aot h a v e heaa aatarallotlo la oar esaee, aor pot foraali tkoro v a o reea for fleaheyaat g o o tore • . • hat aot 0 0 T* u u . , »• 1 * 75u u . . »• f l a k t j u l that p « il« r li| Bight aot •••■ t t r u | « V y 1(19. >aa o | l « | i iMaftA r a i l t t tla « i| t a t bobs t i l tk t tlM . . . J * A Bora i i f l a l t a u i olaar M t tttio k o b tho fo ra a l- la* U n r y m u 4 « * 7 R a m a lo iia ta r i 1 b h it a rtlo la , 'I l l u t a t t i M Aotara 1 M aa or H arlo aattao .* ^ KoaiBtari to ta «kat ha t a l l t r t a * 0 ha tha fo ra a lla t a r o a ia ta oaa * 7 o b # aal a tta a y tta * 0 dloprora tkia aa fo llo w t 1. Tha h o y a a t o r a * Tha t h a o r y t h a t t h a a u o a a a a f u l h a y a o t o r a o r a a t a d a f o r a a l a t y l a h a d l a - e o w B ta d h y polatlag o u t t h a t aaay of t h a a a h o y a o t o r a v a r a y o « a | b o b aB d 1 b a o a a o a a a a B a t u r a b o b . Koraoro r , t h a a u o a a a a of h o y aotara la t h a l a a t o r a t l o a , a a d 1 b y a r t l o a l a r B d v a r d K y a a a t o B , l a d h l a t o o o B o lt t d a t h a t h o y o oould p o r t r a y v o a a a r o a l i o t l o a l l y . 2 . la ta ra a l aaldaaaa. Paaaafaa froa playa, aot thaaa doaarlhlac tha aotloao of othar oharao- ta ra , hat thaaa a a tlria la c tha faraaX a o tla f a ty la , aaly prora th at tha haat lllaah ath aa aotara did aot maa aaoh a a ty la . 9* la ta ra a l arldaaaa. Tha paaaafaa froa playa aad » . 7 t . i M a k i r i , 'O l M t t t t N i i t o m IUa or Narloaattao** af tha Radara i M a m AaoooiatloB. i l l ! (laplaaV ar, 1?9a T » ? iJ -9I7 * 99 • t t |« dlrootloaa d« M rlb ln | tho to tlo n i of otbor o b trM tfra ara too fov and provldo l B B U f f l O l O B t O V ld O B O O OB V h l O h t o b O O O I l f O O B O l u O l O B O A b o u t S l l B B b O t b B a B O t l B C * 4. Tho thoory of opoad. Tho bo llo f thmt tho apood O f p l B J T l n f I B I l l S B b O t h B B t l a o o B o o o o o l t B t o d b formal aty la vao dlooouatod booauoo thoro vao ao oloar-out proof th at tho aotlac tlao vao lla lto d to tvo homra, or th at tho playa voro aot out I f thoy woro playod l a tvo houro tla o . 9. Tho phyoloal thoatroa. Tho thoatroa vara actually re la tiv e ly amall. Tho f a r thoot apaotator vaa aot aoro than aevoBty-flvo foot avay from tho roar of tho otago. d. Oambllac oa tho a o rlto of riv a l aot ora. Thla arfuaoat, put forward by Joaaph, atatod that bata oa riv a l aotoro, a ooamoa praotloo, oould oaly bo aada i f thoro voro coaorally aoooptod ruloo of aotlnc*^* loooaborc oouat- orod by atatIn c hia b o llaf th a t aetora vara Judcod oa tho lmdlvldual q u ality aad morlt of th o ir vork. 7* Jo ao p h ( 111»abothan A c tin g . PP. 192-93 100 7. Aotora aa oratora. Tha aoholara who uaad thla aa a a a u r a a of arldaaaa oftaa la f t out tha pM«ft|*a «4loh lllu a tra ta d th at a o tla i aad o r a t o r y vara aot tha a a a a t h l i f . 0 . Buhjaatlva la ta ry ra ta tla a a . laaaakari oyaolf- la a lly attaokad tha ooaolaaloma of Valdo Hata ir haaad oa l daund Oaytoa'o H aaaaat l a t a a a a o a P a a O w l io ta . Oa tha haalo of th la arldaaoa vhloh aaaaad to lad laata th at tha aotara 11rad th a lr y arta, laaaaharf did aot oaa hov i t vaa poaalhla to aonoluda athar thaa lllaah ath aa aotlad **a a a tu ra l. ) * l l l a a h a t h a a a a t u r a l a a a a r a . y r a a a a t d a y a a t u r - a l a a a a . T h a t h a o r y t h a t w h a t v a a a a t u r a l l a n i a a h a t h a a t l a a a v a u l t a o t h a a a t u r a l l a p r o a o u t t l a a a l a a a a h a r f f o u a d u m a a a a y t a h l a . ■a ha 11 o r ad t h a t h a th la a la t* o *A drloa to th a T la y a r a ,a aad layvood*a A aa laar f o r A otara v a ra to o a a a lly d la a o u a ta d h j th a f o r a a l l a t a a h o la ra . Thaaa tv o pi**** o f a rld a a o a , a a a a r d la i to la a a a h a r f , la d la a ta d t h a t a a a t u r a l a ty la vaa p ro fa rra d to a f a r a a l ^ * lo a a n h a rf, h i* l U * i m i ^ | * 101 A lthough Rooonborg w u d e f i n i t e in h lo i t t t o k oa tho v a r lo u o th o o rlo o p u t forw ard by tho f o r a a l l o t o , ho did a o t p ro o o n t ovldonoo f o r tho a a t u r a l th o o ry . Bowovor, oa tho b a o lo o f hlo n o g a tlv o ovldonoo ho aado th ro o o o a o lu - alo n o . Oao woo t h a t tho a c t i n g l a tho o a r l y yoaro o f tho X llo a b o th a a porlod wao f o r a a l , aad thoa I t a u o t havo dovolopod toward a a a t u r a l o ty lo ao d r a a a t l o a r t d o v o l- opod.®0 Hlo ooooad o o n o lu o lo a wao o ta to d ao follow oi I t a ay bo t h a t tho 111oabothan ld o a o f " n a t u r a l n o tin g " wao n o t o a a o tly th o oaao ao o u ro i b u t wo havo ao r o a l orldonoo to ouggoot th a t* In l t o dovolopod fo ra * i t wao o tu d lo u o ly p a t t o r n o d . s l F i n a l l y i Rooonborg oonoludod t h a t d l f f o r o a t playo aad p a r t o l a playo ro q u lro d d l f f o r o a t typoo o f n o tin g . In oao o f h lo f i n a l p arag rap h o Rooonborg a tta o k o d r a t h o r p o in te d ly , and o u b j e o t l v e l y , tho f o r a a l l o t o aad t h o i r thoory o f 111oabothan n o tin g . 8hakoopoaro*o dopoadoaoo on tho a o t o r lo a h ard f a o t f o r tho f o r a a l l o t to a o o o p t. For book o f tho f o i v a l l o t a t t l t u d o , X b e l i e v e , lo a w lo h fu l p ro o o a- o o p tlo a t h a t Shakoopooro w o t bo f l s o d aad l a w t a b l e , n e v e r o u b le o t to v a ry in g l a t o r p r o t a t l o a o o f a e r o u r l a l a o to ra * l a aaay o a e e e , th o f o r a a l l o t l o a e e a e l t l v e , l a a g l n a t l v e a a a who can n o t t o l o r a t o th o a tr o o h a ra o - t o n c a t l o a o o f Shakoopoaro d l f f o r o a t f r o a h lo own o o a r la g o o ao o p tlo a o i aad ho l o aagorod by tho a a a g l l a g tho g r o a t playo a o a o tla o o uadorgo on th o o ta g o . So ho loo k o w lo h f u lly book to Shakoopoaro' o own tla o * aad p o o tu la to o a t h o a t r o l a whloh th o p o o try wao a l l , wao n e v e r-o h a a g la g , aad had to bo convoyed through ^° I b ld . * p. 929. , l a u - 102 d e p e r a o n a llle d m outhpleoee.® ^ Two ye o r a a f t e r R o een b arg 'a a r t i c l e a n o th e r a r t l o l a appeared which elm ply p re e e n te d a d d i t i o n a l e v id en ce In a u p p o rt o f th a f o r m e r '! p o in t o f view. David K le in , In " B lla a b e tb a n A c tin g ," e tre n g th e n e d R o een b arg 'a oaaa w ith out adding any nav oonoapta o r naw argum ent! feaaad on h i a evldenoe.® 4 Tha l a a t to ba o o n ald arad In t h l a a a r l a a o f a r t - l o l a a aad booke r e l a t i n g to S l l a a b a t b a a a c t i n g waa ona w r i t t e n by S. L. ha th a 11 a n t i H a d "S h ak o o p e are'a A otora."® * Thla a r t l o l a waa p u rp o aely r a t a l n a d u n t i l l a a t baoauaa In a a t r i o t aanaa I t belonged n e i t h e r to th o f o r mal o r n a t u r a l th e o r y . R a th e r , I t waa th a f l r a t a r t l o l a to doounent In d e t a i l tha th e o ry t h a t S l l t a b e t h a n a o t ln g waa m m ix tu re o f bo th tha form al and n a t u r a l a t y l a a . Moat of th a argum enta, however, w are an a x ta n a lo n o f th a a rg u - n e a te p re ee n te d by H arbaga. B e th e l1 ao o ap tad tho p o in t of view t h a t th a a t y l a o f a o tln g o f B u rb ag e 'a company wao d i f f e r e n t th a n t h a t o f A lle y n 'a oompany. The fo rm er, B o th e ll o t a t e d , " . . . waa more r o e t r a l n e d and In b a t t e r IttA * * P* 92b. ®*David K le i n , "B llaabetham A o tln g ." P u b lic a t i o n ! ^ t | | Modern A a a o o la tlo a . tXXI (March, 1996}, ®*B. L. B o t h e l l , " S h a k e e p e a re 'e A o to ra ." The I e v le v 2t S t u d l e a . lew B e r le a , I ( J u l y , 1990), 195-209. 103 M t u t t . . . .• Ooaoernlag Harbage*e conclusion based on f t t gZEElil O o m i t t which ladlooted tha vaa of conven tio n al gentmre, bethel 1 wrote* • • • there would bo i oraat dlffereaoe between u t i r a l l M a o a v n tl email aad tv w d u f l i i U v t taM hlaf end • tru ly formal H t l i c - a t r l a j t a l oa th at of tho doll* or to for o u o p io . 0 7 hotho 1 1 accepted tho relatio n sh ip ootab 1 1 ahad ha two oa noting and oratory. Although Joooph’s hook had not pot hoon pnhl&ohod ho appareatl/ road I t in l t a maau- oorlpt foi».** lo did not, however, hollooo th at noting and oratory were tho oano thine, ho farth er pointed out th a t " . . . a ll odnoatod nearernation In tho alstoonth and earontoonth eontnrloo would havo aonething of on o rato r- lo al a i r . * 8 8 Mio oonolnolon ao to tho relatio n sh ip hotwo on aotlng and oratory waot X havo no doubt th at tho forms1 manner of oratory was wood in tho 111sahothan thoatro. But i t i s unlikely to havo boon used exclusively. Tho external ovldonoo • . • points to a alxod s t r i a , and X g m i « 9 ° Aa I s tho11 oeatiauod to present hlo arguments i t was readily apparent th a t la tho fin a l analysis hs sup per tad the formal sty lo of aotlng In tho 1 1 1 sabethan thoatro. lo dlfforontinted between natural and I * 1 9 9 * 8 7 1 h i d . , p . 2 0 1 . * * I h l d . . p . 2 0 2 . 8 * I h l d . . p . 2 0 1 . 104 c o n v e n tio n a l n o tin g aaA oonoluAeA t h a t B hnkoapearoaa playo r « | t l r * l U a l t t t a r k l a l . A n a t u r t l t j p a o f a o tln g r a ^ t l r a l o o a ^ U tc 4 r a a t l e l l l a o l o a am i, m o oH I b i to B e tk e ll, t k le « u n o t p o i i U l t on tk o 111tokotknn s ta g e i M i u a t t i k H p t t r t U a a r t H v a rlo a o ty p ee o f t m I otI I I o e n te rta in m e n t In h ie p lc jo wfclofc k roke tk o U la o lo n . At tk o oaA o f k lo n r t l o l o Botko11 anAe tk o fo llo w in g fo a r o o a o le a lo n e i 1. fk o lo n g e r v e re e pa soages In B lls a k e tk a a p l i j o were A ellvereA In i fo rm a l, r k o to r lo n l 2. W hom th o ro woro o k o rto r exchangee o f A lalo g ae In tk o p lip o a noro n o tn ro l type o f A ellv o ry wno n eed . ) . fk o oloom ing In tk o p l i p i wno in n fo rm a l, n o t a a t a r a l , s t y l e . A, fk o u ee o f v a a A e v llle typo no to p re v a le n t in Bfcakeopeareom A rana p re v e n ts ! o o n a lo to n t l l l a o l o a o f r e a l i t y . T kat B o tk o ll kellevoA B llo a k o tk a n n o tin g wao l a tko m ain form al vao laA leatoA i n th lo o tato m o n ti . . • tk o e x lo te n e o o f oaok p a r to ao LaAy Maokotk ami O lo o p a tra lo o a ro ly a f i n a l p ro o f t k a t tk o a o tln g o f tk o tim e vao fnaA anea t o l l y fo rm a l, kow oror t k a t fo rm a lity m lgkt ko akaAoA ky a a ta r a l l o n from t l a o to p. 2 0 4 . B o th o ll vaa a p p a ro a tlp a o t o a tlr o lp oonrlaood th a t a a a t a r a l o t j l o o f a e tla g vao o ro r l a uoo l a tho S llo a h o th a a th o a tro * B rlo f o o aao at vao aoo4o4 o o ae o ralag o ao th o r a r t l o l o v h lo h appoaro4 l a 1959* l t ' o t l t l o , " S llo a h o th a a A otlag l a 0 th o 11 o .* oooaoA to la d lo a to th a t I t vao ooaoorao4 v l t h tho S llo a h o th a a o t j l o o f a o tla g * * ^ Hovooor* tho a a th o r , D oalol S o lto o r , aa4o ao o o a tr lh a tlo a o lth o r to f o r a a l o r a a t a r a l S llo a h o th a a Ho a tto * p to 4 to a p p lj opo o l f l o a l l j to th o a o t l a f o f Q th o llo ooao o f th o a a t o r l a l oa M t l i | fv o to 4 l a a r tl o lo o a a i hooko, a o o t o f v h lo h voro r o r lo v o t ahovo* Za th o ahovo ro r lo v o f o o h o la r lj o p la lo a r o l a t l a g to th o a a ta r o a*4 o h a r a o to rlo tlo o o f I lla a h o th a a a i t t i | aa a t to a p t vaa a t l o to p ro o o a t th o a o o t la p o r ta a t arg v ao ato n l e o v a to r-a rg v a o a to f o r thooo vho t o l l o r o4 t h a t S llo a h o th a a a o t la g wao a a ta r a l* Thlo 414 a o t la o la 4 o 9 h o v o ro r, th o p ro o o a ta tlo a o f o r lg la a l ooarooo vhloh voro woo4 h j o o h o laro oa h o th ol4oo o f th o arg aao at* Tho aao aa4o o f thooo o r l g l a a l ooarooo vao h o th la to r o o tla g oa4 l l l a a l a a t l a g l a th o o ta 4 j o f S llo a h o th a a a o t la g . *05. M l i i r , aH l* * b * tk * B I t l l u l a O t t i l l o . * H l l l U H Q ghftdftEJkXt X ( V ia to r , 1999)* 901-210* 10 6 I I I . COITEKPORARY COWRIT AID CRITICISH 01 XLIZABSTHAI ACT1I0 The purpoee of t h i • a a o tlo n vaa to p re o e n t th e s o o t im p o rta n t o r i g i n a l aouroaa uaed by a o h o la ra i n th a proood- i n | a a o tlo n to d a f l n a th a a t y l a o f X llo a b eth a n a o t ln g . Tha aouroaa v a r a arran g ed a c c o rd in g to w hathar o r n o t thay • a d a r a f a r a n c a to a o tln g th e o r y , th a uaa of tha v o lo e , tha u aa o f a c tio n , o r c h a r a o ta r la a tl o n * Thla a a o tlo n d id n o t o o n a ld a r tha v a r lo u a a rg u a e n ta o f a o h o la ra on a p a o lf lo p la o a a of o v ld a n o e . In many oaaaa th a aaaa ev id en ce waa uaad to a u p p e rt both tha f o r s a l and n a t u r a l th a o ry . Oo— a t . O r l t l . l M . O B A o tln a T h.onr Thara waa in tha 111aabathan p a rlo d no w e ll-d e fin e d th a o r y o f a o t l n g . A ll good a o tln g and a l l good a o to r a v a r a thooo who fo llo v a d th a p ra o a p ta o f n a t u r a . Thla did n o t , o f oo u raa, ln d l o a t a t h a t a n a t u r a l a t y la o f a o tln g vaa I n uoa f o r even tha a o o t form al o f a o to ra oan found h lo uaa of a c t i o n and v o le a on n a t u r a . H a a le t, In h lo "Advloa to th a P l a y e r a , ” Inform ed tha t r a v e l i n g company o f a o to r a t h a t th a y v a ra to aaka i t t h e i r a p a o la l ta e k to aa " . . • o 'o r - o t e p n o t tha ao d e o ty of n a t u r a . . . ." Ha ^ S r i l l l a a Shakoopoaro, Aot I I I , ao. 11* A ll q u o ta tlo n a f r o a S hakeapeare v a ra ta k e n f r o a The Com olata Worka o f Shakoopoaro . ad. Oaorga Lyman K 1 ttre d g e (B o ato n i Oln and Coapany, 1976). 1561 pp. 107 f u r t h e r p o in te d out tho purpose of p i t y i n g wee "• • * to QS h o ld , as *tw ere, th e m ir r o r up to n a t u r e . • . ." H a a le t r e a l i s e d t h a t an audience o f te n p r a le e d th e a o t o r who o v e r - a o te d . But t h i e did n o t exouee th e a o t o r who " . . • I m ita te d humanity ao ab o m in a b ly ."9* John Webster* i n a n o te appended to th e end o f h i s play* The White D evil (1612)* com plimented the a o t ln g o f R ichard P e r k in s , and I n p a r t l o u l a r * "# • • f o r th e t r u e i m i t a t i o n o f l i f e w ith o u t 0 7 s t r i v i n g to make n a tu re a m o n ste r. • . ." S i r Thomas Overbury made e s s e n t i a l l y th e same s ta te m e n t i n M s "An E x c e lle n t A o to r ." "He d o th n o t s t r i v e to make n a tu r e m o n stro u s, who I s o fte n seen In th e same Soaene w ith him* bu t n e i t h e r on S t i l t s n o r C ru tc h e s. • . . w9® In an anonymous f u n e r a l elegy on the d e a th o f Klohard Burbage th e r e was a comment on M s a b i l i t y to a o t sorrow 1 " 80 QQ t r u e l y to ys l y f e . . • ." M oreover, I t was s a id of Burbage t h a t on th e s ta g s he oould p o r tr a y ” • • . g r i e f ' s " i b i d . * 'J o h n Webster* The W hitt { t i l l * C1612J* Thy Complete Works o f John W e b ste r, ed. F. L. Dueas ( Boston 1 Houghton R i r r i l n Company* 1970;* I* 192. on ^ 5 1 r Thomas Overbury * "An E x c e lle n t A o to r." The O y trb u rla n C h a ra c te r s . which I s added £ W ife. (16157* e d . W. 7 . P a y lo r (The Peroy R e p rin te m l . Oxford 1 Baal B la o k w ell, 19 9 6 ), pp. 76-77* " " O n ye d e a th o f y s famous a o t o r E. B urbage," o l t s d In 0. 0. S to p s s * Burbame gad S h ak esp eare*s Stake ( Londont A lexander B oring L t d . , 1919)* pp. H B - 1 9 . lOfl tru * p i c t u r e . . . . ” 100 in g*oond H ald * n 'a Traaedv (1611) on* o f th* c h a ra o tc r a to ld a f rl* n d a t th * t h e a tr * th a t ”. . . thou a h a l t a** my la d l* p la t* h*r p a r t n a t u r a l l l * , ao r# to th* I l f * th*n *h*«* awar* o n .* 101 A a b o r t pl*o* of d ia lo g u e f r o a G*org* Chapaan'a Qantlaman Oahar (1606) waa th* only o o aa an t on X lla a b e th a n a o tln g vh lo h a**a*d to d l f f * r * n t l a t * b*tw**n n a tu r* and a r t . llad C lo a]. . . . 1*11 p la y ay p a r t Thai you a h a l l eay, l a t u r * y l * ld a ao r* th an A r t. A ln th o n a o ]. B * 't *o r e a o l v 'd i u n a r t l f l o l a l t r u t h An unf*lgn*d p aaalo n aan d * o lp h * r b * * t.* °* Xn a n o th a r Chapaan p l a y , Th* Widow'a T aar* (1612), a o h a r a o t a r 'a a o tlo n waa r * f* r r* d to aa I lk a t h a t of ”. . . an overdoing a o t o r , [whlohj a f f * o t a g r o a a l y , and l a , lnd**d ao f a r foro*d f r o a tha I l f * , th a t I t bewraya i t a a l f to b* a l t o g e t h e r a r t i f i c i a l . " 10^ T. O a ln a fo r d 'a Tha Hioh C ab in et f u rn la h e d w ith | T a r l a t l * l a o o l l a n t d * a o r ln tlo n a (1616) p ro v id ed aoa* 101 1611. Aot T ( i n Or*g. Londoni Th* ) , p. 63. (1 6 0 6 ), Aot O o M d laa, *17 Thoaaa Har* F a rro T t (Londoni Caorg* l o u t i e l g * d Bona, H a l t e d , 191*). p. 2*1. *0*or«* Chapaan, Jfcg fltH U tllB £*&!£• I X, ao. 1, The rlggg and Poya* of gyorit SfeUMft* Zkl oaedl**. *1. Thoaaa Har* F arro tt (Londoni Caori 103 IT , a o . 1, on. o l t . . n. *0 Oaorg* Chapaan. Jh a Widow** T e a r* . [1 6 1 2 ], Aot 109 ldaaa )!■ to tho varlad q u a lltlra required of on Kliaabethaa aotor. . . . P la y e r h o th nany t l M « , nany o io o llo & t q u o l- l t l e a i oa I m o I b i , a c t i v i t y , a u a lo k e . aong, t l l o q u - t l o a , o h l l l t l a o r body, memory, v l g l i a n o y , o k l l l o f weapon, p r t p i a o y o f w i t , oad auoh l l k a i l a o i l o f vhlo h haa r e a e n b le t h on e t o e l l a n t a p r ln g o f w a te r, vhlo h grovoa tho n o ra a v a a t a r , oad th a n o ra p l a n t l f u l l by th a o f ta n d ro v in g o u t o f l t i ao o ra o i l th a a a th a n o ra p e r f e c t and p lo u a lb la by tha n o ra o f ta n p r o o t l o a . w I t voa d l f f l o u l t to d a t a r n l n a v h a th a r o r n o t th a r a developed d u rin g th a l l l a o b a t h o n t l n a a any o y a te n a tia e d oathod o f ta o e h ln g a o tln g through th a uaa of a to n d o rd la a d v o lc e a and g a a tu r a a f o r p o r t l o u l o r em otlone. Thraa p la o a a o f a v ld an ee ln d lo o ta d a t l a a o t th a b ag ln n ln g a o f auoh a th a o ry . Thonaa Haywood, in h la A& Apology f o r A otara (1 6 1 2 ), v r o ta o f L ab e rle u a who * . . waa an e x o e lle n t p o a t and r a r a a o t o r , who w r i t a booka o f tha g a a tu r a and n o tio n to ba uaad by th a tr a g a d la n a and oomedlanf i*> p arfo n aan e a o f every p a r t In h la n a t i v e hum or.*0* U n fo r tu n a te ly Haywood d id n o t l n d l o a t a v h a th a r t h l a book waa of any uaa to h la o o n ta m p o ra rla a, a lth o u g h ha notod I n a n o th a r p la o a t h a t a o to r a oould ba a ld ad w ith th a h a lp o f l n a t m o t l o n . [Thoaaa O a ln a fo r d J , Tha HIoh C ab ln at Pur n le h a d w ith a T a r i a t l a o f K i o a l l a a t d a a o r lP tlo n a • • . (Londoni P r in ta d ay 1 . 1 . f o r i o g e r J a o k a o n , l a l b J , p. 117. ^Thoaaa Haywood, An Apology f o r A o to ra . [1612j (Londoni Jta p rln tad f o r th a onakaapaara S o o la ty , 1561), p. 62. 110 • . . i h « ; [ M t o n J ahoul* ba r a t b a r a o b o l l a r a , th a t* tb o u |b thay o a a a o t i p t i k t w a l l , kaov how t a •p # a k # , o r a l a a to have t h a t v o l u b i l i t y t h a t th a y oaa opaake v a i l , though th ay u n d er# ta n * a o t w hat, aa4 ao h a th l a p a r f e e t l o a a aay by l n e t r u o t l o n e ha h#lpa* a a l M f l a l a l » • Tha t h i r d p ia o a o f avldeaoe vao c o n ta in # * l a th a p r a fa o a to aa aaoayaoue p la y , Tho Q yarlaa C o n a u a re r. o r th a t a l t h l a a a B a l l e t . Cola aa* Chlnoy la h a la d t h l a • • th a f l r a t f e g l l e h l l l u a t r a t l o a o f th a a o h e a a tla a - t l o a v h lo h o h a r a o t a r la a a th a au a e ro u a a a a a a la vhloh f o l l o w * l a th a e i g h t# # ath aa* a l a a t # a a t h o e n t u r l a e . " 107 A f ta r c a ta l o g u in g v a r lo u e typaa o f v o lo e a base* oa J u l l u a P o llu x * a th# aaonyuoua a u th o r 41* th a #aa# v l t h g a a t u r e . Tha o th a r p a r to of a o t lo a l a l a th a g a a tu r e , v h lo h n u e t ha v a r lo u a , aa r# q u lr# * i aa l a a a o r r o v f u l p a r t , th a ha a* m a t hang dovui l a a p ro a * , th a haa* m e t h# l o f t y t l a aa a a o ro u a , oio aa* a y a a , h anging *ova lo o k o , aa* a ro e a#* a r a e l a a h a a ty , f a a l a * , aa* a o r a ta h la g th a h a a * , a t o . . . *106 A lthough ao d a ta o f p # rfo ra a a e a vaa g iv e n v l t h t h l a play* i t vaa aoauaa* hy B ar hag# to have h aaa v r l t t e a a h o r t l y a f t a r Aooordlng to K arbaga, i t vaa l 0 i I h l * . . p . 43. 10^0#1# aad Chlnoy, gg. o l t . . p. 69* l0 *Tha Q ra rla a O ananarar. o r th a P v ita i# # # B a l l o t . B r l t l a h lluaavn n a . I I e u a e > 7 0 $ - l 7 3 ? 0 1 o lto * l a u u . * p . 190. 10*H arbage, "B ile a h # th a n A o tln g ," p. *90. I l l ■. . . tha a a r l l s o t a p a o lf lo ln a tr u o tlo n o fo r a o tln g s x t a a t In A tg lla b . . . .» 110 o— — —* C r i t l o f oa t t t O.t o f t o t la . l a th a « o a t M p o r u 7 a to and o r l t l o l a n a on th a naa o f a a t l o a 9 a o to ra v a r a advload to uaa a o d s r a t l o n . Bhakaapoars v r o t n i . . . l o r do n o t mam th a a i r to o auoh v l t h j o u r hank* t h a t , h u t uaa a l l g a a t l j i f o r In th a v a ry t o r - r a a t , t a n p a o t , and (a a X n a j a a j ) v h i r l v i n d o f j o u r paaalon* j o u n u a t a a q u lr a aad b s g s t a ta n p aran o o t h a t n a j g lv a i t o a o o t h a a o o .i l l Xt vao u n f o r tu n a ta t h a t t h a r a vaa no d a o o r lp tl o n o f B a n l a t 'o ova n a t i o n on th a " th u o ." H a n ls t a l a a r s f s r r s d to a o to r a vho had n o t • . . . tha g a i t o f C h r i s t i a n , p agaa( 112 n o r nan . . .■ aad vho " , . . a t r u t t a d . . . In F r a 11an O ra a a ld a th a r a vaa a la o r a f a r a n o a to a * . . . s t r u t t i n g p l a j a r . . . . ,l1 5 Xn H o h a r d XIX th a ra v a a an l n f o r n a t l v a oonaant on tha uaa o f notion* p r o h a h lj I n th a oaaa o f l a f s r l o r a o t o r a . l i a h t a r d l • Cana, ooualn* o a n a 't thou quaka and ohanga t h j ao lo u r* n a r t h a r t h j h r a a th I n n&ddla o f a vord* And th a n a g a in hsgla* and a ta p a g a in * ^ 8 h a k n a p n a m 9 Aot XX* a o . 11. ***Bhak aa p a a ra * O ra a a ld a . Aot X* a a . 1 x c a m x * x x u U b b ui 112 Aa i f th e n w art 4 1 i t r t u |h t and u d v lth ts r r o r T h a a h C ln a h a i]. T u t, I oaa o o u a to r f a lt th a daap t r a i t l l i a , Bpoot and look bank, and pry oa a a ary a ld a f T n t l l * aad a t a r t a t v i u i b c o f a s tra w , X ataad lag daap a u a p ta lo n , O a a a tly Loaka A r m a t mj o s r r l a o , I lk a o aforood a a llo o t Aad b o th a ra roady l a t h a l r a f f lo a s At aay t l a a to g ra o a ay atratagom o! 114 Xt aaaaa u n llk a ly th a t Shakoopoaro waa d t t o r l M n i i l a th la oaao, th a b o a t o f B llaab atfeaa a o t Inc* T hla p lao a o f aw ldaaoa would oaaa to ln d lo a ta a a ty la o f a o tIn c th * ' waa n o t uoad by auoh a o to ra aa Burbaga aad A lla y a . Thoaaa laywood waa a la o oppoaad to th a owaruao o f a o tlo a , A o tla g , ao oordlng to layw ood, h a lp a d th a a o h o la r • . • to kaapa a dao o m a l a h lo a o u a ta a a a a a , n a l th a r to frow aa whaa ha ahould a a l l a , a o r to aaks uaaooaoly aad d la g u lo a d fa aao l a th a d a llr o r y o f h lo wordoi a o t to a ta r a w ith h lo a la a , draw awry h lo a o a th . . • n a lt h a r to b u f f a t h la daaka I lk a a aad aaa« a o r a ta a d a In h lo p lao a I lk a a l i r a l a o a o la a g o . d a a u r a lj.p lo d d in g , aad w ith o u t any aao o th aad f o r a a l a o tlo a .A l" Xa a a o th a r paaaaca laywood o o aaaatad on th a a lg a l flo a a o a aad uaa a f a a tlo a aa fo llo w e i • • • A d a llw a ry aad aw aat a a tlo a l a th a g la o a a aad b a a a ty o f any d la a a u ra a t h a t b a la a g a to a a a a o llo r . Aad t a l a lo th a a a tl o a b o h o a ra fa ll l a any t h a t p ro - fa a a a t h l a q u a lity * n o t to uaa aay la p a d a a t o r faro o d a o t la a l a aay p a r t o f th a body, a o r rough o r a th a r r l o l o a t g a o tu ra i a o r oa th a a a a tr a r y to a ta a d I lk a a a t l f f a a ta r a h t a a a , b u t to q u a l l f l a a r a ry th in g U 4 fe a k a o p o a ra , Tha t r t a t d i o f H a a ***** th a T h ird . Aot XXX, ao. ▼ . l l * lo y v o o d , a l t . , p. 29* 113 to to r A la i to th # a a tu r* o f tho porooa porooaotod i f o r l i o T t r M t l u tr lo k o , aad to y lla g to n t h l a tho o a tlo k o h o t I t o f huaoro, o n o f th o r lp o o t d o o o rt, f r o o to o t o p ln lo a o , aad h o o t r o p u ta llo a a , Bay brooko In to th o s o o t w lo lo a t a b o u r d ltlo o .11* i o t a S a lv o r '* C h lro lo a la o r th o ■ o tu ro l j m y y o f tho | n | aad C hiron onto o r th o A rt o f | m i ^ th o t o r i o pub- 11 shod l a 164* o o a ta la o d auaorouo l l l n o t r o t l o a o oa th o uoo o f a o tlo a f o r th o o r a to r . A llard y o * I l o o l l , o o aa o n tln g on th* e o n to a to aad la p o rta n o o o f S a lv o r, v ro to t • • . d o o o rlp tlo a o a ro g iv o a o f 17* g o o tu ro o o f tho h aad a, f la g o r o , aad a ra o uood by o r a to r * , aa d , by l a p l l o a t l o a o , a o to ro . . . . Thor* oaa b* l l t t l o doubt t h a t thooo gootu ro o voro known aad p ra o tio o d bp a o to ro , aad th o / d o i o m otudy t o - d a y . 1 1 7 A lthough th * two booko v oro th* fo u n d a tio n o f Joooph'o oao* f o r a r h o to r lo a l o ty l* In S lla a b o th a a a o tla g , th o ro vao ooa* doubt on th o p a r t o f Soooaborg aa to wbottoor th o j v o ro a o tu a lly uood bp th o S lla a b o th a a a o to ro , S u lv o r vao try in g to d o o o rlb o f a i r l y u n lw o ro al goo- ta ro o m ooful f o r o ra to ro i ho had n o th in g to aay f o r a o to ro , Xadood, a oontonptuoao phraoo o f h lo ouggooto hov v o ry d lffo ro m tly ho ra g a rd o d a o to ra aad o r a to r * , Of th * o tr l k l a g o f tho fo ra h o a d w ith th o hoad, ha v r o to i *Hy A uthor ooaour* l a o p la lo a w ith Q a l n t l l l l o a and a d ju d g o th i t w orthy o f banl obaoat f r o a th o Sand o f tho O ra to u r , and to b* o o a fla o d to . th o Tho a t o r , aad th o r ld lo a lo u o Baado o f R la lo k o .'U * U > I b l d . . pp. f t - 30. 11TI l o o l l , | n U M u h to o a th O onturr £ Q f t* P• 125 • ^ ^ lo o a a b o r g , gg. * l t . . p . 922* o l t l a g Joooph, t P- 37. 114 Th# valu# o f B u lw # r's I l l u s t r a t i o n # to tb# otudy o f th# ua# o f a o tlo a on th a B ll« a b # th a a s ta g # waa d sp sn d sa t upoa w h#thar o r n o t th ay ooultf ha aooaptad aa b # lag uaad by a o to ra aa w a ll aa o r a to r s . T hara d id not* how svar, aaaa to ba a u f f l o la n t aa id a ao a aaoag th a o th # r aouroaa on th a uaa o f a o tlo a to la d le a ta t h a l r uaa by a o to ra . Thoaaa b r ig h t #ald th a t . . i n th a su b ataa o a o f a x ts r a a l a o tlo a f o r th a a o a t p a r t o r a to r s aad s ta g a p la la r # H o a g ra a . . . . ” 7 Thara was* howswar* a d lf f a r a a o a . Tha a o to r ln ta r a la g la d ”. . . aaoh l a v l t y l a t h a l r a o tlo a to aaka aa a laugh* . . *■ b u t th# o r a to r uood ”. . . a l l 190 g r a v ity * graos* aad a u th o r ity . • • .■ Tha aaaa ooa* p a rla o a was aada in Abrahaa f r a u a o a 'a Z k i A m l l u th a to r lo (1 5 0 6 ). Opaaklng o f th # a o tlo a o r g a a tu ra o f th a o ra to r* ha a a id t h a t I t * . . . a u s t fo llo w s th a ohangs aad ▼ a rls tls o f th a voyos . . . y a t a o t p a r a a t l o a l l l s aa s ta g s p l a l a r s u a a , b u t g r a u a lla aad d a o a n tlla aa b#ooaath aa a o f g r s a t s r c a ll i n g . Xa Thoaaa C a a p lo a 's £ hooka o f Avraa (1601) th a ra 11^Thoaaa b r ig h t g h t, Tha T aaalona o f th a Kind U ta g and s a ia rg a g . . • { L o a io n iltlls o [ x w a ] . . t o s . 115 waa an I n d i c a t i o n o f a typo o f r h a t o r l c a l g a a tu r a uaad I n th a a o t l n f o f o l d a r c o a a d la o . Howavar, I t waa l l k a l y t h a t t h l a a t y l a waa r a f o m a d In th a 1 1 1 a a b a th a n p a r lo d . X lSb £ MOiOMOt *0*0! o r M i l a Z t ap p aarad f r o a o o n taap o rary o o aaan ta th a t aoaa a o to ro wara n o tad f o r t h a l r a b i l i t y in * fa o a -a a k ln f•" E aapa, th a faaouo o o a a d la a , cava a d a a o n o tra tlo a o f faoa* B ik in i l a th a l a t u m f r o a f a m a a m a . F a r t In Ban J o h a a o a 'a C m th la * a I n t l i ( 1601) th a ra waa a la o an a x h lb ltlo a o f fa o a -a a k la g whloh ln o lu d a d , aaonc o th a ro , th a fao a o f a o o u r tla r i . . . Tour C o u rtla r th a o rlo lo h a , t h a t h a th a r r i v 'd a t h la f a r th a a t aad d o th now know th a o o u rt, r a th a r by a p a o u la tlo a , th a a p r a o tlo a , th la lo h lo fa o a i a f a a tld lo u a and o b llf u a fa o a , th a t lo o k o , aa I t want w ith a v lo a and wara ao raw 'd th u a .1 2 6 Thoaaa O aapion, 1 hooka o f A r r ta . [1601 OaaalpaVa W art a . a d . F a ro lv a l V iv ian (O xrordi Tha Ola r an io a r r a a a , 1909)* p . 6 . • [16011, iobi Ivor ***Baa d o h aaaa, ao. I l l ( l a Jttdaoa. law' T on i lanry , F a r t I I , Aot IT , ________1590-1601), ad. J . B. o la o a and V ataon L td ., 19*9)• m Jo h a a a a , l a v a l a . T a la I t l l l f t l l T M l l M a T o rti la n r y V o lt aad ooapan [16011, Aot X I, A laxaadar O orbla pany. 1912), p. 64. 116 In * Thoaaa P akkar p la y , 4 Hor>> Kao* (1 6 1 3 ), th a ra vaa th a fo o l . vhoaa g a a tu ra o f B aking ao u th aa aad a n tio k a faoaa vaa a x o a lla n t a p o rt to th a 1 « a p a o ta to r a . . . Thoaaa K ld d la to a v r o ta o f a p arao a • . . . a 0 ra v in g h la fao a Ilk a oaa o f o u r o o u atry p l a j a r a , vhloh m a t aaada a aka h la look I lk a a f o o l. . . . Bdauad Q ayton, l a h la F la a a a n t lo t a a upon Don Q ulxat (1 6 9 4 ), had an l n t a r a a t l a g 0 oaa a n t on th a uaa o f a o tlo n l a duab ahova, a lth o u g h I t l a d o u b tfu l th a t t h la ln d lo a ta d a a l a l l a r a ty la vaa uaad In r a g u la r p a rfo ra a n o a . • . . Tha b u alaa aa ( th a o h a lla a g a oaoa O ftr) vaa a duaba ah av , v h a ra th a Poa a v a lla , lo o k a b ig , aaaaaaa v l t h haad aad ahakan J a v a l l a , d la d a la a a a ld a a a o a a a , o la p a h la ovaa h aa d a, aad bound a v l t h l U l B t t l a i th a o th a r p a r t ah ru d t aaaaaa aad b l u r t , n a g la o t, aaka a o u th a , aad f l o u t l a S panlah p o a tu ra a , aad ao a a a u a t.l* ? T hara v a ra aoaa ra fa ra a o a a to th a ovaruea o f a o tlo a . Baa Jo aao a l a Tha B ta a la o f la v a (1691) o r l t l - o la a d th o aa vho *• • • o v a r-n o t p ro d lg lo u a ly . • . a a d , h av in g t o t th a tr l o k a o a 't , v i 1 1 ba m i U S U a t l l l , l a Thoaaa P ak k ar, A I tr a a g o lo r a a la o a , (1619)• Tha la a - P r a n a tla l a r k a a f th o a a a P a h k a rT a l . A iaxaadar 1 . O ro a a rt (Landon 1 l a a a l l , V ata o a , aad Tan a y , H a l ta d , 16 8 9 ), XXZ, 33*. 1 I 6 « . _ 7 3 • K ld d la to a , _______ Can(London 1 XTt Bdauad O ayton, f lf if B B l l o ta a Oaaa Paa Q ulxot Londoai F rln ta d by V U l l a a k u a l , 1 6 9 4 ), pp. 556-597 117 1 d o a p lfh t o f o o u n a o ll." John H araton ly ooa- oornod w ith th a o v t n i t of a o tlo a . Would1 a t havo ao c ry , ru a ra v in e up and down. F or » aon*a loaaT V o v ld 'a t havo ao tu rn rank aa d . Or v r iM «F fa o a w ith a l a l o a o tlo n i B taaf, o u r oof woop, r i |o , aad thoa a q r boooa otrlkoi Away t l a aploh a o tlo a , p la y o r - llk o . F in a lly , O aln afo rd a a id th a t th o "P la y o r a u o t ta k a hood o f w roatod aad oaforood a o tlo a . • . . C oaaonta and O r ltlo la a a oa th o P a t o f T oloa Tho o o aao ata aad o r l t l o l a a a oa th o aaa o f th o v o lo a by th a B lla a h o th a a a o to ra woro n o t o x to n alv o aad p ro rld o d l l t t l o I n f o r a a tlo a oa tho a o tu a l o h a r a o to r lo tlo o o f v o o al d o llv a r y . Of Burbaeo I t waa a a ld th a t th o ro waa . . . ao aaoh d lffo ro a o o b o tw lx t h l a and oao o f our ooaaon A otoro, aa botw aaa a B a lla d -n ln e o r who only ao u th o i t , aad oa a a o o llo a t o ln f o r , who kaowo a l l h lo O raaaa, aad aa a a r t f u l l y wary aad a o d u la ta h la T o lo a, avon to know how aaoh b ro a th h o lo to | 1 t « to ovory a y lla b la T 1’ 1 Tho oaao o r l t l o , Flooknoo, ooaaon tod t h a t B u rb u fo ^ ▼oloo n o t o nly had v a r lo ty and a o d u la tlo n b u t a la o waa X2*Baa Jo n a o a , J u a n a , odo. 0. I . lo r { O x fo rd i Tha C laraadon F roao, 1 )9 1 ), T l, F10 ( 9 1 ), Bon B lapaoa ao . U O hlvora C1A02), Aot X fo rd t Oxford X ^° 4alnaford, $£. ill* • P * X 17 F looknoo, 4 S h o rt D looourao oq tho 118 m . . b u i I c to the e a r . " 17? however, 1 t could not be d e te r m in e d f r o a t h l e b r i e f s t a te m e n t w h e th e r o r n o t h i e v o ic e had e r u e l c e l q u a l i t y . A c co rd in g to Thoaaa Dekker, In The K a a n l f l c e n t t o t e r t a l n a o n t ( 1 6 0 4 ) , Edwerd A lle y n had " . . . a w e ll tu n * d e , a u d i b l e voyoe. . . . Thoaaa Heyvcod i n one of th e F r o lo g u e s to M arlo w e'a The Jew o f E e l t a (1 6 7 J) e a ld of A lle y n t h a t he waa a • ftoeclus f o r a t o n g u e , / S o c o u ld 174 he a p e a k , ao v a r y . ” T h la would a e r i to I n d i c a t e t h a t A lle y n had v a r i e t y in h l a v o o a l d e l i v e r y . T here were a e v er a l c o n s e n t s a d v i s i n g Moderation In the uae o f th e v o lo e . H a n l e t Inform ed th e p l a y e r a t h a t they e h o u ld apeak . . t r i p p i n g l y on th e to n g u ei But I f you s o u t h I t , aa aany o f y o u r p l a y e r a d o , I had aa l i v e 177 th e town o r l e r apoke ny l l n e a . ” In a l o n g e r q u o te he w ro te o f th e o f f e n e l v e n e a a of an a c t o r who o v e ru s e s th e v o i c e . i t ? J F le o k n o e , B u te r o e R e s t o r e d . "The F r a l a e a o f R le h a r d B u r b a g e ,” o i l e d i n Wungeaer, o£. o l t . ■ p. 79. - 1 9 TTT 7 p. ?e. ^ ^ T h o a a a Dekker, Qlven to J a s e e . Tha e d . Fredaon Bowers (Cash: F re a a , 1 9 9 9 ), I I , 260. 1C* 1 ^ S h a k e s p e a r e , H a s l e t . Aot I I I , s o . 11. 119 Oa I t o ffo n d * no to th « o o u l to h o a r a ro b u a tlo u * p « r l t l |- p « t * d f o llo w t e a r a p a o e lo n to t a t t o r a , to v a ry r a g e , to a p l l t th o o a ro o f tho g r o u n d lin g o , who ( f o r th o n o o t p a r t ) a ro c a p a b lo o f n o th in g b u t in o x - p llo a b lo duab ohowo and n o ia o . X would how* ouoh a fo llo w w h ip p 'd f o r o * o r d o l u T o m a g a n t. I t o u t-h o ro d a H orod. f r a y you awold l t . W F i n a l l y , In h l a ”Adwlc* to th o P la y o r e ," Shakoopoar* o r l t l o l x e d a o to ro ”. . . t h a t n o l t h o r haw ing th o ao o o n t o f C h r lo tla n o . . . haw* . . . oo 197 b o llo w o d . . . . ” I n a n o th e r S hakoopoaroan p la y , T r o llu o | b£ O ro a a ld a . th o a o t o r wao o r l t l o l s o d who . d o th th in k I t r lo h /T o h o a r tho wooden d ia lo g u e ao u n d /T w lx t h la o t r o t o h 'd f o o t i n g and th o o o n f f o ln g * .” ^ ® Heywood a la o adwlood tho a o to r o to uoo dooorun i n t h o l r opoooh. Tho r a l u o o f r h o t o r l o and n o tin g wao t h a t I t . . . n o t o n o ly onboldono a o o h o llo r to a p e a k e , b u t l n a t r u o t a h l n t o apeaka w a l l , and w ith Judgem ent to obaorwa h l a o o o a u , o o lo n a , and f u l l p o y n ta i h l a p a r e s th o a o a , h l a b r e a t h i n g ap a o ao , and d l a t l n o t l o n o . . . n o t t o . . . oonfound h l a w oloa I n th e h o llo w of h l a t h r o a t , o r . t e a r * h i a worda h a a t l l y b e tw ix t h l a to o th * • • S i r Thonaa O ro rb u ry a a id o n ly t h a t th o a o to r* a t o I oo ohould n o t bo . • lo w er th a n th o p r o n p to r , n o r 1*0 lo w d er th a n th o F o l i a and T a r g e t . ” 13i I b l d . 1 ,0 S h a k o a p o a ra , T r o llu a g fii O ro a a ld a . Aot I , a o . 11 1. ^^■eywood, o l t . . p. 29. 1*0 Orerbury, o l t . . p. 77* IPO f h i r i v « r« * fow , b r l o f o r l t l o l o a o o f a o t o n who oToruood th o v o lo o . M v t H O aptoa r o f o r r o d to th o a o to r a o t th o P ortw ao and ftod h u l l u a . . . t o r r l b l o to a ro * t h r o a t o . . . , * U I X. l a f h l o W orld*o P o lly (1 * 1 3 ), v r o t o o f . S to m to r - th r o o to d b o l l o w i a f a . . • Aad l a a a aaaap ao u o p la p , Tho P a r l t a a (1 * 0 7 ), th o ro wao r o f o r o a o o to "• . . a a t a l k l a f - a t a a p l a c P la p o r t h a t w i l l r a lo o a to a p o o t w ith h l a tourn*, aad th u a d o r w ith h l a h o o lo o T "14^ Jo h a K aratom r l d l o u l o d th o a l a a l a t o d p a a o lo c a o f th o p r o f o a a l o a a l a o to ro l a C h i l l i I f j U y f t ( IM P ) w r l t t a a f o r a b o p 'a o o ap aap . . . . X w i l l a o t a w a ll l l k o a T r a c o d la a , l a fo ro o d p a a a lo a o f a f f o o to d a t r a l a o o . l l k o to aoao b o j , t h a t a o to o a T ra c o d lo , 144 Ip o ak o o b u r ly w o rd a, aad raw oa o u t p a a a lo a . l a Tho latarm P ro a ^ I Q A l U l i T a r t X X (1 * 0 ?) Koapo o r l t l o l a o d o o h o la r* a o to ro l a a d la o u a a lo a w ith B a rb a ra aa i * ^ u t O ap to a , o a . o l t . . p . pa. m I . I . , t h i o W orld1 m P o l l r . ( 1 * 1 3 ) , O l t o d l B O h a a b o ra , oi. a l t . , a t . 1*3, 121 tb o i# who . . . n a u a r ip tA k i l a t b i l r w a lk * , b u t a t th a aad o f th o a t a | # i l a o t aa tb o « |)i l a w a lk in g w ith a f a llo w wo ah o u ld a a a a r ap aak a b a t a t a a t l l a . a f a t a , o r a d lto h * w hara a a a a o aa go ao f a r t h a r . l * “ T baaaa D ak k ar, l a an I n t r o d u c t i o n to Tha Whora o f B abylon (1407)* o o aa an ta d oa a o t o r a who d id n o t a to y l a tu n a . . • . a a a y o f tk a Z n a tr u n a a ta a r a f o r th a a a a t p a r t o u t o f tu n a , Aad ao a a r a a l l a i f o r l o t tk a P o t t a a t tk a a o t a o f h l a l o n b a r a , o a a a to A p o llo a a owa L y ra , tk a P l a y a r w i l l k au a k l a owaa C ro o h a ta , aad o la g f i l l * a o ta a * l a d l o p l t a o f a l l tk a r a l a a o f H u a le k .l* * I t waa p o a a l b l a , th a n , t h a t a a a a l o a l ty p a o f d tl l w a r y waa a a a d bp th a a e h o la r a l a t k a l r n o tin g aad p o a - a l b l y b j I n f a r t o r p la y a r a oa tk a London a ta g o . n * ” 1 9 r n H 1 « °n C h f.8 t« rl« .tlo n C oataaporary ooaaan t aad o r l t l o l a a a ln d lo a ta d th a t tka b a a t a o to r o , a t l a a a t , wara co n a ld a ra d by t k a lr a u d l- aaoao to kawa l d a n t l f l a d w ith th a p a rta thay wara p l i y l a i . Barbara a o t o n ly d id t h l a , b u t a c c o r d in g to P la ek n o a , r a n a ln td i n o k a r a o ta r through o a t k la p a r fo r a a a o a . . . . ha waa a d a l l g h t f u l P r o ta u a . ao w h o lly tr a a n - f o r a ia g k ln a a l f in t o k la P art* aad p a t t in * o f f h l a a a l f w ith k la O lo a tk a o , aa ka a a a a r (n o t ao nook aa In th a fy r la g -h o n a a ) a ttu n 'd k ln a a l f a g a in a a t l l tka P la y waa 14*Tka B a tu r a f r o a P a rn a a a a a - P a r t ZZt Aot IT , a o . 111. l4*tkanaa B ak k ar, tka W h o r a of B ab aian . [1407]» T k a j d l l l H f l H l B u t t * 11 * OT7» 122 • p « « k lR |, b u t w ith lo o k s sad m t v r t i • t l a t a l n l i i | t I t • t i l l u a to th o h a l g h t h . . . .* * ' On* o f B u rb a g a 'a f t t a a r t l a l a g l a a | t v t f u r t h e r awl« done# o f h lo a b l l l t p l a o h a r a o t a r l a a t l o n . O ft h iT i X boob h l a l a a a a l a t e a c t i t i S a l t l a g pa p a r a o a ( v h lo h ho a a a a a d to haw s) Of a aad lo w o r, w ith ao t r a a a a opa T h a t th a a I w ould h a v a awora ha a a a a t to d l a i O ft h aaa X a a a a h l a p la p a h lo p a r t l a l a a t , 9o l l a a l p t h a t a p a o t a t o r a , aad th a r o o t Of h l a aad a r a v a , w h lla haa h u t a a a a a d t o b lo o d Aaaa ad th o u g h t t h a t ha had d la d la d a a d . i a a Bov to pa p a ra o n h aa d id a u l t h l a faaa« Bdvard A lla p a waa a f u a l l p o o a T la o la g l a h l a ah arao - t a r l a a t l o a . Baa J o n a o a , l a a a B p lg ra a "To B dvard A l l o j a * 1 v r o t a i "Aa o t h a r a a p a a k a , b u t o a a lp th o u d o o t a o t . " 14* Thouaa P u l l a r , l a Tha l o t o r r o f th a W o rth la a o f (1 * 4 2 ), v r o ta t h a t A lla p a * . . . waa th a B o ao lu a o f o u r a g o , aa a a t l a g t o th a U f a , t h a t ha a a d a aap p a r t (aap ao * l a l l p a a a j a a t l e o a a ) t o baooaa h l a . " 1*® Thoaaa B akkar ^ P l a a k a o a , A S h o rt D laoouraa oa th a f e g lla h a t m . XX, * * -9 9 . la s "Ob j o d a a th o f pa faBOua a o to r B. B urbaga, 1 o lta d 1b S to p aa, lo o , o l t . * * H aa J o a a a a , "To Bdvard A lla a ," C i d i d j , i i u a u i _ _ . ___ __ (Tho Paaolulla Taxt Saalatp. Saw To O a lT o ro ltp P ra a a , 1*9 4 ), p . 7*9. Thoaaa P u l l a r , Tha B la to r r o f th a V | r t t l H o f f t t t l a a d , ad. p . A u atlu B a t t a l l (aaw a d l t l o a i toaZ oa" n o a a a ta g g , 1B *0), X I, 9S9. 123 in th a P ro lo g u * to K a r lo v * '* Tha J t v o f K a l t a . n o ta d th a t i n A lla y n waa a . . P r o ta u a f o r a h a p a a . * . . * Tha K lla a b a th a n a u d la n o a a p p a r a n t l y a o o a p ta d th a a o t o r aa th a p a ra o a h* r a p r a a a n ta d on th a a t a c * . O varbury v r o t a i ”. . . what wa o aa h lo p a r a o n a t* , va th in k a t r u l a y 1«2 dona b a f o r a u a . . . ." A rth u r K opton In a o o n n a n d a to ry poan p r a f a o l n f H ayvood'a f a A poloar f o r A otora d a fa n d a d a o t o r a who oould "A ppaara to you to b aa th a a a l f * a a aa a a n . ” 1^ 5 Thonaa R andolph i n a o a t r l o a l a d d ra a a to ona o f th a a o t o r a t h a t ap p a a ra d I n h la p la y , Tha J a a lo u a L o v a ra . a a ld i "Whan th o u d o a t a o t , nan th in k I t n o t a p l a y t / P u t a l l th a y aaa l a r a a l l . . . T h ar a v a a , h o w av ar, a d l f f a r a n o a b a tv a a n b a l n f and o a a n ln g to b* th a o h a r a o t a r r a p r a a a n ta d . Thonaa W r l( h t In X bi F n ta lo n i 2l 1 M f ilM d i f f a r a n t l a t a d b a tv a a n th a a o to r and th a o r a t o r . V haraaa th a o r a t o r a o t u a l l y f a i t th a p a a a lo n a , th a a o t o r o n ly f a i t l i t th a n *. . . f a ln a d ly . . . ." P u r t h a r , O aarbury v r o ta t h a t th a a o t o r ”. . . d o th f a ln a d ly t h a t doa o t h a r a ^ ^ K a r l o v a , £ £ . o l t . . p . 28. **2O varbury, l o o , o l t . u i " B a y v o o d , £ £ . o l t . . p. 8 . ^ ^ T h o n a a B a n d o lp h , *To h lo d a a r a f r l a n d , Thonaa SI l a y , " Tha J a a lo u a fcovarn (C a n b rld fa i P r i n t ad by th a P r l n t a r a T o th a u n i v a m l t y o f C a n b rld f* , 1 6 3 2 ), p . 1». *5N r l* h t , lo o , o l t . 124 • • ■ • a t l a l l p . . . . • l 5 ‘ C h a p a a n '• T h 4 W l d o w 'i T t t r i . o a * o f t h * o h a r a o t a r * r * i i r k * d t h a t • . . . h * tfo * * I t p r * o l o u a l p f o r a o o * a t a a d a o t i o a . a a I f f * l t t h * p a r t h * p l a p o d . . . l a T h o u a * R a p * * T h * R * l r ( 1 6 2 0 ) t h * r * v a * r * f * r * a o * t o a a a o t o r w ho p l a p * d a * I f h * " . . . h a d t r u l y h * * a t h * a a a h * • • • a * d . * 1 ^® B d a u a d O a p t o a l a U t A I A f t l R o t * * u p o b D oa O u l i o t v r o t * o f t h * * f f * o t t h a t a l a u l a t l a g p a a a l o a * h a d o a * o a * a o t o r * . . . • so a* p a a a lo a * o o « a t * r f * lt* d lo n g , w h * th * r o f g r l * f * o r J o y , ha** ao a l t o r ' d th * p * r * o n a t* r a , t h a t p l* * * r* th * * a * lT * a (who a r* a o * t u a u a lly l a auoh * a p lo p B * a t* » ) ha** h**a fo r* * d t o f l p to P h p a l* k f f o r o a r* o f th * d l a a f f * o t l o a , w hloh auoh h ig h p*aa*d h a a - o u r a , aad to o p a a o lo a a to lv aad a a a a lb ly r* p r* a * a t* d , ha** o c o a a lo a * d . I ha** kaowa* ap a * l f * , a T p ra a t ooaM lag f r o a th * S o*a*( a o t a h l* to ro d u e* h l * a * l f * ( l a t o th * kaow l*dg* o f h l a a a l f * . t i l l ftaok aad* h l a (w hloh waa h i* p r * * * a t P h p alo k ) f o r g * t h* waa aa f e p * r o u r , aad r*a*w*d a l l h l a o ld a o q u a la ta a o * to h l a i aad I t l a a o t o u t o f a o a t a* aa o t a * r * a t l o a , t h a t oa* a o a t a d a l r a h l * R ia lo k * l a o u r l a t * S ta g * , ao l l * * l p aad c o r p o r a l l y p * r* o a a t* d a Q h a a g * lla g , t h a t h* oould a * * * r o o ap o aa h l a ?* 0 f Ato th * f l g u r * I t h a d . h * fo r* h* u a d a rto o k t h a t p a r t . 1*9 l a H g g l i l 8hak**p*ar* w ro t* o f th* a o to r* * a b i l i t y to r * p r * * * a t, a t l * * a t , th * * a o tlo a * o f th * p a r t . l * * 0 * * rb u ry , l o o , o l t . ^ ^ C h a p a a a , £ £ • o l t . . Aot H I . oo. 11. p. 4 0 2 . 15eThoaa* R ay, Th* l * l r . C1420). Aot I , * e. 1 ( la A S * l* o t O o ll* o t lo a o f Old f e g i l l f c ZljhU * O r lg la a lly pub- 1 1 m m bp io b * r t o o d a l o y i a 1 744. *d . v . Oar*w l a a l * t t . IS * o l a . i fo u r th o d lt l o a i Loadoat l * m * aad T u ra*r, 1975), i f , 515-14. **^ S d au ad O a p to a , o p . o l t . . p. 1 4 4 . 125 I t 1* aot B o n itm a that thla a liy a r h tr i, l« t la a fla t lo a , la a I r a i a or paaaloa, Oould f o r o a h l a a o u l ao to h l a ova o o a a a l t T h a t f o r h a r w o rk in g , a l l h l a w laag a v a n ' l T a a ra l a h lo a y a o , d l o t r a a t l o a la * a a a p o o t, A h ra k a a r o l o a , a a l h l a w h ala f a a a t l o a a a l t l a g t n t h f o r a a to h lo o o n a a l t t l W A lth o u g h th o r o v a r a wary fa v a n w a t a oa th a a o t o r a o t u a l l y f o a l i n g th a p a rt* th a r a v a r a a u a a ro u a a oaaa n ta oa th a a f f a a t o f U l a a h a t h a a n o tin g oa th a a u d la a o a . I t would aaaa t h a t th a y v a r a aawad a a o t l o a a l l y hy good a o tln g * Tho f o llo w in g d la lo g u a waa o o a ta ln a d l a a a a a o ay a au a p la y aat i t lad l a r a (1625)* la r a . Ooao, a lr a ( 1*fa ith , how d id you Ilka ay aatlagT • . . Did X aot do i t to tha U fa? I n a a h l r o d l t u a l . Tha wary d o in g aaw ar waa ao U v a l y Ao waa t h l a a o u n t a r f a l t l n g . l a r a . Aad v h a a I o aaa Ta l a a p o in t o f A g rlp p — O l y t a a a a o t r a 'o d a a th . Did X a o t aova th a f a a l l n g a a d lto ry T gggffe. Thay had h a a a a to n a a whoa t h a t o o u ld n o t hawa a a w a d .1*1 l a a a o th a r o o a a a n t hy O aytoa th a r a waa glw aa aa l d a a o f th a a t r a a g a f f a a t a e t l n g o o u ld hawa on th a a a d l t o r a i • . . Many hawa hy r a a r a o a a t a t l o a o f a tr o n g p a a - o lo n a h a a a ao t r a a o p o r t a d , t h a t th a y hawa gona v a a p la g ^***8hakaopaara, | n ^ i | , A ot XX, a o . 11. ***!!£& • C ld 2 9 J. A at XXX, a a . 1 1 . l a r o gffcgg P la w a . a d . l a r h a r t P . t o r a a aad o th a r a (L oadaai w a a a ta lla y 4 0 a « , 1 0 M ) , p p . 4 1 -4 2 . •oa* froB T r t|» U « i, oob* fro a Ooaadlaaj ao B arry, llfh ta o a a aad f r t t f U t t tla y haw* a o t haaa i*k«r & b vook t f t t r , n i h m ao oourtad tha P layara to ra -a o t tha aaaa B a tta ra la tha taw araaa, th a t th a / aaaa haaa aa abla A atora aa thaaao laaai ao th a t th a lr frla a d a a a l vlTaa haa* took thaa fo r to a la a o r K aA -aoa.^< A w rlta r, la oaa of tha aoBaaadatory ▼ •»•• to tha 1647 o d l t l o a o f B o aaao at aad F l a t o h a r 'a a o l l a o t a d w ork*, w ro ta o f F l a t o h a r 'a a b i l i t y to l a f l a a a o a a a o udloaaa* low d ld o t thorn awaj tha th a a tra l Haka aa fa a l Tha P la y a r a wounda w ara t r u a , aad t h a l r aw orda, a t a a l a t • t r a a f a r y a t , how o f t o a d id I kaow Whoa th a B p o o ta to ra r a a t o ••▼• th a blow? F ro a a a w ith c r l o f wa o o a ld a o t a t l r away u . U fc tlll th * B p llo f u a t o l d a a ' tw aa a P lay* * Thoaaa hay, la th a l a i r , ooaaaatad oa a p la y a r'a a b i l i t y t o b o t o h l a a a d l a a o a , . . . X hawa a a a a th a k a a r* p a i n t g r l a f Xa auoh a l l r a l y o o l o r , t h a t f o r f a l a * Aad a o ta d p a a a lo a ha had draw a t r u a t a a r a F ra a th o a p o o t a t o r a . L adloo l a th a b o sa a K apt t l a * w ith a lg h a aad to a r a t o h l a a a a a n ta . Bhakaapoara, la th a two Goatlaaoa of ta ro a a . wrota aa follow ai For X did play a la a a n ta b la p a rt Whloh X ao llw aly aotad w ith ay ta a ra ^^ O ay to a, iU * • PF* ldO-4 1 1<5P raaoia Baaaaaat aad Joha FI aad Joha F lo to h ar, th a Worha Arnold o iira r lO aabndf* H c ila h C laaaloai CaBbridf*, la O hlw araliy P roaa, 1919) , Vol. X, p. a lw ill [ k | . ] t th a 14S a x , lo o , s i x 127 T h at np po o r B io tr o o p , aoTOd th o r o w lth a l V«pt b l t t a r l y . . . Tho f i n a l o o a to a p o ra rp o o a a o n t on th o a o to r * o a b i l - l t p to b o t o a a au d lo n o o d o o o rlb o d a p o rfo ra a n o o o f O th o llo bp th o t i i i ' i Hon a t O xford I n 1410, Xt wao o o a ta ln o d In a L a ti n l o t t o r f r o a ono o f th o o p o o ta to r o . fh o p a lo o had t r a f o d l a o , w a ll and o f f o o t l o o l p a o to d . I n th ooo th o p draw t o a r o , n o t o n ly bp t h a l r opoooh, b n t a lo o b j t h a l r n o t i o n . Xndood D oadoaoaa, k l l l o d b r h o r h u oband, i n h o r d o a th aoyod oo o ap o - o l a l l p w hoa, aa oho l a y l a h o r bod. h o r fao o a lo a o l a p lo r o d th o p l t j o f to o a u d lo n o o .1** Xt a h o u ld bo ro a o a b o ro d t h a t l a t h l o oaoo Doodoaoma waa p la p o d bp a pound bo7* Xt waa p r o b a b lo , f r o a th o oTldonoo o f th o fow ooa- a o n to a v a l l a b l o , t h a t th o a o t o r ad a p to d th o uao o f o o lo a aad a o t lo n to th o e h a r a o to r ho waa p l a y l a i * H a a l o t 'a "A d rlo o to th o P la p o ro " o o a ta la o d tho w all-k n o w n p h r a a a , ■. . . a u l t th o a o t l o n to th o w o rd , th o word to th o ldT n o t i o n . • * . • Hopwood w ro to a l n o a t th o aaao th in # whoa ho a d v ia o d th a a o t o r to a tv d p r h o t o r l o . " I t l n a t r a o t a h l a t o f i t h lo p h ra a o a t o h la a o t l o n , aad h la a o t l o n to h l a p h ra a o a , and h lo p r o n u n c ia tio n to th a n * * * 8 h ak o ap o aro , flo a t 1 anon f r o a X lE fiM ’ d o t XT, o o . I t . m « o o ffro p T lllo to o n , "O th o llo aad tho A lo h o n lat a t Oxford l a 1 4 1 0 ,” Tho XHftft L lt o m r r tn n a la a o a t. J a lp 2 0 , 1993 » p . 4 ) 4 . 1*78hakoopoaro, d o t XXX, 00. 11. 128 b o t h .* 16® These two s h o r t o o a n e n ta d id n o t i n d i c a t e , how- m r , th a d eg ree t o w hloh tha E liz a b e th a n a o t o r may haaa changed h la v o ic e and a o tlo n i n th a v a r io u s c h a r a c t e r s . O a ln a fo rd In Tha R lo b C a b ln at commented t h a t th a " P la y e r l a I l k a a g a ra e n t w hloh tha T a i l o r a a k a th a t th a d l r a o t l o n o f th a ownari ao th a y fra n c t h a l r a o t l o n , a t th a d l e p o a l - 1*0 t l o n o f th a P o e t." 7 A s u g g e s tio n t h a t a o t lo n and v o ic e ah o u ld ba adaptad t o c h a r a o ta r waa found In th a p ro lo g u e to 1&4 P I t h l a a (1571) by R ic h a rd Kdwarde. Tha o ld a Ban l a a o b a r, th a yonge aan r a a h a , th a Lover trlu a p h y n g I n Jo y a a , Tha M atron g r a u a , th a H a r la t w l l d a , and f u l l o f w anton to y e a . th a V h ltn e a l l In ona oouraa th a y no w laa doo a g r a a t So c o r r e s p o n d e n t to t h a l r k ln d a t h a l r ap aao h aa ought to baa.iT O A lthough B urbage waa com plim ented f o r h l a a b i l i t y to m a in ta in c h a r a o t a r o o n a l a ta n tly th ro u g h o u t a p e rfo rm - an o a , a p p a re n tly a o a a l n f a r l o r a o t o r a d id n o t . J . Cooka In 1615 aad a an I n t e r a c t i n g , b u t a h o r t , c o a a a n t i n th a f o r a o f a o o a p la ln t In "A C oaa on P l a y e r .* "When h a d o th h o ld c o n fe re n c e upon th a s ta g e s and ah o u ld lo o k d i r e c t l y ^^^Heywood, o n . o l t . . p . 29* 16^0ainaford. qp. o l t . . pp. 117-18. * ^ °h l ohard B dw ard«| Tha s a o e l l a n t Oonodly o f two and F. w R o o n f ^ M f o r l ^ H h g t y ^ K a 'u n i w a r a l t y P ra a a , 1 9 5 7 ), p . 2. 1?9 In h la fa llo w a fmoat ha tu r n a a b o u t h l a v o lo a i n t o th a X llia b a t h a n a e tln f t w ara n o t a x t a n a l v a . I t waa n o t d i f f i c u l t to u n d a ra ta n d why* on th* b a a ia o f t h l a a v id a n c a , a o h o la r a w ara u n a b la to ra a o h any u n l f o r a conclua& ona a b o u t th a n a t u r a o f I l l x a b a t h a n a c t i n g . Tha av ld a n o a waa n o t a u f f l o l a n t to d a t a r n l n a th a p r a o la a o h a r a o t a r l a t l c a o f X llta b a t h a n a c t i n g aa r a g a rd a th a u aa o f v o lc a and a o t l o n . T h ara waa a u f f l o l a n t a v ld an ca * howavar* to a a t a b l l a h ao aa d a f l n l t a p o ln ta o f vlaw on a c t i n g th a o ry and c h a r a o t a r l a a t l o n * a a a a a b ly f o r a p p la u o a - a a k a . . .171 Tha o o n ta a p o ra r y o o n a a n ta and o r l t l c l a a a on ^ J . Cooka* "A CoMon f l a y a r * " C1619J, c l ta d I n X. K. C h an b ara, C lu ran d o n Praaa* CHAFTSt T XABLY KIOKTBKVTH-CnmT ACTXhO Tha « l | h t « n t t - o r a t a i 7 1b t h s a t r l o a l h i s t o r y l a t r o l l t l o u l l ; kaovn aa th a o n t u i 7 o f | r « « t a o t o r a . Tha a o t o r v aa th a p r l a s f l g u r a l a th a t h s a t r s , o v a r ih td o v lB i a o a t o f th a d r a a a t l o v r l t a r a o f th a p a r lo d . Tha g r a a t a s t o f th a s l g h t a a a t h - o a n t u r y a o t o r a , aad th a g r a a t a a t a f a l l k | l l i h a o t o r a , v aa D avid O a r rlo k . A f ta r h a t t a r t o a aad ha f o r a O a rrlo k th a h g l l a h a ta g a v a a d o a la a ta d by h a r to a B ooth aad J a a a a Q uin, tv o o f th a h a s t k ao v a tr a g a d l a a a o f th a a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r y t h a a t r a . T h is o h a p ta r vaa d a v o ta d to a a a z a a l n a t i o n o f th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r y a o t l a g , s p o o l f l c a l l y th a y a a ra f r o a 1710 to 17*1. Tha d a t a o f 1710 v aa o h o aaa haoauaa l a t h a t y a a r Thoaaa h a t t a r t o a d l a d . Tha d a ta v a a , h o v s v o r, a r b i t r a r y . T h ara v a a o b v i o u s ly o o a a ld a r a h la o v a r la p . 8oaa a o to r o p r o a l a a a t d u rin g th a l a t a B a a to r a t lo n o o a tla u a d to a o t a f t a r 1710, aad ao aa a o to r o p r o a l a a a t l a th a p s r lo d f r o a 1710-17*1 a p p a a ra d oa th a s t a g s h a f o r a t h a t t l a a . Tho d a ta o f 17*1 v a a a o r a s l s a r l y a a rk a d by a d a f l a l t o ohaaga l a a o t l a g a t y l a f o r t h a t y a a r O h a rla o H a o k lla a p p a a ra d ao Shylook aad David O a rrlo k aa U o h a r d XXX. Xt v a a a o t a a a b r u p t 150 131 o b an * * , b u t th a r a a u l t o f a n u a b a r o f f o r o a a , p a r t i c u l a r l y th a ln o r a a a a d o r l t l c l a a o f th a c u r r a n t a c t i n g a t y l a and th a b a g ln n la g o f a a r lo u a t h a o r a t l o a l w r i t i n g oa th a a r t o f a o tla g * la w a r th a la a a * by 1741i "Tha r a l g a o f O ib b a r aad Q u ia waa o a a r . Tha r t l g i o f O a rrlo k and Mack11a had b a g u a .* * I . TKX M LA TI0I8H I? BXTVnV XAXLY XIOKTXBrTlt-OOTUinr AOTIVO AXD XX3T0XATI0* ACTIXd Xt waa a o t d l f f l o u l t to a a t a b l l a h a d a f l a l t a r a l a - tlo m a h lp b atw a aa th a a o t l a g o f th a R a a to r a t lo n aad t h a t o f th a a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r y . U a llk a th a p a rlo d p r a o a d la g th a l a a t o r a t l o a , t h a r a waa ao b ra a k o f a lg h ta a n y a a r a d u r in g w hloh a o a t o f th a t h a a t r l o a l a o t l a i t y oaaa to a a ta a d - a t l l l , aad d u r l a g w hloh t l a a I t waa o o a o a lr a b la t h a t a d a f l a l t a o haaga l a a o t l a g a t y l a o o u ld haTo ta k a n p l a e a . T h ara waa a a w abrokaa t r a d l t l o a l a th a a r o l u t l o a o f a o t l a g f r o a ld tO t o 1741. Tha r a l a t l o a a h l p b atw aaa R a o to r a tl o a aad a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r y a o t l a g waa a a t a b l l a h a d o a th a b a a la a f t h r a a f a o t a i ( 1 ) th a o v e r la p l a th a a o t l a g e a r a a r a d u r la g th a two p a r lo d a . (2 ) th a a o o a p ta a o a o f a a a o t l a g t r a d l t l o a ^ V l l l l a a V. A p p le to a , O h a rla a W a o k lla . g g A o to ra U f a (O a a b rld g e , N a a a .i B a rv a rd Q B lv e ro lty rra a a # TfaoTT “ 3 . 132 b i n d o n l a l t a t l o a r a t b o r t h a n o » o r l g l a a l l t y , a n d ( 3 ) t h o t r t l B l a i o f t o t o r i b y • b o b l d o a t l f l o d w i t h t b * B o t t o r t o a o o h o o l o f M t l a | . T h o l a t t o r t w o f a o t o w o r o p a r t i c u l a r l y l a p o r t a a t t o t b l o o t u d y b o o a u a o it Mint t h o t t h o o b t r t e - t o r t O t l O O o f l O O t o r a t l O B I O t l B | V O r O B B l B t O l B O d , 1 b o o a o d o g r o o o t l o u t , d u r l a g t h o o a r l y p o r t o f t h o o l g h t o o a t h - o o a t u r y . Tho f o u r a o o t l a p o r t a a t a o to r o d u r la g th o p o rlo d u a d o r o o a o ld o r o tlo a woro B o b o rt V llk o (1 6 6 9 7 -1 7 3 2 ), B a rto a B ooth (1 6 0 1 -1 7 3 3 ) * J m o o Qu I b (1 6 9 3 -1 7 6 6 ), aad C o llo y O lh h o r (1 6 7 1 -1 7 9 7 ). Tho two a o o t l a p o r t a a t a o tro o o o o woro H ary P o r t o r ( T -1 7 6 9 ) aad Aaaa O ld f lo ld (1 6 0 3 -1 7 9 0 ). Buoaaaah O lb b o r (1 7 1 4 -1 7 6 6 ), K i t t y Ollwo (1 7 1 1 -1 7 0 9 ), B aaaah P r l t o h a r d (1 7 1 1 -1 7 6 0 ), and Pog V o f f la g to a (1714T- 1760) bogaa t h o l r o a ro o ro d u r la g th o l a t t o r p a r t o f t h lo p o r lo d , b u t woro a o r o p r o p o rly l d o a t l f l o d w ith th o O a rrle k -X a o k llB o o h o o l o f a o t l a g . A b r l o f o o a o l d o r a t l o B o f tho b o g ln a la g o o f th o a o t l a g o a ro o ro o f th o o lx aaao d a o to r o a a d a o tro o o o o b o lo a g ln g t o th o o a r l y o lg h to o a th - o o a tu r y w o r lf lo d th o f a o t t h a t a a o r o r l a p o x lo to d l a th o a o t l a g t r a d l t l o a o f th o two p o r lo d o . B o b o rt V llk o , who bogaa h lo o a r o o r ao aa a o t o r l a X ro la a d , waa onoouragod by f r l o a d o t o a p p ly to Thoaao B o t t o r t o a f o r a p o o l t l o a w ith h l o o o a p a a y . Ho wao 153 re o o lv e d by B e t t e r t o n d u rin g th* l * t t * r ye a re o f th * e e v e n to e a th - c e n tu iy u d e v e n tu a l ly e s t a b l i s h e d • r e p u ta t i o n t i an e x o e l l e n t o o i* d liB . B a rto n B ooth, who r e p la o e d B * tt* r to n a* lo a d in g tr a g e d ia n upon h l a d e a th , a la o a o t* d w ith B e tte r t o n prow loua to t h a t t l a e . He f l r a t ap p e a re d oa th * London a ta g o I n 1700. C o lle y C ib b e r b eg an h la n o tin g o a r e e r l a 1 (9 0 a n d , aa l a th * oaa* o f V ilk e and B o o th , worked w ith B e t t e r t o n . J a n e * Q uia wao th e o n ly oa* o f th * fo u r a o to r * who waa n o t e l o a a l y I d e n t i f i e d w ith th e l a t e l e e t o r a t l o n t h e a t r e . He waa a le a d in g t r a g e d l a a f r o a th e t l a e o f B ooth*a d e a th u n t i l D avid O a rrlo k r e p la o e d h l a w ith e u p e r l o r a b i l i t y aad a new a t y l a o f a o t l a g . Mary P o r t e r waa th* a u o o a a a o r to B l la a b e th B arry l a tra g e d y p a r t e . She waa f l r a t engaged by B e t t e r t o n and h e r f l r a t re o o rd e d a p p e a ra a o a waa l a 1499* Ana* O ld f ie ld a la o aad* h e r f l r e t London a p p e a ra n o e l a 1(99 and waa th * le a d in g a o t r e a a o f th * e a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e n t u r y t h e a t r e . A ll th * a o to r * aad a o t r e a e a a , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f Q u ia , were a c q u a in te d w ith th * B e a to r a t lo a e t y l * o f a o t l a g and th e m a jo r i ty o f th e n a p p e a re d on th * e ta g e w ith Thonaa B e t t a r t o n . Tha f a o t t h a t th e n o tin g o a r e e r * o f th e moot prom i n e n t o f th * e a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - e e a t u r y a o to r a and a o tr e a a e e o v e rla p p e d th* B e a t o r a t l o a p e rio d w ould a o t h ave been aa e l g a l f l o a a t to t h l o a tu d y I f I t w ere a o t f o r th * f a o t t h a t 1 5 * d u rin g t h i s p e rio d th e b e e t a c t i n g wee baaed on th e 1 * 1 t a - t l o n o f o t h e r a o t o r a . T hroughout t h l e p e rio d i n b i g l t a h a c t i n g th e r e waa no d le g r a c * in th a I m i t a t i o n o f th a p erfo rm a n o ea of o t h e r a o t o r a , auoh aa th e r # l a to d a y . Dovnee e a ld of Johnoon t h a t i "Ha l a th a tr u e copy o f jj£. U n d e r h i l l . . . T h la waa n o t e a ld w ith d le a p p r o v a l . C ib b e r, i n h lo Ado1o a r . c o n t i n u a l l y r e f e r r e d to h la l n l t a t l o n of o t h e r a o t o r a In p a r t a . Ha I m ita te d Thomao D ogget in the p l a y . Old B a t c h e l o r , aad i n th a aaaa p r o d u o tlo n O aorge F o w e ll, a l a t a R e e t o r a t l o a t r a g e d i a n . I m ita te d B e t t e r t o n . M oreover, th a p r o d u o tlo n waa ao a d v e r t la e d and t h l a a p p a r e n tly h e lp e d to draw an a u d ie n c e .^ C ib b e r w ro te t h a t i from h la f l r a t a a t t l n g o u t , o e r t a l n l y fo rm 'd h l a m anner of a o t l n g upon th e m odal o f H o n fo r ti aa Booth d id h la on t h a t 4 o f B e t t e r t o n ." Thonaa D avlee w ro ta t h a t i n th a p a r t o f S i r John B ru te , C ib b e r o o p la d B e t t e r t o n , a lth o u g h ho a lo o n o te d t h a t ha wao v a e t l y I n f e r i o r to the o r i g i n a l . ^ H o b art V ilk a a p p a r e n tly I m ita te d a t l a a a t two o f th a b e a t Downaa, o l t . . p . 52* ^ C ib b e r, o p . o l t . , I , 207 X I ^Thomas D aw lea, D ram atlo H ie l o a l O b a y r ra tlo n a on f y r i r t l t l o n i to n d o m L n .n .J , 135 a o t o r a o f th a M o a to ra tlo n . John Dovnaa v r o t a i *Ha l a 1d4 i #4 th o f l n l a h t oopy of h l a Panova P ra d ao aa ao r* Mr. C h a ria a M a rt.* * S i r h ic h a rd S ta a la o r l t l o l a a d V llk a f o r I m i t a t i n g S a t t a r t o a aad o r i t l o l a a d th a h a h i t o f a o to r a I m i t a t i n g o t h a r a o t o r a . I n p l a / l n g th a p a r t o f H a a la t ha a d r lo a d tf llk a to *. • . w h o lly f o r g o t Mr. B a t t a r t o n . . . and a a id o f h l a O th a llo t h a t ”. . . ha f a l l a d I n no p a r t . • » b u t v h a ra h a had h ln ( B a t ta r to n ] I n w law .*^ S t a a l a ai inn a r t aad by w rl t l n g i . . . An a o to r * a f o r a ln g h l n a a l f by th a o a r r l a g a o f a a o th a r* l a I l k a th a trlo fc among th a wldowa, who l a a a a t t h a l r haobanda aa t h a l r n a lg h b a r a d id th a lr a * and n o t n a o o rd ln g to t h a l r own a a n t l a a a t a o f th a d a o a a a a d .S Hovavar* I t v a a u n l l k a l y t h a t S t a a l a 'a adw loa waa h aadad f o r Dawlaa w ro ta t h a t Quin* a o m a tln a a f t a r th a a p p a a ra n o a o f S t a a l a 'a adm onition* l n l t a t a d S ooth I n th a p o r t r a y a l o f th a g h o a t I n A M lftl* 00 S o in g ha a t t a n p t a d to eona * . . . aa n a a r th a n a n a a r o f th a o ld n a a t a r a a ha p o a a lb ly c o u l d . I n a b io g ra p h y o f M ra. O ld f la ld I t waa a a id t h a t aha o o p la d th a n a n a a r o f * . . . th a a a l n l m l t a b l a A o tra a a a a Mra. 2S££X 004 *Sownaa. g g . o l t . . p . 51. ^ B lo h a rd S ta a la * t h a T a t l o r . S o. 201, J u ly 22* 1710. a d . O aorga A. A ltk a a (Saw Tortti Had la y aad R athava* l e s t ) , x t. SI b l d . * D av la a, g g . o l t . « I I I * 35. n t t m n l r t l i . . . . * 10 T h t r t v m a a p l* t v l d t a o i to s u p p o r t tho o o n o lu s lo a t h a t e a r l y e i g h t s e n t h - o e n t u r y M t i n i was based oa l a l t a t l o n r a t h o r th a a o r i g i n a l i t y . F i n a l l y , th o t r a d i t i o n o f F a s t o r a t i o n n o tin g was p r e s e rv e d l a th o a a r l y e l g h t e e n t b - o e a t u r y b eo au ee a a a y o f th a a c t o r s o f t h a t p e r io d o aa a f r o a I r e l a n d . I n I r e l a n d th e y bad b ea n t r a i n e d by Jo se p h A shbury, a p r o n in s n t f i g u r e i n t b s e a r l y I r i s h t h e a t r e . The d e a th o f Jo se p h A shbury ended a o a r e e r o f h i s t o r i c l n p o r t a a o s t o th e t e g 11a h -a p e a k in g t h e a t r e . F i f t y - e i g h t y e a r s an a c t o r , f o r t y - f i v e y e a r s a man a g e r , M a ste r e f B e v e ls i n I r e l a n d u n d e r th e f l e e n e a - a r e h e f r o n O h a ris e I I t o Oeorgo I , A shbury d ev e lo p e d t h e t h e a t r e l e y a l a t D u b lin i n t o th e fo re m o s t s ta g e n u r s e r y o f th e B r i t i s h I s l e s , a p o s i t i o n whloh i t m a in ta in e d f o r w e ll o v e r a o e n tu r y . At l e a s t a d o aea a c t o r s a c h ie v e d to p r a t i n g s I n Londoni F r a n c is B a k e r, B a rto n B o o th , Thonaa D o g g e tt, Thomas A r l in g to n , t i e h a r d B s t e o u r t , Thomas O r l f f l n , Y h eo p h llu e Keen, Jo h n L e ig h , H enry H a r r i s . VI111am P in k a th a n , Jam as Q u in , and B o b e rt V i l k s . l l T h is u n u s u a l Iris h m a n t r a i n e d a l l th e le a d in g a o t o r a o f th e e a r l y e i g h te e n th - o e n tu r y s e c tio n e d above w ith th e e x o e p tlo n o f G ib b e r. Xt was s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t D a v ie s i d e n t i f i e d th e a o t l a g o f A shbury w ith t h a t o f B e t t e r t o n . He w ro te t h a t A shbury was " . . . a v a ry good A u th e n tic Memoirs o f th e L if e o f t h a t C e le b ra te d ^ o t r a j a ^ ^ l n a ~ 0 ^ j |f i e l d . . T r e n t s e d l t i o a i London? 1XV 1111m S m ith C la rk , The B a r l r I r i s h 8 ta n s (O x fo rd i The O larsndom P r e s s , U ? 3 | , p . 1 7 5 . 137 l? a o t o r o f th o B e t t e r t o n i a n a c h o o l. . . . " W l l l l a a Bufuo Chotvood o o a a ontod t h a t Aohbury v a a " . . . n o t o a l j th o p r l n o l p a l A o to r I n h lo T la e , h u t th o h o o t T oaohor o f th o B u d la e a to o f t h a t S olo ao o l a th o th r o o Iln * d o a o . Chotvood v a a l a aoao p o o l t l o a to know f o r ho v aa p r o a p to r o f D rury Lane aad kaov th o a o to r o Aohbury t r a l a o d ao v o l l ao Aohburp h l a o o l f . X * f i n a l l y , Chotvood q u o te d f r o a a l o t t o r v h lo h V llk o v r o t o to Aohbury l a w hloh ho o a ld t h a t *• • • a l l th o lu o o o o o Z b o ro a o t w ith , b o th w ith y o u , aad l a oa th o S ta te * hao boom o n t i r o ly o v l a f to th o i t a a r l y Z a p re e e lo a e Z r e c e iv e d f r o a You. " * Tho f a o t t h a t Aohbury a o t o n ly t r a l a o d a o o t o f th o l a p o r t a a t a o to ro o f th o o a r l y e l * h t o o a t h - o e n t u r y , b u t wao a lo o l d o n t l f l o d w ith tho B o t to r t o n oohool o f a o t l n t * vao l a p o r t a a t to th o e o t a b l l e h a e a t o f a o o a t l n u l n t t r a d l t l o a l a a o t l n t f r o a th o B o o t o r a tlo a to th o o a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - e e n t u r y . Thooo th r o o f a o t o — an o v e r la p l a th o a o t l n t o a ro o ro o f o a r ly o lg h to o a th - o o a ta r y a o to ro w ith th o B o o t o r a t l o a , a a a o t l n t t r a d l t l o a baood on l a l t a t l o a , aad th o t r a l a l h f o f a o to r o by a a a a o f th o B o t to r t o n o o h o o l— o o ta b llo h o d a d o f l a l t o r o l a t l o a o h l p botwoon B o o to r a tlo a 12D av ie o , o l t . . ZZZ, 4 6 1 . ^ V l l l l a a Bufuo C hotvood, £ Q y ay ral Hlo t o r ? o f th o Londoni f r l a t o d f o r V. Oven, I tM TT p* Bl* X 4 l b l d . . p . 6 6 . 15Z t l d . . p . 6 2 . 138 noting mid a ir ly •lih tcm th -o c n tu r y a ctin g . X I. scsolahly o rim o H o s kaxly n o H Y sn rn i-c n T trR Y a c t iio U n lik e l U u b t t b t t a o tla g * o e h o la ro woro In g o n o ra l ag reem ent ao t o tho a a tu r o aad o h a r a o t o r l o t l c o o f o a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e n t u r y a o t l a g . T hlo wee p r l e a r l l y duo to th o f a o t t h a t a g r o a t d o al a o ro o p o e lf lo l n f o r a a t l o e wao a v a i l a b l e f r o a co n tem p o rary e o u rc e e on th o a o t l a g and a o to ro o f t h a t p e r io d . M oreover* th e f l r o t d e f i n i t e b reak l a k g 11eh n o t i n g t r a d i t i o n * w hloh wont book to th e t l a e o f S hakeopeare* took p lao o l a 1741. O o a te a p o ra ry w r l t e r e wore f a a l l i a r w ith th e e t y l e b e f o r e and a f t e r 1741 and t h e i r o o a p a rlo o n o f th e two a t y l e o p ro v id e d aaay o f th e o lu e o ao to th e n a t u r e o f e a r l y e l g h te o a th - o e a t u r y n o tin g . L ily 1 . O a a p b e ll waa aaong th e f l r o t o o h o la ro t o be l a t e r e o t e d l a th e n a tu r e and o h a r a o t e r l e t l o o of e l g h t e o a t h - o e a t u r y n o tin g . H er a r t i c l e , "The R lee o f a Theory o f S ta g e P r e o e n ta tlo n l a k g l a a d * " wao p u b llo h e d l a 1917.** The purp o o e o f h e r a r t l o l e wao a o t o n ly to t r a o e th e d ev elo p m en t o f e lg h te e n th - o o n tu r y a o tla g * b u t a lo o to p ro v e t h a t n o t i n g wae l n f lu e a o e d by th e g e n e r a l a r t l o t i o th e o ry o f th e d a y . * * L ily I . O aapbell* "The S lo e o f a Theory o f S ta g e X r e e e a te tlo a i n k g l a a d L u rin g th e E ig h te e n th O en tu ry *• ^ Modern i g u u c i A e a o o la tl o a . m i l 139 O a a p b e ll d iv id e d e i g h te e n th - o e n tu r y a c tin g I n t o f o u r p e r i o d s . Thooo v e r e t (1 ) 1 6 9 0-1701, th e P e rio d o f O la e o le l s a i (2 ) 17*1-1776, th e P e rio d o f B e a l l o t l o B o a a n tlo ls a i (3 ) 1776*1762, th e P e rio d o f T r a n s iti o n s and (6) 1 7 6 2 -B a rly T e a r s o f th e B ln e te o a th - C e n tu r y , th e P e rio d o f th e Orond S t y l e . Xt v m s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e p u rp o s e s o f t h i s s t u d / t h a t s h e d id a o t ln o lu d s th e p e a r s f r o a 1660-1690. Bor vae i t e l e a r ae t o why sh e nad* th e s t a r t i n g d a te o f th * p e rio d o f o l a e a l o l s a ae 1690. I t ee ea ed to l n d l o a t e t h a t oh* was u s a b le t o d e te rm in e th * o h a r a o t e r l s t l o s o f th e a o t l a g b e f o r e t h a t t l a e . A n o th er s i g n i f i c a n t p o i n t f o r th * p u rp o se s o f t h i s s tu d y wao t h a t th ro u g h o u t th e e l g h te e a th - o e n t u r y th * a e th o d s o f t r a g l o d e l i v e r y w ere o o a e ld e r e d d i f f e r e n t f r o a th e a e th o d s o f o o a lo d e l i v e r y . Th* l a t t e r v aa assum ed to bo n a t u r a l . 17 A ooordlag to O a a p b e ll, th e p e r io d f r o a 1690-1761, tho o l a s s l o p e r i o d , v aa " . . . c h a r a c t e r i s e d by th e f o l low ing o f t r a d i t i o n and by th * a o o e p ta n o e o f o o a v e a tl o n a l- ls e d to n * and g e s t u r e oa th e s t a g e . . • . • 1® D u rin g t h i s p e rio d i n th* d e v e lo p a e a t o f n o tin g th e suooeoo o f th e a o t o r was b ased on how w e ll he i a l t a t e d th e o ld e r a o to r * 17Ib ld . . p. 164, ^ I b l d . . p. 163. 140 who feat o r a a ta d th # p a r t b # fo ra h l a . I n #oa# o a a a a , t h l a t r a d i t i o n w ant back aa f a r aa th a a u th o r h l a a a l f . T hla ta a d a d t o f i x l n t a r p r o t a t l o n o f p a r t a and aaka a o t l n t a l a p l j a a a t t a r o f a t v l y aad o n n w a n tlo a a . Thaaa oonvan- tlo n a r a l a t a d to th a uaa of w oloa and t a a t u r a . A o o o rd ln t to C a a p b a lli *Tha worda w ara apokan w ith r h y th a lo u t t a r - aaoa* aad th a r o l o a waa a la w a ta d to a d a f l a l t a p lto h . Tha 14 g a a tu r a a w ara f a r a a l , < ra n d ( aad d l f a l f l a d . * 7 T hro u g h o u t t h l a p a rlo d a o t l n t waa ln flu a n o a d by t o t H a h o l a a a l o a l l l t a r a r y th a o ry whloh* l a tu rn * waa ■. . . u a d o u b ta d ly ln f lu a n o a d by th a a r t l f l o l a l l y o r a a ta d yo Pramoh o l a a a l o a l d r a a a ." A d a f l a l t a o h an to In th a d l r a o t l o a o f th a d a r a lo p - a a a t o f a e t l a t o o o u rra d , a o o o r d ln t to C a a p b a ll, i n 1741 whaa O a rrlo k and H a o k lln a a d a t h a l r a p p a a ra a o a a oa th a London a t a t a • T h la p a rlo d waa a a a a ao a r a v o l t a t a l n a t th a o l a a a l o l o a aad t r a d l t l o a o f th a a a r l l a r p a r lo d . A otora* h a r a a f t a r * w ara a n t i t l a d to o r a a t a t h a l r own o h a r - a o t a r l t a t l o n a b aaad oa th a a tu d y o f th a a u th o r aad a o t oa th o a tu d y o f o t h a r a o t o r o . O a tp b a ll a t a t a d i " . . . th a a t a t a h l o t o r y o f a u a o a a d la t y a a r a l a l a r t o l y a c h r o n ic la 51 o f w a rla d r a a d ln fa * d lv a r a a l n t a r p r a t a t l o n o . . . . " 19Ih ld . . p. 176. ^° I b ld . . p. 176. n lb ld . . p. 166. 141 b i l l i o n Anguo, In aa n r t l o l o w r i t t e n In 1979* o u p p o rto d C u p b t l l ' i t h u l i ao to tho o tp lo o f o a r lp 22 o lg h to o a th * o o n tu r p u t l n i * Ho p o ln to d out* h o v t v t r , t h a t th o brook I n a o t I n f t r a i l t l o n d id n o t o c c u r a b r u p tlp I n m i , b u t woo tho r o a u l t o f o o e u a u lo tln g fo ro o o p r o r l - ouo to t h o t t l o o I n porform ooco aad i n th o o r p . M orooror, Aaguo b o llo o o d t h o t O a rrlo k woo g ir o n to o ouoh e r o d l t f o r th o a o - o a l lo d "now o tp lo " o f n o tin g . Tho two so n o o o t ro o p o a o lb lo f o r b r in g in g a b o u t th o g r a d u a l ohaago l a a n t in g o t p l o , o o o o rd ln g to Anguo* woro A aron H i l l and C h a rlo o K a o k lln . H i l l wao a a o d lo c r o a o t o r , w r l t o r , m aaagor, b u t ono o f th o f l r o t t h o o r l o t o on th o a r t o f n o t i n g . H a o k lin wao, o f e o u ra o , th o g r o a t oon- to n p o r a r p a o t o r o f O a r r lo k . O n til th o a l d d l o o f th o o lg h to o n th - o o n tu r p Anguo m a in ta in # ! t h a t a o t l a g waa dom laatod f l r o t bp th o B o t to r t o n o tp lo and th o n bp a o tp lo o o ta b llo h o d bp B arto n B ooth aro u n d 1710 w hloh wao e a r r l o d to l t o u l t l n a t o H a l t # l a th o a o t l a g o f Ja a o o Q u in . Tho n a t u r a l o tp lo waa r o - o o t a b l l o h o d , o o o o rd ln g to Aaguo, a b o u t th o t l a o o f Q u ln 'o d o a th l a 1 7 9 9 .23 22V l l l l a a Aaguo, "An A p p ra lo a l o f D orid O a rrlo k i Baood H a la lp Upon O oatom porary S o u ro o o ," Q u a rto rlT J o u r n a l o f flooooh. XXT (P o b ru a rp , 1 9 9 9 ), 90*42. l i * . p . 90. 1 4 ? I t vaa o l g n l f l o a n t t h a t Angua uaad th a t a r n ”r a - a a t a b l l a h a d , " b ao au aa ha v r o t a t h a t B a tta rto & * a a t / l a o f n o tin g vaa n o t w h o lly u n llk a O a r r l o k 'a . . . • T k o aa i B a t t a r t o n , I t o a a a a , a a a a I n a p l t a o f th a l l t a r n r y a t y l a and d r a a a t u r g l o o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a p l a j a o f h l a t l n a , aan ag ad to a o t w ith fra a d o n aad ▼ a rla ty , w ith o u t a o a o ta a y , a r t l f l o a , o r a f f a o t a t l o n , I n aa o o rd aiio a w ith p r l n o l p l a o . Ha h aa boon o o a e ld a r a d th a d a o o a a d S T o f H h a k a a p a a ra 'a own B u rb ag a , c a r r y i n g oa th a t r a d i t i o n a l a t y l a w hloh l a l a p l l o d i n H a n l a t 'o opaaoh to th a p l a y a r a , 2* U n llk a C a a p b a ll, t h a r a f o r a , Angua d la tln g u la h a d a ■ a p a ra ta a t y l a o f n o tin g l o o t i n g f r o a 1710 u n t i l 175% T hla a t y l a wao o h a r a o t o r ia a d aa b a ln g ■. . • d l g n l f l a d , a la w a ta d and g r a n d ." Angua a g ra a d w ith C a a p b a ll t h a t i t waa th o r a a u l t o f o l a a a l o a l ln f l u a n o a a , H ovavar, ha naaad th r a a a d d i t i o n a l l n f l u a n o a a . Thaaa w arai . . . f l r a t , th a t u r g i d b o a b a o t, uaad to a i p r a a a w ith a a g n ltu d a th a th a a a o f lo v a and h o n o ri aaeo n d , t h a a o u t h - f t i l i n g , a o n o ro u a , rfajmad o o u p la to i and t h i r d , th a r a q u l o l t a 'a u a l o a l oadanca In apaaklng* . . . t h a u l t l a a l a r a a u l t waa c h a n tin g d a l l v a r y . . . . 26 A lan B ovnar l d a n t l f l a d f o u r ao h o o la o f n o tin g In th a a l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r y l a h la a r t l o l a , "B a tu ra to 27 A dvantaga B ra a a a d i B lg h ta a a th C a n tu ry A c tin g ." Thaaa t l g h t a M l b l d . . pp. 3 0 -5 1 . 2 ?I b l d . . p . 31. 2* a u - ^ A l a n 8 . B ovnar, " B a tu ra to Adwantaga D raaoadi a a th C a n tu ry A o tla g .* t u b l l o a t l o a a o f th a H odam a a A a a o o la tlo n . L T III (B a o a a b a r, 1 9 * 3 ) ,1 0 0 2 - 1 6 3 7 . 1*3 w erei (1 ) th e B e tte r t o n S c h o o l, ( ? ) th o C lb b e r-W ll* e - Booth S o h o o l, (3) tho K o c k lln -O o rrlc k S o h o o l, end (4) tho K eable S c h o o l. Downer, llk o A a^ u i , b e lie v e d t h o t tho e o t l n g o f B o tto r to n woo c h o r o o to r lto d by r o o t r o l n t . However, th lo woo a o d l f l e d by tho C ibfeer-W llko-B ooth oohool i n whloh e x a g g e r a tio n woo o u b o tltu to d f o r r o o t r o l n t . A d o to llo d atu d y o f th o buolnooo o f tra g e d y to o k p le o e . I n th o I n f e r i o r p o r f o r a o r o t h l o o f to n r o o u lto d In e o o h n n lc o l oo t i n g . A o o o rd ln g to Downer, o i l o e t l n g o f th o e i g h t e e n t h - o o n tu ry mode uoo of r o n t ond th lo " . . . woo th o c o a a o n e e t 28 oothod o f d e l i v e r y o f t r e g l o v e ro e . . . . " R ont woo o lo o o lf lo d by Downor oo b o ln g o f two ty p o o i (1 ) th o d e o le a e to r y a o n o to n e , ond ( ? ) tho v o o e l o l o p t r o p . How e v e r , r o n t woo d lo tl n g a lo h e d fro o codonood opoooh whloh o h o ro o to rlo o d tho d e l i v e r y f ro a o b o u t 169? to th o d o o th o f B orton B o o th In 1728. T h lo codonood opoooh r e q u ir e d o " . . . o u o lo o l o or ond th o o b l l l t y t o to n e w ordo. . . B a n t woo r o f o n o d u n d e r th o ln f lu o n o o o f O o rrlo k ond R o c k lin , a lth o u g h Downor woo o o r o f u l to p o in t o u ti " I t l o p r o b a b ly oofo t o oonolude# I n th o l i g h t o f a v a i l a b le e v id e n c e th o t a t no t i n e woo t h o o t r l o o l opoooh In th o ? 9I b l d . . p. 1021 ?9Ib ld . . p. 1023. 1 4 4 o lg h to o n th e o a tu ry w holly n a t u r a l .* ^ 0 Downor « i i ( th o r o f o r o , In o a o o n t la l i c r t r a r a t w ith b o th C aapboll and Aagua • • to tho n a tu ro o f o a r ly o lg h to o n th -o o a tu ry i o t l R | , B « r t r u Joooph n o t only w roto o x to n o lv o ly on XU tab* than noting* b u t alo o on th o dovolopaont o f t r a g lo n o tin g l a h lo book Tho T raglo A o to r . In h la o a r l l o r book, 1 1 1 aab o th aa A o tln a . In whloh ho a t to a p t o d to l i n k tho a r t o f tho a e t o r w ith tho a r t o f tho o r a t o r and th o ro b y proro t h a t K lla a b o th a n n o tin g wao fo rm al r a t h o r than n a t u r a l , Joooph oommontod b r i o f l y on o a r ly o lg h to o n th -o a n tu ry n o t- I n f . Ho w ro to t h a t •* . . whoovor adhorod o t r l o t l y to th o r h o t o r l o a l o ty lo wao oonoldorod to bo n o tin g *n a t u r a l l y i ' w h l l o t to b ro ak tho r u lo a of th lo o ty lo wao to bo • u n n a t u r a l . * • ' Joooph e la b o r a te d on th l o th o o ry l a h la l a t o r book. Hlnoo th o th o a tr o d id n o t a t t o a p t to a t t a i n an l l l u o l o a o f r o a l l t y ho m alataln o d t h a t tho a o t o r waa a o t l n t o r a a t o d l a o r o a t l n g ouoh an l l l u a l o n . Ha d id n o t b ollaw o t h a t th o koy to o a r ly o lg h to o n th -c o n tu ry n o tin g waa e x a g g e r a tio n • • Aid Downer b u t waa r a t h o r th o r o a u l t o f r o o t r a l n t o a r r l o d to exoeoa. I n tho porlod doodaatod by Booth and Quin y° I b l d . . p. 1024. n B u ara. pp. 0 7 -9 0 . ^ d o o o p h , 111aabothan A o tln n . p. 190. 1*5 . . . t r i f l e lo tln f ippooro t o boooao frodu- i l l y to r i li& fuld u i i n i v irlo d . T rifid lia o prldod t b « u « l T « a on th o lr flno opoaklaf, utd th o lr tu d tm o a i do s o t to biro objootod to Tibourod r o o t t i t I o n m d tho uoo o f tono.** Joooph w i o 1b if ro o B o a t v l t h t h o o t h o r o o h o l i r o q u o t o d i b o r o In t h o t h o b o l l o r o d o i r l j o l f h t o o n t h - e o a t u r y o o t l B f wio o h i r i o t o r l o o d b y ■ e h i a t l n f k i n d o f d e l i v e r y . 1b p o l n t l n f o u t tho d lffo ro n o o between tho p o rlo d o f n o t I n f h lo t o r y dom inated b y Quin la d tho porlod doml- a i t o d by O i r r l o k , Joooph w rote t h o t i t woo n o t tho d l f f o r - o b o o between i form al o ty lo ind i n i t u r i l o t y l o . B a th e r O ir r lo k w n noro v a rie d ind f i v e noro 11 fo to h lo l o t l n f lB o lu d ln f owl f t o a o tlo B il t r i a o l t l o n o . Thooo owl f t o n o t l o n i l t r i a o l t l o B o i l o o o h i r i o t o r l o o d tho o o t l n f o f tho K llo ib o th in p o rlo d ind tho o o t l n f o f B o tto rto n ind Booth. I t wio d u r l n f Qu I b ' o tl n o t h o t r o r l o d o n o t l o n i l exproe e l on, th o r o o u l t of exoeoolve r e o t r a i n t , wio l i o k l n f l a o o t l n f . A ooordlnf to Joooph, O ir rlo k wio r o i o t l n f to th lo l d o i l o f r o o t r i l & t . O thor o o h o lir o w r i t I n f on o i r l y e i f h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y o o t l n f w o n i l l 1 b fo n o ro l i f n o n o n t i o t o th o B itu ro in d f o n o r i l o h i r i o t o r l o t l o o o f th o o o t l n f o f t h i t porlod* Bdwln D uerr, l a Tho ^ | | | ^ | | £ Booth o f notod t h o t tho p ro n u n c ia tio n wio p ro lo n fo d o r tonod i l n o o t ^ J o o o p h , Tho T r i p le A o to r. p. x l l l . 146 to tho p o in t o f chanting* Tragedy a c tin g wao reduood a l a o o t to r a n t and an I n c r e a s in g c r l t l c l s n o f t h l e ty p e of a o t ln g beoaae p r e v a le n t d u rin g th e p e r io d . D uerr agreed v i t h Joseph t h a t O a r r l o k 'e school of a o t l n g d id n o t r e p r e s e n t r e a l l e t l o a o t l n g , h u t r a t h e r . . n a t u r e l n t e n s l f l ed.*^* A lla rd y o e B lo o ll b e lie v e d t h a t th e r e vas an a l a o s t unbroken s t y l e In E n g lis h a o tln g fro n th e t l a e o f B e tte r t o n to th e t i n e o f G arric k and K a o k lln . For t r a g l o a o t ln g t h i s s t y l e was " . . . heavy and b o a b a o tlo , f o r o o n e d ie s , e i t h e r p u re ly f a r o l c a l o r 'genteel.* Blooll i d e n t i f i e d th lo as did C a a p b e ll, as th e c l a s s i c a l a e t h o d . ^ The O arrlo k -H ao k lln ae th o d he i d e n t i f i e d as r e a l l s t l o - r o n a n t l o . . . . Fron B e tte r t o n to Booth th e old o l a s s l o a l , t r a d i t i o n a l a e th o d o f d e l i v e r y and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n p r e v a i l e d , b u t when G arrlo k ap peared as R ichard I I I and K aoklln as Shylook a f r e s h s ta n d a rd was se t* F u n d a a e n ta lly t h i s was a s s o c ia te d w ith th e a e s t h e t l o oonoept o f I n t u i t i v e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f th e a o t o r w ith h i s ro le .* ® I n a e t t Avery l a th e f i r s t p u b lish e d v o lu a e o f The London f lta s e . 1660-1600. w rote t h a t e a r l y e l g h te e n th - o e n tu ry a o tln g was s t y l i s e d because of th e ia p o rta n o e o f D u err, op. o lt ., p. 2 7 1 . 5 5» l o o l l , E a rlv E ig h te e n th C entury P ra n a . p. 40* H i b i d . . p. 4 i 5 . 5 7i u i . , 8i m . 147 I m i t a t i o n by youngar a o to ra of o ld a r motor# d u rin g th l# tlm a . F u r t h a r . h# o o n c n t t d th a t* "In tra g a d y n a a rly awaryona a o ta d in # hoary and aolamn a t y l a ; i t 1 # to u n c e r t a i n w hathar tra g e d ia n # oh an t# d . . . .* Arary appaarad to b# u n c e r t a i n aa to th# dagraa of th# hoary and aolamm a t y l # . F i n a l l y . W illiam W. A p p lato n , in h la work on C h arlaa K a o k lln . took a a l l g h t l y d l f f a r a n t p o in t o f rla w . Ra b a l l a r a d t h a t d u rin g th a o lg h to o n th -o o n tu ry a o tln g a t y l a a d l f f a r a d dapandlng upon how rruoh tha a o t o r fa ro ra d a r t o r n a t u r a . "With B a tta r t o n n a tu r a had p r a r a l l a d . D uring th a r a lg n o f C lb b ar and Quin a r t had p r a r a l l a d . 40 With O arrlo k and K aoklln n a tu r a onoa a g a in t r lu a p h a d ." Tha a c h o la r ly o p in io n a u rra y a d in th a abora a a o tlo n ln d le a t a d g a n a ra l agraam ant on th a n a tu r a and th a g a n a ra l c h a r a o t a r l a t l o e of a a r l y a lg h ta a n tfc -o a n tu ry a o tln g w ith on ly m inor p o ln ta o f d la a g ra a m a n t. I I I . C0XT1KP0RAXY CCHKBTT3 AID CRITICISES OF EARLY IIOHTEnrTR-CWTTTRT ACT 110 I t waa d u rin g th a f l r a t p a r t of th a a lg h ta a n th - o a n tu ry t h a t w r l t a r a baoama a a r l o u a ly l n t a r a a t a d in ^ A r a r y . £ | . o l t . . p. o i n . A p p lato n , o l t . . p. 151. 148 t l i i f t t r l o t l w r i t i n g . l o t only woro o r l t l e n l otan d o rd o • l o v l j owolwod f o r th o c r l t l o l o n o f a o t l n f ta d o f l a d l f l d - uo l M t o r a , h u t a la o on ln o r o a o ln f anount woo w r i t ton ohout th o th e o ry o f o o t l n f . In 1710 tho f l r o t o f o o o rlo o o f hooko appeared on th o o r t o f o o t l n f whleh ln o lu d e d o h r l o f h l o t o r y o f tho t e f l l a h o to f o . A fte r th o t t l n o non* o lr o ta d o u to h lo fro p h lo o o f a o to ro , i n a d d i t i o n to tb o o tro h i a t o r i o o , booona p o p u la r. Thoao hooka wara u o u o lly pro* J u d le a d , u n o e h o lo r ly t and o fto n p o o rly w r l t t o n . l e v e r t h o - lo a o , thoy woro tho b o f lo o lo f o o f t h o o t r l o o l jo u rn o 11 on ond prooo w r l t l n f on th o o r t o f o o t l n f . Ao ouoh thoy ro p ro o o n to d o o l f n l f l o o n t body o f l l t o r o t u r o I n th o otudy o f th o h lo t o r y o f tho th o o t r o . ■lr M i. n « t.tl.r S i r tlo h o r d S to o lo (1472-1729) woo on t a f l l a h o o l d l o r , p o l l t l o l o n , e o o o y lo t, p o a p h lo to o r, ond d r o n o t l o t . S to o lo hofon p u h llo h ln f Tho t o t l o r on A p ril 12* 1709* Ouo o f h lo purpoooo woa to prooont nowo f r o n tho ployhouooa. Under th o pooudonyn o f " B lo k e r o to f f , • S to o lo i • • • onnounood now ployo ond h o n o f lt porfornonooot ho o r i t l o l o o d ployo ond dooorlhod o o to ro I n t h o l r p o r to i ho ohonplonod th o th o o tr o . . . Vo h a r e h e re th o tr u o h o f la n ln f o o f t h o o t r l o o l jo u r n o llo n .4 1 ** 0h o rlo o l o r o l d t o 1799 (low Tork Oray. T h o o tr lo o l O r l t l o l o n j | i O olunhio v n i v o r o i t y r re e e * 149 I t woo u n f o r tu n a te t h a t S te e le d id n o t o o n a l a t e n t l y M i n t a i n h l a purpoaa to w rit# on tha t h a a t r a aaoh v a a k . I f ha h ad , h l a pa p a r would have haan a auoh a o r a l a p o r t a n t aouroa to t h a a t r a h l a t o r l a a a to d a y . H e T e rth e le a e , *. . . S t e e l e r a a a l n a th a f l r a t f r e a t w r l t a r t o o r l t l o l a a In a p a r l o d l o a l p u b l i c a t i o n th a c u r r a n t p arform aaoaa in th a t h a a t r a . S t a a l a waa a g r e a t a d n i r a r o f Thoaaa B a t t a r t o n and waa f r e a t l y la p ra a a a d w ith h l a a o t l n f . H o re o e e r, ha waa f a a i l l l a r w ith th a p a rfo m a n o a a o f o th a r l a t a R e e to r a t lo n a o to ro l n o l u d l n f S lla a b a t h B arry (1 696-1719), Anna B r a c e g ir d le (16697-1746), C h a ria a H a rt ( 7 - 1 6 6 9 ), H le h a a l Hohua (1 6707-1664), Thoaaa D o f f e t t ( 7 - 1 7 2 1 ), and Cara U n d e r h ill (1694-17107). S t a a l a a la o w rota on th a p a r f o m anoaa of a a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o e a t u r y a o to ra l n o l u d l n f H obart VI lk a and O ollay C lb b a r. Ha w aa, t h a r a f o r a , a t r a n o l - t l o n a l o r l t l o batwaan th a two p**rlode. Hla f a n l l l a r l t j w ith and fondnaaa o f B a tta r t o n aa aa a o t o r u n d o u b ted ly ln f lu a a o a d h l a a t t l t u d a o in a o t l n f o r l t l o l a a . Hla a tu n d erdo o f o r l t l o l a a r a p r a a a a ta d th o a a o f th a l a t a B a a to r a tlo n which ha In tu r n a p p ila d to th a a a r l y e l f h t e e a t h - o e a t u r y . Tha ta n a to whloh ha fo llo w ed l a h l a a o t l n f o r l t l o l a a wara o u tlin e d l a H a a l e t 'a *Adwloe t o th a p . 59 150 F Io y e ra ." In looue Vo. 75 ho quo tod Shakaepeare * o n o tin g o r l t l o l o n n i l v r o to i "th o g r e a t e r r o r o i n p lo y in g nro adm irably w e ll expoeed I n H n n lo t'n d lr o o tlo n o to tho o o to r o . . . Rio f u to r o judgment o f n o tin g M l ootoro woe baaed on th o p r ln o lp lo o no t f o r t h by Shnkaapenre. S to o lo 41f f e r e n t i n t e d between o r t ond n a t u r e In n o tin g ond reo o g n leed two typoe o f o o to ro , one e u o e e e o fu l u n d er th e ln f lu e n o e o f n o tu r e ond th e o th e r o u o o ee e fu l oe th e r e e u l t of o r t . In le o u e Vo. 99 he w rotoi Hy o ld f r l e n d e , B o rt ond Mohun, th e one by h i e n o tu r o l ond p ro p e r f o r o e , th e o th e r hy h ie g r e e t e k l l l ond o r t , n e e e r r o l l e d to eend no hone f u l l o f euoh ld e o e oe o f f e e te d n r b e h a v io u r, ond node no ln e e n e l h ly noro oourteouo ond humane to ny f r ie n d a ond o o g u o ln t- omoee.** S te e le reo o g n leed o e l n l l o r d lf fo r e n o o In th o n o t in g of V llk e ond C lbberi Tho f l r e t to o to r e J of tho p ro e e n t etogo o re V llk e , ond O lb b er, p e r f e o t o o to ro In t h e i r d i f f e r e n t k ln d o . V llk e hoe o e ln g u lo r t o l e n t I n r e p r e e e n tln g th e grooee o f n o tu r e , O lbber th e d e f o m l t y I n th e o f f e o t e t l o n o f th e n . • . . O lb b er, I n a n o th e r l i g h t , h i t o e x q u l e l t e l y th e f l o t o l w l l l t y o f on o ffo o te d g e n tle n o n — u e h e r , ond V llk e th e eoey fronkneoo o f o g e n tle n o n . To beoeeoh g r o o e f u l l y , to opproaeh r e o o e o t f u l l y . to p i t y , to n o u rn , to lo v e , o re th e p le e e e w h erein V llk e any be node t e e h ln e w ith th e u t n o e t b ee n ty i to r o i l y p le o e o n tl y , to eoorn a r t f u l l y , to f l a t t e r , to r l d l - o n le , and to n e g l o o t, o re whet O lbber would p erform * 3Tho T o t i e r . Vo. 35, June 30, 1709. X. 200. ** I b l d . , Vo. 99. Vovenber 26, 1709. IX. 33*. 151 w ith no le a e e x o e lle n c e . S te e le did n o t p r e f e r n a tu r e over a r t in the a o to r in th e aa two eeeay a. However, In a l a t e r eaaay he p o in te d out t h a t too auoh a r t and too l i t t l e n a tu r e did n o t r e e u l t in e f f e c t i v e a o t ln g , and f u r t h e r , t h a t the b e e t a c t i n g w a i th e r e e u l t of n a t u r e . In t h l a eaaay he waa e p e c l f l c a l l y o r l t l c l a l n g K l l l e and W ilke. H l l l a , he th o u g h t, aade too auoh uee o f e tu d le d g e a tu r e . A ction to th e p la y e r , l e what apeeoh l a to an o r a t o r . I f th e a a t t e r be w e ll c o n c e iv e d , worde w i l l flow w ith eeeet and I f the a c t o r la w e ll poaaeaaed of th e n a t u r e o f h la p a r t , a p ro p e r e o tlo n w i l l n e c e e e a r - t l y f o l l o w .4* I t waa a la o In t h l a aaae eaaay t h a t he c a u tio n e d Wilke n o t to l n l t a t e B e t t e r t o n , 4 7 a lth o u g h he la b e le d Wilke "• * * the a t r l o t e a t fo llo w e r of n a t u r e . . . . ” S te e le p r e f e r r e d the n a t u r a l to the a r t i f i c i a l In a c t i n g . In no. 6 8 he w rote t h a t an audience waa n o t a f f e o te d by th e ”. . . poap o f language, o r a a g n lflc e n o e o f d r e a a , b u t a o a e th ln g o f a p la in and a l a p l e n a t u r e . . . . ” He eu pported h la p o in t o f view by an e x a a p le f r o a th e a o tln g of W ilke. 4 *I b l d . . l o . 182, June 6 , 1710, III, 356-57. 4 6 I b l d . . Ho. 201, J u ly 22, 1710, I f , *2. 47Supra, p. 135. **1111 T a t l c r . lo o , o l t . Wo. 6 8 , S e p te a b e r 15, 1709, I I , 1* 0 . 152 Xb th * t r * |« d y o f "K oohoth," vhoro V U k s a o to tho f l r o t f o r t o f b b o b whooo f i a l l j boo boon au rd o ro d 1 b h l a nbooaoo, tho v iU & o ia o f h lo pooolon, which l a run o r o r 1 b a t o r r o a t o f o o la a lto u o o lro u a o to a e o o , tfooo h o t r a lo o ay o p l r l t o . u l | l f o b o tho a l a r a t h u t whoa ho o k l l f u l l y o o o b o to ho o u t o f h r o a t h , and l o b ro u g h t to # low to any n o ro , u l upon a ooooad r o f l o o t l oa, 0 1 7 , only w ip in g h lo oyoo, "Vhnt, ho th o h lld r o a f Both* h o th B y e a l l d r o n g o a o l" th o ro l o b o r o o l o t l n g a oorrow v h lo h o o o b o to hovo o o o t a h o u t f o r a l l tho roooooo p o a o lb lo f o r l t o e o n o o l a tl o n , h u t hao b o rooouroo»90 S to o lo d lo tln g u lo h o d botwoon o v o r-p lo y la g and u n d o r -p ia y la g and o o r t o l a l y p ro fo rro d th o l a t t o r l a ootin g * Xb g o a o ro l a o t l a g th o o r y , th a n , S to o lo rooogalood t h o t aa o o to r aado uoo o f ho th a r t and a a tu r o l a p la y in g . However, ho a lo o rooogalood a d lf f o r o a o o botwooa what waa a r t and what wao a r t l f l o l a l . Bo b e lie v e d t h a t a a tu r o wao th o p ro p o r oouroo o f th o a o tlo n o f tho a o t o r ( othorw loo th o r o o u l t wao o tu d lo d aad a o o h o n le o l. F i n a l l y , ho pro f o rr o d th o a l n p lo ond n a t u r a l I n n o tin g . Xt woo p o ln to d o u t above t h o t S to o lo b o lle v e d th o t a a t u r o woo tho p ro p o r gu ld o to n o tio n , othorw loo n o tio n woo o tu d lo d ond n r t l f l o l n l . l a o oooaont on Qovo U n d e r h i l l , o B o o to ro tlo a o o to r , who h lo f o t h o r hod o d a l r o d , S to o lo f o r t h o r oupportod th lo p o in t o f view whoa ho w ro to i "Thoro l o o o r t o l a l y a o to r o e x c e l l e n t l y r o p r o - ooatod I n h lo a o a a o r o f o o tlo a t I n vh lo h ho e v e r avoided 90 Ib id , 153 Cl t h a t ganar&l f a u l t In p l a p t r a o f doing to o a u o h .” Tha on ly a p a o lflo o r l t l o l a a oa th a uaa o f r o l o a waa a la o q u o ta* ahova l a r a f a r a a o a to th a a o tln g o f Wilka who B ta a la p r a f a r r a d whaa ha waa n o t o a a r - p la p ln g b u t u a d a r- p la p ln g . l a o h a r a o t a r l a a t l o a S t a a l a p r a f a r r a d tha a o t o r who l d o n t l f l a d h l a a a l f w ith th a p a r t ha wao p la p ln g . Of K rs. B l g a a l l ha w ro ta t h a t aha . . a x a o tlp o n ta ra d I n to th a C9 a a t u r a of th a p a r t . " Of W ilka. l a Oaorga F a r q u h a r 'a Tha O o n ata at O o u ala. ha w ro tai • . • H r. w ilk a a a t a r a in t o th a p a r t w ith ao auoh s k i l l * t h a t th a g a l l a n t r y . tha pouth* aad c a l a t p o f a pound a a a o f a p l a n t l f u l fo rtu n a * l a lookad upon w ith aa auoh ln d u lg o n o a oa tha a t a g a . aa l a r a a l l i f a . . . .*3 Howarar, a n t a r l r d I n t o tha p a r t waa a p p a ra n tlp n o t r a l a t a d to n a t u r a l aotlnd* l a H ra. K a th a rln a T o fto , aa o p a r a ala d a r* ha found th a a a a a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o . . . . T hla lady a a ta r a d ao th o ro u g h ly I n t o th a g r o a t o h a r a a ta r a aha aotad* t h a t whaa aha had f l a l a h a d b a r p art* aha oould n o t th in k o f r a t r s a o h i n g h a r s q u ip a g a . b a t would a p p a a r l a h a r owa lo d g in g s w ith , th a aaaa a a g a lf lo a a o a t h a t aha d id upon th a s ta g a .^ * l a r a p o r t l a g a o o n v a ra a tlo n w ith C h a rla a Hart* a ” n n . . I s . 22, ttaj 31, 1709, I , 109. l o . 3* A p ril I d . 1709. X. 30. 5*Xbld. . l o . 19* Hap 2d. 1709. X. 1*4. ** I b l d . . Vo. 20. Hap 2*. 1709. X. 171. 194 H o o to ra tio n ao to r* S to o lo developed ao ro th o ro u g h ly h lo thoory o f a o to ro I d e n t i f y i n g w ith t h o l r p a r t o . . . . I h e ro hoard ay old f r lo a d Hr* H art epoak I t ao aa o b o e r v a tlo a among tho p la y e r o , t h a t I t l o la p o e o lh lo to a o t v l t h g r a e e , e x c e p t t h a t tho a o t o r hao f o r g o t t h a t ho lo b e f o r e a a audlenoe* f i l l ho hao a r r i v e d a t t h a t h lo n o tio n * h lo a i r , h lo ev ery oto p and g o o tu ro , hao a o a e th ln g In then v h lo h d le o o v e re ho lo u n d er a r e o t r a l n t f o r r o a r o f b e in g 111 ro o o lv o d i o r I f ho o o a e ld e ro h l n o o l f ao In tho proooaoo o f thooo who approve h l o b e h a v io u r, you ooo an a f f e o t a t l o a o f t h a t p le a e u re ru n through h lo whole c a r r i a g e . I t l o ao ooaaoa In l i f e , ao upon th o o ta g o , t o behold a nan l a tho a o o t I n d i f f e r e n t n o tio n b e tr a y a oonoo ho hao o f do in g what ho lo a b o u t g r a c e f u l l y . “ I t wao u n f o r tu n a te t h a t S te e le d id n o t w r i te noro o z to n o lv e ly oa tho p o rfo ra a n e e o o f i n d i v i d u a l a o to ro aad develop h lo th o o ry o f a c t i n g In ao ro d e t a i l . However, t h lo wao tho b e g in n in g o f t h e a t r i c a l J o u r n a l l e a aad h la ooaaento and e r l t l o l e a o w ore, a t l o a o t , a o l g n l f l e a n t and l n p o r t a a t b e g in n in g . A aro . I l l on t h . A rt o f A o tln . Ao tho e l g h t e e a t h - e e n t u r y p ro g ro o o e d , w rlto ro booone ln e r o a o ln g ly oonoeraed ab o u t the o t a t e o f th e t h e a t r e and ez p re eeed th l o eo n eo ra In w r i t i n g . The f l r o t l a p o r t a n t o r l t l o o f e a r l y e l g h t e a a t b - o e n t u r y n o tin g o r l t l - o lo a wao Aaron H i l l . H i l l wao a nan uf nany t a l o n t o , and o g a a lly u ae u o o eo e fu l In a l l o f th a n . Ho w ro te ployo aad p o e try . For a w h ile , f r o a 1709 to 1 7 1 1 , he wao th e b r u a r y 2 9 . 1 7 1 0 , I I I , 1 9 2 - 9 9 . 155 nanaging d l r a o t o r of Drury Lana. Ha tau g h t a c t i n g and had p la n a , which ha d id n o t a z a o u ta , to a i t a b l l a h an acadaay f o r th a t r a i n i n g o f a o t o r a . Ha w rota two poaaa and ona aaaay on tha a r t of a c t i n g . F i n a l l y , ha p u b lla h a d a vary l n p o r t a n t t h e a t r i c a l j o u r n a l , Tha P r o a o t a r . w ith W illia n Poppla tw loa waakly f r o a Hovanbar, 1754 to J u l y , 1736. H i l l waa d aa o rib ad by Davlaa aa a ra n ”. . . who labourad aa ald u o u a ly to u n d aratan d tha a r t o f a o tln g , and who took ln c a a a a n t p aln a to c o a n u n lc a ta t h a t knowladga to o th a r a ." * * H i l l waa a h arah and aavara c r i t i c of tha a o t o r a , who ha b a l l a v t d wara to a la rg a dag raa ra a p o n a lb la fo r th a dacay o f tha t h a a t r a . In an laaua o f Tha P ro a o ta r ha w ro tai Thay £ i l | i th a a a a lv a a , aa aoon aa any Spaaoh r own P a r t l a naan to w natavar l a r a o l l a d . by A n o th an lo o k in g round i n t h a l r own P a r t l a o v a r, In to an ab a an t ttn a tta n tlv a - ktavar l a r a o l l a d . by An o t h a r i lo o k in g r< tag th a Coupany o f S p a o ta to ra , w ith aa ft ful of th a Ouai a t whloh, I lk a S o l d l a r a . upon th a Word of ^ m | Q , Thay a t a r t , o u d d an iy , back to t h a l r r o a t u r a a . Tona o v ar th a u a a n la a tln g Wound of t h a l r Laaaaai an3. th a n ( I l k a a Ca t a r y l l i a r , ( b a t haa a r a o ta d l t a a l f a t tha Touch o f a Twin), a h r ln k M i l A ’ to i h a l r O r a w l . and t h a l r Q u la ti and an jo y t h a l r f u l l B g i T t T l l a a z t Mowalaw.3 f Wot only did th a a o to r a f a l l to kaap I n o h a r a e ta r , bu t a la o thay wara devoid o f a n o tlo m Thoaaa D avlaa, H anoira o f th a LIfa o f David G a r r i c k , l a c . . . . (naw a i l 41on| London* F r l n t a d f o r L o a p u . H u ra t, l a a a , and O n a , 1506), I , 192. ^ A a r o n H i l l and v i l l l n P o p p la, Tha P r o a o t a r . Wo. 62, Jan a 13, 1735* 156 T h a lr too £ f£££ftlt and undaal • b l . L ittaX . tron m kind o f . In d c la n o a . v h i r m t h th o / r a t h o r r w i t t t h a l r P a r t a . than a o t th a a t g l i d i n g . £ a l n l a a a l j f . on. w ith th a ▼ar a t i and n a l t h a r touoh*d [ , n o r l U d f t i l B A i Santinanto. . . .56 H i l l waa v l t r l o l l o and p o ln ta d in h la e h o lc a o f worda. U n f o r t u n a t a l j ha waa n o t a b la to r a a l a t tha tamp- t a t l o a o f l a p r o r l n i a o t l n f through a ayatam of r u l a a f o r th a p o r t r a / a l of p a r t l o u l a r am otlona. H a v a rth a la a a , Angua | a ? a H i l l o r a d l t f o r p ra p a rln g th a way f o r th a n a t u r a l l a t l e - r o m a n t l c aohool o f O arrlok and M a c k l l n . " * Gray l l k a v i a a e r a d l t a d h l a w ith tha aaaa l a p o r t a n t con t r i b u t i o n to tha a r t o f a o t l n f . • . . th a ra l a no doubt t h a t ha waa p ra p a rln g th a way f o r tha p u b llo r a o a p t lo a In 17*1 o f David O arrlo k * a n a t u r a l l a t l o a o t l n f , whioh a l g h t n o t o th a r - wlaa hava baaa a b la oo q u lo k ly to r o u t th a a a ta b l la h a d fo rm a l, a ta tu a a q u a , o r a t o r l o a l aohool o f Jamaa Q u in .60 H i l l wantad a o to r a to ba n a t u r a l on th a a ta g a . On O otobar 21, 1735 H i l l w rota In Tha P rom ntar t h a t i "Tha ■ oat u n lT a r a a l O om plalnt, among good Judgaa o f tho a ta g a , l o , t h a t P la y a ra a ra a h o o k ln g ly , u n n a t u r a l . I n a i a t - t a r oa th a a o tln g o f B arton B ooth, ha p r a la a d Booth baoauaa o f h l a • . . . a r t f u l I m i t a t i o n o f n a tu r a * . . and ha parform ad " . . . w ith o u t r a a t r a l n t , o r ** I b l d . " s u p r a . p. 1*1. do O ra /, op. o l t . . p. 91* 61H111, Tha P ro m n tar. Ho. 99. O ctobar 21, 1735 1V7 a f f a o t a t l o n * A l t h o u g h a o tln g waa to ba n a t u r a l . H i l l foraahadovad h l a f u t u r a a t t a a p t to dawalop r u la a f o r a o t - Ind whan ha v r o t a In an a a r l y a d i t I o n o f Tha P r o n o t a r i . . . But aa th a Baauty and Oraea o f A ll A o to ra, l a f r a a t a r , o r l a a a , aa thay approaeh l a t u r a , ao t h a t aha t h a t would ha aoeountad a good A o tra a a , n u a t ba w a ll a o q u a ln ta d w ith tha l a t u r a o f th a P aaalon aha l a to r a p r a a a n t.6 3 l a t u r a waa n o t , how avar, to ba uaad w ith o u t tha a a a la ta n o a of a r t . Tha n a x t a ta p in th a d a r a lo p a a n t of H I11'a a o t l n f th o o ry waa to d a v la a a a y a ta n f o r th a por t r a y a l o f ta n p a a a lo n a . Thaaa wara f l r a t a a n tlo n a d In h la f l r a t paaa on th a a r t o f a o t l n f , "Tha A o to r1a B p lto n a ." Tan a t r o n f - n a r k 'd p a a a lo n a . o lf n a h a a r , And U | | £ a a a u a 'd d l a l l n o i l o na oa th a a l a r o n J o y , n r l a f . f a a r . a n n a r. n l t r . a o o rn . and h a t a . wond a r . i h a n a T l a a lo u a y . and lo y a r i a o f t w aT fht.** Tha fo llo w in g two ax an p laa In a auanary o f h la r u l a a f o r tha p l a y i n f o f tha ta n paaalo n a waa a u f f l o l a n t to o h a r a o t a r l s a a l l o f th a a i "Joy l a axpraaaad by n u ao laa l n t a n a a — and a a n l l a In tha ay a. Anxar, by n u ao laa In ta n a a — and a frown In th a a y a ." * ^ I t waa d l f f l o u l t to r a a l l a a t h a t In tha aaaa aaaay 62Aaron H i l l , Tha borka o f tha L ata Aaroa H i l l . 1th* ( aaaond a d l t l o n i Londoni C n .n .J , 17 5 3 ), I I , 79b. * * H i l l , Tha F r o a o t a r . l o . 5, lo v a n b a r 76, 175b. **1111, JTha A o to r 'a t p l t o a a , ” Worka. IT, 77. **H111, " la a a y oa tha A rt o f A o t l n f ," Worka. IT , 9 6 9 . 15a H i l l w rot#i "To n o t a p a s sio n w # ll, th# motor n # r# r must atto m p t I t # I m i t a t i o n . . . ."*** O u tsld # o f H ill* # r u l # s on th# u## of motion In th# t# n pm#■Ion# not#d abov#, h# 414 n o t w r i t# #xt# n # lT # ly on m otion. Booth wmm oorpllm #nt#d f o r . . g 7r#ou#noT. U l utM M . aL M w m m 2U1MU' ft ! U U 1> C m «>1» o f n u tti n g on mt W i l l . Th# L in # # , and H arks o f #T#rr 47 P a# # lo n ." In Th# Fro#i>t#r h# v r o t# o f mo to rn who hmd • . . . a #o l# aa S lllln o m # o f S t r u t , m swlng-swang Blown### In th# H o tlo a o f th# I r a . . . In a n o th s r # 4 i t l o n of th# asm# pmp#r h# wm# o r l t l o m l o f C o ll# / C lbb#r*a a o t l n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y h i# atto m p t# to p o r tr a y tra g # d y pmrt# In whloh h# a p p a r e n tly u##4 th# #mm# a a a n # r l# a s thmt mmd# him ao #uoo#aaful In aoa#dy. In th# ooaedy p a r t# h# • . . . #qu#ak#, bow#, o g l# # t dr#####, la u g h # . . . . " and In tra g a d y h# ua#d th# . . . d # b l l l t a t # d P # rv#r#lon# o f 0 # a tu r# . . . th# •am# u n r# a#onabl# O rlaao## . . . w# • • • a Suoo###lon o f Ooalo S hrugging#i and, i n PIa©# o f H#aao#s, and H a l # s t l e T ra n s p o rt# , th# d i s t o r t # * Hamwina# of aa u n ] o la t# d O a t a p l l l a r . . . .69 H i l l waa a l t r l l a r l y o r l t l o a l o f H i l l # In M o b o la# 66I h l d . . p. 539. <7Anroa H i l l , J h i f a t a l T l s l o n i o r . Ifci f a l l fil f ilM ( Lon don i P r i n t e d r o r UwT B u t t, 1716), p. T i l . **11111, F r o a p f r . Bo. 66, Ju a# 2 7 , 1755. 69I b ld . . Bo. 3. BoT#nb#r 19, 173d. 159 Bowe’ s £ | l l U i * . . . H r. K ill* . . . was luoky enough to guess r i g h t t h a t a c a p tiv e King, l a f u r / and d e s p a i r , should more w ith tu rb u le n c e and a g l t a t l o n i b u t I t newer o i m i n t o h la h e a d , t h a t t h a r a l a a tu r b u le n c e , w ith o u t b u l l y i n g , aad an a g i t a t i o n * w ith o u t awkwardness. In a n o th e r p la c e H i l l o r l t l o l a a d K i l l s f o r " , . . a l l h l a e t a r t l n g a , and c o n v u ls iv e a g l t a t l o n a o f bod/ . * . ha w ants w e ig h t, and a p p e a rs to o l i g h t f o r th a a o le a n d lg n lt> o f h la aorrow . . . **71 H i l l waa a o rs a p a o lf lo and a o ra d a t a i l e d In h la o r l t l o l a a of th a a o to r* a use of th e voice* Aa o a r ly ao 1716 In tha d ed ication to O a . m i l x n i s i ha o r ltlo la a d th a . . h o r r i b l e . T h e a tr l o , war of sp e ak in g . . . " and tha • . . . a ffo o te d , r lo lo u a . aad unnatural Tone of Voloe, 7? ao ooaaon on o u r S ta g so . . . ." Only Booth aada tha r e q u i s i t e uaa o f the r o l o a . H i l l w ro te • . . . t h a t . • m a t lA &£• Booth, *&£ H , Ind t a d , g l u s t g&£ a i o a l l a n t T ra g e d ia n , ro u t h i l l newer £gg£ gg auoh gg gfi t o d t a r o u r . a t th o aa t h r i l l i n g B re a k s, and Changes the T o lo e . . . Booth had a . . sw eat V oloe, 74 Aooant, and solem nity o£ Ptteranoo. . . . ■ F in a lly , ha oonoludad In h la preface thati *I f O r lsf, whloh olalaa a 70H111, Works. I I , 226. 71I b l d . . I I , 99. 7?H l l l , The F a t a l T U I on. p. r l . 7?I b l d . , p. a l l . 160 low* and broken V oloo. lo u t t e r ' d In the Thunder of g B a n t, whet | | U & U Rage gg d lc tln g u lo h e d fczT"7’ T hle 111 uee of th e v o ic e wee e o o n e t a n t l j r e o u r r l n g thene In h i e w r i t i n g s . I n 1731 he w rote I n e l e t t e r to e frie n d about a p ro d u c tio n he had eeen whioh had o n ly two s a t i s f a c t o r y perform ances* * * * were touoh'd* and touch*d t h e i r h e a r e r s i f o r they spake f e e l i n g l y , t h a t l o , n a t u r a l l y , and w ith o u t t h a t e ta a e w toe. t h e i r e t e r n a l m r f e o ta tlo n o f fo ro ed to n e , w ith whleb th ey oover aad e f f a c e the paeelone* they are en d eav o u rin g to h e i g h te n . Of a oontem porary tr a g e d ie n n e , Mrs. P o r t e r , he w ro te th a t a lth o u g h h e r e e tlo n waa a a t l e f a o t o r y , she p lay ed th e p a r t ”. . . w ith a k in d of w hining 77 monotony. . . . ” Hr. K l l l e wae o r l t l c l a e d f o r M e • g r e a t n o la e . . . In a p a r t whloh looked d ig n ity aad decorun . . . ” and waa r a t h e r a ” . . . r a n t . • . the 78 v o ic e . . • o t r e t o h l n g beyond l t e harmony." Ac noted above. H i l l approved o f B o o th 'a uee o f th e v o lo e . The p a r t e he p lay ed had ”. . . been b u rle d u n d e r a p r e s c r ip t i o n o f £ | g ^ g | | and a o a c to n v . by the p r a o tlo o o f o th e r a o t o r e . . . . ”79 7*I b l d . . pp. v i - v i l . 7<H i l l , Worha. I I , 97-9®. 77i b i d . . I I , 9®. 75I b l d . . I I , ??a. 791 U 1 * . 11 • 29d. 161 In h i* l * t t * r * of a d ric * to * young a o t r o s a H ill *p«nt c o n s ld a r a b l* t l r * ln f o r a l n g h * r how th* v oloa w** to b* u se d . A lthough h* d id n o t approva o f r a n t i n g , whining* and ao n o to n y , h* d id n o t a d r l • • o o n v a r s a tlo n a l spaaoh. In o r l t l o l s l n g on* o f th* young a o tr* * * ' p a rt* h* i a l d i . . . What ■••■* most to b* w i s h 'd , 1* a f u l l * r , and nor* poapoue, d w e llin g on y o u r word* In Tr*g*dyi and a nor* d l a t i n o t , and h lg h * r a l a v a t l o n of your • v h lo h l a to o aw aat, to l*awa ua s a t i s f i e d w ith a o l l t t l * o f It, as you g e n e r a lly glv * ue.BO In a l a t e r l * t t * r ha s a i d , r * f * r r l n g to h « r v o lo s , t h a t aha should . apr*ad out y o u r m a l o . and d w a ll, w ith d l a t l n o t l o n , upon th* h a rao n y .* 3h* waa *. . . n o t a w e llln e th* a i w n i f to a n t w orda, n o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g th* p * r lo d s . . . . Th* younr a o tr* a a a p p a re n tly d id n o t fo llo w th* advlo* o f h e r t* a o h * r, bcoaua* h* co n tin u e d to w r it* t h a t h e r vo lo * waa to o aw**t, and ne*d*d to b* a t r o n g a r , f u l l e r , nor* d i s t i n c t , p a t h a t l o , and w eig h ty . I f ah* d id t h l a h * r volo* would n o t b* too a f f » o t* d o r to o w hin in g . R i l l a l s o o r l t l o l a a d th* ua* o f th* v o le * on tha s t a g s In X ht P r o B P t T . A otr*aa*a w*ra o r l t l o l a a d f o r t h a l r " . . . s n i v e l i n g , w h in in g , Tona. . . Aotora ^ I b l d . . I I , 212. 81I b l d . . I I , 2 2 0. fl2I b l d . . I I , 245. 05H i l l , H a F r o a p t e r . l o . 3, Vovanbar 19, 1734. 16? woro o r l t l o l a a d f o r t h o l r " . . . u n - n a t u r a l R a n tln ira .1,84 Tha f a u l t of t h l a wao p a r t i a l l y tho au d lo n o o . Ho roaarkod t h a t * • . O naC auoo o f u n n a tu r a l A o t l m . whloh l a . a o l o l y . th o y i t t l t o f th o Audloaoai who. hy nowor f a l l i n g to gTvTTho l l M l t l l * C lA U fti „ ^ Applauao, to tho h lg h o a t-a tra o h 'd llo y a tlo n o of tho Y oloa. (whothor l a r ia o o o , p ro p o r. a a l la p ro p o r) tho f la y o r l o . horohy n la lo d . fro n tho Y onptatloa of an 111-orQuad 0 4 Ambit i o n . to lay tho B troaa o f hlo H o rlt oa H outhlngi andT nog lo o tin g a l l t n o n o b l o r B o ao n tlala of h lo A rt, ”Toara a la a a lo n to Rago (ao fhahooaw oxggoaaoa i t ) $£ a p l l t tho la r a o£ tho S h o r tl y a f t o r w r i t i n g tho abovo ho w roto of *. . . p u f f 'd , round Houth . • a o t o r o , who opoak l a " . . . a d r y , d u l l , d ra w lin g , Voloo t h a t o a r r l o a Oolun i n l t o d o to o ta b lo H o ao to n r. " 88 H i l l plaood thooo typoo o f a o to ra I n t o th ro o d l a t l n c t o a to g o rlo a i Hr. S t r a l n - p l p o , H ra. tv o r-w h ln o , and H r. A ll- w o lg h t.87 H r. S t r a l n - p l p o waa o r l t l o l a a d f o r u a ln g loudaooa u n r o la to d to moaning. H ra. *▼ or-w hin# " . . . a u a t n o t c a n t X flliA h U flB I n o r OflUftat out h o r £ 2 1 through a C o n tra o tlo a o f h o r V ln d -p lp o — Sho ought to apoak, n a t u r a l l y . . . . " H r. A ll-w o lg h t waa o r l t l o l a a d f o r pauo- ln g to o nuoh aad f o r alwaya bolng d o l l b o r a t o and aolonn ^ I b l d . e *I b l d . . l o . 56, Hay 25, 1755. fl6I b l d . . Vo. 66, Juno 27, 1755. e7Ib ld . . lo . 9?, Soptonbor 26, 1755. 165 aa w ith o u t any v a r i e t y . H i l l f u r t h a r e la b o r a te d on Hra. Ever-whlne In a l a t a r a d l t l o n . Thaa# la d la a o f tha a ta g e had . . . a a y a ta r lo u a Kind o f y o o a l o lr o u n o le l on, whloh tha L adlaa o f th a S tage hava a p p lie d to t h a l r W indplpaei known and d l a t l n g u l a h 'd In ? 1 t . B o i. and Q a i i e r l o a . by tha ao d arn Haae o f Whlnelng.*1 *" Of Hr. A ll-w e ig h t ha l a t a r w ro ta i - . : . I t l a , A U . ona, c o n tin u e d , u n d l a t l n g u l a h 'd • R o ta tio n of Cadanoas toned away. I l k a th a Cant o f a Leaaoni w ith no H ndaayoura. no Se o u ln a a . toward That i m t a t l o n £ f B a tu r a , whloh nakoa i t u n av o id ab ly n e o e a a a r y ,“ h a t o u r Thoughta a h o u 'd p rooodo. and p ro d u o a. our B s p re a a lo n a .? 0 Aaron H i l l waa e p e o lf lo and even uaad a a t l r a to d a a o rlb a tha vooal o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a th a n In uaa oa tha London a t a | e . In HI11*a c o a a e n ta on o h a r a o t e r l e a t l o n ha wanted tha a o t o r to I d e n t i f y w ith tha o h a r a o t a r ha waa p la y in g , f a a l th a a a o tlo n o f tha p a r t , and o o n a l e t e n t l y r a a a ln In c h a r a o t e r . Thla th e o ry waa f l r a t p ra a a n ta d In h l a d e d i c a tio n to Tha F a t a l V ialo n p u b lla h ed In 1716. Ha w rote th a t th an - n a t u r a . Agtora ihou’d U rtm trjw ly a a lv a a , and th a S p a o t a t o r t i w ith th e P ro a a . o f a v a r j u h a r a o t a r t n t r r a p r a t t n t . Thay ahou*d n o t a o t . b u t r e a l l y b a . . . Tv* “ i b i d . 69l b l d . . Ho. 99. O otobar ?1, 1735 ^ I b l d . , Ho. 104, Hovaabar 7 , 1735. 9 l H i l l , Tha F a t a l V la lo n . p. v l l . 1 6 4 In an le an * of Th# P r o a o ta r H i l l o o n p la m a d t "An A otor, who aaaunaa a C h a ra o ta r, w h araln ha doaa no t m i . In t a r n * a t . to tha P arao n , by whoaa { | | | ha o a l l a h l a - 97 a a l f , A ff r o n t* , ln a t a a d o f a n t o r t n l n l M . tha A u d la n o a .* 7 H i l l w rota a o r o r a l l a t t a r a o f adTlo* to young a o to ra and a o t r a a a a a . In th aaa ha o o n a ta n tly p o ln ta d out t h a t I t waa n ae a a a a ry f o r th a a o t o r to f o r g o t ha waa on th a a ta g a . "I w i l l v a n tu ra to prophaoy, t h a t , whanavar you oan f o r a a t an a u d la n o a , you w i l l o h ara thani i t l a ao a a a l l y In y o u r powar to aaau n a, and ba aaauaad by th a Qt o h a r a o t a r . . * ." In a n o th a r l a t t a r to th a aaaa a o tr a a a ha a l a b o r a ta d on t h l a th o o ry i . . . In o r d a r to warn avary body, who aaaa you aot . you naad only ro a o lv * to f o r g o t t h a t you ar* n o t in g . *Tla th a th o u g h t o f th a a u d la n o a . th a t tak o a away th a n a t u r a l a i r o f tha n l n r a r i W hatarar l a w a ll don* on th a | ^ | | | , n u a t ba dona w ith th a aaaa f o r o a , fra a d o n , a n d . a p l r l t , aa I f I t waa d o in g In a o tu n l I l f * . . . In th a l a a t v ara* o f H i l l ' a aaoond poan on "Tha A rt of A otlng" ha w ro ta o f tha n a o a a a lty o f tha a o t o r f o a l i n g th * a n o tlo n aa th* f l r a t p r a - r a q u l a l t o to a au o o a aa fu l p o r t r a y a l . P ra v lo u a to a r t * a f l r a t a o t — ( t i l l th a n , a l l w ain) P r i n t th a l d a a l o a th o a . on tha P o o l th a th o u g h t* a ln a g a on th a a r a b a l l r o l l i Bahlnd t h a t window, a l t a t h ' a t t a n t l r * 8 o u li ’ Hill, Tha P r o n p t a r . l o . 62, J u ly 15, 1755* 95H111, Work*. I I , 219* ^ I b l d . . I I , 221. 165 Win**d. a t h t r back, t h ' o b a d la n t M uaolaa f l y , Bant o r to th a r t r l t d a v a t P r a a a 'd , a o d a r a ta , l a n l n n t , f o lo a Ta o r g a n 'd aound, To aaoh f a i t l n p u la a , to n a a tha tu n a f u l roundi P o m 'd to tha n a r r a a . co n o u rrln g Main p a rta k a o . Bo, tha IT T 11 a o t o r Hot a a - - and p a a a lo n 8bakaa*“ H i l l r a l t a r a t a d t h l a aaaa thaory i n h l a lo n g a r proaa a a a a j on tha a r t of a c t i n g . To a o t a p aa alo n w a ll, th a a o to r n a r a r n u at a t t a a p t l t a I m i t a t i o n , ' t i l l h la fanoy haa oonoalwad ao a tro n g an l a a g a , o r l d a a , o f I t , aa to nova th a aaaa l n p r a a a - lwa a p rln g a w ith in h la mind, whloh f o r a th a t p a a a lo n , whan * t i a und aalg n ad , and n a t u r a l . “6 H i l l waa a la o oonoam ad about onnal n t a n tly main t a i n i n g o h a r a o t a r l n a t i o n on th a a tag a. m t v n i b « o n § i j U b U T V i u i q i n t * flo a n o a o f a l l a n t a c t i o n . w hara, a f t a r | B | a k ^ | , h lm a a ir, ha a t ta a d o to what i f I t , In good a a r n a a t , oonoam ad h l n . Thara l a a n o th a r g r o a t b aa u ty , I n a P la y o r, who a n ta r a a tr o n g ly I n t o n a t u r a , and t h a t l o , tha a l g n l - a f t a r ha haa dona l a anawarad aa Thla a l a m a aad awakana th a au d lan o ai who, on th a o o n tr a r y , grow la n g u id and u n a t t a n t l r a , whan th a r o b a a r r a a n a g l l - ganoa l a tha a o t o r a , Ju o t ao ona la c y yawnar a h a l l a a t a room ful o f h l a a o q u a ln ta n o a yaw ning. . . .97 Ha axpraaaad th a aaaa p o in t of Ylaw I n Tha P ro m n tart . . . lo I t p o a a lb la t o ba d a a a lv 'd I n to a K la ta k a , of th a P l a r a r . f o r th a H arp, unlaaa Ha l l a t a n a . ao l o t n a looka t h a Conoarm w a ll aa anaahaaT— P hlaaa th a looka t h a Conoarm ha n ra ta n d a i oT^-Cnlaaa h l a w a rt B llan o a l o l n a tr u o t a d to T O T T T o tha l u o f tha B p a o ta to r, by a thouaamd a l g a l f lo an t Qta t u r a a . 3 t a r t a . SfeU C U ' A ttlt u d a a . W H111, •Tha A rt of A o tln g ,* Worka. Ill, 567-400. 9*H111, *An Baaay on th a A rt of A o tln g ,* T o r t i . IT , 559. 97H111, Worka. I I , 219. 166 wh*r*by th* S o u l, a t Work, Inw ardly throw* out Hark* o f I t * 8 * n * a tlo n T96 A* d r a a a t l o o r l t l o l a a p ro g re s s e d d u rin g th* • a r l y p a r t o f th* * lf h t* * n th - o * n tu r y I t b*oaa* I n c r e a s in g ly ao r* ■ p * o lfle and, th * r * f o r * v o f g r e a t e r v a lu e in d e te rm in in g th* o h a r a o t * r l a t l o * o f a c t i n g . Aaron H i l l , • ■ • • n t l a l l j r a f a l l u r * a* a w r i t e r , waa o f o o n * ld * ra b l* * lg n lf lo a n o * to th* stu d y o f a o t l n f . t h . o n h l l u . O ib b .r on t h . A rt o f A otlng X b th* aaa* y * a r t h a t C o ll* / C lbb*r pub11ah*d h i* A w l o i y . h i* aon publl*h*d h i* own * * t of a e a o l r a . Th*ophllu* had a l l o f h i* f a t h e r '* v a n i t i e s o a r r l* d to exo***« H* va* a th o ro u g h ly u n p l* a * a n t and un*erupulou* p*raon. In a o t l n f th o o ry T heophllu* va* w a ll I n d o c t r i n a t e d by h i* f a t h * r . Th* aaa* f * n * r a l ld * a * p r e v a i l In th* work* o f bo th aon* Th*ophllu* va* on* of th* f*w w r lt* r * o f th * t l a * who found f a u l t w ith O a r r lo k '* a o t l n f , u n d o u b ted ly th* r * * u l t of a J e a lo u s r i v a l r y . S * v * rth » - l* * a , h* wa* ln flu * n o * d by th* n*w aohool o f a o t l n f , and l a th * a a t t a r o f e h a r a o t e r I d e n t i f i c a t i o n h* follow ed th e th i n k I n f o f H i l l . An A o to r, who 1* th o ro u g h ly M aster o f h i* F a r t , — n o t only In P o in t o f H*aory, b u t by h av in g o l a a r l y *®H111, The F r o a n t T . l o . 62, J u ly 13, 1735 167 o o n o elv ed , and e n te r e d In to tho S p i r i t o f tho S e n t i ment and S x p re o o lo n ,— w i l l sta n d l a ao Mood o f p r e - a o d l t a t o d G e stu re s o r A ttlt u d e e f tho Korda and S i t u a t i o n t r i l l , o f th o a o o lo o o , auggeat '• * to h l a i and thoy t r i l l ap p o ar tho ao ro n a t u r a l , and c o n se q u e n tly have th o g r e a t e r X f f e o t , f o r t h o l r n o t h a r l n f th o A ir o f S tudy, and P r e p a r a tio n . Tho v a r io u s I n f l e x i o n s o f V oloe, tho S tro a o o f tho t a p h a s l e , tho J u a t p r o p o rtio n o f T athoa, n o ith o r o a r r lo d la p r o p o r ly I n t o R ant, n o r o v e r-ta m e , b u t gov- om o d by tho O eo a alo n i— A ll th e e# t r i l l r l a o ao n a t u r a l l y , t h a t tho P a r t t r i l l aa aa to a o t th o A otor, ln a to a d o f b ein g ao ted by h l a i — The Em otions, l a a b o r t , a h o u 'd b e g in a t the H e a r t , — and thoro*a no do u b t o f tha Volos aad Body r e e e lv in g auoh r i g h t Xttr- o o tlo n a fro n I t , aa ean n e v e r f a l l o r making p ro p o r la p r o a a lo n a . W h ilst moving o f tho Hoad, Lege, and A raa, by R ulee and Coapaaa, b u t have o o a p a r a tlv e ly a o o ld , l n a l p l d , and even a r l d l c u l o u a o f f a o t . . . For C lb b o r, ”. . . M ature, [traej t h a t g r o a t Guide and P r e e ld e n t o v er a l l tho I m i t a t i v e A rta , and e s p e c i a l l y tho T h e a tre , f r o a whence however oho hao boon ao long b a n i s h e d ." 100 Tho b a n le h a e n t of n a t u r e f r o a the t h e a t r e r e o u l t a d l a s o u t h i n g , e p o u tln g , aad r a n t i n g ao o o rd ln g to o lg h te e n th - o e n tu r y a o to ra wore b r i e f . M ev erth ele ao , thoy p ro v id ed I n d i c a t i o n s ao to tho e h a r a o t e r l s t l o e o f th e s e a o t o r a . Quin was d e a c rlb e d aa sp e a k in g l a a ". . • solemn doo1am atory bay * . . ” w ith a . . solemn Sameness of C lb b o r .101 X io ep t f o r Booth, C lb b o r'a d e s c r i p t i o n s o f o a r ly T h eo p h llu e C lb b o r, ! . . . ( Londont P rln 166 102 P r o n u n c ia tio n . . . ." D e la re had a ” . . . loud V io le n ce o f Toloa . . . ha haa a aanenaoo o f Tona and E x p reaa lo n , and draw le ou t h la Llnaa to a d la p la a a ln g L a n |t b . . . . Milward waa p r o p a r ly r a a t r a l n a d i n ▼oloa and a o t l o n baoauaa ha d id • . n o t l n l t a t e t h a t qulok a n lp -a n a p Catoh o f tha l a t a Mr. X l i k i . to a s p ra a a 10* S p i r i t and V igour. . . ." C ibber d id n o t want a oon- v e r e a t l o n a l uaa o f th a v o ic e baoauaa ha o r l t l o l a a d Ml11a baoauaa ha d id n o t have ”. . . th a S w olllnga and Thrown o f th a SubXlna. . . . • l 0 ^ K ra. H orton uaa o o n p lln e n te d f o r th a ”. . . o l a a r Melody i n h a r V oloa. . • . ” 10* O th ar a o t r a a a a a . I n f e r i o r to K ra. H orton, wara o r l t l o l a a d f o r t h a l r ” . . . l o n g - t o n ’d V oloa, a b a a n t Bye, and I n a n i t y of G e o tu re , o r aXaa w ith an la p a to u a YaXoolty o f Voloa, o t a r - • 107 , a a a Ing Sya, and unaoaning S u p e r f l u i t y o f A otlon. B a rto n Booth waa u n d o u b te d ly C ib b a r 'a f a v o r i t e a o to r and in 1753 ha p u b lla h e d a b io g rap h y o f Booth. Tha fo llo w in g d e a o rlb e d h lo uaa o f th a v o lo a and a t tha aaaa t i n e o r l t l o l a a d o th o r a o t o r a . CTheophllua C ib b a r ], Apolo g y F o r tha L i f t of Mr. T . . . 0 . . . . C o a td la n . . . ILondoni P rin te d f o r T T n a a h a l l , 17*0 J , pp. l j l * " . 10*l b i d . . p. 139- 10* I t l d . 105I b i d . 10* I b l d . . p. Id ? . 107a u . 169 II* hud c e r t a i n l y a l l the Advantage* th a t A rt or Mature oould beatow to sa k e an a d a lr a b l* A o to rj--T h e Tone* o f h la V oice were a l l n u a l o a l , and he had eo e x o a l l a n t an E ar, no one e v e r heard a d le e o n a n t Mote ooae f r o a Mm. He waa n o t on ly harm onloue, tout prop e r l y eoi w h ile he f i l l e d th e Ear* he epok* to th e H eart) a v o id in g a Monotone, whloh hae been to o f r e q u e n tly p a r c e lr e d In aoae o t h e r A otore o f a e r l t . Hie Voice wae r a l e e d or eunk, extended o r c o n t r a c t e d , aw elled o r e o f te n e d , ra p id o r alow, ae th e 3ene* and S p i r i t o f th e A uthor, or th e e e v e r a l Teapere and Elaotlone of Mind, in d i f f e r e n t C h a ra e te re r e q u ir e d ! And tola A r t i c u l a t i o n waa eo e x c e l l e n t , he vaa h eard to th e f a r t h e a t T a r t o f the T h e a tre when he a l a o a t w hla- p e re d . In Speakin g . ae in W r iti n g , to a ln only a t b ein g a u a l c a l w i l l t i r e the E a r. . . . Hla v o ic e waa n e v e r known to fall h l a , y e t he waa n o t ao la v la h aa to throw i t out on any unneoeaaary O coaelon.--H * d eap laed a R a n te r , and ecoraed to p u r- chaae Applauee a t th e Expenc* o f h la Lunge, to th e D legrace o f h l a Ju d g a e n t. . . . He n e v e r w hlndled, whined, or b l u b b e r e d |- - I n h la R age,— he n e v e r nouthed o r r a n te d . In a n o th e r work Cibber o<japllaent*d Booth f o r h ie " . . . a e lo d lo u a v o ic e . . . He epok* J u e t l y , h la cadeno* wae g r a c e f u l to th e e a r , and h l a p r o n u n c ia tio n waa e e h o l- 109 a a t l o a l l y c o r r e c t and p ro p e r ." 7 C ibber waa e q u a lly la p re a e e d w ith Booth*a uee of a o t lo n . T heophllua C ib b er, The L lf* C haract e r o£ ^ ^ T h e o p h ll u a C ibber, The IAvea o f th a F o t t i o f O re a t B r l t a i n and I r e la n d . . . (London! P r in t e d Tor ft. C r l f r l t h e , 17*3)• III, 1B0. 170 . . . Hla Countananoa had a n a n ly Swaatnaaa. ao h a p p ily foruad f o r I x p ra a a lc n , t h a t ha oould a a rk avary Paaalom w ith a B tra n g th to ra a o h tha Eya o f th a ■ oat d l a t a n t 8 p a o ta to r« w ith o u t lo o ln g th a t C o n a lln a aa whloh oharnad thoaa who o a t n aa r h l a . . . t h a r a waa . . . an a x a lta d D ig n ity l a h la A ppaaranoa. . . . 110 Booth piayad h la v a rlo u a p a r t a t * ¥ lth auoh a x p ra a - olva F a a lln g , a p l r l t a d P r o p r ie t y , and V aried O raoe, ao J u d lo lo u e ly ad aptad to tha a a v a ra l d i f f e r e n t Charao- t a r e . • . In ona p a r t ha waa " , . . t r u l y K a je a tl o 112 In h l a Approaoh to th a Throna. . . Thla a a j a a t y a p p a ra n tly o h a r a o ta r lc a d Booth*a uaa o f a o tlo n . I t waa no t ao o o rd ln g to C ib b e r, a f a u l t . "K r. Booth*a g a n a r a l D ap o rtn an t waa K a j e a t l o , y a t ha uaad no nora o f t h a t 8 t a t a l l n a a o than baoana th a C h a ra o ta r. . . . A o l a a r I n d i c a t i o n o f th a typa of poalng or uaa of a t t l t u d a o uaad on tha a a r l y a lg h ta a n th - o a n tu r y a ta g a waa provldad In th a fo llo w in g d e a o r l p t l o n . Hr. Booth*a A ttlt u d a a wara a l l p l e t u r a a o u a .— Ha had a good T aata r o r S ta tu a r y and P a i n t i n g , and whara ha oould n o t oone a t O rig in a l P l o t u r a a t ha a p a r ad no F ain a o r Xxpanoa to g a t tha b a a t Drawinga and P r l n t a i Thaaa ha f r e q u e n t l y a tu d ia d , and a o n e tlu e a borrowed A ttlt u d a a from , whloh ha ao J u d lo lo u a ly ln tr o d u o a d , ao f l n a l y e i e a u t e d , and f a l l In to th o u w ith ao eaoy a T r a n e l t l o n , t h a t th a a a H a a te rp le o e e o f h la A rt aaanad by th a B ffa o t o f B a tu ra . 11001bbar, U I l M l C h a ra o ta r £ l t h a t B x o o lla n t A otor B arto n B ooth, pp. 1IXIbld. . p. 4d. U 2 Ib ld . . p. 47. X1,Ib ld .. p. 52. 171 L at n o t tha R aadar ln a g l n a , f r o a what I haw* s a i d , t h a t a l l h la A otlona war* i t u d l t 4 f though S tu d ; la p r o v td h l a In many. Hla K o tlo n a , i n h la a o a t I n d o l- a n t and unguard ad Houra, wara n a t u r a l l y g r a o a f u l . - - b u t on th a S ta g a , th a y wara a t onoa th a R a a u lt of B a tu ra , warnad by P a a a lo n , h alg h ta n a d by O raoa, and la p ro v a d by T a a ta . . . . I * 4 A f i n a l coamant f r o a C lbbar*a biography o f Booth gava an ld a a o f th a p a r f a o t b alan o a o f a r t and n a tu ra t h a t aaaaad to ba ra q u lr a d o f tha a a r l y a lg h ta a n th - o a n tu r y a o to r . . . . a J u d lo lo u a S p a o ta to r w i l l o b a a rv a , aa th a la a g a a ruah a t onoa on th a Im a g in a tio n * th a a w lf t Suooaaalon o f v a r lo u a A t t l t u d a a t h a t w i l l ooour to an A otor o f good T a a ta In r a p r a a a n tln g th a n | — and w ith wnat X a p l i l t y th a y a u a t ba a x a o u ta d l— Though t r a n a - l a n t , thay muat ba a t r l k l n g , - - a n d , w h lla thay a r a a tr o n g ly p lo tu r a a q u a , muat ap p a a r aaay and g ra o a fu l* Though A rt, S tu d y , and P r a o tlo a a ra r a q u i o l t a d to ra a o h P a r f a o t l o n , - - t h a y ahould ap p aar to ba th a auddan Im puloa of B a tu ra a lo n a t and of t h l a A rt Booth waa a oom plaat K a a ta r, n o b la in h l a Daalgn— happy in h la B * a o u tlo n .H 5 Dr. John H i l l m , T ht A ctor Dr. John R i l l waa an a p o th a o a ry , an u n a u o c aa afu l a o t o r , and a w r l t a r o f q u a a tlo n a b la t a l a n t a . Although th a m a jo r ity o f h la w r l t l n g a wara p ro p a r ly aaalg n ad to o b l i v io n , ha w ro ta two booka of lm portanoa to t h l a atudy o f a o t ln g . Thay bo th o a r r l a d tha aaaa t l t l a , Tha A o to r. Tha f l r a t book waa p u b lla h a d In 1750 and th a aaoond f l v a y aa ra l a t a r . Tha book w r l t t a n In 1750 waa a lo o aa t r a n a l a t i o n U 4 I b ld . . pp. 51-52. U 5 I b ld . t p. 79 17? of a Frenoh work on n o tin g , And the on* w r i t t e n In 1I h b was an e x te n a lv e re-w o rk ln g of the f l r e t . A lthough H ill waa an a d a l r e r of Quin aa w all ■■ Q a rrlo k , h la a c tin g th e o ry waa r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f and u n d oubtedly ln flu a n o e d by th a O arrlo k ~ K ack lln aohool of a o t l n g . Ha did n o t, lik e many o f h la p red eo e aao ra who w rota on tha a r t of n o tin g , dev elo p a a y a ta a o r aath o d fo r th a r a p r a a a n t a t l o n of tha paeelona* Hla la p o rta n o e to t h l a atudy waa c o n ta in e d In h l a o o aa an ta on tha a t y l a o f a o tln g t h a t praoadad G arrick and H a c k lln , and th a o o n tr a a t in th a th e o ry o f tha two p erlo d a* H i l l * a th e o ry o a r r le d to l t e l o g l o a l co n o lu elo n th e th e o ry developed by e a r l i e r w r l t e r e on I d e n t i f y i n g w ith th e o h a r a o t e r and f e e l i n g th a emotion o f the p art* In h la f l r a t book he w ro tet "The p e rfo rm e r, who doaa not h l n a e l f f e e l th e a e v e r a l em otions he l a to e x p re s s to the a u d le n o e , w i l l g iv e b u t a l l f e l e e e and l n a l p l d r e p r e e e n ta - t l o n o f t h e n . 1,116 Hot only waa I t n eo eaaary to f e e l th e e a o tlo n of th e p a r t , b u t a le o i t waa n eo eaa ary to I d e n t i f y w ith th e o h a r a o te r p o r tr a y e d . "In o rd e r to h l a u t a o a t auooeaa. I t l a n eo e a a a ry t h a t he la a g ln e h l n o e l f to be, nay t h a t he tliUf • ietiuuM 'SB f f it f r j iiP lit U B \n l l U I U a I U I U > ( 3 o 5 o |* 1 o b * i y t i . r r . t l o b . o* M u m . . (Longout a . G r i f f i t h s , 1790), p. l a . 173 1 1 7 f o r th a t l a i r « t U ; l a th« p a rso n ha r a p r a a s n t a . . . . " H i l l a la o w ro ta on and t r i a d to d a f l n s n a t u r a l a o t ln g . In t h l a p a r t o f h la t h a o r j ha waa n o n e th a f l r a t to d i s t i n g u i s h batwaan n a tu r a I n U f a and n a t u r a on th a s t a g s . I f wa ohuaa to u n d a ra ta n d th a t a n n a t u r a l , whan apply*d to p la y in g , In a l a r g a r aa n a a , and to a ip r a a a by I t an s x a o t I m i t a t i o n o f n a t u r a , aa I t ap p a ara in o n o n I n th a word, wa s h a l l n o t a o r u p ls to a f f l r a , t h a t th a r a a r a nany oasaa In whloh a p la y a r would a p p a a r l l f s l s a s , o p l r l t l a a s , and I n s i p i d , by p la y in g n a t u r a l l y . 1IB H i l l d l f f a r a n t i a t a d batw aan th a p la y in g of oon ♦*7 and tr a g a d y . Consdy waa a o ta d a o r a n a t u r a l l y than tr a g a d y . . . . n o th in g in ooaady l a to ba dallv* r*d l a th a wav o f d s o l a a a t l o n . I t l a a g a n a r a l , and. a llo w in g o n ly f o r a faw a x o s p tlo n a , aa l n d l a p a n a l b l s n i l s , t h a t th a a o t o r , l a ooaady, l a to r a o l t a aa n a t u r a l l y aa p o s a l b l s i ha l a to d a l l v a r what ha haa to say* I n th a v a ry aaaa a Minor t h a t ha would hava opokaa I t o f f th a s t a g s . I f ha had boon In th a aaaa o lro u a a ta n o s a I n r s a l I l f s , t h a t th a p arso n ha r a p r a s a n t a l a p l a o 'd l a . . . Tragady r a q u lr a d " . . . a n o ra s l a v a t s d and ponpoua i» o ■ annsr o f a x p ra a a lo n . . . , • a lth o u g h a o t ln g th a o ry p ro g ra saa d bayond t h a t of th a a a r l y s ig h ts o n th * o a n tu ry whan ha w ro ta t h a t . . I t l a o f ta n n a o a sa a ry f o r th a a o to r to s a o r l f l o a th a n a a s u ra o f th a v a r a a to tha 1I7Ibld. . p. 107 1I9Ib ld . . p. 187 1I6Ib ld . . p. 23d. 1?0Ib ld . , p. 193. 174 s e n s e . ” 121 B i l l o r l t l o l e e d th e " .. . s tu d ie d ton** and f o r c 'd tb « q u i i t l o n o f v h t t h i r o r n o t t r « |« 4 ; « » • to bo ro o t tod Those who a rg u e th o m oot s t r o n g l y a g a l n a t t h l a M a n n a r o f d o l l v a r y I n tr a g e d y , i n g e n e r a l u n d e r e t « d by d e o l a a a to r y s p e a k in g , t h a t unm eaning r e o l t e t l o a , t h a t u n n a t n r a l and nonotonouo d e l i v e r y w hloh to o n o n o f o u r oooond r a t # p la y e r * haw* f a l l e n I n t o i and w hloh, ao I t l o n o t d l o t a t o d by n a t u r e , n ay In d e e d d e a fe n end w eary th e e a r* o f on e u d le n o e , b u t onn n e v e r apeak e i t h e r to th e u n d e r s ta n d in g o r to th e h e a r t . D e o la a a to ry e p e e k in g o f t h l e k in d o u g h t t o be b a n i s h 'd f r o a e r e r y p a r t , f r o a e r o r y k in d o f tr a g e d y . . . , 1 2 ' R i l l r e f e r r e d to th e fo rm e r a e th o d o f d e l i v e r y In tra g e d y I n w hloh ”. . . th e d e l i v e r i n g o f a oonaon a e e e a g e , wae epoken I n h ig h h e r o lo e t b u t o f l a t e y e a re t h l e a b e u r d l ty hoe b ee n In a g r e a t a e a e u r e b a a l e h 'd f r o a th e • • . s t a g e . ” 1*4 R i l l g av e R a o k lln th e o r e d l t f o r d e v e lo p in g t h l e new s t y l e o f d e l i v e r y . Re ” . . . b a n i s h 'd th e b ea b a et t h a t u s 'd to wound o u r e a rn c o n t in u a l l y . . • On th e o t h e r h a n d , K a o k lln " ... a llo w 'd t h a t I n many o t h e r s ( e o e n e e j, th e poapoue and so u n d in g d e l i v e r y w ere f l r e t . . , . ” X2< g e s t u r e s 122 • o f t e n used In n o t i n g . Re o o n s ld e re d In a d e o l a a a to r y m anner 1 2 II b l d . . p . 110. p . 195. 1?* l b l d . . p . 107. Xg* I b l d . . p . 194. m i h l d . . p . 195. 175 In H i l l ' a aeooad book w r i t t a n l a 1755 b a d l a t l n - g u la h e d a o ra a p e d f i n a l l y betw een tb a n o tin g o f th a two p a r lo d a . I t v a a a la o a l g a l f l o a n t t h a t w h ile l a th a f o r a a r book ha v r o t a a o r a l a p r a l a a o f Q u in , l a th a l a t a r book ha v r o t a a o r a l a p r a l a a o f O a r rlo k . Of e a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e a tu r y a o t l n g ha w ro te i Tha g e a tu r e a w ara f o ro a d , a a d beyond a l l t h a t vaa ew er l a n a t u r e , aad th a r a o l t a t l o a v aa a k in d o f a ln g - l n | . Va a r a a t p r a a a a t g e t t i n g a o r a i n t o n a t u r a l a p ia y la g i aad I f th a v io le n c e o r g e e tu r e ba a o t o u l t e th a r e o l t a t l v e o f ew p p reeaed , v a , o ld tr a g e d y . have n o th in g o f th a r e o l t a t l v e o f th a A g ain , R i l l gave th a o r a d l t t o K a o k lla f o r r e f o r a - la g a ta g a a p a a e h . . . . I t v aa h l a a a a a a r to ohaok a l l th a o a a t aad o adaaoa l a tr a g a d y . . . . T rag ad y haa now ao p a o u l l a r a e o a a t o r t o a a v b u t th a a o a t o u tra g a o u a a o a a a a o f I t a r a apokaa a o o o rd la g to R a o k l l a 'a p la n , aa th a aa aa v o rd a v o a ld ba pronouaoad l a o o aa o a ep e eo h , o a ly w ith a o r a e n e rg y .!* ® Tha a h l f t l a a a p h a a la l a th a w r i t i n g o f th a two booka aaaaad to l n d l o a t a t h a t th a O e r rlo k -H a o k lln ao h o o l o f a o t l a g had auooaadad oa th a a t a g a . R i l l , th a n , l a t h l a a c t i n g th e o r y fa v o re d o o a p la ta o h a r a o t e r l d a a t l f l o a t l o a a o e o a p a a la d by f e e l i n g th a a a o - t l o a a o f th a p a r t . Ha d l a t l a g u l a h e d batw aan th a p la y in g 1 , 7 tJ o b * 1 1 1 1 ), |1 U llU l- i ItsX u f o r a a r . aad A c a a tad to th a T b a a tra a . . . I London i R. . P. 299 pp. 259-dO. 174 o f oonady and tr a g a d y . Tha f o r a a r waa to ba n a t u r a l , w h lla th a l a t t a r waa to ba a o ra fo rm a l w ith o u t b a ln g o a r r l a d to a x o a a a . On th a b a a la o f h l a o o a a a a ta and o r l t l o l a a a o f a a r l y n l g h t a a a t h - o a a t u r j u aa o f v o lc a and n o t i o n , ha o h a r a o ta r lx a d th a n o tio n o f t h a t p a r lo d aa f o r o a d , T l o l a n t , and u n n a t u r a l In th a uaa o f ( n a t u r a . Vooal d a l l v a r y waa b o n b a a tlo and n o n o to n o u a o h a r a o t a r i s a d by a a ln g ln g q u a l i t y In th a n a n n a r o f th a r a o l t a t l w a n a rk a d by o a n t and e a d a a o a . Q th a r C o n ta n o o ra rr Co— a n ta aad C r l t l o l a n a on th a A rt ot A o tin n T hara w ara n u n aro u a o th a r w r i t a r a who prow ldnd oon- ta n p o r a r y o o a a n n ta aad o r l t l o l a a a on a a r l y n l f h t a n a t h - o a n tu ry n o tin g . Thay d id n o t , howawnr, o o a n a n t ao a x ta n - a lw a ly o r d n v a lo p aa a l a b o r a t a t h a o r l a a o f a o t l n # aa th a w r l t a r a o o a a ld a r a d I n th a praw loua a a o t l o n . T h a r a f o r a , th a y w ara o o a a ld a ra d o o lln o tlw n ly i n t h l a a a o tlo n . A f ta r th a a p p a a ra a e a o f O a rrlo k aad R a o k lln l a 1741 a a v a r a l a u th o r a w r i t i n g on th a t h a a t r a oonp arad t h a l r a t y l a o f n o tin g w ith t h a t o f th a p a r lo d p ra o a d la g t h a l r a p p a n ra n o a a . Tha a a o o w a a t a and o r l t l o l a a a prow l d a d l a f o r n a t l o a oa th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a a tu r y n o tin g * B a fo ra H a o k lln a p p a a ra d oa th a London a t a | f l a 1741 ha waa r a p o r ta d t o hava t o l d a f r l a n d i 177 • I ip o k t so f —l l l a r . a i r , " 1 1 7 1 M te k lli» I n r « M k « r lB | th o a a 1 1 7 1 , *amd ao l l t t l a i n l i t k s l U - t o l t y to n * o f T r t|* 4 j o f t h a t day* t h a t th a B— | t r t o l l no Z b a l b a t t a r co to i r a i a f o r a n o th a r y a a r o r tw o ."* * * A d a a o r l p t l o n o f O a r r l o k 'a a o t l n g * h lo h ap p a aro d I n Tha Q a n tla n a n 1 a B g f U H i I n 17A2 n o t o n ly d a a o rlb a d th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f h l a n o tin g * h u t a la o th a o h a r a o t a r l a - t l o a o f th a a o t ln g h a f o r a ha ap p a a ra d on th a a ta g a * H la V olea l a o l a a r and p la re ln g * p a r f a o t l y aw aat and harm onloua* w ith o u t n o n 0 tony * d ra w lin g * o r a ff n o t a t i o n 1 I t l a o a p a h la o f a l l th a v a r lo u a ra o a lo a a * w hloh th a K a a rt o f Han l a a g l t a t a d w ith* and th a O anlua o f B h ak aap aar oan d a a o r lh a t i t n a l t h a r l a whin in g . h a llo w in g * o r g n m h lln g * h u t i n w h a ta v a r a h a m a - t a r h a a a a ln n l a ta a * p a r f a o t l v a nay i n l t a T r a n a l t l o n a , n a t u r a l I n l t a Oadanoa* and b a a u t l f u l I n l t a Bloato- t l o n . Ha l a n o t la a a happy l a h l a Main and d a ta * In w hloh h a l a n a l t h a r a t r u t t l a g o r a l a e l n g , n a l t h a r o t l f f n o r a lo u o h la g . Vhan t a r a a o r f o u r a r a on th a S tag n w ith h l n , ha l a a t t a n t l v a to w h a ta v a r l a apoka • • • H la n o tio n o o rra a p o n d a w ith h l a T olea* and b o th w ith th a C h a ra o ta r ha l a t o p l a r i I t l a n n v n r a u p o r- flo u o * awkward* o r to o f r a q u a n t l y r o o ta ta d * h u t g r a o a f u l* d ao a n t* and v a r lo u a . • • An l n t a r a a t l n g a n a o d o ta waa ra o o rd a d i n David B ra k ln a B akar*a 2lStC £A ^l£A £ u u U l °* 1752. O a rrlo k waa w o rk in g w ith th a a o t o r J . H lg n a ll I n a p r o d u c tio n o f Tha H u a n la lo u a *Vhy, Hr* V l g n a l l . " a i o l a l n a d O a rrlo k • . • • c a n n o t you a n t a r and any* f l t r i c k l a n d . S i r , v o u r ooaoh l a r a a d v . w ith o u t a l l th a d a o la n a to ry 12*Idw nrd A b b o tt F a r r r • jS h A C ill H t t U l k (London* Kagan H a u l, T ra n o h , T ru h n a r A Co.* l t d . , 1 0 9 1 }* p . 21* **^Tha O a n tla n a n * a K a n a a ln a . H I (O otohar* 1 7 * 2 ), 527* o l t l n a Tha on— m a n . Ho. 170 ponp o f Booth o r Q u ln ? "1^* O th a r w r l t e r a w ro te o f O a rrlo k * a ln f lu a n o a on a o t l n g . D o ti»*a a a ld o f h in t Mr. O a rrlo k ahona f o r t h I l k a a t h e a t r l o a l I t v t o n i ha throw now l i g h t on o lo o u tlo n and a o t l o m ha b an - la h a d r a n t i n g , b o n b a a t, and g r ln a o a t and r a a t o r a d n a t u r a , a a a a , a l n p l l o l t y , and g a n u ln a h u n o r .l* ? D avlaa f u r t h o r w ro ta o f th a n a n n a r o f a o t ln g pop u l a r on th a a ta g e a b a f o r a O a rrlo k * a t l n a . Mr. O a rrlo k * a aaay and f a n l l l a r , jrat f o r o l b l a a t y l a In o p e a k ln g and a o t l n g , a t f l r o t throw th a o r l t l o o I n t o ooao n a a l t a t l o n o o n o a m ln g th a n o v e lty aa w a ll aa p r o p r i a t y o f h l a n a n n a r . Thay had baon lo n g ao o u a- tonad t o an e l e v a t i o n o f th a v o le o , w ith a auddon a o o h a n lo a l d o p ra a a lo n o f l t a to n a a , o a l o u la t a d to a s o l t a a d a l r a t l o n , and I n t r a p a p p la u a a . To th a J u a t m o d u la tio n o f th a w orda, and o o n o u rrln g a x p ra a a lo n o f th a f a a t u r a a f r o n th a g a n u ln a w o rk ln g a o f n a t u r a , th a y had baan a t r a n g a r a , a t l a a a t f o r aona t l n a . 1' ' A d d itio n a l e v id e n c e on O a r r l o k 'a a f f a o t on a o tln g waa p ro v id e d by F ra n o la O a n tla n a n i n 1770i *. . . h a o a r t a l n l y , aa a Judge and lo v e r o f n a t u r a , d a a p la a d th a t l t u n - t l , n o n o to n o u a a ln g -a o n g th a n f a a h l o n a b la . . . . " 1^4 A p p a re n tly O a rrlo k waa n o t o o n p la ta l y a u o o a a a fu l In ^ D a v l d I r a k i n a B a k a r, B lo n ra o h lo a P ro m o tio n . o r A C onoanlon to th a P ln v h o u ae . . . Inew a d l t l o n i London* V lv in g e to n ond a l n e r e , I T " ? j , X, 469* 152D n v le a , H a n o ira £ £ Jfcg U X l A l fiftZlA 2& E L l2i' E ao. . X, 44* 133I b l d . . X, 4 0 . 1 ^ P r a n o l a O a n tla n a n , Tha D ra n a tlo C enaort o r C r l t l o a l C onoanlon ( Londont J . B a i l , 1T 70), I , 775. 179 b a n l th in g th a o ld a t y l a o f n o tin g f r o a th a a ta g a baoauaa O a n tla n a n o r l t l o l a a d b o th H ra . C lb b a r and M ra. B a lla n y , two lo a d in g l a d l a a o f th a O a rrlo k p a r l o d , f o r " . . . haw in g a a tr o n g t a i n t o f th a o ld fa a h lo n o d t l t u n t l u t t a r - a n o n ." * 33 ffn w a rth a ln ta , th a naw a t y l a p r o d o a ln a ta d and O a n tla a a n gawa o r a d i t to O a r r lo k . Tha n a t u r a l aoda o f a s h l b l t l n g tr a g a d y , and la d a o d , ooaody a l a o , no d o u b t, owaa l t a r l a a to H r. O a rrlo k i f o r , b a f o r a h l a . I t l a ag rn ad on a l l h an d o , t h a t n o t o n ly b la n k w araa waa a w a lla d to a a o a t d l a g u a t f u l a o n o to a o u a p o a p o a lty , b u t • ? » ooaaon p ro a # d la lo g u a waa w a r a l f l a d by u t t a r a n o a . Hi a h a rd C u a b arlan d waa a l n o a t a o a t a t l o whan ha w ro ta a b o u t " l l t t l a O a r r l o k ." Whan ha a p p a a ra d on th a a ta g a w ith o th a r a o to r a o f th a o ld a t y l a , C u ab arlan d w ro ta t . . . haaw ana, w hat a t r a n a l t l o n l — I t a a a a ad aa i f a w holo o a n tu ry had boon afcapt ow ar I n th a t r a a a l t l o n o f a a l n g l a a o a n ai th a o ld th ln g o wara dona away, and a now o r d a r a t P&fi# b ro u g h t fo rw a rd , b r i g h t and lu n ln o u a . . • . O a rrlo k * a a o t ln g waa o f ta n o o n p arad to t h a t o f J a n a a Q u in , th a lo a d in g tr a g a d l a n b a f o r a th a t l n a o f O a rrlo k and an o u ta ta n d ln g r a p r a a a n ta t lw a o f th a a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y a t y l a o f a o t l n g . Quin waa ooon a a a o o l- a ta d w ith th a o u td a ta d , o ld a t y l a o f a o t l n g . A f ta r I 3 5 I b l d . . I I , 59. 136I b l d . . I I , * 7 7 . *3^ l l o h a r d O u n b arlan d , H a n o ira o f l l o h a r d O u n b tr la a l (Londoni P r in t a d f o r L a o k in g to n , A lla n , 4 C o ., 180 O a rrlo k ap p o arad . . . fiSlljLlJ, L u a tra , aa a T ra g a d la n aoon bagan to d l a l n l a b ana h i a Mannar to bo o a lla d a n t l o u a t a d - - though ha vaa n o t abova th a Ago o f f i f t y ! u d th u a by h l a th a Old S t l l a o f A o tln g (aa th a P h ra aa l a ) caaa I n t o XHareputeTTTB Tha o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f Q u in 'a a t y l a o f a o t ln g v a r a d a a o rlb a d by ona a u th o r aa f o l l o v a t . * . in tr a g a d y , d a o l a a a tlo n r o a ra d I n a a o a t u n n a t u r a l a t r a l n t r a n t v aa p a a a lo n i w h in in g vaa g r l a f i ▼ o o lfa ra tlo n v a a t a r r o r , and d ra w lin g a o o a n ta v a r a th a woloa o f l o r a . . . . th a b ^ a t p a r f o r a a r a o f th a day had r a e o u ra a to a t r u t t l n g , a o u th in g , and h a llo w in g . T h la v aa a l t o g a t h a r ra p u g n a n t to O a r r l o k 'a a c n o o l o f a o t l n g . Thaaa aaaa o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a v aro d a a c r lb a d In n u a a r- oua o t h a r booka on th a t h a a t r a w r i t t a n a f t a r O a rrlo k * a d a b u t on th a E n g lla h a ta g a . B ig h t y a a ra a f t a r h la i n i t i a l a p p a a ra n o a aa K le h a rd I I I , Thonaa W llkaa v r o t a i " F o ra a r ly a t u r g i d v o o l f a r a t l o n or a f f a a l n a t a v h ln a . ao o o a p an la d w ith th a a o a t o u tra g a o u a and u n n a t u r a l r a n t a , v a ra m la- 1*0 ta k a n f o r . . . h a r o lo and ta n d a r p a a a lo n a .” C o lla y C lb b a r a p p a r a n tly t r i a d to k aa p th a o ld a a a ' BanJamIn V lo to r , Tha H la t o r r o f th a ; London. Froa th a Y aar 1760 to th a Fr a a a n t Tina {Londoni r r i n tad r o r T. B aoS at, 1771J, p* 8*7 * ^ A r t h u r M urphy, Tha L l fa of Dawld Oarrlok. Baa. (Londont J . V r l g h t, 1 8 0 1 )7 1 * lT ? 5?. ^ ^ T h o n a a W llk aa, 4 O a n a ra l VI aw o f th a ^ t f l kX Mr. W ilkaa ( Ih ib lln i P r in ta d r o r T . c o o ta , 1t t 9 ) , p . Iu 7 . l f l l a t y l a p o p u la r baoauaa i n a p la y a o t» d In 17*4, In w hich Clbtoar can a o u t o f r a t l r a n a n t , ha o o te h v l " . . . th a P a ra o n a In t h a t P lay* t i n ] th a nood o ld H annar o f l A l o u X t h * l r i l t f l f l I o t a a . . • . " 1 4 1 Tha o o a n a n to and o r l t l o l a a a w r i t t a n a f t a r th a p a r lo d o f O a rrlo k aad H a o k lln p ro v ld a d u a a f u l In fo r m a tio n on th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y a c t i n g , w hloh waa th a n known ao th a " o ld a t y l a . " Tha o o a a a n ta and o r l t l o l a a a on a o t l n c th a o ry d id a o t p ra o a n t any o o n a l a ta n t t r a n d , o r a a rk a d d a v a lo p a a a t I n t o two a o h o o lo » o n a f a r o r l n f n a t u r a and ona f a v o r in g a r t . A o tln g th a o ry waa a t t h l a t l a a i n l t a ln f a a o y and v r l t a r a o f ta n o o n fu aad a r t w ith n a t u r a . A t y p i c a l a x a n p lo o f t h l a o o n fu a lo n waa o o n ta ln a d I n a H ovanbar ?0 , 171? e d i t i o n o f Tha B o a o ta t o r . Tha a u th o r w antad n a tu r a on th a i t a | « t b u t I t waa n a t u r a w ith th a a a o la ta n o a o f a r t . Ha t h a r a f o r a tu m a d to O lo a r o 'o Qratora and p a ra p h ra a a d r u l a a on th a u a a o f p r o n u n c ia tio n and a o t lo n from t h l a o l a a o l o a l a o u ro a *• . . f o r th a o a n r lo a o f th a B r l t l a h I** • t a | « . * . . " Ha J u a t l f l a d th a u aa o f n a o h a n lo a l r u l a a I n a o t ln g by s t a t l n g i B a n jan ln T lo to r B o a o ta to r. Bo. 541, Bovanbar 20, 171?, od, A. O h a ln a ro u ra w x o rk i B. W o rth in g to n , 166 5 ), I. 556* 16? The d a a lg n o f A rt l a to a a a l a t a c t i o n aa auoh aa p o i t U l t In th a r e p r o a o a t a t l o n o f n a t u r a l f o r th a a p p a a ra n o a o f r e a l i t y l a t h a t w hloh aoveo ua in a l l r e p r e a o n t a t l o n a , and th a a a have alwayo th a g r o a t a r f o r o a th a n a a r a r th a y ap p ro ac h to n a t u r a , aad th a la a a th a y ahov o f I m ita tio n * V a tu r a , how ever, v a a ap p ro ao h ed th ro u g h a r t f o r aha ” . * . h aa a a a lg n a d to e v e ry a a o tlo n o f th a a o u l l t a p a o u l l a r o a a t , o f th a o o u a ta n a a o a , to n a o f v o i c e , and 14A n a n n a r o f g a a t u r a , and th a whole p e r s o n ." F o llo w in g t h l a a t a t a a a n t th a a u th o r p ra a a n ta d I n d a t a l l a a a r l a a o f r u l a a o u t l i n i n g th a o o r r a c t f o r a ta k e n by th a v a r lo u a p aaalo n a* A th a o ry o f a o tln g a p p ro a o h ln g th a p r a a a n t day B ta n lo la v a k la n s a th o d waa o o n ta ln a d In Tha C o a a d la n . o r P h l l o . o p b l o . l t e o u l r . r o f 1732. • • • th a p la y a r * . • who would o h a ra th a l a r a o f a a A udionoa t o A t t a n t l o a , ah o u ld f l r e t . a u p p o a l a g ha had p r o p a r T a l a n t a , o o n a ld a r w a ll th a C h a r a c te r w hloh ha r a p r a a a a t a t an d , a f t a r h a v in g a a t u r a l y d a l l h a r a t a d oa th a O lro u a a ta n e a a l a whloh h l a C h a ra o ta r l a r a p r e - a a a t a d , ha a h o u ld , by th a B tr a a g th o f l a a g l a a t l o a auppoaa how h a h l a a e l f would ba a f f a e t a d l a auoh a S i t u a t i o n i by whloh Heaaa ha w i l l baaoma a lm o a t aa I n t e r a c t e d i n th a P o rtu n a a o f h l a O h a r a a ta r aa I f ha waa a o t l n g a r a a l P a r t oa th a B taga o f th a V orld* Tha w ant o f t h l a P r e p a r a t i o n a a k a a aoaa P la y a r a . vfco h a v a A b i l i t y a , go o o o lly aad u n a o a o araa d oa th a B ta g a , B in d in g o n ly P r o p r i e t y o f B paaahi and th e r e b y th a y v a ry l l t t l a a f f a o t th a A udlaneai b u t I f th a y ta k e o a ra to l a t a r a a t th a n a a lv a a , ao auoh aa p o a o lb ly l a th a V a tu ra o f T hlnge th a y o an , I n th a P o rtu n a a o f th a O h a r a a ta ra w hloh th e * r a p r a a a n t , V a tu ra w i l l d l r a o t th a n to a p r o p a r f e p h a o la where i t l a t o ba la y a d . a u p p o a la g , a a 1 o b se rv e d b e f o r e , th a y hava n a t u r a l 14, Ib ld . . I , 35#-59 144Ib l« . . I , 359. 185 T a l a n t * f o r a P la v a r . T h ln P r e p a r a t i o n o f ft P la p e r i n t e r a c t i n g h i n e e i f I n th « P o rtu n a a o f h la C h a r a c te r , 1« th a F o u n d a tio n o f tb f tf ttr lo a l X l o c u t l o m b u t aa poung H en, tb o andowftd by B a tu ra w ith good A b l l i t r e , a r a a p t to ru n I n to B i t r e a e e , th a f o l l o w i n g B aaarka a a j ta a o b th a n w hat to ahun. 1 hava aaan A lex a n d e r and H o ta n u r a o ta d a a I f th a P la p a r a th o u g h t th a p r e p r e s e n t e d th a n bp h o ld in g t h a l r Baade h ig h and lo o k in g a t th a A u d len o e, bp th ro w in g a b o u t t h a l r Arno and H aada. and r e p e a t i n g t h a l r Vorda loud and p a a a lo n - a t e l p i w hara aa I f th a p o b a a rra d th a F o u n d a tlo n a o f good B lo o u tlo n , Tla» l n t a r a a t a d t h e a a e l r e e bp Z aa g ln a t i o n , i n th a F o rtu n a a o f th a H aroa whoa th a p r e p r e - a a n t , n a t u r a would l n p r o r e t h a l r n a t u r a l a b l l l t p o to F a r f a o t l o n bp D ag raaat and th a a l l a n t B eau tp e o f B lo o u tlo n , whloh Q u i n t i l i a n ia p a down ao n a o a a a a rp , auoh ao th a d a o a n t, aad n o b le , X>aportaant o f Bodp, aad th a g r a o a f u l N o tio n o f th a B aad, w i l l o o n a , I f up F o u n d a tio n l a o b a a r r a d , t o a F la p a r aa w a ll aa I f ha ah o u ld r a a d £ B lB S liX H a O th a r a l l a n t O raoao a r a to ba o b a a r r a d , auoh aa p r o p a r Fauaao a o o o rd ln g aa th a F a o a lo n d l o t a t a a . The a a o u ro o rp O b a a rra tlo n a In B lo o u tlo n n ap n o t ba u a a la a o t b u t F ra o a p t l a a o t o f auoh B fflo a o p aa B x a n p le , and w h lla a Booth waa on th a a ta g a a l l th a F ra o a p ta o f O lo a ro . and e r e n Q u i n t i l i a n , o o n a t l t u t a d h l a r a r l o u a B k o e T le n o le e .*** L u lg l B looobonl r l a l t a d X ngland I n 1727. In 17*1 ha w ro ta a book o f o b a a r r a t l o n a on th a a o t ln g o f r a r l o u a B uropaan o o u n t r l e a . Ha ahowad n a rk a d f a r o r l t l a n tow ard th a f e ig lla h a o t o r a . Tha I t a l i a n and Franoh w ara l n f a r l o r b aeauoa th a p w ara • . . f a r f r o a a n d a a r o u rln g a t t h a t happp l a l t a t l o a o f B a tu ra and J u a tn e a e w hloh r o r n a th a B aautp o f A o tlo a , o f f a c t a f o r o a d , a t l f f n a n n a r o f A o tln g , whloh n a r a r f a l l a to n l a l a a d th a A u d la n o e .l* * ^The C a n ad ia n , o r F h llo a a n h lo a l f c a u l r a r . Bo. 7 , O o to b a r, 1752 T to n d o n i P r i n t e d f o r J . l o b a r t o , 1 7 3 2 ), p p . 4 1 -4 5 . l ^ I a l | l B lo o o b o n l, An H l a t o r l o a l a g l C r l t l o a l Aooount o f th o T h a a tra a I n K r o n a . . • (L oadoat 10* Tha E n g lis h war* n o t a o a p l a t e l y n a t u r a l In t h a l r p ia y in * , b u t had ”. . . th a A r t, I f I nay u aa th a K xpraa- • I o n , to h e ig h te n V a tu ra . . .* w h lo h , p r a a a n ta d f r o a a 1*7 d l a t a n o a , waa ”. . . p u ra V atu ra w hloh th a y r a p r a a a n t . ” A f ta r a lo n g e x a n p la o f a p a r t l o u l a r p a r f o rn a n o a , R looobonl eo n o lu d ad t h a t i t waa o n ly ona c f aany a x a a p la a ha o o u ld hava c lw a a to ahow . . t o w hat an S ia o tn e a a la a th a C oaadlana o a r r y th a I m i t a t i o n £ £ V a tu r a . ” I n a poaa p r l n t a d f r o a a a a n u a o r lp t I n 1010, b u t p ro b a b ly w r l t t a n I n th a 1 7 * 0 'a , th a anonyaoua a u th o r a o t o n ly w ro ta o f th a n a o a a a lty o f n a t u r a o o n t r o l l a d by a r t b u t a la o o f th a n a o a a a lty o f f e e l i n g th a p a r t . A r t , r u l ' d by V a tu r a , a u a t d l r a o t th a a o u l. And a w 'ry g e a t u r e , lo o k and word o o n tr o u lt Thay a a k a th a p o a ta a a n t l a a a t a t h a l r owni I n t o th a o h a r a o ta r a a a a tro n g th a y f a l l , I t aaan a no lo n g e r a r t , b u t n a t u r a a l l . Tha a o t o r t o th a a u d la n o a m a t re w a a l, Ha h aa th a w i l l , aad f a o u l t y t o f a a l t Mow'd l a h l n a a l r , a l l o th a r* ha c o n t r o l * . A ll a o t o r a a r a to a a a a w hat t h a r a r a not* Whloh to p e r f o r a . th a n * a I t * a m a t ba fo rg o t* T h a lr n la d m a t l o a t I n o h a r a o t a r ba ahown, P r i n t e d f o r T. W a lla r and K. D odaloy, 1 7 * 1 ), p. 176. l4 7 I b l d . . p . 177. , p . 1B0. 165 14Q Vor oneo b a t r a p * p a a a lo n o f t h a l r own. V l l l l a a Chotwood, 1b h l a g Q onaral H la to n r th a S t> M . v r l t t a B i n 1749, t d « l t t a d t h a t aoaa r u l a a m ight n aka a p o o r a o t o r b a t t a r , and p a t , . . . t h o ’ tb a r a aap ba Vuloa f o r A o tlo a , p a t V a tu ra l a th a b a a t f a a o h a n and I f an A o to r o f good U n d a ro ta n d ln g l a t r u l p p o aaaaaad w ith h l a o h a r a o t a r , th a t r u a A o tlo a w i l l l n v o l u a t a r l l p o c o u r .* “ t b o a u V ilk a a , ta n pa a r a l a t a r , d la a g r a a d w ith t h l a p o i n t o f wlow. • • • I f t h l a a a a a r t l o n ba t r u a , t h a r a w i l l th a n ba b o n a o a a a ltp o f atu d p o r prow loua p r a p a r a t l o a , and f o a lu o , a a a a a l a t a d bp a r t , l o aIo n a o u f f l o l o n t i b u t, a th a a a a a t l a a , whoro ah a l l wo f i x th o a ta n d a rd o f g o a lu o a&d p o r f a o t l o a , a l a e o Ju d g n an t aad t a a t a a r a ao w a rlo u o t I t l a o o r t a l a . • . t h a t aworp p a a a lo a and a o B tln o n t hao a p ro p a r a i r and a p p o a ra n o o , b o th o f oouhtoBBBoa and a o t l o a , a t a n pad upon I t bw V a tu ra , w harobp I t l o o a a llw known and d l o tl n g u la n o d i a r a r p r a p r a o a n ta tlO B whloh oonao a b o r t o f , o r oxoaado I t , l a a d a p a r tu r o f r o a i t . T h la ow arr A o to r o u g h t to ba a t r l o t l p aoqm alB tod w i t h , o lo o ho nap a f f i x tho a o a t u n n a t u r a l g r la a o a aad g a a t u r a to th o a o a t o t r l k l n g C a a a a g o a , aad p a t o a l l I t n a t u r a l aad j u t n o tin g . I awa a o t w ith a a a p who w oro a b lo to o n to r I n to a l l th o o p l r l t and f l r o o f a o h a r a o t a r 1b I d o a , and p a t , f o r w ant o f o u f f l o l a n t kaow lodgo and a x p o rlo n o o 1b th a D ran a, woro now ar a b lo to b r in g t h a t ld o a I n t o oxoou- t l o a , booouoo ha waatod ja d g n a n t to a d j u a t b o th h l a w oloo and h lo a o t l o a i ml a t a x in g r a n t f o r o n o rg p , and b o a tin g t h o , a i r l& atoad o f k o a p la g up a p ro p a r d o p o r t a n t . 1 ' 1 1 ^ C h a tw o o d , g g . o l t . . p . 50. l5 1 * l l k o n , o a . o l t . . p . 109* 186 O v « r* » o tln g , u s u a l l y a t t r i b u t e d to to o nuoh a r t i f i c i a l and ■ • o h a n lc a l t r a l t a v a a , in t h l a l n a t a a o a , a t t r i b u t e d to to o auoh n a t u r a . V llk e a a la o p o in te d o u t th e d i f f a r e n c a b a tv a a n coaedy and tragady a o t l n g . In t h l a ha f o llo v a d th a th a o ry o f th a t l a a . T ragedy r e q u ir e d a a o r a f o r a a l a t y l a w h ile coaedy r e q u ir e d a a o r a n a t u r a l In a p o a a , o r i g i n a l l y p u b lis h e d I n 1760, by H o b art Lloyd and e n t i t l e d "The A o to r ," th e r e vaa a r e t u r n to th a p o i n t o f view o x p re a e e d by C hetvood. Ha w ro ta i A o tln g i . . l t a p a r f a o t l o n drawn f r o a no e b a e rv a a o e o f a e e h a n le la v e i Vo n e t t l e d a a x la a o f a f e w 'r i t e a t a g a . . . . Vo r u l a a d e l i v e r 'd down f r o a age to i | t . f u r t h e r o o a a a n tln g on th a n a o a a a lty f o r f e e l i n g th a a a o tlo n o f th a p a r t , Lloyd w ro ta t To t h l a one s ta n d a r d a a k a y o u r J u a t a p p e a l, H are l i e n th a g o ld e n a e o r e t i l e a r n to f e e l . Or f o o l , o r a o n a ro h , h ap p y , o r d l o t r e a a f t ^ Vo a o t o r p le a a e a t h a t l o n o t o o e e e e e ' d . C h a rie e C h u r o h lll I n h l a , Tha V o a o la d . a a a t l r a on e l g h t e e a t h - o e n t u r y a o to ro w r i t t e n i n 1761, a g re e d w ith Lloyd whan ha w ro ta i "Thoaa who would B a k e ue f e e l , a u n t Hobart L lord. U k . . 15?I b i d . . p . 111. l * * * o b e rt L lo y d , "T1 Tha P o e t i c a l b o r t a T7 v v a n a , 1 7 7 * /, I • 15*Ib ld . . I , 12. 107 f o a l t h a a a a l v a a . T har# war* a o a t o o a a a n ta on p a r t i c u l a r a o to r a l d a n t l f y l n g w ith th a p a r t a thay p la y a d . F or ln a ta n o a , Hanry V o r r l a . th a o o i t l l a n , " . . . f o r h la K x c a lla n o a In ao th o ro u g h ly a n t a r i n g I n t o h la F a r t In Tha C o n a tan t l t d C o u o la . waa aw ar a f t a r * o a l l a d J u b l l a a PlokT. . . . ■ Tha a a a a a u t h o r a a ld o f V llk a "T h at ha a n ta r a d thoryyw hl* I n to th a P a rta * whloh ha 1 M U 1 a f t a r th o a a who had nona b a f o r a h l a . . . A o o a a a n t on H ra. O ld f la ld a t a t a d t h a t aha " . . . waa h a r a a l f th a O h a ra o ta r aha p la y a d . • . Thoaaa Dawlaa had ona b r l a f o o a a a n t on a o tln g th a o ry i n h l a D ra a a tlo M la o a lla n la a o f l n t a r a a t to t h l a a tu d y . Ha quotad* aa d id ao aany o t h a r a u th o ra w r i t i n g on a o tln g th a o ry * H a a l a t 'a "A drloa t o th a F la y a r o ." Of th a l n o l u a l o a o f t h l a a a o tlo a l a th a p ro d u o tlo n a o f H a a la t ha w ro ta i " V Ilk a , X b a l la r a * n a v a r apoka It* and X o o n ja o tu r a I t waa o a l t t a d f r o a th a d a a th o f V a t t a r t o n . 770 h a r la o C h u r o h l l l * Tha P o a t l o a l f o r k a o j C h a rla a Ohara h i 1 1 . a d . D ouglaa O ra n t \O x fo rd i Tha C laran d o n P ra o a . 1 W ) » P* 30. ^^C B d ao n d C u r l l J , Tha LI f a o f t h a t h i n a a t ^ y | ^ l a n l j ^ a r t h i lk a . l a o T T L o n lo a i P r i n t ad f o r X. C u rll* 1?7X bld. . p . 36< 1^a A a t b a n t lo k H anoir a o f th a ^ X i fiX I b l l C t lt b r a lt d A otraaa B f i . Ana O H f l t l d . . . . . p. a. i e a t i l l th o good to o t* o f O a rrlo k r a r l r a d l t . " * ^ C o lla y C l b b a r 'a o o a p a rla o n o f th o a o tln g o f Booth and V ilk a waa v a lu a b ly i n d a t a r a i n i n g th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a a o t l n g o f th a f l r a t two Im p o rta n t a o to r a of th a a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a n t u r y . . . . Booth and h# [V llk a J w ara A o to ra ao d l r a o t l y o p p o a lta T n t h a l r K an a ar, t h a t I f a l t h a r o f th a a o o u ld hava borrow ad a l l t t l a o f th a o t h a r 'o F a u l t , th a y would B oth h a r a b aan Im p ro v 'd by l t i I f * lik i , had a o a a t l a a a to o r l o l a n t a V lv a o lty t B ooth aa o f ta n oon- ta n ta d h l a o a l f w ith to o g ra v a a D lg n liy i Tha L a t t a r a a a a ’d to o auoh to h aav a up h la Wordo, aa th a o t h a r to d a r t th a a t o th a B ar w ith to o q u le k and a h a rp a T ah a aaa o at Thua V Ilk a w ould to o f r a q u a n t l y b ra a k i n t o th a T la a and B aaau ra o f th a Harmony by to o many a p l r - l t a d A ooanta In ona L ln ai and B o o th , by to o a o la a n a R agard t o Harmony( w ould aa o f t a n T o a a th a n a o a a a a ry S p i r i t o f l t t So t h a t (a a X h a ra o b o a r r 'd ) o o u ld wa haya a o a a t l a a a r a l a 'd th a ona and lu n k th a o t h a r , th a y had b o th b aa n n a a r a r to th a aark .l& O Tha f o llo w in g d a a o r l p t l o n f r o a B anjam ln V l o t o r 'a b io g ra p h y o f B a rto n Booth p ro v ld a d a f u r t h a r I n d i c a t i o n o f h la a t y l a o f a o t l n g , . . . Ha waa o f a F o ra a l t o g a t h a r G ra c a fu l, aooom- p a n la d w ith an A ir t h a t gava th a h lg h a a t D ig n ity to a l l A la O aotm raa. H la Faoa had a m anly S w aataaoai and h l a F a a tu r a a w ara ao h a p p ily t u r n 'd , aa to ba a b l a to a z p ra a a th a r o u g h a a t B a aa Io n a , w ith o u t lo a ln g any th in g o f th a A g ra a a b la n a a a l a h l a C ounta n an o a. H la Y oloa had g r o a t S tr a n g th l a I t , aad a Toaa uaoommonly a u a l o a l . H la A r t l o u l a t l o a waa ao a x o a a d ln g ly d l a t l n o t and o l a a r , t h a t ha o o u ld ba h o ard t o th a f a r t h a a t F a r t o f th a T h a a tr a , a v a a I n a V h la p a r. W ith th a o a T a l a a t a , J o i n 'd to a m oat a o o u ra ta Da T l a a , H i l l l U t t l l l ' IIIi S2-S5. **®Oollay O lb b a r, jjg . o l t . . XX, 169 Knowledge o f th o r a r l o u a F a a a lo n a , and th o p r o p e r P i o u U i T l t l M by w hloh th e y t i p r t a a t h n a a l f a a , ha o o uld p e r a o n a te K a je a ty w ith o u t O rlm aoe and R aca, and Raga w ith o u t R a n tln f i and whaa a it| p a a a a fa l a th a F a r t ha a o ta d r e q u i r 'd th a l a t e n t o f h i a Toloa* ha n e r e r d e l i v e r 'd any t h l a i h a ra h o r d i e a e r e e a b l e . I t waa l a > a n j I c a t a a o a a ha pro v ed th a a a a i o a l l a n t Q u a i l t l e e , b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y l a th a f o llo w in g , t I i . In th a F a r t o f Pvrrfaua l a th a D l a t r e e a 'd H o th e ri w hara h l a h t r a a o a » M a w a lk in g , and a o v a u a i to th a T hrone— h l e S i t t i n g down— h l a K anaar o f | I t1 b| h l a Aaawer to th a A ab a eaa d o r— h l a r l e l a f from th a T h ro e• — h i a d a a o a a d la d . and l a t r i n e th a B ta g a — tha* C lro u a - a ta n o a a o f a v e r y oommon n a t u r a l a f h a a t r l o a l P a rfo rm - a n o e o , y a t w ara e x e e u te d by h l a w ith a O randaur a o t to ba d a a o r l b ’d . In th a P a r t o f Mota a u r . l a th a F la y o f H aa rr th a F o u r th , ha p r e a e r v Td ta a F i r e o f t h a t O h a ra o ta r w ith o u t ta o a e Z H a to rtlo n a o f C o u n taaaao a wa ao f r e q u e n t l y a a a l a o t h e r A o to ra on th a I l k a O o o aa lo n a. . . . . . . Ha n o t o n ly d lo o o v e r 'd th a F lrm neee o f h l a V o lo e, b u t h t a j t r e a t S k i l l l a a a n a f l n e l t t ao t h a t in th a h lg h e e t B x p re e e lo n o f Fury and P l a t r a o t l o n I t n e v e r b eo a ae u a t u n e f u l l and ha oou*d im m e d ia te ly apeak l a th a o r d in a r y w ay, w ith o u t I t a p p e a rin g a t r a i n ' d . I n i g h t h a r a ta k a n o t l o a o f a n o th a r Advan t a g e ha p o a a e a a 'd (v a ry a a o a a a a ry l a a F la y e r ) aad t h a t waa an e x q u l o l t e B a r, ao aa n e v e r to apeak o u t o f Tune, o r a p r o p a r Kay. . . . ha waa G ra o e f u l, a o ta d J u a t l y , aad apoke w ith th a g r e a t e a t Harmony and P r o p r i e t y . . . Tha e a n a r a l o o a n a a ta and o r l t l o l a a a on th a u aa o f n o tio n l a th a a a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e n t u r y e u p p o rte d th e d a t a on th a u aa o f n o tio n by i n d i v i d u a l a o t o r a and th a d a t a p ra a a n ta d u n d e r th a a a o tlo n o f o o a a e n ta aad o r l t l o l a a a (B enjam in T l o t o r ) , K am olra o f th a L if e g f B a rto n B o o th . l a a i w ith h l a C h a ra o ta r . . . TXondooi P r i n t e d f o r John w a t t e , TT5T). p p . 7B-3Q* 190 o o a p a rln g e a r l y a l g h te e n th - e e n t u r y a o t l n g w ith a o tln g a f t a r th a a p p e a ra a o e o f O a rrlo k and H a o k lla . Aa a a r l y aa 1710 ona a u th o r a o ta d l a h la d ia r y t h a t a o t l a g waa h e a o a la g a t l f f aad a f f e o t e d . Ha d le o u a a e d t h l a w ith aa I t a l i a n a l a g a r t h a a a p p e a rin g l a b ig 1 aad aad w ro ta th a f o llo w in g e n tr y l a h l a d i a r y . O lg a lo r O a a t l l l o o a a a to aao a a . . • Ha t o l d a a . • • e o a o e r a la g th o t h e a t r e o a t l a p l o a t h a t th a y a r a auoh f l a a r aad a o ra a a a a l f l o e n t th a a o a r a h e r o , aad ha a d a l r e a t h a l r a a a a a r o f a o tln g aao h heyoad o a r a . Ho th in k a wa h a r a a o t enough o f a o t l o a aad g o a tu r n , o u r p la y a r a any t h a l r p a r t a aa I f th a y w ara r e a d in g a hook aad haw ing n o th in g o f t h a t a ip ro a a lw a f o r o e o f lo o k o and w oloo aad g a a tu r o a whloh glw a U f a aad a p l r l t aad n a t u r e to t h o l r a o t l o a . Tha ahowa o o a a a a ta aaaaod to l a d l o a t a t h a t a o t l a g waa r e s t r a i n e d , w ith o u t w a r l a t y . A a o r a a p a o lf lo d e e o r l p - t l o n o f th a u a a o f a o t l o a waa o o n ta la e d l a R o b ert L lo y d 'a p o a a , "Tha A o to r ." Thaa t r i o a o a a ro h o , l a t h a l r t r a g i o g a i t , A ffo o t to aarfc a a o lo a n paoa o f e t a t e . One f o o t p u t fo rw ard l a p o o l t l o a a t r o a g , Tha o t h a r . I l k a l t a w a a a e l, d r a g g 'd a lo n g , Se graw a aaoh a o t l o a , ao e x a o t aad a lo w , L ika wooden a o a a ro h a a t a a u p p e t ahow. Tha a a l a d a l l g h t a u a t h a t ana a a tlw o g r a c e , B ut a f f e o t a t l o a 111 a u p p l la a l t a p la o a . O a a k llfu l a o to ra , I lk a your a l a l o a pa a , V I11 w rith e t h a l r h o d la a l a a th eu aaad ahapaa} Howawor f o r e i g n f r o a th a p o a t 'a a r t , Vo t r a g i o h e ro h u t a d a l r e o a a t a r t , V hat th o u g h u n f e e l i n g o f th a aarw oua l l a o , D udley R yder, The P ia r e o f Dudlow R y d er< 1 7 1 9 -I d . a d . t r i l l i o n H attaaw a (L o n d o n lu e T h u a n t < I J 5 I ; 7 ■ow aahar 7 , 171d* p . 740. 191 Who b u t a llo w * h i* a t t l t u d o l a f in * ? W hll* * w hol* m in u te e q u i p o i s 'd h* s ta n d s . T i l l p r a le e d lo a l* * h l a w ith h * r e c h o in g hand*! N v o l v ' l t th o u g h n a tu r e h a t* th e te d io u s p au * * f By p * r* * rv * r* n o e to e x t o r t a p p la u se .!® * M ention wa* aad* o f C o ll* y C i b b e r '• t r a i n i n g a o to r* l a " t h e good o ld m a n n e r.” 8oa* o f th * p a r t i c u l a r * o f h i* ■ ty l* waa g iv e n by o o n tem p o rary c r i t i c * . D avie* w ro t* t . . . C o lle y * • d * p o r ta * a t wa* . . . a* d i s g u s t i n g aa h i* u tt* r a a o * « H* a f f * o t* d a * t a t * l y n a g n l f l e a n t t r e a d , a * u p * r « lllo u * a e p e o t, w ith l o f t y and e x t r a v a g a n t a o t l ob, w hloh h* d is p la y e d by w aving up aad down a r o l * o f p aro h m aat 1b h l a r i g h t h a a d i l a s h o r t , h i* w hol* b e h a v io u r v aa oo o ta r o h ly s t u d i e d , t h a t I t a p p e a re d e a l n e a t l y l n e l g n l f l o a n t . . . C ib b e r v a a u a l v e r a a l l y o r l t l o l s e d In h i* p e rfo rm ance o f R lohard I I I . The Q e n tle m a a '* r e p o r te d th a t when he ” . . . make* Lov* to Ladv Attl* lo o k s , w ith h i* Shrug* and O rla a e * * , a* I f he had more a D esig n on h e r P u ree th a a h e r H e a r t. . • . ” *** In th e B o e v e rth F ie ld *o*a* h e was o r l t l o l s e d f o r s t r u t t i n g . ^ * * In th e p a r t o f la g o ”. . . when he 1* w orking up O th e llo to h l a f e d * , ehrugo up h l a B o u ld e r* , shake* h i* B o o d le , aad w ith a saw in g N o tio n I n h l a Hand* . . . ” * a ld h l a l i n e * ,* * 7 I n th * p a r t o f Byphax l a C ato he waa n o te d f o r ”. . . many 593. * * * lo b o r t L lo y d , g g . o l t . . I , 1 3 -1 9 . ***D avi*a, D r a a a tlo 111 • 40 * ***th * g en tlem an * * B ftg U ih f t XT (B o v e a b e r, 1 7 3 9 ), U i Ibld. 167Ibld. 19 2 r l d l e u l o u a D i s t o r t i o n * , crao k in h i s V o le* , and v r a a t h s h la K usolaa and L ia b s . . . C o l l a j 'a so n , T h a o p h llu a , a p p a r a n tly fo llo w ed In th a t r a d i t i o n t f h l a f a t h s r . H* waa a ls o o r l t l o l c a d f o r u s in g " . . . to o auoh g r l a a o * . . . . *16<* in K ina John h* was la b a la d " . . . th a v a r l a s t bantaa~ oook o f tra g a d y t h a t a v a r orow ad, s t r u t t a d , and fla p p a d l t a v in e s on a s t a g * . " 170 V h araa s Booth ■a j hava baan a a j a a t l o In h la ua* o f n o t i o n , V IIk s a p p a r e n tly vaa n o t . C h a rla a O lld o n p ro v id e d t h l a d a s o r l p t l o n o f th * l a t t a r and a t th a a a a a ti n * o o n - t r a a t a d h l a to a o o n ta a p o r a r j. . . • H is F a s t n e v e r s ta n d a t l l l i h* l a I lk * th * P an d u lu a o f a C lo o k , p e r p e t u a l l y s h u f f l i n g f r o a ona a id * t ' o t h a r i t h a t a f f e c t e d l e v i t y i n h l a H asla r a n d a r s h l a as f n t l o k as Q r l f f l n l a S t i f f and F orm al. . . .171 Tho moot o f ta n o r l t l o l a a d a o t o r o f th * e a r l y a l g h te a n th - o a n tu r y p a rlo d vaa Ja a a o Q uin. Ho ap p a a ra d on th a a a a a s t a g s aa O a rrlo k and th* o o n t r a s t batw aan th * tv o a t y l a * of a o t l n g oausad h l a to ba th a s u b j e c t o f r a p a a ta d ***Tha o r . Tha k i a h t B ids o f C o lla r C l b b |^ . J a a i . . . ( London 1 P r in t e d f o r J . n o b a r t s , 1 7 * 0 ), 169D av l* a, D ra n a tlo H l a o a l l a n l o a . I l l , 522. 17^0*ntl*m an» o p . o l t . . I I , 169* 171(C h a rl* a O lld o n ] , ^ Compari son B e tween th e Tvo S jS ilft* C1702K A L a ta f a a t o r a t l o n l o g a l t h i t t a i t r * . a d . s t a r i n g B. V a lla ( P r ln o a to n i P r l n o a t o n u n l v a r s l t y F r s s a , 1 9 * 5 ), p . 79, 193 c r lt lc ia a . On* of th* worst attack* on Quin'* acting wa* oontaln*d In th* nov*l F tr»irlnt flok l* by Tobla* S a o lla tt. Hi* aotlon wa* d**orlb*d with *uoh phra*** a*i ■. . . r*a*abl«* that of a hsavlng b a lla st into th* fold of a ship . . . b *a tln | hi* own for*h*ad . . , *trang* •haklnr* of th* h*ad . . . antlo gesticu lation * . . . 172 vlol*nc* of aff*ot*d agitation* . . Chari** Churehlll saidi *H*avlng and phl*gaatlo h* trod th* stag* . . . VIth th* saa* cast o f fo a tu r * * h* 1* ***n to ohld* 171 th* Llb*rtln* and oourt th* (.u**n." H* wa* furth*r c rltlo l* * d by Churchill for fa llin g to lo** h la**lf In th* 174 part and playing a ll part* in th* *an* irann*r. franol* 0*ntl*aan d**orlb*d hi* aotlon aa *. . . und**orlbably ouab*r*oa* . . . hi* fao* had no poaslbl* variation froa 174 It* natural grae*. In th* part of Cato, hi* aoat faaou* rol*, 0*ntl*aan o rltlo lsa d hi* aotlon for It* 176 . . laboured *aa*n**s. . . . ” In th* part of King John . . h* luab*r*d through th* part In a painful 177 aannor* . . Dari** wrot* that hi* aotlon ”• . . wa* * 7*tobla* aaoll*tt. 1 . L1751J (V o l* . * d . O*org* nghaa S o c l* ty , I I I and IV o f r f la ln ta b u r y . 1? C n .d .J ) , p • 146 175C h arl* * C h a ri* * C h u r o h l l l , o p . £ l l * , p . 31. 17^ 0 « n tl* * a n , o p . o l t . . I , 109* ! > ! « . . I , M S . 177I t U . . I I , 167. 17* i a i * « *• * « 1 9 * g e n e r a l l y fo ro a d o r 1a n * u ld , and h l a a o v a a a n t pondaroua and a l u g * l a h . K l r k a a n c o a a a n ta d i "Ha w ai a t l f f In 1 7 9 h la a a n n a r , and haaalngt In h la d a p o r t a a n t . . . 7 R ic h a rd C u a b arlan d w ro ta o f h la . a awing k in d o f a o t l o n , whloh had aiora o f th a a v n a ta th a n o f th a a ta g a in i an i t . . . F i n a l l y S a a u a l F o o ta d a a e r lb a d h l a p arao n aa . . to o o u a b a ra o a a and u n w a lld y . . . and h la a o t lo n aa . . th a aaaa In a l l o lr c u a a ta n o a a and F a a a io n a . " 161 Thaaa o o n ta a p o r a ry o o a a a n ta and o r l t l o l a a a on th a a o t l n g o f J a a a a Q uin r a a d l l y l d a n t l f l a d th a c h a r a o t a r - l a t l o a o f h la a o t l n g . R uaaroua o o a a a n ta and o r l t l o l a a a v a r a mada by oon- ta a p o r a r y w r l t a r a on th a u aa o f th a v o lc a in a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y n o tin * . O ra a t a a p h a a la v aa p la o a d on th a a u a l o a l q u a l i t y o f th a v o lo a . Chatvood v r o t a i "Tha V o lo a, I l k a an I n a t r u a a n t o f K u alo , n u a t ba p u t In Tuna, an d . I f aanagad by a a k l l f u l A o to r, vhoaa Kind f a a l a th a 1 7 ® D nrlao# H a a o lra g f th a l i f t o f L avld Q a r r lo k . l a a . . I , 2 0 . 179J a a a a Thoaaa K lrk a a n , Han o i r a o f th a LI fa o£ j h a r l ^ | ^ o k ^ l n . ^ | a o . ( Londoni L o o k in g to n , A lla n , and 1 6 0 C u a b a rla n d , £ £ . o l t . . Z, SO. ^0 * [S a a u a l F o o ta J , ^ T r a a t l a a on th a P a a a lo a a . f £ f a r aa t h a r r a a a r d th a a ta n a . . . I Londoni P r ln t a d f o r C. C orbatV , 11 7 * 7 1 ) , pp. J t-2 5 * 195 i s ? f u s i o n , w i l l a * n t o u t th* p r o p e r Ton*. . . . " Jo se p h Haalewood o o n tr * a t* d tb* R e s to r a ti o n and * a r ly * lg h t* * n th - o e n tu ry us* o f th * T o lc * . A lthough th * l * t t * r p * rlo d • . . d em o lish e d th * p o n p o s ity . . . , C ltJ . . . r e t a i n e d th * a t r u c t u r * o f v e r s i f i c a t i o n ! i t waa l* a a b o l a t r o u a , h u t I t waa a t l l l u n n a t u r a l . A ll waa now h a m o a l o u a . and p a a a lo n a l a p t to th * d y in g f a l l * o f th * n o a t n s l l i f l u o u * m o d u la tio n . A o tln g waa now t a a i a s . W T h la a u a l o a l q u a l i t y r* q u lr* d o f th* v o ic e a p p a r e n t l y l* d to a o o n a ld a r a b l* a a o u n t o f a r t l f l o l a l s p e a k in g . Zn 1711 Jo s e p h A ddiaon d e v o te d on* o f th * la a u * a o f 2 k i 8 0 * 0 t a t o r to what h* o a ll* d th * " r a n t* * I n h i | l U h t r t | * 4 y . Th* a o to r a apok* th * a * r a n t * *. . . I n a l l th * v io le n c e o f A o tlo n , s e v e r a l p a r t a o f th* tra g e d y w hloh th a a u th o r w r i t w ith g r e a t t* a p * r, and d * alg n * d t h a t th*y l§ 4 ah o u ld b* ao n o t e d .” K o re o v e r, th * a o t o r a , a e o o rd ln g to A ddiaon, added • . . vshemeno* to worda whar* t h a r a waa no paa a l o n , o r In fla m in g th a r e a l p a a a lo n w ith f u a t l a n . T h la h a th f i l l e d th * n o u th a o f o u r h a ro a a w ith t o a - bam ti and g le a n th a n auoh e * n t l n * n t a , aa p ro o eed r a t h e r f r o n aw*1 l i n g th a n a g r a a t n e a a o f n ln d . U nnat u r a l e x o l a n a t l o n a , o u rs * * , vowa, b la a p h e n l e a , a IB? Chetwood, £ £ . P i t . . p . 3 5 . l 0 , [ J o . . p h > u l m o 4 J A t t l . o a , a i H M t H o r . I o . * 0 , "*/ t * I (April I t , IT U ), I , 29*. 196 d a f la n o * o f n a n k ln d , and an o u t r a t l n g o f th * god*, f r a q u a n t l y paaa upon th* a u d la n c * f o r to w a rln g th o u g h t, and b i n a c c o r d in g ly n * t w ith l n f l n l t * a p p la u a a .1 6 9 Tha h a ro a a o f tr a g * d y , who w ara g e n e r a l l y lo v o r a , w ara aoouaad o f *, . . s w a llln g and b l u a t a r i n g upon th a a t a g a . . . , #^ T h la ty p o o f a p o a k ln g waa in o r a a a l n g l y o r l t l o l a a d d u r in g th a l a t t a r p a r t o f th a p a r lo d of a a r l y o l g h ta a n t h - o a n tu ry a o t l n g . T hat I t waa p r a v a l a n t on th a a ta g a a a r l y In th a p a r lo d waa a t t a a t a d to by th a abowa a t a t a n a n t and ona o o n ta ln a d i n th a d i a r y o f D udlay R ydar. Ha w ro ta i • * . t h a t th a a n a n a r o f a n a a k ln g I n o u r t h a a t r a a I n tr a g a d y l a n o t n a t u r a l . T har* l a aoa* th in g t h a t w ould ba v a ry ah o o k ln g and d la a g r a a a b la and v a ry u n n a t u r a l I n r a a l l l f a . P a ra o n a would c a l l I t t h a a t - r l o a l , n a a n ln g by t h a t a t i f f and a f f a o ta d .1 0 ? A f t a r th a a p p a a ra n e a o f O a rrlo k and K ao k lln t h l a ty p a o f o r l t l o l a a , o f th * o ld a o h o o l o f a o t l n g , a p p a arad r a g u l a r l y In th * w r i t i n g o f c r l t l o a . On* w r l t * r r * f * r r * d to I t aa a a t r a i n i n g o f th * v o le * , th* ua* o f a w h in in g to n * , a d ra w lin g o u t o f th a to n a a , and a a a a a n a a a In oadanoa t h r o u g h o u t . A n o t h a r w r l t a r w ro ta o l n l l a r l y o f th a ua* o f th * a o l o a . Ha r « f * r r a d to a ta g a h a r o ln a a who 185I b l d . 1 8 t I b l d . IB? K ydar, o p. o l t . . lo w a n b a r 6 , 1716, p . 360. in n An l a a a r on th a l h a a t r a a i o r th a A rt o f A o tln g o l t a d I n t n a Q Z l l l j U " l a o a i l a n * • T . t a o - l l . 197 " . . . g r la v * w ith to d lo u s s o a a , and whin* t h * l r so rro w * I n a s s s - s a w to n s . . . Who la y * an s q u a l l s n p h a s ls on a ll." * ® ^ Hs a l s o spok* o f t h s l r " . . . n o u r n f u l d ra w l. . . C h a r is s C h u r o h lll w ro ts t h a t a f t s r th * s p p s a r a a o s o f O a rrlo k i "Th* b u sk in * d h s r o s s o f th* a l a l e s t i | » / l o l o n f s r w hins In lo v s , and r a n t l a Xlrkm an o o a n s a ts d on th * p srfo rm a n e* In 1791 o f son* a a a t s u r a c t o r s who had b**n t r a l n * d by K a o k lln i " T h s lr s l o o u t l o n was n a t u r a l and *aayi fr* * f r o n th * w hin*, and o s n t . th * o la p - t r a o t r i c k , and th * f a l s * o o a s s q u s n o s , so o f t s n haoknsysd upon th* A ll o f th *** o h a r a e t s r l s t l o s w *rs su a n sd up I n 1001 by Kurphy whoa s p s a k l n f o f th * s t a t * o f th * s ta d * b * f o r* O a rrlo k b * |a n h i s a o t l n f c a r * * r i " . . . In tra * * d y , d s o l s n a t l o n r o a ro d l a a n o s t u n n a t u r a l s t r a i n t r a n t was p a s s lo n i w h la - l n | waa g r l s f i y o o l f * r a t l o n was t * r r o r ( and d ra w lin * l o t a o o s n ts w srs th* v o lo * o f lo v * ." T h o rs was f * n * r a l a f r o s n s n t u o n | w r l t * r s a s to th * o h a r a o t s r l s t l o s o f th * us* o f th * volo* l a * a r ly • l f h t s s a t h - o s n t u r y a o t l a t . F u rth v r *vld*no* on t h i s a t y l * ^ L l o y d , h l l * t P- 190 l b l d . . p. 17. ^ ^ C h u r o h l l l , o i t . . p . 4 . I9 ? I l r k n a n . o i t . . X, 942. l ^ H u r p h y , u * o i t . . I , 17. 19# v u found i n th a o r l t l o l a a a o f I n d i v i d u a l a o t o r a . B o b a rt W llka f a v o r a b ly la p r a a a a d Down#a whan ha w ro ta t h a t i n th a uaa o f h l a v o io a ■* . . h l a a l a v a t l o n a and Cadanoaa [w a ra ] J u a t , C ongruant to S l o o u tlo a . . . th a a a l a a l o a o f h l a Worda f r a a , aaay and n a t u r a l* . . .•* * * D a v la a , ao aa y a a r a l a t a r , waa o f a d l f f a r a n t o p in io n whan ha w ro ta o f h l a a a n n a r o f p la y in g th a g h o a t I n Q n ^ . T h la ha d id I n a •* . . v o o lf a r o u a a a n n a r . . • .■*** B ooth on th a o t h a r hand* p a r f o ra a d th a a a a a p a r t w ith a • . * . alow* a o l a a n , and u a d a r to e a o f v o lo a . . . Zn th a p a r f o r a a n o a o f a n o t h a r p a rt* D avlaa w ro ta t h a t W llk a " . . . w ould a o a a t l a a a a t r l k a th a a y l l a b l a , w ith to o ■uoh ard o u r* and* l a th a J u d lo lo u a a a r , o r a a t a a o a a th in g I l k a d la a o n a n o a r a t h a r th a n h a ra o n y * . . i n th a p a r t o f A nthony *• • • h l a v o lo a w aatad t h a t f u la a a a and v a r l a t y , r a g u l a l t a to ln p r a a a th a a a n t l a a n t a and p a th o a • , • b a a ld a a , W llka waa a p t to a t r l k a th a a y l l a b l a a to o f o r c i b l y aa w a ll aa u n lf o ra ly .* * * ® C o lla y O ib b a r had a a l a l l a r aooow at o f w i l k 'a u a a o f th a v o lo a whan ha apoka p r o la g u a a . ***Downaa, g g . g ^ g . » p* 91* ^^^D avlaa* D ra n a tlo M ia a a lla m la a - I l l , 3 1 . W I b l d *. I l l , 31-92* X *7I b l d . , I l l , 7 0 . l9 SI b l d *. IX , 2 4 5 . 199 * * * h»4 S p i r i t * t u t gavo to o lo o t# a R oln t o I t* i n i i t v u i t l l M ho o o u ld opoak t u l w o lg h ty Yoroo b a r a o o lo u o ly i R io A eeonto woro f r o - q u o n tly to o o h a rp and v i o l e n t , w hloh o o a o tla o o o o o a o lo a ’d h l o o a g o rly o u t t i n g o f f h a l f th o Sound o f o p lla b lo o t h a t o u g h t to h ave to o * g e n t l y a o l t o d i n t o th o Melody o f Mo t r o t I n Y erooo o f H uaour, to o , ho v o u ld o o a o tla o o c a r r y th o K la lo k ry f a r t h o r th a n th o h i n t would h o a r , o t ib to a t r i f l i n g L ig h t, ao i f ho h i a o o l f woro p lo a o o d to ooo i t oo g l l t t o r l n g . 1 9 9 Tho f o llo w in g f a v o r a b le o o a n e n t ohowod how B ooth uood h lo v o loo i n th o p a r t o f O t h e l l o . . * . When O th o llo o ato h o o Ia g o bp th o t h r o a t , t h a t l a l a l t a b l e a o t o r 'o v o lo o w ont th ro u g h a l l th o o o a lo o f r a g o , f l r o t ohoakod, low and t r o a u lo u o , th o a r l o l n g by J u o t g r a d a t i o n a l b u t whoa i t oaao t o a o l l a a x . o f w hat wo nay o a l l th o d la p a o o a o f p a o o lo a , h lo a o d u i a t l o a e b ro u g h t f o r t h f o o lln g o unknown to r e a d i n g . ?00 A aothor w r l t o r o a ld o f B oothi • • . th o u g h ho ro p o a to d b la n k vo ro o i n th o o o lo a a a r t l o u l a t o n a a n o r o f t h a t d a v , th o ro waa a roundaooo and ao lo d y i n h lo v o lo o w hloh wao r o a a r k a b ly p lo a o ln g * Booth wao, how ovor, a t t l a o o , l n d o l o a t , and would p la y u a d o r th o p a r o f h lo a b l l l t l a o , t i l l rouood by th o ap p o aran o o o f ooao o r l t l o o i n th o h ouoo, who would p u t h l a on h lo a o t t l o . 2 0 1 Tho thrw o O lb b o ro , C o llo y , T h o o p h llu o , and S u o annah, woro a l l c r l t l o l s o d f o r th o a a n n o r In w hloh thoy uood t h o l r v o lo o o on tho o ta g o . C o llo y wao g e n e r a l l y ^ ^ O o l l e y C lb b o r, o p« o i t *. I , 2 7 1 -7 2 . ^ T h o C r i t l o a l B arlo w . XX (Rovoabar* 1 7 6 5 ), 531. J011 f t l l l a n Oooko, M onoIra o f C h a rlo o Kaok11 a . o a o d lg a . . . (oooond o d l t i o n i Londoni P r i n t e d f o r Jaaoo operno* 1 6 0 6 ), p p . 1 6 -1 7 . 200 adalrod for hi* acting in comedy part*, but universally oondemned In hi* attov.pt* at tragedy. A* early aa 1794 he vai c r lt lc lie d for foaming and bellowing p. . . with th* Yolo* and Cad«noa of a Watchman. . . . "20? In Rlohard III . . h* *or*aa*d thro' four Aot* without Dignity or 2 0 ? D*o*noy." Davl** wrot*t "Th* unnatural *w*lllng of hi* word* dl*pl*aaed a ll who pr*f*rr*d natural *looutlon to a r t l f l o l a l oadence." Gibber apparently f e l t that hla atyle wa* corr*ot for h* r«proaoh*d on* of th* aotr***** of th* Qarrlok-Kaoklln period, Kr*. Trltohard, 20*4 ". . . for want of £ ton*. . . ." Moreover, Clbb*r att*apt*d to lapos* hi* *tyl* of aotlng on th* playtr* In a production a* lat* a* 1744. H* not only ooaohed hi* •on, Theophllu*, but th* r**t of th* actor* in . . th* good old Manner of *Ingin* and quavering out th*lr traglo 206 lo t* * . . . . " In another performaro* th* audl*no* 207 ”. . . 1 aught at hi* Trag*dv Ton**. . . . " 593. ^02l h f f r t B l l t I M * ! R a g * * ln * . IV (9ov*m b*r, 1 7 3 4 ), ^ ’ X kl U u r . . t . p. 35. ?0*Davl • a . D ram atic M i ^ e l l t n i * * . H i t 4 0 -4 1 . 20* D a n * a , Memoir* o f th * StL £ l X l l O a r rlo k . g * a . . X, 332. 206 Y lo to r , Th* B l* to rv o f th * T h * atr* * o f London and Dab I l a from th e T * ar 17*6 tn * rr* * * n ttim * . Y i . 6 4 . 201 Th* toting of F*g Woffington, who belonged to th* O a r rlo k -K a o k lln p a r l o d , w u t l t o o r l t l o l c * d b o c tu t* o f th * ln f lu * a o * o f C lb b o r. . . . Old C o lla y , h * r a a * t * r , h l a * * l f • i t t n t o t o r I n tr a g e d y , though h* wa* * i t r * n * l y fond o f th * b u tk lm h* to u g h t h * r to r * e l t * *o p o o p o u o ly , t h t t n t t u r * ta 4 p a a a lo n w*r* n o t a« 1 4 o t • t o r i f lo o d to t f t l t * g lo r * o f * lo q u * a o * . Th* t* o o h * r ln * l* t * 4 upon o S o r t l o u l o r to n * , no h* o t l l * d I t I n th * d o o la a a t lo n o f 1* p u p l l i , « w T h * o p h llu t r * to ln * d th* n tn n * r o f h la f a t h e r . In th * p lo y O n to , t o o n t* n p o ra ry w ro t* t h a t " . . . h* r * to ln * 4 *o ouoh o f th * o o n t, w hloh 1* now h a p p ily •x p lo d o d . . . , *^®T l a th* p a r t o f P l a t o l I n ggAOL £ h* •pok* . . i n th* aonoroua o a n t o f o ld 210 t r o g * d l s * r * . . . . " Th* w if* o f T h o o p h llu a , Suaonnah, wa* on* o f th* lo a d in g tr a g e d ia n * d u r in g th * t i n * o f O a r r lo k . V * y * rth * l* * * , *h* r * ta ln * d *on* o f th * o h o ra o - t * r l * t l o * i n h * r a o t l n g o f h * r f a t h e r - i n - l a w and h uaband. Th* Q *ntl*nan** g y | | ^ | *h* wa* o r l t l c l i a d f o r n a l n - t o l n l n g ”. . . a *oa*n*** o f to n * . . • R ich ard C uab*rlond r* o o rd * d th * fo llo w in g ln p r* * * lo n * o f on* o f *°® D*yl*a, H a n o ir* o f th * L lf* o f Dawld O a r r lo k . l o o . . I* H O . 20* 0 « n tl* n a n , £ £ . o i t . . I , 4 3 6 . 210 I b l d . . I I , 364. 2 U Xfci B i a U m a t n m i i n t * XX (O o to b o r, 1 7 5 0 ), 4 3 7 . ?0 2 b a r p a r f o ra a n c a o t . . . K ro. C lb b ar In a k a y , h lg h ~ p lto h a d b u t awaat w i t h a l , aung o r r a t h a r r a o l t a t l v a d Row a'a harm onious ■ t r a i n , a o a a th in g i n th a a a n n a r o f th a l a p r o v l a a - t o r i a a t I t waa a x t r a a a l y w an tin g i n o o n t r a a t , t h a t , tho u g h I t d id n o t wound th a a a r , I t w a a rla d I t ) whan had onoa r a o l t a d two o r th r a a a p a a c h a a , I o o u ld a n t i - o i p a t a th a n a n n a r o f a v a ry o u ooaadlng onai i t waa I lk a an o ld la g a a d a ry b a l la d o f ln n u a a r a b la a ta n a a a , awary ona o f whloh l a aung to th a aaaa tu n a , a t a r n a l i y c h in in g i n th a a a r w ith o u t v a r i a t i o n o r r a l l a f . * * * T h la t r a g l o a t y l a of a c t i n g waa a p p a r e n tly p a o u lia r to a l l a o tr a a a a a f r o n th a a a r l y a l g h ta a n th - c a n t u r y and a f t a r th a t l n a o f O a rrlo k and K a o k lln . K ra. P o r t a r , a tr a g a d la n n a o f th a a a r l l a r p a r lo d , waa r a p o r ta d l n a f f a o - t u a l In ao an aa w hara th a r a waa n o t g r o a t p a a a lo n . Har *. . . r a c l t a t l o n o f f a c t o r a a n t l n a n t waa oo n o d u la ta d , aa to r a a a n b la n u a l c a l cadanoa r a t h a r th a n ap aak - ln g . . . K ra. O l d f l a l d 'a v o c a l d a l l v a r y waa 21 * d a a o rlb a d aa “ . . . a u a lo a l and a n o h a n tln g . . . . " In a o o n ta a t w ith K ra . B r a o a g lr d la , O ld f la ld won b a o a u ra of th a . . Harmony o f h a r Voloa and J u a tn a a a o f h a r I> a llv a ry . . . . 3 ona a a l a a o to ra had th a a a a a f a u l t . Of B r a r a to n a o r t t l o w ro ta i " I oould w lah an a o t o r o f C um berland, £ £ . o i t . . I , 60*61. 2 l5 0 a v ia a , D ra a a tlo K l a o a l l a n l a a . I l l , * 9 7 . 2I5Ibld. . p. 25. 203 Hr. Braraton'a a a rlt would •▼old tonaa In apaaking which 216 approaoh to aoaathlng Ilka a ln g ln g.” Thara waa a d lf - faranoa, howavar, batwaan a aualoal quality and alnglng. Tha foraar waa a aark of a good aotor In tha aarlj alghtaanth-oantury. W llllaa Kllward waa daaorlbad aa • anJoying a fu ll-V n a d and haraonloua 217 plpa. . . .* Unfortunataly ha oecaalonally aaorlflcad aound to aanaa. But In tha rola of Haalat . . hla ▼olea waa fu ll and aualoali and, in thla eharaotar, ha aaaaad to forgat that lova of ranting, whloh waa hla 210 alngular fa u lt. . . .* Tha aotor Bohaaa waa pralaad for . . tha natural, aualoal plarolng Tonaa of hla 214 Toloa. . • , • 7 Barton Booth waa aald to hava 220 *. . . H alllflu an t Pronunciation. . . .* Tha aotlng of Jaaaa Quin apparantly apltoalaad a l l that waa bad In tha old atyla. Hla uaa of tha wolca waa aa axtanalwaly critlo la a d aa hla uaa of aotlon. Ha waa, howavar, orltlolaa d aaan bafora tha appaaranoa of Oarrlok. In 1734 I t waa raaiarkad that ha playad a l l hla parta In tha aaaa aannar and that ha apoka ”. . . I n tha aaaa m ibld.. I l l , 267. ?l 7 Ibld.. II, 245. 2 ISIbld.. I l l , 117. 219 7Tiotor, Tha H la to n r o f th a T h a a tra a o f London and D u b lin froa t h a T a a r 1770 to in a rraaani T in a . I I . 73. 220Bownaa, o p. o i t . . p. 52. ?0k 221 T o n s a h o a rs * monotone go** t h r o ' th*a a l l . " In th* • a t l r * on h l a a o tln g o o n taln ed In B n o l l c t t 's P e re g rin * P ic k le h i* v o ic e wa* d e e o rlb e d a* . . a c o n tin u a l s ln g - 222 *oag« Ilk * th * o b a n tin g of v e s p e r s . . . . " In a n o th e r plao* I t wa* r e f e r r e d to a* . . loud* sh a llo w , b l u s t e r - 2 2 % ln g . . * Foot* d e s c rib e d h i* voloe a* " . . . a ■onoton* t h a t **ldon f a tig u e * h l a , but 1 * now and then a 22k l l t t l * tlr * * o a * to h i* H e a r e r s ." Hi* aa n n * r o f speak in g wa* an advantage In *oae p a r t * . Q u in 's " . . . solem n i t y of e x p r e s s io n was h i* e x c e lle n c e in tragedy* and, i f 22% I aay be allo w ed to r e n a r k , h i* f a u l t . . . In th* o h a r a o te r o f Haobeth h la v o ic e waa d e s o rlb e d aa b ein g • too aonotonou* f o r th* t r a n e l t l o n * which 00 f r e - 726 q u e n tly o o o u r. . . . ” In O th e llo . . hi* d e c la a a - t l o n wa* a* heavy a s h i s person! h i* to n es aonotonou*; h i* p a s s io n s bellow s* h i* e a p h a s ls a ff e c te d * and h i s u n d er s tr o k e s g ro w lin g . . • ,*^27 i n Row*'* The F a i r P e n lte n t th e ". . . g o ld e n l i n e s hung heavy on h la e x p r e s s io n , and by t h e i r a e a s u re d harm ony, le a d h l a I n to a o e t w earlsoa* 22*The Gentleman** W a s a iln t* IV (Hovwaber, 1734), 593. 2 2 2 8a o l l * t t , £ £ . o i t . . p. 146. ?2^I b l d . 22k F o o te , o i t . . p. 25. 22^0*ntleaan, op. o i t . . I , 36. 22*I b ld . . X, 109. 227I b l d . . I , 337. 203 22 A m l t a U v i In t r a | » d j . ” In T anloa P r a a a n a d . . h e r e o l t a t l v e d the c a lm e r, and b e llo v e d th a a o ra a p l r l t e d a o en ee. . • . in Cato . • • h l a u t t e r a n c e appeared a o ra a u b a e r v le n t to th a oadaaoaa o f a e a a u re th an th a p a rlo d o f aamaa, and h l a . . • a o l l l o t u y and a o a t o t h a r p a r t a of th a c h a r a c t e r , v a ra ohauated In a very o u lp a b la a a n n a r. . . . In £ 2 lft he *. . . g ro v le d aoaa p aaaag ea, b e l - j t i lovad o th e r e , and ohaunted th a r e e t . * F i n a l l y , In by Howa ha " , . . o ffan d ad by h la u n n a t u r a l a v a i l o f u t t e r a n c e . * y I t vaa ra a a n b a ra d t h a t Quin v aa th a a o a t p o p u la r tr a g e d ia n on tha B n g llah a ta g a f r o a th a d a a th o f B arton Booth u n t i l th a ap paaranoa o f David * O a rrlo k . t h e r e f o r e , h la a t y l a of a o t ln g r a p r a a a n ta d th a b a a t, n o t tha v o r a t a o to ra on th a a ta g a a t t h a t t l n a . Davlaa v r o t a th a t Quin t r i a d to do to o auoh and t h a r a f o r a n la a a d a l t o g e t h e r In h l a a o t l n g . *Tha a tr o n g an p h a o la vhloh ha a ta n pad on alm oat avary vord in a l i n e , robbad tha v h o la o f t h a t aaaa and g r a o a f u l f a m i l i a r i t y v h lo h ahould have aoeoapanled th a e l o c u t i o n . * D a v l a a l l k e v l o e found h l a p o r t r a y a l o f Kaobath u n a a t l a f a o t o r y . 2 2>I h l d . . I , 271. 2 29I b l d . . I , 337. 2 3° I h l d . . I , 433. 2 3 1l b l d . . I I , 107. 2 32I h l d . . I I , 209- 2 3 3D avlee, H anoira o f th a L if e o f David O a r r lo k . | U . , X, 137. 7 06 He . . was d e f i c i e n t In a n ln a te d u t t e r a n c e , and wanted f l e x i b i l i t y o f to n e . . . . During th e whole r e p r e e e n t n t l o n he eource e v e r d e v ia te d fro n n d u l l , h e t r y , m onotony." R ichard Cunberlnnd d e e o rlb e d one o f h ie p e r f o r n - nnoee ne fo ilo w e i Quin p r e s e n te d h l n e e l f upon th e r i s i n g o f th e o u r- t n i n In n g re e n v e l v e t o o e t e n b ro ld e re d down th e ■ • I U | nn enormous f u l l b o tto n e d p e riw ig , r o l l e d s to o k la g s end h ig h h e e le d eouare to e d -o h o e s . With v ery l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n o f cad en ce, and In n deep f u l l to n e . . . whloh had n o re o f th e s e n a te th a n o f th e e ta g e In I t , he r o l l e d o u t h i e h e r o lo e w ith an a i r of d i g n i f i e d l n d l f f e r e n o e , t h a t eeened to d is d a i n th e p l a u d i t s t h a t were bestowed upon h i n t ' ? " Jo n e s Quin, th e le a d in g tr a g e d ia n o f h lo d a y , n u e t have seened s t r a n g e l y o u t o f p la o e d u rin g the t i n e of O a rrlo k and H a o k lln . The o o n te n p o ra ry oonnento and o r l t l o l o n e on e a r l y e lg h te e n th - o e n tu r y n o tin g were e x te n s io n and tho ro u g h . D uring th e K lls a b e th a n p e rio d a d v e rs e o r l t l o l e n was made o f I n f e r i o r a o to ro b u t alm ost none o f th e b e s t a c t o r s . The w r i t e r s o f th e e a r l y e l g h te e n th - o e n tu r y f r e e l y o r l t l - o ls e d th e o u ts ta n d in g a o to ro o f t h a t p e r io d . These o r l t l o l s m s p ro v id ed an a o o u r a ts ao co u n t o f th e o h a r a o t e r - l o t i o n o f e a r l y e lg h te e n th - o e n tu r y a o t l n g . D r ^ . t l O I I , 1 5 * . ^ C u m b e r l a n d , o i t . . X, 6 2 . CHAPTER VI RJtSTORATIOB ACTISQ Tha R a a to r a tlo n p a rlo d In t h a a t r a h la to r y n a l t b a r a p a rlo d o f g r a n t p la y a n o r a p a rlo d of g r o a t a o tln g . I t # ona a l g n l f l o a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n « m th a ooaady of a a » « r a , th a only typa o f drama from th a p a rlo d th a t l a o o o a a lo n a lly producad to d ay , p r im a r ily by o o lla g a a and u n l v a r a l t l a a . R a v a rth a la a a , f o r th a a tu d a n t of a o tln g h la t o r y tha R a a to r a tlo n l a an Im p o rta n t p a r lo d . For tha f l r a t tlmo w r i t o ra on th a t h a a t r a bag an to a a r l o u a ly oon- a l d a r th a a r t o f a o t ln g , In c lu d in g th a a t y l a of T arloua a o to r a , and th a r a alowly bagan to a v o ir# d u rin g t h l a tin # a th a o ry o f a o t l n g . Tha purpoaa of t h l a o h a p ta r waa to d a to rm in a tha o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a tlo n a o tln g baaad on th a ©on- ta a p o r a ry eomnant and o r l t l o l a a o f t h a t a o t ln g . Thla waa praoadad w ith aa an am in atio n o f a e h o la r ly o p in io n on l a a t o r a t l o n n o tin g . X. SCHOLARLY 0PIR10R OS RSSTOHATIOS ACTIVO Tha o p ln lo n a of a o h o la ra on R a a to r a tlo n a o t ln g waa n a l t h a r aa d lv ld a d aa I t waa on B lla a b a th a n a o t l n g , nor aa uniform aa I t waa on a a r l y o lg h to o n th -o o n tu ry a o t ln g . 201 2 oe fu rth e rm o re , t h i s purlod in Engllflh n o tin g was n o t g iv e n th* e x te n s iv e and d e t a i l e d c o n s id e r a ti o n a* were th* o th e r two p a r lo d e . L I1 ; B. C a m p b ell's a r t i c l e on e l g h te e n th - o e n tu r y a o tln g wa* c o n s id e re d In th* pr«o*dlng o h a p te r .* I t wa* n e c e s s a r y to r* p « a t a t th l* p o in t t h a t *h* la b * l* d th* • n t l r * p e rio d from 1690 to 17*1 a* "Th* P erio d of C l a * e l o l s a ." 8h* d id n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e , a* o t h e r a o h o la ra d id , betw een th a B a tta r t o n p a rlo d and tha C lb b er-W llk a- Booth-Q uin p a r lo d . Har a c c e p ta n c e o f 1690 aa the b e g in n in g d a t a o f t h l a p a rlo d waa p ro b ab ly due to o a r t a l n awi den 0 a which ap peared a t t h a t t i n * r e l a t i n g a o tln g to a ln g ln g . She a p p a r e n tly did n o t haw* s u f f i c i e n t awldano* on which to ban* any c o n c lu sio n * about th * c h a r a o t e r l a t l o * o f B n g llah n o tin g b e fo r e 1690, Two a o h o la ra who b a l l awed t h a t R a a to r a tlo n a c t i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t of B a t t a r t o n , wa* n a t u r a l war* A lfre d Herbage and W illiam Angus. H e rb a g e 's a r t i c l e was con- 2 *ld*r*d In d e t a i l I n C hapter IT , A ngus's a r t l o l * wa* oon*ld*r#d In d e t a i l In C h ap ter Both n*n war* n o t p r im a r il y co n o e m ad w ith R e s to r a ti o n a c t i n g In t h a l r re a p e o tlw e a r t i c l e s . 1 2 fluora. pp. l} 6 -* 0 , S u p ra , pp. 75-61• ^S u p ra . pp. 1*1-42, ?09 H erb age su w rtd up B a t t a r t o n ' * a c t i n g aa f o i l ownt . . . h la a c t i n g vaa n o t only e x c e l l e n t in q u a l i t y b u t n a t u r a l l a t l c In k in d . Wa a ra to l d a p a e l f l c a l l y t h a t ha epoke w ith o u t t o n e . n aa n ln g t h a t ha did n o t an to n a h l a l l n a a aa d id o a r t a l n Auguatan a o to ra whoaa a o t ln g had a u f f a r a d th a r e la p a a f ro n which O arrlok vaa u l t l a a t a l y to raao u a I t . * Angua, in h la a r t l o l a on tha a c t i n g of David O a rrlo k , waa of a a l n l l a r o p in io n . Ha th o u g h t th a a t y l a o f B a t t a r t o n waa n o t u n llk a t h a t o f O a rrlo k , and t h a t I t waa no t u n t i l tha t l n a o f Booth and Quin t h a t a o tln g d a g a n a ra ta d i n t o a r h a t o r l c a l , a r t i f i c i a l a t y l a . fhomaa B a t t a r t o n , I t aaaaia, avan In a p l t a o f th a l l t a r n r y a t y l a and d ra m a tu rg ic o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a p la y a o f tha t l n a , nanagad to a o t w ith fra a d o n and v a r l a t y , w ith o u t nono to n y , a r t l f l o a , o r a f f a o t a t l o n . In aooordanoa w ith n a t u r a l p r l n o l p l a a . Ha haa baan o o n ald arad th a d o a e a a d en t o f S h a k e a p e e re 'e own Burbaga, o a r r y ln g on th a t r a d i t i o n a l a t y l a whloh l a l n p l l a d In H a n l e t 'a apaaoh to th a p la y a r a .* V a lt h a r H arbaga n o r Angua baaad t h a l r co n c lu alo n a on a x ta n a lv a ra a a a ro h I n to R a a to r a tlo n a o t l n g . T h a lr eon- o lu a lo n a t h a r a f o r a wara l a r g e l y o o n j e o t u r a l . A lan Dovnar baaed h la o o n o lu alo n a on R a a to r a tlo n a o tln g on n o ra a x ta n a lv a e v ld e n o e . Ha waa n o t , however, aa a p a o l f l o about th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a tlo n n o tin g an ha waa ab o u t th a a o t ln g of o th e r p a rlo d e l a th a e l g h te e n th - o e n tu r y . Downer eonoluded t h a t th a a o tln g o f *H arbage, ”1 1 1 ta b e th a n A o tln g ,* p. 69*. a ^Angua, o i t . . p p . 9 0 - 9 1 . 210 ooaedy waa a a n n t r t d , bu t n o t a o r a ao th an th a e o n ta a p o ra ry U f a whloh I t r a p r a a a n ta d . Ha b e lie v e d t h a t h e r o ic d ra a a did n o t p a r a l t any typa o f n a t u r a l a o tln g . In tha r e r l v - a l a o f a a r l l a r r o a a n t lc p la y e . however. ha w rota t h a t *. . . a a rlo u a n a t u r a l a o tln g waa en p lo y ed . c o n a o lo u a lj and o o n e o l e n t l o u o l y D o w n a r o h a r a c t a r l s a d B a tta rto n * a a o tln g aa r a a t r a l n a d and t h l a typa o f r a a t r a l n a d a o t ln g t y p l f l a d tha aobool whloh ha r a p r a a a n ta d . I t aaana a a a fa o o n o lu alo n t h a t B a t t a r t o n 'a aohool o f a o tln g ta u g h t r a a t r a l n t . aaaa l a th a a o a t e x a g g e r- a ta d r o l a a . a r a a t r a l n t t h a t wao nada th a a o ra p o a- a l b l a by th a o a a lla a a a o f th a t h a a t a r a and th a a o to r* a h a b i t o f p la y in g on th a ap ro n o f th a a t a g a .? A lthough Downer b e lie v e d t h a t t h l a r a a t r a l n t d id n o t allow f o r th a uaa of l a r g e . r h a t o r l c a l g a a tu r a a . ha waa n o t o a r t a l n aa to how tha v o lo a wao uaad d u rin g th a B a a to r a tlo n p arlo d * Ha n o tad t h a t a f t a r 1692 ”. . . a n u a lo a l a a r and th a a b i l i t y to to n a worda waa a n ao a aa a ry p a r t o f th a a o to r* a e q u lp a e n t . " 0 Tha n a n n a r In whloh th a v o lo a waa uaad b a fo r a t h a t t i r e wao n o t a a ta b l la h a d by Bownar. In 1967 a a a r l a a o f o h o r t a r t l o l a a appaarad I n th a T h a a tra lo ta b o o k on B a a to r a tlo n a o t ln g . a n d . I n p a r t i c u l a r . on tha a o t ln g o f B a t t a r t o n . fh a a a a r t l o l a a w ara a l l ^Bownar. "B atu ra to Advantage B re a a e d ." pp. 1009-06. 7 I b l d . . p. 1006. SI b l d . . p. 1029. 211 conoeraed w ith w hether o r n o t B e tte r t o n and h la contemp o r a r i e s ch anted o r uaed a m usical q u a l i t y w hile on th e •ta g * * The f i r s t a r t l o l e to ap p ear waa by A. C. Sprague Q and waa t i t l e d * "Bid B e tte r t o n Chant? " 7 Sprague concen t r a t e d p r im a r ily on C olley Cibber*a p r a la e of B e tte r t o n and what waa known of C i b b e r 's a t y l e of a o tln g . I f C ib b e r 'a a t y l e waa th e aaae aa B e t t e r t o n , th e n he alm oet o e r t a l n l y ohanted and uaed a a u a lo a l q u a l i t y when he apoke. However, C ibber*a d e a o r l p tlo n a o f B e tte r to n I n d i c a te d t h a t t h l a waa n o t ao. Sprague concluded h la a r t l o l e w ith th e fo llo w in g a t a t e n e n t i B e tte r t o n may have o h an ted . But the evldenoe t h a t he d id ao ato p a f a r a b o r t o f p ro o f. C ib b er, e x c e l l e n t o r l t l o o f a o tln g aa he waa, n e v e r a a t l a f l e d h l a con te m p o ra rie s t h a t he oould h im s e lf perform t r a g i a p a r t e | and i t may w e ll be t h a t h l a ap eak ln g o f v e re e waa l i t t l e more than a t r a v e s t y on B e tte r t o n * a . The predom inant a t y l e o f B e tte rto n * a su o o se e o re — a solemn and monotonous d e o lam a tlo n — i s e x p r e s s ly d i s t i n g u i s h e d from hie.* ® The e d i t o r . In th e same la e u e o f th e T h eatre B otebook. a p p a re n tly I n t r i g u e d by t h i s s u b j e c t , asked t h a t th e r e a d e r s w r i te l a and g iv e t h e i r o p in io n s on th e sub- J e o t o f w hether o r n o t B e tte r t o n o h a n t e d T h e answ ers o 'A r t h u r Colby S prague, "Bid B e t t e r t o n Chant?*, T h e a tre l o t e b o o k . 1 (O otober, 19*6), *4-95. 1 0 l b i d . ^ T h e a tre lo te b o o k . I (O o to b er, 1946), 53. 21? t h a t fo llo w e d , alth o u g h I n t e r e s t i n g o p in io n s , were n o t, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , baaed on adequate ev ld e n o e . Gordon B o tto s le y r e p l i e d th a t bo th B e tte r t o n and Burbage * • • d id e o a e th in g t h a t s i g h t be o a l l e d n e a r- o h a a tla g — sp eak in g s o r e (b u t n o t w holly) f o r the oenee than s t r i c t oh a n tin g would perml t | b u t r e g u l a t i n g t h e tone In r e l a t i o n to th e r h y th s , and v o c a l i s i n g ( t h a t l a g iv in g o o a t l a u l t y o f to n e) s o r e than I n o o llo q u l a l sta g e -e p e e o h o f th e p r e s e n t day*1' Edward Dent p o in te d out th e I n t i n s t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between B e t t e r t o n and Devenant and D av e n an t'e I n t e r e s t I n 1 1 1 1 ft r e o l t a t l v o . Be su g g e ste d t h i s type o f a u a lo a l d e o - l a a a t l o n had so n s I n flu e n c e on B e t t e r t o n 's a c t i n g . 1^ John S tead p o in te d out th e p assag e In John Hi1 1 ' a The A otor whloh a e n tlo n e d the r e o l t a t l v e s t y l e o f d e l i v e r y f o r n e r l y l a u se on th e f o g l l s h s t a g e . H i l l ' s w ritin g s were o o n sld e re d In C h ap ter V and I t was d l f f l o u l t to d e t e r a l n e w hether H i l l was r e f e r r i n g to H e s to ra tlo n o r e a r l y e lg h te e n th - o e n tu r y a o t ln g . H o llle Sands, added l i t t l e t o th e d is c u s s io n of ^ O o rd o n B o t to s le y . "Did B e tte r t o n C h an t?", T h e a tre le t e b o o k . I (J a n u a ry , 1947), 79. ^ " D l d B e tte r t o n (and h i s S u o o esso re) Chant?", The a t r e B otsbook. X ( J u l y , 1947), 119-14. Two o th e r a u t h o r s , a lth o u g h n o t n r l n a r l l y oonoersed w ith H e s to r a tlo n n o tin g , o o sn en ted on th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e r e o l t a t l v e a t y l e I n f lu e n c in g H e s to ra tlo n n o tin g . They were Montague B annere, The P layhouse o f B e s r s . p . 49 and A rth u r H. H e th e rc o t. H^r ¥ 1 1 I I a s P a y c n a a l. P o e t L a u re a te y | Plawwri e h t - B n a u f r . p. you. u n f o r tu n a te l y t h e r e vaa l n a u m o l e n t e v ld e s e e to e s t a b l i s h a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p . ?X3 B e t t e r t o n 'e a t y l e , only p o in te d ou t th a t tha o lo aa con n e c t i o n batwaan a ln g ln g and a c tin g waa m a in ta in ed long 14 a f t e r the R a a to r a tlo n p e rio d . lo n e o f th e a r t l o l a a in the T h e a tre Rotebook pro vided w e ll doouaented o onolualona on the c h a r e o t e r l a t l c a of K e e to ra tlo n a o tln g . One Ban who devoted a g r e a t d e a l o f a t t e n t i o n to R a a to r a tlo n a o t l n g waa John H arold W llaon. M oreover, W llaon waa a p e o l f l o and d e t a i l e d In h la a n a ly a la o f the o h a r a o t e r l a t l o a o f a o tln g d u rin g th e t i n e o f B e t t e r t o n . He f l r a t e ip re a a e d h la vlewa In a b io g r a p h ic a l atudy of H e ll Owyn. In I t he a t a t e d t T ra g e d le e were a o te d In a f o r a a l , h ig h ly a r t l f l o l a l a t y l e . The p la y e ra a t r u t t a d , b ellow ed, and In to n ed t h e i r l l n e a o f v e ra e , o o n te r tl n g t h e i r b o d le a l a a t y l l e e d g e a t u r e . They were f o r e v e r d ro p p in g to t h e i r k n e e a . g e t t i n g up, f l i n g i n g th e a e e lv e a I n t o ao a eb o d y 'a a rn a (o r "on h l a neok” ), f a l l i n g baok In a l a r * w ith fa e a a a v e r t e d , o la a a ln g handa to h e a r t o r h ea d , a l l a o o o rd ln g to r u l e .* * In an a r t l o l e w r i t t e n In 1959 Wllaon d e a l t e p e o lf - l o a l l y w ith th a uaa of v o lo a on th e R e a to r a tlo n a ta g e . I t waa o a l le d "R an t, C ant, and Tone on th e R e a to r a tlo n S t a g e . O n th a b a a la o f o o n a ld o re b le e v id e n o e , ^ * K o llle Sande, "Rid B a tta r t o n (and h lo Suooeoaora) C hantT ", Theatre lo ttb ttftk . I ( A p r i l , 19*7), 99-100. ^ J o h a H arold W llaon, l e l l O w n . Roval H ia tr e e a (lew Yorki B e l l e g r l n i A Oudahy, 19*217 p. a ? . l *John H arold W llaon, "R ant, C ant, and Tone on th e p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t found In th a a ta g a d l r a c t l o n a o f ooaa- d la a p aro d y in g th a t r a g i o a t y l a , W llaon oonoludadi . . . t h a r a l a a good d a a l of awldanoa to ahow t h a t th a R a a to r a tlo n tr a g a d la n tandad to h a llo w h l a pa>- a lo n a a t th a to p o f h l a lu n g a , to aaka lo v a I n a k in d o f w hina, o r o a n t— a o n a th ln g I l k a th a nannarad apaaeh o f h a g g a ra , h a l l a a n , p a r ia h o la r k o , and a o n - o o a f o r a l a t p ra a o h a ra — and to d a o l a in h la l l n a a In a oadanoad, a u a l o a l " h a ro lo to n a .* l7 Wllaon found t h r a a a la n a n ta whloh o h a r a o t a r la a d th a a o t ln g o f R a a to r a t lo n drama— r a n t i n g , c a n t i n g , and to n in g . Ha d a f ln a d to n in g ao fo llo w a i . . . a g a n o ra l t a r n d a a o r lp tlw a o f th a oadanoad, a u a l o a l o f f o o t aought i n d r a a a t l o d a o l a n a t lo n i prop a r l y I t would ln o lu d a th a w hining o r o a n tin g o f th a r o a a n t l o lo w a r .i* Ha d la o g ra a d w ith bo th C a ap b all and Downar who a a ta b l la h a d th a d a ta a of 1 6 9 0 and 1 6 9 2 r a a p a o tlv a ly aa th a p ro b a b la b ag in n in g a o f t h l a typa o f apaaoh on tha a ta g a . Ha b a lla v a d t h a t I t waa uaad th ro u g h o u t th a R a a to r a tlo n p a r l o d . 19 W llaon d id eonoada t h a t B a tta r t o n nay n o t hawa o h a n ta d . T hla wao, howawar, th a on ly a x o a p tlo n ha waa w i l l i n g to maka to h l a g a n a ra l o o n o lu o lo n t h a t r a n t i n g , o a n t in g , and to n in g wara th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a uaa o f ▼oloa I n R a a to r a tlo n n o tin g . R a a to r a t lo n S t a g a , ” ttt u d la t P h i l o l o g y . LII (1 9 5 9 ), 592-96* 17lb ld . . p. 592* 1SIb ld . . p. 595. 19Ib ld . . p. 597. 213 W llaon e n la rg e d up><n h la o p in lo n a on R a a to r a tlo n 70 a o tln g i n h la book All th a Klna*e L a d le a . T hla waa an In fo rm a tiv e atudy of tha a o tra a a a a of tha R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a . In I t ha a t a ta d t h a t u n d ar th a c o n d ltlo n a of th a R a a to r a tlo n t h a a t r a " . . . a o - o a lla d n a t u r a l a c tin g would 21 have baan h o p eleae.* In g e n e ra l* a o tln g waa c h a r a o t e r - lead by o v e r p la y in g w ith V . . a e c a n tu a tlo n by to n a and 22 g e o t u r e ." f l p e o l f l c a l l y , on tha uaa of th a voloa* Wllaon aald I t waa oadanoad r a e l t a t l v a and had a a u a l o a l q u a l i t y In v o lv in g tha uaa o f to n a a . Each e r o t l o n had l t a o o r r e - 23 apondlng tona f ix e d by t r a d i t i o n and r u l a . D le tre a a In trag ad y " . . . waa ahown by loud la a a n ta tlo n a * b r a a a t - baatlng* and t a a r a . . . . " Tha i*nge o f ap p roaohlng death " . . . wara ahown by f r i g h t f u l g r ln e c e and h a l t i n g apaaoh. . . . Tha a o tlo n o f th a R a a to r a tlo n a o t o r waa aa a r t l * f l o l a l a a h la uaa o f v o lo a . Wllaon a t a t a d i "Ha walked* poeed, and g a a tu ra d ao o o rd ln g to r i g i d eonventlona* a o o e p ta b le on th a ataga* b u t r ld lo u lo u a In th a c o n te x t of 20John H arold Wllaon* All th a Kina*a L a d la a . A S l U U U t o r a t io n (C hleagot Tha U n lv e r a lty o f Chicago Freee* 193B). 2 0 0 pp. ? I I b l d . . p. 48. 2 2 I b l d . 23I t l d . . p. 33. 2*Ib ld .. p. 62. 2 , Ib ld . . p. 63. 216 26 o rd in a ry l l f a . " Tha p a r t s of tha hody ", . . wara 27 a l n o s t c o n s ta n tl y In a o t l o n . ” Wllaon p ro v ld sd t h l a I l l u s t r a t i o n o f th a t y p i c a l a o t o r i Vs aaa th a ty p lo a l a o to r p o sin g g r a o s f u l l y , p o i n t in g h s r a , t h s r a , and a v s ry w h srs, th u sp in g h i s b r s a s t , r a i s i n # h i s a r a s In a n a s s n a n t, s p rs a d ln g th a n wlds In walooms, s t r s t o h l n g than forw ard In s u p p l i c a t i o n , and d ro p p in g th a n to h i m s i das In r s s l g n a t l o n — a l l w h lla a n to n in g h i s w ords . 70 W ilson baasd aany o f h i s c o n c lu s io n s on C h a rla s O lld o n 'a LI fa o f B a t t a r t o n . Ha aooaptad th a m i s s on th a uaa of v o lo a and g s s t u r s o o n ta ln a d t h a r a i n aa B a t t a r t o n 's own. B a r tr a n Josaph was a ls o co n o am ad w ith th a o h arao - t a r l s t l o s of R a s to r a tl o n a o tln g i n h la book Tha T raalo A o to r. Ha n o t only aooaptad tha d s s o r l p t l o n s of a o tln g pu t forw ard by W ilson, bu t addsd a n o t h s r t a r n to tha uaa of th a v o lo a which ha la b a ls d th a * n a s a l tw a n g .” Tha n a s a l twang was uaad by P u r it a n n l n l s t a r s and i t s uaa r l d l o u l s d In R a s to r a tl o n l l t s r a t u r s . ”Ths n a s a l twang was o a r t a l n l y to ba h aa rd among tha p l a y s r s on th a R a s to r a tl o n a t a g a . I n th a d a l l v a r y o f tra g a d y tha lo v a rs whlnad and d r a n a t l e n o n a n ts w ars p r o js o ta d w ith f a l s a r a n t i n g . A lso , th a a o to ra uaad a to n a i n s p s a k ln g . g*I b l d . . p. 56. ?7 l b l d . ^ I b l d . . p. 57. 2 9Jo aap h , Tha t r a a l o A o to r. p. 29. 217 . . . a b o tIc # had to la a r n how to TI17 tha p l t o h l a a l o c a t i o n and oadanoa w ith o u t baoo*An| ao n o to n o u a, w ith o u t le n g th e n in g th a word*, and w ith o u t 0 ban t i n g , i n th a a f f o r t to aaka uaa o f th a f u l l a u a lo a l ra n g a of th a apaak&ng voloa* I t l a p ro b a b la t h a t u a / a o t o r a apaka u n n a t u r a l I t and In a e h a n t o r n a a r-o h a n t* h u t In ao T a rla d and n a lo d lo u a a a a n n a r t h a t t h a l r a u d la n o a a wara oonquarad by a h a a r v o c a l Q u a l i t y f l r r a a p a o t l v a of tha r a a l naada o f th a lln a a .^ O Joaaph f u r t h a r oonoludad t h a t th a a o tln d o f B a tta r t o n ap p a arad I lk a n a t u r a l apaaoh l n t a n a l f l a d t o h lo a u d lan eao , a lth o u g h ha would oound ao I f ha wara c h a n tin g a l l g h t l y I f p ra o a n t day audlanoaa wara t o h a a r h im .3 * Edwin D uarr waa a a a a n t l a l l y In agraam ant w ith bo th W llaon and Joaaph aa to th a n a t u r a o f R a a to ra tlo n n o t I n f . 32 Ha d a a e rlh a d I t aa *. . . f la n h o y a n t o r a t o r y . . . Ha b a lla v a d t h a t th a a a n n a r In whloh th in n o wara aald waa n o ra l n p o r t a n t than th a o o n ta n t o f what waa a a ld . Tha a o to ro t h a r a f o r a davalopad an a r t l f l o l a l * c o n v e n tio n a l typa of d a l l v a r y in whloh av a ry th in g — ln a f ln a tio n * f a a l - lBfa* and n a t u r a l n a a a —wara o o n tr o lla d by Judgaont. "A otlng . . . waa avaryday u t ta r a n o a and b a h a rlo r a l a v a t a d I n t o formal* r a a p a e ta b la a r t . * 33 D uarr a la o oonoludad t h a t th a ra wao no p ro o f t h a t B a tta r t o n ohantad on t h a a t a g a . 54 ^ I b l d . . p. 5 0 . 3*Duarr* ££. i l l * » P* 171 3 3I b l d . . p. 193. 3I l b l d *. p. 399 ^ I b l d . . p. 212. ?18 Thla r e v la v of e o h o la rly opinion on R e s to r n tlo n a o t ln g I n d ic a te d t h a t s c h o la r s w e n not in com plete e f n e - s e n t aa to th e o h a r a o t e r l a t l c a o f the a c t i n g of t h a t p « r lo d . A lthough two a u th o rs b e lie v e d t h a t i t waa a n a t u r a l a t y l a o f a c t i n g , thoa* a u th o rs who e x p lo re d th a e u b je o t e x t e n s iv e ly aaanad to b e l i e v e t h a t i t waa a o ra or l a a a fo ra a l* O h a r l f Q lld o n «na T h. L lf« o f H r. T h o ... g . t t . r t o n In 1710 a c u rlo u a and now h i s t o r i c book appaarad I n f tilla n d w ith an u n u a u a lly long t l t l a . I t appaarad a t f l r a t g la n c e t h a t t h l a wao a b io g rap h y o f th a R a a to r a tlo n * a a o a t faaoua a o t o r . However, th a f a o t waa t h a t only seven out o f th a 176 pages wara a u to b lo g ra p h - l o a l . Tha purpooa o f th a r a a t : f tha book waa to ba found i n p a r t of th a r a a a ln ln g t l t l a i Wherein th a A otlon U tta ra n o a o f th a S t a i a . B ar, and P u l p i t , a r a d l e t l n o t l v o o n a ld a r a d . As I f t h l a wara n o t s u f f i c i e n t , tha a u th o r f u r t h a r ln o lu d a d a oo p j o f B a tta rto n * a p la y Tha Amorous Widow, or th a Wanton W lfa. Tha g a n a ra l a u th o r o f t h l a i n t e r e s t i n g o o l l s o t l o n o f m a t e r i a l s waa n o t g iv e n . H odam a o h o la r a h lp h a s a s s ig n e d i t to C h a rlaa O lld o n . Tha aaoond p a r t o f th a book, a lo n g and o f te n r e p e t i t i o u s d le o u s a io n d ev o ted p r im a r il y to th a a r t o f a o t ln g , waa th a seotlom o f g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t to t h a a t r a h i s t o r i a n s . However, t o f u r t h e r oonfuaa a o h o la r a , th e a u th o r w rota t h a t th a p a r t of 219 th e book on th s s t a g s , b a r, mid p u l p i t was g lv s n to h in toy B s t t s r t o n d u rin g mn a fte rn o o n v i s i t s t h i s h o u ss, snd B e tte r t o n I n tu rn hsd ts k s n th s n fro n s s s r l s s o f aanu- s o r l p t s in h i s p o s s s a s lo n . Ths v a l i d i t y o f th s s ta te m e n ts o f a u th o rs In th o s s days was n o t to bs t r u s t s d and aany a o h o la ra d la p u ts d th s s i a o t r s l a t l o n a h l p bstw ssn B e tte r t o n and th s t r s a t l s a on a o t ln g . K arl K a n ts lu s , an s a r l y t h s a t r s h i s t o r i a n of t h i s osntury> w rots t h a t *. . . B s t t s r t o n was probably th s f i r s t t h s o r l a t anon* m g 11 ah a o t o r a . . . A. R. l a g l s r s t a t s d i " C e rta in s s o t l o n s In which t h s d u t l s s o f a p la y s r a r s s n u a s ra ts d nay have b s s n bassd upon a u t h s n t l o B s t t s r t o n l a n n o te s . C ols and Chlnoy oonosdsd t h a t th s p a r t of th s book c a l l s d "Ths A rt o f P la y in g " psrhaps . . d id o r i g i n a t e w ith B s t t s r t o n . . • . • Kaogowan and K s l n l t s In Ths L iv in g w rots t h a t B s t t s r t o n ”. . . w rots th s f i r s t long n a n u a l on a o t l n g . * * ."** B. L. Joseph I n I l l s a b s t h a n b e lie v e d t h a t th s I n s t r u c t i o n s to a c t o r s ?* K a n ts lu s , ^ C o i e and Chlnoy, op. c l t . , p. 97* ^ K e n n e th Kaogowan and W lllla n K s l n l t s , _2 l l U l i M (m g lsw o o d C l i f f s , K . J . i P r s n t l o s - H a l l , I n o . , 1991 )* p. W . 22 0 r e p re a e n te d B e t t e r t o n 'a vlewa on th a a u b j a e t . Thare waa only c o n j e c t u r a l agreem ent aa to who waa th a a u th o r. Tha Im p o rta n t p o in t waa* a i waa l a t a r ahown, t h a t th a ld e a a belonged to n a l t h a r O lldon n o r B a t t a r t o n , b u t to Prenoh and o l a a a l o a l aouroaa which wara m erely p arap h raaad by th a 40 w r l t a r . Tha aaaa a a t a r l a l waa r a p a a ta d In a book pub- 11 ahad In 1741 a n t l t l a d Tha H lato rv o f th a B r l t l a h fltaaa w ith th a a u th o r 1 1 a ta d aa Thoaaa B a t t a r t o n who had d la d In 1710. A uthorahlp waa a a c rlb a d by a c h o la r a to a l t h a r W illiam Oldya o r Edmund C u r l I . 41 Tha a l g n lf l o e n o e o f Olldon*a book waa n o t in th a a tte m p t to d a t a r n ln a l t a a u th o ra h lp , b u t In th a f a c t t h a t I t waa th a f l r a t a x ta n a lv a manual on tha a r t o f a c tin g to ap p aar i n England. D uerr o a lla d I t ". . . th a f l r a t 42 European book on a o t l n g . ” l a g l e r oonoludad t h a t i t waa " . . . o f o o n a ld a ra b la l n t a r a a t to anyona t r y i n g to reo o n - a t r u o t th a a o tln g a t y l a o f tha p e r io d ." * ^ , 9Jo aap b , 111imbct h a n A o t l n a . p. 149. * ° 0 f . W ilbur 8 . H ow alla, "Souroee o f th a B looutlanm ry Movement I n E ngland■ 1 7 0 0 -1 7 4 ?," Q u a rte rly J o u r n a l Ppaaoh. ZLT (P a b ru a ry , 1 9 9 9 ), 9 -1 1 . Thoaaa B a t t a r t o n , Tha H la to ry o f th a fej 5 1 | | | i XCflft J b l R a a ta u r a tlo n to tn a ^ F r a a a a t Tltia ( Londont P r in t e d f o r K. C u r l l , 1741), lc 7 pp. 42 Ih iarr, c l t . . p. 205. 45 ' l a g l e r , ££ . O lt. . p. 220. 2 2 1 Aa wan th« o ta c w ith S te a l* e s s a y s , t h i n book waa the p ro d u ct of th* t r a n s i t i o n a l p e rio d fro * R e s to r a ti o n to e a r ly e i g h te e n th - c e n t u r y a o t l n g . Although I t was baaed l a r g e l y on f o r e ig n o r o l a s s l o a l so u ro ee I t r e p r e s e n te d the a o tln g o f bo th p e r io d s . The a u th o r s e t f o r t h h i s purpose in th e K p le tl* D ed icato ry to ftlohard S t e e l e . X f l a t t e r n y e e lf t h a t I aa (a a f a r aa X know) th s f i r s t , who In n i g l l e h h a s a t t s a p t e d t h i s e u b j e o t, In th e e x ta n t o f th* d ls o o u r s * b e f o r e you, so X an a p t to b a i l e r s , t h a t X have p r e t t y w e ll ex h a u sted the n a t t e r t and l a i d down euoh g e n e r a l and p a r t l e u l a r r u l e s , a s nay r a i s e th e sta g * f ro * th e p r e s e n t n e g l e o t I t l l e e u n d e r. . . O lldon d id n o t , o f c o u r s e , e x h a u st th e n a t t e r f o r h la was only th* f i r s t o f hundreds of books t h a t were devoted to the a r t of a c t i n g . O lldon a ls o aoknowledged t h a t he borrowed nany o f th* r u l e s " . . . f r o n th* f r e n c h , bu t th * fren o h drew * o s t o f then f ro n Q u i n t i l 11an, and a s o th e r a u t h o r s . " O lldon*s o o n aen ts on a o tln g th e o ry showed an I n t e r e s t In th e p ro b le n of a r t v s . n a t u r e . He nad* H a a l * t 'a "Advice to the F l a y e r s ” a o r l t l o a l t e n e t th ro u g h o u t th * book. C h a rle s O lld o n , X b i Ibid. , p. lx B t j f r t o n 222 G lldon b a lla v a d t h a t only th#- mo t o r who v a i a g r e a t g en lu a waa a b le to r e l y a o le ly upon n a t u r a and ” . . . A rt n u a t ba o o n au ltad In tha Study o f tha l a r g e r Share o f tha uaad w ith o a u tlo n and n a tu ra ”. . . ought to ba th a . . . to ex p rea e V atura J u s t l y , ona a u a t ba n e a t e r o f V atura In a l l l t a A ppearanoee, which oan o n ly ba drawn fro n O b aa rratio n a* whloh w i l l t a l l u a ( t h a t th a P aaalona and H a b lta o f th a Rind d le o o r e r th e n a e lv e e In our Looka* A otlona and G ea tu re e.^ S I t waa fro n tha o b a a r r a tio n a o f n a tu r a t h a t O lldon waa a b la to davalop a a y a ta n o f a o tln g which in c lu d a d a ta n d a rd la a d uaa of voloa and g c a tu r a . Every P aealon o r E kotlon of tha Hind haa f r o n V atura l t a p ro p a r and p a o u l l a r Countananoaav Sound and G aaturai and th a whola Body of Man* a l l hi a Looka* and a r a r y Sound o f h l a V oice, i l k a a t r l n g e on an I n a t r u - nant* r a e a l r a t h e i r Sounda fro n tha r a r lo u a Xnpulae of tha P a a a lo n a .*9 O lldon agreed t h a t I t waa d i f f i c u l t to d a f ln a e x a o tly what n a t u r a waa in a o tln g * th a r a f o r a " . . . th a r a aaana a n a o a a a lty o f aoaa Karka or Rulaa to f ix th a S tan d ard o f what l a V a tu r a ! . and what n o t , a la a I t l a a lo o a a vague Word of no nannar o f Uaa o r A u th o r ity . ” * 0 Thaaa "aark a or r u la a " fo rn tha g r e a t p o r tio n of th a P ro fe e e o re o f t h l a A rt However, a r t waa to ba Player* a a l a t r e a a . " Ha f u r t h e r w tatadi 4 * I b l d . , p. 41. 46 I b i d . , p. 41. * °I b l d . . p. 8 8 . 47I b ld . . p. 66 *9Ib ld . . p. 43 22 3 s e c tio n devoted to a c tin g . I t appeared t h a t Glldon developed a ey e ten davoid o f e a o tlo n o r any sen ae of r e a l i t y . A c a r e f u l ex a m in a tio n o f h la work proved t h n t t h l a waa n o t t r u a . Two e x a n p la s , n o t baaed on Frenoh or o l a a a l c a l a u t h o r i t y , O lldon gave f ro * tha t h e a t r e of h la day. S a n ja a ln Johnaon waa ao co n v in c in g In a p a r t t h a t ha w ro tei ". . . I could not p arauada a y a a l f th a t I t wna a c t i n g b u t th a R e a l i t y . . . . 1,51 And Mr*. Bradahaw had to ld h i* " * • • X b M l ihl tndfFQur'd flr a t to r.tfle till S J tlt im tr iH £ l h XI l i £ i ’ MA i £ l l 12ll Z U m l&l Action lo s? B a t u r a . * In a a t a t a a e n t t h a t aaaaad to s u * * a r lt* t h l a p a r t of h la th a o ry ha w rotei . . . Tha F la y e r . . . ought to f o r* In h la hind a vary a tro n g Id a a of tha S u b je c t o f h l a F aaa lo n , and than th a F aaalon I t e a l f w i l l no t f a l l to fo llo w , r l a a i n t o th a Eyaa, and a f f a o t bo th tha Sanaa and Undar- a ta n d ln g o f tha 8 p a o ta to r a w ith tha aaaa Tender- n aaa. . . ,5* O lld o n 'a a o tln g th e o ry , alth o u g h e v e n tu a lly degen e r a t i n g I n to a a a r l a a o f r u la a f o r th a e x p re a a lo n of p a r t i c u l a r a a o tlo n a waa n o t, th a n , p u re ly n eo h a n lo e l or a r t l f l o l a l . Ha re o o g n lte d th a n a o a a a lty o f a a y a ta * baaed on n a tu r a and t h a t h l a r u la a war* only a f f a o t l v a I f th* a o t o r f a i t th* e a o tlo n o f th* p a r t . 31I b ld . . p. 39 33I t l d . . p. 70 5gIb ld . . p. *1. 224 O l l d o n '■ a p e o l f i c th e o ry on th e u re of n o tio n woe developed along th e l l n e a o f h ie g e n e r a l a o tln g th e o ry . I t vaa a l g n l f l o a n t t h a t he d id no t w r i t e t h a t a o tln g waa to be n a t u r a l * b u t " . . . mi a t ap p ear p u re ly n a tu r a l* aa th e g en u in e O ffa p rln g o f th a th ln g a you e i p r e a a . . . O lldon a la o p o in te d ou t th e d l f f e r e n o e between the a o tio n o f the b a r o r p u l p i t to th a t of the a t a g e . On the ata g e ”. . . the S tu d e n t a llo w a a o re atrong* v iv id and ▼ lolent O eature to th e F la y e , than to e i t h e r o f the o t h e r a . * ^ The worda O lldon uaad to d e a o rlb e a o tio n — deo o ru a, r e g u l a r i t y * g o v e ra a e n t, o r d e r , b a la n c e , and g ra o e — a l l l n d lo a te d a d e f i n i t e ad h ereao e to a o l a a e l o a l t r a d i t i o n In a o t l n g . A otion wan to have two l a p o r t a n t o h a r a o t e r l e t l o e . F lr a t* I t wae to be v a r ie d and u n a ffe o te d * and aeoond, I t waa to be ad apted to the c h a r- a o t e r and to the e a o tlo n t h a t th e a o t o r p o rtray ed * Y a r le ty In a o tln g waa a r e c u r r i n g th e a e In O lldon*a w r l t l n g a . He l n a l a t e d on I t to auoh an e x te n t t h a t I t waa o o a a ld e ra d a o r l t l o l e n o f th e a o tln g o f h la o o n te n p o r- a r l e a . B ehavior and g e a tu re * he w ro te , o o n a la te d . . . of a l n o e t aa many a o tlo n a * aa th e r e are a o v e a b le F a r ta o f th e Body, a l l node w ith a o e r t a l n a g r e e a b le H eaeure between one a n o th e r , and a t th e aaae t i n e aaew erab le to t h a t o f Speeoh, whloh eaay and ** Ib ld . , pp. 53-54 *5Ib ld . . p. 57. ??3 u n a ffa o ta d In b a c o a iln g .^ V hlla ha d a a o rlb a d ln n u n a ra b la r u l a a f o r a o tio n ha waa o a r a f u l to p o in t o u t t h a t t "You a u a t a la o hava a p a c u l l a r Cara of a v o id in g a l l n a n n e r of A f f a c ta t lo n In 7 OUT Aotion and Q a a tu ra . . . . * 57 In th a a d j u a tn a n t of a o t ln g to tha c h a r a o t a r and a n o tlo n ha w ro ta t h a t B. . . th a A otion o f a F la y e r l a t h a t t vhloh l a a g r a a a b la to P a ra o n a tlo n , o r tha S u b jeo t ha r e p r e s e n t s . Ona ex a n p le o f tha numerous r u l a a O lldon d av laad f o r th a uaa of a o t io n waa a u f f l o l a n t to l l l u a t r a t a th a n a t u r a of a l l th a r u l a a i "A l i f t i n g or to a a ln g up o f tha Hand l a tha O aatu ra o f F rid a and A rroganoe. C a rry in g tha Head a l o f t l a th a alg n o f Jo y , V ic to ry , and Trium ph." O lld o n davalopad a l n l l a r r u la a f o r tha uaa of g a a t u r a , ayabrow a, s o u t h , 11 p a, handa, a t o . In tha uaa o f th a v o lo a O lldon waa more a p a o lf lo l a h l a o r l t l o l e m o f a o t o r a . In ona p lao a ha r a f a r r a d to than a s *. . . o u r baw ling aotora* . * , On a a v a r a l ocoa- a I o n s ha w ro ta o f a o to r a who uaad too nuoh loudnaaa in t h s l r v o lo a a . Of youngar a o to ra ha s a id t h a t *6I b l d . . p. 33- *7 l b l d .- p. 33. ** I b l d . . p. 33- 5 9I b l d *. p. *3. <0 I b l d *. p. 2 9 . ?2 6 . . . many of th en th in k In # th* making a Kola* re n d * re th e n ag r* * ab l* to th* Audlano*, b*a*ua* » f*v o f th* U pp*r-O all*ry ol*p th * loud E f f o r t * o f t h * l r Lunge, In which t h * l r U nderstanding ha* no e h a r * . ° l A otora who had *uoo**d*d th* R * e to ra tlo n a o t o r Goodaan In L **'e Al*»and*r th* Q r*at ”. . . w*r* t u r * to hollow i t ou t i n *uch a manner, t h a t th* v o le * would f a l l th an b a fo r* th* In d . . . . " l o t only d id a o to r* u*« too nuoh loudn*** to pl*a** th* a u d l* n o * ( b u t a la o a o to r* a l a t a k l n g l y th o u g h t ”. . . t h a t t h l a onornoua Loudn*aa g iv e * a M ajoaty and Fore* to what they a a y . . . . ■ O lldon a la o no t* d a laok o f v a r i e t y In th* ua* of th* v o lo * , nuoh a* h* had n o tic e d a laok o f v a r i e t y In th* uaa o f a a t l o a . H*r* a g a i n , th* volo* waa to b* v a r l* d ao o o rd ln g to th* o h a r a o to r and th * p te a lo n . Kany oonpa t e n t a o to r a laok*d t h l a v a r i e t y ”. . . k e e p in g a 1waya in th * earn* I d e n t i t y o f Sound, In th * vary aan* X*y, n ay , th* I n d iv id u a l l o t * . . • .* In eon* oaa*a t h l a a ln o * t h*oan* ”o a n t” whloh h* d e fin e d a* *. . . a whol* Dla* ooura* tu r n in g e t l l l on th* *an* l o t * and Ton*. . . T hla typ* o f d e l i v e r y wa* ua*d In th* p u l p i t by d la a a n t ln g n l n l a t e r a d u r in g p rc v lo u a t i n e a . In on* a a o tlo n o f O lld o n 'a d la o u a a lo n on th * ua* of *XI b l d . . p. 15. <3 I b l d . . p. 1 0 1 . * F* 10^* 6*Ib ld . . p. SA. 64Ib ld . . p. 102. ??7 voio#, It ulnont appaarad that ha advocated a conplataly natural atyla of voeal dallvary. . * . V a r ia tio n of tha Volaa la foundad In V atura, ao tha n a a r a r you approaoh to V a tu ra , th a n a a r a r you ooac to P a r f a o t l o n t and th a f a r t h a r you a r a fro a h a r , th a n o ra y lo lo u a l a your P r o n u n c ia tio n . Tha laaa a f f a o ta d th a b a t t a r , f o r a n a t u r a l T a r l a t l o n l a auoh th a b a a t | th a a a a l a a t way o f a r r i v i n g a t w hloh, la a J u a t O b aarv a tlo n o f ooaaon D laoouraa, and to alnd how you apaak y o u r a a l f l a C o n v a ra atlo n i how a woman axpraaa»a n a r Paaalon f o r an I n j u r y r a o a l v 'd , h ar O r la f f o r th a Loaa of a Kuabaad, o r any t h i n g d aa r to h a r , and f r o a th a a a O b a a rra tio n a an d a aro u r to fo ra y o u r P ro n u a o la tlo n In p u b llo , w ith th la o n ly d l f f a r - anoa, t h a t you o o n a ld a r how auoh lo u d o r y o u r Voloa ought to ba h aa rd l a a l l thoaa P a r t l o u l a r a , a t auoh a D latan o a aa th a B taga. • . . Tha b o at A otora ehaaga t h a l r Voloa a o o o rd la g to th a Q u a i l t l a a o f th a Paraona thay r a p r a a a n t , and th a O o a d ltlo n thay a r a I n , o r th a S u b ja o t o f t h a l r D laoouraai alwaya ap aaklng In tha aana Tona on th a B tag a, aa th a y would do I n a Boon, a llo w in g f o r O latan o a.* * U n f o r t u n a t a l y , O lldon d id n o t ato p w ith t h l a a t a t a - ■ant b u t prooaadad to p ra a a n t d o t a l l a d and o o n p ra h a n a lra r u l a a o f tha v o lo a p ro p a r to p a r t l e u l a r a n o tlo n a and o h a r a o ta r a . H o rao v ar, th a ra waa . . In a l l good Spaaoh • • . a a o r t o f H ualo, w ith K aapaot to l t a H aaau ra, Tina and T u n a . * ^ T hla tuna waa auoh t h a t I t . . nay ba p rlok*d down aa w a ll aa any n u a lo a l Tuna. . . Thla waa a l l to ba r a g u la ta d by n a t u r a and tru a a n o t lo n . Vhaa you a r a t h a r a f o r a to ap aak , you ou g h t f l r a t w ith o ara to o o n a ld a r tha n a t u r a o f tha T hing whloh you a r a to ap a ak , and f i x a d a tp ln p r a a s lo n of I t l a “ a u . , pp. 100-09 M i m . 226 y o u r Kindi b e fo re you can be th o ro u g h ly to u c h 'd w ith i t j o u r ■ • I f , o r a b le by a g re e a b le Sympathy to convey th a i u i F aaa lo n to another* Ona of th a r u la a on tha uaa o f th a v o lo a waa a la o a u f f l o l a n t to e p l t o n l a e a l l tha r u l a a t " . . . expreea Lora by a gay, a o f t and charm ing V oicaj . , , H a ta . by a 70 a h a rp , s u l l e n , and aevere ona. . . ." In h la oomaente on o h a r a o t a r l a a t l o n O lldon b e lie v e d t h a t th a a o to r ahould l d a n t l f y w ith th a o h a r a o ta r ha waa p o r tr a y in g . Tha aotor* ha w ro ta , " . . . a u a t tra n sfo rm 71 h la a a l f In to a v a ry Faraon ha r a p r a a a n t a . . . . " On tha K e a to ra tlo n a o tra a a * Kra. Barry* ha o o m e n te d t h a t ". . . aha alwaya a n ta r a I n to h a r F a r t , and l a tha Faraon 12 aha r a p r a a a n t a ." O lldon c r i t i c i s e d thoae a o to ra who did no t a a l n t a l n o h a r a o t a r o o n a la ta n o y . Ka found t h l a f a u l t n o t only in tha a u p a r n u a a r a r la a , . . . b u t even tha A otora th en aelv ee* who a ra on th a S tag e, and n o t i n th a vary p r i n c i p a l F a r t a , a h a l l ba w h la p a rln g to ona a n o th e r , o r bowing to t h a l r P rle n d e In th a F i t , o r g aa ln g a b o u t . '* Again ha uaad K ra. B arry aa an ax anpla of what waa b e a ti " . . . I h a r e f r e q u e n tly o b a a r r 'd h a r ohanga h a r Countenanoe s e v e r a l T laaa aa tha D laoouree o f o th e ra on 6 9 I b l d . . p. 115. 7 0 1 * 1 1 . 7 1 I b l d . . p. 5 4 . 7 ? I b l d . . p . 4 0 . 751*1A-* P* ’ 7 . ??9 th* S tag e hav* a f f e c t e d h * r in th* f a r t ah* a c t e d . " 7* C o ll« r C ibber and Aa A so lo c r f o r h l a MT* Th* » o * t e x te n e lv * c o a a e n te and o r l t l e l a a a on R e a to r a tlo n a o t l n g v*r* found In C olley C ib b e r 'a Apology. A lthough h i* book wa* f l r a t publl«h*d In 1740, on* y e a r b * fo r* th * h l a t o r l o ap p earan ce* o f O a rrle k and H ao k lln , h la o o aa en te and c r l t l o l e a * p ro p e rly belong to th* R e a to r a tlo n p e r io d . C lbb*r Jo in ed th* th * a tr * d u rin g th* l a a t y e a r* o f th * e * v e n t* * a th -c * n tu ry . H* worked w ith* waa a g r e a t a d a l r e r o f , and *u lo g la* d Thoaaa B * tt* rto n and th* o t h e r l a t * R e a to r a t lo n a o t o r * . H* a a ln ta ln e d th* R e a to r a tlo n t r a d i t i o n o f a o tln g i n th* e a r l y e i g h te e n th - o * n tu ry . Ml* au to b io g ra p h y waa e x t r e a e l y l n p o r t a n t to t h e a t r * h l e t o r y , and i t o o n ta ln * d aoa* of th* b**t d * * o rlp tlo n * o f a o to ra to b* found In a l l o f t h e a t r l o a l o r l t l o l e a . Th* d e a o r lp tlo n * w*r* f o r th* a o a t p a r t o f R e a to r a tlo n a o t o r * . I n h l a e o a p a rle o a of th*a* and e a r ly * lg h t* * a th - o * n tu r y a o to r a h* g e n e r a l l y re g ard ed the l a t t e r to b* I n f e r i o r . C ibber d id no t w r i t * a p e o l f l e a l l y o r o o n e le te n tly on th * a r t o f a o t l n g . He e x p la in e d h ie reaeon a* follow *! Z one* had th o u g h t to haw* f i l l ' d up ay Work w ith a • * l * o t D l e e e r t a t l o n upon T h e a t r l o a l A o tio n , b u t I f i n d , by th * R lg re e a lo n * X haw* been te a p te d to aake 7*Ib ld . . p. 40. 270 In t h i s Account o f B e t t e r t o n . t h a t n i l I can say upon t h a t Read w i l l n a t u r a l l y f a l l i n , and p o s s ib ly be le e a te d io u s I f d ia p e rs * d among the v a r io u s C h a ra c te rs of the p a r t i c u l a r Aotora I have p ro m is'd to t r e a t o f. . . .75 T here was v ery l i t t l e a c tu a l a o t l n g th e o ry In C ib b e r 's book. He did make an Im p o rta n t p o in t on the d i s t i n c t i o n between th e p la y in g o f comedy and tra g e d y . For him comedy r e q u ir e d a n a t u r a l type o f a o t l n g , w hile trag ed y was more fo rm a l. He w rote t h a t one a o t o r ". . . o v e r-v a lu e d Comedy f o r I t s b ein g n e a r e r to Mature th an T ragedy, which i s allow ed to say many f i n e th in g s 76 t h a t Mature n e v e r spoke In th e same w ords. . . .* C ibber was o r l t l c l s e d In h i s a tte m p ts to play tra g e d y r o l e s , and he ad m itte d h i s Inadequacy. 7n e x p la in in g the rea so n s f o r t h i s inadequacy he f u r t h e r p o in te d o u t the d i f f e r e n c e between comedy and tra g e d y a o t l n g . The R ules to p le a s e th e Fanoy [ I n oomedyj cannot so e a s i l y be l a i d down as th o se t h a t ought to g n v em the Judgment [In t r a g e d y j . The Peoenoy, to o , t h a t must be observed In Tragedy, red u o es th e manner o f speaking I t , one A otor to be much more l i k e a n o th e r than they can o r need be supposed to te In Comedyi There th e Laws o f A otion g iv e th e n suoh f r e e and alm o st unlim i t e d L i b e r t i e s to p la y and wanton w ith M ature, th a t the V olos, Look, and G estu re o f a Comedian may be as v a r io u s a s th e Kannere and Faoee o f th e whole Mankind are d i f f e r e n t from one a n o th e r . These are th e d i f f i c u l t i e s I l i e u n d s r .7 r In th e use of voloe In tra g e d y , th e n , th e r e waa a 7 ^C o lley C ib b er, op . o l t . . I , 19. 7 6 I b l d . . I , 229. 7 7 I b l d . . I , 1*1. 251 s i m i l a r i t y among motors* w h ile comedy allow ed f o r unlim i t e d v a r ie ty * I n h i e oommente and o r l t l o i e a s on ao tio n * voice* and e h a r a o t e r l i a t l o n * C ib b er eeemed to fa v o r more a r t th a n n a t u r e . A lthough he o r l t l o l e e d o v e r - a c t i n g — " . . . how many n o le y A otora . . • who* fro n th e l n j u d l o l o u s appro b a tio n of th e M u ltitu d e* have baw l'd and s t r u t t e d in th e 70 p la o e o f n e r l t ? " — he d id n o t ad v o o ate n a t u r a l a o t ln g . C ibber e r i t l o i e e d Wilke beoauee he la o k ed " , • • e a s i l y 70 r e g u la te d B e h av io u r, harm onious I lo o u tlo n * « • ." Booth* on th s o th e r hand* was too r e s t r a i n e d and laoked . th e r e q u i s i t e V a r ia t io n of V oloe. . • C i b b e r 's c o n s e n ts on th e use o f th e v o lo e gave a o l e a r Id e a o f th e type of a o tln g he fa v o re d . "The Voloe o f a S in g e r i s n o t a o re s t r i c t l y ty*d to Tins and Tune, th an t h a t o f aa A eto r i n T h e a t r i c a l I l o o u t l o n . • . . In a n o th e r p la o e he s a id t h a t "• • • t h e r e i s v e ry n e a r aa nuoh ta e h a a t n e n t i n th e w ell-g o v e rn * d Voloe of an A otor aa 0 ? l a th e aweet P ipe of an Xuauoh." U ndoubtedly t h i s ty p e o f d e l i v e r y r e s u l t e d In a s in g in g o r r e o i t a t l v e q u a l i t y I n many o f th e k e o t o r a t l o n 'a I n f e r i o r a c t o r s . T here waa, however* n o th in g to l n d i o a t e t h a t th e b e e t R e s to r a ti o n I b i d . . X, 110. 79Ibld. . I I , 241. *°Ib ld . 8*Ibld. . I , 105. ?3 2 a o to r a a u b a t l t u t e d a ln g !n g f o r a harm onious v o lo a . Aa waa ahovn in tb a p ra v lo u a c h a p te r* e a r l y e i g h te e n th - c e n t u r y a o t l n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y In th a women, f i n a l l y d e g e n e ra te d I n t o e ln g ln g or r e o l t a t l v e . C ibber waa a conedlan* and o f the type o f p a r t a he played he e t e t e d i * . • t h e r e oan be no g r e a t Demand f o r t h a t harmon- lo u a Sound* o r p le a a ln g round K elodr o f V oloe, vhlo h In th e a o f t e r e e n t l a e n t e o f Love, the* Val 11age o f d l e - t r e e a f u l T lr tu e * o r th a Throve and S w e llin g o f Honour and A n b ltlo n nay be n e e d fu l to reooaaend th e n to our P i t y o r A d m iratio n . . . .** C ibber van o r l t l o a l o f th e mlauae o f th e v o lo e , p a r t i c u l a r l y of a o to ra who uaed too nuoh volume which he r e f e r r e d to aa a *• . . e t r a i n i n g V o c i f e r a t i o n . . . . " He blamed th e au d len ee f o r a p p la u d in g t h l a kin d o f d e l i v e ry who ”. . . a r e a p t to be tr a n a p o rte d when th e Drum o f t h e i r Bar l a ao eoundly r a t t l e d t w hile they ta k e th e L ife o f I l o o u t l o n to l i e In th e S tre n g th of th e Lunge. . . ,•* * O lbber waa aware t h a t many H e e to r a tlo n p la y e ware w r i t t e n w ith u n n a tu r a l aoundlng v e r a e e . I t waa a l g n l f l o a n t t h a t he p o in te d o u t t h a t th e a e d id n o t have to be d e l iv e r e d In an u n n a t u r a l m anner. The u n e k l l f u l A otor who Im a g in 'd a l l th e M e rit o f d e l i v e r y th o e e b ia s in g H anta la y onlv lm th e S tre n g th and e t r a l n ' d e x e r t i o n o f th e V oloe, began to t e a r h la Lunge upon e v e ry f a l e e o r e l l g h t O ooaalon. • • I* B* I b l d . . I , 1 0 2 . . I . 99. “ i b i d . . I . 1 0 9 . 253 O lbbor & lio e r l t l o l i t i two o th e r t ; p t i o f poor uo* o f r o l o e . The f i r s t woo tho " . . . dangerous A f f e c t a t i o n o f th e Monotone* o r o o lo a a S iB M faa o f P ro a u n o la - t l o a . . . sad the oeeoad tho "• . . lo n g * to n 'd T o lo e. . . ."® 7 A o m s B o t to r t o a v u C ib b e r *0 f a v o r i t e a o t o r . l a h lo o o aa ea to ho plao ed h l a above a l l o th e r a o t o r o . C lbbor had ao to d w ith B o t to r t o a and woo l n t l a a t e l p a c q u a in te d w ith h lo o t p l e . Rio uoo o f tho v o lo e o o a ta la o d a l l o f th o h a r a o o l o n i, ju d lo lo u o * and a u o lo a l e l o o u t l o a whleh O lbbor f a v o r e d . B o t to r t o a wao a b lo to aako tho a o o t u n n a t u r a lly w r l t t o a v ero e p le a s in g to th o o a r . Vhea ho played l a V a th a a lo l Loo * o Alomaador tho P r o a t w ith I t s . . f u r l * ouo P u e tla n aad tu r g id R anto. . . B o t t o r t o a *0 d e l i v e r y o a ra p tu ro d th o audloaoo who "• • . no a e ro d o o lro d Sense to th o a than our a u o l o a l g R B ttlllS S C l th la k I t o o o o a t la l l a tho o o lo b r a to A lro o f ■a U U i M O p o r t., M Za h l o p o r t r a j a l o f tho oooao whoro R a alo t a o o to tho ghoot o f h l o f a t h e r , O lbbor prowlded a d e t a i l e d d o o o r l p t l o a o f B o tto rto a * o n o t i n g . . . . ho o o o a 'd w ith a P ause o f a n t e A aaooaoatl th o a r l o l a g olow ly to a o o lo a a , t r o a b l l a g T e le s , ho aado th o P ao o t e q u a lly t o r r l b l o to tho S p e c t a to r ao to h l a o o l f I aad l a th o d e e o r l p t l v e P a r t o f th o n a t u r a l " i n t . . 1 . ioi-© 5. “ i m . . 1 , 10s "iM i.. i, lot. 2 5 * to o t lo n i whloh th * f b u t l j V lalon « v « h la , th* b o ld - naaa o f h la B x p o a tu la tlo n waa a t l l l g o v arn 'd by Baoanoy, n a n lr , b u t n o t b ra rln g t h la Volo* n av ar r l a ln g in to th a t i t t a l n i O u tr i|« o r w ild D aflano* of what Ea n a tu r a lly r * r * r Td .9 0 B a tta r to n uaad r a a t r a l n t In h la a o tln g and I t waa d o u b tfu l t h a t ha had v ary nuoh. i f any* a u a lc a l q u a lity In h la v o lo * . A ooordlng to O lbbar ha • . had a Voloa of t h a t hind whloh g ar* nor* S p i r i t to T a rro r than to th* a o f ta r P aaa lo n a i o f n o r* S tra n g th than H alody.*91 O lb b a r'a ooam aata on o th a r lo a d in g ao to r* o f th* X a a to ra tlo n a la o p ro rld a d In fo rm a tio n on th* ua* o f th* ▼olo* on th * X a a to ra tlo n a ta g * . K ynaaton waa o o n p lla a n ta d f o r h la a f f a o tla * ua* o f th * a ta g a w h lap ari • . . whan ha w h la p a r'd th a fo llo w in g p la in Lin* to flo ta p u r. B an d u a t o u t f r l a o n t r a . o r r o u ' l l h * a r 4 ^ 1 ■ a 0 o a r a ir 'd a n o r * t a r r l b l * M anaoa l a i t t h a n t h * l o u d a a t X n t a n p a r a n o * o f V o lo a o o u l d a w * 1 1 t o . 9 * H o u a tf o r t'a wolo* waa d a a o rlb a d aa •• . • o l a a r , f u l l , and n a lo d lo u a . • • * • " S a a d fo rd 'a ro lo a • • • h a d a n a o u t * a a d p l a r o l n g t o n * . . . . I n D r y d a a * a P l a y a o f S h lm a * h * a a U t t l * a a p o a a l b l * g l u t t a d t h a a a r w i t h t h a J l a g l a o f I t , r a t h a r o h u a l n g , w h a n t h * ( a n a * w o u ld p a r n l t Elm, t o l o a a i t , t h a n t o ▼ a lu * t t . “ *° I b l d . . I , 1 0 1 . 92I b l d . . X, 121- 21. ^ I b l d . . I , 1 5 8 . 91I b ld . . I , 114. ?35 The o o n ed laa Bokaa waa p la in and o la p le in h la d e liv e ry * Be nuoh ae th a t I t waa l a p o a a lt l e to t a l l th a d lf f e r e n o e Between h la apeeah on th a a ta g e fro n h la apaaeh a ta g e a . . • aak*d h ln I f th a t waa a new f la p ha waa on th a a t a | a t had aa u a a a tla f a c to r y v o lo e . Bowever, through t r a i n i n g and p a r a la ta a o a aha developed In to th a B a a to r a tlo a 'a lo a d in g tra g e d ie n n e . I n o h a ra o ta ro o f g ra a tn a a a h a r v o lo e waa . • f u l l , o la a r , and e tro a g . * . . And whan M a tra o o o r fo ad ern eo o po eeeo e'd h a r , aha au h ald ad in to th a c o a t a f f o o tin g Melody and S o fta o a e ." * * Zn o th e r ty p ea o f p a r to aha waa eq u a lly e f f e o tlv e i " la Seanaa o f A ngar, O eflan o e, o r K aaantnant . . . aha p o u r'd o u t th a B an tln o n t w ith aa a n o h a a tln g ■araonjr. • • K ra. B u tle r had . a aw o a t- to n 'd V oloe. • • • K ra. H o u a tf o r t'a a o lo a waa . . ro u n d , an d l a t l n o t , w o lu h la , and v a rlo u e . • • . M oreover, aha ▼arlad h a r a o lo a to th a p a r t . She played B 'V rfa y 'a X k t h o o t a r a | g n " , . , w ith a a tro a g B le le c t, a o f f th a a ta g e . A g e n tle n a a who o a a rh a a rd h ln ta lk in g haok re h e n r e ln g T " ^ B lla a h a th B a rry , whan aha f l r a t appeared hroad la u g h in g Voloa .100 ** ih i d . . x , la y ^ I h l d . . X, 140 ** I h ld . . x . 144 1 0 0 a u .. * • w 256 l a C lbb«r*# o o a a m ti and o r ltlo ls m # on tho uoo o f th # v o le# ho e r l t l o l i # d l n f o r l o r a o to r# f o r r a n tin g aad monotonous d e liv e r y . S u p e rio r a o to ra ua#d f u l l aad a # lo d lo u # v o lo # # . Th# a u o lo a l q u a li t y l a th # u## o f th# ▼ole# d id n o t n # o # # # a rlly Im ply a a ty l# o f n o tin g r# la t# d to i l B f l n i o r r o o l t a t l v # . Th#r# v a i n o th in g l a h i# oom- a a a to to #ugg##t th a t th# h # o t a o to r# u##d r a n t , o a n t, o r ton# on th # stag#* B ov#v#r, th### f a u lt# hooaa# o h a ra o - t# r l# t lo # o f th# b o o t o f th # e a r ly # lg h t# # a th -o # n tu ry a o to r# . On th# # th # r h an d , th # r# v a a n o th in g l a O lbbor*a o o aaoat# to # « u # # t th # u## o f n a tu r a l ap»#oh, w ith th# p o ao lb l# # so # p tlo n of th# oam #dlan#. V a tu ra l #p##oh va# h # lg h t# a# d b u t r# # tra ln # d aad n o t o a rrlo d to th # #io##o o f th# l a t # r p # rlo d . O lbb#r*# ooMMat# aad o r l t l o l a a # p ro v id ed ? a ry l l t t l # l a f o r a a t l o a oa th# ua# o f a o tio n * Th# ov#ru## o f n o tio n va# r# f# rr# d to aa s t r u t t i n g . * ^ P rop#r a o tio n va# 102 r# g u la t# d aad an im ated . E y a a a to a 'o ua# o f a o tio n o a r rlo d o v#r #oa# t r a i t # h# had developed vhoa ho la p # r# e a - at#d f# a a l« o h a ra o ta r# In th # e a r ly y ear# o f th# B # # to ra tlo a * ”1# had # o a # th la f o f a form al G ra v ity In h i# H#ln» whloh va# a t t r i b u t e d to th# s t a t e l y 8 t# p h# had b##a I , i l l . 10>I U « . . I , M l I I , M l . 2M oo o a r ly c o n f in 'd to , l a a f« a a lo D oooaoy.-1 0 ^ Thoro w o o a o th ln i l a C lbbor*o w ritin g a to ln d le a to t h a t tho a o tio n o f tho b o a t B o a to ra tlo n a o to ra had tho f a u l t a whloh o h a r- a o to rln a d tho a o tlo a of tho o a r ly o lg h ta a a th -o o n tu ry p la y o ra . Za h la e o a a o a ta oa e h a r a e to r la a tlo a , C lbbor waa th a f l r a t o f tho w r lto r a thuo f a r ooaoldorod who wao ap p ar e n tly oppoood to an a o to r* a I d e n tif y in g w ith tho p a r t ho wao p la y in g . Ho w roto th a t tho orowd waa p lo aao d i *Vhoa aa A otor booraoa aad n a tu r a lly Looka th o O h arao tar ha a ta a d a l a . . . aad th la wao p ro fo rro d aa auoh by th a a u d la a a a •* . . aa th a a o o t o o rra o t o r Ju d lo lo u a Q tta ra n o a 1 0 a o f tho S e n tla e a to . . . f o r t h l a ro a a o a ho ooaoludod th a t th o a o tln g o f V llk a and B ooth, by p o p u la r a p p ro v a l, waa p ra fa rr a d to th a t o f B o tto r to a . So d id , how ever, b o llo r a t h a t aa a o to r ahould fo o l tho r a o tlo a a ho l a p o r tr a y in g . l a w roto t h a t i *Io th a t f e a la a o t h la a o lf tho F ao alo a ho would r a la o , w il l ta lk to a a lo o p in g a u d l- oaoo. . . T hla waa n o t, ao o o rd ln g to O lb b ar, a f a u l t o f B a tta r to n , who waa a o t only a b lo to f o a l tho r a o tlo n a o f tho p a r t , b u t a la o v a rie d h lo n o tin g ao o o rd ln g to tho a p l r l t o f i, m. 1 0 ,I b l« . , I . 105. , I I , 2 .5 238 . . . t b i d l f f a r a n t C h a ra e ta rs ha a o ta d . Thoa* w ild U H t t n t S ta r ts * t l u t f l a r a a aad f l u b l u f l r i , v k lib h« throw l a t o J t l i n r , M ? t r oaaa f r o a ta a u a rw fflo d fa a p a r o f M i l r a t a a . , . 7*W K ja a a to a had a a l a l l a r a b i l i t y to l d a a t l f y w ith th a t a r t ha waa p lay lM * C lth a r w ro ta th a t *• • . a ra ry Boat* l a a a t oaaa f r o a h la ■« I f i t had b saa h lo owa, aa ha had h l a s a l f t h a t l a s t a a t o o a o a lr'd i t * aa I f ha had lo o t th a F la y a r aad war# th a r a a l Ui| ha p a rso a a ta d t M o a a tfa rt l a th a f a r t o f S ir O o a rtly Vloa a la o haaaaa th a p a r t ha waa p la y la f* * fh a ra h lo whola Haa* T a lo a , l t la a f aad da a t a r a wara ao lo a s a r H o a fo rt. h a t a a o th a r f a r a o a .* 10® T hla a b i l i t y wao th a r a a u l t o f a r t , a o t a a t a r a , b aaaaaa h lo J a d fa a a t a o ta d aa . a O a a tla a l ttpoa h l a a a l f , a o t to a d a lt th a l a a a t L lkanaaa o f what ha a a 'd to ba to a a ta r l a t o aay F a r t o f h la P a rfo ra * a a a a . • • H o a a tf o r t'a w lfa waa a ^ u a lly a f f a a t l r a l a tra a o fo ra la < h a r a a l f l a t o th a f a r t , l a D 'O rfa y 'a fla y * Xfci Waatarm ^ y | , *. • . aha t r a a a f o r a 'd h a r w hola S a la s , Body* S haya, T a la a , U a |« a |« , Look, aad P a a ta r a a , l a t o a la o a t a a o th a r A a la a l. • . Batm ra waa o f t a a uaad by O lbbar to d a o a rlb a th a a a tl a c o f a o to ra aad a a tr a a o a a . S okaa, th a a o a a d la a , had , I , 105. 10Tm « . . X, 125. lo e i ka . l I , 128. 10* I h ld . 110I b l d . . I , id d -d 7 . 25 9 . a p la in and p a lp a b la S la p llo lty o f H a tu ra . . . .•* * * L algh, on th a o th a r band, " . • • though n o t to a t r l o t aa O boaraar o f H atu ra, p a t n aa ar [waa] no wanton In b la Farfovm anoa aa to ba w holly o u t o f b a r l i r S ig h t." P anhathaan a la o laokad aow athing o f th a n a t- u r a l a i a p l l e l t y o f lo k a a . Ha . . • bad o a r ta la l y f r o a H atura a g ra n t d a a l o f to a lo Fowar a b o u t b ln , b u t b la Audgnant waa by no a a aaa a g u a l to l t t f o r ha would a a ia fra a u a n t Bawla- tlo n o l a t o th a V b laalao o f an Of a l l th a a o to r a , th a a o a t o r ig in a l and n a tu r a l In O lbbar*a o p in io n waa Xtoggat. "Ha waa th a n o a t an O rig i n a l , and th a a t r l o t a a t O b aa rra r o f H a tu ra , o f a l l h lo O o n ta n p o ra rla o . . . . " l l * F in a lly , U rn. B a tta r to n , tha w lfa o f Thoaaa B a tta r to n , waa a . g ra n t . . . W a- tr a a a o f H a tu ra . . . . Bran H ra. B arry waa n o t a b la to a a te h h a r p a rfo rn a n o a o f Lady M aobath. Anthony A aton on la a to r a tlo w A atln a S h o rtly a f t a r O lb b a r'a Anolony waa pub11ah ad , A a tk o v A atoa v r o ta A I r l.f l a a a la a a a t & C a l l . , M>hr, l a a . t U i L ira a o f th a In to Fanoua A otora aad A o tra a a a a . A atoa waa a o o aad lan o f th a l a t a H a o to ra tio n and a a rly U 1 l b i d . . I , 101-02 X1*I h l d . . I , 150. 1 I5 I b l d . . 1 , 102. m i h l d . a I , 105. l l 4 l * i | a , I I , 155 240 o lfh to o a th -o o n tu ry p o rlo d . H it book, a lth o u g h b r lo f , n p p l « a n t « 4 th o ooanoato u d o r l t l c l tm o p ro rld o d by C lbbor on X o o to ra tlo a a o to ro . Ho woo n o t o lw o jr o o o ooo* p lla o a ta r y oo C lb b o r. For ln o to n o o , bo dooorlbod Bo t t o r ton *o voloo ao " . . . low u l j o t bo could Tun* i t by on o r t f u l C ^ i y , whloh onforo*d u a lT o r- ool o tto n tlo n f r o a th o P o o p and O raaoo-O lr l o . • n i i t * M d o u b tfu l tb o t o t o I o o chorno t o r i to d oo low and f n i a b l l B i oodo uoo o f r a n t , o o n t, o r tam o. Aoton woo w r itin g o f t o r tho oppooro&oo o f O orrlok oad H o o k lln , oad bod B o tto rto a nood thooo q u a i l tlo o l a h lo d o U v o ry , Aotoa o o r ta la ly would hoTo o o n tlo a o d th o a . An o x o o llo a t o o n tro o t l a a o t- la c o tjlo o waa provldod bp A otoa whoa bo eoaparod B o tto rto a w ith Ooorpo P ow oll. Pow oll wao a lo o o o r t r a - to d la a who took ov o r aaap o f B o tto rto a * o p a r to whoa bo r o tl r o d f r o a th o o ta y o . B O O . , . . . . — . . . T o r b n u a a lo o bad B o tto rto a * o a b i l i t y to uoo tho 117I b ld . . p. 501. «■< bla S o 01 F ar M * a tto a p to d o o o o ra l o f B o tto rto a * o o r . J a f f l o r . d o . b u t l o o t a lo d r o d lt So a a l a w a 'd a o t tho B lg a lty o f a o fy d lo r o d i aad l a b io o o lo o a 'd , and a l l Prob a b i l i t y i w hllo l o t t o r t o a kop . a a d o h o w 'd I t a o o t ( o o r u a o o a o a k o 241 ▼oloe w ith r e o t r a l n t . He v t« * * » , . v o c l f e r o u a , w ith o u t h o l l o w i n g * i n q u i e t e r a o a e n te i "He wna a o a t i n d u l g e n t l y e o f t . . . . A a l g n l f l o a n t co n sen t* p o i n t i n g o u t th o d i f f e r e n c e b etw een R e a to r a t lo n end e a r l y e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y a c t i n g , wae o o n ta ln e d I n A e to n 'a co n n e n ta on F r a . B arry * e u ee o f ▼ oloe. She " . . . had a F an n er o f draw in g o u t h e r 120 W orda. . . .* T h la n a n n e r wae l n l t a t r d by two o f h e r e u e o e e e o ra , F r a . Bradahaw and F r a . P o r t e r . In th e l a t t e r 121 two A aton found t h l a q u a l i t y u n p i t e a a n t . F o re o v e r , he w ro te t h a t i " l e l t h e r ahe [ F r a . B a r r y ) , n o r any o f th e A otoro o f th o e e T in e a , had any Tone In t h e i r a p e a k in g , 122 ( to o nuoh l a t e l y , In U e e .)" A ooordlng to A aton, th e n , th e u ae o f to n e In a p e a k in g waa n o t a c h a r a o t e r l e t l o o f R e a to r a t lo n a o t r e a e o e , a lth o u g h i t waa o f e a r l y e i g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y a o t r e a a e o . In A aton*a n n n a i n T on th e uae o f a o tio n B e t t e r t o n waa e a ld to h a r e . . a h o r t A rn e , w hloh he r a r e l y l i f t e d h i g h e r th a n h l a B to n a o h .— Hla L e f t Hand f r e q u e n t l y lo d g 'd In h l a B r e a a t, betw een h lo C oat and W a la t-o o a t, w h ile , w ith h l a B ig h t, he p r e p a r 'd h la S p e e o h ." * 2^ B e t t e r t o n waa U SI b l d . . p . 313. 1?0I b l d . . p. 3 0 3 . m i b l d . 122I b ld . l25i i U .* pp. 299-300. 242 r a a t r a l n a d and f o r a a l In h l a uaa o f g e a t u r a . Two a o to r a ln p r a a s a d A aton w ith t h a l r uaa o f f a o l a l a a p r a a a lo n . S an d fo rd ” . . . a o ta d a tr o n g ly w ith h l a P aoa. « . ," and Doggat " . . . waa th a b a a t P a o a - p la y a r and Q a a tlo u la - 124 t o r . . . U n d e r b i l l '* a o tio n waa c r l t l c l a a d f o r l t a aw kw ardnaaa, ”. . . l « a p l n | o f ta n up w ith b o th Laga a t a T in a , whan ha o o n oalvad any Thing w ag g la h , and a f ta r w a r d a h u g g in g h l n a a l f a t th a T hought. A n o th ar o o n p a rla o n batwaan R a a to r a t lo n aad o a r l y a l g h ta a n th - o a n tu r y a o t l n g waa p ro v ld a d In A a to n 'a o o a a a n ta on H ra . B a r r y ' a u aa of n o tio n . • . . H ar Paoa aoaaw hat p rao ad a d h a r A o tio n , a a th a L a t t a r d id h a r K orda, h a r Paoa a v a r a x p ra a a ln g th a P a a a lo n a t n o t I l k a th a A o tra a a a a o f l a t a T ln a a , who a r a a f r a i d o f p u t t i n g t h a l r P aoaa o u t o f th a Porn o f Y o n -n a a n ln g , l a a t th a y ahould o ra o k tho Cor u n , K h ite - V aah, o r o t h a r C o a a a tlo , t r o w a l 'd o n .1 '® B a t t a r t o n , a o o o rd ln g to A ato n , ra n a ln a d In o h a r a o t a r th ro u g h o u t h la p a r f o m a n o a i ”. . . fro n th a T in a ha waa d r a a a 'd , to th a b id o f th a P la y , ChaJ k a p t h l a Mind i n th a aona T a n p a ra a a n t and A daptnaaa, a a th a p r a a a n t C h ar- 127 a o t a r r e g u l r a d . ” B ot a l l X a a to r a tlo n a o to ra bad B a t t a r t o n 'a T o ra a - t l l l t y . A ooordlng to A ato n , U n d e r h ill . . c o u ld n o t a n t a r I n to any a o r lo u a C h a ra o ta r , nuoh n o ra T rag ad y i and pp. 906, 910. “ ’ m * . , p . 9oe. 12<i b i d . , pp. 9 0 2 -0 9 . 1?7 I b l d . . p . 901, 2*3 va* th * n o o t o o n f l n 'd A o to r X o r o r oaw. . . . " l ? ® A otoa d i f f e r e n t i a t e d betw een th o a o t o r who used p r l n o r l l y n a t u r e l a h lo p lo y in g and th o a o t o r who uood p r l a a r t l y a r t . On th * a o t ln g o f Mr*. T o rh ru g g o a ho v r o to i . . . She waa a l l A r t , and h o r A o tln g a l l o o q u l r 'd , h i t d r o o o 'd oo n lo o , i t lo o k 'd life* f a t u r o . Thor* waa n o t a U « k , a M o tio n , h u t w hat v a r a a l l d o o l p i 'd ) and th o a * a t th o oan* Word, P o rlo d , O ooaoloa, X n o ld o n t, w ar* e v e ry f i g h t , i n th * oan* C h a ro o to r, o l l k o i and y o t a l l a a t o h a r n ln g ly oaoy on h o r . 129 H ra . T orhruggoa** huohond woo o n a o tly th o o p p o a lt* . Ho ■. . . had th o Wordo p o r f o o t a t on* Tlow, and l a t u r o d ir o o to d *oa I n t o T o lo e and A c tio n . . • T orhruggoa p lo y o d O aaoluo t o B o tto rto a * * B rw tuo. "Thoa you n i g h t b o h o ld th o g ran d O o n to o t, r l a . w h o th o r f a t u r o o r A rt • l o o l l ' d —2 | £ | { j | | | | g w ild and u n ta u g h t • o r B o t to r t o n In th * T ra n n o lo o f I n o t r u o t l o n . -131 I n T orhruggoa*o a o tln g n a t u r a wao p re d o m in a n t. v u f a t u r o , w ith o u t S s tra v a g a a o * — F ro o d o n , w ith o u t X doontlouonooo . • • H r. 2 u | Q | | | | had f a t u r o f o r h i* D lro a tr o o * i n A c tin g . .132 O r iU o l— o» l . . t o r . t l a n A a t m O o n to n p o ro ry o o a n o a to and o r l t l o l o n o on 1?S I h l d . . p. 3 0 i . 13° l h l d . . p . 3 1 1 . I 3*I h l d . . p. 3 1 3 . p . 3 1 3 . 244 a o tln < w a rt n o t n e a r l y a t a i t a n a l T t aa th o a a on a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a a t u r y a o t l n f . R o r a o v tr, tb a r a v a i no d i a - t l n o t l o n nada b a tv a a n th a b a t t a r t o n ao h o o l and th o C ib b a r- V l l l i - | o o t k - 4 u l n S o h o o l, ouoh aa v a i n ad a b a tv a o n th o l o t t a r and th o O a rrlo k -N a o k lin a o h o o l. T h at a a u a l o a l q u a l i t y vaa d a a lr o d I n th a u aa o f th a v o le a waa a p t l y l l l u a t r a t a d i n o o a n a a te c o n ta in a d i n th a F r a fa o a a to tv o p la y a by S Ik an ah S a t t l a . Tha f l r o t o f th a a o v a a l a th o P re fa o a to F a t a l Leva p u b lla h a d In 1 (6 0 . B a t t l a v r o t a t h a t " . . . th a T h a a tra R oyal v aa onoa a l l H a ra o a y | w hara th a N aro lo k Mueae n a f ao a v a e t l y , and w ith ▼oloaa ao p a r f a o t l y K u a to a l, aa faw o r no S a ra o o u ld aao ap a h M b u t a a a t . * ^ ^ I n th a I r a f a o a to Tha Quaan (1492) S a t t l a v r o t a i V a S lo n e o f E hodea, vaa In k f l a a d , no m can \ O p tra i t h a r a f a l n a thj p a ra M l a T m n ad r i t h a t N o v a t f o r t 'a v o lo a who o h a r a a to r la o d by O hatvood aa *^Hkanah S a ttla , Fatal Larai o r . tha Fare *d Ina|natanar (Loadoat F rln tal For w i l i l a n Gadonan, lbSO ), ^ ^ * ( S l k a a a h S a ttla ]. Tha Falrr-Qnaani An Onara (Londoni Frlntad for Jaaob Toaeoa, 1 I 9 ";* pp. l - l l . 2*5 • . o l t i r and a a lo d lo u o . * . Aa la a l l th ra a parloda of a o tln f eovarad la th la otudy, v r lta r a o rltlo la a d ao to ra fo r oaaruaa of tha t o I o o . I t t t a r t e a vaa rap o rtad to hawa aald th a t ; o u i |a r aotora aada only loud ao laaa on tha a ta fa • baoauaa a fair of tha Uppar O allary olap tha loud S ffo rta of th a lr lv a fa t la whloh th a lr O adarotaadlnf haa no B h a ra .* ^ * Tha aaaa author ooaparad tha a o tln f of Qoodaaa and thoaa who auooaadad h i a la L aa'a A L lU B ltf Q raat. . . * Hr* Sg&lBil alvaya waat throufh I t w ith a l l tha Tara a tha f a r t ra%ul r ' d , and y a t aada n o t h a lf tha la la a aa aaaa who auooaadad hi a* who wara aura to h a l low I t out in auoh a a a a a a r, th a t th a lr Tolaa would f a l l than h afo ra tha te d , and laad than to auoh a la a fu ld aad au u arrata H oraaatoa, aa a a tlr a ly wantad th a t a fra a a b la teo ath u aaa, whloh Bhahaaaaar ra q u lra a , aad whloh la tha f a r f a a tlo u of b a a a tiru lo p e a k ln fi fo r to hawa a Ju at B oat, aad Louduaoa, and y at a Aftftlifchltf* l * oaa ha d a a l r 'd .1” Xt was a l f n l f le a a t th a t both of thaaa ooauanto oa tha owaruaa of loudaaao ra la ta d to la ta B aato ratlo a a o tln f aad not to tho a o tln f of tha o u to ta n d la f p arfo rao ra. I t waa la d lo a tlv o of a traad th a t waa to ha followad in tha a a rly a lfh ta a a th -o a n tu ry . B ta a la , l a an loaua of Tha B aao tato r. darotad aa ^ ^ W lllla u Kufua Ohatwood, Tha I r l t l a h Thaatra (D uhllat P rln tad fo r T atar V llao a, lTW )7 p. I™ . ^^ ^B attarto u , op. o l t . . p. 26* 13TI b l d . . p . 1 1 0 . 2*6 e a t I r a a r t i c l e to th e o r i f l e o f tho word ' o u t , " He w as, I n p a r t i c u l a r , o o a p l t i n i n i o f th o d e l i v e r y o f a i n l o t a r a . Tho t o r * a p p a r e n tly o r l f l a a t a f w ith Andrew C a n t, a P r e a b y t e r l a a a i a l o t e r l a S c o tla n d * However, o ln o o h i* t i n e " . . . i t h aa boon u n d e rs to o d l a a l a r f e r o en o e , and o lf m lf lo o a l l ouddoa e x o l o n a tl o n e , w h ln la f o , u n u o u al to a o o . * . Xn none o f h lo w r it i n f a d id S t a a l a a p p ly t h l a t a r n to a o t l n f . Xa a n o t h e r la a u a o f Tha f a o o t a t o r A ddlaoa d a f l a a f " r a n t a . * 15* P o w e ll, a l a t a K o e to r a tlo a 14 / ) a o t o r , waa aeouoad o f r a n t I n f . A ddlaoa f u r t h e r l d a a t l f l a d r a n t I n f aa a c h a r a o t e r l e t l o o f a a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - e e n t u r y a o t l n f . I t waa n o t , how ever, a x o a p t l a th a oaaa o f P o w o ll, a ta r n u sa d by A ddlaoa o r S t e e l e to d s a o r l b s H e a to r a tlo n a o t o r a . P ow oll*a a o t l n f waa f u r t h e r o r l t l o l a a d by K ay aard ao a l a Tha f i f f f , w r i t t a n l a 1713* P ow oll f o r b l d a , and w ith a h a u g h ty Tona P ro w a la f, d an aad a to hawa h l o v le r lt s known. And f r o n t th a y a r e , aad w o rth y to ba a u a f , h a t 01 a t l l l d w e llin g aa t h a l r O w aor'o to a f u a i B l f aa th a T o lo a o f War h a n o u th o h i a S o la , B a o h A o o a a t t w a a f o a a j e o t l o a l l y f u l l . ***8lr K lo h ard Staala, T h a faootator. S o. 1 4 7 (A a fu a t I S , 1 7 1 1 ), X I, 407. l , , n * »• *»*• (A pril I t , 1711), 1 , 29), 2 *7 V Ith a r t f u l r a t t l i n g Who***, ha drawa h i a B r a a th , S tM a l a th a wary A gonlaa o f D aathi Ha f o i s t , ha a t a r a a , ha a t o r n a • n a d d ln g H ot*, And a l l th a f u r y th u n d a ra In h la T h r o a t.* 4 *1 P o w all waa n o t , how avar, r a p r a a a n ta t lw * o f th a b a a t H a s t o r a tio n a o t o r a . Ha waa a u o o a a a o r and l n f a r l o r to B a t t a r t o n . An a d l t o r o f th a c o l l a o t a d worka o f A la x a n d a r Pop* waa ona o f th a faw w r l t a r a who d l a t l n g u l a h a d batw aan tha a o t l n g o f B a t t a r t o n and B ooth. I n Tha P l r a t I n l a t l a of th a Baoond Book o f H o ra o a. Pop* t r a n a l a t a d aa f o llo w a i Ona T r a f lo B antanoa I f I d a r a d a r l d a , Which B a tta r to n * * g rav * a o t l o n d l g n l f l a d , Or w a l l - n o u t h 'd Booth w ith a a p h a a la p ro c la im * . Tha a d l t o r addad th a f o l l o w l n f n o ta t . . . Tha a p l t h a t a r a w la . whan a p p lla d to a T ra - g a d .a n , a l g n l f l a d d i g n i t y o f g a a tu r a and n o tio n ) and In t h l a aan aa th a l a l t a t o r u a a a th a word a r a y a t n o th in g b a ln g n o ra d a a tr u o tlw * o f h l a o h a r a o i a r than m y j f i th * oomnon wloa o f B ta a a -H a ro a a , f r o n whloh t h l a a d a l r a b l a a o t o r [ B a t t a r t o n ! waa a n t l r a l y f r a * . Tha a p l t h a t w a ll- n o u th * d . a t a r n o f th a o h a a a . h a r a a p p l la d to h l a a u o o a a a o r, waa n o t g lv a n w ith o u t a p a r t i o u l a r d a a lg n and to l n s l n u a t a , t h a t th a r a waa a wlda d l f f a r a n o a batw aan t h a l r p a r f o r n a n o a a , a a th a r a l a b atw aan a o l a n t l f l e n u a lo , and th a h a ra o n y o f h r u ta ao u n d a, batw aan a lo o u tlo n and w o o lf o r a tio n . . . l 4 l H ajm ardaon, I g a r t o n , F a ith f u irfTijM jfi* il , [1 7 1 9 ], o l t a d I n V i l l i a a a I 1*2 a a a A la x a n d a r Pop*, H U i t f t t 2 4 8 B o n jaala T ie t o r w ro to t h a t th o o o e o a a o a to by F o p e'o • 4 1 t o r v « ro th o r o o u l t o f a a l a o a l t y w hich e x le to d hotwoon Booth t » i Pope, o*4 n o t J a o t o r l t l o l o a . N oreoT or, T ic t o r hol4o Popo u 4 h lo o 4 1 to r ro o p o a a lh lo f o r lo o o o alag Booth*• r o p a ta tlo a o o aa o o t o r * ^ A lthough Jo h a Dowaoo’ o lo o o lu o B ggU fgggg woo aa l a p o r t a a t ooaroo f o r B o o to ra tlo a th o a tro h l o t o r y » I t ooa- ta la o 4 T o r y l l t t l o oa o p o o lflo o h a r a o to r lo tlo o o f a o tla g . Dowaoo w roto t h a t B o tto rto a * o woloo vao ”. . . A udibly a t r o a g , f a l l aa4 A r t l o u l a t o . • • . Of B o t o o a r t, th o ooaodlaa* ho w roto th a t a a tu r o oa4owo4 h la ” . . • w ith aa • a o y , f r o o , a a a ffo o te d Mo4o o f B lo o u tlo a . . • 0 o a o l4 o ra h lo opaoo woo d o ro to d to B lia a h o th B a rry ' • t r a l a l a g ao aa a o tro o o l a a hook a p p e a rin g a a 4 o r tho a u th o ra h ip o f fhoaao B o tto r to a . fho hook wao p w tlleh o d l a 1741 1 B o tto rto a 41 od l a 1710. B arry waa tr a la o 4 f o r th o a ta g o hy aa M g lla h L ord, B oohootor. Hor l a l t l a l d l f f l - • u l t l o o woro 4ooorlho4 ao fo llo w o i • • • I t waa o o r ta la N ro. k m wao M lotrooa o f a wory good P a d o ro to a d la g , p o t aho U T l a i l l t t l o , o r ao B ar f o r N uolo, whloh oaaoo4 h o r to bo th o u g h t d u ll y ^ a g f H r. <Loa4oai A. M l 11 o r, 1757)* IT , U , B oaliaU T lotor, Tho Mlotorr of tho thoatroo of ^ j | mA h l U l X E tt Jfci S i c jS S T i I k T b i S n X i f t * Dowaooi BB* i P* 10* > P* 31* » H f « ? E C W o o o » • «• • f t * 8 X ) *4 8 A 8 J o 8 ! • «4 A # i •a a s 5 • 9 S & t E 8 | • 9 i * 1 * ! O ft* *4 . 5 3 ° 3 • . in * 3 * 3 - 1 8 t f l ° s : t y t t • M O O ft. 8 ► «* m i : » s J -T * s * : i x t S i 3 t O •* 1 I • 8 fl o i 5 1 ^ < f 2 j : a • % * 9 8 O a ■ • 9 « 5 3 a £ * * s _ e 5 2 J 5 I S I ' i o o •* o a ■ ■ a s a ! i • ■ - b % • • o M o m a « * 8 K • «• * 3 8 8 8 O K a 1 5 3 O a » * 8 J3 • m 0 1 M 8 l ; 8 8 8 f t* 8 ; : » • 8 > f t * 8 O O I i I 8 f t * f t * O 9 i « * I * I 2 3 t i 8 2 * 0 although i m t r t l l j rafard ad n an a io a lla n t a o to r, • . . . e o a t r t o t i i i o a i l l i t | r « i » b l « t o n i a I n a p a a k ln c , w hloh r a a a a k l t d th a v h l i a o r o u t . . . T h la vna th o r a a n l t o f h l a h « ? i a | f l a ; * ! w o n aa'o p a r t a i n th a a a r l j p a a r o o f th a M a a to r a tlo n . Tarkntcian wna r a p o r ta d t o bava had " . • * a o r a o k t T o lo a i Ha « l a a |a h l a w orda aa I f ha opoka o u t o f a h ro k a n Dnia, . . ^ J o n a th a n S w ift l a A X h it l £ A Tah (170k) ra fa rra d to tha ao to ra •* . . whin- 1*1 111 Faaalona* • . . ■ Thonao Kjriar o on par ad Oraak aad H ao to m tlo a tra fa d p In A Hhort flaw o f Tranadr (1 (9 )). Tha O raalana war# fo r Lora and Haalok aa and aa nap Honalonr o f 'a n a l i i p o t th a lr awalak kapt w ith in hound a i a t ta n p tad no natan o rp h la to tu rn tha > ■ § to an Onara. l o r did th a lr Lora oona whlnlnn on tho Htafa to I f f o a l nota th a H ajaatp o f th a lr Trofody.^M Tha ah arp aat o r ltlo lo n of tha uaa of tha ro lo a waa ooatalaod la a work hp an anoapaoua author a n tltla d S atyr on th a P la ra ra whloh wao p rin ta d fro n nanuaorlpt in Hontacua S uanaro'a a d it Ion o f Hoaolua A A A U L A B B A A * Tha H dnund B a llo h a n h a r, "H onolro o f th a A otora and A otroaaoa R antlonod hp O ollop O lhhar Takan Fron Blnund A o lla h a n h a r'a B d ltlo n o f *Tha Apolocp** 1A22,* o lto d In O o llo p O lhhart 2M .m A ll** 11 * ^ ^ O lld o n , A O anoarlaon Batwaan th a two S ta a a a . p. 1 04. ^ J o n a t h a n S w ift, A T ala o f a Tah . . . . (1 7 0 4 ), o d a. A. 0. O uthkolah and 0 . l u i o i n l n ( aaooad o d ltlo a i O xford! Tho O lam ndon P ra a o , 1**4), p . 41* ***Thanaa H pnar, A S h o rt flo w o f T ranadr • • • (Londoni P r in t ad f o r k l o a a rd B aldw in, l ( W j | p* 42. 251 t o t o r t a l t h v a t r a f a r r a d to t i th * " . . . C ry in g Loaar . . . P a a a lo a h t r l d l o u l a a i t o w hlnaa ta d C r y a a ,/T h a t jo u Swaar h t a o a tw h it n o ra th a n d y a a . . . . Cava t l n d a r h l l l waa r t f t r r t d to u *. . . R o a rin g a a d C a rt . . . H la o h l a f a o t S lo q u aa ea/D o a o ly a l a many Oatha* aad l l t t l a Saaoa* • . * * A n o th ar a o t o r wao o r l t l o l t a d f o r h l a *. . . B a n t 'r i n g H onaanaa, and h lo H o lo t. . . Tha v a l i d i t y o f t h l a aa a v ld a n o a waa g u a a t l o a a b l a b to a u a t av an B o t to r t o a waa o r l t l o l t a d f o r . . H lo fo rm a l S tlf f n a o a * o r h lo awkward O ra fltt- 1 ^ T h ara wao wary l l t t l a on th a u o a o f a o t l o a oon- ta la a d l a th a g a a a r a l ooam anto aad o r l t l o l a a a oa R o o to r a tlo a a o t l n g . T h at B a t t a r t o n wao a w a > ln a p lrln g whan h a a p p a a ra d on th a o ta g a waa a t t a o t a d to by two a a a o d o ta a r a l a t a d by W llko and B o o th . Tha f l r a t o f th o a a p a r ta ln o d to V l l k o 'a I n i t i a l a p p a a ra a o a oa th a London a t a g a . H la f l r a t A ppaaraaoa oa th a | | g ^ l | S ta g a , waa l a th a B a r t o f th o yowag P r ln o a l a T ra a a d v . a ▼try l n a l g a l f l o a a t C n a r a o t a r « r a q w ir in g l l t t l a mora th a n a a a m la b la P lg u r a . H r. B a t t a r t o n p a r f o r a a d H a l a a t l a a i b u t wham t h a t T a ta r a a A o to r oama t o a d d ra a a him oa ta o B a ttla m a a to , t o axouoa h im a o If f o r th a B aath o f th a K ing l a t h a Play* H r. W ilka a fflrm o d to mo* t h a t th a D ig n ity o f H r. B a t t a r t o n a t m o b h l a w ith aaoh Awa, t h a t ha had mueh ago to w t t a r th a l l t t l a ha had t o a a y .H T 1 ,5 Dowaoa* o l t . . p . 55. *** l b l d . « p . 54. 155I b l d . 1 H I b l d . . p . 55. ^ ^ C h a tw o o d , h Q a a a r a l H Ia to r* o f th a O ta a a . . . , 252 Booth played th o Ohoot to B o tto rto a * o R a a lo t and *. . . tho look o f o u rp rlo o ho u iu B o d l a th o o h a ra o to r o f B a a lo t oo ao to alah o d Booth (whoa ho f l r o t p o rooaatod tho O hoat) ao to d lo a b lo h la f o r ooao aoaonto f r o a g o in g 1K« o a .* B o tto rto a uood aoro a r t th a a a a tu ro l a h lo p la y in g . • • • lo vao oo oouaunloatlvo* t h a t l a th o a o o t c a p i t a l p arto * ho would o a to r l a t o th o growado o f h lo a o tlo a * aad o s p la la * tho p r la e lp lo o o f h lo a r t . Bo wao a a ad m irab le a a o to r o r tho a o tlo a o f th o otago* ooaoidorod lad o p o ad o at o f o o a tla o a tt aad kaow p er f e c t l y tho o o a a o o tlo a , aad huolaooo o f th o oooaoo* oo ao to a t t r a c t* prooorvo* aad o a tle f y tho a t t o a t l o a o f aa au dloaooi Aa a r t o t t r o a o l r aoopooary to aa ao to r* aad Tory d i f f i c u l t to ho a t t a i n e d . * " A aothor lo n g e r aad ao ro d o ta llo d d o o e r lp tlo a o f B o t t o r to a '■ a o tlo a wao o o n taln o d l a Tho L au ro at w r ltto a l a 1740 by aa aaoayaouo a u th o r. Tho a u th o r f u r th o r o o n eld - orod B o tto rto a * o o f f o o t oa th o aa d lo a o o . . . . X have l a t e l y boom to ld by a O o atlo aaa who hao fre q u e n tly aooa H r. Bot t o r to a p o rfo ra th la B a rt o f th a t ho hao o b e e r r 'd h lo O oaatoaaaoo (whloh waa a a tu r a l ly ruddy aad ea a g u ln ) l a t h l a Sooao o f tho f o u rth A ot, whoro h lo P a th o r 'o Ohoot ap p o aro , th r o ' tho T lo lo n t aad ouddoa to o ftlo M o f A aasoaoat aad lo r r o r * tu r a l a o t a a t l y oa th o B ig h t o f h lo P a th o r'o S p ir it* ao p a lo aa h lo B ookoloth* whoa ovary A rtlo lo o r h lo Body o o o o 'd to ho a ffo o to d w ith a T ro ao r u a e s- prooo lh lo * oo th a t* had h lo P a th o r'o Ohoot a c tu a lly rlo o a boforo h l a i ho oould a o t havo been oloood w ith p . 252. ***Theophlluo Olhhar* Tho Llvoo o f th o Booto o f P ro a t l r l t a l a ggg I r e l a n d . . . * H I* 171. 111 • 1 7 0 -7 1 . 2 53 • o r * r o a l A gonloaf aad t h l a waa f a i t ao o tr o n g ly by th o A udioaoo, t h a t th a B lo a t a a — ad to t b i l l i r l a t h a l r V olna I l k a w io o , aad th o y l a aoao a o a o u ro p a r* took o f th a A o to a lo ha o a t aad H o r r o r , w ith w hloh th o y aaw t h l a o x e o l l a a t A o to r a f f a o t a d . Aad whoa J fa B lfl a t t a r o t h l a L iaa» upoa th o O h o a t'o l i a t l i i th a B ta g o , ( l a Aaawar t o h l a H a th a r 'o l a p a t l a a t k i u l r x l a t a th a O a a aalo a o f h l a M a o r d o r , aad w hat ha a a o a ) — B oa-- w hara ha c m | — t r j aow— e a t a t th o f o r t a l t n o w holo A u lla a o a h a t h ro aaT a^d l a a doad B l l a a o o f o r a a a r a a l a a t o , aad t h a n ,- * a a I f r o o o r o r la g a l l a t oaoo f r o a t h a l r A o to a la b a o a t, h a ro J o l a o d j t a oao a a a , l a a T h aa d ar o f u a l v a r a a l A p p la u o o .l* 0 O h a rlo a H a rt waa a l a o a a j o o t l o aad d l g n l f l o d l a h lo a o t i o a , a t l o a a t l a p a r t a whoro th o a o q u a i l t l o a woro r o q u lr o d . l a th o p a r t o f A lo z a a d o r, v ilk o a r o p o rto d t h a t . . h o ap p o aro d w ith ouoh a a j o a t y aad d i g n i t y , t h a t oao o f th o o o u r t l o r a o f th o f l r o t ra n k wao p lo a ao d to a a y , ha a l g h t to a o h any K ing oa o a r t h how to o o a p o rt h l a o o l f . * 161 l a th o e o a a o a ta oa o h a r a o t o r l o a t l o a th o ro waa a a p lo o rld o a o o to ahow t h a t th o b o a t R o o to r a tlo a a o t o r a l d a a t l * f l o d w ith th o p a r t a th o y woro p l a y i n g • Of B o t t o r t o a , B ooth o b o o rro d t h a t ha * . . . waa ao a o t o r , b u t ho p u t oa h l a p a r t w ith h la o lo th o o , aad wao th o Tory a a a ho u a d a r - 162 to o k to b o , ' t i l l th o p la y waa o r o r , aad n o th in g a o r o . ” A o o o rd lag to Tho L a u ro a t ”. . . ho c o u ld throw h l a a a l f I n t o a a a y and q u l t o o p p o a lto aad d l f f o r o n t l *° f h o pp. 3 1 -3 2 . 1< lt l l k o » , o a . o l t . . pp. 2 2 6 -2 7 . l * * f h a o p h llu o Olb b a r , Tha LI too o f th o B oata o f Q ro a t B r i t a i n I r a l a a d * I I I , l W . 23* I t w i i r * p o rt* d t h a t F o t t o r t o n b i t a v l f o r l t l e l s o d th * y o u ag o r a o to r* f o r f a l l i n g to f o llo w h i* OSOapl*. X haw* o f t * a h o a rd R r. B o t to r t o a * a y , t h a t wh*a h* f l r a t n » « 4 u a d o r a i r WIIu m f l r t a a t . th * Coapaay was wash h o t t a r ra g u la to d * aad th a * war* o b llg o d to •a k * t h a l r B t u l i t h a l r B u a la* * a , w hloh o u r young A o to ra ho a o t th in k I t t h a l r Duty b o w to hoi f o r thoy a a a r a a a v a r a ln h a Word o f t h a l r F a r t a h u t o n ly a t B a h a n ra a la * aah a a a * t h l t h a r to o oftom a a a r a a r a a o v - o r a l f r o n t h a l r l a s t l i g h t * a Dobaaohi whaa th a K ind l a a o t v a r y o a a a b lo o f a a h l t a t l a g ao o a l a l y aah J u d lo - lo u a ly oa w hat thoy havo to stu d y * a* to o a t o r th o ro u g h ly l a t o th o B a ta ro o f th o F a r t , o r to o o a o lh o r th * V a r i a t i o n o f th * Volos* to ok* aah O o a tu ro s w hloh oho u lh g lv * th o a t h a l r tr u * B o au ty . • • . w Vhaa Lord B o o h o ato r waa t r a i n i n g K ra . B arry* ha o v o roaa* th * o b a ta o lo a r * s u i t i n g f r o n h o r p o o r a u o l o a l * a r by h a v ia g h o r l d o n t l f y w ith th * p a r t *h* wao p la y in g . . . . h a aa h * h o r o a to r I n t o th * B a tu r* o f *aoh B o a t l a a a t t p o r f o o tl y ch a n g in g h * ro * lf* aa I t woro* l a t o th a Varava* n o t a o r a l y by th * p r o p a r S tr o s o o r B ounding o f th a Voloa* b u t f o o lin g r a a i l y * and b o la g l a th * i u a m i r . th a F orooa ah* r o p r a a o a to d , waa oup- poaod t o bo l a . 1" K ra . B a rry had a a oa* o f h o r r u l * a o f a o t ln g . t o aa k o h o r o * l f R la tr * s o o f h o r F a rt* aad lo a v o th* £ U y { | aad A o tlo a to B a t u r o .■*** Th* B* a to r a t i oa e o a o d la a Z>oggatt uaod a B t a a l a l a v a k l a a ap p ro ao h l a h l a a o t l a g . Oao o f h l a b o a t ***Tha L a u r a a t. p . 30. 144B * t t * r t o a , g g . o l t . * p . 28. W I > U . . p . 16. p . 6 2 . ro l* a waa th a t of B*n In Congr*T*'* Lot* fo r L ot* . In ord*r to * ff* ctlT * ly follow n ttu r* In th* p a rt h* llwod fo r * whll* In Wapplng* and atudlod th* hablta* g*atur*a* and M u a r i o f th * I n h a b ita n t* I n o rd * r to d * T * l o p a o o n - 167 p l* t* o h a r a o t o r l c a t i o n . X>ogg*tt vaa a l s o * x p * rt i n th * u** o f nakoup and th ro u g h I t * a i d b*oaa* th * o h a r a o to r h* v a a p la y in g . . . . I ' t * h * a rd th l * o o n flra * d f r o * on* t h a t p * r- fo r* * d w ith D o g |* t| and t h a t h* oould w ith th* g r * a t - • * t * s a a tn * a a p a i n t h i* fa o * *o a* to r * p r* * * n t th * ag*a o f a m n t j . a l i t a t f , and n ln * ty d i a t l n o t l y * w hloh oooa*io**d S i r Q odfr*y K n * ll* r to t o l l h l a on* dap a t B utton** O off** h o u a* , th a t* "h* * x e * ll* d h l a I n T a in tin g * fo r* t h a t h* o o u ld o nly oopy n a tu r * f r o * th * o r i g i n a l * b * fo r* h la * b u t h* (D o y * * 0 o o u ld v a ry th * n a t p lo a a u r* * and y * t k**p a olo** l U « « i * , " l W Dogg*t wa* oonparod to C lbb*r* h i* *uoc*a*or i n th * • a r l y * lg h t* * n th - o * n tu r y p e r io d . Th* c o n t r a * t b*tw **a th* two *ugg**t* th * c o n t r a s t In th * n o tin g a t y l * o f th * two p * rlo d * . I n th * p a r t o f F o n d law if* i n Th* Old > a to h * lo r . . . on th * whol** h* [C ib b e r] oT *r-do*a i t a u o h . Th* o h a r a o t o r a p p * a r* to o w lgorou* and r o b u a t i n *oa* plao*** w hloh k * p t u a d a r i n a lo w * r k*y and ■tuok * ueh o l o a e r t o n a t u r * .^*9 Xn "An Xl*gy On t h a t W orthy and Faaou* A otor* H r. C h a r i• • H a rt" p r ln t* d I n 8ua**r** * d l t l o a o f X oaolua l t 7 CD*Tld O a rrlo k J* An X aaar on A otinw . . , (London* P r i n t e d f o r W. H Io k * r* to n , l 7 a * J f p . 10. lk*a» £ £ . o l t . . p p . l t M 7 . L a u r * a t. p. a o . 256 t h * r # w t i a d o o o r l p t l o B o f t h l a m o t o r ' * a b i l i t y t o B O T * AD A U dlA D O A . Buoh F t v 'r I* fem d O 'r th« Spootator# c o in 'd , A * forA'd • I t I t Faaaloa fro* a FaIbb d . For w t i i thoy a a v A a lito r I I a a I , i t r u t A l l Th* I o u a a , tor a a a ry Drop, a T ab t l # t f a l l * Aad vh#a Arbaoa* v#pt bp s/apathy, A f l9 tflB | ridA o f Vo fU#h*d f r o u A A O h Ip#* A m , vh«a ho vovld o u r a a a to O rlo f* b * f u ll* Or OolAdoa o r Foroa Bad* u a o b I I a i Ab in d ic a tio n of th* thoory th a t w a o to d*A*lop Boro f u l l y 1b tho *lcht*#B th-o#atury of th* dlffA r*aoo botvoAB ooaady M l tro |* d y ploylB i w a a oontaln*d 1b 4 OOBPATlBOB S#tVA*B th# T W O 8tA B A A publlAh*d IB 1702* Th* S p i r i t o f T rag*dy o h o u 'd alway# S o o ri l o t u r # l a a o t t o bo d l r o o t l y o o o y 'd a # 1b Ooaodyt It* n r ForooB 1 b * t sh o u ld th * F u a k ln , and ta l k abov* th* o o b b o b I a t a I • Th* OOBBABt# A Bd OritlOlBB# OB XOAtorAtlOB AOtlBg, though BOt #lt*A#lTA, show t h o d o f l B i t * b A g i B B l B f O f A B AAtAbllahod thoory oa th* a r t o f ao tln g aad th* d * v * l o p - B#Bt of o rltlo A l Atandard* fo r Judging th* aotor*# porforBBBoo* 1 7 0 D O V B # * f g£* A l t * * p . 1A9* Thu# o u r A f f o o t l o a # I # o r H l r t h . Q r i o f a a d L o t # b y v p . 60 171011doa( 4 COBAATlAOa lAtVAAB Two gtOBAi. cH A prm vn StTWURT, C0ICLUSI0I8, AID SVaOKSTUXS rox rtrxrxxx uskaxcr fh c p r o b le s o f t h i s s t u l y v u to d i t c n l m th * o h a r s o t e r l e t l o a o f th * t o t i n g d u rin g th * R o * to rn tlo n p e r io d In h i | l u 4 . To a p p ro a c h th * s o l u t i o n t o t h l* p ro b - lo n > s tu d y vn* f l r a t mad* o f th * o h n r * o t * r l * t l e a o f th * n o tin g o f th * p e r io d l M * d l n t * l y p r* o * d ln g and th * p e r io d l M * d l a t * l y f o llo w in g th* R e s t o r a t i o n . Th* n**d to do t h l a waa baaed on th * h y p o th e s is t h a t th * d * v * lo p » * n t o f th * a r t o f n o tin g l a e v o l u tio n a r y and th * c h a r a o t e r l e t l o * o f on* p e rio d I n n o tin g ln f lu o n o * * th * o h a r a e t * r l a t l o a o f th * fo llo w in g p e r i o d . Th* a*ooad s t e p In ao lw ln g th* p r o b lM waa to a tu d y th* o h a r a o t * r l * t l o o o f th * n o tin g o f th * R e s t o r a t i o n p e rio d l t e * l f . In a l l th r* * p e r io d s o f n o tin g r* a * a ro h waa U n i t e d t o oonnonta and o r l t l o l s n a on n o tin g nada by o o n t* a p o ra ry w r i t e r * . T h is was pr*o*d*d by an a m a n la a tio n o f s o h o la r l y o p in io n on th* n o tin g o f th * th r* * p e r io d * • I . SUM M ARY A o u an a ry o f th* d a t a p r* a * n t* d l a th * p r* o * d ln g o h a p ta r * p ro v id e d th * f o llo w in g answ er* to th * a p o o lf lo 257 25B q u e s tio n * o u t l i n e d I n th * " 8 ta t* a * n t o f th * P r o b le a .* I . What o o u ld b* d e te rm in e d o f th * o h a r a o t e r l a t l o a o f R e s t o r a t i o n n o tin g by an I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f 1 1 1 ta b * th e n n o tin g ? A. V hat r * l * t l o a * h l p * x la t* d b*tw **a 111 sa b * th a n n o tin g aad R * * to r a tlo n n o tin g ? Tb*r* w*r* th r* * * p * o lf lo f a o t* * a t a b l l o h l n g a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p b*tw **n X lla a b * th a a n o tin g and R * * to r a tlo n a o t l n f . Th*** w *r*i (1 ) aany R e s t o r a t i o n a o t o r a had b**a a o t lv * l a th * I l l a e b o t h a a t h * a t r * ( (2 ) th * f l r a t R e s t o r a t i o n t h a a t r * m a n a g e rs. ln o lu d l n g S i r W i llia n B avenant aad S i r R *ary K l l l l g r e w , w ar* a o t I t * l a th * l l l a a b a t h a n t h e a t r e . and ( ? ) aon* R e s t o r a t i o n a o to r a w*r* l a * t r u o t * d l a t h * l r p a r t a by f o r a a r ■ *ab * ra o f th* 1 1 1 ta b * th a n t h * a t r * . R. What waa th * a o h o l a r ly o p in io n aa t o th * o h a r a o t * r l a t l o a o f I l l a a b e t h a a n o tin g ? S c h o la r ly o p in io n oa th * o h a r a o t * r l a t l o a o f 1 1 1 sa b * th a n n o tin g g e n e r a l l y b ro k e down l a t o two o a t* - g o r l* a i (1 ) th o** who fa v o re d a fo rm a l a t y l * l a 1 1 1 ta b * th a n n o t i n g , aad (2 ) th o a * who fa v o re d a n a t u r a l a t y l a l a 1 1 1 aa b * th an n o tin g . I t waa ougg*at*d» l a aon* ona**. t h a t th a n o tin g d * v * lo p ed f r o n a fo rm a l t o a n a t u r a l a t y l * ao th * d ra m a tic l i t e r a t u r e d e v e lo p e d d u r in g th * p e r io d . A n o th e r p o in t o f v l* v waa t h a t th * n o tin g waa a 2 59 i l t t u r i o f • f o m l u 4 n a t u r a l a t y l e . Tha aaa# o r i g i n a l a o u ro a a w ar# o f ta n uaad to a r r i v e a t o p p o a lte oo m o lu o lo n a. Tha oauaa o f th a f o r n a l t h a o r l a t a v a r a o o n a l d a r a h l j w eak- anad vhon t h a l r o h l a f p ro p o n e n t, A lfra d H arb ag e, n o d l f l a d h l a o p in io n and oonoadad t h a t a n a t u r a l a t / l a o f n o tin g v a a p o a a lb le , p a r t l o u l a r l j l a aoaa p a r t a o f th a p la y a w hloh aaan ad to danand auoh a a t y l e . A ll o o h o la ra arg u ad o o a v ln o la g ly f o r t h a l r p o ln ta o f v la v , a lth o u g h th a m a j o r i t y o f a o h o l a r ly o p in io n fa v o re d th a f o r n a l a t y l e In S l l a a h a t h a a n o tin g * B o h o la ra f a v o r in g th a f o r n a l a t y l e d a a o rlb a d S l l a a h a t h a a n o tin g ao f o l l o v a i T h a o r r « A o tln g th a o ry v aa d o m ln atad by a r t baaad on o l a a a i o a l p ra o o p to o f o r a to r y and f a v o ra d th a e ta n d a r d - la a d u aa o f v o le a and n o tio n * A o tlo a o h a r a o t a r l i t l o n . Tha u aa o f n o tio n on th a 1 1 1 ■a b a th a n a ta g a v aa fo rm a l, r a a t r a l n a d , a l a p l l f l a d , a t a a d a r d i a a d , aad o o n v a n tlo n a l. H ovonaat van e x a g g e ra te d aad o ta tu a a ^ u a , g a a tu r a v aa f o r n a l l a a d , f a c i a l a z p ra a o lo n v aa d l a t o r t a d , and t h a r a v a a a a i n l a u a a a o u a t o f a ta g a b u o ln aaa* T fr f il f ^ o v o o t a r l a t l o a * Tha u a a o f th a v o lo a oa th a S l l a a h a t h a a a ta g a v aa h a lg h ta n a d and r h a t o r l o a l * Z t v aa d a a o rlb a d v a r lo u o ly aa I n f l a t e d , a t e n t o r i a n , b o a b a a tlo , r a n t I n f , a u a l e a l , a x p r a o a lv a , and o la a r* 260 Q h a r a o t n r l i a t l o n . A o to ra d id n o t l d a n t l f y w ith t h a l r e h a r a o t a r a o r o o a a l a t a n t l y a a l n t a l n t h a l r o h a r a o t a r a a la o a no a t t a a p t waa a a d a to a a ta to lla h an l l l u a l o n o f r a a l l t y oa th a a t a f a . Tha u aa o f w olca and aetfton waa a d a p ta d , h o v a a a r , to th a o h a r a o t a r and a a o t l o n p o r tr a y a d . Tha a o h o la r a f a a o r l n f a n a t u r a l a t y l a d a a o rlb a d B lls a b a th a a a o t l n f aa fo llo w a i T h a o r r . A o tln f waa l n o r a a o l n f l y d o a ln a ta d by a a o t l o n a l l a a and l a a f l n a t i o n a a th a 1 1 1 a a b a th a n dram a d aaalo p n d ' u r l n f th a p a r lo d . A o tlo n « h « r * o t * r l * t l o * . »o a t t r a p t waa aa d a to d a f ln a th a u aa o f a o t l o n on th a B lls a b a th a a a ta * a o t h a r th a n to p o i n t o u t t h a t th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a o t lo n ao d a a o rlb a d by th a f o r a a l l a t a waa tr u a o f l n f a r l o r a o t l n f , b u t n o t o f th a b a a t B lla a b a th a n a o tln f * V ooal o h a r a o t a r ln a ti o n * Vo a t t a a p t waa a a d a to d a f ln a th a u a a o f th a w oloa oa th a B l ls a b a th a a a t a f a o t h a r th a n to p o i n t o u t t h a t th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a w oloa aa d a a o rlb a d by th a f o r a a l l a t a wao tr u a o f l n f a r l o r a o t l n f , b u t n o t o f th a b a a t B lla a b a th a n a o to ra * O h a r a o t a r l a a t l o a . Tha a o t o r a 1d a n t l f i n d w ith th a o h a r a o ta r a th a y warn p l a y l n f and f a i t th a a a o tlo n a o f 261 t h a l r p a r t s i l a o c th o y v a r a a t t s n p t l n f to p r t a t n r c aa I l l u s i o n o f r s a l l t y . R o st a l f n l f l c a t l y . tb s a o t o r a w ars o a p a b ls o f a o r l n f tb s 1 1 1 s a b s th a n a u d ls n c a s n o t l o a a l l y . C* What v s r s tb s o h a r a o t s r l a t l o s o f X lls a b o tb a a a o t l a x b aasd on o o n ts a p o ra ry o o n a a n ta and o r i t l o l s a s ? C o a ts n p o ra ry o o a n s n ta and o r i t l o l s a s on 111 c a b s th a n f to tin i v a r a a o t s s t a n o l v s . Thsy p r o v id e d , how ever, tb s f o i l o w l n f l n f o r a a t l o a a b o u t tb s o h a r a o t s r l a t l e o o f 1 1 1 s a b s th a n a o t l n f . T b a o r r . T h a ra . ia a t t h l a t i n s no w a ll d a f ln s d th e o ry o f a o t l n f . Tbs food a o t o r was ona who f o llo v a d tb s p r s o a p ta o f n a t u r s and waa n o t a r t i f i c i a l In h l a p o r t r a y a l o f a t a f a o h a r a o t a r a . T b srs waa aons l n d l o a t l o n o f th a b a f l n n l n f o f tb s s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n o f t b s u s s o f v o le s and f s a t u r a . T b srs waa no l n d l o a t l o n aa to how t h l a aay haws a o t u a l l y a f f s o t a d th a a o t l n f . A o tlo a o h . r m g f r l . t l c . T h . o n ly . p . e l f l e i m a l i on th a u a a o f a o t l o n by th a b a a t a o t o r a waa t h a t th s y uaad n o d a r a t l o a and d e o o ru n . l n f a r l o r a o t o r a w ars o r l t l o l s a d f o r a t r u t t l n f , d i s t o r t e d f a o l a l e x p r e s s i o n , and ft< n s ra l o v e r -u e e o f n o tio n . T o o al o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a . As I n th a u aa o f n o tio n , oo l a th a u a a o f v o lo e th a b v s t a o t o r a v a r a th o a a who uaad 262 n o d a r a t l o n . f u r t h e r a good a o to r had a v a r la d v o lo a and ona t h a t waa B u n lo n l. Tha u aa o f " n u a lo a l" aa a o r l t l o a l t a n d id a o t n a o a a a a r t l j I n d i c a t e a a t / l a o f d a l l v a r y a p p ro a o h ln g a 1a g la g o r r a o l t a t l v a * l n f a r l o r a o t o r a w ara e r l t l o l a a d f o r m outhing* b a llo w in g * aad a f f a o t a t l o n . I t l a p o a a lb la th a y had a o la g in g o r r a o l t a t l v a q u a l i t y l a t h a l r u aa o f th a v o lo a . l n f a r l o r a o t o r a o v a r-u a a d th a v o lo a aa th a y o v a r-u a a d a o t l o a . O h a r a a t a r l n a t i o n . Tha b a a t S l l a a h a t h a a a o t o r a l d a a t l f l a d w ith th a o h a r a o t a r a th a y w ara p la y in g * o o n a lo - t a n t l y ram a ln ad In o h a r a o ta r * aad v a r la d th a v o lo a and a o t l o n to f i t th a o h a r a o t a r b a ln g p o r tr a y a d . Tha oommanto l n d l o a t a d t h a t a d l f f a r a n o a waa nada batw aan th a fa lg n a d a n o tlo n a o f th a a o to r and th a r a a l a n o tlo n a o f th a o r a t o r . S a v a r th a la a a * th a a a f a lg n a d a n o tlo n a on th a p a r t o f th a a o t o r w ara o a p a b la o f n o v ln g th a a u d la n o a to r a a l an o - t l o n a . l n f a r l o r a o to r a w ara o r l t l o l a a d f o r n o t m a in ta in in g o h a r a o t a r and lo o k in g a t th a a u d la n o a l n a t a a d . XX. What oould ba d a t a m l n a d o f th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f l a a t o m t l o n n o tin g by an l n v a a t l g a t l o n o f a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o o n t u r y a e tln g T A. What r a l a t l o n a h l p a z l a t a d batw aan R a a to rm tlo n n o tin g and a a r l y a l g h t a a a t h - o a a tu ry n o tin g ? T h ara w ara t h r a a a p a o lf lo f a o t a a a t a b l l o h l n g a 263 d e f i n i t e r « l « t l o a a h l p b a t v t t n e a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y a o t l n f and V to a to re tio n a o t l n f . Thee# w i r n (1 ) th a a o t l n f o a r e e r e o f a a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y a o t o r a o v e r la p p e d v l t h th o a a o f th a R e e t o r a t l o n , (2 ) th a a o t l n f t r a d i t i o n o f th a a a r l y a l f h t a a n t h - e a n t u r y v aa baaad on l a l t a t l o n , i n t h l a o a a e , th a l n l t a t l o n o f th a b a a t K e e to r e tlo n a o t o r a , and (3 ) many o f th a b a a t a o t o r a o f th a l l e e t o r e t l o n v a r a t r a i n e d f o r t h a l r p r o f e e a lo n e by Jo aep h A ehbury, a nan I d e n t i f i e d v l t h R e e t o r a t l o n a o t l n f . B. What v aa th e a o h o l a r ly o p in io n aa to th e o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a of a a r l y e l f h t e e a t h - c e n tu r y a o t l n f ? A au rv a y o f a o h o l a r ly o p in io n on a a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o a n tu ry a o t l n f l n d l o a t a d f e n e r a l a f r a a a a n t on th a n a t u r e and th a f e n e r a l o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y e l f h t e e a t h - o a a tu r y a o t l n f . T h ara v a a , how ever, d l a a f r e e a e n t on a l n o r p o l n t a , p a r t i c u l a r l y aa to v h e t h e r th a a t y l a o f B ooth and Q uia bao aaa l n o r a a a l n f l y a o r a r a a t r a i n e d o r e x a f f e r a t e d . A lth o u fh a l l th a a u th o r a a o o a p te d 17A1 aa th a d a te m a rk In f th a new a t y l a o f a o t l n f f o a l n a t e d by H aofclln and O a r r lo k , t h a r a v a a d l a a f r e e n e n t a a to th a e a r l i e r l l a l t l n f d a t a a on th a a t y l e o f a o t l n f p r e o e d ln f H a o k lla and O a r r lo k . S p o o l f l o a l l y , a o h o ia r e d a a o rlb a d th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o e a t u r y a o t l n f aa f o l l o v a i T h e o ry . I n th a a a r l y e l f h t e e n t h - o e a t u r y a r t 264 d o m in ated n a t u r e i n a o t l n f . S ta n d a r d is e d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f o h a r a o t a r b a a * 4 on l a l t a t l o n r a t h a r th a n Im a g in a tio n o h a r a o t e r l a e 4 t h l a p a r l o 4 . A 4 1 f f a r a n t ty p e o f a o t ln g waa uaa4 f o r th a p la y in g o f oomedy and th a p la y in g o f tr a g o 4 y . Tha fo rm o r waa n o ra n a t u r a l th a n th a l a t t e r . T hara waa ln o r# a a e 4 a t a n d a r d l t a t l o n In w r i t t e n f o r n o f th a uaa o f ▼oloa and a o t l o n w ith p a r t l o u l a r a n o tlo n a a a e lg n e d o p e o i f l e a o tI o n a and e p e e l f l o v o c a l u a a g a a . A o tlo n o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a . Tha d e e o r l p t l o n o f th a a o t l o n o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e a t u r y a o t ln g ln o lu d a d th a u aa o f th a f o llo w in g t e m o i f o rm a l, g ra n d , aad d i g n i f i e d . T ooal o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a . Tha d e a o r l p t l o n o f th a ▼ooal o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f a a r l y e l g h t e e a t h - o e n t u r y a o tln g ln o lu d a d th a u a a o f th a f o llo w in g t a i a n n u a l o a l , rh y th m io , o adanoad, o h a a tln g , p ro lo n g e d p r o n u n c ia tio n , a l a v a t a d to a d e f i n i t e p l t o h , h o a r y , b o a b a a tl o , an d , l a e x tre m e o a a e o , r a n t i n g . O t o f t m m m o i . T b . r . . . . l n o r . M . d I W I I I I I oa th a p a r t o f o r l t l o a f o r th a n a a a a a lty o f o h a r a o t a r l d e n t l - f l a a t l o n , f e e l i n g th a a n o tlo n a o f th a p a r t , o h a r a o t a r oom e l e t a n a y , and v a r i e t y i n a d a p tin g r o lo o aad n a t io n to th a o h a r a o t a r . Z t waa n o t , how ever, u n t i l th a t i n e o f O a rrlo k and K a e k lla t h a t th e a e w ara e o n a l a t a n t l y p la a a d i n t o 265 p r a c t i o e . C. tfhnt w ere th * o h a r a o t e r l e t l o a o f e a r l y e l g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y l o t l n f baeed on o o a t M p o r t r j oommenta u d o r l t l o l e m e ? T h ere w ere e x t e n s iv e o o * * « a ti mad o r i t l o l s a s by o o n te m p o ra rie s oa i t r l ; e l g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y i o t l n | . Thoy p r o r l d t d th* f o llo w in g I n f o m o t i o n on th * n o tin g o f t h n t p e r io d . T h * o rr. T h l* p e rio d l a n o tin g « u la flu * a o * d by th * o l a a s l e a l t r a d i t i o n l a l l t * r n t u r * . Suoh word* n* d e e o ru a , r e g u l a r i t y , g o v ern m en t, o r d * r ( b n la n o e , nad grno* w*r* found th r o u g h o u t th* v a r io u s oonm ents aad o r i t l o l s a s . Th*r* wa* no a g r* * a * n t on w h e th e r a r t o r n a tu r * sh o u ld d o a ln n t* a c t i n g . Soa* w r i t e r * d e v e lo p e d e x t e n s iv e r u le * f o r th e p o r t r a y i n g o f p a a s lo a * . Thl* ln o lu d a d o o a p le te s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n l a th e u*e o f v o lo e and g e s t u r e f o r p a r - t i o u l n r em o tio n * . Th* p la y in g o f ooaedy wa* d i f f e r e n t i a te d from th e p la y in g o f tr a g e d y . Th* a o t l n g o f oomedy waa n o r* n a t u r a l aad o l o s e r t o l i f e w h ile th e a o t l n g o f tr a g e d y was a more e l e v a t e d o r h e ig h te n e d p r e s e n t a t i o n o f l i f e . A o tlo a 8h . r » o t « r l . t l « . . A a to r . M r . a o . t o f t a a o r l t l o l s e d f o r u s in g to o au o h a o t l o a o r f o r a lo o k o f v a r l s t y l a a o t l o a . P o s in g , o r th * assu m in g o f a t t i t u d e s ?66 « u p o p u la r . Tha a a a t t l t u d a a w ara o f t a n a a l n t a l n a d u n t i l th a a u d la n o a a p p la u d e d . M oraaent wao g a n a r a l l y a o le n a , alo w , a r t l f l o l a l , and a t u d lo d . I t waa o f ta n r a f a r r a d to ao s t r u t t i n g . Arm i i a t u r a a w ara a o r a e o a a o n ly a o la a a and alow aa waa n o T e n a n t. I t waa o f ta n fo ro a d and In ooaa oaoao r a f a r r a d t o aa a a a e - o a w ln t ty p e o f f e a t u r e . Tha uaa o f f a e l a l a x p r a a a lo n waa a l t h a r e r l t l o l s a d f o r chowlng no a n o tlo n a t a l l , o r f o r th a uaa o f to o auoh g r l a a o e . TqqqI q h a r a o t o r l a t l o a . I n f e n e r a l a o t o r a w ara o r l t l o l a a d f o r la o k o f v a r i e t y and ao n o to n y l a th a u aa o f th a v o lo a . I t wao d a a o rlb a d aa to o t h a a t r l o a l and a r t l f l o l a l . Thara waa a ta n d en o y to d e l i v e r a l l l l n a o f r o a a p la y I n th a a a a a Banner, r e g a r d l e e a o f th a la p o r ta n o a o r a l f n l f l o a a o e o f th a lln a * Tha b a a t a t y l a o f a pa ale In * In tr a g e d y waa a a e l e v a t e d a t y l a . I n th a u aa o f r a t a t h a r a waa to o auoh p a u a ln g n a rk a d by a a o la m a lty o f p ro n u n c ia t i o n . Vowel aounda wara e lo n g a te d aad l l n a o w ara r a f a r r a d to a a b e in g d ra w la d o u t. Spaaoh waa oadanoad and r e g u l a r In r a t a . In th a p ro p a r u aa o f p lto h th a a o t o r wao to a d o p t a d a f l n l t a to n a . T h ara wao a ta n d a n e y to opaak i n a e l a g l e k ay and t h l a wao o f t a n r a f a r r a d t o ao o a n t . Tonaa w ar# q u a v e re d by aona a o to r o and a o t r a a o a o . Sudden and naohnn& oal o h aag ee I n p lto h w ara u aad f o r t h a a t r l o a l a f f a o t . Tha la o k o f v a r i e t y I n p l t o h o f t a n r a a u l t o d l a a • l k | - a o a | ty p a o f d e l i v e r y . Tha b a a t v o o a l q u a l i t y on th a 267 a t **• vaa o h a r a o t a r ia a d aa b a ln g f u l l to n a d , a u a l e a l , b a r - n o n lo u a , and a a lo d lo u a . A o traaa ao aad a on* a o t o r a v a r a o r l t l o l t a d f o r u a l n f a a ln g ln g q u a l i t y whloh ap p ro aeh ad r a o l t a t l v a . A w h in in g q u a l i t y v aa u aad to p o r tr a y o a r t a l n a n o tlo n a * O a n a ra lly t h a r a v aa aa o v a r - u a a o f f o r o a r a a u l t l n g I n a g r a n t d a a l o f lo u d a a a a u n r e l a t e d t o a a n a a . T h la vaa r a f a r r a d to ao b a w lin g , r a n t i n g , f u o t l a n , s o u th i n g , and a p o u tin g . C h .r .o t . r l » . t l o a . T hara d a v a lo p a d d u rin g t h l a t l a a a a p a o l f l o p o in t o f r l a v r a g a r d ln g o h a r a o t a r l t a t I o n and ■any v r l t a r a v r o t a e x t a n o lv e ly on t h l a a u b j e o t . T h ara v aa g a n a r a l a g r a a a a n t t h a t I t v aa n a e a a a a ry to f a a l th a ano- tlo n o o f th a p a r t . Soma a o t o r a , ln o lu d l n g th a b a a t o f th a a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y a o t o r a , v a r a o r l t l o l t a d f o r n o t d o in g t h l a . Aa th a o a n tu r y p ro g ra a a a d v r l t a r a l n o r a a a - l n g l y v o lo a d th a o p in io n t h a t I t wao n a o a o a a ry f o r th a a o t o r to l d a n t l f y w ith th a o h a r a o t a r h a v aa p la y in g . I t wao a v ld a n t t h a t a o t o r a I n th a l a t t a r p a r t o f th a a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y p a r lo d d id a o t do t h l a . A o to ra v a r a ■ o a t o f ta n o r l t l o l t a d , u a d a r o h a r a o t a r l a n t i o n , f o r a o t m a in ta in in g o h a r a o t a r on th a a t a g a , p a r t i c u l a r l y whan thay w ara n o t s p e a k in g . T h la oaonad to ba a u n l v a r a a l f a u l t o f a o t o r a th ro u g h o u t th a a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y . A n o th ar f a u l t o f a o t o r a d u r in g t h l a p a rlo d waa t h a t o f n o t v a r y in g th a v o lo a and a o tlo n t o th a p a r t b a ln g p o r tr a y a d . T hara 266 was a la o k o f v e r s a t i l i t y In a o t o r a d u r in g t h l a p a r lo d and a a a a a n a a a In th a way l a w hloh th a y p o r tr a y a d t h a l r d l f - f a r a n t o h a r a o t a r a . t i l . What o o u ld tea d a t a r n ln a d o f th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o tln g ? A. What waa th a a o h o la r ly o p in io n aa to th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o tln g ? S c h o la r ly o p in io n waa d lv ld a d on th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f l a a t o r a t l o n a o t l n g , a lth o u g h t h l a d l r l o l o n waa n o t aa w a ll d a f ln a d aa I t waa on S lla a b a t h a n a o t l n g . P u r- t h a r , t h l a p a rlo d I n a o t l n g had n o t baan g lv a n aa a i t a n - a lv a o o a a l d a r a t l o n aa th a o t h a r two p a r lo d a . T hara w ara. however* two d l a t l n o t p o ln ta o f view on th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n g . Thaaa two p o ln ta o f alow w ara p r i m a r i l y o o n o arn ad w ith th a d a g ra a o f f o r m a lit y a o h la a a d I n l a a t o r a t l o n a o t l n g . Tha moat r a o a n t w r l t a r o on R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n g oon- a ld a r a d I t to h a a a bean e x tre m e ly fo rm al* a lm o a t a k in to a a r l y a l g h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y a o t l n g . Thaaa a o h o la r a d a a o rlb a d R a a to r a t lo n a o t ln g aa fo llo w a i Thao i t . R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n g waa f o n a a l aad h ig h ly a r t l f l o l a l . A o to ra p a r f o m a d a c c o rd in g to r u l a and th a u a a o f v o lo a aad a o t l o a waa o o n t r o l l a d by J m d p ia a t. A o tlo n o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a . Th 269 o v e ru se o f n o t i o n . A o to ra a t r u t t e d , uaod s t y l i s e d g e s t u r e s , sad posed on th a T o a tl o h a r a o t e r l s t l o a . Throo t l m a t a o h a r t o t t r - 1 te d th a u aa o f th a v o lo e on th a R e s t o r a t i o n s t a g e . Thaaa w ere (1) r a n t i n e , (2) oa n tin e * end (J) to n in g . A o to ra b e llo w e d and ln to n a d t h a l r l l n a a . A w h in in g o r o a n tin g q u a l i t y waa uaad In lo v e -n a k ln g e o e n e e , and a o ad e n o ed , n u e l o a l , h a r o l o a l q u a l i t y waa uaad I n ottoar a o a n a a . Sona a o t o r a w ant ao f a r aa to u aa a n a a a l tw ang. I t waa, how e v e r , g a n a r a l l y oonoadad t h a t th a a a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a w ara n o t l d a n t l f l a d w ith ttaa a c t i n g o f Thonae B a t t a r t o n . C h a r a o t a r l a a t l o n . T h la phaoa o f a e t l n g waa n o t o o n a e n te d on by a o h o la ro w r i t i n g on R a a to r a t lo n n o tin g . Tha a o h o la r a who fa v o re d a la a o f o r s a l a t y l a l a R a a to r a t lo n n o tin g c h a r a o t a r l t a d th a n o tin g o f th a p a r lo d aa f o llo w o i Thao n r . Tha b a a t a o to r a fo llo w e d th a p r l n o l p l e a o f n a t u r e and w ara f r a a o f a f f e e t a t l o a and a r t l f l o e . How e v e r , th e o l a e e l o a l l a f l u e a o e I n l i t e r a t u r e a l e e 1 a f l e an oed n o tin g and produoad a r a e t r a i n e d e t y l a o f p e r f o n a n o e . A o tio a o h n r . o t . r l . t l o . . T b . o l . a . l o . l l n f l u . n o . produo ad a r a a t r a i n e d u aa o f n o tio n . I t d id n o t p e m i t th e ua« o f l a r g e , r h e t o r i c a l g e a tu r e a . 210 Tooal o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a . Thonaa B e t t e r t o n d id n o t a p « ik i n a to n # and uaad v a r l i t j , T hara waa ( r a a t u n o a r* t a i n t 7 aaong t h l a g ro u p o f a o b o la ra aa to w h e th e r o r n o t a a ln g ln g o r r a o l t a t l e e q u a l i t y waa uaad In a o t l n g . C h a r a o t a r l a a t l o n . T hla phaaa o f a o t ln g waa n o t ooatnantad on by a o b o la r a w r i t i n g on R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n g . B* What w ara th a o b a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o t ln g baaad on o o n ta a p o ra r y o o a a a n ta and o r l t l o l a a a ? A lth o u g h o o n ta a p o ra r y o o a a a n t and o r l t l o l a a on R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n g waa n o t a x te n a lw e , I t waa a u f f l o l a n t to prow lda a o l a a r ld a a aa to th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a n o t* ln g o f t h a t p a r t e d . Thaaa o o a a a n ta and o r l t l o l a a a d a a e r lb a d R a a to r a t lo n a o t ln g aa fo llo w a i A o tln g th a o ry d u r in g th a R a a t o r a t l o n , aa d u r in g th a a a r l y e l g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y , waa ln f lu a n o a d by th a o l a a a l o a l t r a d i t i o n l a l l t a r a t u r a . X>eoorua, r a g u l a r l t y , o r d a r , b a la n o a , and g ra o a w ara th a g a n a r a l o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a b a a t R a a to r a t lo n a o t o r a . A o tln g waa o o n t r o l l a d by J u d g a e n t. l a t u r a waa uaad w ith th a a a a la ta n o a o f a r t and th a w r l t a r e a 1 a a r l y d l f f a r a n t l a t a d batw aan a r t and n a t u r a l a a o t l n g . A r t waa to ba uaad t o a a k a a o t l n g a o ra n a t u r a l . S ta n d a r d is e d r u l e a f o r th a u aa o f v o lo a and 211 n o tio n w ere d e v e lo p e d d u r in g th e l a s t / t i r o f th e R e s t o r a t i o n . They w ere n o t , h o w ev er, p u r e ly n e o h a n lo a l or a r t l f l o l a l and th e e n t i r e eyetern wee one In w hloh n a t u r e waa to be th e c o n s ta n t g u id e . R e s t o r a t i o n w r i t e r s p o in te d o u t th e d l e t l n o t l o n betw een th e n o tin g o f oonedy and th e a o t ln g o f t r a g e d y . Oonedy waa n e a r e r to n a t u r e and i t waa n o t p o e e lb le t o d e v is e r u l e s f o r oonedy n o t i n g , w hereaa tr a g e d y was n o r e e l e v a t e d , d i g n i f i e d , and o o n t r o l l e d . A c tio n o h a m o t e r l s t l o a . The u se o f n o v e n e n t, g e s t u r e , and f a o l a l e x p r e s s io n was v a r ie d and u n a f f e o t s d , b u t r e g u l a t e d by r e s t r a i n t . T ra g lo n o tio n te n d e d to be f o r n a l and d i g n i f i e d l a th e b e s t R e s t o r a t i o n a s t o r s . I t waa n a t u r e I n t e n s i f i e d . A o tio n on th e s t a g e , oonp ared to n o tio n i n o r a t o r y and p re a o h ln g , was s t r o n g e r , n o re v i v i d , and n o r e o f t e n u s e d . The n o tio n o f i n f e r i o r a o to r a waa o r l t l o l s e d f o r I t s s t r u t t i n g q u a l i t y and la c k o f v a r i e t y , T . o . l o h M ~ M t . r l . t l . . . n>« u * . o f t h . . 0 1 0 . . . . l a a U n i t e d s e n s e n a t u r a l and f r e e o f a f f e c t a t i o n i n th e b e s t a o t o r s . I t was o r d in a r y d i s c o u r s e h e ig h te n e d f o r th e s t a g e . R e v e r th e le s s I t had a n u e l o a l q u a l i t y . T h is was n o t th e sa n e a a a ln g ln g o r r e o l t a t i v e w hloh o h a r a o t e r ls e d e a r l y e l g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y n o tin g . M o reo v er, th e u s e o f to n e I n th e l a t t e r p e r io d was n o t a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e e a r l i e r p e r i o d . The b e s t a o t o r s w ere a b le to overo o n e th e 71? r a n t i n g and h a r o l c a l q u a l i t y o f th a R a a to r a tlo n p la y a , by o o n o a a tr a tln g on a a a n ln g and a a o r l f l c l n g th a Bound to a a n a a . X n fa rlo r a o t o r a v a ra o r l t l o l a a d f o r b a w lin g , r a n t i n g , a u b a t l t u t l n g loudnaaa f o r n a a n ln g . Thay la o k ad ▼ arlaty and uaad a o a n tin g ty p a o f d a l l v a r y . A a ln g ln g o r r a o l t a t l v a q u a l i t y waa a la o uaad by l n f a r l o r a o to r a w ith lo n g to n a a whloh o f t a n d a g a n a ra ta d I n t o a w h in in g q u a l i t y . C h a r a o t a r l i a t l o n . Tha b a a t R a a to r a tlo n a o to r a a d a p ta d th a uaa o f v o lo a and a o t lo n to th a o h a r a o t a r and th a a n o tlo n a p o r tr a y a d t thay l d a n t l f l a d w ith t h a l r o h a r a c - t a r a i f a i t tha a n o tlo n a o f th a p a r t a t and o o n a l a t a n t l y ra n a ln a d In o h a r a o t a r d u rin g a p a r f o r n a n o a . I I . CORCLUSIOWS Tha fo llo w in g o o n o lu a lo n a w ara th a r a a u l t o f th a ra a a a r o h u n d a rta k a n to ao lv a th a p r o b la a o f t h l a atudy* 1 . f r o a th a K lla a b a th a n th ro u g h th a a a r l y a l g h ta a n th - c a n t u r y p a r lo d a th a r a waa a ta n d a n o y anong a on a a o b o la ra to l d a n t l f y th a b a a t a o t l n g to ba t h a t o f th a l n f a r l o r a o t o r a . 2 . Thara waa no v a l l - d a f l n a d b raak In th a awolu* t l o n a r y prooaaa o f a o t l n g in th a p a rlo d a tu d la d aueh aa o o o u rra d In 1741 w ith th a p a r f o m a n e a a o f O a rrlo k and tta o k lln . Tha p e r io d s s tu d ie d ap p e ared to a d o p t th e w o rst o h a r a c t e r l e t l o e o f p re c e d in g p e r i o d s . The t r a d i t i o n o f a o tln g was a o n tln u o u s and w ith o u t s e r io u s l n t s r r u p t l o n froei th e t i n s o f S h a k e sp e a re u n t i l 1741. T here w as, ho w ev er* a g r a d u a l change In th e s t y l e o f a o t l n g . T hla ohange was o h a r a o t s r l t e d by I n c re a s e d f o r m a lit y and a r t l f l o l a l l t y . M ature in p re c e d in g p e r io d s was te n p e re d by a r t | by th e end o f th e e a r l y s i g h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y * e a t i n g was a l l a r t and v e ry l i t t l e n a t u r e . The a r g u n s n t a b o u t I l l t a b e t h a n a o t l n g — a s to w h e th e r I t was f o r n a l o r n a t u r a l — o an n o t be r e s o lv e d . However, th e e v ld e n o e i n d i c a t e d t h a t I t waa l a a g l n a t l v e and e a o t l o n a l , and l e s s e u b je o te d to th e r u l e s and th e o l a s s l o a l l n f l u s n o e o f su o o e e d ln g p e r io d s . A lthough I t was p o s s i b le t o e s t a b l i s h a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een X lls a b e th a n and R e s t o r a t i o n a o t l n g , th e o r i g i n a l c o n s e n ts and o r l t l o l e n s on X lls a b e th a n a o t ln g w ere n o t a u f f l o l e n t to p ro v id e s p e o l f l o o lu e a a s to th e o h a r a o t e r l s t l o s o f R e s t o r a t i o n n o tin g . A d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p was e s t a b l i s h e d betw een R e s to r a ti o n and e a r l y s ig h t e e n t h - o e n t u r y a o t l n f . T h i r t was a r a r y I n d i c a t i o n t h a t th a a a o a a a a a o f a a r l y a l f h t a a n t h - o a n t u r y a c tin g d id n o t o h a r a o t a r l a a th a b a a t R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n f . Thaaa a a o a a a a a ln o lu d a d a la o k o f ▼ a r a a tlllty « a a l n f l B f o r r a o l t a t l a a q u a l i t y In th a u a a o f th a v o lo a , and a t l f f and a f f a o ta d a o t lo n . S o h o la r ly o p in io n t h a t f a r o r a d a f o r a a l , r h a t o r i o a l , n a o h a n lo a l, and a r t l f l o l a l a t y l a o f R a a to r a tlo n a o tln g d id n o t a a a n to ba baaad on a d a q u a ta o r p r o p a r ly I n t a r p r a t a d a r ld a n o a . V haraaa th a a a nay h ava baan th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f l n f a r l o r R a a to r a t lo n a o t o r a t th a y a l n o a t o a r t a l n l y v a r a n o t th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f th a b a a t R a a to r a t lo n a o t o r a . D uring th a l a t t a r p a r t o f th a R a a to r a t lo n a d a f l n l t a th a o ry o f a o t l n g bagan t o d a r a l o p . A lth o u g h t h l a th a o ry ln o lu d a d th a d a r l a l n g o f r u l a a by w hloh to n o t , th a r a waa no a v ld a n e a to l n d l o a t a t h a t t h l a mathod waa uaad by R a a to r a t lo n a o t o r a . W ith o u t doubt* th a u aa o f r o l o a and a o t lo n on th a R a a to r a t lo n a ta g a van d l g a l f l a d and r a a t r a l n a d . Xt van n o ra f o r n a l th a n i t waa n a t u r a l . R a v a v a r, th a 275 a o t l n f waa n o t a r t l f l e l a l and a a o h a n lo a l. I t had w a r la t y , a m o tio n , and Im a g in a tio n * I I I . STJ00ESTICW8 fOR rU RTH « RESEARCH Tha a r t o f a o t l n g l a a r a l a t l v a l y u n a ip lo r a d f l a l d w ith in th a a r a a o f tb am tra* I t p r o r ld a a many o p p o r tu a - l t l a a f o r f u r t h a r r a a a a r o h . Bona a u g g a a tlo n a f o r f u r t h a r r a a a a r o h grow ing o u t o f t h l a a tu d y a r a i 1. A a tu d y o f th a o h a r a o t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o t ln g baaad on th a R a a to r a t lo n p la y a , and In p a r t i c u l a r , th a d l f f a r a n t ty p a a o f p la y a p r o - duoad d u r in g th a R a a to r a tlo n * 2 . A a tu d y o f R a a to r a tlo n a o tln g b aaad on th a p ro - lo g u a a and a p llo g u a a to R a a to r a t lo n p la y a . 5 . A a tu d y o f R a a to r a t lo n a o tln g b aaad on th a ln f lu a n o a a o f R raaoh a o tln g and a o t ln g o r l t l o l a a . A. A a tu d y o f R a a to r a t lo n n o tin g b aaad on th a ln f l u a n o a o f r h a t o r l o a l th a o ry and p r a o t l o a d u r in g th a R a a t o r a t l o n . 5 . A a tu d y o f th a d a r a l o p a a n t o f n o tin g th a o r y , o r th a a o t l n g th a o ry o f p a r t i o u l a r p a r lo d a l a t h a a t r a h l a t o r y . ( • A a tu d y o f th a d a v a lo p a a n t o f a o t l n g o r l t l o l a a , and I n p a r t i o u l a r , th a d a v a lo p a a n t o f th a t a r a l n o l o c j uaad to d e a o rlb a a o t o r a l a par* fo n a a n o a . A atu d y o f th a r a l a t l o a a h l p b a tv a a n th a o h a ra o - t a r l a t l o a o f R a a to r a t lo n a o t l n * aa a p p lla d to a o d a rn p ro d u o tlo n a o f R a a to r a t lo n playa* B iB u o o ju n n r A. BACKOVOtJVD KATEBXAL8 A d u i . Joooph Q ulaoy. U l M l l M l m to tho l f r l l n 0 MKB 7 , 1 9 1“ V I# tort of l o a t o r a t l o n . g o i t o n 1 m pp. A tiry , t e i t t L. (o d .). Tho London S taff* KA0- 16S0 . F o r t 2 . 1 7 6 0 - lT M . r T o l a . w i o M i U , i l l l a o l i i S o u th e rn Y llln o i o Oal v a n i t y P r t i a , I9 6 0 . B o l l, H am ilto n . " C o n trib u tio n # t o th o K n o llo h P la y b o u a o ," A r o h l to o tu r a l V ooord. XXXXII (1 9 1 3 ), 359-AS. B r o w , Ton. 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Creator
Jensby, Wesley Joe
(author)
Core Title
A Historical Study Of The Characteristics Of Acting During The Restoration Period In England (1660-1710)
Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Degree Program
Communication (Drama)
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
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OAI-PMH Harvest,Theater
Language
English
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Digitized by ProQuest
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Advisor
Butler, James H. (
committee chair
), Dickens, Milton (
committee member
), McCoard, William B. (
committee member
), Stahl, Herbert M. (
committee member
)
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https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-290084
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UC11358848
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6306327.pdf
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290084
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Dissertation
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Jensby, Wesley Joe
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texts
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University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
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