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Ecology And Paleoecology Of Hudson Bay Foraminifera

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Ecology And Paleoecology Of Hudson Bay Foraminifera

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Content T h is d is se r ta tio n h as been 65— 10,095 m ic r o film e d e x a c tly as r e c e iv e d LESLIE, R obert J a m e s, 1 9 3 6 - ECOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF HUDSON BAY FORAM INIFERA. U n iv e r sity o f Southern C aliforn ia, P h .D ., 1965 G eology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, M ichigan ECOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY OP f HUDSON BAY FORAMINIFBRA by R o b e rt Jam es L e s l i e A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d to th e FACULTY OP THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY (G e o lo g y ) Ju n e 1965 U N IV E R SIT Y O F S O U T H E R N C A L IF O R N IA T H E G R A D U A T E S C H O O L U N IV E R S IT Y PA R K L O S A N G E L E S , C A L IF O R N IA 9 0 0 0 7 This dissertation, written by .......................J 8 . . o i t e . k t. J a J D . e . a . J L e.siie . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. under the direction of hks.....Dissertation Com mittee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y Dean D ate Jyn e,._.1.265............................................ CO \rman PLEASE NOTE: Figures are not original copy. Very small print on some pages. Filmed as received UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC TABLE OP CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3 Method o f s tu d y . . . . . . . ........................................ 3 P re v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . . . . . ......................... . 10 A c k n o w le d g m e n ts......................................................................... 12 GEOLOGY................................................................................... 14 R e g io n a l g e o lo g y and geom orphology ......................... 14 P l e i s t o c e n e g e o lo g y ................................................................. 17 M arine t e r r a c e s and a n c e s t r a l Hudson Bay . . . 18 P o s t - g l a c i a l i s o s t a t i c a d ju s tm e n t .............................. 20 OCEANOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENT0 LOGY . ........................................ 23 Bottom to p o g ra p h y ...................................................................... 23 W ater c i r c u l a t i o n and t i d e s . . . . . .................... 26 W ater te m p e ra tu r e and s a l i n i t y . . . . . . . . 27 Ic e c o n d i t i o n s .......................................................... 30 Bottom se d im e n ts . . . . . 30 FORAMINIPERA.............................................................................................. 39 G e n e ra l f a u n a l tr e n d s . . . . ........................................ 39 i i i i i PAGE E n v iro n m e n ta l i n f l u e n c e on g e n e r a l f a u n a l t r e n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 D ia g n o s tic b e n t h i c f o r a m i n i f e r a l s p e c ie s . . . 69 E g g e r e ll a ad v en a .............................. . . . . . . 70 P r o te ln h id lu m o r b f c u l a r e . ................................... 76 E ln h ld iu m l n c e r t u m ....................................................... 83 T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r t a .............................. . . . . 91 S p lro n le c ta m m in a b lf o r m is ................................... 97 O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d l c a ............................................. 103 B u c c e lla f r l g l d a ......................... ..... 109 O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l . . . .............................. 115 O a s s i d e l l a c o m p la n a ta ........................................ . 121 B u l l m l n e l l a e l e g a n t l s s i m a ................................... 130 R e c u rv o ld e s t u r b i n a t u s . . . . . .................... 136 A d erco try m a g l o m e r a t u m ............................................. 143 M e lo n is zaandam ae . . . . ................................... 150 B e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l a n a l y s i s ................................... 156 C om parison w ith f a u n a s from o t h e r r e g i o n s . . . 162 CORE A N A L Y S IS ....................................................... .................................. 167 Core 1 4 7 .......................................... ................................................. 168 Core 158 177 Core 1 7 7 ............................................................................................ 183 Core 231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Core 8 4 ............................................................................................... 197 iv PAGE Core 104 205 Summary o f co re I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s ................................... 212 S e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s in Hudson Bay . . . . . . . 214 SUM M ARY AND OONOLUSIONS ................................................................. 217 REFERENCES.................................................................................................... 222 APPENDIXES................................................................................................... 230 A ppendix I - F a u n a l r e f e r e n c e l i s t . . . . . . 232 A ppendix I I - E x p la n a tio n o f p l a t e s ......................... 244 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE ' PAGE 1 . L o c a tio n m a p ........................................................... 5 2 . D e ta ile d l o c a t i o n map .................................................... 7 3» ( a ) G e n e ra l g e o lo g y o f Hudson Bay a r e a • . 16 (b ) Boundary o f maximum m a rin e o n la p . . . 16 4 . Bottom to p o g ra p h y o f Hudson B a y .............. 25 5» ( a ) C u rre n t d i r e c t i o n s i n th e summer . . . 29 (b ) Bottom s e d im e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n ..................... 29 6 . ( a ) Bottom p h o to g ra p h o f i c e - r a f t e d b o u ld e r 33 (b ) P h o to g ra p h o f c l a y b o tto m w i t h worm t r a i l s ...................................................................... 33 7 . ( a ) P e r c e n t i c e - r a f t e d m a t e r i a l i n s e d i m e n t s ......................................................... 35 (b ) S edim ent c o lo r .. ... ................................. 35 ( c ) P e r c e n t c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te................................. 35 (d ) O rg a n ic c a rb o n p e r c e n ta g e s .......................... 35 8 . S t a t i o n l o c a t i o n s .............................................................. 41 9 . ( a ) F o r a m i n i f e r a l number . . . . . . . . . 43 (b ) D i s t r i b u t i o n o f l i v e b e n t h ic f o ra m l- n i f e r a .............................. 43 10. ( a ) D iatom d i s t r i b u t i o n .................................. 48 (b ) Number o f g e n e ra o f f o r a m i n l f e r a . . . 48 11. ( a ) Number o f s p e c i e s o f f o r a m i n l f e r a . . . 50 v v i FIGURE PAGE (t>) D i s tr ib u ti o n o f l iv e b e n th ic s p e c ie s . 50 12. (a) Live/D ead r a t i o s o f b e n th ic f o ra m in if e r a ......................................................... 53 (b) D i s tr ib u ti o n o f p la n k to n ic fo ra m i n i f e r a ........................................................................ 53 13. lo c a ti o n s o f c r o s s - s e c tio n s showing th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f f o r a m in if e r a l tr e n d s to en v iro n m e n tal f a c t o r s ................................................ 57 14. E a s t-w e s t c r o s s - s e c tio n ............................ . . . 60 15. N o rth -so u th c r o s s - s e c tio n th ro u g h c e n t r a l Hudson B a y ................................................................ 64 16. N o rth -so u th c r o s s - s e c tio n o f e a s te r n Hudson Bay . .. .. . .. .................................. 67 17* D i s t r i b u t i o n o f E g g e re lla advena ................... 72 18. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P ro te lp h id lu m o r b ic u la r e . 79 19. D is t r i b u t i o n o f Elnhldlum ln certu m . . . . 85 20. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f T e x tu la r la c o n to r ta . . . . 94 21. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Snlro-plectam m lna b lfo rm is . 100 22. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d i c a . . . 106 23. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B u c c e lla f r l g l d a ................... 112 24. D i s t r i b u t i o n of O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l . . . 118 25. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f O a s s ld e lla com nlanata . . . 124 26. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B u llm ln e lla e le g a n tls s lm a . 133 27. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R ecurvoldes tu r b ln a t u s . . 139 28. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Adercotr.vma glom eratum . . 146 2 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f M elonls zaandamae ................... 153 30. Depth z o n a tlo n based on th e l i v i n g d e p th ran g e o f dom inant b e n th ic f o r a m in if e r a • . 158 v l i FIGURE PAGE 31 . Sampled I n t e r v a l s , se d im e n t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r o ore 147 .................... 176 32. Sampled I n t e r v a l s , se d im e n t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r co re 158 .................... 179 3 3 . Sampled i n t e r v a l s , se d im en t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r co re 177 .................... 186 34. Sampled i n t e r v a l s , se d im e n t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r co re 231 .................... 193 35. Sampled i n t e r v a l s , se d im en t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r core 84 .................... 200 3 6 . Sampled i n t e r v a l s , se d im e n t t e x t u r e , and f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s f o r co re 104 . . . . . 208 PLATE 1 . S accam m inidae, H yperam m inidae, R e o p h acid ae, T e x t u l a r i i d a e , and L i t u o l i d a e .............................. 245 2 . L i t u o l i d a e , V a lv u lin id a e , T e x t u l a r i i d a e , and R z e h a k in id a e ........................................................... 247 3. M il io lid a e .......................................................................... 249 4 . M l l i o l l d a e , L i t u o l i d a e , and Trocham m lnldae 251 5 . L agenldae ............................................................................... 253 6 . L agenldae ............................................................................... 255 7 . P o ly m o rp h in ld a e , N o n lo n id a e , A n o m alin id ae, and E lp h ld iid a e ................................................................ 257 8 . E l p h id i id a e , B u lim in id a e , U v ig e r in id a e , and R o b e rtln id a e ........................................................... 259 9. B u lim in id a e , T u r r l l i n l d a e , B o l i v i n i t l d a e , R o b e r tln id a e , Am m odiscldae, S p i r i l l i n i d a e , and D is c o rb id a e . . . . . ....................................... 261 1 0. D is c o rb id a e , O a s s i d u l i n i d a e , C ib lc id ld a e , G l a b r a t e l l i d a e , and G lo b ig e r in id a e . . . . 263 & .G -E 75 81 88 96 102 108 114 120 127 135 141 148 155 173 LIST OF TABLES E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g E g g e r e ll a ad v en a ............................................. E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g P r o te ln h ld ln m o r b l c u l a r e ......................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g E rp h id iu m In c e rtu m ........................................ E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g T e x t u l a r i a c o n t o r t a ........................................ E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g S p iro n le c ta m m ln a b lf o r m ls ......................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g O a ss ld u l l n a i s l a n d i c a ................................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g B u c c e lla f r l g i d a ............................................. E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l . . ......................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g O a s s l d e l l a c o m p la n a ta ................................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g B u l im ln e lla e l e g a n t I s s l m a ......................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g R e c u rv o id e a t u r b l n a t u s ............................... E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g A d erco try m a glom eratum .............................. E n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to l i v i n g M alo n ls zaandam ae . . . . . . . . . . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a i n sam pled I n t e r v a l s o f c o re 147 .................................................. v i i l l x TABLE PAGE 15» D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a i n sam pled i n t e r v a l s o f c o re 1 5 8 ........................................ 182 1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a i n sam pled i n t e r v a l s o f c o re 1 7 7 ................................................... 189 17. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a i n sam pled i n t e r v a l s o f c o re 2 3 1 .................................................. 196 18. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m in if e r a in sam pled i n t e r v a l s o f co re 8 4 ....................................................... 203 1 9 - D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a in sam pled i n t e r v a l s o f c o re 1 0 4 ................................... 210 2 0 . f o r a m i n i f e r a l l i s t f o r bottom sam ples show ing p e rc e n ta g e o c c u r r e n c e , specim ens p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t, l i v e specim ens p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d im e n t, and t o t a l p o p u la tio n d a t a ..............................................................................................p o c k e t ABSTRACT Hudson Bay r e p r e s e n t s th e l a r g e s t sh a llo w w a te r m arin e embayment I n th e N o rth A m erican c o n t i n e n t . I t I s a m odem exam ple o f th e e p e i r i c s e a s w hich p e r i o d i c a l l y c o v e re d th e c o n t in e n t i n t h e g e o lo g lo p a s t . The bay h as an a r e a o f a b o u t 5 2 0 ,0 0 0 s q . k m ., w ith an a v e ra g e d e p th o f 90 m and a maximum d e p th o f 280 m. S e v e n ty - th r e e bottom g rab sam ples and 6 c o r e s have been a n a ly z e d f o r t h e i r f o r a m i- n l f e r a l and s e d im e n ta ry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n o r d e r to de s c r i b e th e f o r a m i n l f e r a o f Hudson Bay, th e f a u n a l d i s t r i b u tio n , and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s I n f lu e n c in g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n . F a c to r s a f f e c t i n g th e l i v i n g fa u n a a r e u se d to r e c o n s t r u c t p a le o e c o lo g ic c o n d itio n s i n th e b a y . S h allo w c o a s t a l r e g io n s and o f f s h o r e s h o a ls have an a b u n d a n t and d iv e r s e fa u n a c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h y a lin e fo rm s . S ed im e n ts o f t h e s e s h a llo w r e g io n s g e n e r a l l y have a m edian d ia m e te r i n th e f i n e san d to s i l t r a n g e . B a s in a l a r e a s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by se d im e n t w ith a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h o r g a n ic c a rb o n c o n te n t and a m edian d ia m e te r o f c la y s i z e . These r e g io n s m a in ta in a s p a r s e fa u n a composed m a in ly o f a r e n a c e o u s fo rm s . C alcium c a rb o n a te p e r c e n ta g e s i n th e se d im e n t a re g r e a t e s t i n r e g io n s w ith ab u n d an t f o ra m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n s , b u t t h i s i s p r o b a b ly due to th e p r e s e n c e o f c a lc a r e o u s f o r a m i n i f e r a . T here i s a c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een h ig h oxygen c o n te n t i n th e bottom w a te r and an a b u n d a n t and d i v e r s e f o r a m i n i f e r a l a s se m b la g e . S a l i n i t y and te m p e r a tu r e o f th e bottom w a te r a r e f a i r l y c o n s ta n t th ro u g h o u t th e bay and th u s show l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith f a u n a l t r e n d s . G rlo b lg e rln a nachvderm a i s th e o n ly s p e c ie s o f p la n k - t o n i c f o ra m in lT e ra p r e s e n t i n th e b a y . I t o c c u rs i n b o tto m s e d im e n ts o f th e c e n t r a l o f t h r e e c h a n n e ls b etw een Hudson Bay and Hudson S t r a i t , w hich i n d i c a t e s t h a t s a l i n e w a te r from Hudson S t r a i t e n t e r s th e bay o n ly th ro u g h t h i s c e n t r a l c h a n n e l. A s tu d y o f e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 13 dom inant b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l s p e c i e s r e v e a le d t h a t d e p th and s u b s t r a t e a re o f m a jo r Im p o rta n c e . A f o r a m i n i f e r a l d e p th z o n a tio n b a se d on dom inant s p e c ie s I s a s f o l l o w s : S h allo w Bay Fauna (26-l30m ) r e p r e s e n t e d 2 by S ssflE S lla M r a g and g r ^ a W ^ l a m b l o ^ l y s ; In te rm e d ia te Bay Fauna ( 5 0 - 175m) c o n s is tin g o f T e x tu la r ia c o n to r ta . s Vi T n^m t> t»m m inn b if£ rm i£ , and g&ccelXa j r i g l d a ; Deep Bay Fauna (1 0 O -2 3 Q m )rep resen te d by O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s i . R ecu rv o ld es t u x b ln a tu s . A dercolrym a glom erfttum. M elpn|s zj^jjaraafi, g j ^ l d e l l a jjmpXafiaSa, and @ | m l n e l l a f le g a n tl s s lm a : and C osm opolitan Bay Fauna (2 6 -280m) y n I f le d by Elohldium Incerturn and O a s s ld u lln a l s l a n d l c a . An I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f c o n d itio n s i n Hudson Bay s in c e th e ad v en t o f m arine w a te rs fo llo w in g g l a c i a l r e c e s s io n ap p ro x im a te ly 7000 to 8000 y e a rs B .P. was made based on f o r a m in if e r a and l it h o lo g y o f c o r e s . D uring and im m ed iately a f t e r th e f i n a l s ta g e s o f g l a c i a t i o n , la r g e amounts o f d e t r l t a l d e b r is were c a r r ie d in to Hudson Bay by r i v e r s and i c e . Sedim ent d e p o s ite d d u rin g t h i s i n t e r v a l i s p e n e tr a te d by m ost of th e c o re s , and i s com prised o f a m ix tu re o f p e b b le s , sand, and mud, t h a t c lo s e ly re se m b le s g l a c i a l t i l l . Removal o f a c c e s s ib le g l a c i a l d e b r i s , and d e c re a se d r u n o f f i n to th e bay r e s u l t e d in low er r a t e s o f s e d im e n ta tio n and d e p o s itio n o f f i n e r g ra in e d , more c o n s is te n t s e d im e n ts. S a l i n i t y o f th e bay w a te rs in c r e a s e d b ecau se o f d e c re a s e d d i l u t i o n by f r e s h w a te r r u n o f f , and e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s approached th o se o f th e p r e s e n t . The f i r s t f o r a m in if e r a to m ig ra te in to th e bay were members o f th e h ardy C osm opolitan Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n te d m ainly by E lnhldium in c o rtu m and O a s s ld u lln a l s l a n d l c a : th e o n ly s p e c ie s in th e low er s e c tio n s o f most o f t h e c o r e s . A m e lio ra tio n o f th e environm ent i s r e f l e c t e d i n th e c o re s by th e f i r s t ap p earan ce o f an abundant and d iv e rs e b e n th ic f o r a m in if e r a l p o p u la tio n composed m ainly o f members o f th e Deep Bay F auna. These deep w a te r s p e c ie s a re s e n s i t i v e to s u b s t r a t e , d e p th , and s a l i n i t y . P la n k to n ic f o ra m in lf e r a f i r s t o ccu r i n th e c o re s a t ab o u t th e same l e v e l as th e d iv e rs e b e n th ic p o p u la tio n . P la n k to n lc form s a re s e n s i t i v e e n v iro n m e n ta l i n d i c a t o r s , and t h e i r p re se n c e i s a second i n d i c a t i o n o f th e c o n v e rsio n to more norm al m arine c o n d i t i o n s . As p o s t - g l a c i a l i s o s t a t l c a d ju stm e n t caused Hudson Bay to become sh a llo w e r th e Deep Bay Fauna was g r a d u a lly r e p la c e d by th e I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna, and in s h o a l a r e a s th e l a t t e r was r e p la c e d by th e S hallow Bay F au n a. INTRODUCTION Hudson Fay r e p r e s e n t s th e l a r g e s t s h a llo w w a te r m arine embayment i n th e N o rth A m erican c o n tin e n t (F ig u r e s 1 and 2 ) , I t i s a modern exam ple o f th e e p e i r i c s e a s w hich p e r i o d i c a l l y co v e re d th e c o n t in e n t i n th e g e o lo g ic p a s te The bay h a s an a r e a o f a b o u t 5 2 0 ,0 0 0 s q . k m ., w ith an a v e ra g e d e p th o f 90 m and a maximum d e p th o f ab o u t 280 m. T h is p a p e r d e s c r ib e s th e f o r a m i n i f e r a o f Hudson Bay, th e f a u n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s in f lu e n c in g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n . F a c to r s a f f e c t i n g th e l i v i n g fa u n a a re u se d to r e c o n s t r u c t p a le o e c o lo g ic c o n d i t i o n s i n th e b ay . M a te r ia l f o r th e I n v e s t i g a t i o n was o b ta in e d i n 1961 d u r in g a th re e -m o n th c r u i s e i n Hudson Bay a b o a rd M/V T h e ta . The program was co n d u c ted J o i n t l y by th e M arine S c ie n c e s B ranch and th e G e o lo g ic a l S urvey o f C anada. Method o f S tudy S e v e n ty - th r e e b o tto m g ra b sam p les and 6 c o re s have been a n a ly z e d f o r t h e i r f o r a m i n i f e r a l and se d im e n ta ry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The p o r t i o n o f th e g ra b sam ple u se d In f o r a m i n i f e r a l 3 FIGURE 1 LOCATION MAP WITH HUDSON BAY AREA OUTLINED 160° 90 ° 20 ° 6 0 ° 50 ° 40 ° HUDSON BAY AREA OUTLINED ARCTIC OCEAN CANADA UNITED STATES FIGURE 2 DETAILED LOCATION MAP OP OUTLINED AREA IN FIGURE 1 7 \ S°N 9T*Ait \ C M f'* * r 'ESKIM O P O IN T x > , ni I ofc'i” I YORK FA C TOR r IFO R T S E V E R N lO O 0 10O G E O G R A P H IC M A P OF STUDY A R E A FI GU RE 2 a n a l y s i s was c u t from th e u p p e r 2 cm o f eaoh sam ple and p la c e d I n a c o n t a i n e r w i t h r o s e b e n g a l o r g a n ic dye and a l c o h o l . The dye s t a i n e d a l l p r o to p la s m and made I t p o s s i b l e to I d e n t i f y l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a . P r o c e s s i n g o f th e s e d im e n t was c o n d u c te d I n th e M lo ro p a le o n to lo g y L a b o ra to ry o f th e A lla n Hancock F o u n d a tio n a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , and i n th e S e d im e n to lo g y L a b o ra to r y o f th e B e d fo rd I n s t i t u t e o f O ceanography i n D artm o u th , Nova S c o t i a . Sam ples w ere d r i e d , w e ig h e d , and w ashed th r o u g h a 250 mesh (0 .0 6 2 mm) s c r e e n . The p o r t i o n o f t h e sam ple w h ich re m a in e d on th e s c r e e n was d r i e d a g a in and t h e f o r a m i n i f e r a l t e s t s w ere c o n c e n tr a t e d by h eav y l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n u s i n g p e r c h l o r e t h y l e n e . The c o n c e n t r a t e was th e n s p l i t w i t h a m i c r o s p l i t t e r , to p r o v id e a w o rk a b le r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r a c t i o n o f t h e f o r a m i n l f e r a . A se c o n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p o r t i o n o f th e s u r f a c e s e d im e n t was u s e d to d e te rm in e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , o r g a n ic c a rb o n c o n t e n t , c a l cium c a rb o n a te c o n t e n t , and th e am ount o f i c e - r a f t e d m a t e r i a l . T hese s e d im e n to g lc a l p a r a m e te r s h av e b een d i s c u s s e d i n an e a r l i e r p a p e r ( L e s l i e , 1 9 6 4 ). R e s u l t s o f t h i s p r e v io u s s tu d y a r e In c lu d e d in t h e p r e s e n t w ork as th e y r e l a t e to th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a . The c o r e s , w h ic h a r e 3h cm I n d ia m e te r and up t o 209 cm lo n g , w ere c u t i n h a l f l e n g t h w i s e . One p o r t i o n was f i l e d f o r f u t u r e r e f e r e n c e and th e o t h e r u s e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A b r i e f d e s c r ip tio n was made o f th e t e x t u r e , c o lo r , and sed im en tary s t r u c t u r e s o f each c o re . Samples a p p ro x im a te ly 4 cm i n le n g th were th e n ta k e n a t 20 cm i n t e r v a l s , as w e ll as above and below any v i s i b l e change in th e se d im e n t. P a r t o f th e sam pled m a te r ia l was u se d f o r s iz e a n a ly s is and th e rem a in d er was u se d f o r f o r a m i n i f e r a l a n a l y s i s . In d e te rm in in g th e sedim ent g r a in s i z e , m a te r ia l g r e a t e r th a n 0.062 mm, o r th e sand f r a c t i o n , was an a ly ze d w ith s ie v e s . The f r a c t i o n o f th e sample l e s s th a n 0.062 mm, o r th e s i l t and c la y f r a c t i o n , was an a ly ze d by th e p i p e t t e method (Krumbein and P e t t i j o h n , 1938). The p o r tio n o f th e core u sed i n th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l stu d y was t r e a t e d in th e same manner as th e s u r f a c e sedim ent f o r a m i n i f e r a l sam ples ex cep t t h a t th e co re m a t e r i a l was n o t s t a i n e d . The f o r a m in if e r a were n o t c o n c e n tra te d u s in g p e r c h lo r e th y le n e , s in c e many o f th e t e s t s were i n f i l l e d o r bro k en and would n o t f l o a t . F o ra m in ife r a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e s u rfa c e sedim ent sam ples in c lu d e d I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s p e c ie s , p e rc e n ta g e of each s p e c ie s in com parison to th e e n t i r e f o r a m in if e r a l a ssem b lag e, f o r a m in if e r a l number (number o f specim ens p e r gram o f d rie d se d im en t, S c h o tt, 1935), number o f specim ens o f each s p e c ie s p e r gram o f d rie d se d im en t, r a t i o o f l i v i n g to dead specim ens, p e rc e n ta g e o f a re n a c e o u s, h y a lin e ( c a lc a r e o u s p e r f o r a t e ) and p o rc e la n e o u s (c a lc a re o u s 10 I m p e r fo r a te ) t e s t s , number o f l i v i n g specim ens p e r gram o f d r i e d s e d im e n t, and p e r c e n ta g e o f p la n k to n ic fo ra m i n i f e r a . The number o f diatom s p e r gram was a ls o d eterm in ed . F a u n a l a n a l y s i s o f th e co re sam ples was co n d u c ted In a s i m i l a r m anner, e x c e p t f o r th e p a ra m e te rs In v o lv in g l i v i n g fo rm s. F ig u re s o f f o r a m in lf e r a i n t h i s r e p o r t have been s k e tc h e d u s in g a W ild draw ing t u b e . A ll th e specim ens i l l u s t r a t e d a r e from Hudson Bay sa m p le s. P re v io u s I n v e s t i g a t i o n s In 1921 Cushman d e s c r ib e d th e f o r a m i n l f e r a o f th r e e sam ples from Hudson Bay and th r e e from Jam es Bay. The Hudson Bay sam ples were from th e s o u th e a s t c o a s t , and w ere c o l l e c t e d from l e s s th a n 20 m o f w a te r . He d e s c r ib e d more th a n 30 s p e c i e s , and com pared th e fa u n a to c o l l e c t i o n s made by Brady <1881) n e a r Uovaya Zemlya and by P a rk e r and Jo n e s (1865) from B a ff in Bay and D avis S t r a i t . I n 194-8 Cushman p u b lis h e d a p a p e r on A r c t i c f o r a m in if e r a i n w hich he p r e s e n te d i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f some o f th e s p e c ie s found i n Hudson Bay. A l i s t o f f o r a m i n l f e r a o c c u r r in g a t f o u r s t a t i o n s i n Hudson S t r a i t was com piled by F. J . E. Wagner o f th e G e o lo g ic a l S urvey o f Canada and was in c lu d e d In th e d a ta r e c o r d o f a t i d a l and o c e a n o g ra p h ic su rv e y o f th e s t r a i t made by F a rq u h a rso n and S au er (1 9 5 9 ). I n 1963 11 L e s l i e p r e s e n t e d a s tu d y o f th e f o r a m i n l f e r a o c c u r r in g a t e i g h t s t a t i o n s a lo n g an e a s t- w e s t c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f Hudson Bay I n w hich t h e f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s w ere com pared w ith b a th y m e try and se d im e n t t e x t u r e . O th e r work on A r c t i c f o r a m i n i f e r a h a s been c a r r i e d o u t by G reen (I9 6 0 ) on th e c e n t r a l A r c t i c b a s i n , A nderson (1963) on f o ra m i n i f e r a o f th e A r c t i c and B e rin g S e a s , P h le g e r (1952) on f o r a m i n i f e r a from th e C an ad ian and G re en la n d A r c t i c , Hflglund (1947) on f o r a m i n i f e r a In th e G ullm ar F jo rd and th e S k a g e ra k , S t s c h e d r i n a (1936 and 1958) on f o r a m i n i f e r a from th e R u s s ia n A r c t i c , and V llk s (1964) and Wagner (1962) on f o r a m i n i f e r a from th e C anadian A r c t i c A rc h i p e l a g o . l o e b l l c h and Tappan (1953) p u b lis h e d a ta x o n o m ic s tu d y o f A r c t i c f o r a m i n i f e r a , and I n 1960 Be d is c u s s e d A r c t i c p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n l f e r a . O ce a n o g ra p h ic f e a t u r e s o f Hudson Bay have b een s t u d i e d by H aohey. I n 1931 he d e s c r ib e d th e g e n e r a l h y d ro g ra p h y and h y d ro d y n a m ic s, and i n 1935 he d is c u s s e d th e c i r c u l a t i o n o f w a te r w i t h i n t h e b a y . O ce an o g rap h ic d a t a from t h e s t a t i o n s o c c u p ie d i n 1961, ta k e n s im u lta n e o u s ly w ith th e sam p les d e s c r ib e d I n t h i s r e p o r t , a r e p u b lis h e d I n a d a t a r e c o r d by th e C anadian O c e an o g rap h ic D ata C e n tre (Anonymous, 1 9 6 4 ). T h is in f o r m a tio n I s a ls o p u b lis h e d i n an a t l a s p r e s e n t a t i o n on th e o cean o g rap h y o f Hudson Bay by B a rb e r and G le n n ie (1 9 6 4 ). C am pbell and C o l l i n (1956) 12 I n v e s t i g a t e d o c e a n o g rp a h ic c o n d itio n s i n Foxe B a s in , and Cam pbell (1959) made a s i m i l a r s tu d y w hich in c lu d e d Foxe C hannel, Hudson S t r a i t , and n o r th e r n Hudson Bay. In I960 G ra in g e r r e p o r t e d on some p h y s i c a l o c e a n o g ra p h ic f e a t u r e s o f so u th w e st Hudson Bay and James Bay. Lamont (1949) and K e ith (1959) s tu d ie d ic e c o n d itio n s w ith in Hudson Bay. S ed im e n ta ry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s e v e r a l bottom sam ples ta k e n from s h a llo w w a te r n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t o f Hudson Bay w ere d e s c r ib e d by T ra sk (1 9 3 2 ). f o rg e ro n (1959) r e p o r t e d on th e se d im en to lo g y o f Fox® B a sin and th e w e s te r n e n tra n c e to Hudson S t r a i t and L e s lie (1964) p r e s e n te d a s tu d y o f th e se d im en to lo g y o f Hudson Bay b ased on th e same sam ples a s th o s e u sed i n t h i s r e p o r t . A cknowle dgments The a u th o r wishes to express g r a t i t u d e to th e c h a i r man o f h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n com m ittee, D r. 0 . L. Bandy o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , f o r g u id an ce and a s s i s t a n c e th ro u g h o u t th e s tu d y . Many th a n k s a re due P . Go B arb er who was S e n io r S c i e n t i s t on th e Hudson Bay c r u i s e , and th e C a p ta in and crew o f th e M/V T hat a from w hioh sam ples w ere ta k e n . A p p re c ia tio n i s ex ten d ed to D r. B. H. P e l l e t i e r o f th e G e o lo g ic a l S urvey o f Canada u n d e r whose s u p e r v is io n th e g e o lo g ic p o r t i o n o f th e f i e l d program was conducted* and t o J . ButterB* J . W hittaker* H. W. M acFhail* J . G. Mackay, A. 0* S tu a rt* and 0 . 0 . Jo h n sto n o f th e M arina S c ie n c e s Branch* 'who a id e d In th e c o l l e c t i o n o f sam ples* S p e c ia l th a n k s a r e e x p re s se d to D rs. D. S. G o re lin e » J . W * R eith * and R. 0* S tone o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a l i f o r n ia f o r c r i t i c a l re a d in g o f th e m anuscript* to R. Cormier and N. Fow ler f o r a s s i s t a n c e In v a r io u s p h ases o f th e la b o r a to r y w ork, and to A. L* Adams o f th e Canadian Hydro- g ra p h ic S e rv ic e and S* S. M. P itc h e r f o r d r a f t i n g many o f th e i l l u s t r a t i o n s . GEOLOGY R e g io n a l Geology and Gaomorphology Hudson Bay i s i n th e m iddle o f th e PreC am brian C anadian S h ie ld (F ig u re 3 a ) . Most o f th e e a s t e r n s id e o f th e bay i s b o rd e re d by h i l l s r i s i n g from th e s h o r e li n e to e l e v a t io n s g r e a t e r th a n 1000 f e e t . These h i l l s a re u n d e r la in m ain ly by A rch eo zo ic g r a n i t e g n e i s s . A b e l t o f f o ld e d P r o te r o z o ic m e ta se d im e n ta ry ro c k s c u ts th e c o a s t a t Cape S m ith , and th e r e i s a t h i n band o f b a s ic P r o t e r o z o ic i n t r u s i v e ro c k s f r i n g i n g Richmond G u lf (Lowe, 1902). G ra n ite g n e is s o f A rc h eo z o ic age u n d e r l i e s most o f th e r e g io n n o r th o f C h u r c h ill on th e w e s te rn s id e o f th e b ay . P a tc h e s o f A rch eo zo ic v o lc a n ic and m e ta se d im e n ta ry ro c k s o cc u r w ith in th e g n e i s s , and some P r o te r o z o ic ro c k s crop o u t j u s t s o u th o f C h e s t e r f i e l d I n l e t (H a rris o n , 1957). In th e s o u th e rn p a r t o f Hudson Bay, th e B e lc h e r I s la n d s r e p r e s e n t a P r o te r o z o ic f o l d b e l t where in te rb e d d e d la v a , d o lo m ite , and se d im e n ta ry i r o n o re a re exposed (Ja c k so n , 1960). P a le o z o ic ro c k s crop o u t on th e so u th w e st s id e o f Hudson Bay from C h u r c h ill to th e s o u th e rn end o f James Bay (N e lso n , 1953). In t h i s r e g io n a re O rd o v ic ia n , S i l u r i a n , 14 FIGURE 3 (A) GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE HUDSON BAY AREA (M o d ified from s Anonymous, 1955) (B) BOUNDARY OF MAXIMUM MARINE ONLAP IN THE HUDSON BAY REGION ( A f t e r P r e s t , 1957) W \ Q* HUDSON HD MESOZOIC H PALEOZOIC □ PRECAMBRIAN MILES GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STUDY A REA 60* 80* 70* 90 * 100* 1 1 0 * 60 * 6 0 * HUDSON BAY 50 * 50* - M ARINE ONLAP 9 0 * MAXIMUM MARINE ONLAP HUDSON BAY REGION (to) 17 and Devonian ro c k s composed m ain ly o f lim e sto n e and d o lom ite * T here a re a ls o two p a tc h e s o f M esozoic ro c k s of Upper J u r a s s i c o r Lower C retace o u s age t h a t a re composed m ainly o f l a c u s t r i n e s h a le and s i l t s t o n e w ith some i n t e r bedded c o a l (Dyer and G ro z ie r, 1933)* The a r e a occu p ied by th e s e se d im en tary ro c k s h as subdued r e l i e f and i s c a lle d th e Hudson Bay Low lands. M ansel I s la n d and p a r t s o f C oats and Southampton I s la n d s a re a ls o u n d e r la in by P a le o z o ic c a rb o n a te ro c k s (Lowe, 1906). so th e e a s te r n c o n ta c t betw een P a le o z o ic and P recam brian ro c k s o c c u rs u n d er th e w a te rs o f Hudson Bay. P le is to c e n e Geology Hudson Bay said th e su rro u n d in g a r e a were s e v e re ly g l a c i a t e d d u rin g P le is to c e n e tim e as i s ev id en ced by th e many e s k e r s , s t r i a e , and sc o u r h o le s in th e r e g io n . Lowe ( 1 9 0 6 ) n o te d t h a t on th e sh o re s and i s l a n d s o f th e bay, and i n Hudson S t r a i t , th e c r y s t a l l i n e ro c k s have been denuded o f every t r a c e o f w ea th ered s u r f a c e m a te r ia l and a re sm oothed, p o lis h e d , and I n te n s e ly s t r i a t e d . L i t t l e o r no change h as ta k e n p la c e on th e s e s u r f a c e s s in c e th e d isa p p e a ra n c e o f th e i c e . G la c ia l s t r i a e I n d ic a te a flo w o f ic e from th e land on b o th s id e s o f Hudson Bay in to th e b ay , w hereas s t r i a e on th e is l a n d s i n Hudson S t r a i t show t h a t ic e p a sse d 18 e a s tw a rd th ro u g h th e s t r a i t from Hudson Bay I n to th e n o r t h A t l a n t i c O cean. The c e n t e r o f th e w e s te r n i c e cap was c lo s e to th e w e s te r n s h o re s o f Hudson Bay. O r i g i n a l l y i t was n o r th and w e s t o f C h e s t e r f i e l d I n l e t , h u t l a t e r m ig ra te d so u th w e st o f Baker Lake and f i n a l l y to w a rd s th e p r e s e n t hay s h o r e . P i n a l s ta g e s w ere r e p r e s e n te d hy th e ic e cap b re a k in g up i n t o a number o f d i s t i n c t g l a c i e r s , ea ch w ith l o c a l move ment o f i t s own ( B r e s t, 1 9 5 7 ). S t r i a e a lo n g th e e a s t s id e o f Hudson Bay show t h a t th e c e n te r o f ic e movement changed from a p o s i t i o n n e a r th e c e n t r a l a r e a o f th e Ungava P e n in s u la to one 300 m ile s n o r t h . B re s t (1957) b e lie v e d t h a t th e g l a c i a t i o n o f L ab rad o r was l a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e w e s te rn s id e o f Hudson Bay b ec au se s t r i a e from th e w e s te r n g l a c i e r a re a lm o st o b l i t e r a t e d by th o s e from th e e a s t and n o r t h e a s t a lo n g th e r i v e r s s o u th o f James Bay. E f f e c t s o f g l a c i a t i o n a p p a r e n tly d e c re a s e n o rth w a rd . F l i n t (1952) s t a t e d t h a t th e ic e c o v e rin g o f n o r th e r n E lle sm e re I s la n d was n e v e r g r e a t e r th a n i t i s a t p r e s e n t . M arine T e rra c e s and A n c e s tr a l Hudson Bay M arine t e r r a c e s o c c u r a lo n g th e c o a s ts and i s l a n d s o f Hudson Bay w herever c o n d itio n s have p r e v e n te d t h e i r rem o v al by r e c e n t e r o s io n . F ro n tin g th e h ig h la n d s a b o u t Wagner 19 I n l e t and R e p u lse Bay on th e w e s te r n s i d e o f Hudson Bay, t e r r a c e s a r e c u t i n t o d r i f t d e p o s i t s up to e l e v a t i o n s v a r y in g from 500 to 700 f e e t . A t e r r a c e 528 f e e t above s e a l e v e l h a s b een r e p o r t e d on th e n o r t h s i d e o f Hudson S t r a i t , and a t Oape W olstenholm e on th e s o u th s i d e o f th e w e s te r n e n tr a n c e to th e s t r a i t , t e r r a c e s r i s e t o 800 f e e t above s e a l e v e l (Lowe, 1 9 0 6 ). I n r e c e n t y e a r s th e t e r r a c e s b o r d e r in g th e bay have b e e n d a te d u s in g r a d io c a r b o n age d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . Mathews ( 1 9 6 2 ) d a te d a r a i s e d b ea ch 281 f e e t above s e a l e v e l , b o r d e r in g D e c e p tio n Bay e a s t o f Oape W olstehholm e a t 1 0 ,4 5 0 & 250 B .P . Dyclc and F y le s (1964) gave an age o f 7 ,2 7 0 & 120 y e a r s B .P . f o r a r a i s e d b e a c h a t 465 f e e t e l e v a t i o n l o c a t e d 55 m ile s s o u th w e s t o f O h u r c h i l l . They s t a t e d t h i s was o n ly a few f e e t below th e f a r t h e s t e x te n - t l o n o f m a rin e c o n d i tio n s i n th e r e g i o n . A comment on t h i s by B. G. O ra ig r e f e r r e d to I t a s th e maximum tim e o f r e t r e a t o f L a u r e n tid e i c e from th e a r e a and th e e n t r y o f m a rin e w a t e r . Lee ( i 9 6 0 ) gave d a t e s f o r s e v e r a l b e a o h es aro u n d th e b a y . He s t a t e d t h a t an age o f 6 ,9 7 5 ~ 2 5 0 years was o b ta in e d on s h e l l s from w e s t o f Hudson Bay, and 7 ,2 8 0 - 50 y e a r s f o r s h e l l s from s o u th o f th e b a y . He c o n c lu d e d t h a t a n c e s t r a l Hudson Bay, w h ich he named th e T y r r e l l S e a , re a c h e d i t s maximum e x t e n t 7 ,0 0 0 t o 8 ,0 0 0 y e a r s ago (F ig u re 3 b ) . He a l s o s a i d t h a t th e fo rm e r 20 p o s i t i o n s o f i c e - s e a c o n t a c t i n t h e r e g i o n w e st o f t h e "bay a r e r e c o r d e d i n d i s t i n c t i v e d r i f t r i d g e s w h ich he c a l l e d s t r a i g h t - r i d g e d m in o r m o ra in e s . T hese m o ra in e s i n d i c a t e t h a t m a rin e c o n d i tio n s w ere p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay d u r in g th e f i n a l s t a g e s o f g l a c i a l r e c e s s i o n , and f o r a w h ile th e w a te r o f th e bay la p p e d a g a i n s t g l a c i a l i c e . The h i g h e s t s h o r e l i n e s on th e e a s t s i d e o f th e bay a r e s a i d by Lee ( i9 6 0 ) to be 800 to 900 f e e t above s e a l e v e l and a b o u t 400 to 600 f e e t above s e a l e v e l on th e w e s t s i d e o f th e b a y . T h e r e f o r e , when th e T y r r e l l S ea ad v an ced i n t o th e a r e a i t was 400 to 900 f e e t d e e p e r th a n th e p r e s e n t Hudson Bay. P o s t - G l a c i a l I s o s t a t l c A d ju stm e n t R a te o f i s o s t a t i c em ergence a ro u n d Hudson Bay a f t e r g l a c i a t i o n was shown by Lee ( i 9 6 0 ) to f o llo w an e x p o n e n t i a l c u rv e w i t h an i n i t i a l r a p i d u p l i f t o f th e o r d e r o f 20 f e e t p e r c e n t u r y , and l a t e r a much d e c re a s e d r a t e o f th e o r d e r o f 1 t o 3 f e e t p e r c e n tu r y . The d e c r e a s e i n w a te r d e p th i n th e bay was Bomewhat l e s s th a n th e i n i t i a l 2 0 f e e t p e r c e n tu r y s i n c e s e a l e v e l was a l s o r i s i n g fro m i t s p o s i t i o n o f 8 , 0 0 0 y e a r s ago w h ich was a p p ro x im a te ly 50 f e e t below p r e s e n t s e a l e v e l (S h e p a rd , 1 9 6 3 ). T h ere i s e v id e n c e t h a t th e u p l i f t i s s t i l l i n p r o g re s s . W ashburn (1 9 4 7 ) made o b s e r v a t i o n s a t s e v e r a l l o c a l i t i e s o f Eskimo f i s h t r a p s , b u i l t i n th e i n t e r t i d a l a r e a , and now 30 to 80 f e e t above s e a l e v e l . At Sloop*s Gove In C h u r c h ill E stu a ry th e lo c a ti o n o f r in g b o l t s , f a s te n e d in th e ro c k s by e a r l y e x p lo r e r s f o r m ooring t h e i r s h i p s , in d i c a t e s a r i s e o f s e v e r a l f e e t i n th e la n d s u r f a c e d u rin g th e l a s t few hun d red y e a r s . In n es (i9 6 0 ) has shown by g r a v ity m easurem ents t h a t in th e r e g io n o f Hudson Bay th e c r u s t h as y e t to r i s e 800 f e e t b e fo re i s o s t a t i c b alan ce i s r e s t o r e d . T h is f i g u r e i s in c lo s e agreem ent w ith th e re m a in in g c r u s t a l u p l i f t o f 750 f e e t e s tim a te d by G utenburg in 1941 on r a t h e r s c a n ty d a t a . In n e s a ls o s a id t h a t sin c e Hudson and James Bays a re sh a llo w d e p re s s io n s w ith few d e p th s e x c e e d in g 120 fath o m s, com plete i s o s t a t i c re c o v e ry i n t h i s a r e a would p r a c t i c a l l y e lim in a te b o th th e s e b a s in s a s im p o rta n t p h y s io g ra p h ic f e a t u r e s . Many g e o l o g i s t s do n o t b e lie v e t h a t th e Hudson Bay r e g io n i s s t i l l re b o u n d in g . W ilson ( 1 9 5 6 ) s t a t e d t h a t th e r e a p p e a rs to have been l i t t l e o r no r i s e a t C h u r c h ill s in c e 1940 when an o f f i c i a l and r e l i a b l e t i d e gauge was i n s t a l l e d . I n a d d i t i o n , s in c e th e tim e o f T y r r e l l (1897) I t has been th e o p in io n o f most C anadian g e o l o g is ts who have exam ined th e f i e l d ev id en ce t h a t no r i s e o f th e la n d h a s ta k e n p la c e in h i s t o r i c a l tim e . W ilson concluded t h a t w hether th e r i s e c o n tin u e s o r n o t , th e r e i s abundant e v i dence t h a t th e c e n t r a l b a s in i s a f e a t u r e o f g r e a t a n t i q u i t y . The p re v io u s e x is te n c e o f t h i s b a s in i s shown by th e p r e s e r v a t i o n , on th e i s l a n d s and around th e s h o re s o f Hudson Bay, o f e x te n s iv e d e p o s its o f l a t e P re cam b ria n , P a le o z o ic , and M esozoic se d im e n ta ry r o c k s . OCEANOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Bottom Topography In th e c e n t r a l and n o r th e r n p a r t o f Hudson Bay th e r e i s an i r r e g u l a r l y shaped h a s in w ith d e p th s e x c e e d in g 200 m e te r s , and w ith a tr o u g h e x te n d in g from i t to w ard s Hudson S t r a i t (F ig u re 4 ) , The tr o u g h i s th o u g h t to he th e main c h a n n e l o f a subm erged d ra in a g e sy stem w hich once d ra in e d th e a r e a now co v ered by th e w a te r o f th e bay. T here a re i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t th e c h a n n e ls o f r i v e r s flo w in g in t o th e w e st s id e o f th e bay e x te n d many m ile s i n t o th e b a y , and converge to J o in th e m ain c h a n n e l le a d in g in to Hudson S t r a i t . A n o th er i n t e r e s t i n g to p o g r a p h ic f e a t u r e i s th e deep h o le o r b a s in lo c a te d J u s t o f f th e n o r th e r n sh o re o f D igges I s la n d s i n th e w e s te r n end o f Hudson S t r a i t . The maximum d e p th o f th e b a s in i s a b o u t 540 m e te r s , w hich i s much d e e p e r th a n any p a r t o f Hudson Bay. G l a c i a l ic e moving o u t o f th e bay u n d o u b te d ly deepened th e b a s in , b u t i t may have form ed o r i g i n a l l y by d o w n fa u ltin g w hich c u t o f f th e t i p o f Cape W olstenholm e and p ro d u ced th e s t r a i g h t n o r th e r n s h o r e li n e o f D igges I s l a n d . I n th e c e n t e r o f th e bay i s a p ro m in en t s h o a l a r e a 23 FIGURE 4 BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY- OF HUDSON BAY (c o n to u re d from so u n d in g s on Map 5000, C anadian H ydrographic S e r v ic e , 1957) 25 T O # BATHYMETRY CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 METERS 0 400 KILOMETERS 26 o f l e s s -than 50 m depth, w hich I s su rro u n d e d on a l l s i d e s by d e p th s g r e a t e r th a n 150 m. T h is a r e a I s p ro b a b ly an e r o s io n a l rem nant from th e p r e - g l a c i a l la n d s u r fa c e and may be u n d e r la in by P a le o z o ic c a rb o n a te ro c k s as a re G oats and M ansel I s l a n d s . There i s a marked c o n t r a s t i n th e bottom to p o g rap h y o f th e e a s te r n and s o u th w e ste rn s id e s o f Hudson Bay® On th e so u th w e st s id e th e w a te r i s e x tre m e ly s h a llo w , i s l a n d s a re a b s e n t, and th e bottom p r o f i l e i s sm ooth. In th e e a s te r n p o r tio n o f th e bay th e w a te r deepens r a p i d l y o f f s h o re , th e bottom i s v e ry I r r e g u l a r , and th e r e a re many i s l a n d s . The smooth bottom on th e w est i s u n d e r la in by f l a t - l y i n g P a le o z o ic se d im e n ta ry r o c k s , w hereas th e i r r e g u l a r bottom on th e e a s t i s u n d e r la in by f o ld e d P r o t e r - o z o ic m etased im en tary ro c k s and A rcheozoic c r y s t a l l i n e r o c k s . I t a p p e a rs p o s s ib le to d e l i n e a t e th e l o c a t i o n w ith i n th e bay o f th e c o n ta c t betw een th e P a le o z o ic and P re - cam brlan ro c k s by o b s e rv in g where th e change i n bottom to p o g rap h y o c c u rs . W ater C i r c u l a t i o n and T id es W ater c i r c u l a t i o n in Hudson Bay i s i n a c o u n te rc lo c k w ise d i r e c t i o n , t h a t i s , th e flo w on th e w est s id e i s to th e s o u th and on th e e a s t s id e to th e n o r th (H achey, 1935). There I s In flo w o f w a te r from Poxe C hannel and Hudson 27 S t r a i t and o u tflo w from th e bay i n t o Hudson S t r a i t (F ig u re 5 a ) . T i d a l c u r r e n t s a re s tr o n g b etw een th e i s l a n d s a t th e w e s te r n e n tr a n c e to th e s t r a i t , a s w e ll a s i n th e e s t u a r i e s and a lo n g th e c o a s t on th e w e st s id e o f th e bay w here th e t i d e r i s e s 4 t o 6 in (M anning, 1 9 5 1 ). At Oape H e n r i e t t a M a ria t o th e s o u th th e t i d a l ra n g e i s a b o u t 2 m and on th e e a s t s id e th e ra n g e i s from § t o 1 m. W ater T em p eratu re and S a l i n i t y D uring th e summer th e s u r f a c e w a te r o f Hudson Bay i s a f f e c t e d by f r e s h w a te r e n t e r i n g from r i v e r s and s tr e a m s . In A ugust th e te m p e ra tu re and s a l i n i t y o f s u r f a c e w a te r g rad e from 9°C and 23 ° /o o a t th e m outh o f Jam es Bay to 4 °0 and 32 ° /o o a t th e w e s te r n e n tr a n c e to Hudson S t r a i t (H achey, 1 9 3 1 ). W ater below a d e p th o f a b o u t 30 m i s n o t in f lu e n c e d by th e r u n o f f , so t h i s deep w a te r i s f a i r l y u n ifo rm th ro u g h o u t th e bay w ith te m p e r a tu r e s from 1 to - 1 .5 ° 0 and s a l i n i t i e s o f 32 to 33 ° /o o (B a rb e r and G le n n ie , 1 9 6 4 ) In th e f a l l , r u n o f f from th e la n d d im in is h e s , and c o o lin g o f th e s u r f a c e w a te r r e s u l t s i n m ix in g w ith th e d e e p e r w a te r so t h a t by th e tim e Ic e form s on th e s u r f a c e th e w a te r I s f a i r l y u n ifo rm from to p t o b o tto m (H achey, 1931 ). J FIGURE 5 (A) CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN HUDSON BAY DURING THE SUMM ER (From H achey, 1935) (B) DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT FINER THAN 2 M M IN DIAMETER, OR THE PREDOMINATELY WATER-DEPOSITED MATERIAL / < ! WATER CIRCULATION PATTERN CURRENT DIRECTION - 0 400 KILOMETERS (a) SEDIMENT TYPES B 1 C L A Y ^ SIL T Y C LA Y E3 S IL T E3 S A N D ~ ^ KILO M ETERS 95 " 90 * 85 ’ 80 ’ 30 Ic e C o n d itio n s Ic e u s u a l l y b e g in s t o form i n th e i n l e t s and a lo n g th e c o a s t o f Hudson Bay In O cto b e r o r e a r l y November. At th e tim e o f i t s g r e a t e s t developm ent t h i s b e l t o f c o a s t a l ic e e x te n d s o f f th e e a s t e r n s h o re s f o r 60 o r 7 0 m ile s and a d is ta n c e o f 1 to 7 m ile s e ls e w h e r e . I t was p r e v io u s ly th o u g h t t h a t th e c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f th e bay rem ained i c e - f r e e d u rin g th e w in te r , b u t a i r c r a f t p a t r o l s s in c e 1949 have r e v e a le d t h a t th e e n t i r e bay f r e e z e s o v er (Lam ont, 19 4 9 ). However, th e r e i s commonly open w a te r betw een th e c e n t r a l bay i c e and th e sh o re i c e . N orm ally Hudson Bay ic e i s from 1 to 2 m t h i c k , and i t I s n o t uncommon to o b se rv e Ic e 1 m t h i c k in C h u r c h ill H arbor as e a r l y as December (K e ith , 1959). U s u a lly by l a t e March o r e a r l y A p r i l th e r i v e r s t h a t flo w i n t o th e s o u th e rn p a r t o f th e bay a re open, and by J u ly m ost o f th e bay i s i c e - f r e e (Anonymous, 1 9 5 4 ). How e v e r i n 196 1 , a f t e r a se v e re w i n t e r , ic e p e r s i s t e d in s o u th w e s te rn Hudson Bay u n t i l e a r l y A u g u st. I n some lo c a l i t i e s t h i s ic e co v ered 90 p e r c e n t o f th e w a te r s u rfa c e and was a s much as 5 m t h i c k . Bottom S edim ents D i s t r i b u t i o n o f bottom se d im e n ts i n Hudson Bay shows a m a jo r tr e n d from c o a rs e m a t e r i a l on th e w est s id e o f th e bay to f i n e m a t e r i a l on th e e a s t (F ig u re 5b ) , Two a r e a s o f c la y b o tto m , th e f i n e s t se d im e n t In th e bay, a re lo c a te d n o r th and s o u th o f th e O ttaw a I s l a n d s , T h is i s n o t th e p a t t e r n w hich would be e x p e c te d i f th e su rro u n d in g la n d to p o g ra p h y p la y e d an Im p o rta n t p a r t i n th e sed im en t d i s t r i b u t i o n , s in c e th e e a s t e r n sh o re I s b o rd e re d by h i l l s r i s i n g from th e w a te rs edge t o a h e i g h t o f 30 0 m and th e w e s te rn sh o re i s b o rd e re d by a g e n tly s lo p in g p l a i n . H igh t i d e s and c o rr e s p o n d in g t i d a l c u r r e n t s on th e w e s te rn s id e o f th e b a y , as w e ll as a g e n e r a l o f f s h o r e c u r r e n t t r e n d , a re f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g to th e d e p o s i t i o n o f c o a rs e se d im e n t. A lso l a r g e r r i v e r s flo w in t o th e w e s te rn p a r t o f th e bay th a n i n t o th e e a s t , and c a r r y c o a rse m a t e r i a l from th e many r a i s e d b ea ch e s and g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s . I c e - r a f t e d m a t e r i a l i s an im p o rta n t component o f th e bottom sed im en t in some p a r t s o f Hudson Bay. The sh a llo w s around S outham pton, C o a ts, and Manse1 I s l a n d s and o f f th e so u th w e st c o a s t o f th e bay a re m ost I n flu e n c e d by i c e - r a f t i n g (F ig u re 6 a ) . I n th e s e r e g io n s h ig h t i d e s w hich g r in d th e Ic e I n to th e b o tto m , and o f f s h o r e tr e n d in g c u r r e n t s combine i n t r a n s p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l (F ig u re 7 a ) . On th e e a s t s id e o f th e bay low er t i d e s and c u r r e n t s tr e n d in g a lo n g sh o re te n d to re d u c e r a f t i n g . I t was found t h a t r a f t i n g I s n o t an im p o rta n t a g e n t o f s e d im e n ta tio n in FIGURE 6 LARGE ICE-RAFTED BOULDER AT STATION 127) OFF THE WEST CENTRAL COAST OF HUDSON BAY Note th e s h e l l i n c r u s t a t i o n s on th e b o u ld e r REDDISH BROWN, SILTY CLAY AT STATION 130 IN 208 M OF WATER Note th e absence o f i c e - r a f t e d p e b b le s T r a i l s on th e b o tto m a re made by worms, n o t s t a r f i s h 33 BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPH DEPTH-105 METERS INCHES LOCATION - ST. 127 (a) 12 0 12 INCHES BOTTOM PHOTOGRAPH DEPTH-208 METERS LOCATION - ST. 130 (b) FIGURE 7 (A) PERCENT OF ICE-RAFTED MATERIAL IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF HUDSON BAY (B) COLOR OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS (C) CALCIUM CARBONATE PERCENTAGES IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS (D) PERCENT ORGANIC CARBON IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS 35 8 0 85 95 90 65 :nn, 6 0 ' 60 - PERCENT / 1 ICE RAFTED SEDIMENT 55 > 2 0 ’ 5 - 207, k i l o m e t e r s 8 0 85 95 90 (a) COLOR OF SEDIMENT ED REDDISH BROW N LIG H T O LIV E G R A Y (£3 M ED IU M G R A Y T 7 \ O LIV E GREEN KILOMETERS (b) 65* '• m — PERCENT CALCIUM CARBONATE □ J O -1 0 * /. NSl 30 - 5 0 “/ £ 2 1 0 - 207. EEH > 5 0 ’/. □ 20 - 30*/. 6 5 ' 6 0 ' 6 0 ' 1 PERCENT y~ ORGANIC CARBON E 3 < 0 25V. □ 0.25 -0.50*/. g > 0.50*/. ^ ‘ 85* 8 0 ' (c) (d) 36 c e n t r a l Hudson Bay (F ig u re 6 b ) . The la r g e s i z e o f th e b ay , th e t i d a l v a r i a t i o n s , and th e c u r r e n t p a t t e r n a r e f a c t o r s t h a t l i m i t th e c o n c e n tr a t io n o f r a f t e d m a t e r i a l m a in ly to th e s o u th w e s te rn and n o r th e r n c o a s t a l r e g i o n s . C o lo r o f th e se d im en t i n Hudson Bay can be c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r f o u r m ain c a t e g o r i e s ; r e d d i s h brow n, l i g h t o l i v e g r a y , and o liv e g r e e n . F ig u re 7b shows t h a t o l i v e g re e n se d im e n t o c c u p ie s th e n o r t h r n and n o r th w e s te r n p o r t i o n o f th e bay a s w e ll a s th e c e n t r a l s h o a l and th e n o r t h e a s t e r n c o a s t . The se d im en t i s composed m a in ly o f s l l t - s i z e m a t e r i a l w ith w ide ra n g e s o f c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te c o n te n t and o r g a n ic m a t t e r . L ig h t o liv e g ra y se d im e n t i s p r e s e n t o f f th e s o u th w e s t c o a s t o f th e b ay . The m a t e r i a l i s o f sand s i z e w ith c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te p e r c e n ta g e s b etw een 30 and 50 p e r c e n t , and low o rg a n ic c o n t e n t . C o lo r i s due to th e c o a rs e d e t r i t u s , much o f w hich i s lim e s to n e and d o lo m ite . Medium g ra y se d im e n t a lo n g th e s o u t h e a s t c o a s t and around th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s o r i g i n a t e d from r i v e r s flo w in g i n t o James Bay. These r i v e r s d r a i n th e r e g i o n to th e s o u th o f James Bay w hich i s u n d e r l a i n by s o f t M esozoic s h a l e s and s i l t s t o n e s . R e d d ish brown se d im en t i s p r e s e n t i n th e l a r g e c e n t r a l b a s in o f th e bay and i n th e b a s i n s o u th e a s t o f B e lc h e r I s l a n d s . T his r e d d i s h brown c o l o r e x te n d s down i n th e se d im e n t a maximum o f 8 cm i n th e c e n t r a l b a s in and t h i n s I n a l l d i r e c t i o n s from t h e r e . O r ig in o f th e l a y e r 37 i s due t o o x id a tio n o f slow s e t t l i n g se d im e n t I n w a te r o f c o m p a r a tiv e ly h ig h oxygen c o n t e n t . A r e d d i s h brown v e n e e r I s a common f e a t u r e i n th e n o r t h , and h a s been r e p o r t e d from th e K a ra , B a re n ts and W hite Seas ( B r u n je v ic z , 1938; K len o v a , 1 9 3 8 ). T here a r e t h r e e s o u r c e s o f c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te i n th e se d im e n ts o f Hudson Bays (1 ) s h e l l m a t e r i a l , (2) d e t r i t a l lim e s to n e and d o lo m ite f r a g m e n ts , and ( 3 ) r e d e p o s i t e d g l a c i a l ro c k f l o u r . The r e g io n s o f h i g h e s t c a lc iu m c a r b o n a te i n th e se d im e n ts a r e th o s e b o rd e re d and u n d e r l a i n by P a le o z o ic c a rb o n a te ro c k s (F ig u re 7 c ) . There th e c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te com poses more th a n 50 p e r c e n t o f th e se d im e n t i n some c a s e s . The r e g io n s o f lo w e s t c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te a re o f f th e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f Hudson Bay. These a r e a s sire b o rd e re d m a in ly by P reC am brian ig n e o u s ro c k s w h ich c o n t r i b u t e l i t t l e c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te to th e s e d im e n t, and th e c u r r e n t p a t t e r n i n th e bay i s su c h t h a t c a rb o n a te from o t h e r r e g io n s i s n o t d e p o s i t e d . The amount o f o rg a n ic c a rb o n i n th e bottom se d im e n ts o f Hudson Bay ra n g e s from 0 .1 4 to 0 .7 4 p e r c e n t (F ig u re 7 d ) . Oarbon v a lu e s can be c o n v e rte d to p e r c e n t o rg a n ic m a tte r by m u l t i p l y i n g by th e f a c t o r 1 .7 (Em ery, 1 9 6 0 ). A re as o f h i g h e s t o r g a n ic ca rb o n o c c u r i n th e c l a y s n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t o f Hudson Bay and i n th e se d im e n t o f s i l t s i z e i n th e n o r th w e s t. High v a lu e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e c la y a re e x p e c te d s in c e th e l i g h t o rg a n ic m a t e r i a l s e t t l e s slo w ly and i s a ls o ad so rb e d on c la y s and i s t h e r e f o r e d e p o s ite d w ith th e f in e d e t r i t u s . C o n s id e ra tio n o f th e o rg a n ic c o n te n t in th e e n t i r e bay g iv e s a v a lu e com parable to th e 0 .9 p e r c e n t o rg a n ic m a tte r ( l . 7 x o rg a n ic c a rb o n ) d e t e r mined by Emery (i9 6 0 ) f o r th e m ainland s h e l f o f f s o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a . FORAMINIFERA F o r a m in if e r a l p o p u la tio n s from 75 s u r f a c e sedim ent sam ples th ro u g h o u t Hudson Bay have "been s tu d ie d (F ig u re 8 ) , A t o t a l o f 51 g e n e ra and 93 s p e c ie s have been i d e n t i f i e d from th e s e sa m p le s. G e n e ra l F a u n a l T rends The f o r a m i n i f e r a l number ( f o r a m in lf e r a p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t, S c h o tt, 1935) i s g r e a t e s t In n o r th e r n Hudson Bay around Southam pton I s l a n d , a lo n g th e w est and so u th w e st c o a s t , and on th e s h o a l a r e a i n th e c e n t r a l bay (F ig u re 9 a ) . The r e g io n s o f lo w e st f o r a m i n i f e r a l number a re a lo n g th e e a s t e r n c o a s t and in th e c e n t r a l and w est c e n t r a l b a s in r e g io n . F a c to r s i n f lu e n c in g th e number o f f o r a m in lf e r a , i n c lu d in g b o th l i v i n g and dead t e s t s , a r e : ( l ) s u i t a b i l i t y o f th e environm ent f o r a l i v i n g p o p u la tio n , (2) r a t e of s e d im e n ta tio n , and (3) t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f dead t e s t s . En v iro n m e n ta l s u i t a b i l i t y depends on th e food s u p p ly , w a te r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and s u b stra te ® A h ig h s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e w i l l red u ce th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number by d i l u t i o n , w hile a low s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e w i l l te n d to c o n c e n tr a te th e t e s t s . T r a n s p o r ta tio n o f dead t e s t s by w a te r c u r r e n ts o r ic e can 39 C -1 FIGURE 8 STATION LOCATIONS IN HUDSON BAY I 41 8 0 95 9 0 8 5 6 5 6 5 a I69 I52 162 154 148 1 6 1 22 26 24 177 27 37 *3' 42 28 30 32 34 76 44 6 0 6 0 45 73 79 I 68 66 k • • • • [69 67 L . *60 57 63 225 1 25 56 5 5 64 130 64 123 1 2 1 1 1 4 220 216 218 210 no 1 1 8 97 IO O 5 5 5 5 103 1 0 1 • • 104 1 0 & C STATION LOCATIONS 4 0 0 KILOMETERS 8 0 95 8 5 9 0 FIGURE 9 (A) TOTAL FORAMINIFERAL TESTS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT (B) NUMBER OF LIVE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 95 90 85 80 65 65 60 60' 55 FO R A M IN IFE R A L N U M B E R AREAS OF ABUNDANCE 400 K ILO M ETERS 85 80 95 90" (a) 95 90 85 80 65 65" 60" 60 55 55 L IV E BEN TH C F O R A M IN IF E R A PE R G R A M V7 7 ! AREAS OF ABUNDANCE f ^ 0 400 \ KILO M ETERS 80 95' 90 85 00 4 4 re d u c e th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number where th e t e s t s a re p ioked u p , and in c r e a s e th e number where th e t e s t s a r e d ro p p e d . I n a t y p i c a l c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f e n v iro n m e n t th e f o ra m i n i f e r a l number i n c r e a s e s from th e c o a s t seaw ard (B andy, e t a l . , 1 9 6 4 b ). In Hudson Bay th e h ig h e s t f o r a m i n i f e r a l num bers o c c u r n e a r th e c o a s t and d e c re a s e seaw ard i n t o th e d e e p e r c e n t r a l b a s i n . F o r a m in if e r a l num bers i n th e b a y , w hich ra n g e from 1 .2 t o 548 a re s i m i l a r to th o s e fo u n d on c o n t i n e n t a l s h e lv e s (Bandy, e t a l . . 1 9 6 4 a). T here i s a m arked c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t o t a l f o r a m i n l f e r a and l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a . The a r e a s o f m ost a b u n d a n t l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a a re a ls o i n th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s to th e n o r t h , w e s t, and s o u th w e s t, w hich i s a m a jo r f a c t o r i n th e h ig h f o r a m i n i f e r a l num bers fo u n d t h e r e . I n a d d i t i o n th e s e c o a s t a l r e g io n s a re a f f e c t e d by s tr o n g t i d a l c u r r e n t s w hich h in d e r th e a c c u m u la tio n o f f i n e s e d im e n t. As a r e s u l t t h e r e i s a c o n c e n tr a t io n o f dead t e s t s . Low f o r a m i n i f e r a l num bers I n th e c e n t r a l bay can be e x p la in e d by a r e v e r s e o f th e c o n d i tio n s n e a r th e c o a s t . I n th e c e n t r a l bay much o f th e s e d im e n t, w h ich i s c a r r i e d o v e r and o f f th e s h a llo w e r , n e a rs h o re a r e a s , s e t t l e s and a c c u m u la te s . T h is se d im e n t a c c u m u la tio n d i l u t e s th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . A lso th e c e n t r a l bay i s an a r e a o f few l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a . T h e re fo re th e c o m b in a tio n o f 45 s e d im e n ts d i l u t i n g th e num ber o f f o r a m i n i f e r a l t e s t s , and a s m a ll l i v i n g p o p u l a t i o n c o n t r i b u t i n g few t e s t s , r e s u l t s i n low f o r a m i n i f e r a l n u m b e rs. low f o r a m i n i f e r a l num bers a lo n g th e e a s t c o a s t c a n be e x p l a in e d by c o n s i d e r i n g s e v e r a l f a c t o r s w hich d i f f e r fro m th e w e s t c o a s t . T i d a l r a n g e , w h ich i s ex tre m e on th e w e s t c o a s t , i s q u i t e s m a ll on th e e a s t c o a s t and th e r e s u l t i n g t i d a l c u r r e n t s a re much l e s s i n t e n s e . The w a te r d e e p e n s r a p i d l y o f f th e e a s t c o a s t and th e r e a re many s i t e s o f se d im e n t d e p o s i t i o n . A lso th e number o f l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a i s low a lo n g th e e a s t c o a s t . The c o m b in a tio n o f s e d im e n t a c c u m u la tio n and few l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a i s s i m i l a r t o c o n d i t i o n s i n th e c e n t r a l b a s i n o f th e bay and r e s u l t s i n a s i m i l a r l y s m a ll f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber. I n Hudson Bay th e num ber o f l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a p e r gram o f d r i e d s e d im e n t r a n g e s from l e s s th a n 0.1 to 1 6 .2 ( F ig u r e 9 b ) • These v a l u e s a r e s i m i l a r to th o s e fo u n d on t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f o f f s o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a (B andy, ejb a l . . 1 9 6 4 a ). As m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s l y , l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a a r e m ost ab u n d a n t a lo n g th e n o r t h e r n , w e s te r n , and s o u th w e s te r n c o a s t a l r e g i o n s o f th e b a y . S e v e r a l l a r g e r i v e r s w h ic h flo w i n t o w e s te r n Hudson Bay a r e th e so u rc e o f a b u n d a n t n u t r i e n t s . These n u t r i e n t s p ro v id e a fo o d s u p p ly f o r th e p h y to p la n k to n , as i s i n d i c a t e d by th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d ia to m s a lo n g th e w e st c o a s t o f th e bay (F ig u re 1 0 a ). 46 P h y to p la n k to n p ro v id e a food su p p ly f o r th e f o ra m in lf e r a and en ab le th e r e g io n to su p p o rt a l a r g e r p o p u la tio n . P h le g e r and L ankford (1957) found a s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f h ig h p h y to p la n k to n p o p u la tio n and a r e s u l t i n g in c re a s e i n f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n due to n u t r i e n t s in tro d u c e d by r i v e r s alo n g th e Texas Coast*. The a re a s o f l i v e fo ra m i n i f e r a l abundance in th e bay a re a ls o c h a r a c te r iz e d by slow se d im e n ta tio n r a t e s , h ig h oxygen c o n te n t in th e b o t tom w a te r, and sh a llo w d e p th s . Low p o p u la tio n s o f l i v i n g f o r a m in lf e r a are found in th e c e n t r a l a r e a of Hudson Bay and alo n g th e e a s t c o a s t. These a re re g io n s o f g r e a t e r s e d im e n ta tio n , d ee p er w a te r, l e s s p r o l i f i c food su p p ly , and in g e n e r a l, low er oxygen c o n t e n t . The number o f g en e ra (F ig u re 10b) and s p e c ie s (F ig u re 11a) p r e s e n t a t each sample lo c a ti o n c o r r e l a t e s w e ll w ith th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number and th e number o f l iv e b e n th ic f o r a m in lf e r a p e r gram. C o a s ta l a re a s to th e n o r th and w est and th e c e n t r a l s h o a l a re r e g io n s t h a t can m a in ta in th e m ost abundant f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n as w e ll as th e most d iv e rs e assem b lag e. As many as 38 g e n e ra and 62 s p e c ie s a re re p r e s e n te d in th e s e r e g io n s . The c e n t r a l b a s in of th e bay and th e e a s te r n c o a s t a l r e g io n w hich su p p o rt a sm all l i v i n g p o p u la tio n a ls o a re re g io n s o f few g en e ra and s p e c ie s , u s u a lly about 15 and 20 r e s p e c t i v e l y . FIGURE 10 (A) NUMBER OF DIATOMS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT (B) NUMBER OF GENERA OF FORAMINIFERA PER STATION 90 85 80 95s 65 / / / 47*6 60 60 55 55 D IA T O M S PER G R A M AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 400 KILOMETERS 85 80 90 95' (a) 90 85 80 95 65 65 ' / / 60 60 = 55 55 N U M B E R O F G E N E R A O F FO R A M IN IFE R A AREAS OF ABUNDANCE 400 KILOMETERS 80 95' 90 85 (b) CD FIGURE 11 (A) NUMBER OF SPECIES OF FORAMINIFERA PER STATION (B) NUM BER OF LIVE BENTHIC SPECIES OF FORAMINIFERA PER STATION 80 85 90 95 65 65' 60 60 M » \ f , ,44 55 55 N U M B E R O F SPECIES O F F O R A M IN IFE R A n AREAS OF ABUNDANCE 400 KILOMETERS 80 85 90 (a) V ; 80 85 90 95 65 65' 60 60 55 55' N U M B E R O F L IV E B E N T H IC SP E C IE S O F F O R A M N IF E R A AREAS OF ABUNDANCE 400 KILOMETERS 80 85 90 95' U l O 51 L iv in g b e n th ic s p e c ie s p r e s e n t a t e a ch s t a t i o n (F ig u re 11b) show a d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s i m i l a r to th e t o t a l s p e c ie s p r e s e n t and th e l i v i n g sp e cim e n s p e r gram . The n e a r - s h o r e a r e a s to th e n o r t h , w est and so u th w e st a re r e g io n s o f ab u n d a n ce , w h ile th e c e n t r a l b a s in and th e e a s t c o a s t show low v a l u e s . The g r e a t e s t number o f l i v i n g b e n th ic f o r a m i n l f e r a a t any l o c a t i o n sam pled i s 2 2 , w hich o c c u rs betw een N ottingham and Southam pton I s l a n d s a t th e e n tra n c e to Foxe C h a n n e l. The r a t i o o f l i v i n g f o r a m i n l f e r a t o dead f o r a m i n l f e r a , o r th e l i v e / d e a d r a t i o was p l o t t e d f o r a l l th e sam ples s tu d i e d (F ig u re 1 2 a ), T h is r a t i o e n a b le s an e s tim a te o f th e r a t e o f s e d im e n ta tio n , s in c e a h ig h v a lu e w ould i n d i c a te t h a t th e dead t e s t s a re b e in g d i l u t e d by r a p i d s e d i ment accum ulation® I n Hudson Bay t h i s r a t i o was u s e d to d e te rm in e th e r e l a t i v e r a t e s o f a c c u m u la tio n r a t h e r th a n t o e s tim a te th e a c t u a l ra te s® High l i v e / d e a d r a t i o s a lo n g th e n o r th w e s te r n , w e s te rn and s o u th e rn c o a s t s o f th e bay a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f r e l a t i v e l y f a s t s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s i n th e s e r e g i o n s , and th e lo w er v a lu e s i n th e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n bay i n d i c a t e a s lo w e r r a t e o f se d im e n t a c c u m u la tio n . P la n k to n ic f o r a m i n l f e r a a re r a r e i n th e b o tto m s e d i m ents o f Hudson Bay, The m ost ab u n d a n t o c c u rre n c e i s j u s t s o u th o f C oats I s l a n d w here th e r e a r e 30 sp ecim en s p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t (F ig u re 1 2 b ). f ilo b lg a r l n a FIGURE 12 (A) LIVE/DEAD RATIO OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA (B) NUMBER OF PLANKTONIO FORAMINIFERA PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 80 95 90 85 65 65” 60 60' 55 55 L IV E /D E A D R A T IO S O F B E N T H IC F O R A M IN IF E R A AREAS OF HIGHER VALUES 40 0 A KILOMETERS 90 85 80 95' (a) 95 9 0 ” 85 8 0 ” 65 65 60' 0 0 » 55 55 N U M B E R O F PLA N K T O N IC F O R A M IN IFE R A PER G R A M AREAS OF OCCURRENC 400 KILOMETERS 9 0 ” 85 (b) vji V jJ pachyderm s i s th e o n ly s p e c i e s o f p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n l f e r a p r e s e n t i n th e b a y . S in c e t h i s s p e c i e s l i v e s i n th e w a te r column i t i s a more s e n s i t i v e i n d i c a t o r o f o c e a n ic c o n d i t i o n s , su ch a s s a l i n i t y and c u r r e n t s , th a n a re th e b e n t h ic fo rm s , G lo b ig e r ln a p n ehzdarm a c a n n o t en dure low s a l i n i t y w a te r , and i t f o llo w s t h a t th e e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s s p e c ie s dep en d s upon s a l i n e w a te r e n t e r i n g th e b a y . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t o f th e t h r e e c h a n n e ls b etw een Southam p to n I s l a n d and Cape W olstenholm e w h ich e n t e r i n t o Hudson Bay from Hudson S t r a i t , G. pachyderm a o c c u rs i n th e b o tto m se d im e n ts o f o n ly t h e c e n t r a l c h a n n e l. T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t s a l i n e w a te r from Hudson S t r a i t e n t e r s Hudson Bay th ro u g h th e c h a n n e l betw een C o ats and Manse 1 I s l a n d . A s i m i l a r flo w o f s a l i n e w a te r from th e s t r a i t does n o t o c c u r b etw een C o ats and S outham pton I s l a n d s o r b etw een M ansel I s l a n d and th e Quebec m a in la n d . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f £ . pachyderm a th r o u g h o u t th e re m a in d e r o f th e bay shows a r a t h e r I r r e g u l a r p a t t e r n a lth o u g h i t d o es te n d to fo llo w th e g e n e r a l w a te r c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n th e b a y . A lso th e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d t o th e o f f sh o re a r e a s . An e x c e p tio n to t h i s i s n o tic e d o f f th e C h u r c h i ll r e g i o n . The o c c u rre n c e o f G. pachyderm a i n t h i s a r e a may be due to th e a b u n d a n t s u p p ly o f p h y to p la n k to n s u p p o r te d by th e n u t r i e n t s b ro u g h t i n by th e r i v e r . Another p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t th e p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n l f e r a a re 55 c a r r i e d i n t o th e r e g io n by c u r r e n t s , and th e sudden change i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f th e s h o r e lin e a c ts a s a t r a p . S t i l l a t h i r d p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t th e s e p la n k to n ic t e s t s are r e l i c t from th e tim e when Hudson Bay was l a r g e r and d e e p e r, and t h i s r e g io n was f a r t h e r from s h o re . S ubsequent s e d i m e n ta tio n in th e a r e a may have been so s l i g h t t h a t th e t e s t s have n o t been b u r le d . Low liv e /d e a d r a t i o s , w hich i n d i c a t e slow d e p o s itio n , a re i n acco rd an ce w ith t h i s s u g g e s tio n . E n v iro n m en tal In flu e n c e on G en e ra l F au n al T rends In o r d e r to show th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f f o r a m in lf e r a to th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay, th r e e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s have been p re p a re d (F ig u re 1 3 ). In th e s e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number, number o f g e n e ra , number o f s p e c ie s , s h e l l co m p o sitio n , and th e p e r c e n t l i v i n g f o r a m in if e r a are compared w ith v a r io u s e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s . These In c lu d e th e m edian d ia m e te r o f th e s e d im e n t, th e p e r c e n t o f calcium c a rb o n a te and o rg a n ic ca rb o n in th e se d im e n t, as w e ll a s th e bottom to p o g ra p h y . They a ls o in c lu d e th e s a l i n i t y , te m p e r a tu r e , and oxygen c o n te n t o f th e n e a r bottom w a te r . Sedim ent and w a te r sam ples were ta k e n a t th e same tim e as were th e fo ra m i n i f e r a l sa m p le s. S a l i n i t y , te m p e ra tu r e , and oxygen d a ta FIGURE 13 10OATIONS OF OROSS-SEOTIONS WHICH SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF FORAMINIFERA TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY 57 95 90 8 5 8 0 65 65 169 > 3 7 | • *42 "* > 3 2 1 4 4 60 60 * 4 5 68 66 69 67 56 > 4 7 125 55 130 64 1 2 3 89 .210 * 1 1 6 55 55 102 104 103' CROSS - SECTION LOCATIONS 4 0 0 KILOMETERS 95 8 5 90 8 0 58 a re from th e D ata Record o f th e Hudson Bay B ro je c t - 1961 (Anonymous, 1964). O r o s s -s e c tio n A-A* i s from n e a r th e w est c o a s t to n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t a c ro s s th e c e n t r a l p o r tio n o f Hudson Bay (F ig u re 1 4 ). I t in c lu d e s th e c e n t r a l s h o a l and th e b a s in s on e i t h e r sid e* A p r e lim in a r y p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e c r o s s - s e c t i o n in c lu d in g e ig h t s t a t i o n s was p r e s e n te d by L e s lie in 1963. The c o r r e l a t i o n m entioned p r e v io u s ly between fo ra m i n i f e r a l number and th e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s i s a p p a re n t in t h i s c r o s s - s e c t i o n . S t a t i o n 89 on th e e a s t end of th e s e c tio n i s an e x c e p tio n s in c e th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number i s low b u t th e r e a re many s p e c ie s and g e n e ra p re s e n t. T his may be e x p la in e d by th e l o c a t i o n o f th e sample n e a r th e e a s te r n c o a s t where s e d im e n ta tio n has masked fo ra m i n i f e r a l a c c u m u la tio n . There I s a g e n e ra l c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p a ra m e te rs and b ath y m etry . O c c u rre n c e s, on s h o a ls , o f la r g e f o r a m i n i f e r a l numbers and low l i v i n g p e rc e n ta g e s l a b e l s th e s e a r e a s as re g io n s o f l i t t l e o r no sedim ent d e p o s itio n . In c o n t r a s t th e d eep er a re a s have a low f o r a m i n i f e r a l number and a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p e rc e n ta g e of l i v i n g form s w hich i n d ic a t e s th e y a re r e g io n s o f sedim ent d e p o s itio n . There i s a ls o a r e l a t i o n s h i p between b a th y m etry and t e s t co m p o sitio n . In th e sh a llo w re g io n s o f h ig h FIGURE 14 EAST-WEST OROSS-SECTION OF HUDSON BAY SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (W ater c h e m is try d a t a from Anonymous, 1964) 60 s t a t io n n u m b e r s 57 125 69 67 66 56 55 130 84 89 90 100 00 PORCELANEOUS' O 8 0 - | - i 6 0 - 80 HYALINE 60 4 0 - 40 ARENACEOUS PERCENT LIVING 20 o ' * E 3 H w a £ AFORAMINIFERAL NUMBER OXYGEN SALINITY- TEMPERATURE ? P - 0 5 ORGANIC CARBON CALCIUM CARBONATE MEDIAN D IA M E T E R S , BOTTOM PROFILE 61 f o r a m i n i f e r a l number th e r e i s a dominance o f c a lc a re o u s h y a lin e t e s t s , w h ile a re n a c e o u s t e s t s a re most abundant in th e d ee p er r e g i o n s . At s t a t i o n 55 on th e b o rd e r o f th e c e n t r a l s h o a l th e fa u n a i s composed o f 92 p e rc e n t h y a lin e t e s t s . In c o n t r a s t th e fa u n a in th e b a s in to th e w est h as 78 p e rc e n t a re n a c e o u s t e s t s and i n th e b a s in to th e e a s t 90 p e rc e n t a re n a c e o u s t e s t s . T ex tu re o f th e bottom se d im e n t, r e f l e c t e d in th e m edian d ia m e te r, i s c o n s id e r a b ly dep en d en t on bottom to p og rap h y . P in e se d im en ts o ccu r i n th e o f f s h o r e b a s in s , and th e c o a rs e r sands n e a r sh o re and on o f f s h o r e s h o a ls . I t th e r e f o r e fo llo w s t h a t th e r e g io n s o f low f o r a m i n i f e r a l number, h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f a re n a c e o u s s h e l l s , and a h ig h l i v i n g p e rc e n ta g e a re a ls o th e r e g io n s o f f in e se d im e n t. Thus th e re i s no c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e o c c u rre n c e o f sandy se d im en ts and an abundance o f a re n a c e o u s t e s t s . There i s a g e n e r a l c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e calciu m c a rb o n a te c o n te n t i n th e sed im en t and th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p a ra m e te rs . R egions o f h ig h f o r a m i n i f e r a l number u s u a lly have a h ig h e r ca lciu m c a rb o n a te c o n t e n t. However, assem b la g e s in th e s e r e g io n s a re composed m ain ly o f c a lc a re o u s f o r a m in if e r a and th e f o r a m in if e r a a re p ro b a b ly a m ajor cause o f th e h ig h e r c a rb o n a te c o n te n t r a t h e r th a n o c c u rrin g as a r e s u l t o f i t . The c o r r e l a t i o n w ith o rg a n ic carb o n i n th e sedim ent and th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p a ra m e te rs i s o b sc u re d by an i n t e r - 62 r e l a t i o n s h i p of th e v a r io u s f a c t o r s . G r e a te s t o rg a n ic ca rb o n p e rc e n ta g e s o cc u r i n th e f i n e g ra in e d sed im en ts d e p o s ite d in th e b a s i n s . These a re a ls o r e g io n s o f low f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber, h ig h p e r c e n ta g e s o f a re n a c e o u s t e s t s , and a l a r g e r p e rc e n ta g e o f l i v i n g sp e cim e n s. Bottom w a te r c h e m is try in t h i s c r o s s - s e c t i o n shows no m ajor c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p a r a m e te rs . Below ab o u t 50 m e te rs th e w a te r te m p e ra tu re i s alm o st c o n s ta n t a t ab o u t -1»5°Ce S a l i n i t y ra n g e s from 2 9 .5 ° /o o n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t to 3 3 .3 ° /o o i n th e c e n t r a l b ay , b u t t h i s v a r i a t i o n i s n o t r e f l e c t e d by any s y s te m a tic change i n th e bottom fa u n a . Oxygen v a lu e s were n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r th e shorew ard s t a t i o n s , b u t th o s e p l o t t e d show a d e c re a se o f oxygen w ith in c r e a s e in w a te r d e p th . The c e n t r a l s h o a l h as bottom w a te r c o n ta in in g 6 m l/1 o f oxygen, w h ile th e bottom w a te r in th e b a s in to th e e a s t h as o nly 4 .4 m l/1 . I t a p p e a rs t h a t re g io n s w ith w e ll o x ygenated bottom w a te r can su p p o rt a l a r g e r f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n , however t h i s i s n o t th e only c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r s in c e s t a t i o n 57 h a s a sm a ll f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n b u t th e bottom w a te r h as a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h oxygen c o n t e n t. S e c tio n B-B®, from th e n o rth w e s t t o th e s o u th e rn c o a s t a l r e g io n o f Hudson Bay (F ig u re 1 5 ), d is p la y s many o f th e same r e l a t i o n s h i p s as th e e a s t- w e s t p r o f i l e . Foram i n i f e r a l numbers a re g r e a t e s t n e a r sh o re and on th e s h o a ls , FIGURE 15 NORTH-SOUTH OROSS-SEOTION THROUGH CENTRAL HUDSON BAY SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (W ater c h e m is try d a t a from Anonymous, 1964) TEMPERATURE *C PERCENT CoCO DEPTH IN METERS SALINITY %, MEDIAN DIAMETER (PHI UNITS) % ORGANIC CARBON OXYGEN m l/l NUMBER OF GENERA & SPECIES PERCENT LIVING m m ^ jr . few mm -m U W 0 m y m - i kg"?** y J & - \ s & s s ? FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER CUMULATIVE PERCENT- ARENACEOUS -PORCELANEOUS HYALINE ON 65 w h ile th e p e rc e n ta g e l i v i n g I s g e n e r a lly low i n d i c a t i n g r e g io n s o f l i t t l e sed im en t a c c u m u la tio n . The c e n t r a l b a s in r e g io n h as low f o r a m l n l f e r a l num bers, h ig h p e rc e n ta g e s o f a re n a c e o u s t e s t s , and f i n e se d im e n t. T em perature and s a l i n i t y show l i t t l e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e f o r a m in lf e r a . Oxygen c o n te n t d e c re a s e s w ith d e p th and t h e r e f o r e i s g r e a t e s t i n th e r e g io n s o f most p r o l i f i c fa u n a . Calcium c a rb o n a te i s h ig h e s t i n th e r e g io n s o f g r e a t e s t f o r a m in if - e r a l num ber, b u t t h i s i s p ro b a b ly an e f f e c t o f f o r a m in if - e r a l abundance r a t h e r th a n a c a u s e . There a re some d if f e r e n c e s a p p a re n t betw een t h i s and th e p re v io u s s e c t i o n . There i s no lo n g e r th e marked c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number and th e num b e r o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s . T his I n d i c a t e s t h a t a t some s t a t i o n s th e in c r e a s e d f o r a m i n i f e r a l number i s due to more specim ens of a p a r t i c u l a r s p e c ie s r a t h e r th a n to more s p e c i e s . A lso th e o rg a n ic ca rb o n p e rc e n ta g e i s g r e a t e s t n e a r th e n o r th e r n end o f th e s e c tio n i n s i l t - s i z e m a t e r i a l r a t h e r th a n in th e f i n e r - g r a i n e d sedim ent i n th e c e n t r a l b a s in , P o rc e la n e o u s t e s t s o cc u r alo n g most of th e s e c t i o n i n m inor am ounts. S e c tio n C-C1 i s from th e s o u th e rn t i p o f C oats I s la n d a c r o s s to n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t th e n s o u th to w ard s James Bay (F ig u re 1 6 ), The m ain p o in t to n o te i n t h i s s e c t i o n i s th e good c o r r e l a t i o n betw een f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber, FIGURE 16 NORTH-SOUTH CROSS-SECTION IN EASTERN HUDSON BAY SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) DEPTH IN METERS ta o ui O u o o o o o o - Q-~NUI.&L »0> -4< D< O q MEDIAN DIAMETER (PHI UNITS) PERCENT C0CO3 TEM PERATURE *C 1 o _ *^L I I p o o o o p p P P ! \ u o t * t* l U N N F l N W W U U 0 » 0 » N < 0 « f l O ” M W % ORGANIC CARSON SALINITY % . OXYGEN m l/l NUMBER OF GENERA & SPECIES PERCENT LIVING < B O a > o o t 1 0 o o CUMULATIVE PERCENT- FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER ARENACEOUS - PORCELANEOUS HYALINE 68 number o f g e n e ra and s p e c i e s , oxygen c o n t e n t , m edian d ia m e te r , and b o tto m to p o g rap h y * The s t a t i o n s w ith a h ig h f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber and a l a r g e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s have a g r e a t e r oxygen c o n te n t i n th e b ottom w a te r , c o a r s e r s e d im e n t, and o c c u r i n s h a llo w e r w ate r* T em p e ra tu re i s f a i r l y c o n s t a n t a t a b o u t -1 * 5 ° below 50 m d e p th even th o u g h th e b o tto m to p o g ra p h y i s i r r e g u l a r . Bottom s a l i n i t y i s f a i r l y c o n s ta n t i n th e n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n o f th e s e c t i o n b u t becomes more e r r a t i c t o th e s o u th where th e w a te r i s s h a llo w e r and i n f lu e n c e d by b r a c k i s h w a te r e n t e r i n g from James Bay* The s h a llo w e s t s t a t i o n , a t th e e n tr a n c e to Jam es Bay, h a s a b o tto m w a te r s a l i n i t y o f o n ly 26 ° / o o , y e t c o n t a in s th e g r e a t e s t number o f f o r a m i n i f e r a l s p e c i e s , how ever i n Hudson Bay a d i v e r s e p o p u la tio n i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s h a llo w w a te r and a san d s u b s t r a t e . C alcium c a rb o n a te c o n t e n t o f th e se d im e n t i s g r e a t e s t a t e i t h e r end o f th e s e c tio n * T h is i s a r e f l e c t i o n o f f o r a m i n i f e r a l number and th e p r o x im ity o f th e n o r th and s o u th en d s o f t h e s e c t i o n t o a r e a s u n d e r l a i n by lim e s to n e . O rg a n ic c a rb o n c o n te n t c o r r e l a t e s w ith se d im e n t g r a i n s i z e and th u s w ith f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s * F in e - g r a in e d s e d i m ents have a g r e a t e r p e r c e n ta g e o f o r g a n ic c a rb o n , as w e ll a s a s m a lle r f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber, a g r e a t e r p e r c e n ta g e o f a re n a c e o u s t e s t s , fe w e r g e n e r a and s p e c i e s , and a h ig h e r p e r c e n ta g e o f l i v i n g specim ens* I n c o n s id e r in g th e th r e e s e c t i o n s , some g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s a re s u g g e s te d . There i s a c o r r e l a t i o n betw een h ig h oxygen c o n te n t i n th e bottom w a te r and an abundant and d iv e r s e f o r a m i n i f e r a l asse m b la g e . A lso th e sh a llo w c o a s t a l r e g io n s and o f fs h o r e s h o a ls have a more abundant and d iv e rs e fa u n a c h a r a c t e r i z e d m ain ly by h y a lin e fo rm s. The se d im e n ts on th e s e sh a llo w r e g io n s g e n e r a lly have a m edian d ia m e te r i n th e f i n e sand to s i l t r a n g e . In c o n t r a s t 9 th e b a s i n a l a r e a s , w hich a re c h a r a c te r i z e d by sedim ent w ith m edian d ia m e te r o f c l a y - s i z e , g e n e r a lly c o n ta in a s p a rs e fa u n a dom inated by a re n a c e o u s fo rm s. These r e g io n s u s u a l l y have a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p e rc e n ta g e of o rg a n ic carbon in th e sed im en t and a la r g e p e rc e n ta g e o f l i v i n g f o r a m i n i f e r a . Calcium c a rb o n a te p e rc e n ta g e s i n th e sed im en t a re g r e a t e s t i n th e r e g io n s w ith abundant fo ra m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n s , b u t t h i s i s p ro b a b ly an e f f e c t o f c a lc a re o u s f o r a m i n i f e r a l abundance r a t h e r th a n a c o n tro llin g f a c t o r in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n . S a l i n i t y and te m p e ra tu re o f th e bottom w a te r alo n g th e th r e e s e c tio n s show l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith f a u n a l t r e n d s . D ia g n o s tic B e n th ic F o r a m in if e r a l S p e c ie s Of th e 92 b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l s p e c ie s i d e n t i f i e d from Hudson Bay, th e r e a re 13 w hich a re abundant and 70 d i a g n o s t i c . These 13 s p e c ie s a re c o n s id e re d i n d i v i d u a l l y w ith r e s p e c t to p e rc e n ta g e o f t o t a l p o p u la tio n s specim ens p e r gram o f d r ie d sedim ents and th e number o f l i v i n g specim ens p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f each o f th e s p e c ie s i s p r e s e n te d and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n sure d is c u s s e d . O th er s p e c ie s o c c u r r in g in l e s s e r numbers a re c o n s id e re d l a t e r i n th e p a p e r . T h is a ren a ce o u s s p e c ie s o c c u rs i n d e p th s ra n g in g from th e s h a llo w e s t sample o f 26 m to th e deepeE t o f 230 m. I t s l i v i n g d e p th range i s 26 m to 102 m, w hich i s a ls o th e ran g e o f i t s maximum l i v i n g abundance. At s t a t i o n 90 on th e e a s t c e n t r a l c o a s t o f th e bay in 47 m o f w a te r th e g r e a t e s t number o f specim ens p e r gram (5 2 .5 ) and th e m ost l i v i n g specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s ( 3 .7 ) o c c u r. At t h i s l o c a l i t y J g g e r e l l a M m s a r e p r e s e n ts 56 p e r c e n t o f th e fauna* w hich i s i t s h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e i n th e bay. As can be se e n from F ig u re 17* E. advena o c c u p ie s th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s o f Hudson Bay p a r t i c u l a r l y i n th e n o rth w e s t and w e s t. I t i s c o n sp ic u o u sly a b s e n t in th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s o u th e a s t of th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s , where th e w a te r deepens r a p i d l y o f f s h o r e . A com parison o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram and l i v e specim ens p e r gram shows t h a t FIGURE 17 DISTRIBUTION OF EGGERELLA ADVENA IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 9 5 ' 9 0 6 5 6 0 6 5 ' 6 5 ' 6 0 ' 6 0 * 5 5 ' 5 5 ' P E R C E N T BENTHIC PO PU L A T IO N / s C D AREAS OF ABUNDANCE ) X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 95' 9 0 8 5 8 0 95' 9 0 8 5 8 0 65* 6 5 •»V 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' 55 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM VS J A AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5' 9 0 6 5 8 0 9 5 ' 90 8 5 8 0 66 ' 6 5 ' 6 0 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 ' LIVE S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM a r e a s of o c c u r r e n c e X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 8 5 8 0 EGGERELLA ADVENA 73 l i v i n g specim ens a re co n fin e d to th e n e a rs h o re a r e a s , w h ile dead t e s t s a re p r e s e n t In sm a ll numbers In th e d eep er c e n t r a l bay* T his i s ev id en ce o f t r a n s p o r t o f th e t e s t s in to d ee p er w a te r by c u r r e n ts and ice* E n v iro n m en tal p a ra m e te rs f o r 10 s t a t i o n s from d e p th s l e s s th a n 102 m a re shown i n Table 1. The to p f i v e s t a t i o n s have abundant l i v i n g specim ens of B g g e re lla ad v en a* w h ile th e low er f i v e s ta tio n s * In th e same d e p th ra n g e , have few o r no l i v i n g sp ecim en s. A com parison o f th e v a r io u s e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs d eterm in ed f o r th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s e n a b le s an e v a lu a tio n of f a c t o r s which c o n t r o l th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f E. ad v e n a. C hem istry o f th e bottom w a te r i s q u ite s i m i l a r f o r b o th groups o f s t a t i o n s . Oxygen c o n te n t i s h ig h a t a l l s t a t i o n s , w hich i n d i c a t e s t h a t a w e ll-o x y g e n a te d e n v iro n ment may be n e c e s s a ry f o r U* advena. Tem perature and s a l i n i t y are a ls o q u ite s i m i l a r a t a l l th e s t a t i o n s a lth o u g h th e s t a t i o n s w ith abundant l i v i n g specim ens have a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r bottom w a te r te m p e ra tu re . The p e rc e n t of calcium c a rb o n a te and o rg a n ic carbon in th e sedim ent i s s im ila r in b o th sample g ro u p s, and g iv e s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t e i t h e r i s a c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h i s s p e c ie s . There i s c o n t r a s t in th e bottom sedim ent o f th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s . The s u b s t r a te a t th e lo c a ti o n s con t a i n i n g abundant l i v i n g JJ. advena has a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f TABLE 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING EGGERELLA ADVENA AND AT STATIONS WITH PEW LIVING EGGERELLA ADVENA (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) 90 47 3.7 0.130 78.3 11.5 10.2 1.56 1.07 29.337 4.5 0.13 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF EGGERELLA ADVENA 26 51 1.4 0,019 25.8 45.8 28.4 4.75 2.61 31.893 8.22 34.8 0.32 218 58 1.1 0.150 60.2 23.2 16.6 5 O 169 58 1.2 0.062 50.0 32.0 18.0 4.0 2.98 32.501 8.15 24 101 2.5 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10,6 0.46 102 35 0 0.086 50.2 22.0 27.8 10.4 0.08 25.974 8.00 26.2 0.52 FEW LIVING SPECIMENS OF EGGERELLA ADVENA 232 40 < 0 .1 0.025 14.5 68.0 17.5 2.24 22.0 0.35 66 64 0 0.023 38.3 34.4 27.3 6.76 0.60 32.060 22.4 0 0 4 93 80 0 0.002 7.1 34.9 58.0 4.64 •1.04 30.373 104 85 0 0.004 2.3 4 8 ^ 49.6 3.49 -1.56 30.851 8.05 34.7 0 0 3 76 sa n d , a v e ra g in g a b o u t 50 p e r o e n t , and a low p e rc e n ta g e o f clay * a v e ra g in g a b o u t 18 p e rc e n t* A lso th e s e se d im e n ts show good t o a v e ra g e s o r tin g * Sedim ent a t th e s t a t i o n s w ith few o r no l i v i n g specim ens o f advena h as a low sand c o n t e n t, a v e ra g in g a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t b u t a s low as 2*3 p e rc e n t* and a h ig h c la y c o n t e n t, a v e ra g in g a b o u t 35 p e r c e n t . S t a t i o n s 102 and 66 a re e x c e p tio n s s in c e th e y have a h ig h sand c o n te n t and no l i v i n g specim ens o f £ • a d v e n a . However, se d im en t from b o th th e s e s t a t i o n s i s p o o r ly s o r t e d . T h e re fo re th e optimum s u b s t r a t e f o r th e p re s e n c e o f l i v i n g E. advena i s w e l l - s o r t e d , f i n e - g r a i n e d sa n d . In sum m ation, th e f a c t o r s c o n t r o l l i n g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l i v i n g specim ens o f £ . advena i n Hudson Bay a re d e p th and s u b s t r a t e . Maximum o c c u rre n c e o f l i v i n g s p e c i mens o f t h i s s p e c ie s i s a t d e p th s l e s s th a n 100 m on a s u b s t r a t e o f f i n e , w e l l - s o r t e d sa n d . Pr o te ln h id iu m o r b l c u l a r e o c c u rs a t d e p th s r a n g in g from th e s h a llo w e s t s t a t i o n o f 26 m to th e d e e p e s t o f 230 m, j u s t a s E jg& erella a d v e n a . The l i v i n g d e p th ran g e o f P . o r b l c u l a r e i s from 26 m to 212 m, b u t i t i s m ost abun d a n t i n w a te rs s h a llo w e r th a n 130 m. At s t a t i o n 26 on th e w e st s id e o f th e bay i n 51 m o f 77 w a te r th e r e a r e 1 .4 l i v i n g sp e cim e n s o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d im e n t, w h ich i s i t s m ost a b u n d a n t l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e i n th e b a y . At s t a t i o n 66 n o r t h o f C h u r c h i ll a t 64 m th e r e a re 1 5 .4 sp ecim en s o f P . o r b l c u l a r e p e r gram w hich i s i t s l a r g e s t p o p u la tio n i n th e b a y . At s t a t i o n 220, a l s o on th e w est s id e o f th e b a y , a t 26 m, £ . o r b l c u l a r e com poses 36 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a , w hich i s th e h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e o f t h i s s p e c ie s o c c u r r in g a t any s t a t i o n . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s i s much th e same a s J&BftMTflJUft M m i n t h a t i t o c c u rs a lo n g th e c o a s t a l r e g io n o f th e bay (F ig u re 18)» L iv in g form s a r e fo u n d f a r t h e r seaw ard th a n a re l i v i n g form s o f E g g e r e ll a a d v e n a . b u t th e w hole c e n t r a l bay a r e a c o n t a in s no l i v i n g P . o r b l c u l a r e . At some o f th e deep w a te r s t a t i o n s dead t e s t s o f t h i s s p e c ie s a re p r e s e n t . T h is im p lie s t h a t th e s e t e s t s have u nderg o n e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a f t e r d e a th w h ich i s p ro b a b le s in e e th e t e s t s a re f a i r l y l a r g e and ro u n d , and c o u ld be moved e a s i l y by c u r r e n t a c t i o n . I n th e d e p th ra n g e o f maximum o c c u rre n c e o f P . o rb .ic u - l a r e t h e r e a r e some s t a t i o n s a t w h ich a b u n d a n t l i v i n g sp ecim en s a r e p r e s e n t , and o th e r s w hich have few o r no l i v i n g s p e c im e n s. T ab le 2 shows th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s i n t h i s d e p th r a n g e . The u p p e r group h a s ab u n d a n t l i v i n g P . o r b l c u l a r e w h ile FIGURE 18 DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEIPHIDIUM ORBICULARE IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGt ITOF BENTHIO POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPEOIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 9 5 8 5 90 6 0 6 5 ' 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 P E R C E N T B E N T H IC PO PU L A TIO N AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 95' 8 5 9 0 6 0 90* 80* 65* 60 5 5 ' 55 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 85* 6 0 95 90 8 0 * 65 65 6 0 6 0 5 5 5 5 LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R G R A M r . 7 ^ 3 AREAS OF O C C U R R E N C E 95 9 0 8 5 8 0 PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE TABLE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE AND AT STATIONS WITH N O LIVING~PROTElLPHIDIUM ORBICULARE (W ater c h e m istry d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) 102 35 1.0 0.086 50.2 22.0 27.8 10.44 0.08 25.974 8.00 26.2 0.52 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF PROTELPHIDIUM 118 48 1.0 0.011 15-5 50.7 33.8 4.47 -1.56 31.558 7.65 36.9 0.26 26 51 1.4 0.019 25.8 45.8 28.4 4.75 2.61 31.893 8.22 34.8 0.32 169 58 1.2 0.062 50.0 32.0 18.0 4.00 2.98 32.501 8.15 121 93 0.4 0.054 47.4 34-9 17.7 3.67 -1.04 30.373 29.3 0.19 ORBICULARE 24 101 0.8 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10.6 0.46 232 40 0 0.025 14.5 68.0 17.5 2.24 22.0 0.35 FEW LIVING SPECIMENS OF PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 15 51 0 0.008 16.0 46.9 37.1 4.28 -1.29 32.043 8.45 59.7 0.60 196 - 64 0 0.007 4.5 55.2 40.3 4.30 -0.28 29.341 7.20 8.9 0.43 68 71 0 0.028 22.5 59.7 17.8 2.55 -1.60 32.137 17.1 0.31 91 101 0 0.004 8.0 40.4 51.6 5.16 -1.17 31.121 10.4 0.39 82 t h e lo w e r group h a s few o r n o n e . W ater c h e m is try i s s i m i l a r f o r b o th g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s . Bottom w a te r te m p e r a t u r e h a s a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r ra n g e ( 2 .9 8 to - 1 .5 6 ) i n th e s t a t i o n s w ith a b u n d a n t P . o r b i c u l a r e th a n f o r th e s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g sp e cim e n s ( - 0 .2 8 to - 1 . 6 0 ) , how ever s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s w ould overshadow th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s . S a l i n i t y and oxygen c o n te n t o f th e b o tto m w a te r s o f th e two s t a t i o n g ro u p s Eire i n th e same r a n g e , a s a r e th e p e r c e n ta g e s o f c a lc iu m c a r b o n a te and o r g a n ic c a rb o n i n th e s e d im e n t. Oxygen c o n t e n t i s h ig h i n th e w a te r a t s t a t i o n s c o n ta in in g a b u n d a n t P . o r b l c u l a r e w hich i n d i c a t e s th e a n im a l l i k e s a w e ll a e r a t e d e n v iro n m e n t. However th e h ig h oxygen v a lu e s i n th e b o tto m w a te r a t s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g P. o r b l c u l a r e i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s i s n o t th e o n ly r e q u ir e m e n t f o r i t s p r e s e n c e . The e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te r w h ich shows th e m ost con t r a s t betw een th e two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s i s th e t e x t u r e o f th e s e d im e n t. Sand c o n t e n t o f th e s u b s t r a t e a v e ra g e s a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t a t t h e s t a t i o n s w ith ab u n d a n t l i v i n g £ . o r b l c u l a r e and a b o u t 13 p e r c e n t a t th e s t a t i o n s c o n t a in in g no l i v i n g P . o r b l c u l a r e . S o r ti n g does n o t seem to be a f a c t o r a s i t was f o r E g g e r e ll a advena s in c e s t a t i o n 102 h a s a T ra s k s o r t i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f 1 0 .4 4 and y e t h as ab u n d a n t l i v i n g sp ecim en s o f P . o r b i c u l a r e . The p re s e n c e 83 o f c o a rs e san d t h e r e f o r e does n o t b o th e r t h i s s p e c i e s . In summary, P . o r b l c u l a r e t h r i v e s b e s t I n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s l e s s th a n 102 m i n a w e l l o x y g e n a te d e n v iro n m e n t w ith th e san d c o n te n t o f th e s u b s t r a t e a p p ro x im a te ly 40 p e r c e n t . B ln h ld lu m AnsflEhm o c c u rs b o th l i v i n g and dead i n th e s h a llo w e s t and d e e p e s t s t a t i o n s sam pled I n Hudson Bay. The d e e p e s t l i v i n g sp e cim e n s a re p r e s e n t a t s t a t i o n 154 o f f th e n o r t h e a s t t i p o f C oats I s la n d I n 230 m o f w a te r . The g r e a t e s t num ber o f sp e cim e n s p e r gram (193) i s a t s t a t i o n 26 o f f th e n o r th w e s te r n c o a s t i n 51 m o f w a t e r . At s t a t i o n 1 18 o f f th e s o u th e r n c o a s t a t 48 m d e p th t h i s s p e c ie s makes up 56 p e r c e n t o f th e fa u n a w h ich I s i t s h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e i n th e b a y . The m ost l i v i n g sp ecim en s o c c u r a t s t a t i o n 118 a t 48 m and a t s t a t i o n 100 a t 150m d e p th . At b o th th e s e s t a t i o n s t h e r e a r e 4 .1 l i v i n g sp ecim en s o f B. in c e rtu m p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d im e n t. An e x a m in a tio n o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f JU In c e rtu m th r o u g h o u t Hudson Bay a s shown by p l o t s o f p e r c e n t b e n th ic p o p u la tio n s sp e cim e n s p e r gram* and l i v e sp ecim en s p e r gram (F ig u re 19) shows t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s i s one o f th e most p r o l i f i c i n Hudson B ay. I t com poses a la r g e p e r c e n ta g e o f th e t o t a l f a u n a i n a l l th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s o f Hudson Bay FIGURE 19 DISTRIBUTION OF ELPHIDIUM INOERTUM IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 9 5 9 0 8 5 6 0 65* 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ‘ 5 5 ' P E R C E N T BEN TH IC PO PU LA TIO N r—1 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 95 ' 9 0 8 0 8 5 95 9 0 8 5 8 0 6 5 ' 6 0 6 0 .-,v - r. * / / ' ' * * 5 5 5 5 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM v r m AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 95 8 0 ' 8 5 * 6 5 6 0 6 0 ’ 5 5 LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM r r m a r e a s o f o c c u r r e n c e X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM , 9 5 8 5 - 8 0 ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM e x c e p t a lo n g th e e a s t e r n c o a s t . I t i s an e s p e c i a l l y ab u n d a n t s p e c ie s i n th e r e g i o n s o u th o f th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s . A c o m p a riso n o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f sp ecim en s p e r gram w ith l i v i n g sp ecim en s p e r gram shows th e l i v i n g sp ecim en s more c o n fin e d i n a e r i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i n d i c a t e s c o n s id e r a b le t r a n s p o r t o f dead t e s t s . In g e n e r a l th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l i v i n g sp e cim e n s shows a c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c o a s t a l r e g i o n s . T h is g iv e s a f a l s e im p re s s io n o f th e d e p th d i s t r i b u t i o n s in c e some o f th e n e a r sh o re s t a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n th e s o u t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f th e b a y , a re i n r e l a t i v e l y deep w a t e r . F o r ex am p le, s t a t i o n 95 s o u th of th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s i s n e a r th e Quebec c o a s t b u t th e w a te r d e p th i s 198 m. T here a r e 0 .8 l i v i n g sp ecim en s o f jg. in c e rtiu n p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t a t t h i s s t a t i o n . L ive sp ecim en s o f E . In c e rtu m o c c u r a t a l l d e p th s i n th e b a y , and I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o p ic k a d e p th ran g e o f maximum l i v i n g o c c u r r e n c e . I t a p p e a rs t h a t d e p th i s n o t a f a c t o r i n th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s w i t h i n th e b a y . T ab le 3 shows e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f f i v e s t a t i o n s w ith a b u n d a n t l i v i n g jg. In c e rtu m and s i x w ith none l i v i n g . A c o m p ariso n o f th e c h e m is tr y o f th e bottom w a te r and th e c o m p o s itio n and t e x t u r e o f th e se d im e n t shows l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n th e two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s to e x p l a in th e p r e s e n c e and ab se n c e o f l i v i n g E . in c e r tu m . The g e n e r a l t r e n d s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b s t r a t e s a t s t a t i o n s TABLE 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING- ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM AND AT STATIONS WITH NO LIVING ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM (W ater c h e m is try d a t a fro m Anonymous, 1964) X X X / X X X X X & X X / X X X X / < * . /& /c f /d ' / / / / w % A % / t ^ 7 /& /'$ '/& /£ X X X /& X XXX& X &XJrX / M # ; / / //X X X X X X XX X < & X & X < & X j ^ X ' ? ' X X X o X X ^ XXXX X<$?XxX 2 - m i / i XvX&X'fX'&X #X ^X <yXXX XX XX XX &X XX ^ % 118 48 4.1 0.012 15.5 50.7 33.8 4.47 -1.56 31.558 7.65 36.9 0.26 ABUNDANT L *G SPECIMENS OF ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 24 101 2.5 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10.6 0.46 55 110 3.1 0.0044 2.8 49.1 48.1 3.65 -1.50 32.919 5.99 35.1 0.39 1 0 0 150 4.1 0.0023 1.2 33.0 65.8 3.00 -1.48 31.820 6.35 2.96 0.43 21 170 2.8 0.011 0.4 70.4 29.2 2.68 -1.78 33.391 7.00 38.4 0.74 8 58 0 0.108 61.2 24.0 14.8 3.11 -1.11 31.273 6.87 6.4 0.14 NO LIVING SPECIM ENS OF ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 196 64 0 0.0076 4.5 55.2 40.3 4.3 -0.28 29.341 7.20 8.9 0.43 71 93 0 0.062 50.6 40.4 9.0 1.77 -1.33 32.435 6.1 0.15 30 119 0 0.0168 9.9 65.8 24.3 2.67 -1.58 32.752 6.57 14.1 0.46 76 137 0 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 -1.48 33.015 22.5 34 188 0 0.004 7.5 42.7 49.8 3.59 -1.51 33.239 4.77 27.6 0.26 89 w ith l i v i n g E. in c e rtu m have a s m a lle r sand c o n te n t, a s i m i l a r s i l t c o n t e n t, and a l a r g e r c la y c o n t e n t. They a l s o have a g r e a t e r p e rc e n ta g e o f ca lciu m c a rb o n a te and o r g a n ic ca rb o n th a n th e bottom sedim ent a t s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g fo rm s. S a l i n i t y , te m p e r a tu re , and oxygen c o n te n t o f th e bottom w a te r a re i n th e same ran g e f o r b o th g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s . I t was n o tic e d t h a t s t a t i o n s w ith abundant l i v i n g specim ens o f E g g e r e lla advena o f te n have few i f any E. In c e rtu m . and s t a t i o n s w ith la rg e l i v i n g p o p u la tio n s o f In c e rtu m have few l i v i n g J2. ad v en a. A lso from th e d i s t r i b u tio n maps i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t |J8 in c e rtu m does n o t f a v o r th e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f Hudson Bay w hich h a s low t i d e s and i s p r o t e c t e d by a s e r i e s o f i s l a n d s . S im il a r ly t h i s s p e c ie s i s n o t a t t r a c t e d to th e p r o te c te d sounds o f th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s . I n summary, l i v i n g specim ens o f E. in c e rtu m in Hudson Bay a re most p r e v a l e n t i n w e l l - a e r a t e d r e g io n s o f open c o a s t . They o c c u r i n a l l d e p th s of w a te r from 26 m t o 230 m, and seem to p r e f e r a s u b s t r a t e o f c la y e y s i l t . They a re u s u a l l y n o t p r e s e n t in r e s t r i c t e d bays such as o c c u r i n th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s , o r alo n g p r o te c te d c o a s t s . At s t a t i o n s where th e r e i s an abundance o f l i v i n g E g g e r e lla advena w hich p r e f e r s a sandy environm ent th e r e i s u s u a lly a p a u c ity o f l i v i n g E. in c e rtu m . A d i s c u s s i o n o f th e taxonom ic p o s i t i o n o f th e s p e c ie s B lphlrilum In c e rtu m I s n e c e s s a r y , s in c e I t I s an e x tre m e ly v a r i a b l e fo rm , and I s o f t e n d i f f i c u l t to r e c o g n i z e . L o e b llc h and Tappan (1953) I n t h e i r s tu d y o f A r c tic f o ra m i- n i f e r a s t a t e d s "T h is s p e c ie s (E lp h ld lu m I n c e r tu m ) h a s a p p a r e n t l y been m l s i d e n t i f l e d w ith abandon th ro u g h o u t th e A m erican l i t e r a t u r e . An e x a m in a tio n o f a l l A r c tic s p e c i mens In th e Oushman and U .S . N a tio n a l Museum c o l l e c t i o n s shows n o t a s i n g l e sp ecim en l i k e t h a t f ig u r e d by W illia m s o n . P ro b a b ly no o t h e r s p e c ie s h a s been so th o ro u g h ly c o n f u s e d .M However, sp ecim en s o f E. in c e rtu m w hich f i t W illiam son® s o r i g i n a l d e s c r i p t i o n w ere p r e s e n t in sam ples from Hudson Bay. A lso t h e r e was fo u n d to be an u n i n t e r r u p te d s e r i e s o f form s g r a d in g from E ln h ld im n q la v a tu m Oushman, w hich had a t h i n , c o a r s e l y p e r f o r a t e , t r a n s l u c e n t w a l l , and a somewhat e l e v a t e d u m b i l i c a l b o s s , to in c e r tu m . w hich was g e n e r a l l y l a r g e r , had an opaque w a ll w ith su c h f e a t u r e s a s t r a n s v e r s e c r e n u l a t i o n s a lo n g th e s e p t a l l i n e s , lo n g r a d i a t i n g g ro o v e s n e a r th e u m b ilic u s , o r s m a ll o v a l p i t s w ith lo n g a x e s p a r a l l e l to s e p t a l l i n e s a s d e s c r ib e d by W illia m so n (A ppend. I I , P l a t e 8 , P ig s . 1 - 8 ) . Some sp ecim en s had e a r l y cham bers t h a t were t r a n s l u c e n t and c o a r s e ly p e r f o r a t e , re s e m b lin g th o s e o f j j i . c la v a tu m . and l a t e r cham bers t h a t w ere opaque and d is p la y e d w e ll d e f in e d r e t r a l p r o c e s s e s , g ro o v e s , o r o t h e r f e a t u r e s 91 common to In c e rtu m * I n th e s e specim ens th e u m h lllc a l boss was p a r t i a l l y o v e rla p p e d by e x te n tlo n s o f th e l a t e r cham bers. B a r t l e t t (1965) r e p o r te d E lnhldlum lno_ertum from T ra c a d ie Bay, P rin c e Edward I s l a n d . He o b serv ed s i m i l a r v a r i a t i o n w ith in t h i s s p e c ie s , and co n clu d ed t h a t s e v e r a l s p e c ie s o f E luhldlum commonly a s s o c ia te d w ith In certu m r e p r e s e n t v a r i a t i o n s w ith in t h i s s p e c ie s . He I n d ic a te d t h a t th e s e v a r i a t i o n s a re p ro b a b ly r e l a t e d to e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s . T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r ta T e x tu l a r la c o n t o r t a o c c u rs i n Hudson Bay a t d ep th s ra n g in g from 33 m to 230 m, and l i v i n g a t d e p th s from 33 m to 205 m. The d e p th ran g e in w hich l i v i n g specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s are most abundant I s from ab o u t 60 m to 140 m a lth o u g h th e r e i s much v a r i a t i o n w ith in t h i s zo n e. At s t a t i o n 7 0 , a t 93 m, and 71* a t 95 m, o f f th e w est c o a s t o f th e bay t h i s s p e c ie s composes 40 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a w hich i s i t s h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e in th e bay. At s t a t i o n 125, In 124 m of w a te r, in th e w est c e n t r a l p o r tio n of th e bay th e r e a re 9 7 .4 specim ens p e r gram, w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t o c c u rre n c e , and a t s t a t i o n 110, In th e s o u th e rn p a r t o f th e bay a t a d e p th o f 124 m, th e r e a re 3*0 l i v e specim ens p e r gram o f d r ie d se d im e n t, which i s i t s g r e a t e s t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n . 92 In F ig u re 20 I t can be se en t h a t t h i s s p e c ie s i s p r e s e n t around th e m argin of th e bay w ith i t s m ain o c c u r re n c e betw een th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s and th e c e n t r a l basin® I t i s r a r e i n th e b a s in s along th e e a s t coast® A com pari son o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram and l i v e specim ens p e r gram shows t h a t dead t e s t s o c c u r a t most sample l o c a t i o n s w h ile l i v e specim ens a re a b s e n t from sh a llo w c o a s t a l r e g io n s and deep basins® The dead t e s t s In sh a llo w w a te r may be r e l i c t s from a h ig h e r s ta n d o f th e s e a , and th o s e In d ee p er w a te r r e p r e s e n t t r a n s p o r t a f t e r d e a th . E n v iro n m en tal p a ra m e te rs f o r 11 s t a t i o n s in th e d e p th ra n g e o f m ost abundant l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e o f T, contorta a re shown i n T able 4 . The f i v e u p p e r s t a t i o n s have abun d a n t l i v i n g T. c o n t o r ta and th e group o f s i x s t a t i o n s below have none® A com parison o f th e two groups shows t h a t sed im en t t e x t u r e I s e v i d e n tl y n o t a f a c t o r In th e o c c u r re n c e o f t h i s s p e c i e s . Both groups have s u b s t r a t e s w hich ran g e from h ig h sand and low c la y c o n te n t to low sand and h ig h c la y c o n t e n t. T rask s o r t i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s a re s i m i l a r f o r b o th g ro u p s. Bottom w a te r te m p e ra tu re h as a s i m i l a r ran g e In b o th groups o f s t a t i o n s . Bottom w a te r s a l i n i t y i s s l i g h t l y h ig h e r a t th e s t a t i o n s w ith abundant l i v i n g T. c o n t o r t a and a v e ra g e s ab o u t 32®5 ° /o o , w h ile th e s t a t i o n s w ith few l i v i n g specim ens have an av e ra g e o f about 3 1 .8 ° / o o . A n o th er c o n t r a s t i n th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s FIGURE 20 DISTRIBUTION OF TEXTULARLA. CONTORTA IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER G RA M OF DRIED SEDIMENT 94 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 6 5 ‘ 6 5 6 0 ‘ 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 ' P E R C E N T B E N TH IC PO PU LA TIO N A R E A S OF A B U N D A N C E LESS THAN ONE PERCENT, KILOMETERS 9 0 8 5 9 5 ' 8 0 9 0 8 5 8 0 6 5 ‘ 6 5 6 0 6 0 5 5 ' S P E C IM E N S P E R G R A M W . 1 A R E A S OF A B U N D A N C E X L E S S T H A N 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ‘ 9 0 8 5 8 0 * 9 0 8 5 8 0 9 5 6 5 6 5 * 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' L IV E S P E C IM E N S P E R G R A M TV V I A R EAS OF O C C U R R E N C E X L E S S T H A N 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 TEXTULARIA CONTORTA TABLE 4 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING TEXTULARLA CONTORTA AND AT STATIONS WITH N O "1TO fG ^EXTUl^ir"CONTORTA (W a ter c h e m is t r y d a t a fro m A n onym ous, 1 9 6 4 7 / / /? /- '/ / A A ////A ? / A A A A A A A A A A aaa/ Aa / * /^ A a A A ox / n / / n / r & / A /^ A A a A / A/ < j / / a/ c , / $ A & / ^ A a A & A * . A®A a A aA a a A • - *» A a A A A a A a A a A s - A ^ A A A A A A A A ^ A A A 2 -m i/i / A /A A A A A A a A < a A A/a/A/A/ & / o y f / 3-% 218 58 1.1 0.150 60.2 23.2 16.6 5.4 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF TEXTU LA R IA CONTORTA 64 77 2.2 0.064 50.4 31.4 18.2 4.31 -1.69 32.061 22.4 0.43 11 109 1.2 0.0058 21.1 35.6 43.3 5.90 -1,14 32.927 6.06 28.1 0.38 55 110 1.6 0.0044 2.8 49.1 48.1 3.65 -1.50 32.919 5.99 35.1 0.39 110 124 3.0 0.0032 13.5 32.9 53.6 8.80 -1.48 32.999 5.14 19.5 0.40 318 48 0 0.012 15.5 50.7 33.8 4.47 -1.56 31.558 7.65 36.9 0.26 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF TE X TU LA R IA CONTORTA 15 51 0 0.008 16.0 46.9 37.1 4.28 -1.29 32.043 8.45 59.7 0.60 225 82 0 0.029 41.0 34.6 24.4 5.34 2.45 31.373 7.56 26.7 0.32 101 88 0 0.0036 4.3 42.8 52.9 3.16 -1.40 31.176 7.22 32.3 0.46 103 106 0 0.006 8.1 49.8 42.1 4.02 -1.48 31.815 6.52 38.0 0.31 9 132 0 0.0044 5.5 47.1 47.4 4.24 -1.02 32.799 6.78 17.5 V O o \ 97 I s th e oxygen c o n te n t I n th e b o tto m w a te r . The h ig h e s t v a lu e f o r s t a t i o n s w ith a b u n d a n t l i v i n g T. c o n t o r t a i s 6 .0 6 m l / l , w hich i s lo w er th a n th e lo w e s t v a lu e o f 6 .5 2 m l/1 f o r s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g c o n t o r t a . C alcium c a rb o n a te and o r g a n ic c a rb o n c o n te n t i n th e se d im e n t o f b o th g ro u p s show s i m i l a r v a l u e s . I n summary, th e e n v iro n m e n t m ost fa v o u re d by l i v i n g sp ecim en s o f lax&AlSE&a c o n t o r t a i n Hudson Bay i s b etw een th e d e p th s o f 60 and 140 m on a s u b s t r a t e o f s a n d , s i l t , o r c l a y , w ith a r e l a t i v e l y low oxygen c o n te n t i n th e b o t tom w a te r ( 5 .5 t o 6 .0 m l / l ) . S n lro n le c ta m m in a b if o r m ls S n iro p le c ta m m ln a b lf^ x m is o c c u rs i n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 30 m to 212 m, and l i v i n g a t d e p th s o f 47 to 177 m. L iv in g sp e cim e n s o f t h i s s p e c ie s a r e m ost a b u n d a n t from a b o u t 50 t o 175 m. At s t a t i o n 71 on th e w est s id e o f th e bay i n 93 m o f w a te r t h i s s p e c ie s r e p r e s e n t s 32 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l f a u n a , how ever no specim ens a t t h i s s t a t i o n were l i v i n g . At s t a t i o n 125 i n th e w est c e n t r a l bay a t 124 m t h e r e a r e 2 1 .2 sp e cim e n s o f S . b if o r m ls p e r gram o f d r i e d s e d im e n t, w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t o c c u rre n c e i n th e b a y . S i m i l a r l y a t t h i s s t a t i o n none o f th e s p e c i mens w ere l i v i n g . At s t a t i o n 21 o f f th e n o r th w e s t c o a s t a t 170 m th e r e a re 1 .0 l i v e sp ecim en s p e r gram w hich r e p r e s e n t s th e m ost ab u n d a n t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n o f t h i s 98 s p e c ie s in th e hay# D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S . b if o rm ls i n Hudson Bay (F ig u re 2 i) i s s im ila r to t h a t o f I t i s r a r e in th e b a s in s s o u th o f th e B e lc h e r I s la n d s and s o u th e a s t o f M ansel I s l a n d , and in th e n o r th e r n p o r tio n o f th e bay. A com parison o f th e c h a r t s showing d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram and l i v e specim ens p e r gram shows a much g r e a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f dead t e s t s . There are o n ly 13 s t a t i o n s in th e bay a t w hich t h i s s p e c ie s was found l i v i n g , and th e se show t h a t S. b if o rm ls o c c u p ie s an I n te rm e d ia te re g io n be tw een th e c o a s t a l a r e a s and th e deep c e n t r a l basin* Dead t e s t s a re found a t th e deeper s t a t i o n s , i n d ic a t in g t r a n s p o r t a f t e r d e a th has ta k e n p l a c e . However th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f dead t e s t s a ls o e x te n d s f a r t h e r shorew ard in to sh a llo w e r w a te r th a n t h a t o f th e l i v i n g sp ecim en s. T his I s p erh ap s a r e s u l t o f th e sh a llo w in g o f th e bay due to i s o s t a t i c a d ju s tm e n t. F orm erly th e s e shorew ard a r e a s were deeper and p ro v id e d th e ty p e o f environm ent S . b ifo rm ls now o c c u p ie s In th e b ay . As th e w a te r became sh a llo w e r S. b ifo rm ls no lo n g e r l iv e d th e r e but the dead t e s t s rem ained and are s t i l l p r e v a le n t in r e g io n s where slow se d im e n ta tio n r a t e s have n o t co v ered them. T able 5 shows e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs of two groups o f f iv e s t a t i o n s from a s i m i l a r d e p th ran g e in Hudson Bay. The u pper group h as abundant l i v i n g S . b if o r m ls > w h ile FIGURE 21 DISTRIBUTION OF SPIEOPLECTAMMINA BIFOBMIS IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 100 9 5 9 0 ’ 6 5 8 0 6 5 6 5 ' 6 0 ’ 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 ' P E R C E N T BE N TH IC PO PU LA TIO N PV:VI AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 9 5 ' 9 0 6 5 8 0 95 9 0 8 5 6 0 6 5* 6 5 6 0 6 0 5 5 5 5 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN O l PER GRAM 8 0 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 9 5 9 0 * 8 5 8 0 6 5 ’ 65* 6 0 * 5 5 * LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM V S S A AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X LESS THAN O l PER GRAM .. 9 5 ' 9 0 * SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS TABLE 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING SPIROPLEOTAMMINA BIFORMIS AND AT STATIONS WITH N O LIVING SPIROPLBOTAMMINA BIFORMIS (W ater chem iB try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) / / / j / j / / / A A V / / f / / A / / c, / A /^ / A V ^ w V v / / / A / v ^ A / ^ A a / / ^ / A / A y A / / / / A / A f A A / A / £ / A > / A A A * A A A ' v / ^ A X ^ A A A A A ^ - A A A A A ° / / A / A A $ A & A A ^ ° / l / <P / /< $ ■ '/ ^ A A A 1 *%0 / A / A / A / A / / ^ / A / A / ^ / A / A / A / 2 " m l/l / Q / < 0 / O '/ ^ / °3 / & / ^ / v ' / / o ' / o ° / o r / 3 -% 90 47 0.7 0.130 78.3 11.5 10.2 1.56 1.07 29.337 4.5 0.13 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 24 101 0.8 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10.6 0.46 57 124 0.1 0.0056 4.2 52.3 43.5 3.87 -1.56 32.957 5.93 20.9 0.66 81 137 0.7 0.0034 19.3 27.3 53.4 6.81 -1.46 33.167 17.1 0.44 21 170 1.0 0.011 0.4 70.4 29.2 2.68 -1.78 33.391 7.00 38.4 0.74 118 48 0 0.011 15.5 50.7 33.8 4.47 -1.56 31.558 7.65 36.9 0.26 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 68 71 0 0.028 22.5 59.7 17.8 2.55 -1.60 32.137 17.1 0.31 103 106 0 0.006 8.1 49.8 42.1 4.02 -1.48 31.815 6.52 38.0 0.31 9 132 0 0.0044 5.5 47.1 47.4 4.24 -1.02 32.799 6.78 17.5 44 161 0 0.0017 0.2 23.8 76.0 2.52 -1.41 33.030 4-53 16.5 0.71 103 th e lo w e r group h as n o n e. E x am in atio n o f th e t e x t u r e o f th e se d im e n t shows t h a t S . b if o r m ls i s found l i v i n g in sa n d , s i l t , and c la y b o tto m s. There i s th u s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t s u b s t r a t e i s a c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r In th e p re s e n c e o f t h i s s p e c i e s . S i m i l a r l y th e r e a re no d i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s i n th e s o r t i n g c o e f f i c i e n t , p e r c e n t ca lc iu m c a rb o n a te and o rg a n ic m a t t e r i n th e se d im e n t o r th e c h e m is try o f th e bottom w a te r . T h e re f o r e th e s e p a ra m e te rs do n o t e x p la in why S_. b if o r m ls o c c u rs l i v i n g i n r e l a t i v e abundance a t th e one group o f s t a t i o n s and n o t l i v i n g a t th e o t h e r . T his s p e c ie s i s n o t f l o u r i s h in g In th e bay, and i t Is p o s s i b l e t h a t i t I s n o t p r e s e n t a t some s t a t i o n s b ecau se o f c o m p e titio n w ith h a r d i e r s p e c i e s , even th o u g h th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s a re s u i t a b l e • igi.aad.ic a O a s s ld u lin a i s l a n d i c a o c c u rs In Hudson Bay a t d e p th s ra n g in g from th e s h a llo w e s t s t a t i o n o f 26 m to th e d e e p e s t s t a t i o n o f 230 m, and l i v i n g specim ens o c c u r from 26 m to 212 m« I t i s one o f th e m ost p r o l i f i c s p e c ie s in th e bay and d e p th I s n o t a f a c t o r c o n t r o l l i n g i t s o c c u r r e n c e . At s t a t i o n 12 betw een C oats and Manse1 I s l a n d s In 194 m o f w a te r t h i s s p e c ie s composes 61 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n , w hich i s i t s h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e i n th e b ay . No l i v i n g specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s were 104 found a t t h i s s t a t i o n . At s t a t i o n 66 o f f th e w est c o a s t i n 64 m o f w a te r th e r e a re 237 specim ens o f £ . I s l a n d l c a p e r gram o f d r ie d sed im en t w hich i s i t s l a r g e s t o c c u r r e n c e . At s t a t i o n 55 in th e c e n t r a l bay a t 110 m th e r e axe 5 .5 l i v e specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram w hich i s i t s l a r g e s t l i v i n g o c c u rr e n c e . The main d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s in th e b ay , a s shown in F ig u re 22, i s m a rg in a l to th e c e n t r a l b a s in a r e a . T h is g e n e r a l c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y a p p a re n t i n th e c h a r t o f l i v i n g sp e cim e n s. T his i s n o t due to l i v i n g d e p th ran g e how ever, a s l i v i n g specim ens o c c u r a t s t a t i o n 95 s o u th o f th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s in 198 m o f w a te r, w hich i s d e e p e r th a n m ost c e n t r a l bay s t a t i o n s . There i s a w id e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f dead t e s t s th a n l i v i n g t e s t s w hich I n d i c a t e s t r a n s p o r t a f t e r d e a th , as was shown f o r th e o th e r s p e c ie s d is c u s s e d . .£• i s l a n d l c a h a s a s p o tty d i s t r i b u t i o n . I t o c c u rs i n l i v i n g abundance a t some s t a t i o n s and a t o th e r s o f s i m i l a r d e p th t h e r e a r e none. T able 6 shows two groups o f s t a t i o n s from a s i m i l a r d e p th r a n g e . The u p p e r group h as abundant l i v i n g 0. i s l a n d l c a w h ile th e low er group has few o r none. A com parison o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs from th e two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s shows no s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t . T ex tu re o f th e s u b s t r a t e and c h e m is try o f th e bottom w a te r have a s i m i l a r ra n g e f o r b o th g ro u p s . FIGURE 22 DISTRIBUTION OF CASS IDU LINA ISLANDIOA IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 106 60 9 0 65 65* 60 60 55' 55 ' P E R C E N T BENTHIC POPULATION AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 95' 8 5 90* 8 0 90 6 5 6 0 65' 65 60 60 55 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM IV .'-'-’1 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 6 5 6 0 95 90* 85 ' 80* 65 65* 60 55 55* LIVE S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 95' 90 05* 80 CASSIDULINA ISLANDICA TABLE 6 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING OASSIDULINA ISLANDIOA AND AT STATIONS WITH E M LIVING OASSIDULINA ISLANDIOA (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) / / / & / / / / / /a / X / < $ / / / /<?/'*/ / / / < $/<& / S ' / / % / / / O . / \® X ,* / / / /c&/*y/^ / ^ / / / ^ ^ / J ? / / / / / /I / / a / i S ' / ^ / / xX X < £/js/, X X X X X X X X X < * X ov X X * z'XX X x X X X X / $ ■ / t / 4 1 / 1 • * • X 'o'X'§'/'>/ ^/ X / ^ / & / « ? ■ / • < ^ X ^ X O ^ X O0/ ( # " / 3 - % 118 48 2.0 0.011 15.5 50.7 33.8 4.47 -1.56 31.558 7.65 36.9 0.26 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF OASSIDULINA ISLANDICA 64 77 1.7 0.064 50.4 31-4 18.2 4.31 -1.69 32.061 22.4 0.43 24 101 1.6 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10.6 0.46 162 135 1.0 0.0305 33.5 45.5 21.0 4.18 - 1.48 32.768 7.09 97 172 1.5 0.0024 1.0 32.5 66.5 4.17 -1.47 31.897 6.39 27.1 0.37 90 47 <0.1 0.130 78.3 11.5 10.2 1.56 1.07 29.337 4.5 0.13 FEW LIVING SPECIMENS OF OASSIDULINA ISLANDICA 196 64 0 0.007 4.5 55.2 40.3 4.30 -0.28 29.3U 7.20 8.9 0.43 91 101 0 0.004 8.0 40.4 51.6 5.16 -1.17 31.121 10.4 0.39 76 137 0 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 -1.48 33.015 22.5 44 161 0 0.0017 0.2 23.8 76.0 2.52 -1.41 33.030 4.53 16.5 0.71 109 In summary 0 . I s l a n d l c a I s one o f th e m ost p r o l i f i c f o r a m i n i f e r a I n H udson B ay, com posing a l a r g e p e r c e n ta g e o f th e fa u n a a t many s t a t i o n s . I t I s found l i v i n g a t a l l d e p th s th r o u g h o u t th e b a y , b u t f a v o r s th e c o a s t a l r e g io n s r e g a r d l e s s o f d e p th . E n v iro n m e n ta l e le m e n ts s t u d i e d a p p e a r to have l i t t l e in f lu e n c e on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c i e s . In g e n e r a l , i t may be s a i d t h a t , i n Hudson Bay, 0,. i s l a n d l c a f a v o r s a s i l t y san d o r sandy s i l t s u b s t r a t e , b u t a ls o l i v e s on c l a y b o tto m s » I t p r e f e r s a w e l l - o x y g e n a te d e n v iro n m e n t w ith th e b o tto m w a te r s a l i n i t y a b o u t 32 ° /o o and th e te m p e r a tu r e a b o u t - 1 . 5 ° 0 . B u c e ll a f r i g i d a B u o c e lla f r l g l d a i s w id e s p re a d th r o u g h o u t Hudson Bay and sp e cim e n s a re p r e s e n t a t a l l b u t two s t a t i o n s . I t o c c u r s a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 33 t o 23 0 m, and l i v i n g i n th e d e p th ra n g e o f 37 t o 212 m. L ive p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h i s s p e c i e s v a ry i n abundance th r o u g h o u t t h i s r a n g e , b u t i t f a v o r s th e i n t e r v a l from a b o u t JO m to 170 m. A t s t a t i o n 47 on th e e a s t s id e o f th e b ay i n 115 m o f w a te r B. f r i g i d a r e p r e s e n t s 27 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . At s t a t i o n 15 s o u th o f G oats I s l a n d i n 51 m o f w a te r t h e r e a r e 37«5 sp e cim e n s o f t h i s s p e c i e s p e r gram o f d r i e d s e d im e n t, how ever no l i v i n g sp e cim e n s w ere p r e s e n t . At s t a t i o n 152, o f f th e e a s t e r n t i p o f S o u th am p to n I s l a n d i n 212 m o f w a t e r , t h e r e a re 2 .2 l i v i n g sp e cim e n s o f B. f r i g i d a p e r 110 gram of d r ie d se d im e n t, w hich i s th e l a r g e s t l i v i n g popu l a t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s in th e h a y . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f B. f r i g i d a . as shown in F ig u re 2 3 , i s q u ite s i m i l a r to t h a t of fla& B ldulina i s l a n d l c a , as i t i s m ain ly c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l to th e c e n t r a l b a s in . B. frigida does n o t o c c u r as i r r e s p e c t i v e o f d e p th as does 0 . i s l a n d l c a . s in c e l i v i n g specim ens a re a b s e n t from th e two deep b a s in s alo n g th e e a s t c o a s t . A lthough l i v i n g s p e c i mens of B. f r i g i d a o ccu r i n th e d e e p e s t w a te r o f th e bay i t s dom inant o c c u rre n c e i s a t in te r m e d ia te d e p th s . I t can be se en from com parison o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram and l i v e specim ens p e r gram t h a t dead t e s t s o f t h i s s p e c ie s o c c u r in abundance In b o th d e e p e r and s h a l low er w a te r th a n th e p r e s e n t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n . O ccur re n c e i n th e d e e p e r a r e a s can be e x p la in e d by t r a n s p o r t a f t e r d e a th , and th e o c c u rre n c e i n s h a llo w e r w a te r may r e p r e s e n t a fo rm er p o p u la tio n t h a t l iv e d d u rin g a tim e o f d e e p e r w a te r. A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n was n o tic e d i n th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b i f o r m l s . T able 7 shows e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs f o r two groups o f s t a t i o n s from a s i m i l a r d e p th r a n g e . The u p p e r group h as abundant l i v i n g B. f r i g i d a . w h ile th e low er group h as few i f an y . A com parison o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs a t th e s e s t a t i o n s shows l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e two g ro u p s. I t a p p e a rs t h a t B. f r i g i d a f a v o r s a sand o r s i l t y FIGURE 23 DISTRIBUTION OF BUOOELLA FRIGIDA IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER G RA M OF DRIED SEDIMENT 112 8 5 8 0 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM Z D AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ’ 9 0 8 5 8 0 9 5 9 0 8 0 8 5 6 5 * 6 0 6 0 5 5 ’ 5 5 ' P E R C E N T B E N T H IC PO PU L A T IO N C D AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 9 5 ‘ 9 0 8 5 8 0 9 5 90* 8 5 ‘ 6 5 6 5 5 5 55 LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM 1 . . . I AREAS OF OCCURRENCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 * 9 0 ’ 8 0 BUCCELLA FRIGIDA TABLE 7 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS 'WITH AHJNDANT LIVING BUOCELLA FRIGIDA AND AT STATIONS WITH FEW LIVING BUOCELLA FRIGIDA (W ater C h e m istry d a t a fro m Anonymous, 1964) I -% 0 2-ml/l 3 - % 169 58 1.2 0.062 50.0 32.0 18.0 4.00 2.98 32.501 8.15 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF BUCCELLA FRIGIDA 27 93 2.1 0.075 56.4 29.7 13.9 2.44 0.54 32.372 8.12 6.9 0.20 110 124 1.2 0.0032 13-5 32.9 53-6 8.80 -1.48 32.999 5.14 19.5 0.40 162 135 0.4 0.0305 33.5 45.5 21.0 4.18 -1.48 32.768 7.09 21 170 1.4 0.011 0.4 70.4 29.2 2.68 -1.78 33-391 7.00 38.4 0.74 196 64 0 0.007 4.5 55.2 40.3 4.30 -0.28 29*341 7.20 8.9 0.43 FEW LIVING SPECIMENS OF BUCCELLA FRIGIDA 104 85 0 0.004 2.3 48.1 49.6 3.49 -1.56 30.851 8.05 34.7 0.43 125 124 < 0 .1 0.018 37.7 28.1 34.2 8.03 -1.51 33.079 5.43 19.1 0.34 76 137 < 0 .1 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 — 1.48 33.015 22.5 97 172 0 0.0024 1.0 32.5 66.5 4.17 -1.47 31.897 6.39 27.1 0.37 114 115 sand s u b s t r a t e a lth o u g h I t does o c c u r l i v i n g on clay * Bottom w a te r s a l i n i t y a t th e group o f s t a t i o n s w ith abun d a n t l i v e specim ens i s f a i r l y c o n s ta n t a t ab o u t 33 ° /o o and th e oxygen c o n te n t i s high* P e r c e n ta g e s o f ca lciu m c a rb o n a te and o rg a n ic carb o n in th e sed im en t a re s i m i l a r f o r b o th groups o f s t a t i o n s . In summary, Bnc.ce 11a i s p r e s e n t a t a l l b u t two s t a t i o n s i n Hudson Bay* I t o c c u rs l i v i n g a t d e p th s ra n g in g from 26 m to 230 m, b u t i s m ost abundant from ab o u t 70 t o 170 m. I t s l i v i n g p o p u la tio n I s m a in ly d i s t r i b u t e d c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l l y to th e c e n t r a l b a s i n . I n Hudson Bay t h i s s p e c ie s p r e f e r s a s i l t y sand o r sandy s i l t s u b s t r a t e , w a te r s a l i n i t y a b o u t 32*8 ° / o o , te m p e ra tu re r a n g in g from 2 .9 8 to - 1 *7 8 ° 0 , and a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h oxygen c o n te n t o f 7 to 8 m l/1 . O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l O a s s id u lln a n o r c r o s s l o c c u rs In Hudson Bay a t d e p th s ra n g in g from 35 m to 2 3 O m, w hich i s a ls o i t s l i v i n g d ep th ra n g e . I t s ran g e o f maximum l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e i s from ab o u t 100 m to 1 5 0 m a lth o u g h i t o c c u rs i n v a r y in g abun d ances th ro u g h o u t i t s e n t i r e l i v i n g d e p th range* At s t a t i o n 177, i n th e n o r t h c e n t r a l bay a t 201 m d e p th , 0 . n o r c r o s s l r e p r e s e n t s 43 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n l f e r a l p o p u la tio n , w hich i s i t s h i g h e s t p e rc e n ta g e 116 i n th e b a y . A lso a t s t a t i o n 177, t h e r e a r e 43 specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram , w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t abundance i n th e b a y . At s t a t i o n 15, s o u th o f O oats I s l a n d a t 51 m, t h e r e a r e 1 .8 l i v e specim ens p e r gram , w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n . At t h i s s t a t i o n l i v e and dead t e s t s o f £ . n o r c r o s s l r e p r e s e n t o n ly 2 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n l f e r a l p o p u la tio n . S L * u o arcro asl o c c u rs m a in ly i n th e n o r th e r n and s o u th e rn r e g io n s o f Hudson Bay (F ig u re 2 4 ) . I t i s r a r e a lo n g th e e a s t c o a s t e x c e p t i n th e two b a s i n s , and a lm o st a b s e n t a lo n g th e w e st c o a s t . A co m p ariso n o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram and l i v e sp ecim en s p e r gram does n o t show any m ajo r v a r i a t i o n to i n d i c a t e t r a n s p o r t o f dead t e s t s . A com parison o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t s t a t i o n s c o n ta in in g ab u n d a n t l i v i n g £ . n o r c r o s s l w ith s t a t i o n s c o n ta in in g n o n e , a lth o u g h from th e same d e p th r a n g e , i s shown i n T ab le 8 . A ll o f th e s t a t i o n s w ith ab u n d an t l i v i n g £ . n o r c r o s s l have a f i n e - g r a i n e d s u b s t r a t e . T h is i s n o t th e o n ly c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s s in c e t h r e e o f th e s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a l s o have a f i n e - g r a i n e d s u b s t r a t e . How e v e r a l l th e s t a t i o n s w ith ab u n d an t £ . n o r c r o s s l have a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te i n th e s e d im e n t. The lo w e s t p e r c e n ta g e o f c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te f o r th e s t a t i o n s FIGURE 24 DISTRIBUTION OF OASSIDULINA NOROROSSI IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE 0# BENTHIO POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 95 90 8 5 8 0 6 5 65' 60* 60 55 55' P E R C E N T BENTH IC PO PULATION P7T71 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN CNE PERCENT 9 5 ‘ 90 8 5 80 95 90 8 5 8 0 65* 6 0 ‘ 60 55' 5 5 ' S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM r .T T I AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 95' 9 0 65* 8 0 ' 9 0 85 ' 65 ’ 6 5 60' 60 55' 5 5 ’ LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM r r r m a r e a s o f o c c u r r e n c e X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 ' 8 0 CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI TABLE 8 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING QASSIDULINA NQROROSSI AND AT STATIONS WITH N O GIVING OASSIDU^NA NQROROSSI (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) I - % o 2 -m l/I 3 - % v 16.0 1.8 0.008 0.60 37.1 4.28 -1.29 32.043 8.45 59.7 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF 104 49.6 - 1.56 1.1 0.004 48.1 2.3 30.851 3.49 8.05 0.43 3.65 110 2.8 49.1 48.1 -1.50 32.919 5.99 35.1 0.39 CASSIDULINA 116 0.6 64.1 30.6 0.014 30.8 3.79 -1.48 5.1 33.111 0.35 NORCROSSI 0.6 68.3 6.53 198 24.3 0.7 31.0 2.72 -1.47 0.42 0.0022 121 w ith ab u n d an t l i v i n g sp ecim en s i s 2 4 .3 » which, i s h ig h e r th a n th e h i g h e s t o f 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te f o r th o s e s t a t i o n s w ith no l i v i n g s p e c im e n s. T h is la r g e d i f f e r e n c e i n amount o f c a lc iu m c a rb o n a te i s n o t e x p la in e d s o l e l y by th e p re s e n c e o f c a lc a r e o u s f o r a m in if e r a * The p e r c e n ta g e o f o rg a n ic ca rb o n i s a l s o h ig h i n th e u p p e r g ro u p , b u t t h i s i s e x p e c te d w ith f i n e - g r a i n e d s e d im e n ts . C h e m istry o f th e b o tto m w a te r i s com parable f o r b o th g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s , w ith s i m i l a r te m p e r a tu r e s and s a l i n i t i e s f o r e a c h . I n summary, O a s s id u lln a HQrorOSfli o c c u rs l i v i n g i n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s ra n g in g from 35 t o 230 m, w ith i t s m ost ab u n d an t o c c u rre n c e from a b o u t 100 to 150 m. The m ain c o n c e n tr a t io n o f t h i s s p e c ie s i s i n th e n o r t h e r n and s o u th e rn p o r t i o n s o f th e b a y . I t p r e f e r s a s u b s t r a t e o f s i l t y c la y to c la y e y s i l t composed o f a h ig h p e r c e n ta g e o f c a l e ium c a r b o n a t e • fiaagMgiUa ssmlaa&fc.a O a s s ld e ll a co m p la n a ta o c c u rs i n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 35 m to 230 m, and l i v i n g a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 106 m t o 230 m. The maximum l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e o f t h i s s p e c ie s i n th e bay r a n g e s from 124 m to 230 m, how ever i t i s n o t ab u n d an t and was found l i v i n g a t o n ly 9 s t a t i o n s . At s t a t i o n 154, o f f th e e a s t e r n t i p o f C oats I s l a n d 122 I n 230 m o f w a te r , £ . c o m n la n a ta r e p r e s e n t s 10 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l b e n th lc f o r a m i n l f e r a l p o p u la tio n , w hich I s i t s h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e i n th e b ay- At s t a t i o n 152, o f f th e e a s t e r n t i p o f Southam pton I s l a n d I n 212 m o f w a te r , th e r e a r e 16*7 sp ecim en s o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d i m ent, w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t o c c u rre n c e * I t s l a r g e s t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n o f 0*5 sp ecim en s p e r gram I s a ls o a t s t a t i o n 154. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s I n th e bay i s more l i m i t e d th a n m ost o f th e o t h e r s p e c ie s d is c u s s e d (F ig u re 2 5 ) . The p r e s e n t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n i s c o n fin e d m a in ly to th e n o r th e r n and s o u th e r n deep w a te r re g io n s * A co m p ariso n o f sp ecim en s p e r gram and l i v e sp ecim en s p e r gram shows w id e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e f o r m e r. T h is In p a r t r e p r e s e n t s t r a n s p o r t a f t e r d e a th , b u t s in c e t h i s s p e c ie s l i v e s i n r e l a t i v e l y deep w a te r , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w ould be a t a m in i mum. I t I s p r o b a b le t h a t th e ab u n d a n t o c c u rre n c e o f dead t e s t s , e s p e c i a l l y th o s e o c c u r r in g In s h a llo w e r w a te r th a n th e p r e s e n t l i v i n g d e p th , a re r e l i c t from th e tim e o f d e e p e r w a te r i n th e bay when t h i s s p e c ie s c o u ld f l o u r i s h I n s u i t a b l e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s . I s o s t a t i c rebound and th e r e s u l t i n g d e c re a s e In w a te r d e p th have g r a d u a lly d im in is h e d th e a r e a s In th e bay s u i t a b l e f o r th e p re s e n c e o f 0 . c o m n la n a ta * T e s ts o f t h i s s p e c ie s a re n o t p r e s e n t a t m ost s t a t i o n s a lo n g th e w est c o a s t . I t h as been a lo n g FIGURE 25 DISTRIBUTION OF PASSIDELLA OOMPLANATA IN HUDSON BAT SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIO POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT I 9 5 ’ 9 0 8 0 6 5 65* 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 5 5 ' P E R C E N T 0EN TH IC POPULATION r VT-7 1 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 95' 9 0 8 5 ' 8 0 ’ 9 5 9 0 6 0 8 5 ' 65* 6 0 6 0 5 5 5 5 S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM W ' S A AREAS OF ABUNOANCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 8 5 6 0 95 ' 9 0 9 5 ' 9 0 ' 85* 8 0 6 5 * 6 5 60* 6 0 5 5 ' 55 LIVE S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM CV,” ) AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 ’ 8 0 ’ CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 125 tim e , i f e v e r , s in c e c o n d itio n s th e r e were f a v o r a b le f o r l i v i n g £ . co n ro la n ata. and any t e s t s have e i t h e r been co v e re d o r rem oved. E n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs o f two groups o f s t a t i o n s from th e same d e p th ra n g e a re shown i n 'Table 9 . The u p p e r group o f f o u r s t a t i o n s h as r e l a t i v e l y abundant l i v i n g C. co n ro lan ata. w h ile th e lo w er group h a s no l i v i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h i s species® A c o n t r a s t o f th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s shows l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e in th e v a r io u s p a r a m e te r s . T h e re f o re , o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs shown, w hich in c lu d e se d im e n t te x t u r e and g e n e r a l c o m p o sitio n , as w e ll as bottom w a te r c h e m is try , none a p p e a rs to be a c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c i e s . i In summary, P a s s lie 1 1 a c o m p lan a ta i s n o t w e ll r e p r e s e n te d in th e l i v i n g b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n o f Hudson Bay. I t h a s a l i v i n g d i t r i b u t l o n s i m i l a r to O a s s id u lln a n o r c r o s s l i n t h a t th e y a re b o th c o n fin e d to th e n o r th e r n and s o u th e rn deep w a te r p o r t i o n s o f th e b a y . Dead t e s t s o f t h i s s p e c ie s i n sh a llo w w a te r p ro b a b ly a re r e l i c t from a d e e p e r w a te r p e r io d i n th e h i s t o r y o f Hudson Bay. I t s l i v i n g d e p th ra n g e in th e bay i s from 106 to 230 m w ith m ost abundance from 124 to 230 m. I t a p p e a rs to f a v o r a s i l t y c la y s u b s t r a t e , b u t a ls o o c c u rs on c la y e y s i l t and sandy s i l t . At s t a t i o n s w ith abundant l i v i n g specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s th e bottom w a te r te m p era tu r e a v e ra g e s a b o u t -1.3°C » th e s a l i n i t y about 3 2 .7 ° / o o f ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT DIVING OASSIDBLLA OOMBLANATA AND AT STATIONS WITH N O LIVING OA§S‘lDELIA COMPLANATA (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) / / / & / j / / / A A //A // $ / / / Avv^% % A/ Ayi *x4W / / / w m w M r / A / A / / ^ ° / A / ^ / A / ® / ^ / % / A / i - % . / s / / / ^ / A / s / A ' / ' ? / j A / , 4 / S / A y & y J v 2 -m i/i / a / A / A / A / / / / ■ / / / / / / / A / o + Z o v & / 3- % 110 124 0.4 0.0032 13.5 32.9 53.6 8.80 - 1.48 32.999 5.14 19.5 0.40 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF CASSIDELLA 161 132 0.2 0.024 36.0 40.0 24.0 4.52 -1.22 32.808 6.27 55.5 0.51 97 172 0.2 0.0024 1.0 32.5 66.5 4.17 -1.47 31.897 6.39 27.1 0.37 154 230 0.5 0.0066 4.4 56.6 39.0 3.35 -1.01 33.067 6.38 COMPLANATA 30 119 0 0.0168 9.9 65.8 24.3 2.67 -1.58 32.752 6.57 14.1 0.46 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF CASSIDELLA 76 137 0 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 -1.48 33.015 22.5 123 165 0 0.0072 23.9 35.2 40.9 6.12 -1.52 33.161 5-43 21.2 0.33 79 205 0 0.0023 2.6 30.8 66.6 2.58 -1.55 33.310 21.4 0.38 COMPLANATA 128 and th e oxygen c o n te n t about 6 m l / l . There i s much c o n fu s io n in th e l i t e r a t u r e r e g a rd in g th e s p e c ie s t h a t , i n t h i s p a p e r, i s r e f e r r e d to as O a s s id e lla conrolanata. L o e b lic h and Tappan (1953) r e p o r te d o c c u rre n c e s o f a s i m i l a r s p e c ie s , which th e y c a lle d B ullm ina e x l l i s B rady, from th e A rc tic a t 10 s t a t i o n s ra n g in g in d e p th from 22 m to 201 m. Cushman (1948) i l l u s t r a t e d an I d e n t i c a l form which he c a lle d £ . e x l l i s . and s a id t h a t P a rk e r and Jones (1965) r e p o r te d t h i s form from D avis S t r a i t a t d e p th s o f 50 to 125 m. B a r t l e t t ( 19 6 3 ) r e p o r te d £ . e x l l i s o f f s o u th e a s te r n Nova S c o tia a t d ep th s ra n g in g from 24 m to 120 m. An ex am in atio n o f B a r t l e t t * s specim ens showed them to be s im ila r to th e specim ens of £• com nlanata from Hudson Bay. The h o lo ty p e of B. e x l l i s was c o l l e c t e d i n th e n o r th A tla n tic from a d ep th o f 2 ,6 4 0 m ( B a r k e r , '1 9 6 0 ). I t i s more d i s t i n c t l y t r i s e r i a l th a n th e above m entioned form s which have been r e f e r r e d to t h i s s p e c ie s , th e chambers are n o t as e lo n g a te , and th e a p e r tu r e i s n o t as b road and lo o p -sh a p e d . Wagner (1964) c i t e d o c c u rre n c e s o f V lrg u lln a conrplanata In th e A r c tic from 8 s t a t i o n s v a ry in g In d e p th from 425 m to 571 m. V. com planata was a ls o r e p o rte d by Anderson (1963) from th e B ering S ea, and by Uchio (1960) o f f San Diego a t a d e p th o f 275 m. Harman (1964) had t h i s comment on th e genus V lr g u lln a d'Orbigny® "The fo ra m i- n l f e r a l g e n e ric name V lr g u lln a d 'O rb ig n y , 1826, I s a 129 homonym o f V lr g u lln a Bory de S a in t- V in c e n t, 1823, a trem a to d e worm genus d e s c rib e d i n th e D ic tio n n a lr e O la ssiq u e d 'H i s t o l r e N a t u r e l l e . The n e x t a v a i l a b l e name f o r th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l genus i s O a s s i d e l l a . Thalmann, 1952, J o u r. P a lo , v . 26, n o . 6 , p . 9 7 1 •” T h e re fo re V lrg u lln a co m n lan ata sh o u ld be r e f e r r e d to as O a s s id e lla c o m n la n a ta . Hdglund (1947) d e s c rib e d and i l l u s t r a t e d a s p e c ie s from th e S kagerak s i m i l a r to 0 . c o m n la n a ta . b u t gave I t th e new name V ir g u lln a o o ncava. F e y lln g -H a n sse n (1964) r e p o r te d V. concava from th e O slo f^ o rd a r e a , where he a ls o found V lr g u lln a l o e b l l c h l . T h is I s a s p e c ie s he named In 1954, and u n d e r w hich he p la c e d B u lim in a e x l l i s Brady o f L o e b lic h and Tappan i n synonymy. However Uchio (i9 6 0 ) p la c e d b o th V. concava Hilglund and V. l o e b l l c h l P e y lin g - H anssen In synonymy u n d er V. c o m n la n a ta . He a ls o s t a t e d t h a t San Diego specim ens a re i d e n t i c a l to th o s e o f V. com nlanata from th e G ulf o f Mexico and th e n o r th A t l a n t i c . Bandy and R odolfo (1964) r e p o r te d O a s s id e lla com nlanata from th e m iddle b a th y a l fa u n a of th e P e ru - C h ile T rench w ith an u p p e r d e p th l i m i t o f 1863 m. The r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h i s s p e c ie s to such d e p th s m ust be a l o c a l phenomenon, s in c e th e h o lo ty p e o f V lrg u lln a com nlanata was c o l l e c t e d from a d e p th o f 359 m (B a rk e r, 1960). H ofker (1956) made V lr g u lln a concava Htfglund th e ty p e s p e c ie s o f h i s new genus S t a i n f o r t h l a . w hich he d e s c r ib e d as h a v in g r a d i a l w a ll s t r u c t u r e . The genus O a s s id e ll a i s d e s c r ib e d a s h a v in g g r a n u la r w a ll s t r u c t u r e (L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1 9 6 4 ). A s u i t e o f 25 sp ecim en s o f O a s s id e ll a co m n lan ata from Hudson Bay w ere s e c tio n e d by Zimmerman and Bandy, and a l l had r a d i a l w a ll s t r u c t u r e (Bandy, w r i t t e n co m m u n ic atio n ). T h e r e fo re , on th e b a s e s o f w a ll s t r u c t u r e , th e y b elo n g to th e genus S t a l n f o r t h l a « and to th e s p e c ie s S t a i n f o r t h l a concava (HiJglund) . However H #glund*s s p e c ie s was p la c e d i n synonymy u n d e r V lr g u lln a co m n lan ata by Uchlo ( i9 6 0 ) . A lso , specim ens o f O a s s i d e l l a co m n lan ata from Hudson Bay w ere com pared w ith P a c i f i c form s o f t h i s sp e c ie s, and th e y a r e v e ry s i m i l a r . In c o n c lu s io n , th e w r i t e r a g r e e s w ith F e y lln g -H a n ss e n (1964) who s t a t e d ? "T here a r e a good many f a c t o r s in v o lv e d i n th e q u e s tio n o f w a ll s t r u c t u r e as b a s i s f o r g e n e r ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . U n t i l th e y a re f u r t h e r s e t t l e d th e w r i t e r p r e f e r s to keep th e o ld nam e. . . . " In t h i s c a se th e o ld name I s O a s s id e lla c o m n la n a ta . B u lim ln e lla e l e g a n t is s i m a B u lim in e lla e l e g a n t is s i m a o c c u rs In Hudson Bay a t d e p th s ra n g in g from 55 m to 230 m, and i t s l i v i n g d e p th ra n g e i n th e bay I s from 110 to 212 m. T h is s p e c ie s is aifly s p a r s e l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e l i v i n g b e n t h lc p o p u la tio n and o c c u rre n c e s a r e s c a t t e r e d th ro u g h o u t i t s l i v i n g d e p th range . 131 A lth o u g h th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f B. e l e g a n t i s s i m a i n th e bay i s n o t w id e s p re a d , i t d o es r e p r e s e n t a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f th e f a u n a a t some l o c a t i o n s . At s t a t i o n 3 2 , i n th e w e st c e n t r a l bay a t 176 m, t h i s s p e c i e s com poses 47 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n t h i c f o r a m i n l f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n w ith 55 sp e cim e n s p e r g ram . B oth o f t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e h i g h e s t f o r t h i s s p e c i e s i n th e b a y . However no l i v i n g sp e cim e n s a r e p r e s e n t a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . The l a r g e s t l i v i n g popu l a t i o n o f B. e l e g a n t i s s i m a i s 2 .2 l i v e sp e cim e n s p e r gram o f d r i e d s e d im e n t, w h ich o c c u r s a t s t a t i o n 152 o f f th e e a s t e r n t i p o f S outham pton I s l a n d i n 212 m o f w a t e r . T h is s p e c i e s i s d i s t r i b u t e d m a in ly i n th e c e n t r a l bay an d th e e n tr a n c e to Hudson S t r a i t ( F ig u r e 26). l i v i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f B. e l e g a n t i s s i m a I s s p a r s e s in c e l i v e sp e cim e n s a r e p r e s e n t a t o n ly se v e n s t a t i o n s . A lso t h e s e l i v i n g p o p u l a t i o n s a r e I n d e e p e r w a te r th a n a re th e dead p o p u l a t i o n s . T h is p o i n t s to a s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n a s f o r O a s s i d e l l a c o m n la n a ta i n t h a t d u r in g fo rm e r t i m e s , when th e bay became s h o a l t h i s s p e c i e s d ie d o u t e x c e p t i n th e deep b a s i n s . A n o th er c o m p a riso n w ith C. c o m n la n a ta i s th e a b se n c e o f B. e l e g a n t i s s i m a a lo n g th e w e st c o a s t . I f I t d id l i v e t h e r e when th e bay was d e e p e r , enough tim e h a s e l a p s e d f o r a l l th e t e s t s to be rem oved o r c o v e re d w ith s e d im e n t. E n v iro n m e n ta l p a r a m e te r s o f two g ro u p s o f f o u r s t a t i o n s from a s i m i l a r d e p th r a n g e a re shown i n T ab le 10. FIGURE 26 DISTRIBUTION OF BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 8 5 9 5 ' 9 0 8 0 65* 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 P E R C E N T BE N TH IC PO PU LA TIO N AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 9 5 ' 9 0 8 0 133 9 5 ‘ 9 0 * 8 0 ' 65* 6 0 * 6 0 * 5 5 ' 55* S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM EV.-Vl AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN O l PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 * 9 5 ' 9 0 ‘ 8 5 ' 8 0 ' 6 5 6 0 ’ 6 0 5 5 ' LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM L I AREAS OF OCCURRENCE 95 9 0 8 5 8 0 BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA TABLE 10 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA AND AT STATIONS WITH NO LIVING BULIMINELLA TaT.TgftANTISSIMA (W a te r c h e m i s t r y d a t a rrom A n o n y m o u s, 1 9 6 4 ) # A 7 A A > * # A ' V » \^ & V * V 4 > A & \ v CJ A o\> A / * A # ■ < £ > 'V rV << & J ? cy c f 0 |- % 0 2-ml/l ’ / o 3-% 55 110 1.6 0.0044 2.8 49.1 48.1 3.65 -1.50 32.919 5.99 35.1 0.39 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF BULIMINELLA 81 137 0.3 0.0034 19.3 27.3 53.4 6.81 -1.46 33.167 17.1 0.44 84 177 0.2 0.0014 0.2 22.9 76.9 2.72 -1.49 33.106 17.2 0.66 13 208 0.3 0.0054 2.1 54.6 43.3 3.8 -1.40 33.177 5.08 37.1 0.62 ELEGANTISSIMA 30 119 0 0.0168 9.9 65.8 24.3 2.67 -1.58 32.752 6.57 14.1 0.46 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF BULIMINELLA 76 137 0 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 -1.48 33.015 22.5 97 172 0 0.0024 1.0 32.5 66.5 4.17 -1.47 31.897 6.39 27.1 0.37 79 205 0 0.0023 2.6 30.8 66.6 2.58 -1.55 33.310 21.4 0.38 ELEGANTISSIMA 136 Tlae u p p e r gro u p h a s r e l a t i v e l y a b u n d a n t l i v i n g sp e cim e n s o f JB. e l e g a n t i s s i m a , w h ile th e lo w e r group h a s n o n e . T here i s no s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r w h ich s t a n d s o u t a s th e co n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n th e o c c u rr e n c e o f t h i s s p e c i e s , how ever th e u p p e r group h a s a g r e a t e r c la y c o n t e n t and o r g a n ic c a rb o n p e r c e n ta g e i n th e b o tto m s e d im e n t. A lso th e b o t tom w a te r i s s l i g h t l y more s a l i n e and h a s a lo w e r oxygen c o n t e n t . In summary, B u l lm ln e lla e l e g a n t i s s i m a . a lth o u g h n o t a p r o l i f i c s p e c i e s In Hudson Bay, I s ab u n d a n t a t a few s t a t i o n s . I t o c c u rs l i v i n g a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 110 to 212 i and i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s c o n f in e d m a in ly t o th e c e n t r a l bay and e n tr a n c e to Hudson S t r a i t . I t p r e f e r s a s i l t y c la y o r c la y e y s i l t s u b s t r a t e w ith a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h o r g a n ic c a rb o n c o n t e n t a v e ra g in g a b o u t 0 .5 p e r c e n t . The b o tto m w a te r a t th e l o c a t i o n s o f l i v i n g abundance h a s an a v e ra g e te m p e r a tu r e o f a b o u t - 1 .5 °C , a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h s a l i n i t y a v e r a g in g a b o u t 33-1 ° / o o , and an oxygen c o n te n t o f a b o u t 5»5 m l / l . R e o u rv o ld e s t u r b l n a t u s R e c u rv o ld e s t u r b l n a t u s o c c u r s I n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s from 35 m t o 230 m, and l i v i n g a t d e p th s from 35 m t o 212 m. The d e p th ra n g e o f maximum l i v i n g o c c u rr e n c e o f t h i s s p e c i e s I n th e bay i s from 109 m to 212 m. 137 At s t a t i o n 81 w est o f th e O ttaw a I s la n d s a t 137 m d e p th , and a t s t a t i o n 34 to th e n o r th w e s t a t 188 m d e p th , R e cu rv o ld es t u r h i n a t u s composes 10 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l b e n th ic f o r a m l n l f e r a l p o p u la tio n . These a re th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e o c c u rre n c e s o f t h i s s p e c ie s i n th e bay. S ta ti o n 81 h a s 1 0 .4 specim ens o f th e s p e c ie s p e r gram w hich I s I t s g r e a t e s t o c c u rre n c e . The l a r g e s t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n o f t h i s s p e c ie s i s a t s t a t i o n 21 In th e n o rth w e s t p o r tio n o f th e bay a t a d e p th o f 170 m, where th e r e a re 0 .7 l i v e specim ens p e r gram . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R . t u r b l n a t u s i n Hudson Bay (F ig u re 27) shows t h a t i t i s m ain ly a c e n t r a l bay s p e c ie s . I t form s a s i g n i f i c a n t p e rc e n ta g e o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l fa u n a i n a zone e x te n d in g from th e O ttaw a I s la n d s w est tow ards Eskimo P o in t. A com parison o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram w ith l i v e specim ens p e r gram shows a much w id e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f dead t e s t s , e s p e c i a l l y I n s h a l low w a te rs a lo n g th e w est and e a s t c o a s t s . T his may r e p r e s e n t th e fo rm er l i v i n g ra n g e o f t h i s s p e c ie s a t a tim e when th e bay was d e e p e r, a s was p o in te d o u t w ith some o f th e o th e r s p e c ie s d is c u s s e d . E n v iro n m en tal p a ra m e te rs from two groups o f s t a t i o n s w ith in th e d e p th ran g e o f maximum l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e of R. t u r b l n a t u s i n Hudson Bay a re shown In T able 11. The u p p er group o f f iv e s t a t i o n s c o n ta in s ab u n d an t l i v i n g specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s , w h ile th e lo w er group h as none. DISTRIBUTION OR REOURVOIDBS TURBINATUS IN HUDSON BAT SHOWING PERCENTAGE OP BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OP DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OP DRIED SEDIMENT 139 9 5 9 0 ' 8 0 65 ‘ 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' 5 5 P E R C E N T BENTHIC POPULATION V 771 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X LESS THAN ONE PERC£NT 9 5 ' 9 0 8 0 8 0 ‘ 9 5 ‘ 8 5 9 0 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 5 5 ' S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM EZ271 AREAS OF ABUNDANCE LESS THAN Ol PER GRAM 8 0 8 5 90 95 9 0 ‘ 8 5 6 5 ' 6 5 6 0 ‘ 6 0 #r 5 5 ' 55* LIVE S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM / EZTD AREAS OF OCCURRENCE ) X LESS THAN Ol PER GRAM __ 9 5 ' 9 0 85 RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS TABLE 11 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING REOURVOIDESnTURBlNATUS AND TURBINATUS (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964-) I " /oo 2 -m l/I 11 109 0.3 0.0058 21.1 35.6 43.3 5.90 -1.14 32/927 6.06 28.1 0.38 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS 45 124 0.2 0.0025 3.8 33.0 63.2 3.25 -1.29 32.870 5.49 13.2 0.57 81 137 0.3 0.0034 19-3 27.3 53.4 6.81 -1.46 33.167 17.1 0.44 21 170 0.7 0.011 0.4 70.4 29.2 2.68 -1.78 33-391 7.00 38.4 0.74 34 188 0.1 0.00/* 7.5 42.7 49.8 3.59 -1.51 33.239 4.77 27.6 0.26 91 101 0 0.004 8.0 40.4 51.6 5.16 -1.17 31.121 10.4 0.39 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS . 47 115 0 0.0034 11.9 34.4 53-7 4.60 -1.36 32.640 4.88 10.7 0.49 162 135 0 0.0305 33.5 45.5 21.0 4.18 -1.48 32.768 7.09 22 154 0 0.0095 4-1 62.6 33.3 3.08 -1.78 33.296 7.27 30.5 0.70 12 194 0 0.0026 0.3 39.5 60.2 3.60 -1.38 33.167 5.06 31.1 0.69 142 Comparison o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s f o r th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s shows no a p p a re n t c o n t r a s t . The s e d i ment te x t u r e and co m p o sitio n i s s i m i l a r f o r "both g ro u p s, as i s th e bottom w a te r c h e m is try . S ince R. tu r b ln a t u s i s n o t an abundant s p e c ie s in th e bay, i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t i t i s n o t p r e s e n t a t a l l l o c a l i t i e s where th e environm ent i s s u i t a b l e f o r i t s e x i s te n c e . In summary, R ecu rv o ld es t u r b l n a t u s o c c u rs l i v i n g most ab u n d a n tly a t 109 to 212 m d e p th . I t i s d i s t r i b u t e d m ain ly in th e c e n t r a l bay and deep b a s in s a lo n g th e e a s t c o a s t, and p r e f e r s a s i l t y c la y to c la y e y s i l t s u b s t r a t e . The bottom w a te r a t th e lo c a ti o n s o f l i v i n g abundance has an av erag e te m p e ra tu re o f about - 1 .5°C , s a l i n i t y a v e ra g in g about 3 3 .2 ° /o o , w hich i s h ig h f o r Hudson Bay, and an oxygen c o n te n t o f ab o u t 5 .8 m l/1 . The o c c u rre n c e o f R ecu rv o ld es tu r b l n a t u s in Hudson Bay a t d e p th s as sh a llo w a s 35 m i s o f i n t e r e s t when com p a re d to th e f in d in g s o f Bandy and Rodolfo (1964) i n th e P e ru -C h ile T ren ch . They r e p o r t t h i s s p e c ie s r e s t r i c t e d to d ep th s g r e a t e r th a n 3400 m, and most abundant in core sam ples from d e p th s g r e a t e r th a n 4000 m e te rs . The s p e c i mens o f R. t u r b l n a t u s from th e P e ru -C h ile Trench a t t a i n a maximum s iz e o f o v er 0 .7 m m i n d ia m e te r, w hile th o se from Hudson Bay have a maximum d ia m e te r o f about 0 .3 mm. Also th e specim en I l l u s t r a t e d by Bandy and R odolfo ap p e ars to have somewhat more i n f l a t e d cham bers th a n do specim ens from Hudson Bay. They p o s t u l a t e d t h a t R. t u r b l n a t u s may be an I r r e g u l a r form o f A lveolophragm lum subglobosum . B ra d y 's (18 8 1 ) o r i g i n a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f R. t u r b l n a t u s I n c lu d e d specim ens up to 0.75 m m i n d ia m e te r. The h o lo ty p e , w hich was c o l l e c t e d from th e s o u th A t l a n t i c a t a d e p th o f 4300 m (B ark er 1960), h as somewhat i n f l a t e d cham bers s i m i l a r to specim ens from th e P e ru -C h ile T rench. L o e b lic h and Tappan (1953) r e p o r te d R. t u r b l n a t u s from 10 s t a t i o n s I n th e A r c tic a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 24 m to 223 m. The specim en th e y f ig u r e d i s about 0 .3 m m In d ia m e te r and re se m b le s th o se from Hudson Bay. P a rk e r (1952) d e s c r ib e d specim ens o f R. t u r b l n a t u s up to 0 .4 m m i n d ia m e te r from d e p th s l e s s th a n 200 m ( P h le g e r, 1952) o f f P o rtsm o u th , N.H. She s a id th e y f i t B ra d y 's d e s c r i p t i o n and f i g u r e s v e ry w e ll e x c e p t f o r th e d is c re p a n c y i n s i z e . However, th e specim en i l l u s t r a t e d by P a rk e r a p p e a rs to have l e s s I n f l a t e d chambers th a n th e h o lo ty p e . T h e re fo re th e s p e c i mens from deep w a te r a t t a i n a l a r g e r s iz e and have more i n f l a t e d cham bers th a n th o se from sh a llo w w a te r. I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t two d i s t i n c t s p e c ie s a re r e p r e s e n te d , and s in c e th e deep w a te r form was th e one o r i g i n a l l y d e s c rib e d by Brady, a co m p arativ e s tu d y may in d ic a t e a new name I s n e c e s s a r y f o r th e sh a llo w w a te r form . A dercotrym a glom eratum A dercotrvm a glom eratum o c c u rs i n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s 144 r a n g in g from 51 to 2 3 0 m, and l i v i n g a t d e p th s o f 51 to 205 m. The maximum l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e o f t h i s s p e c i e s i n th e hay i s from 90 t o 205 m. At s t a t i o n 7 6 i n th e w e st c e n t r a l hay a t a d e p th o f 137 m, and a t s t a t i o n 44 o f f th e e a s t c o a s t a t 161 m, A. glom eratum com poses 59 p e r c e n t o f th e h e n th ic f o r a m i- n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . A lso a t s t a t i o n 76 th e r e a re 5 1 .3 sp ecim en s o f t h i s s p e c i e s p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d im e n t. At s t a t i o n 55 i n th e c e n t r a l hay a t a d e p th o f 110 m t h e r e a r e 2 .3 l i v i n g sp e cim e n s o f A. glom eratum p e r gram , w h ich i s i t s l a r g e s t l i v i n g o c c u r r e n c e . T e s ts o f t h i s s p e c ie s a r e fo u n d a t m ost s t a t i o n s i n th e h ay , and i n many o f th e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n hay s t a t i o n s i t com poses o v e r 20 p e r c e n t o f th e fa u n a . A com p a r i s o n o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram w ith l i v e sp ecim en s p e r gram shows t h a t th e l i v i n g and dead p o p u la tio n s a re i n s i m i l a r a r e a s (F ig u re 2 8 ) . Dead t e s t s o f A. glom eratum a re n o t p r e s e n t a t s h a llo w s t a t i o n s a s r e l i c t s from a tim e o f d e e p e r w a te r . T h is may he due to th e r e l a t i v e l y l a t e a r r i v a l o f a b u n d a n t a re n a c e o u s form s i n Hudson Bay d u rin g i t s p o s t - g l a c i a l h i s t o r y . T h is p o i n t i s d is c u s s e d l a t e r i n th e p a p e r i n an a n a l y s i s o f th e fa u n a from se d im e n t c o r e s ta k e n i n th e h a y . E n v iro n m e n ta l p a r a m e te rs from two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s w i t h i n a s i m i l a r d e p th ra n g e a r e shown i n T able 12. The FIGURE 28 DISTRIBUTION OF ADEROOTRYMA GLOMERATUM IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF BENTHIC POPULATIONS, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 146 9 5 9 0 6 5 00 6 5 ' 6 5 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 5 5 P E R C E N T BENTH IC PO PU LA TIO N V / / / \ AREAS OF ABUNDANCE X L E S S THAN ONE PERCENT 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 9 5 ‘ 9 0 8 5 * 8 0 6 5 ‘ 6 5 * 6 0 6 0 5 5 5 5 ' S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM P V 7 7I AREAS OF ABUNDANCE L E S S THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 0 9 5 ' 8 5 8 0 9 5 ’ 9 0 0 5 65* 6 5 ’ 6 0 ' 6 0 5 5 ' LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM I AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X L ESS THAN 01 PER GRAM _ 9 0 - 8 5 8 0 ADERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM TABLE 12 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING ADEROOTRYMA GLOMERATUM AND AT STATIONS WITH PEW LIVING ADEROOTRYMA GLOMERATUM (W ater c h e m is try d a ta from Anonymous, 1964) I - % 0 121 93 0.8 0.054 47.4 34.9 17.7 3.67 -1.04 30.373 29.3 0.19 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF ADERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM 11 109 0.6 0.0058 21.1 35.6 43.3 5.90 -1.14 32.927 6.06 28.1 0.38 55 110 2.3 0.0044 2.8 49.1 48.1 3.65 -1.50 32.919 5.99 35.1 0.39 76 137 1.3 0.0175 28.3 43.4 28.3 5.42 -1.48 33.015 22*5 95 198 0.4 0.0022 0.7 31.0 68.3 2.72 -1.47 31.827 6.53 24.3 0.42 63 93 0 0.067 55.5 27.6 16.9 3.16 -1 .6 8 ' 32.345 19.2 0.25 FEW LIVING SPECIMENS OF ADERCOTRYMA 24 101 X 0.041 41.4 36.4 22.2 4.91 -1.38 32.811 6.77 10.6 0.46 103 106 X 0.006 8.1 49.8 42.1 4.02 -1.48 31.815 6.52 38.0 0.31 42 150 0 0.002 0.3 29.8 69.9 2.66 -1.41 32.983 4.48 13.7 0.66 GLOMERATUM 12 194 X 0.0026 . 0.3 39.5 60.2 3.60 -1.38 33.167 5.06 31.1 0.69 * = LESS THAN 0.1 149 u p p e r group h a s an ab u n d a n t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n o f A. glom eratum w h ile th e lo w er group h a s few , i f any, l i v i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h i s s p e c i e s . A lso i n th e u p p e r group b o th l i v e and dead t e s t s o f A. glom eratum compose an im p o r ta n t p e r c e n ta g e o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la t i o n , w h ile i n th e lo w er group t h i s s p e c ie s i s e i t h e r n o t p r e s e n t o r com poses o n ly a m in o r p e r c e n ta g e o f th e popu l a t i o n . A co m p ariso n o f th e e n v iro n m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs f o r th e two g ro u p s shows a g e n e r a l s i m i l a r i t y . The ra n g e o f v a lu e s f o r se d im e n t t e x t u r e and c o m p o s itio n and bottom w a te r c h e m is try a re a lm o st c o m p le te ly o v e r la p p in g . I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t th e p a ra m e te rs shown do n o t c o n t r o l th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s p e c i e s . In summary, A ,, glom eratum i s an ab u n d a n t a re n a c e o u s s p e c i e s i n Hudson Bay, and a t some s t a t i o n s com poses o v e r 50 p e r c e n t o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . I t s d e p th ra n g e o f maximum l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e I s from 90 to 205 m. T h is s p e c ie s l i v e s on s a n d , s i l t and c la y su b s t r a t e s i n w a te r w ith te m p e r a tu r e s from - 1 .0 4 to 1 .50°C , s a l i n i t i e s from 3 0 .4 to 33*0 ° / o o , and oxygen c o n te n t a b o u t 6 m l/1 . I t i s I n t e r e s t i n g to compare th e o c c u rre n c e o f A dercotrvm a glom eratum i n th e A n t a r c t i c , as r e p o r t e d by Bandy and E ch o ls (1 9 6 4 ), w ith I t s o c c u rre n c e i n Hudson Bay. They s t a t e d t h a t more th a n 80 p e r c e n t o f th e r e p o r te d 150 sp e c im e n s i n th e A n t a r c t i c o c c u rr e d a t d e p th s l e s s th a n 1400 m, w h e re a s i n t h e G u lf o f M exico more th a n 80 p e r c e n t o f th e i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h i s s p e c i e s w ere r e p o r t e d a t d e p th s g r e a t e r th a n 1400 m. The A n t a r c t i c o c c u rre n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w ith w a te r te m p e r a tu r e s a t o r below 0 °0 , w h erea s th e G u lf o f M exico abundance was c o r r e l a t e d w ith te m p e r a tu r e s a b o u t 5 ° 0 . The u p p e r b a th y m e tr ic l i m i t i n b o th c a s e s was 200 m. I n Hudson Bay, A. glom eratum o c c u rs s p a r s e l y a t d e p th s a s s h a llo w as 51 m» and i s a b u n d a n t a t d e p th s o f a b o u t 200 m, and w a te r te m p e r a tu r e s o f a b o u t - 1 ° 0 . Bandy and E c h o ls c o n c lu d e d t h a t A. glom eratum had th e same g e n e r a l b a th y m e tr ic ra n g e i n d i f f e r e n t a r e a s o f th e m odern o c e a n , b u t was more a b u n d a n t i n th e lo w e r p a r t o f t h i s i ra n g e i n th e G u lf o f M exico and i n th e u p p e r p a r t o f i t s ra n g e i n th e A n t a r c t i c . The r e l a t i v e abundance o f t h i s s p e c i e s i n Hudson Bay I n d i c a t e s t h a t i t a l s o f a v o r s th e u p p e r p a r t o f i t s ra n g e i n th e n o r t h A t l a n t i c . M e lo n ls zaandam ae M e lo n ls zaandam ae o c c u r s i n Hudson Bay a t d e p th s r a n g in g from 80 m to 212 m, w h ich i s a l s o i t s l i v i n g d e p th r a n g e . The maximum l i v i n g o c c u rr e n c e o f t h i s s p e c ie s i s from 109 to 212 m, how ever i t was fo u n d l i v i n g a t o n ly 12 s t a t i o n s . At s t a t i o n 34 i n th e c e n t r a l bay a t 188 m, M. gaadamae r e p r e s e n t s 24 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l b e n th ic 151 f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n . At s t a t i o n 177» a ls o i n th e c e n t r a l hay, th e r e a re 10.7 specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram o f d r ie d s e d im e n t, w hich i s i t s g r e a t e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n th e hay. L iv in g specim ens were n o t d eterm in ed a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . The l a r g e s t l i v i n g p o p u la tio n o f M. zaandamae o c c u rs a t s t a t i o n 56, i n th e c e n t r a l hay a t a d e p th o f 201 m, where th e re are 0 .7 l i v i n g specim ens p e r gram . There a r e o n ly f i v e s t a t i o n s t h a t have more th a n 0.1 l i v e specim ens o f t h i s s p e c ie s p e r gram . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f M. zaandamae w ith in Hudson Bay i s shown i n F ig u re 2 9 . I t i s c o n fin e d to th e c e n t r a l hay and th e deep h a s in s o u th o f th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s . A com parison o f th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f specim ens p e r gram w ith l iv e s p e c i mens p e r gram shows a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n . The absence o f dead t e s t s o f t h i s s p e c ie s a t th e s h a llo w w a te r s t a t i o n s o f the hay I n d i c a t e s i t p ro b a b ly d id n o t in h a b i t th o se re g io n s a t a fo rm e r tim e o f deep w a te r . I f i t had liv e d th e r e i t would p ro b a b ly be p r e s e n t as a r e l i c t fa u n a in th e a re a s o f slow sed im en t d e p o s itio n . E n v iro n m en tal p a ra m e te rs f o r two g ro u p s o f s t a t i o n s from th e same d e p th ran g e In Hudson Bay a re shown in T able 13* The u p p e r group h as an abundant l i v i n g p o p u la t i o n o f M. zaandam ae, w h ile th e low er group h as n o n e. A com parison o f th e two groups o f s t a t i o n s shows no Im p o rta n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e f a c t o r s l i s t e d . The s u b s t r a t e o f b o th FIGURE 29 DISTRIBUTION OF MELONIS ZAANDAM AE IN HUDSON BAY SHOWING PERCENTAGE OS' BENTHIC POPULATION, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND LIVE SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT 90 © 5 6 0 9 5 ' 6 5 6 5 ' 6 0 ' 6 0 ' 5 5 ' P E R C E N T BENTH IC POPULATION AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT 6 5 ' 95' 90 6 0 95 8 5 8 0 6 5 6 0 ' 5 5 ' 5 5 ' S P E C IM E N S PE R GRAM \ AREAS OF OCCURRENCE LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 8 0 9 5 ' 90 8 5 ' 8 0 * 6 5' 6 0 6 0 ' 5 5 5 5 ' LIV E S P E C IM E N S P E R GRAM AREAS OF OCCURRENCE X LESS THAN 01 PER GRAM 9 5 ' 9 0 8 5 8 0 MELONIS ZAANDAMAE TABLE 13 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AT STATIONS WITH ABUNDANT LIVING MELONIS ZAANDAM AE AND AT STATIONS WITH N O LIVING MELONIS ZAANDAM AE (W ater c h e m istry d a ta from Anonymous, 1954) G/f/JXtP * X < > & £>. A r& & V o\o’ \ A c^~ N S > ✓ S * C X /A XX xxx/fy% 6 - / , # X / < 3 ~ a / r > . c r / ^ / v ® \° A"- <v - / ; i v & <x s x rV V A ■ .o 'V I - °/ o o 2-m l/l 3-% 93 80 0.2 0.002 7.1 34.9 58.0 4.64 -1.04 30.373 ABUNDANT LIVING SPECIMENS OF MELONIS ZAANDAMAE 11 109 0.3 0.0058 21.1 35.6 43.3 5.90 -1.14 32.927 6.06 28.1 0.38 34 188 0.4 0.004 7.5 42.7 49.8 3.59 -1.51 33.239 4.77 27.6 0.26 56 201 0.7 0.0024 2.3 30.9 66.8 2.7 8 -1.53 33.271 5.43 23.1 0.41 225 82 0 0.029 41.0 34.6 24.4 5.34 2.45 31.373 7.56 26.7 0.32 NO LIVING SPECIMENS OF MELONIS ZAANDAMAE 47 115 0 0.0034 11.9 34.4 53.7 4.60 -1.36 32.640 4.88 10.7 0.49 84 177 0 0.0014 0.2 22.9 76.9 2.72 -1.49 33.106 17.2 0.66 12 194 0 0.0026 0.3' 39.5 60.2 3.60 -1.38 33.167 5.06 31.1. 0.69 156 g ro u p s I s m a in ly s i l t y c la y o r c la y e y s i l t o f s i m i l a r c o m p o s itio n , and th e te m p e r a tu r e , s a l i n i t y , and oxygen c o n te n t o f th e bottom w a te rs a r e i n th e same r a n g e . T h ere f o r e none o f th e p a r a m e te rs shown a p p e a rs to be a co n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r g o v e rn in g th e p re s e n c e o r a b sen ce o f t h i s s p e c i e s . I n summary, M e lo n ls zaandamae I s n o t an ab u n d a n t mem b e r o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n I n Hudson Bay. I t s d e p th ra n g e o f l i v i n g abundance i s from 109 to 212 m, and I t o c c u rs i n th e c e n t r a l bay and th e deep b a s in s o u th o f th e B e lc h e r I s l a n d s . T h is s p e c ie s p r e f e r s a s i l t y c la y o r c la y e y s i l t s u b s t r a t e w ith b o tto m w a te r te m p e ra tu re a b o u t - 1 .5 ° 0 , s a l i n i t y a b o u t 33 ° /o o and oxygen c o n te n t r a n g in g from 4 .7 7 to 6 .0 6 m l/1 . B e n th o n ic F o r a m in if e r a l A n a ly s is The b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a d is c u s s e d i n th e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n a r e th e dom inant s p e c ie s p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay. In F ig u re 30 th e d e p th r a n g e s o f l i v i n g o c c u r r e n c e s o f th e s e s p e c ie s a r e shown and a d e p th z o n a tio n h as been made b a se d on th e s e d e p th r a n g e s . T h is z o n a tio n i s composed o f th e f o llo w in g u n i t s ? (1) S h allo w Bay Fauna composed o f s p e c i e s l i v i n g m a in ly I n th e 26-130 m d e p th ra n g e and r e p r e s e n t e d by E g g e r e ll a advena and P r o te lo h ld iu m o r b i c u l a r e % (2 ) I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna composed o f s p e c ie s FIGURE 30 DEPTH ZONATION OF DOMINANT LIVING BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN HUDSON BAY FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES DEPTH IN METERS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 230 EGGERELLA A DV EN A PR O T E L PH ID IU M O R B IC U L A R E SH ALLO W BA Y FA U N A 26-130 m . TEXTULARIA CO NTO RTA SPIRO PLECTAM M INA BIFO R M IS BUCCELLA F R IG ID A IN TER M ED IA TE B A Y FAU N A 50-175 m . CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS ADERCOTRYM A G L O M ER A T U M M E LO N IS ZAANDAM AE CASSIDELLA COM PLANATA BULIM INELLA ELEGANTISSIM A DEEP BA Y FAUNA 100-230 m . ELPH ID IU M INCERTUM CASSIDULINA ISLA N D IC A COSM OPOLITAN B A Y FAUNA 26-230 m . — SPARSE — MODERATE 0 ABUNDANT FORAMINIFERAL DEPTH ZONATION 158 159 l i v i n g m a in ly i n th e 50 -1 7 5 m d e p th ra n g e and r e p r e s e n t e d by T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r t a , S n lro n le o ta m m ln a b l f o r m i s . and B u c c e lla f r l g l d a ; (3) Deep Bay F auna com posed o f s p e c i e s l i v i n g m a in ly i n th e 100 - 2 3 0 m d e p th ra n g e and r e p r e s e n t e d by O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l , R e c u rv o ld e s t u r b l n a t u s , A d erco trv m a g lo m e ra tu m , M e lo n ls zaandam ae, O a s s l d e l l a c o m p la n a ta . and B u l im ln e lla e l e g a n t l s s l m a ; and (4) C o sm o p o lita n Bay Fauna com posed o f s p e c ie s l i v i n g a t a l l d e p th s w i t h i n th e bay and r e p r e s e n t e d by E lp h ld lum I n c e rtu rn , and O a s s ld u lln a I s l a n d ! c a . The co m p lete b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l f a u n a i n Hudson Bay can be p r e s e n t e d on t h e b a s i s o f th e z o n a tio n m e n tio n e d a b o v e . S in c e a lm o s t th e e n t i r e bay i s i n t h e s u b l i t t o r a l zone o f H edgpeth (1957)» t h e r e i s o v e r la p p in g o f fa u n a w i t h i n t h e t h r e e d e p th z o n e s . The s h a llo w e s t s t a t i o n sam pled was a t 26 m w h ich means th e l i t t o r a l e n v iro n m e n t (H ed g p eth , 1957) i s n o t r e p r e s e n t e d . A lso f o r a m i n l f e r a from su c h s h a llo w w a te r e n v iro n m e n ts as e s t u a r i e s , t i d a l f l a t s , an d s h a llo w em bayments a r e n o t i n c lu d e d i n th e s h a llo w bay f a u n a . SHALLOW BAY FAUNA 2 6 -1 3 0 m Ammodiscus p la n u s Ammotlum c a s s i s A n g u lo g e rln a a n g u lo s a A s ta c o lu s h y a l a o r u lu s B lg e n e r ln a a r c t i c a B o l lv ln a p a c i f l c a B u c c e lla te n e rrim a Lagena f l a t u l e n t a O lb ic ld e s lo b a tu lu s D e n ta lln a b ag g l D e n ta lln a I t t a i D e n ta lln a p a u p e ra ta E g g e re lla advena E l p h i d l e l l a a r c t i c a Elphldlum a r tlc u la tu m E lphldlum b a r t l a t t l E lphldlum Buharetloum F ls s u r ln a c u c u rb ita se m a F ls s u r ln a m a rg in a ta F ls s u r ln a s e r r a t a G l a b r a t e l l a w r l g h t l l G lan d u lln a l a e v i g a t a G u ttu lln a dawsonl G u ttu lln a g l a c l a l l s H ip p o crep ln a I n d l v l s a Hvperammlna e lo n g a ta Lagena a p lo p le u r a Lagena g r a c l lllm a N o n lo n e lla a u r i c u l a O o lln a b o r e a l is O o lln a l l n e a t a O o lln a melo O o lln a s t r l a t o p u n c t a t a P a r a f l s s u r l n a h lm a tlo sto m a P a t t e l l n a c o r ru g a ta P ro te lp h ld lu m o r b lc u la r e Q u ln a u e lo c u lln a a g g l u tln a ta Q u ln o u e lo c u lln a a r o t l c a Q u ln a u e lo c u lln a semlnulum Q u ln a u e lo c u lln a a ta llc e r l Reophax s c o t t l l S c u tu lo r ls te g m ln ls S lg m o ld e lla p a c l f l c a Slgmomorphlna u n d u lo sa Trochammlna r o t a l l f o r m l s Troohammina sauam ata INTERMEDIATE BAY FAUNA 50-175 m A n g u lo g erln a a n g u lo sa B u c c e lla f r l g l d a A stronom lon s te lla tu r n B u c c e lla tenerrim a, Bo11v ln a p a c l f l c a O a s s ld u lln a t e r e t l s 161 O lb ic ld e s l o b a t u l u s Lagena s e m l l l n e a t a O rlb ro sto m o ld e s c ra s s lm a rg o Pyrgo s u b s n h a e r lc a O rlbrostom o 1 des .je f f r e y s l D e n ta lln a b ag g l Hynarammlna subnodosa Lagena n e b u lo s a Lagena o a r r l S l l l c o s l g m o l l l n a g r o e n la n d lc a S n lro n le c ta m in ln a b lf o r m ls T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r t a T r l l o c u l l n a t r l g o n u l a T ro ch am m ln ella a t l a n t i c a DEEP BAY FAUNA 100-230 m A dercotrym a glom eratum B u llm ln e lla e l e g a n t ls s l m a O a s s ld e ll a conrplanata O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s l O a s s ld u lln a t e r e t l s M elo n ls zaandamae Pyrgo s u b s n h a e r lc a R e c u rv o ld e s t u r b l n a t u s R o b e rtin a a rc t i c a, __________________ _ Troohammina nana O rlb ro sto m o ld e s c ra s s lm a rg o Trochamm ine11a a t l a n t l c a G lo b o b u llm ln a a u r l c u l a t a Trochnmmine11a b u l l a t a COSMOPOLITAN BAY FAUNA 26-230 m A s t e r e l l l n a n u l c h a l l a O a s s ld e ll a t e s s e l l a t a O a s s ld u lln a I s l a n d l c a D e n ta lln a f r o b i s h e r e n s i s E ln h ld lu m In certu rn B n ls to m ln e lla ta fo w a ta g ll Lagena l a e v i s Lagena m e r i d i o n a l l s Lagena m o ll is N o n lo n e lla l a b r a d o r l c a O o lln a c a u d lg e r a O o lln a hexagona O o lln a l i n e a t o u u n c t a t a O o lln a squam osa P a t e o r i s h a u e r ln o ld e a Reonhax s o o r o lu r u s 162 Saooanunlna a t l a n t l c a I t i s n o t m eant t o Im ply t h a t a l l s t a t i o n s w i t h i n a c e r t a i n d e p th zone w i l l c o n t a in th e co m p lete f a u n a l i s t e d f o r t h a t zo n e . As was p o in te d o u t p r e v i o u s l y i n th e a n a l y s i s o f th e dom inant b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a , a s p e c ie s can o c c u r i n abundance a t one l o c a t i o n and be a b s e n t a t an o th e r l o c a t i o n o f s i m i l a r d e p th b u t w i t h d i f f e r e n t o r even w i t h s i m i l a r e n v iro n m e n ta l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The d i v i s i o n o f fa u n a i s m eant o n ly to i n d i c a t e th e d e p th zone o f maximum o c c u rre n c e o f a c e r t a i n s p e c i e s . Thus i f a se d im e n t sam ple from a c o re ta k e n i n th e bay con t a i n e d m a in ly a Deep Bay F au n a, t h i s w ould i n d i c a t e th e ap p ro x im a te d e p th o f w a te r a t th e tim e th e se d im e n t o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f th e c o re was d e p o s i t e d . C om parison w ith F aunas from o t h e r R eg io n s The f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a o f Hudson Bay i s s i m i l a r to th o s e d e s c r ib e d from o t h e r a r e a s i n th e A r c tic and su b - A r c t i c . Most o f th e s p e c ie s r e p o r t e d by l o e b l l c h and Tappan (1953) from s h a llo w w a te r i n th e v i c i n i t y o f P o in t B arrow , A la s k a , o c c u r i n Hudson Bay. They r e p o r t e d f e w e s t num bers o f f o r a m l n i f e r a l i v i n g on mud b o tto m s, w h ich i s a ls o th e c a se i n Hudson Bay, and b e l ie v e d t h i s was due to la c k o f oxygen b e c a u se o f o x i d a t i o n o f o rg a n ic 163 m a t e r i a l i n th e mud. They found d e p th o f m inor im portance on f o r a m i n i f e r a l o c c u rre n c e , and b e lie v e d c h a r a c te r o f th e bottom was th e m ost e f f e c t i v e l i m i t i n g in f lu e n c e on th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l a ssem b lag e. In Hudson Bay th e n a tu re o f th e s u b s t r a t e i s o f m ajor Im portance f o r some s p e c ie s su ch as E g g e r e lla advena and P ro te lo h id lu m o r b l c u l a r e . b u t o th e r s p e c ie s such as T e x tu l a r la c o n t o r ta and O a s s ld u lln a l s l a n d l c a o c c u rre d on v a r io u s sedim ent ty p e s . Wagner (1964) p r e s e n te d th e f o r a m in if e r a o c c u rrin g a t d e p th s ra n g in g from 180 m to 1239 m on th e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f o f th e i r e t i c Ocean n o r th o f th e Queen E liz a b e th I s l a n d s . There a re 34 s p e c ie s i n t h i s a r e a t h a t are p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay. She compared h e r fa u n a to P o in t B arrow , w ith 39 s p e c ie s i n common, and th e B e a u fo rt and Chukchi S e a s , w ith 12 s p e c ie s i n common. There i s a s t r i k i n g s i m i l a r i t y betw een th e fa u n a o f Hudson Bay and t h a t r e p o r te d by B a r t l e t t (1964) from o f f th e s o u th e rn c o a s t o f Wova S c o tia . Of th e 77 s p e c ie s he m e n tio n e d , 56 o f them o c c u r i n Hudson Bay. The Hova S c o tia fa u n a was from l e s s th a n 75 m d e p th , w hich in d ic a te s th e a f f i n i t i e s o f th e Hudson Bay fa u n a to th e sh a llo w w a te r n o r th A t la n tic p o p u la tio n . Many o f th e s p e c ie s r e p o r te d by P h le g e r (1952) from o f f P o rtsm o u th , Hew H am pshire, are a ls o p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay. He c o n s id e re d th e P o rtsm o u th fa u n a to be I n t e r m e d ia te betw een th e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f fa u n a Im m ed iately 164 s o u th o f Cape Ood, and th e A r c tic fa u n a . P h le g e r s t a t e d t h a t E lphldium a r t! o u la tu r n . Pyrgo s u b s p h a e r lc a . and Reophax s c o t t l l . w hich he found i n h i s s tu d y , had p r e v io u s ly been r e p o r t e d o n ly from s o u th o f Cape Cod, how e v e r th e s e s p e c ie s o c c u r i n Hudson Bay. Cooper (1964) d is c u s s e d th e b e n th o n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a from th e sh a llo w s o u th e a s t e r n p a r t o f th e Chukchi S ea. The a r e a o f stu d y in c lu d e d d e p th s from 6 m to 60 m, and m ost o f th e s p e c ie s r e p o r t e d a re r e p r e s e n te d i n th e S hallow Bay Fauna o f Hudson Bay. The o n ly s p e c ie s she found t h a t o c c u rs i n th e d e e p e r r e g io n s o f Hudson i s B u llm ln e lla e l e g a n t l s s i m a . She s t a t e d t h a t th e fa u n a c o n ta in e d s p e c ie s t h a t a re c irc u m p o la r, and fa u n a s s i m i l a r to t h a t i n th e Chukchi Sea were r e p o r te d by S aid o v a (1960) from th e O khotsk S ea, B elyaeva (I9 6 0 ) i n th e w e s te rn B ering S ea, and Uchio (1959) from th e so u th w e st c o a s t o f Ja p a n . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o r a m in if e r a i n Juan de Fuca and G eorgia S t r a i t s , B r i t i s h Colum bia, h as been d is c u s s e d by Cockbain (1 9 6 3 ). He re c o rd e d 82 s p e c ie s , 23 o f w hich o c c u r i n Hudson Bay. Cockbain found t h a t i n G eo rg ia S t r a i t th e t o t a l number o f f o r a m in if e r a d e c re a se d w ith in c r e a s in g d e p th , as d id th e p e rc e n ta g e o f c a lc a re o u s s p e c ie s , w h ile a re n a c e o u s s p e c ie s in c r e a s e d i n fre q u e n c y . A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n was n o te d f o r Hudson Bay. On an open 165 c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f th e number o f b e n th o n ic in d i v i d u a l s and s p e c ie s in c r e a s e s w ith d e p th and d is ta n c e away from s h o re , re a c h in g maximum v a lu e s beyond th e edge o f th e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f (Bandy and A rn a l, 1960, P h le g e r, 1960, and N a tla n d , 1957)* C ockbain r e p o r t e d t h a t Adercotgyma glom eratum and R e cu rv o id es tu rb in atU B were dom inant mem b e r s o f th e fa u n a and had t h e i r maximum fre q u e n c y i n f in e se d im en ts a t d e p th s s i m i l a r t o th o s e a t w hich th e y o cc u r i n Hudson Bay. He a ls o found E g g e r e lla advena to be an abundant s p e c ie s t h a t o c c u rre d i n Im p o rta n t numbers a t d e p th s down to 400 m » w hich i s much d e e p er th a n i t s l i v i n g o c c u rre n c e i n Hudson Bay. He r e p o r te d i t was m ost p re v a l e n t i n f in e se d im e n ts and i n a s s o c i a t i o n w ith R. t u r b l n a t u s and A. glom eratum . T h is d ee p er o c c u rre n c e o f E. advena may be due to d isp la c e m e n t o f t e s t s from sh a llo w w a te r , s in c e C ockbain d id n o t base h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s on l i v i n g fo rm s. Some s p e c ie s p r e s e n t i n Hudson Bay have been r e p o r te d o f f th e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t (Bandy 1953> 1963; Bandy e t a l . , 1964a, 1964b, 1964c). These in c lu d e B u lim in e lla e l e g a n t ls s i m a . A n g u lo g e rin a a n g u lo s a . B o liv in a P a c i f i c a . B u c o e lla t e n e r r im a . and E g g e r e lla a d v e n a . Two o f th e s e s p e c ie s , B. e le g a n tls s im a and E. advena a re im p o rta n t members o f th e m a in la n d s h e l f fa u n a i n t h a t a r e a (R e sig , 1960). Bandy et, a l . (1964a) i l l u s t r a t e d w ith m u l t i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f dead p o p u la tio n s i n San Pedro Bay t h a t th e r e was a dom inance o f B. e l e g a n t l s s i m a n e a r th e s h o re l i n e and a dom inance o f E. advena I n th e o u t e r p a r t o f th e s h e l f . They s t a t e d t h a t l i v e p o p u la tio n s showed ro u g h ly th e same d i s t r i b u t i o n . T his i s th e r e v e r s e s i t u a t i o n to t h a t In Hudson Bay w here £ . e l e g a n t l s s i m a I s p r e s e n t In th e r e l a t i v e l y deep c e n t r a l b a y , and E. ad v en a o c c u rs In th e s h a llo w c o a s t a l r e g i o n . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to e x p la in t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , e s p e c i a l l y when c o n s id e r e d w ith th e f a c t t h a t Bandy e t a l . r e p o r t e d an a r e a on th e o u t e r edge o f th e s h e l f d o m in ated by l i v i n g B. e l e g a n t l s s i m a . T h e ir comment on t h i s phenomenon was a s fo llo w s ? "T h is b im o d al c h a r a c t e r o f B. e l e g a n t l s s i m a i s u n iq u e f o r a number o f r e a s o n s ; th e s e d im e n t ty p e I s d i f f e r e n t ; p h o s p h a te and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n ts a r e d i f f e r e n t ; w a te r d e p th s a re d i f f e r e n t ; and th e en e rg y l e v e l s a r e d i f f e r e n t I " In c o n c lu s io n , th e Hudson Bay f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c irc u m p o la r f a u n a . I t i s s i m i l a r to o th e r fa u n a s r e p o r t e d from th e A r c t i c and t h e n o r t h e a s t and n o r th w e s t c o a s t s o f N o rth A m erica, how ever i t s g r e a t e s t a f f i n i t i e s a r e to th e s h a llo w n o r t h A t l a n t i c f a u n a • CORE ANALYSIS Study o f th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a p r e s e n t l y l i v i n g i n Hudson Bay, and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s w hich a f f e c t th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e f a u n a , can be u t i l i z e d i n th e a n a ly s is o f p a s t en v iro n m en ts a s r e p r e s e n te d by f o ra m i n i f e r a i n sed im en t c o r e s . A co m p ariso n o f th e f o ra m i n i f e r a l fa u n a s from sam ples a t v a r io u s I n t e r v a l s a lo n g th e le n g th o f a c o re , w ith th e r e c e n t f a u n a , i n d i c a t e s n o t o n ly th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s i n th e p a s t , b u t a ls o how th e s e c o n d itio n s changed w ith tim e . In o r d e r to make such a co m p ariso n , s i x c o re s ta k e n a t w id ely s e p a r a te d l o c a t i o n s i n Hudson Bay, were s tu d ie d . The c o re s a re from th e n o r th w e s t, w est c e n t r a l , w e s te rn , e a s t e r n , and s o u th e rn p o r t i o n s o f th e b ay . A d e s c r i p t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l c o re s i s p r e s e n te d w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e f o r a m i n i f e r a and te x t u r e o f th e se d im e n t. The n o rth e rn m o s t c o r e s a re c o n s id e re d f i r s t , th e n th o se from th e c e n t r a l b a y , and f i n a l l y th e co re from th e s o u th e rn bay. I n f o r m a tio n from th e I n d iv id u a l c o re s i s th e n combined to make a g e n e r a l I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p a s t c o n d itio n s I n Hudson Bay. 167 Oore 147 168 Core 147 was ta k e n i n th e deep b a s in n o r th o f Cape W olstenholm e i n th e w e s te rn e n tra n c e to Hudson S t r a i t a t a d e p th o f 446 m. T h is i s much d ee p er th a n any p a r t o f Hudson Bay, and th u s r e p r e s e n t s an environm ent n o t found to d a y i n any p a r t of th e b a y . The core i s 210 cm lo n g , and 15 i n t e r v a l s have been sam pled alo n g i t s le n g th . T e x tu r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e sed im en t a r e p rese n ted i n th e f i r s t two columns o f F ig u re 31• The core i s m ainly a s i l t y c la y and sandy s i l t y c la y th ro u g h o u t i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h . There i s a n o tic e a b le in c r e a s e i n sand c o n te n t i n th e u p p e r 35 cm w hich may be e x p la in e d by th e p ro x im ity o f t h i s a r e a to th e c o a s t a s th e bay became s m a lle r in s i z e . There are numerous sm a ll p e b b le s th ro u g h o u t th e co re w hich a re r a r e l y g r e a t e r th a n ■ § • cm in d ia m e te r. In th e low er 70 cm th e p e b b le s in c r e a s e i n abundance and s i z e , w ith some up to 3 cm i n d ia m e te r. The p e b b le s have been d e p o s ite d by i c e - r a f t i n g , w hich h as d e c re a s e d a p p re c ia b ly s in c e th e tim e when th e se d im en ts n e a r th e bottom o f th e co re were d e p o s ite d . In a n a ly z in g th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n s p r e s e n t i n th e core i t m ust be remembered t h a t th e y r e p r e s e n t a d e a th assem blage and many o f th e t e s t s c o u ld have been b ro u g h t I n from s h a llo w e r w a te r . T h e re fo re an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d e p th , a s r e p r e s e n te d by an assem b lag e, i s based FIGURE 31 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE, AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 147 170 CUMULATIVE PERCENT CUAftT)L£ DCV.-GDrf PERCENT PL4NK7CMC 1 2 3 4 O 0 3 I 13 2 * fcf SAM) • SI.T - CLAY MEDIAN DIAMETER TEST ASUNDANCE-CUM.% GENERA AND SPECKS 5 O 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0 5 6 “ i r FORAMNFERAL NUMBER AND OlATOM NUMBER B 9 O 25 50 7 5 0 0 0 10 2 0 30 4 0 0 OO 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 H o - V) f f i » |- Z 100 8 H N H H \ X = : s I PORCELANEOUS ARENACEOUS-P- LATITUDE 62* 4 6 ' LONGITUDE 7 8 ° 0 0 ' D E PTH 4 6 6 m e te r s C O RE 147 171 on th e d e e p e s t w a te r I n d i c a t o r s p r e s e n t , s in c e i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t dead t e s t s would have been d is p la c e d in t o s h a llo w e r w a te r . F o r a m in if e r a l tr e n d s i n th e co re a re shown i n F ig u re 31, and a d e t a i l e d p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e f a u n a l assem blage i s g iv e n i n T able 14. The m ajo r f o r a m i n i f e r a l t r e n d s , in c lu d in g f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber, number o f g e n e ra , e t c . , i s d is c u s s e d f i r s t , and th e n th e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c ie s are c o n s id e r e d . The f o r a m i n i f e r a l number i n c r e a s e s from 9 .3 a t th e bottom o f th e c o re to 2 0 5 .2 a t th e s u r f a c e , and th e r e i s a c o rre s p o n d in g in c r e a s e i n th e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s , w hich i s i n d i c a t i v e o f th e m ig r a tio n o f b e n th ic f o r a m in if e r a i n t o th e bay i n p o s t - g l a c i a l tim e . In th e i n t e r v a l from 209 cm to 81 cm th e f o r a m in f e r a l p o p u la tio n in c r e a s e s v e ry slo w ly i n abundance and v a r i e t y . However a t a d e p th o f 81 cm th e r e i s a f a i r l y r a p i d in c r e a s e i n th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l num ber, as w e ll as i n th e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c i e s . T his f l o u r i s h i n g o f th e b e n th ic p o p u la tio n i s m atched by th e f i r s t ap p e aran c e o f p la n k - to n ic f o r a m in if e r a i n th e c o r e . P la n k to n lc f o r a m in if e r a a re s e n s i t i v e e n v iro n m e n ta l i n d i c a t o r s , s in c e th e y o n ly l i v e i n norm al m a rin e , o r n e a r norm al m arine w a te r , and shun b r a c k is h w a te r c o n d i tio n s . T h e re f o re , e x p a n sio n o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n a lo n g w ith th e f i r s t TABLE 14 FORAMINIFERAL LIST BOR SAMPLED INTERVALS OP CORE 147 SHOWING PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER G RA M OP DRIED SEDIMENT, AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA 173 CORE INTERVAL (CMS) 0 - 4 2 0 - 2 4 3 4 -2 IB 3 6 - 4 2 6 0 - 6 4 7 7 -6 1 6 1 -6 5 0 0 - 0 4 20-1 2 4 3 8 -1 3 9 139-143 6 0 - 1 6 4 6 0 -1 6 4 1 96-20< 205-201 PLANKTONIC POPULATION GLOBIGERINA PACHYOERMA 0 4 0 1 0 .6 0 8 BENTHONIC POPULATION • A CASSIDULINA TERETIS 71 7 35 3 7 6 2 0 5 2 4 12 31.4 14 1 0 0 7 15 2 0 6 2 15 3 0 .4 3 0 .4 6 0 5 4 0 .8 7 0.4 4 NONIONELLA LA8RAOORICA 4 3 .4 21 4 0 .0 21 4 5 .5 10 12.4 6 1.6 1 0 .8 1 0 .6 2 1.3 8 ELPHKXUM INCERTUU 10.3 3 n .e 6 7 8 .6 17 2 2 .9 10 63.7 4 : 126 IB 10.9 33 16.2 5 2 3 .3 32 4 .7 4C 15 2 5 2 4 8 .7 48 1 5 14 4 .9 53 BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA 9 .4 3 18.4 10 331 7 2 6 .7 12 5 .9 4 106 t5 2 .9 9 2.9 9 0 .4 3 0 .5 4 ASTRON ONION STELLATUM 9.1 4 8 .0 4 152 3 133 6 2.5 2 0 .4 3 CASSIOULINA ISLANDICA 8 .9 4 9.4 5 9 6 6 21 35.2 2 5 15.9 II 2 6 A 38 14.9 4 5 5.9 19 5 .7 35 5.1 42 16 6 .7 5C 6.7 37 6 5 65 2.1 23 CASSIDELLA TESSELLATA 6 . 6 4 10.0 5 3 8 1 1.9 I 0 .9 5 0.4 3 0 .4 6 EPISTOMINELLA TAKAYANAOll 7.4 4 9 .0 3 5 .5 1 1.0 X 0.3 X 0 .4 3 1.4 7 BUCCELLA FRKjIOA 3.7 3 11.8 6 12.4 3 1.9 1 0 .3 4 CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 5.7 3 B.6 3 11.0 2 11.4 3 3 5 4 3.B 5 l.l 4 1.3 8 0 .4 3 0 .4 6 0 5 4 CIBCIDES LOBATULUS 4 .3 2 1.0 X 13.6 3 15.2 7 1.9 1 0 .2 X IS 5 ANGULOGERINA ANGULOSA 3.7 2 5.1 3 2.8 1 1.3 1 CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 3 .4 2 5 .9 3 7 4 3 16 11.4 5 14.1 9 5 .3 e 0 6 2 0 .4 6 0 .7 4 0 .6 7 0,4i 4 SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 2 .3 1 1.0 X 0 .4 6 BOLIVINA PACIFICA 2 .0 1 2 .4 1 1.4 X 0 .3 X PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 1.7 1 0.1 X 1.5 5 0 .4 3 0.7 4 0 6 7 0 4 4 NONIONELLA AURICULA 1.4 1 OS X 2 .8 1 BI6ENERINA ARCTICA 1.1 X ASTERELLNA PULCHELLA 0 .9 X 16 1 4.1 1 1 5 5 FISSURINA MARQINATA 0 .9 X 0 .8 X 0.1 X 0 .3 X 0 .4 4 AOERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM 0 .6 X i.e 1 RSSURINA SERRATA 0 .6 X 0 .4 X 0.1 X 0 6 X TEXTULARIA CONTORTA 0 .6 X 0.6 X LAOLNA LAEVIS 0 .3 X 0 .2 X 0 .2 X OENTALINA FROBISWRENSIS 0 3 X 0 .7 X SACCAMUINA ATLANTICA 0 5 X PATELLINA CORRUGATA 0 .3 X SILICOSIGMOILINA GROENLANOICA 0 3 X MELONIS ZAANOAMAE 0 .4 X 2 .8 2 3 1 12.2 e 6 .0 9 0.1 X 0 4 3 0 .4 6 EGGERELLA ADVENA 0 .2 X TROCHAMMINA SQUAUATA 0 .2 X LAGENA GRAC1LLIMA 0 .2 X LAGENA MOLLIS 0 .2 X PARAFISSURNA FUSULIFORMIS 0 .2 X OOLINA MELO 0 2 X LAGENA FLATULENTA 0 .2 X GLOGOBULIM1NA AURICULATA ARCTICA 0 .2 X 0 .2 X 0 3 X OENTALINA BAGGl 0 .2 X REOPHAX SCORPIURUS 0 .7 X PULLENIA BULLOIDES 9 .5 4 9 .4 6 15 2 0 6 2 BUCCELLA TENERRfiU 1.2 0 3 X OENTALINA ITTAI . 1.2 0 .2 X GUTTULINA G LAClJuS 0.1 X OOLINA CAUOGERA 0.1 X OUINOUELOCULINA STALKERI 0 .9 ASTACOLUS HVALACRULUS 0 .2 X PYRGO SUBSPHAERJCA 0 .4 3 0 .4 3 0 5 4 RECUR VOIDES TURBWATU3 0 .4 6 ELPHIOIUM BARTLETTI 0 .7 8 FORAMMtFERAL NUMBER 2 0 5 .2 IBB.6 4 5 4 3 221. B >49.0 7 0 . 3 3 2 .4 31.0 16.1 12.2 6 .4 12.1 16.0 10.6 9 .3 NUMBER OF GENERA 2 5 2 7 19 17 18 13 9 7 6 7 7 7 5 4 5 NUMBER OF SPECIES 2 8 32 2 0 21 21 >4 10 7 9 6 9 7 5 5 7 PERCENT HYALINE TESTS 9 7 .3 9 8 6 9 9 6 1 0 0 .0 9 9 . 4 100 .0 I0CL0 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .3 9 6 .7 6 7 .5 9 3 .9 100.0 1 00.0 1 0 0 .0 PERCENT PORCELANEOUS TESTS 0 0 0 0 0 . 6 0 0 0 2 5 3 3 0 4 .1 0 0 0 PERCENT ARENACEOUS TESTS 2 .5 2 .0 0 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 0 0 0 0 PERCENT PLANKTONIC 0 0 .2 0 0 .0 4 0 . 4 1.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DIATOM NUMBER 2 4 .3 € 9 .6 2 3 8 6 3 7 6 1 3 9.1 4 0 0 4.4 2 .2 9 5 0 5 0 0 0 OSTRACOO NUMBER 0 0 0 0 0 .9 13 1 . 1 0 0<4~ 0 .7 0 .7 0 0 0 0 .4 • NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT LA TIT U D E 6 2 ° 4 6 ' A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION X L E S S THAN ONE PERCENT LONGITUDE 7 8 * 0 0 ' CORE 147 D E P T H 4 4 6 m oters 174 ap p e a ra n c e o f p la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a i n d i c a t e s th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f m arine c o n d i tio n s s i m i l a r to th o s e e x i s t in g a t th e p r e s e n t tim e . D uring th e p e r io d r e p r e s e n t e d by th e to p 81 cm o f th e co re th e r e i s a g e n e r a l in c r e a s e i n th e abundance and v a r i e t y o f b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a . However i n th e i n t e r v a l 34-38 cm th e r e i s an in c r e a s e i n th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number to 4 5 4 .3 specim ens p e r gram . T h is means e i t h e r c o n d itio n s a t t h a t tim e were more f a v o r a b le f o r b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a th a n a t p r e s e n ts o r th e s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e was l e s s . I t i s p ro b a b le t h a t th e i n c r e a s e i s a r e f l e c t i o n o f slow s e d im e n ta tio n , s in c e th e r e i s no c o rre s p o n d in g in c r e a s e i n th e number o f g e n e ra o r s p e c i e s , w hich w ould be expected i f th e en v iro n m en t was more s u i t a b l e . A lso , th e r e i s a c o rre s p o n d in g in c r e a s e i n th e number o f d iato m s i n th e s e d im e n t, w hich i s o f t e n I n d i c a t i v e o f a slow se d im e n ta t i o n r a t e . I t I s o f I n t e r e s t to n o te t h a t f o r a m i n i f e r a w ith h y a lin e t e s t s dom inate th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n th ro u g h o u t th e le n g t h o f th e c o r e . A lso th e o r d e r o f ap p e aran c e o f th e th r e e s h e l l ty p e s i s f i r s t h y a l i n e , th e n p o r c e la n e o u s , and l a s t l y a re n a c e o u s . The s p e c ie s o f f o r a m i n i f e r a p r e s e n t I n th e co re assem b la g e r e p r e s e n t a l l th e d e p th zones e s t a b l i s h e d i n th e bay. However, as m en tio n ed p r e v i o u s l y , many o f th e s p e c ie s may 175 ■ be d i s p l a c e d , and th e d e p th i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s b a se d on th e d e e p e s t w a te r fo rm s p r e s e n t . Members o f th e Deep Bay F a u n a , s u c h as B u l im ln e lla e l e g a n t l s s i m a . C a s s ld u l ln a n o r c r o s s l , O a s s l d e l l a o o m n la n a ta . and A d erco try m a g lo m e ra tu m , a r e w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e c o re (T a b le 1 4 ). A lso i n sa m p le s down i n th e c o re t h e r e a p p e a rs M e lo n is zaan d am ae„ and (x lo b o b u llm in a a u r l c u l a t a a r o t l c a . w hich b e lo n g t o th e Deep Bay F a u n a . The l a t t e r i s more ab u n d a n t t h a n a t any s t a t i o n sam pled i n th e b a y . The b e s t i n d i c a t i o n o f d e e p e r w a te r c o n d i t i o n s w ith d e p th i n th e c o re i s th e a p p e a ra n c e o f a s p e c i e s w h ich i s n o t p r e s e n t l y l i v i n g i n Hudson B ay. P u l l e n l a b u l l o l d e s f i r s t o c c u r s i n th e c o re a t 38 cm and e x te n d s down to 1 8 5 cm. T h is s p e c i e s i s r e p o r t e d a s r a r e fro m d e p th s l e s s th a n 550 m ( i n P h le g e r and P a r k e r , 1951 )t b u t i t i s q u i t e a b u n d a n t i n th e c o re and com poses more th a n 9 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n a t 2 sam ple I n t e r v a l s . I t c a n t h e r e f o r e be c o n c lu d e d t h a t a t th e tim e r e p r e s e n t e d by 34 cm d e p th i n th e c o re th e w a te r a t t h i s l o c a t i o n was a t l e a s t 550 m d e e p , w h ic h i s a p p r o x im a te ly 100 m g r e a t e r th a n th e p r e s e n t d e p th . F a r t h e r down i n th e c o re th e Deep Bay Fauna I s p o o r ly r e p r e s e n t e d , and th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n i s c h i e f l y com posed o f members o f th e C o sm o p o lita n F au n a, w h ic h l i v e s a t a l l d e p th s i n th e m odern Hudson Bay e n v iro n m e n t. The dom inant s p e c ie s n e a r th e bottom o f th e co re a re E ln h ld lu m In certu rn and O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d l c a . Absence o f th e Deep Bay Fauna does n o t I n d i c a t e s h a llo w e r w a te r, b u t r a t h e r t h a t e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d i tio n s were u n s t a b l e . The w a te r was p r o b a b ly b r a c k i s h due to g l a c i a l r u n o f f , and th e s u b s t r a t e p a tc h y w ith e r r a t i c s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s due to ic e -d u m p in g . Members o f th e Deep Bay Fauna d id n o t m ig r a te i n t o th e bay u n t i l a c o n s i s t e n t m arine en v iro n m en t was e s t a b l i s h e d . The C o sm o p o litan Fauna r e p r e s e n te d by E ln h ld iu m in c e rtu m and O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d l c a can e x i s t on v a r io u s s u b s t r a t e s i n b r a c k is h w a te r , and i n deep w a te r , so was a b le to i n h a b i t th e e a r l y u n s ta b le e n v iro n m en t. T h e re fo re th e s e h a rd y fo rm s w ere th e f i r s t to m ig ra te i n t o th e b a y . In summary, th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l h i s t r o y , a s shown i n co re 147, began w ith th e a r r i v a l o f th e C osm opolitan Bay Fauna soon a f t e r m arin e w a te r s e n t e r e d Hudson Bay. The w a te r was d e e p e r th a n a t p r e s e n t , b u t u n s ta b le e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d i tio n s c a u se d by g l a c i a l r u n o f f and e r r a t i c s e d im e n ta tio n made th e r e g io n u n s u i t a b l e f o r a l l b u t th e h a r d i e s t fo rm s . L a te r , when c o n d i tio n s became more s t a b l e th e Deep Bay Fauna m ig ra te d i n t o th e a r e a . T h is m ig r a tio n i s e v id e n c e d i n th e co re by a m arked in c r e a s e i n abundance and v a r i e t y o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n . The w a te r was s t i l l d e e p e r th a n a t p r e s e n t s in c e P u l l e n i a b u l l o i d e s was an im p o r ta n t member o f th e fa u n a , b u t as 177 th e w a te r became s h a llo w e r t h i s s p e c ie s d ie d o u t . A r r i v a l o f th e Deep Bay Fauna I s m atched by th e f i r s t ap p e aran c e o f p la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a i n th e se d im e n t. E xpansion o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n a lo n g w ith th e f i r s t o c c u rre n c e o f p la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a i n d i c a t e s th e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f m arin e c o n d itio n s s i m i l a r t o th o s e e x i s t i n g to d a y .. Core 158 Core 158 i s from th e c h a n n e l betw een C oats and M ansel I s la n d s a t a d e p th o f 225 m. The co re i s 202 cm lo n g and h as been sam pled a t 20 cm i n t e r v a l s from to p to b o tto m . The e n t i r e co re i s composed o f o l i v e g r a y , s i l t y c l a y , and th e r e i s no e v id e n t v a r i a t i o n i n s e d im e n ta tio n th ro u g h o u t (F ig u re 3 2 ) . Ic e r a f t e d p e b b le s a re n o t p r e s e n t i n th e c o r e , and th e o n ly v i s i b l e s t r u c t u r e s a re i n f i l l e d worm b u rro w s. These a re s l i g h t l y d a r k e r i n c o l o r , a b o u t 3 m m i n d ia m e te r , and up to 2 cm i n le n g th . The g e n e r a l f o r a m i n i f e r a l tr e n d s r e f l e c t th e u n ifo rm n a tu r e o f th e s e d im e n t, i n t h a t th e r e i s l i t t l e change w ith d e p th . The f o r a m i n i f e r a l number f l u c t u a t e s from 3 4 .8 to 100.2 b u t th e r e i s no r e g u l a r d e c re a s e to w ard s th e bottom o f th e co re a s o c c u rs i n co re 147. The number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s shows s i m i l a r f l u c t u a t i o n s . P la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a a re a dom inant f e a t u r e o f th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n th ro u g h o u t th e le n g th o f th e FIGURE 32 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE. AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 158 I 179 / QUARTILE d e v i a t i o n - q d » p e r c e n t p l a n k t o n i c DIATOM NUMBER CUMULATIVE PERCENT SAND * SILT ' CLAY 1 '-------- '--------1 --------1 NUMBER OF '--------'--------'--------'--------1 TEST ABUNDANCE-CUM.% GENERA AND SPECIES FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER MEDIAN DIAM ETER 7 9 Q 8 5 9 2 0 5 0 SO SILT 8 0 UJ h UJ H Z UJ o z X I - CL UJ o M M 1 60 -SAND 1 9 0 200 LA T IT U D E 6 1 ° 4 0 ' LONGITUDE 8 P 5 8 ' D E P T H 2 2 5 meters CORE 158 180 c o r e . They average ah o u t 15 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l p o p u la t i o n and do n o t show any r e g u l a r d e c re a se w ith d ep th i n th e core* a lth o u g h th e to p two sam ples c o n ta in th e l a r g e s t p e r c e n ta g e s . F o ra m in ife ra w ith h y a lin e t e s t s dom inate th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n th ro u g h o u t th e c o r e . A renaceous t e s t s a re p r e s e n t i n o n ly th e u p p er 40 cm, and a re th o se o f one s p e c ie s , Saccammina a t l a n t i c a . P o rc e la n e o u s t e s t s are a ls o o f m inor im p o rta n c e , however th e y e x te n d th e le n g th o f th e c o r e . Two f a u n a l assem blages w hich compose m ost o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m in if e r a l p o p u la tio n i n t h i s core a re Deep Bay, r e p r e s e n te d by O a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s i , O a s s id e lla c o m n lan a ta. B u llm ln e lla e le g a n t ls s i m a . M elonls zaandam ae, and A n g u lo g erln a a n g u lo s a . and C osm opolitan Bay, r e p r e s e n te d by O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d l c a . E lnhldium ln c e rtu m . N o n lo n e lla l a b r a d o r i c a . and A s t e r e l l i n a p u l c h e l l a (Table 15)• An i n d i c a t i o n o f d e e p er w a te r i n th e p a s t i s th e a p p e a ra n c e , w ith d e p th i n th e c o r e , o f M elonls zaandam ae. In com paring core 158 w ith core 147» th e com plete 202 cm o f core 158 i s r e p r e s e n te d i n th e to p 31 cm o f co re 147. In t h i s i n t e r v a l o f core 147 th e Deep Bay Fauna i s dom inant, th e re i s an abundant and d iv e rs e b e n th ic fo ra m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n , and p l a n t t o n i c f o r a m in if e r a are p r e s e n t . T his s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s f o r th e t o t a l le n g th o f TABLE 15 FORAMINIFERAL LIST FOR SAMPLED INTERVALS OF OORE 158 SHOWING PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA 182 CORE IN T E R V A L (CMS) 0 “ 4 2 0 -2 4 4 0 - 4 4 6 0 -6 4 8 0 -8 4 100-104 120-124 140-144 160-164 180-184 9 8 -2 0 2 PLANKTO N IC POPULATION GLOBIGERINA PACHYDERM A 7.3 | 13 ef 7 -7 1 4 l | 2.9 | 12.8 [ 10 3i' 4 .e | I5.9| 15.51 4 .6 l BENTHONIC POPULATION • A CASSIDULINA ISLANDICA 14 6 39 26 6 54 22 6 51 35.1 52 188 47 38 7 48 28 2 33 9 6 32 42.4 50 45 R 54 214 64 CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 11.2 30 7.0 14 11.0 25 14.9 2 2 8 3 22 17.4 21 26 6 31 6.6 22 10.6 13 9 7 12 ft? 16 ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 3.2 e 4.2 8 4 4 10 4 7 7 5.3 14 8 3 10 17.7 21 9.0 30 18.0 21 13.9 17 ? ? 7 CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 1.7 4 1.7 3 l.l 3 2.9 4 l.l 3 4.1 5 31 4 1.2 4 2 .7 3 3 0 4 1 1 3 CASSIDULINA TERETIS 1.2 3 0.9 2 0 6 1 0.3 1 0 2 1 0 ? X BUCCELLA FRIGIDA 0.9 3 0.2 X 0 2 X 0.7 1 1.5 2 0.6 1 0 8 1 0 6 1 n ? X NONIONELLA LABRADORICA 0.9 3 3.0 6 l.l 3 2.4 4 1.9 5 3.0 4 2.7 3 1.6 5 2.1 3 2.3 3 0 9 3 EPISTOMINELLA TAKAYANAGII 0.9 3 3.4 7 16 4 3.3 5 2.1 5 3.7 5 15 2 0.4 1 2.6 3 1.4 2 0.9 3 BOLIVINA PACIFICA 0 5 1 0.2 X 0 2 X 0.6 I 0.3 1 0.2 X BULIMINELLA ELEG ANTISSIMA 0 5 1 1.7 3 0.8 2 i.e 3 0 3 1 4.1 5 0 5 1 0.2 1 2.9 3 2.0 2 OENTALINA FROBISHERSNSIS 0.2 1 0.2i X SACCAMMINA ATLANTICA 0 2 1 PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 0.2 1 0.2 X 0 2 X FISSURINA CUCURBITASEMA 0.2 1 ROBERTINOIDES CHARLOTTENSIS 0.2 I 0.2 X 0.2 X QUINQUELOCULIN A STALKERI 0.4 1 0.3 X 0.3 X 0 3 X 0 3 1 LAGENA MOLLIS 0.2 X 0.2 X 0.2 X 0 ? X PYRGO SUBSPHAERICA 0.2 X 0.2 X 0.5 1 1 ELPHIDIUM SUBARCTICUM 0.2 X 0.2 X 0.2 X 0.6 LAGENA LAEVIS 0.2 X 0.2 X ASTRONONION STELLATUM 0.2 X 0.2 X BUCCELLA TENERRIMA 0.1 X 0.3 X 0.2 1 0.2 X ASTERELLINA PULCHELLA 0.2 X MELON1S ZAANDAMAE 15 2 0.6 2 l.l 1 1.5 2 0.6 2 ■ PAR AFISSURINA FUSULIFORMIS 0.2 X GLABRATELLA WRIGHTlI 0.2 X SCUTULORIS TEGMINIS 0 ? X ANGULOGERINA ANGULOSA 0 2 X 8 FORAMINFER A L NUMBER 4 3 9 6 3 1 51.7 71.0 41,4 9 3 95 0 3 4 .8 100 2 9 7 3 37 .6 NUMBER OF GENERA 14 I 2 II 12 9 1 13 13 9 13 12 10 NUMBER OF SPECIES 16 15 13 15 II 14 16 12 15 14 1 1 PERCENT HYALINE TESTS 9 9.3 98.9 100.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 99.4 1000 9 9 .6 99.1 99.1 PERCENT PORCELANEOUS TESTS 0 1 .1 0 0 3 0 0 0.6 0 0.4 0 9 0.9 PERCENT ARENACEOUS TESTS 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENT PLANKTONIC 16.5 21.6 15.0 5.7 7,0 13.7 109 13.3 15.9 15.9 12.3 DIATOM NUMBER 0.5 0 .9 3.2 2.7 0 0.7 0 .3 0 .4 0.3 0 0 OQTRACOD NUMBER 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 • NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT LATITUDE 61° 48' A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT LONGITUDE 81° 58' C O R E 1 5 8 DEPTH 2 2 5 meters 183 c o re 158. I n c o re 147 below 81 cm th e b e n t h i c f o ra m i n i f e r a l p o p u l a t i o n i s s p a r s e and i s d o m in a te d by th e C o sm o p o lita n Bay F a u n a , and p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a a re a b s e n t . The d e p th o f s p a r s e C o sm o p o lita n Bay Fauna and no p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n i f e r a i s n o t r e a c h e d i n c o re 158. T h e r e f o re th e r a t e o f s e d im e n t a ti o n h a s b ee n g r e a t e r a t t h i s l o c a t i o n , and th e s e d im e n ts p e n e t r a t e d by c o re 158 r e p r e s e n t o n ly th e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f th e p o s t - g l a c i a l m a rin e d e p o s i t s . Core 177 Core 177 was ta k e n from n o r t h c e n t r a l Hudson Bay a t a d e p th o f 201 m e t e r s . The c o re I s 107 cm lo n g and 11 i n t e r v a l s w ere sam p led a lo n g i t s l e n g t h . T h is i s one o f th e m ost i n t e r e s t i n g c o r e s s t u d i e d w ith r e s p e c t t o v a r i a t i o n i n l i t h o l o g y . A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e c o re i s a s f o llo w s ? 0 - 3 7 cm - O liv e g r a y , s i l t y c l a y w i t h some s m a ll p e b b l e s . 3 7 -4 9 cm - I n d i s t i n c t l y b a n d e d , sa n d y s i l t and s i l t y s a n d . The u p p e r c o n t a c t I s g r a d a t i o n a l an d th e lo w e r c o n t a c t i s s h a r p . 4 9 -5 6 cm - Dark o l i v e g r a y , s i l t y c l a y w ith l i g h t g ra y l a y e r s \ mm t h i c k . T here a re a b o u t 85 o f th e s e l a y e r s fo rm in g la m in a tio n s 184 ab o u t 1 x n m a p a r t . T his c la y h as n o t been d is t u r b e d by b urrow ing o rganism s and may be c a l l e d a v a rv e d c la y . 61-107 cm - G ra y ish brown c la y e y sand and g r a v e l c o n ta in in g p e b b le s to cm i n d ia m e te r. No bed d in g i s v i s i b l e and th e sedim ent re se m b le s g l a c i a l t i l l . T here i s g r e a t v a r i a t i o n i n th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l p a r a m e te rs o f co re 177 (F ig u re 3 3 ). At th e base o f th e core th e f o r a m i n i f e r a l number i s o n ly 3 .4 , b u t i t i n c r e a s e s tow ard th e to p and a t 20 cm i t i s 560, w h ile a t th e to p i t i s 100. There i s a s i m i l a r I n c r e a s e i n th e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s o f f o r a m i n i f e r a . At 103-107 cm, w hich i s th e base o f th e c o re , th e r e a re 2 g e n e ra and 2 s p e c ie s w h ile a t th e to p th e r e a re 16 and 19 r e s p e c t i v e l y . T his I n c r e a s e i n th e abundance and d i v e r s i t y o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n i s n o t g r a d u a l. In th e low er 62 cm o f th e co re th e fa u n a i s q u ite s p a r s e , w h ile i n th e u p p er 45 cm i t u n d erg o es a r a p i d e x p a n sio n . F o ra m in ife ra w ith h y a lin e t e s t s a re dom inant th ro u g h o u t th e e n t i r e co re as i s th e case i n th e o th e r two c o re s d e s c r ib e d . A s p a rs e a re n a c e o u s fa u n a o c c u rs i n th e u p p er 24 cm, and p o ro e la n e o u s t e s t s a re p r e s e n t o n ly i n th e 20-24 cm i n t e r v a l . P la n k to n ic f o r a m in if e r a o cc u r o n ly in th e s u r f a c e sa m p le . FIGURE 33 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE, AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 177 D E PT H I N CENTIMETERS 186 CUMULATIVE PERCENT S A N D -S ILT - CLAY 0 25 5 0 75 100 QUART DEVIATION-QD* PERCENT PLANKTONIC I 15 2 2.5 3 0 0 5 1.0 1.5 2.0 SAND MEDIAN DIAMETER TESTABUNDANCE-CUM.% 3 6 7 6 9 0 25 5 0 75 100 IO H Y A LIN E LATITUDE 61° 4 4 7 LONGITUDE 8 7 °2 8 ' DEPTH 201 meters CORE 177 FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 0 100 200 300 4 0 0 5 0 0 600 1 ------1 ------------ I -----1 --------------1 ----------1 -------- 1 NUMBER OF GENERA 8 SPECIES 0 5 10 15 2 0 25 30 187 The b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n is^com posed p re d o m in a n tly o f th e Deep Bay F auna i n th e u p p e r 42 cm (T ab le 1 6 ). T h is fa u n a i s r e p r e s e n t e d by C a s s id u lin a n o r o r o s s i . M elo n is zaandam ae, and B u lim in e lla e l e g a n t l s s i m a . O a s s ld u lln a i s l a n d l c a and E ln h ld iu m in c e rtu m o f th e Cosmo p o l i t a n Bay Fauna a re a ls o ab u n d a n t i n t h i s u p p e r co re i n t e r v a l . Below 42 cm th e Deep Bay Fauna i s no lo n g e r p r e s e n t and C. I s l a n d l c a and E. in c e rtu m a re d o m in an t. I n th r e e o f th e lo w er f i v e sam ple i n t e r v a l s E. In c e rtu m i s th e o n ly s p e c ie s p r e s e n t . I t a p p e a rs t h a t th e u p p e r 42 cm o f t h i s c o re r e p r e s e n t s c o n d itio n s s i m i l a r to th o s e e x i s t i n g to d a y , e x c e p t f o r d e e p e r w a te r , and th e Deep Bay Fauna l i v e d and t h r i v e d . D uring d e p o s i t i o n o f th e lo w er 62 cm o f th e co re c o n d itio n s w ere u n s u i t a b l e f o r th e Deep Bay Fauna and o n ly th e h a rd y C o sm o p o litan Bay Fauna c o u ld s u r v i v e . A b r i e f h i s t o r y o f e v e n ts d u r in g th e tim e o f d e p o s itio n o f th e m a t e r i a l p e n e t r a t e d by th e c o re can be a tte m p te d u t i l i z i n g s e d im e n to lo g lc a l and f o r a m i n i f e r a l in f o r m a ti o n . The lo w er 46 cm o f th e c o r e , w hich i s composed o f a r g i l l a c e o u s san d and g r a v e l , p ro b a b ly r e p r e s e n t s th e f i n a l p e r i o d o f g l a c i a t i o n when much I c e - r a f t e d m a t e r i a l was dumped I n to th e b ay . T h is I n t e r v a l c o n ta in s a s p a rs e fa u n a composed m a in ly o f E. I n c e rtu m . a h a rd y C o sm o p o litan Bay fo rm . The o v e r ly in g i n t e r v a l o f I n te r b e d d e d sand and c la y TABLE 16 PORAMINIPERAL LIST FOR SAMPLED INTERVALS OP OORE 177 SHOWING PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OP DRIED SEDIMENT, AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA 189 CORE IN T E R V A L 0 - 4 2 0 - 2 4 3 4 - 3 8 3 6 - 4 2 4 5 - 4 9 4 9 - 5 3 5 6 - 6 0 6 0 - 6 4 7 6 -0 0 9 0 - 9 4 103-107 PLANKTO N IC POPULATION GLOBIGERINA PACHYOERMA 1.7 | 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 BENTHONIC POPULATION • A CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 43.0 43 3 6 .9 7 6.7 9 0 2 2 0 CASSIDULINA ISLANDICA 16 0 18 3 2 4 57 39.0 55 6 .7 27 0 .9 14 0.5 6C MELONIS ZAANDAMAE 10.7 II 31.1 3 5.7 e 5 .0 20 BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA B .7 9 ne 21 153 21 8.3 33 ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 4 .0 4 11.7 2 1.0 1 3.3 13 4.5 72 0 2 2C 1.6 IO C 2.1 toe. 2 3 o c 19 50 2.3 67 CASSIDULINA TERETIS 2 7 3 19 X 1 .1 33 BUCCELLA FRIG!DA 2 3 2 EPISTOMINELLA TAKAYANAGB 2 2 1.9 X ADERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM 2 2 ANGULOGERINA ANLULOSA 1.7 2 1.0 X CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 1.3 1 0.7 1 ASTERELLW A PULCHELLA 0 3 X 1.9 50 ELPHIDIUM SU8ARCTCUM 0 3 X RECURVOIDES TURBNATUS 0 3 X ASTRONONION STELLATUM 0.3 X 10.7 2 1.9 3 PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 0 3 X 1.7 7 0 .9 14 CRIBROSTOMOIDES JEFFREYSl 0 3 X NONIONELLA LABRADORICA 0 3 X CIBICIDES LOBATULUS 0.7 2 1.0 1 CASSIDELLA TESSELLATA 4 .9 1 1.0 1 PULLENIA BULLOIDES 1.9 X FISSURINA MARGINATA 19 X LAGENA MOLLIS 1.0 X 1.0 O OLINA BOREALIS 1.0 X SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 1.0 X TRILOCULINA TRIGONULA 1.0 X FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 100.2 36 0 .0 72.6 2 5 .0 6 .3 0 .9 1.6 2.1 2.5 3 .8 3 .4 NUMBER OF GENERA 16 14 6 5 3 2 1 2 2 NUMBER OF SPECIES 19 16 9 5 3 3 1 2 2 PERCENTAG E H Y ALIN E TESTS 97 9 9 6 100 100 100 too 100 100 100 100 100 PERCENTAGE PORCELANEOUS TESTS 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENTAGE ARENACEOUS TESTS 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENTAGE PLANKTONIC 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DIATOM NUMBER 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSTRACOD NUMBER 0 1.9 1.0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 • NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRED SEDIMENT LATITUDE 61° 4 4 ' A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION LONGITUDE 8 7 ° 28' X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT CORE I7 7 DEPTH 20I meters 190 w ith some p e b b le s may r e p r e s e n t th e p e r io d Im m ed iate ly f o llo w in g g l a c i a t i o n . Much d e b r i s was c a r r i e d I n to th e b ay , and s in c e th e c o re I s from a c h a n n e l e x te n d in g to w ard s Roes Welcome Sound, t h i s m a t e r i a l may have b een moved by t u r b i d i t y c u r r e n t s a s w e ll a s Ic e r a f t i n g . The s p a rs e fa u n a I n d i c a t e s a ru g g ed en v iro n m en t p ro b a b ly o f low ba l l n i t y . The o v e r ly in g 7 cm o f v a rv e d s i l t y c la y may r e p r e s e n t a c o o l p e r io d I n w h ich th e bay rem a in ed f r o z e n a l l summer. R unoff w ould have d e c re a s e d g r e a t l y and th e r e w ould be no ic e r a f t i n g . A lso s u f f i c i e n t tim e had n o t e la p s e d o r c o n d itio n s w ere s t i l l n o t f a v o r a b le enough f o r th e m ig ra t i o n o f a b e n th lo m arine fa u n a i n t o th e r e g i o n , w hich would have dug up and d e s tro y e d th e v a r v e s . The o n ly f o r a m i n i n i f e r a p r e s e n t a r e a few h a rd y C osm opolitan Bay fo rm s • D uring th e p e r io d r e p r e s e n t e d by th e 12 cm i n t e r v a l im m e d ia te ly o v e r ly in g th e v a rv e d c l a y , th e bay was a g a in ic e f r e e w ith th e r e s u l t i n g i c e r a f t i n g and dumping by r i v e r s o f l a r g e am ounts o f g l a c i a l d e b r is t h a t had c o l l e c t e d on th e la n d . However a s tim e p r o g re s s e d much o f th e a v a i l a b l e g l a c i a l m a t e r i a l was rem oved from th e la n d . There was a g r a d u a l d e c re a s e i n se d im e n t s i z e and a t th e same tim e , w ith c o n d i tio n s g r a d u a l ly a p p ro a c h in g th o s e o f th e p r e s e n t , a norm al m arin e fa u n a c o u ld i n h a b i t th e a r e a . 191 I n th e u p p e r 37 cm o f th e c o re t h i s t r a n s i t i o n h a s ta k e n p l a c e . T h is I n t e r v a l I s a m a rin e c l a y w h ich h a s b een rew o rk e d by o rg a n ism s and w h ich o o n ta ln s an a b u n d a n t Deep Bay f o r a m l n i f e r a l fa u n a s i m i l a r to th e p r e s e n t f a u n a . Core 231 Core 231 I s from th e w e s te r n s id e o f th e bay 3 u s t n o r t h o f th e C h u r c h i ll R iv e r E s tu a r y , a t a d e p th o f 51 m. The c o re I s 138 cm lo n g and 15 sa m p les w ere ta k e n a t i n t e r v a l s a lo n g i t s l e n g t h . The c o re i s composed o f I n te r b e d d e d s a n d , sandy s i l t , s i l t y c la y and c l a y . The in te r b e d d e d n a t u r e and g r a i n s i z e v a r i a t i o n s w i t h i n th e c o re a r e e x p la in e d by I t s p ro x i m i t y to th e C h u r c h i ll R iv e r . The s e d im e n ta ry e n v iro n m e n t I s n o t s t a b l e and v a r i a t i o n s I n r i v e r s u p p ly and c u r r e n t t r e n d s e f f e c t th e r a t e o f s e d im e n t a ti o n , and th e t e x t u r e o f th e s e d im e n t. T here I s g r e a t i r r e g u l a r i t y i n b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l abundance and d i v e r s i t y th r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f th e c o r e . T h is f a u n a l v a r i a t i o n i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g when th e d iv e r s e s e d im e n t t y p e s , some o f w h ich may have b een d e p o s ite d by t u r b i d i t y c u r r e n t s , a r e c o n s id e r e d . The f o r a m l n i f e r a l num ber I s 0 .8 a t th e b ase o f th e c o r e , and 1 .6 a t th e t o p , w ith f l u c t u a t i o n s from 9 7 •3 to 2 . 3 i n th e i n t e r v e n i n g c o re i n t e r v a l (F ig u re 34-). The number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s I s 3u s t a s v a r i a b l e . FIGURE 34 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE, AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 231 DEPTH IN CENTIMETERS ( 0 o 09 O © o * o N O " D H I 3 © O z o H C o m <o O O JO m ro oj > H H C O m o i 1 0 o O OJ mm r i x i cm n mu • mu in ^ HIM SAMPLED INTERVALS MEDIAN DIAMETER (PHI UNITS) QUART1LE DEVIATION-QDa DIATOM NUMBER 0 1 o S P E C I E S ^ \ T ^ ^ \ y w GENERA FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER V O V > J 194 F o r a m in if e r a w ith h y a l i n e ( C a lc a re o u s p e r f o r a t e ) t e s t s compose th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f th e f a u n a th r o u g h o u t th e l e n g t h o f th e c o r e . However a re n a c e o u s s p e c i e s a r e more common th a n i n th e o t h e r o o r e s d is c u s s e d and a re p r e s e n t to a d e p th o f 110 cm. T here a r e no p r o c e la n e o u s f o r a m i- n i f e r a p r e s e n t w h ich i s u n u s u a l f o r a n e a r - s h o r e s t a t i o n . A lso t h e r e a r e no p l a n k t o n i c f o r a m i n l f e r a , w h ich i s ex p e c te d f o r a l o c a t i o n n e a r a r i v e r m outh w here th e b r a c k i s h i n f l u e n c e m akes c o n d i t i o n s u n s u i t a b l e f o r p l a n k t o n i c fo rm s . T h ere a r e a b u n d a n t d ia to m s i n th e u p p e r h a l f o f th e c o re and a t some sam ple I n t e r v a l s th e d ia to m number i s g r e a t e r th a n th e f o r a m l n i f e r a l num ber. The d ia to m s a r e m a in ly a p e n n a te v a r i e t y w h ich i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b r a c k i s h w a te r c o n d i t i o n s su c h a s o c c u r n e a r th e m outh o f a l a r g e r i v e r . A bsence o f d ia to m s from th e lo w e r h a l f o f th e c o re i s p r o b a b ly a r e f l e c t i o n o f th e l a r g e r s i z e o f Hudson Bay i n th e p a s t . At t h a t tim e th e c o re l o c a t i o n was much f a r t h e r from th e c o a s t , and n o t i n f l u e n c e d by th e r i v e r o u tf lo w . B e n th lc f o r a m l n i f e r a l s p e c i e s te n d to have s p o r a d ic o c c u rr e n c e th r o u g h o u t th e c o re i n k e e p in g w i t h th e v a r i e d l i t h o l o g y (T a b le 1 7 ) . I n th e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f th e c o re t h e r e a r e members o f th e S h a llo w Bay F auna I n c lu d in g B g g e r e l l a ad v o n a , P r o te lp h ld iu m o r b i c u l a r © , B o l lv in a p a c i f i c a , and Reonhax s c o t t l i . a s w e l l a s s u c h members o f TABLE IT FORAMINIFERAL LIST FOR SAMPLED INTERVALS OF CORE 231 SHOWING PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA CORE INTERVAL (CMS) BENTHONIC POPULATION CASSIDULINA "iSLANDtCA ' ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 8UCCELLA FRIGIDA CASSIDELLA TESSELLATA EGGERELLA ADVENA EPISTOMiNELLA TAKAYANAGII PROTELPHIDIUM _ 0"RBlCULARE ~ BOLOVINA PACIFICA ASTERELLINA PULCHELLA REOPHAX SCOTTII CASSIDELLA COMFLANATA SACCAMMINA AT LAN DC A ASTRONONION STELLATU M GUTTULINA GLACIALIS BUCCELLA TENERR1MA LAGENA MOLLIS DENTALINA ITTAI ELPHOUM BARTLETT 1 CASSIDULINA TERETIS F1SS U R IN A MARGINATA " angulogerina ANGULOSA CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 1 .1 [67 0 533 213-22 44.7 4 7 9.6*10 7-11 26-30 3 6 -4 0 4 0 -4 4 5 4 -5 8 58-62 76 -3 0 80-84 88-92 98-102 08-112 122-124 128-132 134-138 5.3_6 43 4 3.2 3 3.2 3 1 .1 I 25.2 47.7 6.3 0.9 ^ 2.7*3 2.7,3 1 .8 * 2 0.9 I 0.9 I 9.! 36 4 17.0 2 3 |3 26.3 47.4 10.5; 0.8 0.2 8 .7 25 .4 5C 1.6 8 9.3 1 8 1 .2 ! 2 16.2 230 71.8 50.0 2.1 7 2 3 0 .8 ]I0 C TROCHAMMINA SQUAMATA SRROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS ELPHIOUM SUBARCTICUM BULIMINELLA ELE6ANTISSIMA TEXTULARIA CONTORTA 0.4 17 i.3 2 NONIONELLA LABRAOORICA FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER NUMBER OF GENERA 53.6 5 ' NUMBER OF SPECIES 61.6 ~ 5 6 413 Z __ 4 PERCENT HYALINE TESTS PERCENT PORCELANEOUS TESTS 94 97 100 PERCENT ARENACEOUS TESTS PERCENT PLANKTONIC DIATOM NUMBER j OSTRACOD NUMBER 252 (5.0 1.6 l.l _ o__ 2.7 0 4.5 0 2.1 • NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT C O R E 2 3 1 LATITUDE 5 9 ° 0 3 ' LONGITUDE 9 4 ° 0 1 ' DEPTH 51 m eters 197 th e C osm opolitan Bay Fauna a s C a s s id u lln a l s l a n d i c a . E lnhldlum In certu rn , and E p ls to m ln e lla ta k a v a n a g li. low er i n th e core th e In te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna i s r e p r e s e n te d by B u o c e lla f r l g l d a . S p lro p le ctammlna b if o r m ls . and T a x tu la r la o o n t o r t a . and members o f th e Deep Bay Fauna such as O a s s ld e lla co m p la n a ta . A n g u lo g erin a a n g u lo s a . O a s s ld u lln a n o r o r o s s l . and B u llm ln e lla e le g a n tlB s lm a . a re a ls o p r e s e n t. Most o f th e members o f th e l a t t e r two groups are n o t p r e s e n t a t a s im ila r d ep th i n th e modern bay environm ent, so a p r o g r e s s iv e sh a llo w in g w ith tim e i s I n d ic a te d . In th e lo w e st p o r t i o n o f th e core o n ly a sp a rse C osm opolitan Bay Fauna i s p r e s e n t . T his h as a lso been th e ca se i n m ost o f th e o th e r c o re s s tu d i e d . However t h i s fa u n a o c c u rs alo n e i n o n ly th e low er 20 cm o f th e c o re , w h ile in some o f th e o th e r c o re s d is c u s s e d i t composes th e e n t i r e f o r a m ln if e r a l p o p u la tio n f o r alm o st h a l f th e core l e n g t h . I t I s th e r e f o r e p ro b a b le t h a t core 231 r e p r e s e n ts o n ly a p o r tio n o f th e p o s t g l a c i a l m arine d e p o s its i n t h a t a r e a . The p re se n c e o f sand f i l l e d ^forra burrow s a t the base o f th e core s tr e n g th e n s t h i s c o n c lu s io n , sin c e In oore 177 ev id en ce o f burrow ing organism s i s ap p a re n t o n ly i n th e u p p e r o n e - th ir d o f th e c o r e . Core 84 Core 84 was tak en from s o u th e a s t Hudson Bay s o u th o f 198 th e O ttaw a I s la n d s I n 177 m o f w a te r . The co re i s 102 cm lo n g and 7 sam ples were ta k e n a t i n t e r v a l s alo n g i t s le n g th . The core i n t e r v a l from th e to p to 97 cm i s composed o f o liv e g ray c l a y . There a re no i c e r a f t e d p e b b le s i n t h i s c la y and no sand l e n s e s . The o n ly s t r u c t u r e s e v id e n t a re i r r e g u l a r d ark g ra y s t r i n g e r s w hich are p ro b a b ly i n f i l l e d worm b u rro w s. There i s a sh a rp c o n ta c t betw een th e u n ifo rm c la y and th e m a t e r i a l o f th e bottom 5 cm o f th e c o re . I t i s composed o f lig h t-g ra y * , sandy, s i l t y , c la y w ith many p e b b le s , and re se m b le s g l a c i a l t i l l . The f o r a m l n i f e r a l fa u n a i n th e low er 5 cm o f th e core i s q u ite sp a rse w ith a f o r a m l n i f e r a l number o f 5 and o nly 2 g e n e ra and s p e c i e s . (F ig u re 3 5 )• Above th e c o a rs e m ate r i a l i n th e c la y th e r e i s a r a p i d in c r e a s e i n th e abun dance and d i v e r s i t y o f th e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l fa u n a . From a d ep th o f 84 cm to th e to p o f th e co re th e number o f g e n e ra and s p e c ie s rem a in s f a i r l y c o n s ta n t a t ab o u t 12 and 14 r e s p e c t i v e l y . There I s v a r i a t i o n I n th e fo ra m i- n l f e r a l number from 3 0 .4 to 5 2 .4 b u t t h i s i s p ro b a b ly a r e f l e c t i o n o f changes i n th e s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e . As i n th e o th e r c o re s d is c u s s e d , h y a lin e t e s t s a re dom inant th ro u g h o u t alm o st th e e n t i r e le n g th o f th e c o r e . A renaceous f o r a m in if e r a compose 4 8 .3 p e r c e n t o f th e fa u n a i n th e to p 4 cm b u t d e c re a se to 1 .7 p e r c e n t a t 20 cm and FIGURE 3 5 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE, AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 84 !3 ° < y > I a < X 7 cn _ QUART!LE DEVIATION-QDl PERCENT PLANKTONIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 CO a: UJ I — Hi 5 h * Z UJ o a. UJ a 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 9 0 100 CUMULATIVE PERCENT SAND -SILT- CLAY 0 25 50 75 100 MEDIAN DIAMETER 3 5 7 9 II I------- 1 -------1 ---- « ----------1 NUMBER OF TEST A8UNDANCE-CUM.% GENERA AND SPECIES 0 25 50 75 100 0 5 10 15 20 ~r~ ~r~ SILT IC LA Y fl SANDR HYALINE GENERA DIATOM NUMBER 0 0 .5 1C 15 2 0 2 5 3 .0 1 ----------- 1 ------1 --------- 1 ---------1 ---------1 l FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 0 10 20 30 4 0 5 0 6 0 is m m M - \ : LATITUDE 5 8 ° 3 5 ' LONGITUDE 8 1 ° 14' DEPTH 177 meters CORE 8 4 200 201 a re a b s e n t b elew t h a t . There a r e no p o rc e la n e o u s fo ra m i- n i f e r a p r e s e n t i n any o f th e sa m p le s . P la h k to n ic fo ra m i- n i f e r a o c c u r i n 3 o f th e to p 4 I n t e r v a l s sam pled, and i n th e s e c t i o n 60-64 cm th e y compose 9 .8 p e r c e n t o f th e f a u n a . D iatom s a r e p r e s e n t i n th e e n t i r e c la y i n t e r v a l , however th e y a re o f m in o r im p o rta n c e s in c e th e l a r g e s t diatom number i s 2 .0 . F o r a m ln if e r a l s p e c ie s a t th e to p o f th e core a r e a m ix tu re o f I n te r m e d ia te Bay and Deep Bay Fauna as w e ll as C o sm o p o litan Bay F auna. The m ain I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna s p e c ie s i s T e x t u l a r i a c o n t o r t s , and th e Deep Bay Fauna s p e c ie s a re A dercotrvm a g lo m eratu m , R e c u rv o ld e s t u r b i n a t u s . and B u lim ln e lla e l e ^ a n t i s s l m a (T a b le 1 8 ). D eeper down i n th e c o re th e I n te r m e d ia te Bay F auna becomes i n s i g n i f i c a n t and th e Deep Bay Fauna becomes d o m in a n t, r e p r e s e n te d by B u lim ln e lla e l e g a n t i s s l m a . O a s s id u lln a n o r c r o s s l . M elonis zaandam aef l and A n g u lo g e rin a a n g u lo s a . a s w e ll a s th e C o sm o p o litan Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n t e d by E lp h ld lu m In c e rtu rn , and O a s s id u lln a i s l a n d l c a . At th e b ase o f th e core th e Deep Bay Fauna i s no lo n g e r p r e s e n t and o n ly s p e c ie s o f th e C o sm o p o litan Bay Fauna o c c u r . Thus th e f o r a m l n i f e r a l h i s t o r y i n t h i s core i s s i m i l a r to th e o th e r s d e s c r ib e d . A f te r g l a c i a t i o n s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s were e r r a t i c and th e s u b s t r a t e v a r i a b l e , a ls o th e w a te r was d e e p e r and p ro b a b ly more b r a c k i s h th a n a t TABLE 18 FORAMINIFERAL LIST FOR SAMPLED INTERVALS OF CORE 84 SHOWING PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER GRAM OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA 2 0 3 CORE INTERVAL (CMS) 0 - 4 2 0 -2 4 4 0 - 4 4 6 0 -6 4 8 0 -8 4 9 3 -9 7 97-102 PLANKTONIC POPULATION GLOBIGERINA PACHYDERMA 0 .2 1 2 .3 1 1 3.3 | | BENTHONIC POPULATION 9 A TEXTUL ARIA CONTORTA 3.0 21 0.5 1 ADERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM 2.3 15 0.8 2 CASSIDULINA ISLANDICA 2.3 15 14.5 3C 1.2 4 8 .8 29 13.7 26 2 5 50 ELPHIDIUM INCERTUM 1.7 12 185 39 14.4 47 6.9 23 1.0 2 2 5 50 EPISTOMINELLA TAKAYANAGII l.l B 3 .0 6 1.7 5 1.6 5 0.8 2 0.4 4 RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS 0 .9 6 BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA 0 .8 6 2.6 6 0 3 1 1.2 4 14.1 27 0.9 8 ELPHIDIUM SUBARCTICUM 0.6 4 0.2 X 0.2 X ASTERELLINA PULCHELLA 0 .4 3 0.4 3 2.0 6 1.0 3 AMMODISCUS PLANUS 0.4 3 REOPHAX SUBFUSIFORMIS 0.2 1 CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 0.2 1 0 5 1 1 2 . 4 1.2 4 0.5 1 0 5 6 CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 0.2 1 1.9 4 4 .7 16 14.2 27 6.0 56 EGGERELLA ADVENA 0.2 1 SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 0.2 1 BOLIVINA PACIFICA 0.2 1 0 3 1 BUCCELLA FRIGIDA 0.2 1 2 .5 5 4.1 13 15 6 PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 1.9 4 2.4 8 0.6 2 0.2 X BUCCELLA TENERRIMA 0.2 X 1.7 6 12 4 l.l 10 MELON IS ZAANDAMAE 0.7 2 0.4 2 5 3 1 0 15 14 CIBICIDES LOBATULUS 0.2 1 DENTALINA FROBISHERENSIS 0.2 1 0.2 X ANGULOGERINA ANGULOSA 0.2 1 0.2 1 0 2 2 NONIONELLA LABRADORICA 0.2 1 0.2 X CASSIDULINA TERETIS 0.2 1 ASTRON O N IO N STELLATUM 1.2 3 FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 15.1 50.1 3 0 .4 33.1 52.4 10.7 5.0 NUMBER OF GENERA 16 10 13 12 12 7 2 NUMBER OF SPECIES 18 13 14 14 14 7 2 PERCENT HYALINE TESTS 51.7 9 8 3 100 100 9 9 .0 100 100 PERCENT PORCELANEOUS TESTS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENT ARENACEOUS TESTS 4 8 3 1.7 0 0 1.0 0 0 PERCENT PLANKTONIC 13 4 5 0 9 5 0 0 0 DIATOM NUMBER l.l 0 .4 2 .0 0.6 1.4 1.7 0 OSTRACOD NUMBER 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER GRAM DRIED SEDIMENT LATITUDE 5 8 ° 3 5 ' A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION LONGITUDE 81° 14' X LESS THAN ONE PERCENT C O R E 8 4 DEPTH 177 meters 204 p r e s e n t . Only th e h a rd y C o sm o p o litan Bay Fauna c o u ld e x i s t u n d e r th e s e c o n d i t i o n s . As tim e p r o g r e s s e d and th e bay assum ed more n orm al m arin e c o n d i t i o n s th e Deep Bay Fauna began to f l o u r i s h . As th e bay became s h a llo w e r th e I n t e r m e d ia te Bay Fauna c o u ld occupy th e a r e a w hich had fo rm e rly been to o d e e p . The p r e s e n t m ix tu re o f th e two fa u n a s i n d i c a te s t h a t th e I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna i s i n th e p r o c e s s o f c la im in g th e a r e a . An i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f co re 84 can be made on th e b a s e s o f l i t h o l o g y , f a u n a , and co m p ariso n w ith th e o t h e r c o re s s t u d i e d . T h is c o re e i t h e r r e p r e s e n t s th e e n t i r e p o s t P l e is to c e n e s e c t i o n , w ith th e c la y r e s t i n g on g l a c i a l t i l l , o r i t r e p r e s e n t s o n ly a p o r t i o n o f th e m a t e r i a l d e p o s ite d s in c e g l a c i a l tim e . In m ost o f th e o t h e r c o r e s s t u d i e d th e r e i s a c o n s id e r a b le l e n g t h i n th e lo w er p a r t o f th e c o re w h ich h a s a s p a r s e f a u n a r e p r e s e n t e d by o n ly one o r two C o sm o p o litan s p e c i e s . A lso p la n fc to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a f i r s t a p p e a r i n m ost o f th e o t h e r c o r e s w e ll up to w ard th e t o p . The lo w er p a r t o f m ost o f th e o t h e r c o r e s i s composed o f a c o a r s e , t i l l - l i k e m a t e r i a l t h a t p ro b a b ly r e p r e s e n t s a p e r io d o f ic e dumping i n th e f i n a l s ta g e s and im m e d ia te ly fo llo w in g g l a c i a t i o n . T h is lo w e r p o r t i o n o f s p a rs e fa u n a and c o a rs e m a t e r i a l o c c u rs o n ly i n th e b o tto m 5 cm o f co re 8 4 . A lso th e fa u n a becomes d iv e r s e n e a r th e b ase and p l a n k to n lc f o r a m i n i f e r a o c c u r i n abundance w e ll down i n th e c o r e . C o n s id e rin g th e r e c o r d shown I n th e o th e r c o r e s i t i s p ro b a b le t h a t th e c o a rs e m a t e r i a l a t th e base i s n o t t i l l , b u t th e to p o f th e s e c t i o n shown i n th e o th e r c o re s w hich i s c o n s id e r a b ly a f f e c t e d by ic e r a f t i n g . I f t h i s i s th e ca se th e n c o re 84 r e p r e s e n t s o n ly th e u p p er p o r t i o n o f th e p o s t g l a c i a l s e c t i o n , by w hich tim e an ab u n d an t and d iv e r s e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l fa u n a had become e s t a b l i s h e d . Core 104 Core 104 was ta k e n i n s o u th e rn Hudson Bay a t th e e n tra n c e to James Bay from a d e p th o f 85 m. The co re i s 145 cm lo n g and 9 i n t e r v a l s 4 cm lo n g were sam pled a lo n g i t s le n g th . A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e co re i s a s fo llo w s s 0-48 cm - Dark b ro w n ish g ra y , s i l t y c la y w ith d ark g ra y i n f i l l e d worm burrow s c o n c e n tr a te d i n th e u p p er 10 cm and s c a t t e r e d th ro u g h th e lo w er s e c t i o n . Some s a n d - f i l l e d b u rro w s . 48-62 cm - Dark g ra y c la y t h a t d r i e s i n a lumpy m anner s i m i l a r to g u m b o til. 62-147 cm - M o ttle d d a rk g r a y is h brown and v e ry p a le brown c la y w ith I r r e g u l a r and i n t e r - m i t t a n t b a n d in g . At 140 cm th e r e a re 1 /1 0 m m l i g h t and d a rk brown la m in a e . 206 The low er 100 om o f th e core c o n ta in s a s p a rs e fa u n a . At th e base th e f o r a m l n i f e r a l number I s 0 .5 and th e r e I s o n ly one s p e c ie s and one genus p r e s e n t (F ig u re 3 6 ). At th e top o f t h i s i n t e r v a l th e f o r a m l n i f e r a l number i s s t i l l o n ly 8 .5 and th e r e a re 3 g en e ra and 5 s p e c i e s . In th e to p 47 cm o f th e co re th e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n becomes much more abundant and d iv e rs e w ith f o r a m ln if e r a l numbers as h ig h as 275 and as many as 19 g e n e ra and 24 s p e c i e s . H yaline f o r a m in if e r a dom inate th e fa u n a f o r th e e n t i r e le n g th o f th e c o r e . A renaceous and p o rc e la n e o u s fo ra m i n i f e r a a re r a r e and o ccu r o nly in th e u p p er 24 cm. P lan k - to n ic f o r a m in if e r a a re p r e s e n t o n ly in th e to p 4 cm, and diatom s o ccu r in th e to p 46 cm. The b e n th ic f o r a m ln if e r a l p o p u la tio n a t th e to p o f th e core i s composed o f th e Shallow Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n te d by P ro te lp h id iu m o r b i c u l a r e . th e In te rm e d ia te Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n te d by S nlro n lectam m in a b l f o r m l s . and B u c c e lla f r i g i d a . and some members o f th e Deep Bay F auna, b u t i s dom inated by th e C osm opolitan Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n te d by E lohldlum in c e rtu m and O a s s i d u l l n a i s l a n d i o a (Table 1 9 ). The abundance o f t h i s fa u n a i s p ro b a b ly due to th e lo c a tio n in s o u th e rn Hudson Bay, w hich i s in f lu e n c e d by brackiB h w a te r e n te r in g from James Bay. FIGURE 36 SAMPLED INTERVALS, SEDIMENT TEXTURE, AND FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS FOR CORE 104 208 °3 21 3£ </) tr UJ u z CL UJ o H H H H CUMULATIVE PERCENT SAND -S IL T - CLAY 0 2 9 9 0 7 9 100 0UART1LE DEVIATION* 0 0 0 PERCENT PLANKTONIC 15 2 0 2 9 3 0 3.5 0 0 .5 1.0 13 2 .0 MEDIAN DIAMETER 7 0 9 10 TESTAeUNDANCE-Cl'M.% 0 2 5 5 0 7 5 100 7 ARENACEOUS r NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES 0 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 DIATOM NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 0 5 0 1 0 0 150 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 DIATOM M v LATITUDE 54*46' LO NGITUDE 80*58' DEPTH 85 meters CORE 104 TABLE 19 FORAMINIFERAL LIST FOR SAMPLED INTER VAIS OF CORE 104 SHOW ING- PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCES, SPECIMENS PER G RA M OF DRIED SEDIMENT, AND TOTAL POPULATION DATA 2 1 0 CORE IN TE R V A L (CMS) 0 - 4 2 0 - 2 4 4 2 - 4 6 5 0 - 54 6 6 - 7 0 7 2 - 76 9 0 - 9 4 116- 2 0 141-145 PLANKTONIC POPULATION GLOBIGERINA PACHYDERMA 0 .8 I BENTHONIC POPULATION ELPHfCHUM INCERTUM • A 8 5 4 ]3 9 9 5 .2 4 9 7 5 .7 26 11.8 4 4 5.3 6 4 4 . 5 138 2.5 Iso 1.8 6 7 0 5 IOC CASSIDULINA ISLAN DICA 7 3 .8 l34 68.1 36 1 04 36 4 .9 19 OB 9 3.0126 2.5150 0.9 33 CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI 2 4 .6 II 8 .7 5 41.4 14 2 .0 7 0.8 9 15 12 1 A S TE R E LLIN A PULCHELLA 4 .6 2 2 .4 1 1.4 1 1.0 4 15! 12 PROTELPHIDIUM ORBICULARE 3.8 2 2.9 2 5 .7 2 0 .8 9 SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS 3.8! 2 BUCCELLA FRIGIDA OUINQUELOCULINA STALKERI 3.8 3.1 2 1 2 .9 0.5 2 X 10.0 4 2.9 II 15 12 I - - — ASTRONONION STELLATUM 2 3 0.5 X EPISTOMINELLA TAKAYANAGII 1.5 3 .9 2 2.0 7 CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA 1.5-1 0.5 X 8 .6 3 1.0 4 ....... t - ADERCOTRYMA GLOMERATUM 1.5 1 FISSURINA MARGINATA 0 .8 X DL.JTALINA ITTAI 0 .8 X NONIONELLA LABRADORICA 0.8 X 1.4 1 5.7 2 1.0 4 ---- 1 TEXTULARIA CONTORTA 0.8 X 0 5 X ---- h - ELPHIDIUM BARTLETTI 0.8 X 0.5 X SIGMOMORPHINA UNDULOSA OB X ANGULOGERINA ANGULOSA 0 .8 X 1.4 1 ELPHIDIUM ARTICULATUM 0.8 X 1.4 1 o.e 9 CASSIDULINA TERETIS OB X OB X 10.0 4 GUTTULINA GLACIALIS 0.8 X 0.5 X 1.4 1 RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS 0.8 X - SACCAMMINA ATLAN TIC A 1.0 I 1 ELPHIDIUM SUBARCTICUM 0 5 0 .5 X 1.4 1 CASSID ELLA TESSELLATA X LAGENA LAEVIS 0 .5 X 1.4 1 LAGENA MOIJJS 0 .5 X ELPHIDIELLA ARCTICA 1.4 1 BUCCELLA TENERRIMA 1.4 1 MELONIS ZAANDAMAE 1.4 1 LAGENA CAUDIGERA 1.4 1 FORAMINIFERAL NUMBER 219 .3 19? O 2 7 5 .4 2 6 .6 8 5 12.0 5 .0 2 .7 0 .5 NUMBER OF GENERA 19 14 12 7 3 4 2 2 1 NUMBER OF SPECIES 2 4 2 0 IB 8 5 5 2 2 1 PERCENT HYALINE TESTS 9 4 .4 9 8 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 .0 100.0 100.0 IOOO PERCENT PORCELANEOUS TESTS 1.4 0 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENT ARENACEOUS TESTS 3.2 OB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENT PLANKTONIC 0 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DIATOM NUMBER 1.5 3 .4 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSTRACOO NUMBER O B 0 .5 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 ® NUMBER OF SPEC IM EN S PER GRAM OF DRIED S E D IM E N T A PERCENT BENTHIC POPULATION x LESS THAN ONE PERCENT CORE I04 LATITUDE 5 4 ° 4 6 ' LONGITUDE 8 0 ° 5 8 ' DEPTH 8 5 meters 211 F a r t h e r down i n th e co re I n t e r v a l 0 -5 4 cm, th e S h a llo w Bay Fauna i s a b s e n t, th e I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna beoomes l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t and su c h members o f th e Deep Bay Fauna a s M e lo n is zaandam ae. A n g u lo g e rin a a n g u lo s a , O a s s i d e l l a c o m p la n a ta , and O a s s ld u lin a n o r c r o s s i become im p o r ta n t e le m e n ts o f th e a s s e m b la g e . Below th e 5 0 -5 4 sam ple I n t e r v a l th e Deep Bay Fauna becomes I n s i g n i f i c a n t and soon i s a b s e n t, le a v in g o n ly th e h a rd y C o sm o p o litan Bay F a u n a . Below 76 cm o n ly E lp h id lu m in c e rtu m and O a s s id u lln a i s l a n d l c a a re p r e s e n t i n th e c o r e , and I n th e lo w e s t I n t e r v a l sam pled o n ly E lp h id lu m In c e rtu m o c c u r s . A co m p ariso n o f th e l i t h o l o g y and f o r a m i n i f e r a o f co re 104 w ith th e o t h e r c o r e s s tu d i e d shows s i m i l a r i t i e s . The lo w e r I n t e r v a l o f m o ttle d c la y was p ro b a b ly d e p o s ite d soon a f t e r g l a c i a t i o n I n an e x tre m e ly b r a c k i s h e n v iro n m e n t i n w h ich o n ly th e h a r d i e s t members o f th e C o sm o p o litan Bay F auna c o u ld e x i s t . The la m in a tio n s o r v a r v e s i n th e low er p a r t o f t h i s I n t e r v a l i n d i c a t e th e ab sen ce o f b u rro w in g o rg a n ism s u s u a l l y p r e s e n t I n a n o rm al m arin e e n v iro n m e n t. Lack o f c o a rs e I c e - r a f t e d m a t e r i a l t h a t i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e s p a r s e fa u n a n e a r th e b ase o f th e o t h e r c o r e s may r e f l e c t th e s o u th e r n l o c a t i o n o f co re 104, w h ich was f a r t h e r from th e i n f lu e n c e o f th e r e c e d in g i c e . The I n t e r v a l o f d a rk g ra y c la y from 48 to 62 cm p r o b a b ly r e p r e s e n t s th e t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d from b r a c k i s h to 2 1 2 more s a l i n e deep w a te r c o n d itio n s i n which. C osm opolitan Bay Fauna s t i l l dom inated th e a ssem b lag e, b u t members o f th e Deep Bay Fauna had begun to move I n . The to p 48 cm o f d ark b ro w n ish g ra y , s i l t y c la y , w ith many worm b u rro w s, r e p r e s e n t s c o n d itio n s s i m i l a r to th o s e a t p r e s e n t . I t c o n ta in s an abundant and d iv e r s e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n . At th e bottom o f t h i s I n t e r v a l th e w a te r was d ee p er th a n a t p r e s e n t a s shown by th e abundance o f th e Deep Bay F auna. However to w ard s th e to p o f t h i s I n t e r v a l , as th e w a te r became s h a llo w e r, th e In te r m e d ia te and Shallow Bay Faunas became i n c r e a s in g l y Im p o rta n t. Summary o f Core I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s D uring and im m ed ia tely a f t e r th e f i n a l s ta g e s o f g l a c i a t i o n I n Hudson Bay la r g e am ounts o f d e t r i t a l d e b r is were c a r r i e d I n to th e bay by r i v e r s and i c e . S e d im e n ta tio n was e r r a t i c and r a t e s o f a c c u m u la tio n v a r i e d . Sedim ents d e p o s ite d a t t h a t tim e a re p e n e tr a te d by m ost o f th e c o r e s . T his sed im en t i s a c o n g lo m e ra tio n o f p e b b le s , san d , and mud, t h a t re se m b le s g l a c i a l t i l l . As m entioned e a r l i e r , th e bay was a b o u t 150 m d e e p e r th a n a t p r e s e n t and p ro b a b ly was b r a c k is h due to g l a c i a l m e ltw a te r. The f i r s t f o r a m in if e r a to m ig ra te I n to t h i s b r a c k is h m arine enviro n m en t were members o f th e h a rd y C osm opolitan 213 Bay F auna r e p r e s e n t e d m a in ly By E lphldlum In c e rtu m and O a s s id u lln a i s l a n d l c a . These were th e o n ly form s p r e s e n t f o r a good p o r t i o n o f th e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f th e b ay . E v e n tu a lly c o n d itio n s I n Hudson Bay became more s t a b l e . Much o f th e a c c e s s i b l e g l a c i a l d e b r is had been rem oved, and r u n o f f i n t o th e bay d e c re a s e d . T h is r e s u l t e d i n slo w e r r a t e s o f s e d im e n ta tio n a lo n g w ith f i n e r g r a in e d , more c o n s i s t e n t s e d im e n ts . S a l i n i t y o f th e bay w a te rs i n c r e a s e d a s a r e s u l t o f l e s s f r e s h w a te r r u n o f f , and th e e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s ap p ro ach ed th o se o f th e p r e s e n t . A m e lio ra tio n o f th e en v iro n m en t i s e v id e n c e d i n th e c o re s by th e f i r s t a p p e aran c e o f an ab u n d an t and d iv e r s e b e n th ic f o r a m l n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n composed m a in ly o f members o f th e Deep Bay F auna. Im p o rta n t s p e c ie s o f t h i s fa u n a a re O a s s id u lln a n o r c r o s s i . B u lim ln e lla e l e g a n t i s s l m a . O a s s i d e l l a c o m p la n a ta , and M elonis zaandam ae. These deep w a te r s p e c ie s a re s e n s i t i v e to s u b s t r a t e , d e p th , and s a l i n i t y . P la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a f i r s t o c c u r i n th e c o re s a t a b o u t th e same l e v e l a s th e d iv e r s e b e n th ic p o p u la tio n . These p la n k to n ic form s a re s e n s i t i v e to w a te r c o n d itio n s and w i l l n o t l i v e i n b r a c k is h w a te r . T h e ir p re s e n c e i s a second I n d i c a t i o n o f th e c o n v e rs io n to more n o rm al m arine c o n d i t i o n s . As i s o s t a t i c a d ju s tm e n t c o n tin u e d and th e bay became s h a llo w e r th e Deep Bay Fauna i s r e p la c e d i n some o f th e 214 c o r e s by th e I n te r m e d i a te Bay F auna w hich in c lu d e s B u c c e lla f r l g l d a and T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r t a . In c o r e s from th e s h a llo w e r l o c a t i o n s t h i s f a u n a i s i n t u r n r e p l a c e d by th e S h allo w Bay Fauna r e p r e s e n t e d by P ro te lp h id iu m o r b l c u l a r e and E g g e r e ll a ad v e n a. I t I s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t a re n a c e o u s f o r a m i n i f e r a w hich p r e s e n t l y dom inate th e b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a i n p a r t s o f Hudson Bay a re r e l a t i v e l y l a t e a r r i v a l s to th e b a y . The c o re s s t u d i e d c o n ta in a re n a c e o u s f o r a m i n i f e r a o n ly i n th e u p p e r s e c t i o n s , and th e y seldom r e p r e s e n t more th a n 5 p e r c e n t o f th e p o p u l a t i o n . S e d im e n ta tio n R a te s In Hudson Bay As m e n tio n e d p r e v i o u s l y . Lee (i9 6 0 ) p o s t u l a t e d t h a t th e T y r r e l l Sea ( a n c i e n t Hudson Bay) r e a c h e d i t s maximum e x t e n t 7 ,0 0 0 to 8 ,0 0 0 y e a r s ag o . T e rra c e s t u d i e s show t h a t t h i s s e a was a b o u t 240 to 275 m d e e p e r I n th e e a s t and 120 to 180 m d e e p e r i n th e w e st th a n th e p r e s e n t Hudson Bay. A lso th e T y r r e l l Sea was i n c o n t a c t w ith g l a c i a l Ic e aro u n d i t s s h o r e s d u r in g th e e a r l y s t a g e s o f I t s e x i s t e n c e . A l l o f th e c o r e s s t u d i e d c o n t a in f o r a m i n i f e r a a lo n g t h e i r e n t i r e l e n g t h . F o r a m in if e r a a re m arin e a n im a ls , so th e se d im e n t p e n e t r a t e d by th e c o r e s m ust have been de p o s i t e d s in c e th e a d v e n t o f m arin e c o n d i tio n s f o llo w in g g l a c i a l r e c e s s i o n from Hudson Bay. T h e r e f o re th e se d im e n t 215 r e p r e s e n t e d I n th e c o r e s h a s ac cu m u lated i n th e l a s t 7 ,0 0 0 to 8 ,0 0 0 y e a r s . I t i s th u s p o s s i b l e to d e te rm in e ro u g h ly th e s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s i n v a r io u s p a r t s o f th e b ay . Core 147 i s 210 cm lo n g , and, as m en tio n ed i n th e d is c u s s io n o f t h i s c o r e , th e low er p o r t i o n p ro b a b ly r e p r e s e n t s an e a r l y s ta g e i n th e h i s t o r y o f th e T y r r e l l S ea. I t can be a p p ro x im a ted t h a t t h i s 210 cm o f se d im e n t a c c u m u la te d i n th e l a s t 7 ,0 0 0 y e a r s . T h is g iv e s a s e d i m e n ta tio n r a t e o f 0 .3 m m p e r y e a r o r 30 cm p e r 1 ,0 0 0 y e a r s . Core 158, w hich i s 202 cm lo n g , r e p r e s e n t s o n ly th e u p p e r h a l f o r l e s s o f th e I n t e r v a l p e n e t r a t e d I n co re 147. Assuming i t r e p r e s e n t s th e u p p er h a l f , th e n 202 cm o f se d im e n t w ere d e p o s ite d a t t h i s l o c a t i o n I n th e l a s t 3 ,5 0 0 y e a r s . The r a t e o f s e d im e n ta tio n i s t h e r e f o r e O.58 m m p e r y e a r o r 58 cm p e r 1 ,000 y e a r s . Core 177 a ls o r e p r e s e n t s m ost o f th e tim e e la p s e d s in c e th e b e g in n in g o f th e T y r r e l l S e a . T h is co re i s 107 cm lo n g and th e r a t e o f s e d im e n ta tio n f o r I t s a c c u m u la tio n w ould be 0 .1 5 m m p e r y e a r o r 15 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . As m en tio n ed p r e v io u s ly co re 231 p e n e t r a t e s o n ly th e u p p e r m arine d e p o s its i n Hudson Bay, w hich p ro b a b ly accu m u la te d I n a b o u t th e l a s t 3500 y e a r s . T h is c o re i s 138 cm lo n g and th e r e s u l t i n g s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e w ould be a b o u t 0 .3 9 m m p e r y e a r o r 39 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . Core 84 i s th o u g h t to r e p r e s e n t a b o u t h a l f th e i n t e r v a l o f m arine se d im e n ts i n Hudson Bay. T h is co re i s 216 100 cm lo n g and th e s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e would t h e r e f o r e be a b o u t 0 .2 9 mm p e r y e a r o r 29 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . I t I s p o s s i b l e t h a t th e c o a rs e se d im e n t a t th e b ase o f co re 84 i s g l a c i a l t i l l . I f t h i s i s so th e n th e s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e w ould be 0 .1 5 mm p e r y e a r o r 15 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . Core 104 In th e s o u th e r n end o f th e bay I s 145 cm lo n g and p r o b a b ly r e p r e s e n t s m ost o f th e tim e i n t e r v a l s in c e th e T y r r e l l S ea f i r s t o c c u p ie d th e a r e a . The s e d i m e n ta tio n r a t e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n In th e l a s t 7000 y e a r s w ould be a p p ro x im a te ly 0.21 m m p e r y e a r o r 21 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . The 6 c o r e s exam ined I n Hudson Bay show s e d im e n ta tio n r a t e s r a n g in g from 58 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s to 15 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . I t m ust be k e p t i n mind t h a t th e s e a re minimum f i g u r e s o f m a rin e s e d im e n ta tio n s in c e none o f th e c o r e s r e a c h e d th e b ase o f th e p o s t - P l e i s t o c e n e m a rin e s e c t i o n i n Hudson Bay. A lso th e r a t e was p r o b a b ly more r a p i d during th e e a r l y p o s t P l e i s t o c e n e tim e and h a s d e c re a s e d s t e a d i l y s i n c e . S U M M A R Y AND C O N G IX JS IONS 1. Hudson Bay h as an a re a o f ab o u t 520,000 sq . km ., an average depth o f 90 m, and a maximum d e p th o f about 280 m. S edim ents w ith in th e bay grade from s a n d -s iz e m a te r ia l o f f th e w est c o a s t to c la y n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t. Ice r a f t i n g i s an im p o rta n t a g e n t o f d e p o s itio n i n th e n o r th e r n and w e s te rn p o r tio n s o f th e bay, b u t I t i s m in o r- i n th e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n a r e a s . Calcium c a rb o n a te i n the sedim ent i s g r e a t e s t i n th e r e g io n s o f th e bay b o rd ered and u n d e r la in by c a rb o n a te r o c k s . O rganic c o n te n t i n the sed im en t ra n g e s from 0 .1 4 to 0 .7 4 p e r c e n t, and i s g r e a t e s t i n th e clay-»size sed im en t n e a r th e e a s t c o a s t. 2 . S hallow c o a s t a l re g io n s and o ffs h o re s h o a ls have an abundant and d iv e rs e f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a c h a r a c te r iz e d m ain ly by h y a lin e fo rm s. S edim ents o f th e s e sh allo w r e g io n s g e n e r a lly have a median d ia m e te r i n th e f in e sand to s i l t r a n g e . B a s in a l a r e a s , w hich a re c h a r a c te r iz e d by sed im en ts w ith a m edian d ia m e te r o f c l a y - s i z e , g e n e ra lly c o n ta in a sp a rse fa u n a dom inated by a ren a ce o u s fo rm s. 3. There i s a c o r r e l a t i o n betw een h ig h oxygen c o n te n t i n th e bottom w a te r and an abundant and d iv e rs e fo ra m i n i f e r a l assem b lag e. S a l i n i t y and te m p e ra tu re o f th e bottom w a te r a re f a i r l y c o n s ta n t th ro u g h o u t th e bay and 217 218 th u s show l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith f a u n a l t r e n d s . 4 . G lo b ig e rin a pachyderm a i s th e o n ly s p e c ie s o f p lazd cto n ic f o r a m in if e r a i n th e h a y . Specim ens a re r a r e i n th e bottom s e d im e n ts , and a re r e s t r i c t e d to th e o f f s h o r e a r e a s and th e c h a n n e l betw een C oats and M ansel I s l a n d s . The l a t t e r o c c u rre n c e o f p la n k to n ic f o r a m i n i f e r a i n d i c a t e s t h a t s a l i n e w a te r from Hudson S t r a i t e n t e r s Hudson Bay o n ly th ro u g h t h i s c h a n n e l. 5 . A s tu d y o f e n v iro n m e n ta l f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 13 dom inant b e n th ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l s p e c ie s r e v e a le d t h a t d ep th and s u b s t r a t e a re o f m a^or im p o rta n c e . 6 . A f o r a m i n i f e r a l d e p th z o n a tio n i n Hudson Bay b ased on dom inant l i v i n g s p e c ie s i s as f o llo w s : S h allo w Bay Fauna ( 2 6 - 130m) r e p r e s e n te d by E g g e r e lla advena and and P ro te lp h ld iu m o r b l c u l a r e : I n te r m e d ia te Bay Fauna (5 0 -1 75m) c o n s i s t i n g o f T e x t u l a r l a c o n t o r t a . S p l r o- p lectam m in a b lf o r m is and B u c c e lla f r i g i d a ; Deep Bay Fauna (l00-230m ) r e p r e s e n te d by C a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s i . R e c u rv o id e s t u r b l n a t u s . A dercotrym a g lo m eratu m , M elonls zaandam ae. C a s s i d e l l a co m p la n a ta . and B u llm ln e lla e l e g a n t l s s l m a ; and C osm opolitan Bay Fauna (26-230m) exem p l i f i e d by E lphldlum in c e rtu m and C a s s ld u lln a l s l a n d l c a . 7 . The Hudson Bay f o r a m i n i f e r a l fa u n a I s a c h a ra c t e r i s t i c c irc u m p o la r fa u n a . I t I s s i m i l a r to o th e r fa u n a s r e p o r te d from th e A r c tic and th e n o r t h e a s t and n o rth w e s t 219 c o a s t s o f North. A m erica, b u t i t s g r e a t e s t a f f i n i t i e s a re to th e s h a llo w n o r t h A t l a n t i c f a u n a . 8 . S ed im e n ts d e p o s ite d i n Hudson Bay Im m e d ia te ly f o llo w in g g l a c i a l r e c e s s i o n 7 ,0 0 0 to 8 ,0 0 0 y e a r s ago a re a m ix tu re o f p e b b l e s , sa n d , and mud, t h a t c l o s e l y re s e m b le g l a c i a l t i l l . Removal o f a c c e s s i b l e g l a c i a l d e b r i s and d e c re a s e d r u n o f f I n to th e bay r e s u l t e d I n s lo w e r r a t e s o f s e d im e n ta tio n and d e p o s lto n o f f i n e r g r a in e d s e d im e n t. 9 . The f i r s t f o r a m i n i f e r a to m ig r a te i n t o th e bay w ere members o f th e h a rd y C o sm o p o litan Bay Fauna re p r e s e n te d m a in ly by E ln h ld lu m in c e rtu m and C a s s ld u l ln a i s l a n d i c a : th e o n ly s p e c ie s I n th e low er s e c t i o n s o f m ost o f th e c o r e s . 10. A m e lio ra tio n o f th e e n v iro n m e n t i s r e f l e c t e d i n th e c o r e s by th e f i r s t a p p e a ra n c e o f an a b u n d a n t and d iv e r s e b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l p o p u la tio n composed m a in ly o f members o f th e Deep Bay F a u n a . P la n k to n lc f o r a m i n i f e r a f i r s t o c c u r i n th e c o r e s a t a b o u t th e same l e v e l a s th e d iv e r s e b e n t h ic p o p u l a t i o n . P la n lc to n lc form s a re s e n s i t i v e e n v iro n m e n ta l i n d i c a t o r s , and t h e i r p r e s e n c e i s a seco n d I n d i c a t i o n o f th e c o n v e rs io n to more n o rm al m a rin e c o n d i t i o n s . 11. S h o a lin g o f Hudson Bay due to p o s t - g l a c i a l i s o s t a t i c a d ju s tm e n t i s i l l u s t r a t e d by re p la c e m e n t upw ards I n th e c o r e s o f th e Deep Bay Fauna by th e I n te r m e d i a te Bay F au n a, and i n some I n s t a n c e s th e l a t t e r i s r e p l a c e d 220 by th e S h allo w Bay F au n a. 12. A ren aceo u s f o r a m i n i f e r a , w hich p r e s e n t l y dom inate th e b e n t h ic f o r a m i n i f e r a l f a u n a i n p a r t s o f Hudson Bay, a re r e l a t i v e l y l a t e a r r i v a l s to th e b a y . The c o re s s t u d i e d c o n ta in a re n a c e o u s f o r a m i n i f e r a o n ly i n th e u p p e r s e c t i o n s , and th e y seldom r e p r e s e n t more th a n 5 p e r c e n t o f th e f a u n a . 13. The 6 c o r e s exam ined from Hudson Bay show s e d i m e n ta tio n r a t e s r a n g in g from 58 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s to 15 cm p e r 1000 y e a r s . These a r e minimum f i g u r e s o f m arine s e d im e n ta tio n s in c e none o f th e c o r e s r e a c h e d th e b ase o f th e p o s t - P l e l s t o c e n e s e c t i o n . A lso th e r a t e was p r o b a b ly more r a p i d d u rin g th e e a r l y p o s t - P l e i s t o c e n e and h a s d e c re a s e d s t e a d i l y s i n c e . R E F E R E N C E S REFERENCES ANDERSONi G. A ., 1963, D i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s o f r e c e n t f o r a m in if e r a o f th e B ering S ea: M ic ro p a le o n to lo g y , v . 9, no. 3 , p . 305-317. 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L ., 1947, R econnaissance geology o f p o r tio n s o f V ic t o r ia I s la n d and a d ja c e n t r e g io n s , A r c tic Canada: G eol. Soc. America Memoir 22, l4 2 p . WILSON, J . T ., 1956, Geology of N o rth ern Canada: Canadian N o rth , U n ite d S ta te s Navy, p . 405-424. A P P E N D I X E S APPENDIX I FAUNAL REFERENCE LIST APPENDIX I FAUNAL REFERENCE LIST PLANKTONIO SPECIES GIOBIGERINA PAQHYDERMA (E h re n b e rg ) ( P l a t o 10, f i g u r e s 8 a , b , c) A r l s t e r o s p l r a pachyderm a E h re n b e rg , 1861, K. Akad, W lss. B e r l i n , M o n a ts h e r ., p . 276. BENTHONIC SPECIES , — IY M A GLDMmATUM (B rady) ;P l a t e 4 , f i g u r e s 3 a , b , c ) L l t u o l a g lo m e ra ta B rad y , 1878, Ann. Mag. N a t. H i s t . , S e r . 5 * v • 1, p . 4 3 3 , p i • 20« f i g . 1 a™c* AMMODISOUS PLANUS Hflglund ( P l a t e 9* f i g u r e s 7 a , b) Ammodiscus p la n u s H #glund, 1947* Z o o l. B ld ra g , U p p s a la , Bd. 2 6 , p . 123, p i . 8 , f i g s . 2 , 3 . AMMONIUM ( P a r k e r ) ( P l a t e 1, f i g u r e s 14a, b) L l t u o l a c a s s i s P a r k e r , 1870, I n Dawson, Can. N a t. n . s , v . 5* p . 177* 180, f i g . 3 . ANGULOGERINA ANGULOS A (W illia m so n ) ( t l a t e 8 , f i g u r e s 13a, b , c) U v lg e r ln a a n g u lo s a W illia m so n , 1858, Roy. S o c ., p . < 57',.' p i . 5 , f i g . 140. ASTAOOLUS HYALAORULUS L o e b lic h and Tappan ( t l a i e 5 , f i g u r e s 1a, b) A s ta c o lu s h y a l a c r u l u s L o e b lic h and T appan, 1953 S m ith s o n ia n I n s i . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, n . 7* p . 5 2 , p i . 9 , f i g s . 1 -4 . 2 3 2 233 ASTERELLINA PULCHELLA ( P a rk e r ) (fp la te 9 , f i g u r e s 9 a , b , c ) P n l n a e l l a ? p u l c h e l l a P a r k e r , 1952, H arv ard C o l l . , Mus. Comp. Zo6 i . , B u l l . , v . 106 (1951-1952) n . 9 , p . 420, p i . 6 , f i g s . 18- 2 0 . ASTRONONION STELLATUM Cushman and Edwards ( P l a t e 7» f i g u r e s 9 a , b) A s tro n o n lo n s t e l l a t u m Cushman and Edw ards, 1937, C o n tr. Cushman L ab. Foram . R e s ., v . 13* p* 3 2 , p i . 3 , f i g s . 9 -1 1 . BIGENERINA ARCTIOA (B rady) ( P l a t e 1, f i g u r e s 8 , 9) Reonhax a r o t i c a B rady, 1881, Ann. Mag. N a t. H i s t . , s e r . 5 , v . 8 , p . 405, p i . 2 1 , f i g s , 2 a , b . BOLIVINA PACIFICA Cushman and M cC ullock ( P l a t e 9 , f i g u r e s 3 , 4) Bol i v l n a a c e r o s a Cushman s u b s p . p a c l f l c a Cushman and M cC ullock, 1942, A lla n Hancock E x p e d itio n s , v . 6 , n . 5 * p* 1 8 5 , p i* 2 1 , f i g s , 2 , 3 * EUCCELLA FRIGIDA (Cushman) ( P l a t e 10, f i g u r e s 2 a , b , c ) P u l v l n u l l n a f r l g l d a Cushman, 1922, C o n tr. Can. B i o l . No. £ (1 9 2 1 ), p . 12, (1 4 4 ). BUOCELLA TENERRIMA (Bandy) ( P l a t e 10 , f i g u r e s 1 a, b , c) R o t a l l a t e n e r r im a Bandy, 1950, J o u r . P a l . , v . 2 4 , n . 3 , p . 278* p i* 4 2 , f i g . 3 . BULIMINELLA ELEGANTISSIMA ( d ’o r b lg n y ) ( P l a t e 9 , f i g u r e s 2 a , b) y B u llm ln a e l e g a n t i s s l m a d 90 r b ig n y , 1839, Voy. Amer. M e r id ., v . 5 , p t . 5* " F o r a m in if e r e s , p . 5 1 , p i . 7 , f i g s . 13, 14. CASSIDELLA COMPLANATA (E g g e r) ( P l a t e 8 , f i g u r e s 11a, b) V l r g u l l n a s c h r a l b e r s 1an a O zic ze k v a r . o o m p lan ata E g g e r, 1895, K. b a y e r . A kad. ¥ i s s . , m a t h .- p h y s i k . c i . , A b h ., Milnchen, D e u ts c h la n d , b d . 18 , a b t h . 2 , (1 8 9 3 ), p . 1 9 2 , p i . 8 , f i g s . 91 - 9 2 . CASSIDELLA TESSELLATA ( P h le g e r and P a r k e r) — ( P l a t e 'f i g u r e s 1a , b) V i r g u lin a t e s s e l l a t a P h le g e r and P a r k e r , 1951* 234 G eol. S oc. Amer. Mem. 46, P t . I I , p . 19, p i . 9 , f i g s . 15a, b , 16a , b . CASSIDULINA ISLANDICA Norvang ( P i a i e 10, f i g u r e s 4 a , b , c j C a s s ld u lln a l s l a n d l c a N orvang, 1945, The Zoology o f Ic e la n d , v . 2 , p t . 2 , p . 41, f i g s . 7 , 8 . CASSIDULINA NORCROSSI Cushman " ( P l a t e 10, f i g u r e s 3 a , b , c) C a s s ld u lln a n o r c r o s s 1 Cushman, 1933, S m ith so n ian "M isc. C o l l . , v . 8$, n*9, p . 7 , pi* 2, f i g . 7 . OASSIDULINA TERETIS Tappan ( P la te 10, f i g u r e s 5 a , b , c) C a s s ld u lln a t e r e t l s Tappan, 1951, C ont. Cushman Pound. Foram* R es. v . 2 , p t . 1, p . 7 , p i . 1, f i g s . 3 0 a -c . CIBI0IDK5 LOBATULUS (W alker and J a c o b ) ( P la te 10, f i g u r e s 6 a , b , c) N a u tilu s lo b a tu lu s W alker and J a c o b , 1798, i n Kanmacher, F . , Adam1s E ssay s on th e m ic ro sc o p e , e d . 2, p . 642. O RIBROSTOMPIDES CRASSIMARGO (Norman) ( P l a t e 2 , f i g u r e s 2 a , b) Hanlophragmlum cra ssim a rg o Norman, 1892, Museum Normanianum, p t . 7, 8 , p . 17, p i . 35, f i g . 4 . ORIBROSTOMOIDBS JEFFREYSI (W illiam son) ( p l a t e 2 , f i g u r e s 3a , b , c) N onlonlna .l e f f r e y s l i W illia m so n , 1858, R ecent F o ra m in ife ra o f G re a t B r i t a i n , p . 34, f i g s . 72, 73* DENTALINA BAGGI Galloway and W is s le r CPlaTe5, f i g u r e 2) D e n ta lin a b aggl Galloway and W is s le r, 1927, J o u r . P a l . , v . 1 , p . 49, p i . 8 , f i g s . 14, 1 5 . DENTALINA FROBISHERENSIS L o e b lic h and Tappan ( p l a t e 5 , f ig u r e 4) D e n ta lin a f r o b i s h e r e n s l s L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, n . 7, p . 55, p i . 10, f i g s . 1-9* DENTALINA ITTAI L o e b lic h and Tappan T P la te 5 , f i g u r e s 5 a , b) D e n ta lin a i t t a l l o e b l i c h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , V. 121, n . 7 , p . 56, p i . 10, f i g s . 1-9. 235 DENTALIUA PAUPERATA d 'O rb ig n y ( P la te 5» f i g u r e 3) D e n ta lin a p a u n e r a ta d 'O rb ig n y , 1346, F o r a m ln if e r e s f o s s i l s du b a s s l n t e r t i a r e . . . V ienne . . . , p . 46, p i . I , f i g s . 57, 58. EGGERELLA ADVENA ( Cushman) ( P la te 2 , f i g u r e s 4 a , b) V e r n e u llln a advena Cushman, 1922, Canada B io l. B oard, C o n tr. C anadian B i o l . , n . 9 , p . 9 . ELPHIDIELLA ARCTIOA (P a rk e r and J o n e s) ( P la te 8 , f f g u r e s 12a, b) P o ly s to m e lla a r c t l c a P a r k e r and J o n e s , 1864, In B rady, H .B ., L in n . S oc. London, T r a n s ., v . 24, p t . 3 , p . 471, p i . 48, f i g . 18. ELPHIDIUM ARTICU LATUM (d 'O rb ig n y ) ( P l a t e 8 , f i g u r e s 9 a , b) P o ly s to m e lla a r t l c u l a t a d 'O rb ig n y , 1839, Voyage dans 1'A m drique M e r id io n a ls ; F o r a m i n i f e r a s . S tr a s b o u r g , P ra n c e , L e v r a u lt , tome 5 , p t . 5, p . 3 0 , p i . 3 , f i g s . 9 , 10. ELPHIDIUM BART LETTI Cushman ( p l a t e 8 , f i g u r e s 10a, b) E lp h id lu m b a r t l e t t l Cushman, 1933, S m ith so n ia n M isc. C o l l . , v . 8 9 , n . 9 , P- 4 , p i . 1, f i g . 9 . ELPHIDIUM IHCERTUM (W illiam so n ) ( P l a t e 8 , f i g u r e s 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 a , 8b) P o ly s to m e lla u m b i l i c a t u l a (W alker) s u b s p . i n c e r t a William'sbn"J 1 8 5 8 , Roy. S o c ., London, p . 4 4 . ELPHIDIUM SUBAROTI CU M Cushman E lnhldlum su b a rc 'tlcu m Cushman. 1944, Cushman Lab. Foram . R e s. S p ec. P u b l. 12, p . 27, p i . 3 , f i g s . 34, 3 5 . EPISTOMIUELLA TAKAYANAGII Iw asa ( P la te 9 , f i g u r e s 1 0 a , b , c ) E p ls to m ln e lla ta k a y a n a g li Iw a sa , 1955, G eo l. S oc. J a p a n , J o u r . , Tokyo, v . 61, n . 712, p . 16, 17, t f . 4 a - c . FISSURIHA CUCURBITASEMA L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e 9) F i s s u r l n a c u c u rb lta s e m a L o e b lic h and T appan, 1953, 2 3 6 S m ith s o n ia n I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, p . 76, p i . 14, f i g s . 10, 11. FISSURINA MARGINATA (M ontagu) ( P l a t e 6 , f i g u r e 10) V erm iculum m arginatum M ontagu, 1803, T e s ta c e a B r i t a n n i c a , p . 5 2 4 . FISSURINA SERRATA (S c h u lu m b e rg e r) ( p l a t e 8 , 'f ig u r e s 11a, b ) L agena s e r r a t a S c h lu m b e rg e r, 1894, Mem. S o c . Z o o l. P ra n c e , v . 7 , p . 258, p i . 3 , f i g . 7 GLABRATELLA WRIGHTII ( B ra d y ) ( p l a t e 10, f i g u r e s 7 a , b , c) D ls c o r b ln a w r i g h t l l , H.B. B rady, 1881, Ann. Mag. N a t. H i s t . , s e r . 5, v . 8 , p . 413, p i* 21, f i g s . 6 a - c . GLANDULINA LAEVIGATA d ’O rbigny l a t e 7 , f i g u r e 1 ) N o d o sarl a ( G la n d u lin a ) l a e v i g a t a d 'O rb ig n y , 1826, Ann. S c i . N a t ., v . 7 , p® 2 5 2 ," p i . 10, f i g s . 1-3® GLOBOBULIMINA AURIOULATA AROT^CA HSglund ( P la te 9 , f i g u r e s 8 a , b , c ) G lo b o b u llm ln a a u r i c u l a t a ( B a ile y ) form a a r o tic a H ttg lu n d , Z o o l. B id r a g , U p p s a la , Bd. 2 6 , p . 254, t f s . 266, 267. GUTTULINA DAWSONI Cushman and Ozawa ( p l a t e V, f i g u r e 5) G u t t u l l n a daw soni Cushman and Ozawa, 1930, U .S . N a t. M us., P r o c . , v . 7 7 , n . 2829, a r t . 6, p . 4 7 , p i . 12, f i g s . 1, 2 . GUTTULINA GLACIALIS (Cushman and Ozawa) ( P la te 7 , f i g u r e 4) G lo b u lin a g l a c i a l l s Cushman and Ozawa, 1930, P r o c . U .S . N atl k u 's. , v . 77, A r t. 6, p . 7 1 , p i . 15, f i g s . 6 , 7® HIPPOOREPINA INDIVISA P a r k e r ( P la te 1, f i g u r e 4) H ip p o c re p ln a l n d l v l s a P a r k e r , 1870, i n Dawson, G.M. C an ad ian N a t. , v . 5 , p® 177, t f . 2 . HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA Brady ( P la te 1, f i g u r e 3) Hyperammlna e l o n g a ta B rady, 1878, Ann. Mag. N a t. H i s t . , s e r . 5 , v . I , p . 433, pi® 2 0 , f i g s . 2 a , b . 237 HYPERAMMINA SUBNODOSA Brady H-rnerammina subnodosa Brady, 1884, Rep. Voy. C h a lle n g e r, v . 9 , (Z o o lo g y ), p . 259, p i . 23, f i g s . 11-14. LAGENA APIOPLEURA L o eb lich and Tappan (p fa t“ , f ig u r e 6) Lagena a p lo n le u r a L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l ., v . 121, n . 7 , p . 59, p i . 10, f i g s . 14, 15. LAGENA FLATULENTA L o eb lich and Tappan ( P la te 5, f ig u r e 9) Lagena f l a t u l e n t a L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l ., v . 121, n . 7, p . 60, p i . 11, f i g s . 9, 1 0 .. LAGENA GRA.dLLIMA (Seguenza) ( P la te 5 , f ig u r e 7) Amnhorlna g r a o illim a Seguenza, 1862, Bel t e r r e n i T e r z l a r i l d e l d i e i r e t t o d i M essina; P a r t I I I - D e sc riz lo n e d e i f o r a m in lf e r i m onotalam lci d e l l a marne m io cen lch e. M essina, I t a l i a , T. Capra p . 51, p i . 1, fig * 37* LAGENA LAEVIS (Montagu) ( P la te 5, f ig u r e 8) Vermiculum la e v e Montagu, 1803, T e sta c e a B r ita n n ic a , p . 524. LAGENA MERIDIONALIS W iesner ( fla 'te “ 57 T ig u r'e 13) Lagena g r a c i l i s W illiam son su b sp . m e r id io n a lis W iesner, i9 3 1, D eutsche S tidpolar-E xped. 1901-1903, v . 20, (Z oology, v . 12), p . 117, p i . 18, f i g . 211. LAGENA MOLLIS Cushman ( P la te 5, f i g u r e s 11a, b) Lagena g r a o ill im a su b sp . m o llis Cushman, 1944 Cushman Lab. Foram . R es. Spec. P u b l. 12 , p . 21, p i . 3 , f i g . 3. LAGENA NEBULOSA Cushman (P la te E ?, f ig u r e 14) Lagena l a e v l s (Montagu) v a r . n eb u lo sa Cushman, 1923, U .S. N a t. Mus. , B u l l ., n . 104, p . 29, p i . 5, f i g s . 4, 5. LAGENA PARRI L o e b lic h and Tappan ( p la te 5, f ig u r e 10) Lagena n a r r l L o eb lich and Tappan, 1953, S m ithsonian I n s t . M isc. C o l l ., v . 121, p . 64, p i . 11, f i g s . 11-13* 2 3 8 LAGENA SEMILINEAIA W right ( P la te 5, f ig u r e 12) Lagena s e m ilin e a ta W rig h t, 1886, P ro c . B e lf a s t N at. F ie ld fliu b . , n . s . , v . I , app. 8 , p . 320, p i . 26, f i g . 7 . MELONIS ZAANDAM AE (van V oorthuysen) ( t i a t e 5 , f ig u r e 12) A nom alinoldes barleeanum (W illia m so n )su b sp . zaandamae van Y oortkuysen, 1952, i n , Thalman, J o u r . P a l . , v . 26, n . 2, p . 265. NONIONELLA AURICULA H ero n -A lien and E arlan d { P la te 7 9 f i g u r e s 7 a , b, c) N o n io n e lla a u r i c u l a H ero n -A lien and E a rla n d , 1930, J o u rn . Roy. M ic r. S o o ., v . 50, p . 192, p i . 5 , f i g s . 68-70. NONIONELLA LABRADORICA (Dawson) ( P la te 7 , f i g u r e s 8 a , b) N onionlna la b r a d o r ic a Dawson, i8 6 0 , Canadian N at. G e o l., v . 5 , p , 191, t f . 4 . POLINA BOREALIS L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P la te 6 , f ig u r e 4) O o lln a b o r e a l i s L o e b lic h and Tappan 1954, emend to O o lln a c o s t a t a (W illiam son) W ashington Acad. S c l . , J o u r . , v . 44, n . 12, p . 384. POLINA OAUDIGERA (W iesner) { P la te 6 , f ig u r e 3) Lagena (E n to s o le n la ) g lo b o se (Montagu) v a r . c a u d lg e ra W iesn er, 1^31, D eutsche S & dpolar-E xped., 1901-1903j v . 20 (Zoology, v . 12), p . 119, p i . 18, f i g . 214. POLINA HEXAGONA (W illiam son) ( P la te 6, f ig u r e 5) E n to s o le n la squamosa (Montagu) v a r . hexagona W illiam so n , 1848, Ann. Mag. N at. H i s t . , s e r 2, v . I , p . 20, p i . 2, f i g . 2 3 . POLINA LINEATA (W illiam son) ( P la te 6 , f ig u r e 6) E n to s e le n ia l i n e a t a W illiam so n . 1848, Ann. Mag. N at. H i s t . , s e r . 2 , v . 1, p . 18 , p i . 2 , f i g . 18. POLINA LINBATOPUNCTATA (H ero n -A lien and E arlan d ) (Iplate 6, f ig u r e 8) Lagena g lo b o sa (Montagu) su b sp . lin e a to p u n c ta ta H ero n -A lien and E a rla n d , 1922, N at. H is t. R e p ., Zoo1 . , v . 6, n . 2 , p . 142, p i . 5, f i g s . 12— 14. 239 POLINA M ELQ d 'O rb ig n y ( P la te 6 , f ig u r e 2) / P o lin a melo d 'O rb ig n y , 1859, Voyage dans l ’Amerique M e rid io n a ls ; F o ra m in if d re s , tome 5, p t . 5 . 00LINA SQUAMOSA (Montagu) C H k ^ e T T T T g u re 7) Vermiculum squamosum M ontagu, 1893, T e s ta c e a B r lta n n ic a , p . 5 2 6 , p i . 14, f i g . 2 . POLINA STRIATQFUNOTATA (P a rk e r and Jo n e s) ( P la te 5 , f i g u r e 1) ^ Lagena s u l c a t a (W alker and Ja c o b ) su b sp . s t r l a t o p u n c t a t a P a rk e r and J o n e s , 1865, P h i l o s . T ra n s . Roy. s o c . London, v . 155, p . 350, p i . 13, f i g s . 2 5 -2 7 . PARAFISSURINA FUSULIFORMIS L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P la te 6 , f i g u r e s 14a, b , c) P a r a f l s s u r i n a f u s u l l f o r m l s L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121 n . 7 , p . 79, p i . 14, f i g s . 18, 19. PARAFISSURINA HIMATIOSTOMA L o e b lic h and Tappan ----------------------- "f'fgure 1 3 ) P a r a f l s s u r i n a h lm a tlo sto m a L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953 S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, n . 7 , p . 80, p i . 14, f i g s . 12-14. PARAFISSURINA TEOTULOSTOMA L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P la te 6 , f i g u r e s 12 a, b ) P a r a f l s s u r i n a te c tu lo s to m a L o e b lic h and Tappan, 1953, S m ith so n ian I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 1 2 1 , n . 7 , p . 8 1 , p i . 14, f i g . 17. PATELLINA CORRUGATA W illiam so n ( P l a t e 9 , f i g u r e s 8 a , b , c) P a t e U l n a c o r r u g a ta W illia m so n , 1858, Roy. S o c ., London, p . 46, p i . 3 , f i g s . 86- 8 9 . PATEORIS HAUERINOIDES (Rhum bler) ( P l a t e 4 , f i g u r e s 2 a , b , c) Q u in o u e lo c u lln a s u b ro tu n d a (M ontagu) form a h a u e rln o id e s Rhumbler^ f9 3 6 , Foram. d e r K le l e r B ucht, T e il I I - A m m odisculinidae b i s T e z tu le n id a e , v . I , n . I , p p . 206, 217, 226, t e x t f i g s . 167 (p . 2 0 5 ), 208-212 (p . 225) PROTELBHIDIUM ORBICULARE (B rady) ( P la te 7 , f i g u r e s 11a, b , c) N onlonina o r b i c u l a r i s B rady. 1881, Uber e in ig e a r k tis c h e T ie fs e e -F o ra m in lfe re m gesem m elt wahrend d e r 240 a s te r r e ic h e s c h u n g a r i s c h e n N o rd p o 1 -E x p e d itio n I n den J a h re n 1.872-1874, Bd. 4 3 , A b th . 2 , p . 105, p i . 2 , f i g . 5 . PYRGO SUBSPHAERIOA ( d 'O r b lg n y ) ( P l a t e 4 , f i g u r e s 1a, b , c) B l l o c u l i n a s u b s p h a e r lc a d 'O rb lg n y , 1 8 3 9 ,^ H is to i r e p h y siq u e e t n a t u r e l i e de 1 T ie de Cuba, F o r a m in if e r e s . A. B e rtr a n d , P a r i s , P ra n c e , p . 162, v . 8 , p i . 8 , f i g s . 2 5 -2 7 . QUINQUELO CULINA AGGLUTINATA Cushman ( P l a t e 3 , f i g u r e s 1a, “ b , c ) Q u ln q u e lo c u lin a a g g l u t l n a t a Cushman, 1917* U. S . N a t. Mus. B u ll? 717 p t . 6, p . 4 3 , p i . 9 , f i g . 2 . QIJINQUEIQ CULINA AROTIQA Cushman ( P l a t e 3 , f i g u r e s 4 a , b , c) Q ulnouelo c u l i n a a r o t l c a Cushman, 1933, S m ith so n ia n I n s t . M isc . C o l l . , v . 89, n . 9 , p . 2 , p i . 1, f i g . 3 . QUINQUELOCULINA SEMINULUM (L in n e” ) (P l a t e 3 * / f i g u r e s 2 a , b , c) S e r p u la sem lnulum L in n e, 1758, System a n a t u r a e , Ed. 10 H olm iae, S u e c ia , im p e n sis L. S a l v i i , tomus 1, p . 7 8 6 , QUINOUELO.C ULIM ST A p ERI L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P la te 3 , f i g u r e s 3 a , b , c) Q ulnquelo c u l i n a s ta lk e r ! L o e b lic h and T appan, 1953, S m ith so n ia n I n s i . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, n . 7 , p . 4 0 , p i . 5» f i g s . 5 - 9 . RECURVOIDES TURBINATUS (B rady) ( P la te 2 , f i g u r e s 1a, b , c ) Hanlonhragm lum tu rb in a tu m B rady, 1881, Q u a r t. J o u r n . M ic r. S o c ., n . s . , v . 21, p . 5 ^; 1884, Rep. Voy. C h a lle n g e r , v . 9 (Z o o lo g y ), p . 312, f i g s . 9 a - c . REOPHAX SOORPIURUS M o n tfo rt ( p l a t e 1, f i g u r e s 6 , 7) Reophax s o o r p lu r u s M o n tfo rt, 1808, C o n c h y lio lo g ie system atT q u e . . . , v . I , p . 330 REOPHAX SCOTTII C h a s te r ( P la te 1, f i g u r e 5) Reophax s o o t t i i C h a s te r , 1892, S o u th p o rt S oc. N a t. S c l . , Jtiept., 1 s t R e p t. (1 8 9 0 -9 1 ), A ppend., p . 5 7 , p l» 1? fig * 1« REOPHAX SUBFUSIFORMIS E a rla n d ~~ ( P l a t e 1, f i g u r e s 10, 11) Reonhax s u b f u s if o r m ls E a r la n d , 1933, P o r a m in if e r a ; P t . I I - S o u t h G e o rg ia , D isc o v e ry R e p t s ., v . 7 , 241 P* 7 4 , p i . 2 . , f i g s . 1 6 -1 9 . ROBERTINA AROTIQA d 'O rb lg n y ( P la te 8 , f i g u r e 14a, b) R o b e r tln a a r c t l c a d*O rbigny, 1846, F o r a m in if e r e s f o s s i l e s du b a s s i n t e r t i a i r e de V ien n e. GIde a t Oomp., p . 2 0 2 , p i . 2 1 , f i g s . 3 7 * 3 8 * ROBERTIMPIDES QHARLOTTBESIS (Cushman) ( P l a t e 9 , f i g u r e s 5 a , b) O a s s ld u lln a ohar l o t t e n s l s Cushman, 1925* C o n tr. Cushman Lab. Foram . R e s ., v . I , p t . 2, p . 4 1 , p i . 5 , f i g s . 6 , 7 . SAOOAMMIEA ATLANTIC! (Cushman) ( P l a t e 1, f i g u r e s 1, 2) P r o te o n in a a t l a n t l e a Cushman, 1944, S p e c . P u b l. 12, Cushman Lab. Foram . R e s ., p . 5 , pi* 1, f i g . 4 . SOUTULORIS TEGMINIS L o e b lic h and Tappan ( P l a t e 3 9" fT g u re s 5 a, b , c) S cut u l o r i s te g m ln ls L o e b lic h and T appan, 1953, S m ith s o n ia n I n s t . M isc. C o l l . , v . 121, n . 7» p . 4 1 , p i . 5 , fig * 1 0 . SIGMOIDELLA PACIFICA Cushman and Ozawa ( P la te 7 , f i g u r e 6 ) S lg m o id e lla (S lg m o ld ln a ) p a c l f l c a Cushman and Ozawa, 1928, C o n tr . Cushman Lab. Foram . Re s . , v . 4 , p . 19, p i . 2 , f i g . 13. SIGMOMORPHINA UNDULOSA (Terguem ) ( P l a t e 7 , f i g u r e s 2, 3 a , b) P o ly m o rn h ln a u n d u lo s a Terguem , 1878, Mem. S o c. G e o l. F rance, sG r. 3» v . 1, p . 41, p i . 3 (8 ), f i g s . 3 5 a , b . SILICOSIGMOILINA GROENLANDICA (Cushman) ( P l a t e 7 , f i g u r e s 2 , 5 a , b) Q u in au elo c u l i n a fu s o a Brady v a r . g r o e n la n d ic a Cushman, 1933, SPIROPLECTAMMINA BIFORMIS (P a rk e r and J o n e s ) ( P l a t e 2 , f i g u r e s 5, 6 , 7) T e x t u l a r i a a g g l u tln a n s d 'O rb lg n y s u b s p . b lf o r m ls P a r k e r and J o n e s , 18 6 5 , Roy. S o c. London, P h i l o s . T r a n s ., v* 155, p* 17 0 , p i . 15, f i g s . 2 3 a , b . TEXTULARIA CONTORT! H dglund ( p l a i e 1 ,' f i g u r e s 12, 13) T e x t u l a r i a c o n t o r t a Hflglund, 1947, Z o o l. B id ra g , U p p sa la , Bet. 26, p . 182, p i . 13, f i g . 4 a , b . 242 TRILOOULINA TRIGONULA (Lamark) ( P la te 3 , f ig u r e s 6a, b , c) M i l l o l l t e s t r l g o n u l a lam ark, 1804, P a r i s Mus. N a tio n a l H i s t . N a t., A nn., (An X I I I ) , tome 5, ( p i . 17, tome 9 , 1807), p . 351* TROOHAM MINA NANA (Brady) ( P la te 4, f i g u r e s 6 a, b, c) Hanlophragmium nana B rady, 1881, Q u art, J o u rn . M ic r. S o c ., v . 21, p . 50; 1884, Rep. Voy. C h a lle n g e r, v . 9, (Z o o lo g y ), p . 311, p i . 35* f i g s . 6 -8 . TROOHAM MINA ROTALIPORMIS W right ( P la te 4, f ig u r e s 8 a , b, c) Trochammlna r o t a l i f o r m i s W right, 1911* in H ero n -A llen and and B a rla n d , 1 o u rn , Roy. M icr. S o c ., p . 309. TROOHAM MINA SQUAM ATA Jo n es and P a rk e r ( p la te 4, f ig u r e s 7 a , b, c) Trochammina soum ata Jo n es and P a r k e r, i8 6 0 , G eol. Soc. London, Q u a rt. J o u r ., v . 16, p . 304. TROCHAMMINELLA ATLANTIOA P a rk e r ( P la te 4 , f i g u r e s 4 a, b , c) Trocham m lnella a t l a n t l c a P a rk e r, 1952, B u ll. Mus. Oomp. Z o o l., v . 106, n . 9, p . 409, p i . 4 , f i g s . 17-19. TROCHAMMINELLA BULLATA Hflglund ( P la te 4 , f i g u r e s 5 a, b, c) Trochammlne11a b u l l a t a HOglund, 1947, Z ool. B id ra g , U p p sala, Bd. £6, p . 213, p i . 17, f i g . 5 . APPENDIX I I EXPLANATION OP PLATES 244 P l a t e 1. — SACCAMMINIDAE, HYPERAMMINIDAE REOPHACIDAE TEXTUIARIIDAE, AND LITUOLIDAE » F ig u re Page 1, 2 . Saccamm ina a t l a n t l c a (C ushm an), x SO . . . 241 3 . Hyperammlna e lo n K a ta BradLv. x 2 S .................... 236 4 . H io o o c re n in a i n d i v i s a P a r k e r , x SO . . . . 236 5 . Reoohax s c o t t i i C h a s te r , x 100 ......................... 240 6 , 7 . Reonhax s c o r o iu r u s M o n tf o r t. x 2S . . . . 240 8, 9. B ie e n e r in a a r o t i c a ( B ra d v ). x 100 . . . . 233 1 0 ,1 1 . Reonhax s u h f u s if o r m is E a r la n d , x 2S . . . 240 14. Ammotium c a s s i s ( P a r k e r ) , x SO. a . edea view ; b , s id e v iew .................................................. 232 12 13 14 a 14 b PLATE I P l a t e 2 . — LITUOLIDAE, VALVULINIDAE, TEXTU LARI IDAS, AND RZEHAKINIDAE F ig u re 1 . R a o u rv o ld es t u r b l n a t u s (B ra d y ), x 100. a , s id e view ; b , s id e view ; c , a p e r t u r a l view , 2 . O rib ro sto m o id e s c ra s s im a rg o (N orm an), x 25 a , s id e view ; b , a p e r t u r a l view .................... 3 . O rib ro sto m o id e s .l e f f r e v s i (W illia m s o n ). x 5 0 . a , s id e view ; b , s id e v iew ; c 9 a p e r t u r a l v iew . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . E ggere11a advena (C ushm an), x 100. a , s id e v ie w show ing th e a p e r t u r e ; b , s id e view . 5~7* Sp i r o p l e ctamm ina b if o r m is (P a rk e r and J o n e s ) . x 100. t , 6, 7 , s id e view s show ing v a r i a t i o n i n s i z e and shape . • • 8• S i l i c o s i g m o i l l n a g r o e n la n d ic a ( Cushman) . x 5 0 . a» s id e view ; b , s id e v iew ; c , a p e r t u r a l v iew ....................................................... Page 240 2 3 4 234 235 241 241 PLATE 2 248 P l a t e 3 . — M IL I01IM E F ig u re Page 1• Q u in a u e lo o u lln a a g g lu t l n a t a Cushman. x 5 0 . " a , s id e v iew ; b , s id e v iew ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ............................................................240 2 . Q u in au e lo c u l i n a sem lnulum ( L in n e ). x 2 5 . a , s id e v ie w ; s id e v ie w ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ........................................................................................... 240 3 . Q u in a u e lo o u lln a s t a l k e r ! L o e b lic h and T appan. x 5 0 . a , s id e v ie w ; b , s id e v iew ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ............................................................240 4 . Q ulnque lo c u l i n a a r c t i c a Cushman, x 5 0 . a , s id e v ie w ; FJ sTcTe” v ie w ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ........................................................................................... 240 5 . S c u t u l o r i s tL e^m inla, L o e b lic h and T appan. x 100. a , s id e v ie w ; b , s id e v ie w ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ...................................... 241 6 . T r i l o c u l i n a t r l g o n u l a (L a m ark ). x 5 0 . a , s id e view ; b , s id e v ie w ; c . a p e r t u r a l v i e w .............................. 242 249 4 a 4 b 5 c 6 a 6 b PLATE 3 P L A T E 4 P L A T E 3 2 5 0 P l a t e 4 . — MILIOLIDAE, LITUOLIDAE, AND TROOHAMMINIDAE F ig u re Page 1* iXlSfi. fittfcgpfaaer3.ffa ( d ’O rb ig n y ). X 50. a , f r o n t view ; b , s id e view c , a p e r t u r a l ...v i e w ........................................................... 240 2 . E ateorliS ha&ejriLnaiflea (R hum bler). x 5 0 . a , s id e view ; b , s id e view ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ......................................................................................... 239 3 . £lS£L§£&tU2L (B ra d y ), x 100. a , edge v iew ; b , s id e v iew ; c» edge v i e w ..................................................................... 232 4 . T^fljBjaaEmiasIla a l i s s t l s a Pari® r . x 1 0 0 . a , d o r s a l view ; b # v e n t r a l view ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ...........................................................242 5 . Iro Q h am m ln ella b u l l a t a Hflglund. x 100. a , d o r s a l v iew ; b , p e r i p h e r a l view ; c , v e n t r a l v i e w .................................................................242 6 . laazsfeaQElSa s s a a (B ra d y ), x 100. a , d o r s a l v iew ; b , p e r i p h e r a l view ; c , v e n t r a l view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 7 . sa u am ata Jo n e s and P a r k e r , x 50. a , d o r s a l view ; b , p e r i p h e r a l view ; c , v e n t r a l v i e w ...................................... 242 8 . Trochammlna r o t a l i f o r m i s W rig h t, x 50. a , d o r s a l view ; b , v e n t r a l view ; o, edge view ........................................... 242 P L A T E 4 2 5 2 F ig u re 1. 2 . 3 . 4 . I 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. P l a t e 5 . — LAGrENIDAB A s ta o o lu s h y a la c r u lu s L o e b lic h and T appan. x 50. a , s id e view ; b , edge v i e w ................................................................................... P e n t a l i n a b a g g i G allow ay and W l s s le r . x 1 2 ................................................................................... Pen t a l i n a -pauper a t a d 'O rb lg n y . x 25 • . . P e n t a l i n a f r o b i s h e r e n s i s L o e b lic h and T app a n . x 25 • • . . . . . . . . . . . . P e n t a l i n a i t t a i L o e b lic h and T appan. x 50. a , s id e view ; b , s id e view show ing e lo n g a te f i n a l chamber . . . ......................... Lagena a p io p le u r a L o e b lic h and T appan. x 5 0 ........................ .......................................................... Lagena g r a c l l l i m a (S e g u e n z a ). x 5 0 . . . . Lagena l a e v l s (M ontagu), x 50 ......................... .lagena f l a t u l e n t a L o e b lic h and T appan. x 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lagena n a r r l L o e b lic h and Tappan.. x 100 . Lagena m o ll is Cushman, x 50 . . . . . . . Lagena s e m ill n e a t a W rig h t, x 50 . . . . . Lagena m e r ld i o n a li s W lesn e r. x 100 . . . . Lagena n e b u lo s a Cushman, x 100 ......................... Page 232 234 235 234 234 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 P L A T E 5 254 P l a t e 6 . — IiAGBNIDAE F ig u re Page 1. O o lln a s tr i a t o p u n c t f t t u (P a rk e r and Jo n e s) 239 2 . O .plina melo d*O rbigny. x 1 0 0 .............................. 3 . O o lln a c a u d ig e r a (W le sn e r). x 100 . . . . 238 4. O o lln a b o r e a l i s L o e b lic h and Tati- nan „ x 50. 238 5 . O o lln a hexagona (W illia m s o n ), x 100 . . . 238 6 . O o lln a l i n e a t a (W illia m so n ), x 100 . . . . 238 7 . O o lln a sauam osa (M ontasm). x 1 0 0 .................... 239 8 . O o lln a l l n e a t o o u n c t a t a (H e ro n -A lie n a n d E8X ISlld ) • X 1 00 « e o * « * s i o * * o o 238 9. P i s s u r l n a c u c u rb ita se m a L o e b lic h and Tappan. x 100 .............................. . . . . . . 235 10. P i s s u r l n a m ar& lnata (M ontagu). x 50 . . . 236 11. P i s s u r l n a s e r r a t a (S c h lu m b e re e r). x 100. a, s id e view showing e n to s o le n ia n tu b e ; b, s id e view show ing more c i r c u l a r p e r ip h e ry th a n i s common . . . . . . . . 236 12. P a r a f l s s u r i n a te c tu lo s to m a L o e b lic h and Tappan. x 100. a , edge view ; b p v e n t r a l view 13. P a r a f l s s u r i n a h im a tlo sto m a L o e b lic h and Tappan. x 10b ........................................................... 239 14. P a r a f l s s u r i n a f u s u l i f o r m i s L o e b lic h and Tappan. x 100. a , v e n t r a l view ; b, edge view ; c , d o r s a l view ............................................ 239 PLATE 256 P l a t e 7 . — POLYMORPHINIDAE, NONIONIDAE, ANOMALINIDAE, AND EIPHIDIIDAE F ig u re Page 1. G la n d u lln a l a e v i g a t a d 'O rb lg n y . x 25 . . . 236 2 , 3- Slgm om orphlna u n d u lo sa (Terquem ). x 50 . . 241 G u ttu ll n a g l a c l a l l s (Cushman and Ozawa), x $(5 . 236 5 . G u ttu ll n a daw sonl Cushman and Ozawa, x 25 236 6 . S lg m o ld e lla p a c l f l c a Cushman and Ozawa, x 50 I T ................................................. 241 7- N o n lo n e lla a u r i c u l a H e ro n -A lle n and E a r la n d . x 5 0 . a , s id e view showing c o i l i n g ; b , edge view showing asym m etry; c , s id e view showing f i n a l cham bers c o v e rin g m ost o f th e u m b i l i c u s .................... 238 8 . N o n lo n e lla l a b r a d o r i c a (Dawson), x 50. a , s id e view ; b , edge v i e w .............................. 238 9 . A stro n o n lo n s t e l l a t u m Cushman and Edw ards. x 5 0 . a"T a p e r t u r a l ’ view ; b , s id e view show ing su p p le m e n ta ry cham bers . . . . . 233 M e'lonls zaandamae (van Y oorthuysen). x 50. a7 s id e view showing deep u m b ilic u s and c o a r s e ly p e r f o r a t e chamber w a ll s ; b, edge view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 11. P ro t e l p h i dlum o r b l c u l a r e (B ra d y ), x 50. a , s id e view7~I»l_ sl<ie view ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w .................................................................................... 239 PLATE 7 P la te 8 . — EIPHIDIIDAE, BULIMINIDAE, UVTGERINIDAE, AND ROBERTINIDAE F ig u re Page 1 -8 . E lphldlum in c e rtu m (W illia m so n ). 1-7* s id e view s showing p r o g r e s s iv e grow th s ta g e s from ju v e n ile to a d u lt fo rm s; x 50. 8a* s id e view ; 8b, edge view ; x 100 .............................................................................. 235 9* E lphldlum a r tic u la t u m (d 'O rb lg n y ). x 50. a , s id e view ; b , edge view . . . . . . 235 10. E lphldlum b a r t l e t t l Cushman, x 5 0 . a , s id e view ; b , a p e r t u r a l view . . . . 235 11. C a s s id e lla co m p lan ata (B g g e r). x 100. a* s id e view ; b , s id e view o f specim en showing b a s a l sp in e . . . ............................... 233 12. E l p h l d l e l l a a r o tlc a . (P a rk e r and J o n e s ) . x ? 5 . a7 s id e view ; b , a p e r t u r a l view 235 13. A n g u lo g erin a angulosa' (W illia m so n ). x "56? a , s W T l e w ; b , a p e r t u r a l view ; c , s id e v i e w ................................................ 232 14. R o b e rtln a a r c t l c a d ’O rb lg n y . x 5 0 . a , Iro n l" view ; b , back v i e w ............................... 241 P L A T E 8 260 P l a t e 9 . — BULIMINIDAE, TRTJRRILINIDAE, BOLIVINITIDAE, ROBERTINIDAE, AMMODISCIDAE, SPIRILLINIDAE, AND DISCORBIDAE F ig u re Page 1. C a s s l d e l l a t e a s e l l a t a (P h le g e r and P a r k e r), x 100. a7 f r o n t view ; b , s id e v i e w ....................................................................« . . . 233 2 . B u lim in e lla e l e g a n t ls s l m a ( d ’O rb lg n y ). x TOO, a , f r o n i view ; b , back view . . 233 3 . 4 . B o llv ln a p a c i f l c a Cushman and M cC ullock. x 1 0 0 . "31 s id e view ; 4 , s id e view o f a la r g e specim en showing a t w i s t i n th e t e s t .................................. 233 5 . R o b e r tln o ld e s o h a r l o t t e n s l s (Cushm an). x" TOO. a , f r o n t view show ing th e double a p e r t u r e ; b , back v i e w .......................................... 241 6 . G lo b o b u llm ln a a u r i c u l a t a a r c t i c a Hflglund. x 5 0 . a , f r o n t view ; T>, s id e view ; c , a p e r t u r a l view show ing th e fa n -s h a p e d u p p e r t i p o f th e tongue . ... .. .. 236 7 . Ammodiscus p la n u s H dglund. x 100. a , s id e view ; b , edge view ............................................ 232 8 . P a t e l l l n a c o r r u g a ta W illia m so n , x 100. a1 d o r s a l view ; edge view ; c , v e n t r a l v i e w ...................................... 239 9 . A s t e r e l l l n a p u l c h e l l a ( P a r k e r ) , x 100. a , d o r s a l view ; t> ,e d g e view ; c , v e n t r a l view show ing su p p le m e n ta ry cham bers . . 233 1 0 . B p ls to m ln e lla ta k a v a n a e li Iw a sa . x 1 0 0 . a , d o r s a l view ; b , v e n t r a l view ; c , a p e r t u r a l v i e w ................................................. 235 261 lb 2 a 2b 9 a 9b 9c 10a lOb PLATE 9 262 P l a t e 10. — DISCORBIDAE, OASSIDULINIBAE, OIBICIDIDAE, GLABRATELLIDAE, AND GLOBIGERINIDAE F ig u r e Page 1. B u c c e lla t e n e r r l m a (B a n d y ), x 5 0 . a , v e n t r a l v iew ; b , edge v iew ; c , d o r s a l v ie w ............................................................................ 233 2 . B u c c e lla f r i g l d a (O ushm an). x 100. a , v en t r a l v ie w ; b , edge v ie w ; c , d o r s a l v ie w . 233 3 - C a s s l d u l l n a n o r c r o s s ! Oushman. x 100. a , s id e v ie w ; b , s i d e v ie w ; c , edge v i e w .......................................... ........................................ 2 3 4 4• C a s s l d u l l n a I s l a n d i c a N o rv an g • x 100. a , s id e v ie w ; b , edge v ie w ; c , s id e v i e w ................................... 234 5* Q a s s id u lin a t e r e t l s T ap p an . x 5 0 . a , s id e v ie w ; b , edge v ie w ; c , s i d e v ie w . . . . 234 6* O lb lc id e s l o b a t u l u s ( ¥ a l k e r and J a o o b ). x 5 0 . a , s id e view ; b„ edge view ; c , s id e v i e w ............................................................ . 2 3 4 7« G l a b r a t e l l a w r l g h t i i (B ra d y ), x 5 0 . a , v e n t r a l v ie w ; b , edge v ie w ; c, s id e viewr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 8 . G l o b l a e r l n a P achvderm a ( E h r e n b e r g ) . x 100. a , s id e v ie w ; b , edge v ie w ; c , s id e v i e w .................................................................. 232 263 6 b 7a 7 b 7c 8 a 8 b P L A T E iO 8 c STATION NUMBER 220 6S 102 60 28 232 67 226 90 1 1 8 D E P T H IN METERS 2 6 3 3 3 5 37 3 8 4 0 4 5 4 6 4 7 48 26 5 1 P L A N K T O N IC P O P U L A T IO N G L O B IG E R IN A P A C H Y D E R M A B E N T H O N IC P O P U L A T IO N © a a P R O T E L P H IO IU M O R B IC U L A R E Z B 0.4 2 .7 3 0 .7 1 0 2 E L P H I D I U M A R TICU L A T U M EL P HIDIUM INCERTUM E O O E R E L L A ADVENA no 6j 6 E L P H I D I U M B A R T L E T T I C A S 3 I D U L IN A T E R E T I S B U C C E L L A T E N E R R I M A E L P H I D I E L L A ARCTICA C A S S I O U L I N A IS L A N D I C A 3 4 2 A S T E R E L L I N A P U L C H E L L A 3*3 2 N O N I O N E L L A LA BRA D O RICA C I B I C I D E S LO BATULU S A N O U L O O E R I N A A N G U L O S A T R O C H A M M INA S O U A M A T A E L P H I D I U M S U B A RC T I C U M S A C C A M M I N A A T L A N T I C A O O L I N A B O R E A L I S S I O M O M O R P H IN A U N D U L O S A Q U I N O U E L O C U L I N A S T A L K E R I F I S S U R I N A M A R O I N A T A F I S S U R I N A C U C U R B I T A S E M A S C U T U L O R I S TEQM IN IS SI G M O I D E L L A PA CIFIC A B O L I V I N A P A C IF IC A T E X T U L A R I A C O N T O R T A R E O P H A X S C O R P I U R U S O U I N O U E L O C U L I N A AGGLUTINA TA B U C C E L L A F R I G I D A B.6 E P I S T O M I N E L L A TAKAYANAG II N O N I O N E L L A A U R I C U L A O O L I N A M E L O A S T R O N O N I O N S T E L L A T U M B I G E N E R I N A A R C T I C A G L A B R A T E L L A W R I G H T I I PA T E L L I N A C O R R U G A T A O U I N O U E L O C U L I N A A R C T IC A D E N T A L I N A ITTAI T R O C H A M M INA ROTAL IF ORM IS A M M O D I S C U S P L A N U S O O L I N A C A U D I G E R A L A G E N A M O L L I S F I S S U R I N A S E R R A T A L A G E N A S E M ILINEA TA O O L I N A S T R I A T O P U N C T A T A L A G E N A A P I O P L E U R A G U T T U L IN A GL ACIALIS G U T T U L I N A D A W S O N I S P I R O P L E C T A M M I N A 8 I F O R M I S R E O P H A X S C O T T I I O O L I N A L I N E A T A C R I B R O S t O M O I D E S J E F F R E Y S I L A G E N A L A E V I S L A G E N A G R A C I L L I M A G L A N D U L I N A L A E V I G A T A O U I N O U E L O C U L I N A S EM IN U L U M L A G E N A P A R R I OO L IN A L I N E A T O P U N C T A T A C A S S i D U L I N A N O R C R O S S I H Y P E R A M M IN A E L O N O A T A C R I B R O S T O M O I D E S CR A S S IM A R G O 118 26 15 8 169 216 66 196 68 194 64 93 225 195 104 89 101 71 48 . 51 5i 58 56 58 64 64 71 75 77 80 82 84 85 68 88 93 Ld I . 3 E p o t O S \ 1 1 1 1 i I ja w r ° r 1 7 I Q . 2 6 \£ > I 2 J 9 3 1 . 4 7 1 1 0 . 2 2 X 6 t 3 6 1 2 4 . 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Creator Leslie, Robert James (author)

Core Title Ecology And Paleoecology Of Hudson Bay Foraminifera

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Geology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Geology,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Bandy, Orville L. (committee chair), Gorsline, Donn S. (committee member), Reith, John W. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-173504

Unique identifier UC11359637

Identifier 6510095.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-173504 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6510095.pdf

Dmrecord 173504

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Leslie, Robert James

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA