University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Recognition Accuracy In The Method Of Single Stimuli: A Test Of An Operational Definition Of The Distinctiveness Of Stimuli

(USC Thesis Other)

Recognition Accuracy In The Method Of Single Stimuli: A Test Of An Operational Definition Of The Distinctiveness Of Stimuli

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content This d issertation has been 65— 9107 m icro film ed exactly as received HARABEDIAN, A lbert, 1931- RECOGNITION ACCURACY IN THE METHOD OF SINGLE STIMULI: A TEST O F AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION O F THE DISTINCTIVE NESS OF STIMULI. U niversity of Southern California, Ph.D., 1964 Psych ology, experim ental University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan RECOGNITION ACCURACY XI THE METHOD OP SINGLE STIMULI s A TEST OP A M OPERATIONAL DEFIHITIOM OP THE DISTINCTIVKNESS OP STIMULI by A lb e r t H a ra b e d ls n A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d to th e FACULTY OP THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D eg ree DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY (P sy c h o lo g y ) A u g u st I 96I1 UNIVERSITY O F S O U T H E R N CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7 This dissertation, written by ....... ALBERT HARABEDIAN.... tinder the direction of hX&....Dissertation C o m mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y Dean D a te ...................AUGUST 1 9 6 i l ............................. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairman ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Tb« w r i t e r I s in d e b te d to Human F a c to r s R e s e a rc h , I n c o r p o r a te d f o r m aking th e a rra n g e m e n ts f o r s u b j e c t s w ith th e F l e e t A n ti-s u b m a rin e W a rfa re S c h o o l, and th e N av al T r a in in g C e n te r , San D ieg o . The w r i t e r I s e s p e c i a l l y I n d e b te d to D r. W illia m H a r r is f o r h i s c o n tin u e d m o ral s u p p o r t th ro u g h o u t th e e x e c u tio n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n . D r. Langdon E* L o n g s tr e th , c h a irm a n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n e o w a ltte e , h a s b ee n e s p e c i a l l y h e l p f u l I n c r i t i c a l l y e v a lu a t in g th e d i s s e r t a t i o n p la n and th e f i n a l m a n u s o rlp t. 11 TABLE OP CONTENTS Pag* ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................... 11 L IST OP T A B L E S ................................................................................................ v L IST OP F I G U R E S .......................................................................................... v l C h a p te r I . INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM............................................. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n B ackground P u r p o s e o f t h e S t u d i e s I I . EXPERIMENT I ................................................................................. 17 M ethod R e s u l t s a n d D i s o u s s l o n I I I . EXPERIMENT I I ................................................................................. 2^ M ethod R e s u l t s IV . EXPERIMENT I I I ............................................................................ 1*5 M ethod R e s u l t s D i s o u s s l o n V . A REANALYSIS AND REINTERPRETATION OP EXPERIMENT I I ........................................................................... 6 l I n t r o d u c t i o n M ethod o f A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s D i s o u s s l o n 111 Chapter Page V I. SUMMARY................................................................................................ 81 P u r p o s e o f t h e S t u d i e s Me th o d R e s u l t s C o n c lu s io n s REFEREN CES.......................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTARY D A T A .................................................... 93 APPENDIX B . PRESENTATION ORDER OF STIMULI .......................... 123 I t LIST OF TABLES T a b le P ag# I . P r e d i o t e d a n d O b ta in e d M e d ia n (Q 2 ), F i r s t ( Q l ) , a n d T h ir d (Q 3) Q u a r t i l e s f o r t h e KR an d No-KR G r o u p s ........................................................... 21 I I . Sum m ary A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e o f G o o d n e ss o f F i t b e tw e e n O b ta in e d a n d P r e d i c t e d D% V a l u e s ........................................................................................... 3 8 I I I * S t a n d a r d E r r o r s o f E s t i m a t e f o r t h e L o g a r ith m ic a n d L i n e a r S e r i e s ................................ 3 9 IV* Mean H um ber o f T im e s E a c h R e s p o n s e Was U sed f o r E a c h S e r i e s ...................................... I4 .O V. Mean Hum ber o f C o r r e c t R e s p o n s e s f o r t h e F i r s t a n d L a s t H a l f o f t h e T r i a l s f o r e a o h S e r i e s .......................................................................................... 1^.2 V I. S t a n d a r d E r r o r s o f E s t i m a t e f o r t h e F i r s t a n d L a s t H a l f o f t h e T r i a l s f o r E a o h S e r i e s . • 1*3 V I I . D u r a t i o n (MS) o f t h e T o n e s i n E a o h o f t h e T h r e e S e r i e s ........................................................................... I4.7 V I I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e o f t h e P e r c e n t a g e o f C o r r e c t R e s p o n s e s f o r t h e T h re e L o g a r ith m ic S e r i e s ( F i r s t H a l f ) ........................................................... 6 6 IX . A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e o f t h e P e r c e n t a g e o f C o r r e c t R e s p o n s e s f o r t h e T h r e e L o g a r ith m ic S e r i e s ( L a s t H a l f ) . . . . . ................................. 67 X. A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e o f L i n e a r a n d Q u a d r a t i c T r e n d s f o r t h e T h re e L o g a r lth m io S e r i e s ( L a s t H a l f ) ................................................................................ 69 X I. A n a l y s i s o f V a r ia n c e o f t h e P e r o e n t a g e o f C o r r e o t R e s p o n s e s f o r t h e T h re e L i n e a r S e r i e s ( A l l T r i a l s ) ........................................................... 72 LIST OP FIGURES F ig u r e s Page 1 . P re d io te d and o b ta in e d D ?6 s c o r e s f o r s tim u lu s 8 f o r th e L o g a rith m ic (A) and L in e a r (B) S e r i e s a s a f u n c tio n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e in d u r a t io n b e tw e e n s tim u lu s 9 and th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i i n th e s e r i e s ........................................ 29 2 . P r e d io te d and o b ta in e d mean D ?6 v a lu e s and th e 99/6 c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r L o g a rith m io S e r i e s I ...................... 32 3 . P r e d io te d and o b ta in e d mean D % v a lu e s and th e 9936 c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r L o g a rith m ic S e r ie s I I ............................................................................. 33 If. P r e d ic te d and o b ta in e d mean V% v a lu e s and th e 99/6 c o n fid e n c e I n t e r v a l s f o r L o g a ritb m io S e r i e s I I I . • ............................................................. 3^ 5- P r e d ic te d an d o b ta in e d mean D ?6 v a lu e s and th e 99£ c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r L in e a r S e r ie s I ............................................................................. 35 6 . P r e d ic te d an d o b ta in e d mean D 5 6 v a lu e s and th e 99?6 c o n f id e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r L in e a r S e r ie s I I ............................................................................. 36 7. P r e d ic te d and o b ta in e d mean D % v a lu e s and th e 9956 c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r L in e a r S e r ie s I I I ........................................................................ 37 8 . O b ta in e d D 3 6 f o r d u r a ti o n s num ber If (m id d le ) and 5 » and p r e d i c t e d D3 6 f o r d u r a tio n num ber if a s a f u n o tio n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw een d u r a tio n if and th e re m a in in g d u r a tio n s i n th e s e r i e s .......................................................................... If9 9* P r e d io te d and o b ta in e d mean D? 6 v a lu e s and th e 99^6 c o n fid e n c e I n t e r v a l s f o r S e r i e s I . . . 52 1 0 . P r e d io te d and o b ta in e d mean D ? 6 v a lu e s and th e 9936 c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r S e r ie s I I . . 53 vi Figures Page 1 1 . P re d io te d and o b ta in e d mean D# v a lu e s and th e 99# c o n fid e n c e I n t e r v a l s f o r S e r ie s I I I . . 1 2 . P e ro e n ta g e o f r e s p o n s e c o r r e c t f o r th e lo g a r ith m ic s e r i e s ( f i r s t 90 t r i a l s ) a s a f u n c tio n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw e e n th e end ( n in th ) and re m a in in g s tim u lu s d u r a tio n s in th e s e r i e s ......................................................................... 65 1 3 . P e rc e n ta g e o f r e s p o n s e s o o r r e o t f o r th e lo g a r ith m ic s e r i e s ( l a s t 90 t r i a l s ) as a f u n c tio n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e end ( n in th ) and re m a in in g s tim u lu s d u r a tio n s in th e s e r i e s ......................................................................... 68 llj.. P e ro e n ta g e o f re s p o n s e s c o r r e c t f o r th e l i n e a r s e r i e s a s a f u n o tio n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e en d ( n in th ) and re m a in in g d u r a tio n s in th e s e r i e s ............................................ 71 v l l CHAPTER I HTRODUCTIOH TO THE PROBLEM I n t r o d u c t i o n The r o l e o f c o n te x t I n d e te r m in in g th e re a p o n a e o f th e o rg a n law to a g iv e n a tim u lu a l a a p ro b le m o f Im p o rta n c e t o p ay ch o lo g y * T h ia h a a b e e n e tr e a a e d v ig o r o u s ly b y th e G e a ta l t aeh o o l* R eo en t e x p e r im e n ta l e v id e n c e , to b e re v ie w e d h e r e , h aa ahovra t h a t th e o rg a n la m 'a re a p o n a e l a d e te rm in e d p a r t i a l l y b y th e c o n te x t I n w h ich th e a tim u lu a ap p eara* The e x p e r im e n ta l p ro b le m l a one o f p r e d i c t i n g th e n a t u r e o f th e re a p o n a e t o th e a tim u lu a from th e c o n te x t* K urdook ( i 9 6 0 ) . I n a tte m p tin g to c l a r i f y c o n te x t u a l r e l a t l o n a , p ro p o a e d a p ro c e d u re w h ich a tte m p te d to d e f in e th e d i a t i n c t l v e n e a a o f a t lm u ll f o r p r e d i c t i n g th e r e l a t i v e a e o u ra c y o f re a p o n a e i n one ty p e o f c o n t e x tu a l a l tu a t i o n * The p r e a e n t l n v e a t l g a t l o n waa d i r e c t e d to w ard an l n v e a t l g a t l o n o f th e p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t y o f th e p ro p o a e d p ro c e d u re * 1 B ackground 2 C o n te x t from th e G e s t a l t p o i n t o r n t i The Q e s t a l t s c h o o l o f p sy c h o lo g y w as b o r n , i n p a r t , a s a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t th e s t r u c t u r a l i s t s c h o o ls o f Wundt and T lto h n a r , R e ly in g h e a v i l y on th e m ethods o f th e p h y s ic a l s o le n o e s o f th e tim e s , th e s t r u c t u r a l a p p ro a c h a tte m p te d t o d is c o v e r by a n a l y s i s th e e le m e n ts o f w hloh w h o le s a r e com posed* T hrough a n a l y s i s o f s e n s a ti o n s I n t o e le m e n ta ry com ponents f i r s t , th e n by m eans o f s y n t h e s i s , a tte m p ts v e r e made to f o rm u la te l a v s r e l a t i n g th e com bina t i o n o f th e s e e le m e n ts th e r e b y y i e l d i n g th e s t r u o t u r e o f e x p e r ie n c e . What w as m is s in g I n th e s t r u c t u r a l a p p ro a c h w as t h e I d e a t h a t th e w hole p r o c e s s o f s e n s a t i o n l i e s I n a dynam ic c o n t e x t . T h is p r e s e n te d th e d i f f i c u l t y o f I s o l a t i n g th e s im p le , I n v a r i a n t r e l a t i o n s b etw e en s t i m u l i and th e e le m e n ts o f s e n s o ry e x p e r ie n c e . M urphy (1 9 5 0 ) o l t e s Maoh a s one f o r e r u n n e r o f th e Q e s t a l t s c h o o l. Of Im p o rta n c e I n t h i s r e g a r d was th e arg u m en t o f Mach t h a t p s y c h o lo g y m u st ta k e a o o o u n t o f th e r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n s e n s a ti o n s w h ic h c o rre s p o n d to p h y s ic a l o b j e c t s . T h ese r e l a t i o n s a r e j u s t a s much a q u a l i t y o f e x p e r ie n c e a s I s th e s e n s a t i o n due to th e p h y s io a l o b j e o t . G e s t a l t th e o r y (b a s e d on th e p o s i t i o n s o f W erth eim er and K o h le r) h o ld s t h a t " . . . w hole-phenom ena 3 c a n n o t b e a d e q u a te ly com prehended a s th a m ere su n o f p a r t s , and oaxm ot be a d a q u a ta ly s t u d i e d b y s tu d y in g t h a l r p a r t s I n i s o l a t i o n , s ln e a o u ts I d a o f t h a l r p a r t l o u l a r s i t u a t i o n th a p a r t s i n q u a s tlo n w ould n o t r a n a i n w h at th s y w ara w ith in it** (L u e h in s , 19£1» p . 7 0 ) . T h is s ta te m e n t d o a s n o t i a p l y a n a g l a e t o f th a p a r t s o f w h o la s o r o f th a n aa d f o r a n a l y s i s . R a th a r th a p o s i t i o n o l s a r l y p a r a i t s th a s tu d y o f w h o ls c o n d i tio n s w h ich a a y la a d to th a d ls e o w a ry o f g a n u ln a p a r t s o f w h o la c o n d i tio n s and th a r a b y to th a s l & i l f lo a n e e o f th a p a r t s . H ow ever, t h i s p o s i t i o n o a r r l s s w ith i t th a e v e r - p r e s e n t O a s t a l t w a rn in g : th a i n v e s t i g a t o r h a s to b a aw ara o f th a a o d l f l o a t i o n s w h ich h i s a a th o d o f a n a l y s i s a a y p ro d u e s In th a p a r t s o f th a w hola o r th a w hola u n d a r c o n s i d a r a t l o n . Tha l a p a c t o f O a s t a l t p r i n c i p l a s on a o d s r n d ay p sy o h o p h y s lo s i s a o s t e v id e n t i n th a f o r a u l a t l o n s o f H a lso n ( I 96I4 .) . Of p a r t l o u l a r la p o r ta n o a a r e h i s th e o r y o f a d a p t a t i o n l e v e l and th a r o l e o f s tim u lu s c o n t e x t , n e x t to b a c o n s id e r e d . C o n te x t i n c o n te m p o ra ry p s y c h o p h y s ic s H a lso n * s t h e o r y o f a d a p t a t i o n l e v e l i s c o m p a tib le w ith th a O a s t a l t p o s i t i o n i n e m p h a s is in g r e l a t i v i t y o f Ju dgm ent. R esp o n se t o a s i n g l e s tim u lu s I s n o t o n ly a f u n e tlo n o f th a m a g n itu d e o f t h a t s ti m u lu s , b u t d e p e n d s upon th a t o t a l *c o n te x t" o f w h ic h th e s tim u lu s i s a p a r t . 4 A o co rd in g t o H a lso n ( 19611.) , t r a d i t i o n a l p s y e h o - p h y a lo a h a t t r i a d to a a t a b l i a h p u re t e a l a t ( t h a t I t , u n i t a r y d im e n s io n s ) d e r iv e d fro m th a f u n c t i o n a l d ap an d an ea o f p h y t l e a l and p s y c h o lo g ic a l m a g n itu d e s . B ach t a n t a m o d a lity I t p resu m ed to h av e l t a own f ix e d s e n s i t i v i t y g iv in g r l t a t o a a a a la w ith u n iq u a o o n a ta n ta . A o eo rd ln g t o t h l a v la v th a o rg a n l t a a c t a o n ly a t a a a t a r o r tr a n a * d u o a r o f en e rg y * Any r a r l a t l o n a I n r a t p o n t a dua to c o n t e x t , b a c k g ro u n d , s e r i e s , o r r a t l d u a l a t i a u l i a r a c o n t ld a r a d a t a r r o r t t h a t a r a t o b a a l l a l n a t a d th ro u g h p r o p a r a r r a n g a a a n t o f th a a a p i r l o a l o b s e rv a tio n s * I n c o n t r a t t a d a p t a t i o n l e v e l t h e o r i s t a b e l ie v e t h a t com plex f a c t o r s d a ta r s iin in g p s y c h o p h y s ic a l ju d g m en ts m u st ba ta k a n I n t o a e o o u n t i n a a t a b l l a h l n g p a y o h o p h y tie a l la v a * A o e o rd ln g t o t b i t a p p ro a c h a t i a u l i a r a n o t t r a a t a d a t i a o l a t e d e v e n ts b u t a t a a a b a r a o f c la s s e s * I n t a r o a t l a e a n ta r a d I n th a way a t i a u l i a r a o r d a r e d in th a e la a a a a to w h la h th a y b elo n g * E aoh o la a s o f a t i a u l i i s Judged w ith r e s p e e t t o so a a I n t e r n a l n o r * o r fram e o f r e f e r e n o e * C o n s e q u e n tly Judgm ents a r a r e l a t i v e t o e x i s t i n g norm a v h ie h o an ba o b j a o t l v a l y and q u a n t i t a t i v e l y s p e c i f i e d i n te rm s o f s tim u lu s v a lu e s * T h is o b j a o t l v a and q u a n t i t a t i v e n o rm a tiv e ay stem h aa b ea n te rm e d th a o rg a n ism * a a d a p ta t i o n l a v a l by H alson* Tha p o i n t l a t h a t th a w h o le p a t t e r n o f lm p ao t o f 5 s t i m u l i , p a s t and p r e s e n t , d e te rm in e s th a r e s p o n s e t o any ona a tI n u lu s * W h lls O a s t a l t p s y c h o lo g is ts n ad a n u c h o f t h i s p o i n t , th a y d id l l t t l a to w ard q u a n t l f l o a t l o n o f th a v a r i a b l e s l n f l u a n e l n g th a judgm ent p ro e a s s * Hanea w ary l l t t l a by way o f e x a c t p r e d i c t i o n s o o u ld ba a tta i n e d * By c o n t r a s t H also n * s q u a n t 1t a t I ts a p p ro a o h e m b ra c in g b o th th a p a r t- w h o le r e l a t e d n e s s w i t h i n s tim u lu s o l a s s a s ( O a s t a l t ) a s w a ll a s t h a f u n c t i o n a l d ep en d en ce o f s tim u lu s and re s p o n s e (p s y c h o p h y s ic s ) h a s a f f o r d e d p ro m is in g le a d s in a c h ie v in g m ore e x a c t p r e d i c t io n s * G u ilf o r d (1954* P* 334) h a s s u n a a r lz e d th a r e l e v a n t f e a t u r e s o f th e a d a p t a t i o n - l e v e l c o n c e p t w h lo h h av e th ro w n c o n s id e r a b le l i g h t on a v a r i e t y o f s tl m u lu s - d e tex m ln ed e f f e c t s * The m o st Im p o rta n t o f t h e s e a r e : th e e f f e c t s o f a n c h o r s t i m u l i and o t h e r c o n t e x tu a l s t i m u l i ; th a a s y m n e try o f s e q u e n c e ju d g m en ts o b ta in e d fro m a s tim u lu s s e r i e s ; th e e f f e c t s o f i r r e g u l a r (sk ew ed ) d i s t r i b u tio n o f s t i m u l i i n a s e r i e s ; th e e f f e c t s o f th e o b s e r v e r 's p e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e s b e f o r e th a e x p e r in a n t and h i s a d ju s ta m n t t o a new s e t o f s t i m u l i ; th e c e n t r a l - te n d e n o y phenom enon; and t i n e - o r d e r e r r o r * W hether H a ls o n 's a d a p t a t i o n - l e v e l th e o r y I s e n t i r e l y a d e q u a te a s p r e s e n t l y f o rm u la te d in a c c o u n tin g f o r a l l c o n t e x tu a l e f f e c t s may be q u e s tio n e d * H ow ever, th e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t th e a p p ro a c h s i g n i f i c a n t l y h a s 6 h e lp e d to p o in t o u t th e in f lu e n c e o f o o n to x t on ju d g ia n t a s v a i l a s th a i n p o r t an oa o f th a r e l a t i v i t y o f judgm ent I t s e l f # C o n te x t and s tim u lu s g e n e r a l n a t i o n g r a d i e n t s Tha phanoaaanon o f s tim u lu s g a n a r a l i z a t i o n i s s t i l l a n o th a r im p o r ta n t f a c t o r to ba ta k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n re s p o n s e d e te r m in a tio n * (S tim u lu s g e n e r a l i s a t i o n c a n b a s a id to o o o u r whan a r e s p o n s e , p r e v i o u s l y t r a i n e d t o b a e l i c i t e d by s tim u lu s x , i s a l s o e l i c i t e d by t e s t s t i m u l i s i m i l a r to x . ) I n t h i s r e g a r d i t i s th a sh a p e o f s tim u lu s g e n e r a l i s a t i o n g r a d i e n t s t h a t I s m o st r e l e v a n t , i n t h a t t h i s s tim u lu s p a ra m e te r p la y s an I m p o rta n t r o l e i n s e v e r a l t h e o r i e s ( H u ll, 1<&3; M i l l e r , I 9I+ 8 ; S h e p a rd , 1958)* The form o f a s tim u lu s g e n e r a l i s a t i o n g r a d i e n t i s a f u n c t io n o f many c o n d i tio n s (H llg a rd and M a rq u is, 19&1, Ch. 1 1 ) , P a r t i c u l a r l y im p o r ta n t i s th e f a c t o r o f asym m etry t o be d is c u s s e d n e x t i n te rm s o f s e v e r a l e x p e rim e n ta l r e s u l t s * T h ere i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t one f a c t o r in f l u e n c i n g th e am ount o f s tim u lu s g e n e r a l i s a t i o n i s th e m a g n itu d e o f d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e t r a i n i n g and t e s t s tim u lu s # R e o e n t s t u d i e s h av e show n, f o r human s u b j e c t s a t l e a s t , t h a t th e m a g n itu d e o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t to a o o o u n t f o r th e o b ta in e d g e n e r a l i s a t i o n e f f e c t s * P or e x a m p le , th e r e i s some e v id e n c e t h a t show s th e ra n g e and num ber o f s tim u lu s u n i t s i n a g iv e n s i t u a t i o n a f f e o t th e g e n e r a lis e d r e s p o n s e s t r e n g t h . P u t a n o th e r way I t I s t h e e o n te x t i n w h ich a g iv e n s tim u lu s a p p e a rs v h io h a f f e c t s th e g e n e r a l is e d re s p o n s e s t r e n g t h to t h a t s tim u lu s P o r an e x p e r im e n ta l ex am p le, Thomas and B is s <1 9 6 3 ) showed t h r e e g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s a hue (5 3 0 m p), and t e s t e d ea o h g ro u p w ith n in e ra n d o m ise d s e r i e s o f f o u r t e s t s t i m u l i and a s ta n d a r d hue (530 m p ). Baoh g ro u p was p r e s e n te d th e s ta n d a r d and two w a v e -le n g th v a lu e s on e i t h e r s id e o f th e s ta n d a r d . The s p a c in g b e tw e e n h u e s w as 5* 1 0 , and 20 mp f o r G roups I , I I , and I I I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s u b j e c t re s p o n d e d by l i f t i n g h i s f i n g e r from a t e le g r a p h k e y when he f e l t t h a t th e c o lo r p r e s e n te d w as th e s ta n d a r d . The r e s u l t s showed t h a t th e num ber o f u n i t s b e tw e e n t e s t and s ta n d a r d s tim u lu s In p a r t d e te rm in e s th e g e n e r a l is e d r e s p o n s e s t r e n g t h t o t h e t e s t s t i m u l u s . P o r ex a m p le , th e w ave le n g th s o f 510 and 550 mp w ere e a c h 20 mp d i f f e r e n t fro m t h e s ta n d a r d (530 mp) f o r b o th G roups I I and I I I , b u t w ere tw o s t e p s rem oved fro m th e s ta n d a r d f o r Group I I and o n ly one s t e p rem oved f o r Group I I I . l e v e r t h e l e s s , th e r e s p o n s e s t r e n g t h s to 510 and 550 mp w ere g r e a t e r f o r G roup I I I th a n th e y w ere f o r G roup I I . Thomas and Jo n e s (19&2) a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t th e s e r i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e t e s t s t i m u l i , r e l a t i v e t o th e t r a i n i n g s t i m u l u s , a f f e c t s t h e g e n e r a l i s e d r e s p o n s e s t r e n g t h In hum ans. P lv e g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s w ere ex p o sed t o a l i g h t o f 5 2 5 mp, and ea o h g ro u p w as t e s t e d w ith 12 8 random a e r i e s o f v m lo n g t h a . Eaoh g ro u p waa p r e s e n te d w ith f o u r t a a t v a ? a la n g th a p lu a th a t r a i n i n g l i g h t (5 2 5 u p ) • Tha p o a i t i o n o f th a t r a i n i n g l i g h t i n th a t a a t a a r i a a d i f f a r a d b a tv a a n g ro u p a aa f o llo w a : i t a p p a a ra d i n th a f i f t h , f o u r t h , • . , f i r a t p o a i t i o n f o r G roups I t o V, P o r a l l g ro u p a , a x o a p t f o r Group I I I w h ich h ad th a t r a i n * in g l i g h t i n th a t h i r d ( o a n t a r ) p o a i t i o n , p a a k o f re s p o n d - ln g waa d ia p la c a d to w ard th a e a n ta r o f th a a a r i a a . T haaa r a a u l t a im p ly t h a t th a ah ap a o f th a o b ta in a d g a n a r a l i s a t l o n g r a d i a n t l a p a r t i a l l y a f u n c tio n o f th a s a r l a l p o a i t i o n o f th a t a a t a t l v u l l r e l a t i v e to t h a t o f th a t r a i n i n g a t i a u l u a . P h i l i p (1 9 5 2 ) v a r ie d th e l e n g t h o f a a a r i a a o f o a rd a c o n ta in i n g d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r tlo n a o f g**een and b lu e d o t e . Ha r e p o r t e d a s y m m e tric a l g e n e r a l i s a t i o n g r a d i e n t s aro u n d th a a t i a u l i w h ich w are n o t c e n t r a l l y p la c e d i n th a a a r i a a . Medniolc and F reedm an ( i 9 6 0 ) o o a p a re d th a r a a u l t a o f H ovland and H uaphraya on g a n a r a l i s a t l o n o f PGR re a p o n a e a to p ito h e a o f to n e s . I n H o v la n d 'a s tu d y th a g e n e r a l i s a t i o n s t i m u l i (OS) w are 2 5 , 5 0 , and 75 Jnda fro m th a CS. In H um phreys' s tu d y on th a OS w are 5 , 15* and 25 jn d s fro m CS. Tha g a n a r a l i s a t l o n r e s p o n s iv e n e s s in th a tw o s t u d i e s waa com pared i n te rm s o f r e l a t i v e g a n a r a l i s a t l o n (re s p o n s e to G S/C S). Tha OS 25 jn d a fro m th a CS i n H ovland*a s tu d y a l i o i t a d m ore r e l a t i v e g a n a r a l i s a t l o n th a n th a OS 25 Jnda from th a CS i n H tasphreya 1 s tu d y . Hum phreys im p lie d t h a t 9 th e g e n e r a l i s e d r e s p o n s iv e n e s s l a d u e , I n p a r t , t o th e " fra m e o f r e f e r e n c e ” ; i . e . , g e n e r a lis e d re a p o n a e d ep en d a u p o n th e a e t t l n g ( c o n te x t) i n v h l e h a t i a u l i a r e p e r c e iv e d . The a fo re m e n tio n e d r e s u l t s te n d t o l n d l o a t e th e M ag n itu d e o f th e d i f f e r e n c e among a t i a u l i a lo n e i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t to a c c o u n t f o r g e n e r a lis e d r e s p o n s e s t o a t i a u l i v h le h a p p e a r i n d i f f e r e n t s t i a u l u s c o n t e x t s . C o n te x t an d r e s p o n s e a c c u ra c y T h e re l a am ple e v ld e n o e ( e . g . , E r ik s e n and H ake, 1 9 5 7 ; d a r n e r , 1953# P h i l i p , 195 2 ) t h a t i n th e m ethod o f s i n g l e a t i a u l i , a o o u ra o y o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a t i a u l i i n a a e r i e s l a g r e a t e r a t and n e a r th e e n d s th a n i n th e m id d le o f th e a e r i e s . As l a th e c a s e w ith g e n e r a li s e d r e s p o n s e s t r e n g t h , r e l a t i v e re a p o n a e a o o u ra o y l a n o t c o m p le te ly p r e d i c t a b l e f r o a th e r e l a t i v e m a g n itu d e s o f th e a t i a u l i i n th e a e r i e s . A p p a re n tly th e p o s i t i o n o f th a s tim u lu s in th e a e r i e s a l s o a f f e c t s how a c c u r a t e l y i t i s r e c o g n i s e d . A n o th er exam p le o f th e e f f e c t o f a tim u lu a p o s i t i o n on re a p o n a e a o o u ra o y i s th e e x p e rim e n t o f H artm an (195t|>) who sh o v e d , u s in g t h e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i , t h a t th e p o s i t i o n o f th e s t i m u l i i n a s e r i e s a f f e o t s t h e num ber o f c o n fu s io n s b e tv e e n t h e n . He t e s t e d e a o h o f t h r e e g ro u p s v l t h a s e r i e s o f n in e p l t o h e s . The s e p a r a t i o n b e tv e e n p i t c h e s v a s 5 0 , 1 0 0 , and 200 a e l s f o r Q roupa I , I I , and I I I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A c o m p a riso n o f t h r e e p a i r s o f p i t c h e s 10 s e p a r a te d b y an e q u a l num ber o f a e l a , b u t i n d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s I n e a o h s e r i e s , sh o v ed t h a t th e n u n b e r o f co n f u s io n s w as 0 , 1 2 , and 60 f o r G roups I , 1 1 , and I I I . E s s e n t i a l l y th e n , d e s p i t e th e f a o t t h a t th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l d i f f e r e n o e s (m e ls ) b e tv e e n s t i m u l i v e r e e q u a l , d e o r e a s in g th e d i f f e r e n o e s b e tv e e n th e p o s i t i o n s o f p lt o h e s i n th e s e r i e s r e s u l t e d i n an in o r e a s e d num ber o f o o n f u s lo n s . The c l o s e r th e o r d i n a l p o s i t i o n th e g r e a t e r t h e c o n f u s io n , a l l o t h e r t h i n g s b e in g e q u a l. The main conclusion dravn from these studies Is that the Magnitude and correctness of a response to a given stivulus Is not Merely a function of the sensitivity of the reoeptcr(s) involved: the response to a given stlMulus la soaehov affected by the context In vhleh the stimulus appears. Finally and of specific lnportanoe is the conclusion that the response to a given stimulus appears to be a function of the position of the stimulus in the series. The d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s I t h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t v h en s u b je o ts a r e p r e s e n te d v l t h a s e r i e s o f s t i m u l i , r e s p o n s e s t o th e en d s t i m u l i a r e le a r n e d m ore q u le k ly ( o r th e end s t i m u l i a r e r e c o g n is e d c o r r e c t l y m ore f r e q u e n t l y ) th a n a r e r e s p o n s e s t o th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s . T h is "en d e f f e c t " h a s b e e n o b s e rv e d I n t a s k s in v o lv in g v e r b a l s tim u lu s 11 s e r i e s (MoQoeoh, 1 9 5 2 , Ch. I I ) , q u a n t i t a t i v e l y m easu red s tim u lu s s e r i e s ( e . g . , B r lk s e n and H ake, 1955? G a rn e r, 1 9 5 3 )* and q u a l i t a t i v e l y m e asu red s tim u lu s a a r i a a ( e . g . , S r lk s e n an d Hiake, 1 9 5 7 ; V olknan an d B ig e n , 1 9 6 1 ). S e v e r a l h y p o th e s e s h a v e b e a n a u g g a a ta d to a o e o u n t f o r a e r i a l p o a i t i o n a f f a e t a o b a a rv a d f o r v e r b a l a t i a u l i (MoQoeoh, 1 9 5 2 , Ch. IV ); and f o r o t h e r a t i a u l i , auoh aa to n e a d i f f e r i n g I n lo u d n a a a o r d u r a t i o n and l i g h t s d i f f e r i n g i n hue (B rlk a e n and H ake, 1957)* The p ro b le m I n g e n e r a l l a to a o o o u n t f o r th e r e l a t l o n a h l p b e tv e e n th e o r d i n a l p o a i t i o n o f an ita a i I n a a e r i e a and th e re a p o n a e t o t h a t ite m . M urdock ( i 9 6 0 ) a u g g a a ta d t h a t a e r i a l p o a i t i o n e f f e o t a c a n b e p r e d io t e d f o r b o th v e r b a l and o t h e r s t i m u l i a i n p ly fro m know ledge o f t h e i n t e r s t i m u l u s d la ta n o e a . He a u g g a a ta d t h a t th e re a p o n a e to a n y one a tim u lu a I n a a e r i e a l a a f u n o tlo n o f th e " d l e t l n o t i v e n e a a " o f th e a tim u lu a , w h ere " d l a t l n o t i v e n e s s * l a o p e r a t i o n a l l y d e f in e d I n te rm a o f ln t e r a t l m u l u a d la ta n o e a a lo n e ; I . e . , In d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e o r g a n is m 'a r e a p o n a e . The d i f f e r e n c e b etw een th e o o n o e p ts o f a l m l l a r l t y and M urdock1a d e f i n i t i o n o f d l e t l n o t i v e n e a a i s t h a t th e fo rm e r a p p l i e s to tw o s t i m u l i o n ly , w h ile t h e l a t t e r a p p l i e s t o m ore th a n tw o . The a l m l l a r l t y b e tw e e n two s t i m u l i may b e d e f in e d i n te rm s o f th e p h y s ic a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th em . The s m a lle r th e d i f f e r e n o e , th e g r e a t e r th e s i m i l a r i t y . The 12 d l a t l n e t l v e n e a a o f a a tim u lu a , on t h a o th e r h a n d , l a d a f ln a d i n term a o f th a d i f f e r e n c e b a tv a a n th a a tim u lu a and a l l o th a r a t i n u l l p r a a a n ta d v l t h i t * A o eo rd ln g t o M urdoek, th a d l a tl n e t l T a n a a a o f any ona a tim u lu a i n a a a r i a a o f a t i j r a l i i a th a a « o f th a d l f f a r a n a a a b a tv a a n i t and a l l o th a r a t i n u l l i n t h a a a r i a a d iv id e d b y t h a au a o f a l l p o a a ib la d if f a r a n o a a b a tv a a n a t i n u l l i n t h a a a r i a a , v h a ra th a a tim u lu a m a g n itu d e a a r a e x p re a a e d i n lo g u n ite * F o r e x a m p le , i f f o u r a t i n u l l a r a o f lo g v a lu e a 2 , 6 , and 8 , th a aum o f t h a d if f a r a n o a a b a tv a a n th a f l r a t a tim u lu a ” 2" and a l l o th a r a t i n u l l i n th a a a r i a a l a 12* Tha v a lu e s f o r th a a e o o n d , t h i r d , and f o u r t h a t i n u l l a r a 8 , 8 , and 1 2 , r e a p e o t i v e l y . Tha t o t a l d l a t l n e t i v e n a a a f o r t h a f o u r a t l m u l i ( th a aim o f a l l p o a a ib la d if f a r a n o a a i n th a a a r i a a o r 12 ♦ 8 ♦ 8 ♦ 1 2 ) l a 1^0. Tha p r a d lo te d d l a t i n o t l v a n a s a a a (D £e, r a a d D p a r o a n ta ) f o r th a a t i n u l l a r a 3 0 %, 20%, 20%, and y0% ( i . e . , 12A 0 t h , 8/l|.0t h , 6/lj.O th, and 12/)|.0 th ) « I f auoh a a a r i a a o f a t i n u l l i a p r a a a n ta d t o a a u b j e o t , th a o b ta in e d D % v a lu e f o r e a c h a tim u lu a ( t h a c o r r e c t num ber o f ra a p o n a e a t o e a c h a tim u lu a d iv id e d b y th a num ber o f o o r r e o t ra a p o n a e a to a l l a t i n u l l ) a h o u ld b a 30%, 20%, 20%, and 30%, r e a p e e - t l v e l y , f o r a t i n u l l ona to f o u r . M urdook p r a a a n ta d d a t a fro a i a l x e x p e rim e n ta l t h r e e o o n d u ete d b y h lm a e lf u a in g a u d i t o r y i n t a n a i t i e a , and t h r e e o o n d u eted b y o th e r e x p e rim e n te r a u a in g 13 i n t e n s i t i e s o f to n e s end e r e e s o f s q u a re s and o i r o l e s . A lth o u g h t h e l a t t e r t h r e e s t u d i e s w ere n o t eo n d u o ted to t e s t th e D% s e a l s , i n a l l s i x e x p e rim e n ts ( a l l u s e d th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i ) th e f i t b etw e en o b ta in e d and p r e d i e t e d D% w as v e r y c l o s e . The s ta n d a r d e r r o r o f e s t i m a t e s ra n g e d b e tw e e n 1 .0 and 2 .1 D jC u n i t s . I t w ould a p p e a r t h a t M u rd o ck 's p ro c e d u re may have c o n s id e r a b le m e r i t f o r p r e d i e t i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e o r r e o t r e s p o n s e s when th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i i s u s e d . I t sh o u ld b e p o in te d o u t t h a t h e l i m i t e d th e p ro o e d u re to u n i t a r y m a g n itu d e d im e n s io n s ; e . g . , to n e s o r l i g h t s o f v a r y in g i n t e n s i t y , w e ig h ts o f v a r y in g m a g n itu d e , o r tim e i n t e r v a l s o f v a r y in g d u r a t i o n . F u rth e rm o re , th e r e s p o n s e I n f o r m a tio n s h o u ld b e o b ta in e d b y th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i . A lth o u g h he u se d th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i w ith know ledge o f r e s u l t s , he d id n o t s t a t e w h e th e r o r n o t p r o v id in g know ledge o f r e s u l t s I s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d itio n i m p l i c i t i n h i s f o r m u la tio n . Two im p o r ta n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e d l s t l n o t i v e - n e s s s c a l e s h o u ld b e n o te d . F i r s t , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f th e s p a c in g o f t h e s t i m u l i , th e m id d le s tim u lu s ( o r s t i m u l i ) m ust alw ay s b e th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e . A ls o , I r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e s p a c in g o f th e s t i m u l i , t h e r e w i l l b e a d e c re a s e i n d l s t l n o t l v e n e s s g o in g fro m e i t h e r end o f th e s e r i e s to w a rd t h e m id d le . M u rd o ck 's t h e s i s i s b a s e d on th e F e e h n e rla n 34 a s s u m p tio n t h a t s e n s a t i o n i s p r o p o r t i o n a l to t h e lo g a r ith m o f th e s tim u lu s m a g n itu d e . He a s su m e s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t th e d i f f e r e n o e s b e tv e e n th e l o g a r l t l s s s o f th e s tim u lu s m a & iitu d e s r e p r e s e n t p s j o h o l o g i o a l i n t e r v a l v a lu e s from v h ie h t h e r e l a t i v e a o o u ra o y o f r e s p o n s e can b e p r e d io te d in th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i . As M urdoek c o r r e c t l y p o in te d o u t , th e v a l i d i t y o f a lo g a r ith m ic f u n c t i o n d o e s n o t d ep en d on th e v a l i d i t y o f W eb errs L av ; i . e . , t h a t th e " j u s t n o t ic e a b l e d i f f e r e n c e " i s a c o n s ta n t f r a c t i o n o f t h e s tim u lu s m a g n itu d e . One c o u ld m e re ly assum e a lo g a r ith m ! o f u n c t i o n and v a l i d a t e th e a s s u m p tio n e m p i r i c a l l y . The p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n i s t h a t a o o u ra o y o f r e s p o n s e i n t h e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i i s a f u n c t i o n o f two f a o t o r s , th e d i s e r i m l n a b i l i t y o f t h e s t i m u l i ( th e num ber o f Jn d s s e p a r a t i n g t h e s t i m u l i ) and th e s i m i l a r i t y among s t i m u l i . I t w ould seem t h a t M urdoek c o n s id e r e d o n ly th e s i m i l a r i t y among s t i m u l i , a s e v ld e n o e d b y h i s s ta te m e n t, " A ls o , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f th e a p a o ln g o f t h e s t i m u l i t h e r e m u st b e a m o n o to n ic d e o r e a s e i n d l s t i n o t l v e n e s s o f th e s t i m u l i i n g o in g from e i t h e r end to w a rd th e m id d le " (M urdoek, i 9 6 0 , p . 2 3 ) . I b i s s ta te m e n t im p lie s t h a t no am ount o f p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n any a d j a c e n t p a i r o f s t i m u l i w ould in c r e a s e t h e d l s t i n o t l v e n e s s ( r e l a t i v e a o o u ra o y o f r e s p o n s e ) o f t h e p a i r o f s t i m u l i beyond t h a t o f s t i m u l i o l o s e r to th e e n d s . P o r ex a m p le , M urdock 15 s t a t e d t h a t t h a p r a d lo ti o n * from th a D jC a o a la w i l l h o ld f o r an y a a t o f t h r a a o r n o re a t i a u l i ; t h a t l a , th a two and a t i a u l i w i l l alw ay a b a ju d g a d w ore a e o u r a t a l y th a n th a e a n ta r ona* I t l a a p p a r e n t t h a t t h a d if f a r a n o a a aao n g th a t h r a a a t i a u l i o o u ld b a a a d a a u f f i c l a n t l y l a r g a ao no a r r o r a o f l d a n t l f l e a t l o n w ould ba aada* S te v e n s and G a l l a n t e r (1957) v e r i f i e d t h l a o b v io u s f a o t b y a p a c in g t h r a a w a lg h ta ao f a r a p a r t t h a t th a a u b ja c ta n e v e r a a d a a a l a t a k a i n l d a n t l f y l n g th a a t i a u l i . T h la f i n d i n g o b v l- o u a ly l l a l t a th a r a n g e o f p r e d l o t l o n a f r o a th a d l a t l n c t l v e - n a a a a o a la t o th o a a s i t u a t i o n s I n w h ich th a a v e ra g e ao o u rao y o f re a p o n a e l a la a a th a n 1 0 0£ . B ran th o u g h th a p r e d l o t l o n a f r o a th a d£ a o a la w ould t h e r e f o r e aemn u n te n a b le i n c e r t a i n a l t u a t l o n a , o n ly an a a q > lrie a l t a a t o f t h a p r e d l o t l o n a p r o v id e s th a f i n a l e v ld e n o e * P u rp o a a o f t h a S tu d ie s Tha p r e s e n t a a r i a a o f a z p a r l a a n t a w are u n d e r ta k e n to d e t e r n ln e w h e th e r o r n o t t 1* K now ledge o f r a a u l t a a f f e o t s th a o b ta in e d D% v a lu e s * 2 . Tha p r e d i c t i v e a o o u ra o y o f th a Djf a o a la o b t a i n s l r r a a p a o t l v a o f th a s p a o ln g o f th a s tia r u li* 3* Tha p r e d i c t i v e a o o u ra o y o f th a D jC a o a la o b ta in s f o r one s tim u lu s I f t h a t s t I n u l u s i s w id e ly s e p a r a te d f r o a t h a re m a in in g s t i m u l i i n t b s s e r i e s * In C h a p ts r I I to C h a p to r IV o f t h i s p a p e r , r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n te d to t e s t th e p r e d l o t l v e v a l i d i t y o f M u rd o o k 's d e f i n i t i o n o f d l s t l n e t l T e n e s s * I n C h a p te r V th e r e s u l t s o f a r e a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a a r e p r e s e n te d In l i g h t o f o th e r h y p o th e s e s o o n o e rn ln g r e s p o n s e a o o u rao y i n th e n e th o d o f s i n g l e a t i n u l l * CHAPTER II EXPERIMENT I M urdock d id n o t s t a t e t h a t know ledge o f r e s u l t a i s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d itio n o f o b ta in in g D % s c o r e s , a lth o u g h he d id g iv e know ledge o f r e s u l t s t o S In th e t h r e e e x p e rim e n ts o o n d u o te d t o v a l i d a t e th e D jC s c a le * The p u rp o se o f E x p e rim e n t I w as to d e te rm in e i f know ledge o f r e s u l t s a f f e c t s th e o b ta in e d D jC v a l u e s . Method S u b je c ts The 3 s w ere 26 H aval p e r s o n n e l b e tw e en 17 and 21 y e a r s o f ag e fro m t h e F l e e t A n ti-s u b m a rin e W a rfa re S ohool i n San D ie g o , C a l i f o r n i a . They w ere a s s ig n e d to th e e x p e rim e n t as p a r t o f t h e i r r e g u l a r d u t i e s . A p p a ra tu s and s t i m u l i The e x p e rim e n ta l s t i m u l i w ere n in e 7 0 0 -c p s to n e s , r a n g in g I n d u r a ti o n from $00 to 2960 m i l l i s e c o n d s , o r d e re d in a lo g a r ith m ! o s e r i e s , su o h t h a t th e r a t i o o f d u r a tio n s o f a d j a c e n t to n e s w as 1 .2 5 to 1 . The d u r a t i o n s w ere sp a o ed l o g a r i t h m ! o a l l y on th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t su c h a 17 18 ■ p a c in g w ould make t h e d u r a t i o n s a b o u t e q u a lly d i s c r i m i n a t e . Tha d u r a t i o n s o f tb s n l n s to n a s w ara $ 0 0 , 6 2 $ , 7 8 1 , 9 7 7 r 1 2 2 1 , 1 5 2 6 , 1 9 0 7 . 238U, and 2980 m i l l i s e c o n d s . Tha l n t a n s l t y o f a a o h ta n a w as a p p ro x im a te ly 75 d b , r a •0002 d y n ea/cm 2 . Tha s t i m u l i w ara p r a p a r e d by o o n tln u o u s ly r e o o r d ln g a 7 0 0 -o p s to n s on ^ - l n c h S o o to h m a g n e tic t a p e . Tha to n s was p ro d u e ad b y a H e w le tt-P a c k a rd a u d io o s c i l l a t o r , M odal 1{OOD, and re e o rd a d a t 1 $ lp > w ith an Amp ex M odal 3$1 r e c o r d e r . Tha r a e o r d a d ta p e w as o u t I n to n in e d i f f e r e n t le n g th s a p p r o p r ia te f o r th a d i f f e r e n t d u r a t i o n s . In a d d i t io n 8 , 000-m i l l i s e c o n d b la n k le n g th s o f ta p e w are o u t t o sarw a a s th a In t e r e a l f o r th e r e s p o n s e and p r e s e n t a t i o n o f know ledge o f r e s u l t s . The r e c o r d e d and b la n k ta p e s w ere s p l i e e d t o g e t h e r . Two s e t s o f s t i m u l i w ara p r e p a r e d : f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f one a s c e n d in g and one d e s c e n d in g s e r i e s o f n in e d u r a t i o n s and a t e s t s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f 180 d u r a tio n s (20 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f e a c h o f th a n in e d u r a t i o n s ) . Tha d u r a tio n s o f t h a t e s t s e r i e s w ara ra n d o m ise d I n b lo c k s o f 18 (tw o r e p l i c a t i o n s o f n in e d u r a ti o n s ) w ith th a r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t th a sa n e d u r a t i o n w ould n o t a p p e a r tw ic e I n s u c c e s s io n . Tha l a s t 90 ite m s o f th a t e s t w ara o b ta in e d b y p la y in g t h a ta p e b a c k w a rd s . 19 P ro c e d u re The 30 3 s w ere a s s ig n e d ra n d o m ly to two g r o u p s , a k n o w le d g e - o f - r e s u lts g ro u p (KR g ro u p ) an d a n o -k n o w le d g e - o f - r e s u l t s g ro u p (Ho-KR g r o u p ) . Two o f th a Ss a s s lg n a d to th a Ho-KR g ro u p w ara u n a b la t o p a r t i o i p a t e * To s im p l if y th a a n a l y s i s , th a d a t a fro m two Ss i n th a KR g ro u p w ara ra n d o m ly ax clu d ad * E ach g ro u p w as t a s t a d s a p a r a t a l y i n an opan room a p p ro x lm a ta ly 2 $ ' x i^O*. Tha Ho-KR g ro u p w as t a s t a d f i r s t . Tha KR g ro u p was t a s t a d a p p r o x lm a ta ly f i v e m ln u ta s a f t a r th a Ho-KR g ro u p had o o m p latad t h a t a s t . P r i o r to th a a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th a f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s , b o th g ro u p s w ara r a a d t h a f o llo w in g i n s t r u c t i o n s s You w i l l b a p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a s tu d y t o d a ta rm in a how a e e u r a t a l y p a o p la o an l d a n t l f y d l f f a r i n g d u r a t i o n s o f t o n a s . Y our t a s k w i l l b a to l d a n t l f y n ln a d i f f e r e n t d u r a ti o n s o f a to n e b y w r i t i n g th a num ber " I , " th a n e x t s h o r t e s t to n e w i t h th a num bar " 2 ," th a n e x t w ith th a num bar " 3 ," and so on* You w i l l ba g iv e n th a o p p o r tu n ity to l i s t e n to th a n in e d i f f e r i n g d u r a t i o n s tw io a . F i r s t , y o u w i l l h e a r t h a to n a s p r e s e n te d I n o r d e r fro m s h o r t e s t t o l o n g e s t , and th a n fro m l o n g e s t to s h o r t e s t . I w i l l a a l l o u t th a o o r r e o t an sw er a f t a r a a e h to n e * A f ta r y o u h av e l i s t e n e d t o t h e s e t o n a s , you w i l l ba g iv e n a 1 3 0 -ita m t a s t d u r in g w hloh tim e you w i l l l d a n t l f y a a o h to n e b y w r i t i n g th a a p p r o p r i a te num bar o p p o s ite th a num bar on y o u r an sw e r s h e e t* A f ta r a a o h g ro u p o f lt5 I te m s , you w i l l b a g iv e n a 2 -m in u te r e s t and th a n you w i l l e o n tin u e w ith th e n e x t bS ite m s , and so o n , u n t i l you h av e o o m p la ta d 180 ite m s* I f you a r e n o t a u r a o f t h a a n s w e r, make th a b a s t g u e s s y o u oan* Do n o t o m it a n y a n sw e rs and do n o t ohange y o u r an sw er a f t a r t h a n e x t ite m I s p r e s e n te d . P le a s e do n o t t a l k a t an y tim e d u r in g th a t a s t o r d u r in g th a 2-m in u te r e s t i n t e r v a l . 20 I n a d d i t i o n to th e s e i n s t r u c t i o n * th e KR g ro u p was t o l d B v o u ld c a l l o u t th e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e a p p ro x im a te ly f i v e o r s i x ae o o n d s f o llo w in g th o o f f s o t o f e a c h to n e * The Ss ro sp o n d o d b y w r i t i n g t b o l r an sw er n o x t t o th o a p p ro - p r l a t o ite m num ber an a s h o o t o f p a p e r* A oooond B h o lp o d p r o o to r th o t o s t t o in s u r e t h a t th o Ss d id n o t ohange t h e i r r e s p o n s e s a f t e r th o an sw o r h ad boon g iv en * F o llo w in g t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s , th o f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s w as a d m in is te r e d and a f t e r a 2 -m ln u te r e s t I n t e r v a l th e t o o t began* Tho t o s t w as a d s d m is te re d i n f o u r b lo o k s o f 1|5 i t e n s w ith a 2 -m in u te r e s t i n t e r v a l a f t e r e a o h b io ok* B aeh S ro sp o n d o d t o o ao h o f n in e d u r a tio n s 20 t i n e s , f i v e tim e s In o a o h b lo o k o f I4.5 ite m s* The to n e s w ere p r e s e n te d t o t h e Ss b j m eans o f an Anpex M odel 3£1 ta p e r e c o r d e r , a m p lif ie d w ith a Harmon K ardon S e r ie s 300 a m p l i f i e r , and p la y e d th r o u g h a M odel 308 U h l v a r s i t y s p e a k e r lo c a te d i n th o f r o n t o f th e room a p p ro x im a te ly 8 ’ from th o f i r s t row an d 2 0 ' fro m th o l a s t row o f Ss* R e s u lts and D is c u s s io n To com pute th e p r e d i c t e d D % v a lu e f o r o ao h d u r a t i o n , th o lo g a r ith m s o f a l l d u r a t i o n s w e re o b ta in e d * The sum o f th o lo g d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n o ao h d u r a t i o n and a l l o t h e r d u r a t i o n s in th o s e r i e s w as d iv id e d b y th e sum o f th o lo g d i f f e r e n c e s m tong a l l s t i m u l i i n th o s e r i e s * O b ta in e d D£ s c o r e s w e re com puted f o r o ao h s u b j e c t 21 by d i v i d i n g t h e num ber o f o o r r e o t r e s p o n s e s t o o ao h d u r a t i o n b y th a t o t a l m ash er o f o o r r a o t r e s p o n s e s . I n a p a o tlo n o f th a d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f th a D jC s o o ra s f o r aa o h d u r a t i o n show ad t h a t th a y v a r a skaw ad f o r t h a Ho-KR g ro u p ( s a a T a b la XX I n t h e A p p e n d ix ). T h e r e f o r e , m e d ian s in s t e a d o f a e a n s v e r a com puted f o r a a o h d u r a t i o n f o r e a c h group* T a b le I shows th a p r e d i c t e d , th a m e d ia n , and th a f i r s t and t h i r d q u a r t l l e T > % v a lu e s f o r e a c h s tim u lu s d u r a t i o n f o r b o th th a KR and Ho-KR g ro u p s* A c o m p a riso n o f d i f f e r e n c e b etw een Q3-Q2 and Q2-Q1 shows th a d i r e c t i o n and am ount o f th e sk ew in g f o r e a c h d u r a t i o n . TABLE I PREDICTED AID OBTAIXED MEDIA! <Q2), FIRST ( Q l ) , AID THIRD (Q3) QUART ILES FOR THE KR AID HO-KR GROUPS D u ra tio n Hxaabar P r e d io te d O b ta in e d KR Ho-KR Q l 02 03 Ql Q2 Q3 1 1 5 .0 9 .7 1 0 .8 1 2 .2 1 1 .2 1 3 .6 1 5 .7 2 1 2 .1 1 0 .5 1 1 .0 1 2 .5 1 5 .2 1 7 .0 27.1* 3 1 0 .0 9 .7 1 0 .7 1 2 .5 1 1 .5 1 3 .6 1 6 .8 k 8 .8 9 .5 1 0 .6 1 1 4 6 .9 8 .8 1 2 .7 5 6 .3 7 .1 9 .6 1 1 .8 1 .8 6 .ij. 7 .0 6 8 .8 7 .8 8 .6 9 .2 2 .1 5 .0 5.1* 7 1 0 .0 8 .0 9 .5 1 0 .5 5 .1 6 .8 7 .3 8 1 2 .1 1 1 .2 1 2 .6 1 3 .3 6 .6 6 .3 U .l* 9 1 5 .0 1 5 .5 1 6 .3 1 7 .2 9.1* 1 3 .2 1 7 .7 22 An a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n o a o o u ld n o t b a p a r f o r u a d t o d a t a r n l n a th a s l g n l f l o a n e a o f t h a d lf f a r a n o a b a tv a a n th a p a tfo rm a n e a s o f th a tv o g ro u p s ( C o n d itio n s x D u ra tio n a f f a a t ) b a e a u s a th a D% m f o r th a Mo-KR g ro u p v a r a skavad* and th a i n t a r a o t i o n v a r ia n o a a (S s x D u ra tio n ) v a r a n o t ho n o g an ao u s* (Tha p o o la d Ss x D u ra tio n M S i s th a p r o p a r a r r o r t a r n f o r a v a l u a t l n g th a s i g n i f i e a n o a o f th a C o n d i t i o n s x D u r a tio n a f f a a t * ) I n s p a e tio n o f T a b la I sh o v s t h a t th a DJf d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r th a tv o g ro u p s d i f f a r a d s t r i k i n g l y * and t h a f i t b a tv a a n th a p r a d io ta d and o b ta in a d V% v a lu a s v a s b a t t a r f o r th a KR group* I n a d d itio n * v it h h o l d i n g k n o v la d g a o f r a s u l t s p ro d u o ad a x tr a n a v a r i a b i l i t y i n th a V jt a a a s u r a s f o r t h a d i f f a r a n t d u r a tio n s * F o r a x a n p la * f o r d u r a t i o n #1* th a r a n g a o f Djt v a lu a s v a s 7*2 to lt-8*9f and f o r d u r a ti o n #8* I t v a s s a r o to 1 3 * 8 . I n c o n t r a s t* f o r t h a KR g ro u p th a ra n g a f o r d u r a t i o n # 1 v a s 6* 8 t o 1 3 *3 ) *nd f o r d u r a t i o n #8* i t v a s 9*6 to 15*lf* C o n s ld s r in g th a d i f f a r a n t b ra n d s f o r t h a KR and Mo-KR g ro u p s* t h a s u p a r l o r f i t b a tv a a n th a p r a d io ta d Djt v a lu a s an d th o s a o b ta in a d f a r th a KR group* and t h a a x tr a n a v a r i a b i l i t y r a s u l t l n g f r o n v i t h h o l d i n g k n o v la d g a o f r a s u l t s * i t i s a p p a r a n t t h a t k n o v la d g a o f r a s u l t s i s a n a e a s s a r y o o n d ltl o n f o r o b t a i n i n g D J< n a a s u ra s * A lth o u g h t h a a b s o lu ta nuntoar o f s o r r a s t r a s p o n s a s f o r t h a tv o g ro u p s i s n o t d l r a a t l y r a l a v a n t t o th a h y p o - t h a s l s ta s ta d * i t v a s o f i n t a r a s t t o d a t a m l n a i f g iv in g 23 knaorlodgo o f r o o u l to a f f o o to d a b o o lu to a o o u ra o y o f rooponoo. Tho noon m m b o r o f roo p o n o o o o o r r o e t woo 7 k f o r th o Ho-KR g ro u p and 108 f o r th o KR group* Tho d lf f o r o n o o b o tv o o n n oano v ao o l g n l f l o a n t boyond th o *001 l o r o l ( t « 5*39 f o r 2k d f )* I t l o o r l d o n t t h a t g l r i n g lcnowlodgo o f r o s u l t o ln o ro a o o d a b o o lu to ro o p o n o o a o o u ra o y . CHAPTER III EXPERIMENT I I One p o s s i b le d e f ic ie n c y o f th o D % s o a le n ay bo duo to th o a s su m p tio n t h a t f o r a g iv e n s tim u lu s , S q, l a a f u n o tlo n o f th o d la ta n o o (m easured i n lo g a r ith m ic u n i t e ) b o tv o o n I t and a l l o th o r s t i m u l i i n th o s e r i e s . Kaoh o f th o o th o r s t i m u l i o o n tr lb u to a to th o T > % f o r In d l r o o t p r o p o r tio n to i t a d la te n c o from Sq. N o a p o d a l w o ig h t l a a a a lg n o d to th e m ag n itu d e o f th o d lf f e r e n o o b etw een Sn and th o a d ja o e n t a t l a i u l l r o g a r d lo s a o f how la r g o th o d i f f e r en ce l a . T h ere l a no d o u b t t h a t I n c r o a a ln g th o p h y s io a l d lf f e r e n o o b etw een tw o s t i m u l i w i l l ln c ro a a o th o a c c u ra c y o f ro sp o n a o to th o a o s t i m u l i . I t w ould aeem ro a a o n a b lo to g e n e r a lis e fro m t h i s f a o t and p r o d lo t t h a t I f th a d i f f e r en ce b etw e en one p a i r o f a d ja c e n t a t l n u l l In a a e r l e a l a in o r e a a e d , th e a c c u ra c y o f re a p o n a e t o b o th a t l n u l l sh o u ld I n c r e a s e r e l a t i v e to t h a t f o r th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i i n th e a e r l e a . In c o n t r a s t , th a D jC s c a l e p r e d ic ts * i n aone c irc u m s t a n c e s , t h a t r e l a t i v e a c c u ra c y o f re a p o n a e to one o f th a s t i m u l i in th e p a i r w i l l d e c re a s e a s th e d if f e r e n c e 2 k 25 b etw een thorn i s in c r e a s e d . F o r exam ple* In a s e r i e s o f n s tim u li* I f th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een s t i m u l i and S q.} l a in o re a a e d by X u n its * w ith th e d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een a ^ o th e r a d ja o e n t p a i r s re m a in in g unchanged* th e D jC s o a le p r e d i c t s a d e c re a s e in th e r e l a t i v e a c c u ra c y o f th e re s p o n s e f o r S n - i . T h is p r e d i c t i o n fo llo w s b e c a u se th e d i s t i n o t l v e n e s s o f s tim u lu s Sq ( th e su n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een Sn end a l l o th e r s ti m u li i n th e a e r i e s ) i s in c r e a s e d by X (n - l) u n its * and th e d i s t i n o t l v e n e s s o f e a e h re m a in in g s tim u lu s i s in c re a s e d by X u n its * o r a t o t a l o f X (n - l) u n i t s f o r a l l th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i . T h e r e f o re , th e t o t a l d i s t i n o t l v e n e s s i s in c r e a s e d b y 2 ( n - l ) . S ln o e th e p e rc e n ta g e d l s t l n e t l T e n e s s (DjO i s e q u a l t o th e r a t i o o f th e d i s t i n e t l v e n e s s o f e a c h s tim u lu s t o th e t o t a l d ls t ln e t lT e n e s s * th e v a lu e f o r S q .x (end a l l o th e r s t i m u l i e x c e p t Sn) w i l l d e o re a s e . The p u rp o se o f E x p erim en t I I was to t e s t th e v a l i d i t y o f th e s o a le by m a n ip u ls tin g th e d if f e r e n c e b etw een th e end s tim u lu s (Sg) and th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i in th e s e r i e s . I t was p r e d lo te d t h a t D£ f o r s tim u lu s Sq. x ( th e s tim u lu s a d ja o e n t to th e end o n e) w i l l ln o r e a a e a s th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een i t and 3 a i s in o r e a s e d . M ethod 2 6 S u b je c ts The Se w ere 90 W aval p e r s o n n e l b e tw e e n 17 end 21 y e a ra o f ag e a s s ig n e d t o th e e x p e rim e n t a s p a r t o f t h e i r r e g u l e r d u tie s * S e v e n t y - f i r e w ere s t u d e n t s i n R a d io m e n 's S ch o o l a t t h e V av al T r a in in g C e n te r* San D ie g o . The re m a in in g 15 Ss w ere s t u d e n t s in t h e F l e e t A n ti-s u b m a rin e W a rfa re S ohool* S an D iego* A p p a ra tu s and s t i m u l i Two b a s i c s e t s o f t h r e e s e r i e s o f n in e 7 0 0 -o p s to n e s d i f f e r i n g i n d u r a t i o n w e re p r e p a r e d . One s e t o f t h r e e s e r i e s ( h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d to a s L o g a rith m ic S e r i e s ) w as sp ao ed su c h t h a t th e r a t i o o f a d ja o e n t d u r a t i o n s was 1*2 5 /1 * The d u r a tio n s o f th e e i g h t to n e s w ere 500* 625* 7 8 1 , 977* 1221* 1 5 2 6 , 1907* and 2381* ms* The d u r a t i o n s o f th e n i n t h to n e I n L o g a rith m ic S e r i e s I* I I* and I I I w ere 2980* 3725* and 1*657 me* r e s p e c t i v e l y . The o th e r s e t o f t h r e e s e r i e s ( h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o as L in e a r S e r i e s ) w as sp a c e d su c h t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a d j a c e n t d u r a t i o n s w as a p p r o x im a te ly 310 ms* The d u r a t i o n s o f th e e i g h t to n e s w e re 5 0 0 * 810* 1 1 2 0 * 3430* 1740* 2 0 5 0 * 2 3 6 0 * and 2780 ms* The d u r a tio n s o f th e n i n t h to n e i n L in e a r S e r i e s I* II* and I I I w ere 2 9 8 0 , 3725* and 4 & 5 7 ms* r e s p e c t i v e l y * The s t i m u l i w ere p r e p a r e d i n th e same m anner and 27 w ith th e same eq u ip m en t t a d e s c r ib e d I n E x p e rim e n t I* T w oIre s o t* o f s t i m u l i w ore p r e p a r e d , s i x t e s t s e r i e s and s i x f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s * E aeh t e s t s e r i e s o o n s ls te d o f 90 d u r a t i o n s (10 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f n in e d i f f e r e n t d u r a t i o n s ) , and e a e h f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s o o n s ls te d o f one a s c e n d in g and one d e s e e n d in g s e r i e s o f th e n in e d u r a t i o n s . The d u r a t io n s o f t h e t e s t s e r i e s w ere random i s e d I n b lo c k s o f 18 ( tv o r e p l i c a t i o n s o f n in e d u r a t i o n s ) w i t h t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t th e same d u r a t i o n v o u ld n o t a p p e a r tw le e I n s u c c e s s io n . The same random o r d e r v a s u se d f o r a l l s i x t e s t s e r i e s ; i . e . , th e s tim u lu s d u r a t i o n a s s ig n e d th e num ber 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . 9 o c c u rre d in th e same o r d e r i n e a e h s e r i e s t o e l i m i n a te an y e f f e c t o f o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n maong t e s t s e r i e s . E ach t e s t s e r i e s w as p r e s e n te d tw le e , once fo rw a rd and o n ce b a c k w a rd , m aking a t o t a l o f 180 s tim u lu s p r e s e n t a t i o n s (20 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e n in e d u r a t i o n s ) . P ro c e d u re S e v e n ty - f iv e Ss w ere a s s ig n e d ran d o m ly to f i v e s e r i e s : L o g a rith m ic S e r i e s I I an d I I I , and L in e a r S e r i e s I , I I , mid I I I . The r e s p o n s e d a t a f o r L o g a r ltis a le S e r i e s I w ere o b ta in e d fro m E x p e rim e n t I . The i n s t r u c t i o n s and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n and t e s t s e r i e s w ere i d e n t i c a l t o th o s e g iv e n th e KR g ro u p i n E x p e rim e n t I . R e s u lts The o b ta in e d V % s c o r e s w ere com puted f o r e a e h s tim u lu s f o r e a e h 5 by d iv i d i n g th e num ber o f e o r r e e t r e s p o n s e s t o e a e h s ti m u lu s b y t h e sum o f th e num ber o f e o r r e e t re s p o n s e s t o a l l s t i m u l i I n th e s e r i e s . A t o t a l o f n in e d £ s c o r e s w ere o o n p u te d f o r e a e h o f l £ Ss i n e a e h o f t h e s i x s e r i e s * th e t h r e e L o g a rith m ic and th e t h r e e L in e a r S e r i e s . P r e d ic te d D£ s c o r e s w ere o o n p u te d f o r e a c h s tim u lu s i n e a o h o f t h e s i x s e r i e s . P r e d ic te d and o b ta in e d v a lu e s f o r s tim u lu s 8 F ig u r e 1 show s t h e p r e d i e t e d Djf v a lu e s and mean o f th e o b ta in e d D% v a lu e s f o r s tim u lu s 8 f o r e a e h o f th e t h r e e s e t s o f s e r i e s . The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw e en th e o b ta in e d and p r e d io te d 1 > % v a lu e s was t e s t e d w ith an F t e s t d e s c r ib e d i n L ew is ( i 9 6 0 , p . 3 5 5 ) . One a s su m p tio n u n d e r ly in g t h i s t e s t i s t h a t th e tr e a tm e n t v a r ia n c e s a r e hom ogeneous. To t e s t t h i s assum p tio n * th e Fr f < r t e s t p ro p o se d b y H a r tle y (195>0) w as a p p lie d to t h e d a t a . The Fw^y *s f o r th e tr e a tm e n t v a r la n e e s ( th e t h r e e v a r la n e e s o f th e s c o r e s f o r s tim u lu s 8) w ere l*61f f o r th e L o g a rith m ic S e r i e s and 1 .8 7 f o r th e L in e a r S e r i e s . V e lth e r v a lu e a c h ie v e d s t a t i s t l e a l s i g n l f l o a n e e , an F« . y o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2 .8 6 b e in g r e q u i r e d f o r s l p i l f l o a n e e 29 Q • O b ta in e d - - -° P r e d i c t e d 11 11 10 • O b ta in e d - - -© P r e d i c t e d O r d i n a l D i f f e r e n c e i n D u r a t i o n P i g . 1 . — P r e d i c t e d an d o b t a i n e d D% s c o r e s f o r s t i m u l u s 8 f o r t h e L o g a r i th m i c (A) and L i n e a r (B) S e r i e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n d u r a t i o n b e tw e e n s t i m u l u s 9 and t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i i n t h e s e r i e s . 30 a t th a .0 5 p o i n t . Tha P r a t i o f o r g o o d n a ss o f f i t b a tv a a n o b ta in a d and p r a d io ta d v a lu e s f o r s tim u lu s 8 v a a 5*06 f o r th a L o g a rith m ic S a r ia a and 6 .6 5 f o r th a L in a a r S e r i e s , b o th o f w h ich v a r a s i g n i f i c a n t b eyond t h a .0 1 p o i n t . Tha p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n v a s t h a t D jC f o r s tim u lu s 6 sh o u ld i n c r e a s e as th a d i f f e r e n c e b a tv a a n s tim u lu s 9 and th a re m a in in g s t i m u l i i n o r a a s a d . T h is v a s t h a c a s e f o r th a L o g a ritb s iio S e r i e s ( F ig u r e 1 A ). HoweTar, th a o b ta in a d D£ f o r th a L in e a r S e r i e s (F ig u re IB ) showed an i n i t i a l d e c r e a s e and th a n an i n c r e a s e . A lth o u g h th a d e c r e a s e v a s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (jfc ■ . 6 7 , p < . 2 0 ) , th a in c r e a s e b etw een d i f f e r e n c e 1 and 3 v a s s i g n i f i c a n t beyond .0 5 le w e l ( t « 2 .0 6 f o r 28 d f ) . B ren th o u g h th e i n i t i a l d e c r e a s e w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , i t v a s som evhat s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e r e v a s n o t an in c r e a s e a s v a s o b s e rv e d f o r th e L o g a ritb s iio S e r i e s . I n s p e c tio n o f th e f r e q u e n c y o f u s e o f t h e r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s ( 1 - 9 ) sh o v ed th e r e v a s an I n f r e q u e n t u s e o f th e re s p o n s e o f " 8" f o r L in e a r S e r i e s I I . The r e s p o n s e o f " 8 " v a s u se d o n ly 233 tim e s f o r L in e a r S e r i e s I I i n c o n t r a s t to 312 and 290 tim e s f o r L in e a r S e r i e s I and I I I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . B ecau se c o m p u ta tio n o f t h e o b ta in e d Djf In v o lv e s o n ly th e num ber o f tim e s t h e r e s p o n s e v a s u s e d c o r r e c t l y and n o t th e t o t a l num ber o f tim e s th e r e s p o n s e v a s u se d o o r r e o t l y and i n c o r r e c t l y , th e te n d e n c y to I n f r e q u e n t l y 31 u s e th e r e s p o n s e o f "8 " w ould re d u c e th e d£ v a lu e f o r s tim u lu s 8 , s s w ss t h e c a s e . The r e s u l t s s u p p o r t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t i n c r e a s i n g th e d i f f e r e n c e I n d u r a t i o n b e tw e e n th e l a s t and re m a in in g s t i m u l i i n th e s e r i e s i n c r e a s e s th e f o r th e s tim u lu s a d ja o e n t to th e l a s t one* T h is i s i n d i r e o t c o n t r a s t to th e p r e d i c t i o n fro m th e D£ s c a le * P ra d i o ta d and o b ta in e d ▼ alues f o r o a o h s e r i e s F ig u r e s 2 th ro u g h 7 show th e p r a d io ta d D % v a l u e s , th e m eans o f t h e o b ta in e d Djf v a lu e s and th e 99# c o n f id e n c e I n t e r v a l f a r e a c h o f th e n in e m eans I n e a c h s e r i e s * The g o o d n ess o f f i t b etw e en th e p r e d i c t e d and o b ta in e d D jC v a lu e s w as t e s t e d b y an 7 t e s t d e s c r ib e d by Lew is ( i 9 6 0 , p . 3 7 $ )• T ab le IX show s th e d is c r e p a n c y MS, th e e r r o r M S and th e F r a t i o f o r e a c h o f th e s i x s e r ie s * The d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e o b ta in e d and p r e d io te d v a lu e s f o r e a c h s e r i e s w as s i g n i f i c a n t b eyond th e *01 p o in t* A ls o , a co m p a riso n o f t h e p r e d io te d and o b ta in e d c u rv e s show s th e o b ta in e d DjJ s c o r e s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y d i f f e r from th e p r e d i c t e d D£ v a lu e s * W ith t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p tio n o f th e o b ta in e d c u rv e i n F ig u r e If, th e o b ta in e d T > % v a l u e s , com pared to th e p r e d io te d v a l u e s , w ere s m a lle r f o r s tim u lu s 1 , l a r g e r f o r s t i m u l i 3 , If, and *> , and s m a lle r f o r s tim u lu s 7 * 32 22 20 18 16 lk Q 12 10 8 6 o Fig. 2--Predicted and obtained mean D# values and the 99# confidence Intervals for Logarithmic Series I. • • O b ta in e d o-------- o P r e d i c t e d _l__________ 1 __________1 __________I __________I_________ 1 _________ I __________I __________ L 1 2 3 l | 5 6 7 8 9 D u r a t i o n Number 33 £ 22 20 18 16 12 10 8 6 o [ O b ta in e d P r e d i e t e d 3 ^ 5 6 7 D u r a t i o n Number 8 P ig . 3. — P re d ic te d and o b ta in e d mean D % v a lu e s and th e 99% co n fid e n ce i n t e r v a l s fo r L ogarithm ic S e r ie s I I . 3k B 22 20 18 16 ill 12 10 8 6 0 i -• O b ta in a d - P r e d i o t e d 1 2 3 1 + 5 6 7 8 9 D u r a t i o n Number Fig. lj..--Predicted and obtained mean D % values and the 99$ confidence intervals for Logarlthmlo Series III. 35 22 20 — • O b ta in e d - - « P r e d i c t e d 12 10 D u r a t i o n Number Figure 5* — Predicted and obtained mean T > % values and the 99/6 confidence Intervals for Linear Series I. 36 * 22 20 18 16 iU 12 10 8 6 o t -* O b ta in e d 3 U 5 6 7 D u r a t i o n Number « P r e d i o t e d T S 8 Pig* 6 . - - P r e d i c t e d and o b ta in e d mean T>% v a lu e s and th e 995^ co n fid e n ce I n t e r v a l s f o r L in ea r S e r ie s I I . 37 22 20 18 16 ih 12 10 8 6 0 F ig . 7 * - - P re d ic te d and o b ta in e d mean D# v a lu e s and th e 99# c o n fid e n ce I n t e r v a l s f o r L inear S e r ie s III* • O b ta in e d ’ o P r e d i c t e d \ 1 2 3 1 * 5 6 7 8 9 D u ra tio n Number 38 TABLE II SU M M A RY ANALYSIS OP V A R I A M CE OF OOODMESS OF FIT BETMEEM OBTAIMED A M D PREDICTED D£ VALUES S a r l a s L o g a rith m ic L ln a a r I I I I I I I I I I I I D la o ra p a n o y M S ( d f ■ 8) 5 0 .6 2 l* .l 2l*.2 6 5 .9 38.1* 3 9 .3 E r r o r s M S ( d f - 112) 5 .0 U .1 5 .7 5 .5 4 .5 5 .3 Fa R a tio 1 0 .1 2 5 .8 8 k -2 5 1 1 .9 8 8 .5 3 7.1*2 *p<C .01 fo p a l l v a lu a s o f F . Aa a m a a u r t o f a g re a m a n t b a tv a a n o b ta in a d and p r a d io ta d T > % v a lu e a , a " s ta n d a r d a r p o r o f a s t l m a t a ” v a a com puted f o r aa o h o f t h a s a r i e s , w h ara th a s ta n d a r d a r r o r o f a s tlm a ta v a a d a f ln a d a a th a a q u a ra r o o t o f th a sum o f th a a q u a ra d d la o r a p a n e la a b a tv a a n th a o b ta in a d and p r a d io ta d T > % v a lu a s d lv ld a d b y th a num bar o f p a i r s o f v a lu a s (O D jlo D%p • Tabla I I I ahova th a s ta n d a r d a r r o r o f a s tlm a ta f o r a a o h s a r l a s . I n a p a o tlo n o f F lg u r a s 2 th ro u g h 7 and T a b la I I I ahova t h a t t h a f i t b a tv a a n p r a d io ta d and o b ta in a d Df( v a lu a s v a s p o o r a a t f o r th a L ln a a r S o r i a s . T haaa r a s u l t s v o u ld s a a n t o im p ly t h a t th a a o o u ra o y o f th a p r a d l o t l o n s from th a D£ s o a la l a r a l a t a d t o th a s p a c in g o f th a s t i m u l i In 39 th e s e r i e s even thou gh Murdook eo n ten d s t h a t th e a eo o ra ey o f p r e d io tlo n I s Independent o f th e s tim u lu s sp aoln g* TABLE I I I STAIDARD BtRORS OF ESTIMATE FO R THE LOGARITHMIC A M D LIMEAR SERIES S e r ie s I I I I I I L ogarithm lo 1 .7 3 1*20 1*20 L in ear 1 .9 7 1 .9 5 1 .5 3 As v a s p o in te d o u t e a r l i e r , th e s e a le p r e d ic ts th e m id d le stim u lu s in th e s e r i e s v i l l be th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e r e g a r d le s s o f th e s tim u lu s sp a o ln g * Y et, in s p e o t io n o f th e o b ta in e d cu rv e s In F ig u r e s 2 through 7 s h o e , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f t h a t in F igu re J+ , th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e s t ln u lu s (th e one fo r v h lo h D jC v a s th e sm a ll e s t ) v a s n o t th e m id d le one (s tim u lu s 5)* I n s te a d , e it h e r s tim u lu s 6 o r 7 v a s th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e * I t i s a p p a r e n t, f o r d u r a tio n s o f to n e s a t l e a s t , t h a t th e re are sy s te m a tic d is c r e p a n c ie s b e tv e e n th e o b ta in e d end p r e d io te d v a lu es* R esp onse b ia s The co m p u ta tio n o f o b ta in e d D jC v a lu e s in v o lv e s o n ly th e ntssber o f tim e s a r e sp o n se i s u sed o o r r e e t ly . C o n seq u e n tly , th e p r e se n c e o f a re sp o n se b ia s ( t h e u se o f a g iv e n r e sp o n se f r e q u e n tly or I n fr e q u e n tly ) v o u ld a f f e c t 1*0 th e m a g n itu d e o f th e o b ta in e d Djf v a l u e s . Po p ex a m p le , I f a s tim u lu s v e r e p r e s e n te d 20 tim e s and th e r e s p o n s e a p p ro p r i a t e f o r th e s tim u lu s v a s u se d 1 5 > tim e s , th e M T iw a s e o re o b ta in a b le w ould be 7S%* Or, i f th e a p p r o p r ia te r e s p o n s e v e r e u se d m ore th a n 20 tim e s , th e maximum s e o re o b ta in a b l e w ould be 1 0 0 £ . H oveT er, in th e l a t t e r in s ta n c e s , th e o b ta in e d s o o re may be s p u r io u s l y h ig h b e c a u s e o f th e h ig h fre q u a n o y o f o c c u rre n c e o f th e re s p o n s e * The p o in t b e in g made h e r e i s t h a t r e s p o n s e b i a s e s , w h ich f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r u s in g th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i , may a f f e c t t h e o b ta in e d D% v a lu e s * I n s p e c tio n o f th e re s p o n s e f r e q u e n c i e s shoved t h a t su o h b i a s e s d id o c c u r* T a b le IV show s th e mean num ber o f tim e s e a o h r e s p o n s e was used* TABLE IV M EAN NUM BER OF TIMES EACH RESPONSE W AS USED FOR EACH SERIES R esp o n se S e r ie s 1 2 3 1 * 5 6 7 8 9 I 15 26 23 22 21 18 16 18 20 L o g a rith m ic I I 17 21* 21 21 20 17 18 21 20 I I I 15 22 21 * 20 21 18 19 20 21 I 20 19 20 21 18 22 20 21 19 L in e a r I I 20 20 21 20 21 20 21 16 21 I I I 19 20 18 21 21 21 22 19 20 kl I t i s a p p a re n t t h a t , f o r t h a L o g arltfam lo S e r i e s , th e d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e s w ere n o t n eed e q u a l l y o f t e n . In c o n t r a s t , th e r e s p o n s e s w ere u s e d a b o u t e q u a l l y o f t e n f o r th e L in e a r S e r i e s ; w ith th e e x o e p tlo n , a lr e a d y n o te d , o f th e fe w e r r e s p o n s e s to s tim u lu s 8 i n th e L in e a r S e r i e s I I . T hese r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t th e m asher o f r e s p o n s e s e o r r e e t , and t h e r e f o r e th e m a g n itu d e o f D£, f o r e a c h s tim u lu s i n th e L o g a rlth m io S e r ie s i s n o t o n ly a f u n c t i o n o f th e s tim u lu s s p a c in g , b u t a l s o o f r e s p o n s e b i a s e s . The e f f e c t s o f p r a c t i c e on fche v a lu e s M urdock s t a t e d t h a t t h e D# s c a l e v a lu e s may be p r e d ie t e d o n ly w i t h i n a l i m i t e d num ber o f t r i a l s . They c a n b e p r e d i e t e d o n ly i f i t i s assum ed t h a t d l s t l n e t l T e n e s s v a lu e s do n o t eh an g e o v e r t r i a l s . T h e r e f o r e , i n th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i , th e a o o u ra c y o f I d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n th e e a r l y t r i a l s s h o u ld b e th e same a s i n th e l a t e t r i a l s . I f to o few o r to o many t r i a l s a r e g iv e n , th e V /% s o a le s h o u ld n o t be a p p l ie d . To d e te rm in e i f a eh a n g e i n d i s t i n o t l v e n e s s h ad o o o u rre d d u r in g t h e e o u rs e o f th e e x p e r im e n ts , th e num ber o f e o r r e e t r e s p o n s e s was o b ta in e d f o r e a e h s u b j e c t f o r th e f i r s t end l a s t b lo e k o f 90 t r i a l s i n e a e h s e r i e s . T a b le V shorns t h e mean num ber o f e o r r e e t r e s p o n s e s f o r e a e h b lo e k o f 90 t r i a l s f o r e a e h o f th e s e r i e s . I n s p e o ti o n o f T ab le V shows t h a t f o r a l l s e r i e s k* th e M a n num ber o f e o r r a e t ra a p o n a a a f o r th e sao o n d b lo c k o f t r l a l a w as g r e a t e r th a n t h a t f o r th e f l r a t b l o c k . W ith th e e x e e p tl a n o f th e L o g a rith m ic S e r ie a I I I , th e d i f f e r - en o ea b e tw e e n M a n e w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T hese r e s u l t s i n d i e a t e t h a t i n f i v e o f th e s i x s e r i e a d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s w as o h a n g ln g d u r in g t h e c o u rs e o f th e e x p e rim e n ts . The a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e D /% s c a l e t o t h e r e s p o n s e d a t a fro m a l l b u t one o f t h e s e r i e s c o u ld be q u e s tio n e d . TABLE V M EA N HUM BER OP CORRECT RESPOHSES FOR THE FIRST A W D LAST HALF OF THE TRIALS FOR EACH SERIES S e rie s L o g a rlth n lo L in ear T r ia ls I I I I I I I I I I I I F i r s t L ast t^ 51.1 5 7 .2 2.61** 51*.3 5 9 .8 1 * .26* 5 3 .5 5l**o 0 . 3I* 56.6 6 l.O 2 . 60* 1(9.1 5 8.9 I1 ..I4 .7** 5 7 .5 61*.3 2.00* * * p < .0 1 * p ^ . 0 5 One may assum e t h a t to o few o r to o many t r i a l s w ere g iv e n in th e p r e s e n t e x p e r l M n t s s in c e M urdock d id n o t s t a t e t h e num ber o f t r i a l s a llo w e d . H is p o s i t i o n i s t h a t t h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l be d e te rm in e d b y f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . H ow ever, c o n s id e r in g t h a t l e a r n i n g w as t a k i n g p l a c e , I t 43 w ould s e e n s a f e r to assum e t h a t to o few t r i a l s w oro g iv e n , i . e . , d l s t l n e t l v e n e s s had n o t y a t s t a b i l i s e d . I f t h i s w ars t h s e a s e , I t n a y b s p r a d lo ta d t h a t th a f i t b a tw a a n o b ta ln a d and p r a d lo ta d Djt v a lu e s sh o u ld b a b a t t a r f o r th a l a t a r th a n f o r t h a e a r l y t r i a l s . To d e te rm in e I f t h i s w ars s o , D£ s o o r a s w ara eom puted f o r a a e h s u b je c t f o r t h a e a r l y ( f i r s t h a l f ) and l a t a ( l a s t h a l f ) t r i a l s f o r a a e h s a r l a a . As a m easu re o f ag re e m e n t b atw a an o b ta ln a d and p r a d lo ta d v a l u e s , a s ta n d a r d s r r o r o f e s tim a te w as eom puted f o r a a o h o f th a two h a lv a s o f a a e h s e r i e s . T a b le VI show s th s s ta n d a r d e r r o r s o f e s tim a te f o r th e f i r s t and l a s t h a l f o f th a t r i a l s f o r a a e h s e r ie s * TABLE VI STANDARD ERRORS OP ESTIMATE FOR THE FIRST AND LAST HALF OF THE TRIALS FOR EACH SHI IBS S e r ie s T r i a l s L o g a rlth m lo L in e a r I I I I I I I I I I I I F i r s t 1 .8 5 1 .5 3 1 .3 8 1 .7 4 1 .9 0 1.1*7 L a s t 2 .0 1 1 .0 7 1 .5 0 2 .3 5 2 .2 1 1 .3 4 The r e s u l t s i n T a b le VI show t h a t f o r f i v e o f th a s e r i e s th a f i t b etw een o b ta ln a d and p r a d lo ta d D£ v a lu e s w as n o t b a t t a r f o r t h a l a t a r t r i a l s . On t h a o o n tr a r y , th a hk s ta n d a r d a r r o r s o f a s t i m a t a s ta n d a d * i n g a n a r a l , to b a l a r g a r f o r t h a l a t a r t r i a l s . Ona o o u ld a r g u a , o f o o u r s a , t h a t a r a n 90 t r i a l s v a s to o n an y t o a p p ly th a D jC s c a l a . B ow avar, b a o a u sa t h a r a v a r a n ln a s t i m u l i i n a a a h s a r i a s , 90 t r i a l s r a p r a s a n t o n ly 10 p r a s a n t a t l o n s o f a a o h s ti m u lu s ; i . e . . 10 t r i a l s p a r s ti m u lu s . I t w o u ld saam h ig h ly u n lllc a ly t h a t 10 t r i a l s p a r s tim u lu s I s " to o m any." CHAPTER IV EXPERIMENT I I I On® o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th o s c a le I s t h a t th® p r e d i c te d D% Talu® f o r th a m id d le s tim u lu s i n a s e r i e a l a th a s m a l l e s t ( th a m id d le s tim u lu s l a l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e ) r e g a r d l e s s o f th a a t l a u l u a sp a c in g * S e v e r a l e x p e rim e n te rs (K im ble and D u f o r t, 1955; Nevman and S a l t s , 1 9 5 8 ; S m ith , 19^4-9; S m ith and S te r n a , 19^ 9 ) h av e fo u n d , u a ln g th a m ethod o f a e r i a l a n t i c i p a t i o n , t h a t t h e r e v a r a f e v e r e r r o r a i n re a p o n a e to an " I s o l a t e d " w ord I n th a m id d le o f a a e r i e a th a n to v o rd a a e v e r a l p o a l tlo n a rem oved from th e m id d le* E r r o r a I n re a p o n a e to v o rd a a d j a c e n t t o th a " i s o l a t e d " v o rd v e r e re d u c e d s l i g h t l y I n o n ly two o f th® ex perim ent® ( Newman and S a l t s , 1958; S m ith and S t e m s , 19lt>9)t and In none o f them v aa t h e r e a r e d u e t io n o f re a p o n a e e r r o r a to th e re m a in in g v o rd a i n th e a e r ie s * Volkman and Engen (1 9 6 1 ) , v o r k in g v i t h 20 M u n aell h u e s and u a ln g th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i , fo u n d t h a t i d e n t l f l o a t i o n a o e u ra o y o f a h ig h l y s a t u r a t e d hue ex o eed ed t h a t o f a l l o t h e r h u e s In th e s e r i e s * T hese f in d in g s te n d to I n d i c a t e t h a t m aking one k s I* s tim u lu s i n a s e r i e s " d i f f e r e n t " o r " d i s t i n c t i v e " i n c r e a s e s th e r e l a t i v e a s w e ll a s th e a b s o lu te a o o u ra o y o f r e s p o n s e t o t h a t s tim u lu s * I t may w e l l b e t h a t th e e o r r e o t r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e m id d le s tim u lu s i n a s e r i e s ca n be I n c r e a s e d beyond t h a t o f o t h e r s t i m u l i i n s e r i e s b y " i s o l a t i n g " i t ( e . g . , i n c r e a s i n g th e p h y s ic a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t and th e a d j a c e n t s t i m u l i ) . The r e s u l t s o f E x p e rim e n t I I i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e m id d le s tim u lu s w as n o t th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e , a lth o u g h t h e m a n ip u la tio n s o f th e d u r a t i o n o f t h e to n e s i n t h a t e x p e rim e n t w ere n o t d i r e c t e d a t c h a n g in g th e r e l a t i v e d l s t i n o t i v e n e s s o f th e m id d le s tim u lu s * The p u rp o s e o f E x p e rim e n t I I I w as t o t e s t th e v a l i d i t y o f th e D# s c a l e b y m a n ip u la tin g th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een th e d u r a t i o n o f th e m id d le to n e and a d j a c e n t to n e s * M urdock s t a t e d t h a t th e D % v a lu e f o r th e m id d le s tim u lu s i n th e s e r i e s i s s m a l l e s t I r r e s p e c t i v e o f th e s p a o ln g , and t h a t th e Djf v a lu e f o r t h a t s tim u lu s w i l l in c r e a s e o n ly s l i g h t l y and p r e d l o t a b l y a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t and th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i I s In c re a s e d * The p ro p o s e d hypo th e s e s a r e : ( 1 ) i f th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e m id d le and a d ja o e n t s t i m u l i i s made s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e , th e D£ v a lu e f o r th e m id d le s tim u lu s w i l l n o t b e t h e s m a l l e s t ; and (2 ) th e T > % v a lu e f o r th e m id d le s tim u lu s w i l l i n c r e a s e a s a f u n o t lo n o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t s v a lu e an d th e v a lu e s o f th e a d j a o e n t s t i m u l i and t h a t th e r a t e o f 1 * 7 I n c r e a s e w i l l ex o eed t h a t p r a d lo t a d b y M urdock* M ethod S u b je c ts Tha Ss w a ra kS N av al p a ra a n n a 1 b a tw a a n 17 and 21 y a a ra o f ag a f r o * th a R a d io m e n 's S ch o o l a t th a N av al T r a in in g C a n to r , S an D iego* Thoy w ara a s a ig n a d to th a e x p e rim e n t a a p a r t o f t h a l r r a g u l a r d u tie s * A p p a ra tu s and s t i m u l i Tha e x p e rim e n ta l a t i m u l i w ara t h r a a a a r i a a o f aav an 7 0 0 -o p s to n e a d i f f e r i n g In d u r a tio n * T hese t h r a a a a r l a a d i f f a r a d fro m a a e h o t h e r i n t a r n s o f d i f f a r a n o a a i n d u r a t i o n b a tw a a n t h a M id d le to n e and th a re m a in in g to n e a i n th a a a r l a a * T a b le V II ahowa t h a d u r a t i o n o f a a o h to n e a f o r e a c h o f th a t h r a a a a r la a * TABLE V II DURATION (MS) OP THE TONES IN EACH OP THE THREE SERIES D u ra tio n Number S e r i e s 1 2 3 1 * 5 6 7 I 810 1120 11*30 171*0 2050 2360 2670 I I 500 810 1120 171*0 2360 2670 2980 I I I 190 500 810 171*0 2670 298O 3290 1 * 8 The s t i m u l i w ere p r e p a r e d i n t h e same m anner and p r e s e n te d w ith t h e aame e q u ip m e n t a a d e s c r ib e d i n E x p e r i m ent I* S ix s e t a o f s t i m u l i w e re p r e p a r e d : t h r e e e x p e r im e n ta l s e r i e s * e a o h c o n s i s t i n g o f 70 d u r a t i o n s (10 r e p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e se v e n d u r a t i o n s ) ; and t h r e e f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s * c o n s i s t i n g o f o n e a a o e n d ln g and one d e s c e n d in g s e r i e s f o r e a o h e x p e rim e n ta l, s e r i e s * The d u r a t i o n s o f t h e e x p e r im e n ta l s e r i e s w ere ra n d o m is e d i n b lo c k s o f 14 (tw o r e p l i c a t i o n s o f se v e n d u r a t i o n s ) w ith th e r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t th e same d u r a t i o n w o u ld n o t a p p e a r tw ic e i n s u c c e s s io n * P ro c e d u re The li5 3s w ere a s s ig n e d ra n d o m ly to one o f t h r e e s e r i e s * The i n s t r u c t i o n s and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n an d e x p e r im e n ta l s e r i e s w e re i d e n t l o a l w ith th o s e g iv e n th e KR g ro u p i n E x p e rim e n t I* The e x p e r im e n ta l s e r i e s w as a d m in is te r e d i n f o u r b lo c k s o f 3 5 ite m s s u o h t h a t e a c h 3 re s p o n d e d to e a c h o f s e v e n d u r a t i o n s 20 tim e s* The l a s t 70 ite m s ( t h e l a s t tw o b lo c k s o f 3 5 ite m s ) w ere o b ta in e d b y p la y in g th e ta p e b a c k w a rd s . P r e d ic te d an d o b ta in e d T f l L V a lu e s f o r i h e m l3 d ie s tim u lu s F ig u r e 8 show s th e p r e d i e t e d an d o b ta in e d v a l u e s 49 D u r a t i o n 4 - P r e d i c t e d D u r a t i o n 4 ” O b ta in e d D u r a t i o n 5 > • O b ta in e d Q 12 11 10 1 2 3 D i f f e r e n c e i n D u r a t i o n ( Ord i n a l U ni t s ) P ig # 8.—O b ta in e d D% f o r d u r a t i o n s n u m b er 4 ( m id d l e ) an d and p r e d i c t e d D% f o r d u r a t i o n num ber 4 a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n d u r a t i o n 4 and t h e r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s i n t h e s e r i e s . $0 f o r s tim u lu s If, th e m id d le d u r a tio n * Tha o b ta ln a d V > % v a a l a r g a r th a n th a p r a d lo ta d ona f o r t h a m id d le s tim u lu s In a a o h a a r la a * Of th a 1^5 m e a su re s o b ta ln a d , o n ly f o u r o f th a n v a r a e q u a l to o r la a a th a n th a p r a d lo ta d v a l u e s , two i n S e r ie s I an d I I , and nona I n S a r la a I I I * I t l a a p p a r e n t t h a t th a o b ta ln a d v a lu e s v a r a r e l i a b l y l a r g a r th a n th a p r a d lo ta d onaa* Tha c o n v e n tio n a l a n a l y a l a o f v a r ia n c e ta o h n lq u a o o u ld n o t b a u a a d t o t a a t th a h y p o th a a la t h a t th a D£ f o r th a m id d le a t i v u l u a w i l l ln o r a a a a a t a g r e a t e r r a t a th a n p r e d i c t e d b y th e a o a le * H a r t l e y 's t e a t shoved th e d i f f e r e n o e a anong th e tr e a tm e n t v a r ia n c e s w ere s t a t i s t ! - o a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (Fmax ■ P < * 0 5 ) . To t e s t t h e h y p o th e s is , th e p r e d lo te d D jtf f o r th a m id d le s tim u lu s In aao h s e r i e s w as s u b tr a c te d from th a o b ta in e d Dj6, and th a d i f f e r e n c e s c o r e s v a r a ra n k e d In o r d e r o f m ag n itu d e * The K ru s k a l- W a llls one-w ay a n a l y s i s o f v a r la n o e w as a p p lie d to t h e ra n k s * The v a lu e o f H w as fo u n d to b e 6 *0 , w h ich i s s i g n i f i c a n t b eyond th a *05 p o in t* Tha in e r a a s a i n th a o b ta ln a d D£ v a lu e w as g r e a t e r th a n t h a t p r e d i c t e d b y t h a D£ s o a le * F ig u re 8 a ls o show s th a mean v a lu e f o r th a a d j a c e n t d u r a t i o n (num ber 5 ) ** * f u n c t i o n o f th a d i f f e r en c e i n d u r a t i o n b e tw e e n th a m id d la and a d ja o e n t s tim u li* Tha r e s u l t s show t h a t f o r th a a d ja o e n t s tim u lu s d e c r e a s e d , and t h a t f o r t h a m id d la s tim u lu s in c r e a s e d a s 51 th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw e en t h e two s t i m u l i I n c r e a s e d . The c o n v e n tio n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r la n e e te c h n iq u e o o u ld n o t bo uood to t o o t th e o t o t l o t l o o l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th o o o p o s u lt o b eo a u ae th o tr e a tm e n t v a r ia n c e s w e re n o t hom ogeneous. H a r t le y ’ s t o o t ohowod t h a t t h e d lf f o r o n e o o among th o s i x tr e a tm e n t T a rlo n o o o w ore s i g n i f i c a n t b ey o n d th o *01 p o i n t (P*ax ■ 1 2 .7 0 ) • To t o o t th o h y p o th e s e s t h a t th o m id d le d u r a t i o n was n o t th o l e a s t d l s t l n o t i T o f th e X 2 te c h n iq u e s u g g e s te d by D o s s o tt ( 1 9 6 1 ) f o r tw o - v a r ia b le m ixed d e s ig n s w as a p p lie d t o th o d a t a . ( T h is te c h n iq u e p e r m its a t o s t o f b o th th o m ain an d I n t e r a c t i o n o f f o e t s In m u l t i v a r i a t e d e s i g n s . ) The X 2 a n a l y s i s showed t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e en th e U / % f o r m id d le s tim u lu s an d th e a d j a o e n t one was s i g n i f i c a n t beyond th e .0 1 p o i n t ( X 2 • 1 5 . 7 6 3 7 . d f * 1 ) and t h a t th e i n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t beyond th e *01 p o i n t ( X 2 « 18.1;361|., d f ■ 2 ) . The r e s u l t s showed D % f o r th e m id d le s tim u lu s was l a r g e r th a n t h a t f o r th e a d ja o e n t d u r a t i o n w hen th e d i f f e r en ce b etw een t h e two d u r a tio n s w as made s u f f i o l e n t l y l a r g e . ? r.d let.a «na obt«ln.d P i v a lu e s f o r a l l s t i m u l i F ig u r e s 9 th ro u g h 11 show th e p r e d i e t e d Djf v a l u e s , th e m eans o f th e o b ta in e d Djf v a l u e s , and th e 9 9 ^ c o n f i d en c e I n t e r v a l s f o r e a o h o f th e se v e n d u r a t i o n s In eao h 52 2 0 22 20 18 * 16 1U 12 10 8 0 Pig. 9«-“Predicted and obtained mean 0% values and the 99# confidence intervals for Series I. *------- • O b ta in e d o---------- o Predicted t 3 h 5 D u ra tio n Number 53 26 22 20 i e * 16 12 10 8 0 Fig. 10.— Predicted and obtained mean D % values and the 9 9 # confidence Intervals for Series II* •-------- • O b ta in e d o---------- o P r e d l o t e d \ \ V - *--------------- 1 ----------------------- 1 ------------------1 ------------------1 ------------------ 1 _________ L 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 D u r a t i o n Number A 26 2k 22 20 18 o 16 A 12 - 10 8 - •------ — • O b ta in e d o - o P r e d i c t e d 3 k 5 D u r a t i o n Number Fig* ll«--Predicted and obtained mean D % > values and the 99/6 confidence Intervals for Series III. 55 ■ • r i u * As a m e asu re o f agreoaM nt o b ta ln a d and p r a d lo ta d D % v a lu e s * a a ta n d a r d e r r o r o f e s tim a te w as o o n p u te d f o r aa o h a a r l a a * Tha a ta n d a r d a r r o r a o f a a t l n a t a v a r a l.liO , 1*71* and 2*03 f o r S a r la a I* I I * H I * r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t l a a p p a ra n t t h a t a a t h a d l f f a r a n o a I n d u r a t i o n b a tv a a n th a m id d le and a d ja o e n t to n e s in o re a a e d * th a goodnaaa o f f i t d e o r e a s e d . F u r th e r e v id e n c e f o r t h l a o o n o lu a lo n oan b e a e a n I n F lg u r a a 9 th r o u g h 11* I n S a r la a I* o n ly t h r a a o f th a p r a d lo ta d v a lu e s v a r a o u ta ld e th e 9 9 £ o o n fld a n o a I n t e r v a l . I n S a r la a I I and I I I * how ever* f i v e o f th e aa v an p r a d lo ta d v a lu e a v a r a o u ta ld a th e 9 9 ^ o o n fld a n o a I n t e r v a l . P la o u a a lo n Tha r a a u l t a o f B x p e rlm en t I showed t h a t v l t h h o l d l n g know ledge o f r e s u l t s a f f a o t a d t h e o b ta ln a d D % v a l u e s . A lth o u g h M urdock d id n o t s t a t e w h e th e r g iv in g know ledge o f r a a u l t a l a one o f th a U n i t i n g o o n d ltlo n s f o r d e f in in g s t l n u l u s d l a t l n o t l v a n a s a * I t w ould a p p e a r know ledge o f r a a u l t a l a a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i tio n . Tha r a a u l t a o f E x p e rim e n ts I I and I I I shoved* w ith l i t t l e d o u b t* t h a t M u rd o o k 's o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f s t l n u l u s d l a t l n o t l v a n a s a l a n o t o o u p le te l y a d e q u a te . I n E x p e rim e n t II* v a r i a t i o n s In th e d l f f e r e n o e b a tv a a n th a l a s t two d u r a t i o n I n th a s a r l a a d id n o t p ro d u c e th a p r e d i c t e d c h a n g e s I n th e o b ta ln a d D % v a lu e s f o r t h a n e x t t o l a s t d u r a t i o n . When th a s p a c in g o f th a d u r a tio n s was lo g a r i t h m i c , th a o b ta ln a d and p r a d lo ta d D % v a lu e s f o r th a n e x t to l a s t d u r a tio n w ara e q u a l. H ow ever, a s th a d i f f e r en ce b atw a an th a two d u r a tio n s w as in c r e a s e d , th a o b ta in e d showed an in c r e a s e ( n e g a tiv e a c c e l e r a t i o n ) r a t h e r th a n th a p r e d i c t e d d e c r e a s e . Whan th a s p a c in g o f th e d u r a t i o n s was l i n e a r , th e o b ta in e d Djt v a lu e was s m a lle r th a n th a p r e d ic t e d v a lu e . As th e d i f f e r e n c e b atw aan th a two d u r a t i o n s was i n c r e a s e d , th e o b ta in e d D£ a l s o showed a g e n e r a l ln o r a a s a ( p o s i t i v e a o o e l a r a t l o n ) , r a t h e r th a n th a p r e d ic te d d e c r e a s e . In E x p erim e n t I I I , a s th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e en th e m id d le and th e a d ja o e n t d u r a tio n was i n c r e a s e d , th e o b ta in e d T > % f o r th e m id d le d u r a t i o n ln o r e a s e d a t a g r e a t e r r a t e th a n p r e d i c te d b y th e s o a le and th e f i t b etw e e n o b ta in e d and p r e d i c t e d D£ v a lu e s becam e p o o r e r . T hese r e s u l t s , ta k e n t o g e t h e r , w ould seem to i n d i c a t e t h a t M urdock*s f o r m u la tio n d o es n o t g iv e s u f f i c i e n t w e ig h t t o th e m a g n itu d e o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s among s t i m u l i . Even when th e d u r a t i o n s w ere sp a c e d i n some s y s te m a tic m anner ( i . e . , i n e q u a l lo g a r lth s d .e o r l i n e a r s te p s th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e a e r i e s ) , t h e r e w ere s y s te m a tic d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een th e p r e d i c t e d and o b ta in e d d£ v a l u e s . A lth o u g h t h e D % s c a le p r e d i c t s th e m id d le s tim u lu s i n th e s e r i e s w i l l b e th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e , t h i s w as n o t so i n f i v e o f th e s i x s e r i e s in E x p erim e n t I I . I n a d d i t i o n , in E x p e rim e n t I I I , th e m id d le d u r a tio n w as n o t th e 57 l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e , and a s t h a d i f f e r e n c e I n d u r a t io n b e tw e en th e m id d le and a d j a o e n t to n e s w as I n c r e a s e d , th e m id d le d u r a t i o n becam e I n c r e a s i n g l y m ore d i s t i n c t i v e th a n th e a d j a c e n t o n e . I t I s a p p a r e n t th e D# s c a l e d o e s n o t p r e d i c t th a l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e d u r a t i o n i n th e s e r i e s . I t w ould a p p e a r fro m th e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s t h a t th e m id d le s tim u lu s In th e s e r i e s I s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e . W hich s ti m u lu s i n th e s e r i e s i s th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e i s d e p e n d e n t upon th e s tim u lu s s p a o ln g . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to d e f in e th e e x a c t f a c t o r , o r c o m b in a tio n o f f a c t o r s , w hioh w i l l a c c o u n t f o r th e d i s c r e p an cy b e tw e e n th e p r e d i c t e d end o b ta in e d v a l u e s . The in a d e q u a c y may stem fro m im p ro p e r f o r m u la tio n on b o th th e s tim u lu s and r e s p o n s e s id e o f th e e q u a tio n . On th e s tim u lu s s i d e , t h e p ro c e d u re f o r o o m p u tln g th e p r e d i c t e d D jC d o es n o t p r o p e r l y w e ig h t th e d i f f e r e n t i a l d is o r im i n a - b i l i t y o f a d j a c e n t s t i m u l i . On th e r e s p o n s e s i d e , no a llo w a n c e i s made f o r th e u n e q u a l f re q u e n c y o f u sa g e o f th e d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e s . The o b ta in e d v a lu e f o r a g iv e n s tim u lu s i s com puted b y d i v i d i n g t h e num ber o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s t o th e g iv e n s tim u lu s b y th e sum o f th e num ber o f o o r r e o t r e s p o n s e s t o a l l s t i m u l i i n th e s e r i e s . Y e t, t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s showed t h a t 3 s o f t e n do n o t u s e th e d i f f e r e n t re s p o n s e s w ith e q u a l f r e q u e n c y . W h atev er th e r e a s o n , t h i s te n d e n c y b y i t s e l f w ould a f f e o t th e m a g n itu d e o f t h e 58 o b ta in e d D % v alu e* W hether o r n o t th e a e a le c a n b e r e f o r m u la te d i n l i g h t o f th e s e f i n d in g s i s n o t know n. The p r e d i c t i o n o f r e l a t i v e a c c u ra c y o f r e s p o n s e i n t h e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i I s c e r t a i n l y m ore oom plex th a n M urdock p ro p o s e s i t to be* In sn y e a s e , h i s f o r m u la tio n i s n o t ad e q u ate * I t o o u ld b e a rg u e d , o f e o u r a e , t h a t th e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h s D % s o a le p o in te d o u t h e r e may a p p ly o n ly f o r d u r a t i o n s o f to n e s * Even i f t h i s w ere s o , th e g e n e r a l i t y o f th e T > % s e a le w ould e e r t a i n l y be l i m i t e d . H ow ever, i t w ould a p p e a r th e in a d e q u a c ie s o f th e p r e d i c t i o n s by th e D£ s e a le a r e n o t l i m i t e d to d u r a tio n s * A c a r e f u l in s p e c t i o n o f th e r e s u l t s c i t e d by M urdock In s u p p o r t o f th e p r e d i c t i o n s from th e D % s c a l e a c t u a l l y do n o t o f f e r c o m p le te s u p p o rt* In t h r e e s t u d i e s c o n d u c te d by M urdock, w ith e a c h s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f n in e to n e s o f d i f f e r i n g lo u d n e s s , th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e s tim u lu s w as n o t th e m id d le one* I n two o f th e s t u d i e s I t w as th e s i x t h and i n th s o th e r I t w as t h s f o u r t h l o u d e s t to n e* I n a n o th e r s tu d y , w ere c a l c u l a t e d from th e r e s p o n s e d a t a p r e s e n te d b y E r lk s e n and Hake (1 9 5 7 ) who u se d a s e r i e s o f 20 s q u a re s o f d i f f e r in g a r e a s . A gain th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e s t i m u l i w ere n o t th e m id d le o n es ( s t i m u l i 10 and 1 1 ) . In a f o u r t h s tu d y u s in g a s e r i e s o f e i g h t w e ig h ts , th e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e s tim u lu s w as th e 6 th h e a v i e s t 59 w e ig h t. A gain tha l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e s t im u li w ere n o t th e n id d le o n e s . Unlike the present study, none of the studies cited by Murdock were designed to Manipulate the dlstlno- tiveness of the Middle stimulus. Yet, as in the present series of studies, the Middle stimulus was not the least distinctive. In addition, in all of the oited studies, there were statistically significant differences between son# of the obtained and predicted D % values. Murdock ( i 9 6 0 , p . 3 0 ) a r g u e s , "These s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s a r e , o f o o u rse u n fo r tu n a te , b u t th e y do n o t 'd isp r o v e * th e th e o r y . A s c i e n t i f i c th e o r y i s n o t a l o g i c a l or M ath em atical fo r m u la tio n ren d ered w o r th le s s by one e x o e p tlo n ." T h is argument i s to some d eg ree v a l i d , s in c e p e r f e c t c o n tr o l in a g iv e n ex p erim en t i s n ot p o s s i b l e . The " ex cep tio n " may be due to some u n c o n tr o lle d v a r ia b le . However, when s y s te m a tic d e p a r tu r e s from th e "theory" (o p e r a tio n a l d e f i n i t i o n ) are o b ta in e d in s e v e r a l s t u d ie s , a s was th e e a s e , th e "theory" ca n n o t be c o n sid e r e d as te n a b le u n le s s i t can be m o d ifie d to encom pass th e s e d e p a r tu r e s . M urdock's S-R o p e r a tio n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f s tim u lu s d i s t i n o t l v e n e s s , l i k e any S-R d e f i n i t i o n , sh ould be a o cep ted o n ly i f i t s p e c i f i e s th e n a tu re o f th e r e l a t i o n and a u n iq u e s e t o f S-R r e l a t i o n s . M urdock's d e f i n i t i o n o b v io u s ly f a l l s th e f i r s t c r i t e r i o n , and I t i s th e p r e s e n t 6o c o n te n tio n t h a t I t a l s o f a i l s t h a second* I t l a p ro p o se d t h a t t h a a c c u ra c y o f ra a p o n a a in th a M ethod o f a l n g le s t i m u l i l a a f u n c t i o n o f two f a c t o r a , th a a i m i l a r l t y b a tv a a n t h a and an d r a tta in in g a t lm u l l i n th a a a r l a a and th a a p a c ln g o f th a a tlm u ll* Ifte p r a a a n t p o s i t i o n w i l l be d a a c r lb a d i n m ore d e t a i l I n th a n e x t s e o tlo n * CHAPTER V A REAHALYSIS AND REINTERPRETATION OP EXPERIMENT I I I n t r o d u c t i o n T h ere l a an ab u n d an ce o f e x p e rim e n ta l e v id e n c e a u g g e a tln g t h a t I n th e m ethod o f a ln g le s t i m u l i th e p r e a e n t a t l o n o f a a tlm u lu a e i t h e r above o r below th e ra n g e o f a t lm u li t o b e ju d g e d (a n a n c h o r a tlm u lu a ) a f f e c t s th e s e a l e v a lu e s a s s ig n e d t o th e s t i m u l i ( G u i lf o r d , 1 9 5 l|). In g e n e r a l v th e p u rp o s e o f th e s e s t u d i e s h a s b ee n to d e t e r m ine how s o a le s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d and r e v i s e d . L i t t l e i n t e r e s t h a s b e e n fo c u s e d on th e a c o u ra c y o f r e c o g n i t i o n , a s s u c h . H ow ever, t h e r e s u l t s o f s e v e r a l s t u d i e s ( e . g . , Brow n, 1953* Postm an and M i l l e r , 19^5* W e iss, 19&3) a l s o ln d l o a t e t h a t a c c u ra c y o f r e c o g n i t i o n I s a l s o a f f e c t e d b y th e p r e a e n t a t l o n o f an a n c h o r s tim u lu s b ey o n d th e ra n g e o f th e s t i m u l i to b e Ju d g ed . R e c e n tly , th e r e h a s b e e n a g ro w in g I n t e r e s t In th e s tu d y o f r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u ra c y u s in g th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i . A c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e o f th e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n d a t a g a th e r e d w ith t h i s p ro c e d u re i s th e a n o h o r e f f e c t s o b se rv e d f o r t h e end s t i m u li i n th e s e r i e s : t h e r e I s a 6 l 6 2 te n d e n c y f o r r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u ra c y t o bo g r e a t e s t f o r th e s t i m u l i a t t h e e n d s and c l o s e to th e e n d s o f th e s e r i e s . T h is e f f e c t h a s b e e n d e m o n s tra te d f o r a num ber o f s t l n u l u s d im e n s io n s : f o r hue and s i z e ( B r lk s e n and H ake, 1957)* f o r lo u d n e s s (G a rn e r, 1955)* f o r p r o p o r ti o n s o f d o ts ( P h i l i p , 1 9 5 2 ), an d f o r p i t o h ( P o ll a c k , 1 9 5 2 ). G arn er (1 9 5 3 ) s u g g e s te d t h a t th e a p p a r e n t h e ig h te n e d d l s o r l m l n a b i l l t y o f th e end s t i m u l i i n th e s e r i e s may b e d u e to r e s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n . I n r e s p o n d in g to th e en d s t i m u l i , 3 ca n e r r o n ly i n one d l r e o t l o n , w h ile he can e r r i n b o th d i r e c t i o n s to th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i In th e s e r i e s . The su p p o sed in c r e a s e d d i s c r l m l n a b i l i t y o f th e end s t i m u l i may b e o n ly an a r t i f a c t due t o th e u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e r r o r s . H ow ever, E r lk s e n and Hake (1 9 5 5 ) h av e shown t h i s a r t i f a c t d o e s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y a o o o u n t f o r th e o b s e rv e d r e c o g n i t i o n a o c u ra c y o f th e e n d s t i m u l i . They fo u n d t h a t f o r th e f i r s t s tim u lu s th e r e w ere p r a c t i c a l l y no e r r o r s , ev en th o u g h th e m ethod d o es n o t l i m i t e r r o r s i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f o a l l i n g t h i s s tim u lu s to o l a r g e . I f r e s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n w ere th e o n ly f a c t o r p ro d u c in g h ig h r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u ra c y f o r t h i s s t i m u l u s , t h e r e s h o u ld h av e b e e n th e same num ber o f " to o l a r g e " r e s p o n s e s f o r t h i s s tim u lu s a s t h e r e w ere w i t h th e seo o n d s t i m u l u s . T h is w as n o t th e c a s e . The num ber o f " to o l a r g e " r e s p o n s e s to th e seoond s tim u lu s w as f a r g r e a t e r th a n t h a t t o th e f i r s t s ti m u lu s . 63 I n an y a v e n t, th a n o tio n o f re s p o n s a r a a t r l o t i o n d o es n o t a c c o u n t f o r th a ln c r a a a a d d l a c r i m i n a b l l l t y o f th a s t i m u l i s e v e r a l s ta p a rem oved f r o * th a end a t i m u l i a in e a a r r o r a to th e a a s t i m u l i oan b a made in e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n . B r i k a a n a n d Hake (1957* P* 132) h a v e a u g g a a ta d an e x p l a n a t i o n o f a n c h o r a f f a o t a . Tha 3 , when c o n f r o n te d w i t h a a a r l a a o f s t i m u l i In an a b s o lu te -ju d g m e n t t a s k , a e l e o t a a few s t i m u l i i n th a a a r l a a t h a t h a u s e s a s s ta n d a r d s f o r Ju d g in g th a re m a in in g s t i m u l i . Whan a d i f f e r e n t a tlm u lu a l a p r e s e n te d 3 a tte m p ts to r e c a l l one o f th e s e " a ta n d a rd " a t i m u l i and u s e s i t a a a r a f a r a n o a in ju d g in g th a p r e s e n te d a tlm u lu a . E s s e n t i a l l y h a tr a n s f o r m s th a t a s k I n to a c o m p a ra tiv e Judgm ent u s in g th a r e c a l l e d v a lu e o f th a a e le e te d a ta n d a r d as th e c o m p a riso n s ti m u lu s . I f i t l a assum ed t h a t Sa a e l e o t th e end a t i m u l i to u s e a a t h e i r s u b j e c t i v e s t a n d a r d s , th a o b s e rv e d a n c h o r a f f e c t s a r e th e e x p e c te d o u tc o m e. The f r e q u e n t a tte m p t t o r e c a l l t h e v a lu e o f th e end s t i m u l i sh o u ld in c r e a a e t h e a o o u ra c y o f r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e a a a t i m u l i u h e n th e y o c c u r . I f i t l a assum ed t h a t th e and s t i m u l i s e r v e aa s u b j e c t i v e s ta n d a r d s , and c o n s id e r in g th a u s u a l f i n d in g s t h a t r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u r a c y d e c r e a s e s a s th e s t i m u l i i n th a a a r l a a d e v i a te fro m th e e n d s , i t can b e p r e d lo te d t h a t d e c r e a s in g th e s i m i l a r i t y ( I n c r e a s i n g th e d i s t a n c e ) b a tv a a n th e en d and a d ja o e n t a t i m u l i i n th e a a r l a a w i l l d e c r e a s e t h a r e c o g n i t i o n a c o u ra o y o f th e re m a in in g a t i m u li i n th e s e r i e s . The p r e s e n t a n a ly s e s w ere u n d e rta k e n t o t e a t t h i s h y p o th e s is . The a n a ly s e s v a r a p e rfo rm e d w ith th e same re a p o n a e d a t a u s e d in E x p erim e n t I I . *4 Method o f A n t l y l i One e f f e o t o f I n c r e a s in g t h e p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n s t i m u l i I s t o r e d u c e th e num ber o f c o n f u s io n s b e tw e en th em . I n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y s i m i l a r i t y w as m an ip u l a t e d b y c h a n g in g th e d i f f e r e n c e i n d u r a t io n b e tw e e n th e n i n t h (en d ) to n e and th e re m a in in g to n e s i n th e s e r i e s . Such a m a n ip u la tio n w o u ld a f f e c t t h e num ber o f o o n fu s io n s b e tw e e n t h e n i n t h d u r a t i o n and th o s e d u r a t i o n s c l o s e s t to i t . T h e r e f o r e , to e w a lu a te th e e f f e c t s o f th e s i m i l a r i t y o f th e en d d u r a t i o n on th e r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u ra c y o f th e re m a in in g d u r a tio n s I n d e p e n d e n tly o f th e c o n f u s io n s b etw een t h e en d d u r a t i o n and re m a in in g d u r a t i o n s , i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o e l i m i n a te th e s e c o n f u s io n s . To a c c o m p lis h t h i s , a l l r e s p o n s e s to d u r a t i o n 9 ( th e end s ti m u lu s ) w ere e lim in a te d fro m th e a n a ly s e s , and a l l r e s p o n s e s o f ”9" th e re m a in in g s t i m u l i w ere re c o d e d a s r e s p o n s e s o f ” 8 ." To c o r r e c t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e fre q u e n c y w ith w hioh th e d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e num bers w e re u s e d , f o r e a c h s u b j e c t th e p e r c e n ta g e o f r e s p o n s e s c o r r e c t f o r e a c h s tim u lu s w as o b ta in e d b y d lw id in g th e num ber o f tim e s eao h r e s p o n s e w as u se d c o r r e c t l y b y th e num ber o f tim e s i t o c c u r r e d . E ig h t p e r c e n ta g e s w ere o b ta in e d f o r e a c h s u b j e c t f o r th e f i r s t an d l a s t h a l f o f th e t r i a l s . R e s u lts F ig u re 12 shows th e mean p e r c e n ta g e o f e o r r e o t Per Cent C o r r e c t 65 100 • S e r i e s I o S e r i e s I I ° S e r i e s I I I 70 D u r a t i o n (m s) P i g . 1 2 . — P e r c e n t a g e o f r e s p o n s e c o r r e c t f o r t h e l o g a r i t h m i c a e r i e s ( f i r s t 9 0 t r i a l s ) a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e end ( n i n t h ) and r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l u s d u r a t i o n s i n t h e s e r i e s . 66 r e s p o n s e s f o r t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e t r i a l s f o r t h e t h r e e L o g a r ith m ic S e r i e s . A n a ly s is o f T & rian ee o f t h e d a t a showed t h a t o n ly th e d l f f e r e n o e s among d u r a t i o n m eans w ere s t a t i s t l o a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (p < C .0 0 1 ). T h ese d i f f e r e n c e s , h o w ev e r, a r e n o t r e l e v a n t to th e p ro p o se d h y p o th e s is an d m e re ly r e f l e o t th e s p a c in g o f th e d u r a t i o n s an d p o s s i b le r e s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n e f f e o t s f o r th e en d d u r a t i o n s . TABLE V I I I ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE PERCENTAGE OP CORRECT RESPONSES POR THE THREE LOGARITHMIC SERIES (FIRST HALF) S o u rc e d f MS P B e tw ee n Ss 44 S e r i e s (S ) 2 9 8 .0 .22 E r r o r (b ) k2 ¥*3.9 W ith in Ss 315 D u r a t i o n (D) 7 7714.0 3 7 . 3 9 * * * S x D 14 238.4 1.16 E r r o r (W) 294 206.3 * * * p < . 0 0 1 T he a n a l y s i s o f v a r l a n o e a l s o show ed t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e S e r i e s a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e tw e e n S e r i e s a n d D u r a t i o n w e re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . F o r t h e f i r s t 67 h a l f o f th e t r i a l s , t h e n , t h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e o t s d u e t o t h e m a n ip u la tio n o f th e d i s t a n c e o f th e n i n t h d u r a t i o n . As o an b e s e e n i n F ig u re 1 3 , th e e f f e o t s w ere q u i t e p ro n o u n c e d f o r t h e l a s t h a l f o f th e t r i a l s . A n a ly s is o f T a r la n c e o f th e d a ta showed t h a t th e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t D u r a tio n ( p < .0 0 1 ) and a S e r i e s x D ura t i o n (p < ^ .0 0 1 ) e f f e o t , w ith th e d i f f e r e n c e s among S e r ie s a p p ro a c h in g s i g n i f i c a n c e (p ^ T .lO ). H e re , th e s i g n l f l o a n e e S e r i e s x D u r a tio n e f f e c t i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e a o o u ra e y o f r e s p o n s e to t h e d i f f e r i n g d u r a tio n s w as a f u n c t io n o f th e s e r i e s i n w h ic h th e d u r a ti o n a p p e a re d . TABLE IX ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE OP THE PERCENTAGE 07 CORRECT RESPONSES FOR THE THREE LOGARITHMIC SERIES (LAST HALF) S o u rc e d f M S F B etw een Ss k k S e r i e s (S ) 2 lQ te 2 . 1 & E r r o r (b ) k * 757 W ith in Ss 315 D u r a tio n (D) 7 6197 3 9 . 98*** S x D I k 6^6 If. 17* * * E r r o r (W) 2 9 k 155 * * * p < .0 0 1 Pep Cent C o r r e c t 68 100 90 80 70 6o 5 0 - 1 + 0 • • S e r i e s I ©- o S e r i e s I I cv------- □ S e r i e s I I I J O - 500 6 2 5 781 977 1221 1526 1907 2381+ D u r a t i o n (m s) P i g . 1 3 .— P e r c e n t a g e o f r e s p o n s e s c o r r e c t f o r th e l o g a r i t h m i c s e r i e s ( l a s t 9 0 t r i a l s ) a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t v e e n t h e e n d ( n i n t h ) and r e m a in i n g s t i m u l u s d u r a t i o n s i n t h e s e r i e s . B e c a u s e t h e d if f e r e n c e s among th e s e r i e s means w ere s u b s t a n t i a l (6$%, 6 1 ^ , an d £ 8# f o r S e r ie s I , I I , and I I I ) th e e x a e t n a t u r e o f th e I n t e r a c t i o n d e p ic te d In F ig u r e 13 l a so m ew h at o b s c u re d . To c l a r i f y th e n a t u r e o f t h i s I n t e r a c t i o n , a n a ly s e s o f T a r la n o e o f t r e n d s ( G r a n t, 195&) w ere p erfo rm ed * T a b le X show s t h e r e w ere s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e s e r i e s I n l i n e a r and q u a d r a tio tre n d s * T e s ta o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n tr e n d s b etw een p a i r s o f s e r i e s showed t h a t th e l i n e a r t r e n d f o r S e r ie s I d i f f e r e d s l g n l f l o a n t l y fro m th o s e o f S e r i e s I I and I I I ( p ^ * 0 1 ) , and th e q u a d r a t ic t r e n d f o r S e r ie s I I I d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y from th o s e o f S e r i e s I an d I I (p<C *01). TABLE X ANALYSIS 0 7 VARIANCE OF LINEAR AND QUADRATIC TRENDS FOR THE THREE LOGARITHMIC SERIES (LAST HALF) S o u r c e d f M S F L in e a r ( O v e r a l l ) 1 7 .0 3 L in e a r (b S e r i e s ) 2 Z ,5kk 1 0 ,9 6 * * * E r r o r k* 232 Q u a d r a tic ( O v e r a l l ) 1 3 8 ,2 8 6 2 3 1 . 20*** Q u a d r a tio ( b S e r i e s ) 2 1 ,3 5 2 8 , l 6*** E r r o r 70 I n s p e c tio n o f F ig u re 1 3 , t o g e t h e r w ith th e r e s u l t s o f th e tr e n d s t e s t s , I n d i c a t e s t h e f o llo w in g . As th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e n i n t h (e n d ) and re m a in in g d u r a t i o n s I n c r e a s e d ( S e r i e s I v s . I I ) , th e p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s f o r S e r ie s I I d e c re a s e d f o r t h e lo n g e r d u r a tio n s (977 ms and lo n g e r ) an d in o r e a s e d f o r t h e s h o r t e r d u r a tio n s (781 ms and s h o r t e r ) . W ith a f u r t h e r in o r e a s e in th e d i f f e r e n c e ( S e r ie s I I v s . I l l ) , th e p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s f o r S e r i e s I I I d e c re a s e d f o r t h e I n te r m e d ia te d u r a tio n s (781 to 1526 m s). I n g e n e r a l , a s th e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e n i n t h and re m a in in g d u r a t i o n s I n o r e a s e d , r e s p o n s e a c c u ra c y d e c re a s e d f o r th e lo n g e r d u r a t i o n s ( th o s e o l o s e s t t o th e " s t a n d a r d , ” o r n i n t h , d u r a tio n ) and I n c r e a s e d f o r t h e s h o r t e r d u r a t i o n s . I n s p e c tio n showed t h e r e w ere no d i f f e r e n c e s among th e t h r e e l i n e a r s e r i e s In p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s f o r f i r s t and l a s t h a l f o f th e t r i a l s . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e p e r c e n ta g e o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s f o r e a c h s u b j e c t was com puted f o r a l l t r i a l s co m b in ed . F ig u r e II4 . shows th e mean p e r c e n ta g e o f o o r r e o t r e s p o n s e s f o r th e t h r e e L in e a r S e r i e s , An a n a l y s i s o f v s r ia n o e o f th e d a t a showed t h a t t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t D u ra tio n (p< c;.001) and S e r ie s (p < C .05>) e f f e c t . F ig u re lit shows t h a t r e s p o n s e a o o u ra o y d e c re a s e d f o r a l l s e r i e s g o in g from 500 t o 2050 m s, and in o r e a s e d Per Cent C o r r e c t 71 100 S e r i e s I S e r i e s I I S e r i e s I I I 8 0 - 70 6o - D u r a t i o n (m s) F i g , l l | , - - P e r c e n t a g e o f r e s p o n s e s c o r r e c t f o r t h e l i n e a r s e r i e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e end ( n i n t h ) and r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s i n t h e s e r i e s . f o r 2360 and 2670 n s . U n d o u b ted ly th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s r e f l e c t t h e r e l a t i v e a p a c ln g ( d i f f e r e n t i a l d i s e r i m l n a b l l - i t y ) o f t h e d u r a t i o n s and re s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n e f f e c t s . H ow ever, r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y w as lo w e s t f o r S e r ie s I I w ith t h a t f o r S e r i e s I I I f a l l i n g b e tw e en S e r ie s I and I I . A Jt t e s t o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e mean p e rfo rm a n c e s on S e r i e s I and I I d id n o t r e a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . H ow ever, c o n s id e r in g t h a t r e s p o n s e a c c u ra c y f o r s e v e n o f th e e i g h t d u r a t i o n s i n S e r i e s I I I w as l e s s th a n t h a t f o r S e r i e s I , p e rh a p s a m ore s e n s i t i v e e x p e rim e n t w ould have d e t e c t e d a d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n S e r ie s I and I I . TABLE XI ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF THE PERCENTAGE OF CORRECT RESPONSES FOR THE THREE LINEAR SERIES (ALL TRIALS) S o u rce d f M S F B etw een Ss kk S e r i e s (S ) 2 2 ,3 0 7 3 .8 8 * E r r o r ( b ) k2 595 W ith in S s 315 D u ra tio n (D) 7 1 1 ,tel* 2 7 .1 3 * * # S x D Ilf 57 .1 3 E r r o r (W) 29k 1*21 73 D i s c u s s i o n The r e s u l t s , In g e n e r a l , w ere I n ag reem en t w ith th e h y p o th e s is o f E rik a e n an d Hake (1 9 5 7 ) w h ich s t a t e s t h a t r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u ra c y f o r s t i m u l i p r e s e n te d v i a th e m ethod o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i i s r e l a t e d t o s i m i l a r i t y o f th e s e s t i m u l i and th e en d s t i m u l i . H ow ever, t h i s h y p o th e s is , a s p r e s e n t l y s t a t e d , d o e s n o t a c c o u n t f o r a l l th e f i n d in g s i n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . I t i s t h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n t h a t r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u r a c y i n t h e m eth o d o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i i s a J o i n t f u n c t i o n o f tw o v a r i a b l e s , t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e s t i m u l i and t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e s t i m u l i i n t h e s e r i e s t o t h e e n d s t i m u l i . I t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e l a r g e r t h e s p a c i n g b e tw e e n s t i m u l i t h e g r e a t e r t h e r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u r a c y . I n a g re e m e n t w i t h E r i k s e n a n d H a k e , i t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e S a t t e m p t s t o r e c a l l t h e en d s t i m u l i , and u s e s t h e s e e n d s t i m u l i a s " s t a n d a r d " s t i m u l i a s r e f e r e n c e s i n J u d g in g t h e p r e s e n t e d s t i m u l u s . The g r e a t e r th e e a s e o f r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e e n d s t i m u l i t h e m ore l i k e l y i t i s t h e y w i l l s e r v e a s s t a n d a r d s , w h e re e a s e o f r e c o g n i t i o n i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e e n d and a d j a c e n t s t i m u l i . I f o n e e n d s t i m u l u s i s m ore r e c o g n i s a b l e t h a n t h e o t h e r i t w i l l m ore l i k e l y b e u s e d a s a s t a n d a r d . 7k R w o w .o o w .o T L o g arit™ *™ fl*p la A lth o u g h t h e r e w e re no d i f f e r e n c e s I n s p o n s e a c c u r a c y s n o n g t h e t h r e e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s f o r che e a r l y t r i a l s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s v e r e p r o n o u n c e d f o r t ^ l a t e t r i a l s . I n o o n t r a s t , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s amonr -he L i n e a r S e r i e s f o r t h e e a r l y and l a t e t r i a l s w e re a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e sam e. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s o v e r t r i a l s b e tw e e n t h e tw o t y p e s o f s e r i e s I s n o t a p p a r e n t e i t h e r fro m t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s o r fro m e x i s t i n g h y p o t h e s i s . I n a n y c a s e , t h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t y a r l a t i o n s i n t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n t h e e n d a n d r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s i n t h e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s d i d a f f e o t r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i . The d u r a t i o n s w e re s p a c e d l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y on t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t s u c h a s p a o l n g w o u ld m ake t h e d u r a t i o n s e q u a l l y d l s e r i m i n a b l e . Woodrow (1 9 5 ^ ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e W eber f r a c t i o n (*"£“ ) b e tw e e n 500 and 2000 ms i s a c o n s t a n t , and i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y f o r 3 0 0 0 s is . D e s p i t e t h e f a c t A t. t h a t t h e d u r a t i o n s w e re s p a c e d l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y (~~£~ w as a c o n s t a n t ) , t h e c u r v e f o r S e r i e s I i n F i g u r e 13 show s t h e r e w as an i n o r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y g o i n g fro m 6 2 5 t o 1907 m a. (The i n o r e a s e d r e s p o n s e a o c u r a c y f o r 500 and 2 3 8 4 ms a r e d i s r e g a r d e d b e c a u s e i t i s d u e , i n p a r t , t o r e s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n . ) I n a r e c e n t s e r i e s o f c a r e f u l l y c o n d u c te d s t u d i e s , 75 T r le s m a n (1 9 6 3 ) fo u n d w as n o t a c o n s t a n t b u t , i n s t e a d g rew ay a t a n a t i c a l l y s m a l l e r g o in g fro m a d u r a t i o n o f 500 ms t o o n e o f 3000 m s. The W eber f r a c t i o n s , b a s e d on t h e m ean o f e i g h t e x p e r i m e n t s c i t e d b y t h e a u t h o r , w e re a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 for a 5 0 0 -m s to n e an d 9 ‘ 3/& f o r a 3000-m s t o n e . T h e r e f o r e , th e s y s to m a tic in c r e a s e i n re s p o n s e a o o u ra e y f o r S e r i e s I (F ig u r e 1 3 ) p r o b a b ly , i n p a r t , r e f l e c t s th e f a c t t h a t l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y sp a ce d d u r a tio n s a re n o t e q u a lly d i s c r l m i n a b l e . I n s te a d th e lo n g e r d u r a t i o n s a r e m ore d is c r l m in a b le th a n th e s h o r t e r o n e s . The s m a l l e r W eber f r a c t i o n f o r th e l o n g e r d u r a t i o n s v o u l d a l s o im p ly t h a t t h e n i n t h o r l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n (2980 a s ) i n S e r i e s I v a s m ore d i s c r l m i n a b l e t h a n t h e f i r s t o r s h o r t e s t d u r a t i o n (500 m s) and t h e r e f o r e m ore l i k e l y t o be u s e d a s a s t a n d a r d t h a n t h e s h o r t e s t o n e . I f i t i s a ssu m e d t h a t t h e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n i n e a c h s e r i e s s e r v e d a s t h e s t a n d a r d , t h e r e s u l t s s h o v n i n F i g u r e 1 3 a p p e a r m ore r e a s o n a b l e . As t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n t h e s t a n d a r d and r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i d e c r e a s e d , r e s p o n s e a o o u r a e y a l s o d e o r e a s e d f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i m o s t s i m i l a r t o t h e s t a n d a r d . H o w ev er, n o n e o f t h e a f o r e m e n tio n e d f a c t o r s w o u ld a o o o u n t f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y f o r t h e s h o r t e s t tw o d u r a t i o n s i n S e r i e s I I a n d I I I . A lth o u g h i t i s assu m ed t h a t t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f a n e n d s t i m u l u s b e i n g u s e d a s a s t a n d a r d i s 76 p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p h y s i o a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t and t h e a d j a o e n t s t i m u l u s , i t s u s e f u l n e s s a s a s t a n d a r d a l s o d e c r e a s e s w i t h a d e c r e a s e i n i t s s i m i l a r i t y ; i . e . , i t d o e s n o t a i d S a s m uch i n m a k in g a c o r r e c t r e c o g n i t i o n . C o n s e q u e n tl y , S may a t t e m p t to r e c a l l a n d u s e a s a s t a n d a r d t h e l e s s d i s c r l m i n a b l e b u t m ore u s e f u l e n d s t i m u l u s . T h is a t t e m p t w o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y f o r t h e l e s s d i s c r l m i n a b l e e n d s t i m u l u s ( t h e s h o r t e s t d u r a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ) an d a l s o i n c r e a s e t h e r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y f o r t h o s e s t i m u l i m o s t s i m i l a r t o i t . R e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y — L i n e a r S e r i e s The d u r a t i o n s i n t h e L i n e a r S e r i e s w e re s p a c e d so t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d u r a t i o n o f a d j a c e n t t o n e s w e re e q u a l (3 1 0 m s ) . T h is k in d o f s p a c i n g , h o w e v e r, r e s u l t s i n u n e q u a l l y d i s c r l m i n a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s am ong t h e d i f f e r i n g d u r a t i o n s . As i t w a s p o i n t e d o u t b e f o r e ( t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e W eber f r a c t i o n i s i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s i z e o f ^ t t h e d u r a t i o n b e in g J u d g e d ; i.e., — is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1$% A t f o r a 500-m s t o n e and < ) % f o r a 3 00-m s t o n e . H ow ever, i n t h e L i n e a r S e r i e s r a n g e d fro m 62jC t o 13£ ( t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s w e re o b t a i n e d b y d i v i d i n g 310 ms b y 500 ms a n d 2360 m s ) . The d i s c r e p a n c y o f t h e p r e s e n t s p a c i n g fro m t h a t r e q u i r e d b y t h e W eber f u n c t i o n w o u ld a o o o u n t f o r t h e o v e r - a l l p r o g r e s s i v e d e c r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y g o in g fro m t h e s h o r t e s t t o t h e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n . 77 The s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n a c c u r a c y o f t h e l o n g e s t tiro d u r a t i o n s i s d u e , i n p a r t , t o t h e a n c h o r i n g e f f e o t o f t h e l o n g e s t ( n i n t h ) d u r a t i o n . The l e v e l o f a c c u r a c y f o r 2670 me i s d u e , a l s o i n p a r t , t o r e s p o n s e r e s t r i c t i o n . A lth o u g h d e c r e a s i n g t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n t h e e n d and r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s d i d p r o d u c e a d e c r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y f o r S e r i e s I I , a f u r t h e r d e c r e a s e i n s i m i l a r i t y r e s u l t e d i n l i t t l e o r n o d e c r e a s e i n a c c u r a c y f o r S e r i e s I I I . I t i s n o t r e a d i l y a p p a r e n t why an a d d i t i o n a l l o s s d i d n o t r e s u l t f o r S e r i e s I I I . P o s s i b l y , th e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n (I4.665 m s) i n S e r i e s I I I w as so d i s s i m i l a r t o t h e r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s t h a t i t w a s n o t p e r o e l v e d a s p a r t o f t h e s e r i e s . I f t h i s w e re t h e c a s e , h o w e v e r, a s i m i l a r e f f e o t s h o u l d h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d f o r t h e L o g a r ith m ic S e r i e s . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e n , t h e d i s c r e p a n c y o f t h e r e s u l t s w as du e t o t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e d u r a t i o n s . A t F o r a l o g a r i t h m i c s p a c i n g o f s t i m u l i , i s a c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t a g e ; i . e . , t h e r a t i o o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a d j a c e n t s t i m u l i d i v i d e d by t h e v a l u e o f t h e s m a l l e r ( o r l a r g e r ) o n e o f t h e p a i r i s a c o n s t a n t p e r c e n t a g e . H o w ev er, t h e W eber f r a c t i o n f o r d u r a t i o n s g ro w s s m a l l e r fro m 500 ms t o I4 .OOO m s. T h i s w o u ld m ean t h a t an e q u a l l y s p a o e d l o g a r i t h m i c s e r i e s o f d u r a t i o n s w o u ld r e s u l t i n an i n o r e a s e i n d i s c r l m l n a b l l i t y ( p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g ) g o i n g f r o m t h e s h o r t e s t t o t h e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n 78 i n t h e s e r i e s . I n c r e a s i n g t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e e n d s t i m u l u s i n t h e s e r i e s w o u ld n o t v i o l a t e t h e " s t r u c t u r e ” o r c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e s e r i e s } i , e , , a p r o g r e s s i v e I n c r e a s e i n p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g . C o n s e q u e n tl y , i t i s a ssu m e d t h a t t h e t h r e e en d d u r a t i o n s i n t h e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s w e re p e r c e i v e d a s p a r t o f t h e s e r i e s . I n c o n t r a s t , a l i n e a r s p a c i n g o f s t i m u l i w o u ld r e p r e s e n t a d e c r e a s e i n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g g o in g fro m t h e s h o r t e s t t o t h e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n i n t h e s e r i e s . An l n o r e a s e i n t h e p h y s i c a l s p a c i n g b e tw e e n t h e e n d and a d j a c e n t d u r a t i o n w o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g a s w e l l . A c h a n g e fr o m d e c r e a s i n g p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g t o a d r a s t i c i n c r e a s e I n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l s p a c i n g o f t h e en d d u r a t i o n w o u ld v i o l a t e t h e " s t r u c t u r e ” o f t h e s e r i e s . C o n s e q u e n tl y , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e l o n g e s t d u r a t i o n i n L i n e a r S e r i e s I I I w as n o t p e r o e l v e d a s p a r t o f ( " b e l o n g i n g t o ” ) t h e s e r i e s a n d h a d l i t t l e o r no e f f e c t o n r e s p o n s e a o o u r a e y f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s . Of c o u r s e , t h e m a t t e r o f " b e l o n g i n g " I s o n e o f d e g r e e . I t may b e t h a t t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e e n d d u r a t i o n i n S e r i e s I I , th o u g h r e p r e s e n t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e s e r i e s s t r u c t u r e , w a s n o t g r e a t e n o u g h f o r t h e e n d d u r a t i o n t o b e p e r c e i v e d a s " n o t b e l o n g i n g ” t o t h e s e r i e s . The a b o v e p r o p o s a l a s s u m e s t h a t S s do p e r c e i v e t h e s t r u c t u r e ( s p a c i n g ) o f t h e s e r i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t w o u ld im p ly t h a t t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e end s t i m u l u s i s n o t o n l y 79 a f u n c t i o n o f t h e p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t an d t h a r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i , b u t a l s o a f u n c t i o n o f t h a s p a o i n g o f t h a an d a n d r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i * Tha p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h a G e s t a l t p s y c h o l o g i s t s who e m p h a s iz e t h a t e n d e n c y o f Ss t o r e a c t t o t h a e n t i r e s e q u e n c e o f e le m e n t s I n t h a f i e l d * I t i s o f i n t e r e s t t o n o t e t h a t Brow n (1953)# u s i n g a s e r i e s o f w e i g h t s , fo u n d t h a t t h e u s e o f a t r a y a s a n a n c h o r ( s t a n d a r d ) s t i m u l u s h a d v e r y l i t t l e e f f e o t o n t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e s e r i e s o f w e ig h ts * He a r g u e s t h a t t h e t r a y w as n o t p e r c e i v e d a s a m em ber o f t h e sam e c l a s s a s t h e o t h e r w e i g h t s e v e n th o u g h a t r a y o b v i o u s l y h a s t h e a t t r i b u t e o f w e ig h t* I n o t h e r w a r d s , t h e s t a n d a r d s t i m u l u s , t o b e e f f e c t i v e , m u s t b e p e r c e i v e d a s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e same c l a s s o f o b j e c t s a s t h e o t h e r s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s * The r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r I n v e s t i g a t o r s ( e . g . , B row n, 1953# H a rv e y a n d C a m p b e ll, 19&3# P o stm a n and M i l l e r , 19U5# W e is s , 1 9 6 3 ) who fo u n d a d e o r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e a c c u r a c y w i t h a n i n c r e a s e I n t h e d l f f e r e n o e b e tw e e n t h e a n c h o r ( s t a n d a r d ) a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i * The p r e s e n t r e s u l t s a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e e n d ( s t a n d a r d ) an d r e m a in i n g s t i m u l i a r e n o t t h e o n l y d e t e r m in e r s o f a o o u r a o y o f r e s p o n s e t o t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i . 80 I t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e r e m a in i n g s t i m u l i and en d s t i m u l i m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d J o i n t l y , CHAPTER VI SUMMARY P u rp o s e o f t h e S t u d i e s A s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s v e r e c o n d u c te d t o t e s t a n o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f s t i m u l u s d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s , w h e re t h e d l s t l n o t i v e n e s s o f a n y on e s t i m u l u s I n a s e r i e s w as d e f i n e d a s t h e s m o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s ( I n l o g u n i t s ) b e tw e e n I t an d a l l o t h e r s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s d i v i d e d b y t h e sum o f a l l p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s * A o c o r d in g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n , r e l a t i v e a c c u r a c y o f r e c o g n i t i o n I n t h e m e th o d o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i c a n be p r e d i c t e d fro m t h e s t i m u l u s d i f f e r e n c e s a lo n e * E x p e r im e n t I w as c o n d u c te d to d e t e r m i n e I f g i v i n g k n o w le d g e o f r e s u l t s I s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r o b t a i n i n g s t i m u l u s d l s t l n o t i v e n e s s s c o r e s * E x p e r im e n ts I I a n d I I I w e re c o n d u c te d t o t e s t t h e p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t y o f t h e d l s t l n o t i v e n e s s (DjO s c a l e b y m a n i p u l a t i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a n end s t i m u l u s a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i , an d t h e m id d le s t i m u l u s a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i I n t h e s e r i e s * The d a t a fr o m E x p e r im e n t I I w e re r e a n a l y s e d I n l i g h t o f a n o t h e r h y p o t h e s i s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a o o u r a e y o f r e s p o n s e i n t h e m eth o d o f s i n g l e s t i m u l i : t h i s h y p o t h e s i s 81 82 s t a t e s t h a t d e c r e a s i n g t h e s i m i l a r i t y ( I n c r e a s i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e ) b e tw e e n t h e e n d s t i m u l u s a n d a d j a c e n t s t i m u l i i n a a e r i e s w i l l d e c r e a s e t h e r e c o g n i t i o n a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i i n t h e s e r i e s . M ethod E x p e r im e n t I T w e n t y - s i x N a v a l p e r s o n n e l w e r e a s s i g n e d r a n d o m ly t o a k n o w l e d g e - o f - r e s u i t s (KR ) a n d a n o - k n o w l e d g e - o f - r e s u l t s (No-KR) g r o u p . E a c h g r o u p w as p r e s e n t e d w i t h n i n e 7 0 0 - o p s to n e s * r a n g i n g i n d u r a t i o n fro m 5 0 0 t o 2 9 8 0 m l l l i - s e o o n d s , o r d e r e d i n a l o g a r i t b m l o s e r i e s * s u c h t h a t t h e r a t i o o f d u r a t i o n s o f a d j a c e n t t o n e s w a s 1 . 2 5 t o 1 . E ac h g r o u p w as a d m i n i s t e r e d a f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n s e r i e s , one a s c e n d i n g an d o n e d e s c e n d i n g s e r i e s o f t h e n i n e d u r a t i o n s * f o l lo w e d b y t h e t e s t s e r i e s o f 20 p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f e a c h d u r a t i o n i n ran d o m o r d e r . The Ss i d e n t i f i e d e a c h t o n e w i t h a num ber* a " 1 " f o r t h e s h o r t e s t to n e * an d a " 9 " f o r t h e l o n g e s t t o n e . The S s i n t h e KR g r o u p w e re g i v e n t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r f o r e a c h t o n e inane- d l a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e i r r e s p o n s e s . The S s i n t h e No-KR g ro u p w e re n o t g i v e n t h e a n s w e r . E x p e r im e n t I I S e v e n t y - f i v e N a v a l p e r s o n n e l w e re a s s i g n e d ra n d o m ly t o f i v e s e r i e s : L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s I I an d I I I * a n d L i n e a r 63 S e r i e s I , I I a n d I I I * Tha r e s p o n s e d a t a f o r L o g a r i th m i c S a r i a a I v a a o b t a i n e d fro m t h e No-KR g r o u p i n E x p e r im e n t I . The f l r a t e i g h t d u r a t l o n a i n t h e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s w e re i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e i n E x p e r im e n t I* The d u r a t i o n o f t h e n i n t h t o n e s I n L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s I , I I * a n d I I I v e r e 2 9 8 0 , 3 7 2 $ , and lj.6$7 m e, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The f i r s t e i g h t d u r a t i o n s i n t h e L i n e a r S e r i e s w e re s p a o e d fro m 50C t o 27&0 ms s u c h t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a d j a c e n t d u r a t i o n s w as 310 * * • The d u r a t i o n s o f t h e n i n t h t o n e i n t h e L i n e a r S e r i e s I , I I , an d I I I w e re 2 9 8 0 , 3 7 2 5 , an d m s, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The I n s t r u c t i o n s an d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n and t e s t s e r i e s w e re i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e g i v e n t h e KR g r o u p i n E x p e r im e n t I . E x p e r im e n t I I I F o r t y - f i v e N a v a l p e r s o n n e l w e re a s s i g n e d ra n d o m ly t o t h r e e s e r i e s . The t h r e e s e r i e s ( I , I I , a n d I I I ) o f s e v e n 700 o p s t o n e s d i f f e r e d fro m e a o h o t h e r i n te r m s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d u r a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e m id d le and r e m a i n i n g t o n e s i n t h e s e r i e s . The i n s t r u c t i o n s and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n s e r i e s w e re i d e n t i o a l t o t h o s e g i v e n t h e KR g r o u p I n E x p e r im e n t I . R e s u l t s E x p e r im e n t I W it h h o l d in g k n o w le d g e o f r e s u l t s p r o d u c e d a n e x tre m e am ount o f v a r i a b i l i t y I n t h e m e a s u r e s f o r t h e d i f f e r i n g d u r a t i o n s * I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r t h e No-KR and KR g r o u p s d i f f e r e d m a rk e d ly * E x p e r im e n t I I A lth o u g h t h e D% s o a l e p r e d i c t s t h a t t h e d i s t l n e - t i v e n e s s f o r s t i m u l u s 8 s h o u ld d e c r e a s e a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t and s t i m u l u s 9 ( t h e e n d s t i m u l u s ) I s i n c r e a s e d * t h e r e s u l t s show ed t h a t D£ i n c r e a s e d * The F r a t i o s f o r g o o d n e s s o f f i t b e tw e e n o b t a i n e d an d p r e d i o t e d D£ v a l u e s f o r s t i m u l u s 8 i n t h e L o g a r i th m i c a n d L i n e a r S e r i e s w e re b o t h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t * G o o d n e s s - o f - f i t t e s t s b e tw e e n o b t a i n e d an d p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s f o r a l l s t i m u l i i n t h e t h r e e L o g a r ith m ic and t h r e e L i n e a r s e r i e s show ed t h a t t h e d e v i a t i o n s fro m t h e p r e d i o t e d v a l u e s i n e a c h s e r i e s w e re s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t * G o o d n e ss o f f i t w a s a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e s t i m u l i i n t h e s e r i e s * The r e s u l t s a l s o show ed t h a t t h e o b t a i n e d v a l u e s f o r e a c h s t i m u l u s i n t h e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s i s n o t o n l y a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t i m u l u s s p a c i n g , b u t a l s o o f r e s p o n s e b i a s e s * 85 E x p e r im e n t I I I The D% s c a l e p r e d i c t s t h a t t h e D# f o r t h e m id d le s t i m u l u s i n t h e s e r i e s i s s m a l l e s t i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e s p a c i n g , a n d t h e T > % v a l u e f o r t h a t s t i m u l u s w i l l i n c r e a s e o n l y s l i g h t l y a n d p r e d i c t a b l y a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i t and t h e r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i i s i n c r e a s e d . The r e s u l t s show ed t h a t t h e o b t a i n e d D% v a l u e f o r t h e m id d le s t i m u l u s w as l e s s t h a n t h a t p r e d i c t e d b y t h e D# s o a l e , a n d t h a t i t w as n o t t h e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e . The o b t a i n e d f o r t h e m id d le s t i m u l u s n o t o n l y I n c r e a s e d m ore r a p i d l y t h a n p r e d i c t e d b y t h e s c a l e , b u t i t w as l a r g e r (m ore d i s t i n c t i v e ) t h a n t h a t f o r t h e a d j a c e n t d u r a t i o n w hen t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e m id d le and r e m a i n i n g d u r a t i o n s w a s m ade s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e . The r e s u l t s a l s o show ed t h a t t h e f i t b e tw e e n o b t a i n e d and p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s becom e p o o r e r a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n d u r a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e m id d le and r e m a i n i n g s t i m u l i i n c r e a s e d . A r e a n a l y s i s o f E x p e r im e n t I I The d a t a fro m E x p e r im e n t I I w e re r e a n a l y s e d u s i n g a s t h e d e p e n d e n t m e a s u re t h e n um ber o f tim e s e a c h r e s p o n s e w as u s e d c o r r e o t l y d i v i d e d b y t h e num ber o f t im e s i t w as u s e d . The r e s u l t s sh o w ed , f o r t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e t r i a l s o n t h e L o g a r i th m i c S e r i e s , t h a t a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e 6 6 between th e n in th (end) and rem a in in g d u ra tio n s in c re a s e d , resp o n se accuracy d ec rease d f o r th e lo n g e r d u ra tio n s (th o se c lo s e s t to th e " s ta n d a rd ," o r n in th , d u ra tio n ) and in c re a se d f o r th e s h o r te r d u ra tio n s . For th e L in ear S e r ie s , re sp o n se accuracy was lo w est fo r S e rie s I I , w ith th a t fo r S e rie s I I I f a l l i n g betw een S e rie s I and I I . How e v e r, th e d iffe re n c e betw een th e means fo r S e rie s I and I I I was n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . C onclusions I t was concluded t h a t th e proposed o p e ra tio n a l d e f in it io n o f stim u lu s d is tin c tiv e n e s s i s n o t ad eq u ate. V a ria tio n s in th e sp acin g o f th e s tim u li did n o t produce th e changes p re d ic te d from th e s c a le . The in a d e q u a c ie s o f th e D# s c a le may stem b o th from th e stim u lu s and re sp o n se s id e o f th e e q u a tio n . On th e stim u lu s s id e , the p ro ced u re f o r com puting th e p re d io te d does not p ro p e rly w eight th e d i f f e r e n t i a l d ls c r im in a b lllty o f a d ja c e n t s tim u li. On th e resp o n se s id e , no allow ance I s made f o r th e unequal freq u en o y o f usage o f th e d i f f e r e n t re sp o n se c a te g o r ie s . The r e s u l t s of a r e a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta from E xperim ent I I were in te r p r e te d as b e in g c o n s is te n t w ith th e h y p o th e sis t h a t re c o g n itio n accu racy f o r s tim u li p re se n te d by th e method o f s in g le s tim u li i s d i r e c t l y r e la te d to th e s i m il a r it y o f th e s e s tim u li to th e end 87 s tim u li, and to th e sp acin g o f th a s t i m u l i. I t was e o n d u d e d f u r th e r th a t th e s i m il a r i t y of th e end stim u lu s i s not o n ly a fu n o tio n o f th e p h y s ic a l d iffe re n c e betw een i t and th e re m ain in g s tim u li in th e s e r i e s , b u t a ls o a fu n c tio n o f th e sp a c in g o f th e end and rem ain in g s tim u li. T his p ro p o sa l i s s im ila r to t h a t o f th e G e s ta lt p s y c h o lo g is ts who em phasise th e tendency o f Ss to r e a c t to th e e n t i r e sequence elem en ts in th e f i e l d . REFERENCES REFERENCES Brown, D. R . S t i m u l u s - s i m i l a r i t y and th a a n c h o r i n s o f s u b j e c t i v e s o a l s s . Amer. J . P s y c h o l., 1953* 6 6 , 199” 2 1 4 . Dos s e t t , W. F . E x te n s io n o f C h i-S q u a re a s a n o n p a ra m e trio m ethod i n th e" a n a l y s i s o t e x p e rim e n ta l d a t a . ‘ Tempo, G e n e ra l f c l e c t r lo C o ., R ep. Rm b l ‘ rMP-l|0 . I~ Q 6 l« E r lk s e n , C. W ., and H ake, H. V. A b so lu te Judgm ents a s a f u n c t i o n o f s tim u lu s ra n g e and num ber o f s tim u lu s r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s . J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1955* li9 . 3 2 3 -3 3 2 . E r lk s e n , C. W ., and H ake, H. W. A nchor e f f e c t s in a b s o lu te ju d g m e n ts. J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1957# ,22.# I 32 - I 3 8 . G a rn e r, W. R. An in f o r m a tio n a l a n a l y s i s o f a b s o lu te Judg m e n ts o f lo u d n e s s . J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1953# jj6 # 3 7 3 -3 6 0 . G ra n t, D. A. A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e t e s t s in th e a n a l y s i s and c o m p a riso n o f c u r v e s . P s y c h o l. B u l l . , 19^-6, L 5. 1^27-1+1*2. G u ilf o r d . J . P. P sy c h o m e tric m e th o d s. (2nd e d . ) New Y o rk : M 0Graw m T ,'" 'T T 5 ^ H a r tle y , H. 0 . The maximum F - r a t i o a s a s h o r t - c u t t e s t f o r h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f v a r ia n o e . B io m e trik a , 1 9 5 0 , 37* 3 0 8 -3 1 2 . H artm an, E. B. The in f lu e n c e o f p r a c t i c e and p i t c h d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n to n e s on th e a b s o lu te i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p i t c h . Amer. J . P s y c h o l. , 1951+# 6 £» 1-1*.. H arv ey , 0 . J . and C a m p b ell, D. T. Judgm ents o f w e ig h t a s a f f e c t e d b y a d a p ta t io n r a n g e , a d a p ta t io n d u r a t i o n , and ju d g m e n ta l la n g u a g e . J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1 9 6 3 , 6 5 . 1 2 -2 1 . H e ls o n , H. C u rre n t tr e n d s and i s s u e s i n a d a p t a t i o n - l e v e l th e o r y . Amer. P s y c h o lo g i s t. I 96I+, 20- 3 8 . 89 90 H ilg a rd , £ . R. and M arquis, D. 0 . C o n d itio n in g and Learn in g . (2nd a d ., rev* by Kim ble, 6 . k.) Haw York: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry -C ro fts, 19&1. H u ll, C. L. P rin c ip le s o f b e h a v io r. New York: A ppleton- C e n tu ry -C ro fta , 1 9 ^3 ” Kim ble, G. A ., and D u fo rt, R. H. M eaningfulness and i s o la t io n as f a c to r s in v e rb a l le a r n in g . J . exp. P sy ch o l. . 1955, £ 0 , 3 6 1 - 3 6 6 . L e v is. D. Q u a n tita tiv e methods In psychology. New York: McGraw m i ; ’ 196(5.------- “ ---------“ L uch ln s, A. S. An e v a lu a tio n o f some c u r re n t c r itic is m s o f G e s ta lt p sy c h o lo g ic a l work on p e rc e p tio n . P sy ch o l. H ev ., 1951, £ 9 , 6 9 - 9 *. McGoech, J . A ., and I r i o n , A. L. The psychology o f human le a r n in g . (2nd e d .) New York: Longmans G reen, M ednlck, 3 . A ., and Freedman, J . L* S tim ulus g e n e r a lis a t i o n . P sy ch o l. B u ll. , i 9 6 0 , j^Z, 169-200. H i l l e r , N. S. Theory and ex p erim en t r e l a t i n g psycho a n a ly tic d isp la c e m e n t to s tlm u lu s-re sp o n s e g e n e r a lis a t io n . J . abnorn. ao c. P sy c h o l. . 19^8, k£f 155-178* Murdock, B. B. The d is t in c tiv e n e s s o f s tim u li. P sy ch o l. R e v .. i 9 6 0 , 62, 16-31. Murphy, G. H is to r ic a l In tro d u c tio n to modern p sy ch o lo g y . New York: H aro o u rt-ftra ce, 19^0* Newman, S. E ., and S a l t s , E. I s o l a t io n e f f e c t s : s tim u lu s and re sp o n se g e n e r a liz a tio n as e x p la n a to ry c o n c e p ts. J . exp. P sy ch o l. . 1958, £ £ , I + . 6 7 — 1 4 .7 2 . P h ilip , B. R. E ff e c t o f le n g th o f s e r ie s upon g e n e r a lis a t io n and o e n tr a l ten d en cy o f th e d is c rim in a tio n o f a s e r i e s o f s ti m u l i. Canad. J . P sy c h o l. . 1952, 6 , 173-178. P o lla c k , I . The in fo rm a tio n o f elem en tary a u d ito ry d is p la y s . J . a c o u s t. Soc. Amer. . 1952, 2j^, 7^5-7^9* Postm an, L ., and M ille r , G. A. Anohorlng o f tem poral Judgm ents. Amer. J . P sy ch o l. . 19^5, £ 8 , If3— 53- 91 S h e p a rd , R. N. S tim u lu s and r e s p o n s e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n : T e a ta o f a M odel r e l a t i n g g e n e r a l i z a t i o n to d i s t a n c e In p s y c h o lo g ic a l s p a c e . J . e x p . P s y c h o l.. 1 9 5 8 . 5 5 . 5 0 9 -5 2 3 . S m ith , M. H. The i n f l u e n c e o f I s o l a t i o n on Im m ed iate m em ory. Amer. J . P s y c h o l. . 1914-9» 8 2 , I4 .0 5 -I4 .il* S m ith , M. K ., and S t e a r n s , E. G. The in f lu e n c e o f i s o l a - t l o n on th e l e a r n i n g s u r ro u n d in g m a t e r i a l s . Amer. J . P s y c h o l. . 191+9. 6 2 , 3 6 9 - 38I . S te v e n s , S. S . , and G a l l a n t e r , E. H. R a tio s c a le s and c a te g o r y s c a l e s f o r a d o zen p e r c e p tu a l o o n tin u a . J . e x p , P s y c h o l. , 1 9 5 7 , £{fc, 3 7 7 -1 * 1 1 . ~ Thom as, D. R ., and H is s , R* H. A t e s t o f th e " U n its H y p o th e s is " em p lo y in g w a v e -le n g th g e n e r a l i z a t i o n In human s u b j e c t s . J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1 9 6 3 , 8£* 5 9 -8 2 . Thomas, D. R ., and J o n e s , C. G. S tim u lu s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n a s a f u n c tio n o f th e fram e o f r e f e r e n c e . J . e x p . P s y c h o l. . 1 9 6 2 , 81±, 77- 8 0 . T re ism a n , M. T em poral d i s c r i m i n a t i o n and th e i n d i f f e r e n c e i n t e r v a l : I m p lic a ti o n s f o r a m odel o f th e " I n t e r n a l c l o c k ." P s y c h o l. M onogr. . 1 9 8 3 , XZ» No* 13* (W hole No. 5 7 8 ). W e iss, W. R o le o f th e re s p o n s e sy ste m i n a Ju d g m en tal c o n t r a s t e f f e c t . P e r c e p t , m o t. S k i l l s . 1 983, 1 7 . 227- 2I4I . Woodrow, H. Time p e r c e p t i o n . In S . S . S te v e n s (e d .) , Handbook o f ex p e rim e n ta l P sychology. New York: W iley, T 9 5 T : Volkmann, P. C ., and Engen, T. Three ty p es o f an ch o rin g e f f e o ts in th e a b s o lu te Judgment o f h u e. J . exp . P sy ch o l. . 1 9 8 1 , 6 1 , 7 -1 7 . APPENDICES A. SUPPLEMENTARY D A TA B. PRESENTATION O R D ER OF STIMULI APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTARY D A T A TABLE X II N U M B E R OF CORRECT RESPONSES TO EACH STIMULUS FOR THE SUBJECTS IN THE NO-KR GROUP =ac3»sga i, - - ; ■ i.: ' jm s s b o ■ i ji ■ , ia saH — b m o e B a e ta a K B a D u ra tio n Number Number 1 2 3 if 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 8 7 8 5 k 11 11 15 2 19 lif 2 1 0 i 1 0 2 3 13 11 9 ? 5 5 6 11 k 11 12 9 5 9 5 10 $ 6 8 18 i i i 1 2 if 6 b k 16 16 3 1 1 5 8 7 S 18 17 9 5 6 6 20 8 13 18 13 11 8 10 ik 13 lif 9 11 11 12 9 7 k 7 6 if 10 10 % 12 lif 12 7 7 6 20 11 12 16 8 2 1 0 k £ 7 12 8 18 10 6 1 3 5 5 9 13 10 15 16 5 5 2 I 5 5 9 3 9k TABLE XIII NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES BZ SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LOGARITHMIC SERIES I FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND HALF OF THE TRIALS S u b j e c t D u r a t i o n Number Number 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 F i r s t H all r 1 7 5 3 6 6 5 5 7 9 2 k 0 k 1 + 2 7 7 9 3 9 6 9 |f 7 8 9 k 5 2 7 6 7 If o 7 7 u 6 o 7 1 3 5 5 9 b 9 5 4 7 o if 5 o 8 7 k 7 8 6 2 2 1 If 8 6 7 J 9 I * 3 if if 9 9 5 9 o 5 2 1 2 7 9 10 6 7 6 o 3 5 5 o 9 11 6 8 7 7 L 3 7 10 12 6 if 6 2 L b 5 7 9 5 8 9 5 8 if 3 5 9 8 5 4 b 6 if o 7 8 15 5 o 5 k If 5 if if 8 S e c o n d H a l f 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 10 10 95 TABLE XIV NUMBER OP CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LOGARITHMIC SERIES II FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND HALF OF THE TRIALS S u b J a e t D u r a t i o n Numbar Numbar 1 2 3 if 5 6 7 8 9 F i r s t H a l f 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 10 S aoond H a l f 1 8 6 7 3 3 3 6 7 10 2 9 3 5 5 o b 6 5 9 3 k 5 7 8 7 5 8 9 10 k 10 7 7 7 o 5 6 o 9 6 o o 4 3 5 2 8 10 8 5 5 3 3 3 If 7 10 7 7 o 0 7 6 If 5 8 9 8 8 8 5 o 7 9 6 7 10 9 8 7 5 7 7 7 3 7 10 10 6 7 7 3 If 3 3 9 10 11 10 8 8 9 6 7 o 10 10 12 6 6 7 o 6 8 6 9 10 13 8 10 8 7 6 10 8 9 10 4 6 7 7 5 if If 5 8 10 15 5 7 9 3 5 4 5 6 10 96 TABLE XV NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LOGARITHMIC SERIES III FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND HALF OF THE TRIALS S u b je c t D u r a tio n Number Number 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 F i r s t H a l f 1 6 3 * 2 k 5 5 7 10 2 6 0 k 3 k 3 0 10 3 8 9 6 L o 2 5 8 10 b 6 9 7 6 7 6 7 6 10 5 8 5 8 k 7 5 5 10 o 7 8 8 k 6 3 1 8 10 7 ? k 6 Q 7 1 3 8 10 8 k k 7 5 8 k 5 6 10 9 8 2 k 2 k k 3 7 10 10 7 6 5 6 6 k 6 8 10 11 S 3 8 5 8 2 5 6 10 12 5 7 7 2 2 3 2 5 9 13 5 3 7 k 5 5 7 8 10 ik 7 0 o 7 5 k o 9 10 15 o k k 7 5 k 8 8 10 S ao o n d H a l f 1 k k 6 k 3 k k 8 10 2 6 5 6 3 5 5 5 10 3 5 8 5 2 k 5 7 7 10 k 9 10 8 7 6 10 o 10 10 7 5 8 5 2 8 5 7 10 2 ) o 5 6 3 3 k 5 8 10 7 5 8 8 5 3 5 2 7 10 8 3 5 3 6 o 7 5 5 10 9 o 7 7 3 3 6 5 8 10 10 k o 0 k 8 6 6 7 10 11 6 k 6 Q 5 8 5 5 10 12 k 6 6 1 3 3 5 o 9 3 6 5 7 k 5 5 7 10 ik o 10 5 o 5 5 8 9 10 15 7 5 5 2 k k k 8 10 97 TABLE XVI NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LINEAR SERIES I FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND HA IF OF THE TRIALS S u b je c t D u ra tio n Number Number 1 2 3 if 5 6 7 8 9 F ire fc H a lf 1 9 8 ? 8 5 5 if 8 8 2 10 8 6 7 5 3 2 if 9 3 8 7 8 3 5 3 3 3 8 t 7 5 5 1 2 6 5 o 7 £ 10 8 10 6 9 8 7 7 7 10 5 5 r * 3 3 2 0 7 7 10 9 6 7 o 3 6 7 10 8 8 5 3 4 6 2 4 1 + if 9 10 9 9 5 6 7 6 7 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 9 8 0 9 11 7 8 8 8 3 1 2 if 0 12 9 8 8 6 4 if 5 3 7 10 7 9 8 5 7 b 7 8 14 9 9 8 6 6 4 8 7 6 15 9 8 6 5 4 1 6 5 6 S e o o n d H a l f 1 10 7 7 6 5 6 5 5 6 2 10 7 8 6 7 6 3 3 7 3 9 9 6 6 8 7 5 5 5 4 9 10 if 5 1 5 l 6 8 5 10 9 9 8 10 9 9 6 9 0 10 7 8 10 2 If h if 8 7 9 9 8 8 if 5 6 8 9 8 9 9 8 7 5 5 3 6 6 9 10 8 8 9 If 7 o 5 8 10 10 7 9 8 9 10 10 5 10 11 6 o 5 8 o 5 jf 1 if 12 10 7 8 8 5 9 if i 4 10 8 8 8 o 7 7 6 8 14 8 8 9 7 |f 7 5 8 8 15 9 7 o 7 If 3 3 if 8 98 TABLE XVII NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LINEAR SERIES II FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND HALF OF THE TRIALS S u b ja e t D u ra tio n E m b e r N unbar 1 2 3 k 6 7 6 9 F I r a t H a lf 1 9 7 k 3 7 7 if 3 9 2 8 8 1 0 5 2 6 h 9 3 6 6 8 £ jf 2 u k 9 k 10 7 8 7 if 2 3 0 10 t > 8 5 7 0 3 2 2 3 9 9 8 0 7 0 if 3 3 9 7 9 6 3 3 2 2 3 $ 8 8 8 9 5 6 2 6 3 U 2 9 10 3 k 3 1 + 3 0 7 9 10 9 7 6 | 3 t if 5 10 11 8 8 k 8 2 0 3 2 5 12 9 7 3 7 7 5 t 6 10 13 10 8 k 2 5 5 5 1 5 7 6 ? if 5 2 2 if 8 15 10 7 k 3 3 if 3 if 8 Saoond H a lf 1 9 8 6 7 6 6 6 2 10 2 9 6 10 5 < 2 7 10 3 8 8 8 10 0 8 0 0 10 £ 9 9 8 5 k 5 3 if 10 £ 8 7 3 3 6 2 5 2 7 9 9 9 7 7 9 6 5 10 1 8 7 7 5 5 3 u 3 9 8 8 5 7 9 5 2 3 9 9 9 7 8 7 3 0 5 7 10 10 10 7 8 5 5 3 6 If 9 11 8 9 10 5 9 6 6 2 10 12 10 7 6 8 8 6 5 6 9 13 10 7 6 5 6 3 5 3 9 7 8 7 7 if 4 5 5 9 15 9 8 8 0 3 3 If 5 10 99 T A B L E XVIII NUMBER OP CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LINEAR SERIES III POR THE FIRST AND SECOND HALT OP THE TRIALS S u b j e e t D u r a t i o n Number Number 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 P i r a t Hal:r Seoond Half 1 8 10 5 6 2 2 I f 7 10 2 9 10 9 8 8 5 6 8 9 3 10 8 6 6 J f k 9 7 10 k 10 7 I f 1 + k 2 5 8 10 8 9 9 7 8 6 3 3 10 10 9 9 8 8 I f L 9 10 7 6 9 8 7 3 5 6 9 10 8 9 10 9 10 8 7 8 3 10 9 8 8 I 7 3 5 8 8 10 10 9 7 7 9 8 ? 7 7 10 11 10 9 8 8 9 o 8 10 10 12 9 8 I f jf 2 If 5 8 10 13 8 5 5 6 2 2 k 7 9 10 7 o 8 5 6 7 9 10 15 9 10 6 8 5 7 0 o 10 100 TABLE XIX HUMBER OP CORRECT RESPOISES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN SERIES I, I I AND I I I (EXPERIMENT I I I ) S u b j e c t N um ber D u r a t i o n Num ber S e r i e s I 12 11 10 12 12 10 10 12 20 10 12 11 12 11 12 10 12 10 11 12 10 11 11 12 10 12 12 11 S e rie s I I 18 18 11 20 20 20 18 12 11 10 11 11 11 12 10 11 20 20 20 20 20 10 11 12 11 11 12 18 12 10 11 20 101 TABLE XIX— C o n tin u e d S u b je c t D u ra tio n K unber N totber 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 S e r i e s I I I 20 20 20 18 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 20 20 20 20 10 11 12 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 12 11 20 12 12 11 12 20 10 102 TABLE XX OBTAINED D% VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS FOR THE SUBJECTS IN THE NO-KR GROUP D u r a t i o n N tn tb ar N u n b e r 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 1 9 .8 8 .7 9.1* 6 .6 5 .0 il* .o 1 3 .7 1 9 .2 2 35.1* 5 .2 2 .1 0 .0 2 .1 2.1 0 .0 3 1 7 .8 1 7 .0 13.1+ 1 2 .7 6 .9 5 .1 6 .9 6 .6 13.6 k 13.9 15 .2 1 1 .5 5 .1 6.1* l l . k 6 .2 1 2 .6 1 7 .7 5 1 1 .2 1 3 .1 3 3 .9 2 0 .2 i . k 1 .5 2 .8 6 .6 o 7 .2 27I 27.1* 6 .9 5.U 1 .8 1 .8 8 .5 1 3 .8 7 7 .6 1 7 .8 16.7 8 .6 4 .6 6 .2 1 3.0 1 9 .8 8 11. 1 * 1 5 .8 9 .8 7 .0 8.6 1 2.2 11 . 1 * 12 . 1 * 9 1 5 .7 1 5 .8 1 6 ,8 12.8 9 .8 8.3 5 .7 10 9 .8 1 3 .7 11.6 13.8 11.6 0 .0 6 .8 6 .0 1 9 .7 11 22.0 3 0 .0 1 5 .2 1 .8 0 .0 7 .2 7 .2 X M 12 1 2 .7 2 7 .8 13.6 0.6 1 .8 1**3 7.3 1 1 .0 1 2 .8 13 l 5 . 8 2 2 .8 2 $ .0 7 .9 7.1* 3 .1 5 .1 7 .0 7 .0 M e d ian 13,6 1 7 .0 13*6 8 .8 6 . 1 * 5 .0 6 .8 8 .3 13.2 TABLE XXI OBTAINED T > % VALDES FOR EACH STIMDLUS BY SUBJECTS FOR LOGARITHMIC SERIES I (FIRST HALF, SECOND HALF AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) 3 D u ra tio n Number No. I 2 3 if 5 6 7 8 9 F ir a t H alf 1 2 13.2 8.3 9.4 12.5 *•7 1 0 .4 11.4 8.3 11.3 8.3 9*4 4.2 a i f c f 17.0 1 8.8 3 14.5 6 .5 9 .7 9.7 14.5 0 .5 11.3 12.8 14*5 4 9*8 4.0 13.7 1 1.8 13.7 7.8 11.8 13.7 !3.7 S.7 13.0 13.0 15.2 2 .2 6.5 1 0.9 IO.9 19.6 2 ) n . 5 17.3 9 .6 7.7 !3 .5 11.5 7*7 9.6 11.6 7 9.5 16.7 19.0 14.3 4.8 4.8 2 .4 9.5 19.0 8 11.3 !3.2 13.2 17.0 7** 5.8 7** 7.5 17.0 9 10.9 19.6 1 3.0 1 0 .9 4 .3 2 .2 4*3 15.2 19.6 10 11.3 !3.3 11.3 11.3 5 .7 9.4 9 .4 11.3 17.0 11 1 0 .5 14.O 12.3 12.3 8.8 7.0 5.3 12.3 17.5 12 12.2 0.2 12.2 4.1 8.2 12.2 1 0.2 i k . 3 18.4 13 8 .9 14.3 16.1 3 .9 14.3 5.4 8.9 16.1 14 l4 .8 9.3 7.4 11.1 11.1 7.4 11.1 13.0 l 4 . 8 15 11.1 13.3 11.1 8.9 8.9 11.1 8 .9 8 .9 17.8 Mean 11.1 12.3 11.8 1 0.9 9.1 7.5 8.7 11.7 16.8 Second H a lf 1 8.0 11.1 11.1 7.9 9*5 12.7 9.5 14.3 15.9 2 5.4 1 2 .5 3.6 12.5 16.1 8.9 10.7 16.1 14.2 3 9.4 11.3 7.6 11.3 11.4 11.3 11.3 9 .4 17.0 4 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 11.9 14.3 2 1.4 5 5.2 8.9 8.0 12.3 1 0 .5 12.3 12.3 14.0 15.8 6 10.2 11.9 6.7 10.2 10.1 8.5 13.6 15.2 7 1 5.6 8.6 10.3 10.4 8.6 10.3 12.1 10.3 1 3 .8 8 9.6 7.7 U .5 15.4 11.5 7.7 11.5 11.6 13-5 9 2.9 11.8 8.8 11.8 13.2 11.8 14.7 10.3 14.7 10 13.5 7.7 13.4 7.7 3.8 5.8 13.5 1 5 .4 1 9 .2 11 l b . l 14*3 7.1 8.9 5.4 10.7 10.7 14.3 12.5 12 10.0 13.3 13.3 15.0 8.3 6.7 5 .0 11.7 16.7 13.6 10.2 13.5 6.8 15.2 8.5 ? •! 1 1 .8 15.3 14 11.6 13.1 10.1 7.2 8.7 10.2 1 4 .5 11.6 13.0 15 7.4 U . l 11.1 12.9 11.1 1 4 .8 9 .3 9 .3 13.O Mean 9*9 11.0 9 . 8 10.4 cv • 0 H 10.1 10.7 12,5 15.4 TABLE XXI--Continued s D u r a t i o n N um ber No* 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 A l l T r i a l * C o m b in ed * l 10*3 10.3 8.6 9*5 10.3 11.3 9.5 13.3 16.U 2 6.7 12.5 6 .8 10.6 12.5 6.7 12.5 15. 1 + 16.3 3 12.2 8.6 9.5 10.3 12.9 8.6 1 1.2 11.2 1 5 .5 k 9.7 6.1+ 9.7 1 0 .8 11 .8 8.6 1 1.8 ll+.O 17 .2 5 6 .8 10.7 10.7 13.6 6.3 9.7 11.7 12.6 17.1+ 6 1 0.8 15.3 1 0.8 7.3 11.7 1 0 .8 8.1 11.7 13.5 7 13.0 12.0 ll+.O 12.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 1 6 .0 8 10.5 10.5 12.1+ 16.2 6.7 9.5 9.5 1 5.2 9 6 .2 11+.9 10.5 11.1+ 9.6 7.9 10.5 12.3 16.7 10 1 2.4 10.5 12.1+ 9.5 1+.8 7.6 11.1+ 13.3 1 8 .1 11 13.3 11+.2 9.7 10.6 7.1 8 .8 8.0 13*5 1 5.0 12 11.0 11.0 12.3 10.1 8.3 9.2 7.1 + 12.3 17.1 + 11.3 12.2 l k . 8 7.3 11+.8 7.8 5.2 10.1+ 15.7 13.0 11.1+ 3.9 8.9 9.8 8.9 13.0 12.3 1 3.8 15 9 .1 12.1 11.1 11.1 10.1 13.1 9.1 9 .1 15.2 Mean 10. 1 + 11.5 10.8 10.6 9.3 8.9 9.3 12.1 1 6 .0 * T he m e d ia n * r e p o r t e d f o r t h e KR G ro u p I n E x p e r i m e n t X w e r e fro m s u b j e c t * 1 - 1 3 * 105 TABLE XXII OBTAINED VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS BY SUBJECTS FOR LOGARITHMIC SERIES II (FIRST HALF. SECOND HALF AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) s D u r a t i o n H u n b a r N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F l r a t H a lf 1 1 2 .2 1 4 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 8 .2 4 .1 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 2 0 .4 2 13 .2 ! 3 . 2 5 .7 1 5 .1 7 .5 7 -5 1 1 .4 1 8 .9 3 1 3 .5 9 .6 9 .6 1 1 .5 7 .7 7 .7 9 .6 1 3 .5 ! 7 -3 4 1 0 .9 1 2 .3 12.7 7 .3 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 7.3 9 - 1 1 4 .5 5 1 0 .2 16.3 8.2 8 .2 1 2 .2 0 .0 8 .2 16.3 20 .4 6 1 1 .6 7 .0 7 .0 1 1 .6 7 .0 7 .0 2 -3 18.6 2 0 .9 7 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 12.3 1 0 .5 1 2 .3 3 .5 8 .8 14.0 3-7.5 8 1 1 .8 7 .8 1 3 .7 9 .9 1 1 .8 2*2 7 .3 1 3 .7 1 9 .6 9 1 0 .5 7 .0 8 .8 12.3 1 2 .3 8 . 9 8 .3 lk .O 3-7.5 10 1 1 .1 1 4 .8 9 .3 9 .3 5 .6 7 4 9*3 1 4 .8 1 8 .4 11 1 1 .1 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 1 2.7 1 1 .1 4*8 6 .3 1 2 .7 1 5 .9 12 1 2 .5 8 .9 16.1 1 2 .5 7 .0 5 .4 5 .4 1 4 .3 1 7 .9 9 .1 1 0 .6 1 2 .1 10.6 10.6 7 .6 1 5 .2 9 .0 1 5 .2 i £ 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 0 .5 8 .8 3 .5 1 0 .5 8 .8 1 5 .8 1 7 .5 15 1 7 .0 1 5 .1 9 .3 1 1 .3 5.7 5 .7 5 .7 1 1 .3 1 8 .9 M ean 1 1 .8 1 1 .5 1 0 .7 1 0 .2 9 .5 6 .4 8 .6 1 3 .2 1 8 .0 S e c o n d H a l f 1 15.1 1 1 .3 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 1 1 .3 13.1 18.9 2 3.5.3 1 3 .6 8 .5 8 .5 9 .9 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 8 .5 15.3 3 6 .3 7 .9 1 1 .1 1 2 .9 1 1 .1 7 .9 1 2 .7 14.3 3-5.9 4 1 5 .9 1 1 .1 l l . l 1 1 .2 7 .9 2 - 5 14.3 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 8 .0 6 .o 1 0 .0 4 .0 16.0 2 0 .0 1 6 .7 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 6 .2 6 .4 6 .2 6 .3 14.6 2 0 .8 7 1 1 .9 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 1 .9 1 0.2 6 .6 8 .5 13.6 16.9 8 1 2 .1 1 2 .1 7 .6 9 .1 10.6 1 3 .6 10.6 1 5 .2 9 1 3 .1 1 1 .5 8 .2 1 1 .5 n . 5 l l . L 4 .9 1 1 .5 1 6 .4 10 1 1 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 5 .8 7 .7 5 .8 5 .8 17.3 1 9 .1 11 3-3.5 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 2 .2 8 .1 9 .5 8.1 1 3 .5 3.3*5 12 9 .4 9 .4 1 0 .8 9 .4 9 .4 1 2 .5 9 .4 14.1 1 5 .6 1 0 .5 1 3 .2 1 0 .5 2*2 7 .9 13.2 1 0 .5 1 1.8 13.2 14 1 0.8 1 2 .5 3.2.5 8 .6 7 .1 7 .1 8 .9 14.3 1 7 .9 15 9 .3 1 3 .0 16.7 5 .6 9 .3 7 .4 9 .3 11.1 1 8 .3 M aan 12.2 1 1 .5 1 1 .1 9 .1 8 .7 9 .0 8.7 12.9 16 . 8 106 TABLE XXII— Continued D u r a t i o n H u n b a r N o. 1 2 3 1 * 5 6 7 8 9 A l l T r i a l s C o a b ln a d 1 1 3 .7 1 2 .7 1 1 .8 7 .8 6 .9 k .9 1 0 .8 1 1 .8 19.6 2 14*3 1 3 .4 8 .0 7 .2 12 . | 3.0 8 .9 9 .8 17 .0 3 9 .6 8 .7 10 . J * 12 .2 9 .6 7 .8 1 1 .3 1 3 .9 3.6.5 1 * 1 3 .6 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 2*2 11.0 10.2 8 .5 ? ' 3 5 11.1 l k . l 10.1 8 .1 9 *1 5 .0 6 .1 1 6.2 2 0 .2 o H f.3 3.8 8.8 8 .8 6 .6 6 .6 8 .8 16 .L 2 0 .9 7 11.2 1 1.2 11.2 1 1 .2 11.2 * • ? 8.6 13.8 l 6 . £ 8 12.0 10.3 10.3 9.1* 11.0 9.1* 8 .5 12.0 17.3. 9 11.8 9*3 8 .5 11.9 1 1 .9 10.2 6 .8 1 2 .7 16 .9 10 3.1.3 1J +.2 11.3 7 .5 6 .7 6 .6 7 .5 16.0 1 8 .6 11 12 . L 1 1 .7 1 1 .7 12 . L 9 .5 7 .3 7 .3 1?*1 l k . 6 12 10.6 9 .2 1 3 .3 10.8 8 .3 9 .2 7 .5 4 . 2 1 6 .7 9 -8 1 2.0 11.2 n 9 .2 10.6 12.7 10.6 ll^.O ll* 11.6 12 . 1 * 1 1 .5 5 .3 8 .8 8 .8 15.0 17 .8 15 13.2 13.2 13.2 8 .5 7 .6 6 .6 7 .5 11.3 I 8.9 Mean 1 2 .0 1 1 .5 1 0 .9 9 .6 9 .1 -0 • 00 8 .6 13.1 1 7 .3 107 TABLE XXIII OBTAINED D % VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS BT SUBJECTS FOR LOGARITHMIC SERIES III (FIRST HALF, SECOND HALF AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) s D u r a t i o n N u v b e r N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l’ ’I r s t H a lf 1 1 2 .8 6 .4 1 0 .6 4*3 8 .5 10.6 10.6 14*9 2 1 . 3 2 1 2 .7 1 2 .8 8 .5 6 .4 1 0 .6 8 .5 6 .4 1 2 .8 2 1 . 3 3 13.8 15*5 10.3 6 .9 1 0 .5 3*4 8 .6 1 3 .8 1 7 . 2 i ? .4 l k . l 1 0 .9 2 4 1 0 .9 9 .4 2 4 1 5 . 6 5 l 4 . 0 S . 8 l 4 . o 8 .6 7 .0 12.3 8 .8 8 .8 1 7 . 5 6 1 2 .7 i4 * 5 1 4 .5 7*4 1 0 .9 5 .5 1 .8 1 4 .5 1 8 . 2 7 16.1 7 .1 10.7 1 4 .3 1 2 .5 1.8 5 .4 1 4 .3 1 7 . 8 8 7 .7 13*5 9 .6 1 5 .4 7 .7 2 4 1 1 .5 1 9 * 2 9 1 8 .2 4*6 2*1 4*5 9 .1 0 .8 3-5.9 2 2 . 7 10 1 2 .1 1 0 .3 8 .8 IO .3 IO.3 6 .9 10.3 13.8 1 7 . 2 11 9 .6 5 .8 1 5 .4 9 .6 3 .9 ? 4 n *2 1 9 . 2 12 1 1 .9 I 6 .7 I 6 .7 4 .8 4 .6 7.1 4*8 11.8 2 1 . 4 *3 9 .3 5 .6 13 .O 7 .4 9 .3 2*1 13.0 14.8 1 8 . 5 14 1 1 .7 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .7 6.3 6 .7 9 .9 1 5 .0 1 6 . 7 15 1 0 .7 7 .1 7 .1 1 2 .5 8.9 7.1 14.3 1 4 .3 1 8 . 0 Mean 1 2 .2 9 -7 1 1 .5 8 .5 10.2 7.3 8 .7 1 3 .1 1 8 . 8 S e o o n d H a l f 1 8 .9 4 .4 1 3 .3 8 .9 6 .7 8 .9 8 .9 1 7 .8 2 2 . 2 2 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 .0 6 .0 10.0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 . 0 3 9 .4 15.1 9 .4 3 .8 7 .6 9 .4 13.2 13.2 1 8 . 9 4 1 1 .7 13.2 1 0 .5 b 2 7 -9 1 3 .2 13.2 1 3 * 2 5 1 2 .3 8 .8 1 4 .0 8 .8 lk .O 8 .8 12.3 1 7 . 5 6 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 .0 6 .0 6 .0 8 .0 1 0 .0 16.0 2 0 . 0 7 1 0 .0 16.0 16.0 1 0 .0 6 .0 4 .0 4 .0 14.0 2 0 . 0 8 6 .0 1 0 .0 6 .0 1 2 .0 12.0 14.0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 . 0 9 1 0 .9 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 5 .5 1 0 .9 2 - 1 1 8 . 2 10 7 .1 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 7 .1 14.3 1 0 .7 1 2 .6 1 7 . 9 11 1 0 .5 7 .0 1 0 .5 14*0 6 .9 14.0 8 .8 8 .8 1 7 . 5 12 9 .2 l 4 . 0 1 4 .0 2 .3 7 .0 7 .0 1 1 .6 14.0 2 0 . 9 *3 5 .8 1 1 .5 9 .6 3.3*5 7 .7 9*6 9 .6 1 3 .5 1 9 . 2 14 9 .4 1 5 .6 7 .8 9 .4 7 .8 7 .8 1 2 .5 l k . l 1 5 . 6 15 1 4 .2 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 4 .1 8 .2 8 .2 8 .2 I 6 .3 2 0 . 4 Mean 1 0 .0 1 1 .3 1 1 .2 8 .0 7 .9 1 0 .0 9 .4 1 3 .4 1 8 . 8 108 TABLE XXIII--Continued D u r a t i o n N um ber No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A l l T r i a l s C om bined 1 10.6 7.4 11.7 6.4 7-k 9.6 9.6 16.0 21.3 2 12.4 11.3 10.3 6.3 10.3 9.3 8 .2 11.3 20.6 3 11.7 15.3 10.0 5.4 9.0 6.3 1 0 .8 13*5 18.0 4 10.7 13.0 10.7 n 9.3 11.4 5*3 11.4 14.3 5 13.2 8.8 14.0 13.2 8.7 1 0 .5 17.5 o 12*4 12.4 13.3 6 .7 8 .6 0 .7 15.2 19.0 7 13.2 11.3 13.2 12.3 9.4 2 .8 4.7 14.2 18.9 8 6 .8 8.7 9.7 10.7 13.0 10.7 2*7 10.7 19.4 9 14.1 9.1 1 1 .1 5 .0 7.1 10.1 8.1 15.2 20.2 10 9.6 10.4 9.6 8.7 12.2 8.7 10.4 13.0 17.4 11 10.2 6 .4 12.8 11.9 11.9 9.2 10.1 18.3 12 10.6 15.3 15.3 3 .5 5.9 7.1 8 .2 12.9 21.2 7.5 8.5 11.3 10.4 8.5 9.4 11.3 14.2 18.9 14 10.5 12.9 8.Q 0.0 8.0 7.3 11.3 1 4 .5 16.1 15 12.4 8.6 8.6 8.6 7.0 11.4 15.2 19.0 K ean 1 1 .1 10.7 11.4 8.3 9.0 8.6 9.1 13.2 18.7 109 TABLE XXIV OBTAINED D % VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS BY SUBJECTS FOR LINEAR SERIES I (FIRST HALF, SECOND HALF, AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) S . D u r a t i o n N u a b e r No* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F i r a t H a lf 1 l L . l 1 2 .5 1 4 .1 12.5 7 .8 7.8 6 .2 1 2 - ? 1 2 .5 2 i d . 5 1 4 .8 11,1 13.0 9*3 5 .6 3 .6 7 4 1 6 .7 3 1 6 .7 1^.6 1 6 .7 6 .2 1 0 .4 0.3 6 .2 6 . 2 1 6 .7 4 1 5 .9 l l .l * 1 1 .4 I *3 4 .5 13.6 1 1 .4 1 3 .6 1 5 .9 5 1 3 .9 11.1 1 3 .9 8.3 1 2 .5 l l . l 9.3 9 .7 9 .7 0 2 1 .7 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 10.9 6 .5 6 .6 4 .3 1 3 .0 1-5 .2 7 1 5 .0 1 4 .1 9 .4 10.9 9 .4 4 .7 9 .4 1 0 .9 1 5 .6 8 20.0 1 2 .5 7 .5 10.0 15.0 5 .0 10.0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 9 ^ • 2 1 3 . 4 1 3 .4 7 .5 9 .0 1 0 .4 9 .0 1 0 .5 1 1 .9 10 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 0 .3 12.8 10.3 1 1 .5 10.3 7 .7 1 1 .5 11 *74 ! ? . 5 1 9 .5 1 9 .5 2 .4 4 .9 9 . 8 0 .0 12 1 6 .6 1 4 .8 14.6 11.1 7 .4 7 .4 9 .3 5 .6 1 3 .0 13 lfr.9 1 0 .4 13.4 11.9 7 .5 1 0 .4 9 .0 1 0 .4 1 2 .1 4 ilL .3 1 4 .3 12.7 9 .5 6 .3 1 2 .7 11.1 9 .6 15 1 8 .0 1 6 .0 12.0 10.0 8.0 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 .0 Mean 16.3 1 3 .5 12.7 10.4 9 .0 7 .4 8 .5 9 .9 1 2 .2 S e c o n d H a lf 1 1 7 .5 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 0 .5 e . e 1 0 .5 8 .8 8 .8 1 0 .5 2 1 7 .5 1 2 .3 14.0 1 0 .5 1 2 .3 1 0 .5 5 .3 5 .3 1 2 .3 3 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 1 3 .3 1 1 .7 8 .3 8 .3 8 .3 4 1 8 .4 2 0 .4 8 .2 1 0 .2 2 .0 1 0 .3 2 .0 1 2 .2 1 6 .3 5 1 2 .7 U . 3 1 1 .4 1 0 .1 1 2 .7 11.4 1 1 .4 7 .6 1 1 .4 0 1 7 .7 1 2 .3 14.0 1 7 .5 3 .5 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 14*0 7 13.0 I 3.0 1 2 .1 1 2 .1 6 .1 7 .6 9 .1 1 2 .1 1 3 .7 8 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 3 .3 1 1 .7 8 .3 8 .3 5 .1 1 0 .0 1 3 .3 9 1 5 .4 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 13.8 6 .2 1 0 .8 9 .2 7 .7 1 2 .3 10 1 2 .8 9 .0 1 1 .5 1 0 .3 1 1 .5 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 6 . 5 1 2 .8 11 13.3 1 3 .3 11.1 1 7 .8 X 2*3 11.1 9 .0 2 .2 12 1 6 .9 1 1 .9 1 3 .4 1 3 .6 8 .5 15.3 6 .8 6 . 8 6 . 8 x3 1 4 .7 1 1 .8 i i . d 1 1 .8 8 .8 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 8 .8 1 1 .8 14 1 2 .5 12.5 14.1 1 0 .9 6 .3 1 0 .9 7 .8 1 2 .5 1 2 .5 15 1 7 .6 1 3 .7 1 1 .8 1 3 .7 7 .9 5 .9 5 .9 7 . 8 1 5 .7 Mean 1 5 .4 1 3 .1 1 2 .1 1 2 .3 8 .6 10.3 7 .9 8 .2 1 2 .0 TABLE XXIV— Continued 110 3 No. D u ra tio n Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A ll T r i a l s Combined 1 1 5 .7 1 2 .4 13.2 1 1 .6 8 .3 2*1 7 .4 1 0 .7 1 1 ,6 2 1 8 .0 1 3 .5 1 2 .6 1 1 .7 1 0 .8 8 .2 4 .5 6 .3 14 *4 3 1 5 .7 14.8 13.0 8 .3 12.0 9 .3 7 .4 7 .4 12.1 4 17.2 16.1 9.7 6 .5 3 .2 1 1 .8 6 .5 12.Q 16.1 1 3 .2 1 1 .2 1 2 .6 1 2 .6 11.3 1 0 .6 8 .6 1 0 .6 1 ? .4 1 1 .7 1 2 .6 l4.o 4*9 6 .8 5 .8 9 .7 1 4 .5 7 i4.S 1 3 .8 1 0 .8 1 1 .5 7 .6 6 .2 9 .2 1 1 .5 14.0 8 1 7 .0 14.0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 7 .0 7 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 .0 9 1 5 .2 1 2 .9 1 2 .8 10.6 7 .6 1 0 .6 9 .1 9 .1 1 2 .1 10 1 2 .8 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 1 . 5 10.9 1 2 .2 1 1 .5 7 .1 1 2 .2 11 1 5 .1 16.3 1? * 1 1 8 .6 10.5 6 .9 7 .0 5 .8 4 .7 12 l b . 7 13.3 14.2 12 .4 8.0 1 1 .5 8 .0 6 .2 9 .7 1 4 . 8 1 1 .2 1 2 .6 1 1 .8 8 .1 1 0 .4 9 .6 9 .6 1 1 -9 14 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 1 0 .2 7 .9 8 .7 1 0 .2 1 1 .8 1 1 .0 15 17.8 1 4 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .8 7 .9 4 .0 8.9 8 .9 1 3 .9 Mean 1 5 -8 1 3 .4 1 2 .4 1 1 .4 8 .8 8 .9 8 .2 9 .0 1 2 .1 I l l TABLE XX V OBTAINED D% VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS BY SUBJECTS FOR LINEAR SERIES I I (FIRST HALF, SECOND HALF, AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) 3 D u ra tio n Number No. 1 2 3 1 + 5 6 7 8 9 F i r s t H a lf 1 1 7 .0 1 3 .2 7.5 5.7 13.2 13.2 7.5 5.7 17.0 2 lif *5 lif. 5 12.7 10.9 2*2 3.6 10.9 7*3 16. If 3 12.5 12.5 16.7 10.4 8.3 If. 2 8 . If 8.3 18.7 If 17.5 12.3 Hf.O 12.3 7 .0 ?*? 10.5 17.6 % 17.8 11.1 15*6 13.3 6 .7 If.1 * 6.7 20.0 16 . 1 * ijf. 5 10.9 12.7 10.9 5 . if 5.5 l 6 . 1 f 7 22.0 llf.6 7.3 7*? U. 9 4.9 7 .3 12.2 19.5 8 20.1 l l . l 13.3 L.If 13.3 6 .7 8 .9 (f.lf 17.8 9 23.3 7.0 9.3 6 .9 9 .3 7 .0 0 .0 16.3 20.9 10 17.0 13.2 11.3 9.if 5.7 7 .5 7 .5 9.4 19.0 11 20.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 5 .0 0 .0 7*5 5.0 12.5 12 lif.3 11.1 12.7 11.1 11.2 7 .9 6 .3 9.5 15.9 22.2 1 7 .8 8.9 U.if 11.1 11.1 11.1 2.2 11.2 i i lif.9 12.8 19.1 8.5 10.6 4*3 4*2 8.5 17.0 15 21.7 15.2 8.7 6.5 6 .5 8.7 6.0 8.7 17 .Jf Mean 18.1 13 .if 11.9 9.6 8 .9 6.3 6.8 8.0 17.2 Seoond H a lf 1 1 5.0 13.3 1 0 .0 1 1 .7 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 10.0 3 .3 1 6 . 7 2 1 5 0 1 0 .2 1 6 .9 8 .5 8 .5 3 -jf 8 .4 H*9 16.9 I 1 1 .4 1 5 .8 1 1 .If llf.O 8 .6 7 .0 l l . i i 8 .8 8.6 5*3 8.6 7 .0 H f.3 17*5 5 1 8 .6 I 6 .3 7 .0 7 .0 1 3 .9 If. 7 1 1 .6 If .7 1 6 .3 0 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 9*2 9*2 12.5 8 .5 7 .0 l l f . l 7 1 5 .7 1 3 .7 1 3.9 9 .8 9 .8 5*9 7 .8 **2 1 7 .6 8 9 9 .6 1 1 .5 1 3 .5 3 .3 . 1 1 7 .3 11.5 , 7 *7 4*2 9 .8 3 .8 6 .6 5 .9 1 1 .5 1 7 .3 16.3 10 1 7 .5 12.3 llf.O 8 .8 8 .8 5.3 1 0 .5 7 .0 1 5 .8 11 1 1 .6 13.0 H f. 5 1 3 .0 13.0 8 .8 8 .7 2 .9 ilf.5 12 1 5 .If 10.8 9 .2 1 2 .If 1 2 .3 9 .2 7 .7 9 .2 13.8 13 1 7 .9 1 2 .5 10.7 8 .9 lif. 2 5 .4 8 .9 2*^ 1 6 .1 i 4 1 2 .5 l i f . 3 1 2 .5 1 2 .5 7 4 7*2 8 .9 8 .9 16.1 15 16.1 llf .3 Hf .3 1 0 .7 5*lf 5 . if 7 .0 8 .9 1 7.9 Mean 1 5.0 1 2 .8 1 2 .5 1 1 .0 9*if 7 .8 8 .2 7 .2 16.1 112 TABLE X X V --C ontinued s N o. D u r a t i o n N um ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A l l T r i a l s C o m bin ed 1 1 5 .9 1 3 .3 8 .9 8 .9 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 8 .8 4 .4 1 6 .8 2 14*9 1 2 .3 1 4 .9 9 .8 8 .8 I* 9 .6 16.7 3 1 1 .9 1 1 .8 1 3 .6 12.6 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 6 .5 16.1 4 1 6 .7 1 4.0 1 4 .0 1 0 .5 7 .0 6 .2 5 .3 8 .8 1 7 .5 \ 18.2 1 3 .6 1 1 .4 10.2 10.2 4 .5 8.0 5 .7 1 8 .2 1 4 .3 1 3 .5 H . 9 11.1 lO .k IO.3 7 4 6 .3 1 5.1 7 1 6 .5 1 4 . I 1 0 .9 8 .7 7 .6 5 .4 7 .6 8 .7 1 8 .5 8 1 7 .5 1 0 .3 1 3 .4 i i . ? 1 0 .3 8 .2 6 .2 5 .3 1 7 .5 9 18.3 9 .8 11.5 9 .8 6 .7 8 .7 3 .8 1 3 .5 18.3 10 17*3 12.7 12.7 7 .2 6 ,4 8 .2 1 7 .3 11 1 4 .7 1 5 .6 1 2 .8 15.6 10.1 8 .2 3 .7 1 3 .8 12 li+.B 11.0 10.9 1 1 .8 1 1 .7 8.6 7 .0 9 .4 1 4 .8 13 1 9 .8 1 4 .8 9 .9 6 .9 12.9 7 .9 4 .0 !3 * 9 I 3 .6 1 5 .5 1 0 .7 8 .7 5 .9 6 .8 6 .7 1 6 .5 15 18,6 1 4 .7 11.8 8 .8 5 .9 6 .9 6 .9 8 .8 17.6 Mean 16.3 13.0 12.3 10 .4 9 .2 7 .2 7 .5 7 .6 16.6 TABLE XXVI OBTAINED D% VALUES FOR EACH STIMULUS BY SUBJECTS FOR LINEAR SERIES I I I (FIRST HALF, SECOND HALF, AND ALL TRIALS COMBINED) 3 D u ra tio n Nunber No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F ir a t H a lf 1 16.1 1 0 .7 10.6 1 2 .5 5 .4 5 .4 8 .9 1 2 .5 1 7 .9 2 19.6 1 3 .7 1 3 .7 Q.8 6 .0 5 .9 *•2 7 .8 1 7 .6 3 1 4 .7 8 .2 H . 5 9 .8 1 1 .5 8 .2 2 *® 1 1 .5 14.8 4 1 7 .9 1 4 .3 7 *1 5 .4 8 .9 7 *1 8.9 1 2 .5 1 7 .9 5 14.0 1 4 .0 1 6 .0 1 0.0 10.0 4 .0 6 .0 6 .0 20.0 6 1 4 .3 1 5 .9 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 7 .9 6 .4 7 *2 14*3 7 12.1 0 .9 12.1 10.3 10.3 5 .2 12.1 13.6 1 7 .2 8 lk .O 10.0 8 .0 8.0 16.0 18.0 4 .0 6 .0 l 6 .0 9 1 4 .1 1 4 .3 1 0 .7 8 .9 8 .9 7 .1 5 .4 1 2.5 1 7 .9 10 1 6.4 5 .5 1 2 .7 lJ£ -? 9 .1 7 .2 7.3 1 8 .2 11 l k . l 12.7 6 .4 2*9 6 .4 9 .9 8 .4 14.1 1 4 .1 12 1 8 .7 8 .3 8.3 8 .3 1 2 .5 4 .2 4 .2 14.7 2 0 .8 13 1 7 .5 1 2 .3 8 .8 1 0 .5 3 .5 5 .3 1 0 .5 1 7 .6 14 1 5 .5 1 2 .1 1 0 .1 8 .6 8 .6 1 3.8 5 .2 8 .6 1 7 .3 15 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 5 .6 9 .7 9 .7 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 3 .9 Mean 1 5 .5 1 1 .5 1 0 .1 9 .9 1 0 .2 8 .0 7 .3 1 0 .5 1 7 .0 Second H a lf 1 14.8 1 8 .5 9 .3 1 1 .1 3 .7 3 .7 7 .4 13.0 1 8 .5 2 1 2 .5 1 3 .9 1 2 .5 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 7 .0 8.3 1 1 .1 1 2 .5 3 1 5 .6 1 2 .5 9 .3 9*4 6 .3 8 .3 14.1 X P*2 15.6 4 1 8 .5 13.0 7 .4 7 .4 7 .4 3 .7 9.3 1 4.6 1 8 .5 5 1 2 .7 1 4 .3 1 4 .3 1 1 .1 1 2 .7 9 .5 4 .7 4 .8 1 5 .9 6 1 4 .1 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 1 1 .3 5 .5 5.0 12.7 l 4 . l 7 9 .5 1 4 .3 1 2 .7 1 1 .1 4 .8 7 .9 9 -2 14.3 1 5 .9 8 1 2 .2 1 3 .5 1 2 .2 1 3 .5 1 0 .8 2 -4 1 0 .8 4 .1 1.3.5 9 1 3 .1 ! 3 .1 6 .6 1 1 .5 4 .9 8 .2 1 3 .1 ! 3 .1 1 6 .4 10 9 .6 9*6 1 2 .3 1 1 .0 1 2 .3 9 .6 9 .6 1 3 .7 11 1 2 .8 1 1 .5 10.3 IO.3 1 1 .5 7 .7 1 0 .3 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 12 1 6 .7 1 4 .8 7 .4 7 .4 3 .7 7 .4 9 .3 ! 4 . 8 1 8 .5 1 6 .7 1 0 .4 10.4 1 2 .5 4 .2 4 .2 8 .3 1 4 .6 1 8 .7 14 1 4 .7 1 0 .3 8 .6 1 1 .8 7 .4 6 .8 10.3 1 3.2 1 4 .7 15 1 3 .4 1 4 .9 9 .0 1 1 .9 7 .5 1 0 .4 9 .0 9 .0 1 4 .9 Mean 14.0 13.2 1 0 .2 1 0 .9 7 .9 7 .5 9 .3 1 1 .5 1 5 .6 i i 4 TABLE XXVI— C o n tin u e d s No. Duration Numbar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 All Triala Combiiaad 1 1 5 .5 i 4 . 5 1 0 .1 1 1 .8 4 .5 4 .5 8.2 1 2 .7 1 8 .2 2 15*6 13.8 13.0 1 0 .6 9 .° 6 .5 7.3 9 .8 14.6 3 15.2 1 0 .ii i o . 4 8 .8 7 .2 12.0 1 1 .2 1 ^ .2 4 18*2 1 3 .6 7.3 0*6 8 .2 5 .4 9.1 13.6 1 8 .2 5 1 3 .3 1 4 .2 15.0 10.6 1 1 .5 7 - 1 5 .3 5 .3 1 7 .7 o 14.2 14.2 1 1 .9 11.2 1 1 .2 6 .7 6 .0 1 0 .4 l k . 2 7 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 1 2 .6 10.8 7 .5 6 .7 10.7 14.0 1 6 .5 8 1 2 .9 1 2 .1 1 0 .5 11.3 12.9 8.1 4 .8 1 4 .5 9 1 3 .7 1 3 .7 8 .5 10.3 6 .8 7 .7 2 4 12.8 1 7 .1 10 1 4 .1 7 .8 9 .4 12.5 12.5 10.9 6 .0 8 .6 1 5 .6 11 1 3 .4 1 2 .1 9*4 10.1 10.1 8.7 9 .4 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 12 17.6 1 1 .8 7 .9 7 .8 7 .8 * •2 6 .9 14.7 1 9 .6 1 7 .1 1 1 .4 9 .6 13.3 7 .6 3 .6 6 .7 1 2 .4 l 6 . 1 14 1 5 .1 1 1 .1 9 .5 10.3 8 .0 11.1 7 .9 1 1 .1 1 5 .? 15 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 7 .2 10.8 8 .6 10.8 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 16.4 Mean 1 4 .7 1 2 .4 1 0 .1 10.5 9 .0 7 .7 8 .4 1 1 .0 16.2 115 TABLE XXVII OBTAINED D JC VALUES BY SUBJECTS FOR SERIES I , II, AND I I I (EXPERIMENT I I I ) S u b j e c t D u r a t i o n N u n b e r N um ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S e r i e s I 1 16.7 1 9.8 1 4 .6 ! 3 . 5 1*3 1 2 ‘ ? 1 5.6 2 20.0 1 5 .3 1 5 .3 1 0.6 8.2 9 .4 21.2 3 1 8 .3 1 5 .£ 1 3 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .3 10.6 1 1 .5 4 21.3 1 3 .3 1 0.8 1 3 .3 12.0 1 3 .3 1 6.0 5 1 7 .9 1 5 .2 10.6 14.3 16.1 1 2 .5 1 3 .4 6 1 4 .7 1 5 .8 2 0 .0 1 4 .7 1 5.8 1 0 .5 8 .5 7 1 6 .7 16.7 12.2 12.2 1 3 .3 1 3 .3 15*6 8 19.0 13.0 1 2 .0 15.0 l 4 . 0 1 7 .0 10.0 9 17.6 16.8 1 4 .7 1 2 .7 1 3 .7 1 5 .7 8 .8 10 1 8 .9 16.2 20.3 12.1 12.2 8.1 12.2 11 1 6 .5 1 4 .7 1 4 .7 12.8 12.8 12.9 15.6 12 20.0 1 5 .3 1 1 .8 1 2 .9 1 2 .9 10.6 1 6 .5 2 3 .3 17.8 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 5 .6 16.4 1 2 .3 14 2 1 .7 16.9 1 4 .5 1 0.8 10.8 12.0 !3*3 15 1 9 .0 1 7 .9 1 4 .3 9 .5 20.2 9 .5 9 .6 M ean 1 8.8 16.0 - 1 4 .1 1 2 .8 1 2 .7 1 2 .3 1 3-3 S e r i e s I I 1 2 0 .7 18.8 1 1 .5 1 4 .6 7 .3 8 .3 18.8 2 2 0 .7 17 *7 !3 * 5 1 2 .5 1 1 .5 1 0 .4 1 3 .5 3 1 7 .2 16.4 1 6 .4 1 2.1 1 2 .9 9 .5 1 5 .5 £ 1 7 .8 17.8 1 2 .9 1 0 .9 12.9 14.8 12.9 5 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 1 4 .7 12.6 7 .4 11.6 6 17.0 1 5 .2 1 7 .8 1 6.1 8 .9 1 1 .6 1 3 .4 7 2 0 .0 1 7 .0 l 6 .0 1 4 .0 1 1.0 6 .0 1 6 .0 8 1 7 .4 1 7 .4 l k .8 1 4 .8 13.0 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 9 2 1 .7 1 8 .5 l 6 . k 1 5 .2 8 .7 5 .4 1 4 .1 1 0 21.6 2 0 .4 1 4 .8 8 .0 6 . 8 1 0 .2 1 8 .2 11 1 4 .7 16.3 1 4 .6 1 4 .7 1 1 .2 14*7 13*8 12 1 7 .0 1 7 .0 1 3 .4 1 3 .4 14.2 1 2 .5 1 2 .5 13 1 7 .2 1 7 .2 1 5 .2 6 . 1 14*1 l l . l 14 1 7 .8 1 7.8 1 5 .8 1L.9 1 1 .9 10.9 10.9 15 1 9 .4 1 3 .6 1 6 .5 1 6.5 9 .7 1 2 .6 1 1 .7 M ean 1 8 .7 1 7 .3 1 5 .3 1 3 .8 1 0 .6 1 0 .6 1 3 .7 116 TABLE XXVII— C o n tin u e d S u b J e o t D u r a t i o n N um ber Num ber 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 S exd.ee I I I 1 17.1* 1 6.5 16.5 15.7 7.8 1 0 4 15.7 2 21.1 19.0 13.7 4 . 7 1 0 .5 10.5 1 0 .5 3 18.5 17.6 1 1 .1 4 . 8 12.1 13.9 12.0 k 19.0 18.0 17.0 15.0 12.0 12.0 7.0 5 19.2 19.2 13.5 13.5 7*7 4 4 12.5 o 15.7 15.0 1 3 4 4 . 1 12.6 4 . 2 15.0 7 17.0 16.0 15.2 1 3 4 11.6 1 2.5 4 .3 8 15.9 16.0 16.8 4 . 3 10.6 4 .3 11.8 9 16.0 16.0 ILl . 3 12.6 11.6 15.0 4 . 3 10 17.5 8.7 15.5 9.7 15.5 13.6 11 18.3 1 7 4 4 . 7 4 . 7 11.0 10.1 13.8 12 21.3 21.3 13 .8 12.8 8.5 8.5 13.8 18.7 15.0 17.8 4 . 9 7.5 1 1 .1 15.0 4 I8.3 I 8.3 16.5 4 . 7 9.2 10.1 12.8 15 2 0 4 1 9 4 1 7 4 16.3 6.1 12.2 8.2 Mean 1 8 4 17.5 4 . 7 4 . 5 9.9 12.3 12.7 117 TABLE XXVIII PERCENTAGE OP CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LOGARITHMIC SERIES I» I I , AND I I I (FIRST HALF OF THE TRIALS) S u b j e c t D u r a t i o n N um ber N um ber 1 2 3 1 * 5 6 7 8 S e riLee I 1 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 u 15 Moan 100 67 82 71 80 75 80 100 100 75 75 55 100 67 71 79-9 50 35 1 0 0 I ! s 53 33 57 38 33 1*9*6 53.3 1*0 25 50 75 I S a 1 2 29 V , 1*4 1*9.1* 6 o 50 % 12 6 1 * 20 31 18 38 57 57 50 33 1 *2.1 1 * 5 57 P 62 & 1 * 0 50 50 1*5.7 £ S8.1* 100 90 91 90 100 62 100 100 1 1 100 80 *4 75 71 8 1 * * 1 * S e r i e s I I 1 67 1 * 1 * ? ° 50 1 * 1 * 29 56 60 2 78 ? ° 1*0 38 53 50 ? 7 67 3 88 62 1*2 1*0 33 57 62 80 I * 86 50 7 ° ?° 58 58 57 60 5 83 53 4-0 0 30 73 6 50 38 25 38 k 60 36 7 8 U % 58 58 $ 29 33 5P ? i 9 60 36 % 58 7> 52 89 10 75 67 56 38 h 36 62 69 11 88 62 80 73 58 60 1 * 1 * 67 12 78 69 58 33 h 1 ^ 3 75 100 5 1 * 62 100 70 62 59 100 l£ 70 5 1 * 50 1*2 29 67 83 100 15 82 53 83 1 * 6 30 27 38 100 Mean 76.0 51.3 55.9 5l*.l 1*6.3 1 *5 .5 52.1 77.3 TABLE XXVIII— C o n tin u e d 118 S u b j e c t D u r a t i o n N um ber N um ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S e r i e a III 1 ?° 33 42 25 40 71 50 67 2 3 67 6 9 It $ 33 4° it 5° 40 ¥ 57 73 £ 86 60 64 60 70 97 100 67 56 62 50 57 64 50 62 88 62 73 50 5° 60 12 60 7 64 50 75 73 47 20 60 57 8 57 33 54 62 57 67 50 70 9 57 25 33 P 40 w ?Q 90 10 100 50 42 60 46 44 100 li 100 53 71 47 29 56 55 12 100 4 4 39 17 20 60 25 71 13 83 27 40 56 56 <4 80 14 70 67 46 7° 83 P u o I * 15 75 50 31 47 62 67 67 80 Mean 76.9 4 7 .3 51.7 47.7 50.5 53.1 48.5 73.1 11 9 TABLE XXIX PERCENTAGE OP CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LOGARITHMIC SERIES I , I I , AND I I I (SECOND HALF OP THE TRIALS) S u b j e c t D u r a t i o n N um ber N um ber 1 2 3 I * 5 6 C O r- S e r i e s I 1 62 2 t 60 & 7 s 90 8 62 9 100 10 58 11 90 12 100 x3 80 89 15 67 Mean 7 6 , 1 j . 58 I 7 50 29 8 7i S t fit 1 1 67 1 * 3 52-5 58 U 22 38 5 2 w 73 1 * 6 53-1 86 6k s 67 71 50 P ko $ 67 S O 59.1 59-1 % 75 100 60 86 U 1 * 5 78 £3 ?? 60 64 67 50 100 100 21 58 50 £ 56 50 78 77 73 71 62 .1 71.5 100 100 69 p 89 90 78 06 1 0 0 s 71 70 100 88 85.9 S e r i e s I I 1 80 55 5k 38 50 38 55 76 2 90 67 $6 38 75 60 50 83 3 57 k s 6k 57 7° 80 82 £ 87 58 70 67 1 * 5 55 87 $ 86 35 75 50 38 36 33 67 00 5 1 * 5® 27 30 kO 58 7 78 67 6 1 * 75 ko 62 75 8 80 80 71 50 9? 75 78 9 89 6k 1 * 5 78 70 6k 38 67 10 67 56 70 5P 57 27 30 11 12 91 100 89 55 80 82 6 1 * 50 £ 100 89 86 67 e 100 71 6k 7* 91 89 90 4 75 58 58 36 67 71 73 15 83 50 53 1 * 3 1 * 5 1*4 50 75 Mean 83.1 6 1 .6 63.3 52.3 6 0 ,9 58.9 58.8 71*. 1 * TABLE X X IX --C ontinued 120 S u b j e o t N um ber D u r a t i o n Num ber 8 S e r i e s I I I 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 11 12 100 100 12 100 100 100 7 3 -7 9 0 .1 121 TABLE XXX PERCENTAGE OP CORRECT RESPONSES BY SUBJECTS TO EACH STIMULUS IN LINEAR SERIES I , I I , AND I I I (ALL TRIALS COMBINED) S u b J e o t D u r a t i o n N um ber Num ber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S e r l e a I 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 10 11 12 100 100 100 7 1 .5 5 0 .5 5 5 .9 1 75 65 59 7 1 52 43 67 2 l o 71 52 75 I 90 t>7 84 Z1 67 4 8 4 4 s 50 27 Z§ 5 73 67 71 53 45 27 29 57 6 100 81 79 61 50 54 47 90 7 94 68 50 ? 8 35 23 35 57 8 90 67 5? 61 36 35 50 9 10 52 ?4 67 ko L8 uZ 3? 8 8 11 96 77 78 68 4 1 26 45 62 12 S 90 87 2? £ 61* 71 *1 68 52 5 ° !*2 42 30 8 33 8 £5 15 86 83 57 36 4o 35 32 65 Mean 8 8 .5 7 1 .1 64*4 5 6 .1 4 7 .0 3 8 .7 4o .6 6 8 .5 122 TABLE XXX— C o n tin u e d D u ra tio n Humber Humber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S e r i a s I I I 1 77 76 92 59 33 22 ? 8 64 2 90 85 P 59 55 38 45 80 3 95 32 65 P b l 53 79 67 4 88 57 4 l 36 42 61 £ 94 87 71 67 L8 36 33 64 f t 7 100 87 86 65 76 75 u 60 50 50 ? 8 9 f t f t P K 1 1 53 45 75 60 10 95 71 60 73 59 64 65 76 11 2? 72 88 75 75 72 70 80 12 86 57 53 50 38 29 30 68 13 95 71 59 58 35 2Q 32 S ,8 14 100 33 63 P 53 56 48 74 15 100 83 83 65 71 52 64 100 Mean 92 .8 7 6 .9 70 .8 6 0 .8 5 3 -7 4 5 .9 4 9 .5 72.6 APPENDIX B PRESENTATION ORDER OP STIMULI TABLE XXXI PRESENTATION ORDER OP STIMULI POR ALL SERIES IN EXPERIMENTS I AND I I T r i a l N o. D u ra t i o n N o. T r i a l N o. D u ra t i o n N o. T r i a l N o. D u ra t i o n N o. T r i a l N o. D u ra t i o n N o. 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 1$ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 12 II 27 28 29 30 k 1 2 I I 9 7 1 2 8 2 5 9 2 5 8 9 1 8 2 6 1 2 t 31 32 1 1 35 36 36 23 f t 7 e k9 50 11 1 2 55 56 57 58 6 1 62 u u 11 69 70 71 72 12 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 8 2 S 87 88 89 90 2 3 2 1 6 1 7 2 7 8 2 5 2 1 * 7 3 7 2 1 I 8 91 92 12 9g 9Z 98 99 100 101 102 103 lOlj. 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 3 2 115 116 117 118 119 120 1 8 2 9 1 2 7 3 1 2 7 2 7 1 6 1 k 5 3 2 123 1 2 k TABLE XXXI--ConL fclnued D u ra t i o n H o. D u ra t i o n H o. D u ra t i o n N o. T r i a l N o. T r i a l N o. T r i a l N o. T r i a l N o. 166 167 168 169 1 70 1 71 172 121 122 123 12$ 12b 127 128 129 130 1 31 132 161 162 177 178 1 7 9 180 1 3 5 125 TABLE XXXII PRESENTATION ORDER OP STIMULI FOR ALL SERIES IN EXPERIMENT I I I D u ra t i o n No. D u ra t i o n N o. D u ra' t i o n N o. T r i a l N o. T r i a l N o. T r i a l No. T r i a l N o. 106 107 108 109 110 1 1 1 112 113 10 11 12 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 20 21 22 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 137 138

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Reward Expectancy Strength As Related To The Magnitude Of Frustration In Children

PDF

A Preliminary Study Of The Dimensions Of Future Time Perspective

PDF

An Experimental Study Of The Accuracy Of Experienced And Inexperienced Speakers In Identifying Audience Behavior As Indicative Of Feelings Of Agreement, Indecision, Or Disagreement

PDF

Human Performance As A Function Of The Joint Effects Of Drive And Incentive Motivation

PDF

Verbal And Motor Mediation In Normal Children Of Two Ages And Retarded Individuals

PDF

Differential effects of epinephrine and propranolol on shuttle box avoidance learning in rats of different ages

PDF

The Visual Fusion Threshold (Vft) Test As A Measure Of Perceptual Efficiency In Kindergarten And First Grade, And As A Possible Predictor Of Later Reading Retardation

PDF

Operant Discrimination Of An Interoceptive Stimulus In The Urinary Bladder Of Intact And Dorsal Root Transected Female Rhesus Monkeys

PDF

The Effects Of Justice, Balance, And Hostility On Mirth

PDF

The Modification Of Partial Reinforcement Effect As A Consequence Of Electrical Stimulation Of The Caudate Nucleus In Cats

PDF

Biofeedback Control Of The Eeg Alpha Rhythm And Its Effect On Reaction Time In The Young And Old

PDF

Positive And Negative Verbal Reinforcement In The Conditioning Of The Verbal Behavior Of Adolescent Underachieving Delinquents With Dependent, Neutral, And Aggressive Stimuli

PDF

Age Differences In Serial Reaction Time As A Function Of Stimulus Complexity Under Conditions Of Noise And Muscular Tension

PDF

Conflicting Motives In The Prisoner'S Dilemma Game

PDF

Attention, retention, and incentive processes in observational learning

PDF

The Effect Of Discriminability On The Partial Reinforcement Effect In Human Gsr Conditioning

PDF

A Study Of The Effects Of Generalized Expectancies Upon Accuracy Of Interpersonal Perception

PDF

Instrumental Escape Behavior Applied To Remedial Reading

PDF

Reversal And Nonreversal Shift Performance Of Retardates Under Various Motivational And Stimulus Conditions

PDF

Eye Contact As An Indicator Of Infant Social Development

Asset Metadata

Creator Harabedian, Albert (author)

Core Title Recognition Accuracy In The Method Of Single Stimuli: A Test Of An Operational Definition Of The Distinctiveness Of Stimuli

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, experimental

Format dissertations (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Longstreth, Langdon E. (committee chair), Huck, John Lloyd (committee member), Myers, James H. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-359434

Unique identifier UC11359188

Identifier 6503107.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-359434 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6503107.pdf

Dmrecord 359434

Document Type Dissertation

Format dissertations (aat)

Rights Harabedian, Albert

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA