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A Survey And Analysis Of Current Attitudes Toward Censorship Of The Legitimate Theatre In The United States

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A Survey And Analysis Of Current Attitudes Toward Censorship Of The Legitimate Theatre In The United States

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Content T h is d isserta tio n has been 61-3825 m icrofilm ed ex a ctly as received SALISBURY, H arold Eugene, 1919- A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT ATTITUDES TOWARD CENSORSHIP OF THE LEGITIMATE THEATRE IN THE UNITED STATES. U n iversity of Southern C alifornia P h .D ., 1961 Speech — T heater University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Harold Eugene Salisbury A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT ATTITUDES TOWARD CENSORSHIP OF THE LEGITIMATE THEATRE IN THE UNITED STATES Harold Eugene Salisbury A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Communlcation-Drama) June 1961 UNIVERSITY O F S O U TH ER N CALIFORNIA GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANG ELES 7 , CALIFO RNIA This dissertation, written by Harold E ug e ne S a l i s b ury..... under the direction of h.iS..Dissertation Com mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Dean of the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES................................. iii INTRODUCTION ... * ........................... 1 A SURVEY OF CURRENT AMERICAN ATTITUDES ...... 11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............. 130 APPENDIX . -T ................................. 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................... 150 11 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Distribution of the Questionnaire........ 14 2# Distribution of Population of the Survey » 16 3* Distribution of N According to Categories Tested . • . 7 . ........... 17 4* Distribution of Responses to Statement 3 • 22 5* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 3 ....................... • 23 6* Distribution of Responses to Statement 9 • 24 7. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 9 .......................... 23 3* Distribution of Responses to Statement 10 • 26 9# Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 1 0 .......................... 27 10* Distribution of Responses to Statement 11 • 23 11• Distribution of Responses to Statement 12 • 29 12* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 1 2 .......................... 30 13* Distribution of Responses to Statement 13 • 31 14* Distribution of Responses to Statement 14 • 32 13* Distribution of Responses to Statement 13 • 33 16# Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 1 3 ........... ............. 34 17* 'Distribution of Responses to Statement 16 • 35 13# Distribution of Responses to Statement 17 * 36 iii Table Page 19* Distribution of Responses to Statement 16 • 37 20. Distribution of Responses to Statement 19 • 36 21. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 19. 39 22. Distribution of Responses to Statement 20 • 40 23. Distribution of Responses to Statement 21 . 41 24* Corrected Distribution of Responses tc Statement 21 (Age) • ............ 42 25. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 21 (Religious Preference) • • 43 26. Distribution of Responses to Statement 22 • 44 27. Distribution of Responses to Statement 23 . 45 26. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 23 ..................... 46 29. Distribution of Responses to Statement 24 « 47 30. Distribution of Responses to Statement 25 . 46 31. Distribution of Responses to Statement 26 • 49 32. Corrected Distribution^of Responses to Statement 26 ..•••••••••. 50 33. Distribution of Responses to Statement 27 . 51 34. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 27 (Age)........... 52 35. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 27 (Religious Preference) • • 53 36. Distribution of Responses to Statement 26 . 54 37. Distribution of Responses to Statement 29 . 55 . to Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 2 9 . ................. 56 iv Table Page 39* Distribution of Responses to Statement 30 • 57 40* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 30 • ................ 5# 41* Distribution of Responses to Statement 31 • 59 42* Distribution of Responses to Statement 32 • 60 43* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 32 (Age) * 61 44* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 32 (Religious Preference) • • 62 45* Distribution of Responses to Statement 33 • 63 46* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 33 (Sex) ............ 64 47* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 33 (Age)......... 65 46* Distribution of Responses to Statement 34 • 66 49* Distribution of Responses to Statement 35 • 67 50* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 35**** ................ 66 51* Distribution of Responses to Statement 36 • 69 52. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 3 6 * ..................... 70 53* Distribution of Responses to Statement 37 • 71 54* Distribution of Responses to Statement 36 • 72 55* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 3 6....................... 73 56* Distribution of Responses to Statement 39 • 74 57* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 39 ••••*•••• ........ 75 56* Distribution of Responses to Statement 40 • 76 v Table Page 59* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 40 (Sex and Age)........... 77 60. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 40 (Religious Preference) * • 7# 61* Distribution of Responses to Statement 41 * 79 62* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 4 1......... 3° 63. Distribution of Responses to Statement 42 ♦ 31 64« Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 42 • • * ......... 32 65* Distribution of Responses to Statement 43 • 33 66. Distribution of Responses to Statement 44 • 34 67* Distribution of Responses to Statement 45 • 35 63. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 45 ......... • . • 36 69* Distribution of Responses to Statement 46 . 37 70. Distribution of Responses to Statement 47 • 33 71* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 47 (Age)................... 39 72* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 47 (Religious Preference) • • 90 73* Distribution of Responses to Statement 43 • 91 74* Distribution of Responses to Statement 49 • 92 75* Distribution of Responses to Statement 50 • 93 76. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 50......... 94 77* Distribution of Responses to Statement 51 • 95 73* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 5 1 ......................... 96 vi Table Page 79* Distribution of Responses to Statement 52 • 97 d0« Distribution of Responses to Statement 53 • 9d dl. Distribution of Responses to Statement 54 . 99 d2. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 54......................... 100 d3. Distribution of Responses to Statement 55 • 101 d4. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 55 (Age)................... 102 d5. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 55 (Religious Preference) • • 103 d6. Distribution of Responses to Statement 56 . 104 d7. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 56 • . . ••••• 105 dd. Distribution of Responses to Statement 57 • 106 d9. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 57......................... 107 90. Distribution of Responses to Statement 56 • 10d 91. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 5d (Age)................... 109 92. Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 5d (Religious Preference) • • 110 93• Distribution of Responses to Statement 59 • HI 94* Corrected Distribution of Responses to Statement 59 • • • ................... 112 95* Distribution of Responses to Statement 60 • 113 96. Distribution of Responses to Statement 61 . 114 97. Distribution of Responses to Statement 62 • 115 9d. Distribution of Responses to Statement 63 • 116 vii Table Page 99* Summary of the Data................. . . 127 100. Summary of Statements Requiring Consisten cy of Response ..................... 123 101* Summary of Related Statements Meeting Demands Established for Consistency of Response ......................... 129 viii INTRODUCTION Censorship has always been a sword of Damocles to the American theatre. Both proponents and opponents of control have claimed to be speaking on behalf of the people and their theatre. There is reason to question such argu ments, however, since the real needs, desires, or wishes of the people have never been investigated by either faction. Many observers of the current censorship scene (9)» (10), (13), (35), (37), (45), (159), (ISO), (1*2) agree with Charles Vinick (175) that there is a trend toward organized control over the media of expression which necessitates a re-evaluation of the traditional attitudes toward censor ship. No scientific data are available on the subject. The present study is a first attempt to investigate the formation and nature of current attitudes of the American people toward censorship of the legitimate theatre. In order to formulate a satisfactory questionnaire to evaluate current attitudes toward censorship, it was necessary to consider in some detail past objections to the theatre which may still have an influence in current Ameri can thought. A careful survey of the literature indicated that a considerable number of authorities (136), (150), (160), (162) agree that American attitudes toward censorship of the theatre are based upon Puritan objections to the English theatre of the Seventeenth Century. The primary influence upon this Puritan attitude iB the belief that the imitative nature of theatrical presentation makes it idola trous and, therefore, basically immoral. Three factors which helped intensify this Puritan feeling were: (1) the religious struggle which involved the theatre of the Seven teenth Century, (2) the conflict between the civil authori ty of England and the theatre, and (3) the enactment of laws making obscenity a crime. The arguments behind the Puritan belief that the false or imitative nature of theatrical presentation makes it idolatrous are of ancient origin. The early Christians extended Plato's moral objection to the falsity of dramatic presentation (53:62-127) to meet their own evangelistic re quirements. Tertullian (61:247-267), Chrysostom (104), and Augustine (6:ii chaps. 3-6) (7:iii chap. 2. 41-44) are but a few examples of the development of the argument resulting from the portrayal of human passions on the stage. They each reveal deep fear of the idolatrous nature of theatri cal production. This fear survived the Middle Ages and was brought to new life in the Sixteenth Century by the Latin scholars. The work of Agrippa (2) in the late Middle Ages reveals the hostile influence of the early Christian fathers* The ancient concept of idolatry, which was obviously connected with the pagan rites displayed in the Roman theatre, was far-removed from the thinking of the English people* However, the Puritan charge against the immorality of the theatre grew out of their belief in its idolatrous nature* Thompson (112) makes this abundantly clear in his opening pages* Although the English people knew little or nothing of ancient Rome, the pagan rites, or the Roman theatre, the zealous reformist preachers, who knew their Tertullian, Chrysostom and Augustine, made it clear that the evils of all theatrical performances were of pagan ancestry* Aschamf8 The Scholemaster (5) is typical of the uneasiness experienced by the austere English Protestants as they con templated the pagan ethics involved in theatrical presen tations* The basic issues of the Puritan effort in their anti-theatre campaign are clarified in The Controversy Be tween the Puritans and the Stage by E* N. S* Thompson (112)* He identifies objection on moral grounds as the basis of the English Puritanfs opposition to the theatre derived directly from earliest Christian ideology* This morality had no connection with the modern-day concept of obscenity* It had a close identify, however, with the 4 Puritan interpretation of idolatry. Kingston (13d) asserts that the early writers based this identity upon an obscure passage in The Epistle of Timothy (I Timothy 1:4-7) which makes vague reference to vanity and imitation as being un- Christian. Later, Shiffler (162) points to Calvin's Sermons on the Fifth Book of Deuteronomy as the source of Protestant rejection of the theatre. Had conditions in England not been such as to sup plement the passionate sentiments of the Christian fathers, no lasting opposition to the stage could have been main tained. The miracle plays had declined in stature, and morality plays and interludes had diverged from liturgical themes. Those familiar with the teachings of the Church fathers found it easy to draw parallels with the Roman spectacles. According to Chambers, na new factor" had emerged which produced a conflict bitter enough to shatter, not only the theatre, but English life as well (14:1* 236- 37). One such influence began with the great changes in the English Church initiated under Henry VIII and resulted in empirical rejection of the theatre by both Catholics and Protestants. Both sides used the stage as a weapon against each other with such violence that neither faction could ac cept the theatre on any grounds. So extreme was the use of the theatre as a tool of vengeance in this campaign that 5 civil authority became concerned. When royal sympathy turned Protestant, the stage was used to deride the Papacy. When a Catholic occupied the throne, the stage was fin instrument for revenge. Social, religious, economic, and political forces became united in a stand against a common enemy—-the theatre* An examination of early legislation, such as "A Proclamation for the Inhibition of Players” (20:1. 144- 145)» and "Mary^ Proclamation, 16 August 1553” (20:1. 157-15#) provides evidence that the attack by civil authority upon the stage was motivated by religious con flict. Legislation had begun its long march toward the limiting of the content of plays in England, but the reasons behind such limitation were rooted in the Second Century. Other evidence of this moral influence upon civil legislation may be seen by examination of some of the sources in Hazlitt (33)« The English concept of censorship, then, dealt with matters involving a close relationship between Church and State. Religion was a part of common law, thus an offense against religion was an offense against the State. Materi als charged with offense against either may be traced to the same source (57), (131)* It was the need for legislation to protect the faith from desecration and the State from sedition which brought the enactment of laws making obscenity a crime. Although censorship of treasonous material and censorship of obscenity are no longer identified together, the re lationship is a matter of history. This study is concerned with the censorship of treasonous material in this histori cal connection only. The censorship of obscenity is of prime importance, however, and its development must be dealt with at considerable length. It is viewed first in its historical relationship to political censorship. American Colonial control of material dealing with religion and politics developed along English Puritan lines. English censorship prior to the Eighteenth Century dealt with matters involving the Church, initially, then both Church and State. As Grant and Angloff indicate: ". . . The morals of the people were considered essential ly a matter for the church to decide. It was natural that obscenity should be an outgrowth of blasphemy, ...” (131:52) . They indicate, further, that the American colonists had only limited concern for laws and enacted only those deemed necessary for the protection of their religious faith and the preservation of their new state (131:56). Many statutes reflect the influence of this affiliation. For example, at first, the state of Massachusetts existed solely for the protection of the faith, according to Grant and Angloff, but ultimately religious crimes gave way to the greater severity of political offense (131:57)* Control of obscenity was of no concern to a state which had practi cally no literature and less art* Grant and Angloff assert: The colonists, at first, were not concerned with some of the present day conceptions of morality • • • • Prosperity brought obscenity -- at least to the law! LMassachusettsJ found that morality was not wholly covered by blasphemy and sedition. In a word, the Americans discovered sex* (131:60) The colonists made obscenity a crime based, prima rily, upon deviations from acceptable attitudes toward sex. The Puritan was quick to sense some moral responsibility in the law and to perceive a n* • • moral iniquity where the more liberal English mind saw only a misdemeanor” (131:61)* The first obscenity law remained inoperative, but since the date of its passage, obscene writings and pictures have continued to be a separate and distinct crime. From that time on indecency was separated, as an issue, from religion* Theatrical productions fall within the scope of the law which has changed very little through the years (131:146)* No attempt was made to give obscenity a legal definition until the Hicklin case of 1666* The importance of this case lies in the now-famous test of obscenity laid down by Lord Chief Justice Cockbum. St* John-3tevas quotes the Cockbura rule: The test of obscenity is this, whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity Is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences and into whose hands a ubllcation of this sort may "Tendency," it may be seen, is the essence of the offense* This term, according to St* John-Stevas, has caused great controversy in the courts of the United States. "Deprave" and "corrupt" are equally confusing, and may have any or all of three meanings: (1) arousing of impure thoughts, (2) encouragement to commit impure actions, and (3) endangering prevailing standards of public morals (57:126)* The courts have experienced some difficulty in de termining the application of the Cockburn rule* St* John- Stevas points out that British law has customarily recog nized the importance of protecting the young — a factor which has had no small effect upon American attitudes* The first prosecution for obscene literature in the United States, according to St* John-Stevas, was a Mas sachusetts case of 1621* He reports that after the Civil War: • • • A Puritan reaction took place against the • • • laxity of moral standards • • • • In IS42 importation of obscene matter was forbidden and further amending legislation was passed in 1657* In 1365 Congress forbade the use of the mails for dispatching obscene goods • • • legislation was passed in 1373* These are the only statutory fall. (57:12 9 federal obscene offenses, (57:164) Lockhart and McClure (142) argue that obscenity is a term applied to matters relating to sex, and if it may be assumed that these are matters of sociological importance, then: Unrestricted censorship over the expression of ideas in this area would defeat the very pur pose of the guarantees of free expression— that men shall be free to express themselves on • * • matters of vital concern to themselves. ... The supreme court has clearly recognized that Lthis freedom] covers fiction and entertainment as well as more serious works. (142:362) The constitutionality of obscenity laws, first given consideration in the Ulysses cases of the early thirties, is still a hotly debated issue in 1961. This brief picture of the legal aspect of obscenity as it has developed in the United States indicates that the law was intended to be a moral device, but much of that spirit has been lost over the years. The moral responsi bility has been left almost exclusively in the hands of extra-legal and quasi-official bodies. Although there are many such agencies exerting influence upon the theatre in the United States, none can hope to achieve the strength of the Catholic Church— an organization which does not believe that the issue of obscenity is one which must be decided exclusively in the halls of justice. One of the postulates of law, according to Gardiner, is that the community has the right to coerce for the purpose of the exercise of freedom (107:29)* It is his opinion, and that of his Church (9$)i that the State not only has the right to censor but the duty to do so under certain conditions (107:29-30}* Where the State falls short in this moral responsibility, the Church, nby reason of its divine mandate" must make decisions regarding the tendency of certain material to threaten faith and morals and take appropriate action (107:50)* Obscene speech, Gardiner declares, is illegal, in written form, and n* . • may even, under certain circumstances, be subject to prior c ensorship? (107:76)• Protestant Churches have no "official" point of view on the subject of censorship of obscenity* Unlike . the Catholic attitude, the Protestant feeling toward the theatre has changed, however* The majority of Protestant denominations have reached a state of acceptance of the secular theatre (114)> (137), (140) while only a few re tain the firm condemnation of previous centuries (64)* Since the arguments just presented have been ex pressed by the nation's major institutions, it was presumed that they have had some influence upon the attitudes of the American people toward censorship of their theatre* The survey reported in the ensuing chapter was an attempt to analyze and evaluate the extent of that influence* A SURVEY OF CURRENT AMERICAN ATTITUDES The earlier pages of this study have summarized the development of certain objections to theatrical presen tation suspected of having influenced American attitudes toward censorship of legitimate theatre* These were ob jections arising from sweeping religious, political, or legal concepts. Attitudes are not made up exclusively of such broad concepts, however. Other characteristics such as age, sex, and personal choice are individual factors which must also be evaluated. This kind of information may best be gained from a sampling of the population from which such knowledge is desired. There are three variants in any population which may yield sharp distinctions of attitude: sex, age, and religious preference. In order to determine what effect these particular variants have upon American attitudes to ward censorship of the theatre, a questionnaire was pre pared to reveal a significance of responses in the light of three questions: (1) Does an individuals sex have any ef fect upon his attitudes toward censorship? (2) Does an individuals age have any effect upon his attitudes toward 11 12 censorship? (3) Does an individual's religious preference have any effect upon his attitudes toward censorship? This chapter reports the development of the questionnaire. It also presents the data yielded. Methods and procedures."-It was observed that direct questioning about individual attitudes toward censorship was undesirable. Stating the questions in a way which would avoid forcing "desirable" reactions proved to be impossible. A pattern of survey which would draw out current feelings toward the basic objections to the theatre without "leading" questions was needed. It was concluded that one way to accomplish this end was to reword the questions into declarative statements and present them in a manner which would permit the responding individual to agree or disagree with the statements by placing a mark somewhere along a scale. A consistency-of-response tech nique was to be employed. The statements were based on a survey of ob jections concerning censorship from Plato to the present day. These statements were reworded, where necessary, into the modern idiom and were carefully prepared to be as dog matic as possible. It did not seem desirable to offer definitions of the terms used. Since opinions and atti tudes are generally formed on the basis of an individual's reaction to his own definition of such terms, it seemed 13 advisable to get individual reaction to the statements free of semantic clarification* The sixty-four item questionnaire which evolved (see Appendix) was put into the hands of 479 selected persons, either by direct mail or personal contact* The population for the survey was not a random selection; it was chosen from: (1) individuals known to have Btaken a stand” on the matter of censorship; (2) individuals known to be leaders in Church, Community, Educational, or other professional organizations; (3) individuals who, because of their station or area of influence, might be presumed to have some ideas concerning censorship; (4) represen tatives of organizations known to have made declarations about censorship of the various media of communication* A distribution of the population to whom the questionnaire was submitted appears in Table 1* Of the 479 questionnaires (see Table 1) sent out, 271 were returned* Twenty-five (5 per cent) were not us able at the time of their return* (Some were received too late for tabulation, others were improperly marked, others were returned but not filled out.) The distribution of the 246 cases included in the report of the survey is shown in Tables 2 and 3* After the responses from all of the questionnaires were tabulated according to the categories and 14 TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE Individual Station, Occupation, or Area of Influence Number of Cases Percentage of Questionnaires Submitted Education (Other than theatre) S3 0.17 Law and politics 30 .06 Fine arts (Other than theatre and literature) 5 .01 Literature, journalism, and publishing 47 •09 Miscellaneous 1S6 •3S Religious Leaders 49 .10 Theatre (Educational or community) 49 .10 Theatre (Professional) 30 0.06 Total 479 15 sub-classifications, it was necessary to find a method of determining how the values of one classification within a category differed from those of another, how the categories differed from each other, and to what extent each classifi cation agreed or disagreed with the related statements of the survey. It was decided to begin with the assumption that there could be no difference expected between any of the elements. It will be recalled that this is the assumption of a null hypothesis. Ordinarily, according to Garrett, n. • , the null hypothesis is more useful than other hy potheses because it is more exact • • • • It is advisable to adopt the null hypothesis in preference to others if this can be done” (27:234), There are, of course, several methods of testing experimental hypotheses. The chi-square (X ) test was chosen as a practical method of evaluating experimentally determined results against results to be expected on a null hypothesis. The formula for chi-square is ■ ( P 2 ^] in which fo equals frequency of observed or experimentally determined facts, and fe equals expected frequency of oc currence on some hypothesis (27:241), 16 TABLE 2 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION OF THE SURVET Individual Station, Occupation, or Area of Influence Number of Cases Percentage of N Education (Other than theatre) 60 0.24 Law and politics 6 .03 Fine Arts (Other than theatre and literature) 2 .01 Literature, journalism, and publishing 13 .05 Miscellaneous 99 .40 Religious Leaders 25 .10 Theatre (Educational or community) 30 .12 Theatre (Professional) 9 0.04 N 246 17 TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTION OF N ACCORDING TO CATEGORIES TESTED Categories Number of Cases Percentage of N Sex Male 17$ 0.72 Female 6$ • 2$ Age (years) .02 Not reported 6 15-30 64 .26 31-50 123 .50 51-Over 53 .22 Religious preference None L2 47 Protestant 161 .65 Catholic 24 .10 Other 19 0.0$ N 246 Garrett explains; The differences between observed and expected frequencies are squared and divided by the expect ed number in each case, and the sum of these quotients is Xz. The more closely the observed results approximate to the expected, the smaller is chi-square and the closer the agreement be tween the observed data and the hypothesis being tested* On the other hand, the larger the chi- square, the greater the probability of a real divergence of experimentally observed results from expected results* (27*241) In order to evaluate the result, a table showing the value of chi-square was used (31:611). From this table (Table E), the probability (P) that--chi-square is significant or not significant (NS), is found* The proba bility that chi-square is significant is usually indicated in the reporting of data in one of two ways. One might say that a given result is significant at the *05 level, which would mean, according to Garrett, ". * . that should we re peat this experiment, only once in twenty trials would a X2 . . . (of this value on the tablej be expected to occur if the null hypothesis were true" (27:243-44)* The odds, in other words, are nineteen to one or higher* Another way of stating the same conclusion would be that the proba bility (P) is less than (*) .05 (P<*05). The latter symbols were chosen for the presentation of the data of this survey because it was felt that it was graphic and readily comprehensible. A result presented as P<*05 was considered significant on the grounds that the divergence 19 of observed from expected results was much too large to be attributed solely to sampling fluctuations, "In general, we may safely discard a null hypothesis whenever P is #05 or less" (27:244). The symbol, NS, was used to indicate that the probability of obtaining the accompanying value of chi-square exceeds .05. If the table indicated a level of probability far less than .05 (i.e. .02, .01, or .001), this higher level of significance was also indicated. Only those statements of the survey which produced a significant chi-square were considered for final evaluation. Before the data from the survey were prepared for presentation, arbitrary consolidations of some of the re sponses were made. It was not known prior to the ob servation of the data, of course, how many responses indicating lack of knowledge or uncertainty to expect nor how many responses would be omitted. When the data were tabulated, it was discovered that the responses to many of the statements tended to fall almost entirely in only two or three of the five possible positions. In fact, in most cases, there were not enough responses in the other po sitions to permit valid chi-3quare testing. It is custom ary in such cases to combine adjacent columns of responses until a minimum permissible expected frequency, usually five, is attained by all cells in the table* It will be 20 noted, also, that columns three and four were combined in the presentation of the data as it was taken from the questionnaires, and in further use of the material, the omissions were also placed in this combined column. It is likely that failure to make these corrections in the tables would cause the probability to be greatly under estimated and the apparent significance considerably ex aggerated. Presentation of the data.— In this presentation, the responses to each statement are shown, first, just as they were obtained, with "Do not know” or "Undecided” columns combined. On the page following the table of data for each of the statements, the distribution of responses is shown which required correction. Only those tables re quiring correction are so treated. Corrections were required of only those values which were found significant in the original test and which demanded alteration according to the following criteria: 1. Hesponses in the "No response" column were combined with the "Do not know" or "Undecided" responses. The justification for this cor rection lay in the fact that omissions seldom occurred with sufficient frequency to permit the application of chi-square (31:279)* 21 2• Every category of every statement which had produced a significant chi-square was re examined. In each case where the sum of responses in any column was less than eighteen, columns were combined in such a way as to keep the validity and retain the continuity of responses (31:279). 3. There were so few respondents who did not report age that the significance of all age results were threatened. It was de cided to combine this group with the fifteen-to-thirty year group in all signi ficant categories. Such action did not jeopardize the validity of the larger frequency distribution and did protect the value of the other age cells. New chi-square values were obtained in every case demanding corrections according to the criteria. In the presentation of the corrected data, only the categories which produced a significant chi-square value were treated. The tables of data begin with the first statement of the questionnaire, (Table 4), which was Statement £ on the form (see Appendix). The first seven statements of the form, with the exception of the respondentsT names, are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3o TABLE 4 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 6 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage x2 Value P< Sex Male 146 0.62 19 0.11 2 0.01 3 0.02 7 0.04 1 0.01 Female 55 .61 9 .13 1 .01 1 .01 1 .01 1 .01 1.604 NS Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • • • • 1 .17 1 .17 • • • • • • f t f t 15-30 41 .64 15 .23 2 .03 2 .03 2 .03 2 .03 31-50 112 .91 10 .06 • f t • • 1 .01 f t f t • • • • • • 51-Over 44 .63 3 .06 • f t • f t • • • f t 6 .11 f t f t • • 56.356 .001 Religious Preference None 35 .63 3 .07 1 .02 1 .02 2 .05 f t • f t f t Protestant 131 .61 20 .12 2 .01 3 .02 4 .02 1 .01 Catholic 21 .67 2 .06 • • * • • • f t f t 1 .04 f t f t • f t Other 14 .74 3 .16 • f t • f t * • f t f t 1 .05 1 .05 4.696 NS Total , 201 0.62 26 0.11 3 0.01 4 0.02 6 0.03 2 0.01 ro to 23 TABLE 5 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 3 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) i 15-30 45 0,64 25 O.36 31-50 112 .92 11 .09 51-Over 44 .^3 9 .17 21.469 .001 Total 201 0.32 45 0.13 TABLE 6 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 9 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage | | Slightly Agree Percentage D o not know o r undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree G > bO •P a O o u 0 ) (X, Strongly Disagree Percentage | | No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 12 0.07 17 0.10 15 0.0S 23 0.13 110 0.62 1 0.01 Female 6 .09 10 .15 11 .16 S .12 33 • 46 • • • « 5.341 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • « • • • • 2 .33 1 .17 3 .50 • • • • 15-30 6 .09 a .12 7 .11 16 .25 27 .43 • • • « 31-50 7 .06 17 .14 12 .10 S .06 79 .64 • # • « 51-Over 5 .09 2 .04 5 .09 6 .11 34 .64 1 .02 24.257 .05 Religious Preference None 5 .12 2 .05 4 .09 3 .07 26 .67 • • » * Protestant 7 .04 20 .12 IS .11 22 •4 94 .56 • e • * Catholic 4 .17 3 .12 4 .17 2 .08 11 .46 • • • • Other 2 .10 2 .10 • • • * 4 .21 10 .53 1 .05 13.294 NS Total IS 0.07 27 0.11 26 0.11 31 0.13 143 0.58 1 0.04 w • c - 25 TABLE 7 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 9 Corrected Category (Previous Tear) Agree Percentage Undecided i o r Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 14 0.21 26 0.37 30 0.41 31-50 24 .19 20 .16 79 .64 51-Over 7 .13 12 .23 34 .64 13.163 .05 (.02) Total 45 O.lS 5$ 0.24 143 0.5# TABLE 6 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 10 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 17 0.10 15 o.ob 6 0.03 37 0.21 102 0.57 1 0.01 Female 4 • 06 5 .07 4 .06 14 .21 40 .59 1 .01 2.046 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • ♦ * • • e ♦ 1 .17 1 .17 4 .67 • • • • 15-30 4 .06 9 .14 4 .06 19 .30 26 .LI 2 .03 31-50 13 .11 5 •04 3 .02 20 .16 B2 .67 • e • • 51-Over 4 .07 6 .11 2 .04 11 .21 30 .57 • • • • 22.726 .05 Religious Preference None 7 .17 • ♦ • • 1 .02 7 .17 27 .64 • # • • Protestant 11 .07 14 .09 7 .04 36 • 22 91 .56 2 .01 Catholic 2 •0B 4 .17 1 .04 2 •OB 15 .62 • • • • Other 1 .05 2 .10 1 .05 6 .32 9 .47 • • • • 14.736 NS Total 21 0.06 20 o.ob 10 0.04 51 0.21 142 0.56 2 0.01 ro ON 27 TABLE 9 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 10 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 20 0.29 20 0.29 30 0.42 31-50 21 .17 21 .17 32 .67 51-Over 12 .23 11 .21 30 .57 10.433 .05 Total 53 0.21 51 0.21 142 0.53 TABLE 10 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 11 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 40 0.22 2S 0.16 IS 0.10 35 0.20 46 0.26 11 0.06 Female 23 .34 6 .09 7 .10 19 .23 3 .12 5 .07 10.207 .05 Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 • • • • 1 .17 1 .17 1 .17 1 .17 15-30 14 .22 13 .20 7 .11 19 .30 9 .14 2 .03 31-50 33 .27 15 .12 14 .11 24 .19 31 .25 6 .05 51-Over 14 .26 6 .11 3 .06 10 .19 13 .24 7 .13 10.233 NS Religious Preference None 3 .19 4 .09 4 .09 5 .12 16 .3$ 5 .12 Protestant 47 .29 23 .14 15 .09 39 .24 27 .17 10 .06 Catholic 3 .12 5 .21 3 .12 3 .33 4 .17 1 .04 Other 5 .26 2 .10 3 .16 2 .10 7 .37 • • • • 19.459 NS Total 63 0.26 34 0.14 25 0.10 54 0.22 54 0.22 16 0.06 \ ro TABLE 11 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 12 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree j Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage i2 Value P< Sex Male 145 0.81 22 0.12 3 0.02 4 0.02 4 0.02 • • • • Female 51 .75 5 .07 8 .12 3 .04 1 .01 • * • * 13.516 .01 Age (years) Not Reported 3 .50 • • • • ■ 2 .33 1 .17 • • • • • • • • 15-30 36 .56 15 .23 4 .06 5 .08 4 .06 • • • • 31-50 108 .88 10 .08 4 .03 1 .01 • • • • • • • • 51-Over 49 .92 2 .04 1 .02 • • • • 1 .02 • • • • 54.234 .001 Religious Preference None 33 .79 2 .05 1 .02 4 .09 2 .05 • • * • Protestant 133 .83 16 .10 9 .06 2 .01 1 .01 • • • • Catholic 16 .67 6 .25 • • • • 1 .04 1 .04 • • • # Other 14 .74 3 .16 1 .05 • • • • 1 .05 • • • • 22.430 .05 Total 196 0.80 27 0.11 11 0.04 7 0.03 5 0.02 • • • • ro v £ > 30 TABLE 12 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 12 Corrected Categories (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected 12 Value P< Sex Male 145 0.81 22 0.12 11 0.06 Female 51 .75 5 .07 12 .18 8.302 .05 (.02) Age (years) 15-30 39 .56 15 .21 16 .23 31-50 108 .88 10 .08 5 .05 51-Over 49 -92 2 .04 2 .04 36.628 .001 Religious Preference NS Total 196 0.80 27 0.11 23 0.09 aX^ cannot be applied owing to the nature of the response distribution* TABLE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 13 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value Sex Male 91 0.51 37 0.21 16 0.09 19 0.11 10 0.06 5 0.03 Female 27 .40 15 .22 12 .13 6 .09 7 .10 1 .01 5.005 NS Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • * • • • • • e • e • ♦ 1 .17 X .17 15-30 30 .47 11 .17 9 .14 9 .14 5 .03 • • • • 31-50 55 .45 29 .24 14 .11 12 .10 10 .03 3 .02 51-Over 29 .55 12 .23 5 .09 4 .07 1 .02 2 .04 3.470 NS Religious Preference None 13 .43 3 .19 7 .17 3 .07 3 .07 3 .07 Protestant 30 .50 36 .22 13 .11 14 .09 10 • 06 3 .02 Catholic 9 .37 4 .17 2 .03 5 .21 4 .17 * • • • Other 11 .53 4 .21 1 .05 3 .16 • • e i • • 15.061 NS Total 113 0.43 52 0.21 23 0.11 25 0.10 17 0.07 6 0.02 V*> H TABLE 14 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 14 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 9 0.05 4 0.02 7 0.04 32 0.16 125 0.70 1 0.01 Female 3 .04 2 .03 4 .06 13 .19 45 .66 1 .01 1.031 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • • .. • • 1 • • • • 5 .33 • • • • 15-30 3 .05 1 .02 5 .06 16 .26 36 .56 1 .02 31-50 6 .05 3 .02 3 .02 22 .16 39 .72 • • • * 51-Over 3 .06 2 .04 2 .04 5 .09 40 .75 1 .02 15.465 NS Religious Preference None 1 .02 1 .02 1 .02 5 .12 33 .79 1 .02 Protestant 9 .06 4 .02 6 .05 26 .17 112 .70 • • • • Catholic 2 .06 1 .04 1 .04 6 .25 14 .53 • • • • Other • • • • • • • • 1 .05 6 .32 11 .53 1 .05 6.604 NS Total 12 0.05 6 0.02 11 0.04 45 0.16 170 0.69 2 0.01 V j G N> TABLE 15 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 15 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage I2 Value P< Sex Male 13 0.07 2h 0.13 56 0.31 21 0.12 62 0.35 2 0.01 Female 5 .07 8 .12 20 .29 10 .15 23 .34 2 .03 .457 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 • • • » 2 .33 1 .17 2 .33 • * • • 15-30 3 .05 4 .06 12 .19 14 .22 31 .50 * * • • 31-50 g .06 19 .15 41 .33 13 .11 41 .33 1 .01 51-Over 6 .11 9 .17 21 .40 3 .06 11 .21 3 .06 26.737 .01 Religious Preference None 2 .05 6 .14 6 .14 7 .17 20 .48 1 .02 Protestant 12 .07 19 .12 62 .38 14 .09 52 .32 2 .01 Catholic 3 .12 5 .21 5 .21 6 .25 5 .21 • ♦ • • Other 1 .05 2 .10 3 .16 4 .21 g .42 1 .05 20.871 NS Total lg 0.07 32 0.13 76 0.31 31 0.13 g5 0.35 4 0.02 VO VO TABLE 16 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 15 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 6 0.11 14 0.20 15 0.21 33 0.47 31-50 27 .22 42 .34 13 .11 41 .33 51-Over 15 .26 24 .45 3 .06 11 .21 23.616 .001 Total 50 0.20 60 0.32 31 0.13 65 0.35 TABLE 17 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 16 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value Sex Male 37 0.21 23 0.13 16 0.10 16 0.09 79 0.44 5 0.03 Female 30 •44 6 .09 9 .13 5 .07 13 .19 5 .07 21.010 .001 Age (years) Not Reported 1 •i? 1 .17 2 .33 • • • • 2 .33 • • • # 15-30 23 •36 6 .09 7 .11 10 .16 17 .27 1 .02 i 31-50 29 .2 L id .15 13 .11 5 .04 53 .43 5 .04 51-0ver 14 .26 4 .07 5 .09 6 .11 20 .36 4 .07 17.234 NS Religious Preference None 3 .07 1 .02 7 .17 1 .02 26 .67 2 .05 Protestant 51 .32 24 .15 15 .09 15 .09 49 .30 7 .04 Catholic 9 .37 3 .12 2 .06 3 .12 7 .29 • • • » Other 4 .21 1 .05 3 .16 2 .10 6 .42 1 .65 31.045 .01 NS* Total 67 0.27 29 0.12 27 0.11 21 0.06 92 0.37 10 0.04 *X2 cannot be applied owing to the nature of the response distribution, Vo vn TABLE Id DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 17 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value Sex Male 91 0*51 33 0.21 17 0.10 12 0.07 15 0.03 5 0.03 Female 25 .37 12 .13 12 .13 7 .10 10 .15 2 .03 7.472 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 2 .33 2 .33 • * • • • • • • • • • • 15-30 19 .30 17 .27 11 .17 6 .09 9 .14 2 .03 31-50 66 .54 22 .13 12 .10 9 .07 11 .09 3 •02 51-Over 29 .55 9 .17 4 .07 4 .07 5 .09 2 .04 14.741 NS Religious Preference None 21 .50 3 .07 5 .12 4 .09 6 .14 3 .07 Protestant 73 .45 35 .22 13 .11 14 .09 17 .11 4 .02 Catholic 11 .46 7 .29 4 .17 1 .04 1 .04 • • • • Other 11 .5$ 5 .26 2 .10 • • • • 1 .05 * • • • 10.374 NS Total 116 0.47 50 0.20 29 0.12 19 0.03 25 0.10 7 0.03 u> On TABLE 19 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 18 Categories Strongly Agree j Percentage . Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value p< Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-Over Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other 5 0.03 4 .06 • • • f 4 *06 4 *03 1 .02 1 .02 6 .04 1 .04 1 .05 25 0.14 3 *04 1 .17 7 .11 12 .10 B .15 1 .02 21 .13 5 .21 1 .05 23 0.16 9 .13 2 .33 11 .17 13 .11 11 .21 6 .14 24 .15 4 .17 3 .16 30 0.17 9 .13 1 .17 9 .14 22 .13 7 .13 6 .14 27 .17 • • • • 6 .32 89 0.50 42 .62 2 .33 33 .53 71 .56 25 .47 28 .67 81 .50 14 .58 8 .42 1 0.01 1 .01 • * f t f t • f t • • 1 .01 1 .02 f t • * • 2 .01 • f t f t f t f t f t f t • 7.045 9.308 15.472 NS NS NS Total 9 0.04 28 0.11 37 0.15 39 0.16 131 0.53 2 0.01 Va> - ■ J TABLE 20 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 19 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage 9 X Value P< Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-Over Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other 23 0*13 14 .21 1 .17 14 .22 16 .13 6 .11 2 .05 25 .15 3 .33 2 .10 14 0.03 6 .09 • • • • 4 .06 10 .03 6 .11 1 .02 16 .10 2 .03 1 .05 6 0.03 7 .10 2 .33 5 .03 2 .02 4 .07 2 .05 10 .06 9 • it 1 .05 32 0.13 3 .12 • • • • 12 .19 20 .16 3 .15 3 .07 30 .19 3 .12 4 .21 99 0.56 31 .46 3 .50 23 .44 72 .58 27 .51 33 .79 76 .47 11 .46 10 .53 4 0.02 2 .0? 9 9 • • 1 .02 3 .02 2 .04 1 .02 4 .02 9 9 9 9 1 .05 7.730 15.659 23.017 NS NS .05 Total 37 0.15 20 0.03 13 0.05 40 0.16 130 0.53 6 0.02 V jJ CO 39 TABLE 21 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 19 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 9 0.21 33 0.79 Protestant 35 .53 76 .47 Catholic 13 .54 11 .46 Other 9 .47 10 .53 13.634 .01 Total 116 0.47 130 0.53 TABLE 22 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 20 Categories l - Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree l Percentage L i D o not Know o r Undecided ■ i Percentage ( ........................ _ _ i Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X 2 Value P< Sex Male 36 0,20 66 0.37 36 0.20 25 0.14 13 0.07 2 0.01 Female 24 .35 20 .29 12 .IS 7 .10 4 .06 1 .01 6.202 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 2 .33 1 .17 • • • « 1 .17 • • • • 15-30 15 .23 23 .36 11 .17 10 .16 5 .OS • • • • 31-50 31 .25 40 .32 27 .22 16 .13 7 .06 2 .02 51-Over 12 .23 21 .40 9 .17 6 .11 4 .07 1 .02 4.317 NS Religious Preference None 7 .17 12 .29 11 .26 5 .12 5 .12 2 .05 Protestant 45 .2$ 56 .35 2S .17 22 .14 9 .06 1 .01 Catholic 3 .12 10 .42 6 .12 3 .25 2 .OS • • • • Other 5 .26 s .42 3 .16 2 .10 1 .05 • • • • 9.742 NS Total 60 0.24 S6 0.35 46 0.19 32 0.13 17 0.07 3 0.01 TABLE 23 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 21 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 11 0.06 11 0.06 16 0.09 21 0.12 119 0.67 • • • • Female 9 .13 9 .13 9 .13 6 .12 31 •46 2 .03 11.991 .05 Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 • • • • • • • # • 1 .17 4 .67 • • • • 15-30 10 .16 4 .06 13 .20 13 .20 24 .37 • • • • 31-50 6 .05 12 .10 6 .06 12 .10 63 .67 2 .02 51-Over 3 .06 4 .07 4 .07 3 .06 39 .74 • • • • 29.599 .01 Religious Preference None 2 .05 • « • • • 9 • • 5 .12 35 .63 • • • • Protestant 15 .09 16 .11 16 .11 19 .12 89 .55 2 .01 Catholic 3 .12 1 .04 5 .21 2 .06 13 • • • • Other • • • « 1 .05 2 .10 3 .16 13 .68 • • • • 21.066 .05 Total 20 0.06 20 0.06 25 0.10 29 0.12 150 0.61 2 0.01 - P ~ H TABLE 24 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 21 (AGE) Corrected Category (Previous Table) Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 15 0.21 13 0.19 14 0.20 26 0.40 31-50 IS .15 10 .06 12 .10 63 .67 51-Over 7 .13 4 .07 3 .06 39 .74 20.216 .01 Total 40 0.16 27 0.11 29 0.12 150 0.61 • p - l \ 5 43 TABLE 25 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 21 {RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 23) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage i L Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 7 0.17 35 0.83 Protestant 72 .46 89 .54 Catholic 11 .46 13 .54 Other 6 .32 13 .68 11.928 .01 Total 96 0.39 150 0.61 TABLE 26 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 22 Categories Strongly Agree i Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage So iH < D P U Xi bO •Sbnj •H 0 } H-H con Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage j No Response Percentage I2 Value Sex Male 4 0.02 7 0.04 9 0.05 16 0.09 139 0.73 3 0.02 Female 3 .04 3 .04 5 .07 6 .09 50 .73 1 .02 1.264 NS Age (years) Not Reported 6 1.00 . • a a a 15-30 1 .02 4 .06 5 .OB 11 .17 43 .67 a • a a 31-50 3 .02 3 .02 9 .07 9 .07 97 .79 2 .02 51-Over 3 .06 3 .06 • a a a 2 .04 43 .31 2 .04 14.766 NS Religious Preference None a • a a • a • a 3 .07 1 .02 3B .90 a a a a Protestant 4 .02 a •°s 9 .06 15 .09 122 .76 3 .02 Catholic 3 .12 2 .ob 2 .OB 5 .21 12 .50 a a a a Other 1 .05 17 .39 1 .05 23.514 .05 NSa Total 7 0.03 10 0.04 14 0.06 22 0.09 139 0.77 4 0.02 cannot be applied owing to the nature of the response distribution. ■ e - • F - TABLE 27 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 23 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage . Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage I2 Value P< Sex Male 105 0.59 26 0.15 15 0 . 0 $ 12 0.07 19 0.11 1 0.01 Female 26 .3$ 9 .13 16 .23 9 .13 $ .1?. • • a a 14.526 .01 Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • a a a 1 .17 1 .17 • a • • . • a • « 15-30 24 .37 15 .23 12 .19 2 .03 10 .16 1 .02 31-50 70 .57 15 .12 12 .10 11 .09 15 .12 • * • • 51-Over 33 .62 5 .09 6 .11 7 .13 2 .04 • a • a 22.617 • 05 Religious Preference None 33 .79 2 .05 3 .07 2 .05 2 .05 • a • a Protestant 77 • 4& 26 .16 20 .12 i7 .11 20 .12 1 .01 Catholic 11 •46 2 •OS 6 .25 2 • 0 $ 3 .12 • a a a Other 10 .53 5 • 26 2 .11 • a • a 2 .10 • a a a 20.564 NS Total 131 0.53 35 0.14 31 0.13 21 0.0$ 27 0.11 1 0.01 TABLE 23 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 23 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 23 0*40 15 0.21 14 0.20 13 0.19 31-50 70 .57 15 .12 12 .10 26 .21 51-Over 33 .62 5 .09 6 .11 9 .17 11.309 NS Total 131 0.53 35 0.14 32 0.13 46 0.19 TABLE 29 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 24 Categories ; Strongly j Agree 1 Percentage i Slightly Disagree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 7 0.04 6 0.03 11 0.06 25 0.1A 127 0.71 2 0.01 Female 1 .01 1 .01 6 .09 4 .06 55 .61 1 .01 5.466 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 .33 4 .67 • 0 • * 15-30 3 .05 2 .03 B .12 B .12 42 .66 1 .02 31-50 2 .02 2 .02 4 .03 11 .09 102 .63 2 .02 51-Over 3 .06 3 .06 5 .09 B .15 34 .64 • • • • 16.216 NS Religious Preference None 1 .02 • * • • 2 .05 2 .05 36 .66 1 .02 Protestant 5 .03 7 .04 9 .06 22 .14 116 .72 2 .01 Catholic 2 .06 • • • • 3 .12 3 .12 16 .67 • • • » Other • * • • - • • ♦ • 3 .16 2 .10 14 .74 • • • • 11.956 NS Total 6 .03 7 0.03 17 0.07 29 0.12 162 0.74 3 0.01 ■ £ - -J TABLE 30 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 25 Categories i ' ■ j Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 53 0.33 33 0.13 20 0.11 23 0.13 37 0.21 7 0.04 Female 35 .51 5 .07 3 .12 7 .10 10 .15 3 .04 9.391 .05 Age (years) Not Reported 3 .50 • • • • 3 .50 • * • • • • • » • • • • 15-30 19 .30 12 .19 7 .11 14 .22 11 .17 1 .02 31-50 45 .37 19 .15 13 .11 14 .11 25 .20 7 .06 51-Over 26 .49 7 .13 5 •09 2 .04 11 .21 2 .04 20.136 NS Religious Preference None 10 • 24 4 .09 6 .14 • • • • 13 .43 4 .09 Protestant 67 .42 27 .17 16 .10 23 .14 24 .15 4 .02 Catholic 11 •46 4 .17 2 .03 4 .17 2 .03 1 •04 Other 5 .26 3 .16 4 .21 3 .16 3 .16 1 .05 31.213 .01 NSa Total 93 0.33 33 0.15 23 0.11 30 0.12 47 0.19 10 0.04 g 2 X cannot be applied owing to the response distribution. TABLE 31 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 26 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Do not Know o r Undecided Percentage i Slightly Disagree percentage Strongly Disagree 1 Percentage No Response ® M) ■P a ® o h ® a. X2 Value P< Sex Male 69 0.39 56 0.31 22 0.12 13 0.07 17 0.10 1 0.01 Female 23 .34 16 .26 16 .23 6 .09 4 .06 1 .01 6.066 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 1 .17 4 .67 * 0 • * • ♦ * * ♦ • • • 15-30 22 .34 2L .37 11 .17 2 .03 5 .06 • • • • 31-50 46 .37 36 .29 14 .11 14 .11 13 .11 • * • • 51-Over 23 .43 13 .24 9 .17 3 .06 3 .06 2 .04 21.623 .05 Religious Preference None 17 .40 13 .31 9 .21 3 .07 • * • • • • • * Protestant 55 .34 49 .30 25 .15 15 .09 15 .09 2 .01 Catholic 12 .50 5 .21 2 .06 1 .04 4 .17 • • • • Other 6 • 42 7 •37 2 .10 • • • • 2 .10 • • • • 12.759 NS Total 92 0.37 74 0.30 36 0.15 19 0.06 21 0.06 2 0.01 - p - v O t - 3 v - n u> H - * ® O M H* vn O' e+ 1 1 1 ® P O vn \ j J p H < i O o ® ► 1 CO VO FO - < 1 • P " O V j J o O • H* Ov s O • H Ov Fo W ■ P " V jJ . p - M On W V * ) - n3 W J - * w FO • p - vo ro On V J l ro vo VjJ OS H> p- V J i ro H fo H* M . H FO On • ' ■ J * < J H FO H M F O O O • < 3 P V J N t s t Co —'O o * ~ 9 * T d p o p 4 c+4 O'® ® H<Joq ® ® h * o a — -O c + p *< ® P C L Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value T) A o o to o H m o o H CO •-3 td M td C3 •-3 M O a o 3 CO ► t ) o a CO H CO Co H P» a h ro On TABLE 33 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 27 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know or Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value Sex Male 3S 0.21 2d 0.16 13 0.0S 25 0.14 70 0.39 4 0.02 Female 21 .31 11 .16 5 .07 11 .16 17 .25 3 .04 5.116 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 * * • • 1 .17 1 .17 2 .33 • # • * 15-30 19 .30 14 .22 6 .09 9 .14 12 .19 4 .06 31-50 26 .23 IS .1$ 5 .04 23 .19 4d .39 1 .01 51-Over 10 .19 7 .13 6 .11 3 .05 25 .47 2 .04 23.176 .05 Religious Preference None 5 .12 2 .05 4 .09 .09 26 .62 1 .02 Protestant 41 .25 2d .17 11 .07 28 .17 47 .29 6 .04 Catholic 11 •46 5 .21 2 .OS • • • • 6 .25 • • • • Other 2 .10 4 .21 1 .05 4 .21 S .42 • • ♦ • 30.497 .01 Total 59 0.24 39 0.16 id 0.07 36 0.15 d7 0.35 7 0.03 H TABLE 34 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 27 (AGE) C orrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Sligfttly Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 21 0.30 14 0.20 11 0.16 10 0.14 14 0.20 31-50 28 .23 18 .15 6 .05 23 .19 46 .39 51-Over 10 .19 7 .13 8 .15 3 .06 25 .47 21.129 .01 Total 59 0.24 39 0.16 25 0.10 36 0.15 67 0.35 ro 53 TABLE 35 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 27 (RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 33) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 16 0.36 26 0.62 Protestant 114 .71 47 .29 Catholic v\ C " < • to I —1 6 .25 Other 11 .56 3 .42 17.131 .001 Total 159 0.65 67 0.35 TABLE 36 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 2S Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree j Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 25 0.14 26 0.15 33 O.lS 32 O.lS 60 0.34 2 0.01 Female 10 .15 6 .09 IS .26 14 .21 IS .26 2 .03 4.364 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 1 .17 2 .33 • • • • 2 .33 • • • * 15-30 12 .19 6 .09 21 .33 10 .16 15 .23 • • • * 31-50 15 .12 19 .15 16 .13 27 .22 45 .37 1 .01 51-Over 7 .13 6 .11 12 .23 9 .17 16 .30 3 .06 15.601 NS Religious Preference None 9 .21 7 .17 5 .12 2 .05 IS .43 1 .02 Protestant 16 .10 20 .12 35 .22 37 .23 51 .32 2 .01 Catholic 9 .37 1 .04 6 .25 2 .OS 5 .21 1 .04 Other 1 .05 4 .21 5 .26 5 .26 4 .21 • • • • 29.700 .01 NSa Total 35 0.14 32 0.13 51 0.21 46 0.19 7a 0.32 4 0.02 aX2 cannot be applied owing to the nature of response distribution. V J l ■ p - TABLE 37 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 29 £ © © © O tJ © © © © b3 b f l « -H bO t > . © H © bO bO bO Categories ! > * r - J © P >» H © P bd o © © P © P r - 4 © © P © 0 ) © P bO a P c p *3 C a bOPi a a a A © © Ja © bo © © O C © jq bo bQOJ © s bo © 0 © Jl o a > o o a £3 © o o © o 0 X h * - < P bO u © •H h H bO p . © O U P i © •H © r —I »H u © P i 0 1 P*H u © © 0 © P i © Value P< CO-a: C L l CO *© P« Q O P-. CO Q P i CO Q a* See! (X , Sex Male • • » • 1 0.01 4 o.02 6 0.04 165 0.93 © © . . Female • • • • 1 .01 3 .04 6 .09 57 • 6 4 1 .01 7.1S5 NS Age (years) 6 Not Reported • • • « © © © © • © © © • • • © 1.00 • © .. 15-30 • • • . 1 .02 5 .OS 5 .OS 53 .S4 • • .. 31-50 • • • . • • • • 2 .02 5 .04 116 .95 • « . . 54.966 51-0ver « . • • 1 .02 • • © • 4 .07 47 .69 1 .02 .001 Religious Preference ’ None • . • • • • • © 2 .05 1 .02 39 .93 © • • © Protestant • • • « 1 .01 2 .01 10 .06 147 .91 1 .01 Catholic . • • • 1 .04 • © • ♦ 3 .12 20 .S3 • • • • Other • • • • © © • ♦ 3 .16 • • • • 16 .64 © • • • 34.156 .001 NSa Total • • • • 2 o.oos 7 0.03 14 0.06 222 0.90 1 0.01 a o X cannot be applied owing to the nature of response distribution* V J 1 56 TABLE 3* CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 29 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 11 0.16 59 0.S4 31-50 7 .06 116 .94 51-0ver 6 .11 42 .79 5.276 NS Total 24 0.10 222 0.90 TABLE 39 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 30 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 4 0.02 1 0.01 4 0.02 a 0.04 161 0.90 • • • • Female 1 .01 • • • • 2 .03 4 .06 61 .90 • • • • • S22 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 4 .67 « » • * 15-30 • • • • • • • • 6 .09 3 .05 55 .36 • • • * 31-50 1 .01 # • • • • • • • 4 .03 113 .96 • • • • 51-Over 4 .07 1 .02 • • • • 3 .06 45 .S5 • • • • 42.764 .001 Religious Preference None 1 .02 • + • « 1 .02 1 .02 39 .93 • • • • Protestant 4 .02 • • • • 2 .01 10 .06 145 .90 • • • • Catholic * • • • 1 .04 2 • OS 1 .04 20 .33 • • • • Other • • • • • • • • 1 .05 • • • • IS .95 • • • • 17.574 NS Total 5 0.02 1 0.004 6 0.02 12 0.05 222 0.90 • • • • TABLE 40 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 30 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected I2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 31-50 51-Over 11 0.16 5 *04 8 .15 59 0.84 118 .96 45 .85 9.063 *05 (.02) Total 24 0.10 222 0.90 TABLE 41 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 31 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage | D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree a> hO cd -P C a > 0 u a ) a._ No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 33 0.13 36 0.20 13 0.07 40 0.22 49 0.27 7 0.04 Female 10 .15 6 .09 10 .15 18 .26 21 .31 3 .04 6.966 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 1 .17 1 * 17 • • • • 2 .33 • * • • 15-30 11 .17 11 .17 5 .03 19 .30 16 .25 2 .03 31-50 19 .15 21 .17 11 .09 26 .21 41 .33 5 .04 51-Over 11 .21 9 .17 6 .11 13 .24 11 .21 3 •06 7.551 NS Religious Preference None 14 .33 5 .12 4 .10 6 .14 10 . 2 4 3 .07 Protestant 20 .12 31 .19 16 .10 44 .27 45 •28 5 .03 Catholic 2 .03 5 .21 1 .04 6 .25 9 .37 1 .04 Other 7 .37 1 .05 2 .10 2 .10 6 .32 1 .05 22.345 .05 NSa Total 43 0.17 4 2 0.17 23 0.09 53 0.24 70 0.28 10 0.04 aX^ cannot be applied owing to the nature of the response distribution. vn \0 1 TABLE 42 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 32 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 33 0.21 26 0.15 11 0.06 IS 0.10 Si 0.45 4 0.02 Female 9 .13 7 .10 5 .07 11 .16 36 .53 * • * • 7.374 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • • • • • • 3 .50 1 .17 2 .33 * • • « 15-30 13 .20 4 .06 3 .05 9 .14 35 .56 • ♦ • • 31-50 24 .19 22 .13 3 .02 14 .11 53 .47 2 .02 51-Over 10 .19 7 .13 7 .13 5 .09 22 .41 2 .04 33.030 .001 Religious Preference None 9 .21 3 .07 6 .14 2 .05 22 .52 • • • « Protestant 25 .15 24 .15 S .05 22 .14 79 .49 3 .02 Catholic 10 .42 4 .17 1 .04 3 .12 5 .21 1 .04 Other 3 .16 2 .10 1 .05 2 .10 11 .53 • • • • 22.310 .05 Total 47 0.19 33 0.13 16 0.06 29 0.12 117 0.43 4 0.02 Ov o * - 3 O d- a > H ■ F - ■ > 3 O • I-* v O V jJ o • M UJ F“ v O o • ro o o ■ F * a > . V J1 t —1 ( I d 3 4 !» CQ CD —'O o ^ 41 ® O OJ H OJ 4 c+ 4 H Ul ^ O ' ® <D 4 1 1 CD H* <1 ffQ ® Ul tjJ (6 ® P* O O 0 0 4 — O 4 ct C O c ^4 ® CO p- m ro I-* O ■£- V jJ o • • • t —’ H M vO v O v O ro -o ro .p- M f - * O U) » ^ M H H • F - vO O n ro h ro O' V7 t lo ro vji u> ro o q . -o o • • • F- Vn H Nl W 00- k 00 S3 co Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Undecided or Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X* Value * T > A o o o 3 f c > G H C O i - 3 to M CO CO ►3 M O £ > o to S ’ * e “ g C O •o o S 3 CO K CO i - 3 O CO •-3 SI S 3 t- 3 U> ro 62 TABLE. 44 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 32 (RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 42) All Other. Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 20 0.4$ 22 0.52 Protestant i —i I T \ . to 79 .49 Catholic 19 .79 5 .21 Other $ .42 11 .5$ $.226 .05 Total 129 0.52 117 0.4$ TABLE 45 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 33 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Do not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 8 0.04 8 0,04 10 0.06 15 0.08 134 0.75 3 0.02 Female 12 .18 5 .07 10 .15 7 .10 34 .50 a a a a 18.911 .001 Age (years) .33 Not Reported 1 .17 • a a a a a a a a a a a 5 a a a a 15-30 9 .14 5 .08 5 .08 13 .20 32 .50 a a a a 31-50 5 .04 7 .06 12 .10 7 .06 91 .74 1 .01 51-0ver 5 .09 1 .02 3 .06 2 .04 40 .75 2 .04 26.269 .01 Religious Preference None 2 .05 1 .02 1 .02 2 .05 36 .86 a a a a Protestant 15 .09 9 .06 16 .10 14 .09 105 •65 2 .01 Catholic 2 .06 3 .12 2 .08 2 .08 14 .53 1 .04 Other 1 .05 a a a a 1 .05 4 .21 13 .68 a a a a 14.373 NS Total 20 0.08 13 0,05 20 0.08 22 0*09 168 0.68 3 0.01 ON Vj O i Sex Corrected Category (Previous Table) O C* P H < t > I H* a > H © VO Vo H -s 3 H On Agree 0.13 . I S 5 VJl 0.09 Percentage fo VO l —1 o H VO Undecided o • <D vO . H vn o « o * > 3 Percentage IO M M vn Slightly Disagree 60*0 . I -1 O O • O 05 Percentage H On 05- Vo ■p- J -1 VO •P- Strongly Disagree O . ON 05 • Vn o o • "0 vn Percentage H -J • o 05 Corrected X* Value VO TOO* *D A o o o H3 C * d f c J o M co f - 3 to W CO G h3 M O a — o §8** C O ►c o a CO to co § CO ► - 3 § a ►e VO Vo R ON Total Age (years) 15-30 31-50 51-0ver Corrected Category (Table 45) V j J UJ o • H V j J 15 0.21 1 2 .10 6 .11 Agree Percentage Undecided • p - Oi W H -O o 0 5 - or Slightly Disagree o • H* O . . • I —1 I —1 ro Percentage 0 0 - V jJ O On M o - p - vO Strongly 0 0 - O H "J Disagree o . O . . • Percentage o - > 0 -O Ui 0» Ul p" U) H Corrected H X2 . W Value H fO • • o o f c J V J l A O' V J l TABLE 47 TABLE 43 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 34 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage ZZ Value P< Sex Male 73 0* 44 35 0.20 19 0.11 25 0.14 17 0.10 4 0.02 Female 20 .29 11 .16 13 .19 12 .18 9 .13 3 .04 7.433 NS Age (years) Not Reported 3 .50 • • m • 2 .33 1 .17 • • • * • • • • 15-30 17 .27 17 .27 10 .16 11 .17 7 .11 2 .03 31-50 50 •41 23 .19 12 .10 20 .16 16 .13 2 .02 51-0ver 28 .53 6 .11 8 .15 5 .09 3 • 06 3 .06 17.362 NS Religious Preference None 22 .52 2 .05 6 .14 5 .12 6 .14 1 .02 Protestant 53 .36 33 .24 22 .14 24 .15 15 .09 4 •02 Catholic 7 .29 2 .08 3 .12 6 .25 4 .17 2 .03 Other 11 .53 4 .21 1 .05 2 .10 1 .05 • » • • 13.357 NS Total 93 0.40 46 0.19 32 0.13 37 0.15 26 0.11 7 0.03 O' O TABLE 49 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 35 Categories Strongly I Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 3 0.02 • • • f t 66 0.37 17 0.10 65 0.46 7 0.04 Female ♦ f t • f t 1 .01 36 .53 • 9 f t f t 30 .44 1 .01 12.373 .05 (.02) Age (years) Not Reported * • f t • • f t • f t 1 .17 1 .17 4 .67 • • f t f t 15-30 • • • • 1 .02 42 • 66 6 .09 13 .20 2 31-50 2 .02 • f t • f t 40 .32 7 .06 73 .59 1 •QOS 51-Over 1 .02 • • • f t 19 .36 3 .06 25 .46 5 .09 32.979 .001 Religious Preference None • • • • • f t • f t 5 .12 2 .05 .81 1 .02 Protestant 2 .01 1 .01 77 .46 11 .07 65 .40 5 .03 Catholic 1 .04 • f t • f t 12 .50 3 .12 7 .29 1 •04 Other • f t • • • • • f t « £ • 42 1 .05 9 .47 1 .05 2S.521 .01 Total 3 0.01 1 0.004 L02 0.41 17 0.07 115 0.47 £ 0.03 ON *>3 68 TABLE 50 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 35 Corrected Categories {Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Sex Male 76 0.43 102 0.57 Female 36 .56 30 .44 3.440 NS Age (years) 15-30 46 .66 24 .34 31-50 43 .35 80 .65 51-Over 25 .47 28 .53 16.938 .001 Religious Preference None 6 .14 36 .86 *. Protestant *5 .53 76 .47 Catholic 14 .56 10 .42 Other 9 .47 10 .53 21.449 .001 Total 114 0.46 132 0.54 TABLE 51 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 36 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 8 0*04 9 0.05 9 0.05 37 0.21 113 0.64 2 0.01 Female 3 .04 6 .09 12 .18 10 .15 36 .53 1 .01 11.443 .05 Age (years) Not Reported • • • • ' » • • • 2 .33 - ft • • • 4 .67 f t • • • 15-30 4 .06 1 .02 7 .11 17 .27 34 .53 1 .02 31-50 4 .03 10 .08 7 .06 24 .19 78 .63 f t • f t • 51-0ver 3 .06 4 .07 5 .09 6 .11 33 .62 2 .04 16.994 NS Religious Preference None 1 .02 • f t f t f t 1 .02 5 .12 35 .83 f t f t f t f t Protestant 6 .04 14 .09 17 .11 34 .21 89 .55 1 .01 Catholic 2 .08 1 .04 2 .08 4 .17 13 .54 2 .08 Other 2 .10 • e f t • 1 .05 4 .21 12 .63 f t f t • • 18.975 NS Total 11 0.04 15 0.06 21 0.08 47 0.19 149 0.61 3 0.01 ON vo TABLE 52 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 36 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage i I Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Sex Male Female 17 0.10 9 .13 11 0.06 13 .19 37 0.21 10 .15 113 0.63 36 .53 10.929 .05 (.02) Total 26 0.11 24 0.10 47 0.19 149 0.61 -j o TABLE 53 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 37 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 64 0.36 42 0.24 17 0.10 30 0.17 22 0.12 3 0.02 Female 21 .31 15 .22 9 .13 12 .13 11 .16 • • • « 1.136 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 1 .17 1 .17 1 .17 1 .17 • • • • 15-30 11 .17 22 .34 10 .16 11 .17 10 .16 • • • • 31-50 51 .41 24 .19 a .06 21 .17 16 .15 1 .01 51-0ver 21 .40 10 .19 7 .13 9 .17 4 .07 2 .04 16.390 NS Religious Preference None 21 .50 10 .24 3 .07 3 .07 4 .09 1 .02 Protestant 49 .30 39 .24 19 .12 32 .20 21 .13 1 .01 Catholic 7 .29 3 .12 2 .06 6 .25 5 .21 1 .04 Other 6 .42 5 .26 2 .10 1 .05 3 .16 • • • • 12.961 NS Total 65 0.35 57 0.23 26 0.11 42 0.17 33 0.13 3 0.01 * v 3 H TABLE 54 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 3$ Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 17 0,10 25 0.14 14 0.03 39 0.22 32 0.46 1 0.01 Female 2 .03 5 .07 7 .10 13 • 26 . 35 .51 1 .01 5.920 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 * * • • 1 .17 • • • • 4 .67 • • • • 15-30 2 .03 4 .06 4 .06 13 .23 35 .56 1 .02 31-50 11 .09 17 .14 9 .07 23 .23 56 .47 • • • # 51-0ver 5 .09 9 .17 7 .13 11 .21 20 .36 1 .02 14.014 NS Religious Preference None 7 .17 5 .12 7 .17 7 .17 16 .33 • • • • Protestant 10 .06 19 .12 11 .07 39 .24 32 .51 . • ♦ • • Catholic 1 .04 5 .21 2 .03 2 .03 13 .54 1 .04 Other 1 .05 1 .05 1 .05 9 .47 6 .32 1 .05 21.730 .05 Total 19 o.oa 30 0.12 21 0.03 57 0.23 117 0.46 2 0.01 o ro 73 TABLE 55 CORRECT DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 3^ Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Q) •P O © © f - i rH O N c t f P Religious Preference None 26 0.62 16 0.33 Protestant 79 .49 32 .51 Catholic 11 ,46 13 .54 Other 13 .63 6 .32 4.603 NS Total 129 0.52 117 0.43 TABLE 56 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 39 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 76 0.43 51 0.29 19 0.11 19 0.11 11 0.06 2 0.01 Female 24 .35 10 .15 15 .26 12 .15 3 .04 1 .01 14.577 .01 Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • • • • 2 .33 • • • • • • • • • • • • 15-30 20 .31 14 .22 12 .19 11 .17 7 .11 • • • • 31-50 54 •44 35 .25 13 .11 15 .12 5 .04 1 .01 51-0ver 22 .41 12 .23 10 .19 5 .09 2 .04 2 .04 16.251 NS Religious Preference None IS .43 11 .26 7 .17 5 .12 1 .02 • • • • Protestant 65 .42 41 .25 24 .15 19 .12 5 .05 1 .01 Catholic 5 .33 4 .17 2 .05 5 .21 4 .17 1 •04 Other 6 .32 5 .26 4 .21 2 .10 1 .05 1 .05 10.513 NS Total 100 0.41 61 0.25 37 0.15 31 0.13 14 0.06 3 0.01 *s3 TABLE 57 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 39 Corrected \ Category {Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Undecided Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Sex Male Female 76 0.43 24 *35 51 0.29 10 .15 21 0,12 19 .2^ 30 0.17 15 .22 10.534 .05 (.02) Total 100 0.41 61 0.25 40 0,16 45 0.1a \ TABLE 53 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 40 Categories Strongly Agree i Percentage 1 i Slightly 1 Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 100 0.56 27 0.15 21 0.12 17 0.10 10 0.06 3 0.02 Female 27 .40 7 .10 20 .29 6 .12 4 .06 2 .03 13.045 .05 Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • • • • 2 .33 • • • • • • • • • • • ♦ 15-30 20 .31 16 .25 16 .25 5 .06 5 .06 2 .03 31-50 71 .53 14 .11 16 .13 15 .12 7 .06 » • • • 51-0ver 32 .60 4 .06 7 .13 5 .09 2 .04 3 .06 24.271 .05 Religious Preference None 30 •71 1 .02 5 .12 2 .05 3 .07 1 .02 Protestant 73 .43 25 .15 27 .17 22 .14 7 . 0 4 2 .01 Catholic 11 .46 3 .12 5 .21 1 .04 2 .06 2 •06 Other 6 .42 5 .26 4 .21 • • • • 2 .10 • • • t 43.623 .001 Total 127 0.52 34 0.14 41 0.17 25 0.10 14 0.06 5 0.02 * > 3 O' TABLE 59 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 40 (SEX AND AGE) Corrected Categories (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage I . . ... _ . . . 1 Undecided 1 Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value Sex Female 100 0.56 27 0.15 24 0.13 27 0.15 Male 27 .40 7 .10 22 .32 12 .13 10.528 .05 (.02) Age (years) 15-30 24 .34 16 .22 20 .29 10 .14 31-50 71 .58 14 .11 16 .13 22 .18 51-Over 32 .60 4 .07 10 .19 7 .13 18.366 . 0 H Total 127 0.52 34 0.14 46 0.19 39 0.16 Si \ 78 TABLE 60 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 40 (RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 58) Strongly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 30 0.71 12 0.29 Protestant 73 .48 33 .52 Catholic 11 .46 13 .54 Other 8 .42 11 .58 8.258 .05 Total 127 0.52 119 0.43 TABLE 61 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 41 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 121 0.63 29 0.16 13 0.10 7 0.04 2 0.01 1 0.01 Female 39 .57 19 .23 9 .13 1 .01 • • • • » • • # 6.241 NS Age (years) Not Reported 4 .67 • • • • 1 .17 1 .17 ♦ » • ♦ • * • • 15-30 35 .56 17 .27 7 .11 3 .05 2 .03 • • • • 31-50 31 • 66 24 .19 15 .12 3 .02 • • • • • • • • 51-Over 40 .75 7 .13 4 .07 1 .02 • • • • 1 .02 16.210 NS Religious Preference None 34 .31 6 .14 • • • • 1 .02 1 .02 • • • • Protestant 103 .64 30 .19 24 .15 4 .02 • ♦ • • • • • • Catholic 11 .46 6 .25 3 .12 2 .03 1 .04 1 .04 Other 12' .63 6 .32 • • • • 1 .05 * • • • • • • • 23.349 .05 Total 160 O.65 4# 0.19 27 0.11 3 0.03 2 0.003 1 0.004 VO 80 TABLE 62 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 41 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected 22 Value Religious Preference None 34 0.81 8 0.19 Protestant 103 .64 58 .36 Catholic 11 .46 13 .54 Other 12 .63 7 .37 8.681 .05 Total 160 0.65 86 0.35 TABLE 63 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 42 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 159 0.69 11 0.06 1 0.01 2 0.01 3 0.02 2 0.01 Female 51 .75 7 .10 5 .07 3 .04 2 .03 • • » • 10.160 .05 Age (years) Not Reported 5 .63 • • • • • e • • 1 .17 • • • « • • • • 15-30 53 .64 5 .06 3 .05 1 .02 2 .03 • a • • 31-50 107 .67 11 .09 1 .01 2 .02 1 .01 1 .01 51-Over 45 .65 2 .04 2 .04 1 .02 2 .04 1 .02 13.137 NS Religious Preference None 37 .66 1 .02 1 .02 1 .02 2 -05 ♦ • * ♦ Protestant 136 .66 14 .09 4 .02 2 .01 2 .01 1 .01 Catholic 19 .79 2 .06 • • • • 1 .04 1 .04 1 .04 Other 16 .64 1 .05 1 .05 1 .05 • e • • • • • . * 7.508 NS Total 210 0.65 16 0.07 6 0.02 5 0.02 5 0.02 2 0.01 oj. TABLE 64 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 42 Corrected Category {Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected & Value P< Sex Male 159 0.S9 11 0.06 S 0.04 Female 51 .75 7 .10 10 .15 9.333 .01 Total 210 0.S5 IS 0.07 IS 0.07 TABLE 65 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 43 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex 9 Male 67 0.38 41 0.23 26 0.15 12 0.07 28 0.16 4 0.02 Female 28 .41 11 .16 15 .22 4 .06 7 .10 3 .04 4* 664 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 1 .17 2 .33 • • • • 1 .17 • • « • 15-30 25 .40 13 .20 11 .17 4 .06 9 .14 2 .03 31-50 40 .32 33 .27 21 .17 10 .08 18 .15 1 .01 51-Over 28 .53 5 .09 7 .13 2 .04 7 .13 4 .07 11.810 NS Religious Preference None 20 • 48 7 .17 8 .19 • • • • 6 .14 1 .02 Protestant 56 .35 37 .23 26 .16 14 .09 25 .15 3 .02 Catholic 9 .37 5 .21 4 .17 1 .04 3 .12 2 •08 Other 10 .53 3 .16 3 .16 1 .05 1 .05 1 .05 9.523 NS Total 95 0.39 52 0.21 41 0.17 16 0.07 35 0.14 7 0.03 oa u> TABLE 66 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 44 Categories Strongly Agree i Percentage Slightly Agree I Percentage Do not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 14 0.03 26 0.15 37 0.21 35 0.20 60 0.34 6 0.03 Female 7 .10 11 .16 22 .32 10 .15 17 .25 1 .01 3.937 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 • • • t 1 .17 1 .17 3 • 50 • • • « 15-30 3 .05 9 .14 20 .31 17 .27 14 .22 1 • • 02 31-50 10 •03 24 .19 24 .19 19 .15 43 .35 3 .02 51-Over 7 .13 4 .07 14 .26 3 .15 17 .32 3 .06 16.495 NS Religious Preference None 2 .05 5 .12 4 .09 6 .14 23 .55 2 .05 Protestant 17 .11 27 .17 44 .27 29 .13 40 .25 4 •02 Catholic 2 •03 4 .17 5 .21 6 .25 6 .25 1 .04 Other • ♦ • • 1 .05 6 .32 4 .21 3 .42 • • • * 19.715 NS Total 21 0.03 37 0.15 59 0.24 45 0.13 77 0.31 7 0.03 0 3 - ■ P - TABLE 67 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 45 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 110 0.62 45 0.25 7 0.04 4 0.02 10 0.06 2 0.01 Female 59 .87 3 .04 2 .03 2 .03 2 .03 • 9 • • 16.759 . 0 H Age (years) Not Reported 5 .83 • • • • 1 .17 .. • 9 * • • 9 9 9 • 9 15-30 41 .64 10 .16 3 .05 4 .06 6 .09 9 9 9 9 31-50 87 .71 27 .22 3 .02 2 .02 3 .02 1 .01 51-Over 36 .68 11 .21 2 .04 • • • • 3 .06 1 .02 15.224 NS Religious Preference None 30 .71 6 .14 2 .05 • • • • 3 .07 1 .02 Protestant 110 .68 35 .22 5 .03 4 .02 7 .04 • • 9 9 Catholic 17 .71 3 .12 1 .04 2 .08 * 9 • • 1 .04 Other 12 .63 4 .21 1 .05 • • • • 2 .10 • • • • 11.799 NS Total 169 0.69 48 0.19 9 0.04 6 0.02 12 0.05 2 0.01 c o - Vl 66 TABLE 6B CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 45 Corrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Sex Male 110 0*62 45 0*2$ 23 0.13 Female 59 .$7 3 .04 6 *09 10.656 .01 Total 169 0*69 0.19 29 0.12 TABLE 69 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 46 Categories 1 Strongly Agree 1 Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 5 0.03 6 0.03 6 0.03 29 0.16 129 0.72 3 0.02 Female 1 .01 4 .06 6 .09 14 .21 43 .63 • • • » 3.390 NS Age (years) Not Reported 9 • • • • • • • • 1 .17 1 .17 4 .67 • • • m 15-30 4 .06 2 .03 4 .06 16 .25 .59 * • • • 31-50 1 .01 6 .05 5 .04 22 .13 33 .71 1 .01 51-Over 1 .02 2 .04 2 .04 4 .07 42 .79 2 .04 14.344 NS Religious Preference None 2 .05 1 .02 1 .02 2 .05 35 .33 1 .02 Protestant 3 .02 7 .04 9 .06 34 .21 107 .66 1 .01 Catholic 1 .04 1 .04 2 .09 3 .12 16 .67 1 •04 Other < a * • * • 1 .05 • • • • 4 .21 14 .74 • e • • 12.212 NS Total 6 0.02 10 0.04 12 0.05 43 0.17 172 0.70 3 0.01 co- -o TABLE 70 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 47 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 9 0.05 IB 0.10 12 0.07 27 0.15 110 0.62 2 0.01 Female 9 .13 B .12 9 .13 11 .16 31 .46 a a • a 6.431 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • a • a • a 2 .33 1 .17 3 .50 a a a a 15-30 10 .16 B .12 7 .11 14 .22 25 .40 a a a a 31-50 7 •06 13 .11 9 .07 14 .11 BO .65 a a a a 51-Over 1 .02 5 .09 3 .06 9 .07 33 .62 2 .04 22.766 .05 Religious Preference None 4 .09 2 .05 3 .07 3 .07 30 .71 a a a a Protestant 6 .05 IB .11 16 .10 2B .17 90 .56 1 .01 Catholic 6 .25 2 .OB 1 .04 5 .21 9 .37 1 .05 Other • • • a 4 .21 1 .05 2 .10 12 .63 a a a a 23.752 .05 Total IB 0.07 26 0.11 21 0.0B 3B 0.15 141 0.57 2 0.01 co co - TABLE 71 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 47 (AGE) Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses I I Percentage i i i Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 31-50 51-Over 27 0*39 29 .24 11 .21 15 0.21 14 ..11 9 .17 26 0.40 60 .65 33 .62 12.911 tf\oj OO . . Total 67 0.27 36 0.15 141 0.57 90 TABLE 72 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 47 (RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 70) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value Religious Preference None 12 0.29 30 0.71 Protestant 71 .44 90 .56 Catholic 15 .62 9 .37 Other 7 .37 12 .63 7.663 NS Total t 105 0.43 141 0.57 TABLE 73 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 4^ Categories Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-Over Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other Total £ © ® © O © to a t >. to © So to © P H P © p to c P £ 3 P X) © a ® 0 A ® © 0 t i © 0 ® 0 to ® O a & 0 £ . £ 4 £ 4 •H £ 4 £ 4 f 4 p to ® iH bO © 0 £ 4 © co«$ O. CO«< 0 0 Pi 50 0.28 30 .44 24 39 17 7 59 9 5 ♦37 ♦ 32 .32 .17 .37 .37 .26 30 0.32 33 0.18 7 .10 11 21 8 5 24 7 4 .17 .17 .15 ,12 .15 .29 ,21 40 0.16 16 0.09 14 .21 3 11 12 4 6 21 1 2 .50 .17 .10 .07 .14 .13 .04 .10 30 0.12 >»© H © P I h A to to a t • r i t o i —I "H co Q a ) ho © p a © o u © cu 16 0.09 4 .06 1 7 11 1 1 17 1 1 .17 .11 .09 .02 .02 .11 .04 .05 20 0.08 >» © H © to U £ 3 to O c o £4 CQ P -H co o C D to a t P t i I D O © Dh 57 0.32 13 .19 2 10 39 19 23 35 5 7 .33 .16 .32 .36 .55 .22 .21 .37 70 0.28 C D C O a o a r a O C D !3d! C D to © P t i C D O £ 4 © a , 6 0.03 1 1 4 5 1 • • • 02 .01 • 04 .03 .04 6 0.02 Value P< 11.684 19.864 .05 NS 26.279 .01 NSa V cannot be applied owing to the nature of the response distribution. vO H TABLE 74 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 49 Categories i Strongly Agree ! Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 10 0.06 23 0.13 14 O.OS 51 0.29 75 0.42 5 0.03 Female 3 .04 1 .01 9 .13 21 .31 31 .46 3 .04 8.867 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .17 • • • • 2 .33 • • • • 3 .50 • • • • 15-30 3 .05 5 • OB 5 •OB 19 .30 3? .47 2 .03 31-50 3 .02 13 .11 B .06 36 .31 56 .45 5 .04 51-Over 6 .11 6 .11 B .15 15 .28 17 .32 1 .02 15.329 NS Religious Preference None 2 .05 3 .07 4 .09 5 .12 25 .59 3 .07 Protestant 8 .05 IB .11 15 .09 53 .33 62 .38 5 .03 Catholic 3 .12 2 .08 3 .12 9 .37 7 .29 • • • • Other • • • • 1 .05 1 .05 5 .26 12 .63 • • • • 17.603 NS Total 13 0.05 24 0.10 23 0.09 72 0.29 106 0.43 B 0.03 v O K) TABLE 75 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 50 \ Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 1 0.01 1 0 . o H 76 0.43 7 0.04 67 0.49 6 0.03 Female • • • • • • • • 37 .54 3 .04 26 .36 2 .03 3.279 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • • • a • • 4 .67 • • • # 2 .33 ♦ • • # 15-30 • » • • • • • * 43 .67 3 .05 13 .20 5 .06 31-50 1 .01 • • • • 45 .37 4 .03 72 .56 1 .01 51-0ver • • • * 1 .02 21 .40 3 .06 26 .50 2 .04 32.076 .01 Religious Preference None * • • ♦ • • • • 11 •26 • • • • 29 .70 2 .05 Protestant 1 .01 1 .01 79 .49 9 .06 69 .43 2 . 0 1 Catholic • • • • • • • • 15 .62 1 .04 5 .21 3 .12 Other • • • • • • • • 6 •42 • • • • 10 .53 1 .05 19.296 NS Total 1 0.004 1 0.004 113 0.46 10 0,04 113 0.46 6 0.03 vO 94 TABLE 76 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 50 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X* Value P< Age (years) 15-30 52 0.76 Id 0.24 31-50 47 .3^ 76 ,62 51-0ver 24 .45 29 .56 23.323 .001 Total 123 0.50 123 0.50 TABLE 77 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 51 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know or Undecided Percentage SO «H t ) ■P U 4 S •H C O rl "H CO Q Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 81 0.45 25 0.14 15 0.08 26 0.15 26 0.15 5 0.03 Female 30 •44 4 .06 6 .09 17 .25 10 .15 1 .01 5.883 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 • • • • 2 .33 • • ■ * • 2 .33 ♦ • • • 15-30 25 .40 10 .16 9 .14 12 .19 7 .11 1 .02 31-50 58 •47 15 .12 8 .06 20 .16 19 .15 3 .02 51-Over 26 .49 4 .07 2 .04 11 .21 8 .15 2 .04 11.988 NS Religious Preference None 28 .67 1 .02 5 .12 3 .07 4 .09 1 .02 Protestant 65 .40 18 .11 15 .09 31 .19 27 .17 5 .04 Catholic 8 .33 7 .29 1 .04 3 .12 5 .21 • • 9 • Other 10 .53 3 .16 • • • • 6 .32 • • • e ' • • • • 29.558 .01 Total 111 0.45 29 0.12 21 0.08 43 0.17 36 0.15 6 0.02 vO vn 96 TABLE 73 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 51 Corrected Category {Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage Corrected I2 Value P< Religious Preference None 23 0.67 14 0.33 Protestant 65 .40 96 .60 Catholic 3 .33 16 .67 Other 10 .53 9 .47 11.119 .05 Total 111 0.45 135 0.55 TABLE 79 f DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 52 Categories Strongly Agree i Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 34 0.19 23 0.16 15 0.03 30 0.17 0.33 13 0.07 Female 17 .25 7 .10 9 .13 12 .13 1* .26 5 .07 3.141 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 .33 • • • * 2 .33 1 .17 1 .17. • * • • 15-30 9 .14 11 .17 10 .15 15 .23 15 .23 4 .06 31-50 26 .21 17 .14 10 .03 19 .15 44 .36 7 .06 51-Over 14 .26 7 .13 2 .04 7 .13 16 .30 7 .13 11.199 NS Religious Preference None 6 .14 3 .07 5 .12 5 .12 13 .43 5 .12 Protestant 39 .24 20 .12 16 .10 23 .17 46 .23 12 .07 Catholic 4 .17 7 .30 2 .03 5 .21 5 .21 1 .04 Other 2 .10 5 .26 1 .05 4 .21 7 .37 • • • * 17.745 NS Total 51 0.21 35 0.14 24 0.10 42 0.17 76 0.31 13 0.07 V O <3 TABLE SO DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 53 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage I .. — .................. D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 57 0.32 32 0.13 25 0.14 29 0.16 27 0.15 3 0.04 Female 25 .37 14 .21 14 .21 4 .06 9 .13 2 .03 5.227 NS Age (years) Not Reported 3 .50 • • • * 1 .17 2 .33 • • • • • » • * 15-30 20 .31 14 .22 14 .22 3 .12 7 .11 1 .02 31-50 39 .32 22 .13 17 .14 17 .14 23 .19 5 .04 51-Over 20 .3* 10 .19 7 .13 6 .11 6 .11 4 .07 3.469 NS Religious Preference None 20 •43 3 .19 3 .07 3 .07 4 .0? 4 .09 Protestant 47 .29 31 .19 23 .17 24 .15 26 .16 5 .03 Catholic 6 .25 4 .17 4 .17 4 .17 5 .21 1 •04 Other 9 .47 3 .16 4 .21 2 .10 1 .05 • • • • 10.042 NS Total 32 0.33 46 0.19 39 0.16 33 0.13 36 0.15 10 0.04 NO C O - TABLE 8l DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 54 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 2 0.01 4 0.02 74 0.41 11 0.06 81 0.45 6 0.03 Female • * • • 2 .03 37 .54 7 .10 22 .32 • • » * 4.460 NS Age (years) Not Reported * e • • • • • • 3 .50 • • • # 3 .50 • • • • 15-30 1 .02 2 .03 27 .43 7 .11 24 *37 3 .05 31-50 • • * • 3 .02 54 .44 9 .07 57 .46 • • • • 51-Over 1 .02 1 .02 27 .51 2 .04 19 .36 3 .06 7.773 NS Religious Preference None • • • • 1 .02 8 .19 • • • • 32 .76 1 .02 Protestant 2 .01 4 .02 88 .55 14 .09 50 .31 3 .02 Catholic • • + * 1 .04 9 .37 3 .12 10 .42 1 .04 Other • • • * • • • • 6 .32 1 .05 11 .53 1 .05 33*153 .001 Total 2 0.008 6 0.02 111 0.45 18 0.07 103 0.42 6 0.02 NO V O 100 TABLE 32 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 54 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X* Value P< Religious Preference None 10 0.24 32 0.76 Protestant 97 .60 64 . 4^ Catholic 11 .46 13 .54 Other 7 .37 12 .63 19.710 .001 Total 125 0.51 121 0.49 TABLE S3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 55 \ ______________________ Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided ' Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-Over Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other 104 0.5S 40 .59 3 .50 36 .56 71 .56 34 .64 34 .61 91 .56 6 .33 11 .56 46 0.26 19 .26 2 .33 12 .19 36 .29 15 .26 4 .09 46 .30 7 .29 6 .32 3 0.02 2 .03 • t # f t 2 .03 1 .01 2 .04 2 .05 3 .02 • • • • • » • • 6 0.04 3 .04 • • • • 2 .03 7 .06 # • • • • ♦ ♦ • 6 .04 2 .06 1 .05 15 0.06 2 .03 1 .17 6 .12 6 .06 • • * ♦ 2 .05 9 .06 6 .25 • • • • 4 0.02 2 .03 • • • • 4 .06 • * * • 2 .04 • • • • 4 .02 1 .04 1 .05 2.790 21.935 26.337 NS .05 .01 Total 144 0.56 65 0.26 5 0.02 9 0.04 17 0.07 6 0.02 H O H 102 TABLE 84 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 55 (AGE) Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected *2 Value P< Age (years) 15-30 52 0.76 18 0.16 31-50 47 .36 76 .62 51-Over 24 -45 29 .55 8.229 NS Total 123 0.50 123 0.50 103 TABLE #5 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 55 (RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table &3) Strongly Agree Percentage All Other Responses Percentage T3 0 ) ■P O 2 3 pH OC\J C d p< Religious Preference None 3 4 o.ei a 0 * 1 9 Prote stant 91 .5 6 70 .43 Catholic 3 .33 16 .67 Other 11 .5$ a .42 15.24a .01 Total 144 0.5^ 102 0.41 TABLE 36 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 56 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 2 0.01 9 0.05 3 0.02 27 0.15 134 0.75 3 0.02 Female 2 .03 1 .01 6 .09 20 .29 36 .53 3 .04 19.136 .001 Age (years) Not Reported * • • • • • • • 1 .17 1 .17 4 .67 4 4 4 4 15-30 2 .03 5 .03 5 .03 16 .25 33 .53 3 .05 31-50 2 .02 3 .02 3 .02 20 .16 93 .76 2 .02 51-Over 4 4 4 4 2 .04 • 4 4 • 10 .19 40 .75 1 .02 13.510 NS Religious Preference None 2 .05 2 .05 • 4 • • 4 .10 34 .31 9 4 4 4 Protestant 2 .01 7 .04 6 .04 37 .23 104 .65 5 .03 Catholic • 4 • 4 1 .04 1 .04 3 .12 13 .75 1 .04 Other • • • e • • • 4 2 .10 3 .16 14 .74 9 4 4 4 13.193 NS Total k 0.02 10 0.04 9 0.04 47 0.19 170 0.69 6 0.02 105 TABLE 37 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 56 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Sex Male 17 0.10 27 0.15 134 0.75 Female 12 .13 20 .29 36 .53 10.463 . o H Total 29 0.12 47 0.19 170 0.69 TABLE B3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 57 Categories Strongly Agree 1 j Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage x2 Value P< Sex Male 14 0.08 31 0.17 41 0.23 25 0.14 61 0.34 6 0.03 Female 7 < .10 5 .07 24 .35 12 .18 19 .28 1 .01 6.579 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • ♦ ♦ • 1 .17 2 .33 3 .50 • 9 • • 15-30 7 .11 4 .06 22 .34 7 .11 22 .34 2 .03 31-50 7 .06 24 .19 32 .26 19 .15 37 .30 4 .03 51-Over 7 .13 8 .15 10 .19 9 .17 18 .34 1 •02 15.633 NS Religious Preference None 1 .02 3 .07 6 .14 5 .12 26 .62 1 • 02 Protestant 15 .09 25 .15 47 .29 29 .18 40 .25 5 .03 Catholic 4 .17 4 .17 9 .37 2 .08 4 .17 1 •04 Other 1 .05 4 .21 3 .16 1 .05 10 .53 • • • • 33.032 .001 Total 21 0.08 36 0.15 65 0.26 37 0.15 80 0.32 7 0.03 107 TABLE 69 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 57 Corrected Category (Previous Table All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected x” Value P< Religious Preference None 11 0.26 31 0.74 Protestant 92 .57 69 .43 Catholic 16 .75 6 .25 Other 6 .42 11 .56 16.742 .001 Total 129 0.52 117 0.46 TABLE 90 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 5$ Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecidec Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-Over Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other 35 0.20 19 .23 1 .17 16 .25 23 .19 14 .26 4 .09 43 .27 6 .25 1 .05 30 0.17 14 .21 1 .17 17 .27 21 .17 5 .09 6 .14 23 .17 6 .25 4 .21 12 0.07 10 .15 • « • • 6 .09 13 .11 3 .06 2 .05 13 .03 6 .25 1 .05 19 0.11 7 .10 • « • • 11 .17 11 .09 4 .07 1 .02 22 .14 • • • • 3 .16 77 0.43 13 .26 4 *66 13 .20 52 .42 26 .49 27 .64 52 .32 6 .25 10 .53 5 0.03 • • * * • • • • 1 .02 3 .02 1 .02 2 .05 3 .02 • • • » • » • l . 6.541 22.963 28.690 NS .05 .01 Total 54 0.22 44 0.13 22 0.09 26 0.11 95 0.39 5 0.02 H O 0» TABLE 91 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 58 (AGE) Corrected Category (Previous Table) Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Undecided i Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 17 0.24 18 0.26 7 0.10 12 0.17 16 0.23 31-50 23 .19 21 .17 16 .13 11 .09 52 .42 51-Over 14 .26 5 .09 4 .07 4 .07 26 .49 16.838 .05 Total 54 0.22 44 0.18 27 0.11 27 0.11 94 0.3^ 110 TABLE 92 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 53 {RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE) Corrected Category (Table 90) All Other Responses Percentage Disagree Percentage Corrected X2 Value P< Religious Preference None 14 0.33 23 0.67 Protestant 37 .54 74 .40 Catholic • to I —1 6 .25 Other 6 .32 13 .63 14.234 .01 Total 125 0.51 121 0.49 TABLE 93 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 59 Categories to a © o © u u P W> CO < a > to at P S 3 © u u © PU P 43 Q > hO a ) •H U H h O CO-? © to at p S 3 a > o t n © _ T3 £ a > O TJ a ) p'd o a ( 3 t = > o u Q O « to at p ( 3 0 ) o u a ) cu >»© h © p 43 W } boat •H so iH *H co a 0 ) to at P £ 3 a) o a > 04 t»>® «H © to U a to o at U © P-H CO Q © to at £ © o c . © O. © 0 } a o p. © .o ® KpcJ © to © P f3 © O S h © 04 x2 Value P< Sex Male Female Age (years) Not Reported 15-30 31-50 51-0ver Religious Preference None Protestant Catholic Other Total 1 0.02 1 .50 »• •• • • • • • • • * .01 1 0.01 3 0.05 1 .03 1 2 1 3 1 • • .03 .05 .06 .05 .OS 4 0.04 5 o.os 1 .03 4 2 .12 .05 1 .10 4 .06 1 .OS 6 0.06 6 0.10 5 .16 5 4 2 2 7 1 1 .15 .12 .12 .IS .11 .OS .14 11 0.12 49 0.7^ 24 .77 1 23 35 14 a 50 9 6 .50 .70 .Si • 62 .73 .77 .75 .66 73 0.77 • • • • • • 3;450 NS » • • • « * • • • • 9 • • • 53.1$4 .001 4.422 NS H H 1 — 1 112 TABLE 94 CORRECTED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 59 Corrected Category (Previous Table) All Other Responses Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage Corrected Value P< Age (years) 15-30 11 0.33 24 0.97 31-50 3 .19 35 .31 51-Over 3 .13 14 .32 2.136 NS Total 22 0.23 73 0.77 TABLE 95 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 60 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 33 0.53 18 0.28 4 0.06 1 0.02 8 0.12 4 4 4 4 Female 13 .42 11 .35 3 .10 2 .06 2 .06 4 4 4 4 3.410 NS Age (years) Not Reported 2 1.00 4 4 15-30 16 .46 8 • 24 4 .12 * 4 • 4 5 .15 4 4 4 4 31-50 19 • 44 16 • 37 2 .05 2 .05 4 .09 4 • 4 4 51-Over 9 .53 5 • 29 1 .06 1 .06 1 .06 4 4 4 4 7.743 NS Religious Preference None 5 .45 3 .27 1 .09 • • • 4 2 .18 4 4 4 4 Protestant 32 • 49 19 .29 5 .08 2 .03 7 .11 4 4 ' 4 4 Catholic 7 .53 3 .25 1 .08 1 .03 4 4 • 4 4 4 4 4 Other 2 .29 4 .57 4 * • • • 4 4 4 1 .14 4 4 4 4 6.806 NS Total 46 0.43 29 0.30 7 0.07 3 0.03 10 0.10 4 4 4 4 TABLE 96 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 61 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 1 0,02 1 0.02 2 0.03 7 0.11 11 0.17 • • • • Female 2 • 06 2 .06 3 .10 3 .10 21 .68 • • • • 3.996 NS Age (years) Not Reported • t • • • • • • • a • • • * • • 2 1.00 • • e • 15-30 1 .03 1 .03 5 .15 2 .06 24 .97 • • • • 31-50 1 .02 1 .02 5 .12 9 .21 27 .63 • • • • 51-Over 1 .06 1 .06 • * • « 3 .IB 12 .71 • • • ♦ 7.627 NS Religious Preference None ♦ • • • 1 .09 1 .09 2 .IB 7 .64 • m • • Protestant 2 .03 2 .03 7 .11 9 .14 45 .69 • • • ♦ Catholic 1 • OB • • • • 1 .OB 2 .17 B .67 • • • • Other • • • • • • • • 1 .14 1 .14 5 .71 • • • • 3.B02 NS Total 3 0.03 3 0.03 10 0.10 14 0.15 65 0.6B • • • • H TABLE 97 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 62 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage D o not Know or Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage j No Response Percentage X2 Value P< Sex Male 26 0.41 21 0.33 5 0.0$ 2 0.03 10 0.16 • • • • Female 13 .42 $ .26 4 .13 1 .03 5 .16 * • • • .920 NS Age (years) Not Reported • • • • 1 .50 1 .50 • • • * • • • • • • • • 15-30 14 .42 $ .24 4 .12 • • • • 7 .21 • • • # 31-50 15 .35 17 .39 2 .05 2 .05 7 .16 • • • * 51-Over 10 .15 3 .05 2 .03 1 .01 1 .01 • » • • 13.946 NS Religious Preference None 5 .45 3 .27 1 .09 • * • • 2 .1B • • • • Protestant 27 .41 21 .32 7 .11 3 .05 7 .11 • ♦ ♦ • Catholic 5 .42 3 .25 1 .0$ • • • • 3 .25 • • • • Other 2 .29 2 .29 • • • • • • • • 3 .43 • • • • 7.70$ NS Total 39 0.41 29 0.30 9 0.09 3 0.03 15 0.16 ♦ • • • i TABLE 93 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES TO STATEMENT 63 Categories Strongly Agree Percentage Slightly Agree Percentage Do not Know o r Undecided Percentage Slightly Disagree Percentage Strongly Disagree Percentage No Response Percentage 2 X Value p< Sex * Male 27 0.43 16 0.25 5 0.06 6 0.09 10 0.16 • • f t f t Female IS .56 7 .23 3 .10 1 .03 2 .06 • f t • • 3.711 NS Age (years) Not Reported 1 .50 1 .50 • ♦ • • e • • • • • • • • f t f t f t 15-30 12 .36 6 .16 4 .12 4 .12 7 .21 • • • • 31-50 22 .51 14 .32 1 .02 2 .05 4 .09 • » • f t 51-0ver 10 .59 2 .12 3 .16 1 .06 1 .06 • • f t • 13.947 NS Religious Preference None 3 .27 4 .36 1 .09 1 .09 2 .18 • f t f t f t Protestant 33 .51 15 .23 5 .06 5 .06 7 .11 f t f t f t f t Catholic 7 .53 2 .17 1 .06 1 .06 1 .08 • f t f t f t Other 2 .29 2 .29 1 .14 • • ft ♦ 2 .29 • • • • 5.913 NS Total 45 0.47 23 0.24 6 0.06 7 0.07 12 0.13 • f t f t f t H H On 117 The responses to Statement 64 could not be tabu lated for statistical analysis. However, there were two opinions rather consistently expressed which are important to this study: (1) Several individuals recommended a system of classification of play productions similar to the ratings used for motion pictures in various countries of the world. (2) Some respondents suggested the installation of a play-jury to render judgment on the merits of a pro duction subsequent to its first presentation. The data were prepared for evaluation of the spe cific attitudes influenced by sex, age, and religious preference. An outline of the distribution of responses to the statements with a significant chi-square value in one or more of these categories follows: I. The Sex Category A. Statement 12: I believe the theatre should be free to deal with political issues. 1. Male Agree 94$> All Other Responses 6$. 2. Female Agree 82%, All Other Responses lS$ B. Statement 16: I believe the time to stop a play which might; be bad for people to see is before that play gets on a stage. 1. Male Agree 44$, Undecided 13$, Disagree 43$ 2* Female Agree 53$» Undecided 20$, Disagree 17$ C. Statement 23: I believe more harm will come from the evils related to censorship than from the ideas which might be expressed in ah uncensored 116 theatre* 1 ^ MeiI© Agree 74%, Undecided 9%, Disagree 17% 2. Female Agree 51%, Undecided 24%, Disagree 25% D. Statement 33: I believe that every author should be required to present his play to an official examiner for approval before the work is permitted on a stage. 1. Male Agree 9%, Undecided 7%, Disagree Female Agree 25%, Undecided 15%, Disagree E. Statement 36: I believe plays which deal with drug addiction should be censored. 1. Male Agree 10%, Undecided 6%, Disagree #4% 2. Female Agree-13%, Undecided 19%, Disagree 66% F. Statement 39: I believe that the people of the theatre should be held responsible for their own censorship. 1 • MflX® Agree 72%, Undecided 12%, Disagree 16% 2. Female Agree 50%, Undecided 26%, Disagree 22% G. Statement 40: I believe that it is more dangerous to prevent an author from saying something in a play than it is to have that idea presented to the public for critical judgment. 1. Male Agree 71%, Undecided 13%, Disagree 16% 2. Female Agree 50%, Undecided 32%, Disagree 16% H. Statement 42: I believe that no individual has the right to tell an author what he can and what he cannot write. 1. Male Agree 96%, All Other Responses 119 2. Female Agree &5%, All Other Responses 15$ I. Statement 45: I believe it is the responsibility of parents to prevent children from seeing plays which are too mature. 1* Male Agree #7$, All Other Responses 15% 2. Female Agree 91$, All Other Responses 9% J, Statement 46: I believe that the office of the Post Master General is justified in refusing the use of the mails to anything censorable by that office. 1* Agree 46$, Undecided 12$, Disagree 42$ Agree 54$, Undecided 21$, Disagree 25$ K. Statement 56: I believe that plays dealing with political beliefs other than those of a democracy are a threat to our way of life. 1. Male All Other Responses 10$, Disagree 90$ 2. Female All Other Responses 16$, Disagree 82% II. The Age Category A. Statement I believe censorship of any medium of expression is an issue of vital concern to the people of the United States. 1. 15-30 Strongly Agree 64$, All Other Responses 36$ 2. 31-50 Strongly Agree 91$, All Other Responses 9$ 3. 51-Over Strongly Agree #3$, All Other Responses 17$ B. Statement 9: I believe the government should take the responsibility for censorship. 1. 15-30 Agree 21$, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 37$, Disagree 42$ 120 2. 31-50 Agree 19$* Undecided or Slightly Disagree 16%, Disagree 65% 3* 51-Over Agree 13%, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 23%* Disagree o4% C. Statement 10: I believe there is no point in being concerned about censorship of such a limited medium as live drama. l£r30 All Other Responses 29%, Disagree 71% 2. 31-50 All Other Responses 17%, Disagree 33% 3. 51-Over All Other Responses 23%, Disagree 77% D. Statement 12: I believe the theatre should be free to deal with political issues. 1. 15-30 Agree 74%, All Other Responses 23% 2. 31-50 Agree 95%, All Other Responses 5% 3. 51-Over Agree 96%, All Other Responses 4% E. Statement 15: I believe the play Cat on a Hot Tin ttoof is vulgar. 1. 15-30 Agree 11%, Undecided 20%, Disagree 69% 2. 31-50 Agree. 22%, Undecided 34%, Disagree 44% 3. 51-Over Agree 23%, Undecided 45%, Disagree 27% F. Statement 21: I believe that censorship committees should be formed in every community where there is a playhouse• 1. 15-30 Agree 21%, Undecided 19%, Disagree 60% 2. 31-50 Agree 15%, Undecided 3%, Disagree 77% 3. 51-Over Agree 13%, Undecided 7%, Disagree 30% 121 G* Statement 27: I believe we must have censorship to protect the morals of our adolescents* 1* 15-30 Agree 50$, Undecided 16$, Disagree 34$ 2* 31-50 Agree 3$$» Undecided 5$i Disagree 57$ 3* 51-Over Agree 32$, Undecided 15$, Disagree 53$ H* Statement 30t I believe the theatre is a sham and expresses only falsehoods* 1. 15-30 All Other Responses 16$, Disagree 6 4 $ 2. 31-50 All Other Responses 4$, Disagree 9 6 $ 3* 51-Over All other Responses 15$, Disagree 65$ I* Statement 33: I believe every author should be required topresent his play to an official examiner for approval before the work is permitted on a stage* 1. 15-30 Agree 21$, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 26$, Disagree 53$ 2. 31-50 Agree Disagree 74$ ;ree 10$, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 16$, 3* 51-Over Agree 12$, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 13$» Disagree 75$ J* Statement 35: I believe the play, Ah Wilderness« is immoral* 1* 15-30 All Other Responses 66$, Disagree 34$ 2. 31-50 All Other Responses 35$» Disagree 6 5$ 3* 51-0ver All Other Responses 47$, Disagree 53$ K* Statement 40: I believe it is more dangerous to prevent an author from saying something in a play than it is to have that idea presented to the public for critical judgment* 122 1. 15-30 Agree 66$, Undecided 29$, Disagree 15$ 2. 31-50 Agree 59$, Undecided 13$, Disagree 16$ 3. 51-Over Agree 60$, Undecided 19$, Disagree 14$ L. Statement 47: I believe censorship is absolutely necessary to protect our way of life. 1. 15-30 All Cither Responses 39$, Disagree 61$ 2. 31-50 All Other Responses 24$, Disagree 76$ 3. 51-Oyer All Other Responses 21$, Disagree 79$ M. Statement 50: I believe the play J.B. is sacreligious. 1. 15-30 All Other Responses 75$, Disagree 25$ 2. 31-50 All Other Responses 36$, Disagree 62$ 3. 51-Oyer All Other Responses 45$, Disagree 55$ N. Statement 56: I believe that some system of control of the live drama is absolutely necessary. 1* 15-30 Agree 50$, Undecided 10$, Disagree 40$ 2. 31-50 Agree 36$, Undecided 13$, Disagree 51$ 3. 51-Over Agree 35$, Undecided 7$, Disagree 57$ III. The Religious Preference Category A. Statement 19: I believe that certain ideas which are dangerous to our way of life should not be allowed to be expressed in our theatres. 1. None Agree, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 21$, Disagree 79$ 2. Protestant Agree, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 53$, Disagree 47$ 123 3* Catholic Agree. Undecided or Slightly Disagree 54#, Disagree 46# 4* Other Agree, Undecided or Slightly Disagree 1*7% Disagree 53# B. Statement 21; I believe that censorship commit- tees should be formed in every community where there is a playhouse. 1. None All Other Responses 17#, Disagree #3# 2. Protestant All Other Responses 4 6 #, Disagree 54# 3. Catholic All Other Responses 4 6 #, Disagree 54# 4. Other All Other Responses 32#, Disagree 63# C. Statement 27; I believe we must have censorship to protect the morals of our adolescents. 1. None All Other Responses 33#, Strongly Disagree 62# 2. Protestant All Other Responses 71#, Strongly Disagree 29# 3- Catholic All Other Responses 75#, Strongly Disagree 25# 4. Other All Other Responses 53#, Strongly Disagree 42# D. Statement 32: I believe a religious organization has the right to forbid its people to see any play which it feels will not be good for them to see. 1. None All Other Responses 43#, Strongly Disagree 52# 2. Protestant All Other Responses 51#, Strongly Disagree 49# 3• Catholic All Other Responses 79#, Strongly Disagree 21# 4. Other AH~$ther Responses 42#, Strongly Disagree 53# E. Statement 35; I believe the play Ah Wilderness is immoral. 1. None All Other Responses 14#, Disagree 36# 2* Protestant Ail Other Responses 53#, Disagree 47# 3* Catholic ATI Other Responses 5##, Disagree 42# 4* Other All Other Responses 47#, Disagree 53# Statement 33: I believe that plays which attempt to teach a moral lesson are usually dull and un interesting* 1* None All Other Responses 46#, Strongly Disagree 52# 2. Protestant All Other Responses 51#, Strongly Disagree 49# 3* Catholic Ail Other Responses 79#, Strongly Disagree 21# 4* Other Ail Other Responses 42#, Strongly Disagree 56# Statement 40: I believe it is more dangerous to prevent an author from saying something in a play than it is to have that idea presented to the public for critical judgment* 1* None Strongly Agree 71#, All Other Responses 29# 2. Protestant Strongly Agree 4##, All Other Responses 52# 3* Catholic Strongly Agree 46#, All Other Responses 54# 4* Other Strongly Agree 42#, All Other Responses 56# Statement 41; I believe that some plays which have been censored in the past would be quite ac ceptable before modern audiences* 1* None Strongly Agree Si#, All Other Responses 19# 2* Protestant Strongly Agree 64#, All Other Responses 36# 3* Catholic Strongly Agree 46#, All Other Responses 54# 4» Other Strongly Agree 63#, All Other Responses 37# Statement 51; I believe that no group of people should have the right to censor for other people* 125 1* None Strongly Agree 67%, All Other Responses 33% 2. Protestant StronglyTgree 40%, All Other Responses 60% 3. Catholic Strongly Agree 33%, All Other Responses 67% 4. Other Strongly Agree 53%, All Other Responses 47% J* Statement 54: I believe the play, A Hatful of Rain, Is dangerous for people to see* 1* None All Other Responses 2 4 %, Disagree 7 6 % 2* Protestant All Other Responses 60%, Disagree 40% 3* Catholic All Other Responses 46%, Disagree 54% 4* Other All Other Responses 37%, Disagree 63% K* Statement 55i I believe moral values shift with tne-times. 1* None Strongly Agree £1%, All Other Responses 19% 2. Protestant Strongly Agree 56%, All Other Responses 43% 3* Catholic Strongly Agree 33%, All Other Responses 76% 4* Other Strongly Agree 5$%, All Other Responses 42% L* Statement 57: I believe the play, Tobacco Road* Is obscene* 1* None All Other Responses 26%, Disagree 74% 2* Protestant All Other Responses 57%, Disagree 43% 3* Catholic All Other Responses 75%, Disagree 25% 4* Other All Other Responses 42%, Disagree 5#% M* Statement 58: I believe some system of control of the live drama is absolutely necessary* 1* None All Other Responses 33%, Disagree 6 7% 2. Protestant All Other Responses 5k$% Disagree 40$ 3* Catholic All Other Responses 75$, Disagree 25$ 4* Other All Other Responses 32$, Disagree 6B$ The data were prepared for final interpretation by grouping the statements of the questionnaire according to criteria demanding consistency of response (see Table 100 for a summary of this grouping)* The categories which pro duced significant chi-square values were presumed to be the most valid expressions of attitudes toward the related statements* No other responses were considered for this final evaluation. The following demands were imposed upon the data: 1* If only two statements appeared in a con sistency group on Table 100, a demand of at least one sig nificant category for each statement was made* 2* If only three statements appeared in a con sistency group on Table 100, a demand of at least one sig nificant category for at least two of the related state ments was made* 3* If four or more statements appeared in a con sistency group on Table 100, a demand of at least one sig nificant category for at least three of the related state ments was made* See Table 101 for a summary of this data* 35 33 V O to 30 to ■ v l to Vl to V o 2 1 19 1 6 H Vl 1 2 1 0 \D 03 Statement Number i C O 03 03 0 3 03 03 C D C D C D C D C D C D X X X . X X X > > > > > > > s* (ft ( f t ( f t (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D S 3 S > S3 S 3 S 3 S 3 C D C D C D C D C D C D M M M H H H F * F * F * F * p . F * (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft H - F * F * F * F * F * O O O O O O ( 3 P P P P P 03 . S 3 C f t Vi Vi Vi Vi VI VI Vi - P - ■ P * ■ S ' - P - - P “ VO vo V O B c+ oa -O O ' Vi ■ p - H O 0 3 - * ' ■ 0 Vt F* O sO OQr Os O' C D C D 5 4 C D P c* 03 03 0 3 03 03 03 03 C D C D C D C D C D C D C D X X X X X X X > > ! * » & (ft (ft (ft (ft (ft C D C D C D C D C D S 3 S) S » S 3 S 3 S 3 S 3 S 3 C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D H H H H H H H H H F * F * F* F * F- F * F * F * F * E f t ( f t ( f t ( f t C f t ( f t ( f t ( f t { f t F * F * F* H- F * F * F * F* F * O O O O O O O O O P P p P P P P P P Statements with Significant X2 in at Least One Category After Correction Category Showing Significant X2 Value Statements with Significant X2 in at Least One Category After Correction Category Showing Significant X2 Value to 123 TABLE 100 SUMMARY OF STATEMENTS REQUIRING CONSISTENCY OF RESPONSE Consistency Groups Consistency Groups 3 10 23 33 16 19 21 9 22 34 13 37 43 10 3 23 35 27 37 53 11 15 52 36 31 a 12 26 56 37 23 53 13 31 34 33 40 33 13 17 14 17 22 29 32 50 39 13 25 53 15 11 52 40 13 19 16 33 43 41 53 55 17 14 33 42 33 43 51 13 24 39 44 43 33 34 19 9 23 26 33 40 44 13 30 20 30 31 45 27 21 9 22 33 47 26 46 22 21 32 51 43 42 23 8 13 10 19 21 37 49 56 24 23 39 50 14 29 25 27 53 51 22 34 42 26 12 47 52 15 27 45 35 53 35 39 23 24 39 54 36 29 14 50 55 41 30 20 44 36 56 12 49 31 13 20 57 25 32 14 22 53 25 37 42 51 43 TABLE 101 SUMMARY OF RELATED STATEMENTS MEETING DEMANDS ESTABLISHED FOR CONSISTENCY OF RESPONSE Related Statements Which Meet Demands of Consistency ! Categories Yielding Significant Chi-Square Value f \ Related Statements Which Meet Demands of Consistency Categories Yielding Significant Chi-Square Value 3 Age 32 Religion 10 Age 51 Religion 23 Sex 25 Sex 9 Age Religion 19 Religion 56 Age Religion 12 Sex Age 36 Sex 5 6 Sex 54 Religion 16 Sex 23 Sex 33 Sex Age 36 Sex 19 Religion 56 Age Religion 9 Age 41 Religion 23 Sex 55 Religion 33 Sex Age 33 Sex Age 40 Sex Age Religion Sex 21 Age Religion 46 Sex 9 Age 51 Religion 33 Sex Age 56 Age Religion 21 Sex Age 25 Sex SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Extensive research on the history of censorship seemed to indicate that American attitudes were based upon Puritan objections to the English theatre of the Seven teenth Century. The problem of this study was to investi gate the constituent elements of these Puritan objections and the subsequent formation and nature of current American attitudes toward censorship of the theatre. An examination of the literature revealed that the primary influence upon the early Puritan attitudes toward the theatre was the belief that the imitative nature of theatrical presentations made them idolatrous and conse quently immoral. Other factors, closely related to the issue of morality ultimately led to the enactment of laws making obscenity a crime. The evidence indicated that the attitudes of the early Christian fathers had a direct influence upon these English Puritan objections to the theatre and that fear of the idolatrous nature of the pagan Roman theatre sprang to new life as liturgical drama deteriorated. English Puri tans struck out against the theatre with arguments 130 131 developed by the Christian fathers more than one thousand years earlier. The bitter religious struggle which raged through out England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries af forded both Catholics and Protestants the opportunity to use the stage as a weapon against each other. The violence of the conflict brought condemnation of the theatre from all sides, and legal objection to theatrical activity grew out of concern by civil authority over the extremes of the religious conflict. Examination of early legislation against the stage revealed the influence of this struggle. The English concept of censorship, then, dealt with matters involving both Church and State. Religion was a part of common law. An offense against the Church was an offense against the State. American colonial law developed along similar lines. The colonial Puritan, however, was quick to recognize some moral responsibility in the law, and soon found morality to be distinct from blasphemy and sedition. The colonists made obscenity a crime based pri marily upon deviations from acceptable attitudes toward sex — this more than thirty years before England took such action. Obscenity laws are native to the United States, but the major interpretation of the term came from a famous English legal decision. The courts of the United States, the nation1s churches, various other quasi-official 132 agencies, and the theatrical profession have been concerned with the varying interpretations of obscenity ever since* The constitutionality of obscenity laws is still being de bated. The question of motion picture censorship by local authorities is currently "front page copy*" The discussions, arguments, and debates which forged this development have probably had some lasting in fluence upon the attitudes of the people of the United States. It is true, also, that attitudes are based upon personal factors as well as broad cultural, religious, and political concepts. In order to analyze the influence of some of these personal factors, a survey questionnaire was prepared, using statements derived from some of the past arguments used in opposition to the theatre. The questionnaire wa^ designed to determine the in fluence, if any, of the Puritan objections to the theatre on American attitudes and, furthermore, to answer three ad ditional questions: (1) Does an individual^ sex have any effect upon his attitude toward censorship? (2) Does an individual^ age have any effect upon his attitude toward censorship? (3) Does an individuals religious preference have any effect upon his attitude toward censorship? The questionnaire was sent to 479 persons (see Table 1). Fifty-one per cent of that number were repre sented in the data (see Table 2). The chi-square test was 133 applied to the data to determine the divergence of the ob served values of the various elements being tested from values to be expected on a hypothesis of equal probability. (A summary of those statements which yielded significant chi-square values is shown in Table 99* The statistical conclusion drawn from the data was that an individual's sex, age, and religious preference have an affect upon his attitude toward censorship to an extent consistent with the level of probability indicated in the Tables of Data. The specific attitudes which seem to be influenced by an individual's sex are primarily those related to standards of morality. Women seem to favor control of obscenity even though it might necessitate censorship by prior restraint. As far as all other subject-matter is concerned, women feel that control is a matter of indivi dual choice. Men, on the other hand, favor a theatre free from all restraint. The major conclusion drawn from the age category was that the farther one is removed in time from parental control the less one looks with favor on censorship of any kind. For example, the youngest group tested (15-30 years) showed strong favoritism for control to protect the morals of adolescents. The older groups (31 years and over) re vealed a lessening of this preference in direct proportion to increasing age. The most significant conclusion taken from the data involving religious-preference was that close identifi cation with the Christian faith tends to produce attitudes favoring censorship of the theatre. The Christian groups (Protestant and Catholic) seem to prefer censorship for the protection of the morals of adolescents, and believe that this function is the responsibility of some group. The group was not adequately identified, but there is some indication that either Christian faith would accept the Church as a possibility. American Christians are more con cerned with the establishment of some system of control of the live drama than they are about the dangers of censor ship. Non-Christian groups, including those who reported no religious preference, seem to reject censorship in general. It is apparent, then, that censorship of live drama is a matter of vital concern to the people of the United States. For some it seems that it is the theatre which is the matter for concern, for others it is the censorship. However, due to the fact that the American people seem to fear the evils of censorship more than they do the ideas which might be expressed in an uncensored theatre, the conclusion was made that if there is to be censorship, it 135 will be censorship of obscenity and not.censorship of ideas* The population of the present survey would permit prior restraint in order to protect the nation1s youth from obscenity* The observation can be made, however, that the term ncensorship" has a less desirable connotation than "control." The survey group rejected the traditional agencies of censorship and yet expressed strong feeling that some group should have the responsibility of censor ing for others. There were four threads of reasoning in each cate gory which developed along a single line* They were brought together here for close observation: (1) There was a degree of acquiescence in the right of the office of the Post Master General to censor (a legal function under federal law) • ( 2 " ) It was the strong opinion of this seg ment of the population that moral values shift with the times* (3) It was also their opinion that plots and themes which were considered immoral a few decades ago would not necessarily be so considered today. (4) It did not seem necessary to the survey group that plays which are vulgar or immoral should be censored, but control of obscenity on the stage was considered essential* In analyzing these four points, it was important to recall the campaign against pornography by the recent Post Master General, Arthur Sumraerfield (156). The 136 reputation of the office as a censoring agency has grown in the last decade. Federal law (111) gives sanction to the office of Post Master General to censor material coming under the general heading of obscenity. The influence of the recent activity of that office on American attitudes is evidenced by the approval in current literature (149)* Americans are more aware of the existence of pornography than ever before; more Americans are aware of the existence of a federal law to control it, and more Americans look to the office of the Post Master General to protect their homes from invasion by the menace. The at titude of rejection of obscenity has remained in American thinking, but the concept of what it is has changed. It was apparent from the data that obscenity is currently con sidered to mean something close to what pornography meant to most Americans a few years ago. That which was con sidered obscene in the last generation is no longer censor- able according to the present survey. There are two ways of stating the conclusion which was drawn: (1) the moral standards of Americans have lowered in recent years, or (2) the concepts of morality have been expanded. The evidence seemed to indicate that most Americans would agree with the former statement. Americans are, of course, predominantly Christian by tra dition and have grown to expect certain moral standards as 137 a result. There was little evidence to indicate that these are Puritan standards— it would be more accurate to say that they are Christian, It was not possible, as a result of this survey, to indicate whether the argument concerning the idolatrous nature of the theatre is still a part of Christian think ing, It was possible to detect only a limited feeling that the theatre is immoral. It is likely that the mass of dramatic material available to the public through the modern media has given rise to a more favorable disposition toward drama in general. There was evidence of a degree of respect from the people of the theatre and their ability to exert control over their own medium, but it is only fair to point out that this trust was evidenced most by those who professed the least connection with Christianity. The only Puritan argument against the theatre which could definitely be linked to current attitudes in the United States was the rejection of obscenity. This attitude has been traced to earliest Christian moral teach ing, but was undoubtedly introduced into American mores by the colonial Puritans. A brief review of the history of the term indicates that the current attitude has to do with sex morality. It is not just clear whether the term in cludes plays dealing only with "extra-legal" sex or "legal" sex as well. Nor is it clear whether the term embraces plots inciting only lustful thoughts or those producing lustful acts. Earlier, obscenity was lewd, lascivious, and licentious speech. The first two have to do with lust and are defined as antonyms of chaste, pure and modest. The latter term has a past related to another kind of morality. For centuries, this type of speech was con sidered blasphemous. It may appear that there is little connection between blasphemous speech and obscenity as it is thought of today. The present study revealed a definite connection, however. Much of the attitude toward control of the modern media of expression can be traced to that connection* An examination of the current literature pro duced many examples (64)» (69), (115)* Where the line is to be drawn between the freedom some seem willing to grant and the control others seem to demand is still an unanswered question. This survey has shed some light on the problem. In spite of the Christian reaction demanding control of obscenity, there was a strong expression of feeling that control should not be external to the medium. It is counter to the attitudes of the American people to control expression by any other means than through the producer. Just as.parents should be held liable for the actions of their offspring, so should thea trical producers be required to guard against offense to decent, normal people. Decent, normal people, then, have 139 reciprocal responsibility. They must be the barometer by which the theatrical profession is kept informed of its triumphs and transgressions. Disapproval must be reflected at the box office by an offended public. Public approval of drama with depth of human under standing, drama which comes to grips with human problems and which deals with controversial issues realistically, demonstrates to the profession a proper course of action. If the public withholds patronage because it feels that decency has been offended, the offender must make adjust ments if he is to survive. This is censorship at the level of choice. One cannot be denied the right to persuade others to support that choice any more than a religious group may be denied the right to teach a particular code of moral conduct in the hope of influencing the personal decisions of its mem bers. It is when the will, choice, or code of an indivi dual or group is imposed upon a medium of expression by prior restraint that the American attitude toward censor ship is offended. It seems inevitable that a concentrated drive on obscenity will take place in the not too distant future. It appears that the Puritanical tactics of former days will be re-employed unless the people of the United States take action to prevent them. The pattern for such action was 140 laid down nearly two thousand years ago by one of the most outspoken critics of the theatre — Chrysostom: . • . The more thoughtless laugh and are pleased — applauding what they should be ston ing. They who praise the players — thus in ducing them to speech — are most condemned. • • • This I say • • • that ye may learn that it is you chiefly who supply the principle and root of such lawlessness; • . . not even he who acts these things is so much the offender, as • • • thou who biddest him make a play on these things • • . taking delight and laughing, and praising what is done .... (104:IX* 42) APPENDIX 142 The enclosed questionnaire is designed to provide information of great importance to my doctoral study at the University of Southern California. The study is concerned with attitudes of the American people toward censorship of the theatre. The questionnaire is being sent to carefully selected persons throughout the United States. I hope you will help me obtain the necessary information by completing the questionnaire and returning it in the enclosed envelope at your earliest convenience. It is estimated that the completion of the questionnaire will take about fifty minutes. This is cer tainly more than the oft-requested "few moments of your valuable time." You may feel, however, that the issue of freedom in any form warrants your time and attention. Permit me to express my appreciation for your interest. Respectfully yours, Harold E. Salisbury If you would like to have a copy of the findings of this study when they are published, complete the information below. My name is: __________________________________________ My address is: A SURVEY OF ATTITUDES TOWARD CENSORSHIP OF THE THEATRE IN THE UNITED STATES Name: (If you do not wish to sign leave blank) Age: Sex: Religious Preference: ~ ____________ Brief Educational Record: (Please check the highest level attained) High School . Some College ___• College Degree ___• Graduate Degree ___. Frequency of theatre attendance: (Please check that which most nearly applies to you.) I attend the theatre Twice a Week __• Once a Week • Six Times a Year ___• Twice a Year ___• Once a Year . Less than any of these ___• Never . Please describe the area of community and/or profes sional activity in which you have the greatest in fluence and give some indication of the extent of this influence: (For example, "I ai a minister of the ____ Church with a congregation of 2,500. I am a member of a service club and am active in local youth work.”) The following statements refer to attitudes and opinions regarding a number of issues relative to censorship of the live drama. (By ”live drama" is meant a play in which the actors actually appear before an audience.) Please circle your responses to each statement accord ing to your agreement or disagreement with the state ment as follows. 1 - I strongly agree 4 - I am undecided 2 - 1 slightly agree 5 - 1 slightly disagree 3 - I do not know 6-1 strongly disagree Please make some response to each statement. If you feel that you lack sufficient information to agree or 144 disagree please use response number 3 {"I do not know")• If you have not made up your mind or do not choose to agree or disagree, please use response number 4 (”I am undecided")* Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly &. I believe censorship of any medium of expression is an issue of vital concern to the people of the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 9* I believe the government should take the responsibili ty for censorship, 1 2 3 4 5 6 10. I believe that there is no point in being concerned about censorship of such a limited medium as live drama, 1 2 3 4 5 6 11. I believe that vulgarity should not be allowed on a stage, 1 2 3 4 5 6 12. I believe the theatre should be free to deal with political issues. 1 2 3 4 5 6 13. I believe that the public is capable of deciding whether a play is good or bad. 1 2 3 4 5 6 14. I believe authors of plays should stay away from plots dealing with religious questions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 15. I believe the play Cat On A Hot Tin Roof is vulgar. 1 2 3 4 ? 6 16. I believe the time to stop a play which might be bad for people to see is before that play gets on a stage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 145 Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly 17• I believe that it is the responsibility of the theatre to deal with moral issues* 1 2 3 4 5 6 16* I believe that people who are connected with the theatre have a tendency to be immoral* 1 2 3 4 5 6 19* I believe that certain ideas which are dangerous to our way of life should not be allowed to be expressed in our theatres. 1 2 3 4 5 6 20. I believe the majority of authors strive to give a true picture of life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 21. I believe that censorship committees should be formed in every community where there is a playhouse. 1 2 3 4 5 6 22. I believe the Church should be responsible for censor ship of the theatre. 1 2 3 4 5 6 23* I believe more harm will come from the evils related to censorship than from the ideas which might be ex pressed in an uncensored theatre. 1 2 3 4 5 6 24* X believe there.is something about the theatre and its people which cannot be trusted. 1 2 3 4 5 6 25. I believe that plays which are obscene should not be allowed on a stage* 1 2 3 4 5 6 26. I believe that censorship grows out of a fear of a threat to a way of life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 27* I believe we must have censorship to protect the morals of our adolescents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 146 Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly 28, I believe that a system of self-censorship would not work in the theatre. 1 .2 3 4 5 6 29* I believe it is sacrilegious for an actor to portray characters from the Bible. 1 2 3 4 5 6 30. I believe the theatre is a sham and expresses only falsehoods. 1 2 3 4 5 6 31• I believe that anything is acceptable on the stage so long as the play reveals a true picture of life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 32. I believe a religious organization has the right to forbid its people to see any play which it feels will not be good for them to see. 1 2 3 4 5 6 33. I believe every author should be required to present his play to an official examiner for approval before the work is permitted on a stage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 34* I believe that the work of every author should be pro tected from censorship until the people have been given a chance to judge it. 1 2 3 4 5 6 35. I believe the plav Ah Wilderness is immoral. 1 2 3 4 5 6 36. I believe that plays which deal with drug addiction should be censored. 1 2 3 4 5 6 37. I believe censorship would deter what creative talent is in the theatre. 1 2 3 4 5 6 38. I believe that plays which attempt to teach a moral lesson are usually dull and uninteresting. 1 2 3 4 5 6 147 Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly 39. I believe that the people of the theatre should be held responsible for their own censorship. 1 2 3 4 5 6 40. I believe that it is more dangerous to prevent an author from saying something in a play than it is to have that idea presented to the public for critical judgment. 1 2 3 4 5 6 41• I believe that 3ome plays which have been censored in the past would be quite acceptable from modern audiences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 42. I believe that no one individual has the right to tell an author what he can and what he cannot write. 1 2 3 4 5 6 43. I believe that the time to stop a play is when some existing law has been violated by the presentation of that play. 1 2 3 4 5 6 44* I believe that the theatre has probably warranted the condemnation it has received in the past. 1 2 3 4 5 6 45• I believe it is the responsibility of parents to pre vent children from seeing plays which are too mature. 1 2 3 4 5 6 46. I believe plays dealing with racial intermarriage should not be allowed. 1 2 3 4 5 6 47. I believe censorship is absolutely necessary to pro tect our way of life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 4^. I believe that the office of the Post Master General is justified in refusing the use of the mails to any thing censorable by that office. 1 2 3 4 5 6 143 Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree Not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly: 49* I believe plays revealing a life of crime are harmful for the public to see, 1 2 3 4 5 6 50. I believe that the play J.B, is sacrilegious, 1 2 T " 4 5 6 51. I believe that no group of people should have the right to censor for other people, 1 . 2 3 4 5 6 52. I believe that a play which is vulgar should be censored. 1 2 3 4 5 6 53• I believe that a work of art is neither moral nor immoral. 1 2 3 4 5 6 54. I believe that the play A Hatful of Rain is dangerous for people to see. 1 2 3 4 5 6 55* I believe moral values shift with the times. 1 2 3 4 5 6 56. I believe that plays dealing with political beliefs other than those of democracy are a threat to our way of life. 1 2 3 4 5 6 57, I believe that the play Tobacco Road is obscene. 1 2 “1 4 5 6 53. I believe that some system of control of the live drama is absolutely necessary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 IF YOU HAVE AGREED WITH STATEMENT NO. 53, PLEASE RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS 59. I believe that a system of control should be executed through one duly-appointed individual who is properly trained and sufficiently informed to act as a play 149 Statement of Atti I do I am tude or I Agree not Un I Disagree Opinion Strongly Slightly Know decided Slightly Strongly examiner. 1 2 3 4 5 6 60. I believe that a system of control should be executed through a group of carefully-selected properly-inform ed individuals who are trained to act as a play- examining board. 1 2 3 4 5 6 61. I believe that a system of control should be executed through a group of individuals appointed without selectivity as to background training or information. 1 2 3 4 5 6 62. I believe that the responsibility for participation in a system of control should be rotated periodically. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 3 . I believe that the controlling decision should be rendered before a play is allowed to be presented to the public. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 4 * If none of the above suggestions meet your require ments, please state in your own terms what you would consider necessary to the composition of a proper system of control. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Adams, Joseph Q. A History of the English Playhouses from the Beginnings to the Restoration. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. / 1917*' ' 2. [Agrippa, Henry C.] The Vanity of Arts and Sciences. London: Printed by F'.' C . for Samuel Gpeed, lb76. Albright, Evelyn M. Dramatic Publication in England, 1 5 8 0-1 6 4 0. New York: D. C. Heath and Co. , 1927. 4. Arber, Edward (ed.) An Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate Controversy, 1588-1590~ West minster: Archibald Constable and Co.* 1895• 5. Ascham, Roger. The Scholemaster. Edited by John E. B. Mayor. London: Bell and Daldy, 1863. 6. St. Augustine. The City of God. 3 vols. London: J . M . 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"Adventist Condemnation of Theatre Won't Change/' North Valley Herald-Tribune (January 27, i 9 6 0), 8 5 . "Bad Taste for the Press," Daily Trojan (University of Southern California) Editorial (Xpril 11, 1958). 86. "Bishops Call for Drive on Obscenity," Los Angeles Times, Part I (November 17, 1957) , 8 7 . Biss, Nita, "'Notorious' Author Hits Black Lists," Daily Trojan (University of Southern California), Friday (March 25, i 9 6 0). 88. "Censorial Discord Adding to H'wood Confusion— Wald," The Hollywood Reporter, Tuesday (January 5, i 9 6 0), 2 . 8 9 . Donovan, Robert J., "'Lady Chatterley's Lover' Offends Decency, Summerfield Insists," Los Angeles Times (June 21, 1959), 1. 90. "Censorship," Editorial, The Tidings (Los Angeles), (November 22, 1957), 81 91. "French Move to Clean up Films," Los Angeles Times, Section G (June 26, i9 6 0), 2. 92. "John Wayne Lashes 'Last Summer' and 'Cordura' as Poison 'Polluting the Bloodstream of H'wood,'" The Hollywood Reporter (January 11, i9 6 0), 11-f. 93. Johnson, Erskine, "Breaking the Code Barrier," Los Angeles Evening Mirror News (January 8, i 9 6 0). 94. Keating, Jeanne Markham, "Currently Speaking," The Valley News and Valley Green Sheet (Van Nuys, California), (January 12, I960), 2. 95. Pam, Jerry, "Production Code, Hollywood Problems in Movies Discussed," Valley Times (North Hollywood, California), Section I (January 25,-1960), 9. 9 6 . Scheuer, Phillip K., "Sordid Films Mar Arts' New Freedom," Los Angeles Times, Part V (August 30, 1959), 1. 97. 93. 99. 100. 101. 102 . 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 159 "Score Another Round for Book Burners , " The Pasatdena Independent, Opinion Page (February 8,' 1953}j 2. "U.S. Bishops Discuss Censorship" (the full text of the statement entitled "Censorship"), The Tidings (Los Angeles) (November 22, 1957)^ o. "U.S. Bishops Examine Censorship Problem , 1 1 The Tidings (Los Angeles), (November 22, 1957TT 1. Watts, Stephen, "British Censorship Relaxed," New York Times (February 1, 1959)• Parts of a Series Arnobius. The Seven Books of Arnobius Adversus Gentes. ["Ante-Nicene Library," Vol. XlX.) Edin burgh : T. and T. Clarke, 1 8 7 1. Beman, Lamar T. (ed.). Censorship of Speech and the Press. ("The Handbook Series,* Ser. Ill, Vol. 5.) New York: The H. W. Wilson Co., 1930. (ed.). Selected Articles on Censorship of the Theatre and Moving Pictures"! ("The Handbook Series," Ser. Ill7 Vol. b.) New York: The II.W. Wilson Co., 1931. St. Chrysostom, Jon. Homilies, Vols. IX and X: ("Fathers of the Christian Church Series." Edited by Phillip Schoff.) New York: The Christian Literature Co., 1888. Clement of Alexandria. Writings. ("Ante-Nicene Library," Vol. I.) Edinburgh: T. and T. Clarke, 1 8 6 7. St. Cyprian. The Epistles of S. Cyprian. (A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Vol. 17.) Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1844. Gardiner, Harold C., S.J. Catholic Viewpoint on Censorship. ("The Catholic Viewpoint Series." Edited byJohn J. Delaney. Garden City, New York: Hanover House, 1958. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 1 1 8. 119. 160 Gardinerj Harold C., S.J. Mysteries End, An Investt- § ation of the Last Days of the Medieval Religious tage. (“Yale Studies in English.") New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946. Gildersleeve, Virginia C. Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama. (“Columbia University Studies in English."} New York: Columbia University Press, 1908. Gosson, Stephen. The School of Abuse and A Short Apologie of the Schoole of Abuse. Edited by Edward Arber. English Reprints.” London: Alex Murray and Son, I0 6 8. "Obscenity," Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure United States Code Annotated"! (Including Annual Pocket Part, Chapter 71* "Obscenity. "■) Brooklyn: Edward Thompson Co., 1958. Thompson, Elbert N. S. The Controversy Between the Puritans and the Staged ("Yale Studies in English.") New “ York: Henry Holt and Co., 1903* Periodicals Alpert, Hollis, "New Wave: Orpheus in Rio," Saturday Review (December 19, 1959), 12-13. "Bishop Urges Support of Good Films," Together (March, 1959)j A-8. "Censorship: Tabooed in Taunton," Newsweek, Vol. IV,- No. 14 (April 4, i9 6 0), 112. "The Censorship of Plays," The Living Age, Vol. 255, No. 3309 (December 7 , 1907), 032-6847 "Churchmen Face Problems in Fight for Film Morality," Contact, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 1, i9 6 0), 12f. Cowan, C. V., "Censorship of Moving Pictures," California Christian Advocate (March 18, 1926), 2. Dale, Alan, "Dramatic Censors and Some New Plays," Cosmopolitan, Vol. 47 (June, 1909), 74-80. 120 . 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 1 2 6. 127. 1 2 8. 129. 130 . 131. 132. 133. 161 de Toledo., Juan, "The Case of Pasternak," Iberica, Vol. 7. No. 3 (March 15, 1959), 9-11. "Drama," The Nation, Vol. 89, No. 2316 (August, 1909), 492-93. "Dramatic Censorship Again," The Nation, Vol. 85, No. 221 (November 14, 1907), 439-40." "Dramatizing Vice," The Literary Digest, Vol. 47, No. 14 (October 4, 1913), 577-76. "The English and Their Censor," Current Literature, Vol. 52, No. 6 (June, 1912), 695-96. "Examining the Examiner," The Nation, Vol. 8 9, No. 2302 (August 12, 1909), 147. Padiman, William, "In this Corner— Hollywood," Saturday Review (December 19, 1959), 9. Furness, Horace Howard, "The Plot of Much Ado About Nothing," The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXIV (July, 1899), 7-17" Garnett, Edward, "The Censorship of Public Opinion," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. 8 6 (New Series) (July, 1909), 137-148. "A Good Stroke for Decency," The Outlook, XCV (May 21, 1910), 99-100. Grant, Eva H., "Time Out for Television,". National Parent-Teacher, Vol. 54, No. 1 (September^ 1959), 23-25. ' Grant, Sidney S., and Angloff, S. E., "Massachusetts and Censorship," Boston University Law Review, X, Part 1, 36-51; Part 2, 5l-b0; Part 3, 147-194. Gribble, Francis, "Humors of the Dramatic Censor ship," Living Age, CCCVIII (January 1, 1921), 48-53. ------ Hift, Fred, "Classification--Boon or Doom for Holly wood?" Saturday Review (December 1 9, 1959), 16- 17. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 162 "How England Regulates the Drama," Current Litera ture, Vol. 48, No. 1 (January, 1910), 72-3. Hudson, William H., "The Censorship of Plays," The Theatre, XIV (New Series) (December, 1889), 282. Isaacs, Edith J. R., "1620— The Puritans and the Theatre-~1920," Theatre Arts Magazine, IV (Octo ber, 1920), 280-5. Kennedy, Gerald, "Browsing in Fiction," Together (September, 1957), 57. Kingston, Gertrude, "How We Came to be Censored by the State," The Nineteenth Century and After, LXIV (December," 19o8), l",030-1,04$. Knight, Arthur, "The New Frankness in Films," Satur day Review (December 19, 1959), 18. Lee, Robert A. E., "Censorship: A Case History," The Christian Century, LXXIV (February 6, 1957), 1 6 3- 837------------------ Lippman, Monroe, "Education and a Free Theatre," Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1951), 95-8.------------------ Lockhart, William B., and McClure, Robert C., "Lit erature, The Lav; of Obscenity and the Constitu- . tion," Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 3 8, No. 4 (March 1954), 295-395. Logan, Joshua with Davidson, Bill, "Fear is my Enemy," Look, Vol. 22, No. 15, 71-78. McEvoy, J. P., "The Back of me Hand to you," Satur day Evening Post (December 24, 1938), 8. Pauli, H. M., "The Dramatic Chaos," Fortnightly Review, VXXXIII (New Series) (February, 1908), 276-85. Pierson, Frank R., "The Censorship of Television," The New Republic, Vol. 140, No. 12 (March 23, 1959)', ”23-"^ 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 163 Pierson, Frank R., "Censorship of Television— II," The New Republic, Vol. 140, No. 13 (March 30, T959), 2l'-2'T. "Plays the Catholics Censor," The Literary Digest Vol. 53, Part 2 (December 16, 191b), 1,b03-4. "Pornography . . . The New Black Plague," National Parent-Teacher, Vol. 54, No. 1 (September, 1959)j 20. Reardon, William, "The Tradition Behind Bostonian Censorship," Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2 (May, 1955), 97-101. ' Reeve, Virginia Y/atson, "Letters to the Editor," Life, Vol. 43, No. 19 (November 4, 1957), 25. Schuller, Earl, "From the Editor's Desk," The Prompter, Vol. 1, No. 2 (September, 1958), 2. Stevenson, R. Scott, "Milton and the Puritans," North American Review, CCXIV (December, 1923), 825-32. Stoddard, George D., "A Free Stage and a Free Society," Theatre Arts, XLI (August, 1957), 32. Stonier, G. W., "VJhat Ropes for British Films?" Saturday Review (December 19, 1959), 14-15. Sumrnerfield, Arthur E., "The Growing Menace," California Parent-Teacher, Vol. 35, No. 11 (August, T939'), 'C--------------- "A White List for Plays," The Literary Digest, XLVUE (February 28, 1914), 334. Wyatt, Euphemia Van Rensselaer, "Y/olves in Cel luloid," The Catholic Y/orld, CXLIII (August, 1936), 599: : 6037 Zinsser, William K., "The bold and risky World of 'Adult' Movies," Life, Vol. 48, No.'8 (February 29, I960), 7 8-8 9 . 164 160. 1 6 1. 1 6 2. 1 6 3. 164. 1 6 5. 1 6 6. 1 6 7. 1 6 8. 1 6 9. 170. Publications of Organizations Collier, J. P. The Alleyn Papers. London: Printed for the Shakespeare Society, 1843. Cunningham, Peter. Extracts from the Accounts of the Revels at Court in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth' and King James I . London: Printed for the Shakespeare Society, 1842. Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers’ Com^ pa'ny, 1557 71 5 ? London: Printed for the Shake speare Society, 1848. Freedom and Culture. Compiled by United Nations Educational Social and Cultural Organization. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951. Furnivall, P. J. (ed.). Harrison's Description of England in Shakespeare's Youth'. London: "The' New Shakespeare Society” IB774 _________ . (ed,). Robert Laneham's Letter. London: The New Shakespeare Society, I8’ 90’ . Gosson, Stephen. The School of Abuse Containing a Pleasant Invective Against Poets, Pipers, Players, Jesters, &c. London: Reprinted for the Shake speare Society, l84l. Henslowe, Phillip. Diary. Edited by J. P. Collier. London: Shakespeare Society, 1845. Iieywood, Thomas. An Apology for Actors. New York: - Scholars' Facsimilies and Reprints, 1941. "A Mike Wallace Interview with Erick Fromm," Survival and Freedom. Fifth of a series of television programs produced by The American Broadcasting Company in association with The Fund for the Re public. New York: The Fund for the Republic, Inc., n .d . Northbrooke, John. 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New York: The Fund for the Republic, Inc., 1957. "You Can't Ban Those Books and Films" (Pamphlet). Reprinted from the Paulist Fathers' magazine, Information. New York: Information Features, n.d. Unpublished Materials Altpeter, Peter. "The History of the Dramatic Censorship in England to the Year of 1642." Un published Master's thesis, Department of Speech, University of Southern California, 1932. Blad, Elvera C . "The Puritan Attitude Toward the Theatre Prior to the Restoration (1573-1642)." Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Speech, University of Southern California, 1933. "Is Censorship of the Arts Ever Justified?" The World of Ideas Television Series, Dr. Franlcel, Columbia University, Moderator. Produced by C.B.S. TV., January 25* 1959. 166 180. 1 8 1. 1 8 2. 1 8 3. Reardon., William R. "Banned in Boston: A Study of Theatrical Censorship in Boston from 1 6 3 0 to 1950." Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1953. Sandburg, Carl. Interview on"Lew Irwin Reports." Produced on Channel 7 TV, Los Angeles, February 9^ 1959. Shiffler, Harrold C. "The Opposition of the Pres byterian Church in the United States of America to the Theatre in America." Unpublished Ph.D. dis sertation, Iowa State University, 1953. Wong, Helene Har Lin. "The Late Victorian Theatre: As Reflected in The Theatre, 1 8 7 8-1 8 9 7." Un published Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, August, 1955.

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Creator Salisbury, Harold Eugene (author)

Core Title A Survey And Analysis Of Current Attitudes Toward Censorship Of The Legitimate Theatre In The United States

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Communication (Drama)

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,Theater

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Stahl, Herbert M. (committee chair), Butler, James H. (committee member), McCoard, William B. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-230098

Unique identifier UC11358133

Identifier 6103825.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-230098 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6103825.pdf

Dmrecord 230098

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Salisbury, Harold Eugene

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA