University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

John Parker Hale, Constitutional Constructionist And Radical Republican: A Study In Intra-Communicative Conversion And Inter-Communicative Persuasion

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John Parker Hale, Constitutional Constructionist And Radical Republican: A Study In Intra-Communicative Conversion And Inter-Communicative Persuasion

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Content JO H N P A R K E R H A L E , C O N ST IT U T IO N A L C O N ST R U C TIO N IST AND RA D ICA L R E P U B L IC A N : A STUDY IN IN TR A C O M M U N IC A TIV E CONV ERSIO N AND IN T E R C O M M U N IC A T IV E PER SU A SIO N by G e r a ld D uane B a x te r A D i s s e r ta tio n P r e s e n t e d to the F A C U L T Y O F TH E G R A D U A TE SCHOOL U N IV ER SITY O F SO U TH ER N C A L IFO R N IA In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t of the R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D e g re e D O C T O R O F PH IL O SO PH Y (S peech C o m m u n ic a tio n ) F e b r u a r y 1972 INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original docum ent. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this docum ent have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the docum ent photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you com plete continuity. 2. When an image on th e film is obliterated with a large round black m ark, it is an indication th a t the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being p h o to g rap h e d the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. T he majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a som ewhat higher quality reproduction could be m ade from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing th e Order Department, giving the catalog num ber, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Z eab R oad Ann Arbor, M ichigan 48106 A Xerox E ducation Com pany I I 73-9303 BAXTER, Gerald Duane, 1934- JOHN PARKER HALE, CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTIONIST AND RADICAL REPUBLICAN: A STUDY IN INTRACCM4UNICATIVE CONVERSION AND INTER- COWUNICATIVE PERSUASION. University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1972 Speech University Microfilms, A X ER O X Com pany, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 GKKALD DUANK BAXTiiK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7 This dissertation, written by ................... Gi?r.aIl d..^ane..B ftxtej:.................... under the direction of /da Dissertation Com mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by The Gradu ate School, in partial fulfillment of require ments of the degree of D O C T O R OF P H IL O S O P H Y 1 * ^ . ° ............ i y Dean Date.......Efikr.uax.y. J .9.7.2.... DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairman ................. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company T A B L E O F C O N TE N TS C h a p te r P a g e I. T H E P R O B L E M AND D E FIN IT IO N S O F TER M S. . . 1 O rig in of the P r o b le m S ta te m e n t of the P r o b le m D e fin itio n s of T e r m s S ig n ifica n c e of the Study P r e v ie w of R e m a in in g C h a p te rs II. R EV IEW O F T H E L IT E R A T U R E ........................................... 7 P r o s la v e r y P r e c e p ts A n tis la v e ry P r e c e p ts T h a d d e u s S te v en s: C o n sta n c e of A b o litio n ist F e r v o r C o n clu sio n : B a c k d ro p and C o m p a ris o n s III. M E T H O D O L O G Y ............................................................................. 23 S e le c tin g a P e r s o n fo r Study C o n ducting a P ilo t Study G a th e rin g of M a te r ia ls P la n n in g th e O v e r a ll D esig n H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r III IV. PR O L O G U E TO C O N V E R S IO N ............................................... 42 D e s c rip tio n I n te r p r e ta tio n S u m m a ry H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r IV V. "SLA V ES A R E B E A S T S " ............................................................ 62 A nti -A b o litio n is t T e m p e r a n c e ii C h a p te r P ag e "A F ig u re of Som e In flu e n ce " "In w a rd S p iritu a l P u r ity " The E x a m p le of M an The E x a m p le of C h r is t " S o lita ry M u sin g s " T he E x a m p le of J e s u s In tr a and In te r C o n clu sio n H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r V VI. "HOW W OULD JESU S HA VE A C T E D IN P R E C IS E L Y SIM ILAR C IR C U M S T A N C E S ?"................. 95 D e m o c ra tic P a r ty F ro w n s and S m ile s A n a ly s is of H a le 's A ttitu d e T o w a rd T e x a s A nnexation "H ale S to rm " A n ato m y of a C o alitio n Shedding Sin C o n clu sio n H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r VI VII. "I B E L IE V E IN C O N SC IE N C E , IN DU TY, IN RIG H T AND W RONG AND A B O V E A L L IN GOD WHO IS O V ER A L L " ....................................................... 127 T he M an W ithout a P a r ty C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s of H a le 's D is c o u r s e " T h is C a rg o of L iving S o u ls" D i s tr i c t of C o lu m b ia "W e H ad a P l e a s a n t T im e " C la y 's O m n ib u s C o m p ro m is e "Is It a Sin W hen L ight S h in es to W alk in the L ig h t? " "I W ill Not C o n se n t" C o n clu sio n H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r VII VIII. E P I L O G U E ............................................................................................ 174 H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r VIII iii C h a p te r P ag e IX. SUM M ARY, FIND IN GS, AND IM PL IC A T IO N S . . . . 179 S u m m a ry F in d in g s and Im p lic a tio n s A P P E N D IX E S A. C h ro n o lo g ic a l H ig h lig h ts f ro m H a le 's P u b lic and P r iv a te C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ............................... 189 B. B io g rap h y .......................................................................................... 200 B I B L I O G R A P H Y ....................................................................................................... 206 iv C H A P T E R I i T H E P R O B L E M AND D E FIN IT IO N S OF T E R M S j j i I | O rig in of the P r o b le m ! i j T he w r i t e r h a s fo r m a n y y e a r s h a d a p e rs o n a l i n te r e s t in the ! s tru g g le of A m e r ic a n B la c k s to r is e f r o m bondage and g ra d u a lly 1 i I iachieve f i r s t c la s s c itiz e n s h ip , a s tru g g le w hich is s till going on. The j _ ! jw rite r a ls o had an a c a d e m ic r e s e a r c h i n te r e s t in the n u m e r o u s e x p lo - jra tio n s of the ro le of s p e e c h c o m m u n ic a tio n d u rin g th e p e rio d p re c e d in g I ! ; jthe A m e r ic a n C iv il W a r and L in c o ln 's E m a n c ip a tio n P r o c la m a tio n . I ! iThis led to an in te lle c tu a l c u r io s ity re g a r d in g how fu lly the s to r y had been to ld of the n u m e r o u s d e b a te s and o th e r s p e e c h e s w hich p itted so m a n y o u tsta n d in g l e a d e r s a g a in s t one a n o th e r d u rin g the y e a r s f r o m about 1832 to 1861. B ro w sin g in the l i b r a r y one day, the w r i t e r s tu m b le d upon the n a m e of Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , who a p p e a r e d to have b een a lea d in g a b o litio n is t s p e a k e r d u rin g the y e a r s in q u e s tio n s . Y et a p p a re n tly no stu d y of H a le 's sp e ak in g h a d b e e n done. F u r t h e r m o r e , an u n u su a l fa c t w as d is c o v e r e d - - H a le had e n te r ta in e d s tro n g p r o s la v e r y c o n v ic tio n s in the e a r l y y e a r s of h is c a r e e r an d y e t, l a t e r b e c a m e th e P r e s i d e n ti a l N o m in ee of th e A b o litio n ist P a r t y in the 1 r 2 e le c tio n of 1852. T h is d is c o v e r y f u r t h e r w h etted the w r i t e r 's curiosityfc j How did th is ch an g e of s id e s co m e a b o u t? W hat w ent on b e n e a th the j s u r f a c e ? ! S ta te m e n t of the P r o b le m j I i I I In g e n e r a l, the p ro b le m of th is stu d y w as to d e te r m in e s ig n if i c an t r e la tio n s h ip s am o n g the m a jo r c o m m u n ic a tio n d im e n s io n s of the i I i jw ritte n -s p o k e n and the p r iv a te - p u b lic s ta te m e n ts in the c a s e of John i jP a r k e r H ale a s he sh ifte d h is c o n v ic tio n s f ro m p r o s la v e r y to a n ti- j i s la v e r y d u rin g th e p e rio d p re c e d in g the C ivil W ar. i : T h is g e n e r a l p ro b le m w as d iv id ed into s e v e r a l c o n s titu e n t s u b - j q u e s tio n s , d e a lin g w ith fo u r m a in to p ic s: I 1. I n tr a - I n te r C o m m u n ic a tio n s i I I I a. To w hat e x te n t w e re H a le 's q u a s i- p r iv a te c o m m u n i c a tio n s , e .g . , l e t t e r s to h is w ife, v alid in d ic a to rs of h is in tr a -in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s , i . e . , " ta lk ing to h im s e lf " o r " in n e r d ia lo g u e ? " b. To w hat e x te n t w e re H a le 's q u a s i- p r i v a te c o m m u n ic a - i tio n s v a lid in d ic a to r s of h is fu tu re public s ta te m e n ts I a s c o m p a re d w ith the p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity of h is public | s ta te m e n ts ? 2. N a tu re of " A ttitu d e s " I I a. To w hat e x te n t w e re H a le 's " c o n v ic tio n s " re g a rd in g s la v e r y a m e n a b le to d e s c r ip tio n by m e a n s of c o m m o n ty p e s of a ttitu d e m e a s u r e s , e .g . , L ik e r t, O sgood, o r F is h b e in ? b. To w hat ex ten t w e re H a le 's c h a n g e s of " c o n v ic tio n s" p r e d ic ta b le by m e a n s of the fo re g o in g a ttitu d e m e a s u r e s ? 3. C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s of P u b lic D is c o u rs e ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i a. To w hat e x te n t did m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's p ublic d is c o u r s e (sp e e c h e s and open l e t te r s ) change th ro u g h tim e (1832-1852)? A tten tio n w as lim ite d to j s u b s ta n tiv e f e a t u r e s , e . g . , his b a s ic a p p ro a c h , his o rg a n iz a tio n a l p a tte r n s , h is ch o ice of m a in p o in ts, h is ty p es of e v id e n c e o r su p p o rtin g m a t e r i a l s . D if f e r e n c e s am o n g such f e a tu r e s w e r e c o m p a re d in t e r m s of the v a r ia b le s of tim e (1832-1852), to p ic s , and the i i n t r a - i n t e r o r p riv a te -p u b lic c la s s if ic a tio n s of the d a ta . An a n a ly s is of s ty lis tic f e a tu r e s w as begun but ab andoned on the gro u n d th at nothing new w as being added to p re v io u s such r e s e a r c h e s . i b. To w hat e x te n t did m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's p ublic d is c o u r s e v a ry with the i s s u e s he d is c u s s e d ? c. To w hat e x te n t did m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's dis-j c o u r s e v a ry in h is q u a s i- p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s as j c o m p a re d w ith h is public s ta te m e n ts ? 4. H is to r i c a l E v e n ts L ead in g Up to the C ivil W ar \ a. W hat ad d itio n a l lig h t, if any, is th ro w n upon H a le 's h i s t o r ic a l sig n ific a n c e by th is study of h is c o m m u n i- i ca tio n b e h a v io r s ? i D efin itio n s of T e r m s A b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d in g of the p r o b le m - s ta te m e n t and its m e t h o d o lo g ic a l im p lic a tio n s r e q u i r e s the definition of s e v e r a l key t e r m s . T h e se d e fin itio n s, quoted f ro m D ic k e n s, a r e a s follow s: H u m an C o m m u n ic a tio n .- - A p r o c e s s by w hich a n in d iv id u a l's th o ughts and fe e lin g s a ffe c t b e h a v io r thro u g h th e tra n s m ittin g and re c e iv in g of sig n s o r sy m b o ls. In tra in d iv id u a l H um an C o m m u n ic a tio n .-- T h e p r o c e s s by w hich I the thoughts and fe e lin g s of one p e rs o n a ffe c t h is b e h a v io r by m e a n s j i of sig n s and s y m b o ls tr a n s m i tt e d and r e c e iv e d by th a t s a m e p e rs o n . j j In te r in d iv id u al H um an C o m m u n ic a tio n .- - T h e p r o c e s s by w hich ! the thoughts and fe e lin g s of one p e rs o n a ffe c t the b e h a v io r of a n o th e r by m e a n s of s ig n s o r sy m b o ls tr a n s m itte d by one p e rs o n and r e c e iv e d i ; I by a n o th e r. I i _ I j Signs and S y m b o ls . - - T h e s e a r e v a rio u s ly defined by w r i t e r s in the field of c o m m u n ic a tio n . The u s a g e h e r e is a s follow s: > I Signs and s y m b o ls a r e a lik e in th a t they a r e anything th a t I sta n d s fo r o r r e p r e s e n t s so m e th in g e ls e ( c f ., su c h t e r m s as ! " s u r r o g a t e s " and " s u b s titu te s tim u li" ). They d iffe r in th at a j ; sign h as a d i r e c t o r n a tu r a l r e la tio n to the thing sig n ifie d (the j r e f e re n t); a s y m b o l h a s an a r b i t r a r y a n d /o r c o n v en tio n al re la tio n . ^ S e v e ra l a d d itio n a l t e r m s a r e defined in the te x t of su b s e q u e n t j c h a p te rs a t p o in ts w h e re th o se t e r m s a r e f i r s t in tro d u c e d . S ig n ifica n c e of the Study The study w as th e o r y - o r ie n te d ; it sought to p ro v id e new d a ta b e a rin g upon an e m e r g in g th e o r y r e la tiv e to the e x p la n a to ry and p r e d ictiv e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n two f o r m s of h u m an c o m m u n ic a tio n , ^M ilton D ic k e n s , "Som e T e n ta tiv e D e fin itio n s, " C la s s M a t e r i a ls , 1971-1972 (m im e o g ra p h e d ). 5 i. e. , the i n t r a - and in te r in d iv id u al. The m e th o d o lo g y w as thought to be in n o v ativ e . T e c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e w e re ta ilo r e d to the ta s k of e x p lo rin g the c o m m u n ic a tio n s of John P a r k e r H a le , a b o litio n is t c a n d id a te fo r P r e s i d e n t of the U nited S ta te s in 1852. One p u rp o s e of th is m e th o d o lo g y w a s to p ro b e p o s s i- j j b ilitie s f o r su p p le m e n tin g the v a lu e s of the q u a n tita tiv e b e h a v io ra l ! s c ie n c e a p p ro a c h to c o m m u n ic a tio n p r o b le m s w ith the v a lu e s of the ; i jno n q u an titativ e r h e t o r ic a l c r i t i c i s m a p p ro a c h to c o m m u n ic a tio n p ro b - | j le m s . The w r i t e r b e lie v e s th a t th e s e two sc h o o ls of r e s e a r c h sh o u ld j ] jc o m p le m e n t and su p p le m e n t one a n o th e r 's w o rk ; he d e p lo r e s s ig n s of . ] ! d iv is iv e n e s s b e tw e en th e s e two g ro u p s of s c h o la r s . j j The study u n d e rto o k to r e v e a l the d e lic a te w eb of i n te r r e la tio n s | am o n g the s p o k e n -w ritte n and th e p u b lic - p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s of H ale so a s to p ro v id e a m u ltid im e n s io n a l a n a ly s is and s y n th e s is of one m a n 's e v o lv in g c o n v ic tio n s and o v e rt b e h a v io rs r e la tiv e to the is s u e of s la v e r y and co g n ate m a t t e r s . It w as thought th a t so m e light w as sh e d upon the c o m m u n ic a tiv e p r o c e s s e s an d a ls o upon o th e r s tu d ie s of a ttitu d e s , o p in io n s, and b e lie fs . The in v e s tig a to r a n a ly z e d H a le 's public a d d r e s s e s , public l e t t e r s , an d p riv a te c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a s a c o n te x tu al w hole. T his e n d e a v o r a p p e a r e d to be m o re d e lib e ra te and s y s te m a tic th an p re v io u s r h e t o r ic a l c r itiq u e s (m o s t of w hich w e re fo c u s e d m a in ly o r e n tir e ly upon a c h o s e n p e r s o n 's public s p e e c h e s ). j By tracin g H a le 's variou s com m u n icative b eh aviors through Iseveral y e a r s of tim e , som e additional light was perhaps shed upon the h is to r ic a l im portance of H a le 's role during the sla v e r y debates of the p r e -C iv il War era. | i P r e v ie w of R e m a in in g C h a p te rs j ! T h is c h a p te r h a s p r e s e n te d the r e s e a r c h p r o b le m , defin ed key j ite r m s , and d is c u s s e d th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e stu d y . C h a p te r II p r o - ;vides b a c k g ro u n d f o r the p r e s e n t stu d y by rev ie w in g s e v e r a l r e le v a n t |p re v io u s s tu d ie s . C h a p te r III d e s c r i b e s th e m e th o d o lo g y and d e s ig n of |the study. C h a p te r IV c o m p r is e s a b r ie f b io g ra p h ic a l a c co u n t of John | P a r k e r H a le 's e a r l y life , s t r e s s i n g s e le c te d e x p e r ie n c e s r e la te d to his i I su b seq u e n t public and p r iv a te life . C h a p te r V b e g in s w ith H a le 's 1835 j p r o s la v e r y s ta n c e and e n d s w ith h is 1843 m ild ly a n tis la v e r y s ta n c e . C h a p te r VI t r a c e s H a le 's co n tinuing sh ift of b e lie fs to h is public avow al of a b o litio n is m in 1847. C h a p te r VII show s the m a tu r a tio n of j H a le 's a b o litio n is t p o s itio n into its fin a l f o rm . C h a p te r VIII is a b r ie f {epilogue d e s c r ib in g H a le 's g r a d u a l fading aw ay f r o m p o w e r and public ! a tte n tio n . C h a p te r IX p r e s e n t s a s u m m a r y , a d is c u s s io n of th e p r e vious c h a p te r s in b r o a d p e r s p e c tiv e , a l is t of fin d in g s , and so m e im p lic a tio n s f o r f u tu r e r e s e a r c h . I I C H A P T E R II | i i I I I | R EV IEW O F TH E L IT E R A T U R E j I i | T he r e v ie w of the l it e r a tu r e a tte m p te d to d e te r m in e both the i I ; p r o s la v e r y and a n tis la v e r y p r e c e p ts a c tiv e ly p ro m u lg a te d by lead in g s p o k e s m e n d u rin g the p r e - C i v i l W ar A m e r ic a and sought to p ro v id e a c o m p a r is o n to H a le 's s h ift in p o sitio n by e x a m in in g the life of an a n ti- s la v e ry s p o k e s m a n who a s s u m e d su ch a s ta n c e f ro m the o u ts e t of h is ' j j c a r e e r ; the d e te r m i n is t ic in flu e n c e s in the p la s tic y e a r s of su ch an ; i in d iv id u al, fo r e x a m p le , m ig h t be s e e n to h ig h lig h t the d e c is io n -m a k in g i 'w hich f o rm u la te d the fo o ts te p s H ale took in sh iftin g f ro m one e x tr e m e j p o sitio n to the o th e r , in "changing h is m in d ." Such know ledge p ro v id e d a h e lp fu l m a p by w hich to tr a c e the j I 1 I | | fo o ts te p s ta k e n by H a le . T he g ifte d h i s t o r ic a l b io g ra p h y by R ic h a rd S ew ell, Jo h n P . H ale and the P o litic s of A b o litio n , p u b lish e d in 1965, a t C a m b rid g e , w a s e n ric h e d by a r e c e n t r e s e a r c h w in d fall in the f o rm of a p re v io u s ly u n d is c o v e re d tru n k of the s u b je c t's m a n u s c r ip ts . S e w e ll's w e ll- d o c u m e n ted te x t w as a c c e p te d in th e c u r r e n t study a s the a u th o rita tiv e 7 b io g ra p h y c o v e rin g the m a in p e rs o n a l and p o litic a l fa c ts of H a le 's life . I jAs su c h , S e w e ll's w o rk p ro v id e d " d a ta " r a t h e r th an a p a r t of th is I 1 |" re v ie w of the l i t e r a t u r e ." j R ic h a rd R olfe of C o n c o rd , New H a m p s h ir e , h a s only v e ry j re c e n tly m ad e a v a ila b le to the B a k e r M e m o r ia l L ib r a r y at D a rtm o u th ICollege a c o n s id e r a b le body of im p o rta n t Hale m a n u s c r ip ts , a c o lle c - ; tio n w hich w as not a v a ila b le a t the tim e Sew ell w ro te H a le 's b io g ra p h y .; P r o s la v e r y P r e c e p t s i H e r b e r t L. C u r r y ta k e s a s the b a s ic p o stu la te fo r h is d o c to ra l 1 I ! d i s s e r ta t io n , "Jo h n C aldw ell C alhoun: S p e a k e r," that "a m a n 's ! |s p e e c h e s a r e p a rtly the p ro d u c t of the in te r a c tio n of th e s p e a k e r a s a i i p e rs o n w ith th e s o c ia l, e c o n o m ic , and p o litic a l f o rc e s th a t im pinge j i iupon h im ." C a lh o u n 's a rg u m e n ts a r e s e e n as d e s ig n s "to p ro h ib it a j S ew ell h a s a s h is p u rp o s e in w ritin g the b io g ra p h y of Jo h n P . [Hale the r e s t o r i n g of h is s u b je c t to his p r o p e r sta n d in g a m o n g 19th [century p o litic ia n s and r e f o r m e r s . S ew ell re a d ily a d m its th a t h i s t o r i- lans se ld o m s a y m o r e than th a t he w as the u n s u c c e s s fu l F r e e D e m o c r a t ic c a n d id a te fo r P r e s i d e n t in 1852 o r that he once w a s th re a te n e d ;by S e n a to r H e n ry S. F o o te . The p r e s e n t w r ite r can n o t h e lp but c o n c u r in the above a s s e s s m e n t of H a le 's footnote p o s itio n in h is to r y . H is to r ia n s m o s t o fte n r e f e r to H ale a s a r a d ic a l R e p u b lic a n , h a ste n in g p o litic a l p o la rity in p r e - C i v i l W ar A m e ric a . (K en n eth M. S tam p p , And the W ar C a m e ; Roy N ic h o ls, The D is ru p tio n of A m e r ic a n D e m o c - ra c y . ) G. G. V an D e u s e n , The J a c k s o n ia n E r a , m e n tio n s H ale only a s the " fla m in g s p i r i t " n o m in a te d by the L ib e rty m e n of the L ib e rty p a rty . D w ight L. D um ond d o e s n o t e v en m e n tio n H ale in A nti s l a v e r y . No one h a s t r e a te d H a le 's c o n v e rs io n . E v e n S ew ell g iv e s only slig h t r e f e r ence to h is sh ift in p o s itio n re g a r d in g the a b o litio n of s la v e r y . d o m in a n t m a jo r ity fro m e n fo rc in g its w ill upon a m in o r ity . " A s e a rly ! a s 1820, C alhoun saw th at a g ita tio n c o n c e rn in g s la v e r y would e n d a n g e r the Union; la te r he w a rn e d h is c o lle a g u e s th a t "the in v a sio n by the fed - I e r a l g o v e rn m e n t of the r e s e r v e d p o w e rs of the s ta te s c o n s titu te d a j | ! (th re a t to s la v e r y ." A se co n d c o n stitu tio n a l d e fe n se of s la v e r y w as that! j ("C ongress had no leg itim a te jurisd iction over the su b ject of slavery," ; i (but r a t h e r , the in s titu tio n "w as u n d e r the sole and e x c lu s iv e c o n tro l of; ! ! !the S ta te s w h e re the in stitu tio n e x is ts . " C a lh o u n !s d e fe n se to m e e t the| 1 i i | (m o ra l a r g u m e n ts a d v a n ce d by the a b o litio n is ts w as m a d e by d e c la rin g , ; 1 | s la v e r y to be a p o s itiv e good. I ! T h is m o r a l d e fe n se of the in stitu tio n of s la v e r y w as su p - i p o rte d by tw o c o n c ep ts: f i r s t , th a t a study of h is t o r y in d ic a te d ' j th a t in e v e ry c iv iliz e d s o c ie ty , one p o rtio n of the c o m m u n ity had i ; liv ed upon the la b o r of a n o th e r po rtio n ; se co n d , sin c e th is w as | tr u e , the r e a l q u e s tio n a t is s u e b e tw e en the sla v e h o ld e r s and the I a b o litio n is ts w a s th at of d e te rm in in g w hich la b o r s y s te m p ro v id ed the g r e a t e s t a d v a n ta g e s fo r the la b o rin g p o rtio n of the co m m u n ity . : The sla v e s y s te m of the South w as p ic tu re d a s p ro v id in g a d v a n ta g e s not I I ! given by the in d u s tr ia l a r e a s . L a te r , C alhoun sh ifte d h is d e fe n s e s a g a in by adopting the p h ilo s o p h i ca l and p o litic a l c o n c ep t th at so m e people a r e e ith e r n a tu r a lly o r a r tif ic ia lly in f e r io r to o th e r s and, th e r e f o r e , should be e x p e cte d to s e r v e a s " h e w e rs of wood and d r a w e r s of w a te r. " T h e s e w e re the d e fe n s e s C alhoun u s e d , a s w ell a s the t h r e a ts of n u lli fic a tio n , s e c e s s io n , and c iv il w a r , to m a in ta in and ex te n d s la v e r y . "T he fa v o rite d e v ic e by w hich C alhoun hoped to s t i r the e m o tio n s of his a u d ito rs w as th a t of a p p e a ls d ire c tly o r in d ir e c tly to th e ir s e n s e of duty, ju s tic e , lo y a lty , p a tr io tis m , h o n o r, o r lib e r ty ." T h e se w e re the a rg u m e n ts w hich C alhoun hoped to u s e to p r e s e r v e the id e a lis tic and c o n s e rv a tiv e i n t e r e s t s of the a r i s t o c r a t i c and p lu to c r a tic c a s te o r d e r j i 2 ! of s o u th e rn s o c ie ty . I : L a r r y V. L ow e, in h is d o c to ra l d i s s e r ta t io n , "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly s is of the S peak in g of R o b e r t A. T o o m b s of G e o rg ia ," ta k e s a s h is jtask the d e s c r ip tio n , a n a ly s i s , and e v a lu a tio n of the " c o n g r e s s io n a l j I < jspeaking and s p e e c h e s of R o b e rt T o o m b s of G e o rg ia d u rin g the p e rio d I i (1845-1861. " T he a n a ly s is of his p r o s la v e r y s p e e c h e s r e v e a le d the i 1 i (following id e a s : ! 1. A ll c la s s e s of so c ie ty in th e sla v e h o ld in g s ta te s a r e c o n - j j te n t w ith th e ir s o c ia l s y s te m . I ! 2. T he A f r ic a n is unfit to be e n tr u s te d w ith p o litic a l p o w e r, j and in c a p a b le a s a f r e e m a n of s e c u rin g h is own h a p p in e s s o r c o n trib u tin g to the p u b lic p r o s p e r ity , and th a t s la v e r y is b e s t fo r h im w h e n e v e r he and the w hite m a n c o -e x is t. 3. T he A f r ic a n e n jo y s g r e a t e r b e n e fits th an the f r e e l a b o r e r . ! 4. J e f f e r s o n 's N a tu ra l R ig h ts p h ilo so p h y is r e je c te d o u t- ! o f-h a n d . 5. In e q u a lity is d efen d ed th ro u g h the u s e of the B ib le, h i s t o r y , s o c io lo g y , s c ie n c e , and o r d in a r y o b s e rv a tio n . 6. S la v e ry is s e e n a s the b a s is fo r tr u e d e m o c r a c y in the i 2 H e r b e r t L. C u r r y , "Jo h n C ald w ell C alhoun: S p e a k e r" (unpublished P h . D. d i s s e r ta t io n , M ic h ig a n S tate U n iv e rs ity , 1965). s e n s e of G r e e c e and R o m e, and is the b a s is f o r a p r o g r e s s i v e s o c ie ty .^ W illiam M a rtin R ey n o ld s ta k e s a s the p u rp o s e of h is d o c to ra l i d i s s e r ta t io n , " D e lib e ra tiv e Speaking in A n te -B e llu m South C a ro lin a : The Idiom of a S la v e ry C u ltu r e ," the e x a m in a tio n of su ch o r a to r y , "w ith a view to d e m o n s tr a tin g how d e lib e ra tiv e sp e ak in g in C o n g r e s s , in the sta te l e g i s la t u r e , and on the h u s tin g s e x p r e s s e d and r e f le c te d " the d o c trin e of s e c tio n a lis m and n a tio n a lis m , " a s th ey d e v e lo p e d in South C a ro lin a d u rin g the M id d le P e r io d ." S la v e ry w as d e fe n d e d d u rin g th a t d e b a te by th e s e id e a s : 1. T hat a b o litio n is ts "h ad e x a g g e r a te d the p r o b le m s th a t th e y c la im e d w e r e the r e s u l t of the e x is te n c e of s la v e s in the c o m m o n w e a lth ." 2. "E v e n to the e x te n t th a t su c h p r o b le m s did e x is t, it w as , c h a rg e d th at th e y w e r e not the r e s u l t of s la v e r y . " 3. "T he e lim in a tio n of s la v e r y in V irg in ia . . . w ould p r o - ' duce g r e a t e r p r o b le m s th an a lr e a d y e x is te d . " j 4. "T h e c o r n e r s to n e of th e p r o - s l a v e r y d e fe n se r e s t e d on the ! g ro u n d of n e c e s s i ty . . . s la v e r y . . . w as a n e c e s s a r y ! p a r t of V ir g in ia 's w e a lth and life . " 5. "T o the e x te n t th a t th e r e w as a p r o - s l a v e r y id eo lo g y , it w as found in the a tta c k le v e lle d a g a in s t the le g a lity of any s y s te m of e m a n c ip a tio n w hich did n o t p ro v id e f o r c o m p e n s a tio n f o r e m a n c ip a te d s la v e s . . . . T his id eo lo g y w as 1 L a r r y V. L ow e, "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly s is of the Speaking of R o b e rt A. T o o m b s of G e o r g ia " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , M ic h ig a n State U n iv e rs ity , 1965). that of the U nited S ta te s C o n stitu tio n and the V irg in ia B ill of R ig h ts. " 4 S u m m a ry The follow ing w e r e the e s s e n t ia l p o s tu la te s in the p r o - s l a v e r y sta n c e : 1. S la v e ry is a " P o s itiv e G ood," ennobling the A fric a n , and p ro v id in g g r e a t e r b e n e fits th an th o s e e n jo y ed by the f r e e la b o re r. 2. God c r e a te d th e A fric a n a s an i n f e r io r being to the w hite m a n , f it, th e r e f o r e , f o r s la v e ry ; and, s la v e r y h a s c r e a te d a c o n te n tm e n t f o r a ll c la s s e s of s o c ie ty in the s la v e - holding s ta te s . The A fric a n is unfit to be e n tr u s te d w ith p o litic a l f r e e d o m , and in c a p a b le a s a f r e e m a n of s e c u r ing h is own h a p p in e s s o r c o n trib u tin g to h is public p r o s p e r ity . In eq u a lity is d efen d ed th ro u g h the u s e of the B ib le , h is to r y , so cio lo g y , s c ie n c e , and o r d in a r y o b s e r v a tio n . 3. J e f f e r s o n 's N a tu ra l R ights p h ilo so p h y is r e je c te d o u t-o f- hand. 1 4. E m a n c ip a tio n is a c o m p le te t h r e a t to S ta te s R ights and the ! g u a r a n te e s given in the U nited S ta te s C o n stitu tio n . i 5. S la v e ry is the b a s is fo r a tr u e d e m o c r a c y , in the c la s s ic a l^ s e n s e of G r e e c e and R om e. I 6. S la v e ry is th e b a s is / o r a p r o g r e s s iv e s o c ie ty , n e c e s s a r y j f o r w e a lth and life. 7. A b o litio n is ts h a d e x a g g e r a te d the p r o b le m s th a t th ey c la im e d w e r e the r e s u lt of the e x is te n c e of s la v e s ; th a t e x is te n t p r o b le m s , e v e n , w e re n o t the r e s u lt of s la v e r y . I 4 W illia m M a r tin R e y n o ld s, " D e lib e ra tiv e S peaking in A n te - B e llu m South C a ro lin a : T he Id io m of a C u ltu re " (u n p u b lish ed P h . D. d is s e r ta tio n , U n iv e rs ity of F l o r id a , I960). i 8. The U nited S ta te s C o n stitu tio n its e lf an d the V irg in ia B ill of R ig h ts, f o r e x a m p le , f o r m e d the b a s is f o r the le g a l- c o n s titu tio n a l d e fe n se of s la v e r y . I A n tis la v e ry P r e c e p t s L e e R iv e r s P o lk l i s t s fiv e p ro p o s itio n s the a n ti s la v e r y d e l e - g a te s to the V irg in ia S la v e ry D eb ate of 1832 b a s e d th e ir a tta c k s on the " P e c u lia r In stitu tio n " : 1. S la v e r y is e c o n o m ic a lly u n d e s ir a b le . 2. S la v e r y is a m o r a l evil. 3. S la v e ry is a d a n g e r to the public sa fe ty . 4. S la v e ry w ill d e s tr o y the Union. 5. The l e g i s la t u r e h a s the a u th o rity to a b o lis h s la v e p r o p e r ty . M o st of th e s e p r o p o s itio n s w e re b a s e d upon a s s u m p tio n s w hich i re f le c te d th e in flu e n ce of the N a tu ra l R ights of M an p h ilo so p h y o r upon i the c o n c e p ts of C a lv in is tic C h r is tia n ity . The type of su p p o rtin g m a t e - ! r ia l e m p lo y e d v a r i e d w ith the p u rp o s e of the a rg u m e n t w h ic h it ! 5 I s u p p o rte d . j i H a r o ld P . S a m p so n ta k e s a s the p u rp o se of h is s tu d y , "T he j ; ! | Speaking C a r e e r of J o s h u a R eed G id d in g s, " to " a p p r a is e the a n ti- j I I s la v e r y sp e a k in g of J o s h u a R eed G iddings. " " F r o m the a n a ly s is of j | j I the s e le c te d s p e e c h e s tw o m a j o r th e m e s p re v a ile d : (1) T he U nited ^ L e e R iv e rs P o lk , "An A n a ly s is of A r g u m e n ta tio n in the V i r g in ia S la v e ry D e b a te of 1832" (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , P u rd u e 14 I i S ta te s G o v e rn m e n t had no ju r is d ic tio n o v e r s la v e r y ; (2) holding s la v e s ^nd s u p p o rtin g s la v e r y w as a s in . " I i In dev elo p in g th e f i r s t th e m e s ta te d a b o v e , G iddings u s e d s e v e r a l s u b o rd in a te id e a s . T hey w e re : s la v e r y w as a s ta te is s u e a s e v id e n c e d by the C o n stitu tio n ; the f e d e r a l g o v e rn m e n t w as in e r r o r w hen th e y s u p p o rte d the sla v e tra d e ; th e N orth sh o u ld not be c o m p e lle d to s u p p o rt, f in a n c ia lly o r a n y o th e r w ay, the s o u th e r n s la v e h o ld e r s o r any of t h e i r a c tio n s ; e x te n s io n of s la v e r y th ro u g h a n n e x a tio n w as w rong; the la w of n a tio n s , r e g a r d ing h o lding of s la v e s , m u s t be upheld. T he se c o n d th e m e s ta te d above w as d e v e lo p e d by G iddings th ro u g h the u s e of s e v e r a l s u b o rd in a te id e a s . T hey in cluded: m a n w a s not p r o p e r ty ; the t r e a tm e n t of s la v e s in the D i s tr i c t of C o lu m b ia w a s in h u m a n e ; and m a n m u s t re s p o n d to the " h ig h e r law . " L e s s e r id e a s in c lu d e d c o m p re h e n s iv e u s e of p r e v a ilin g c o n te m p o r a r y e v e n ts . G iddings sk illfu lly e m p lo y e d e v e n ts , s u c h as: the F l o r i d a W a r, p a y m e n t of f e d e r a l m o n e y to s la v e h o ld e r s w hen th e y h a d lo s t s la v e s , the O re g o n q u e stio n , a n n e x a tio n i s s u e s , the M e x ic a n W a r, e n a c tm e n t of th e C o m p ro m is e M e a s u r e s , the F u g i tive Slave L aw (w hich he d e c la r e d w as "co n c e iv e d in sin and l i t e r a l ly b ro u g h t fo rth in in iq u ity " ), and p r e s id e n tia l n o m in a tio n s and e le c tio n s . T he e v id e n c e h e u s e d in h is s p e e c h e s c a m e out of h is e a r l y life and i tr a in in g . "He r e lie d v e r y h e a v ily upon h i s t o r i c a l f a c t, le g a l p r in c i- 6 ‘ p ie s , and r e lig io u s but n o t b ib lic a l r e f e r e n c e s . M ax in e M . S c h n itz e r, "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly s is of the A n ti- i S la v e ry S peaking of C a s s iu s M . C lay of K en tu c k y , " ta k e s a s th e p u r p o s i i of h e r s tu d y , "to e x a m in e the sp e ak in g of C lay w ith r e f e r e n c e to both j I i i n tr in s i c and e x tr in s ic a s p e c ts of the sp e a k in g s itu a tio n ." C a s s iu s C la ^ 6 H a r o ld P . S a m p so n , "T he A n tis la v e ry Speaking of J o s h u a R eed G id d in g s" (u n p u b lish ed P h . D. d i s s e r ta t io n , S o u th e rn Illin o is U n iv e rs ity , J u n e , 1966). 15 jspoke out p lain ly and u n c o m p ro m is in g ly on the su b je c t of s la v e ry ; b a s ing h is fig h t on the e c o n o m ic a rg u m e n t in s te a d of on m o r a l g ro u n d s as did m o s t n o r th e r n a b o litio n is ts . S c h n itz e r m a k e s a s ig n ific a n t point i about th e co n d itio n of the s o u th e rn m in d d u rin g the a n te - b e llu m p e rio d and in d ic a te s a f a ilu r e in a u d ie n c e a n a ly s is : C lay m a d e the m is ta k e of c o n c e n tra tin g on w hat he c o n s id e r e d to be the p o s itiv e a ttr ib u te s of h is p r o p o s a ls w holly ig n o rin g the b a s ic o r ie n ta tio n of h is l i s t e n e r s . The n o n -s la v e h o ld in g w hite p o p u latio n did not w ant to e lim in a te s la v e r y . In a k in d of c h ild lik e , r o m a n tic , id e a lis m th ey sa w th e m s e lv e s a s lin k e d with the s la v e h o ld e r s in c o lo r , a n c e s tr y , and i n te r e s t s ; th e y h o n e s tly b e lie v e d , in m a n y in s ta n c e s , th a t in tim e th ey o r t h e i r c h ild r e n w ould b e c o m e s la v e o w n e rs an d jo in the ra n k s of the g e n try . As long a s th e r e w e re N eg ro s la v e s , t h e i r own s ta tu s a s w hite p e r so n s w as m o r e s e c u r e . C lay a p p a re n tly did not fu lly u n d e rs ta n d th is m o tiv a tio n o r p e rh a p s did not r e a liz e the in te n s ity w ith w hich it w as e n tr e n c h e d in the m in d s of s o u th e r n n o n -s la v e h o ld in g w h ite s. C o n se q u e n tly , f o r the m o s t p a r t , h is e c o n o m ic c o n s id e r a tio n s fe ll on deaf e a r s . R e g a r d le s s of w h e re he spoke, C la y 's m e s s a g e r e m a in e d b a s ic a lly the s a m e - - " t h e in s titu tio n of s la v e r y w a r s on the rig h ts and p r iv ile g e s of a | 7 m a jo r ity of w hite s o u th e r n e r s ." ; I B e tty L . F la d e la n d found in h e r stu d y , " J a m e s G ille s p ie Birney!: E x p o n en t of P o litic a l A ction A g a in s t S la v e r y ," th at h e r s u b je c t r e s t e d j | h is a tta c k a g a in s t s la v e r y on fo u r id e a s : j 1. S la v e ry o rig in a te d and is m a in ta in e d by a v io le n c e u tte r ly j at v a ria n c e w ith the s p i r i t of th e G o sp el. M axine M a rie S c h n itz e r, "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly s is of th e A n ti- S la v e ry S peaking of C a s s iu s M . C lay of K en tu ck y " (u n p u b lish ed P h . D. d i s s e r ta t io n , M ic h ig a n State U n iv e rs ity , 1962). ; ' ' “........' " ...... i6 i 2. It w r e s ts f r o m one g ro u p , w ithout fa u lt on t h e i r p a r t, the f r u i ts of th e ir to il, w hich it g iv e s to a n o th e r gro u p . 3. It s tu p e fie s and b e n u m b s the m in d a n d c o n s c ie n c e s of its s u b je c ts to the e x c lu s io n of know ledge of God o r any p r e p a r a tio n fo r life to co m e . 4. It b r e e d s in th o se who m a in ta in it in d o le n c e , d ia b o lic a l p a s s io n s , d e a d n e s s to m e r c y and j u s tic e , and c o n te m p t f o r t h e i r fe llo w c r e a tu r e s .® P a t r i c k C u r tis K e n n ic o tt, in h is study, "N e g ro A n tis la v e ry S p e a k e rs in A m e r ic a , " a tte m p te d to a s s e s s B la c k c o n trib u tio n s to the a n ti - s l a v e r y c r u s a d e . C ogent and s ti r r i n g a rg u m e n ts in cluded: 1. S c r ip tu r a l a u th o rity to p ro v e the d ig n ity of a ll m e n . 2. "T h e life of M o s e s p ro v id e d a co n tin u ed s o u rc e of in s p ir a tio n to N e g ro c o n g re g a tio n s a s th e y sought lib e r ty . " 3. "T h e A m e r ic a n c o n stitu tio n w as u s u a lly r e v e r e d a s the B ible by b la c k p r e a c h e r s who built a rg u m e n ts a g a in s t s la v e r y . C iting the D e c la ra tio n of In d e p e n d e n c e , the C o n s titu tio n , the B ill of R ights and the s a c r i f i c e s A m e r ic a n N e g ro e s h ad m ad e to m a k e the tru th s of the d o c u m e n ts a le g a l r e a lity , N eg ro m i n i s t e r s c o n s is te n tly m a in ta in e d that b la c k A m e ric a n s w e r e a s e n title d to fu ll f r e e d o m in A m e r ic a a s t h e ir white b r e t h r e n . " 4. " M o ra l a r g u m e n ts p e r m e a te d a n tis la v e r y p re a c h in g f r o m the N e g ro p u lpit. " The im m o r a lity of "mam s te a lin g " w as v iv id ly d e p ic te d . "And N e g ro e s th e m s e lv e s w e re w a rn e d th a t c o m p la c e n c y to the p lig h t of t h e i r r a c e w as a s in of g r e a t m a g n itu d e ." i B e tty L . F la d e la n d , " J a m e s G ille sp ie B irn e y : E x p o n en t of P o litic a l A ctio n A g a in s t S la v e ry " (unpublished P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of M ic h ig a n , 1952). | 5. " N e g ro p a s t o r s , b e lie v in g th at the m o r a l e le v a tio n of t h e i r p eo p le w as a n o th e r s te p along the ro a d to fre e d o m and e q u a lity , c o n s is te n tly p lea d e d w ith t h e i r people to le a d liv e s th a t m ig h t w ith sta n d the c r i t ic a l o b s e rv a tio n of w h ites who lo o k ed c a re f u lly f o r any fla w th a t could be u s e d to s u b s ta n tia te t h e i r c o n ten tio n th at N e g ro e s w e re in h e r e n tly d e g ra d e d and in f e r io r to w hite p e o p le . " 6. " S la v e ry w as in d ic te d a s the p ro d u c t of p r e ju d ic e , a b la ta n t s u r r e n d e r of th e w hite m a n to the e v ils of slo th an d in te m p e r a n c e . . . . " 7. " N e g ro s p e a k e r s a r tic u la te d the r ig h ts - o f - m a n philosophy and p ro u d ly e s ta b lis h e d the fa c t th a t t h e i r f a t h e r s fought b e s id e w hite m e n in th e A m e ric a n R ev o lu tio n to m a k e the tr u th s of the d e c la r a tio n a r e a lity . " 8. N e g ro e s a rg u e d th a t bondage e n c o u ra g e s in d o le n c e am ong s la v e s , rob b in g th e m of e n e rg y and in itia tiv e . G iven lib e r ty and a f a i r w ag e, th e y m a in ta in e d , N e g ro e s w ould b e c o m e m o r e p ro d u c tiv e and th ey and t h e i r f o r m e r m a s t e r s w ould s u b s e q u e n tly r e a p a g r e a t e r h a r v e s t ." Im p lic itly s ta te d a r g u m e n ts w e re a d v a n c e d by the v e r y e x is te n c e of N e g ro a n tis la v e r y s p e a k e r s : F i r s t , the p r e s e n c e of N e g ro s p o k e s m e n on the a b o litio n p la tf o r m s d e m o n s tr a te d c o n c lu s iv e ly th at N e g ro e s w e re not s a tis fie d w ith t h e i r s ta tu s in A m e r ic a n s o c ie ty , a ll of the a r g u m e n ts f r o m S o u th e rn s la v e h o ld e r s and th e ir s y m p a th iz e r s n o tw ith sta n d in g . S econdly, the e lo q u e n c e of N e g ro a n tis la v e r y o r a t o r s gave c o n c r e te p ro o f to the a s s e r t i o n th at N e g ro e s d e s e r v e d to be c o n s id e r e d e q u a l in in n ate a b ility w ith w h ites. T h ird ly , the p o w e rfu l in flu e n ce of N egro s p e a k e r s p ro v e d th a t the r a c e c o u ld and did p ro d u c e e ffe c tiv e l e a d e r s who w e re re a d y , w illin g , an d c a p a b le of le a d in g t h e ir p eo p le to a c c e p t the r e s p o n s ib ilitie s of the f r e e d o m th e y w e re d em an d in g . But m o s t im p o r ta n t of a ll w as th e fa c t th a t N e g ro s p e a k e r s b ro u g h t s l a v e r y - - i t s b u r d e n s and c r u e ltie s and h o p e le s s n e s s and s c a r s - - t o the p eo p le IN PE R S O N w ith h e ig h te n e d p a th o s . . . b la c k m e n did m o r e th a n te ll th e s to ry ; th ey w e r e the s to ry . 18 [Kennicott c o n c lu d e s th at "the im p a c t of the a n ti s la v e r y c r u s a d e would 9 have b e e n sig n ific a n tly l e s s " w ithout N e g ro s p e a k e r s . i S u m m a ry The fo llo w in g , th en , w e re so m e of the e s s e n tia l p o s tu la te s a g a in s t s la v e ry : 1. S la v e ry is a m o r a l e v il. M an is not p r o p e r ty . The " h ig h e r law m u s t be a d h e re d to. S la v e ry b e n u m b s the m in d s and c o n s c ie n c e s of m a s t e r and s la v e , b re e d in g p a s s io n s , d e a d n e s s to m e r c y and ju s t i c e , and c o n te m p t f o r the h u m an co n d itio n . Of c o u rs e , s c r i p t u r a l a u th o rity w as u s e d to p ro v e th e d ig n ity of a ll m e n . N e g ro e s w e re u rg e d to c o m m it t h e ir liv e s to the re d e m p tio n of th e ir ra c e : fa ilu re to do so w as a g r e a t sin . N e g ro e s u rg e d t h e i r b r e th r e n to le a d m o r a l liv e s , re m o v in g p r o s la v e r y a rg u m e n ts of N e g ro in f e r io r ity and in h e r e n t d e g e n e ra c y . 2. S la v e ry is e c o n o m ic a lly u n d e s ir a b le an d im m o r a l. It w r e s ts f r o m one gro u p the f r u i ts of t h e i r to il, w hich it g iv es to a n o th e r. The N e g ro a s a f r e e l a b o r e r would m a k e a g r e a t e r h a r v e s t p o s s ib le . S la v e ry lo w e re d the e c o n o m ic le v e l of the w hite m a n and ro b b e d the sla v e of e n e rg y and in itia tiv e , e n c o u ra g in g in d o le n c e . . 3. S la v e ry is a d a n g e r to the public sa fe ty . 4. S la v e ry w ill d e s tr o y th e U nion. ! i 5. The le g is la tu r e h as the a u th o rity to a b o lis h sla v e p r o p e r ty .' 6. S la v e ry is a sin . The B ible and re lig io u s a rg u m e n ts w e re | a d v a n c e d in su p p o rt of th is a rg u m e n t. 9 P a t r i c k C u rtis K en n ico tt, " N e g ro A n tis la v e ry S p e a k e rs in A m e r ic a " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , F l o r i d a State U n iv e rs ity , 1967). 19 7. The D e c la r a tio n of In d ep e n d e n c e, the C o n stitu tio n , and the I B ill of R ig h ts, a s w ell a s the B ib le , w e r e u s e d to ju s tify i ' e q u a l t r e a tm e n t f o r a ll m en . ' j i 8. S la v e ry w a s a p ro d u c t of p re ju d ic e a n d an a d m is s io n of i slo th and in te m p e r a n c e . ] T h a d d e u s S tev en s: C o n sta n ce of A b o litio n is t F e r v o r B y c o m p a r is o n w ith Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , T h a d d e u s S te v e n s' a b o litio n is t v iew s w e re h e ld th ro u g h o u t h is life . It is im p o r ta n t to n o te , a s w e ll, th a t h is a ttitu d e w as alw ay s u n c o m p r o m is in g on the i is s u e of s la v e r y , f u r t h e r d iffe re n tia tin g h im f r o m Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , th e m a n w hose own view s to w a rd s la v e r y s p a n n e d the s p e c tr u m , to u c h ing a t m a n y p o in ts , a s s u m in g s e v e r a l p o s tu r e s . F u r t h e r in sig h t m ig h t be gain ed into H a le , th e n , by c itin g the in flu e n c e s w hich h e lp e d to sh ape the a ttitu d e s of S te v e n s , in c o m p a r i- | son the the ch an g e in a ttitu d e s H ale w ro u g h t f o r h im s e lf , by h im s e lf , ! I ! an d , m o s t im p o r ta n tly , of h im s e lf . I : i R a y m o n d W. T y so n , "T h e C o n g r e s s io n a l S peaking of T h a d d e u s I | j S te v e n s, " g a in s ju s t su c h in sig h t in d e te r m in in g the e ff e c tiv e n e s s of j ! I I :his s u b je c t's sp e ak in g . ; i The n e a r p o v e rty of h is youth gave h im s y m p a th y w ith the d o w n -tro d d e n and p e r s e c u te d . . . . T h e r e a p p e a r s to be s u ffi- j | c ie n t e v id e n c e to s u p p o rt the a s s u m p tio n th a t h is life -lo n g b a ttle f o r the N e g ro c o u ld be a ttr ib u te d to a s e n s itiv ity an d a c o m p a s sio n w hich g re w out of h is own childhood. H is own p h y s ic a l h a n d ic a p s o b v io u sly p la y e d a p a r t in s h a p ing h is o u tlook to w a rd m in o r ity g ro u p s , a s w e ll a s giving a c a s t to h is p e rs o n a lity . H e w as d o u r, g ru ff, an d c y n ic a l. ! | A s a y o u n g s te r , he w as d e n ie d n o r m a l p h y s ic a l a c tiv ity i b e c a u s e o£ h is clubfoot; and a t a l a t e r a g e , h is to ta l b a ld n e s s w hile s till a young mam ad d ed a n o th e r p re v e n tiv e to p a rtic ip a tio n in a n o r m a l s o c ia l a tm o s p h e r e . The s tru g g le fo r m a t e r i a l w e a lth , w hich m a r k e d a good p o rtio n of S te v e n s 's life , c a n be t r a c e d to h is d e s ir e to e s c a p e f r o m the d e p riv a tio n s w h ich he and h is fa m ily w e r e s u b je c te d to. He w as an in v e te r a te foe of any c a s te o r c la s s d is tin c tio n s b a s e d on h e r e d ity o r in h e r ite d w e a lth . M any of h is s p e e c h e s c o n ta in e d sc a th in g r e f e r e n c e s to p r iv ile g e d g ro u p s , p a r t i c u l a r l y to a lan d e d a r i s t o c r a c y . A la r g e p a r t of h is a n ta g o n is m to w a rd the South s te m m e d f r o m th is d e e p ly ro o te d p r e ju d ic e , a p r e ju d ic e th a t w as a le g a c y f r o m h is own y o uthful e n v iro n m e n t. But S te v e n s ' e a r l y tra in in g w a s r e f le c te d in h is s p e e c h e s in a n o th e r w ay. H is m o th e r w as a w om an of g r e a t p ie ty an d an a d h e re n t of C a lv in is m . A t D a rtm o u th C ollege h e c a m e u n d e r the in flu en ce of C a lv in is t d o c tr in e . The in flu en ce of th is tr a in in g is e v id e n t in h is s p e e c h e s . H is th e m e d u rin g the w a r and a f t e r w as e s s e n tia lly th a t the South should be p u n ish e d , th a t ju s tic e o u t w eighed m e r c y . S te v e n s ' h o s tility to w a rd the South w as b a s e d in p a r t on th is p h ilo so p h y . It w as no a c c id e n t th a t th e m a j o r it y of h is B ib lic a l a llu s io n s w e r e f r o m the Old T e s ta m e n t; he w as c a l l ing on the Old T e s ta m e n t J e h o v a h , the God of p u n ish m e n t. In m a n y w ays S te v en s w as a liv in g re fle c tio n of the N ew E n g la n d c o n s c ie n c e ; he w a s a c tu a lly s o m e th in g of a P u r it a n ty r a n t. A n o th e r C a lv in is t b e lie f th a t S tev en s e x p r e s s e d in h is s p e e c h e s w as th a t m a n is by n a tu r e in h e re n tly e v il. He b e lie v e d m a n c a n n o t and w ill n o t r e f o r m h im s e lf . T h e r e f o r e , he n e e d s o u tsid e a id to e lim in a te th e e v il w ithin h is and the e v ils of h is so c ie ty . To S te v e n s , th a t m e a n t s tr in g e n t le g a l e n a c tm e n ts to confine the b e h a v io r of m a n . A g r e a t d e a l of the p u n itive l e g i s la tio n th a t S tev en s f o s t e r e d a g a in s t the s ta te s th a t had s e c e d e d I s p ra n g f r o m th is point of view . B rie fly , no su c h s e a r in g f a c t o r s w e re e v id e n t in H a le 's p la s tic i y e a r s , n o r w e r e s u c h c o m p u ls iv e a g e n c ie s an in te g r a l p a r t of Jo h n 10 R ay m o n d W. T y so n , "T h e C o n g re s s io n a l Speaking of T h a d d e u s S te v e n s " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , P u r d u e U n iv e rs ity 1961). iH ale's p e rs o n a lity . W hile no a tte m p t at a p s y c h ia tric c o m p a r is o n b etw een the two a b o litio n is ts s h a ll be a tte m p te d , it s e e m s a lto g e th e r ! s a fe to s a y th a t e a c h p ro v id e s a s u ita b le p e r s o n a lity p ro file by w hich to stu d y the o th e r . C o n clu sio n : B a c k d ro p and C o m p a ris o n s H a r o ld L e w is L a w so n , "T he S peaking of W illia m H. Sew ard: 18 4 5-1861, " c o n c e r n s h im s e lf not only w ith the m a n and h is s p e e c h e s but with th e m o v e m e n ts and a ttitu d e s w hich in flu e n ce d h im a s w e ll as the a u d ie n c e s w hich he sought to in flu e n c e , p ro v id in g the r o s t r u m f r o m w hich the a n ta g o n is ts a d d r e s s e d the n a tio n on s la v e r y . P u r s u a n t to h is s tu d y 's p u r p o s e , the a ttitu d e s of th e " A n te -B e llu m A m e r ic a n s " w hich "w ould h a v e in flu e n c e d the sp e ak in g and th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s of W illia m S e w a rd " w e r e g iv en , p ro v id in g a b a c k w a rd g lan ce a t the i p o diu m f r o m w hich P r o - S l a v e r y and A n ti-S la v e ry P r e c e p t s w e re j | propounded: I 1. The n a tio n w as p a s s in g th ro u g h a p e rio d of u n p a ra lle le d g ro w th and e x p a n sio n , but w as a ls o w itn e s s in g the d e v e l- j o p m en t of s e c tio n a lis m and d e m o c r a tic and h u m a n ita r ia n j s t i r r i n g s . I i 2. T h e s e s t i r r i n g s o r " i s m s " k e p t the N o rth in a s ta te of ; p e rp e tu a l u n r e s t. Its c itiz e n s w e re re a d ily re c e p tiv e to | the a p p e a l of th e m a s s m o v e m e n t. The South r e m a in e d j * r e la tiv e ly s ta g n a n t in its g ro w th , and b e c a m e p o s itiv e ly i ! a g g r e s s iv e in the d e fe n se of its " p e c u lia r in s titu tio n " of | s la v e r y , i | 3. The o r a t o r s an d l e a d e r s of the tim e h a d a t t h e i r d is p o s a l | v a rio u s a ttitu d e s of c o h e s iv e , d iv is iv e , an d p e rv a s iv e 22 ; n a tu r e . They found it m u ch e a s i e r to e x p lo it the d iv isiv e \ a ttitu d e s , and th u s c o n trib u te d a m a j o r p a r t to the d e s tr u c tio n of the Union. 4. A ided by the m a n ip u la tio n of the l e a d e r s , so m e s in c e r e and so m e s e e k in g p o litic a l g o a ls , the " is m s " of the N o rth b e c a m e u n ite d a g a in s t a c o m m o n " d e v il" s la v e r y . At the s a m e t im e , the s o u th e rn l e a d e r s w e re c o n v e rtin g the N o rth into th e ir "d ev il. " O nce th e s e m o v e m e n ts w e re fu lly u n d e r w ay, the c o n flict of th e s ta te s r e a lly did b e c o m e i r r e p r e s s i b l e in n a tu r e . L a w so n s ta te s th a t it w as a f a ilu r e on S e w a rd 's p a r t that In c o m m o n w ith m a n y of the o th e r N o r th e r n l e a d e r s , he p la y e d a m a j o r p a r t in u n itin g the v a rio u s " i s m s " into a unified a n t i - s l a v e r y fro n t, w hich d e s p ite h is h e r o ic l a s t- m in u te e ffo rts a t c o m p r o m is e , le d to the v e ry " I r r e p r e s s i b l e C o n flic t" w hich he h a d p r o p h e s i e d .^ T he c o m p a r is o n b e tw e en S tevens and H a le , th en , r e v e a ls r e m a r k a b le d if f e r e n c e s , h ig h lig h tin g the a tt r a c t iv e n e s s of p u rsu in g the fo o ts te p s H ale took in sh iftin g p o sitio n s; the a n ta g o n is ts ' view give i gu id an ce to th a t "ch a n g e of m in d ." 11 H a r o ld L e w is L a w so n , "T he S peaking of W illia m H. S ew ard: 18 4 5 -1 8 6 1 " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , O hio State U n iv e rs ity , 1967). [ C H A P T E R III I j I i | M ETH O D O LO G Y The m e th o d o lo g y u s e d in th is study w as d e riv e d f r o m the nature: * i ' i : of th e r e s e a r c h p ro b le m and the c h a r a c t e r of the d a ta . The g e n e ra l j ! i jp ro b le m w as to u n d e rta k e to tr a c e the p r o c e s s e s by w hich Jo h n P a r k e r j H ale s h ifte d f r o m o u tsp o k e n a n ti- a b o litio n is t in 1835 to le a d in g spokes-j [man f o r th e a b o litio n c r u s a d e by 1852. The d a ta c o m p r is e s a m p le s of j ■ H a le 's public a d d r e s s e s (52), public l e t t e r s (4), and p riv a te l e t te r s : | j(81), plus v a rio u s o th e r h i s t o r ic a l r e c o r d s . I J No c u s to m a r y r e s e a r c h m e th o d could be u s e d a s a m o d e l, e. g. , j j the p ro p o s e d ta s k w as not p u re ly h i s t o r ic a l a n a ly s is , r h e to r ic a l ! [ c r itic is m , o r c lin ic a l c a s e stu d y , although e le m e n ts of a ll th r e e w e re ! I [involved. F u r t h e r m o r e , one m a j o r in te n tio n w as to ap ply n o n q u a n ti- j tativ e m e th o d s to s e v e r a l q u e s tio n s u s u a lly stu d ie d by q u a n tita tiv e m e th o d s . T h e r e f o r e , it w as r e a liz e d in ad v an ce th a t th e o v e ra ll d e sig n and so m e of the te c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s w ould h a v e to be " c r e a te d " by the in v e s tig a to r and h is d i s s e r ta t io n c h a ir m a n . 23 24 S e lec tin g a P e r s o n f o r Study ! The f i r s t s te p w as the s e le c tio n of a p e r s o n who w ould qualify j as a s u ita b le s u b je c t f o r the p ro je c te d study. The follow ing c r i t e r i a w e re applied: (1) He should be an A m e r ic a n of so m e h i s to r ic a l i m p o r ta n c e ; (2) who w as f a r enough re m o v e d in tim e to im p ro v e s c h o la r ly o b jec tiv ity ; (3) who m a d e n u m e ro u s public s p e e c h e s and a u th o re d other! f o r m s of public c o m m u n ic a tio n s ; (4) who w as a p ro lific l e t te r w r i te r , j i ! f [e sp e c ia lly l e t t e r s of a p riv a te o r e v en in tim a te p e rs o n a l n a tu re ; ( 5) i i : j ! |who u n d e rw e n t a r a d ic a l change of a ttitu d e s o r b e lie fs on an is s u e of j i |deep p e rs o n a l and s o c ia l s ig n ific a n c e ; (6) w hose v a rio u s kinds of c o m - j m u n ic a tio n s w e re a v a ila b le in w ritte n fo r m in r a t h e r la r g e quantity; j i and (7) w hose c a r e e r w as d e s c r ib e d by at l e a s t one s c h o la r ly and w ell i d o c u m e n ted b io g ra p h y . Jo h n P a r k e r H ale s e e m e d to m e e t a ll of th e s e c r i t e r i a to a s a tis f a c to r y d e g re e . C onducting a P ilo t Study T he se c o n d s te p w as the m ak in g of a p ilot stu d y d u rin g w hich fo u r e s s e n tia l ta s k s w e r e p e rf o r m e d . A s e a r c h w as m a d e to e n s u re th at a d e q u ate p r im a r y d a ta w e re a v a ila b le , e .g . , c o p ie s of H a le 's public s p e e c h e s an d p riv a te le t te r s . T his s e a r c h w as c o n d u cted by c o rr e s p o n d e n c e and by v is its to lo ca l ( i .e . , S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia ) l i b r a r i e s s in c e the r e s e a r c h e r 's fin a n c ia l r e s o u r c e s co uld not c o v e r p e rs o n a l v is its to l i b r a r i e s , m u s e u m s , o r 25 o th e r r e p o s i to r i e s in New E n g la n d w h e re it w as a n tic ip a te d th at m o s t of the d a ta w ould p ro b a b ly be h o u se d . F u r t h e r m o r e , th e r e w e re gaps in the d a ta a n d d e la y s in s e c u rin g X e ro x c o p ie s . Such d iffic u ltie s w e re e n c o u n te re d b u t w e re a d e q u a te ly o v e rc o m e , a s is d e s c r ib e d in the follow ing s e c tio n . j M e an w h ile , s e v e r a l d o c u m e n ts a lr e a d y on han d w e re a n a ly z e d j I to s e e if H a le 's in itia l and fin a l public p o sitio n s on s la v e r y and r e la te d j i | j is s u e s could be d e lin e a te d and a u th e n tic a te d ; it w as found th at th ey ! i | ! could be so lid ly e s ta b lis h e d . At th is point the r e s e a r c h p ro b le m could ! \ i i ; ]be c ru d e ly put, "How did H ale g et f ro m h y a r to t h a r ? " , | ! : A s a d d itio n a l d a ta b eg an to a c c u m u la te , the c ru d e p ro b le m I j | [ s ta te m e n t h a d to be m ad e m o re sp e c ific in o r d e r to p ro v id e at le a s t a few g u id e lin e s n e c e s s a r y f o r c a r r y in g out the n e x t s te p s in the j r e s e a r c h . A half do zen su ch g u id e lin e s co uld be te n ta tiv e ly e s ta b lis h e d and p u rs u e d . It b e c a m e c l e a r that th e s e te n ta tiv e lin e s of in q u iry could e v e n tu a lly be re fin e d into a s a tis f a c to r y d e s ig n f o r the study. I A fo u rth n e c e s s ity w as to te s t the f e a s ib ility of dedu cin g so m e of H a le 's in tr a -in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s f r o m h is p e rs o n a l c o r r e s pondence o r o th e r p r i m a r y d a ta . A p r e l i m i n a r y a n a ly s is of two l e t te r s f r o m H a le to M rs . H ale in d ic a te d th a t he did in d e e d r e p o r t so m e of h is in n e r d ia lo g u e s r e g a r d in g m a t t e r s r e le v a n t to h is c o n v ic tio n s r e g a r d ing s la v e r y . T h e r e f o r e , the r e s u l ts of the p ilot stu d y p ro v id e d m o re th an j I enough e n c o u ra g e m e n t to ju s tify a f u ll - s c a le a tta c k . G a th e rin g of the M a te r ia ls T he " f u ll- s c a le a tta c k " w as s ta r te d by an a ll- o u t a s s a u lt on i s o u r c e s of m a t e r i a l . T he C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e , s u b s e q u e n tly the C o n g r e s s io n a l R e c o rd , w as the p rin c ip a l s o u rc e of H a le 's public ! j u t te r a n c e s . The L i b r a r y of C o n g re s s p ro v id e d d ire c tio n to m ic ro film s) | of th o se s p e e c h e s o rig in a lly r e p o r te d in the D o v e r G a z e tte and He r a id j ! 1 | of F r e e d o m n e w s p a p e r s . P u b lic u tte r a n c e s m e a n t by H a le to be p r i - | , I m a r i ly i n t e r c o m m u n ic a tiv e in n a tu r e (though a s p e a k e r is h is own j a u d ie n c e , a s w ell) w e re u s e d to d e te r m in e th e s te p s ta k e n in sh iftin g ; ! I ! p o s itio n s r e g a r d in g the a b o litio n of s la v e r y , a s w e ll a s d e te rm in in g the S e n a to r 's o r ig in a l and fin a l p o s itio n s r e g a r d in g th is is s u e . A w e a lth of p r iv a te and q u a s i- p r iv a te m a t e r i a l s w as a ls o a v a ila b le . The r e c e n tly founded c o lle c tio n of the Jo h n P a r k e r H ale P a p e r s at D a r tm o u th C o llege w as an im p o r ta n t s o u r c e of o r ig in a l m a n u s c r ip ts , R ic h a rd R olfe of C o n c o rd , N ew H a m p s h ir e , w as r e s p o n s ib le f o r t u r n ing o v e r th e s e m a t e r i a l s , n e v e r b e fo re a v a ila b le to s c h o la r s . K enneth C r a m e r , a r c h i v is t at B a k e r M e m o r ia l L i b r a r y , w a s m o s t help fu l in p ro v id in g c o p ie s of th e s e p r e c io u s d o c u m e n ts (32), th ough it w as se v e n long m o n th s b e fo re he could c a ta lo g u e th e m and s e n d th e m on th e ir w ay. T h is ta s k w a s d e la y e d by the c o lle g e 's c e n te n n ia l c e le b r a tio n , re q u ir in g 2 7 ; i i m ic r o f ilm s of a ll c o rre s p o n d e n c e and d o c u m e n ts r e le v a n t to the fo u n d -1 ing of the sc h o o l, and by "th e C ollege o p e ra tin g a t ab o u t 40% c a p a c ity i ' ! i (because of s tu d e n t in v o lv e m e n t in p r o t e s t a g a in s t the V ie tn a m W ar. " j ) I |M any w e re the m o m e n ts w hen it w as a lm o s t im p o s s ib le to deny the i I : ‘te m p ta tio n of p ro c e e d in g w ith the d i s s e r ta t io n w ith o u t the D a rtm o u th , i j P a p e r s . The g r e a t e r te m p ta tio n of w o rk in g w ith f r e s h m a t e r i a l s , jh o w e v e r, led to n u m e ro u s l e t te r s and tele p h o n e c a lls to d e te r m in e the ; ; i i j n a tu r e of the m a t e r i a l s and th e ir a v a ila b ility . F o r o n c e , one who i 1 iw aited w as a ls o s e rv e d . i ! T he N ew H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety h a s an in v alu a b le c o l- j le c tio n of H ale P a p e r s . M r s . N. B. L a c y , M a n u s c r ip t L i b r a r ia n , was; i tre m e n d o u s ly h e lp fu l in p ro v id in g the n e c e s s a r y g u id an ce th ro u g h the l ; c o lle c tio n , and in fo rw a rd in g d e s ir e d c o p ie s of m a n u s c r ip ts . The M in n e s o ta H is to r ic a l S o c iety p ro v id e d c o p ie s of a few l e t t e r s w hich w e r e s ig n ific a n t in re v e a lin g a n u m b e r of key th o ughts ! n e c e s s a r y to u n d e rs ta n d in g the n a tu r e of the p r o c e s s by w hich H ale I I : j "ch a n g e d h is m in d " r e g a r d in g the a b o litio n of s la v e r y . J ! O th e r c o lle c tio n s of im p o rta n c e w e re the F r a n k lin P i e r c e P a p e r s a t L o y o la U n iv e rs ity , L o s A n g e le s , the S alm o n P . C h a se P a p e r s a t T he H is to r ic a l S o ciety of P e n n s y lv a n ia , the C h a r le s S u m n e r C o lle c tio n a t the H oughton L i b r a r y , H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity , and the M oses M . D av is P a p e r s a t the S tate H is to r ic a l S o c iety of W isc o n sin . T h e se p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l s w e re r e a d and r e - r e a d ; v a rio u s \ s t r e a tm e n ts w e re a p p lie d to the d a ta , a s p re v io u s ly m e n tio n e d . j One fin al note; Sew ell w as r e lie d upon a s a s e c o n d a ry s o u rc e j jfor p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l s w hich co uld n o t be g ain e d by c o rre s p o n d e n c e i !(the A m e ric a n A n tiq u a ria n S o ciety , f o r e x a m p le , w as unable to d u p li- | i c a te c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l s su c h a s s o m e n e w s p a p e rs o v e r a c e n tu ry old). | It h a s b een r e m a r k e d upon b e fo re th a t S e w e ll's b io g ra p h y is in d eed ! I s c h o la r ly and w ell d o c u m e n ted . i ! i I j ! [ P la n n in g the O v e r a ll D esig n ; i In a tta c k in g r e s e a r c h w h e re th e r e is no c o n v e n ie n t m ethodologi-t c a l m o d e l w hich c a n be b o rro w e d o r a d a p te d f r o m p re v io u s s tu d ie s , j p e rh a p s the g r e a t e s t d ifficu lty is th e e a r l y fe e lin g th a t at l e a s t h alf a d o z e n n e c e s s a r y ta s k s m u s t a ll be a c c o m p lis h e d " f i r s t ." In the p re s e n t in s ta n c e th is d ile m m a r e s u lte d in c o n s tr u c tin g a f i r s t d e sig n , follow ing it in te n s iv e ly f o r s e v e r a l w e e k s , th e n a lm o s t c o m p le te ly re d e sig n in g the stu d y in lig h t of n ew d a ta , and s ta r tin g a n o th e r p e rio d of in te n siv e t r i a l . C o n se q u e n tly the fin a l p lan u s e d in th is m a n u s c r ip t r e p r e s e n ts the th ir d o r fo u rth m a j o r r e v is io n . The s a lie n t f e a tu r e s of th is final d e s ig n a r e d e s c r ib e d in the r e m a in d e r of th is c h a p te r. H a le 's I n tr a - in te r in d iv id u a l C o m m u n ic a tio n s The m o s t su b tle and v ita l m e th o d o lo g ic a l ta s k w as the d ev isin g of te c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s by w hich to c a te g o r iz e d a ta in t e r m s of 29 H a le 's c o m m u n ic a tio n s w ithin h im s e lf (in tra ) a s c o n tr a s te d w ith h is i c o m m u n ic a tio n s with o th e r p e r s o n s (in te r). The p r im a r y d a ta c o m p r is e d m o stly H a le 's p r iv a te l e t t e r s . j Ihis p u b lic ("o p en ") l e t t e r s , and the w r itte n r e c o r d s of h is public i Isp e e c h e s. One obvious d ich o to m y w as to c la s s ify th e s e d a ta a s p u b lic / p r iv a te . H o w e v e r, th is did not m e a n th a t a ll of h is p ublic s ta te m e n ts I l jw ere p u re ly " in t e r " o r th a t h is p riv a te l e t te r s w e r e p u re ly " in t r a ." j ;In g e n e r a l, h is public l e t t e r s and s p e e c h e s w e re c o n s id e re d to be p r e - i i 1 ! |d o m in a n tly in te rin d iv id u a l o r " q u a s i- in te r in d iv id u a l." L ik e w ise , p o r - j I i tio n s of h is p r iv a te l e t te r s w e re e v a lu a te d a s b eing p re d o m in a n tly | in tr a -in d iv id u a l o r " q u a s i- in tr a - in d iv id u a l." The fo re g o in g r e m a r k s I I ; |a r e b a s e d on both th e o r e tic a l and e m p i r ic a l g ro u n d s. The th e o r e tic a l ■ f ra m e w o r k is d is c u s s e d im m e d ia te ly below ; the e m p i r ic a l fin dings a r e r e p o r te d in s u b s e q u e n t c h a p te rs . A d is c u s s io n of the d e lic a te w eb of i n te r r e la t io n s am o n g the ! s p o k e n -w ritte n and the p u b lic - p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s in v o lv es an u n d e rly in g th e o ry of the sp e e c h c o m m u n ic a tio n fie ld w hich is d ra w n f r o m the w o rk of M ilton D ick en s and s e v e r a l of h is s tu d e n ts . In his le c t u r e s to g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts , D ic k e n s h a s s t r e s s e d th a t he is p ro p o sin g only a t h e o r e tic a l f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e , n o t a fin a liz e d g e n e ra l th e o ry . In th is s e c tio n the w r i t e r 's in te r p r e ta tio n s o f th is " fr a m e of r e f e r e n c e " a r e confined to th o se a s p e c ts th a t s e e m m o s t p e r tin e n t to the p r e s e n t study.______________________________________________________________ ____________ 30 1 D e fin itio n s of h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n p ro v id e a c o n v e n ie n t ‘ s ta r tin g p o in t. M o st of the n u m e ro u s d e fin itio n s in th e lit e r a tu r e s p e c ify d ir e c tly o r by u n m is ta k a b le im p lic a tio n th at c o m m u n ic a tio n i j 2 (re q u ire s so m e s o r t of s o c ia l in te r a c tio n , i . e . , two o r m o r e p e r s o n s . | j j (The p r e v a le n c e of th is c o n c ep t r e f le c ts a n e g le c t of a t l e a s t one v ita l i j i th e o r e tic a l is s u e : If h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n is to be r e s t r i c t e d to the I ! s o c ia l ( in te r), th e n w hat is to be the th e o r e tic a l s ta tu s of talk in g to | o n e s e lf ( in tr a ) ? S o m e tim e s the is s u e is dodged by " e x p la in in g " th a t j ; j (c e rta in s o c ia l e ffe c ts of c o m m u n ic a tio n s tim u li a r e the r e s u l t of 1 I I ] (unknown " in te rv e n in g v a r i a b le s " o r of h y p o th e tic a l " m e d ia tin g f a c t o r s . 1 ! i | O r the is s u e m a y be dodged by a g re e in g w ith K now er w hen he sa id , ; I "We do not c o n s id e r talk in g to o n e s e lf as a ty p ic a l f o r m of c o m m u n i- ! I 2 j c a tio n ." In c o n tr a s t, D ick en s b e lie v e s th a t c o m m u n ic a tin g w ith o n e - jse lf is th e m o s t ty p ic a l o r a t l e a s t the m o s t p r e v a le n t f o r m of c o m - i m u n ic a tio n ; he p o in ts out th at w h e n e v e r a p e r s o n s p e a k s o r w r ite s to ! (o ther p e o p le , he is a ls o lis te n in g to h im s e lf o r re a d in g w hat he is (putting on p a p e r; and a d d itio n a lly he o ften ta lk s (aloud, o r by m u m b lin g , See f o r e x a m p le a r e c e n t p a p e r w ith a n a ly s is and p a r tia l s y n th e s is of 95 d e fin itio n s f r o m d iffe re n t r e s e a r c h e r s an d th e o r e tic ia n s . F r a n k E . D a n c e , "T h e 'C o n c e p t' of C o m m u n ic a tio n , " J o u r n a l of C o m m u n ic a tio n , XX (Ju n e , 1971), 2 0 1 -2 1 0 . 2 F r a n k li n H. K n o w e r, C h a p te r 7 in The C o m m u n ic a tiv e A r ts and S c ie n c e s of S p e e c h , ed. by K eith B ro o k s (C o lu m b u s, Ohio: C h a r le s E . M e r r i l l B o o k s, 1967), p. 102. 31 o r su b v o c a lly , e tc .) to h im s e lf only. D ic k e n s a s k s , "If talk in g to o n e s e lf is not c o m m u n ic a tio n , th e n w hat is it? " The im p lic a tio n s of jthis q u e s tio n a r e s u g g e ste d by e x a m p le s , su ch a s the public s p e a k e r i ! i !r e h e a r s i n g aloud who is a c c id e n ta lly o v e r h e a r d by so m e o n e in an | ! 1 I I ad jo in in g ro o m ; the s p e a k e r in te n d s to be h e a r d by h im s e lf only but h is j in te n tio n is d e fe a te d . O r c o n s id e r the ra d io a n n o u n c e r u n w ittin g ly italking into a dead m ik e ; h is in te n tio n is to be h e a r d by o th e r people I [ but "due to te c h n ic a l d iffic u ltie s " he is l it e r a ll y talk in g to h im s e lf | jonly. D o es the a c tiv ity of a s p e a k e r , w r i t e r , a c to r , o r b r o a d c a s te r ■ ; su d d e n ly b e c o m e c o m m u n ic a tio n only w hen s o m e o th e r p e rs o n s e e s o r , h e a r s ? D o es su ch b e h a v io r b e c o m e c o m m u n ic a tio n only w hen the | I 3 ! s p e a k e r in te n d s to a ffe c t a n o th e r p e r s o n ( s ) ? , | A m o r e d e fe n sib le p o s itio n is to define h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n so a s to in c lu d e the " in tr a " a s w ell a s the " i n t e r ." D e fin itio n s of th is n a tu r e w e r e p r e s e n te d in the f i r s t c h a p te r. T h e se d e fin itio n s a r e t e n ta tiv e but th ey su g g e st h y p o th e s e s s u ita b le f o r te s tin g . The p r e s e n t study of Jo h n P a r k e r H ale w as d e s ig n e d to t e s t su c h h y p o th e s e s . T h e o r e tic a lly , it w as p o s ite d th a t a ll p e r s u a s io n is s e lf - I p e r s u a s io n in the s e n s e th a t o th e r p e o p le , s u rro u n d in g o b je c ts , o r 3 F o r a r a tio n a le defending in te n tio n a lity a s the k e y c r i t e r io n in defining h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n , s e e G e r a ld R. M ille r , "O n D efining C o m m u n ic a tio n : A n o th e r Stab, " J o u r n a l of C o m m u n ic a tio n , XVI (Ju n e, 1 9 6 6 ) , 8 8 - 9 8 . o u tsid e e v e n ts p ro v id e in co m in g s tim u li to a given in d iv id u al su c h a s j ! H a le , b u t only hie can c a r r y out the p r o c e s s e s le a d in g to a r e s p o n s e j su c h a s "ch a n g in g h is m in d ." T h en , it w as h y p o th e s iz e d th a t th e s e \ I ' j (p erso n al tr a n s a c tio n s w e re m o s tly in te r n a liz e d , but th a t a t le a s t p a r t j I i of th is c o v e rt c o m m u n ic a tio n w ould be r e v e a le d by e x a m in a tio n of h is jq u a s i-p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s , e . g . , H a le 's l e t t e r s to h is w ife; in (other w o r d s , at le a s t p o rtio n s of su ch l e t t e r s w ould be p re d o m in a n tly i s a m p le s of ta lk in g to h im s e lf , and only s e c o n d a r ily s a m p le s of talk in g to h is w ife. S econdly, it w as h y p o th e s iz e d th a t H a le 's in tr a -in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s a s re v e a le d by so m e of h is p riv a te c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , jwould be v a lid in d ic a to r s of so m e of h is s u b s e q u e n t in te rin d iv id u a l I ! 'c o m m u n ic a tio n s , e .g . , h is public s p e e c h e s . In a c c o r d a n c e w ith c u s to m a r y s c ie n tific p r o c e d u r e , the q u e s tion w as a s k e d , "If th e s e h y p o th e s e s a r e t r u e , w hat m u s t be the o b s e rv a b le c o n s e q u e n c e s ? " T h r e e su c h c o n s e q u e n c e s w e re d e d u c ed I f o r u s e in th e p r e s e n t study: j 1. T h e r e w ould be in tr in s ic e v id e n c e in H a le 's p r iv a te l e t t e r s [ th a t he s o m e tim e s r e a liz e d th a t he w as " ta lk in g to h i m se lf. " 2. H is in tr a -in d iv id u a l p r o c e s s e s , a s r e v e a le d by the l e t t e r s , w ould t e m p o r a r il y p r e c e d e h is public b e h a v io rs r e g a r d in g p a r t i c u l a r p r o b le m s ; and th is tim e - l a g w ould be m a n i f e s te d by v a ria n c e b e tw e en w h at he w as c u r r e n tly " s a y in g " p r iv a te ly and w hat he w as " s a y in g " p u b licly . 3. H is p ublic s ta te m e n ts , v iew ed in s e q u e n c e , w ould r e v e a l c h a n g e s in h is s la v e r y c o n v ic tio n s w hich could n o t be s a tis f a c to r ily e x p la in e d a s a lo g ic a l p r o g r e s s io n f r o m | p re v io u s p ublic s ta te m e n ts alo n e; but w hich could be j s a tis f a c to r ily a c c o u n te d fo r if h is c o n c u r r e n t p riv a te in tr a c o m m u n ic a tio n s w e re a ls o added in th e ir te m p o r a l ' 4 j s e q u e n c e . I 1 j In te s tin g the above h y p o th e s e s p r e c a u tio n s w e re ta k e n to p r e - | i i i ' s e r v e o b je c tiv ity , to c r o s s - c h e c k the d a ta fo r c o n s is te n c y , to note the j ] I n e g a tiv e e v id e n c e , and to h o n o r the c r i t e r io n of v e rif ic a tio n by o th e r j in d ep e n d e n t q u a lifie d o b s e r v e r s . In o v e r a ll p e r s p e c tiv e , h o w e v e r, the, c h ief m e th o d o lo g ic a l o b je c tiv e w a s to t e s t the p o s s ib ilitie s of e x p la in - j I ; ing o r e v e n p r e d ic tin g one f o r m of h u m a n s y m b o lic b e h a v io r (the in te r) by m e a n s of a n o th e r f o rm (the in tra ). 7 I i j H a le 's C o n v ictio n s < " ! ! j T he w r i t e r fre q u e n tly r e f e r s to H a le 's c o n v ic tio n s (or p o s tu r e , j s ta n c e , p o s itio n , e t c .) in o r d e r to avoid the m o re c o n tr o v e r s ia l t e r m s : a ttitu d e , b e lie f, o p inion. The c o n c ep t of a ttitu d e s h a s d o m in a te d ! ! r e s e a r c h , in the field of s o c ia l p sy ch o lo g y fo r a t l e a s t h a lf a c e n tu ry , i and m o r e r e c e n tly it h a s b e e n a fa v o rite fo cu s in the field of c o m m u n i ca tio n . A lthough th e r e a r e d o z e n s of d e fin itio n s of a ttitu d e s , the f o l low ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e the m o s t co m m o n : an a ttitu d e is (1) a le a r n e d p r e d is p o s itio n (2) to re s p o n d to a ll r e le v a n t o b je c ts o r e v e n ts S ee A ppendix A fo r a s y s te m a tic lis tin g of H a le 's p r in c ip a l l e t t e r s and s p e e c h e s , show ing te m p o r a l s e q u e n c e . 34 j | (c) in a fa v o ra b le o r u n fa v o ra b le d ire c tio n . A lm o s t a ll a ttitu d e m e a - | i js u re m e n ts a r e of the p e n c il- a n d - p a p e r v a r ie ty . In r e c e n t y e a r s the jm ost p o p u la r ty p e s have b e e n v a ria tio n s f r o m L ik e r t and O sgood. The ; j [fo rm e r type is a lin e a r s c a le ra n g in g f ro m " s tr o n g ly f a v o ra b le " a t one j ! ! ^extrem e to " s tro n g ly u n fa v o ra b le " at the o th e r . O sg o o d 's contribution,) I I [called " s e m a n tic d if f e r e n tia l," c o n s is ts of a s e t of lin e a r s c a le s la b e le d ! i Iwith p a ir s of b ip o la r a d je c tiv e s , su c h a s s tr o n g - w e a k , g o o d -b ad , ' l a c tiv e - p a s s iv e . S till m o r e r e c e n tly , F is h b e in h a s c r itic iz e d p re v io u s j ;attitude r e s e a r c h e r s and t h e o r i s t s , e s p e c ia lly th e ir m e a s u r in g te c h - j I 1 Iniques, sa y in g th ey h av e o v e r - s t r e s s e d the q u a n tita tiv e (n eg le ctin g the j : I : i q u a lita tiv e ), they h ave b e e n u n id im e n s io n a l ( r a t h e r th an m u ltid im e n - ! sio n a l), and they h av e o ften fa ile d to p r e d ic t the o v e r t b e h a v io r s w hich I i 5 Ithey p u r p o r t to p r e d ic t. A s a so lu tio n , F is h b e in h a s o ffe re d a fo rm u la | [co n sistin g of th re e m a jo r in g re d ie n ts : (1) a ttitu d e to w a rd an a c tio n i j !(ra th e r th a n a g e n e r a l c la s s o f o b je c ts o r e v e n ts ), (2) p e r s o n a l b e lie fs | p lu s m o tiv a tio n to c o m p ly , and (3) so c ia l b e lie fs plus m o tiv a tio n to c o m p ly - -h e h a s c a lle d th is a m e a s u r e of b e h a v io r a l in te n tio n (BI), and I he h a s c la im e d th a t BI c o r r e l a t e s w ith the s u b s e q u e n t o v e r t b e h a v io r 5 S ee fo r e x a m p le : M a rtin F is h b e in , " A ttitu d e s and the P r e d ic tio n of B e h a v io r, " in M a rtin F is h b e in (ed. ), R e a d in g s in A ttitude T h e o ry and M e a s u r e m e n t (New Y ork: 1967), pp. 47 7 -4 9 2 ; a ls o Icek A jz e n and M a r tin F is h b e in , "T h e P r e d ic tio n of B e h a v io ra l In te n tio n s in a C hoice S itu a tio n ," J o u r n a l of E x p e r im e n ta l S o c ial P s y c h o lo g y , V (1969), 4 0 0 -4 1 6 . to the e x te n t of + 0 .9 0 o r h ig h e r. H o w e v e r, th e s e l a tte r c la im s have ! b een c a s t in doubt by a t l e a s t two e x p e rim e n ta l s t u d i e s . ^ F is h b e in 's j ! te c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s p ro v id e fo r a m u ltip lic ity of p e n c il- a n d - j ! p a p e r t e s t s , c o n s tr u c te d so a s to p e r m i t re a d y q u a n tific a tio n . j T he p r e s e n t study u n d e rto o k to e x p lo re th e in te r n a l b e h a v io rs | jof H ale (" a ttitu d e s " ) in a n o n q u a n tita tiv e w ay, w ith an e m p h a s is on the I ‘ | ! -qualitative c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of h is co n v ic tio n s to w a rd s la v e r y and o th e r | i I I ! ! l is s u e s , an e m p h a s is on the d e v e lo p m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s (" c h a n g e s of a ttitu d e " ), and the in c lu s io n of h is o v e rt b e h a v io r s w ith r e g a r d to tth ese is s u e s . S om e c o m p a r is o n s w ith the above d e s c r ib e d m e th o d o lo - , g ies a r e o ffe re d in s u b s e q u e n t c h a p te rs . 1 i i j [C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s of H a le 's D is c o u rs e In d e sig n in g the study of H a le 's l e t te r s and s p e e c h e s , an a n a ly s is of s ty lis tic f e a t u r e s w a s begun but ab andoned on the g ro u n d th at nothing n ew w a s b e in g added to p re v io u s su c h r e s e a r c h e s . In ste a d , I i a tte n tio n w a s lim ite d to s u b s ta n tiv e f e a tu r e s , e . g . , h is b a s ic a p p ro a c h R u s s e ll K en t D a r r o c h , "T h e P r e d ic tio n of In ten tio n and Behav-- io r: A C o m p a ris o n of T h e o r e tic a l M odels of the A ttitu d e -B e h a v io r R e la tio n s h ip U sing a P h o to g ra p h ic R e le a s e Signing S itu a tio n " (unpub lish e d P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of Illin o is , 1971). G e o rg e E d w a rd D ie s te l, "A n E x p e r im e n ta l T e s t of F is h b e in 's B e h a v io ra l In te n tio n s M o d el in the P r e d ic tio n of I n te r p e r s o n a l C o m m u n ic a tio n A c ts " (u n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , U n iv e rs ity of S o u th e rn C a lif o r n ia , 1971). h is o rg a n iz a tio n a l p a tt e r n s , h is c h o ic e s of m a in p o in ts , his ty p e s of ev id e n c e o r s u p p o rtin g m a t e r i a l s . D iffe re n c e s am o n g su ch f e a tu r e s ! I ! jw e re c o m p a re d in t e r m s of th e v a r ia b le s of tim e (1832-1852), to p ic s , j i i (and the i n t r a - i n t e r o r p r iv a te - p u b lic c la s s if ic a tio n s of the d a ta . I ; l I J H a l e 's H is to r ic a l Im p o rta n c e i | j The d e sig n c a lle d fo r a c o m p a r is o n b e tw e en the p re d o m in a n tly j p o litic a l a n a ly s is by S ew ell and the c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n a ly s is of the ! |p r e s e n t study. ! M ethod of R e p o rtin g i ; S e v e ra l d iff e re n t p la n s of r e p o r tin g the r e s e a r c h w e re c o n s id - | j e r e d , given p r e lim in a r y t r i a l s , and r e je c te d . F o r e x a m p le , one i s c h e m e so u g h t to follow the d iv is io n s and s u b d iv isio n s a s p ro p o se d in C h a p te r I in the s ta te m e n t of the p ro b le m . H o w e v e r, th is r e s u lte d in too m u c h o v e rla p b e tw e e n s o m e of the to p ic s , and p o s s ib le confusion I ; by re p e a te d ly going b a c k and f o rth c h ro n o lo g ic a lly . I The choice w hich fin a lly e m e r g e d w a s th at of sim p ly te llin g the s to r y of H a le 's life f r o m infancy to death; a c c o m p a n y in g the s to r y w ith a ru n n in g c o m m e n ta ry ; slow ing down the s to r y o c c a s io n a lly in o r d e r to a n a ly z e key d o c u m e n ts ; and th e n fin a lly going b a c k o v e r the s to r y in C h a p te r DC in o r d e r to s y n th e s iz e the u n d e rly in g r e s e a r c h q u e s tio n s and su b q u e stio n s. C o n s id e ra b le thought w as given to dividing H a le 's life into m a jo r c h ro n o lo g ic a l p e rio d s ad a p te d to the c h a r a c te r of the d a ta and j jthe u n d e rly in g r e s e a r c h q u e s tio n s . A fte r s e v e r a l r e je c te d a tte m p ts , ! I i jthe fin a l d e c is io n w as r e a c h e d w hich r e s u lte d in the p r e s e n t C h a p te rs j | ! IV th ro u g h IX. H opefully, the u s e fu ln e s s of th e se c h o ic e s is a p p a re n t |in the re a d in g . A fig u re of sp e e c h m ay h e lp to e x p lic a te the c h o ic e s: i C h a p te r IV: C h a p te r V: C h a p te r VI: j i ! C h a p te r VII: i j C h a p te r VIII: E p ilo g u e (1 8 5 2 -1 8 7 3 )--T h e w a te r s tr ic k le away; j H ale can n o t a d a p t to the Civil W ar is s u e s ; he c a n - j n o t a d a p t to the A m b a s s a d o r s h ip of Spain; he d ie s , an e m b itte r e d m a n w hose f in e s t h o u r o c c u r r e d 20 y e a r s b e fo re . C h a p te r IX: S y n th e sis of C h a p te rs IV th ro u g h VIII in t e r m s of r e s e a r c h q u e s tio n s and su b q u e stio n s. T r a n s c r ip tio n P o lic ie s H a le 's l e t t e r s u s e d in th is study w e r e X e ro x c o p ie s of the o r i g i n a ls w r itte n in h is longhand. The f a c s im ile of a s a m p le f r o m one l e t t e r to "M y d e a r L u cy " is p r e s e n te d on page 39. It is a p p a r e n t th a t P ro lo g u e (1 8 0 6 -1 8 3 5 )--T h e w a te r s build up behind, the d a m (H a le 's p r o s la v e r y sp e ec h ). C r a c k s in th e d a m (1 8 3 5 -1 8 4 3 )- - A t the opening of the C o n g r e s s io n a l S e s s io n in 1843, H ale show s a m ild a n tis la v e r y ten d e n c y . l T he c ra c k s w iden (1 8 4 3 -1 8 4 7 )--A t the opening of the S en ate S e s s io n , H ale in 1847 show s a d efin ite ; a b o litio n is t s ta n c e . The d a m b u r s t s (1 8 4 7 -1 8 5 2 )- - I n the P r e s i d e n ti a l | E le c tio n of 1852 H ale is the ca n d id a te of the a b o litio n p a rty ; h is c o n v ic tio n s on s la v e r y have m a tu r e d into th e ir fin al fo rm . I ' 38 I ; i (H ale's h a n d w ritin g w as r e la tiv e ly e a s y to r e a d (sin c e th is s a m p le is I ! I [reduced in s iz e , the d iffic u ltie s of re a d in g it a r e in c re a s e d ); n e v e r th e - i jless, th e r e w e re o c c a s io n a l w o rd s w hich w e re p a rtia lly o r c o m p le te ly (illegible. The r e s e a r c h e r 's p o licy w as to t r a n s c r i b e all w o rd s a s t ; faithfully a s p o s s ib le , s o m e tim e s guided m o stly by the c o n te x t, but \ w ith a m in im u m of e d itin g . It w as d e c id e d to o m it e n tir e ly the d e v ic e i [sic ] sin c e e r r o r s in s p e llin g o r the like m ig h t be e ith e r H a le 's o r the t r a n s c r i b e r 's . The s a m p le on the n e x t page w as t r a n s c r i b e d a s follow s: O s s ip e e O c to b e r 12, 1842 My D e a r L ucy, An o p p o rtu n ity p r e s e n tin g its e lf of w ritin g you a line by p r i v a te c o n v ey an ce th is e v e n in g . I have im p ro v e d so th at I m ig h t l a s s u r e you th a t I h av e not by c a r e l e s s n e s s and im p ru d e n c e je o p a rd iz e d all the good f r u its of y o u r a s s id u o u s and a ffe c tio n a te j c a r e in m y s ic k n e s s l a s t w eek. I a m enjoying m y u s u a l good i h e a lth by w hich I do not m e a n I a m a s e n tir e ly w ell a s I w as i b e fo re I w as sic k but c o n v a le s c e n t and im p ro v in g e v e ry d a y , j T o m o rr o w e v en in g I sh a ll p ro b a b ly a d d r e s s the good people h e r e ! on the a ll im p o r ta n t s u b je c t of te m p e ra n c e so if Baby d o es n o t I | e n tir e ly e n g r o s s a ll y o u r th o u g h ts you m ay in im a g in a tio n pay a i v isit h e r e and h e a r m e e n fo rc in g a s w ell a s I m ay the tru th s of s o b e r n e s s and te m p e r a n c e by a p p e a ls to the h e a r ts and u n d e r - i sta n d in g s of m en . B a c k e d by a r g u m e n ts d ra w n f ro m the e x h a u s t- le s s fo u n ta in s of h u m a n sy m p a th y and C h r is tia n L ove. R em in d | E liz a b e th th a t she h a s p r o m is e d a g r e a t m an y tim e s to be a good j g ir l, to be o b e d ie n t and th a t she e s p e c ia lly and p a r tic u la r ly p r o m is e d m e to r e m e m b e r h e r o b lig a tio n s of love and o b e d ie n c e d u rin g . . . An a n a ly s is of the l e t te r f r o m w hich th is e x c e r p t is ta k e n a p p e a r s in a l a t e r c h a p te r. 39 &. .t/ZL s j. « “>*jL - , - j * * ^ ’ /V 1 y y • y . /J*'3 t"si* t^'jr* **- /-V-# * -* -* # ►»••* «« < -^ y ^ < * • • ‘ ••— /«*»» X tw # • * • / * -» .— ^ » / ^t»» ^ O^v > » ■ « . rt^wi* A ✓' t ^ % \ y i /> * * <-#^ . c i / <\ ( b ^ 7 ' * - ^ ^ C f » + •- < V i v 9 * * - • < ^ * <*<-- C V ^ 6 > • » ' -V /I w« v •» *-*-* ^ ‘k^ ^ v k<v^lr. /« v ^ • o ^ IV **~ * X Jf / J * ' ^ w ^ C O ^ >•>* « ■ 0> I ^ f <(*♦- ^ i i - ^ ^ r ( ) /)»-ft> / d ^ v ^ “ c £ ^ i ^ A f H i / ^ - / C * ^ -A .v - c a * * ^ ^ / » - ^ f - ^ f # C .A « ^ . ^ y ^ ? x - ^ T X - <Ov~ A » ^ f - y /""/CaA. /^V ^l> — » ► * > 4tic. t t ^ ' y l ^ ^ - kV^a.</^' c^ pv«*— ..f**, ^tp ► it. y ' i * / , / \ ^ / V t v ^ * A ^ ' H v . I ^ H - O t - y *✓»-«- •> / ^ t > ' - * ' I V / ' J * ^ /lf4A J I*- / l 0 i* > '» ( < < > C ^ ^ - * J A * / l / * ^ A * / * « . / % » — V^/iCj r/y/ > / * / - /<*»y! M*-^-./*-' ^ ^ ^ J t.C * * .-ft J - ^IU* r/v*- j<7 ?»U^-- , O - * - - . V 1/i^' , / h. - t f l y $ - ( P /t <t .* |i» « » • • 27*44^. ^ fe / C " - fLc-1- r & , c'L, t. * * / J «<■<■ JlV J r f # • ■ » ^ ^ ***- A - ^f^+-i) C^Vi ^ ^ < v ^* ^ ffijftt t Aw/m- y(/<A^lcM a /m «^ «7 <& -« < « ■ /'/</— < ’ •- rf^t— r R e d u c in g the X e ro x copy m a d e the jo b of a n a ly s is d iffic u lt. N e v e r th e le s s , th e r e w e re o b v io u s p r o b le m s . T he r e a d e r w ill n o tic e in the s a m p le g iv en th a t ev en the n a m e of the tow n (O s s ip e e ) is a p p a re n tly ille g ib le . Two th in g s w e re done im m e d ia te ly : (1) H a le 's p e c u li a r i ti e s of h a n d w ritin g w e r e in tu itiv e ly a s w e ll a s c o n s c io u s ly p u r s u e d , to b rin g s i m i l a r i t i e s into fo cu s; and (2) in th is e x a m p le , a r e p u ta b le a tl a s w as ! ' ' 40 u s e d . F o r tu n a te ly , hunch w as b a c k ed by fa c t o fte n enough d u rin g the i m an y m o n th s of w o rk in g w ith the m a t e r i a l s th at the r e s e a r c h e r b e g a n ! i to " fe e l" a s w ell a s c o n s c io u s ly to p e rc e iv e s ig n a ls f ro m H a le 's h a n d - i j w ritin g . T h a t o n e 's " g r a s p in g " in su c h a fa sh io n H a le 's w o rd s is a t ! i once s e e n a s n e c e s s a r y . None of the p r o b le m s p r e s e n te d by m o d e r n " g h o st w r i t e r s " e x is te d in the c a s e of stu d y in g H a le . M o st of h is s p e e c h e s w e re given : i je x te m p o ra n e o u s ly ; lo n g e r s p e e c h e s l a t e r p r e s e n te d in c a m p a ig n (p a m - I | jphlet) f o r m r e v e a le d no s u b s ta n tiv e c h a n g e s f ro m the C o n g re s s io n a l 1 | iG lobe te x ts . And the a v a ila b le e v id e n c e , in clu d in g S e w e ll's d ed u ctio n , ileads th is r e s e a r c h e r to the te n ta tiv e c o n c lu sio n th a t H ale did not e d it jthe r e m a r k s e n te r e d into the C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e . . - 41 j ! 7 | H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r III H ale to M r s . H a le , O c to b e r 12, 1842, D a rtm o u th C ollege C o lle c tio n . H a le l e t t e r s a r e l is t e d fo r e a c h c h a p te r a s th e y a p p e a r in th e w o rk . I C H A P T E R IV | PR O L O G U E TO CONV ERSIO N ' T h is c h a p te r t r e a t s the p ro b a b le in flu e n c e s w hich r e s u lte d in I 'H a l e 's 1835 s ta n c e fa v o rin g the re te n tio n of s la v e r y in th e South, a i i | s ta n c e of e x tr e m e r a d i c a l i s m a s p r e s e n te d in the e a r l y p o rtio n of i j C h a p te r III. The n a tu re of the m a t e r i a ls su g g e ste d th a t a con v en ien t i | o rg a n iz a tio n plan w as to d ev o te the f i r s t p a r t of th is c h a p te r to an I I o b je c tiv e d e s c r ip tio n of the p e rtin e n t fa c ts and in the seco n d p a r t to | o ffe r an in te r p r e ta tio n of th o se fa c ts . F i r s t , th en , a d e s c r ip tio n of J ; H a le 's e a r ly y e a r s . D e s c rip tio n T he a v a ila b le b io g ra p h ic a l d a ta c o n c e rn in g Jo h n P a r k e r H a le 's fo rm a tiv e y e a r s su g g e ste d the re le v a n c e of the type of fa m ily t r a d i tio n s and h o m e a tm o s p h e re into w hich he w as b o rn and in w hich he sp e n t m o s t of h is childhood and youth. T h is ta k e s u s b a c k to the v e ry b e g in n in g s of th is n a tio n , e s p e c ia lly th e p e c u lia r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the c u ltu re of the re g io n in w hich H ale w as r e a r e d . T h u s we b eg in by ^A ppendix B is a c o n d e n se d h i s t o r i c a l b io g ra p h y of H ale. 42 b r ie f ly m e e tin g Jo h n P a r k e r H a le 's g r e a t - g r e a t g r a n d f a th e r , R o b e rt, 2 and th e old New E n g la n d s to c k of the "A bdiel of New H a m p s h ir e ." R o b e rt, a m e m b e r of the a n c ie n t, h o n o ra b le , and in th o se days v ita l v o c a tio n of b la c k s m ith in g , c r o s s e d the A tla n tic in 1632 to b e c o m e the f i r s t to b e a r the f a m ily n a m e to the N ew W o rld . R o b e rt w as a ls o r e p o r te d to have p a r tic ip a te d a c tiv e ly in the c iv il a f f a ir s of h is new h o m e , C h a rle s to w n , M a s s a c h u s e tts . H is e ld e s t so n , Jo h n , e n te r e d the m in i s tr y soon a f t e r g ra d u a tin g in 1657 f r o m H a r v a r d C o lleg e. He won m o d e s t fa m e a s c h a p la in in P h ip s ' e x p e d itio n a g a in s t C a n a d a and 3 a s an in s tig a to r of th e w itch t r i a l s of 1692. Jo h n P a r k e r H a le 's g r a n d f a th e r S am u el w as b o rn in 1745, in G lo u c e s te r, M a s s a c h u s e tts . S a m u el c h o se to stu d y the law r a t h e r than i the m in i s tr y , e s ta b lis h in g a p r a c tic e in P o r ts m o u th , N ew H a m p s h ir e , i | follow ing h is g ra d u a tio n f r o m H a r v a r d in 1766. The C ro w n ap p o in ted ! h im to the S u p e r io r C o u rt of N ew H a m p s h ir e in 1772. The c o lo n is ts ' i d e fia n c e of K ing an d P a r li a m e n t a la r m e d S am u el s in c e he w as am o u t- j sp o k en d e fe n d e r of ro y a l a u th o r ity in A m e r ic a . T h e r e f o r e , follow ing i the o u tb re a k of h o s t i l i t i e s , S am u el sought B r i ti s h p r o te c tio n , soon j fle e in g to E n g la n d . H is wife and only so n , Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , f a th e r ___________________ i ' I 2 I | R ic h a rd H. S ew ell, Jo h n P . H ale and th e P o litic s of A bolition [(C a m b rid g e , M a s s .: H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1965), p. vii. i 3 j Jo h n E angdon S ibley, B io g ra p h ic a l S k e tch e s of G ra d u a te s of j jH a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity , in C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e tts , 1 (C a m b r dge, J 11873), pp. 5 0 9 -5 1 9 . j 1 4 |of fu tu re Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , J r . , w e r e left behind. C o n s id e rin g th at | the fa m ily w as the b a s ic s o c ia l u n it in the c u ltu re of th a t e r a , it seemec} r e a s o n a b le to deduce th a t the c a r e of S a m u e l's wife and c h ild had a lr e a d y b een d e te r m in e d by s o m e type of " g a th e rin g of the c l a n " - - su c h c r i s e s in th o se d ay s w e r e c o n s id e r e d a lm o s t a u to m a tic a lly to be fa m ily r e s p o n s ib ilitie s . In any e v e n t, " S h e riff" Jo h n P a r k e r , u n c le of Jo h n P . H a le , Sr. , lo o k ed a f t e r h im and h is m o th e r . And a s so o n a s young Jo h n w as old en o u g h t, a n o th e r u n cle p r e p a r e d h im f o r the le g a l p r o fe s s io n w hich he p r a c tic e d in R o c h e s te r , M a s s a c h u s e tts . T h e r e he m a r r i e d L y d ia O 'B r ie n of M a c h ia s , M ain e. The se co n d Jo h n P a r k e r H ale w as b o rn on M a rc h 31, 1806. A th u m b n a il sk e tc h of Jo h n P . H a le , Sr. , who w as the f a th e r f ig u r e the se co n d Jo h n P a r k e r H ale knew d u rin g h is f i r s t t h ir te e n y e a r s of life w as p ro v id e d by Sew ell: | Jo h n P . H a le , S r. w as a h e a r t y , sto c k y , g o o d -n a tu re d m a n , i p o p u la r w ith a ll who knew h im . P o s s e s s e d of q u ic k and re a d y i w it, a s o n o ro u s v o ic e , a p le a s in g m a n n e r , he w as an e ffe c tiv e if s o m e tim e s s la p d a s h la w y e r. . . . In re lig io n the s e n io r H a le j w as a devoi^t C o n g re g a tio n a lis t; in p o litic s he w as a c o n firm e d I F e d e r a l is t . I i No r e c o r d of Jo h n , J r . w as found u n til he e n te r e d sc h o o l. A s ! ! _ i a g r a m m a r sch o o l s tu d e n t, Jo h n w as in g e n e ra l a c tiv e an d fond of j s p o r t, h ig h ly p o p u la r w ith h is s c h o o lm a te s , c o u ra g e o u s , a l e r t , and | i 4 C h a r le s H. B e ll, T he B e n c h and B a r of N ew H a m p s h ire (C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., 1894), pp. 4 1 9 -4 2 0 . 5 ! S ew ell, op. c it. , p. 3. 45 jquick to le a r n . A life free f r o m c a r e u n d e r the b e n e v o le n t ru le of a Jfather who w as a good p r o v id e r c h a n g ed q u ic k ly w hen, in 1819, Jo h n P.| H ale S r. su d d e n ly d ied , le a v in g L y d ia to c a r e f o r th ir te e n young c h il d re n . W ithout sa v in g s to fa ll b a c k on, the H a le s tu rn e d to r e la tiv e s f o r s u p p o rt. M rs . H ale so ld t h e i r h o u s e in R o c h e s te r , p a ck ed the f a m ily b e lo n g in g s, and m o v e d to E a s tp o r t , M aine to be n e a r e r h e r own kin. In 1822 she s e t up a h o m e f o r b o a r d e r s on n e a rb y M o o re Is la n d , k e e p in g so m e of th e y o u n g e r c h ild r e n w ith h e r , and s e n d ing the o th e r s to liv e w ith the O 'B r ie n s in M a c h ia s [M aine]. ^ D e sp ite the s a c r if ic e in v o lv e d , the w idow d e te r m in e d th at h e r o ld e s t so n should r e c e iv e a f i r s t - r a t e e d u c a tio n , and in 1820 the f o u r t e e n - y e a r - o ld John w as e n r o lle d in P h illip s E x e t e r A c a d e m y . H ale to o k c o u r s e s in the c l a s s i c s d e p a rtm e n t p r e p a r a t o r y to co lleg e: L a tin , g e o g ra p h y , and a r ith m e tic in h is f i r s t y e a r; L a tin , G re e k , , R om an h is to r y , E n g lis h g r a m m a r and d e c la m a tio n in the second; Latin^ G re e k , and E n g lis h s tu d ie s in th e th ir d . H ale p ro v e d to be a c o m p e te n t 7 s c h o la r , p o p u la r w ith h is fe llo w s . A t B ow doin C o lleg e , H a le w as an e x c e lle n t d e b a te r , p o s s e s s e d , I ; i of a p a s s io n f o r m o ck la w c a s e s and f o r m a k in g s p e e c h e s . M eanw hile,! , I h is s tr o n g s c h o la s tic p r e p a r a tio n a t P h illip s E x e t e r a p p a re n tly allow edj ihim to g e t by on h is good m e m o r y and q u ic k m in d . T hus he could j - i ! 6 ! L y d ia O 'B rie n H ale to H a le , Ju n e 27, 1822. 7 F r a n k H. C u n n in g h am , F a m i l i a r S k e tch e s of the P h illip s jE x e t e r A c a d e m y and S u rro u n d in g s (B o sto n , 1883), p. 146. sp e n d m o r e tim e on e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c tiv itie s , e s p e c ia lly stu d e n t d e b a te s w hich w e re p e rf e c tly su ite d to H a le 's s p e c ia l ta le n ts . " P o s s e s s in g a s tr o n g , p le a s in g v o ic e , a f a c ile m in d w hich fu n c tio n e d w ell u n d e r p r e s s u r e , and a k e e n d r a m a tic s e n s e , he d e lig h te d in a ll f o r m s 8 of public s p e a k in g ." A ls o , W a rd s T a v e rn a ffo rd e d H ale a sta g e fo r fe llo w s h ip w h e re he e x c e lle d in liq u o r, c a r d s , loud so n g , b ro a d and c o a r s e w it, and an e a s y and h appy t e m p e r . "H ale w a s b r im fu ll of f ir e and liq u o r an d a ffo rd e d us m u c h a m u s e m e n t - - h i s w it w as b r o a d and c o a r s e - - a l m o s t b u ffo o n e ry ," one c o m r a d e r e m in is c e d m a n y y e a r s l a t e r . "It w as im p o s s ib le to offend h im so e a s y and h a p p y w as h is te m p e r . " C le a r ly at th is p e rio d of h is life H ale and D em on R um w e re 9 anything but the r e s o lu te e n e m ie s th e y l a t e r b e c a m e . H is g ra d u a tio n f r o m B ow doin in 1827 m a r k e d a n o th e r c o m p e te n t if u n d istin g u is h e d a c a d e m ic r e c o r d . The follow ing y e a r , J e r e m i a h H a ll W oodm an, an old f r ie n d of I H a le 's f a t h e r and one of R o c h e s te r 's s ta u n c h e s t fo e s of J e f f e r s o n ia n - j 10 is m , o ffe re d H a le the o p p o rtu n ity to r e a d law w ith h im . T he y e a r follow ing th a t, H ale c o n tin u e d h is le g a l tr a in in g in the office of D an iel j I I IM. C h r i s t i e , a te n a c io u s and o u tsp o k e n s u p p o r te r of J o h n Q uincy , i \ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j | O | L e w is G. B a r n e s to H a le , D e c e m b e r 8, 1825. ] 9 ! 7 S e w e ll, op. c it. , p. 7. j 10 ' J e r e m i a h H. W oodm an to H a le , J u ly 25, 1827. | I 47 A d a m s.* * Som e of the id e o lo g ic a l in flu e n c e s w hich led to H a le 's p o litic a l c o n s e r v a tis m m u s t h a v e b e e n in flu e n c e d , one w ay o r a n o th e r, by the p o litic a l a ttitu d e s of W oodm an and C h r is tie . N a tu ra l c o u r tr o o m s e n s e , a ta c t, s e lf - c o n tr o l, e lo q u e n c e , a s tr a ig h tf o r w a r d , c o m m o n s e n s e a p p ro a c h , h u m o r, and w it would m a k e it p o s s ib le f o r H ale to sw ay the m in d s of m e n . It w as w hen he stood 12 b e fo re m e n th a t H ale shone. H a le 's le g a l c a r e e r b e c a m e a ste p p in g sto n e in to p o litic s , a v e n tu re h e u n d e rto o k a s a D o v e r D e m o c ra t. By jo in in g the J a c k s o n - ia n s , H ale b ro k e w ith h is A d a m s p a rty tie s . S e v e ra l r e a s o n s su g g e st th e m s e lv e s as to the p ro b a b le c a u s e of h is s w itc h in a lle g ia n c e . D e m o c ra tic s p ir i t h a d b e e n s tro n g at B ow doin. H ale p lay e d an a c tiv e r o le , f o r e x a m p le , in the A th e n a e n S ociety, the y o u n g e r of tw o s o c i- I e tie s a t B ow doin in th e 1820's ,f o r m e d f o r d isp u ta tio n and f o r l i t e r a r y | and s c ie n tific im p r o v e m e n t. The P e u c in ia n w as m o r e " a r i s t o c r a t i c " , I in its m e m b e r s h i p and w as f a v o r e d by the p r o f e s s o r s . The A th e n a en j j w as m o r e p r o g r e s s iv e and d e m o c r a tic , and u n d e r the le a d of F r a n k lin » 13 ! P i e r c e show ed s tro n g J a c k s o n ia n p r e f e r e n c e s . It c a n p ro b a b ly be j j a s s u m e d th a t c e r t a i n F e d e r a l i s t p r e d ile c tio n s , g ain e d by the e x a m p le of! j ^ B e l l , op. c it. , pp. 258 -2 6 2 . 12Ibid. , p. 417. I -------- j 1 3 N e h e m ia h C le v e la n d and A lpheus S. P a c h a r d , H is to r y of j Bow doin C o lleg e (B o sto n , 1882), pp. 370-371._____________________________ Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , S r. , f o r e x a m p le , w e re w e a k e n e d (if not s e t a sid e ) ;as H ale a c c e p te d e le c tio n to the A th e n a en S ociety. t P e r h a p s H ale sa w c e r ta in s i m i l a r i t i e s b e tw e e n l a t te r - d a y ' I F e d e r a l i s m and J a c k s o n i a n s i m - - p a r t i c u l a r l y the s t r e s s e a c h p la c e d on s t r i c t c o n s tr u c tio n and s t a t e s ' r ig h ts . He m a y w ell h av e found the c o n s titu tio n a l c o n s e r v a tis m of D e m o c ra ts m o r e to h is liking th an the b ro a d n a tio n a lis m a r tic u la te d by A d a m s m e n . D o v e r h a d long b e e n a F e d e r a l i s t and N a tio n a l R ep u b lican s tro n g h o ld . T h e r e f o r e , the p o p u la r and c a p a b le young a tto r n e y w as w e lc o m e d by th e b e le a g u e re d J a c k s o n ia n s . In s te a d of running a r e g u l a r tic k e t f o r s ta te r e p r e s e n t a ti v e s o r town m o d e r a to r in 1832, H ale w as n o m in a te d f o r a s e a t in the New H a m p s h ir e H ouse of R e p r e s e n t a tiv e s a s the c a n d id a te of a h a s tily o rg a n iz e d W o rk in g m e n 's P a r ty . Thq i D o v e r E n q u i r e r s o u rly r e p o r te d a f te r the M a rc h e le c tio n , " C o n sc io u s | ' " I : i th a t t h e i r c a s e a s J a c k s o n m e n w as a h o p e le s s o n e , the p a rty a b a n - j doned th a t g ro u n d , and by un itin g w ith d is g r u n tle d N a tio n a l R epublicans!, 14 ! p la c e d a handful of D o v e r D e m o c r a ts in o ffic e ." j A n a tte m p t a t defining p a r ty la b e ls s e e m e d to be a n e c e s s a r y j | i s te p a t th is p o in t, in o r d e r to lo c a te H a le p o litic a lly . Any su c h d e fi- : , n itio n g iv en f o r th is e r a in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y m u s t bedone w ith r e s e r - | i j j v a tio n s , sin c e it w as a p e rio d of ra p id c h a n g e , a p e rio d of p o litic a l r e a l ig n m e n ts . 14 E n q u i r e r (D o v e r), M a rc h 20, 1832. 49 i i i A le x a n d e r H a m ilto n 's m e a s u r e s d iv id e d G e o rg e W a sh in g to n 's fo llo w e rs into tw o g ro u p s: (1) the f e d e r a l i s t s who fa v o r e d an i n d u s tr i- ' f a liz e d A m e r i c a g o v e rn e d by a s tro n g n a tio n a l g o v e rn m e n t u n d e r aristo-1 I c r a t ic c o n tro l; and (2) th e J e f f e r s o n ia n s o r A n t i - F e d e r a l is t s who fa v o r e d an a g r a r i a n A m e r ic a g o v e rn e d by a w eak n a tio n a l g o v e rn m e n t u n d e r p o p u la r c o n tr o l. John A d a m s c a r r i e d the F e d e r a l i s t s to s u c c e s s o v e r the A n t i - F e d e r a l i s t s o r J e f f e r s o n ia n R e p u b lic a n s in the e le c tio n of 1796. T he F e d e r a l i s t s b elo n g ed to the a r i s t o c r a t i c p a s t, im p o sin g o r d e r and e ffic ie n c y on the n ew n a tio n a s it s tr u g g le d to gain its fe e t. But the F e d e r a l i s t s w e re so d is c r e d ite d by the A lien a n d Sedition A cts of 1798 and so d is r u p te d by the c o n flic t b e tw e e n A d a m s and H a m ilto n o v e r the C o n v en tio n of 1800 th a t T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n s e c u r e d the e le c tio n in th a t y e a r . I J e f f e r s o n ia n s b e lie v e d th a t the m a s s e s m u s t be p r e p a r e d f o r th4 d e m o c r a tic f u tu r e . T he a g r a r i a n u p p e r c la s s w hose i n t e r e s t s p a r a l le le d th o s e of the s m a ll f a r m e r s m a k in g up th e m a j o r it y of the p o p u la tion w ould be e n tr u s te d w ith th e ru lin g p o w e r u n til su c h tim e w hen the bulk of the p o p u latio n w as ab le to a s s u m e th e r e s p o n s ib ilitie s of g o v e rn m e n t. This fa ith in the p e rf e c tib ility of m a n k in d , an in s is te n c e on i i , s tro n g lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts a s a c h e c k on m o n a r c h ia l tr e n d s , an d a ! j j | b e lie f th a t e a c h g e n e ra tio n should r e m a k e its law s and c o n s titu tio n s i w e re m a j o r f a c e ts of J e f f e r s o n 's p o litic a l p h ilosophy. They p ro v e d a s tim u lu s to d e m o c r a c y . 1 ' '.....' 50 ! j The g ro w th of an in te n se n a tio n a l p r id e , the continuing im p a c t i |of the E u r o p e a n E n lig h te n m e n t, the e x o d u s of the T o r ie s d u rin g the |A m e ric a n R ev olution, and the s p ir it of the F r e n c h R evolution e n c o u r- laged the A m e r ic a n people to m a k e e v e n g r e a t e r e f f o r ts in t h e i r s tru g g le f o r lib e r ty and e q u a lity . The e le c tio n of A d am s a s P r e s i d e n t in 1824 w as n o t d e c id e d u n til the vote by the H ouse of R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s . H e n ry C lay w as i m m e d ia te ly n a m e d S e c r e ta r y of S tate. T h is " C o r r u p t B a rg a in " c a u se d p a rty re a lig n m e n t: e n e m ie s of A d a m s and C lay g ro u p e d a ro u n d J a c k so n , l a t e r b e c o m in g known a s D e m o c r a ts , the C lay g ro u p a s W higs. The e ff o r ts of the m an y A m e r ic a n people who sought to b ro a d e n s u ffra g e , u i s c a r d a r i s to c r a t i c in s titu tio n s , e x te n d p o p u la r c o n tr o ls , and a d ju s t c u ltu r a l life to the n e e d s of the m a s s e s c a m e c lo s e r to f ru itio n w ith the e le c tio n of J a c k s o n in 1828. The r is in g d e m o c ra tic tid e d e te r m in e d the ou tco m e a s the c o m m o n m a n a c tiv a te d the p r i n c ip le s of the F r e n c h and A m e ric a n r e v o lu tio n s , f o r the f i r s t tim e iactuating s o m e of the n a tu r a l rig h ts p r o m is e d in th e D e c la ra tio n of ! ^ d e p e n d e n c e . It m ig h t be s a id , th e n , th a t H ale g a in e d h is s tr id e in iriding th is r is in g d e m o c ra tic tid e , ju s t a s he h a d c h o s e n the A th e n a en S ociety o v e r th e m o re " a r i s t o c r a t i c " P e u c in ia n d u rin g h is d ay s at | B ow doin. j j W hen H ale w as not only e le c te d to the s ta te le g is la tu r e in 1832, j i but a ls o w on a c lo se c o n te s t f o r tow n m o d e r a to r , he g ain ed an | p p p o rtu n ity to e x p e rie n c e the g r a s s r o o t s p r a c t ic a li t ie s of N ew H a m p - I s h ir e p o litic s on both the lo c a l and s ta te le v e ls , p o lish in g h is p o litic a l s k ills , and e n la rg in g h is in flu en ce w ithin the D e m o c ra tic p a rty . D u rin g th is p e rio d he took a wife and b e g a n to r a i s e a fa m ily . He m a r r i e d L u cy L a m b e r t of B e rw ic k , M a in e , in S e p te m b e r 1834, e n ric h in g h is p r iv a te life and expanding h is w o rld ly a m b itio n . M any y e a r s l a t e r he confided to a f rie n d th a t he h a d w a s te d h is youth but had 15 b e e n " sa v e d by an e x c e lle n t w ife ." T his co uld have b een m e r e ly a c o n v e n tio n al r e m a r k but l a t e r e v id e n c e in d ic a te d th a t he did indeed c o n s u lt L ucy on c a r e e r and o th e r im p o r ta n t p r o b le m s - - h e c e r ta in ly u se d h e r a s a sounding b o a rd f o r m a n y of h is dev elo p in g b e lie fs . In c o n clu d in g th is b r ie f d e s c r ip tio n of H a le 's e a r l y y e a r s , one a d d itio n a l im p o r ta n t f a c t w as noted. H is g e o g ra p h ic a l and s o c ia l e n v iro n m e n t w as p o p u lated a lm o s t e x c lu s iv e ly by w h ite s. S tra ffo rd C ounty in 1820, f o r e x a m p le , h a d only 67 N e g ro e s in its population; New H a m p s h ir e only 732. By 1830, the n u m b e r of N e g ro e s w as a little m o r e th an 2 p e rc e n t of the S ta te 's p o p u latio n . It is re a s o n a b le to d e d u c e , t h e r e f o r e , th a t H ale w as s e ld o m if e v e r p e rs o n a lly e x p o se d to any in d iv id u al of the N e g ro r a c e , e v e n on a s u p e rf ic ia l ib a sis. i 15 H ale to T h o m a s L a m b e r t, Ju n e 14, 1835. T he r a r i ty of N e g ro e s in H a le 's e a rly e n v iro n m e n t w as in sharpj c o n tr a s t to the c o m m o n n e s s of f a r m a n im a ls . The fa c t th a t in h is | I i la te r sp e ak in g and w ritin g th e r e w a s th is con tin u in g i n t e r e s t in the i | 'o p e ra tio n s of a f a r m w ould tend to s u b s ta n tia te the notion th a t m e t a p h o rs w ould be of th is g e n re . It would be u n u su a l if we did not find jre f e r e n c e s of th is type in H a le 's l a t e r c o m m u n ic a tio n s . F o r e x a m p le , . I in 1850 H ale r e f e r s to h im s e lf a s a "p o o r c o u n try l a w y e r . " ^ ; | I n te r p r e ta tio n I T he fa c ts d e s c r ib e d in the p re c e d in g s e c tio n a p p e a r to p ro v id e Ian e x p la n a tio n of H a le 's 1835 p r o s la v e r y public s ta n c e , j The m a jo r in flu e n c e s w hich h elp e d to sh ape H a le 's 1835 point I I of view w e r e a t l e a s t six in n u m b e r: f a m ilia l, r e lig io u s , s o c ia l, i |p o litic a l, le g a l, and p e rs o n a l. T h e s e a r e only a s e t of c o n v e n ie n t [ c a te g o rie s to d e s c r ib e r e le v a n t h ig h lig h ts of H a le 's b a c k g ro u n d . In no j jway a r e th ey m e a n t to r e p r e s e n t m u tu a lly e x c lu s iv e e n titie s w ith in the p e rs o n a lity and c h a r a c t e r of Jo h n P a r k e r H a le . F a r f ro m it. L ike a ll su ch a r tif ic ia lly im p o s e d c o n s tr u c ts , they s e r v e to d e m o n s tr a te the in e x tric a b ly in te rw o v e n s tr a n d s w hich c o m p r is e the p a tte r n of any m a n 's p e rs o n a lity . ^ C o n g re s s io n a l G lo b e , 31 C o n g ., I S e s s io n (1849-1850), A ppendix, pp. 800-803. "........' ' 53 : I S im ila r ly , to u n d e rta k e to d e te r m in e the e x te n t to w hich the I 'facts of H a le 's b a c k g ro u n d e x p la in h is 1835 t h r u s t is to s u g g e s t, a s i I w e ll, how and w hy H ale in te g r a te d th e s e n u m e r o u s v a r ia b le s into h is i 1835 u tte r a n c e . T he 1835 opinion w as not fo rc e d upon H a le . A nd the above s ix o r s i m i l a r c a te g o r ie s could be u s e d to a n a ly z e e a r l y y e a r s of o th e r p o litic a l a s p ir a n ts . In e a c h in d iv id u al c a s e , h o w e v e r, s e v e r a l s e ts of d a ta w ould p ro b a b ly c o m b in e to p ro d u c e a d iff e re n t end r e s u lt. T h e r e f o r e , H a le 's v e h e m e n t a tta c k on the b la c k r a c e m u s t be view ed a s a u nique in te g r a tio n of h is p a s t e x p e r ie n c e s , plus the c ir c u m s t a n c e s of the public m e e tin g at w hich he r o s e f r o m the a u d ie n c e and spoke. Som e of the a ttitu d e s r e le v a n t to the 1835 p ro n o u n c e m e n t w hich, if a d o p te d , w ould te n d to s h a p e th a t r a d ic a l p o s itio n , a r e , s e e m in g ly , f a m ilia l in n a tu r e . In c o n tr a s t to to d a y 's co n d itio n of a m o th e r and i I f a t h e r p ro v id in g th e m a j o r f a m ily a ttitu d in a l c o n s tr u c ts by w hich the | ch ild w ill le a d h is own life , the f a m ily s tr u c tu r e a t th at tim e in N ew E n g la n d w as m u c h b r o a d e r in b a s e , in clu d in g u n c le s , and so f o rth . i T h u s, th e im p a c t of the w hole fa m ily on a c h ild 's d e v e lo p in g a ttitu d e s , j p ro b a b ly , w as m u c h g r e a t e r th an to d ay . D u rin g H a le 's e r a , a child w ould te n d , th e r e f o r e , to a c c e p t the v a lu e s , a ttitu d e s , an d p r a c tic e s i i of h is fa m ily u n c r itic a lly , a b s o rb in g th e n o tio n of th e fa m ily a s a social i |unit. A ttitu d e s w e r e e x c h a n g e d and sh a p ed : w o m e n w ould d is c u s s j [c h u rc h , c h ild r e a r in g , and so fo rth ; m e n w ould ta lk of p o litic s and b u si- | i jn e s s , c ro p s and liv e s to c k , and the w e a th e r , f o r e x a m p le . " C h ild re n should be s e e n , n o t h e a r d , " in th o se d a y s . H o w e v e r, c h ild r e n w e re on the e d g e s , lis te n in g and w atch in g . T h e r e f o r e , H a le w ould g et so m e i jnotions f r o m f a m ily d is c u s s io n s w hich, if a d a p te d , w ould have to do w ith h is 1835 p o s tu r e . P r o b a b ly m o s t of th e se f a m ily to p ic s w e re i r r e le v a n t to th e q u e s tio n of s la v e r y . If we a s s u m e th a t th is to p ic w as o c c a s io n a lly to u c h e d upon, the v iew p o in ts m u s t have r e f le c te d s e c o n d han d i n f o r m a tio n - - th e r e c o r d show s no in s ta n c e w h e re a m e m b e r of H a le 's fa m ily h a d p e r s o n a lly v is ite d the South. On the o th e r h a n d , so m e of the h e te r o g e n e o u s l i s t of to p ic s m u s t have h a d an in d ir e c t b e a rin g on the fo rm u la tio n of H a le 's s la v e r y a ttitu d e s . F o r e x a m p le , H a le 's a n a lo g y to " b e a s t s " w ould a lm o s t c e r ta in ly be r e la te d in so m e fa s h io n to n u m e r o u s fa m ily c o n v e rs a tio n s r e g a r d in g h o r s e s , c a ttle , 'o r h o g s. D is c u s s io n of e tiq u e tte an d o th e r s ta n d a r d s of p e rs o n a l j J I b e h a v io r w ould r e la te in d ir e c tly . A rg u m e n ts ab o u t r e c e n t p o litic a l i i s p e a k e r s m u s t h av e o c c a s io n a lly o c c u r r e d . A ttitu d e s to w a rd th is c u s -, ; ! t o m a r y p o tp o u r r i of s u b je c ts a lm o s t c e r ta in ly c o n ta in e d m a n y c o n tr a - I | d ic tio n s o r d iff e re n c e s of opinion. H o w e v e r, th e r e co u ld h av e b e e n an ! o v e ra ll a c c e p ta n c e and a p p ro v a l of the P u r ita n ic c o n c e p t th a t one j I i •should h av e " s t r i c t s ta n d a r d s " r e g a r d in g the r e s o lu tio n of p r a c tic a lly ! I ■ i | any m a j o r p ro b le m . No a u to m a tic a c c e p ta n c e of f a m ilia l a ttitu d e s ! ! j | is s u g g e s te d . One d o e s n o t " a u to m a tic a lly " a c c e p t e v e ry th in g he h e a r s R a th e r, th e r e is a p r o c e s s of s e le c tin g , e v a lu a tin g , an d in te g ra tin g . i 55 ! i j Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , S r. w as a dev o u t C o n g re g a tio n a lis t. L y d ia ! |was p e rh a p s e v e n m o r e r e lig io u s , c o n s id e rin g the h a b its and a ttitu d e s , I of th a t re g io n in th a t e r a . We h a v e r e a s o n to b e lie v e , t h e r e f o r e , th a t H a l e 's e a r l y life w as a c o n v e n tio n al one in t e r m s of re lig io n . T h e re is n o th in g to s u g g e s t th a t the o p p o site w as tr u e . W hile Jo h n , Sr. m ig h t n o t h im s e lf r e a d to the fa m ily f r o m the B ible o r a c c o m p a n y h is w ife a n d c h ild r e n to c h u rc h on any o c c a s io n o th e r them Sunday m o rn in g , it s e e m s r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e th a t he w ould e n fo rc e obvious re lig io u s p r e c e p ts and L y d ia 's d ic tu m s of the c h u rc h and p r o p e r b e h a v io r. T he c o n v e n tio n al r e lig io u s h e r ita g e so e v id e n t in the fa m ily lin e a g e e v i d e n tly w as an im p o r ta n t p a r t of the y o u n g e r Jo h n P a r k e r H a le 's life . H o w e v e r, the b e s t g u e s s w as th a t th e r e w as little c a r r y o v e r f r o m the Sunday s e r v ic e to h is e v e ry d a y a c tiv itie s , e .g . , so m e of h is e x t r a - I ■ c u r r i c u l a r a c tiv itie s a t W a rd s T a v e rn . ! i [ I ! The a v a ila b le e v id e n c e s u g g e s te d th a t H a le , p e r s o n a lly , m ig h t : ] n e v e r h av e c o n s id e r e d the N e g ro in an y o th e r t e r m s th a n th o se re p o rts ^ i m p r e s s i o n s , and m y th s a v a ila b le in the v o c a b u la ry of h is day. M o re j s p e c ific a lly , the a v a ila b le e v id e n c e n e v e r in d ic a te d any p e r s o n a l e x p o - j ! I ; i s u r e to the N e g ro a s a h u m a n b eing. i i I i i Yet a n o th e r im p o r ta n t in flu e n ce in H a le 's life w as p o litic a l in j | I th e m e . Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , S r. and h is R o c h e s te r c r o n ie s d r a n k a le , c u r s e d the " d a m b a rg o " on " M r. M a d is o n 's w a r " and p r a i s e d m e n like J e r e m i a h M a so n and D a n ie l W e b s te r a s the p r o te c to r s of th e s e ttle d jworld of s e a b o a r d N ew E n g la n d f r o m W e s te rn m o b s and S o u thern " in fi- jdels." C h r is tie and W o odm an, and b e fo re th a t the B ow doin s e e d s of ! I D e m o c ra tic s p i r i t , led H ale to p e rc e iv e s i m i l a r i t i e s b e tw e en l a t te r - d a y F e d e r a l i s m and J a c k s o n i a n i s m - - p a r t i c u l a r l y the s t r e s s each p la c e d on s t r i c t c o n s tr u c tio n and s t a t e s ' r ig h ts . K eeping in m in d H a le 's e x p e d ient sp lit w ith A d a m s ' p a rty , c o n s titu tio n a l c o n s e r v a tis m b e c a m e a d o m in a n t th e m e . A fifth d o m in a n t in flu en ce in H a le 's life w as le g a lis tic . The " b e n e v o le n t a u th o r ity " th e m e a p p ro p r ia te to d e s c r ib e John H a le , Sr. w as p ro b a b ly sy m b o lic of how the y o u n g e r Jo h n P a r k e r H ale m u s t have s e e n h is f a th e r: the s u c c e s s f u l la w y e r, able c iv ic l e a d e r , and p o p u la r c itiz e n m e m b e r of the c o m m u n ity 's m id d le c la s s . In deed, th a t f a th e r and son had m a n y t r a i t s in c o m m o n w ould s e e m to ju s tify the a s s e r tio n , ! th a t a m a jo r in flu e n ce in H a le 's life w as le g a lis tic in c h a r a c te r . If so,i , ! th en to s a y th at the s la v e w as p r o p e r ty w as to obey th e law . j T h e r e f o r e , H a le 's 1835 s ta n c e in clu d e d the c u s to m a r y m ix tu re of in flu e n c e s , so m e c o n tr a d ic to r y . Of th e s e m a n y in flu e n c e s w hich ; h e lp e d to m o ld h is s p ir i t and c h a r a c t e r the one w hich s e e m e d m o s t cont- :t r a d i c t o r y to " s la v e s a r e b e a s t s " w as h is r e lig io u s u p b rin g in g . H ow - ! I i je v e r , c o n v e n tio n al r e lig io n , a s the youthful H a le e x p e rie n c e d it, p ro b - I ;a b ly s t r e s s e d f o r m s , n o t m e a n in g , and p ro b a b ly did not s e e m to h av e any p r a c tic a l e v e ry d a y r e la tio n to N e g ro e s o r s la v e r y . In fa c t, a c c o rd in g to S ew ell, m o s t of the N ew E n g la n d m i n i s t e r s at th a t tim e 57 istro n g ly o p p o se d a b o litio n is ts on the g ro u n d th at they w e re putting ■their p e r s o n a l c o n v ic tio n s above s o c ia l o r d e r . In s u m m a r y , the fo re g o in g in flu e n ce s f r o m H a l e 's boyhood and youth w e re i n te r p r e te d in an e ffo rt to s u g g e st so m e p ro b a b le o r ig in s of H a le 's 1835 public s p e e c h on " s la v e s a r e b e a s ts " : F a m il ia l H a le 's boyhood in c lu d e d p a rtic ip a tio n in the a c tiv itie s of a r e l a tiv e ly la r g e f a m ily , m o s tly h is p a te r n a l r e la tiv e s . The in te r p r e ta tio n w as th a t c o n v e rs a tio n s a m o n g h is e ld e r s m u s t have c o v e re d a wide v a r ie ty of to p ic s , m o s t of th e m ir r e le v a n t o r in d ir e c tly r e la te d to H a le 's c o n c e p t of b la c k s la v e r y . C o n tra d ic to ry in flu e n c e s w e re p r o b ab ly a t w o rk . T h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n an o v e ra ll e m p h a s is upon solving im ost p r o b le m s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith " s t r i c t s ta n d a r d s ." I i i R elig io u s H ale w as r e a r e d in an o rth o d o x N ew E n g la n d re lig io u s reg im en .! The c o n tr a d ic tio n s b e tw e en being re lig io u s an d a p p ro v in g s la v e r y m a y I I w ell h ave b e e n m o r e a p p a re n t th a n r e a l, i . e . , to a y o u n g s te r the N ew ; {England re lig io n m a y have b e e n a m a t t e r of f o r m r a t h e r th an living : s u b s ta n c e . I j i 'P e r s o n a l C e n s u s s ta t is t ic s s tro n g ly s u g g e st th a t in h is e a r l y y e a r s H ale m a y n e v e r h a v e p e r s o n a lly known the N eg r o a s a h u m a n being.__________ 1 P o litic a l I ........— I i | H a le 's y o uthful p o litic a l v iew s had b een sh a p ed by h is fa th e r and i jhis c r o n ie s , v iew s a c c e p te d a s h is own. C o lleg e, h o w e v e r, p ro v id e d iopposing po in ts of view . H ale m ig h t h ave enjoyed the n otion of being i ! f r e e to m ak e up h is own m in d . C hoosing the m o re " d e m o c r a tic " i ! I : lA thenaen S ociety o v e r the m o re " a r i s t o c r a t i c " P e u c in ia n would s e e m td I in d ic a te th at c o n tr a d ic to ry in flu e n ce s p ro b ab ly at w o rk d u rin g H a le 's j i Ichildhood now s u rf a c e d in th is " b re a k " w ith p re v io u s ly h e ld b e lie fs . S u m m a ry ; I T hus f a r , e v e ry th in g in th is c h a p te r w as p r e s e n te d fo r the p u r - jpose of ex p la in in g th e m o s t p ro b a b le e a r ly in flu e n c e s r e s u ltin g in [H a le 's b a s ic a ttitu d e o p p o sin g fre e d o m fo r s la v e s . T h is b r in g s u s to : the v e rg e of H a le 's f i r s t know n public s ta te m e n t in A u g u st of 1835 a t the m e e tin g b ein g c o n d u cted by an a b o litio n is t n a m e d S t o r r s , an e p i- 1 sode d e s c r ib e d in th e follow ing c h a p te r. The v a rio u s in flu e n c e s w hich (com bined to a c c o u n t fo r H a l e 's a tte n d a n c e a t the le c tu r e do not suffice i I to ex p lain why he r o s e to sp e a k n o r why h is s ta te m e n t w a s couched in i I su ch e x tr e m e la n g u a g e . A d d itio n a lly , S ew ell s ta te s th a t th is o c c a s io n w as the f i r s t and l a s t on w hich H ale u s e d such lan g u ag e. The m o s t p ro b a b le e x p la n a tio n fo r H a le 's v e h e m e n t o u tb u rs t w as thought to be th e in flu en ce of the im m e d ia te s itu a tio n a l co n tex t. A p p a re n tly , S t o r r s ' two opening le c t u r e s w e re n o t a tte n d e d by m any i 59 ; j jopponents, sin c e no d is tu r b a n c e o c c u r r e d . H e a r s a y r e g a r d in g h is j i ; i : l e c t u r e s a p p a re n tly m o tiv a te d an e n th u s ia s tic g ro u p of young p r o - i , i t e s t e r s to o rg a n iz e f o r the p r o te s t w hich o c c u r r e d at the th ir d m e e tin g ’ t and p re v e n te d the h o ld in g of the f o u rth and fin a l m e e tin g . The p r e p a ra tio n of p o s te r s i ll u s tr a t e d th a t the in te r r u p tio n of th e th ir d m e e tin g w as o r g a n iz e d by a g ro u p . H a le 's p r e s e n c e a s a m e m b e r of th is g ro u p ■has b e e n a c c o u n te d f o r . L ik e w is e , h is c h o ic e a s s p o k e s m a n f o r the g ro u p fo llo w ed n a tu r a lly f r o m h is g e n e ra l re p u ta tio n a s an e ffe c tiv e public s p e a k e r w ith a f l a i r f o r th e d r a m a tic . H is y o u th fu ln e ss m a y a ls o h av e b e e n i m p o r t a n t - -29 y e a r s of age. The in te r r u p tio n s d u rin g S t o r r s ' le c tu r e and the u p h e a v a l a t the c o n c lu sio n show ed the d i s o r - d e r lin e s s of the im m e d ia te sp e ak in g s itu a tio n . F u r t h e r m o r e , H ale jwas eg g e d on by su c h h e c k l e r s ' sh o u ts a s , "Go ah e ad , J a c k ! " A [ i | re a s o n a b le d e d u c tio n m ig h t be th a t H a le 's b a s ic o p p o sitio n to S t o r r s ' i j I view p oint w as m o re s tr o n g ly s ta te d th an w ould h a v e b e e n the c a s e in a ' i i m o r e n o r m a l, o r d e r ly , and thoughtful public sp e ak in g o c c a s io n . H a le 's in te g r a tio n of the c r o s s c u r r e n ts of h is b a c k g ro u n d p r o - j ; i vided the c o n te x t of th e 1835 m o m e n t. It w as re a s o n a b le to conclude i | ithat th e s e c r o s s c u r r e n t s m o tiv a te d h im to s e e k a s a tis fy in g i n te g r a - : i |tio n . But how did h e s y n th e s iz e th e c o n tra d ic tio n s and d e v e lo p a p o litic a l p o sitio n w hich h a d b e e n d e s c r ib e d in 1832 a s a " s o m e r s e t " i ! jand w hich in 1835 h a d b e c o m e m o r e e x t r e m e ? T h e r e m u s t have b een |a n " in n e r d e b a te ," s u p p le m e n te d by sounding out f r ie n d s and fa m ily . (L e tte rs su p p o rtin g the e x is te n c e of " in n e r d ia lo g u e " a r e a v a ila b le c o n - c e rn in g a l a t e r p e rio d . A nd th e r e is no n e g a tiv e e v id e n c e to c o n t r a d ic t the e x is te n c e of in tra c o m m u n ic a tio n . R e lia n c e upon o r a l b e h a v io r is e x h ib ite d in H a le 's ch o ice of the law and p o litic s . It s e e m s r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e , th e n , th a t H ale w ould "ta lk th in g s o u t," w ithin h im s e lf and w ith o th e r s . We s e e H a le , th e n , a s the young la w y e r in D o v e r, I New H a m p s h ir e , a p o litic a l a s p ir a n t, ris in g f r o m the a u d ie n c e in re s p o n s e to that in n e r in te g r a tio n of e x p e rie n tia l b a c k g ro u n d f o r c e s and in r e s p o n s e to h is c r o n ie s who e n c o u ra g e h im w ith r e m a r k s , clap p in g h a n d s , and s ta m p in g fe e t. "S lav es a r e b e a s ts in h u m a n sh a p e , n o t fit to live - f r e e ! " s e e m s a lo g ic a l o u tco m e of the p a s t and c u r r e n t c o n te x t of H a le 's e x p e rie n c e a s of A u g u st, 1835. 6 1 , | H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o tes - - C h a p te r IV L y d ia O 'B rie n H ale to H a le , Ju n e 27, 1822, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety C o lle c tio n . J L e w is G. B a r n e s to H a le , D e c e m b e r 8 , 1825, N ew H a m p s h ir e H i s to r i c a l S ociety C o lle c tio n . ■ J e r e m ia h H. W oodm an to H a le , J u ly 25, 1927, New H a m p s h ir e H i s to r ic a l S ociety C o llec tio n . H ale to T h o m a s L a m b e r t, Ju n e 14, 1935, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety C o llec tio n . C H A P T E R V "SLA V ES A R E B E A ST S" A n ti-A b o litio n is t "T h ey [the s la v e s ] a r e b e a s ts in h u m an sh a p e , n o t fit to l iv e - - I i f r e e ! " (Ita lic s m in e .) : T h u s spoke Jo h n P a r k e r H ale on A ugust 18, 1835, a t th e con- I ; e lu s io n o f an a b o litio n is t le c tu r e d e liv e re d by the R ev. G e o rg e S to r r s r e p r e s e n tin g th e N ew H a m p s h ir e A n ti-S la v e ry S o c iety , in the D o v er [M e th o d ist M eetin g H o u se. The im m e d ia te c o n te x t w ithin w hich th is ■ extrem e s ta te m e n t w as m a d e w a s d e s c r ib e d by R ic h a rd H. Sew ell in a r e c e n t b io g ra p h y of H ale: In A ugust 1835 th e R ev. G e o rg e S t o r r s , an a g e n t for the New | H a m p s h ir e A n ti-S la v e ry S o c iety , a r r i v e d to d e liv e r a s e r i e s of i fo u r a b o litio n is t l e c t u r e s in D o v e r 's M e th o d ist M eetin g H o u se. ! The f i r s t tw o ta lk s ("B ib le and S la v e r y " and " F r u i t s of S la v ery ") j • p ro v o k ed no d is tu r b a n c e s . On T u e s d a y , A u g u st 17, h o w e v e r, i ! D o v e r c itiz e n s found p o s te d a b o u t tow n b r o a d s id e s announcing: ! "A ll th o se who a r e in fa v o r of d isu n io n a r e re q u e s te d to m e e t th is e v e n in g a t th e M e th o d is t m e e tin g h o u se p r e c is e ly at 8 o 'c lo c k . A c c o rd in g ly , w hen S t o r r s b e g a n h is le c tu r e th a t evening he found fac in g h im an u n e x p e c te d ly la r g e and h o s tile a u d ie n c e . H ale in its m id s t. T w ice a s he spoke he w as in te r r u p te d by the shuffling of fe e t. A t the c lo s e of the le c t u r e , H ale r o s e and "w ith m a n if e s t w a r m th " d e m a n d e d " lib e rty of d is c u s s io n " fo r th o se who held d if f e r e n t b e lie fs . To h e c k l e r s ' c r i e s of "Go a h e a d , J a c k ! " he p r o c e e d e d , in a " s h o r t b u t a n im a te d a d d r e s s , " to e x p o se " s o m e of 62 the f a lla c ie s of the d o c tr in e s of the a b o litio n is ts , and b rie fly s ta te d a few of the e v ils to w hich a s u c c e s s of the a b o litio n p lan s w ould e x p o se the c itiz e n s of the S o u th e rn S ta te s . " The a b o litio n i s t s ' c o u rs e he la b e lle d i n s u r r e c t io n a r y , and, if S t o r r s ' s u b s e quent a c co u n t is r e lia b le , d is m is s e d the s la v e s a s " B e a s ts in i H um an Shape and Not F it to L iv e , " adding in a b a re ly au d ib le | voice " fr e e . " So v io le n t w as the d e m o n s tra tio n w hich follow ed I H a le 's r e jo in d e r th a t S t o r r s p ru d e n tly c a n c e lle d h is concluding le c tu r e . G leefu lly th e D o v e r G a z e tte b o a ste d : "T h e delu d ed fa n a tic s of h y p o c r itic a l p h ila n th ro p y h ave b een tau g h t th a t in D o v er th e r e is no r e s tin g p la c e fo r th e ir e m i s s a r i e s - no abiding p lac e fo r th e ir d o c tr in e s . " 1*2 H a le 's p u b lic s ta te m e n t of h is 1835 p r o s la v e r y and a n ti a b o litio n is t v iew s m a y w e ll have b e e n put into s tr o n g e r lan g u ag e th an he in tended due to the s itu a tio n a l v a r ia b le s , i . e . , the fa c t th a t the j j a u d ie n c e b e c a m e s o m e w h a t d is o r d e r ly and H ale w as egged on by h is I f f rie n d s w ith su c h c r i e s a s , "Go a h e a d , J a c k . " M aking a ll due a llo w a n c e , h o w e v e r, h is s ta n c e r e g a r d in g the s la v e r y is s u e w as ob v io u sly not m e r e ly o p p o se d to a b o litio n , b u t w as s tro n g ly so. H a le 's v iew s on s la v e r y a t th is tim e w e r e , of c o u r s e , a p p r o x i m a te ly the s a m e a s th o u sa n d s of o th e r A m e r ic a n s , e s p e c ia lly th o se living in N o r th e r n s ta t e s , a s w e ll a s o th e r s living in the South. The s u b se q u e n t th o u g h ts, b e lie fs , and a c tio n s of th e s e people d e v e lo p e d in a dozen d iff e re n t d ir e c tio n s . S om e of th e m b e c a m e ra b id a b o litio n is ts ^ R ic h a rd H. S e w e ll, Jo h n P . H a le and the P o litic s of A b o litio n (C a m b rid g e , M a s s . : H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1965), p. 32. 2 The e s s e n c e of S e w e ll's a c c o u n t b a s e d on S t o r r s ' l e t te r to the C o n c o rd H e r a ld of F r e e d o m w a s a u th e n tic a te d on the S enate flo o r by H ale in 1850. See C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e , 30:1, Ju n e 10, 1850. in clu d in g in te lle c tu a l o n e s su ch a s W illia m L loyd G a r r is o n , but a lso j the c r u d e r o n e s who u tiliz e d ta r and f e a t h e r s o r e v en lynching. Som e u n d e rw e n t little d e te c ta b le ch an g e, m a in ta in in g the s a m e view s until Ithe e n d s of th e ir liv e s . S till o th e r s m o d ifie d t h e i r v iew s in the d i r e c - I I | | ition of o p p o sitio n to s la v e r y . T h e se l a t te r in d iv id u a ls ev e n tu a lly r e p - ! i 1 [re s e n te d m an y d iffe re n t d e g re e s of b e lie fs so th a t a v a rie ty of a b o li- itionist s o c ie tie s and p a r t i e s w e re o r g a n iz e d , a s is re c o u n te d la te r in ! i t : [this d i s s e r ta t io n . T h e r e f o r e , the q u e s tio n a r o s e : W hich of th e s e ; [ ,n u m e r o u s , d iv e r g e n t p ath s w as c h o se n by Jo h n P a r k e r H a le ? Of c o u r s e , in h is c a s e , a v a ila b le e v id e n c e r e v e a le d w hich path w as , c h o sen . T he m o re im p o rta n t q u e stio n , h o w e v e r, b e c a m e one of try in g I I ! to d is c o v e r why and how he a r r i v e d a t h is s e q u e n c e s of d e c is io n s . A s j I in d ic a te d e a r l i e r in th is p a p e r, th a t s e a r c h r e q u ir e d a focus upon b a s ic m o d e s of c o m m u n ic a tio n a s a p p lie d by H a le an d o th e r s w ith w hom he [in te ra c te d in the c o u rs e of his jo u rn e y . In o th e r w o rd s , the b e s t e v i- i jdence r e g a r d in g H a le 's g ra d u a l change o f h is c o n v ic tio n s re g a rd in g the j q u e s tio n of s la v e r y would be r e le v a n t s ta te m e n ts in h is own w o rd s. T h e r e f o r e , th is r e s e a r c h e r sought to find a ll p o s s ib le s a m p le s of H a le 's v e rb a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s d u rin g the p e rio d beginning ca. 1835. T e m p e r a n c e The f i r s t d a ta found th at w e re in the f o r m of q u o ta tio n s fro m H a le 's own w o rd s w e re e x c e r p ts f ro m d e b a te s in the N ew H a m p s h ire 65 ’ i i L e g is la tu r e in 1832 on the s u b je c t of p ro p o s e d T e m p e r a n c e L aw s. j (These d a ta p ro v id e a n a tu r a l s ta r tin g p oint in o u r a n a ly s is of H a le 's I jv erb al c o m m u n ic a tio n s . T he b ack g ro u n d and c o n te x t of th e s e d e b a te s i | (su g g ested b a s ic a n a lo g ie s to H a le 's t r e a tm e n t of the s la v e ry is s u e , . e . g . , an e th ic a l p ro b le m thought to be b e s t r e s o lv e d by p o litic a l and !legal t r e a tm e n t. i ' T e m p e r a n c e w as the d o m in a n t to p ic in N ew H a m p s h ire in 1832. j I , | L e g is la to r s had b e e n try in g to c o n tro l the s a le of liq u o r sin c e the j e n a c tm e n t of la w s in 1827 w hich p ro v id e d fo r the im p o s itio n of a fine on anyone s e llin g s p ir i ts in q u a n titie s l e s s th an a gallon w ithout license! f ro m tow n s e le c tm e n . Two y e a r s l a t e r , in r e s p o n s e to the p r e s s u r e oil lo ca l te m p e r a n c e s o c ie tie s , the le g is la tu r e a m e n d e d the 1827 a c t so as; j to p ro h ib it the s a le of liq u o r by a ll e x c e p t r e t a i l e r s se llin g m e a s u r e s of a p in t o r g r e a t e r , and th e n only on co n d itio n th a t nothing be d ru n k I ! on the p r e m i s e s : it m a d e d rin k in g pubs o r ta v e r n s ille g a l and banned s a le s of l e s s th a n a p in t, lic e n s e o r no lic e n s e . T h e s e law s had I I b o o m e ra n g e d , h o w e v e r; in s te a d of re d u c in g the u s e of a lc o h o l, they j had f o s te r e d an i n c r e a s e of h eav y d rin k in g . I | M e a n w h ile , H a le had fo re g o n e h is t a v e r n days a t B ow doin and at the age of 21 , in 1828, had " ta k e n the p le d g e , " a p e rs o n a l re s o lv e w hich he n e v e r v io la te d d u rin g the r e m a in d e r of h is life. B eginning in 1827, H ale w a s e n g r o s s e d in p r e p a r in g fo r a le g a l c a r e e r and he a c q u ire d f ir s t- h a n d e x p e r ie n c e in c o u rtr o o m b a ttle s involving v io la tio n s of the T e m p e r a n c e L a w s, d is c o v e rin g , no doubt, the d iffi c u ltie s of e n fo rc in g th e s e law s. A lso , of c o u r s e , in 1831, H ale in a u g u ra te d h is p o litic a l c a r e e r , being e le c te d to the S tate L e g is la tu r e and ; the o ffice of Tow n M o d e ra to r. No p e r s o n a l l e t t e r s o r o th e r s im ila r : I ! i d a ta fo r th is p e rio d a r e e x ta n t. T h e r e f o r e , we h av e no d i r e c t clu e s I !r e g a r d in g H a le 's T e m p e r a n c e vo w s, a ttitu d e to w a rd the leg a l p r o f e s - I | sion, o r m o tiv a tio n s fo r e n te r in g p o litic s . H o w e v e r, a s u p e rfic ia l | a n a ly s is m ig h t le a d one to p r e d ic t th a t in 1832, he w ould fav o r s t r i c t T e m p e r a n c e L a w s , fa v o r t h e ir s t r i c t e n fo r c e m e n t, and c o u rt the v o te s i of the w e ll- o r g a n iz e d T e m p e r a n c e S o c ie tie s . H o w e v e r, in the L e g is la tu r e on Ju n e 8 , 1932, H ale took the ! i ! fa ilin g s of the e x is tin g lic e n s in g law a s the s u b s ta n c e fo r h is m a id e n j s p e e c h . A w a re of the s u b je c t's highly c o n tr o v e r s ia l n a tu r e , he j a p p ro a c h e d it "w ith e x tr e m e d iffid en ce. " H ale did not w ish to d is - I : p a ra g e the " s tr e n u o u s e x e r tio n s " w hich v a lu e - s e e k in g in d iv id u als had j ! i ; m a d e and w e r e m a k in g to d a m p e n in te m p e r a n c e - - th a t " g r e a t and c r y - j | ing e v il. " E x p e r ie n c e , h o w e v e r, s u g g e ste d th a t le g is la tiv e e n a c tm e n ts j w e re ill-a d v is e d : it w as a " m o n s tro u s a n o m a ly " th a t d e s p ite s e v e r e p e n a ltie s e n a c te d a g a in s t b r e a c h e s of the lic e n s in g law , it w as "openly and u n b lu sh in g ly v io la te d . " H a le , th e r e f o r e , p ro p o s e d the a p p o in tm e n t of a s e le c t c o m m itte e to in q u ire into the e ffica c y of ch a n g es in the p r e s e n t law: H a l e '6 own o pinion w as th a t le g is la tiv e e n a c tm e n ts would n o t of th e m s e lv e s ch e ck in te m p e r a n c e , and th a t la w s w hich public 67 opinion would n o t e n fo rc e w e r e w o rs e th an u s e l e s s and should be re p e a le d . The e ff e c tiv e n e s s of H a le 's r e m a r k s w as e v id e n c e d by the i I a p p ro v a l of h is p ro p o s a l fo r a c o m m itte e of in q u iry . S p e a k e r F ra n k lin ! i : jp ie r c e ap p o in ted h im one of its th re e m e m b e r s . I ■ H ale w a s n o t s a tis fie d w ith the bill out of th at c o m m itte e to ! I ^modify the e x is tin g a c t. He o ffe re d a r e s o lu tio n of h is own c a llin g fo r jan end to "u n eq u a l and b u rd e n s o m e ta x e s " on any b r a n c h of b u s in e s s , w h e th e r in s p ir i ts o r o th e r w is e . S peaking, he sa id , a s a r e p r e s e n t a - i jtive of the w o rk in g c la s s , he d en ounced the p r e f e r e n t ia l tr e a tm e n t I la c c o rd e d d i s t i l l e r s - - " p r o b a b l y . . . ably r e p r e s e n t e d in th is v e ry i H a l l " - - a t the e x p e n s e of "the h u m b le d e a le r in the s m a l le r m e a s u r e . " | S trik in g out a g a in a t the e x is tin g law , H ale in d ic a te d the a p p ro a c h he I i p r e f e r r e d to a tta in e s s e n tia lly e th ic a l g o als: j i W hy, the g ro g sh o p s a r e b ro u g h t upon w h e e ls , to the v e ry i g a te s of the S tate H o u se , e v e n now , in sp ite of y o u r e n a c tm e n ts . j If you r e p e a l the law s upon th is s u b je c t, do you b e lie v e th ey w ill j S e n te r the p o r ta ls of the c a p ito l and jin g le t h e ir g l a s s e s in y o u r j j H a ll? No, you c a n n o t le g is la te m e n into C h r is tia n ity o r t e m p e r - | a n c e. Sound p olicy and p u b lic opinion, not w e ll m e a n in g , but ill judging te m p e r a n c e a s s o c ia tio n s , should guide the d ra ftin g of a new lic e n s in g law . ^ ^ 3 S e w e ll, p. 32. 4 R e lia n c e fo r th is a c c o u n t of H a le 's r e m a r k s r e g a r d in g the New H a m p s h ire H o u se p r o c e e d in g s on the lic e n s in g a c t w a s p la c e d so le ly on Sew ell sin c e m ic r o f ilm in g d iffic u ltie s e n c o u n te re d by the A n tiq u a ria n S ociety p re v e n te d th is r e s e a r c h e r f r o m gain in g a c c e s s to th e p r im a r y d ata. T h is and s im i la r s p e e c h e s , a s w e ll a s H a le 's w o rk a s d e fe n se c o u n se l j i , [for v io la to r s of the lic e n s e law , led m an y to b e lie v e th at H ale w as anti-j | | jte m p e ra n c e , if n o t in in te n t, th en c e rta in ly in e ffe c t. In fa c t, H a le 's j junw avering stan d on te m p e r a n c e r e f o r m w as a w eak sp o t in h is 1842 j ! ! ■campaign fo r U nited S ta te s C o n g r e s s . ! i ! T h e s e e v e n ts in d ic a te th a t H a le 's b e h a v io r w as b a s e d upon a p r a g m a tic , leg a l a p p ro a c h to the p r o b le m . The fu n d a m e n ta l soundness! 1 I of h is p o sitio n m ig h t be s u p p o rte d by the r e m a r k a b le a c c u r a c y w ith ;which he fo re to ld the n a tio n a l e ffe c ts of the E ig h te e n th A m e n d m e n t w hich w e re to h ap p en a c e n tu ry l a t e r . He put th e th e s is b rie fly w hen he s a id " th a t t e m p e r a n c e r e f o r m could be a c h ie v e d only by m o r a l p e r - ! [ 5 j :su a sio n , not by p r e s c r ip t iv e o r d i n a n c e s ." H ale re c o g n iz e d th a t i ( 6 m o r a l e n d s m ay s o m e tim e s be a c h ie v e d only by p r a c tic a l m e a n s . N o tew o rth y is th e f a c t th a t H a l e 's a rg u m e n t w as n o t b a s e d upon r e l i - ! Igious te n e ts . The seco n d r e c o r d e d e x a m p le of H a le 's sp eak in g w as h is 1835 j i " 's la v e s a r e b e a s ts in h u m a n s h a p e , n o t fit to l i v e - - f r e e , " w hich has a lr e a d y b e e n r e p o r te d in th is c h a p te r. A gain, the t h r u s t of h is a r g u - S ew ell, p. 16. ^ T h e p o te n tia l a n alo g y of th is le g is la tiv e s tr a te g y to H a le 's fu tu re d e c is io n s on the s la v e r y is s u e (a n o th e r m o r a l q u e stio n ) is a p p a r e n t. In 1832, h o w e v e r, the r e s e a r c h p ro b le m w a s w h e th e r he would l a te r ad o p t the s a m e s tr a te g y . m e n t w as le g a l is t ic - - a c c o r d i n g to the law s of th a t tim e s la v e s w e re i indeed p la c e d in the c a te g o ry of p e r s o n a l p r o p e r ty a n a lo g o u s to the jow nership of liv e s to c k n e c e s s a r y fo r a g r ic u ltu r e in th e South and p r o - j | j jtected by la w s including the C o n stitu tio n of the U nited S ta te s . T h e r e j i i ! i iagain, a ls o , no l e t t e r s o r o th e r p e r s o n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s w e re a v a i l a b le to a s s i s t in a n a ly z in g h is u n d e rly in g m o tiv a tio n s. A p p a re n tly , no , jfirs t-h a n d e x p e rie n c e w ith N e g ro e s w as in d ic a te d . L ik e w is e , th e r e 1 i I w as no e v id e n c e of s o c ia l o r re lig io u s c o n s id e r a tio n s . H o w e v e r, the j 1835 c o n d e m n a tio n of a b o litio n is ts ( " tro u b le m a k e r s " ) w as c o n s c io u s ly | jor u n c o n s c io u s ly an e x p e d ie n t p o litic a l p o sitio n at th a t p a r t i c u l a r tim e jand p la c e , a s p re v io u s ly n o ted . I "A F ig u r e of Som e In flu e n ce " ; T he p e rio d f ro m 1835 m a r k s the r is e of H ale, b o rro w in g a p h r a s e f r o m S ew ell, to "a fig u re of so m e in flu en ce. " On A p ril 8 , 1834, P r e s i d e n t A n d re w J a c k s o n ap p o in ted H ale a tto rn e y of th e U nited S ta te s fo r the D i s tr i c t of New H a m p s h ir e . H ale com b in ed h is p riv a te law p r a c tic e w ith his t r a v e l s th ro u g h o u t New H a m p s h ir e , and to M a in e and M a s s a c h u s e tts , in p u r s u a n c e of h is d u tie s as D is tr ic t A tto rn e y ; C h a r le s W. W oodm an te n d e d a f f a ir s in D o v e r w hile H ale tr ie d s ta te and p riv a te c a s e s b e fo re c o u rts f r o m L a n c a s te r to B o sto n . A g lim p s e of the fac t th a t H ale w a s by no m e a n s a b o o k ish la w y e r is g iven in a l e tte r to L ucy d a te d A p ril 27, 1840. It ca n be d e d u ced th a t th is a c c o u n t d e s c r i b e s a | s tre n u o u s sc h ed u le c e n te re d on c o u r tr o o m sp e a k in g p r e p a r a tio n and | i ; j d e liv e ry : I j I have b e e n eng ag ed in try in g c a s e s a lm o s t in c e s s a n tly sin c e | I have b e e n h e r e . We b e g a n the t r i a l of one on F r id a y a fte rn o o n , j i w hich w as a d isp u te ab o u t the b o u n d a ry b e tw e en two lo ts in the j j w oods about te n m ile s above h e r e , and on S a tu rd a y m o rn in g a s ; ! the e v id e n c e w as c o m p le x and c o n tr a d ic to ry , I thought the i n te r - j e s t of m y c lie n t r e q u ir e d th a t the ju ry should se e and e x a m in e ) the gro u n d and a c c o rd in g ly m o v e d the C o u rt to send the ju ry out to e x a m in e the p r e m i s e s , w hich th ey did. I w ent w ith th e m and sp e n t a ll S a tu rd a y a fte rn o o n in th e w oods e x a m in in g sp o tte d t r e e s and lin e s . The w e a th e r w a s e x tr e m e ly h o t and I s u ffe re d m u ch f ro m h e a t fa tig u e and t h i r s t . H o w e v e r, in m y view of the c a s e , the e v id e n c e w as th o ro u g h ly in fa v o r of m y c lie n t. The c a s e is ! to be a rg u e d by M r. B a r tl e tt and m y s e lf th is day. j H a le 's t r a v e ls a ls o m ad e it p o s s ib le fo r h im to sp e a k b e fo re p o litic a l j ! g a th e rin g s ; h is g ro w in g r e p u ta tio n in " s tu m p " sp eak in g e v e n tu a te d in I 1 i I D e m o c ra tic a s s o c ia tio n s in v itin g H ale to a d d r e s s v a rio u s p a rty r a l l i e s ' I ; ' ■ I to a s s i s t lo ca l c a m p a ig n s and c a n d id a te s . By 1841 H ale w a s on " c lo s e 7 t e r m s w ith le a d in g p o litic ia n s of both p a r t i e s th ro u g h o u t the s ta te . ! | j The T e m p e r a n c e m o v e m e n t, a s p re v io u s ly noted, w as a p e rs o n a l m a t - ! I t e r w ith H a le , p ro b a b ly m o tiv a tin g h im to sp e ak on its b e h a lf n o t only ! in the N ew H a m p s h ir e H o u se , b u t a ls o b e fo re n u m e ro u s o th e r g ro u p s . T h at th is type of p ublic sp e a k in g w a s p ro b a b ly a lo n g - te r m a c tiv ity is su g g e ste d by su c h l e t te r s a s th a t of O c to b e r 12, 1842, f r o m H ale to M r s . H ale: ^S ew ell, p. 19. T o m o rr o w even in g I s h a ll p ro b a b ly a d d r e s s the good people h e r e on the a ll im p o r ta n t s u b je c t of te m p e r a n c e so if Baby d o e s not e n tir e ly e n g ro s s a ll y o u r th o u g h ts you m ay in im a g in a tio n j pay a v is it h e r e and h e a r m e e n fo rc in g a s w ell a s I m ay the j tr u th s of s o b e r n e s s and te m p e ra n c e by a p p e a ls to the h e a r t s and j u n d e rs ta n d in g s of m en . ! i F u r t h e r , H ale w as a w a rd e n of the D o v e r U n ita ria n S ociety; it i i w as th ro u g h h is e ffo rts th a t r e s o lu tio n s w e re p a s s e d to p r o te c t the R ev. P a r k m a n in his s e r m o n s d is c u s s in g the s o c ia l i s s u e s of the day, in clu d in g s la v e r y . It w as d e d u c ed th a t H ale w as an a c tiv e p a rtic ip a n t and fre q u e n t s p e a k e r in h is ro le a s an e ld e r in h is c h u rc h . In s u m m a ry , the follow ing c o n c lu s io n s about H a le 's c o m m u n i c a tio n a c tiv itie s d u rin g the p e rio d f ro m , ro u g h ly , 1835 to, ro u g h ly , 1839, s e e m e d ju stifie d : (1) H ale d e liv e r e d public s p e e c h e s r e g u la rly and fre q u e n tly ; (2 ) he spoke in at l e a s t fo u r ty p e s of sp e ak in g situations;, in o r d e r of p ro b a b le f r e q u e n c y - - c o u r t r o o m , p o litic a l, T e m p e ra n c e , and c h u rc h ; (3) H ale w as an e x c e p tio n a lly e ffe c tiv e s p e a k e r - - h e w as re a p p o in te d D i s tr i c t A tto rn e y ; he w as in d e m a n d at p o litic a l m e e tin g s ; he w as o ften in v ited to s p e a k a t T e m p e r a n c e g a th e r in g s . A lso , it can be a s s u m e d th a t he w ro te m an y p r iv a te l e t t e r s (no lo n g e r extant) in v iew of the p r im a r y w r itte n d a ta w h ich a r e now a v a ila b le and a r e p r e s e n tly r e p o r te d . "In w a rd S p iritu a l P u r it y " O u tw a rd ly , we now se e an a c tiv e young m a n in h is e a r l y t h i r t ie s , a p p a re n tly e n g r o s s e d in h is d u tie s a s D i s tr i c t A tto rn e y , p a r tn e r j in a p riv a te law f ir m , le a d e r in a sta te w id e p o litic a l p a r ty , devoted I |new h u sb a n d and f a th e r, s u p e r v is o r of h is s m a ll f a r m , c h u rc h e ld e r , t jand p a r tic ip a n t in c o m m u n ity a c tiv itie s . C e rta in ly a busy sc h e d u le , (inw ardly, one m ig h t re a s o n a b ly su p p o se , H a le 's thoughts and fe e lin g s j I should be d o m in a te d by the in n u m e ra b le p r a c tic a l p r o b le m s of la u n c h i n g th is m u ltifa c e te d c a r e e r . W ith such e x p e c ta tio n s one m ay r e a d I H a le 's l e t te r to h is w ife, d a te d S e p te m b e r 2, 1839. My D e a r L ucy, It is five y e a r s th is day sin c e we w e re m a r r i e d , a m o s t j im p o r ta n t e v e n t in e a c h of o u r liv e s and an im p o r ta n t p e rio d of I th o se liv e s th a t have e la p s e d sin c e th at day. They a r e five y e a r s j n e a r e r , on w hich o u r e v e rc h a n g in g d e s tin y fo r e te r n ity is to be fixed. And now m y d e a r e s t , d e a r e s t frie n d , m y life, m y love, le t u s look b a c k on the p a s t and the life of the b e s t of m o r ta ls I a ffo rd s but a sad r e t r o s p e c t and fro m the le s s o n w hich such a ! re v ie w te a c h e s , le t u s g a th e r in s tr u c tio n fo r the fu tu re and w ith h u m b le hope re ly in g on the m e r c y of o u r H eavenly F a t h e r , le t us ; | f ro m a new e r a in o u r e x is te n c e r e v e r e n tly c o m m e n c e o u r s e lv e s I to G od, le t u s re n e w o u r vow s of o b e d ie n c e of holy living and s tr iv e w ith a ll the e n e r g ie s of o u r m ind and a ll the a ffe c tio n s of o u r h e a r t s to s u b m it o u r s e l v e s e n tire ly to the w ill of God. To | th is end le t u s p ra y e a r n e s tly and devoutly fo r the co n tin u al aid j j of the good in flu e n c e s of the H oly S p irit, in fin e , let u s s tr iv e | m o r e z e a lo u s ly a f te r the fo rm a tio n and p o s s e s s io n of the C h r is tia n j c h a r a c te r . L e t us k e e p in m in d m o re c o n s ta n tly and m o re vividly j o u r S p iritu a l n a tu r e s and o u r im m o rta l d e s tin y . F low full is the p a s t of b r o k e n r e s o lu tio n s of a m e n d m e n ts and holy living of s i n ful and d e g ra d in g c o m p lia n c e w ith the te m p ta tio n s w hich have a s s a i le d us of the w eak and sin fu l y ield in g of o u r h e a r t s in the j d aily c o n flic ts of life to o u r p a s s io n s , a p p e tite s , and o th e r e n e m ie s of o u r p e a c e w hich have a s s a ile d u s . But d a r k a s is the p a s t, the fu tu re is b r ig h t and full of p r o m i s e . T he d o o rs of m e r c y a r e w ide op en , the day and m e a n s of g r a c e a r e c o n tin u e d , o u r F a th e r in H e a v e n in v ite s us w ith the m o s t a ffe c tio n a te e n tr e a ty to c o m e , and a ll the v o ic e s of i n s p i r a tio n , of n a tu r e and of P ro v id e n c e a r e full of p r o m is e s and e n c o u r a g e m e n t. Oh th e r e is no e v il on E a r th but sin. It s e e m s to m e th a t now , m o r e th a n e v e r , I fe e l th a t sin is the only e v il w hich we know , th a t d e s e r v in g the n o rm . L e t us th u s s tr iv e to be p u re w ith h u m b le hope on the m e r c y of God in J e s u s C h r is t, le t us s tr iv e e a r n e s tl y a f te r th a t in w a rd s p ir itu a l p u rity w ithout w hich we c a n n e v e r be h ap p y , and w ith w hich j n e ith e r in th is w o rld , n o r the w o rld to com e can we be happy, j Oh le t u s r e m e m b e r co n tin u ally th a t g r e a t tru th ; th a t law of o u r s p ir itu a l n a tu r e , th a t the "k in g d o m of H e a v e n " is to be b u ilt up i w ithin u s. L e t u s p ra y m o r e fre q u e n tly , m o r e e a r n e s tly , m o re ' z e a lo u s ly . P r a y e r , h u m b le u n y ield in g p r a y e r is the m a s te r k e y j th a t is to open fo r u s the g a te s of p e a c e , of joy. L e t us p ra y ! fo r o u r s e lv e s , fo r e a ch o th e r and fo r th a t d e a r , d e a r child for ! w hose im m o r ta l d e stin y we a r e in a g r e a t d e g re e re s p o n s ib le . W hen you com e ho m e I hope we s h a ll be ab le to a r r a n g e m o r e s a tis f a c to r ily o u r p la n s fo r fa m ily w o rs h ip . The E p i s c o p a lia n s h e r e a r e about fo rm in g a so c ie ty ; T h o m a s p re a c h e d all day in the B elk n ap School H o u se , had an a u d ie n c e of about one j h u n d re d , two th ir d s of w hom they th in k th ey can re ly upon p e r - j m a n e n tly . T h o m a s w ill p ro b a b ly go to Now ley on W ednesday n ex t. T he C o u rt of C om m on P le a s s its at E x e te r to m o r r o w ( T u e s - j day) and I sh a ll a tte n d th e r e but hope to g e t aw ay so a s to com e | o v e r and spend a day o r tw o in the c o u rs e of the w e e k , pro b ab ly 1 go o v e r on S a tu rd a y and spend S ab b ath a t Col. A d a m s ' if you a re th e r e then. H annah W ithedge sp e n t y e s te r d a y (Sunday) w ith us and w ent to h e a r T h o m a s p re a c h . M r. S isb e e p r e a c h e d fo r u s. He had h is w ife and child w ith h im . T hey a r e a ll v e ry w ell a t hom e. You m ay be a s s u r e d th a t the a b s e n c e of y o u r la d y s h ip is s e n s ib ly fe lt a s is a ls o th a t of M is s E liz a b e th . T e ll E liz a b e th th a t f a th e r w ill be v e ry m u c h g rie v e d if he should n o t h e a r v e ry good of h e r . Be so kind a s to w r ite a s soon a s you r e c e iv e th is and give so m e a c c o u n t of y o u r s e lf, w h e re you c a lc u la te to v is it? R e m e m b e r m e to Col. A d a m s and L a d y , a ls o to th e ir v e ry i n t e r e s tin g d a u g h te r and be v e ry c a re f u l to say tw o o r th re e p le a s a n t th in g s to J a n is J o q u e s fo r m e . R e m e m b e r m e to the H a le s at B e lle v ille w hen you see th e m . W rite soon. In in te r p r e tin g th is l e t te r fo r the p u r p o s e s of the p r e s e n t study, the f i r s t a c t c o n s id e r e d w a s th at it w as w r itte n on the fifth a n n iv e r s a r y of H a l e 's m a r r ia g e . Such d a te s a r e lik e ly to be m ile s to n e s w hich invite a p e r s o n to p a u se and tak e s to c k of h is p e r s o n a l p r o g r e s s . A p p a re n tly th is w as H a le 's m ood as he w ro te to h is w ife th a t Septem ber] j s e c o n d - - th e n a tu r e of the to ta l le tte r and the fa c t th a t he ch o se the a n n iv e r s a r y d ate lend s u p p o rt to th is d e d u c tio n . T h e r e f o r e , a n a n a ly s t w ould be c u rio u s to know w hat kind of s to c k -ta k in g w as r e v e a le d . F o r | i lex am p le, so m e m e n m ig h t r e v ie w in s o m e w h a t s e n tim e n ta l o r r o m a n - j i ; I tic fa s h io n the m a tu r in g love r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n h u sb a n d and w ife, o th e r s m ig h t r e v ie w t h e ir five y e a r s ' fin a n c ia l o r b u s in e s s p r o g r e s s , ! i lor th e ir r i s e in p r o f e s s io n a l s ta tu s and p r e s tig e . But Jo h n P a r k e r i i . j j I |H ale c h o se to d is c u s s h is r e lig io u s , s p ir itu a l, and p h ilo s o p h ic a l devel-i ! i i jopm ent; he d is c u s s e d h is re lig io u s id e a s fo r m o r e th an tw o - th ir d s of | 1 I the lengthy e p is tle . He th en ta c k e d on a h e te ro g e n e o u s s e r i e s of r e l a - i tiv e ly u n im p o r ta n t c o m m o n p la c e s , e .g . , " s a y two o r th r e e p le a s a n t I I th in g s to J a n is J o c q u e s fo r m e . " I In a n a ly z in g the m a j o r th em e of th is l e t t e r , the q u e s tio n a r i s e s : Did he e la b o r a te on h is c u r r e n t re lig io u s r e f le c tio n s p r im a r i ly b e c a u s e he w an ted to a d a p t to L u c y 's m a jo r i n t e r e s t ? In fa v o r of th is v iew p o in t w as the fa c t th a t w o m e n of th a t e r a w e re u s u a lly a b s o rb e d in c h u rc h a c tiv itie s , m u c h m o r e so th a n w e re m e n . As C r o s s o b s e r v e d , "T hey i [w om en] d o m in a te d r e v iv a ls and p ra y in g c i r c l e s , p r e s s i n g h u s b a n d s , f a t h e r s , and so n s to w a rd c o n v e rs io n and f a c ilita tin g e v e r y m o v e of g the e v a n g e lis t." On the o th e r hand, H a le 's lengthy d i s s e r ta t io n d e a lt g W hitney R. C r o s s , The B u r n e d -O v e r D i s tr i c t (New Y ork: .H a r p e r T o r c h b o o k s . 1950), p. 177._________________________________________ I ' " 75 a lm o s t e n tir e ly w ith a b s t r a c t and p h ilo s o p h ic a l re lig io u s c o n c e p ts; his two b r ie f r e f e r e n c e s to c h u rc h a c tiv itie s and p e r s o n a litie s w e re i I sp lic e d in am o n g the m is c e lla n e o u s g o s s ip y r e m a r k s a t the end of the | le t te r . If H ale w e re a d a p tin g to h is w ife 's r e lig io u s i n t e r e s t s , one would su p p o se th a t h is e m p h a s is would have b e e n the o th e r way a ro u n d . I 'F u r th e r m o r e , s u r e ly L u cy w ould have had m o re th an one m a jo r i n t e r jest. F o r e x a m p le , a s the young m o th e r of h e r f i r s t ch ild , she m ig h t j jhave e x p e c te d a p a r a g r a p h o r m o re on th a t s u b je c t, but a ll she got w as i t jone ro u tin e s e n te n c e (" te ll E liz a b e th th a t fa th e r" ). | If the l e t t e r w a s n o t e s s e n tia lly an a tte m p t to d is c u s s p ro b a b le , fe e lin g s r e g a r d in g h e r f i r s t five y e a r s of m a r r i a g e , th en the m o s t 1 lik ely i n te r p r e ta tio n w as th a t H a le 's l e t te r r e f le c te d h is own m a jo r I I c o n c e r n s - - e t e r n i t y , God, the H oly S p irit, s in , J e s u s ' m e r c y , and the i j a c h ie v e m e n t of " in w a rd s p ir itu a l p u rity . " T he n e a r e s t th a t his m e ta - j I p h y s ic a l m u s in g s c a m e to " p r a c tic a l" a c tio n w as the r e f e r e n c e "to a r r a n g e m o r e s a ti s f a c to r il y o u r p la n s for fa m ily w o rs h ip . " O th e rw is e a ll he had to s u g g e s t w as m o r e and b e tte r p r a y e r . H a le 's r e lig io u s p h ilo so p h y at th is sta g e r e a d s so m e w h a t like a j re v ie w of r e lig io u s th o u g h ts he had h e a r d in r e c e n t s e r m o n s . H is ph ilosophy w as c o n v e n tio n a l, s im p lis tic , and w ithout any p a r tic u la r fo cu s. If th is a n a ly s is of th is f i r s t l e t te r is v a lid , th e n one m u s t c o n clude th a t a s of 1839 H ale b e lie v e d th a t h is re lig io u s c o n v ic tio n s w e re 1 ?6 ; j the m o s t im p o r ta n t sin g le s tr a n d in h is l a s t five y e a r s of living. In c o n tr a s t and of e q u a l im p o rta n c e a r e the s tr a n d s w hich he did not d i s - j I c u s s in th e le tte r : h is leg a l p h ilosophy and c a r e e r , h is p o litic a l p h i- j lo so p h y and c a r e e r , h is s o c ia l in v o lv e m e n ts. T h u s, th e r e is no m e n - j i I , |tion of su c h m a t t e r s a s s la v e r y , the C o n stitu tio n , the n a tio n 's o v e ra ll p r o g r e s s , the te m p e r a n c e m o v e m e n t o r the lik e . F u r t h e r m o r e , jw eight of the e v id e n c e in d ic a te s th a t fo r the m o s t p a r t Lucy w as being j , lused a s a sounding board and that Hale w as a lm o st lite r a lly talking to . Jhim self, a com m unication p r o c e ss which w as e a r lie r identified as intraindividual com m unication. If so , m o st of this letter could b e st bej ! d e s c r ib e d a s q u a s i- p r i v a te c o m m u n ic a tio n . Of c o u r s e , it w as possible! | , th a t th is le tte r w as a r e s u l t of an e x c e p tio n a l and t e m p o r a r y m ood on S e p te m b e r 2, 1839. B ut s u b s e q u e n t l e t t e r s show ed o t h e r w i s e - - h is p e r s o n a l s p ir itu a l d e v e lo p m e n t w as a m a jo r c o n c e r n of H ale a t th is e a r ly s ta g e of h is c a r e e r . j T hus a few m o n th s l a t e r , in the n e x t e x ta n t l e t te r fro m H ale to I L u c y , d a te d A p ril 27, 1840, a p p ro x im a te ly h a lf the p a g e s a r e devoted to r e lig io u s d is c u s s io n . H o w e v e r, he d i s c u s s e s th e p r a c tic a l a s w ell a s the m e ta p h y s ic a l and he s p e a k s to L ucy a s w ell a s to h im s e lf: "I a m e x c e e d in g ly p le a s e d that y o u r in s ta lla tio n [of a n ew m in i s te r ] w ent off so w e ll, so I a m d e lig h te d a lm o s t beyond m e a s u r e th a t we a g a in h ave a s e ttle d m i n i s t e r w ith u s , and th a t th at m i n i s t e r is M r. P a r k - m a n . 1 1 ( P a r k m a n w a s to b e c o m e a lifelo n g f rie n d and a d v is o r . ) H ale a ls o d e v o te s a s e c tio n to the im p o rta n c e of the c h u rc h in r e a r in g " o u r d a rlin g d a u g h t e r " L e t u s see to it th a t she is e a rly tau g h t and 'in s tr u c te d in the p u re p r in c ip le s o f the re lig io n of J e s u s . " j M e an w h ile , H a le 's in c r e a s in g le g a l and p o litic a l a c tiv itie s stoocj i :in s h a r p c o n tr a s t to h is p riv a te m a jo r c o n c e rn w ith "the p u re p r i n c i p l e s of re lig io n . " j I i T he E x a m p le of M an ! ; I ! In M ay 1840 M a rtin Van B u re n w as n o m in a te d for P r e s i d e n t a t j (the N ational D e m o c ra tic P a r ty C onvention. In New H a m p s h ir e the i i D e m o c ra ts w e r e th re a te n e d by a m a r k e d re v iv a l of the W higs and a ls o J I ! by sig n s of a s c h is m w ith in th e ir own r a n k s on the new p o litic a l is s u e i [ of r a ilr o a d c h a r t e r s . j H ale plunged into the b a ttle . One m e a s u r e of h is p o litic a l a d v a n c e m e n t w as h is s e le c tio n a s C h a irm a n of the New H a m p s h ir e D e m o c ra tic C onvention w h e re H ale s p e a r h e a d e d the p la n s fo r the c a m p a ig n . The p la n s in clu d ed the m u n d an e ta s k s of co n ta c tin g e v e ry D e m o c ra tic v o te r , and p ro v id in g , w h e re n e c e s s a r y , su c h s e r v i c e s a s tr a n s p o r ta tio n to the p o lls . M e an w h ile , H a le , F r a n k lin P i e r c e , and j o th e r p a rty o r a t o r s h a ra n g u e d r a l l i e s and m a s s m e e tin g s th ro u g h o u t th e s ta te . They h a m m e r e d F e d e r a l i s m , H a rd C id e r, s ta te d e b ts , and the p e r s o n a l w e a k n e s s e s of H a r r i s o n , the T o ry F e d e r a l i s t c a n d id a te . T h is w e ll- o r g a n iz e d c a m p a ig n r e s u lte d in a sw eeping s ta te v i c t o r y - - the only N ew E n g lan d s ta te to go to Van B u re n , who lo s t n a tio n a l j i [victory. j j i j B ut now the N ew H a m p s h ir e D e m o c r a ts had to face in te r n e c in e | ! i I J [strife on the is s u e of r a i l r o a d s v e r s u s f a r m e r s . F o r e m o s t a d v o c ate ! I i ‘of giving land to the ra ilw a y c o m p a n ie s w as the p o w erfu l Is a a c H ill, 1 |who had b e e n the D e m o c ra tic p a rty le a d e r (or " b o s s " ) sin c e the e a r ly jy e a rs w hen he w as a p o litic a l frie n d of A n d re w J a c k s o n . P ro b a b ly he [ i i [re s e n te d the c h a lle n g e of the r is in g young F r a n k lin P ie r c e ; he w as alsoj I [ I ja d i r e c to r of the C o n co rd R a ilro a d w hich began laying t r a c k in 1841. i [H ill's in flu en ce w as e n h a n ce d by ow ning h is own n e w s p a p e r - - H ill's | New H a m p s h ir e P a t r i o t . H ill fo c u se d h is a tta c k on "the young D e m o - j I c r a tic la w y e r s " w hose r a d ic a l d o c tr in e s w e r e o b s tru c tin g in d u s tr ia l ! p r o g r e s s and e c o n o m ic p r o s p e r ity . I The R a d ic a l- C o n s e r v a tiv e b r e a c h b e c a m e c o m p le te in F e b r u a r y 1842 w hen, a f te r a te m p e s tu o u s m e e tin g of C o n co rd D e m o - j c r a t s , the R a d ic a ls s to r m e d out of the tow n h a ll, leav in g the | c o n s e r v a tiv e s to o rg a n iz e th e m s e lv e s and to n o m in a te s e p a r a te [ c a n d id a te s fo r g o v e rn o r and c o u n c illo r.^ One p o litic a l r e s u l t w a s th a t t h r e e m a jo r p a rty s la te s w e re [ p re s e n te d a t e le c tio n s . A n o th e r r e s u l t w as th a t Jo h n P a r k e r H ale I I b e c a m e the fa v o rite t a r g e t of H ill's P a tr io t. P ro b a b ly th is w as b e c a u s e H ale w as the only "young D e m o c r a tic la w y e r" who w as v u l n e r ab le to an a tta c k on h is p a rty lo y a lty - - h e had sh ifted p a r t i e s ju s t p r io r 9 S e w e ll, p. 23. 1 ' " 79 • i I j to h is c a n d id a c y fo r the le g is la tu r e a d e c ad e e a r l i e r ( s u p r a , p. 47). I i Hale ig n o re d th e s e a tta c k s . j i In N o v e m b e r 1842, R a d ic a l D e m o c r a ts ch o se H ale a s th e ir j ! c a n d id a te fo r U nited S ta te s R e p r e s e n ta tiv e . T h is n o m in a tio n could i ; 's c a r c e ly be a ttr ib u te d to any s p e c ia l fla s h e s of b r illia n c e o r d e m o n s tr a tio n s of n a tio n a l s ta tu r e . R a th e r , it w as a d e s e r v e d r e w a r d fo r y e a r s of h a r d w o rk , stu m p in g the s ta te and o th e rw is e helping to g e t out| Ithe vote fo r h is p a rty . , i I | The e n su in g c a m p a ig n gave H ale so m e s p e c ia l firs th a n d e x p e r i ence w ith " d ir ty p o litic s . " A m o n th b e fo re the e le c tio n , H ill's P a t r i o t [ p r o m is e d its r e a d e r s a r e v e la tio n of d o c u m e n ts w hich would m ak e | [everyone " a s h a m e d to own h im [H a le ] a s a c itiz e n of the S tate. " The I follow ing w eek in the P a t r i o t u n d e r b a n n e r h e a d lin e s H ale w as a c c u s e d j I of d ish o n e s t y - - i t w as c la im e d th a t h e had o v e r c h a r g e d for s e r v i c e s as ! U nited S ta te s A tto rn e y . The s u p p o rtin g " d o c u m e n ts " w e re s p a r s e , h o w e v e r, and p a te n tly u n c o n v in c in g . In the D over G a z e tte on F e b r u a r y 25, H ale h it b a c k h a rd . "I h av e n e v e r r e c e iv e d one d o lla r f ro m the public t r e a s u r y , e x c e p t fo r s e r v i c e s p e rf o r m e d , and a t su c h c o m p e n - j s a tio n a s the law allow ed. " Going on the o ffe n se , he a lso a c c u s e d H ill of m is s ta t e m e n ts and fo rg e r y . He topped it w ith, "I c o u rt the i n v e s ti g atio n of f r ie n d s and defy the m a lic e of e n e m ie s . " H ill's P a t r i o t s tr u c k a g ain on e le c tio n e v e , too la te fo r a r e b u tta l, and added to its h e a d lin ed u n su p p o rte d a tta c k s the a c c u s a tio n of fa ls ifie d e x p e n se a c c o u n ts . T h e s e b la ta n t s a m p le s of m u d -s lin g in g m u s t have b o o m e ra n g e d . H ale w on h a n d ily and in D o v er he e v e n r a n a h e a d of h is tic k e t. j i ' I : j In th is fa s h io n H ale e n te r e d the n a tio n a l a r e n a . H is o v e r a ll I I 1 j i jre c o rd s u g g e s ts th a t he m ig h t w ell h av e b e c o m e no m o re th an a p o liti- 1 i cal h a c k - - a n e ffe c tiv e sta te and lo c a l c a m p a ig n e r , a r e lia b le p a r ty - i jline r e p r e s e n t a ti v e . H o w e v e r, th is w as the e le c tio n that re v e a le d ja n tis la v e r y a s an e m e rg in g m a in is s u e am o n g n o r th e r n s ta te s . The i | L ib e rty P a r ty (ab o litio n ist) c a n d id a te fo r G o v e rn o r had p o lled only r I i j 1, 273 v o te s in 1841; and now , only tw o y e a r s l a t e r , he a lm o s t tr ip le d I jhis v o te. T he r is in g a n tis la v e r y s e n tim e n t had play ed no p a r t in i H a le 's e le c tio n , y e t h e r e w as the fu tu re is s u e th a t w as to change the i c o u rs e of H a l e 's p e rs o n a l life and p u b lic c a r e e r . I i i i The E x a m p le of C h r is t One would su p p o se th a t d u rin g the ro u g h and tu m b le p o litic a l I |b a ttlin g of the e le c tio n s d e s c r ib e d in th e p re c e d in g s e c tio n , m o s t of H a le 's s p a r e tim e would h ave b e e n a b s o rb e d by p la n s fo r c o u n te ra c tin g the W higs and by in -fig h tin g w ith I s a a c H ill. In s ta r tlin g c o n tr a s t, we find th a t H ale w a s s till a b s o rb e d by an in n e r b a ttle w ith h i m s e l f - - s t i l l s tr u g g lin g to a c h ie v e a m o re s a tis fy in g o r g a n iz a tio n of h is re lig io u s p h ilo so p h y . In a le tte r to L u cy , d a te d O c to b e r 12, 1842, we get a g lim p s e of th is in n e r b a ttle and fo r the f i r s t tim e we see sig n s of an i n tr a p e r s o n a l b re a k th ro u g h : p e rh a p s he should a d o p t th e in te g ra tin g co n c ep t of "w h a t w ould C h r i s t have done in s im i la r c ir c u m s t a n c e s ? " , And now m y D e a r L ucy le t m e e n tr e a t o v e r m o re n o t a s one j who f e e ls th a t any C h r is tia n a tta in m e n t of m in e e n title s m e to ! a d v ise ev en the h u m b le s t and m e e k e s t s e a r c h e r a fte r tru th and | duty, but a s one w hom the in f ir m itie s and f re q u e n t fa ilin g s of j I e v e ry d a y te a c h h u m ility , to thine m o r e e a r n e s tl y , n o r faith fu lly i j and m o r e e n e r g e tic a lly a fte r h ig h e r and h ig h e r d e g re e s of C h r is - j tia n e x c e lle n c e . I a m p e r s u a d e d th at we lo se m u ch of the fo rc e | and e ffe c t of C h r i s t 's te a c h in g by not r e f le c tin g th a t he is to be an e x a m p le . We look upon h im a s so e x a u lte d th a t we s e e m to th in k the v ir tu e s he e x h ib ite d a r e to be a d m ir e d and v e n e ra te d r a t h e r th a n im ita te d . T h is is m e r e ly a g r e a t and ru in o u s e r r o r . Did he p ra y fo r e n e m i e s ? So m ay w e. Did he p r e f e r to be f a ith ful to duty in e v e r y t r i a l r a t h e r th a n enjoy the k in g d o m s of the ] e a r t h and th e r ic h e s and h o n o rs of th e m ? So m a y w e. W as he j faith fu l u n til d e a th ? Indeed th e r e is n o t an in sta n c e of m o r a l | e x c e lle n c e e x h ib ite d in h is w hole h is to r y th a t one of u s m ay not j im ita te u n d e r s i m i l a r c ir c u m s t a n c e s and y e t how r a r e l y do we w hen te m p ta tio n o r doubt a s s a i l u s in any of the t r i a l s of o u r ! e v e ry d a y w alk in life , a s k how w ould C h r i s t h av e a c te d in p r e - j c is e ly s i m i l a r c i r c u m s t a n c e s ? i ! In the c h a p te r on m e th o d o lo g y , th e w r i te r p ro p o se d th r e e s u b - ! h y p o th e s e s , one of w h ich w as th at H a le 's in n e r th o ughts and fe e lin g s w ould lag b eh in d and o fte n be a t v a ria n c e w ith h is c o n c o m ita n t public I I b e h a v io r s . T h is h y p o th e s is w as c o n s is te n tly s u s ta in e d by the d ata. T hus in the e x a m p le a t h a n d , the l e t te r to Lucy p r e d a te s by a p p r o x i m a te ly fo u r m o n th s H a l e 's l e t te r in the G a z e tte . In the f o r m e r l e t te r he s p e a k s of C h r i s t 's e x a m p le ; in the l a t te r he s p e a k s of Is a a c H ill. P e r h a p s he in d ee d p r a y e d fo r h is e n e m y , but in h is public l e t te r he I a c c u s e d H ill of lie s an d f o r g e r i e s . T he s ta r tlin g v a ria n c e b e tw e e n H a le 's p r iv a te - p u b lic and in tr a - in te r c o m m u n ic a tio n could s c a r c e ly be m a d e c l e a r e r . ! A n o th e r s u b h y p o th e sis w as th a t H ale w ould s o m e tim e s definitely^ | j ire v e a l th a t he w as c o g n iz a n t of u s in g h is p riv a te c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a s a i [mode of talk in g to h im s e lf , u sin g Lucy a s a sounding b o a rd . E v id e n ce ire la tiv e to th is s u b h y p o th e sis is n e x t e x a m in e d . I ! " S o lita ry M u s in g s " J I H a le 's l e t t e r s to L ucy a r e tr e a te d in th is d i s s e r ta t io n a s m ix - ! J i ■tures of i n t r a - and in te rin d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n a s d efin e d f ro m the | beginning of the r e s e a r c h (i n f r a , p. 4). A g iv en l e t t e r o r p o rtio n th e r e o f w as e v a lu a te d a s p re d o m in a n tly one o r the o th e r , depending I ; e s p e c ia lly on the p ro b a b ility of w hose b e h a v io r w as m o r e a f f e c te d - - , I iH a le 's o r h is w if e 's . T he r e s e a r c h e r 's d e c is io n w as o fte n b a s e d on I | 'd e d u c tio n s f r o m the c o n te n t and c o n te x t of a g iv en d o c u m e n t ( e .g . , the a n a ly s is of the " a n n iv e r s a r y l e t te r " ) . O ften, h o w e v e r, little if any d ed u ctio n w as r e q u i r e d - - t h e a n s w e r w a s p lain ly and e x p lic itly sp e lle d i iout in the d o c u m e n t. j T h u s, we m ay c o n s id e r an e x c e r p t f r o m H a le 's l e t te r of i lA ugust 14, 1843: I I sto p p ed a t a few h o m e s w ithin C h e s te r , found th e m a ll v e ry w e ll, e x c e p t M r. C is s lin g . He a p p e a r e d v e r y fe e b le and is e v id e n tly not v e ry long fo r th is w o rld . I e m p lo y e d a c o lo re d g i r l fo r you at $ 1. 00 a w eek who is v e ry m u c h re c o m m e n d e d . H e r n a m e is F a n n y , the o th e r n a m e I do not know. She w ill a r r i v e a t D o v e r the l a s t of n e x t w eek. T h is is the f i r s t r e f e r e n c e e x ta n t of a p e r s o n a l e n c o u n te r b e tw e en H ale and an in d iv id u al of the N eg ro r a c e . O b v io u sly , H ale d o e s n o t think th a t F anny is " a b e a s t in h u m a n sh a p e. " On the o th e r hand, he r e p o r t s the in c id e n t im p e r s o n a lly , ju s t a s he m ig h t r e p o r t a shopping e r r a n d . The fa c t that he did not b o th e r to in q u ire about F a n n y 's la s t n a m e is in i I jc o n tra s t w ith the im m e d ia te ly p re c e d in g r e p o r t on the failin g h e a lth of 1 0 i jMr. C isslin g . A ll in a ll, H a l e 's r e m a r k s about F a n n y c le a rly show ; little p e rs o n a l in v o lv e m e n t o r e v e n in te r e s t; o b v io u sly , the r e m a r k s ! i a r e p re d o m in a n tly a d d r e s s e d to L u cy , not to h im s e lf. H a le 's i m m e - j I d ia te ly s u b s e q u e n t b e h a v io r w ill not be affected; L u c y 's w ill be affectedj, she w ill p ro c e e d a lm o s t a t once to m a k e v a rio u s n e c e s s a r y h o u se h o ld p lan s and r e a r r a n g e m e n t s . T hus o u r d efin itio n of in te r in d ividual j c o m m u n ic a tio n is fu lfille d w ith o u t the need of a r e s e a r c h e r 's j sp e cu la tio n . | A c o m p le m e n ta r y e x a m p le is p ro v id e d a few w e e k s l a t e r by H a le 's l e tte r to L u cy , d a te d O c to b e r 18, 1843, in w h ich he plainly s p e lls o u t the d e fin itio n of " in tr a . " The l e t te r b e g in s w ith a len g th y j [and vivid d e s c r ip tio n of an a ll- d a y s le ig h tr ip . The t r i p w as a rd u o u s , often w et and co ld , o c c a s io n a lly d a n g e ro u s ; the s le ig h e n c o u n te re d r a in , snow , ic e , and b a d ro a d c o n d itio n s. H ale e x p r e s s e s r e l i e f at a r r iv in g safely and th e n , like a ll good s to r y t e l le r s , sh ifts a b ru p tly to H a le 's u s a g e of n a m e s in h is c o rr e s p o n d e n c e is in te r e s tin g and s o m e tim e s p u z z lin g . He a lm o s t n e v e r u s e s g iven n a m e s . F o r in s ta n c e , w ritin g to h is c lo s e a s s o c ia te and law p a r t n e r , o v e r a sp a n oJ y e a r s H ale a d d r e s s e s h im v a rio u s ly a s "M y d e a r W ig g in s ," " D e a r F r ie n d , " " D e a r S i r " - - n o t by a n ic k n a m e o r e v e n by f i r s t n a m e . And h is m o s t in tim a te f rie n d is " M r. P a r k m a n . " a c o n tra s tin g d e s c r ip tio n of h is c o m f o r ta b le ro o m in g h o u se . A s the ! j f a c s im ile on the n e x t page sh o w s, he is b a sk in g in the w a rm th of "a j i good wood f ir e in the f i r e - p l a c e , " s ittin g in a " c u s h io n e d ro c k in g c h a ir j a t th e tab le c o v e re d w ith g r e e n b a iz e , w ritin g to you. " T h is cozy | !"situ a tio n " s e e m s to in v ite in tr o s p e c tio n , and H ale e x p lic ity d e s c r i b e s I 1 t i (this p r o c e s s . He s a y s th a t a b s e n c e f ro m loved o n e s s tim u la te s fe e lin g s | i jof te n d e r n e s s and a n x ie ty "w hich r a r e l y find u tte r a n c e in lan g u ag e w hep |you m e e t th e m fac e to fa c e . " H ale show s h is c o n s c io u s a w a r e n e s s of j t su c h fe e lin g s and h is d iffic u lty in v e rb a liz in g th e m ; it is even p o s s ib le f |th a t the h a n d w ritte n m a n u s c r ip t p r o v id e s su p p o rtin g n o n v e rb a l e v id e n c e !--th e fa c s im ile show s the e x tr a h e a v y X b e tw e e n the w o rd s " t e n d e r n e s s " and " b e a ts " w hich is an u n u s u a l kind of m a r k in g in H a le 's lette rs! ! i ( p e rh a p s a s o r t of d o o d lin g ? ), and th r e e w o rd s l a t e r a p e rio d w hich he th e n n e g le c ts , and fin a lly in the s a m e line a ro u g h s c ra tc h in g o u t of a w o rd o rig in a lly w r itte n a f te r "w hich. " So p e rh a p s he g ra p h ic a lly i l l u s t r a t e s th a t an in n e r d ia lo g u e w as going o n , and th a t he w as s tru g g lin g to give it "fin a l u tte r a n c e in la n g u a g e . " B e that a s it m a y , he i m m e d ia te ly a ttr ib u te s h is own type of p r iv a te in tr a c o m m u n ic a tio n to " e v e r y g e n e ro u s re fle c tin g m in d . " The n e x t w o r d s a r e "In s o lita r y m u s in g s ," an a p t lab e l and an u n a m b ig u o u s e v id e n c e th a t H ale w as a w a re th a t s o m e tim e s in h is l e t t e r s to Lucy he w as lit e r a ll y ta lk in g to h im s e lf , m o r e in te n t upon c r y s t a ll iz i n g h is ow n b e lie fs th a n upon in flu en cin g h e r b e h a v io r. Note the c o m p le te s e n te n c e : "In s o lita r y m u s in g s the 85 th o u g h ts of G od, E te r n ity , the s p ir i tu a l w o rld , the s o u l, f u tu re p r o g r e s s , co m e th ro n g in g upon u s w ith o v e rw h e lm in g f o rc e . " O ne d o u b ts th a t L u cy w a s o v e rw h e lm e d . T h e r e is no d o u b t, h o w e v e r, th a t H a l e 's long in n e r s tr u g g le to e s ta b lis h a s a tis fy in g p e r s o n a l r e lig io u s p h ilo s o phy w a s p r o g r e s s in g , i.e. , the b e h a v io r s a ffe c te d w e r e H a l e 's th o u g h ts and fe e lin g s . / * * ■ ■ ' z - , e /* -» 7 X a ____ «-=\ ^ < ^ v #»*»• ^ ^ - ^ •'•-*— ... ^ j g 7^p<‘ W ff-itft- ^ i. - - - - • . /T ^ **“ . * ~ * ■ % * / £ * * v ^ ^ /> /# / » ^ /♦^^pr ^ ^ ^ 1 /^ r» A 6 * y - r ~ " T he E x a m p le of J e s u s The p r o g r e s s of H a le 's in n e r life is in d ic a te d a s we continue j jre a d in g the s a m e le tte r (O c to b e r 18). H e r e a r e the concluding p a r a - j I ' g ra p h s : | | ! ' L e t us r e m e m b e r th a t he c a m e to be an e x a m p le to u s. T hat he w as te m p te d a s we a r e , r e a lly and in tr u th te m p te d as you and I a r e e v e ry d a y , and w hen th e s e te m p ta tio n s com e to us ! le t us h o n e s tly a s k o u r s e lv e s w h at w ould J e s u s [ita lic s m in e ] ; have done in p r e c is e ly s i m i l a r s itu a tio n s . L e t u s c e a s e to th in k of H e a v e n a s a place to w hich we a r e 1 ' to be conveyed a fte r d e a th and r e m e m b e r th a t it is a sta te of the a ffe c tio n s, d e s i r e s and p u r p o s e s to b u ilt up w ithin u s. L e t us r e f le c t th a t the o b je c t of C h r i s t 's m is s io n is to im p la n t th e s e < d e s i r e s , in s p ir e th ese a ffe c tio n s and e s ta b lis h th e s e p u r p o s e s , j and th a t if he is not doing th e s e th in g s fo r u s , th e r e is g r e a t r e a s o n to f e a r th a t we a r e y e t s t r a n g e r s to the g r e a t ends of h is m in is tr y . Be not d is tu r b e d m y d e a r e s t w ith d o c trin a l doubts j o r f e a r s . R e m e m b e r th a t he th a t d o eth r ig h te o u s n e s s is rig h te o u s ! and a g a in if any m an w ill do h is w ill, he s h a ll know of the d o c trin e , i It is doing n o t b e lie v in g th a t the S a v io r m a k e s the the t e s t of j c h a r a c te r . It w as L oving one a n o th e r th a t he m ad e the t e s t of j d isc ip le ship. L e t us th e n c u ltiv a te a s p ir i t of L ove. I m m o rta l j Souls a re e n tr u s te d to o u r g u a rd ia n s h ip to the high tr u s t. Love to a ll. K is s o u r d e a r little o n e s fondly fo r fa th e r. j i | In c o n tr a s t to his p r e v io u s m u s in g s , H a le 's ra m b lin g re lig io u s [re fle c tio n s c r y s ta lliz e into a unifying c o n c ep t. He s p e c ific a lly d e- le m p h a s iz e s m o s t of his p r e v io u s w id e -r a n g in g p h ilo so p h ic a l a p p ro a c h , e. g. , "I sp e ak n o t of H is m e ta p h y s ic a l n a tu r e n o r of the d o c trin a l s p e c u la tio n s . . . . " W ith even g r e a t e r c la r ity , th e n , he now e x p r e s s e s w h a t h as b e c o m e a p o te n tia lly u nifying id ea: " L e t us h o n e stly a s k o u r s e lv e s w hat w ould J e s u s h a v e done in p r e c is e ly s im i la r c ir c u m s ta n c e s [ ita lic s m in e ]. " j T h is s e n te n c e H ale a p p e a r s to h av e d e v e lo p e d a fte r a r e m a r k - j l ! ably long p e rio d of in n e r d e b a te . P e r h a p s he thought th a t he had d i s - j ico v e red an o r ig in a l n o tion re g a r d in g the m e a n in g of the f i r s t fo u r book$ ' ’ I jof the N ew T e s ta m e n t. T h e r e is no e v id e n c e th a t H ale w as a b ib lic a l I j I s c h o la r o r e v e n w id ely re a d in re lig io n . So p e rh a p s fo r H ale it w as j an o r ig in a l id ea . T he slo w d e v e lo p m e n t of th is id e a is a ls o p a rtly j : (ex plained. C o n s id e r, fo r in s ta n c e , th a t he e x p r e s s e d a lm o s t the sa m e i c o n c e p t in h is l e t t e r a y e a r e a r l i e r (s u p r a , O c to b e r 12, 1842). H ow - j 1 i e v e r , in c o n te x t one n o tic e s th a t the e a r l i e r l e t t e r r e f e r r e d to the (exam ple of " C h r is t ," n o t the m o r e p e r s o n a l " J e s u s . " F u r t h e r m o r e , > I I the e a r l i e r l e t te r r e f e r r e d to a b s t r a c t c o v e r t b e h a v io r s , e. g. , C h r is t I ! is an e x a m p le "o f m o r a l e x c e lle n c e , " a p e r s o n "faith fu l u ntil d e a th . " j i iln the 1843 l e t t e r , m o r e s t r e s s is g iven to "doing not b e lie v in g . " I jH ale s e e m s to be a p p ro a c h in g th e p o s s ib ility of tr a n s la tin g h is p riv a te | 1 I | c o v e r t c o n v ic tio n s into p u b lic o v e r t b e h a v io r s . B u t he h a s n 't done it j y e t- - n o t w ith r e g a r d to th e r e a l it ie s of s la v e r y . H a le 's tro u b le in i i " le a p in g the g ap " b e tw e e n i n t r a - and in te rin d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n is | |now e x p lo re d . I I n tr a and I n te r W ith th e th o u g h t, "W hat would J e s u s h av e done, " f r e s h in m ind, a r e a d e r m ig h t r a i s e h is e y e b ro w s w hile p e ru s in g H a le 's l e tte r to h is d a u g h te r s , L ucy and L iz z ie , w r itte n a few w e e k s l a t e r (D e c e m b e r 6), in w hich he r e p e a te d ly e x p r e s s e s s a tis fa c tio n and p le a s u r e a t having N eg ro s la v e s do m a n y of h is m e n ia l ta s k s : j B u t w hat s h a ll he say to su ch little g i r l s to i n t e r e s t th e m ? I w ill te ll you a little about how F a th e r liv e s now so th a t you see how d iff e re n t it is f r o m the w ay we live a t h o m e in D o v e r. I w ill b eg in w ith the m o rn in g . Soon a fte r d a y lig h t a n e g ro s la v e c o m e s into m y ro o m w h e re I s le e p and m a k e s a f ir e . I th en get up, [ w a sh , sh a v e , d r e s s m y s e lf and a t about 8:30 o 'c lo c k take b r e a k - ' fa s t. I th en r e a d , w r ite o r tak e a w alk u n til b e tw e en 11 and 12 o 'c lo c k w hen I go up to the C ap ito l. I ought to m e n tio n , h o w e v e r th a t a fte r b r e a k f a s t a s la v e c o m e s into m y ro o m w ith a c lo th e s j b r u s h , b r u s h e s m y c lo th e s a ll o v e r and b u tto n s m y p a n ta lo o n ( s n a p s and d o e s any o th e r little job of that s o r t w hich I w ish done, j j b rin g s up m y b o o ts w hich he h a s b la c k e d , e tc . A t 12 o 'c lo c k the j | H o u se c o m m e n c e s its s e s s io n w hich la s ts till a b o u t fo u r o 'c lo c k ; in the a fte rn o o n and th e r e we a d jo u rn till the n e x t day at 1 2, and get o u r d in n e r w hich we h ave ta k e n th u s f a r by c a n d le lig h t. We j th e n go into the p a r l o r and r e a d o r talk fo r an h o u r o r two w hen ( we h a v e te a and a sla v e th en c o m e s up and a s k s fo r o u r l e t t e r s | of any m a t te r we m ay h ave to sen d off in th e m a il w hich he ta k e s j and c a r r i e s off in a bag and puts into the P o s t O ffice. j j I I J e s u s w a sh in g the f e e t of H is d is c ip le s (an e q u a lity sym bol) is an e x a m p le to ta lly lo st: o b v io u sly , H ale d id n 't b la c k the s la v e 's b o o ts. T h is l e t t e r e s ta b l is h e s th a t a t le a s t a s late a s D e c e m b e r , 1843, H ale e x p e rie n c e d no d is s o n a n c e b e tw e en h is r e lig io u s (o r o th e r b e lie fs ) and h is b e h a v io r r e g a r d in g s la v e s . In fa c t, his r e lig io u s p r e c e p ts w e re d is a s s o c ia te d f r o m th e s e e v e ry d a y a c tiv itie s . H a le found h is f i r s t d ay s in C o n g r e s s and in W ash in g to n , D. C. , h ighly s tim u la tin g ; he c e rta in ly found m an y th in g s to w r ite about. T h u s, t h e r e w a s a n o th e r le tte r to d a u g h te r L iz z ie on D e c e m b e r 11, anc no le s s th a n six e x ta n t l e t t e r s to h is w ife d u rin g th e fifte e n -d a y p e rio d D e c e m b e r 12-27. T h e s e l e t t e r s a r e h e r e re v ie w e d c o lle c tiv e ly s in c e r the s e q u e n c e of d a te s r e v e a ls nothing sig n ific a n t. A t l e a s t tw ic e he r e f e r s to h is " b ig " voice and he does not su p - i i p r e s s h is p rid e in it: he r e p o r t s re c e iv in g c o m p lim e n ts f ro m s e v e r a l j c o lle a g u e s "on w h a t th ey w e re p le a s e d to d e n o m in a te m y sp len d id j ; ! i vo ice. " H ale a d d s h is own c o n g ra tu la tio n s to th e ir s : I T he H a ll o f R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s is , a s I think I have su g g e ste d ; in a f o r m e r l e t t e r the w o r s t p lac e to s p e a k in th a t I w as e v e r in, e tc . I th in k I can fill it b e tte r th an any m a n h e r e a lth o u g h th e r e j a r e so m e m e n h e r e who le a v e h e r e c o n s ta n tly a c c u s to m e d to j sp e a k in it fo r te n y e a r s o r m o re . i : ! i j Such r e m a r k s len d s u p p o rt, if any is n e e d e d , to the p o s tu la te th a t a | j public s p e a k e r is a m e m b e r of h is ow n a u d ie n c e . H en ce the d e s ig n a t i o n of a p u b lic s p e e c h o r le tte r a s q u a s i- in te r in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a - ! ! tion. i ! H a le e s ta b l is h e s th a t h is l e t te r s to L ucy a r e in te n d e d to be j i p r iv a te an d he in te n d s to a c c u m u la te o th e r c o m m u n ic a tio n s a s public: I I l I should n o t say to anybody but you. . . . j i | I h ave r e c e iv e d a l e t te r f ro m T h o m a s in a n s w e r to m in e , | w hich I e n c lo s e w ith th is fo r y o u r eye a lo n e [ H a le 's ita lic s ]. . . . I I j I send y o u , v e ry c a re fu lly , a s th ey can be bound in a book , . . . an d w ill be v a lu a b le a s a r e c o r d of m y c o n g r e s s io n a l I s a y in g s . . . . ] I w an t th e r e c o r d w hich is m a d e up of m y v o te s on th is s u b je c t to sta n d r ig h t fo r tim e and fo r E te r n ity . Of c o u r s e , h is in te n tio n s re g a r d in g p r iv a c y w ent a w ry (you and I a re now re a d in g h is p e r s o n a l c o rr e s p o n d e n c e a c e n tu ry la te r ) . And of c o u rs e he w as r e a d in g h is public c o m m u n ic a tio n s a s he w ro te (and p e rh a p s d e s tr o y e d p o rtio n s b e fo re anyone e x c e p t h im s e lf had r e a d ! i th em ). No c o m m u n ic a tio n c a n w ith c e rta in ty avoid th is i n t r a - i n t e r I I jcontam ination. ( E s p e c ia lly if th in g s u n s a id can be a c c u r a te ly r e c o n - j ! [ Istru cte d f ro m r e le v a n t p r e - and p o st s ta te m e n ts , a p o s s ib lity w hich | I i th is d i s s e r ta tio n is e x p lo r in g .) i T he bulk of H a l e 's l e t te r to M rs . H a le , D e c e m b e r 15, 1843, i jtells about g ettin g a c q u a in te d w ith v a rio u s c o lle a g u e s . One of th e new {acq u ain tan ces, R e p r e s e n ta tiv e L a B ra n c h e of L o u is ia n a , had k ille d a jm an in a duel. H a le 's c o m m e n t dodges the m o r a l is s u e . C e rta in ly , | |he does n o t a p p e a r to a p p ly o r e v e n m e n tio n the r u le of "W hat would j J e s u s s a y ? " He n e ith e r s a y s "T h o u s h a lt not k i l l , " n o r " F o rg iv e h im a n y h o w ." He in s te a d v a c illa te s . M aybe th is is a n o th e r e x a m p le of the ; I a b s tr a c t n a tu r e of H a l e 's r e lig io u s p r in c ip le s in c o m p a r is o n w ith everyj- i I day a c tiv itie s . M r. L a B ra n c h e of L o u is ia n a who had k ille d h is a n ta g o n is t in a d uel sin c e he h a s b e e n e le c te d to C o n g re s s is on the s a m e c o m m itte e w ith m e . He a p p e a r s to be a m ild and p le a s a n t m a n . J I have m a d e h is a c q u a in ta n c e . P e r h a p s we a r e h a rd ly c o m p e te n t ; j to judge of th e d e g re e of m o r a l g u ilt involved in a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e j ' of du elin g w ith o u t know ing s o m e th in g of th e p e c u lia r c ir c u m s t a n c e s ! of the c a s e , the n a tu r e of the p ro v o c a tio n and the s ta te of p u b lic ! opinion. I know n o th in g of the c ir c u m s ta n c e s of th is c a s e e x c e p t I have h e a r d th a t th e d e c e a s e d w as an E d ito r of a n e w s p a p e r and th a t he m a d e an a b u s iv e a tta c k on L a B ra n c h e fo r w hich he flogged h im , the E d ito r th e n c h a lle n g e d L a B r a n c h e , he a c c e p te d th e c h a lle n g e , th e y fo u g h t, L a B ra n c h e k ille d h im . H ale w ro te to L u cy h is im p r e s s i o n s of v a r io u s o th e r c o lle a g u e s , e s p e c ia lly h is fello w b o a r d e r s . "In the f i r s t p la c e we b o a rd on 91 P e n n s y lv a n ia A venue in a v e ry h a n d so m e four s to r y b r ic k h o u se k ept by M r s . H a m ilto n who h a s the n a m e of k e ep in g about the b e s t h o m e in the city. " We a lr e a d y know , of c o u r s e , th at so m e of the c o m fo rts and c o n v e n ie n c e s w e re p ro v id e d by M rs . H a m ilto n 's N egro s la v e s . D u rin g th e s e opening w eek s H ale a d d r e s s e d the H ouse r a r e ly and b rie fly (try in g out h is v o ic e ? ), d e a lin g only w ith ro u tin e m a t t e r s . He r e a s s u r e d L ucy, "You n e e d n o t f e a r , h o w e v e r, th a t I s h a ll run into any im p r u d e n c ie s . " T h is d e lib e r a te ly c a u tio u s s tr a te g y p re c lu d e d the p o s s ib ility of a p ublic s p e e c h on any su b je c t of sig n ific a n c e . So w h at w as H a le 's public s ta n c e r e g a r d in g s la v e r y ? The e v id e n c e , so m e of w hich h a s j u s t been g iv en , is c o m p le x and c o n tr a d ic to ry . Im p o rta n t a d d itio n a l e v id e n c e is p ro v id e d by H a le 's v o tes on the r ig h t of p e titio n , I an is s u e w hich in 1843 w as c lo s e ly r e la te d to th at of s la v e r y . j i ; F o r a good m an y y e a r s c o n g r e s s m e n fro m a n tis la v e r y n o r th e r n s ta te s had in tro d u c e d n u m e r o u s p e titio n s in the H o u se , s e e k in g to j fo rc e an open d e b a te . In 1836, h o w e v e r, s o u th e rn m e m b e r s c o n - j jd em n e d th e s e p e titio n s a s m e r e ly p a r lia m e n ta r y d e v ic e s to b lock the { p r o g re s s of n o r m a l H ouse b u s in e s s and s e c u r e d the p a s s a g e of w hat i | w as s o m e tim e s te r m e d "th e gag ru le . " T h is ru le a u to m a tic a lly k illed a n tis la v e r y p e titio n s by ta b lin g th e m w ithout d is c u s s io n . In D e c e m b e r 1843 n o r t h e r n e r s , led by th e p r e s tig io u s e x - P r e s i d e n t Jo h n Q uincy A d a m s , sought to r e p e a l the gag r u le . To the s u r p r i s e of m an y p e o p le , H a l e ’s big v o ice b o o m ed "ay e . " He d e s c r ib e d the e v e n tto L u c y : i The q u e s tio n h a s b een a g a in b e fo re the H o u se today in th e I ! follow ing m a n n e r . M r. A d a m s o ffe re d a p e titio n of a n ovel and | s in g u la r c h a r a c t e r f ro m c e r ta in c itiz e n s of Illin o is , p ra y in g j ! C o n g re s s by so m e law to ack n ow ledge God a s the S u p re m e L a w - j j g iv e r and J e s u s C h r i s t a s the S a v io r and to a b o lis h s la v e r y , e tc . j O b je c tio n s w e r e m a d e to the re a d in g of the p e titio n and a ls o to J | its r e c e p tio n by th e H o u se , the H ouse finally p e rm ittin g it to be j ; r e a d and th en on the q u e s tio n of re c e p tio n a m o tio n w as a g a in j m a d e to lay the q u e s tio n on the ta b le . On a ll th e s e q u e s tio n s , I voted u n ifo rm ly in favor of the rig h t ! of p e titio n . In so doing, I have voted a g a in st m y c o lle a g u e s but ! e v e ry o th e r m e m b e r f r o m the New E ngland S ta te s e x c e p t m y c o l le a g u e s voted a s I did. i The vote b e fo re the H o u se w as te c h n ic a lly on the q u e s tio n of j •rep ealin g a ru le r e g a r d in g th e c o n stitu tio n a l rig h t of p e titio n . H ow - lev er, H ale w as s u re ly a w a re th a t an u n d e rly in g is s u e w as the g ro w in g , n a tio n a l c o n c e rn a b o u t s la v e r y . We a ls o know so m e th in g of H a le 's I I t ip riv a te , and m o s tly in tra in d iv id u a l, d e v e lo p m e n t of his ow n r e lig io u s - ( m o r a l - e th i c a l p r in c ip le s . F a m ily m a n , p o litic ia n , p riv a te a tto rn e y , d i s t r i c t a tto r n e y , h u sb a n d , a m a te u r p h ilo s o p h e r and th eo lo g ia n , fa th e r, i |l e g i s l a t o r - - p e r h a p s n o t e v e n H ale u n d e rs to o d e x a c tly his c u r r e n t (and i c e rta in ly n o t h is fu tu re ) c o n v ic tio n s a b o u t the s la v e r y is s u e . H o w e v e r, i •he did c a s t one of the m o s t s ig n ific a n t v o tes of h is c a r e e r . i C o n clu sio n I T h u s, in th e c r i s p , cold m o rn in g a ir of D e c e m b e r 21, 1843, we tra v e l to the " v e r y h a n d s o m e fo u r s to r y b ric k h o u s e " on P e n n s y lv a n ia A venue k e p t by M r s . H a m ilto n who " h a s the n a m e of k e e p in g a b o u t the b e s t h o m e in the c ity . " It is d ay lig h t. A N egro slav e e n te r s H a le 's "h an d so m e ly f u rn is h e d " r o o m s " fro n tin g on the a v e n u e " and m a k e s a t f ir e in the C o n g r e s s m a n 's " m a r b le f ir e p la c e . " T he New H a m p s h ire |R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s lip s into the w a r m e d r o o m s , w a s h e s , s h a v e s , j d r e s s e s , and ta k e s b r e a k f a s t. A fte r re a d in g and w ritin g , he goes up j |to the C apitol. It is noon. H ale e n t e r s the H ouse C h a m b e r, g re e te d j jby a c o m m o tio n . M r. A d a m s h a s ju s t o ffe re d a "novel and s in g u la r" i ! | p e titio n "p ra y in g C o n g re s s by so m e law to acknow ledge God a s the I j S u p re m e L a w g iv e r and J e s u s C h r is t a s th e S a v io r and to a b o lis h s la v - j i I jery." W ith u t te r c o r r e c t i t u d e , H ale r i s e s on the H ouse flo o r. H is I c lo th e s im m a c u la te ly b r u s h e d , h is b o o ts fre s h ly b la c k e d , he v o te s in , fa v o r of the rig h t of p e titio n - - c o u r a g e o u s ly and w ith co n v ictio n , voting ! : 'a g a in s t his c o lle a g u e s f ro m N ew H a m p s h ir e . On th is day John P a r k e r ; i H ale "did e x a c tly w hat C h r is t w ould have done in p r e c is e ly s im ila r c ir c u m s ta n c e s . " r ' 94 i | H ale P a p e r s S o u rc e N o te s - - C h a p te r V ) ! |Hale to M r s . H a le , A p ril 27, 1840, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety i C o lle c tio n . j jHale to M r s . H a le , O c to b e r 12, 1842, N ew H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l I S o c iety C o llec tio n . H ale to M r s . H a le , S e p te m b e r 2, 1839, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S o c iety C o llec tio n . H ale to M r s . H a le , A ugust 14, 1843, D a rtm o u th C o lleg e C o llec tio n . H ale to M r s . H a le , O c to b e r 18, 1843, D a rtm o u th C o lleg e C o lle c tio n . H ale to h is d a u g h te r s L ucy and L iz z ie , D e c e m b e r 6 , 1843, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety C o llec tio n . I H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 12, 1843, D a rtm o u th C o lleg e C o llec tio n . H ale to J . H. W ig g in s, D e c e m b e r 14, 1843, N ew H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S o c ie ty C o llec tio n . H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 15, 1843, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S o c iety C o llec tio n . ,H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 21, 1943, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l | S o c ie ty C o llec tio n . i j | ;H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 27, 1843, D a rtm o u th C o lleg e C o llec tio n . C H A P T E R VI "HOW W OULD JESU S HA VE A C T E D IN P R E C IS E L Y I SIM ILA R C IR C U M ST A N C E S?" The p re c e d in g c h a p te r sought to te ll the s to r y of H a le 's p r o g r e s s f ro m " s la v e s a r e b e a s t s " in 1835 to h is c a u tio u s b eg in n in g s as a ' f r e s h m a n R e p r e s e n ta tiv e in 1843. H ale m a d e no p ublic s p e e c h d u rin g th o se opening w e e k s in D e c e m b e r of 1843 w hich would in d ic a te th a t he i had ta k e n a p o sitio n o r e v en d e v e lo p e d an i n t e r e s t in the s la v e r y is s u e . H o w e v e r, he did c a s t a vote in fa v o r of the rig h t of p e titio n w hich w as I linked a t th at tim e w ith the s la v e r y p ro b le m ; th is vote w as a m b ig u o u s, , I | i [ th e r e f o r e , but one in te r p r e ta tio n could h av e b e e n th a t H ale show ed a ! i ! slig h t lean in g to w a rd a n tis la v e r y . j The p r e s e n t c h a p te r c o n tin u e s the s to r y fo r the n e x t fo u r y e a r s , I e nding w ith H a le 's r a t h e r s p e c ta c u la r d ebut a s f r e s h m a n S e n a to r in D e c e m b e r 1847. By th a t tim e H a le 's p u b lic s ta n c e to w a rd a b o litio n ism jw ill h av e c h an g ed d r a s tic a lly . J a n u a r y 1844 w a s a w o r r is o m e tim e fo r H ale. A s e a r ly a s the seco n d of th a t m o n th he a g a in w ro te to W iggins: 95 96 j i F r o m l e t t e r s and p a p e r s w hich I have re c e iv e d f r o m New H a m p s h ir e , I h ave no doubt th a t an a tte m p t is to be m a d e in som e of the C o n v en tio n s about to be h olden by th e D e m o c r a ts of N ew j H a m p s h ir e to p a s s r e s o lu tio n s c e n su rin g m e fo r the vote I h av e | i fe lt c o n s tr a in e d to give in fa v o r of the rig h t of p e titio n . I s e e { th a t th e N e w p o rt A rg u m e n t and S p e c ta to r invite the C o n v en tio n s ! I about to be h o ld en to p a s s re s o lu tio n of c e n s u r e , a r e we fo r th is j I v o te ? U n d e r th e s e c ir c u m s t a n c e s , I a p p re h e n d an a tte m p t w ill be m a d e in the R o c k in g h a m C o u n c illo r C onvention to p a s s r e s o - ! I lu tio n s of c e n s u r e fo r th is vote. M ay I r e ly upon y o u r f rie n d s h ip i to look to th is m a t t e r and e x e r t y o u r in fluence to p r e v e n t the p a s - ! sa g e of any su ch r e s o lu tio n s by the C onventions in y o u r p a r t of S the S ta te . I have r e c e iv e d l e t t e r s fro m p r o m in e n t m e n of the p a rty in the S tate and f ro m y o u r County a p p ro v in g of m y vote in s tro n g t e r m s and a p p r a is in g m e th a t the p eo p le a p p ro v e the sa m e c o u r s e . If th is be so , why can n o t the people sp e a k o u t th e ir tru e | s e n tim e n ts boldly and n o t le a s e a few m a n a g e r s to m a n u fa c tu re a j public o p in io n fo r th e m . I do n o t know w h e th e r you sy m p a th iz e w ith m e in m y v iew s on th is s u b je c t o r n o t, but I have th ro w n m y s e lf u n r e s e r v e d l y on y o u r confidence. j D e m o c r a tic P a r ty F ro w n s and S m ile s j ! W hen H ale c a s t h is vote a g a in s t the gag r u le , he a p p a re n tly did not su p p o se th a t he h ad c o m m itte d an " im p ru d e n c y , " and he w as s u r p r is e d to find th a t the vote s tim u la te d c o m m e n ts and l e t t e r s , both pro |and con, r e g a r d in g th is s e e m in g ly innocuous a c tio n . So he b e g a n j | p ro m p tly to w r ite to v a rio u s key people back h o m e . He w ro te a tw o- i page l e t t e r to J . H. W ig g in s, h is law p a r t n e r , m o s tly d e ta ilin g u n im p o rta n t c o n g r e s s io n a l ro u tin e . Suddenly, an d w ith o u t a tr a n s itio n , he ended the l e t te r w ith w h at m u s t have been h is m a in p u rp o s e in w ritin g If you s e e any c o m m e n ts in any p a p e r s on m y vote in fa v o r of the r ig h t of p e titio n , ju s t se n d m e the p a p e r . W hat is the | ' 97 I | s e n tim e n t of the D e m o c ra c y on the s u b je c t? I w ill r e s ig n b e fo re i I w ill r e t r a c t f ro m th a t p o sitio n . I i In th is and o th e r l e t t e r s on the s a m e m a t te r , H ale c o n s is te n tly d e s c r ib e d h is vote a s though it p e rta in e d only to "the rig h t of p e titio n ." R e f e r e n c e s to a b o litio n is m w e re a v o id ed . B oth o th e r p eo p le i n t e r - ip re te d the vote d iffe re n tly . i ! j W ig g in s 1 r e p ly on J a n u a r y 11, 1844 is a fa s c in a tin g e x a m p le of | i I | th a t w r i t e r 's in n e r tu r m o il. E v e n h is c h iro g ra p h y c o n trib u te s to this ;p o in t- - a p p r o x im a te ly a fo u rth of the th re e p a g e s c o n s is t of w o rd s o r s e n te n c e s c r o s s e d o u t, w o rd s o r p h r a s e s i n s e r te d , and o th e r g r a p h i- ' i I cally d e te c ta b le m o d ific a tio n s . W iggins w as s tru g g lin g to e x p la in h is c o n s c ie n tio u s d i s a g r e e m e n t w ith H a le 's v o te, y e t to p r e s e r v e th e ir ! p e r s o n a l bonds of m u tu a l c o n fid e n c e , r e s p e c t, and frie n d s h ip . H e re is how he e x p r e s s e d h is d is a g r e e m e n t: j H ad I b e e n in y o u r p la c e I should have voted d iffe re n tly on I th is q u e s tio n th a n w hat you h av e done, fo r I can n o t con ceiv e that j pny good can r e s u l t to any h u m a n being by a g ita tin g th e q u e s tio n i of b la c k s la v e r y in C o n g r e s s . I th in k th a t the p r in c ip a l o b je c t of j the A b o litio n is ts of the N o rth is to d e s tr o y the D e m o c ra tic p a rty i and I a m s o r r y th a t you have done anything w hich should c a u se j th e m to [ille g ib le ]. 'C o n sp ic u o u sly la c k in g in W ig g in s' l e t te r is any m e n tio n of the rig h t of p e titio n - - to h im , the vote w as on s la v e r y and p a rty u n ity . H a le 's a n s w e rin g l e t te r a v o id ed p o litic a l d is c u s s io n , c o n c e n tra tin g on th e ir p e r s o n a l p r e d ic a m e n t. F o r e x a m p le : I can t h e r e f o r e , tru ly say to y o u a g a in , I th ank you for y o u r c a n d o r, m a n lin e s s and s in c e rity . I hope we both of u s have s o u ls , too la r g e to g r a v e l w ith e a c h o th e r o r w ith anybody e ls e fo r o u r j h o n e s t d iffe re n c e of o p inion, or f o r a m an ly avow al of th a t | d iffe re n c e . iAn in trig u in g n o te w ith r e g a r d to the above ex ch an g e of c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ; I I jneither m a n w ro te a n y th in g , e ith e r d ir e c tly o r in d ir e c tly , th at would 're v e a l H a le 's c u r r e n t (ca. J a n u a ry 1844) c o n v ic tio n s re g a r d in g a b o li tio n is m o r b la c k s la v e r y . W iggins d o e s not sound a s though he knew; H ale d o es not e v e n m e n tio n the c o n tr o v e r s ia l w o rd s . j M otions to c e n s u r e H ale for h is g a g - r u le vote w e r e in tro d u c e d 'at v a rio u s m e e tin g s of lo c a l D e m o c ra tic le a d e r s in New H a m p s h ir e ; the m o tio n s w e r e e ith e r d e fe a te d o r tab le d w ithout a c tio n . O b v iously, i h o w e v e r, so m e of th e s e le a d e r s w e re frow ning. P r o b a b ly , a s H ale jp ro te s te d to W iggins and o th e r s , he did n o t intend o r e x p e c t to s t i r up th is m in o r te m p e s t. i M e an w h ile , r e g u la r c o n g re s s io n a l b u s in e s s p ro c e e d e d . In this i | ;r e a lm , H a le 's s p e e c h e s , v o te s , and o th e r a c tiv itie s a lm o s t u n iv ersally! I ! j follow ed the D e m o c r a tic lin e . S ew ell ite m iz e s thus: j T o g e th e r w ith o th e r J a c k s o n ia n s he s u p p o rte d r e s o lu tio n s d e c la rin g th a t a B an k of the U nited S ta te s " is h o s tile to the s p ir it I of o u r in s titu tio n s , and th a t its e s ta b lis h m e n t would b e d e s tr u c tiv e to the i n t e r e s t s and d a n g e ro u s to th e lib e r ti e s of the p e o p le , " and v o ted fo r an In d ep en d en t T r e a s u r y B ill w hich p a s s e d th e H ouse in D e c e m b e r 1844. He r e g u la r ly o p p o sed f e d e r a l a p p ro p r ia tio n s fo r in te r n a l im p r o v e m e n ts . He fa v o re d a ta r if f fo r re v e n u e only. He spoke o u t a g a in s t im p r is o n m e n t fo r d e b t, and in d e m a g o g ic lan guage c h a m p io n e d lo w e r p o s ta l r a t e s in b e h a lf of " th e h u m b le p o o r, w hom n e c e s s ity d r iv e s f r o m the p a r e n ta l ro o f a n d the I d o m e s tic f ir e s i d e , " and w a rn e d of the m o n o p o listic c h a r a c te r of | the P o s t O ffice. H e jo in e d the s u c c e s s fu l fight to re fu n d to ! A n d re w J a c k s o n the $ 1 ,0 0 0 J a c k s o n had b een fined in 1815 fo r ; j co n te m p t of a New O r le a n s c o u rt. And like e v e ry good D e m o c r a t I j he ca lled fo r a s t r i c t c o n s tr u c tio n of the C o n stitu tio n , w hich w a s , he sa id , a " s a c r e d " d o c u m e n t, n o t "a p la s tic in s tr u m e n t to be I sh ap ed to su it e v e ry m a n 's p u rp o s e . " He hew ed to th is line ev en w hen it m e a n t upholding the s a n c tity of the " f e d e ra l r a tio " w hich , gave the s la v e s ta te s an e s ti m a t e d tw e n ty -fiv e a d d itio n a l s e a ts in I the H ouse of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and w hich Jo h n Q uincy A d a m s p r o - j po sed ab o lish in g . | In his d e d ic a tio n to a n o th e r a r t i c l e of the D e m o c r a tic faith , | eco n o m y in g o v e rn m e n t, H a le s u r p a s s e d a ll but the m o s t z e a lo u s J a c k s o n ia n s . * T he g e n e ra l e ffe c t of th e s e n u m e r o u s a c tiv itie s p ro b a b ly o u t w eighed h is g a g - r u le vote so th at D e m o c ra tic fro w n s changed to s m ile s : in Ju n e 1844 N ew H a m p s h ir e D e m o c ra ts re n o m in a te d H ale fo r jC o n g re s s . | The only tro u b le w as th a t b ills fa v o rin g the A n n ex atio n of i j T e x a s w e re in tro d u c e d , and on th is is s u e H a le 's a n tis la v e r y le a n in g s i w e re c o n tr a ry to the D e m o c r a tic p a rty lin e. C on fro n ted w ith th is Id ile m m a , Hale r e m a in e d a lm o s t e n tir e ly s ile n t and he n e v e r spoke on jthe a rg u m e n t th a t a d d in g T e x a s to th e U nion would v a s tly e x te n d sla v e ( te r r ito r y . P e r h a p s h e thought th a t th is p ro p o s a l w ould die on the vine a s it had for s e v e r a l y e a r s p a s t. F o r m e r P r e s id e n t Van B u re n led the fig h t a g a in s t im m e d ia te a n n e x a tio n but he w a s c h a llen g e d fo r the D e m o c r a t ic P r e s id e n tia l n o m in a tio n by the p r o -a n n e x a tio n is t J a m e s P o lk . ^Sew ell, pp. 3 9 -4 0 . 100 ! : i ! Jliale w en t along w ith the m a jo r ity of New H a m p s h ir e D e m o c r a ts who 1 i ; (backed P o lk , and sp e n t s e v e r a l w eek s th a t fall a c tiv e ly stu m p -sp e a k in g i jin P o l k 's behalf. H ale ju s tifie d th is on th e gro u n d th a t he d is a g r e e d i jwith Polk on only one is s u e , and that th is did not justify d esertin g his ■ ! . p a rty . P o lk 's v ic to ry in th e e le c tio n w a s w idely in te r p r e te d a s a m a n - | i I jdate to C o n g re s s fav o rin g T e x a s a n n e x atio n . i W hen C o n g re s s co n vened in D e c e m b e r 1844 P r e s i d e n t T y le r, (w ishing c r e d it for annexing T e x a s b e fo re his t e r m e x p ir e d , pushed the ; : I (p a r lia m e n ta ry dev ice of a jo in t r e s o lu tio n by w hich a n n e x atio n could be ■legalized a s soon a s the r e s o lu tio n w as sig n ed by both p a r t i e s . i The d o m in a n t b u s in e s s b e fo re C o n g r e s s d u rin g D e c e m b e r and j e a r ly J a n u a r y b e c a m e the d e b a te on a s e r i e s of su ch jo in t r e s o lu tio n s . ( i i ) The p r o - T e x a s d riv e w as led by C h a r le s J. I n g e r s o ll, C h a irm a n of j I the C o m m itte e on F o r e ig n A f f a ir s , who so u g h t to a n s w e r the s la v e ry ! I q u e s tio n by a rg u in g , " S la v e ry c a n n o t i n c r e a s e by the a n n e x atio n of j ; I : T e x a s - - p r o b a b ly the c o n t r a r y . " A p a ra d e of o th e r R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s j j I j spoke fo r a n n e x atio n , u rg in g e s p e c ia lly that th e P o lk v ic to ry w as a | j m a n d a te f ro m the people to th e ir R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s . j j The T e x a s o p p o sitio n w as led by R o b e r t C h a r le s W inthrop w hose s tr o n g e s t co n te n tio n w as c o n s titu tio n a l: " C o n g r e s s cannot m ak e a c o n tr a c t w ith a fo re ig n n a tio n . " D u rin g a ll of th e s e w e e k s of d e b a te Jo h n P a r k e r H a le lis te n e d sile n tly . ! ---------------------------------------------------------------- ion I S A n a ly s is of H a le 's A ttitu d e T o w ard T e x a s A nnexation I j 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i We m ay in te r r u p t th e s to ry at th is point (ca . J a n u a r y 1 , 1845) j I I to a n a ly z e p r o b a b ilitie s r e g a r d in g H a le 's in n e r th o ughts and fe e lin g s as| i ’ I he lis te n e d to the T e x a s d e b a te . T h is r e q u ir e s a focus on so m e of the j I q u e s tio n s r a i s e d a t the beg in n in g of th is d i s s e r ta t io n (s u p r a , C h a p te rs i , — -— — j : iI and III). j I : F i r s t , w h at m ay one r e a s o n a b ly e x p la in o r p r e d ic t on th e sole b a s is of H a le 's public in te r in d iv id u al s ta te m e n ts and r e la te d b e h a v - , i o r s ? We w ould know th a t l e s s th an te n y e a r s e a r l i e r H ale had c o n d e m n e d a b o litio n is ts a s t r o u b l e - m a k e r s and had c h a r a c te r iz e d s la v e s , a s b e a s ts not fit to live f r e e . We w ould know th a t s u b se q u e n tly h is j a ttitu d e had so ften ed but we w ould not know to w hat e x te n t. We would j !know th at he had o p p o sed s t r i c t liq u o r law s on the ground that you c a n not le g is la te m o r a lity , e v e n though he p e rs o n a lly h ad b e c o m e a te e - | ito ta le r. We w ould know th a t he had b e e n a s u c c e s s fu l la w y e r and U nited S ta te s A tto rn e y who b e lie v e d in law e n fo r c e m e n t and in the : r ig h ts g u a ra n te e d by the C o n stitu tio n . We w ould know th a t he w as "a igood c h u rc h -g o in g m a n ," but a m e m b e r of the lib e r a l U n ita r ia n s and i one who o fte n a tte n d e d the s e r v i c e s of v a rio u s o th e r d e n o m in a tio n s. We w ould know th a t he w as jo v ia l and g r e g a r io u s , th a t he enjoyed m in g lin g w ith "the p eo p le . " We w ould know th at he w as an a m b itio u s young p o litic ia n , a lea d in g m e m b e r of th e N ew H a m p s h ir e D e m o c r a ts , m u ch u s e d by th e m in lo c a l c a m p a ig n s b e c a u s e of h is e x c e p tio n a l , ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I02T; ! ! i i a b ility a s a s tu m p s p e a k e r . We would know th a t a s a r e w a rd fo r his h a r d w o rk , h is p a rty had e le c te d h im to the H ouse of R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s . I i j I jWe w ould know th at he h ire d a N egro m a id in New H a m p s h ire and th a t j I i jwhen he f i r s t a r r i v e d in W ash in g to n , he liv ed a t M r s . H a m ilto n 's j I : | j b o a rd in g h o u se w h e re the s e r v i c e s of N e g ro s la v e s w e re em p lo y ed . ; |B u t we w ould have a b a r e m in im u m of c lu e s r e g a r d in g his p o litic a l |s la v e r y v ie w s. We w ould know th a t he had voted a g a in s t the gag ru le b u t he h a d defen d ed h is vote p r in c ip a lly in t e r m s o f s u p p o rtin g the c o n - js titu tio n a l r ig h t of p e titio n . O th e rw is e , h is p a s t y e a r in C o n g re s s had ! I b e e n u n d is tin g u is h e d -- h e had c o n s is te n tly follow ed the D e m o c ra tic p a rty lin e . And only a few w e e k s ago he had c a m p a ig n e d v ig o ro u sly fo r P o lk although he ack n o w led g ed d is a g r e e in g on the one is s u e of i s la v e r y . He had n o t p a rtic ip a te d in the d e b a te s on T e x a s , but we woul h av e a lm o s t no public c lu e s a s to h is r e a s o n s fo r s ile n c e . I T he w e ig h t of the above e v id e n c e w ould in d ic a te th a t at th is I sta g e of h is c a r e e r H ale w as little m o r e th an a p a rty h ack , u se fu l in i | lo c a l c a m p a ig n s , d ep en d ab le in h is c o n g re s s io n a l v o te s , and show ing no sig h s of n a tio n a l c a lib re . If fo r so m e unknow n r e a s o n he opposed T e x a s a n n e x a tio n , the m o s t lik e ly p r e d ic tio n w ould be th at he would s im p ly co n tin u e h is long s ile n c e , and w h e n the vote w as tak e n , he w ould a s u s u a l s u p p o rt the p a r t y - - o r a t th e m o s t, a b s ta in . A fte r a ll, he had a lr e a d y b e e n r e n o m in a te d and in only two m o r e m o n th s he would a lm o s t a u to m a tic a lly be re e le c te d . B u t w hat e ls e w ould we know by adding s o m e of H a l e ’s p riv a te i I and o ften in tr a in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n ? We w ould know th a t he w as ( I j"a s tro n g fa m ily m a n " in the tra d itio n of the la r g e N ew E n g la n d c la n s . ! I i jWe w ould know th a t he q u ick ly f e lt lo n e s o m e w hen s e p a r a te d f r o m h is j j ! !wife and d a u g h te r s . He r e s p e c te d and c o n sta n tly so u g h t L u c y 's o p in - j I jions on in n u m e r a b le p r o b le m s , g r e a t o r s m a ll. We w ould know that [his long tr a in in g a s a d e b a te r and la w y e r had d e v e lo p e d a h a b it of { ! jo rg an izin g m o s t o f h is c o m m u n ic a tio n s in a highly s tr u c tu r e d , often i (le g a listic , p a tte rn : a h a b it th a t could be m is le a d in g ( e .g . , h is d is c u s - [ sion of a m o r a l to p ic m ig h t a p p e a r to be e s s e n tia lly " p r a c ti c a l " and j i devoid of fe e lin g ). We w ould know that H a le 's g r e g a r io u s te n d e n c ie s ! iw ere c o u n te r b a la n c e d by e q u a lly p ro n o u n ce d in tr o s p e c tiv e te n d e n c ie s . | We w ould know th a t H ale w a s ca p ab le of lo n g -s u s ta in e d p e rio d s of " s o lita r y m u s i n g s " on m a j o r q u e s tio n s , and th a t he r e f r a in e d f r o m public s ta te m e n t u n til h is m in d w as m a d e up. M o st im p o r ta n tly , we i would know th a t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s H ale h a d b een e n g a g e d in an in te r n a l s tru g g le to d e v e lo p a m o r a l - e t h i c a l - r e l i g i o u s p h ilo so p h y th a t w ould s a tisfy h i m s e lf . F u r t h e r m o r e , he had g ra d u a lly c r y s t a ll iz e d th is in n e r d ia lo g u e in to a s y s te m fo c u se d on the a p p lic a tio n in d aily life of the s ta n d a r d , "W h at would J e s u s have done in e x a c tly s im i la r c i r c u m s ta n c e s ?" H o w e v e r, he o fte n fa ile d to s e e a p p lic a tio n s of th is s ta n d a rd to in c id e n ts in h is d aily life . B ut when he did s e e an a p p lic a tio n , a s in the c a s e o f the g a g r u le , he a c te d p ro m p tly and b o ld ly . We w ould a ls o (know th a t H a le 's p riv a te o p in io n s of s ta te p a rty l e a d e r s ( e .g . , Is a a c I ! H ill) w e re f a r f ro m r e v e r e n t , and that one of h is b a s ic p o litic a l te n e ts j w a s "go to th e p eople. " A n o th e r p r a c tic a l ten et: w o rk fo r c o m p ro m is e j (when e th ic a l; but once d e c id e d , s p e a k out plainly and m an fu lly fo r whatj I you b e lie v e . I | The w eight of the im m e d ia te ly p r e c e d in g e v id e n c e ra d ia lly m o d - i !ifies the p re v io u s e v a lu a tio n and p re d ic tio n . H ale m u s t be view ed a s a c o m p le x p e rs o n , n o t a p la c id p a rty h a c k . We could a lm o s t c e rta in ly e x p la in h is r e c e n t w e e k s of s ile n c e d u rin g th e T e x a s d e b a te s - - h e w as d e b a tin g the is s u e in tra in d iv id u a lly and so m e of h is s o lita r y m u sin g s iw ere d e v o ted to the q u e s tio n of w hat J e s u s would h a v e done. We would e x p e c t H ale to b re a k h is s ile n c e soon, and we would n o t be s u r p r i s e d if (his s ta te m e n t of p o sitio n w a s u n o rth o d o x and bold. j i We m a y n ext c o n s id e r how b e s t to d e s c r ib e o r " m e a s u r e " j i i ! I H a le 's " a ttitu d e " d u rin g th e s e w e e k s of in te rn a l tu g - o f - w a r . S uppose (that so m e 19th c e n tu ry r e s e a r c h e r had a s k e d H ale to in d ic a te h is a tt i- i jtude to w a rd T e x a s A n n e x a tio n by m a r k in g a s c a le of " stro n g ly a p p ro v e , t m o d e ra te ly a p p ro v e , s lig h tly a p p ro v e , und ecid ed (o r n e u tr a l o r d o n 't know), e tc ." O r su p p o se th e r e s e a r c h e r handed H ale a s e m a n tic d if f e r e n tia l w ith s e v e r a l s e v e n - s te p s c a le s la b e le d " h o t-c o ld , a c tiv e - p a s s iv e , g o o d -b a d , e tc . " T his illu s tr a tio n is not u s e d fa c e tio u s ly but is in ten d ed to s u g g e st the lim ita tio n s o f su c h s c a le s w hen they a r e c o n s id e r e d in the c o n tex t of d a ta th u s f a r p r e s e n te d a s we t r y to t r a c e " 105 ! I I ; H a le 's changing c o n v ic tio n s . In su ch c o n tex t, the r e s e a r c h e r m ay m o r e vividly se e m e th o d o lo g ic a l d a n g e rs : in a p p r o p r ia te n e s s , o v e r - i j | |sim p lific a tio n , l in e a r ity , a b s e n c e of p re d ic tiv e p o w e r, and the lik e . i I I i I jThe v irtu e s of a ttitu d e s c a le s fo r e x p e r im e n ta l or o th e r q u a n tita tiv e l I ’r e s e a r c h a r e n o t q u e s tio n e d in this d i s s e r t a t i o n - - s u c h q u e stio n in g is I ! jbeing done by b e h a v io r a l s c ie n tis ts a s m en tio n ed e a r l i e r . H o w e v e r, it is a p p ro p r ia te to r e p o r t th a t in the e a r ly s ta g e s of * th is d is s e r ta tio n , a tte m p ts w e r e m a d e to em p lo y a ttitu d e - s c a le c o n - l I ’c e p ts and te rm in o lo g y . T h u s, it s e e m e d th a t H a le 's a ttitu d e s to w a rd ] i ! s la v e ry could be e n v isio n e d along a lin e a r con tin u u m fro m 1835 to 18521 but th is tu rn e d o u t to be a d a n g e ro u s o v e rs im p lif ic a tio n that could m is-j ilead r a t h e r th an h e lp the stu d y . F o r e x a m p le , su p p o se we sa y th a t a s I jof J a n u a r y 1, 1845 H a le 's a ttitu d e w a s " u n d ec id e d " (which g iv e s but little clue to h is " p r e d is p o s itio n to re s p o n d " ). But " u n d e c id e d " about | I ! I I jw h a t? S la v e r y ? A b o litio n is m ? T e x a s A nnexation ? P a r ty lo y a lty ? ! N othing is added to o u r know ledge; m u c h is s u b tra c te d . T h e i m p o r ta n c e of c o m p le x q u a lita tiv e v a r i a b le s w hich u n d e rly the s h o r t - c u t ! te c h n iq u e s of m o s t a ttitu d e m e a s u r in g te c h n iq u e s b e c o m e s in c r e a s in g ly I c le a r . And the n e e d to e x p lo re o th e r m e th o d o lo g ic a l a p p ro a c h e s to the knotty q u e s tio n of w hat g o e s on in sid e a p e r s o n a s he t r i e s to m a k e im p o r ta n t d e c is io n s is e m p h a s iz e d . I "H ale S to rm " | I i ; I H a l e 's in n e r c o n flic t r e g a r d in g T e x a s w as h e ig h te n ed w hen on [D e c em b e r 27, 1844, the New H a m p s h ir e L e g is la tu r e p a s s e d a s e t of i | | jnine re s o lu tio n s fa v o rin g a n n e x a tio n of T e x a s and in s tr u c tin g its c o n - | i i jg re s s io n a l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s to s u p p o rt t h e i r v iew s. Of c o u rs e , H ale ' I )did n o t w is h to o p p o se (p e rh a p s e v e n in su lt) his s t a t e 's le g is la tu r e but [ he a p p a re n tly did think th a t they had b e e n m is le d . To t e s t th is p o s s i- j b ility , he m oved on J a n u a r y 10 to s u s p e n d the H ouse r u le s so th a t he j ;could in tro d u c e an a m e n d m e n t. He w a n te d to te s t the tru th of one of j | Ithe New H a m p s h ir e re s o lu tio n s : j i I T h a t we b e lie v e w ith M r. C lay, " th a t the re a n n e x a tio n of | T e x a s w ill add m o re f r e e th an sla v e S ta te s to the U nion, and ' th at it would be u n w ise to re f u s e a p e r m a n e n t a c q u is itio n . . . on a c c o u n t of a t e m p o r a r y in stitu tio n . " I H a le 's a m e n d m e n t would have r e q u ir e d dividing T e x a s into h a lv e s , one sla v e and the o th e r f r e e . C o n g re s s v o ted a g a in s t p e rm ittin g th e in tr o - j jd u ctio n of this p ro p o se d a m e n d m e n t. H a le i n te r p r e te d th is r e f u s a l to jm e a n th a t the tr u e c o n g re s s io n a l m o tiv a tio n in a n n e x in g T ex as w as to Jadd a huge new t e r r i t o r y to the s o u th e r n sla v e s ta te s ; he did n o t w ant N ew H a m p s h ir e to be duped. H aving e s ta b lis h e d th is point to h is ow n \ s a tis fa c tio n , H ale p ro m p tly m a ile d a p u b lic l e t te r a d d r e s s e d "T o the D e m o c r a tic R ep u b lican E l e c t o r s of N ew H a m p s h ir e . " T his l e t te r s p lit th e sta te D e m o c ra tic p a r ty , and a lm o s t o v e rn ig h t p ro p e lle d H ale f r o m a little know n f r e s h m a n R e p r e s e n ta tiv e into the n a tio n a l sp o tlight. 107 I i j P e r h a p s the f i r s t im p o r ta n t point is the u s e of the w r itte n m odej and th e tim in g (no ra d io or TV in th o se d a y s). H ale need n o t have m ad e an y p u b lic s ta te m e n t- - h e could s im p ly have w a ite d an d voted i "nay. " In th at c a s e he a lm o s t s u re ly would have b e e n re e le c te d | b e c a u s e the n e w s of th e vote would n o t r e a c h New H a m p s h ir e in tim e ' ■ to do m u c h m o r e th an pu zzle so m e of the v o te r s . O r H ale could h av e [delayed a s long as p o s s ib le and th en p r e s e n te d h is view s in a sp e e c h ! I b e fo re th e H o u s e - - b u t ag ain the e ffe c ts w ould not h a v e f ilte r e d b a c k to ] a ll c itiz e n s b e fo re th e sta te e le c tio n . T hus the only way to in fo rm the : je le c to r a te in tim e w as by p ublic le tte r . H a le 's c h o ic e s p e a k s bo ld ly , | j j ithough n o n v e rb a lly , in trib u te to h is in te g rity . | ! T he l e t t e r in cluded H a le 's f i r s t p u b lic s ta te m e n t of his a n ti - j s la v e r y v iew s. He e x p r e s s e d h im s e lf in th e follow ing w o rd s: W hen o u r f o r e f a th e r s bade a l a s t fa r e w e ll to the h o m e s of th e ir child h o o d , the g r a v e s of th e ir f a th e r s , an d the te m p le s o f th e ir God, an d v e n tu re d upon a ll the d e s p e r a te c o n tin g e n c ie s o f w in try s e a s and a sa v ag e c o a s t, th a t th ey m ig h t, in s tro n g fa ith and a r d e n t ho p e, la y d eep the fo u n d atio n s of the te m p le of lib e r ty , th e ir faith w ould h a v e b e c o m e s c e p tic is m , and th e ir hope d e s p a ir , could they h av e f o r e s e e n th a t the day w ould e v e r a r r i v e when t h e ir d e g e n e r a te so n s should be found s e e k in g to e x te n d th e ir b o u n d a r i e s and t h e i r g o v e rn m e n t, n o t fo r the p u rp o s e of p ro m o tin g f r e e d o m but s u s ta in in g s la v e r y . It is a p p a r e n t th a t th is w as the p o sitio n of a m o d e r a te , n o t an A bolition i s t p e r s e . H a le o p p o se d the e x te n s io n of s la v e r y , not its a b o litio n in s ta te s w h e re th e p r a c tic e w as a lr e a d y le g a l. 108 Of c o u r s e , H ale p r e s e n te d r e a s o n s fo r h is sta n d . The d e fe n se w as m o s tly l e g a l is t ic - - h e q u e stio n e d the c o n s titu tio n a lity of the co n - | I I g r e s s io n a l p r o c e d u r e and quoted f ro m v a rio u s S ta te D e p a r tm e n t and j i o th e r d o c u m e n ts . One w o n d e rs how m an y New H a m p s h ir e f a r m e r s j : |even b o th e r e d to r e a d th is p o rtio n of the le tte r . j M o re im p o r ta n t w a s the fa c t th a t H ale w en t d ir e c tly to the ! ipeople, b y p a s sin g o ffic ia l p a rty l e a d e r s . H ale w as too p o litic a lly a s tu te to a tta c k lo c a l and sta te l e a d e r s by n a m e ; in s te a d , h is p r e s u m e d i ta r g e t w as no le s s th an th e P r e s i d e n t h im s e lf: j : [ The im m e d ia te o c c a s io n of m y a d d r e s s in g you at th is tim e , is to be found in the fa c t, th a t the P r e s i d e n t of the U nited S ta te s , i a t th e c o m m e n c e m e n t of the p r e s e n t s e s s io n of C o n g r e s s , o ffi c ia lly an n o u n ced to the two h o u s e s th a t a c o n tro llin g m a jo r ity of | the p e o p le , and a la r g e m a jo r ity of the S ta te s , h av e d e c la r e d in fa v o r of im m e d ia te a n n e x atio n . ! My f e l l o w - c i ti z e n s , m y c o n s e r v a tio n in th a t s p h e r e of p u b - j lie duty to w hich y o u r voice h a s a s s ig n e d m e , h a s led m e to a j d iff e re n t c o n c lu s io n - - s o m e of the r e a s o n s fo r w hich I s h a ll p r o - | c e ed ca n d id ly and p la in ly to lay b e fo re you. H ighly a s I e s te e m j y o u r fa v o r , I should d isd a in to p u r c h a s e it by th e a r t s of d i s s im u la tio n o r d e c e p tio n . P ro u d a s I w ell m a y be of the h o n o r of ! b eing y o u r r e p r e s e n t a ti v e , I can n o t c o n s e n t to p u r c h a s e e v en th a t, j a t the e x p e n se of s a c r ific in g the h o n e s t c o n v ic tio n s of m y u n d e r - J stan d in g . As th e p e rio d is ra p id ly a p p ro a c h in g in w hich you w ill i be c a lle d upon by y o u r b a llo ts a g a in to s e le c t y o u r a g e n ts to c a r r y o u t y o u r w ill in the n a tio n a l C o n g r e s s , I d e s ir e to r e f e r this m a t t e r to y o u , a c o m m itte e of the w hole people of the S tate th a t you m ay d e c id e the w hole q u e s tio n , and an nounce th a t d e c is io n a t the p o lls . I m ig h t have ta k e n a d iff e re n t c o u rs e ; I m ig h t h av e a sk e d the a d v ic e and c o u n s e l of th o se w ho, by t h e ir p la c e and s ta tio n , m a y be c o n s id e r e d a s the a u th o r iz e d and le g itim a te e x p o n e n ts of the p o p u la r w ill; but I p r e f e r to go d ir e c tly to the p e o p le . They c o n s titu te the only tr u e fountain of p o w e r; th ey a r e b e s t q u a lifie d to d e c la r e tru ly th e ir own o p in io n s. In r e g a r d to the d e c la ra tio n of the P r e s i d e n t of th e U nited S ta te s a s to w hat is th e e x p r e s s io n ; of the p o p u la r w ill, I s h a ll p a s s th at w ith th is r e m a r k : th a t, S w hile I a c k n o w led g e m y s e lf bound by th e in s tr u c tio n s of m y c o n - i s titu e n ts , I deny a lto g e th e r the rig h t of the P r e s i d e n t of the U n ited j i S ta te s to in te r p o s e h im s e lf b e tw e en m e and th e m , to an nounce ! ; a u th o r ita tiv e ly w hat they r e q u i r e of m e . I ' I ; I iMore to the point, of c o u r s e , is the fa c t th a t H ale d e n ie d the r ig h t of ! j I th e s t a t e 's le g is la tiv e o r the D e m o c ra tic C e n tra l C o m m itte e to " i n t e r - I jp o se ." T he p u b lic l e t te r said: W ith a fe e lin g of u n k in d n e s s to no o n e, I have sp o k en p la in ly to you on th is su b je c t. It s e e m e d to m e th a t the tim e and the o c c a s io n d e m a n d e d it. Should w hat I have h e re e x p r e s s e d m e e t ) y o u r a p p ro b a tio n , and sh o u ld th a t a p p ro b a tio n be e x p r e s s e d a t the p o lls, I s h a ll be m o s t happy in h aving y o u r a p p ro v in g v o ice s e c - I onding m y own c o n v ic tio n s of duty. B u t if, on the o th e r h an d , you s h a ll th in k d iff e re n tly f r o m m e on th is su b ject; and sh o u ld , t h e r e - j fo re , d e e m it e x p e d ie n t to s e le c t a n o th e r p e rs o n to e ffe c tu a te y o u r p u rp o s e s in C o n g r e s s , no c itiz e n of th e State w ill bow m o r e s u b - i m is s iv e ly to y o u r w ill th a n m y se lf. ' i R e p e r c u s s io n s b eg an a lm o s t im m e d ia te ly . F r a n k lin P i e r c e , (c h a irm a n of th e C e n tr a l C o m m itte e , r e a c te d as though he had r e c e iv e d I I |a p e r s o n a l s la p in the fa c e . H ale w as e n title d to h is v iew s on s la v e r y | ^so long a s he co n fin ed th e m to the flo o r of the H ouse. B ut th is p u b lic J ile tte r w a s " in s u b o rd in a tio n " and " d e lib e r a te b e tr a y a l of the p a r t y , " j"a m is e r a b l e , double d e a lin g s c h e m e ," m o tiv a te d by p e r so n al a m b i- ! 2 tio n . " P i e r c e p u b lish e d h is u n q u a lifie d c o n d e m n a tio n of H ale in the D e m o c r a tic p r e s s , and su m m o n e d a m e e tin g of the C e n tra l C o m m itte e on J a n u a r y 20. D e s p ite do u b ts by m o re c a u tio u s l e a d e r s , P i e r c e 2 L e t te r f r o m P i e r c e to W illia m B u tte rfie ld (J a n u a r y 1845), P i e r c e P a p e r s , N ew H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety. s e c u r e d a c a ll for a s p e c ia l n o m in a tin g co n v en tio n to c o n s id e r r e p l a c - I ling H a l e 's n a m e on the D e m o c ra tic tic k e t. The co nvention w as h e ld | I ! |on F e b r u a r y 12; a tte n d a n c e w as not r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of the ra n k and file ! I v o te r s ; r e q u e s t fo r tim e to p r e s e n t H a le 's view s w as ru le d out of orderj by C h a irm a n P i e r c e ; and the n a m e of Jo h n W oodbury w as c h o se n to i r e p la c e H ale on the b a llo t. In th is sw ift fa sh io n , H ale w as ex p e lled f ro m the p a rty . W hile th is p u rg e w as in p r o g r e s s , H ale m ad e no a tte m p t to I fig h t b ack. On J a n u a r y 18 he did w rite a le tte r to a m a n who had b een , i | a p e rs o n a l frie n d s in c e th e ir d a y s to g e th e r a t Bow doin. The l e t te r j b e g in s thus: ; i j I F r a n k lin P i e r c e , I w ant to w rite one w o rd to you a s a frie n d not a s o lita r y o r I a s a P o litic ia n . W h eth er I a m c o r r e c t o r n o t in the view I have la te ly tak e n on the T e x a s q u e s tio n in the l e t te r a d d r e s s e d to the j people of N ew H a m p s h ir e , I have n au g h t to say. They a r e m y I h o n e s t c o n v ic tio n s. j I I P ro b a b ly P i e r c e w as im m e d ia te ly on g u a rd a g a in s t an a p p e a l to frie n d - | ship and the e n su in g lengthy d is c u s s io n of " h o n e s t c o n v ic tio n s. " M ost of h is r e la tio n s w ith H ale had b e e n p o litic a l; he w as n o t p riv y (as we h av e been) to H a le 's l e t t e r s to L ucy. So P i e r c e w as d o u b tle s s s u s - | p icio u s a s he re a d : I ! Since m y e le c tio n the q u e s tio n h a s b e c o m e p ro m in e n t and o u r L e g is la tu r e h a s r e s o lu tio n s re q u e s tin g the R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s of the S tate to p u rs u e a c e r t a i n c o u r s e . I cannot c o n s c ie n tio u s ly do it. jAnd P i e r c e w as w e ll a w a re th a t in n u m e ra b le p o litic ia n s had in s in c e re ly i | |said a p p ro x im a te ly the s a m e w o rd s a s th e se : i | j In ste a d of k e ep in g s ile n c e and su ffe rin g the people a t the j a p p ro a c h in g e le c tio n to vote in ig n o ra n c e of m y v iew s, I have j p la in ly , d is tin c tly and u n e q u iv o c a b ly laid open m y whole m in d i i to the p eople. If they a p p ro v e , w e ll. If they d is a p p ro v e , I do j not co m p la in . ! |The r u th l e s s n e s s of P i e r c e 's a tta c k s , a lr e a d y d e s c r ib e d , in d ic a te s j j th a t he s im p ly did not b e lie v e w h at H a le w a s a sk in g him to b e lie v e: I b e lie v e in c o n s c ie n c e , in d u ty , in rig h t and w rong and above a ll in God who is o v e r a ll. I have a c te d in o b e d ie n c e to m y c o n v ic tio n s of w h at is due to a ll the im p u ls e s p ro c e e d in g f r o m th o se s o u r c e s . I w ould n o t r e t r a c t w hat I have done fo r ! the m o s t b r illia n t p o litic a l c a r e e r that e v e r f la tte r e d the hop es of the m o s t a m b itio u s w e re to be the r e s u l t of m y p r e s e n t p o s i- I tion. I do not a s k any f rie n d to ju stify , e x c u se o r p a llia te w hat I h ave done in a p o litic a l p o in t u n le s s h is own co n v ictio n s a p p ro v e it. But I do a s k of h o n e s t and h o n o ra b le m in d s who have co n - , s c ie n c e s th e m s e lv e s th a t they do a t l e a s t do m e the c r e d it of i b e lie v in g th at I have a c te d w ith h o n e s t m o tiv e s . j | i i P i e r c e 's o pinion of H a le , and the o p p o site e v id e n c e f ro m H ale's| | j | p riv a te in tra in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s , m a y be tr e a te d a s a h y p o th e- j I I s is , i . e . , th at H a le 's a s s e r t e d m o tiv a tio n fo r h is open l e t te r to the i ! j v o te r s w as s in c e r e . The h y p o th e s is m ig h t be te s te d by o b s e rv a tio n of I [ H a le 's s u b s e q u e n t b e h a v io r s , e s p e c ia lly : I 1. W as h e w illing to s a c r i f i c e h is p o litic a l c a r e e r ? i 2. W as h e w illing to "bow s u b m is s iv e ly " w hile aw a itin g the v e r d i c t of the v o te r s ? D u rin g the p r o c e s s of H a le 's e x p u lsio n f r o m h is p a r ty , he b e g a n n e g o tia tio n s fo r a n ew c a r e e r - - m a k i n g te n ta tiv e p la n s fo r a law 112 i i 3 p a r t n e r s h i p w ith T h e o d o re Sedgw ick in N ew Y o rk . H ale su p p o sed ; th a t he h a d in d eed s a c r if ic e d h is c a r e e r in the H o u se , and he u tte r e d j i no public w o rd s of c o m p la in t. j B u t H ale had m an y f rie n d s in New H a m p s h ir e and P i e r c e had j j h is s h a r e of p o litic a l e n e m ie s . They soon b e g a n a c tiv itie s in H a le 's i j b e h a lf . B ut c o n s id e r th e ir h a n d ic a p s: no o rg a n iz a tio n , no c a m p a ig n i | fu n d s, no a c c e s s to the p r e s s , a n d -- o n ly s ile n c e fro m th e ir can d id a te .; D e sp ite n u m e r o u s p le a s fro m h is s u p p o r t e r s , H ale re f u s e d to r e tu r n tc| j le a d the e ff o r t in N ew H a m p s h ir e , o r e v e n se n d out a n o th e r open le tte r i to h is c o n s titu e n ts ; he fe lt th a t he had m a d e a c o m m itm e n t to " le t the j j people d e c id e . " I ; ; ; D isa p p o in te d but d e te r m in e d , H a le 's " p e o p le " f o rm e d th e ir own p a r ty , the In d ep e n d e n t D e m o c r a ts , and a f lu r r y of p o litic a l a c t i v ity e n s u e d . A s m ig h t be e x p e c te d , the s m a ll but d e d ic a te d L ib e rty | ! (a b o litio n is t) p a rty jo in e d w ith them ; m o r e im p o r ta n tly , the W higs i i I gave lim ite d s u p p o rt, r e a liz in g the a d v a n ta g e s of sp littin g the r e g u la r I D e m o c r a ts . And H ale re c e iv e d in d ir e c t (and p ro b a b ly un ex p ected ) i h e lp f r o m so m e fa m o u s o u t- o f - s ta te a b o litio n is ts , in clu d in g W illiam T he w r i te r a g r e e s w ith Sew ell on th is point: " Cong. G lobe, 31 Cong. , I s e s s . (1849-1850), A ppendix, p. 801; [A m o s] T u ck , A u to b io g ra p h ic a l M e m o i r , p. 75. H ale s p e n t a few days in N ew Y ork e a rly in F e b r u a r y , and it m a y have b e e n th e n t h a t he r e a c h e d an in fo rm a l a g r e e m e n t w ith Sedgw ick. See [New Y o rk ] M o rn in g E x p r e s s , F eb. 1, 3, 1845. " jLloyd G a r r i s o n and J o h n G re e n le a f W h ittie r (the l a t t e r e v e n c o n tr ib u t e d a s t i r r i n g poem ). T h e ir only hope w a s , not to g e t a m a jo r ity for ; i | lH ale, but to s c a t t e r the v o tes so as to p r e v e n t W oodbury f ro m g ettin g j ; i j j |a m a jo r ity . To do th is r e q u ir e d s te a lin g so m e of W o o d b u ry 's v o te s by . ^making s u r e th a t e v e ry a n tis la v e ry D e m o c r a t got to the p o lls , and by i jgoing a fte r th o se r e g u l a r D e m o c ra ts who r e s e n te d th e m a c h in e ru le of i Ithe P i e r c e - H i l l C e n tra l C o m m itte e (w hich they c a lle d "T h e C oncord I C liq u e" o r h a r s h e r n a m e s ) . A t the e le c tio n on M a rc h 11, the C lique w as d e fe a te d . The io th e r th re e D e m o c r a tic n o m in e e s fo r C o n g r e s s won e a s ily , but W ood- ;bury fa ile d by th e n a r r o w e s t of m a r g in s to s e c u r e a m a jo r ity . T his | n e c e s s ita te d a r u n -o f f in S e p te m b e r b e tw e en the th r e e le a d in g c o n t e n d e r s . D u rin g the h e c tic c a m p a ig n in g of th e s e p a s t few w eeks the i I j key fig u re w as the c o n s p ic u o u s a b s e n te e , Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , w hose ! I j p u b lic l e t te r on T e x a s A n n e x a tio n had s t i r r e d up w h at h is s u p p o r te r s j I | now c a lle d a "H ale S to rm . " j I A n ato m y of a C o a litio n T h is tim e , H a le fought. H is " p e o p le " had sp o k e n , dem anding i an end to w hat th ey th o u g h t w a s an o v e rly c o n s c ie n tio u s pledge of in a c tiv ity , d e m a n d in g a fle s h -a n d - b lo o d l e a d e r , n o t an a b s t r a c t m o r a l sy m b o l. A m o r a l f o r c e is m o s t p a r tic u la r ly of f le s h and blood, n e e d ing an o r g a n iz a tio n u n d e r the l e a d e r s h ip of a m a n w ith p r a c tic a l s k ills to t r a n s la te the a b s t r a c t into the c o n c re te . H ale w as su c h a m an . He [ had c o m m e n d a b le c re d e n tia ls fo r the positio n : s k illfu l d e b a te r , s u e - j I ! c e s s fu l la w y e r, e a r th y o r a t o r , g r a s s - r o o t s p o litic ia n , and a m a te u r I j p h ilo s o p h e r-th e o lo g ia n w hose in te g rity had ju s t b e e n p ro v ed . ; i ! i H ale "g o e s to the stu m p . " On A p ril 21 he to u ch ed off h is c a m -I ! paign w ith a tw o -h o u r s p e e c h a t E x e te r . "It w a s the rig h t of a p o li tic ia n to a s k h im s e lf w h e th e r be should obey God o r m a n . " C om ing at the v e ry beg in n in g of the s p e e c h , it so u n d s the keynote of the e n tir e a d d r e s s . M o re im p o rta n tly , it p r e s a g e s a key n o te fo r the e n tir e c a m p a ig n . j In g r e a t d e ta il, H ale re v ie w e d a ll the a rg u m e n ts a g a in s t annexing T e x a s , s tr e s s i n g the m o r a l a s p e c ts of the q u e stio n : Any m a n i w ith a c o n s c ie n c e could s e e th a t a n n e x atio n w as " p u re ly a nak ed q u e s - i j tio n of s la v e r y , " and "fo r so long a s God o c c u p ie d the th ro n e of I l e te r n ity " He w ould look upon h u m a n bondage a s a sin; w hen the m o r a l I s e n s e of a n a tio n is gone, he co n tin u ed , its n a tio n a l c h a r a c te r is gone, j H ale s ta te d h is b e lie f in the m o r a l o b lig a tio n s of C h r is tia n ity and th a t j "w e m u s t a ll sta n d b e fo re a b a r , w h e re no p a rty d is c ip lin e , and no ! idle big w o rd s w ould be h e ld a s a p lea fo r s h rin k in g f ro m duty. " i D u rin g A p r il and M ay H ale continued h is stu m p in g to u r of New H a m p s h ir e . T he m o s t d r a m a tic e p iso d e o c c u r r e d on Ju n e 5 w hen F r a n k lin P i e r c e c h o se to m e e t H ale in a public d eb ate at C o n c o rd 's Old N o rth C h u rc h . H ale d e liv e re d the opening sp e ec h ; P i e r c e follow ed ; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115 i ; w ith a p a s s io n a te d e n u n c ia tio n . But H ale w as e n title d to a r e b u tta l and jhe gave an u n u su a l s p e e c h fo r th o se d ay s w hen flo rid r h e to r ic and j ! I I 1 ilengthy o r a tio n s w e re fa s h io n a b le . H e r e is h is e n tir e a d d r e s s : | I e x p e c te d to be c a lle d a m b itio u s ; to h ave m y n a m e c a s t out ; a s ev il. I have not b een d isa p p o in te d . B ut, if things have com e ; to th is co n d itio n , th a t c o n s c ie n c e and a s a c r e d r e g a r d fo r tru th and duty a r e to be p u b lic ly h e ld up to r id ic u le , and sh outed at w ithout re b u k e , a s h a s j u s t b e e n done h e r e , it m a t t e r s little | w h e th e r we a r e a n n ex ed to T e x a s o r T e x a s is annexed to u s . I I m ay be p e r m itte d to say th a t the m e a s u r e of m y a m b itio n w ill I be full, if, w hen m y e a r th ly c a r e e r sh a ll be fin ish e d and m y bones be laid b e n e a th th e so il of New H a m p s h ir e , w hen m y wife j and c h ild re n s h a ll r e p a i r to m y g ra v e to d ro p a t e a r of a ffe c tio n ] to m y m e m o r y , th ey m a y r e a d on m y to m b s to n e , "He who lie s b e n e ath s u r r e n d e r e d o ffic e , p la c e , and p o w e r, r a t h e r th an bow I down and w o r s h ip s la v e r y . " T h e re s e e m e d to be nothing in P i e r c e 's p re c e d in g a tta c k w hich could I 1 have m a tc h e d the im p a c t of H a l e 's b r ie f r e jo in d e r . : i ! A s s u m m e r p r o c e e d e d , a ll the co ntending fa c tio n s in te n s ifie d i j I th e ir e ff o r ts . The d o m in a n t D e m o c ra tic p a rty had to m a in ta in its te m p o r a r y m o r a t o r i u m b e tw e e n the c o n s e r v a tiv e s , led by Is a a c H ill, ; and the r a d i c a l s , led by P i e r c e . The th r e e c h a llen g in g p a r t i e s sought jto m a in ta in a lo o se c o n fe d e r a tio n - - In d e p e n d e n t D e m o c r a ts , W higs, and | L ib e rty m en . C o o p e ra tio n a m o n g the l a t te r th r e e g ro u p s, who w e re j beginning to be c a lle d "the A l l i e s , " w as in fo r m a l, u nited m o stly by th e ir o p p o sitio n to th e p o w e r of the P i e r c e - H il l "c liq u e . " They w e re a lso a g re e d in th e ir o p p o s itio n to T e x a s A n n e x a tio n but th is is s u e a ll but d is a p p e a re d in J u ly w hen the f o r m a litie s of a n n e x a tio n w e re concluded. A m o n g the m an y b a ttlin g le a d e r s , none e q u a le d H ale in e n e rg y and p o litic a l a c tiv ity . He spoke e v e ry w h e re he co uld, and he d r e w j I i I c ro w d s . By A u g u st he w as sp eak in g e v e ry d ay , e x c e p t the S abbath, at j j l e a s t o n ce and often two o r th re e tim e s . H a le 's l e t t e r s in d ic a te th a t hel i jenjoyed the c a m p a ig n t r a i l d e sp ite the h a rd w o rk and a lm o s t c o n s ta n t i js e p a ra tio n f ro m h is fa m ily . In the e le c tio n on S e p te m b e r 23, 1845, the A llie s m a n a g e d to s ta le m a te th e C liq u e --W o o d b u ry failed to g e t a m a jo r ity by 521 v o tes. I | jSo the G o v e rn o r c a lle d fo r a n o th e r ru n -o ff on N o v e m b e r 29. T h is tim e j jthe p o w e r of the C lique slip p e d a l ittle - - W o o d b u r y 's s h o rta g e w as j (2, 198. M e a n w h ile , an a d d itio n a l c o m p lic a tin g f a c to r lo o m e d — a n e w ! i I : e le c tio n s y s te m had long sin c e b e e n ado p ted to b e c o m e e ffe c tiv e fo llo w - i ! |ing the M a rc h 1846 voting. The new s y s te m p ro v id e d th at the g u b e r n a to r ia l an d s e n a to r ia l c h o ic e s w ould be m a d e by th e sta te L e g is la tu r e . jThis n ew s y s te m s u g g e ste d p o s s ib le new s tr a te g i e s f o r both s id e s . F o r the A llie s it s u g g e ste d tig h te n in g th e ir c o o p e ra tio n to a c h ie v e a dual o b je c tiv e : (1) s ta le m a te the C lique once a g a in in M a r c h , and (2) w in jo in t c o n tr o l of the L e g is la tu r e . The g r a d u a l d e v e lo p m e n t of th is s tr a te g y r e m a in e d a p o o rly k e p t s e c r e t d u rin g the co n tin u in g s tru g g le . F o r H a le , th is m e a n t b lo ck in g W oodbury o nce m o r e and s im u lta n e o u sly ru n n in g fo r the L e g is la tu r e . T he p o litic a l m a n e u v e rin g b e c a m e e x c e e d in g ly c o m p lic a te d on the lo c a l le v e l th ro u g h o u t th e s ta te . D o zen s of m in o r o ffic es w e re 117 sw apped by the In d ep e n d e n t D e m o c r a ts , W higs, and L ib e rty m e n . The I r e g u l a r D e m o c r a ts how led loud a g a in s t th is " v illa in o u s plan. " B u t the j I I p lan w o rk e d . In M a rc h , |the C lique w a s a g a in f r u s t r a t e d and, m o s t | im p o rta n tly , Jo h n P . H ale w as e le c te d to the New H a m p s h ir e L e g is - ! M ature, w h e re he w as c h o s e n a s p r e s id in g o ffic e r by th e A llie s . [ i j T he tim e had fin a lly co m e fo r the le a d e r s to a g r e e upon the |m a jo r s te p of the " v illa in o u s p la n " p re d ic te d by th e ir o p p o n en ts: the ! ! [Independent D e m o c r a ts and L ib e rty m e m b e r s w ould vote for the Whig i {candidate fo r G o v e rn o r and in e x c h an g e W higs would v ote for H a le a s I I {United S ta te s S e n a to r. T he l e a d e r s a g re e d b u t nobody could be s u re th a t the f o llo w e rs w ould follow . In h is c o r r e s p o n d e n c e d u rin g th is j |tim e , H ale e x p r e s s e d " g r e a t a n x ie ty . " He w a s te d h is w o r r ie s : the I , v ote w ent a s p lan n ed . I I H a le 's a c h ie v e m e n ts d u rin g his u p h ill s tru g g le of the p a s t y e a r j ] and a h a lf w e re a s to n is h in g . He b eg an in J a n u a r y 1845 a s an o r d in a r y f r e s h m a n c o n g r e s s m a n , a s s u r e d of r e e le c tio n in e a r ly M a rc h . Then | jhe su d d en ly c h o se to c o m m it p o litic a l su ic id e by w ritin g a p u b lic le tte r w hich c h a lle n g e d h is p a r t y 's sta n d on T e x a s A n n ex atio n and re q u e s te d " a p e o p le 's a n s w e r. " D e sp ite h is r e f u s a l to b r e a k h is "p le d g e " by par-j . tic ip a tin g in the c a m p a ig n a f te r b eing r e a d out of h is p a r ty , h is frie n d s c o n d u cted an a p p a re n tly h o p e le s s fig h t w hich s u r p r is in g ly s ta le m a te d the p o w e rfu l D e m o c r a tic m a c h in e , and w hich p r a c tic a lly d e m a n d e d th a t H ale c o m e h o m e and lea d the a n tis la v e r y f o r c e s . He a s s u m e d a c tiv e l e a d e r s h ip and held the C lique a t bay. The loose c o a litio n of jth ree m in o rity p a r t i e s m a n a g e d to e le c t a m a jo rity in the s t a t e 's legis-^ i jla tu re , and th is flim s ily u n ite d c o a litio n e le c te d H ale to th e U nited j i (sta te s S e n a te . H is s u c c e s s a tt r a c t e d the fa v o ra b le a tte n tio n of le a d in g 1 A b o litio n is ts and W higs; h is c o a litio n s tr a te g y b e c a m e a p o litic a l m o d el i I for a n tis la v e r y g ro u p s in o th e r n o r th e r n s ta te s . Som e L ib e rty p a rty le a d e r s w e r e a lr e a d y th in k in g of H a le a s th e ir n e x t P r e s id e n tia l c a n - I ■ d id ate . F r o m n o n e n tity to p o te n tia l n a tio n a l l e a d e r - - th e e v e n ts of the I p a s t e ig h te e n m o n th s had in d eed b e e n a sto n is h in g . W hat would th e n e x t few m o n th s b r in g ? 4 Shedding Sin H a le 's s e n a to r ia l d u tie s w ould not begin u n til D e c e m b e r 1847. ! j ! No la te r th an J a n u a r y of th a t y e a r H a le 's c o rre s p o n d e n c e fo re to ld that j | ! | he would be a lea d in g n a m e w hen th e L ib e rty p a rty n a tio n a l co nvention | I I f | w as held in O c to b e r. T h is p o s s ib ility p o se d s e rio u s p r o b le m s , b o th j i i p r a c tic a l and p h ilo s o p h ic a l, for H a le . T he L ib e rty p a rty w as too s m a ll to a tt r a c t m any P r e s i d e n ti a l j i i 1 j v o te s , and t h e i r c o n v e n tio n m ig h t adopt a " o n e -p la n k p la tf o r m ," ad v o - ! j eatin g im m e d ia te a b o litio n of s la v e r y in a ll s t a t e s - - a p o s itio n w hich the le g a lis tic H ale could n o t c o n s c ie n tio u s ly a d v o c ate . T h e r e w a s also the im m in e n t lik elih o o d th a t a n tis la v e ry D e m o c r a ts and W higs m ig h t b o lt th e ir p a r t i e s , thus p ro v id in g the m a k in g s of a b r o a d - b a s e d I . . . . . . . . . . . 119 I I ) : Icoalition s im i la r to th a t w hich had e le c te d H ale in New H a m p s h ire . I i i On the o th e r han d , H a le 's c o n v ic tio n s on s la v e r y h ad p r o g r e s s e d j i ! I ; jfar sin c e h is open l e t te r of J a n u a r y 1847. H a le 's b e lie f th a t T e x a s j ; i (Annexation w as m o tiv a te d by a b a s ic p olicy of e x te n d in g s la v e r y s e e m e d to be su p p o rte d by the f o r m a l p r o v is io n s of the a c tu a l a n n e x a tio n in Ju ly . Then the o u tb re a k of a r m e d h o s tilitie s w ith M ex ico added ja n ew m o r a l d im e n s io n sin c e H ale o p p o se d a ll k illin g . Such e v e n ts i I r e in f o r c e d H a le 's l o n g - te r m d e c is io n th a t o p p o sitio n to s la v e r y w as !re q u ire d by h is p e r s o n a l " e x a m p le of J e s u s " p h ilosophy. ! H a l e 's volu m in o u s c o rr e s p o n d e n c e d u rin g th is p e rio d included ad v ice f r o m a b o litio n is ts of a ll h u e s - - a n d th e ir ad v ice w a s c o m p le te ly I I c o n tr a d ic to ry . H a le 's r e s p o n s e s s e e m e d to r e v e a l a m a n unable to ! t r e s o lv e h is c o m p lic a te d d i le m m a - - h e m ay have w ish e d th a t it would j sim p ly "go aw ay. " He did not w ant th e n o m in a tio n , he did nothing but I d is c o u r a g e h is s u p p o r te r s , y e t he could n o t d e fin ite ly s ta te , "I do not i i i (choose to r u n . " j The L ib e rty c o n v en tio n co n v en ed in O c to b e r 1847. T h e ir f i r s t j | i iaction a fte r a h a rd b a ttle w as to r e j e c t the " o n e -p la n k p la tf o rm " in j I fa v o r of a so m e w h a t b r o a d e r p r o g r a m . T h e ir se co n d a c tio n w as to n o m in a te by o v e rw h e lm in g m a jo r ity Jo h n P a r k e r H ale f o r P r e s id e n t of th e U nited S ta te s . The p r e s id in g o f f ic e r , S am L e w is , p ro m p tly se n t a l e t te r of n o tific a tio n . T he l e t te r f ro m L ew is w a s not a n s w e re d fo r two m o n th s. T h is ; u n u su a l d elay is a c le a n c u t e x a m p le of te m p o r a lity a s n o n v e rb a l c o m - j j m u n ic a tio n : H ale did not e n th u s ia s tic a lly w elco m e the n o m in a tio n but ; I i | ; jn e ith e r did he r e f u s e it; an in n e r d e b a te w as s till going on. An in v esti* !g a to r w ould be c u rio u s to know if any of th is in n e r d ialo g u e s u rf a c e d ! I d u rin g th e two m o n th s . j S om e of such " s u r f a c in g " a p p e a r s if one a n a ly z e s H a le 's a d d r e s s of N o v e m b e r 5, 1847, b e fo re th e M a s s a c h u s e tts L ib e rty C on- 1 4 Ivention. The b a s ic th e m e of the s p e e c h is d u ty , an in d iv id u a l's duty in r e la tio n to h is p a rty , h is n a tio n , h is c h u rc h , and h is God. Is it a c c id e n ta l th at th is b a s ic th e m e should be c h o sen by a p e r s o n who a t i ' th a t tim e is n o t s u re of h is own duty ? A m o re p ro b a b le e x p la n a tio n is th a t H ale is c o n s c io u s ly o r s u b c o n s c io u s ly te s tin g c e r t a i n n o tio n s, j j | c o m m u n ic a tin g a s m u c h w ith h im s e lf a s w ith o th e r s , and w ith h im s e lf j ! i Sby m e a n s of o t h e r s , re sp o n d in g to h i m s e lf a s they re s p o n d to h im : , S i ; f o u r - d im e n s io n a l c y c le s of h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n . T h u s , e a rly in the j i J sp e e c h H ale s a y s: I ! I | We a r e u n w illin g to s e e and ack n o w led g e , th a t to e v e ry ! | ind iv id u al th e r e is an in d iv id u al r e s p o n s ib ility , but we a r e e n - i d e a v o rin g to th ro w off the r e s p o n s ib ility upon so m eb o d y e ls e . The s p e e c h te x t the p r e s e n t w r i t e r w o rk ed w ith w as a p rin tin g ta k e n m a in ly f r o m the W hig, c o r r e c te d and a m e n d e d by a c o m p a r is o n w ith w h at the c o n v en tio n o ffic ia ls c a lle d the " m o r e fu ll r e p o r t " of D r. Stone, in the C h ro n o ty p e . T he b e tte r fo r u s sin c e we ca n a s s u m e at le a s t t a c i t a p p ro v a l of the e d ite d te x t by H ale. We a r e looking a t the s u b je c t in e v e ry lig h t e x c e p t th a t of in d i vidual duty. One of the m o s t p a lp a b le and obvious w ays in w hich th is is j done, is to th ro w it upon the G o v e rn m e n t; and th a t s e e m s to be i a ll- s u f f ic ie n t. I H ale p r o p o s e s a n s w e r s to h is own q u e s tio n s , vivifying th e m by a p p li- ! c a tio n to the M e x ic a n W a r, and w r e s tlin g w ith the q u e s tio n of in d iv id u al | [re la tio n s to c h u rc h and s ta te . | j W hen you w a n t to look a t the r e s p o n s ib le a u th o r s of the I c a la m a tie s of the U nited S ta te s , they a r e h e r e . T he g o v e r n m e n t of e v e ry c o u n try is e x a ctly w hat the p o p u la r s e n tim e n t m a k e s it; it is j u s t e x a c tly a s good a s the p eo p le , and no b e tte r; ju s t e x a c tly a s b a d , and no w o rs e ; it is the c o n s e n t, the w ill, the p u rp o s e of the p e o p le th a t give f o r c e , v ita lity and e n e rg y to the a c tio n of the g o v e rn m e n t; and the id e a th at u n d e r a p o p u la r i and e le c tiv e s y s te m of g o v e rn m e n t th e r e a r e r e s p o n s ib ilitie s p e rta in in g to the g o v e rn m e n t s e p a r a te f ro m th o se p e rta in in g to the p e o p le , is , to sa y the v e ry le a s t of it, r id ic u lo u s and a b s u rd . The r e s p o n s ib ility lie s w ith the p e o p le , and th e G o v e rn m e n t do j u s t e x a c tly w h at the people w an t th e m to do. H ave they se n t I th e ir a r m i e s to M e x ic o ? H ave they b o m b a rd e d h e r c itie s , and w hen the d e fe n c e le s s w o m en and c h ild re n d e s p a ir in g of h e lp f ro m any e a rth ly a r m , th ro n g e d the te m p le s of the M o st H igh, have th ey s e n t th e ir C h r i s t i a n bom b s h e lls into th o se t e m p le s , p a in t ing t h e ir w a lls w ith the blood and b r a in s of w o m e n and c h ild r e n ? Who h a s done i t? - W hy, m y f r ie n d s , you have done it, y o u r a g e n ts h av e done it and th ey h a v e done it b e c a u s e the p o p u la r ta s te w ould j not be s a tis fie d w ith anything s h o r t of a p ic tu re w ith su c h living j c o lo r s . W hen the tim e c o m e s w hen the p o p u la r s e n tim e n t s h a ll j be so re n o v a te d th a t y o u r ta s te w ill not s u s ta in th is , th e n , and j not till th e n , w ill th e s e p ublic e x h ib itio n s c e a s e . I N ext c o m e s a p a s s a g e d e a lin g w ith e a c h m a n 's r e la tio n s w ith h is p o litic a l p a rty and h is God. T h is m ay be an a lm o s t l i t e r a l d e s c r ip tio n of H a l e 's own in tra c o n flic t: One of the g r e a t d iffic u ltie s lying in the w a r is th a t we m e r g e the r e s p o n s ib ility belonging to the in d iv id u al into the ir r e s p o n s ib ility of p a rty m a j o r it ie s . We r e m e m b e r th a t we a r e i W higs o r D e m o c r a ts , but f o rg e t th a t we a r e s o m e th in g h ig h e r, h o l ie r , th a n W higs o r D e m o c r a ts , th a t we a r e im m o r ta l b e in g s , w ith r e s p o n s ib ilitie s p e rta in in g to u s , in d iv id u ally , w hich we | c a n n o t put off. We f o r g e t th a t we a r e the c o m m o n c h ild r e n of j I one A lm ig h ty P a r e n t who m a k e s m e n and w o m e n , but d o e s not ! m a k e W higs and D e m o c r a ts . ! I ( jWe have a lr e a d y s e e n th a t H ale d r a w s d is tin c tio n s b e tw e en "a re lig io n " I ; |and "a c h u rc h " ; he s tru g g le d fo r y e a r s to c r e a te h is own re lig io n . A | ig lim pse of h is fee lin g to w a rd c e r t a i n c h u rc h a c tiv itie s m a y h e lp us to (Understand th e se distinctions: ! Ay, and we a r e se n d in g o u r m i s s i o n a r i e s a b ro a d , and I s u p p o se you h ave in th is c ity s o c ie tie s w hich a s k th a t you w ill give of y o u r a b u n d an ce o r y o u r p e n u ry to sen d the g o sp e l off to h e a th e n i la n d s - th at h ave not got any f r e e in s titu tio n s . I would a s k w h e re i th ey p ro p o se to sen d the m i s s i o n a r i e s ? W hat p la c e so lo s t and | r e p r o b a te a s to r e q u ir e su c h a g o sp e l a s o u r s ? - H ave th ey found an isla n d in the s o litu d e s of th e o c e a n , a m o u n ta in in th e b o so m of A s ia , o r a ro c k in the d e s e r t of A f r ic a , in h ab ite d by a n a tio n j o r trib e so fo rg e tfu l of God, so lo s t to e v e r y h ig h , and g e n e ro u s and h o n o ra b le im p u ls e of h u m a n ity , th a t th ey a r e s tr e tc h in g out t h e ir h a n d s to ex ten d the e m p ir e of c h a in s and s la v e r y ? If they ! h av e got su ch a p la c e a s th a t, give th e m s o m e th in g ; but se e to j ! it th a t you do not give th e m m o r e th an h a lf of w hat you c a n s p a r e . j ! T ak e th e r e s t , and se n d a h o m e m is s io n a r y to the s e a t of y o u r | j n a tio n a l r u l e r s the f i r s t p r in c ip le s of th a t r e lig io n w hich is to j | sen d " d e liv e r a n c e to the c a p tiv e , and the op en in g of th e p r is o n I d o o rs to th e m th a t a r e b o u n d ." I A n a ly s is of th is s p e e c h in d ic a te s H a le 's d is s o n a n c e . Only by im p lic a tio n d o e s he say to h is l i s t e n e r s , "Y ou m e m b e r s of the L ib e r ty p a rty h av e r e s o lv e d the p r o b le m of tin in d iv id u a l's r e s p o n s ib ility . " In ste a d of a d v o c atin g a c h o se n s o lu tio n of a p r o b le m , the s p e e c h is e s s e n tia lly the e x p o s itio n of a p r o b le m . T h u s we m a y n o te H a le 's "iffy " c o n c lu sion: i 123 I j | \ Duty alo n e is y o u rs ; e v e n ts a r e G o d 's. If th is d a rk s tr a in I can n o t be w iped out - if the p r o g r e s s of the plague c a n n o t be I sta y e d - if the w a ils of the v ic tim m u s t s till fill the e a r s of the | M o s t H igh, and the A lm ig h ty sh a ll a t l a s t a r o u s e , a s a r o u s e he j s u re ly w ill, m a y e a c h and e v e ry one of you be e n a b le d , in th at I day of f e a r fu l r e tr ib u tio n , to a p p e a l to y o u r M a k e r to b e a r you w itn e s s , th a t you at le a s t n e v e r c o n se n te d to th is w ro n g . An in tra in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is of H a le 's s p e e c h d u rin g N o v e m b e r i j 1847 ad d s so m e c lu e s r e g a r d in g H a le 's s ta te of m in d a s he w as d e c id - j ing w hat to w r ite in r e p ly to S am L e w is. Skipping fo r the m o m e n t the (Convening of the S enate in e a r l y D e c e m b e r , le t us s e ttle the m a t te r of I I the a c c e p ta n c e l e t te r w hich w as not c o m p o se d u n til the end of th at m o n th (and d a te d J a n u a r y 1, 1848). O ur c lu e s r e a d ily e x p la in the two m o n th s ' d e la y in re p ly in g ; th ey a ls o m a k e p ro b a b le the e x p e c ta tio n o r p r e d ic tio n th a t th e re p ly w ould c o n ta in q u a lific a tio n s . Indeed it did. He s u b s c r ib e d to the L ib e rty a n tis la v e r y p r in c ip le s but s a id th at he could not s u b m it h is fu tu re p u b lic s p e e c h e s o r v o te s to the d ic ta tio n of p a rty o ffic ia ls o r c o m m itte e s . He spoke of the lik e lih o o d of a n o th e r i I c o n v en tio n by r e p r e s e n t a ti v e s f ro m s e v e r a l a n tis la v e r y g ro u p s fo r the I | p u rp o s e of f o rm in g a c o a litio n w hich m ig h t s e le c t so m e o n e e ls e a s its I le a d e r; in su ch c a s e he w ould gladly d e m o te h im s e lf f r o m the r a n k of i g e n e r a l to p r iv a te . The b e s t in te r p r e ta tio n s e e m s to be th a t he r e lu c ta n tly a c c e p te d the n o m in a tio n but a n tic ip a te d th a t he could soon g e t o u t of it. C o n clu sio n T he Jo h n P a r k e r H ale who e n te r e d the S en ate w as s trik in g ly ] jdifferent f ro m the one who had e n te r e d the H ouse fo u r y e a r s e a r l i e r . J IThe s c e n e in the H o u se in D e c e m b e r 1843 d e s c r ib e d a t the end of the I 'p rec e d in g c h a p te r , w hen H ale c a s t h is am b ig u o u s vote on the rig h t of jpetition, m a y be c o n tr a s te d w ith the sc e n e in the S en ate on D e c e m b e r i j30, 1847, w hen H ale d e liv e re d h is m a id e n sp e e c h . The s p e e c h w as b r ie f , e x te m p o ra n e o u s , and to say the l e a s t - - bold. He b e g a n by c ritic iz in g the P r e s id e n t: I r e g r e t th e n e c e s s ity of say in g a w o rd in r e la tio n to this j m a t t e r at th is tim e ; but it h a s b een m y m is f o rtu n e not to have r e a d the m e s s a g e of the P r e s i d e n t a s h av e th o se S e n a to r s who ! have a lr e a d y a d d r e s s e d you. ;Then he a tta c k e d the M e x ic a n W ar policy a s "a m is e r a b l e o n e": S ir , I do n o t know b u t th a t m y id e a s m ay be p e c u lia r upon th is su b je c t; but I b e lie v e th a t the w a r w as c o m m e n c e d in f a l s e hood, and p r o s e c u te d in in ju s tic e , and th a t the in s titu tio n s of the U nited S ta te s a r e in m o r e d a n g e r a t th is m o m e n t o f a n n ih i la tio n th a n th o s e of M ex ico . i In the c o u r s e of h is s p e e c h , H ale w as te s te d by a ty p ic a l in te r ru p tio n f r o m an o p p o sin g S e n a to r. F a r f ro m being th ro w n off s t r i d e , H ale I h a n d led the in te r ru p tio n w ith the s k ill of a v e te r a n - - e v e n " tu rn in g the i t a b l e s " by u s in g h is h e c k l e r 's w o rd s to a d v a n ta g e . And he flung the g a u n tle t on the s la v e r y is s u e : I do not in ten d a t th is tim e to do m o r e th a n to m a k e th e s e g e n e r a l r e m a r k s . On s o m e fu tu re o c c a s io n I p r o p o s e , n o t w ith th e hope of in flu e n cin g the a c tio n of the S e n a te , but to p la c e m y s e lf a r ig h t b e fo re th o se who h av e se n t m e h e r e , to e x p r e s s m y v iew s m o re fully in r e g a r d to the w a r. And p e r m i t m e to i say h e r e , th at I think the o r ig in of the w a r lie s a little d e e p e r j | th an any of the c a u s e s w hich have b een a s s ig n e d by th o se who j ! hav e sp o k e n upon the su b je c t. I b e lie v e the o r ig in of the w a r j ! lie s in the avow ed o b je c t of the A m e ric a n G o v e rn m e n t to p e r - j i p e tu a te the in s titu tio n of A m e r ic a n s la v e r y . 1 : I | ! j " T h o s e who s e n t h im th e r e " w e re e x u b e ra n t. C h a r le s S u m n e r i jwrote to W h ittie r, "T h a n k God! A t l a s t we have a voice in the S e n a te . ! 5 IHale h a s open ed w e ll. " 5 L e t te r f r o m H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 30, 1849. H ale P a p e r s S o u rce N o te s - - C h a p te r VI 126 H ale to J . H. W ig g in s, J a n u a r y 2, 1844, N ew H a m p s h ire H is to r ic a l S ociety C o llec tio n . H ale to J . H. W ig g in s, J a n u a r y 28, 1844, N ew H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety C o llec tio n . H ale to h is C o n s titu e n ts , J a n u a r y 11, 1845, D o v er G a z e tte and D o v e r I n q u ir e r . H ale to F r a n k lin P i e r c e , J a n u a r y 18, 1845, P i e r c e P a p e r s , L ib r a r y of C o n g re s s . H ale to M r s . H a le , D e c e m b e r 30, 1847, D a rtm o u th C ollege C o llec tio n C H A P T E R VII j "I B E L IE V E IN CO N SC IEN CE, IN D U TY , IN RIGHT AND W RONG AND A B O V E A L L IN GOD WHO IS O V ER A L L " T his c h a p te r c o v e r s H a le 's f i r s t t e r m in the S enate and h is n o m in a tio n f o r P r e s i d e n t by the F r e e D e m o c ra tic P a r ty . D u rin g th e s e y e a r s , 1848-1852, h is p o sitio n on the s la v e r y is s u e m a tu r e d into its fin a l f o r m . H is public a d d r e s s e s and o th e r a c tio n s , and h is influence on n a tio n a l a f f a ir s , r e a c h e d th e ir apex. The end of the jo u rn e y f ro m the f ie r y a n ti- a b o litio n o r a t o r of 1835 to a f o r e m o s t l e a d e r of th at samc| ab o litio n m o v e m e n t w as re a c h e d . T hose fin a l ev entful y e a r s of th a t I I ! 1 |jo u rn e y a r e now d e s c r ib e d and a n a ly z e d . j The f i r s t m a j o r e v e n t of 1848 c a m e q u ick ly . On J a n u a r y 6 , I H ale d e liv e r e d a p r e p a r e d a d d r e s s , a p p ro x im a te ly an h o u r and a h a lf ! : i |in le n g th , dev elo p in g h is b a s ic p o sitio n to w a rd the M e x ic a n W ar "by | r e f e r e n c e to the o ffic ia l d o c u m e n ts " a s he h a d p r o m is e d th e p re v io u s I w eek in h is b r ie f im p r o m p tu m a id e n s p e e c h . 127 I The M an W ithout a P a r ty ! ! I The key to h is J a n u a r y 6 a d d r e s s is s ta te d in the fo rm of a j t ; I ; 'p o s ts c r ip t: "B u t b e fo re I co n c lu d e I w ish to say a sin g le w ord p e rso n a l, jto m y s e lf." He th en b rie fly d is c u s s e d h is p e c u lia r s ta tu s in the S en - j . ! a te . H is v e r s io n w as vividly e x p r e s s e d a s follow s: "It is no p le a s a n t i duty th a t I have p e r f o r m e d . It is not a g r e e a b le to m y fe e lin g s to occupy i 'the p lac e of an I s h m a e lite h e r e ; m y hand b eing a g a in s t e v e ry m a n 's , and e v e ry m a n 's hand a g a in s t m in e . " P ro b a b ly a ll S e n a to rs u n d e rs to o d ;the im p lic a tio n s of th is s ta te m e n t, y e t it h ad to be p laced on the r e c o r d , 'and s e n a to r ia l c o u rte s y p ro b a b ly re c o g n iz e d that H ale should be p e r m itte d to say it f ir s t. The p r in c ip a l im p lic a tio n s of H a le 's p o s ts c r ip t included the i i i follow ing: I | 1. H ale w as the f i r s t a b o litio n is t s e n a to r e v e r e le c te d . ! i j 2. He w as w ith o u t a p a rty ; the c o a litio n th a t e le c te d h im had j a lr e a d y p a r tl y d is s o lv e d ; h is c o n stitu e n c y w as so vague th a t | he w a s a c tu a lly r e s p o n s ib le to nobody e x c e p t h im s e lf. I j : 3. T h e r e f o r e , he w a s p o litic a lly c u t off f ro m m e m b e r s h ip on any im p o r ta n t s e n a to r ia l c o m m itte e and he re c e iv e d no T h is and s u b s e q u e n t q u o ta tio n s f r o m the J a n u a r y 6 s p e e c h a r e fro m an 1850 p a m p h le t (p rin te d by B e a ls and G re e n ) d is tr ib u te d a t a p o litic a l m e e tin g a t F a n e u il H a ll, N o v e m b e r 26, 1850. W hat few r e v i sio n s of the o r ig in a l s p e e c h e x is t a r e n o t s u b sta n tiv e and e x tr e m e ly lim ite d in n u m b e r . T h is s o u rc e w as u s e d , in p a r t, to e v id e n c e H a le 's f ir m c o n v ic tio n s. F u r t h e r , the n o tion th a t H ale did not e d it h is r e m a r k s (as r e p o r te d in the G lo b e ) is s u b s ta n tia te d , and h is ta c it a p p ro v a l of the te x t ca n be a s s u m e d . I p a tro n a g e p r iv ile g e s ; he co uld, if he w ish e d , voice m any ! u n p o p u la r id e a s w ith im p u n ity . j | 4. He w a s the only m e m b e r who w as c u r r e n tly a bonafide j j n o m in e e fo r P r e s i d e n t of the U nited S ta te s . j i i j T h u s, it w ould be d iffic u lt to im a g e a m o re unique s e n a to r ia l j j ! p o sitio n o r s ta tu s . D u rin g the o pening w e e k s of th e s e s s io n , H ale (would stan d o u t as though a s p o tlig h t w e re shining upon h is d e s k in the I j se n a te c h a m b e r. W hat ro le would he u n d e rta k e to fu lfill? F o r e x a m - ! I (pie, he m ig h t b e c o m e a d o -n o th in g s e n a to r , sp e ak in g in fre q u e n tly , (cau tio u sly , tim id ly , o r he m ig h t b e c o m e a m a jo r s e n a te n u is a n c e , c o n s t a n t l y in te r ru p tin g p ro c e e d in g s to d e liv e r p r o p a g a n d is tic o r a tio n s j i in ten d ed only to p le a s e a b o litio n is t s o c ie tie s . O r he m ig h t e v en becomfc ! ! I ; ;a s o r t of " C o n s c ie n c e of the S e n a te , 1 1 sp e a k in g not only on a b o litio n , i but a ls o on o th e r u n p o p u la r id e a s , say in g so m e of the th in g s th a t need ed (saying and could only be said by "T h e M an W ithout a P a r ty . " H ale | | s e ttle d so m e of th e s e u n c e r ta in tie s in the J a n u a r y 6 a d d r e s s . T e c h n ic a lly , the d e b a te w as on an a p p ro p r ia tio n s b ill to a u th o r iz e the c o s ts of se n d in g and supplying ten r e g im e n ts fo r G e n e ra l Z a c h a r y T a y lo r, c o m m a n d in g U .S . f o r c e s e n g a g ed in the w a r a g a in s t M ex ico . C u s to m a r ily , C o n g re s s m e r e ly r u b b e r s ta m p e d su ch b ills . j H a le , h o w e v e r, q u ick ly rip p e d into the s e n a to r ia l a ttitu d e " th a t w hen the c o u n try is e n g a g e d in w a r we [the S e n a te ] lo se a ll d is c r e tio n , we have n o th in g to do b u t g r a n t the s u p p lie s th a t a r e d e m a n d e d of us; an a p p e a l b ein g m a d e to o u r p a tr i o ti s m ." Som e of the s e n a to r s m a y have 130 s q u irm e d in t h e ir c h a ir s d u rin g th e n e x t te n o r fifte e n m in u te s w hile H ale c o u rte o u s ly but fo rc e fu lly su g g e ste d th a t they w e re n e g le c tin g th e ir c o n s titu tio n a l r ig h ts and r e s p o n s ib ilitie s . He b eg an by p ro b in g th e ir p rid e : i j I r e c o l le c t b u t one in c id e n t in m y r e a d in g of h is to r y w hich is j a n a lo g o u s. It is s ta te d by an E n g lis h h i s to r ia n th a t w hen Q u een I E liz a b e th h a d su m m o n e d h e r P a r li a m e n t, and they w e re about to | o rg a n iz e fo r b u s in e s s , she sent h e r m e s s e n g e r to th em w ith th is j ro y a l m a n d a te : to be v e ry c a re f u l th at they did not m ed d le w ith ! a ff a ir s of the S ta te , " b e c a u s e ," sa id sh e , " su c h th in g s a r e a lto g e th e r beyond the c o m p a s s of y o u r n a r r o w u n d e rs ta n d in g . " W ell, | o u r ro y a l P r e s i d e n t did n o t follow e x a c tly in the fo o ts te p s of J E liz a b e th . He did not q u e s tio n the u n d e r stan d in g of C o n g r e s s , I but th e ir p a tr io tis m . Now, le t u s see w h e re th is d o c trin e w ill j c a r r y u s. lit soon c a r r i e d H ale to so m e s tro n g s ta te m e n ts r e g a r d in g in d iv id u al i i | r e s p o n s ib ility . F o r e x a m p le: j S ir, I u tte r ly deny the so u n d n e ss of th is d o c trin e th a t C o n g r e s s ought to have no voice beyond g ra n tin g the su p p lie s . If th e r e e v e r is a tim e w hen o p p o sitio n should be v ig ila n t, s c r u p u lo u s, w atchful, n o tic in g e v e ry th in g th a t is w ro n g , it is a t a tim e w hen, th ro u g h the a c ts of the A d m in is tra tio n , the co u n try is b u r dened w ith an u n n e c e s s a r y w a r. F o r s e v e r a l m in u te s H ale co n tin u ed h is s te r n r e p r im a n d . He s u m m a r iz e d h is a tta c k on the A d m in is tra tio n by a su d d en , b r ie f , and a r t i s t i c u n d e r s ta te m e n t, "I have h e a r d o u r G o v e rn m e n t sp o k en of, a s a G o v e rn m e n t of c h e c k s and b a la n c e s . " H a le 's p a r lia m e n ta r y t a c t ic s w e re n e v e r m o r e s o p h is tic a te d a s he deftly m o v ed f r o m a p p ro p r ia tio n s to c a u s e s of the w a r to a b o litio n of s la v e r y . T h e se p o in ts w e r e b rie fly s u m m a r iz e d a s a s p rin g b o a rd 131 f o r h is m o r e im p o r ta n t s ta te m e n t of the c e n tr a l th e s is of th e e n tir e i a d d r e s s : B e lie v in g , th en , th a t the q u e s tio n of th is w a r is a q u e s tio n w hich ought to be d is c u s s e d ; th a t it lie s at th e v e ry b o tto m of , ! th e q u e s tio n s of s u p p lie s , I w ill p r o c e e d to give m y v iew s to the ■ S enate and th e c o u n try . A nd, a s I s u g g e s te d the o th e r day in the few r e m a r k s w hich I had the h o n o r to s u b m it, I b e lie v e th a t the c a u s e of the w a r l ie s d e e p e r th an an y th at h a s b een a s s ig n e d by I th o se who have e x p r e s s e d t h e i r o p inions upon the s u b je c t. I b e lie v e th at the q u e s tio n w h e th e r it a r o s e f r o m the m a r c h of G e n e ra l T a y lo r to the Rio G ra n d e , o r w h e th e r any of th o se i n c i d e n ta l o r te m p o r a r y m o v e m e n ts w e r e the im m e d ia te c a u se of the w a r , p e r m i t m e to sa y th a t I do it w ith no d e s i r e to in tro d u c e e x c itin g o r a n g ry d is c u s s io n , o r to a ro u s e u n p le a s a n t fe e lin g s ; b u t, h av in g a duty to p e r f o r m h e r e , I m u s t do it f e a r l e s s l y , as i an A m e ric a n S e n a to r, fe e b le a s it m a y b e. A nd w hen we sp e a k of the c a u se of th is w a r , I m u s t avow m y c o n v ic tio n , beyond a c a v il o r doubt, to be, th a t it lie s in the avow ed p o licy of the A m e ric a n G o v e rn m e n t - a p o lic y w hich w a s avow ed fo u r y e a r s ago - to m a k e the e x te n s io n of h u m a n s la v e r y one of its p r i m a r y m o tiv e s of ac tio n . H ale th e n in tro d u c e d s e le c te d p o rtio n s of "the d ip lo m a tic c o r - i i i j 're s p o n d e n c e w hich p r e c e d e d the a n n e x atio n of T e x a s. " H is e v id e n c e | j w as n o t too co n v in cin g . The k e y ite m , f o r e x a m p le , w as a l e t t e r f ro m , M r . A bel U p s h u r, d ated A u g u st 8 , 1843, w hich cited a n o th e r "a p r iv a te j ■ i l e t t e r f r o m a c itiz e n in M a ry la n d " who in t u r n s a id , "I l e a r n f r o m a j i jso u rc e e n title d to the f u lle s t c o n fid e n c e , " who a ls o in tu r n c ite d a "M r.j I } iA n d rew s, d e p u tie d by th e a b o litio n is ts of T e x a s ." T h u s, at fo u rth -h a n ^ ! | th e S enate h e a r s th a t M r. A n d re w s thought th a t a p riv a te lo an could be j n e g o tia te d in G r e a t B r ita in to r e i m b u r s e T e x a s s la v e h o ld e r s f o r f r e e in g t h e i r s la v e s . H ale s a id n o th in g a b o u t the r ig h ts of the s la v e h o ld e r s who m ig h t not w ish to s e ll, n o r th e a m o u n t of m o n e y a s c o m p a r e d w ith the s la v e h o ld e r s ' d o lla r in v e s tm e n ts , o m is s io n s w hich m ig h t be ta k e n jto be e x a m p le s of n o n v e rb a l c o m m u n ic a tio n . In ste a d , a f te r the d o c u - j ! I jm ent w a s r e a d H ale im m e d ia te ly s a id , " T h is p ro p o s itio n , it w ill be j I Iseen, w a s e x c e e d in g ly s im p le and e a s y to u n d e rs ta n d . " He then j le a p e d ra p id ly to the c o n c lu sio n th at su c h c o rr e s p o n d e n c e p ro v e d h is i !c o n te n tio n th a t a f e d e r a l p o licy to ex te n d and e n la r g e the in stitu tio n of s la v e r y e x is te d , and th a t th is policy w as the m o s t im p o r ta n t u n d e rly in g I i c a u se of the M e x ic a n W ar. P r o b a b ly H ale w as p a r tia lly rig h t. W ealthy and in flu e n tia l s la v e h o ld e r s in the South, so m e of w hom had m ig r a te d into T e x a s , i ! e x e rte d s ig n ific a n t p o litic a l p r e s s u r e w ith r e g a r d to the s la v e ry d e ta ils in clu d e d in the bill a u th o riz in g the a n n e x atio n of T e x a s . V a r i- i lous lin e s of e v id e n c e s u p p o rt th is a s s u m p tio n , an id ea n o t d ire c tly ! i j c o n c e rn e d w ith the ta s k of th is d is s e r ta tio n . Two fa c ts w hich a r e of j ! I j im m e d ia te im p o rta n c e a r e now d is c u s s e d . j j H ale w ish e d to p ro v e h is a rg u m e n t by m e a n s of d o c u m e n ta ry | e v id e n c e , a w ish w hich is c o n s is te n t w ith h is re p e a te d ly d e m o n s tra te d le g a lis tic a p p ro a c h to a lm o s t a ll c o n tr o v e r s ia l p u b lic i s s u e s . Second, jH ale b e lie v e d th a t a policy to extend s la v e r y w a s an u n d e rly in g c a u se I of the w a r . H is a rg u m e n t in no w ay p re c lu d e d the p o s s ib ility th a t th e r e w e r e a d d itio n a l d eep ro o te d c a u s e s w hich had not b e e n r e v e a le d to the people by th e ir l e a d e r s . F o r e x a m p le , H a l e 's q uoted d o c u m e n ts could e a s ily be in te r p r e te d to m e a n th a t the S tate D e p a r tm e n t w as p rin c ip a lly w o r r ie d about the d a n g e r of G r e a t B r ita in d eveloping T e x a s 1 and o th e r t e r r i t o r i e s to the w e s t w ith su ch a c tio n a s to fall w ithin the j i B r itis h s p h e re of in flu e n ce . A n o th e r in fluence m ig h t have b een a c o n - j c e a le d m o tiv a tio n of im p e r ia li s m a im e d a t ex tending A m e ric a n t e r r i - ! t ; [tory a c r o s s the e n tir e s o u th w e st re g io n to the s h o r e s of the P a c ific . iThe w hole te n o r of H a le 's a d d r e s s in d ic a te s th at he w a s w ell a w a re of the fa c t th a t s la v e r y w as not the only u n d e rly in g c a u s e . F u r t h e r m o r e , in the c lim a c tic c lo sin g of the e x c e r p t quoted f ro m h is sp e e c h im m e - idiately above he u s e s the w o rd c a u s e s (p lu ra l). In o th e r w o r d s , H a le 's I | (arg u m en t tr a n s c e n d e d ab o litio n . He w a s, in d eed , tellin g th e A m e ric a n . I people th at the c a u s e s of the M e x ic a n W ar w e re d e e p e r th an th o se |s ta te d by P r e s i d e n t P o lk and o th e r high g o v e rn m e n ta l sp o k e sm e n . The above a n a ly s is is s tre n g th e n e d by th e n e x t s e c tio n of the J a n u a r y 6 sp e ec h : "If th is th en be th e c a u se of the W a r, I co m e n e x t to| i the q u e s tio n how th is W ar c o m m e n c e d ? " In a n s w e rin g th is q u e stio n , j J ! jHale p a in te d a d e v a s ta tin g p ic tu r e of a g g r e s s iv e a c ts in itia te d by the | ■ U nited S ta te s fo r the p u rp o s e of d e lib e ra te ly fo rc in g M e x ic a n tro o p s into the c o m m is s io n of so m e o v e r t a c t w hich could be u s e d a s a p r e - I te x t fo r im m e d ia te in v a s io n of M exico by G e n e ra l T a y l o r 's tro o p s . H ale had a lr e a d y m e n tio n e d one of th e s e ille g a l a c ts w hen he said: W as not a n n e x atio n its e lf an a c t of w a r ? W ar w as e x istin g b e tw e en M exico and T e x a s a t the tim e . By the v e ry f a c t of annexing to o u r s e lv e s one of the b e llig e r e n t n a tio n s we in c u r r e d the r e s p o n s ib ility of fighting h e r b a ttle s ; although e v e n a fte r th a t, su b s e q u e n t h is to r y h a s d e m o n s tr a te d th a t, ow ing to the feeb le and d is tr a c te d s ta te of M e x ic o , the m o s t o r d in a r y p ru d e n c e on j ! the p a r t of the E x e c u tiv e m ig h t and p ro b ab ly would have avoided j j f la g r a n t w a r. j i I ; I i H ale th en d e s c r ib e d a s e r i e s of p ro v o c a tiv e a c ts involving the j i j q u e s tio n of e s ta b lis h in g b o u n d a rie s : ' ! ! " S u b je c t to the a d ju s tm e n t of a ll q u e s tio n s of b o u n d a ry . " T h at w as the v e ry f i r s t co n d itio n w hich the American C o n g re s s j fixed to the a c t of a n n e x atio n . W ell, is it n e c e s s a r y fo r m e to sta n d h e r e today to te ll the A m e r ic a n people th at if th e r e is a q u e s tio n of b o u n d ary e x is tin g , and one p a rty goes and o c c u p ie s ! the t e r r i t o r y to the e x tr e m e v e rg e of the c la im , th a t is an a c t j of w a r ? jln o r d e r to u n d e r s c o r e th is point, H ale im m e d ia te ly c o m p a re d the situ-j at ion to a s im i la r one s im u lta n e o u s ly in p r o g r e s s , i. e. , n e g o tia tio n s ■ [with G r e a t B r ita in fo r e s ta b lis h in g the n o r th e r n b o u n d a ry of O reg o n . ;The U nited S ta te s sought to define the O re g o n b o u n d ary at the 54° 4 9 '. ! j I [said H ale: [ I i | I w o n d e r it n e v e r o c c u r r e d to the P r e s i d e n t to send our ! o f fic e r s and take p o s s e s s io n of the t e r r i t o r y up to th a t line. I Why did he n o t do t h i s ? B e c a u s e he knew , and e v e ry b o d y knew , | it w ould be an a c t of w a r. He knew it would be so c o n s id e re d by G r e a t B r ita in and r e s e n te d by h e r . W ell, so it w as h e r e . The sen d in g of G e n e ra l T a y lo r to the Rio G ra n d e w a s, beyond a ll c o n t r o v e r s y an ac t of w a r. H a le co n tin u ed h is r e c i ta l of A m e r ic a n ille g a l a c ts , show ing th a t they m u s t in e v ita b ly p rovoke so m e b o r d e r "in c id e n t. " F in a lly , G e n e ra l T a y lo r te le g ra p h e d th a t M e x ic a n tro o p s had a tta c k e d A m e r ic a n s . H ale d e s c r ib e d w h a t h ap p en ed next: T he P r e s i d e n t c a m e and m a d e the th rillin g a n n o u n c e m e n t th a t A m e r ic a n blood had b e e n sh e d on A m e ric a n soil. And w hile e v e ry h e a r t p a lp ita te d a t su ch an o u tra g e , S e n a to r s , an x io u s to . r e lie v e G e n e r a l T a y lo r, w e r e now w illin g to vote s u p p lie s i r e q u ir e d , e v e n though the b ill fo r r a is in g th e m w as a c c o m p a n ie d j by the d e c la r a tio n w hich, a t th a t tim e they b e lie v e d to be u n tru e , I th a t " w a r e x is te d by the a c t of M ex ico . " j jwith p r e c is io n , H ale c o n tin u e s building on the la c k of c re d ib ility of the | jP r e s i d e n t 's d e c la ra tio n : ! B u t th e P r e s i d e n t s a y s now he d o e s n o t w an t the c o n q u e st of the w hole of M e x ic o , but he w a n ts in d em n ity and s e c u r ity . W ell, th e s e a r e w o rd s e a s ily p ro n o u n c e d . B ut we had a good old le s s o n in N ew E n g la n d , r e q u ir in g the d e fin itio n of w o rd s to be given. In d em n ity fo r w h a t? S e c u rity fo r w h a t? He r e q u i r e s p a y m e n t of o u r u n liq u id a te d c la im s ; he r e q u i r e s th e e x p e n s e s of the w a r , an d , j in a d d itio n to th e s e , he r e q u i r e s th a t they s h a ll s e ll h im ju s t a s j m u c h t e r r i t o r y a s he s e e s fit to buy a t h is own p r ic e ; th is is the j in d e m n ity and s e c u r ity he w a n ts. } i i H a le 's r e m a r k s co n cluding h is a tta c k on the P r e s i d e n t a r e scath in g : B ut, s i r , the P r e s i d e n t is n o t so e n tir e ly w a rlik e in h is I n a tu r e a s h is c o n d u c t to M exico w ould in d ic a te ; he h a s o th e r j ! and m il d e r q u a litie s ; he s u re ly h a s none of the f e ro c io u s s p ir i t, j c h a r a c te r iz e d by the p oet a s - I " T h a t s te r n joy w hich w a r r i o r s fe e l ! In fo em e n w o rth y of th e ir s te e l. " And in th e s e le c tio n of an a d v e r s a r y , he h a s s u re ly d isp la y e d g r e a t p ru d e n c e , w hich is sa id to be the b e tte r p a r t of v a lo u r. F o r the p u r p o s e s of th is study an im p o r ta n t p o in t to r e - e m p h a s iz e is th a t in th u s sp e ak in g so boldly w ith r e g a r d to u n p o p u la r a c ts , H ale a t no p o in t e v e n m e n tio n e d the a b o litio n (but only the e x te n sio n ) of s la v e r y . H e w a rn e d the A m e ric a n people th a t s o m e tim e s the d e c l a r a tio n s of a n a tio n a l a d m in is tr a tio n and the D e p a r tm e n t of S tate and e v en of the P r e s i d e n t r e q u i r e c a re fu l s c ru tin y , e s p e c ia lly w hen su c h a w e so m e q u e s tio n s a s a w a r a r e involved. H is w a rn in g could in d ee d be c a lle d the "v o ice of c o n s c ie n c e , " tra n s c e n d in g n o t only the is s u e s of j a b o litio n but e v e n the M e x ic a n W ar its e lf. T h u s, H a le 's w o rd s s e e m j I p ro p h e tic w hen one c o n s id e r s s u b s e q u e n t e n g a g e m e n ts by the U nited j S ta te s , c a r r i e d out in f u r th e r a n c e of v a rio u s p o lic ie s of q u e stio n a b le i m o r a l it y , e. g. , p r e s e n t day q u e stio n in g of the m o r a lity of o u r ro le in Ithe V ie tn a m W ar. i T h en c a m e the p e r o r a tio n of the J a n u a r y 6 a d d r e s s . In th is j p e r o r a tio n , H ale d e v e lo p e d a n o th e r t im e l e s s and fu n d am en t?! fh e m e . i He r e m in d e d h is fello w s e n a to r s th a t th e ir m o s t im p o rta n t duty w as to ir e p r e s e n t the w ill of the w hole A m e r ic a n people. It r e a d s like a u n i- ; jv e rs a l c a ll to c o n s c ie n c e and to duty. "W e ll, why c a n n o t S e n a to r s who i think w ith m e th a t the w a r is w ro n g , r a d ic a lly w ro n g , com e out and > ; j 'd e c la re so by t h e ir v o te s . " And a g a in , "I have n e v e r m e t am o n g the j ipeople one in ten who thought the w a r w as rig h t. " And y e t a g a in , "I j ! jbelieve th a t the people d e s ir e u s to go rig h t, and we have n o t faith I lenough in the p e o p le . " I ! | ! C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's D is c o u rs e j ■ i — 1 ,1 — | In the p re c e d in g s e c tio n , we h av e g iven a ru n n in g a c c o u n t of H a le 's J a n u a r y 6 a d d r e s s , ch iefly fo r the p u rp o s e of e s ta b lis h in g his I p o s itio n r e g a r d in g s la v e r y a t the tim e of h is e n try to the S e n a te . H ow e v e r , the s p e e c h w a s ty p ic a l of h is p re v io u s (and su b se q u e n t) public a d d r e s s e s and a s su c h it is now a n a ly z e d . I 137 i j j " L e g a lis tic " is p e rh a p s the b e s t g e n e ra l t e r m to d e s c r ib e H a le 's public s p e e c h e s in o v e r a ll p e rs p e c tiv e . T he p e r v a s iv e n e s s and) c o n s is te n c y of th is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of H a le 's d is c o u r s e m ay be t r a c e d j ! fro m h is d e b a tin g d a y s a t B ow doin, th ro u g h h is law c a r e e r , and th e n c e 1 into h is p o litic a l c a r e e r . The s a m e le g a lis tic a p p ro a c h is found in h is j public le c t u r e s on a v a rie ty of to p ic s , and it is e v en n o tic e a b le in m an y [of h is p riv a te l e t t e r s . In 1832 H ale had told the s ta te le g is la tu r e th at i ' ! i you can n o t le g is la te m o r a lity , y e t th is s e n tim e n t w as u tte r e d w hile | p r e s e n tin g h is own b ill to change the e x is tin g liq u o r re g u la tio n s . i T h e r e w as no c o n tra d ic tio n , h o w e v e r - -H a le w as fighting an e s se n tia lly , | m o r a l b a ttle , u s in g e s s e n tia lly le g a lis tic w eap o n s. He w as doing the sa m e thing in h is J a n u a r y 6 a d d r e s s b e fo re the U nited S ta te s S en a te . i A s of J a n u a r y 6 , e v e ry o n e knew that he w as the f i r s t S e n a to r j I I e v e r e le c te d on an a n tis la v e r y tic k e t. F r o m h is p riv a te c o r r e s p o n - j i den ce we know th at he h ad g ra d u a lly and painfully dev elo p ed m o r a l , i e th ic a l, and r e lig io u s c o n v ic tio n s a g a in s t s la v e r y , but now we find th a t he h a s t r a n s la t e d th e s e c o n v ic tio n s into the f o rm of a deb ate p r o p o s i tio n s u ita b le fo r the S en a te s itu a tio n . H is b a s ic p ro p o s itio n w as th a t i s la v e r y should be confined to its e x is tin g le g a l b o u n d a rie s . The " T e n R e g im e n ts B ill" w a s lo g ic a lly r e le v a n t to H a le 's b a s ic p ro p o sitio n . In p lan n in g (o u tlining?) h is s p e e c h , like any good la w y e r- d e b a te r , H ale c h o se a s e t of a few m a in c o n te n tio n s. He ch ose l e g a l is tic o n e s , e . g . , h is f i r s t co n te n tio n d e a lt w ith the d u tie s of C o n g re s s in a g o v e rn m e n t of c h e c k s and b a la n c e s . E a c h c o n te n tio n w as " p ro v e d " by e v id e n c e (fa c ts and a u th o r i ta t i v e o p in io n s), and th e s e f o rm s of s u p p o rt in clu d e d p r e c e d e n ts , i a n a lo g ie s , a n e c d o te s , in s ta n c e , e tc . F o r e x a m p le , h is s u p p o rt of his I f i r s t c o n te n tio n in clu d e d the a n e c d o te -a n a lo g y of Q u e e n E liz a b e th and i i h e r P a r li a m e n t. H is c o n te n tio n s and s u p p o rts n e v e r included a r g u m e n ts ad h o m in e m d ir e c te d at o th e r m e m b e r s of the S e n a te . A tta c k s of th is kind w e r e o c c a s io n a lly m ad e upon H ale but he show ed g r e a t sk ill in p a r r y in g th e m , a s is r e p o r te d i n f r a . E a c h co n te n tio n and su p p o rt w as u s u a lly c o m p le te d b e fo re p r o g r e s s i n g to the n e x t. To a s s i s t the l i s t e n e r - r e a d e r in follow ing h is { lo g ic a l s e q u e n c e , fre q u e n t tr a n s itio n w o rd s o r p h r a s e s w e re u s e d , ;e. g. , "If th is be the c a u se of w a r, I co m e n e x t to the q u e s tio n of how th is w a r c o m m e n c e d ? " One te s t of w h at is sa id in the p re c e d in g p a r a g r a p h s is th at a lm o s t any of H a le 's s p e e c h e s is e a s y to o u tlin e , u sin g | I c o n v e n tio n a l sy m bology: And so fo rth . T h is highly s tr u c tu r e d f o rm a t is co n v e n tio n ally a c h a r - j i a c t e r i s t i c of a le g a l b r ie f . ! ! j The s k e le to n o u tlin e m u s t of c o u rs e be clo th ed by w o rd s w hen j |the s p e e c h is d e liv e re d . In h is p o litic a l s p e e c h e s and public le c tu r e s j i i |H ale se ld o m u s e d te c h n ic a l t e r m s o r le g a l ja rg o n . H is w o rd u sa g e j s e e m s le s s re d u n d a n t and flo w ery th a n o th e r o r a t o r s of h is day, b u t he w as c e rta in ly n o t unique in th is r e s p e c t. S o m e tim e s he w as e lo q u e n t j ' i by u sin g c o m m o n w o rd s w ith u n c o m m o n sk ill, but in th is r e s p e c t H ale ' • ' i | w as c e rta in ly no A b ra h a m L incoln. | H a le 's sp e ak in g sty le in clu d ed a lib e r a l s p rin k lin g of b ib lic a l , a llu s io n s (but th e sa m e w as tr u e of m an y o th e r p o litic a l o r a t o r s of I th a t day). L ik e w is e , H ale sp ic e d h is sp e ec h w ith n e a tly w o rd e d w it, j i s a t i r e , iro n y , and lo w -k e y e d s a r c a s m , e .g . , w hile d is c u s s in g the j O re g o n b o u n d ary d is p u te , "[P o lk ] e x h ib ite d m e e k n e s s to a s u r p r is in g | d e g re e but he did not in h e r it the b le s s in g of the m e e k . He did not g e t I i th e land. " P e r h a p s the r e s e a r c h e r w as b ia s e d by h is e a r ly re a d in g of I ! " b e a s ts in h u m a n sh a p e , " but he did note H a le 's u n u su a lly f re q u e n t ! ! a n a lo g ie s to h o r s e s , d o g s, and o th e r f a r m a n im a ls . A n o th e r im p o r - | ( ta n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of H a l e 's d is c o u r s e w as b lu n tn e s s to the point of b o ld n e s s (w hich c o n tr a s ts w ith the m o re c u s to m a ry p o litic ia n s ' d e lib e r a t e u s e of a m b ig u ity o r o p a c ity ). F o r e x a m p le , on J a n u a r y 6 he acknow ledged h is p e c u lia r s ta tu s in the Senate (an Is h m a e lite ), h is f o rth rig h t d i s a g r e e m e n t w ith P r e s i d e n t P o lk , h is u n q u a lifie d o p p o sitio n (to the M e x ic a n W a r, and his s tro n g sta n c e a g a in s t the e x te n s io n of j i i : is lave ry . I I ! F in a lly , one m u s t e v a lu a te the w hole s p e e c h in t e r m s of its | i i jaudience(s). The im m e d ia te a u d ie n c e w as the S en ate. H ale r e f e r r e d I i s e v e r a l tim e s to the fa c t th a t he w a s a lso a d d re s s in g the A m e ric a n ! Ipeople. And he had a th ir d a u d ie n c e - - h im s e lf . H ig h lig h ts r e g a r d in g jhis th r e e a u d ie n c e s a r e n e x t p ro p o s e d . I , i i S e n a to rs t i To p e rs u a d e a m a jo r ity to vote down the T en R e g im e n ts B ill, j w as of c o u rs e a h o p e le s s ta s k . N e v e r th e le s s , a s we have s e e n , H ale isought to p ro d s e n a to r ia l p r id e , a r o u s e P o lk 's p o litic a l o p p o n e n ts, and Iprick the c o n s c ie n c e of any S e n a to r who fe lt th a t the w a r w as w rong. If the o b je c tiv e w as to s ti r up o p p o sitio n , p r e v e n t an a u to m a tic r u b b e r - s ta m p , and d elay the in e v ita b le , H ale p ro b ab ly s u c c e e d e d - - th e d e b a te J on the T en R e g im e n ts B ill d ra g g e d on fo r s e v e r a l w e e k s. ■ A m e ric a n P u b lic I | H a le 's s p e e c h un d o u b ted ly e n c o u ra g e d a n tis la v e r y p ro p o n e n ts th ro u g h o u t th e N o rth , ju d g in g by the r e m a r k s in a b o litio n is t n e w s p a p e r s and o th e r c o n te m p o ra r y d o c u m e n ts . H o w e v e r, one can only s p e c u la te a s to w h e th e r any c o n v e r ts w e re r e c r u i t e d - - t h e r e w e re no public opinion p o lls in th o se d a y s. The le g a lis tic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's d is c o u r s e w e r e n o t lik e ly to ro u s e the ra b b le . jH im s e lf ! i i i < | The w eig h t of the e v id e n c e thus f a r p r e s e n te d in d ic a te s th at ! I jHale w as try in g to live a c c o rd in g to h is c o n s c ie n c e , s e n s e of duty, and] i Iconcept of re lig io n . It s e e m s highly p ro b a b le th a t w hen he lis te n e d to 1 h im s e lf w hile a d d r e s s in g the S e n a te , he had to be m o r a lly s a tis fie d iwith w hat he h e a r d . T h is in te r p r e ta tio n of th e d a ta w as soon r e in f o rc e d | by s e n a to r ia l e v e n ts . i , i : I : 1 " T h is C arg o of L iving S o u ls" i In F e b r u a r y , jo in t- r e s o lu tio n s a lr e a d y p a s s e d by th e H o u se , o ffic ia lly e x p r e s s in g g r a titu d e to G e n e r a ls S cott and T a y lo r, th e ir | o f fic e r s and m e n , w e re in tro d u c e d and a ls o a r e s o lu tio n p ro v id in g a m e m o r ia l fo r a c o u ra g e o u s P a s s e d M id s h ip m a n R o g e r s . N o rm a lly , j j such r e s o lu tio n s would be a p p ro v e d u n a n im o u s ly and w ith o u t d e b a te . j I I I To s p e a k o r vote in o p p o sitio n would s e e m to be an a c t of p o litic a l j 1 I su ic id e . Y et H a le 's c o n s c ie n c e and c o u ra g e su ffice d to r is e in lonely I j o p p o sitio n . R e g a rd in g th e g e n e r a ls and t h e i r o f f i c e r s , he s a id , "T h e j j ! ! r e s o lu tio n s p e a k s of g lo ry . T h at g lo ry I look upon a s o u r s h a m e . " He i told the S en ate and the n atio n : j I It s e e m s to m e th a t th a t is th e only c o n s is te n t c o u r s e of J a c tio n fo r th o se who d is a p p ro v e of th is w a r , in a ll its s ta g e s j and a s p e c t s , and in e v e ry p o s s ib le w ay in w hich it can be p r e s e n te d . I hold that th a t is the only c o n s is te n t g ro u n d f o r th o se who m a in ta in th a t th is w a r h a s b e e n w ro n g in its b eg in n in g , w ro n g in its p r o s e c u tio n , w ro n g in the o b je c ts to w hich it lo o k s, and w ro n g in th e m e a n s by w hich it is hoped to a tta in th o se o b je c ts . E n te rta in in g su ch a v iew of duty on th is o c c a s io n , I 142 ca n n o t give th an k s to anybody o r any a g e n c y in th is w a r , e x c e p t such ag en cy a s te n d s to b rin g it to an im m e d ia te te r m in a tio n , j Any ju d ic io u s e f f o r ts , h e r e o r e ls e w h e r e , to b rin g th is w a r to a ! c lo se - to a sp eed y and h o n o ra b le c lo s e - w ill c o m m a n d m y e a r - I n e s t and m o s t c o rd ia l th an k s; but I have no th a n k s to o ffe r th o se ! who h ave b e e n e m p lo y e d in the p ro s e c u tio n of a w a r w hich I b e lie v e to be thus u n ju s t f r o m its c o m m e n c e m e n t. N or ca n I I a c c e d e to a n o th e r p r o p o s itio n w hich I have h e a r d m a in ta in e d w ith a g r e a t d e a l of e n e rg y h e r e and e ls e w h e r e - th at an o ffic e r f of the a r m y o r navy h a s no d is c r e tio n - th a t he is a m e r e m a - i chine of the A d m in is tra tio n - th a t it is to s a y , "go" he goeth, j " c o m e , " and he c o m e th , w ithout a tta c h in g to h im s e lf any s h a re j of m o r a l r e s p o n s ib ility fo r the c h a r a c te r of the tr a n s a c tio n in w hich he is e n g ag ed . I do n o t b e lie v e in any su c h d o c trin e . I i do n o t b e lie v e th a t o f f ic e r s of the a r m y o r navy a r e such m a c h in e s .^ |W hen the vote w as ta k e n , H ale w as the only S e n a to r to say "nay. " P ro b a b ly H a l e 's w o rd s and a c tio n s ta r tle d h is c o lle a g u e s and jthe public but no hue and c r y w as r a i s e d a g a in s t h im . P e r h a p s m o s t ipeople re c o g n iz e d th a t he had d r a m a tic a lly d e m o n s tr a te d the s in c e r ity | | 1 of h is sta n d a g a in s t th e T en R e g im e n ts B ill and a g a in s t s la v e r y . He j ! s e e m s to have a g a in s a id th e u n p o p u la r thing th a t n e e d e d to be said . j i And it is iro n ic to n o te th a t h is b e lie fs r e g a r d in g th e m o r a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of o f f ic e r s in the a r m e d s e r v i c e s in r e s p o n s e to im m o r a l c o m - j m a n d s , w e r e to b e c o m e the o ffic ia l A m e r ic a n p o licy a lm o s t e x a c tly a j i I c e n tu ry l a t e r d u rin g the N u r e m b e r g T r ia l s . j A n o th e r s te p in th e m a tu r a tio n of H a le 's s la v e r y c o n v ic tio n s w as r e v e a le d in A p ril 1848. An in c id e n t o c c u r r e d w hich b ro u g h t a v io le n t r e s p o n s e f r o m both a n ti- and p r o s la v e r y a d v o c a te s in the 2 H a le , C o n g r e s s io n a l G lobe, 30:1, F e b r u a r y 11, 1848, p. 341. 143 i i c a p ito l city. H ale d e s c r ib e d the h ap p en in g in a l e t te r to h is d a u g h te r i I (E liz a b e th on A p ril 18: j i j T h e re h a s b e e n an in c id e n t o c c u r r e d h e re w hich h a s m ad e ; m e fee l v e ry m u c h g rie v e d . A la r g e n u m b e r of s la v e s , fo rty o r i m o re l a s t S a tu rd a y even in g m a d e an a tte m p t to e s c a p e by g e ttin g ! on b o a rd a c o a stin g v e s s e l h e r e f ro m P h ila d e lp h ia to s e ll w ood, j They got on b o a rd the v e s s e l and the v e s s e l s ta r te d dow n the R iv e r, fre ig h te d w ith th is c a rg o of living s o u ls , F a t h e r s , j M o th e r s , c h ild r e n , b r o t h e r s , s i s t e r s a ll fle e in g f ro m a s y s te m of o p p r e s s io n w hich r e d u c e s th e m to a s ta te of d e g ra d a tio n eq u al I to th a t of b e a s t s lia b le to be ta k e n and sold one th is w ay and one i a n o th e r , n e v e r to se e e a c h o th e r . Oh how m u s t t h e i r h e a r t s have ! j b e a te n high w ith hope a s the s a ils of the v e s s e l on b o a rd of w hich J I th ey w e r e , w e re fille d w ith the w ind of H eav en to b e a r th e m aw ay, a s th ey tr u s t e d f r o m the h o u se of bondage to a h o u se of F r e e d o m . And how m u s t th e s e h o p e s have b een tu rn e d to b i tt e r n e s s and agony of d e s p a i r , a s th ey d is c o v e r e d a fte r they had b e e n e m b a r k e d ten o r tw elv e h o u r s , th a t a s te a m b o a t had been c h a r te r e d and w as fille d w ith th e ir p u r s u e r s who had le a r n e d of th e ir e s c a p e and | w e re a f te r th e m fo r the p u rp o s e of tak in g back to the p r is o n - h o u s e f r o m w hich th ey had e s c a p e d . The p u r s u e r s s u c c e e d e d and o v e r took the fu g itiv e s and b ro u g h t th e m a ll b a c k to th is c ity , w h e re j th ey w e r e lodged in p r is o n th is m o rn in g , f ro m w hence they w ill p ro b a b ly v e ry soon be ta k e n , c ru e lly p u n ish e d and s e n t off and sold to d ra g fie ld s of the C a r o lin a s , the r ic e sw a m p s of G e o rg ia , the s u g a r fie ld s of L o u is ia n a e tc . , n e v e r m o re to look upon th o se th ey lo v e, F a t h e r s and M o th e r s n e v e r m o r e to look upon the fa c e s of th e ir c h ild r e n n o r c h ild r e n upon p a r e n ts u n til the sla v e and h is m a s t e r s h a ll stan d to g e th e r b e fo re th a t God w hose p e ro g a tiv e it is th a t he is "no r e s p e c to r of p e r s o n s . " Oh it is sad to think of it to th in k of h u sb a n d s and w iv e s , p a r e n ts and c h ild r e n , b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s to rn f ro m e a c h o th e r in v io le n c e and c o n sig n e d to such a c ru e l fate a s a w a its th e s e p o o r c r e a t u r e s . B ut God s e e s a ll, he know s a ll, and to h im we m u s t le a v e th e m . We a r e w e ll h e r e and a ll send love to you, L u cy , G r a n d m o th e r and A unt L ittle . A ffec tio n a tely y o u r F a th e r , T h is is the f i r s t c le a n c u t and stro n g ly s ta te d e v id e n c e f r o m H a le 's p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s show ing th a t he by now th in k s of b la c k s la v e s a s h u m a n b e in g s . F u r t h e r , the l e t te r u n d e r s c o r e s H a le 's dev o tio n to j j fa m ily . He id e n tifie s with th e s e " p o o r c r e a t u r e s " a s " h u sb a n d s and j i j ! j w iv e s , p a r e n ts and c h ild re n , b r o th e r s and s i s t e r s " ; th e n , only two I I ; j |lin e s l a t e r , h is c lo sin g se n te n c e of h a b itu a l r e m e m b r a n c e s to h is own I fa m ily . The l e t te r p o r tr a y s p e rs o n a l a n g u is h fo r h u m a n s u ffe rin g . ' j T ru ly , c o m p a s s io n . I S e v e n ty -s e v e n b lac k s la v e s , to g e th e r w ith th e w hite m e n who j 1 i |had e n g in e e re d the e s c a p e a tte m p t, w e re b ro u g h t b a c k and ja ile d . An |a n g ry ly nch m o b soon s u rro u n d e d the ja il; o th e r m o b s a tta c k e d the I I p r o p e r ty of p ro m in e n t a b o litio n is ts . H ale r e p o r te d so m e of th is v io l e n c e in a n o th e r l e t te r to E liz a b e th : i I : i T h ose p o o r n e g r o e s , of w hom I w ro te to you y e s te r d a y , a r e i s till in ja il and w ill p ro b ab ly be g iven u p to th o s e who c la im th e m i as p r o p e r ty in a day o r two and th en m o s t of th e m w ill p ro b a b ly be t r i e d b e fo re a m a g is tr a te to day and bound o v e r to a n s w e r to the C ir c u it C o u rt fo r the c r im e of e n d e a v o rin g to h e lp the p o o r b o n d m an to e s c a p e fro m h is bon d ag e. It m ay be c o n s id e re d a | c r i m e by the s la v e - h o ld e r s and th e ir a i d e r s and a b e tt o r s , but it j c a n h a rd ly be so view ed by th a t God who s e n t h is son on E a r th to | an nounce a s y s te m of R elig io n w hose f i r s t p r in c ip le is " d e liv e r a n c e to the cap tiv e and the op en in g of p r is o n d o o r s to th e m th a t a r e bound. " The su b je c t is c r e a tin g c o n s id e r a b le e x c it e m e n t in th is city. T h e re w as q u ite a m o b in t h is city l a s t evening b e fo re the p rin tin g office of the N a tio n a l E r a a n d s e v e r a l b r ic k s , s to n e s , e tc . th ro w n th ro u g h th e w indow s. Not g r e a t m is c h ie f w as done, though m u ch w as th r e a te n e d and a m e e tin g is talk ed of f o r th is ev en in g . T h e re w as q u ite a f ir e h e r e l a s t ev en in g . Two o r th r e e d w ellin g h o m e s w e re b u rn t. The P e a r l e p iso d e s tim u la te d H ale to p r o m p t a c tio n in the S en a te on A p ril 20. But he did n o t p o u r f o rth h is in d ig n a tio n o r c o m p a s s io n a s he had in h is l e t t e r s to E liz a b e th . On th e c o n tr a r y , he 145 i i m ade no m e n tio n of s la v e r y . In ste a d , he in tro d u c e d a b ill s im i la r to th o se in s e v e r a l s t a t e s , m ak in g any c o m m u n ity "w ith in the D is tr ic t j i i jliable fo r a ll in ju r ie s done by r i o t e r s o r tu m u ltu o u s a s s e m b la g e s . " So; jagain he a tta c k e d a m o r a l is s u e w ith le g a lis tic w eap o n s. 1 The s o u th e rn r e a c tio n to H a le 's a n t i - r i o t b ill w as v e h e m e n t. I | C alhoun led off by den o u n cin g th e b ill a s a n o th e r a b o litio n is t ag ita tio n ; 'he defended the r i o t e r s on the g ro u n d th a t they had only e x p r e s s e d ’ ( | " ju s t in d ig n a tio n " a g a in s t the " a tr o c io u s p e r p e t r a t o r s " of the c r i m e s I | (of s la v e s te a lin g ); and he th re a te n e d r e ta lia tio n u n le s s th e s e a n ti- | s la v e r y h a r a s s m e n t s w e re sto p p ed . J a m e s W e sc o tt and J e f f e r s o n i D avis n e x t a r g u e d , in a s im i la r vein. T h en H e n ry S. F o o te , S e n a to r f ro m M is s is s ip p i, r o s e to sp e ak . He soon w o rk e d h im s e lf into a s ta te j I of v e h e m e n t p a s s io n d ir e c te d a t H ale p e rs o n a lly ; he in tim a te d th a t H ale had b e e n p a r t of a c r im in a l plot a im e d at fo m e n tin g i n s u r r e c tio n and in c e n d ia r is m . P r e s e n t l y , e n ra g e d beyond s e lf - c o n tr o l, F o o te ! c lim a x e d h is e x c o r ia tio n of H ale by in v itin g h im to v is it M is s is s ip p i: | i I in v ite h im t h e r e , and w ill te ll h im b e fo re h a n d , in a ll h o n e s ty , j | th a t he could n o t go te n m ile s into the i n t e r i o r , b e fo re he would g r a c e one of the t a l l e s t t r e e s of the f o r e s t, w ith a ro p e a ro u n d h is n e c k , w ith the a p p ro b a tio n of e v e r y v irtu o u s and p a tr io tic c itiz e n ; and th a t, if n e c e s s a r y , I sh o u ld m y s e lf a s s i s t in the o p e ra tio n . H a le 's r e b u tta l w a s a th in g of b e a u ty . He b e g a n by c a lm ly denying any c o n n e c tio n w ith the P e a r l in c id e n t, and he c h a llen g e d F oote to p r e s e n t p ro o f. F o o te w as fo rc e d to a d m it th a t he had no ............... 146" p ro o f. H ale th en co n tinued in a q u ie t and frie n d ly m a n n e r (thus p r o viding an e x tr e m e c o n tr a s t to F o o te 's fu rio u s ran tin g ): j i ! He in v ite s m e to the S tate of M is s is s ip p i and kindly in fo rm s 1 m e th a t he would be one of th o se who would a c t the a s s a s s i n , ! and put an end to m y c a r e e r . He would aid in b rin g in g m e to a p ublic e x e c u tio n - no, d e a th by a m ob. W ell, in r e t u r n fo r his h o s p ita b le in v ita tio n , I can only e x p r e s s the d e s ir e th at he would p e n e tr a te into s o m e of the d a rk c o r n e r s of New H a m p s h ir e , and I if he do, I a m m u c h m is ta k e n if he would not find th a t the people in th a t ben ig h ted re g io n w ould be v e ry happy to lis te n to h is a r g u m e n ts , and en g ag e in an in te lle c tu a l c o n flict w ith h im , in w hich the tru th m ig h t be e lic ite d .^ Now it w as C a lh o u n 's tu rn and H a le 's re b u tta l w as a g a in m a s - ite rly . The leg a l b a s is fo r s o u th e rn s la v e r y w as th a t s la v e s w e re p r o p e r ty , p r o te c te d by p r o p e r ty r ig h ts . H a le 's a n t i - r i o t b ill w as a ls o (based on p r o p e r ty rig h ts (in te n tio n ally so, d o u b tle s s ). And so H ale I [h a m m e re d on th is p o in t, u s in g the s o u th e r n e r s ' " p ro p e r ty a r g u m e n t ” j a g a in s t th e m , y e t w ith o u t m e n tio n in g the sla v e tr a d e . It w as a n e a t (job of tu rn in g the ta b le s . "In G o d 's n a m e , " he a s k e d , "Is it com e to j ! i i i th is , th a t in the A m e r ic a n S enate . . . the rig h ts of p r o p e r ty cannot be j : i jn am e d , but the a d v o c a te s of s la v e r y a r e in a r m s ? " j | i H ale w as in d ee d a f o rm id a b le d e b a te a d v e r s a r y and the fo rc e of h is r e b u tta l w as a lm o s t c e r t a i n to f r u s t r a t e h is o p p o n e n ts, goading i th e m to f u r th e r m is ta k e s . T h u s, C alhoun sh o u ted , "I would ju s t a s O ne p ro m in e n t New H a m p s h ir e so c ie ty q u ick ly follow ed H a le 's le a d by in v itin g F o o te to be a v isitin g l e c t u r e r , and p r o m is in g a " c o r d ia l w e lc o m e . " ! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147 i I * i soon a rg u e w ith a m a n ia c f ro m b e d la m , a s w ith the S e n a to r fro m N ew , jH a m p s h ir e ! " And F o o te 's lan g u ag e d e s c e n d e d so low th a t the c h a ir | i ' ! . j j ru le d h im out of o r d e r . Such s p e c ta c u la r m is c o n d u c t, m ad e w o rs e in I I j c o n tr a s t w ith H a le 's s ta te s m a n lik e d e fe n s e , im p ro v e d H a le 's s e n a to r ia l | s ta tu s and e n h an ced h is n a tio n a l n o to rie ty a m o n g the p e o p le . I L e t u s b rie fly p ause to c o n s id e r H a l e 's " a ttitu d e s " to w ard ; s la v e r y a t th is v ic to rio u s m o m e n t of h is c a r e e r . H is in tra in d iv id u a l i I I th o u g h ts and fe e lin g s about the P e a r l in c id e n t, a s re v e a le d by his p r iv a te l e t t e r s to his d a u g h te r, stood in s tr o n g c o n tr a s t to h is in te r - ; in d iv id u al th o ughts and fe e lin g s re v e a le d in h is R iot B ill and his d e fe n s e of it on the Senate flo o r. In s h o r t, he had a t l e a s t four d iff e r- i ; e n t a ttitu d e s to w a rd the P e a r l e v e n ts: p r iv a te , p u b lic , i n tr a - and j | j ! in te r in d iv id u al (plus n u m e ro u s co g n ate a ttitu d e s to w a rd s la v e r y , w a r, j I j j s e n a to r ia l a m b itio n s , etc. ). A c o m p le x w eb. | j I ! Of s p e c ia l i n te r e s t is H a le 's c lu s te r of a ttitu d e s r e g a r d in g I ' in d iv id u al s la v e s a s h u m an b e in g s . In o v e r s im p lif ie d t e r m s we m ay i i n ote the follow ing evolution: 1. In 1835 he d e c la re d th a t " s la v e s a r e b e a s ts . " l 2. In 1843 he had chan g ed to a " n e u tr a l" p o sitio n , e. g. , his j r e f e r e n c e to F an n y and h is r e f e r e n c e s to a c c e p tin g m e n ia l s e r v i c e s f ro m b la c k s la v e s a t M r s . H a m ilto n 's . 3. In 1847-1848 he thought of th e m a s h u m a n s o u ls , e .g . , the P e a r l in cid en t. And th is m a tu r a tio n of fe e lin g s to w a rd in d iv id u al N e g ro e s w as not in p h a se w ith h is chan g in g c o n v ic tio n s to w a rd the a b s t r a c t n o tio n of j " s la v e r y . " B ut by now the e a r l i e r d is a s s o c ia tio n b e tw e en the a b s t r a c t j j and the c o n c re te w as r e s o lv in g its e lf; now it would be e a s i e r fo r H ale j i I jto guide h is v o te s , s p e e c h e s , and o th e r b e h a v io r s by a sk in g h im s e lf , j i ["W hat w ould J e s u s have d o n e?" j | D is tr ic t of C o lu m b ia E v e r sin c e h is f i r s t a r r i v a l in W ash in g to n in 1843, H ale had had a m p le o p p o rtu n ity to o b s e r v e sla v e tra d in g a t fir s th a n d . T he sla v e I ; i [m a rk e t w as a c o n sp ic u o u s la n d m a rk in the c ity , and m an y c o n g r e s s m e n i ! I had to w alk by it on the way to the C ap ito l B uilding. T hey could i ! [s c a rc e ly avoid w a tc h in g how h u m a n fle s h w as bought and sold a t a u c - i ! [tion. T h u s, fo r a long tim e H a le 's p e rs o n a l fe e lin g s had b een offended. B ut w hat could he d o ? T h is sla v e tra d in g w as su p p o sed to be p e rf e c tly j le g a l. H o w e v e r, C h a r le s S u m n e r and S alm on P . C h ase had b e e n w r it- I ing to H ale th at s la v e r y in the c a p ito l w as ille g a l; and p e rh a p s the m is e r y of th e 77 s la v e s f r o m the P e a r l nudged H a le 's s c r u p l e s . T his type of r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n H a le 's p r iv a te and public c o m m u n ic a tio n s b e c a m e in c r e a s in g ly c o m m o n , e s p e c ia lly by about the tim e of H a le 's e n tr y into the S e n a te , i . e . , t h r e s h o u t p r o b le m s th a t w e r e b o th e rin g h im th ro u g h p r iv a te in te r in d iv id u al l e t te r s (and a ls o u n d o u b ted ly c o n v e r s a tio n s ) w ith a few of h is p o litic a l f rie n d s a s a p re lu d e to m a k in g up , ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R 9 | I !his m in d p r iv a te ly b e fo re m a k in g a public s ta te m e n t. T hus in th is cur-f ! i i I ire n t p r o b le m of the D i s tr i c t , H ale u s e d p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s to | ! i i j l a s s i s t h im to th in k th ro u g h th e le g a l c o m p le x itie s . F o r e x a m p le , on j i jJune 7 he w ro te to C hase: | i 1 | In o th e r w o rd s in the a b s e n c e of any le g is la tio n by C o n g re s s ! } on the s u b je c t of s la v e r y in th is D i s tr i c t up to the p r e s e n t tim e i would n o t the law s of the ceding s ta te s in the a b s e n c e of any su c h j le g is la tio n by C o n g re s s s tic k to the law of the D i s tr i c t ? I c o n fe ss [ to you th a t h e r e lie s the g r e a t e s t d iffic u lty to m y m in d on th is ! C o n s titu tio n a l q u e stio n . . . . And C h ase a n s w e re d on Ju n e 15 ex p la in in g a le g a l loophole: i 1 i The g e n e ra l ru le th a t la w s of ced ed o r c o n q u e re d t e r r i t o r i e s I r e m a in in fo rc e a f te r c o e rc io n o r c o n q u e st m u s t be q u a lifie d w ith the lim ita tio n th at su ch law s be n o t . . . su ch a s the le g is la tu r e j of the a c q u irin g s ta te is i ts e lf in c o m p e te n t to en a ct. j T h is le g a l in te r p r e ta tio n s a tis fie d H a le 's s c r u p le s and on Ju n e 23 he in tro d u c e d a re s o lu tio n in s tr u c tin g the C o m m itte e fo r the D i s tr i c t of C o lu m b ia to p r e s e n t a b ill a b o lis h in g s la v e r y in th e D i s tr i c t . T his | I [w as voted down w ithout d e b a te , 36 to 7. In a l e t te r to L u c y , d a te d ! | j jju n e 25, 1848, H ale d i s c u s s e s h is se v e n v o te s in d iv id u ally , and s u m s i it up a s "a v e ry good beginning. " T o w ard w h a t e n d ? O b v iously, to w a rd a b o litio n e v en in lo n g -e s ta b lis h e d sla v e a r e a s . H e r e we have the f i r s t c le a r c u t p ublic and p r iv a te e v id e n c e th a t H a le 's s ta n c e had ch anged f ro m o p p osing only e x te n s io n of s la v e r y to a b o litio n of it. B ut only a fte r H a le 's le g a l s c r u p l e s w e r e s a t i s f i e d - - s o th e r e a r e s till q u a lific a tio n s . T h u s, one s e e s a n o th e r s te p in the m a tu r a tio n of h is " a ttitu d e " to w a rd s la v e r y . I "W e H ad a P l e a s a n t T im e " 1 T he O re g o n B ill w as in tro d u c e d in the S enate a t the s a m e tim e j i jas H a le 's R e so lu tio n on the D i s tr i c t . The p ro b le m of how to o r g a n iz e j |a t e r r i t o r i a l g o v e rn m e n t in O re g o n c r e a te d a m u ltis id e d d eb ate on j i s la v e r y w hich h e ld the S e n a te in s e s s io n fo r the n e x t s e v e r a l long hot I s u m m e r w e e k s. The b ip o la r e x tr e m e s fo r th is d eb ate w e re defined i ; fro m the s t a r t by two p r o v is o s , one in tro d u c e d by H a le , the o th e r by J e f f e r s o n D a v is - - th e one fo rb a d e the in c lu s io n , and the o th e r fo rb a d e the e x c lu s io n , of s la v e r y in the T e r r i t o r i a l G o v e rn m e n t of O reg o n . i ! The m a jo r ity of S e n a to rs c o n s id e r e d th a t both p r o v is o s w e r e u n n e c e s - ! s a r y and too e x tr e m e ; so c o m p r o m is e s w e re a d v o c a te d , e. g. , the s e t -1 t i e r s th e m s e lv e s should d e c id e the is s u e by p o p u la r v o te. j i j T he g e o g ra p h y of O r e g o n - - i ts r e m o t e n e s s , its m o u n ta in s , its j J f o r e s ts (in c o n tr a s t w ith the s o u th e r n c o tto n p la n ta tio n s ) - - a r g u e d th at f it w as a lm o s t c o m p le te ly u n s u ite d to a s la v e e c o n o m y . B ut so m e I i S e n a to r s a rg u e d v e h e m e n tly b e c a u s e a p rin c ip le w as involved. H a le 's | b a s ic p o sitio n w as p r e s e n te d in an e x te m p o ra n e o u s s p e e c h a s e a r ly a s Ju n e 1, 1848: O nce fo r a ll, I d e s ir e to say th a t we h ave s tro n g c o n v ic tio n s ; upon th is s u b je c t. We b e lie v e th a t s la v e r y is an e v il - a m o r a l, p o litic a l, s o c ia l e v il. In the e x p r e s s io n of th at b e lie f, we do not go beyond the d e c la r a tio n of m a n y d is tin g u is h e d c itiz e n s of the s o u th e rn S ta te s . I b e lie v e th a t the le g is la tio n of th is c o u n try , f r o m the ado p tio n of the C o n stitu tio n to th e p r e s e n t tim e , h a s b e e n c o n tin u a lly s u b s e r v ie n t to th is in stitu tio n . Now, le t m e in a ll c a n d o r and k in d n e s s a s k th e s e g e n tle m e n , if th e r e is ju s tic e in t h e i r r e p r o a c h , why s h a ll we s u b je c t o u r s e l v e s and o u r p o s te r ity to the s a m e r e p r o a c h f r o m the in h a b ita n ts of the T e r r i t o r y o v e r w hich we a r e a b o u t to o rg a n iz e a j g o v e r n m e n t? Why should we in c u r the r e p r o a c h e s of th o se u n - | b o r n m illio n s who a r e h e r e a f te r to in h ab it th e s e r e g i o n s ? Why j sh o u ld w e, by o u r c o n d u ct now , ju stify th e m in sa y in g to o u r d e s c e n d a n ts , "Why w a s it, th a t w hen you knew the e n o rm ity of I th is e v il, w hen you w e re loading w ith r e p r o a c h e s the cupidity of i e a s t e r n m e r c h a n ts en g a g ed in th is lo a th s o m e t r a f f i c , w hen all | th e c a la m itie s w hich th is in s titu tio n v is its upon e v e ry people i a m o n g s t w hom it e x is ts w e re v isib le b e fo re you - why w as it J th a t you d e te r m in e d th a t th e s e h ills and v a lle y s should be b a p tiz e d in the g u ilt of its blood and t e a r s ? " W ill we n o t, s i r , ju s tly e a r n th e s e b itte r r e p r o a c h e s , if, by o u r a c tio n now , we e x te n d to th is re g io n th a t w hich a ll a d m it to be a n e v il - and th a t, to o , w hen the people who now in h a b it it, th e m s e lv e s p ro fitin g by o u r sad e x p e r ie n c e , and w a rn e d by o u r m o u rn fu l e x a m p le , th a t th e y d e s ir e to put f a r f r o m th e m the a c c u r s e d th in g ? i !One m a y note th a t H ale could h e r e u tiliz e m o r a l a r g u m e n ts and y e t |be c o m p le te ly l e g a l is t ic - - C o n g r e s s u n q u e stio n a b ly h ad the c o n s titu tio n a l r ig h t and duty to le g is la te t e r r i t o r i a l g o v e rn m e n ts . ! I i The s o u th e r n e r s a ls o w e r e d i s r e g a r d in g the g e o g ra p h ic fa c ts j of life , y e t they a c c u s e d H ale of a rg u in g fo r an a b s tr a c tio n . H ale I { p ro m p tly d e s c r ib e d the o th e r side of the co in and in q u ire d , " P r a y , s i r , iw ho, th e n , is fighting fo r an a b s tr a c tio n ? " (T h is r e p o s te only ad d s to the o v e rw h e lm in g e v id e n c e th a t H ale w as q u ic k w itte d , flu e n t, and d a n g e r o u s a s an o p p o n e n t in an e x te m p o re o r im p r o m p tu d e b a te . ) W hile the long s u m m e r d e b a te d r a g s on, w e m a y p a u se to j e x a m in e a n o th e r f a c e t of H a le 's S e n a to r ia l b e h a v io r s . H ale could h a te | s la v e r y w ithout h a tin g its p ro p o n e n ts . He could h o n e s tly sa y , "Som e of m y b e s t f rie n d s a r e s l a v e h o l d e r s ." One e v id e n c e h a s p re v io u s ly b e e n m e n tio n e d - - o n the flo o r of the S en ate he s c ru p u lo u s ly avo id ed ia rg u m e n tu m ad h o m in e m , d e s p ite so m e s e v e r e p ro v o c a tio n s . A d d i tio n a l e v id e n c e w as th a t H ale c u ltiv a te d frie n d ly p e rs o n a l and s o c ia l ; j {relations w ith m an y of h is s e n a to r ia l opp o n en ts o u tsid e the S enate jc h a m b e rs . F o r e x a m p le , H ale m a in ta in e d c o rd ia l r e la tio n s e v en w ith ; | S e n a to r "H a n g m a n " F o o te , m u ch to the a s to n is h m e n t of c o lle a g u e s . i jAnd F o o te w ro te l a t e r th a t "the jolly and k in d -h e a rte d S e n a to r f ro m ;New H a m p s h ire and m y s e lf have g o tten on good t e r m s , and I had even I tak e n a d e c id e d liking fo r h im on a c c o u n t of h is g e n ia l d is p o s itio n , h is jn a tu ra l a m ia b le n e s s of t e m p e r , and h is s p a rk lin g v iv a c ity , e it h e r in I 4 deb ate o r in c o n v e ra tio n . " S ew ell c ite s a l e t te r of July 7, 1848, to 5 the s a m e e ffe c t. D u rin g th is s u m m e r , H a le 's s o c ia l life included v is its to f rie n d s ; j a t n e a rb y e s ta t e s and p la n ta tio n s . W ritin g to h is wife on Ju ly 4, he j l told of b eing a g u e st a t M r. S a s g a r 's p la n ta tio n (1000 a c r e s , 80 slav es)| 1 w h e re he had te a w ith fo u r w ealth y s la v e h o ld e r s , a m ic a b ly d is c u s s in g ! i {slavery and o th e r to p ic s . He su m m e d it up fo r L ucy, "We had a {pleasant tim e . " I The r e le v a n c e of a ll th is is not m e r e ly th a t it h e lp s us to v is u - j a liz e the p e rs o n a lity of Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , b u t a ls o h e lp s us to u n d e r - j sta n d one ( r a t h e r Q u ix o tic?) a s p e c t of h is s la v e r y b e lie fs . He w an ted j 4 H e n ry S. F o o te , C a s k e t of R e m in is c e n c e s (W ashington, 1874), pp. 76-77. ^ G e o rg e G. P a lf r e y P a p e r s , H oughton L i b r a r y , H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity .__________________________________________________________ ___________ to p r e v e n t the e x te n s io n of s la v e r y , m a in ta in in g a con tin u in g p a r l i a m e n ta ry d ialogue w ith the s o u th e r n e r s , p ro te c tin g th e ir le g a l r ig h ts , e n c o u ra g in g frie n d ly p e rs o n a l and s o c ia l r e la tio n s , and avoiding a ll jh a tre d s o r v io le n c e - -e v e n v e rb a l k in d s. He thought th a t in the long ! i I ru n , s o u th e rn s la v e h o ld e r s w ould g ra d u a lly b e c o m e e d u c a te d to the , je t h ic a l - m o r a l - r e li g io u s a s p e c ts of the slav e p r a c tic e and e v e n tu a lly i i ; |se e the light. T h en , one by o n e, the so u th e rn s ta te s would of th e ir | i | i ;own v o litio n s e t th e ir s la v e s f r e e . j O f c o u r s e , it can be a rg u e d th a t the above lo n g -r a n g e s tr a te g y I 'is a naive a tte m p t to apply the e x a m p le of J e s u s to a p u re ly p r a c t i c a l - I j p o litic a l- e c o n o m ic p ro b le m w ith two ir r e c o n c ila b le s id e s . N aive o r I n o t, th is iro n ic fa c t r e m a i n s - - i f e v e n a d e c e n t m in o rity of the s e n a - i t o r s , som e f r o m e a c h p a rty , had adopted H a le 's view point, the C ivil j i W a r w ould p ro b a b ly not have o c c u r r e d . In any ev en t, the m a v e r ic k H ale s e t a good e x a m p le a v o id in g p e r s o n a litie s in h is S enate d e b a te s , j ; |and being p le a s a n t and frie n d ly to a ll. Ape m ay n e v e r b e c o m e an g el but he m a y s o m e tim e s b e h av e in a civ il way. C la y 's O m n ib u s C o m p ro m is e W hen the n e x t s e s s io n of C o n g re s s opened in D e c e m b e r of 1849, the a c c e le r a tin g b i tt e r n e s s of bo th n o r th e r n and s o u th e rn s la v e r y f a c tio n s had r e a c h e d a sta g e w h e re no b u s in e s s could b e g in u n til a lm o s t C h r is tm a s w hen the H ouse fin a lly b ro k e a d e a d lo c k a f te r 63 b a llo ts in i 154 i I I the e le c tio n of its p r e s id in g o ffic e r. So the s e s s i o n got off to a bad j s t a r t - - f e e l i n g s r a n high and th e r e w as talk of d isu n io n . j ! j The s itu a tio n r e q u ir e d th a t so m e o n e p ro p o s e a v iab le c o m p r o - | I ' 1 |m ise and H e n ry C lay, the G r e a t C o m p r o m is e r , in tro d u c e d one on i ! ' J a n u a r y 29, 1850. C lay p ro p o se d a " s o m e th in g fo r e v e ry b o d y " a m a l- i jgam ation, b a la n c in g off the o p p o sin g e x t r e m i s t s on the q u e s tio n s of A dm itting C a lifo rn ia , U tah, and New M exico; the e s ta b lis h m e n t of the jw e ste rn b o u n d a ry of T e x a s; the a b o litio n o f s la v e r y in th e D is tr ic t; the ; i I 1 iF ugitive Slave A ct, and o th e r p r o b le m s involving i n te r s t a te sla v e i tra d in g . C la y 's r e s o lu tio n s b e c a m e the m a in b u s in e s s of the S enate ifor the n e x t se v e n m o n th s . T he d e b a te s p ro d u c e d s tra n g e p o litic a l b e d - j fe llo w s b e c a u s e the m a jo r p a r t i e s w e r e d iv id e d b e tw e en n o r t h e r n e r s and s o u th e r n e r s and f u r th e r d iv id e d a s r a d i c a l s o r m o d e r a te s . In a d d itio n th e r e w as the a b o litio n is t H ale who w as no lo n g e r a lo n e , h a v - ling ju s t b e e n jo in e d by a n o th e r F r e e S o ile r, S a lm o n P . C h a se . ! I | The opening w e e k s of the d e b a te s w e r e f e a tu re d by the p r e p a r e d s p e e c h e s of so m e o u tsta n d in g l e a d e r s - -H e n ry C la y , J e f f e r s o n D a v is, I Jo h n C. C alhoun (now a dying m a n w hose m e s s a g e w as r e a d by a c o l le a g u e ), W illia m H. S e w a rd , and D a n ie l W e b s te r (one of h is m o s t fa m o u s o r a tio n s , "I w ish to s p e a k to d ay , n o t a s a M a s s a c h u s e tts m an , n o t a s a n o r th e r n m a n , but a s an A m e ric a n . ") H ale w a s im m e d ia te ly a b s o rb e d in p r e p a r in g a c o n trib u tio n of h is own. H is c o rr e s p o n d e n c e r e v e a ls th a t he r e c e iv e d lo ts of s u g g e stio n s and f o r e n s ic a m m u n itio n , . J55 I : Jfrom a t l e a s t h a lf a d o z e n of h is F r e e Soil c o lle a g u e s , r e s u ltin g in a I I ! jte a m w o rk p r o d u c t a ty p ic a l of H a le 's S enate s p e e c h e s ; a ls o r e s u ltin g in ; ; I iH a le 's lo n g e s t (la s tin g n e a r ly two d a y s). H ow would th is e ffo rt c o m - i jp are w ith h is u s u a l b r ie f e x te m p o re S e n a te s p e e c h e s ? j On M a rc h 19, H ale ta k e s the flo o r, and he d e liv e r s a d e ta ile d 1 |r e b u tta l to C alh o u n and W e b s te r. The a p p ro a c h of the l a w y e r - d e b a te r ! j is e v id e n t a s H ale f i r s t a d d r e s s e s h im s e lf to C alhoun, s e p a r a te ly e x a m in in g th e s o - c a lle d a g g r e s s io n s the C a ro lin ia n c la im e d had d e s tr o y e d the " e q u ilib r iu m " so n e c e s s a r y to the South: the O rd in a n c e of 1787 and the M is s o u r i C o m p ro m is e . R e fu ta tio n of th e s e of C a l h o u n 's a tta c k s in clu d e d the lis tin g of d is tin g u is h e d S o u th e rn e r s who hatj voted for both m e a s u r e s ; th e r e f o r e , who w as the " a g r e s s o r ? " A s to I s t a t e s ' r ig h ts s u ffe rin g a t the e x p e n se of an expanding f e d e r a l p o w e r, j i j ! I H ale s u g g e s ts th e o b v ious: S o u th e rn e r s had m o n o p o lize d the P r e s i - i j : dency and a lw a y s a c c o u n te d fo r a m a jo r ity on the S u p re m e C o u rt. And| so he p ro c e e d e d w ith a n e x p e r t picking a p a r t of C a lh o u n 's w e a k e r a rg u - Im e n ts . B ut w hy b o t h e r ? C a lh o u n 's s p e e c h w as that of a s ic k m a n and i w as so e x tr e m e in its s c a r c e ly v e ile d t h r e a ts of s e c e s s io n th a t it r e p r e s e n te d the v ie w s of only a m in u te m in o r ity at th at tim e . H ale sp en t h o u rs b re a k in g down an open d o o r. T u rn in g f ro m C alh o u n to W e b s te r, H ale co n tin u ed h is n e e d lin g . N a tu re , a c c o r d in g to W e b s te r , had e x c lu d e d s la v e r y f r o m the t e r r i t o r i e s , and he f o r one w ould n o t r e e n a c t the la w s of God. H ale 156 , 1 d e v elo p ed the an alo g y to re e n a c tin g o th e r law s of God, su ch a s m u r d e r f s te a lin g , and p e r ju r y . C le v e r, y e s , but s c a r c e ly profound. In h is c o n c lu s io n , H ale s e e m s m o re e lo q u e n t a s he r e s t a t e s I ; jsom e of h is own b a s ic c o n v ic tio n s: | I h av e s ta te d on a n o th e r o c c a s io n w hat a r e m y o b je c ts to the j b ill b e fo re the S en a te . T hey a r e , th a t w hile it r e c o g n is e s s la v e r y , | it r e c o g n is e s n othing e ls e but s la v e r y . T h is b ill is n o t f ra m e d j w ith r e f e r e n c e to n e g r o e s ; it is f ra m e d w ith r e f e r e n c e to anybody and e v e ry b o d y , and p r o c e e d s on the a s s u m p tio n th a t the m a n who is s e iz e d in a f r e e S tate is of c o u rs e a s la v e . Now, the p r e s u m p - ! tion of the law in the S tate w h e re I liv e , w h e re no s la v e r y is r e c - ; o g n ise d by law , is , th a t e v e ry m a n th e r e is a f r e e m a n both in the te c h n ic a l and p o litic a l s e n se of the w o rd . B ut th is b ill, w ith the a m e n d m e n t a tta c h e d to it w ith its a ffid a v its ta k e n a th o u sa n d m ile s off, behind his b a c k , s u p p o s e s th a t the m a n s e iz e d is a sla v e and it p a s s e s o v e r and e n tir e ly f o rg e ts one p r o v is io n of the C o n stitu tio n , w hich is , th a t no p e r s o n s h a ll be s e iz e d w ithout i due p r o c e s s of law . B u t g e n tle m e n a rg u e a s if the p e r s o n s e iz e d J m u s t of n e c e s s ity be a s la v e , and the b ill s u p p o s e s and r e c o g - 1 n i s e s , h im a s a s la v e . I | j The m e s s a g e of m o d e r a tio n is a g a in c o m m u n ic a te d a s he r e s t a t e s a j | c e n tr a l th e m e , r e m i n is c e n t of h is 1832 d e b a te s on te m p e r a n c e law s of ; i ; i j New H a m p s h ir e : j ! I i | | We do n o t e x p e c t th a t p u b lic o r p o litic a l m e a s u r e s a r e to j I a ffe c t it [a b o litio n of s la v e ry ]; but by a p p e a lin g to th.e h e a r t s and } | c o n s c ie n c e s of m en ; by b rin g in g ho m e the p r in c ip le s of C h r is tia n - j ! ity , and the a p p e a ls of h u m a n ity to th o se who have the p o w e r to | I in flu en ce m e n a ro u n d th e m , and who have h e a r t s to fe e l, we t r u s t | th ey w ill be in d u ced to re m e d y o r re m o v e the e v ils u n d e r w hich the C o u n try , in th is c o n n ex io n , la b o r s . We a s k n o t th e a id of this G o v e rn m e n t to b rin g it about; fo r we know th a t u n d e r the C o n s ti tu tio n you h av e no p o w e r to m o v e in the w o rk , and th e r e f o r e any su ch a p p e a l of o u r s w ould be ill- tim e d . W hat we do h av e a rig h t to a s k , and do a s k , in th e n a m e of ju s tic e , o f h u m a n ity , of lib e r ty , is th a t you p la c e n o t th is G o v e rn m e n t in the w ay - th a t you do not, by any a c tio n of y o u r s , in te r p o s e to ex te n d the b o u n d a rie s of s l a v e r y , o r r e t a r d the p r o g r e s s of h u m a n f re e d o m o r im p r o v e m e n t. , r 5 7 n I ! i ! " M o d e ra tio n " fo r H ale w as by no m e a n s c o m p r o m is e , h o w e v e r. W hile | he tr ie d to r e a c h the c o n s c ie n c e of the sla v e o w n e r, he a ls o had h is | i jown s e n s e of r ig h t and w ro n g to con ten d w ith. T h u s, h is c lo sin g wordsj I f ir m ly r e a s s e r t th a t the p r in c ip le s of lib e r ty and f re e d o m a r e not j n e g o tia b le . I w ill sa y , w ith r e g a r d to the s u b je c t w hich w as up a few m o m e n ts s in c e , w h e n e v e r a b ill can be f r a m e d h o n e stly to c a r r y j out the o b lig a tio n s of the C o n stitu tio n , and c a re fu lly g u a rd in g ! a g a in s t a b u s e s , I w ill c o n s e n t to c a r r y out a ll th e s e o b lig a tio n s in good faith; but good faith d o e s n o t r e q u i r e th a t the r ig h ts of the S ta te s s h a ll be p e r v e r te d to e n a b le p e r s o n s to c a r r y into e ffe c t the p u rp o s e of r e c a p tu r in g th e fu g itiv e s la v e s . It should | be r e m e m b e r e d th a t w h e re the i n t e r e s t of f re e d o m and s la v e r y I a r e in c o n ta c t, the i n te r e s t s of lib e r ty should be p r e s e r v e d , p r o te c te d , and g u a rd e d ; and it is th e duty of the S en a te and of the N atio n al L e g is la tu r e to p r o te c t and g u a rd th o s e r ig h ts of fre e d o m . j H a le 's s p e e c h of M a rc h 19 -2 0 , 1850, a d d s a lm o s t nothing to o n e 's p re v io u s know ledge of H a le 's p u b lic s ta n c e to w a rd s la v e r y at i I th is tim e . H o w e v e r, the o c c a s io n d o e s h e lp one to u n d e rs ta n d so m e | S im p o r ta n t r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n h is p u b lic and p r iv a te com m unications). The a ty p ic a lity of H a le 's te a m w o r k p r e p a r a tio n of the M a rc h j 19-20 a d d r e s s is soon e m p h a s iz e d by S a lm o n C h a s e 's c o rr e s p o n d e n c e i in w hich he r e g r e tf u lly d e s c r i b e s H a le 's u n w illin g n e s s to c o n fe r w ith s m a ll g ro u p s of f rie n d s o r c o lle a g u e s r e g a r d in g o v e ra ll s tr a te g y . Of c o u r s e , C h a s e 's ow n o p p o sin g b ia s e s a r e p ro b a b ly r e f le c te d in h is e v a lu a tio n of H a le . R e a so n a b le d e d u c tio n s a ls o d e riv e f r o m the fa c ts th a t fo r a long tim e H ale w a s , of n e c e s s i ty , a " lo n e r , " and a lso h is e a r l i e r u n s a tis f a c to r y e x p e r ie n c e s w ith p a r t i e s , c liq u e s , and co a litio n s 158 in N ew H a m p s h ir e w hich m ay w ell have r e m a in e d a s vivid m e m o r ie s . In any c a s e , h is public a n tis la v e r y ro le d u rin g th is s e n a to r ia l p e rio d of h is life w a s th a t of a g u e r r i l l a who m ad e sud d en , bold, im p ro m p tu , or e x te m p o ra n e o u s a tta c k s a t u n p re d ic ta b le tim e s d u rin g d e b a te s ; h is m o re th oughtful, lo n g e r r a n g e , s lo w -to -d e v e lo p c o n v ic tio n s and s t r a t egy, could only be d e te c te d f r o m the s e r i e s of l e t t e r s ( s o m e tim e s c o n tain in g o b v io u sly " s o lita r y m u s in g s " ) to his w ife, d a u g h te r s , and a v e ry few in tim a te f r ie n d s (e. g. , T h e o d o re P a r k e r ) . B e fo re p ro c e e d in g to H a le 's p riv a te l e t t e r s , p e rh a p s a b r ie f e x a m p le of h is im p r o m p tu but e ffe c tiv e g u e r r i ll a ta c tic s should be p ro v id e d . On A p ril 23, H ale r e s p o n d e d to an a tta c k upon h im s e lf by say in g (in p a rt): B ut th e h o n o ra b le S e n a to r f r o m South C a r o lin a [ M r . B u tle r] s a y s th a t I m y s e lf h av e p r e s e n te d p e titio n s of th is s o rt. I b e lie v e th a t the p e titio n s to w hich he a llu d e s have b e e n c ir c u la te d in P e n n s y lv a n ia , and a v e ry few se n t to m e , and I h av e p r e s e n te d th e m , b e c a u s e I th in k the people h av e a r ig h t to b e g , if they h av e no o th e r . To beg is a rig h t th a t b e lo n g s to the m o s t a b je c t sla v e on e a r th . The r ig h t of b egging b e lo n g s to b ru te b e a s t s , for th e y beg. I b e lie v e th is rig h t of begging o u ght to be ex te n d e d w h e r e v e r h u m a n n a tu r e e x is ts . T h is q u o ta tio n r e m in d s u s , of c o u r s e , of H a le 's tim id but c o n t r o v e r sia l 1843 v ote fa v o rin g A d a m s ' re s o lu tio n on the r ig h t to p e titio n . At th a t tim e H lie a v o id ed m ak in g a sp e e c h and he d efen d ed h is vote on c o n s titu tio n a l g ro u n d s , avo id in g d is c u s s io n o f its o b v io u s a n tis la v e r y im p lic a tio n s . So H a le 's b e lie f in p e titio n s is the s a m e , b u t his w ay of 159 doing th in g s h a s c e rta in ly changed. A p re d ic te d fu n ctio n of H a le 's p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s is e s p e c ia lly w ell d e m o n s tr a te d d u rin g th is p e r i o d - - t h e s a fe ty -v a lv e fun ctio n . The ad h o m in e m a tta c k s w hich H ale e s c h e w e d in the S enate could be e x p r e s s e d in h is l e t t e r s to L ucy. T h u s, in two l e t t e r s to L u cy , Ju n e 8 and 9, he e x p r e s s e s h is o p inions of D a n ie l W e b s te r, u sin g such t e r m s a s "lo a th in g and c o n te m p t, " "I look upon h im w ith p ity , " " d e g r a d e d h im s e lf , " " s c o r n of f rie n d s he h a s d e s e r te d , " "he is lo s t, i r r e t r i e v a b l y l o s t , " and e v en " c o w a rd ly and c o r r u p t. " By c o n t r a s t (and in c o m p le te c o n tra d itio n ) only a few d a y s la te r in h is r e b u t ta l to W e b s te r, H a le 's o p in io n s and language w e re c o m p le te ly c o r r e c t and c o u rte o u s . D o zen s of s im i la r c o n tra d itio n s b e tw e en H a le 's p riv a te and public p ro n o u n c e m e n ts w e re found in c o m p a rin g l e t t e r s w ith s p e e c h e s ; th ey a lso s u p p o rt one of the p re d ic tio n s m a d e in the s t a t e m e n t of o u r r e s e a r c h p ro b le m . "Is It a Sin W hen L ig h t S h in es to W alk in the L ig h t? " H a p p ily for th is r e s e a r c h e r , W illia m C. D aw son of G e o rg ia p r e c ip ita te d on Ju n e 8 a s p e e c h by H ale w hich p ro v id e d a v e rif ic a tio n and f i f t e e n - y e a r s - l a t e r d i r e c t c o m p a r is o n of H a le 's " s la v e s a r e b e a s t s " s ta te m e n t w hich p ro v id e d the s ta r tin g p o int fo r th is study. D aw son a tte m p te d to e m b a r r a s s H a le , im pugning h is m o tiv e s . A m b i tio n , n o t p r in c ip le , the in d ic tm e n t r e a d , m o tiv a te d H a le . V ic e - 160 P r e s i d e n t F i l l m o r e 's c a llin g a tte n tio n to the t r a n s g r e s s i o n of p e rs o n a l a llu s io n s w ithin the S enate C h a m b e r w a s g r e e te d with la u g h te r by W eb s te r . C lay e n c o u ra g e d D aw son to go on. T o g e th e r w ith two o r th re e o th e r s , W e b ste r and C lay left b e fo re H ale had a chance to defend h i m s e lf. They m is s e d h e a rin g the o pening of H a le 's r e p l y - - a g em of im p ro m p tu speaking: Now, I a d m it the f i r s t c h a r g e , in its f u lle s t e x te n t, w hich h as b e e n m ad e by the h o n o ra b le S e n a to r f r o m G e o rg ia , that in 1835 I did a c t a s S ain t P a u l did b e fo re h is c o n v e rs io n . (L a u g h te r) I then thought th a t I w a s doing God s e r v ic e by p e rs e c u tin g the A b o litio n is ts. (L a u g h te r) I a d m it it. B ut, s i r , w hen light did shine on m e , n o t by su c h a s u p e r n a tu r a l v isio n as th a t w hich took the s c a le s f r o m the A p o s tle 's e y e s , but w hen I saw the A b o litio n is ts w e r e not w h at they w e re r e p r e s e n t e d to be; w hen I saw , as M r. S to r r s a id , th a t they w e r e not i n s u r r e c tio n a r y in th e ir m o v e m e n ts , and th a t they sought by fo rc e of r e a s o n , and a rg u m e n t, and p e r s u a s io n and w hen I found, as I have by in te r c o u r s e w ith s o u th e rn g e n tle m e n , th a t s la v e h o ld e r s w e re not so bad a s I thought, I c h an g ed m y v iew s. Is th a t a s in ? Is it a sin w hen light s h in e s to w alk in the lig h t? T he hour of a d jo u rn m e n t in te r r u p te d th is re p ly . H ale w a s u n p e rtu r b e d by D aw son, judging by h is l e t te r to Lucy that s a m e evening in w hich he r e p o r te d the in c id e n t in h a lf a s e n te n c e (" a la b o re d and e la b o r a te a tta c k on m e") w hich w a s im m e d ia te ly follow ed by a lm o s t a page and a h a lf d is c u s s in g D an iel W e b s te r 's s p e e c h of the p re v io u s day (e x c e rp ts of H a le 's r e m a r k s on W e b s e te r w e r e q u o ted in the p re c e d in g se ctio n ). W hen H ale r e s u m e d h is d e fe n s e , he u s e d the d e b a te r 's ta c tic of try in g to tu rn an o p p o n e n t's w o r d s a ro u n d , sa y in g that the the s o u th e r n e r s m u st be h a rd p r e s s e d if they had to s e a r c h b ack fifte e n y e a r s to the 161 r e m a r k s of " a poor c o u n try la w y e r" in o r d e r to find an a rg u m e n t. P u r s u in g the m a t t e r f u r t h e r , H ale su g g e ste d th a t he and h is c o lle a g u e s could re a d ily p ro d u c e s im i la r p e rs o n a l a tta c k s (if th ey w e re w illing to sto o p to th at). He put it th is way: The h o n o ra b le S e n a to r confidently p a r a d e s b e fo re the S enate and the C o u n try the fa c t th a t I occupy a d iff e re n t p o s itio n now f r o m w h at I did in 1835; and although he sa id it w as n o t d i s c r e d ita b le , n o tw ith sta n d in g h is d i s c l a im e r , I m u s t take th is s p e e c h f o r w hat it w as in te n d e d . If it be d is c r e d ita b le to occupy a d if f e r e n t p o s itio n on th is q u e s tio n f ro m w hat I did so m e tim e ago, I w ant to a s k the h o n o ra b le S e n a to r if he c a n n o t look a ro u n d h im w ithout going a g r e a t w ay f ro m h o m e , and find o th e r illu s tr io u s in s ta n c e s , w ith o u t d e s c e n d in g to so h u m b le an in d iv id u al as m y s e lf. I think he could find in s ta n c e s of m e n o ccu p y in g o th e r p o s itio n s now th an th e y did n o t lo n g e r ago th a n in 1835. T hen, H ale s u m m e d up h is own p e rs o n a l d e fe n s e in p o s itiv e te r m s : I can w ith an u n b lan c h e d cheek a p p e a l to the S e a r c h e r of h e a r t s to p ro n o u n ce the s e n te n c e , which m u s t be p ro n o u n ce d on a ll h u m a n a c tio n s , on the c o u rs e w hich I th en took. No, s i r , th an k G od, th a t is beyond the r e a c h of the c a lu m n y of m a lic e its e lf , and I h ave no f e a r s fo r th a t. I m ay s a y , in the e lo q u e n t lan g u ag e of a n o th e r , "the p a s t at l e a s t is s e c u r e . " One w o n d e rs if S e n a to r D aw son w as su fficie n tly s e n s itiv e to a p p re c ia te the p u n c tilio u s ly p a r l i a m e n ta r y y e t c ru s h in g fin a l p a r a g r a p h , show ing how to h an d le ad h o m in e n a tta c k s : And now , in c o n c lu s io n , I w ould say fo r m y s e lf, w ithout u n d e rta k in g to c o m m e n d anything to anybody e ls e , to a ll the s c a v e n g e r s of p a rty th a t in v e s t the p u r lie u s of s o c ie ty , w hose b u s in e s s it is to b r e a k open the s e w e r s th a t th e y m ay dig fro m th en c e th e s c a n d a l th a t h a s b e e n evolved in the h e a t of p o litic a l and p e r s o n a l c o n te s t, th a t if th ey had a s k e d a t m y h a n d s to say s o m e th in g w hich w ould wound the fe e lin g s of o t h e r s , I would say to th e m , Go b a c k to the filthy r e c e s s e s f r o m w hich you have s p ru n g , and do n o t s e e k to m ak e m e a c h a n n el th ro u g h w hich the e ff o r ts of y o u r m a lic e m a y find v ent to the S en ate and to the c o u n try . 162 H a le 's r e p ly to D aw son p ro v id e s a d d itio n a l p ro o f of the a u th e n tic ity of H a le 's " s la v e s a r e b e a s t s " sta n c e in 1835. It stro n g ly im p lie s som e of H a le 's m o tiv e s a s he g ra d u a lly sw itc h e d s id e s : the re lig io u s s tr a n d s u r f a c e s (alth o u g h the sp e e c h w as by no m e a n s s e rm o n ic ); his r e m a r k s about a b o litio n is ts n o t b eing i n s u r r e c t io n a r y b u t d e p e n d e n t on r e a s o n and p e r s u a s io n s u s ta in s h is m o d e r a te view s fa v o rin g c o n ta in m e n t b u t not n a tio n a l a b o litio n ("you can n o t le g is la te m o ra lity " ) ; and h is s ta te m e n t th a t " s la v e h o ld e r s w e re not so b ad " e it h e r , h e lp s to e x p la in h is b e lie f th a t u ltim a te ly the s la v e h o ld e r s w ould s e t t h e ir own s la v e s f r e e . "I W ill Not C o n se n t" In the D aw so n e p is o d e H ale found h im s e lf in the f a m ilia r s itu a tion of b eing sin g le d out fo r s p e c ia l s e n a to r ia l a tte n tio n ; the w a lk -o u t sta g e d by W e b s te r and C lay b o o m e ra n g e d by h e ig h te n in g th a t fo cu s of a tte n tio n . E v e r s in c e h is p ublic l e t te r six y e a r s e a r l i e r to New H a m p s h ir e v o te r s r e g a r d in g T e x a s A n n ex atio n , H ale had b e e n a p o litic a l m a v e r ic k w ith a f la ir fo r a ttr a c tin g the sp o tlig h t. H o w e v e r, none of the d o c u m e n ts e x a m in e d by th is r e s e a r c h e r s u g g e ste d th a t anyone a c c u s e d H ale of b eing e g o c e n tric . On the c o n tr a r y , he show ed a wide ra n g e of i n te r e s t s a d a p te d to the a c tiv itie s of o t h e r s , e .g . , he once w ro te a 17 -p ag e l e t te r to h is d a u g h te r Lucy c o n c e rn in g h e r p e t c a n a ry . N e v e r th e le s s , one is s tr u c k by h is fre q u e n t u s e of the f i r s t p e r s o n 163 p ro n o u n , e s p e c ia lly in h is p ublic d is c o u r s e . C o n s id e r a n o th e r e x a m p le ty p ic a l of H a l e 's s p e e c h e s d u rin g the d e b a te s s tim u la te d by C la y 's C o m p ro m is e : ^ u n d e r s t a n d by th e e x p la n a tio n m ad e by the S e n a to r f ro m M a ry la n d , th a t the law a s it now s ta n d s g iv es to the c itiz e n s of M a ry la n d a m onopoly of the r ig h t to b rin g s e r v a n ts into th is D i s tr i c t fo r h ir e . A nd, a s an in d u c e m e n t to continue th is s ta te of th in g s , we a r e to ld , le g is la tin g h e r e fo r the D i s tr i c t , th a t in c o n s id e r a tio n of th a t, w e, the le g i s la t o r s of the D is tr ic t, h ave the rig h t to c a r r y o u r s la v e s for h ir e into the S tate of M a ry la n d ; and it is n o t a o n e - s id e d b u s in e s s a lto g e th e r , b e c a u s e th e r e is s e c u r e d to u s - and w hen I say u s , I_ sp e a k of u s a s le g is la to r s fo r the D i s tr i c t of C o lu m b ia - t h e r e is s e c u r e d to us and to o u r c o n s titu e n ts in th is D i s tr i c t , the r ig h t to take o u r s la v e s into M a ry la n d and w o rk th e m t h e r e , and it is a f a ir tr a d e . Now, fo r o n e , I w an t to m a k e no su c h b a rg a in . I do n o t w an t to m a k e an y th in g by h irin g s la v e s . God know s I do not w ant to m a k e a n y thing by le ttin g th e m out. I a m w illin g to give up a ll the p r i v i leg e th a t p e r ta in s to m e a s one of the le g i s la t o r s fo r th is D i s t r i c t , to y ie ld up the g o ld en p r o s p e c ts f ro m th a t s c h e m e of c o m b in in g c a p ita l and la b o r w hich is to be found by tak in g o u r people - c o lo re d p eo p le - f ro m th is D i s tr i c t down into M a ry la n d , and w o rk in g th e m t h e r e , and tak in g pay fo r th e ir la b o r. S ir, it m ay be e s tim a te d by so m e to be a v e ry g r e a t p riv ile g e ; fo r o n e , I_ do n o t w ish to en joy it; I a m w illin g to give up, to r e lin q u is h it e n tir e ly . B ut, on the o th e r h an d , I a m n o t w illing to s u b m it any lo n g e r to h av e the p e o p le of the S tate of M a ry la n d enjoy a m o n o p oly of the p r iv ile g e of b rin g in g t h e ir s la v e s h e r e and w o rk in g th e m fo r h i r e . I w a n t a ll the S ta te s to sta n d on an e q u a lity in th is r e s p e c t. T he S e n a to r f r o m M a ry la n d sa y s th a t we a r e w il ling to e x te n d th is p r iv ile g e - th a t is , we a r e w illing to le t a ll the r e s t of the sla v e S ta te s of the U nion enjoy the s a m e p riv ile g e th a t the S tate of M a ry la n d now e n jo y s; and in ste a d of r e p e a lin g th at p a r t of the law w h ich c o n fe r s the rig h t upon the people of M a r y lan d , he is w illin g to e x te n d it to a ll the S ta te s . W ell, s i r , p e r h a p s th a t w ould be eq u a l; but it w ould be ju s t a s e q u a l to r e p e a l th a t p a r t of the law w h ich c o n fe r s th a t rig h t upon the peo p le of the S tate of M a ry la n d . ( Ita lic s m in e .) The r a t h e r n u m e r o u s f i r s t p e r s o n r e f e r e n c e s in the above e x c e r p t do n o t s e e m obn o x io u s to th is r e a d e r , but they a r e n u m e r o u s , 164 and ty p ic a l of m u c h of H a le 's u tte r a n c e . T h e ir a n a ly s is m a y th ro w a new b e a m of lig h t on one f a c e t of H a le 's c o m m u n ic a tio n s . F i r s t , the n a tu r e of the a r g u m e n t u s e d in the M a ry la n d s p e e c h r e q u ir e d the u se of h is "I, fo r o n e " a p p ro a c h , and th is is no d iffe re n t f r o m the u sa g e by any s p e a k e r . S ec o n d , we m ay in q u ire why h is ch o ice of th is type of a r g u m e n t. An a n s w e r is th a t H a le 's s ta tu s a s the M an W ithout a P a r ty a lm o s t a u to m a tic a lly r e q u ir e d the f re q u e n t u s e of "T can sp e ak only fo r m y s e lf. " T h ird , h o w e v e r, by th is tim e a tte n tio n should be c a lle d to the c o n s is te n t tre n d of e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d to the p re v io u s p a g e s w hich in d ic a te s th a t H ale w as by (in b o rn ? ) t e m p e r a m e n t an in d i v id u a lis t. Not in the s e n se of being an e c c e n t r i c o r a " sh o w -o ff"; on the c o n tr a r y , he w as e x c e p tio n a lly a m ia b le and g r e g a r io u s . B ut m o re in the s e n s e of b ein g a c o n s c ie n tio u s o b j e c t o r - - t o s la v e r y , w a r, flo g ging in th e n a v y , liq u o r tr a d e p r a c t ic e s , o r any th in g e ls e w h e re he th o u g h t th a t q u e s tio n s of c o n s c ie n c e w e re a t is s u e . T h u s, v e ry e a rly in th is study we d o c u m e n te d H a le 's y e a r s of in n e r s tru g g le d u rin g w hich he " c r e a te d " h is own highly p e r s o n a l r e lig io n (a re lig io n p r i m a r i ly b a s e d upon two in d iv id u a ls: J e s u s and Jo h n P a r k e r H ale). D e s p ite h is r e s p e c t fo r su c h p l u r a l is ti c s ta n d a r d s a s the C o n stitu tio n and "th e law , " H ale c h a n g ed h is m in d w hen he e v e n tu a lly r e a liz e d th a t the S u p re m e C o u rt c o n s is te d of nine in d iv id u a ls (m o s t of th e m s o u th e r n e r s ) . H is r e m a r k s on th is s u b je c t d u rin g d e b a te on the F u g itiv e S lave A ct in c lu d e d the follow ing: 165 It is c o n s id e r e d h e re a s a s o r t of p a tr io tic e ffo rt to e x p r e s s g r e a t c o n fid en ce in the S u p re m e C o u rt. I e x p r e s s no co n fid en ce th a t I do not fe e l, and 1 ^ n e v e r w ill. We a r e living - and it is not w o rth w hile to a tte m p t to c o n c e a l the f a c t - w hen we a r e a p p r o a c h ing an im p o r ta n t c r i s i s in p u b lic o pinion in r e g a r d to the su b je c t of s la v e r y ; and I say h e r e , and sh a ll sta n d by th a t s e n tim e n t till m y c o n v ic tio n s a r e a lte r e d , th a t the c o u rs e of the S u p re m e C o u rt of the U nited S ta te s , w h e n e v e r q u e s tio n s r e la tin g to s la v e r y have co m e b e fo re th e m , h a s n o t b e e n su c h a s to c o m m a n d m y c o n fi d e n c e. No, s i r , f a r f ro m it; and a m n o t the h y p o c rite to p r o f e s s a c o n fid en ce w hich I do not fe e l. I w ill go f u r th e r : I w ill say th a t the S u p re m e C o u rt h a s ta k e n a c o u rs e on q u e s tio n s of th is s o r t w h ich , in ste a d of b eing su c h a s to c o m m a n d m y c o n fi d e n c e , h a s w e a k e n e d that w hich I_ had b e fo re . T h e r e f o r e , upon q u e s tio n s of th is s o r t [ s la v e ry ] w h e re 1^ think th e r e is a n y th in g at s ta k e , I w ill not c o n s e n t to s u b m it to th e m th a t w hich I_ ca n r e ta in w ithin m y own c o n tro l. ^ sa id I_ w as w illing to s u b m it th is , b e c a u s e it in v o lv e s nothing. I b e lie v e it is a fo re g o n e c o n c lu s io n , and is to be d e c id e d a g a in s t us in any w ay, and in a s m u c h a s I_ have n o th in g e ith e r to gain o r lo s e , 1^ h ave no o b je c tio n . 1^ do n o t q u a r r e l w ith anybody; but e n te r ta in in g th is o p in io n , 1^ m u s t a c t upon it, and w h e n e v e r th a t is s u e is m a d e , if it is to be m ad e b e fo re the b a r of p ublic o p in io n , I a m re a d y to m e e t the S u p re m e C o u rt, o r anybody e ls e , b e fo re th a t b a r of p u b lic opinion upon the q u e s tio n w h e th e r the c o u rs e of th a t c o u rt h a s b e e n su c h , upon q u e s tio n s of th is s o r t , a s to c o m m e n d it to the f r ie n d s of r a tio n a l fre e d o m . (Ita lic s su p p lie d . ) "I w ill n o t c o n s e n t" ro u g h ly s u m m a r i z e s m o s t of H a le 's m a jo r p ublic p r o n o u n c e m e n ts . Of c o u r s e , b ein g an in d iv id u a lis t and being a g a in s t m an y p o p u la r o p inions a r e to so m e d e g re e c o m p le m e n ta r y a lm o s t by d e fin itio n . N o n e th e le s s , it s e e m s im p o r ta n t in tr a c in g H a le 's jo u rn e y f ro m p r o - to a n tis la v e r y to c o m p a re and c o n tr a s t su ch b e h a v io r s a s c a s tin g the s o lita r y "n ay " a g a in s t a m e m o r ia l fo r P a s s e d M id s h ip m a n R o g e r s w ith h is c a m p a ig n in g fo r the p r o s l a v e r y P o lk . A c o n s id e r a tio n of continuing b a ttle s a m o n g o p p o sin g f o r c e s w ith in a 166 m a n , even one so d e d ic a te d a s H a le , is n e c e s s a r y for any q u a lita tiv e d e s c r ip tio n o r e x p la n a tio n of h is c o v e rt c o n v ictio n s and o v e r t a c tio n s . T h e re d o e s n o t s e e m to e x is t a u n id im e n s io n a l in n e r p h e n o m e n o n such a s th at fre q u e n tly defined a s "an a ttitu d e . " H a le 's u n re le n tin g a tta c k s h elp e d to d elay but did n o t p re v e n t the p a s s a g e of C la y 's C o m p r o m is e m e a s u r e s . They w e re sig n e d in the la tte r p a r t of 1850 by P r e s i d e n t F illm o r e , who an n ounced th a t they w e re "a fin a l s e ttle m e n t" of the " d a n g e ro u s " s la v e r y d isp u te . H ale d is a g r e e d w ith the P r e s i d e n t, of c o u r s e , and a c c u r a te ly p r e d ic te d th at the c o n flict would g e t w o r s e b e fo re g ettin g b e tte r. In 1851, H ale f ir e d a n ew type of a r r o w into his fa v o r ite t a r g e t - - th e F u g itiv e Slave A ct. F r e d e r i c k W ilk in s, u s u a lly know n by his n ic k n a m e S h a d ra c h , w as one of the f i r s t ru n a w a y s c a p tu re d u n d e r the A ct. S h a d ra c h e s c a p e d f r o m V irg in ia to B o sto n w h e re he w as soon a r r e s t e d by a U nited S ta te s D eputy M a rs h a l. A g ro u p of N e g ro e s r e s c u e d S h a d ra c h f ro m the C o u rt H o u se , shipping him f a r t h e r n o rth to sa fe ty . H e n ry C lay and o th e r s o u th e r n e r s w e re fu rio u s and d e m a n d e d an in q u iry . The B o sto n V ig ila n c e C o m m itte e s e le c te d and paid fo r leg a l co u n sel to the defend the l e a d e r s of the r e s c u e p a rty w hen they w e re b ro u g h t to t r i a l . The c h o s e n a tto r n e y s w e re Jo h n P a r k e r H ale and R ic h a rd H e n ry D ana, J r . The t r i a l s opened on M ay 27. In g e n e ra l, D ana p ro v id e d h is e x te n s iv e le g a l know ledge w hile H ale p r e s e n te d m o s t of the o r a l a rg u m e n t. D a n a 's p r iv a te p a p e rs p r a is e d H ale a s a p e rs o n , 167 a c o m p a n io n , and an e lo q u e n t s p e a k e r . One p a s s a g e f ro m H a le 's e lo q u e n c e , o ft quoted at the tim e , w a s th is: Jo h n D e b re e c la im s th at he ow ns S h a d ra c h . O w ns w h a t? Ow ns a m a n ! Suppose Jo h n D e b re e should say he ow ns the m o o n , and h a s an e x c lu s iv e r ig h t in its b e a m s ! W ould a M a s s a c h u s e tts ju ry find it s o ? And y e t, m o o n s sh a ll w ax and wane no m o re ; the e a r th its e lf sh a ll c ru m b le and d e c ay , w hile th e soul of the p o o r, h u nted, p e r s e c u te d S h a d ra c h s h a ll live on w ith the life of God h im s e lf! At the end of the t r i a l, all of the d e fe n d a n ts w e re a c q u itte d . In a d d i tion to h is $500 fee f ro m the C o m m itte e , H ale r e c e iv e d a sy m b o lic gift f r o m the b lac k c itiz e n s of B o sto n in a p p re c ia tio n . C o n c lu sio n In F e b r u a r y 1852 a t th e ir s ta te co n v e n tio n , Ohio F r e e S o ile rs e le c te d H ale a s th e ir choice for th e ir p a r t y 's p r e s id e n tia l n o m in e e . So H ale w as a g a in co n fro n ted w ith a d iffic u lt p e r s o n a l d e c is io n . Once a g a in he tr i e d to d is c o u ra g e his f o llo w e r s . B ut h a rd ly any o th e r a b o litio n is t p o litic ia n s of n a tio n a l s ta tu r e w e r e a v a ila b le . D u rin g the p a s t few y e a r s the few o th e r p r o m in e n t a n tis la v e r y p ro p o n e n ts had d e c id e d to fight the b a ttle w ithin the f r a m e w o r k of the two m a jo r p a r tie s . F o r e x a m p le , Van B u re n and h is B a r n s t o r m e r s had m e r g e d w ith the D e m o c r a tic P a r ty and s u p p o rte d H a le 's old tim e " fr ie n d " P i e r c e . As a n o th e r e x a m p le , C h a se in Ohio had b e c o m e ta in te d by h is n e g o tia tio n s w ith the D e m o c ra ts . T h u s, the q u e s tio n of d isb a n d in g th e F r e e Soil P a r ty (so o n to change its n a m e to F r e e D e m o c r a tic P a rty ) w as 168 being s e r io u s ly d is c u s s e d . H ale h a d to w r e s tle with h is c o n s c ie n c e fo r six m o n th s and he w as c o n s ta n tly p ro d d e d , e . g . , in M ay the s ta te co nvention in M aine d e c la r e d for h is c a n d id a c y . The n a tio n a l F r e e D e m o c ra tic C o n vention w as s c h e d u le d for A u g u st 11, 1852 in P itts b u rg h . H ale th re w the d e l e g a te s into a s ta te of confusion w hen he w ro te a p u b lic le t te r , p u b lish e d in T he C o m m o n w e a lth on A ugust 7, w hich said w ith r e g a r d to h is p o s sible n o m in a tio n : It is tr u e th a t I h av e no rig h t to a n tic ip a te th a t when the C o n vention h a s a s s e m b le d , its a c tio n w ill be su c h a s to r e n d e r it n e c e s s a r y fo r m e to a n s w e r such a q u e stio n . B ut I d e s ir e to be candid and e x p lic it, and to say to a ll m y f r ie n d s , and to the m e m b e r s of th at C onvention, in a d v a n c e , th a t a f te r having m a tu r e ly c o n s id e r e d the s u b je c t, and looked a t it in all its a s p e c ts , and c o n su lte d w ith m an y f rie n d s on w h o se ju d g m e n t I h a v e been a c c u s to m e d to re ly , I have com e to the co n clu sio n th a t I ought not, and cannot c o n s e n t to such an u s e of my n a m e , an d I w ish you, if it b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y , so to s ta te e x p lic itly to the C onvention, o r to any m e m b e r of it, and to say th a t it is m y d e lib e r a te and fin a l d e te rm in a tio n . C e rta in ly th is sounded fin a l enough, y e t in the s a m e le tte r he had c o n d e m n e d both W higs and D e m o c ra ts a s s u b s e r v ie n t to s la v e ry p o w e r, and had s u m m e d up h is c o n c lu sio n thus: At s u c h a m o m e n t and u n d e r su ch c ir c u m s t a n c e s , is it the tim e to ta lk of d isb a n d in g and d is o rg a n iz in g the A n ti-S la v e ry and F r e e Soil P a r t y , the p a rty of In d ep en d en t D e m o c ra c y ? I t r u s t th a t to th at q u e s tio n e v e ry tr u e m a n who w as e v e r w ith us an d of u s , w ill a n s w e r e m p h a tic a lly , No. In a n e d ito r ia l a c c o m p a n y in g H a le 's l e t t e r , G e o rg e G. Fogg stro n g ly u rg e d H ale to r e c o n s i d e r . "H is l e t te r w ill fill th e m [the d e le g a te s ] 169 w ith s u r p r i s e and e m b a r r a s s m e n t , " said Fogg. "In th a t l e tte r he p r a c tic a lly s e ts h i m s e lf in o p p o sitio n to the w is h e s and ju d g m e n t of the w hole p a r t y . " T he 2 ,0 0 0 d e le g a te s co m b in e d , a rg u e d F o g g , "A re m u c h b e tte r q u a lifie d th an M r. H ale o r any o th e r one m a n " to d ecid e w h a t is b e s t fo r the c a u s e . A t the C o n v e n tio n , the le a d e r s w e re of c o u r s e in a f r u s t r a t in g p r e d ic a m e n t. They d e c id e d to go a h e a d w ith th e ir p la n s to n o m in a te H ale; m e a n w h ile , they would apply e v e ry p o s s ib le p r e s s u r e to g e t h im to change h is m in d . And that w as the way th in g s h a p p e n ed . On A ugust 12, 1852, H ale w as u n a n im o u sly n o m in a te d ; m e a n w h ile , te l e g r a m s and l e t te r s w e r e a lr e a d y on th e ir way to the r e lu c ta n t c a n d id a te . And p r e s s u r e f ro m a ll a n g le s co ntinu ed to be e x e rte d . No l e t te r e ith e r of a c c e p ta n c e o r r e je c tio n c a m e f ro m H ale fo r s e v e r a l w e e k s - - o n ly s ile n c e . And s ile n c e w hen u tte r a n c e is e x p e c te d , is in and of its e lf a f o r m of n o n v e rb a l c o m m u n ic a tio n . H aving m ad e up his m in d once and is s u e d a c h a r a c te r is t ic "I w ill n o t c o n s e n t, " H ale now w as fo rc e d to go th ro u g h the agony a ll o v e r a g a in . The co n ten d in g f o r c e s w ith in h im w e re a p p ro x im a te ly the sa m e a s th ey had b e e n so m e fo u r y e a r s ago w hen he w as n o m in a te d by the L ib e rty p a rty but this tim e the in n e r d is s o n a n c e m u s t have b een m o re s e v e r e . T his tim e th e r e could be no l a t e r e s c a p e a s w hen H ale had a c c u r a te ly f o r e s e e n the 1848 m e r g e r u n d e r Van B u r e n 's le a d e rs h ip . V an B u r e n 's d e fe c tio n a ls o m e a n t th a t th e c h a n c e s of a ttr a c tin g a la r g e vote w e r e e v e n le s s th a n in 1848. As of 1852, H ale w a s 46 y e a r s of a g e , th en j u s t re a c h in g h is p e rs o n a l and p o litic a l p r im e . Should he save h is th u n d e r u n til 1856 o r I 860 w hen o p p o sitio n to s la v e r y m ig h t in c r e a s e to a le v e l w hich w ould p ro v id e a r e a l i s t i c c h a n ce of v ic to ry a t the p o lls ? T h is point w as w ell sta te d in a l e t te r of A u g u st 5 f ro m one of h is s tr o n g e s t p o lit ic a l a d v is o r s , A m os Tuck: "I s till continue of the o pinion th a t you a r e of too m u ch v alu e to be u se d up, by being ru n at th is tim e . " F u r t h e r m o r e , a c c e p ta n c e w ould r e q u i r e w e e k s of a rd u o u s c a m p a ig n in g w ith th e a c c o m p a n y in g a b s e n c e f r o m h is fa m ily . And w h at ab o u t h is p e r so n a l c a r e e r in the n e a r fu tu re a f te r h is a lm o s t c e r t a i n d e fe a t for r e e le c tio n to the S en ate by th e N ew H a m p s h ir e L e g is la tu r e ? On the o th e r hand, H ale had s e v e r a l tim e s publicly d e c la re d th a t a th ird p a rty , the F r e e D e m o c r a ts o r F r e e S o ile r s (the n a m e s w e re u s e d in te r c h a n g e ably a t th e tim e ) w as n e c e s s a r y at th is ju n c tu re fo r co n tinued p r o g r e s s of the a n ti s la v e r y c a u se ; and H a l e 's w ith d ra w a l would p ro b ab ly m e a n the d iss o lu tio n of th is p a rty . A ls o , m o s t of h is c lo se f rie n d s and c o l le a g u e s would c o n s id e r h is w ith d ra w a l a s an u n e th ic a l a c t of d e s e r tio n . Could he d e s e r t th is p a rty d u rin g its h o u r of g r e a t e s t n e e d ? F u r t h e r m o r e , w hat about H a le 's y e a r s of in tra in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n d u rin g w hich he d e v e lo p e d h is u n iq u ely p e r s o n a l e th i c a l - m o r a l- r e l ig i o u s c r i t e r i a ? Did he n o t a s k h im s e lf , "W hat would J e s u s have done u n d e r p r e c is e ly s im i la r c ir c u m s t a n c e s ?" Did he n o t r e f l e c t upon the fate of th e th o u sa n d s of s la v e s , t o r n f r o m th e ir loved o n e s , sold lik e c a ttle 171 f r o m the a u c tio n p e n s ? Did he not w eigh the fate of h u n d re d s of b la c k s c a p tu re d u n d e r the obnoxious new F u g itiv e Slave A c t-- in d iv id u a l h u m an s o u ls e x a c tly like "the p o o r, h u n ted , p e r s e c u te d S h a d ra c h ? " W ould he c o n tr a d ic t a ll th e s e p e r s o n a l co n v ic tio n s ju s t b e c a u s e he f e a r e d to be the s a c r i f i c i a l la m b d o o m ed to d e fe a t in a p r e s id e n tia l e le c tio n ? F in a lly , on S e p te m b e r 6 , H ale b ro k e his s ile n c e . He a c c e p te d the n o m in a tio n . P r in c ip le had p re v a ile d o v e r e x p e d ie n c y . H ale c a m p a ig n e d s tre n u o u s ly in an e le c tio n th at w as o th e r w is e d ull to the p oint of ap ath y . H o w e v e r, h is s p e e c h e s re v e a le d no i m p o r ta n t m o d ific a tio n s of h is s la v e r y c o n v ic tio n s o r h is s u p p o rtin g a r g u m e n ts . H is b e lie fs had ch anged c o m p le te ly sin c e 1835 and had now m a tu r e d , th u s m a rk in g the end of o u r r e s e a r c h jo u rn e y . In N o v e m b e r, a s e x p e c te d , H ale w as c ru s h e d a t the p o lls , r e c e iv in g only 156, 149 p o p u la r v o te s. And a m o n th l a t e r , a ls o a s e x p e c te d , the New H a m p s h ir e L e g is la tu r e took aw ay h is s e a t in the S e n a te . N e v e r th e le s s , he had held the p a rty to g e th e r, p ro v id e d an e x a m p le of lo y alty to the c a u s e , and p e rh a p s th u s nudged the h i s t o r ic a l p en d u lu m . He r e c e iv e d m a n y tr ib u te s f r o m h is s u p p o r te r s , an d th e s e in clu d ed su c h m e n a s R alp h W aldo E m e r s o n , W illia m L loyd G a r r i s o n , C h a r le s S u m n e r, W alt W h itm an , R ic h a rd H e n ry D ana, J r . , S a m u el G rid le y H ow e, and C h a r le s F r a n c is A d a m s . He w as th e ir titu la r h ead fo r so m e two m o r e y e a r s ; e v e n tu a lly , th e ir fa m e w ould s u r p a s s H a le 's but a s of th is m o m e n t H ale w as the m o s t e m in e n t and m o s t fa m o u s sy m b o l of the a n tis la v e r y m o v e m e n t. John P a r k e r H a le 's m a in ta sk w as d o n e - - f o r m o r e th a n two y e a r s he had stood alone in the S e n a te , co n ten d in g a g a in s t the C a lh o u n s, the C la y s , and the W e b s te rs . N othing q uite lik e th is o n e -m a n c ru s a d e h a s e v e r b een s e e n in o u r S e n a te 's h a lls , b e fo re o r sin c e . 173 Hale P a p e r s Source N o te s -- C h a p te r VII jHale to E liz a b e th H a le , A p ril 18, 1848, N ew H a m p s h ire H is to r ic a l ' S ociety C o lle c tio n . H a le to E liz a b e th H a le , A p r il 19, 1848, New H a m p s h ire H is to r ic a l S o ciety C o lle c tio n . C h a se to H a le , J u n e 15, 1848, C h a se P a p e r s , New H a m p s h ir e H i s t o r i c a l S ociety C o llec tio n . H ale to M r s . H a le , Ju n e 9, 1850, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r ic a l S ociety C o lle c tio n . C H A PT E R VIII E P IL O G U E In 1855 and a g a in in 1858 H ale w as r e e le c te d to the U nited S ta te s S e n a te , co ncluding his s e r v ic e th e r e in 1865. Up u n til the o u t b r e a k of the C ivil W ar in 1861, H ale co ntinued to c o n d e m n s la v e r y but he had little th a t w as new to say on th a t s u b je c t; f u r t h e r m o r e , by th is tim e he w a s only one of a g ro u p o f s e n a to r s w ith a n tis la v e r y v iew s. C o n se q u e n tly , h is s e n a to r ia l s p e e c h e s w e re no lo n g e r n o v el o r sin g le d out a s a v oice c ry in g in the w ild e r n e s s . And a s u s u a l, th e r e w e r e sig n s th a t H ale found it h a rd to a d a p t to the ro le of te a m m e m b e r . N e v e r th e le s s , H a le 's n a tio n a l s ta tu r e w as m a in ta in e d fo r a few y e a r s . H ale c o m m a n d e d n a tio n a l a tte n tio n w hen he spoke a s a tto rn e y fo r the d e fe n se in the c a s e of e s c a p e d sla v e A nthony B u rn s in 1854. A c c u se d of o b s tru c tin g the F u g itiv e Slave A c t in th is t r i a l w e re su ch p ro m in e n t d e fe n d a n ts a s W endell P h illip s , T h e o d o re P a r k e r , and T h o m a s W en tw o rth H igginson. A gain in 1854, a s titu la r head of the a b o litio n is t c a u s e , H ale w as c a lle d upon to a d d r e s s la rg e r a l l ie s in New Y o rk and C o n c o rd in c o n d e m n a tio n of the new ly ad o p ted K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A ct. 174 175 H o w e v e r, the s la v e ry p o sitio n d e v elo p ed by H ale d u rin g 1848- 1852 w hich had once s e e m e d r a d ic a l, g ra d u a lly w as re c o g n iz e d a s the " m o d e r a te " v iew p o in t of one who s till tr i e d to k e e p a liv e a c o n s tru c tiv e dialogue w ith the South. H a le 's w o rd s m u s t have s e e m e d ta m e by c o m p a ris o n w ith th o se of su ch a b o litio n is ts a s C h a r le s S u m n e r or T h ad d eu s S te v e n s . In M ay 1856, one of S u m n e r's s p e e c h e s so a r o u s e d s o u th e rn e m o tio n s th at S e n a to r P r e s t o n B ro o k s of South C a r o lin a p h y sic a lly a tta c k e d S u m n e r in the S enate c h a m b e r , beating h im to u n c o n s c io u s n e s s w ith a heavy c a n e. H ale soon w ro te to h is w ife, "T h e a s s a u lt upon S u m n e r e x c ite s fe e lin g s th a t can h a rd ly be e x p r e s s e d . " N o n e th e le s s , he soon in cluded a ty p ic a l H ale r e m a r k , "T h e c h o ic e of the C o m m itte e to in v e s tig a te . . . is a b o u t a s g r e a t an o u tra g e on p a r l i a m e n ta r y p r o p r ie ty and u sa g e a s the a s s a u l t itse lf. . . . " He began h is c o n c lu sio n w ith w h at s e e m s p ro b ab ly a tru e p riv a te c o n fe s s io n (in tra ), "I m u s t c o n fe ss to you, I fe e l sic k and d isg u s te d w ith C o n g r e s s io n a l life. . . . " On Ju ly 4, 1956, in a l e t te r to L u cy , H ale a g a in ru m in a te s on the in c a p a c ita tio n of S u m n e r. "Som e people a r e say in g th a t S u m n e r m a lin g e r s b e c a u s e he 'e x u lte d and fe lt g lo rifie d a s a m a r t y r . ' " H ale m u s t a g a in " c o n f e s s " as he d is a g r e e s and b e g in s to in tr o s p e c t a b o u t S u m n e r 's " m e n ta l and s p ir itu a l n a tu r e " and the " c o r r o d in g of h is h e a rt. " H ale c o n tin u e s to confide to L u c y , his s ile n t and a b s e n t 176 " l i s t e n e r , " so m e th o u g h ts and fe e lin g s about S u m n er: H is c a s e a p p e a r e d , in one r e s p e c t, a n alo g o u s to a c h a r a c t e r d e s c r ib e d in B u l n e r 's P i lg r i m s of the R hine, who lived in two w o rld s e a c h s e p a r a te and d is tin c t f ro m the o th e r , one a w o rld of d r e a m s and v is io n s peo p led w ith an e n tir e ly d iffe re n t s e t of b e in g s f r o m th o se w ith w hich he w as s u rro u n d e d in his daily a c tu a l life. B ut the d r e a m s and v is io n s w e r e so m u ch m o re p le a t a n t th an the s o b e r r e a l it ie s of h is a c tu a l life th a t he w as alw ays im p a tie n t to h u r r y aw ay f r o m the l a t te r and busy h im s e lf in sle e p th a t he m ig h t r e s u m e h is in te r c o u r s e w ith the fa s c in a tin g shadow of h is h o m e in the land of d r e a m s . Such, in a d e g re e a p p e a r s to be S u m n e r 's c a s e . It s e e m s a lm o s t o b v io u s th a t H ale " ju s t n a tu r a lly " su p p o sed th a t S u m n e r " ju s t n a tu r a lly " c a r r i e d on a p riv a te life (or liv e s), in clu d in g in n e r d ialo g u e, and u sin g m e n ta l im a g e r y and v e rb a l sy m b o ls a s to o ls fo r both h is o v e r t and c o v e rt th in k in g , fe e lin g , and c o m m u n ic a tin g . H ale r e t u r n s to W a sh in g to n fo r the s h o rt s e s s io n of 1 8 56-1857, s e ttlin g his fa m ily in the N a tio n a l H otel. The "N ational H otel s i c k n e s s " (p ro b ab ly p a ra ty p h o id fe v e r) h it H ale s e v e r e ly - - h e w as n e v e r fully to r e c o v e r . A s soon a s p o s s ib le , H ale fled to D o v er to r e c o v e r so m e of his s tr e n g th . In h is a b s e n c e the D re d S cott D e c isio n an d the L e c o m p to n C o n s titu tio n fo r K a n s a s w e re p a s s e d . The M is s o u r i C o m p r o m is e w as th e r e b y in v a lid a te d and S co tt, a s a sla v e , w a s not e n title d to U nited S ta te s c itiz e n s h ip . H ale fe lt c o m p e lle d to r e t u r n to W ashington, p r e m a tu r e ly , to s p e a k a g a in s t th e s e two m e a s u r e s . H ale w a s r e t u r n e d to the S enate in 1858. The F u g itiv e Slave Law and s o u th e rn t h r e a t s of d isu n io n a r e the d o m in a n t is s u e s H ale a d d r e s s e s h im s e lf to. 177 C ivil w a r c o m e s . H ale b e c o m e s C h a irm a n of the N av al A ffa irs C o m m itte e . A " S o lita ry " fo r m an y y e a r s , the d y n a m ic s of h is p e r s o n a lity n u llify any e ffe c tiv e a tte m p ts a t c o o p e ra tio n . H is a tta c k on Navy p u r c h a s in g p r a c t ic e s s e e m e d to m a n y e x c e s s iv e . A g ain , a " S o lita ry " fo r m an y y e a r s , a s A m e r i c a 's M in is te r at M a d rid , H ale w as d e te r m in e d to ru n h is ow n shop, se ttin g in m o tio n an in c r e a s in g ly b itte r feud w ith S e c r e t a r y of L e g a tio n H o ra tio P e r r y . H ale is r e c a lle d . N e v e r fully r e c o v e r e d f r o m the "N a tio n a l H otel s ic k n e s s , " ill h e a lth now p u r s u e s H ale a s an u n r e le n tin g foe. H ale r e tu r n e d to A m e r ic a a w iz e n e d , c rip p le d m an . A s tr o k e . V igor d im in is h e d . A d is lo c a te d leg re f u s e d to m end. S e n s e s g ro w d u lle r . Jo h n P a r k e r H ale p e a c e fu lly d ie s at 9 o 'c lo c k on the e v en in g of N o v e m b e r 19, 1873. T he w o rd s c h is e lle d into the h e a d sto n e in d elib ly m a r k the m e a n in g of the tra g e d y follow ing a " fin e r h o u r " few m e n can hope to know: H E WHO LIES B E N E A T H S U R R E N D E R E D O F F IC E , P L A C E AND P O W E R R A T H E R THAN BOW DOWN AND W O R SH IP SLA V ER Y . 178 I H ale P a p e r s S o u rce N o t e s - - C h a p t e r VHI j - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - jHale to M r s . H a le , J u ly 3, 1856, New H a m p s h ir e H is to r i c a l S ociety C o llec tio n . C H A P T E R IX j SUM M ARY, FIN D IN G S, AND IM P L IC A T IO N S ! S u m m a ry In g e n e r a l, the p r o b le m of th is stu d y w as to d e te r m in e s ig n if i can t r e la tio n s h ip s a m o n g the m a j o r c o m m u n ic a tio n d im e n s io n s of the w r itte n -s p o k e n and the p r iv a te - p u b lic s ta te m e n ts in the c a s e of Jo h n i P a r k e r H a le a s he sh ifte d h is c o n v ic tio n s f r o m p r o s l a v e r y to a n ti- I s la v e r y d u rin g the p e rio d p re c e d in g the C ivil W a r. T h is g e n e ra l p r o b le m w as d iv id e d into s e v e r a l c o n s titu e n t s u b q u e s tio n s , d e a lin g w ith f o u r m a in to p ic s : I I 1. I n tr a - I n te r C o m m u n ic a tio n s: To w hat e x te n t w e re H a le 's q u a s i- p r i v a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s , e . g . , l e t t e r s to h is w ife, v a lid in d ic a to r s of h is in tra in d iv id u a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s , I i. e . , "ta lk in g to h im s e lf " o r " in n e r d ia lo g u e ? " To w hat ! e x te n t w e re H a le 's q u a s i- p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s v alid in d ic a to r s of h is f u tu re public s ta te m e n ts a s c o m p a r e d w ith the p r e d ic tiv e v a lid ity of h is public s ta te m e n ts ? 2. N a tu re of " A ttitu d e s " : To w hat e x te n t w e re H a le 's " c o n v ic tio n s " r e g a r d in g s la v e r y a m e n a b le to d e s c r ip tio n by m e a n s of c o m m o n ty p e s of a ttitu d e m e a s u r e s , e. g. , L ik e r t, O sgood , o r F is h b e in ? To w hat e x te n t w e r e i H a le 's c h a n g e s of " c o n v ic tio n s " p re d ic ta b le by m e a n s of ! th e fo re g o in g a ttitu d e m e a s u r e s ? 3. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of P u b lic D is c o u rs e : To w hat e x te n t did m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's p ublic d is c o u r s e (s p e e c h e s 180 and open l e t t e r s ) change th ro u g h tim e (183 2 -1 8 5 2 )? A tten tio n w as lim ite d to su b s ta n tiv e f e a t u r e s , e .g . , h is b a s ic a p p ro a c h , h is o r g a n iz a tio n a l p a tte r n s , h is choice of m a in p o in ts , h is ty p e s of e v id e n c e o r su p p o rtin g m a t e r ia l s . To w h at e x te n t did m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H a le 's public d i s c o u r s e v a ry w ith the is s u e s h e d is c u s s e d ? To w hat e x te n t did m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f H a le 's d is c o u r s e v a ry in h is q u a s i- p r i v a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s as c o m p a re d w ith h is p u b lic s ta te m e n ts ? 4. H is to r ic a l E v e n ts L e a d in g Up to the C ivil W ar: W hat a d d i tio n al lig h t, if any, is th ro w n upon H a le 's h is to r ic a l s i g n ific an c e by th is study of h is c o m m u n ic a tio n b e h a v io r s ? The study w a s t h e o r y - o r ie n te d , it so u g h t to p ro v id e new d a ta b e a rin g upon an e m e r g in g th e o r y r e la tiv e to the e x p la n a to ry and p r e d ictiv e r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n two f o r m s of h u m an c o m m u n ic a tio n , i.e ., the i n tr a - and in te r in d iv id u al. T he m eth o d o lo g y w as th o u g h t to be in n o v ativ e. T e c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s w e re ta ilo r e d to the ta s k of e x p lo rin g th e c o m m u n ic a tio n s of Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , a b o litio n is t c a n d id a te fo r P r e s id e n t of the U n ited S ta te s in 1852. One p u rp o s e of th is m eth o d o lo g y w a s to p ro b e p o s s i b ilitie s fo r su p p le m e n tin g the v a lu e s of the q u a n tita tiv e b e h a v io r a l s c ie n c e a p p ro a c h to c o m m u n ic a tio n p r o b le m s w ith the v a lu e s of the n o n q u a n tita tiv e r h e t o r ic a l c r i t i c i s m a p p ro a c h to c o m m u n ic a tio n p r o b le m s . T he study u n d e rto o k to r e v e a l the d e lic a te w eb of i n te r r e la tio n s am ong the s p o k e n -w ritte n and the p u b lic - p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s of H ale so a s to p ro v id e a m u ltid im e n s io n a l a n a ly s is and s y n th e s is of one m a n 's evolving c o n v ic tio n s and o v e r t b e h a v io r s r e la tiv e to the is s u e of 181 s la v e ry and c o g n ate m a t t e r s . It w as thought t h a t som e light w as shed upon th e c o m m u n ic a tiv e p r o c e s s e s and a lso up o n o th e r s tu d ie s of a t t i tu d e s , o p in io n s, and b e lie fs . The in v e s tig a to r a n a ly z e d H a le 's public a d d r e s s e s , public l e t t e r s , and p riv a te c o rre s p o n d e n c e a s a c o n te x tu a l w hole. T his e n d e a v o r a p p e a re d to be m o re d e lib e r a te and s y s te m a tic than p re v io u s r h e t o r ic a l c ritiq u e s (m o s t of w hich w e re fo cu se d m a in ly o r e n tir e ly upon a c h o se n p e r s o n 's public s p e e c h e s ). By tr a c in g H a le 's v a r io u s c o m m u n ic a tiv e b e h a v io rs th ro u g h s e v e r a l y e a r s of tim e , so m e a d d itio n a l light w a s p e rh a p s shed upon the h i s t o r ic a l im p o rta n c e of H a le 's ro le d u rin g the s la v e ry d e b a te s of the p r e - C i v i l W a r e r a . C h a p te r I p r e s e n te d the r e s e a r c h p r o b le m , defined key t e r m s , and d is c u s s e d the sig n ific a n c e of the study. C h a p te r II p ro v id e d the b a c k g ro u n d fo r the p r e s e n t study by re v ie w in g s e v e r a l r e le v a n t p r e vious s tu d ie s . C h a p te r III d e s c r ib e d th e m eth o d o lo g y and d e s ig n of the study. C h a p te r IV c o m p r is e d a b r ie f b io g ra p h ic a l a c c o u n t of John P a r k e r H a le 's e a r ly life, s t r e s s i n g s e le c te d e x p e r ie n c e s r e la te d to h is s u b s e q u e n t public and p r iv a te life. C h a p te r V b e g a n w ith H a le 's 1835 p r o s l a v e r y sta n c e and ended w ith h is 1843 m ild ly a n tis la v e ry s ta n c e . C h a p te r VI t r a c e d H a le 's continuing s h ift of b e lie fs to his public avow al of a b o litio n is m in 1847. C h a p te r VII show ed the m a t u r a tion o f H a le 's a b o litio n is t p o s itio n into its fin a l fo rm . C h a p te r VIII 182 w as a b r ie f ep ilo g u e d e s c rib in g H a le 's g r a d u a l fading aw ay fro m pow er and p u b lic a tte n tio n . F in d in g s and Im p lic a tio n s A d is c u s s io n of the d e lic a te w eb of in te r r e la t io n s a m o n g the s p o k e n -w ritte n and the p u b lic -p riv a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s of Jo h n P a r k e r H ale led to the p o sitin g of a th e o r e tic a l f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e a s an u n d e r lying n o tion of the sp e e c h c o m m u n ic a tio n d is c ip lin e . D ic k e n s has s t r e s s e d th a t he is n o t p ro p o sin g th is m u ltid im e n s io n a l v iew of c o m m u n ic a tio n a s a fin a liz e d g e n e ra l th e o ry . T he w r i t e r 's in te r p r e ta tio n s of D ic k e n s' " f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e " have b e e n confined to th o se a s p e c ts th a t s e e m e d m o s t p e rtin e n t to the p r e s e n t study. D ic k e n s ' "te n tativ e d e fin itio n s" of h u m a n c o m m u n ic a tio n p ro v id e d a c o n v e n ie n t s ta rtin g point fo r tr e a tin g a n e g le c te d th e o r e tic a l is s u e of the " d e lic a te w eb" d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , an is s u e of v ita l im p o r ta n c e : w h a t is to be the th e o r e t i c a l s ta tu s of talk in g to o n e s e lf ( in t r a ) ? T he study of the i n t e r r e l a tio n s am o n g th e m an y c o m m u n ic a tio n b e h a v io r s of H ale d o e s su p p o rt the p o s itio n th a t a d e fin itio n of h u m an c o m m u n ic a tio n sh o u ld , in fa c t, in clu d e the " in t r a " a s w ell a s the " in t e r " f o r m of c o m m u n ic a tio n , th e r e b y giving a m u ltid im e n s io n a l (as o p p o se d to a u n id im e n s io n a l) view of c o m m u n ic a tio n . 183 H a le 's " C o n v ic tio n s ' 1 The p r e s e n t stu d y of Jo h n P a r k e r H ale w as d e sig n e d to t e s t the h y p o th e se s s u g g e s te d by the d e fin itio n s of " in tr a " and " in te r " c o m m u n ic a tio n . T h e o r e tic a lly , it w as p o s ite d th a t all p e r s u a s io n is s e lf p e rs u a s io n . T h e n , it w as h y p o th e s iz e d th a t th e s e p e rs o n a l t r a n s a c tio n s w e re m o s tly in te r n a liz e d , but that a t l e a s t p a r t of th is c o v e rt c o m m u n ic a tio n w ould be r e v e a le d by e x a m in a tio n of h is q u a s i- p r i v a te c o m m u n ic a tio n s . S eco n d ly , it w as h y p o th e siz e d th a t H a le 's i n t r a individual c o m m u n ic a tio n s a s r e v e a le d by so m e of his p r iv a te c o r r e sp o n d e n ce , w ould be v alid in d ic a to r s of so m e of h is s u b s e q u e n t i n t e r - in d ividual c o m m u n ic a tio n s . The o b s e r v a b le c o n s e q u e n c e s of the q u e s tio n s a s k e d by th e s e h y p o th e se s w e r e found to be that: 1. T h e r e w as i n tr in s ic e v id e n c e in H a le 's p r iv a te l e t te r s th a t he s o m e tim e s r e a liz e d th a t he w as " ta lk in g to h im s e lf . " 2. H is in tr a in d iv id u a l p r o c e s s e s , a s r e v e a le d by the l e t t e r s , w ould te m p o r a lly p re c e d e h is p ublic b e h a v io r s r e g a r d in g p a r t i c u l a r p r o b le m s ; and th is t im e - l a g w as m a n if e s te d by v a r i a n c e s b e tw e e n w h at he w as c u r r e n tly " sa y in g " p r i v a te ly and w h at he w as " sa y in g " publicly. 3. H is p u b lic s ta te m e n ts , view ed in s e q u e n c e , re v e a le d c h a n g e s in h is s la v e r y c o n v ic tio n s w hich co uld n o t be s a ti s f a c to r il y e x p la in e d a s a lo g ic a l p r o g r e s s io n fro m p r e v io u s p u b lic s ta te m e n ts alo n e; b u t w hich w e r e m o r e s a ti s f a c to r il y a c c o u n te d fo r a s h is c o n c u r r e n t p riv a te in tr a c o m m u n ic a tio n s w e re a ls o added in t h e i r te m p o r a l s e q u e n c e . 184 The c h ie f m e th o d o lo g ic a l o b je c tiv e , th e n , s u c c e s s fu lly te s te d the p o s s ib ilitie s of e x p la in in g o r e v e n p re d ic tin g one fo rm of h u m an sy m b o lic b e h a v io r (the in te r) by m e a n s of a n o th e r f o r m (the in tra ). Of c o u r s e , p r e c a u tio n s w e re tak e n to p r e s e r v e o b je c tiv ity , to c r o s s ch eck the d a ta for c o n s is te n c y , to n ote the n e g a tiv e e v id e n c e and to ho n o r the c r i t e r io n of v e rif ic a tio n by o th e r in d ep e n d e n t q u a lifie d o b s e r v e r s , in te s tin g the h y p o th e s e s . H a le 's A ttitu d e s The follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e re a c c e p te d a s the m o s t c o m m on in d e fin itio n s of a ttitu d e s : an a ttitu d e is ( 1) a le a r n e d p r e d i s p o s i tion (2) to r e s p o n d to all r e le v a n t o b je c ts o r e v e n ts (3) in a fa v o ra b le o r u n fa v o ra b le d ire c tio n . A lm o s t a ll a ttitu d e m e a s u r e m e n ts a r e of the p e n c il- a n d - p a p e r v a rie ty , giving only u n id im e n s io n a l ( r a th e r th an m u ltid im e n s io n a l) p ro je c tio n s ; they have often fa ile d to p r e d ic t the o v e r t b e h a v io rs w hich they p u r p o r t to p r e d ic t. B ut m o re im p o rta n tly , th is a n a ly s is d e m o n s tra te d the im p o s s ib ility of stu dying the a ttitu d e c h a n g es of h i s t o r ic a l f ig u re s su c h a s H ale by m e a n s of q u a n tita tiv e l a b o r a to r y -ty p e m eth o d o lo g y . It w a s thought th a t the q u a lita tiv e m u lt i d im e n s io n a l a p p ro a c h u se d in th is study gave an a c c u r a te and u se fu l d e s c r ip tio n and a g r o s s m e a s u r e of change of H a le 's c o n v ic tio n s o v e r a p e rio d of s o m e fifte e n y e a r s . T h is a p p ro a c h a ls o p ro v id e d so m e p ro b ab ly e x p la n a tio n s of how and why the c o n v ic tio n s c h an g ed , plus the 185 in c lu s io n of H a le 's o v e r t b e h a v io r s r e l e v a n t to h is c o n v ic tio n s. C h a r a c t e r i s ti c s of H a le 's D is c o u rs e T he m a s te r k e y to u n d e rs ta n d in g the s u b s ta n tiv e f e a tu r e s of H a le 's d is c o u r s e (his c h o ic e s of m a in p o in ts , and h is ty p es of e v id e n c e o r su p p o rtin g m a t e r i a l s ) , is to ack n o w led g e H a le 's c a p a c ity to a tta c k fu n d a m e n ta lly m o r a l i s s u e s w ith le g a lis tic - p o litic a l w e a p o n s. H a le , th en , tr a n s c e n d e d the im m e d ia te is s u e and took a m u c h b r o a d e r p e r s p e c tiv e by d e te rm in in g the e th i c a l - r e l ig i o u s c o n s id e ra tio n s of a q u e s tion. A nd by doing so , a s s u m e d a g r e a t e r s ta tu r e th an he is p r e s e n tly a c c o rd e d . S u b sta n tiv e ly , th en , H a le 's d i s c o u r s e did n o t v a ry in his q u a s i p riv a te a s c o m p a re d w ith h is public s ta t e m e n ts , n o r w ith th e is s u e s he d is c u s s e d . A g ain , the in tr in s ic e v id e n c e in H a le 's p riv a te l e t te r s re v e a le d th at he "ta lk ed to h im s e lf , " th a t h is in tra in d iv id u a l p r o c e s s e s te m p o r a lly p re c e d e d h is p u b lic b e h a v io r s r e g a r d in g p a r tic u la r p r o b le m s , and th at th is t im e - l a g w as m a n if e s te d by c o n tra d ic tio n s b e tw e en w hat he w a s c u r r e n tly " s a y in g " p r iv a te ly and w h at he w as " sa y in g " p u b licly . W hile the " d e b a t e r - l a w y e r " f o rm of d is c o u r s e in th e se in s ta n c e s w as d ro p p e d in fa v o r of a m o d e of d is c o u r s e b e tte r d e s c r ib e d a s " d e lib e r a tiv e , " (in n e r dialogue) r e m a in e d e s s e n tia lly the s a m e ; fu n d a m e n ta lly m o r a l i s s u e s w e r e a p p ro a c h e d w ith an e th ic a l- r e lig io u s th r u s t an d tr e a te d in a l e g a lis tic - p o litic a l w ay. The l a r g e r v isio n w as 186 a lm o s t a lw a y s a c h ie v e d . H a le 's H i s to r i c a l S ig n ifican ce T he w r i te r b e lie v e s H ale d e s e r v e s m o re th a n a footnote in h is to r y . He w as the only a n tis la v e ry s p o k e s m a n in the S e n a te of the U nited S ta te s fo r a b o u t two y e a r s (1848-1850), th e r e b y giving a n ti s la v e r y v iew s e x p o s u re to a m u ch g r e a t e r e x te n t th a n o th e r w is e would h av e b e e n the c a s e . H ale b a ttle d alone a g a in s t the C a lh o u n s, D oug l a s e s , W e b s te r s , and B e lls . By G a r r is o n ia n s ta n d a r d s , H a le 's p o lit ic a l a b o litio n is m w as m o d e r a te . In h is d e b a te s on the M e x ic a n W ar and s la v e r y e x p a n s io n , h o w e v e r, H ale spoke a b ra n d of a b o litio n is m m o r e r a d i c a l th an the S enate had e v e r known. F o r th e s e r e a s o n s , the w r i te r h a s d e s c r ib e d H ale a s the " c o n s c ie n c e " of the S en a te d u rin g the p e rio d d e s ig n a te d and p r o f e s s e s to have p u r s u e d the s a m e goal a s S ew ell, to r e s t o r e H a le to h is p r o p e r sta n d in g a m o n g n in e te e n th - c e n tu r y p o litic ia n s and r e f o r m e r s . W o rk in g w ith th e C o n stitu tio n , and f ro m an e t h i c a l - m o r a l - r e lig io u s t h r u s t , H a le 's life a s s u m e s a l a r g e r d im e n s io n th a t the lim ita tio n s of a fo o tn o te p e rm it. H ad a g r e a t e r n u m b e r lis te n e d to H a le 's v o ic e of m o d e r a tio n . H ad H ale s u c c e e d e d in co n v in c in g the sla v e m a s t e r s to s e t t h e i r s la v e s f r e e . In a w o rd , h a d m o r e b een guided in th e ir a c tio n s by a " c o n s c ie n c e . " 1 I A P P E N D I X E S i i i i 187 A P P E N D IX A C H RO N O LO G IC A L H IGH LIGH TS FR O M H A L E 'S P U B L IC AND P R IV A T E COM MUNICATIONS 188 A rrg v m x a 7 0 - 3 2 np. lia le Co Xfiw .(A ipshlro Lnttl^lacurfl, L e g i l . (100 4 ) I . “ No, you can n o t l e g i s l a t e man In to C h r i s t i a n i t y o r tem perance." FrL 9 -2 -3 0 12, I'rL 4 -2 7-40*1, i'rL 10-16-43*3, I'rL 12-14-43*1, l rL 12-20-41 *2, I'rL 12-23-45 <1, PrL 1-18-45*2, -p 4-22-45 11, int. 6-4-46*1, *p 6-1-48 *3 * 6 - 2 2 -35 Sp H ale t o Dover,N.H., A b o l i t i o n i s t m e e tin g . R e lig io u s . (5 0 1 ) 1 , "S lav es e r e P e a s ts In ’Mman Shape Hot Nit to L iv e - - re ” !" • • PuL 1-1 1 -4 5 15, 5p 6-24-46 U , Co 11-5-47 14, PrL 4 -1 6 -4 6 * 1 , Fr*. 4 -1 9 -4 6 *1, 4 -2 3 -5 0 7 1 , in 2-2 6 -5 6 ’ l , ^rT. 6 -2 « -5 6 > l, PrL 7-3 -5 6 * 1 4 * 2 , «o 1-21-56*1, =p 12-7-59 *1 Lena I . (504) 2 . The A b o l i t i o n i s t s ' co u rse h e la b e le d I n s u r r e c t io n a r y . Sp 6 -1 -4 6 * 1 , I'rL 1 6 -5 0 H , «p 3-19-50 *1 9 - 2 -3 9 h r. L e t t e r Hale t o f 'rs . K ale. " R o lle lo u s . (7 5 4 ) 1. " . . . I n f i n e l e t us s t r i v e more s.e alo u sly a f t e r t h e form ation and p o ss e s sio n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n c h a r a c te r ." PrL 1 0 - 2 2 - 60*1 2 . “ . . . s i n f u l y ie ld in g o f o u r h e a r t s l a t h e d a l l y e o n f l l c t ( s ) of l i f e . . . . " Sp 7 -3 -3 2 * 1 , PrL 4 -2 7 -4 0 * 1 , PrL 10-16-43 *3, PrL 12-14-43 *1, I rL 12-20-43*2, PrL 12-23-43*1, So 4-22-45.5 3 . "Oh t h e r e I s no o v ll on e a r t h but s i n . . . . s i n I s th e onlv e v il w hich we k n o w ..." Sp 4 -2 2 -4 5 * 5 , Sp 11-5-47*1, i p 6 -1 -4 8 * 2 , PrL 6-9-59*1 4 . "L et us th u s s t r i v e to bo p u re w ith hum b le houo on th e mercy of Cod In Je su s C h r i s t . . . . " 5 . " P ra y e r humble u n v l- ld ln g pr.ever I s t h e m a s te rk e y t h a t Is to open f o r us t h e R ates o f p e a c e , o ' 1ov." 6 . " . . . t h e kingdom of Heaven I s t o be b u i l t up w ith in u " . " PrL 1 0 -16-43*2, PrL 10-22-60*1 L c r a I . (5 0 i . "The vauucc o i Corr-.on P le a s s i c s a t £ x * te r to-norro^ ( t u n s ^ z y j and 1 s h a l l a tte n d t h e r e . . . . M K la c e l lar.ootirt. * V }'-) 1. T rav el p l a n s , 2, I n q u ir ie s about h i s d a u g h te r s . 3. S a lu ta tio n s t o f r ie n d s anJ r e l a t i v e s . 4 - 2 7 - 40 F r. L e t t e r Kale to ' r s , H ale. R e lig io u s . (50fi) 1. " . . . r a i n t a i n s u c c e s s fu lly t h e c o n f l i c t s o f l l f e . . . . t h n uholff o f i t ( l i f e ) i s a scene o f v i r t u e or v ic e , t h a t no a c t i o n I s I n d i f f e r e n t and un a r e always o c r - f o m l n s o r n o ^ ln c tln '1 ; d u t y ." Sp 7 -3 -3 2 n t ir*. I’rL l« - lS - 4 3 *3, rcL i ? - l4 - 4 3 .‘l , " r ? 12-20-43 >2, vcL 1 2 -2 3 .4 3 ^1 , rrL l-i*-4V > 2, -o 4-22-45 ?uL 6-11-44 12, FrL *-13-47 >1, 11-5-47 a , l5, 1-6-4* U # - r l 5-2«-*i6>2, :’rr. 1 0- 22- 6 " U Lejrsal. (30'.) I . 0ec<iil«i o f c o u r t cases ’b ile i* t r y i n g . M is c e lla n e o u s . (20 '.) I , T ravel p l a n s . 2. l o c a tio n s to f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s . 3. I n s t r u c t i o n s to X llz a b c th r e b e h a v io r. 1 0 - 12-43 i r . L e t t e r Hale t o M rs. Hale, R e lig io u s . (4 5 4 ) 1 . " ...w h e n tem o tn tlo n or dou b t a s s a i l u s in any o f th e t r i a l s of o u r everyday walk i n l i f e , ask ho./ would C h ris t h ave a cted i n p r e c i s e l y s i m i l a r c irc u n - st^nces?'* PrL 4-2-39'*?, fu*. 1-11-45*6, =p 4-2 2 -4 5 *1 *FuL: P u b lic L e t t e r ; PrL: P r i v a te L e t t e r ; bp: Spee 189 «p 6-1 -4 6 * 5 , -p 2 -2 6 -5 6 * 2 , PrL 10-22-49*1 2 . " 3>v n e t s t r i v e t o — .the o u r s e lv e s f v s i l t a r w ith I t ( C h r i s t 's exam ple) and govern o u r se lv e s bv motive** draini from th e n c e ." PrL 1-2-44*2, PrL 1-16-45*2, PrL 6-11-46*1, sp 11 5-47*1, Sp 1 -6 -4 6 * 4 , PrL 4-19-46*1, PrL 6 -9 -5 0 * 1 , PrL 10-22-60,*1 M is c e lla n e o u s . (55'.) 1, H ale*, sic k n e s s . 2. K a le 's upcoming speech on tem perance, ( s l i g h t r e f e r e n c e to " C h r i s t ia n L o v e"). 3. I n s t r u c t i o n s r e c l l c a b e t h 's b e h a v io r. 4. H a le 's I n s t r u c t i o n s r e h i s crops and an im als. 1 0 -1 6-43 P r. L e tte r H ale t o Mrs. H ale. R e lig io u s . (551) 1. "Cod g r a n t th a t I n t h e d a l l y walks o f l i f e we may l i v e f a i t h f u l to t h e s e prom ptings of our h ig h e r n a tu r e , 'ou Is t h i s to be d o n e 7 ... by stu d y in g th e c h a r a c t e r and s p i r i t o f Jesus C h r i s t . 1 speak n o t o f h i s m e to n h y sic a l na t u r e , o r o f the d o c t r i n a l s p e c u l a t i o n s . , PuL 1 - II - 4 5 J 6 , So 9-7.4-50*1, PuL 6-7-52*1, 2. " . . . H eaven.. . . i s a s t a t e o f t h e a f f e c t i o n s , d e s i r e s and p u rp o se s to be b u i l t up w ith in u s ." rr' 9 -2 39*6, FrL 10-22-60*1 3. " I t 1* doing not b e lie v i n g t h a t th e S a v io r makes t h e t e s t o f c h a r a c t e r . " Sp 7-3-32*1, PrL 9 -2 -3 9 2, I'rL 4-27-49*1, PrL 12-14 43*1, PrL 12-20-43*2, PrL 12-23-43 *1, PrL 1-13-45*2, -ip 4 -2 2 -4 5 * 8 , PuL 6-11-46 *l&*2, PrL 8-13 4 7 * 1 , PrL 10-12-47 *1, So 11-5-47*5, PrL 1 -1 -4 8 * 1 , Sp 6-7-48*1, FrL 6 -9 -5 0 * 1 , PrL 7 -2 6 -5 0 * 1 , PuL 9-6-52 *1 4 . " I t was loving one a n o th e r t h a t he made the t e s t o f d l s c l p l e s h l p . " Sp 2-28-56*1 M is c e lla n e o u s . (451) 1, D e ta ils o f t r a v e l , (w e a th e r, d i s t a n c e s , con v e y a n c e s ). 2. D e t a i l s of h i s n i g h t 's lodgings ( f u r n i t u r e , p i c t u r e s , f l r e n l a c e ) . 12-6-43 P r. L ec'.-r Halo t o h la d a u g h te r s , " l s c e l l a n e o u s . (1001) 1. D ls a s s o c la tlo n b etw een r e l i g i o u s th o u g h ts and a c c e p ta n c e o f t h e m en ial ta s k s o f a s la v e . " I w ill t e l l you a l i t t l e about how '’ a th e r l i v e s now s o t h a t you see how d i f f e r en t I t I s from t h e way we l i v e at home In Dover. . . . Soon a f t e r d a y l i g h t a n a -ro sla v e comes I n t o my room where I s le e p and makes a f i r e . . . . a f t e r b r e a k f a s t a s l a v e comes In to my room w ith a c l o t h e s b ru sh , b ru sh es my c lo th e s a l l o v e r and b u t t o n s my p a n ta lo o n s , shaps and does any o th o r l l t t l s Jol> ° r th a t s o r t which I w ish done, b r i n g s up my b o o ts which he has b la c k e d . . . • ^ 2. D e ta ils of h is d a l l y l i f e l a D.C. “ Eut what s h a l l h e say to su c h l l t t l a g i r l s t o I n t e r e s t th em ." PrL 12-27-43*1, bp 4-18-50*1 1 2 -11-43 F r . L e tte r H a le to E liz a b e th . P o l i t i c a l (5%) 1. Amending House R u le s . M is c e lla n e o u s (95/.) 1. Hale rem arks a b o u t h i s " b ig " voice f o r speak ing I n t h e H ouse.* 2 . S o c ia l e v e n ts. 3. I n f l u e n t i a l perso n ag es Hale h a s m e t. ♦ 1 2 -1 2 -4 3 H _12-1J?.^43 P r . l e t t e r H a le t o M rs. Hale. " p o l i t i c a l . *5") 1. Adoption of a new r u l e r e t h e '*.!!. e l e c t i o n , m is c e lla n e o u s . < 951) l . H a le 's avoiding an y " im p ru d e n c le s," 2 . :ra l e 's "big" v o ic e .* 3. H la lr'rt s u p p e r p = rty . 4. "c’ c n - l o case and C o n g re s sio n a l rv '.in g . 5. H a lo 's p la n s o f a reco rd o f c o n g re ss io n a l " s a y in g s an1 d a y s ." * ; rL 12-11 43*1 12-14-43 ! 'r . L e tte r H a le to J .H . J ig g le s . P o l i t i c a l . (5'.) w i l l re s ig n b e f o r e I w i l l r e t r a c t f r o t c h . 190 t h * t position.** (f.iv o rln * r l k h t o f p * t l - c i o n . ) >p 7 -3 -1 2 /1 , i‘rf. 9 -2 -3 9 * 2 , irL 4 - 2 2 -4 0 /I I'rL 10-18-43 M, IrL 12-20-43*2, I’rL 12-21-4J / l M «ceLl«n*ou9 ( 9 5 .) I . Oe.ith of m«-b*rs o f C ongress anJ custom a r y o b se rv an c es. 12-15-63 r r . L e tte r HiLe t o r* rs. ;U t e . R e ll« io u s (2 5 ;) 1. Avoidance of - o r a l I s s u e s r*»‘ Mrdtcv* Che du*l o f ‘ r . L a ’rnnche o f L o u is ia n a . FrL 7-3-56 *1 P o l i t i c a l (15'.) 1. O ffe rin g a *fr . Leonard h l a s e a t on th e Committee o f Commerce. M iscellan eo u s f*0*) I . S o c ia l A c q u iln ta n c e s , 1 2 -29-43 F r. L e t te r t:a l e t o M r s . :Ja l e , P o l i t i c a l (15»> 1 . <tand fa v o rln n r l q h t o f p e t i t i o n s« * d- a r a t e s :!ale from h l» New Hnmoshlre c o l le a g u e s. PrL 12-21-43 *1 2 . "I want th e r e c o rd which i s made up o f my voces on t h i s s u b je c t t o s ta n d r i g h t f o r tim e and f o r . \ t e m l t y . ,‘ op 7 -3 -3 2 / I , PrL 9 - 2 - 3 9 /2 , PrL 6 - 2 7 -4 0 H PrL 10-18-43 >3, I'cL 12-23-4311, i rL 12-14-43/1 M iscellan eo u s ( 8 5 y .) I . S o c ia l e v en ts end new a c q u a in ta n c e s . 1 2 -21-43 P r. L e tte r ‘:at* t o Mrs. '..ale. P o l i t i c a l (90/.) 1. "*'r. i\dams o f f e r e d a o e t i c l o n . . . t o acknowledge Go-i a s th e -uor*n« Law giver 2* and Jesus C h r is t as ^ a v io r and t o a b o l i s h s l a v e r y . . . . I v oted u n ifo rm ly in fa v o r (on a l l th * s e q u e s t i o n s ) . . . .*» Sp 8-22-35 U , PrL 12-29-43>1, FrL 1-1-48 >2, 4 -2 3 -5n *l 2. soijthorn •no’/ r s t o b lo ck p e t i t i o n s . M iscellan eo u s ( I 07.) I . ^ o in a to an Z ts i i a n C oer*. 12-23-43 p r. L e t te r " ' l a t o *'r*. P o l i t i c a l (100V .) I . (Adamant sta n d f a v o rln q r i e h t o f p e t i t i o n ) " . . . I would i n f i n i t e l y p r e f e r r e s ig n in g and m i n e home t o st.iv in g h e re in th e rec®loc o f a l l th e h onors and envolvements v h ich th e governmant can c o n f e r . * * Sp 7 -3 -3 2 )1 , FrL 9-2 3 9 )2 , :rL 4 -2 7 -4 0 > i FrL 10-18-43*2, PrL 12-14-43 H , FrL 12-20-43/2 12-27-43 P r. L e t te r ‘- i l e t o i-'xs, i'a le . ''i s c e l l a n e o u s . ( 1 0 0 ',) i . S la v e s ' rr.eninl ta n k s p a r t of " a b o u t t h e 5. b e s t house in th e c i t y . " D is a s s o c ia tlo n betwe?n rell^lonr* th o u g h ts a n i sL iv e ry c o n tin u e s .* 2. "e ilo w r e s i d e n t s . *FtL 12-6-43*2 1 -2 -6 4 P r. L e tte r ’r«ile t o J.M . Ii g g l n s . P o l i t i c a l . ( I ' m ) 1. R equest fo r hel^j t o o ro v e n t c e n s u re fo r h i s r i g h t o f p e t i t i o n v o te by M ew Vamn- s h l r e Denocr-’t s . 2. " ...w h y cannot th n n a o p le soeak out t h e i r tr u e '•nntim onts b o ld ly and not le a s e a few ~an*«*ers to m a n u fa c tu re a p u b lic ooln lo n f o r them ." PrL 1 0 -1 2 -4 2 ‘2, FrL l - l « - 4 5 / l , PuL 1-U -4 5 /2 , ^o 4-22 45 M V /8 , «o 11-5-47 VlV/6, IrL 1-1-46*2, Sp 1 -6 -4 3 1 4 , Sp 6-1 -4 6 /4 1-18-45 h r . L e tte r d a l e t o f r a n k l i n M e r c e , i o l l t l c a l . (inn..) 1. " s in c e my el*'C tlon Che q u estlo n C Texas Anncxactonl has become nro-’*n“n t and our l e g i s l a t u r e h a s r e s o l u t i o n s r e q u e s tin g th e 8 e o r » s e n ta tlv e s o f t h e - r a t o Co p u rsu e a c e r t a i n c o u r s e . 1 can n o t • co.oeclen- t l o u s l v do I t . In « f i d of keep in g s i l e n c e nn/l s u f f e r in g th e n eonle n t th e app ro ach in g e l e c t i o n to v o te In le -o ra n c o o f *rv v ie w s , I .have p l a i n l y , d i s t i n c t l y sod ln eq u n v o csb lv l a i d oo“n r v whole mind t o th e p e o p le . I f th e y approve w e ll. J f th o y d is a p p ro v e , 1 do n o t c o - p l ' l n . . . . " Irt. 1 0 . 1 ? 4 2 / 2 , PrL 1-2 -4 4 * 2 , Sp 4 22 45 >6V»S -p 1-6 46/4 2. " 1 W ill snv t o you w i’t I would not nay to t h e F u h llc f o r I t e>l"ht seem l i k e a f f e c t a t i o n and h y p o c ris y , t h a t la t h a t I b e li e v e In co n s c ie n c e , In d u t y . In r i g h t and vrong and nbove a i l In lod who I have a c te d In o b e d i ence t o my conv ictio n -: o f what I s duo t o a l l th e lm oulscs p ro c e e d in g from t h o s e s o u r c e s ." S p 7-3-32 H, r r!. 9-2-39 * 2 , .-C L 4-27-40/1, PrL 1 0 -1 8 -4 3 /3 , PuL 6 l l - 4 6 ; l i > 2 3. "1 would not r e t r a c t what I have done f o r th e most b r i l l i a n t p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r th a t e v e r f l a t t e r e d th o h opes of th e most a m b itio u s were t o be th e r e s u l t o f my p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n . " 1-23-45 Pu. L e t t e r Hale to C o n s t i t u e n t s . F o l l t l c a l . (1001) I . "” y f e l l o w - e l t l x e n s , my o b s e rv a tio n In t h a t so h e re of p u b lic d u ty to which your v o ic e h a s a ssig n e d rr.e h a s led a d l f f e r o n t c o n c lu s io n (from th e p r e s i d e n t and 1 T a l o ' s n’ew Hamoshlre c o lle a g u e s r e Texas A n n e x a tio n ).. . .!flg h lv as T esteem your f a v o r, I should d i s d a in to p u rc h a se i t by th e a r t s o f d i s s im u la tio n o r d e c e p tio n ." Sp 4-22-45 . ‘3 " I d e s i r e to r e f e r t h i s m a tte r t o y o u . . . . I p r e f e r to so d l r e c t l v t o th e p e o p le . They c o n s t i t u t e th o o n ly t r u e f o u n ta in o f power; th e y o re b a s t q u a l i f i e d t o d e c la r e t r u l y t h e i r own o p in io n ." i-rL 1-2-44 12 , irL 1-16-4". *1, s p 4-2 2 -4 5 /6, Sp 1 1 -5 -4 7 /I*. /6 , Sp 1 -6 -4 3 /4 3. " . . . I deny a l t o g e t h e r th o r i g h t of th e p r e s id e n t o f th e U nited - t a t e s to I n te rp o s e h im s e lf between me and them, ( t h e p e o p le ) to announce a u t h o r i t a t i v e l y what th o y r e q u i r e o f me." Sp 4-22-45 /8 , Sp 6 -1 -4 8 * 4 , -p 1-3-56 *2 4 . " . . . 1 w ish to add a word to u c h in g th e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l power of t h i s govern pent t o In - _ c o r p o ra te a f o r e ig n - t a r e o r n a tio n I n t o th e " n l o n \ny such asr» » —'n t would v i o l a t e t h e C o n s t i t u ti o n , and plunge u s I n to a v o r t e x o f new c o a l i t i o n and c o n f e d e r a c ie s , a b h o r r e n t t o e v e ry f e e lin g and maxim o f our v e n e ra te d f a t h e r s . " Sp 4 - 2 ? - 4 5 m *4, Sp 6 1-4®72, PrL 12-17 48 *1 " . . . t h e i r (ft— e r i c a n f o r e f a t h e r s ) f a i t h would have become s c e p tic is m , and t h e i r hope d e s p a i r could th e y have fo re s e e n ch at t h e day would e v e r a r r i v e whan t h e i r d e g e n e ra te sons should bo found seek in g to extend t h e i r bo u n d aries and t h e i r governm ent, n o t f o r th e p u rp o se of prom oting freedom , b u t s u s t a i n i n g s l a v e r y . " Sp 8-22-35 H , Sp 4 -2 2 -4 5 * 2 , Sp 6-24-46*1, Sp 1 1 -5 -4 7 .0 6 /4 , Sp 1 -6 -4 3 :? 6. "1 have l a i d b e fo re you my se n tim e n ts on t h i s momentous s u b je c t as p a lp a b ly a s th e y a r e ex posed to th o S e a rc h e r o f H e a r ts , The I s s u e , ny F e llo v -e itlm e n .s , I s w ith vou. To your w i l l , I subm it m y se lf. And th e 'Jod, who has h i t h e r t o so s l - n a l l y b le s s e d o u r h ig h ly fav o re d c o u n tr y , may c o n tin u e t o s**ilo uoon u s , and load u s a l l to a w ise and j u s t d e t e r m in a tio n of t h i s q u e s t i o n . . . . " ir L 1 0 -1 2 -4 2 /1 , T rl 10-16-43*1, ruL 6 -1 1 -4 6 ’ -14/2 4-22-45 r u . Speech tlale t o t x e t e r cudier.ce. i o i l t i c a l (1 0 0 .) I , " . . . i t was tho r i g h t of th e i o l l t i c i a n to 191 *9k h im s e lf w hether ho should obey Ood o r man, ile h a d , a c c o rd in g ly , oonosc 1 tho a d m issio n o f r « i i In to th e ,fn lo n as * m easure which o u tra g e d hum anity, J u s t i c e r l c h t , C h r i s t i a n i t y , c l v l I i - n t I o n , ond *v erv m otive which induced our f a t h e r s to v e n tu r e on th o cxoerlm»»nt of founding * fro * -o v ern m en t." Sn 7-1 -1 3 * 1 , rrf. l 0 - i ? - 4 ? u , <>*. U«L 1 - U -4 S ! * , ?uL 6 - U - 4 5 U , So 2 - U - 4 8 U , «o * -l-4 9 » 5 •'Thrt m otive o? thlr. p r o p o s itio n fo r an n e x a tio n was vh*»t «rnmp«d I t w ith r e p ro b a tio n and t h ’t was t s nt th o 5outh n i g h t bo p r o te c te d In h e r s l a v e r y ." PuL I -21-45*5, <o l l - 5 - 6 7 n , *r> 1-6.4812 " • • • o u r f a th e r * t o l e r a t e d i t ( s la v e r y ) f o r o th e r g r o a t advantages t o bo d eriv ed from I’nlnn . n l h»* ’.ms w t l l i n r t o c a r r y I t ( s la v e r y ) a s f i r as th o C o n s titu tio n w e n t, and no f a r t h e r . Those l i m i ts worn found i n what was c a l l e d Che comoromlse* o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . . . . fhe Union as I t is* • . PuL 1-11-45*4, dp 6-1-49 W **3, FrL 6 -7 -4 8 * 1 , IrL 12-17-48*1, Sp 1-19-50>2, Sp 4 -2 1 -5 0 * 1 , ■ * d 9-18-50>1, Sn 12-7-50*1 " •••T h e exped ien cy o f t h i s a c q u i s i ti o n t o t h e w e a lth , s e c u r i t y , and pow ir of t h e Union outw eighed t h i i n c i d e n t a l q u e s tio n o f s l a v e r y , i s .answer to t h i s was t h a t he b e lie v e * th e h i g h e s t exped ie n c y was th<* h l*V *st m orals?" PuL 1-21-45 'U , So 6-24-46*1 " • • • J e f f e r s o n , in 1797, In view s of tho n a t i o n a l s in o f s la v e r y , had d e c la re d t h a t he trem bled when he r e f l e c t e d t h a t Ood was J u s t h u t what th u n d e r b o lt of A lm ighty w rath »-»ould he Invoke, i f , a f t e r n e a r ly f l f t v y e a rs o f s in n in g he had seen th e U n ited * * ’t a t e s n o t o n ly r e f u s in g to l i f e a hand o r o f f e r a p ra y e r t o a v e r t th e e v i l but comtne f o r w r d to supD ort a m easure In o rd e r t o I n tre n c h t h l « doomed system so f irm ly In our i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t i t n ev er co u ld bo a b o l ish e d ? " PrL 9 - 2 - 3 9 /2& *3, Sp 1-21 -5 8 * 1 , PrL 8 -2 5 -5 9 * 1 , sp 12-7-59*1 " • • • ( h e ) t r u s t e d tho day had come when t h e p eo p le of New 'a n p s h ire r e g a r d le s s of n » r tv d i s c i p l i n e « r o a r tv le a d e rs would look a t t h i s s u b je c t o f ta k in g Texas v i t h s l a v e r y , because we would n o t a c t i t w i t h o u t ." PrL 1-2-44 >2, < ’rL 1-19-45 U , PuL I -11’-45 *2, '*p 11-5-47 *6, PrL 1-1-49*2, s D 1-6-49*4 "The ^oiith t ^ l i s us i t was f a s te n e d on them bv n o r th e rn c u o ld lty in thp sla v e t r a d e . I t was s o , and bv n o r th e rn s e r v i l i t y i t v i s u n h e ld , °u t i f our f a th e r s had sinned in t h i s c h in e , w.» did not w ish t h a t s in handed down t o p o s t e r i t y bv o u r a c t of sa n c tio n .’ T f t h i s scheme o f a n n e x a tio n re c e iv e d th e s a n c tio n o e *’ew ^ a m o sh lre , wo could n ever s*«v th n t t h e *outh a lo n e w.n g u i l t y o f s ln v * rv ," • PrL 4 - 2 7 .4 0 /1 , iuL 7-7-5* *2 "The p o s i t i o n •/« - .h ill occuov, b e fo re heaven and e a r t h - t h e c o n s id e r a tio n of th e e t e r n i t y o f s l a v o r y ,. • • f o r when the m oral sense o f a n a tio n i s cono, I r s n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r was c o n e .••.w e Mist e l l sta n d b e f o re a b a r , where no o a rtv d i s c i p l i n e , and no I d le b ie words wouLd bo h e ld an a o l e i f o r s h r l n v in> fro?' d u ty , lie ml«*ht hev* h'»en «/e»k, but he t r u s t e d th e y would not say Ho was wicV - «d." PrL 4 -2 7 -4 0 * 1 , , r m - l * - 4 1 / 3 t ,r L 1 -2 -4 4 - >2, IrL 1-19-45 »l, miL 1.11-45 716*3, PuL 4 -11-44#'/, H - 5 -4 7 •*% *4, I’rL 1-1-49 1?, sn l 6 -4 9 /4 6 11-44 i\j. L e t t ' r ‘a l e t o Independent E le c to rs o f th e s t a t e o f ! “ev H am pshire, P o l i t i c a l , (100*.) 1. "I h w e chosen t o obey '‘ .od r a t h e r th a n m an.. • ..fayin'*: b°en denounced and preached o u t o f tho* p a r ty w ith which I had a c t e d , by a few men who In the madness and I n t o x ic a t io n of power supposed t h a t th-^y had but t o u t t e r th e word and i- .’ew a - o n h i r c would fo llo w , I was com pelled to ta k e th e co u rse X h iv e ta k e n o r t o s i l e n t l y subm it t o a d e s p o tism , w ith o u t p a r a l l e l in a a t a t o pro p o sin g tho se-nblence even o f f r e e I n s t i t u t i o n , " So 7-1-32 H , ir L 1 0 -1 7 -4 2 ?? , FrL K M 8 -4 3 * 3 , I’rL 1-19-45*2, i uL 1 -1 1 -4 5 /6 , >p 4-22 -4 5 7 1 , 11-5-47 *2-<-*6, FrL 1-1-4 ’ *2 2. * ' .'hat had the “o r t h t o do w ith sla v ery ?* Does i t n o t r a t h e r become us to a sk 'what w i l l t* e *'orth h iv e t o do v i t h rccedo-i*'" PrL 4 -2 7 -4 0 *1, Fr* 10-18-43 3, prl. 1 - 1 8 .4 5 /? , FuL l - U - 4 5 ’6, c p 4 -2 2 -4 5 * 8 , f r » 5-28-5671 6 -?6 -4 4 -p . K ale a* r e p o r te d in th e f i r r n t t e T reenrn, P o l i t i c a l . ( 1 0 0-,) I . "The gentlem an from hover t'# r . Lowlln h i s r e s o l u t i o n s has p la c e d th e Ta r i f f f i r s t and ‘'an a f t v a r d s . T h is seems to me to be r e v e r s ing; th e n a tio n a l o r J e r o f t h l r .- s . I would ta k e c a r e o f van f i r s t and look t o th e sheep- f o ld n ftw a rd s r Tor ln a s ru c h a s tho I -m o rta l so u l i s of morn v a lu e th a n th e garm ents which c l o th e u s , so •mich, does t h i s q u e s tio n of Muran r i g h t s exceed i n im p o rtan c o , n i l th e s e m is e ra b le c o n tr o v e r s ie s of a T a r i f f , Rank and th e l i k e in which we a r e so much e n g ro s s e d ." So 8-22-35 *1, ruL 1-11-45*5, Sp 4-22-45 »1 9-13-47 F r. L e t te r Male t o .W hittier, r o i lc ic A l ( 1 0 0 1 ) I . "I am a n x io u s ly and e a r n e s t l y av o td in n n o r in - a t i o n p 'r e n l d e n f l a l r o - l n i t l o n of l i b e r t y Fr.rty) w h ile a t th o s .v e tlm i I am u n w illin g t o s h r in k fro -' any p o s t o f d u ty , wh*ra I c-*n by any p o s s i b i l i t y advance th e i n t e r e s t s of hvm .initv, Tf i t bn th o u c h t t h a t in th u s sp eaking X p r a c t i c e any a f f e c t a t i o n , l e t me s u p s e s t t h a t th e b e s t way to rebuke o r r e pose any such a f f e c t a t i o n w i l l bo to cake tho a u th o r o f i t of h i s word, and a c t ac c o rd in g ? Zy." IrL 4 - 2 7 - 4 0 / 1 ,- • rL i0 - 1 8 -4 3 ;3 , ,r L 10-12-47 I rrL 1-1-4? ‘i l A- l 1 -1.7 “r . !.ctt*»r !’fll? t o Le*:ls pan, ~i o l l t L e a l . (100 ) I* " I t i s s e r i o u s l y and t r u l y v e ry rep u g n a n t to nv feeiin n ". and w is h e s , t o hsv*» my name used in co n n e c tio n w ith a nom ination fo r th e P re s id e n c y . I have n o t in f a c t r.et w ith n n v th ln g in th o cours» of *nv p o l i t i c a l L ife f o r th o l a s t few yeir*: w hich I would ’^ore r l a d l y av o id , i f 7 could do i t c o n s i s t e n t l y w ith th e o b l i g a t i o n due t o my f rie n d s and th e p o s i t i o n in »»hlch th**y h ave o l * c e i . rte , ’ •/ o*-*n i n c l i n a t i o n s ro*;t ^ e c ld e d lv end p e re m p to rily t o d e c l i n e th o n o m in atio n , but ^y friend-, havo •judged c!if 'er-'intlv and T v i e l d to them ." TrL 10-19-43 *3, : rr. 8 13-47.U , i rL 1-1-48 n IX s__47 Sp. Hale to " a s s a c h u s e ttn L ib e rty Conven t i o n , F o l l t i c a l , (lO n',) I . " I t h as siway-. s t r u c k my r . \ind t h a t when a p h y s i c a l and m oral e v i l i s t o bv e n c o u n te re d , our f i r s t in q u iry rhould b.* i n t o th e c h ir a c - t e r and cau«e of t h e e v i l . . . . .- .’e ace engaged in a w ar, a war t h a t brands th e m e l o n as cav ae e, and th e .ige as btrbaro*as, and t/e d o n 't know hov \:o e o t t!u .re, a> d o n 't know who i r re r;p o n -ib ie f o r i t . , . . •» a re u n w illin g to loo!* a t th* q u e r tio n as ir. 1 ividu.ilr.. *c a r c un ’i l l i m - to noe and acVnowle.lei*, t h a t to ev-^ry i - t h e r e i s an ir. ! lv i! u il re- spo i ;ll» ili t v . . . . L*:ie r^ s n o n riM lic v l i e s w ith th.r p^o'jl'*, ' n*J th o Govern—‘n t do j u s t ev*.ct- ly vha.t th e m-oolo v a n t tiv r. t o do. r 1 " ' 192 s e n t t h e l r a rm ie s t o ’ c x l c o ? . . . .When th e tim e comes when th e p o p u la r se n tim en t s h a l l bn so ren o v ated cli tt vour t a r to w i l l not s u s t a i n t h i s ( v a r ) , t h e n , und n o t t i l l th e n , w ill t h o s e p u b lic e x h i b i t i o n s c e n s e ," I'rL o - 2 - 1 0 / i f ;rL 4 - 2 7 -4 0 /1 , Pr?. 1 0 -1 2 -4 2 /2 , I’rL 1 - 2 -4 4 /2 , luL 1 -1 1 -4 5 /2 , Sp. 1-6-4S J1&/4 2. "One of th e g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s ly in g In t h e wav I s t h a t we n e rg o th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b elo n g in g to th e i n d i v i d u a l i n t o t h e i r r e s D o n s I b l l i t v o f p a r ty m a jo rl- i e * . rt'e rem e-b e r t h a t wo a r e hiR S or D em ocrats, b u t fo rg o t t h a t t/e a r e some t h in * h i t h e r , h o l i e r , th a n • ‘ h i t s o r d em o crats. • • forget t h a t we a r e th e . . common c h i l d r e n of one A lmighty P aren t who makes men n n l women, b u t does not make w hit* **nd D o -io c ra ts.. • . I f , th e n , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e lo n g s to t h e p e o n le , th e p c o n le have a d u ty , t o p e r form, and e s t a b l i s h , we co-'e up t o th e p e r c e p tio n o f t h a t t r u t h , i t i s I d l e t o Calk; b ecause r i g h t a c t i o n must begin where th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s , end th e government w i l l ba n o th in * more n o r le s s chan t h e p o p u la r w i l l and s e n t i m e n t . • I t seems t o ms t h a t t h e s e a rc p r o p o s i t i o n s coo paL pable to need f u r t h e r e l u c i d a t i o n . Then, .ny f r i e n d s , what have we g o t to do? To i n c u l c a t e r i g h t o p in i o n s , and r i g h t a c tio n w i l l flow out of i t . " PrL 4 - 2 7 -4 0 /1 , Sp 4 - 2 2 -4 5 /1 , PuL 6-11-46 i/1, PuL 8 - 7 - 5 2 H 3* " I come then t o th e e l u c i d a t i o n o f t h i s q u e s tio n . And when I sa y t h a t t h e p r e - s e h t war in which we a r e engaged a r i s e s o u t o f th e e x p re ss and avowed d e te rm in a t i o n of th e \n e rlc a n ^ovartv^ent t o make t h e e x te n s io n and n * r n e tu n tio n o f s l a v e r y one o f t h e le a d in g m otives o f a c t i o n . . . . I a s c r i b e i t s o r i g i n t o t h e An n e x a tio n of 7 e r » s . . , . M PuL l - i r - 6 5 / S , 4-22 45 >2, *P 1 -6 -4 8 /2 4 . "T here was t h e American n a t io n , a re n u b - l l c , s p r in g in g in to e x is te n c e w ith th e S lo rio u s announcement t h a t "A ll men a re born equal,*' n o t c o n te n t v i t h Che a n nouncement o f l t ‘, but a n n e a lin g t o th e *nd ft* t o * tte .? t tb * f i d e l i t y w ith which th e y made i t , and th e i n t e g r i t y w ith w hich th e y would s u s t a i n i t ; end ero t h a t g e n e r a tio n had e n t i r e l y p a sse d from t h e s t a g e , we fin d i t c a r r y in g on a c ru s a d e In f o r e i g n la n d s , and s t r e t c h i n g o u t ro b b e r hands t o ta k e home the p ro v in c e s o f a s i s t e r rep u b l i c , l e s t th * boon of freedom should be enjoyed by t h * i r bondman, and th e w ith e r in g c u rs e o f s la v e ry should d i e out o f t h e i r m id s t. That i s t h e p o s i t i o n in w hich our government: p la c e d u s , and th e y have s a id t h i « , in no e q u iv o c a l t e r m , o v e r and o v er a g a in ." Sp 8 -2 2 -1 5 /1 , FrL 12-21-43 U , "uL l - I E - 4 5 / 5 , <p 4-22-45 4.8, <o 1 -1 -4 8 /2 , FrL 4-18-48>4 5 . " I am a t a l o s s to c o n c e iv e how p a t r i o tis m o r d u ty require*: any man who be l i e v e s t h i s war ' e x ic n u ) to be wrong in a l l i t s p h a s e s , to v o te money t o c a r r y I t on; 1 am s t i l l mor* a t n lor.s to know how any man can v o te t o f u r n is h th e means to ch? a d m i n l s t r n t l o n , and avoid th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of c a r r y in g on a wrong and u n j u s t w ar." FrL 4 - 2 7 - 4 f t/if ir L 10-18-41*3 6 . "L et mo th'*a command t h i s s u b je c t to y o u r e a r n e s t and i n d i v i d u a l a t t e n t i o n . 1 do not so'*;!*' t o parti***;; I am don» v i t h them ; but 1 . w i l l r.p^nk to men and vo-ien. Go t o vour p a r t y lea.fees, and th e y w i l l giv e you a d i f f e r e n t le s s o n , they w ill ten ch you t o sa v e th e p a r t y and tho p a rty save th e c o u n tr y . TH.it i s I t . I a r t y f i r s t , and coun t r y a f te rw a rd s . I t o l l you, f r i e n d s , l-»t p a r t i e s ta k e c a r e of th e m 'a iv e s , l e t t h e doad p a s t b u rv th e p a s t , but l e t th o l l v t n c s e e to i t t h a t th e i n h e r ita n c e thoy have re c e iv e d as p r i c e o f t h e i r f a t h e r s 1 blood be n o t wrenched from t h e i r coward hands." PrL 1-2 44*2, luL 1-11-45*?, <p 4-22-45 *65/8, f’uL 6 -1 1 -4 6 /1 , PrL l - l 48/2 1-1-48 P r. L e t t e r .'fdle to Lewis, r o U t l c a l . (1004) 1. "Vourr. o f th e f i r s t o f November n o t i f y i n g me t h a t t h e C onvention hoiden a t B u ffa lo h&d p re s e n te d my name to the people o f th e United .States a s a c a n d id a te fo r th e o f f i c e o f . r e s i d e n t o f th e U nited -c a te s i s b e fo re me. i t i s duo t o candor t o say t h a t w h ile 1 a p p r e c i a t e In i t s f u l l e s t e x te n t nom ination o f my s e l f by th e members of Chat conv en tio n i n d i c a te d by t h a t n o m in atio n , n e v e r th e le s s , were I t o c o n s u lt my own w ish e s, I should pnremo- u o u o ly d e c lln o i t . D eference, however, t o th a o p in io n s o f th o s e f rie n d s who have s u s ta in e d me by t h e i r c o u n s e l and suoport u n d er circ u m s ta n c e s and a t tim e s v e i l c a lc u la te d t o t e s t th e a r d o r o f t h e i r r e a l , and th e s i n c e r i t y of t h e i r p r o f e s s io n s has Induced a d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t , and T t h e r e f o r e acce p t th e o f f e r and c o n s e n t t h a t my name mav be thus used i n con n e c tio n w ith t h a t o f f i c e . " prL 10-10-41*3, FrL 8 - l1 -4 7 ;/ l , Prl. 10 12 47*1 2. " . . . n o t h i n * would be more g r a t e f u l t o - y own f e e l i n g s th an t o fin e the good and t r u e of e v e ry p a r ty f o r g e t f u l of th e p e tty d i f f e r e n c e s which have h e r e to fo r e d iv id ed them u n i t i n g In one stre n u o u s and e n e r g e tic e f f o r t t o redeem th e Government of tho U nited s t a t e s from t h e re p ro a c h to which i t in now j u s t l y s u b je c t fo r i t s su p p o rt of human s la v e r y and tho p r e s e n t u n j u s t and a g g re ssiv e w ar, i t has so n a n d a to c lly conv^rssd and i s so r e l u c t a n t l y p r o s e c u tin g f o r i t s e x te n s io n and p e r p e t u i t y . .Henever such a movement s h a l l be made in good f a i t h and e n e r g e tic p u rp o s e , I s h a l l be most g la d w ith th e consent of th o s e f r i e n d s who h*ave placed ny na?e b e fo rn th ? p c o o le , t o e n ro l* m yself aron.g th e hum blest * p r i v a t e s in th e h o s ts who w i l l r a l l y un d er such n b a n n e r .. . .«-» I a 'L ib e rty p a r ty man and belong to t h e L ib e rty o a r t y ? ' . . . . Tf by i t i t be in te n d e d to ns'< w hether T am re a d y . • . . t o w ithdraw f o r th e I n s t i t u t i o n o f s la v e r y t h a t su p p o rt which i t u n c o n s t it u t i o n a l l y r e c e iv e s from th e C e n tra l ^ovcrn^cnt and each i t s e x t i n c t i o n by fe d e r a l a c tio n , where i t e x i s t s w ith in f e d e r i framework, by «ld» a c t i o n , where i t e x i s t s un d ^r se v ere c u l l i m r y , so t h a t our D e c la ra tio n o f Independence s h i l l be som ething note than a 'R h e t o r i c a l f l o r l s h , ' and th o p ro a -b io o f th e U nited S t a t e s c o n s t i t u t i o n which d e c la r e s among o t h e r th in g s t h a t i t was ordained to 's e c u r e th o b le s s in g s o f LLbsrty to o u rs e lv e s and our p o s t e r i t y ' ho lo n g e r bo a c r u e l m ockery, th en do 1 b along t o such a p * r ty . *ut i f ho su p posed o r in te n d e d th ^ t th e r e I s to be any m ag ical in f lu e n c e in tha name o f ( p a r t y ) . . . . th e n 1 say most e m p h a tic a lly and d e c id e d ly I do n o t belong t o such a p a rty , I have been one* fo rm a lly and solemnly read out of th e D em ocratic p a r t y . . . . I am not anxious to oi.»ee myr.oLf sp e e d ily In a p o s itio n in r e f e r e n c e to a n o th e r p a r ty where any o f i t s T s-h e rs fan cy th a v have th o worn 1 r i g h t to re -,e a r rhe oxpori«rr»nt noon mo for any cau sa, r I njr f a n c i e d , !*esid«p, to my r i n d , t y,'‘ >ze x * t e*'i I o f th e p re s e n t d-*y and o f our own c o u n try e - - p h - - t i r ’1lv is t :' i r u n iv e r s a l d ir po * i t io-. of t o n o rro th e r '-o o o n - i b i l i t le c o* i n d i v i d u a l **h.-ricter i n tho l r c * s n o n a i b i l i t i a- of 193 • c a lc u la te d nn-t desig n ed by th e open d e c l a r a t i o n o f I t s f r i e n d s , to uohold t h e i n t e r e s t s o f ' I iv o r y , ©rtood I t s in f lu e n c e .in I nocure i t s n e rrn n o n t d u r a t i o n . ' " So 8 - 2? - V**!, f-r' 1 2 -2 1 -4 3 U , f»rr 1-2-4* 72, <o 4-?2 4 5 ‘6 * * >8, im l 6 - I t -4ft *1, <p t l - 5 - 4 7 c n i-6.6<M 4, jrL 4 18-48*2 1 -6-43 Sp. !!ale t o ve n u te . P o l i t i c a l ClOHi) I . " ^ l r , l u t t e r l y deny th e soundness of t h i s d o c t r i n e t i n t Honcre*** ou<*ht to hove no v o ic e beyond e r a n tin e th e su p p l i e s , I f t h e r e e v e r in n tim e when op p o s i t i o n should be v i g i l a n t , scru o u lo u n , w a tc h fu l n o t i c i n g e v e ry th in * t h a t in v r o n « ; . . . . I f t h e r e *vor in a tim e th a t sh o u ld put men upon t h e i r in d iv i d u a l Judgm ent, r e f l e c t i o n , and r e s p o n * t b i l - t t y , i t in such a tim e ; and in n o t such o u r c o n d itio n n o / ? . . . . I have n ev er le a rn e d in t h a t sc h o o l of -'o ra l o r po l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , which te a c h e s t h a t , by p re s e v e rin * i n th e wromt, wo s h a l l ev er come out rie .h t • . •. ’ •olievlnr* t h a t th e c a u s e o f t h i s war i s r a d i c a l l y wron*. I h o ld i t t o bo t h e f i r s t , th e o l a l n e s t , and th e * i-io ie « t d u ty to w ith h o ld auo- p l i e s , and comncl th e P re s id e n t t o do what we b e l i e v e to he rl* * h t.'’ PrL 4-27 -40 11, ^ 11-5-47 U 2* “And when we *oeak o f th o c-u^oa o f t h i s w ar, 1 ~ v i t avow my c o n v i c t i o n , beyond a c a v i l or d o u b t, t o h e , t h a t i t l i e s in th e avowed p o l i c y o f th e American Gov ernm ent - a p o l i c y which was avowed fo u r y e a r s a#?o - t o make th e e x te n s io n of human s la v e r y one of i t s prim a ry m otives 2. o f a c t i o n . And when 1 sa y t h i s , l e t me n o t be m isu n d e rs to o d . I r e f e r to th e p r i n c i p l e avowed in t h e d ip lo m a tic c o r respondence which nrecodod th o annexa t i o n of Texas t o th e U nited S t a t e s . ” LuL 1-11-45 15, Sp 4-22-45 12, .Sp 11-5-47 >3 3 . "I had u n d e r s to o d , up t o t h e tim e when I r e a d t h i s d e c l a r a t i o n , t h a t th e i n s t i t u t i o n o f s l a v e r y , f o r eood o r bad, was a S ta te I n s t i t u t i o n , t th o u g h t i t was one w hich th e O c n e ra t Government had no r i e h t to to u c h . ev e ry th in * t h i t 1 hive e v e r heard unnn th e s u b je c t had te u d id t o t a ve th-»** I n s t i t u t e o n ' r n th e con n iv an ce o f th o ' m e r i t '"•ovornment, and ma*fe i t e v c l u s i v o lv a « u h i^ c t o f S ta te p o l i c y ; b u t h e r e • fin d i t b m t i ^ e d , and made on*? o^ th e Gods b e f o re which t h e whole peon if* *re t o bow down and w o r s h ip ....'■ "‘11, vhv can n o t th e -en a- t o r s who thJ.n*< w ith *ne t h a t tho war i s v r o n * , r a d i c a l l y wron*, come o u t and d e c l a r e so by c h o ir v o te s ? Vhy s i c h e r e denouncing th e t r e s i d e n t , and th en be g u i l t y o f t h e in c o n s is te r .c y -w ith a l l d e fe re n c e I sa y i t - o f v o tin g men and money to c a r r y on th e war? .'hy i t is • a id i t would ha u r.o o ju la r to w ith h o ld Che s u p p lie s . A n we a f r a i d to t r u s t Che p eople w ith a q u e s tio n of r i ^ h t ? S i r , I th in k th o s e who « i r .VfraM to C ru st th o p e o o le , u n d e r r m th ^ n . *r* men a f r a id t o do t h a t vh<rh i s r i e h t becau se i t "m « » n i t ho o o n u la r? " i r , i t I s t h i s ehont * ■ > ’ * th e u n n o n 'il.iritv of o o n o s ltlo n t o t h e ' i r which seems to s i t l i k e a n4 .f* 'tm -r< ' noon A-*«*rlc-in sta te sm en . ..♦ • • m * n i - r »id to ta k e a d sta n d . PrL 10-12 -4? >2, PrL 1 - 2 -4 4 ) 2 , f rL T-18- 4 5 f l , IrL 1 -1 1 -4 5 * 2 , Sp 4-22-45 *4*8, Sp 1 1-5-47 >1*4, frL I-I-48**?, <o 4-1- 4 8 . l2 2 tl-4 8 s*p. to -n ite r! < t i t e s * e n a te . " r o U t i c a i f i n n . i 1. ” 1 cannot x l v i th an k s t o anybody fo r m y a'eeocy in t h i s w ar, o x c e o t such n * e n iy as tends to b rin e i t to an i ’-n o d latn t e r m in a t i o n , . . .b u t ! have no th a n k s to o f f e r th o se who have been employed in th e p r o s e c u tio n of a war which I b e lie v e t o bo thus u n j u s t f r o i j i t s coiuiencemont. Nor can I accede t o a n o th e r ' p r o p o s itio n which I hove hoard m a in ta in e d w ith a sood d e a l of e n e rg y here and alsow kere 1 - t h a t an o f f i c e r o f t h e army o r navy h a s no d i s c r e t i o n - th a t he i s a mere m achine o f the A d m in istra tio n - t h a t i s to say, • ito , ” an ! he e o e th , 'c o m e ,’ and he com eth, w ith o u t a t t a c h ing to h im se lf any s h i r e of moral r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r th e c h a r a c t e r o f th e t r a n s a c t i o n in which h e i s en caned. 1 do not b e l i e v e in any such d o c t r i n e . . . . T r u s t , *s one humble in d iv id u a l, w ithhold now and fo re v e r anv vote o f thanks o r a o o ro b aclo n to th o se who have been in stru m e n ta l in c a r r y on Chat w ar. <o 4-21 45 U , ruL 7 -7 -5 2 '? 4-18,45 Pr*. L e t te r ‘'a le t o S lin a b e th . d e l i c i o u s . a O (V ) 1. 'There has been an i n c i d e n t o c c u rre d h e r e which has made me f e e l v ? rv much e r i o v e d . A le r * e number of s l a v e s , f o r t y o r more l * s t Saturday evening made an attem p t t o e s c a p e by g e ttin g on board a c y s t i n e v e s s ? l h i r e from rh ila d e lp h L a t o s e l l w ood.. . . f re i g h t e d w ith t h i s carsjo o f l i v i n g s o u ls , F a th e r s , m others, c h i l d r e n , b r o t h e r s , s i s t e r s a l l f le e lrf t from a system o f o p p re ss io n w hich red u ces them to a s t a t e o f d e g r a d a tio n eq u al to t h a t of b e a s t s . . . . ” Sp 8-22-35 >1, eel 7 - 3 - 5 6 H "Oh how must t h e i r h e a r t s have b e a te n hie.h w ith hope a s the s a i l s o f th e v e s s e l on board of which th e y w e re , were f i l l e d w ith th e win-! o f ' ‘n v e n t o b e a r them a wav, a* they t r u s t e d from the h o u se of bondage t o a house o f freedom. And how r u s t th e s e hopes h iv e been tu rn ed to t h i b i t t e r n e s s end neonv of d e s p a i r , a s they d i s c o v e r e d . . . . t h a t a steam bo at had been c h a r te r e d and w-s f i l l e d w ith t h e i r p u r s u e r s . . . . L*he p u rs u e rs su c ie d e d and overtook th e fug itiv e* * . . . .th o v ».*m ^ ro b ah ly ( b e ) . . . .c r u e l l y p u n iched and ce n t o f ^ . . . n e v e r n o re to look upon th o s e th ^y l o v e , "eth ers and “ o th e r s n v e r more t o looV uoon th>? f^cos o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n . . . . u n t i l th e s l i v e and h l- n a s t e r s h i l l stand t o n c t h o r b e fo re t '. a t Goi whose p r a ro c a tiv o i t i s t h a t he i s no re«pec- t o r of p e r s o n s . , . . ” «p l i - 5 - 4 7 A , frL 1 - 1 -4 8 :2 , -p 6 - L - 4 ? H , ip 6 -2 6 -5 6 /1 , rrL 6 - 2 8 -5 6 /1 , tr*. 7-3 56/2 4_-14^48 .'r . L e t te r :alo t o .-lir,ib e th , iie li^ io fis. (lOO.) I . “Those poor Ges.roes, o f whom 1 w ro te t o you y e s te rd a y , a r e s t i l l i n j a i l and w i l l p r o b a b ly be n iven up t o t h o s e who c la im them as p r o p e r t y . . . . 1 1 ra y be con*f-!ererf a cri'T*' (to es c a p e ) by th e s l a v e h o ld e r s .-nd t h e i r a id e r s a b e t t o r s , but i t can h a r d l y be <o r e in e d Sy t h a t "od who se n t J .is «.or on i c r t h to a n nounce a sy « t° n o f r e l i g i o n whose f i r ^ t o r i n c i o l e i s 'd e iiv o r -'n c ? to th e c a p t i v e and th e opening of o r is o n do o rs t o them Chat are bound. 8 -2 2 -3 5 n , r c l 1 0 -1 2 -4 2 ^ 2 , «p l - 2 1 o ° U 6-1-4? >o. :*ale t o co n a te . ' p o l i t i c a l ( 1^ 0 - ) 1. ” 1 sa id t h a t on th l* n u o s tio n we m ust t i k e a co u rse which command*- i t s a l f to us an a rlffh t - t h a t hiv in g found where th e r i " h t v an , w .» rftiat ’hide by i t re:T nr lie s* of con- sequencfc-•: and t h a t i f th e r e s u l t sh o u ld b* t h a t which was ta lk e d o f so such - th o di.-- solutL on of the Lnion - i t i t s h a l l h i found t h a t th e r.loriour. l n i o n of o u r s , e n d u r e : a- 194 as I t w.i* t o u s bv r.o rr »ny c h e ris h e d a s s o c ia t io n s , h.? I no oth »r p r in c ip le Of but th e blood o f s la v e r y , lo t I t sunder! • * Sp 8-22-15./2, . r L 10-12-42 r*2, .rL 4-13-4S 12 2. "T hat i s J u s t e x a c t l y what I s a id . Vho, th e n , heaps up rcmrn.icli upon th e C o n sti t u t i o n - who r a k e s uo th o a s h 's o f th e I l l u s t r i o u s d e a d , and p o u rs contem pt upon tho l l v l n c , but th o m n who would come forward and d 'c l a r e t h a t th e c e ment o f t h i s l.'nlon l a s l a v e r y ." PuL 1-23-45 >4, s’o 4 - 2 ? - 4 r * ;i 3* "Once fo r e l l , T d e s i r e t o ssv t h a t we have strop*? c o n v ic tio n s uoon t h i s s u b j e c t . »e b e l i e v e th .it s l a v e r v I s on e v i l - a m o ra l, p o l i t i c a l , s o c ia l e v i l . In th e e x p r e s s io n of t h a t b e l i e f , we do n o t no beyonl t h e d e c l a r a t i o n of many d i s t in g u is h e d c i t i z e n s ° t th e •o u th e r n S t a t e s . I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e l e g i s l a t i o n o f t h i s c o u n tr y , from t h e ad o p tio n of th e C o n s t i t u ti o n to th e o re * e n t t i m e , has be-n c o n t i n u a l l y s u b s e r v ie n t t o th is in s titu tio n .* * Sp‘ 7 -3 -3 2 > li PrL 9 -2 -3 9 > 3 , >p 4 -2 2 -4 5 )3 4. *'A f e e lin g i s availin'*, i n m en's h e a r t s t h e r e , th o s t r e n g t h and im portance o f when a re b u t l i t t l e a p p r e c ia te d h e r e . P erhaps th e e x t e n t and d e p th of t h a t ijrovlnq t i d e o f p o p u la r se n tim e n t w i l l n o t be f u l l y developed u n t i l th e l a s t experim ent be n«d* on t h e i r en d u ra n c e , in th e n o m in atio n of him whose fame has been a c q u ire d i n a war which th e y d e t e s t.'* PrL 1-2 -4 4 * 2 , luL 1-11-45*1 6-7-41 P r . L e tte r 'a l e to s . 3 . Chase. Legal. flOO/,) I . " I n o th e r words In th e ab sen ce o f any l e g i s l a t i o n by Tonnress on th e s u b j e c t o f s la v e ry In t h i « d i s t r i c t no t o t h e p r e s e n t tlT<» would n o t th*' laws o f th e c e d in s s t a t e s In tho ab sen ce o f an y such l e g i s l a t i o n bv T on^resg s t i c k to t h e law of t h e H a r r i e t " I c o n fe s s to you th a t h e r? l i e s th o e.rc?cest d i f f i c u l t y to my mind on t h i s C o n s t i t u ti o n a l q u e s t i o n . . . . " Chase to H ale 6-15-4* "The (general r u l e t h a t law s of c * * '* * '•* . o r conquered t e r r i t o r i e s r —a ln in f o rc e a f t e r c o e rc io n o r c o n q u e s t rrust be q u a l i f i e d w ith t h e l i m i t a t i o n t h a t su c h laws be n o t . . . s u c h as Che l e g i s l a t u r e o f the a c q u ir in g s t a t e i s i t s e l f incom petent t o e n a c t." (-e e m ln ^ iv re a ss u re d ^ on June 23, l e s s th a n a week a f t e r r e c e i v i n g C h a se 's o p in io n , iialo o f fe r e d a r e s o l u t i o n th a t th e C o w ritten f o r t h 7 ? H a r r i e t o f C o l umbia be i n s t r u c t e d t o b r in e in a blL l to a b o lis h s l a v e r y in t h e H s t r l c t . ) PrL 10.1 8 -4 3 * 3 , in 4-22-45*3 12-17-49 p r. L e t t e r ’a le t o r s . H ale. 3 © ii* io u s. f 3‘ 4) I . ? l i e h t r e f e r e n c e to t h e d e t a i l s o f c o in s ’ t o church. L e z a l. (20/,) 1. "There is a '►re.it d e ? l o f s p e c u la tio n her** as to o r s - 'n te in a r.ov.irn^ents fo r th e t e r r i t o r i e s of w hich we have robbed th e 'exlcan d e p u h llc . ih c only q u e s tio n r e l a t i n g t h r e a t s which has any i n t r i n s i c d i f f i c u l t y in i t . Is t h a t which r e l a t e s to th o m a tte r o f s l i v e r y . fhe 'O u th con te n d th a t th e y have * ri-»ht by t h * Con s t i t u t i o n t o f?o th ^ ro v i t h t h e i r sla v e s and to t h i s t o o r th n l - o s t to a man In b o th itouses a r e o p p o s 'd . " r . ^oue.Lass has o f f e r e d a b i l l bv w hich he hone* to osenne th e d i f f i c u l t y a l t m e C ’e r , which Is to a d m it th e I’a rrlto rle * * m s t a t e s »t once le.wln.q th e p e o p le to form t h e i r own c o n s t i t u t i o n a t o nce w ith o u t e.oine, th e i n i t i a to r y p ro c e ss of a T e r r i t o r i a l d o v e r m e a t. 1 do n o t th in k t h e p r o je c t w i l l sucoed. Many of t h e -octhern .>*hi< * n a r e s e rlo u 3 lv and d e c i d e d l y opposed t o any L e g i s l a t i o n upon th e s u b je c t s h o rt o f th e o rd in a n c e of 1787, which you know e x c lu d e s s la v e ry a l t o g e t h e r . . iViT . 1-11-45 *4, s p 4-22 -45/3 1 v l* c c lla n e o u * (75 4) 1. S o c ia l events and new a c q u a in ta n c e s . 2. The w e a th e r. 3-_4-50 ; 'r . L e tte r !!«le to :iev. T. P a rk e r. P o l i t i c a l (UKH) I . "A*?,iin ho (*'r. C alhous) sa y s "Che e m i t body of b o th p a r t i e s of tho X o rth , w ith th e f u l l knowledge of t h e fa c t f v l - : th a t th e a b o l i t i o n i s t s looked to th e a b o l i t i o n of s la v e ry in t h e s t a t e ) a lth o u g h , dis-v/ovln* th e a b o i- l t i o n i * t r , , have co -o >erated with them In a ln o s c a l l t h » l r m easu res1 • •, .1 n f i n e , 1 want t o show c l e a r l y and d e f i n i t i v e l y what th o tre a tm e n t r e c e iv e d by a b o l i t i o n i s t s was in t h e North from both p a r t i e s , co-m endne. In 1835 and coming down t o 1546, An answer a t your e a r l i e s t co n v en ien ce i s re q u e s te d ." >p 8 -2 2 -3 5 * 2 , ap 3 -L 9 -50*1 3-19-50 .->p, h a le t o >enate ( r o C la y 's Compromise 3111) P o l i t i c a l . (lOOO 1. • i v e r y p r i n c i p l e of law and every safem iard of p r o p e r t y , and cverv p r o o r i e t y o f c l v l l l - e d s o c i e t y , were v i o l a t e d bv both p a r t i e s *t t h e N ’o r t h t o nut down t h i s •••oveTent. AnJ, s i r , th e y v ie d w ith each oth.*r Co «ee who ml *ht so th o f a r t h e s t ; and the m^n th a t s a id the «ev- f r o s t t h l n a s , arid w-o d id th e s e v e re s t t h l n e s a n a in n t tho A b o l i t i o n i s t s were tho«*» who fuo* posed th e y were co — •* '> n d ln * t h e ^ m lv e s - o ^ t t o ! p u b lic 'a v o r . vnd, v e t , « i r in th e f-*ce of t h i s undoubted h i s t o r y o f th e fa c t* of th o c a s e . I t is now i* * « rte d t h s t th e y w ire r e c e iv e d w ith f a v o r by b o th p a r t i e s .*tt r Ke • o r t h , end t h i c both n a r t i e s did t h e i r b i d d in g . i t nas b«ir«in c h i r 2ed ^ aain sc th e .ibol- J i t i o n l n t a , a l s o , a*»ain and a«?*in, th a t th ro n q h o u t t h i s nove^ftnt th ey ware sending e - 'f * s e r i e s t o t h e >0', . t h , nr®'»chln»» I n s u r r e c t i o n t o t h i s l a v e s . In 1335 when th i^ nove- n e n t f i r s t s t a r t e d , i t i s due In j u s t i c e t o th e A b o l i t i o n i s t s to s a y , chic th e y disavow ed i t in th e most solemn manner, an I h^va c o n tin u e d t o disavow i t fro ^ chat day to t h e p r e s e n t , a lth o u g h the n^r.orcion i s r e i i ' t e d h e r e alm ost e v e ry t i ^ e ch at any r> '»ncleman has o c c m io n t o sp;*?*: uoon th i* r u b j e c t . The f a c t s a m , t h a t fro ? th** ci~ e when t h i s trove• ment f i r s t h id I t s o r i n i n a t Che ‘ o r th , down' to th o p r e s e n t t i r e , then.? s i -h A b o l i t i o n i s t s have disavowed any such i n t e n t i o n . " 2. " I w i l l say, w ith re ? » rd to th e s u b je c t which war. no a few moments s i n c e , whenever * b i l l can bo f rv ? e i h o n n - tlv t o c a rry o u t th e o b l i g a t i o n of th o C o n s t i t u ti o n , .in! c a r e f u l ly e m r d l n ? ae*ain* t a b u -e s, T w ill co n sen t t o c a r r y out a l l th e s e o b l i n i t i o n s in rood ; f a i t h ; but aoo-1 fait!: .poc r e i u i r e t h a t th e r i g h t s of th e s t a t e s sh**ll be p e rv e rte d to en .ib is p e rio n o to c a r r y Into e f f a c e th e p u rp o se of r o c a ^ tu r ir ,* * f u r i t i v o s i •/;*. * . t sh o u ld be rono ■•bored t h a t v.hare th e i n t e r e s t s of fruclor.i and nlav.-ry a r e in c?r.: • c t , t'-o i n t o r o ^ t i of I iI • * ?rty nhould b** pro ie rv * i , protfrcte.i and au?r*l'»’ ; ar.d i t is r ? ? Njty o f th e S enate ar.h n f t!;e ' n t l o n a l ' s i i t u r e to p r o t e c t aql *n?ard th o s e r l^ h t* of fr-;-^o -'." <p 4 -2 2 -A" *3 195 4-?1-5f> So. 'm I a t o - e n a to . -|Vutic.il-L«*«l. f ino .) 1. " ‘M t th e honor ih le ‘' c m t o r from **outh C a ro lln a t* * r. : utl**rj'••nv'* t ’n t T nvs-»lf h a v e p r^ - ^ n to l o e t i t i o n n of n s o r t . I b e l i e v e t h a t th '' n o t l t l o n s t o w hlrh ho a l l u d e s have b*»n c i r c u l a t e d in ie n n s v l- v a n i a , and n vorv few s n t to •-**, and I h a v e p re s e n te d th**'", h o c n u s ' T th in k th'* p e o n te hav> o rl«*ht t o Ho~t I f tH^v h iv e no o t h e r . To be* i s a r l * h t t h a t belongs t o th e most "h ^ .'c t s l a v e on '»nrth. The r l e h t o f h e f ^ in s V*lon«*« to b r u t e ’ b e a s t * , f o r th e y h e n , I b e l i e v e t h i s r l c h c o f h«»«?**lnq ou* h t t o e*-t*nd wher- e v e r human n a tu r e o - l s t * . ! s i v t h a t a v e r y few o f th e s e p e t i t i o n s have been s e n t to *ne, e s k l n c , in s iib * tm c e , t h i s : C h it Congress sh o u ld e i t h e r p ro o o se some amendments t o th e C o n s t i t u t i o n of th e U n ite d > t a t c s by w hich s l a v e r y m lsh t bo nboL ished th c o u a h o u t t h e - r a t e s , o r s o io o t h e r mode d e v is e d bv w hich th e p eople o f frennsvtvnnin may in so-<? way o r o cher b e r e l i e v e d from any r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e i r stiODort.** «r> 4 -2 2 -3 S » l, FrL 1 0 -1 4 -4 3 * 3 , PrL 1 2 - 2 1 -4 3 U , *p 4 -2 2 -4 5 n 6 -9 -5 0 l;r . L e t t e r :a l c t o ''r n . Male, r o l i t i c a l . (100*4) I. "I must say t h a t I lo o k uoon h im ^ !r. J e h ste q ) w ith p l t v , o i t v t h a t he should h a v e so do<*rs«1ed h i m s e lf in h i s o ld a*e and s a c r i f i c e d h is h o n o r a b le ' ’ ’mo so h a r d l v . There i s no h e t o f o r him. ,fe can ...novsc r e c o v e r th e p o s i t i o n which he once o cc u p ie d i n t h e h e a r t s o f t h o u s m l * who h a v e adm ired h i s e r o * t n o v e rs o f i n t e l l e c t and who had booed t h a r in th e e r e a t c o n f l i c t between r i a h t and wrone which now a e i t a c e s nnd d i v i d e s th e •a tio n b is v o i c e would have been h e a rd on th e s id e o f t r u t h and r'reedom, and what h a s he g a in e d by h i s d e f e c t i o n ? M othlnq, a b s o l u t e l y n o th in g but th e sc o rn o f th e f r i e n d s whom he has d e s e r t e d , .ir.d th e contem nt o f th o s e whose fa v o r he would c o n c i l i a t e , .ho f o u r t h w i l l do nothin** f o r hiv.. *uey w i l l u * e him and t h a t i s a l l , but hr' i s l o s t , i r r e t r i e v a b l y l o s t . " P rl. o - d - s o . i ^ rrL 1 0 -1 2 -4 2 * 2 , ~r*. 10-14-43>3 9-lft-SO Sp, Male to S e n a te , ' r o l i t i c a l O '™ '.) 1. M 1 u n d e r s ta n d , bv th e e x n la n n a tio n made bv th e S e n a to r from ’'a r v l a n d , th-*t th e lew a s i t no j s t a n l s « lv e « to th o c i t i - r e n s . o f *> ry l« n d a monopoly o f th o ri *ht t o b r in e s e rv a n t* i n t o t h i - d i s t r i c t f o r h i r e . And, as an Inducem ent t o co n t i n u e t h i s « c a re o f c h i n a s , ve a r e t o l d , l e g i s l a t i o n h Ar«? fo r t Ke " ) i * t r i c t f t h a t i n e o n ^ id rtr itin n of t h a t , ve, th e l e g i s l a t o r s of th e D i s t r i c t , have th e r l n h t t o c a r r y o u r s la v e s f o r h i r e i n t o tho S t a t e o f n c y iin d ; and i t i s not a one s id e d b u s in e s s a l t o g e t h e r , b ecau se th e r e i s se cu re d to u s - and when t sa y u s , 1 sp e ak o f y.i as l e g i s l a t o r s f o r th o D is t r i c t o f Columbia - t h e r e i s se c u re d to u s arid t o o u r c o n s t i t u e n t s in t h i s d is t r i c t , t h e r i a h t t o ta k e our s la v e s in to " a r v l a n l an! work th e n t h e r e , and i t i s a f a i r t r a d * , >ow, f o r o n u , I want to make no such b a r g a in . 1 do not want to mnk* a n y th in * by h l r l n e slave**, 'iod knows I do not want t o make n n v th ln c bv l e c t i n * the'n o u t, I an v i l l l n m to eiv e ur> a l l p r i v i l e g e t h a t n o r t ' l n r to me as one of th o l e g i s l a t o r s f o r t h i s D i s t r i c t t o y i e l d up t h e fo ld e n p ro rp e c ts from t h a t scheme of comSinln* c a p i t a l and la b o r which Is t o he found by ta k in g our people - our c o lo re d o«ool* - f r o m t h i s D i s t r i c t down i n t o V n rv la n f, and work in s them t h e r e , and ta k in g pav f o r t h e i r l a b o r , ' l r , i t may be e s tim a te d by some to be a v ery *r*Mt p r i v i l e g e ; fo r one, T do not w ish t o en jo v i t ; I am w i l l i n g to e lv e i t u p , t o r e l i n q u is h I t e n t i r e l y . P u t, on tho o th e r hand, I am not w i l l i n e t o submit any lo n g e r to have the o eople of t ^ e > ta t3 of ''a ry la n d enjoy n monopoly of th e p r i v li o n e o f h r ln e ln e t h o i r sla v e s h ero and working th en f o r h i r e . 1 want a l l th e - c a t e s to sta n d on an e q u a l i t y in t h i s r e s p e c t . The n e n a to r from Maryland sa y s t h a t we a r e w i l l ing t o extend t h i s p r i v i l e g e - t h a t i s , we a re w illin'* to l e t a i l th e r e s t of t h e s I avo . s t a t e s of th e Union en jo y th e same p r i v i l e g e th a t th e .sta te of ‘a ry la n d now e n jo y s ; and In ste a d of r e p e a lin g t h a t p a r t o f th e law which c o n fe rs th e r i * h t upon th e p e o p le o f •'a ry la n d , he i s w i l lin g t o extend i t t o a l l th e s t a t e s . ; e l i , s i r , perhans t h a t would be e q u a l; but i t would be j u s t as eq u a l t o r e p e a l t h a t p a r t o f th e law which c o n fe rs t h a t r l e h t upon t h e neopie o f th e S ta te o f Mary la n d .* I’rl. 12-4-43 H , <p 4 -2 -4 5 13 9^-24-_5fl Mai* t o S en ate. »eVal7 flH h*) I . wI t la c o n s id e re d h e re as a s o r t o f o a t r i o - t l c e f f o r t t o erorer.s « r e a t c o n fid e n c e In th e Supreme C o u rt. I e x p re ss no c o n fid e n c e t h a t 1 do n o t f e e l , and I never w i l l , .'e «re l i v i n g and i t in not w orth w hile to atte m p t to co n c e a l t h e f a c t - when we a r e ao o ro n ch ln * an im p o rtan t c r i s i s in p u b lic o p in io n in ro - e.Atd t o the s u b je c t of s la v e ry ; and t say h e r e , and s h a l l sta n d by t h a t se n tim e n t t i l l ny c o n v ic tio n s a re a l t e r e d , t h a t th e co u rse o f th o auarurr.o Court o f th*; United a t a t e s , whenever n u e s tlo n s r e l a t i n g to s la v e r y have come b efo re them, has n o t been such as to ' co-mrand my c o n fid e n c e . Mo, s i r , f a r from i t : and I am not th o h y p o c r ite t o p r o fe s s » co n fid e n c e which I do not f e e l , I w i l l *o f u r t h e r ; I w ill say t h a t th e .supreme Court has ta k e n «t c o u rse on question.* of t h l r s o r t w hich, in s te a d of bein*’ . such as t o command nv c o n fid e n c e , has v«-tVon*»d th a t wHich ! had b e fo re . T h e re fo re , upon q u e s tio n s of t h i s s o r t f s la v ^ r v ) where I th in k t ^ r e i s anyf c thin*, r t s t a k e , I w i l l n o t consent t o subm it to th e n th a t which T can r ^ t - i n w ith in my own c o n tr o l 1 sa id I was w lllin e to subm it t h i s , b ^ c u ise * b e lie v e i t involve* nothin*., ! b e iio v o i t i s a fo regone c o n c lu s io n , and i s t o be decid ed a e a in s t us in any w»v, and In n s-u c h a** I have n o th in g e i t h e r to • t i n o r lo s e , I have no o b je c tio n . 1 do not q u a rro l w ith anybody; but e n t e r t a i n i n g t h i s o p in io n , I r u s t a c t upon i t , and whenever t h a t i s s u e i s made, i f i t is to be made b efo re tho b a r o r p u b lic o o ln io n , I am ready to r e a t th e .Supreme C o u rt, o r anybody e l s e , b e fo re t h a t b a r o f DUblic o p in io n upon tho q u e s tio n w hether the c o u rs e o f t h a t c o u rt h as been su c h , uoon q u e s tio n s o f t h i s s o r t , as to commend I t t o th e f r i e n d s of n a tio n a l f r e e dom,*' FrL 10-1 4 -4 3 n *-7_-52 l u . L e tte r Male t o T.O, r*oe*. P o l i t i c a l , (1 0 0 : ) 1. " h i I * th e o o « ltio n of th e s e two ere.^t p a r t i e s , as t rt,'te d by th o aces o f t h e i r rr?>’* jlar- Iv o r^ .m l'o d C onventions, i s such t h a t no man '• nr/ ' d«'-oeracy i s a p«snti'"'nc and n o t a r o r c r-.«r-* *.rk, bv which h** ".*y be !:no#n t o h i s i o ’^'er- on ^1*’ ,*'tlon !'V , can Jln c o v .r t v -*■ > - n re c i-’hlo d if f e r e n c e k , t w e n them; car*.or 196 c o n n e t* t h e con^e»* sI o n , t h a t V n o r n c v • o u g h t h e r r o M t l o n , n» v •»' — *! f o r l c . ‘■ ort»'err Uoue.hf • ', c * * » lo o " .' t ro ‘ -■oil'■hnrn <laverv a« an a l l v t o 'v 'ln th e n to * l* h t th o n d v e c n t •*v o f th o u g h t. Fret' s-M-nrh, ? rc o ' n i l »n.! 'r«v» >n w h ile t h " .'hi'**;, .v>i».»ro-irtv a t l e a « t , v l* U e d t o .1 n . ' c o ^ i t v , f .in d i\l o r r e a l , supgrlortucod bv th e t r e a c h e r y of f r i e n d s , who In f o r r v c d.avs had s s ld some b ra v e th ln .u r f o r L ib e rty . rrL 1 0 - l * - 4 3 ; l , >p 1 1 - 5 -4 7 U 2. "fcverv demand o f "Ifw o rv has boon co n - p ile d w i t h , e v e r y t h r o a t , however i n • s o l o n t, h a s be *n r o t bv craven and cow a r d ly stibaii s s I o n , u n t i l emboldened by s u c c e s s , she h a s no*'ln»tod h er c a n d id a te fo r t h rt P re s id e n c y who h i s c laim to p u b lic f a v o r on th** ground t h a t no a c t o r r e c o r d o f h i s l i f e has e v e r been found i n o o o o n i t l o n t o h e r depends. V h llt th o g a l l a n t o f f i c e r In n om ination bv th " '.3110?'. f o r th o ***** o f f i c e , has • 'd is p la y e d no la c k o ' courage '.hen c e l l e d to onoo'-m t h e t r *»ned v e te ra n s o f "n«*- larv4, th'* w i l y */rVage o r th " horde* o f *>*1co d e f e n d in g t h e i r ■ "oint'ln n**«es * * a in « t an in v a d in g ? o ", he has th u s f a r f a ile d e n t l r e l v t o m nlfo**t t h a t h ig h e r cour**«, which 1* n«*ce***rv to oonose a more d a n g e ro u s a n l f a t * l foe to th e l i b e r t i e s o f h i s c o u n t r y , th a n th e combined fo rce s o f .n c .la n d , Mexico and th e s a v ag e." ap 4-22-45A 7, ap 2-11-44*1 9 -6 -5 ? r u . L e t t e r H ale to >1. .VIIson, f o l l t l c a l (100 ,) I , had su p p o sed and hoped, a f t e r t h a t l e t t e r wa3 w r i t t e n t h a t th e c lo s e o f ny p re se n t terra o f s e r v i c e in th e **-*nate would c lo n e f o r e v e r my p o l i t i c a l c a r - e e r . . . . : * u t t h e members of t h a t Conven t i o n , i t t s b u r * ’ "ret* O e^o cratic va t t o n a l i r e s i d r n r l o l *or*1 natlrr* C onvention) w ith s i n g u l a r u n c n l - i t v , have judged d l f f e r o n t Iv . . • . I t h e r e f o r e y ie ld r v own w ishes a n 1 o p in io n s t o th o se Of pv f r i e n d s , and th**** a s - e n t to what has been . . . • T «*ur>uor© ch at th o * e who nom inated * * * e d id Lc from a c o n v ic tio n of v h s t r vfltiH do, bounded on a know ledge? o* ••hat I had done, r a t h e r th a n any f a c i l i t y T •"' ' h t be supoo^ed t o p o ssess i n r ' V l n 1 ? ol»»;\*e*, and p ro m is e s , f o r th a f u t u r e . irL 10 18-4373 1 v3^56 >p. A a le t o 'e n .ito . P o l i t i c a l . (LOO.) 1. " I b i s p a r t o f h i s m essage, s tr ip p e d o f i t s v e r b ia g e mean3 t h i s 1 . I f , bv the* I l le g a l v i o l e n c e o: th e ner. who have gone over i n t o L'ar.sna, .and u n d e rta k e n t o e s t a b l i s h s l a v e r y t h e r e , th e y s h a l l con* hero and as!: f o r ad m issio n in to th e Union w ith a s l a v e c o n s t i t u t i o n , and Kansan s h a l l bn r-.i* 'c te d , th e p r e s i d e n t t e l l s u s that* 1* th o r e s t fa v o ra b le a s n e c t i n w hich t h a t o u e s tlo n can he p r e s e n t ^ ! . T h at w i l l be th e I s s u " , and, i f i t b«» d e c id e d a ^ M n r t s l a v e r y , v e are 2. th r e a te n e d w ith c i v i l war. ci r , 7 am not a - a n o f w ar: b u t w b e n ? have hoard i t t h r e a te n e d so o f t e n , T have sometimes w ish 'd t h a t r’Od in h i s providence would l e t i t c n - ^ , r *p 4 i '*-*>*n 2 . " > i r , when t h e r e s i d e n t u n d e rta k e s t o s t i f ^ i t i *e, a s he h* r* done, th o « e who d i f f e r from him hf* «*cep" beyond .’h a t he has ii r i g h t t o do; ha «teos o v er th e mark; h-- v i o l.ic e s th e lavs which, 1 t h in k , sh o u ld govern th e in te r c c iir s e be- Cv**cri th e d i f f e r e n t r\r-b e rs o f t h i s ;ov- ern-*ent. h e denounces as cn«rnl.*« t o th e f'on*t! tu t Ion thn*-e who d i f f e r from hi*-, 1 th in k It p ro n er to m*v»t bl n In t h i s way, and to take ln»uf w ith him. Joes th e i r**«l lent th in k t h a t upon t h i s i s u e ho Can ro b e fo re th e country? ;o«s he th in k t h a t he s ta n d s in n p lace where i t in sa fe o r p ru d e n t fo r hLm to denounce a s in im ic a l t o th e C o n s titu tio n views th tc h a rc v n t e r t a l m d bv si v a s t .rvajor- i t y of th e p eo p le of t h i s c o u n try ? I f he Is s a f e , i t i s h i s o b s c u r i t y , and n o th in * e l s e , t h a t s h ie ld s him - i t is t h e u t t e r h o p e le s s n e ss of h is p o sitio n .* ' lu \. l - i t - 4 5 »3 ? -.”J4 -5 6 Sr>, ;n lo to '-‘csnate. /.e ii^ lo u s -! e * n l. (Ih p ;) I . ".k it, s i r , 1 w i l l leav e > n e r a l I 'l e r c e . ^uo- oos* so -e un^nrCiin»t-» wt<*ht - one o f tho*e tho^e th r e e thousand clercy r.en f o r i n s t a n c e , about «»*hom so -u e h was sa id - sh o u ld s t r a y i n to Kansas w ith some l i t t l e volume fo r h is s o l i t a r y re a d in g in h i s n o c k e t: and th e c o n s t a b le should fin d i t and onon i t and read t h i s : ’ Ue t h a t s t c a l e t h a msn and s e l l ^ t h him, or i f he b 1 ? found in h i s h a n d ,- h e s h a l l r.urolv be nut t o d e 't h . " f ^ r o d u s , c h . 2 l , v . 16) I do not say what t h a t m eans; but in th e hands of an uned u cated b la c k -a n miehc i t n o t havo a tendency t o produce a w dan*erou« d i s a f f e c t i o n ; " nr.d i f so , would i t not come w ith in th e condem nation of t h i s law? A ^aln, s i c : suppose he d id not ta k e th e whole B ib le , but only took thef ,'cv f c s c a r e n t ; and suppose he should t h e r e re a d as fo llo w s: **Xhe s o i r l t of th e lo r d i s upon r e , because h e h i t h an o in ted ne to p reach th e e o s p e l t o th e r»oor: he hath s e n t r e t o h e a l th e b ro k e n -h e a rte d , to preach d e liv e r a n c e to t h e c a p t i v e s , and re c o v e rin g of s i g h t t o th e b l i n d , to s~c a t l i b e r t y th o s e who a c e bruised,** (LuVe, c h . 4, v . l 3) * do n o t say Want th e mennio* o f t h i s i s ; but mit*ht i t n o t w ith an uneducated b lack ran have a rood.-*ncy t o produce "d a n gerous d is a f f e c t i o n ,* v i t h i n th e meaning of th e s t a t u t e which I have r e i d ? Again; "Thou s h a l t not d e l i v e r »jnto h i s m a s te r th-» s e r v i n t which is escaned fro ~ h i s ‘ •.in te r u n to t h e e : * he s h a ll dw ell w ith th e e even amone vou in t h a t o la c e which ho s h n ll choose in one of th y g..t**, v h are i t li/.o th hi*' b a n t: thou s h a lt r o t o p p re ss h i r . " ( JouCQroromy, c h . 23, - v . l 5 nn! 18) I do not $ive anv r e a n in » to th ! * : Vie I ortlv w hether t h i s i s n o t dangerous s t u f f t o put i n t o th e h.-nds of u n educated men, and w hether i t n i^ h t not have a tendency t o produce a "dangerous d i s a f fe c tio n ? " *'ould n o t a r.*n be s u b je c t t o th e condemnation o f t h i s law who should bn found w ith any such docum.-nt as t h i s in h is o o ck "t? The > enator from Tennessee s a id th * p r o v is io n of th e law was n o t se v ere enough, b at t h a t th e o ffe n s e ought t o he nunlr-he. by d«v»th. .’ a l l , s i r , t h e r e was a t r i b u n a l v h tch s/»t more than e ig h te e n htsndred y e a rs a«*o unon th o u jth o r o f one of th e s o n t l n ? n t s which I have r" a d , and t h a t t r i b u n a l th o u r h t j u s t s o , and passed se n te n c e o f d e a th upon him, and g'-ecucod him ." ~r> ? -2 2 -3 “ >l, TrL lft-l«-43V 4 * 'e mart sa y , as t ' 0 *so of o ld have s a i d , when we r v c h a n o ln t where !u tv , c o n sc lo n c o , a c tio n must be s u r r e r.J e r a d , ve c a n n o t '•o. !q cannot co n sen t t o s u r r e r ',c r o u r o p in io n * , a c tio n s o r s a n ti'-e n t'4 *. .hat t h e n ’ u * t th e Union be d is s o lv e d ? * ir , / do n o t beliav^j i t . I do not b e lie v e - ''cntlc-^rn w i l l paruon to i f I r.ay i t , f o r i t i s an o p in io n - i !o not b 'li e v e t l t a C th o p o p u la r or>i~ior o f th e *cc*nt masses of th e poonl'* of t h i s cm tacrv i s ri’rirf-.-m.to'*, g*?ntl nan t a l k c,*jlt so f l i o e a n t l y as 7 have heard th e n tr. I’- 'h o u t a d lt-o lM tin n of t ’*is ’n io n . I b e lle v * te-:in v t h a t n-irs i s th e srro a t'» ;r -evorn - * •* .* : on th e 197 fn c * o f th * e a r t h . I b a llo v o ch at i t s fo u n ln tlo n s ir*' th-s f irm e s t, th o 'nost c n iw r tn r . wh.it a re th * V .'hi e a e u ln r iidgm.»nt - th o o o n u ln r t v r t . fh^ro i t I s , s i r ; th*»r»* In tho solum n,tho b ro ad , An! th® o v e r le s tins' b a s is uoon which the* I n s t i t u t i o n s of t h i s c o u n try r o s e . 'V own o p in io n I n , t h a t such w i l l b*» found t o ho th o c*n.» .»h"nw’t nr 1 whoc- e v - r lnf-itM.it.1nn s h a l l ho nmd t r y th* * * o * rlmen c. * hMl**"? t ua t I f , l i s t e n i n g t o e v i l c w n ’n l ^ , on-kc! on by th* pu r- oo« as o f • o n c tln n o r anv o t h e r , a n * r tv , lira ® o r s ^ i l l , s’-nll b r % «p f a r fors-'J-en o f '"Jod in'! of * 0 0 1 c o u n sel n* t o v e n tu r e on th .it ra sh o:<;iorlm«nt, th o co n * crv « -' t l s n , th e p a t r i o t i s m , tho I n t e l l i g e n c e , en J hum anity of th in c r c a t p eool* w i l l t* a c h *uch .1 io ^ so n which th o v , nor t h e i r c h i l d r e n , n o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n s ’ c h i l d r e n t o th e l a t e s t p o s t e r i t y , e v e r f o rg e t frL 10-12-42)1 4-1 2 -5 6 So. ;a le t o ren a te * L e g a l. ( 1 0 0 .) 1. "These p e t i t i o n e r s (iCensas) coma forw ard end t e l l you t h a t your .attempt t o g iv e th e n a government has been a f a i l u r e , a s i g n a l f a i l u r e , and th a t t h a t co v e rn - •*ent, in s te a d o f affordin'* them p r o te e - t l o n , h as b a »n a -*ea.ns o f o p p re s s io n ; tb .it lnate.i1 o c being tho s h i e ld t o p r o t e c t , i t has been th o so*nr to wound th e n ; t h a t v o u r ette-not t o n lv e th e n governm ent has r e s u l t e d In an u t t e r , e n t i r e , an* t o t a l f a i l u r e ; and th e v ar® t h e r e f o r e - ’r iv e n b-»ck to t h a t o o - l t l o n which ev ery n co n t* a re hound to n i* u r« In l i v e c l r c " '- ta n c - 's . h e n a government f a l l s to a f f i r m fo r th e D^ople l i v i n g u n d e r I t th* *re-*c ends f o r ■••hich gov ernm ent i s always I n s t i t u t e d and co n s t i t u t e d , I t I s t h * i r r i g h t and t h e i r d u tv to seek o th e r »nd d i f f e r e n t forms of government - to a b o lis h th e o ld end i n s t i t u t e th e n*v. These p e t i t i o n e r s have not ta k e n th e sword: th e y have n o r ta k e n t.ne l a s t r e 3 o c t . . . .They ask you c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y , poace.tbly, end q u i e t Iv , to n l l o v th a n to ta k e uoon th e m se lv e s th e burdens of a governm ent, so t h a t rh*v Tav f in d t h a t p r o t e c t i o n which your Attempt has u t t e r l y falLed t o give t h e n . . . . M l t h a t I d e s i r e In t h i s s t a r e of th* c a s e i s , t h a t t h e i r o e t i t l o n s h a l l bo r n s o e c t f u l l v t r e a t e d , and I hope i t w i l l be p r i n te d . " gn 1-3-56*1 5-73-56 ? r . T a r t a r 'i.ile to ?.ev. 7 . F a r k e r. “ ^ o T i t i c a l . 1. " T th in k o-ir ~«n, most of them, w i l l be t r u e and f.-» r l o r a . T y f i r s t th o u g h t wh^n I h eard o f t h e blows on •hinnar was t h a t a v e ry n a tio n in the '"'roe ^t'*t*s wanted j u s t •*uch blo ?« on h i s o-m h e a d , e s p e c i a l l y tho'?** c o n s e rv a tiv e and c a u tio u s ones who a re a sk in g 'what has t h e Worth 7 t o do w ith s l a v e r y . *” Prl. 6-1 1 -4 5 /2 2. ” 1 f e e l s ic k and diseur.t-vl w ith C ongres s i o n a l l i f e more th a n ev er and i f I c o u ld do i t w ith honor, I would r e s ig n mv p la c e to ro rro w more j o y f u l l v th an I a c c e n te d i t . u t I cannot I f t h e r e be no r e a l danger here- In th* f e a r l e s s o o r- f o r nance of d u ty bv an * » n ti-sla v e ry mem b e r of C o n g ress, "vinv p eople suppose th e r e i s an! I should b.- * u n w illin g to have I t c.hI-1 of m t h a t i ha 1 been r e - o a t < ■ > Iv honored bv nr/ n a tiv e s t a t e w ith t h M r h lV -v ^t honors an'. % n joyed them so lo re -, as 1 co u ld In q u ie t an! th e n d e s e r te d th e f i e l d o f d u tv as soon os I t b e c a -< * th o f i e l d of d a n g e r ." Irl. 6-27-40 = I , sp 6 -2 6 -5 6 /1 , ;*rL 6 - 2 8 -5 6 ; i j5-26-56 ’ 'p , a l e to -o n a to . I 'o l i r l c a l . (lODi) I. "1 a*i p e r f e c t l y w i l l l n ? t o o b i !e th e jti 'pment of t h o s ' who ! p v o been m y e o ilc n c u e s ; and to sta n d m l f a l l bv i t . hen I say t h i s , 1 do n ot make th e ap'*«oi t o th o s e who have s y ^ p i- t h l r e d w ith mv o o l l t l c . a l I d l o s y n c r a c i e s , fo r T have s o -o tl been her-' w ith o u t a. s i n g l e 3vmoathl**er; b u t I w i l l lnnv* i t t o tho^-e who have d i f f e r e d w ld e lv from no In my vie*,»q of p u b lic d u ty . A s has b*en th e o a s t , so muse be th e f u t t i r e . . . . ! 'wive slm n ly and s o l e l v made t h i s ol*1*o - and i t i s th e o n ly o n a , I t h i n k , ! o v er d id -make, o r e v e r s h a l l make, ns a t pr*«*nt a d v is e d , In r e c o rd t o th * d i s - c h a rc e of my d u tv as a m other o f t h i s o r tho o t h e r -knine - I w i l l en d e a v o r to d ir.ch ar» e my d u ty w ith a s t r i c t and a s e n s i t i v e r e a a r d not o n ly t o th® r i g h t s but t o th® f e e l i n g s o f e v ery o th e r c e n tl e r a n upon th e f l o o r , and th e c o n s titu e n c y which ho r e p r e s e n t s ; b u t, w h ile I do t h a t , i c la im , and I T*ist e x e r c i s e , w h ile 1 s ta y h e r o , th e ris;hc o f d i s c h a r g in g , a cco rd in g to r y c o n v ic tio n s o f d u ty , t h i s ftrent p r i v i l e g e o f f re e d e b a te nnd d is c u s s io n on t h i s f l o o r . The p ledge which 1 have made my c o n s t it u e n t s i s , t h a t w henever, w h ile I hold a s e a t on t h i s f l o o r , I say a sincrle word more, o r u t t e r a s i n g l e s y l l a b l e l e s s , o r ta k e one s to p more o r l e s s , from any u n manly fe a r of any conrequoncm s, t h a t day s h a l l see ~y s e a t v ac a n t h e r e , end l i b e r t y jrlven to th e l i t t l e S ta te which I r e p r e s e n t , t o be re p re s e n te d on t h i s f l o o r by one in whose v e in s t h e r e 1« no c o w a rd 's b lo o d ." ?rL 4-IR -4R ■ * * > , !’rl. 5-2^-56Z ?, *rL 6 - 2 « -5 4 il 6 -2 q • 56 J r . h o t t e r 'a l e to " r s . , ’ra l e . i o i i t i c a l . f5 0 i) 1. "I send you to d a y th e 'U obe o f y e s te r d a y in which you w i l l ^ce a s h o r t speech I m*de in th e ^enato on th e freedom o f d e b a te . 1 hope you w i l l c o n s id e r i t firm and d e c id e enough w h ile a t tho s-i.me tim e i t f a r enough from b e in g acri-onour. o r v i t u p e r a t i v e . I have no id e a t h a t i t w i l l s a t i s f y *>u'Tiner' s u l t r a f r i e n d s , o r th e u l t r a a n t l - n i? v o r y p e o p le of th e /ro e s t a t e s , cu t i t s a t i s f i e s my o /n Judgment and 1 hope i t dons yours and t h e ' * c h i l d r e n s , i f s o , I am c o n t J n t. 1 do n o t fu e l t h a t th e ro i s any g r e a t d a n g e r o f v io le n c e h e r e , i f t h e r e be any, 1 s h a l l n o t a l t * r my c o u rse in th e l e a s t , nor do \ apprehend mv d a n g e r. I s h a l l n o t ta k e a f lo a tin '? a t a l l e v e n ts . I n ev er b e lie v e d in whipping c h i l d r e n , though T am not su re t h a t i t wo*tld n o t have b^en as w e ll I.i-g ie and Lucy t o h ave been w hlopei a l i t t l e when th e y were youns- e r , s t i l l I am more than e v e r opposed to whipping men b la c k o r w h i t e ." R-22-35.M, Prl, 4-1*-43 *2, «o 6-1-48 M, ? r r. 5-2^ 56 >?. - n 6 -2 4 -5 6 /1 v i s c a l la n e o u s . (5 0 7 ,) 1. \ l e t t e r from h i s b r o t h e r , 2. The w e a th e r. -3-56 : r . L e tte r K ale t o " r s . 7 a le . V o lltic A i. (90;*,) 1, "I suggested t h a t i t was : e n t a l a n g u is h , th e s ic k n e s s of i wounded s p i r i t , th e c ru sh in g w eight o f a sense of th e d e g r a d a tio n to which he (ru n n e r ) .might f e e l he had been su b je c te d t h a t was c ru sh in g th e l i f e o u t o f him ." sp 3 -2 2 -3 5 /1 , ir L 1 2 -1 5 -4 3 /1 , .r L 4 -1 5 * 4 0 /1 , >rL 6-2 3 -5 6 /1 M s c o lla n e o u s . (10%) I . - a l e ’ s em o tio n al d e p re s s io n , 1 - 0 1 - 5 ' p . - 'a le to '•on11 n , •i; .eLigiotir:. ( ? 0 -) l e g a l f6PL) f o l l t i c n l C^C’ 4) I . ""y th e u n i v e r s a l co n sen t o f m**n’*ln1, a hors® i r th e s u b je c t o f p ro n e rc v ; and v/hom th e h ers* >;ts T .vh, h? ’.’.m made to be p r o p e r ty , e e l man 198 was made to ovn him* Tt r e s t n tinon n<i s t a t u t e and upon no s p e c u l i r ’on or’ »>hll- or.oohv. I t *>00*5 hoc'* to t'*-» ^ .:r ! ! <--.t p e rio d of rccorcto I t l m '. "ion th e \ l - m leh tv c r e a te d t h i s bro-»d e * r f h md ra v e i t t o ■'.in f o r a l i o v , * .* e . - v * I t t o him to c u l t i v a t e ; 'o f l l l e ! th o land w ith c a t t l e .m l th o fio.i w ith f i s h ami t h e a i r w ith fo v ln ; th e n :'e «\rJe man and He gave hlT t h i s e o - ^ lc s lo n :"havc thou dominion o v e r th e fi* h o ' th o ron and th e 'o*/l« o ' th*' a i r *»nd th e c a t t l e and over evory cro o n in g th in g t h a t creep* on tho e a r t h . M ’ u t m in, s i r , im m ortal man - ra d o In tho i ’ -age o f God -Me n ev er s a i d , "have thou dor.lnion o v e r him ." i^o; i.o re s e rv e d t h a t l a s t g r e a t work, man, fo r His o'/n p e c u l i a r w o rsh ip . That I s th e d i s t i n c t i o n . I t I s a d i s t i n c t i o n t h a t has be^n recop,mired by ev ery w r i t e r who has e v e r w r i t t e n upon th e s u b j e c t . I t has been acknow ledged by every c o u rt where* c i v i l i z a t i o n has i n s t i t u t e d c o u r t s . I t h a s been acknow ledge-! bv no S ta te s more f re e ly * more r e a d i l y , more d e c i s i v e l y , th a n by t h e sla v e h o ld in e S ta te s of t h i s Union, a s I s h a l l chow by a r e fe re n c e to d e c i s io n s in V i r g i n ia , " a r y la n d , and L o u i s i a n a . M o r % s i r ; th e d o c tr in e s o f th e l o c a l i t y of s ln v e r v , an I th e d i s t i n c t i o n between s la v e p r o c a r ty and o th e r p ro p e r t y , nas been r e c o ^ n i^ c d , w ith o u t a d i s s e n t i n g v o ic e , bv th o un*'nl^oti«, u n - co n cu rren ce o f ev ery member of t h a t c o u r t c a l l e d th o Supreme Court o f th e U n ited S t a t e s . V .. Sp 8-2? 35*1, FrL I? 1 5 -4 3 H , "rL 4 1 8 -4 3 /1 , FrL 6-23 56*1 8-25-50 F r. L e t te r H ale to ! V . J a v i s . P o l i t i c a l . ( 1 0 0. 4) I . ".Slavery has none y e t , w ith th e e x c e p t i o n of th e Oregon b i l l , p e t w ith a d e f e a t in any m easure which she h a s s e r i o u s l y s ig n e d , That p a r t i a l d e f e a t seems o n ly to en ra* e th e s la v e formcn and e x c i t e i t t o g r e a t e r e f f o r t s in t h e g r e a t e r s t r u g g l e which she Is now Hoiking. These e f f o r t s rjust be n o t bv c o r r e s p o n d in g e f f o r t s on th e hand of th e f r i e n d s o# T h is c r i s i s Is n e .T , th » Aftv and tim e nav n o t be w a n tin g .1 ’ Sp 4-22-45 l5 12-7-59 So. Hale to S en ate. R e li g i o u s . f 2 0-;) P o l i t i c a l . f 3 0".) I . "I have h eard a snooch or i f T h av e nor h eard I t T have read th e r a o o r t o f i t . In which n d i s t i n r u i* h e d m onitor - I do not ^*ean t o say - e m t o r , ? ta k e t h a t ta s k - a d is tir n jir- h o d gentlem an ( T am n o t c e r t a i n t h a t i t d id c o m from a Sen a t o r ) s a id t h a t t h e d o c tr in e in t h e d e c l a r a t i o n of -Independence t h a t " a l l men a r e c r e a te d e i u a l , " does not -iean what i t sa y s. I want some n»n v e rse d i n p h i l ology put on th o c o ^ i t c e e , t o know w hether t h a t d o es .mean so o r n o t . He sa y s t h a t , when i t d e c la re d t h a t " a l l men a re c r e s t e d e q u a l ,’ i t s i n n ly meant t h a t i n th e tim e of th e ..e v o lu tio n a l l B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s wore e q u a l. .’o i l , i f t h a t was th e whole moanin'; o ' i t , i t was n harm less t h in g , and a f f o r d s to s o r t of encouragem ent to th o s e w ild dogmas t h a t th e s e f a n a tic s have bc*'*n preachtn**. Then, th e r e i s a n o th e r d o c t r i n e t h a t I th in k d e s e rv e s to bo i n v e s t i g a t e d , and t h a t 1^ one w hich so- o of r h rts> f a n a t i c s go from th o h i h l o , which d e c la r e s t h a t >'o! has made o f one b to o i a l l th e n a tio n ; o f th « e a r t h . f’o v , \ want a th e o lo g ia n on th e co m m ittee, t o know w hether t h a t does not mean a l l w h ite • »n.“ <D *->2-35*1; -o 4 -2 2 - 4 5 /3 5 /5 * .1/3-?.?-Art L e tte r ‘‘n lc to * r a . H ale, Roll**»ous. ( in,> ) I . "Y esterday war. ^an.lnv. I w^nt t o th e U n i t a r i a n U hm ch, in th e 'oren o o n and bft.ird a most e x c e lle n t «*ermon from a >'r. .o rb u sh , a m iss io n a ry from th e American ; n i t a r l . m Asso c i a t i o n , on th o p a ra b le of tho sow er who sowed h i s seed on v a rio u s s o i l lie t r e a t e d th e s u b je c t in a manner t h a t was n o v el t o m e a n d a t tho s.irno tim e h ig h ly i n t e r e s t i n g and su g g e s t iv e . .iis d o c tr in e in b r i e f was t h a t iod was ev«?r sowing good s>ed, shedding good i n flu e n c e s , p a r s in g out h i s s p i r i t , and we r e ceiv ed j u s t a s much as we had p re p a re d our minds f o r , and t h a t when we com plain o f any want of sympathy w ith 'od and t r u t h and d u ty , t h e f a u l t i s n o t t h a t liod does n o t im p art a l l n e e d fu l s p i r i t u a l i n f lu e n c e s , b u t w? have n o t p rep ared o u rse lv e s to r e c e iv e them. I t was a b e a u t i f u l sermon and T was so w e ll p le a re d w ith i t th a t I wont a g a in in th e e v e n in g , alth o u g h i t r a in e d , and heard a n o th e r v e ry f i n e sermon on f a i t h . " Prl. 9-2-39 ‘l« >6, FrL 4 -2 -4 0 /1 , PrL 10-12-42 :?1V>2, 'r L 10-18-43*2 A P P E N D IX B BIOG RA PHY 199 A P P E N D IX B BIOGRAPHY Jo h n P a r k e r H a le , b o rn in R o c h e s te r , N. H. , 31 M a rc h 1806; died in D o v e r, N. H. , 19 N o v e m b e r 1873. He stu d ie d at P h illip s E x e te r A c a d e m y and w as g ra d u a te d at B ow doin in 1827. He b g a n h is law s tu d ie s in R o c h e s te r w ith J e r e m ia h H. W oodm an, and c o n tin u e d th e m w ith D a n ie l M . C h r is tie in D o v e r, w h e re he w as a d m itte d to the b a r 20 A ugust 1830. In M a rc h , 1832, he w as e le c te d to the s ta te h o u se of r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s a s a D e m o c ra t. On 22 M a rc h 1834, he w as ap p o in ted U .S . ! D is tr ic t A tto rn e y by P r e s i d e n t J a c k s o n , w as re a p p o in te d by P r e s id e n t | I [Van B u re n , 5 A p r il 1838, and w as re m o v e d , 17 Ju n e 1841, by P r e s i - j d e n t T y le r on p a r ty g ro u n d s . | On 8 M a rc h 1842, he w as e le c te d to C o n g r e s s , and took h is s e a | .4 D e c e m b e r 1843. He o p p o se d the 2 1 st ru le s u p p r e s s in g a n tis la v e r y ! I [p etitio n s, but s u p p o rte d P o lk and D a lla s in th e p r e s id e n tia l c a n v a s s of ! i 1844, and w as n o m in a te d f o r r e - e le c tio n on a g e n e r a l tic k e t w ith th r e e | l { a sso c ia te s. T he N ew H a m p s h ir e le g i s la t u r e , 28 D e c e m b e r 1844, p a s s e d r e s o lu tio n s in s tr u c tin g t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a ti v e s to vote fo r the a n n e x atio n of T e x a s , and P r e s i d e n t P o lk , in h is m e s s a g e th a t y e a r , jadvocated a n n e x a tio n . On 7 J a n u a r y 1845, M r. H ale w ro te his n o ted j i i [Texas l e t te r , re fu s in g to s u p p o rt a n n ex atio n . The State c o n v e n tio n of j i !his p a r ty w as r e a s s e m b l e d a t C o n c o rd 12 F e b r u a r y 1845, and u n d e r j i the le a d of F r a n k lin P i e r c e s tr u c k M r. H a le 's n a m e f r o m the tic k e t ■ and s u b s titu te d th a t of Jo h n W oodbury. M r. H ale w as s u p p o rte d a s an in d ep en d en t c a n d id a te . On 11 M a rc h 1845, th r e e D e m o c ra tic m e m b e rs j w ere e le c te d , but th e r e w as no c h o ic e of a fo u rth . S ubsequent t r i a l s , w ith th e s a m e r e s u lt, took p la c e 23 S e p te m b e r and 29 N o v e m b e r 1845, and 10 M a rc h 1846. D u rin g the re p e a te d c o n te s ts , M r. H ale th o ro u g h ly c a n v a s s e d the s ta te . At h is N o rth C h u rc h m e e tin g in C o n c o rd , 5 June 1845, M r. P i e r c e w as c a lle d out to re p ly , and the d eb ate is m e m o ra b ly I in the p o litic a l h i s t o r y of New H a m p s h ire . At the e le c tio n of 10 M a rc h i I i 1846, th e W higs and In d ep en d en t D e m o c ra ts a ls o d e fe a te d a c h o ic e f o r i [g o v e rn o r, and e le c te d a m a j o r it y of the s ta te le g is la tu r e . On 3 Ju n e j ! i 1846, M r. H ale w as e le c te d s p e a k e r; on 5 J u n e , the W hig c a n d ic a te [A nthony C olby, w as e le c te d g o v e rn o r; and on 9 June 1846, M r. H ale ! w as e le c te d U. S. s e n a to r f o r the t e r m to b egin 4 M a rc h 1847. i | In a l e t t e r f r o m Jo h n G. W h ittie r, d a te d A n d o v e r, M a s s . , I 3 rd m o n th , 18th, 1846, he s a y s of M r. H ale: He h a s s u c c e e d e d , and .his s u c c e s s h a s b ro k e n th e sp e ll w h ich h a s h ith e r to h e ld r e lu c ta n t D e m o c ra c y in the e m b r a c e s of s la v e r y . The tid e of a n t i - s l a v e r y fe e lin g , long h e ld b a c k by th e d a m s and dy k es of p a r ty , h a s at l a s t b ro k e n o v e r a ll b a r r i e r s , and is w ash in g down f r o m y o u r n o r th e r n m o u n ta in s upon the s la v e - c u r s e d so u th , a s if N ia g a ra s tr e tc h e d its fo a m and th u n d e r I along the whole len g th of M a so n and D ix o n 's lin e. The f i r s t w ave of th at n o r th e r n flood, a s it d a s h e s a g a in s t the w a lls of the c a p i- | to l, b e a r s th ith e r fo r th e f i r s t tim e an a n ti - s l a v e r y s e n a to r . j On 20 O c to b e r 1847, he w as n o m in a te d f o r p r e s id e n t by a ! ' I j j N atio nal L ib e rty co n v e n tio n at B uffalo, w ith L e ic e s te r K ing, of O hio, I jfor v ic e - p r e s id e n t, but d e c lin e d , and s u p p o rte d M r. V an B u re n , who i w as n o m in a te d at the B uffalo c o n v en tio n of 9 A ugust 1848. On 6 D ecem i- b e r 1847, he took h is s e a t in the s e n a te w ith th ir ty - tw o D e m o c r a ts and tw e n ty -o n e W higs, and r e m a in e d the only d is tin c tiv e ly a n tis la v e r y s e n a to r u n til jo in e d by S a lm o n P . C h a s e , 3 D e c e m b e r 1849, and by f C h a r le s S u m n e r, 1 D e c e m b e r 1851. M r. H ale b eg an the a g ita tio n of the s la v e r y q u e stio n a lm o s t i i im m e d ia te ly upon h is e n tr a n c e into the s e n a te , and co ntinued it in ifre q u e n t s p e e c h e s d u rin g h is s ix te e n y e a r s of s e r v ic e in th at body. M r. H ale o p p o sed flogging and the s p i r i t - r a t i o n in the n av y , j and s e c u r e d the ab o litio n of the f o r m e r by law of 28 S e p te m b e r 1850, and of the l a t t e r by law of 14 Ju ly 1862. i I He s e r v e d a s c o u n s e l in 1851 in th e im p o rta n t t r i a l s th a t a r o s e I j j out of the fo rc ib le r e s c u e of the fu g itiv e s la v e S h a d ra c h f r o m the | c u sto d y of th e U. S. m a r s h a l in B o sto n . i In 1852 he w as n o m in a te d a t P itts b u r g h , P e n n s y lv a n ia by the F r e e Soil p a r ty f o r p r e s id e n t, w ith G e o rg e W. J u lia n a s v i c e - p r e s i - d e n t, and th e y re c e iv e d 1 5 7 ,6 8 5 v o te s .______ ___________ 2QJ- ; I H is f i r s t s e n a to r ia l t e r m en d ed and he w as s u c c e e d e d by C h a r le s G. A th e rto n , a D e m o c ra t, on 4 M a rc h 1853, on w hich day i j [F ra n k lin P i e r c e w as in a u g u ra te d p r e s id e n t. T he follow ing w in te r M r. j | I lHale b e g a n p r a c tic in g law in New Y o rk C ity. B ut the r e p e a l of the i , M is s o u r i C o m p r o m is e m e a s u r e s a g a in o v e r th r e w the D e m o c ra ts of N ew H a m p s h ir e ; th ey f a ile d duly to e le c t U. S. s e n a to r s in the l e g i s l a t u r e of J u n e , 1852, an d in M a rc h , 1855, th e y c o m p le te ly lo s t the s ta te . On 13 Ju n e 1855, J a m e s B e ll, a W hig, w as e le c te d U .S . s e n a - ! t o r f o r s ix y e a r s f r o m 3 M a rc h 1855, and M r. H ale w as c h o s e n f o r the f o u r y e a r s of the u n e x p ire d t e r m of M r. A th e rto n , d e c e a s e d . On 9 , Ju n e 1858, h e w as r e - e l e c t e d fo r a fu ll t e r m of six y e a r s , w hich ! e n d e d on 4 M a r c h 1865. On 10 M a rc h 1865, h e w as c o m m is s io n e d m i n i s t e r to Spain, j land w en t im m e d ia te ly to M a d rid . M r. H ale w as r e c a lle d in due c o u r s e , 5 A p r il 1869, to o k le a v e 29 J u ly 1869, and r e tu r n e d h o m e in ithe s u m m e r of 1870. M r. H a le , w ithout su ffic ie n t c a u s e , a ttr ib u te d j i I ! i h is r e c a l l to a q u a r r e l b e tw e e n h im s e lf and H o ra tio J . P e r r y , h is ! j s e c r e t a r y of le g a tio n , in th e c o u rs e of w hich a c h a rg e h ad been m a d e i I th a t M r. H a l e 's p r iv ile g e s , a s m i n i s t e r , of im p o rtin g f r e e of duty i j m e r c h a n d is e f o r h is o ffic ia l o r p e rs o n a l u s e , h a d b e e n e x c e e d e d and f j | s o m e goods put upon th e m a r k e t and so ld . M r. H a le 's a n s w e r w as th a t he had b e e n m is le d by a c o m m is s i o n - m e r c h a n t, in s tig a te d by M r. P e r r y . The l a t t e r w as re m o v e d 28 Ju n e 1869. I M r. H ale h a d b e e n one of the v ic tim s of the " N a tio n a l H otel { d ise a se , " and h is p h y s ic a l and m e n ta l f a c u ltie s w e re m u c h im p a ir e d i f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s b e fo re h is d e a th . B I B L I O G R A P H Y 205 B IB L IO G R A PH Y B ooks B e ll, C h a r le s H. T he B e n c h and B a r of New H a m p s h ir e . C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e tts , 1894. C le v e la n d , N e h e m ia h , and P a c h a r d , A lp h eu s S. H is to ry of Bow doin C o lle g e . B o sto n , 1882. C r o s s , W hitney R. The B u r n e d -O v e r D i s t r i c t . N ew Y ork: H a r p e r T o rc h b o o k s , 1950. C u n n in g h am , F r a n k H. F a m il ia r S k e tc h e s of the P h illip s E x e te r A c a d e m y and S u r ro u n d in g s . B o sto n , 1883. D um ond, D w ight L. A n tis la v e r y . N ew Y ork: W. W. N o rto n & Co. , 1961. F is h b e in , M a rtin . " A ttitu d e s and the P r e d ic tio n s of B e h a v io r. " In M a rtin F is h b e in ( e d .) , R e a d in g s in A ttitu d e T h e o ry and M e a - s u r e m e n t. New Y ork: Jo h n W iley & S o n s, Inc. , 1967. F o o te , H e n ry S. C a s k e t of R e m in i s c e n c e s . W ash in g to n , 1874. K n o w e r, F r a n k lin H. C h a p te r 7 in The C o m m u n ic a tiv e A r ts and S c ie n c e s of S p e e c h . E d ite d by K eith B ro o k s . C o lu m b u s, Ohio: M e r r i l l B o o k s, 1967. N ic h o ls, Roy. The D is ru p tio n of A m e r ic a n D e m o c r a c y . New York: The M a c m illa n C om pany, 1948. S ew ell, R ic h a rd H. Jo h n P . H ale and the P o litic s of A b o litio n . C a m b r id g e , M a s s a c h u s e tts : H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1965. Sibley, Jo h n L angdon. B io g ra p h ic a l S k e tc h e s of G ra d u a te s of H a r v a r d U n iv e rs ity . C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1873. 206 207 S ta m p p , K enneth M . And the W ar C a m e . C hicago: U n iv e rs ity of C hicago P r e s s , 1950. Van D e u se n , G. G. The J a c k s o n ia n E r a . New Y ork: H a r p e r and Row, 1959. P e r io d ic a ls A jz e n , Icek , and F is h b e in , M a rtin . "T h e P r e d ic tio n of B e h a v io ra l In te n tio n s in a C hoice S ituation. " J o u rn a l of E x p e r im e n ta l S o c ial P s y c h o lo g y , V (1969), 400 -4 1 6 . D a n c e , F r a n k E . X. "T h e 'C o n c e p t' of C o m m u n ic a tio n . " J o u rn a l of C o m m u n ic a tio n , XX, No. 2 (Ju n e , 1971), 2 0 1 -2 1 0 . M ille r , G e ra ld R. "On D efining C o m m u n ic a tio n : A n o th e r Stab. " J o u rn a l of C o m m u n ic a tio n , XVI, No. 2 (Ju n e , 1966), 88-98. N e w sp a p e r s E n q u ir e r (D o v er), M a rc h 20, 1832. G a z e tte (D o v er), A u g u st 25, 1835. O fficial D o cu m en ts C o n g re s s io n a l G lo b e . 30th C o n g r e s s , 1 st S e s s io n , 1847-1848. C o n g r e s s io n a l G lo b e . 3 1 st C o n g r e s s , 1 st S e s s io n , 1849-1850. P a m p h le ts F a n e u il H all P a m p h le t. P r in te d by B e a le and G re e n , N o v e m b e r 26, 1850. U n p u b lish ed M a te r ia ls C u r r y , H e r b e r t L. "Jo h n C ald w ell C alhoun: S p e a k e r. " U npublished P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of M is s o u r i, 1965. 208 D a r r o c h , R u s s e ll K ent. "T he P r e d ic tio n of In ten tio n and B e h a v io r: A C o m p a ris o n of T h e o r e tic a l M o d e ls of the A ttitu d e -B e h a v io r R e la tio n s h ip U sing a P h o to g ra p h ic R e le a s e Signing S itu a tio n . " U n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , U n iv e rs ity of Illin o is , 1971. D ic k e n s, M ilton. "Som e T e n ta tiv e D e fin itio n s. " C la s s M a te r ia ls , U n iv e rs ity of S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia , 1971-1972 (m im e o g ra p h e d ). D ie s te l, G e o rg e E d w a rd . "An E x p e r im e n ta l T e s t of F is h b e in 's B e h a v io ra l In ten tio n s M odel in the P r e d ic tio n of I n te r p e r s o n a l C o m m u n ic a tio n A c ts . " U npublished P h. D. d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia , 1971. F la d e la n d , B e tty L. " J a m e s G ille sp ie B irn ey : E x p o n e n t of P o litic a l A ction A g a in s t S la v e ry . " U npublished P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of M ich ig an , 1952. K e n n ic o tt, P a t r i c k C u rtis . "N e g ro A n tis la v e ry S p e a k e rs in A m e ric a . " U n p u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , F lo r i d a S tate U n iv e rs ity , 1967. L a w so n , H a ro ld L e w is. "T he S peaking of W illia m H. S ew ard : 1845- 1 8 6 1 ." U np u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , Ohio S tate U n iv e rs ity , 1967. L ow e, L a r r y V. "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly sis of the S peaking of R o b e r t A. T o o m b s of G e o r g ia ." U npublished P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , M ic h i gan S tate U n iv e rs ity , 1965. P a lf r e y , G e o rg e G. U n p u b lish ed P a p e r s . H oughton L i b r a r y , H a r v a rd U n iv e rs ity , 1870. P o lk , L e e R iv e r s . "An A n a ly sis of A rg u m e n ta tio n in the V irg in ia S la v e ry D eb ate of 1 8 3 2 ." U np u b lish ed P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , P u r d u e U n iv e rs ity , 1967. R e y n o ld s, W illia m M a rtin . " D e lib e ra tiv e S peaking in A n te -B e llu m South C a ro lin a : The Idiom of a C u ltu re . " U n p u b lish ed P h .D . d i s s e r ta t io n , U n iv e rs ity of F lo r id a , I960. S a m p so n , H a ro ld P . "T he A n tis la v e ry S peaking of J o s h u a R eed G id d in g s. " U np u b lish ed P h. D. d i s s e r ta t io n , S o u th e rn Illin o is U n iv e rs ity , 1966. 209 S c h n itz e r, M axine M a rie . "A R h e to ric a l A n a ly s is of the A n ti-S la v e ry Speaking of C a s s iu s M . Clay of K entucky. " U np u b lish ed P h . D. d is s e r ta tio n , M ic h ig a n State U n iv e rs ity , 1962. T y so n , R aym ond W. "T he C o n g re s s io n a l Speaking of T h a d d e u s S te v e n s ." U n p u b lish e d P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , P u rd u e U n iv e rs ity , 1961.

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Creator Baxter, Gerald Duane (author)

Core Title John Parker Hale, Constitutional Constructionist And Radical Republican: A Study In Intra-Communicative Conversion And Inter-Communicative Persuasion

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Speech Communication

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,Speech Communication

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Dickens, Milton (committee chair), Fisher, Walter R. (committee member), Kooker, Arthur R. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-785745

Unique identifier UC11364158

Identifier 7309303.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-785745 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 7309303

Dmrecord 785745

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Baxter, Gerald Duane

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA