University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The Effects Of Reinforcement Pattern, Intertrial Interval Regularity, And adaptation On The Orienting Response And Classical Gsr Discrimination Conditioning

(USC Thesis Other)

The Effects Of Reinforcement Pattern, Intertrial Interval Regularity, And adaptation On The Orienting Response And Classical Gsr Discrimination Conditioning

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Content This dissertation has been
microiilmed exactly as received 6 7—2133
ZEINER, Arthur R ichard, 1938-
THE E F F E C T S OF REINFORCEM ENT PATTERN ,
INTERTRIAL INTERVAL REGULARITY, AND
ADAPTATION ON THE ORIENTING RESPONSE AND
CLASSICAL GSR DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING.
U n iv ersity of Southern C alifornia, P h .D ., 1966
P sych o log y, exp erim en tal
University M icrofilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, M ichigan
the e f f e c t s of r e in fo r c em en t pa t t e r n , in t e r t r ia l
INTERVAL REGULARITY, AND ADAPTATION ON THE
ORIENTING RESPONSE AND CLASSICAL GSR
DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING
by
A r th u r R ic h a rd z e i n e r
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d to th e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
R e q u ire m e n ts f o r t h e D eg ree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
( P sy c h o lo g y )
A u g u st I 96 6
UNIVERSITY O F S O U T H E R N C A L IFO R N IA
THE GRADUATE SC HOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CA LIF ORN IA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
Arthur Richard Zeiner
under the direction of hAsk..Dissertation C om
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Graduate
School, in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y
..........................
Date A ugust 1966
DISSERTATION COMMITTEE
ACKN0WU3DGMENTS
I w an t t o th a n k P r o f e s a o r G r ln g s , my c h a irm a n ,
f o r h i s p a t i e n c e and g u id a n c e I n s a a ln g t h i s d i s s e r t a
t i o n t o I t s o o n p le tlo n * I f u r t h e r w an t t o th a n k Dr*
G rln g s f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e ( t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n was
s u p p o r te d , i n p a r t , fro m a n NIMH g r a n t , M 3916# t o Dr*
W illia m W * G r i n g s ) , and f o r t h e u s e o f b o th l a b o r a t o r y
and e q u ip m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r c a r r y i n g o u t t h i s r e s e a r c h *
I a l s o w ant to th a n k th e U3C C om puter S c ie n c e s
L a b o r a to r y a s w e l l a s th e UCLA H e a lth S c ie n c e s C om puting
F a c i l i t y f o r e a s in g th e t a s k s o f d a t a r e d u c t i o n and
a n a ly s i s * T hanks a r e a l s o due t o Mrs* Anne S o h e l l ,
who h e lp e d w ith t h e program m ing*
F i n a l l y , I w an t t o th a n k my p a r e n t s f o r e n
c o u ra g e m e n t, b o th s p i r i t u a l and f i n a n c i a l *
i i
TABUS OF CONTENTS
P age
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................... 11
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................... i v
LIST OF FIGURES................................................. v l
C h a p te r
I . INTRODUCTION * 1
The Orienting Reflex................... 1
O r ie n tin g R esp on sea and C o n d itio n in g • . 3
V a r ia b le s A ff o o t in g O r ie n tin g B eh a v io r • o
The P r e s e n t P roblem . ......................................... 9
I I . METHOD..................................................................................... 12
S u b je c ts 12
E x p e r im e n ta l D e s ig n ............................. 12
A p p aratu s........................ 13
P r o c ed u r e . • • • • • • • • ............................... 15
I I I . RESULTS................................................................................... . 19
F i r s t I n t e r v a l R e s p o n s e . • • • . • • • • 20
S econd I n t e r v a l R e sp o n se • • • . • • « • 3&
IV . D ISCU SSIO N........................................................................... 50
O r i e n tin g R e sp o n se V a r i a t i o n • • « * . . 50
D i s c r i m in a t i o n C o n d i tio n in g . • • • • • • 53
OR by Discrimination Interaction • • • • 5m-
OR as an Individual Difference Variable. 55
Interpretation of Results. . * . • • • • 5o
V . SUIMAHY..................................................................................... 59
LIST OF REFERENCES........................................................................... 63
APPENDIX A— INSTRUCTIONS............................................................ 67
APPENDIX B--POST-EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE. . . . 70
i i i
LIST O P TABU5S
T a b le
1 .
2 *
* &
3.
If*
5 .
6.
7*
I l l u s t r a t i o n o f e x p e r im e n ta l d e s i g n . • • •
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l
GSR d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n f o r b o th o v e r a l l
( az^d t r i a l e f f e c t s to ran d o m a l t e r n a t i n g
p a t t e r n and c o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e IT I* « • •
Mean m a g n itu d e o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l GSR i n C
b a s e d o n 16 a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s p e r S
(H » I 4 .8 ) d e m o n s tr a tin g in te ra o tio n " Y > e -
tw e e n p a t t e r n o f CS p r e s e n t a t i o n and
IT I r e g u l a r i t y •
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n f o r
b o th o v e r a l l and t r i a l e f f e c t s t o
a d a p ta t lo n - n o a d a p t a t i o n , a l t e r n a t i n g -
ran d o m p a t t e r n , c o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I
and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g e x t i n c t i o n f o r b o th
o v e r a l l and t r i a l e f f e o t s t o a d a p t a t i o n -
no a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s , a l t e r n a t i n g - r a n d o m
p a t t e r n , c o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e IT I and d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n .
A n a ly s is o f v a r i a n c e o f se co n d i n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n f o r
b o th o v e r a l l an d t r i a l e f f e c t s t o
'r a n d o m - a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n , c o n s t a n t -
v a r i a b l e I T I and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , • • . .
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f se c o n d I n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n f o r
b o th o v e r a l l and t r i a l e f f e c t s to
a d a p ta t io n - n o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s ,
a l t e r n a t i n g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n , c o n s t a n t -
v a r i a b l e I T I an d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , . , • •
i v
Page
Uf
2 6
28
29
3lf
ifi
U3
T a b le Page
8 * A n a ly s is o f v a r i a n c e o f s e c o n d I n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g e x t i n c t i o n f o r
b o th o v e r a l l and t r i a l e f f e c t s t o
a d a p ta t io n - n o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s *
a l t e r n a t i n g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n * c o n s t a n t -
v a r i a b l e IT I* and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n • * . • lj.6
9* I l l u s t r a t i o n o f p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t
b y I T I r e g u l a r i t y by d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h s e c ond I n t e r v a l
m a g n itu d e o f GSR i n V A C # ............................. • lj.8
v
LIST C F FIGURES
F igure Page
1* D is c r im i n a t i o n o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s w i t h
g ro u p s c o l l a p s e d . . . • • • • .......................... 22
2 . FIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n f o r a d a p t a t i o n and no
a d a p t a t i o n g ro u p s o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s . 23
3* FIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n f o r a l t e r n a t i n g and
random g ro u p s o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s . . . 2l ±
Ij.. FIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n f a r c o n s t a n t and
v a r i a b l e I T I g ro u p s o v e r p h a s e s and
t r i a l s . ............................. 2$
5* O v e r a ll SIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n f o r p h a s e s
and t r i a l s . • • • • • • 37
6 . SIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s
f o r a d a p t a t i o n and no a d a p t a t i o n g ro u p s • 30
7 . SIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s
f a r a l t e r n a t i n g and ran d o m p a t t e r n
g r o u p s ................................................. 39
8 . SIR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s
f o r c o n s t a n t and v a r i a b l e IT I g r o u p s . • • lj.0
v i
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
T h is r e s e a r c h I s an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e r e l a t i o n
s h ip b etw een o r i e n t in g r e sp o n se (OR) v a r i a t io n and m a g n l-
tu d e o f g a lv a n ie s k in r e s p o n s e (GSR) d is c r im in a t io n c o n d i
t io n in g i n norm al human s u b je c ts *
The O r ie n tin g R e f le x
Two g e n e r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f th e o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x a s
d e v e lo p e d b y S o k o lo v ( i 9 6 0 ) a r e : (1 ) t h a t i t l a a n o n
s p e c i f i c r e f l e x i n i t i a t e d b y an y i n c r e a s e * d e c r e a s e o r
q u a l i t a t i v e c h an g e o f s t i m u l a t i o n In d e p e n d e n t o f s tim u lu s
m o d a lity ; and ( 2 ) i t i s s u b j e c t t o e x t i n c t i o n o r h a b i t u a
t i o n w ith r e p e a te d s tim u lu s p r e s e n t a t i o n s * The OR i n
c lu d e s au to n o m ic* s o m a tic * e le c tr o e n n e p h a lo g r & p h lo (ESC)
and s e n s o r y com ponents* I t s p u rp o s e i s t o I n c r e a s e th e
d i s c r i m i n a t o r y pow er o f th e a n a ly s e r s * R e g u la t io n o f
s tim u lu s i n p u t i s a c c o m p lis h e d th r o u g h fe e d b a c k * S o k o lo v
( I 9 6 3 ) s t a t e s t h a t " f e e d b a c k c a n b e n e g a tiv e * r e d u c in g
th e e f f e c t s o f t h e s tim u lu s and th u s a d a p tiv e i n e f f e c t *
o r p o s i t i v e * a m p lif y in g t h e e f f e c t and th u s s e n s i t i s i n g * "
I t f o llo w s t h a t a s y s te m o a p a b le o f I n h i b i t i n g o r
1
2
a m p lify in g s tim u lu s r e c e p t io n I s a ls o c a p a b le o f a f f e c t
in g th e c o n d itio n in g p r o c e ss* M ilera n (1 9 5 7 ) v e n t s o f a r
a s t o s u g g e s t t h a t " th e o r ie n t in g r e f l e x * * • i s one o f
th e n e c e s s a r y c o n d itio n s f o r th e fo r m a tio n o f new con
n e c t io n s •**
The c o n c e p t o f th e O R p r o v id e s a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f
m easu rab le b e h a v io r s v h io h r e f l e o t th e s t a t e o f th e o r
ganism * s s e n s i t i v i t y t o s t i m u l i , v h io h v e m igh t o a l l th e
o r ie n t in g system * M agnitude o f O R i s a r e s p o n s e d e fin e d
c o n c e p t v h io h i s assum ed to b e c o r r e la t e d w ith o r t o c o -
v a ry v l t h s tim u lu s change* The t a s k o f th e p r e s e n t i n
v e s t i g a t i o n i s t o p r o v id e e x p e r im e n ta l su p p ort f o r th e
p o p u la r , b u t r e l a t i v e l y u n in v e s t ig a t e d n o t io n , t h a t s u c
c e s s o f c o n d itio n in g d ep e n d s, i n la r g e p a r t , on a p h y s io
l o g i c a l s t a t e o f th e organ ism made up o f c o n s t r u c t s l i k e
a le r t n e s s and a t te n t io n *
M altzman and R ask in ( I 9 6 3 ) h o ld t h a t " e l i o l t a t l o n
o f ORs by s t im u li f a c i l i t a t e s t h e i r c o n d itio n in g * 1 *
F u rth erm o re, " e x te n s iv e p r e a d a p ta tio n o f s t im u li r e s u l t
in g i n e x t i n c t i o n o f th e ORs t o them r e ta r d s su b seq u e n t
le a r n in g * " The f o r e g o in g a u th o rs v a r ie d ORs as an I n
d iv id u a l d if f e r e n c e v a r ia b le * S u b je c ts v e r e d iv id e d in t o
two grou p s a f t e r c o n d it io n in g on th e b a s is o f th e m agni
tu d e o f autonom ic com ponents o f th e O R ( g a lv a n ic s k in
r e sp o n se and d i g i t a l b lo o d volum e) t h a t th e s u b j e o t s gave
3
t o t h e f i r s t u n c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s (UC3)« T hey fo u n d
t h a t th e g ro u p above th e m e d ia n i n O H b e h a v io r " sh o v e d
b e t t e r s e m a n tic c o n d i t i o n i n g o f au to n o m ic r e s p o n s e s , m ore
r e a d i l y v e r b a l i s e d th e e x p e r im e n ta l c o n t i n g e n c i e s , v a s
s u p e r i o r i n p a i r e d - a s s o c i a t e l e a r n i n g , and sh o v e d g r e a t e r
d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n s i v l t y t o s t i m u l i , " T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g
g e s t t h a t th e OR i s som ehov in v o lv e d I n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i
t i o n i n g , H ow ever, n o f i r m c o n c lu s io n s o a n b e d r a v n s in c e
t h e I n f e r e n t i a l b a s e f o r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e s
d o e s n o t a llo w th e same ty p e s o f c a u s a l s t a t e m e n t s a s e r e
a llo w e d b y s tim u lu s v a r i a t i o n * S u b je c ts c o u ld h a v e
s y s t e m a t i c a l l y v a r i e d o n some f a c t o r o t h e r th a n OR v h io h
m ig h t h a v e a c c o u n te d f o r t h e r e s u l t s *
O r i e n t i n g R e sp o n se s an d C o n d itio n in g
C o n d itio n in g i n a d i s c r i m i n a t i o n p a ra d ig m i s i n
f e r r e d fro m d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g t o a s t i m u lu s p a i r e d
v i t h an u n c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s and t o a s ti m u lu s n o t so
p a ir e d * Prom an o p e r a t i o n a l v ie w p o in t i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g i s a c o m b in a tio n o f c o n d i t i o n
in g and e x t i n c t i o n p ro c e d u re s * The m a in q u e s t i o n o f i n
t e r e s t 1 s t How do ORs a f f e c t r e s p o n s e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
b e tw e e n s t i m u l i fro m w h ic h c o n d i t i o n i n g i s i n f e r r e d ?
A re r e s p o n s e s to b o th t e s t and c o n t r o l s t i m u l i augm ented
a s a f u n c t i o n o f OR v a r i a t i o n , o r a r e th e e f f e c t s
k
d i f f e r e n t i a l ? ORs c o u ld augm ent r e s p o n d in g t o b o th t e s t
and c o n t r o l s t i m u l i e q u a lly * On t h e o t h e r h an d * i f t h e
e f f e o t s o f OR v a r i a t i o n on t e s t and c o n t r o l s t i m u l i a r e
d i f f e r e n t i a l * th e n t h e r e a re s e v e r a l l o g i c a l l y a l t e r n a t i v e
w ays i n w h ic h r e s p o n s e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n c a n come a b o u t*
R e sp o n d in g t o th e t e s t s tim u lu s c a n I n c r e a s e w i t h no
o h an g e o c c u r r in g t o th e o o n t r o l s tim u lu s * R e sp o n se to
th e t e s t s tim u lu s c a n in o r e a s e w h ile r e s p o n d in g t o t h e
o o n t r o l s tim u lu s d e o r e a s e s * T hen a g a in * m o st o f t h e
d i f f e r e n c e I n r e s p o n d in g m ig h t b e a c c o u n te d f o r b y r e
sp o n s e d e c re m e n t o v e r t r i a l s t o t h e o o n t r o l s tim u lu s
w h ile e s s e n t i a l l y no ohange o c c u rr e d to th e t e s t s tim u lu s *
A se c o n d c l a s s o f q u e s tio n s c o n c e r n s th e e f f e c t s
o f OR v a r i a t i o n o n d i f f e r e n t fo rm s o f c o n d i tio n e d r e
sp o n s e s * One r e l e v a n t d i s t i n c t i o n i s t h a t b e tw e e n a n t i c i
p a t o r y and se c o n d i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s * R e s p o n s e s o c c u r r i n g
w i t h i n th e CS-TJCS I n t e r v a l a re o a i l e d a n t l e l p a t o r y o r
f i r s t I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s (P IR s) w h ile r e s p o n s e s o c c u r r i n g
i n t h e p o st-U C a I n t e r v a l o n n o n r e in f o r c e d t e s t t r i a l s a r e
c a l l e d se c o n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s (S IR s )* R e c e n t e v id e n c e
s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e s e two r e s p o n s e s may n o t o b ey th e smae
la w s o f c o n d itio n in g * M ag n itu d e o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i
t i o n i n g o c c u r s a t a n e a r l i e r t e s t t r i a l and t o a g r e a t e r
e x t e n t w ith se c o n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s th a n w ith f i r s t
I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s (G rln g s * L o c k h a r t, and D arneron, 1 9 6 2 ;
5
L o c k h a rt and G r in g s , 1961+; Z e i n e r , 1961+)* F u r th e r m o r e ,
w h ile se c o n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s seem t o b e l i t t l e a f -
f e o t e d by s e n s i t i z i n g e x p e r i e n c e * th e same l a n o t t r u e o f
a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n s e s * The f o r e g o in g l a s u p p o r te d by
th e f a c t t h a t a f t e r a ahook w ork u p t h e Im m e d ia te r e s p o n s e
t o a n e u t r a l s tim u lu s l a augm ented w h ile v e r y few * i f any*
a eeo n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s o c c u r b e f o r e o r a f t e r au o h
s e n s i t i z i n g e x p e rie n c e * T h ese d a t a c o l l e c t i v e l y s u g g e s t
t h a t c o n d itio n in g * aa m easu red by a n t i c i p a t o r y and s e c o n d
i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s * i s d i f f e r e n t i a l l y a f f e c t e d b y o r i e n t -
In g r e s p o n s e v a r i a t i o n *
F o r p u rp o s e s o f t h i s e x p e rim e n t* OR l a d e f i n e d aa
th e o r i g i n a l GSR e l i c i t e d b y l i g h t s t i m u l i w i t h i n th e
I n t e r v a l 1 -5 s e c o n d s fro m s tim u lu s o n s e t* A l i s t o f
o p e r a t io n s m a n ip u la tin g OR i s l i s t e d b y Lynn (1 9 6 6 )* OR
v a r i a t i o n * o t h e r t h a n th r o u g h i n s t r u c t i o n s , I s accom
p l i s h e d by q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d /o r q u a l i t a t i v e s ti m u lu s
ch a n g es* I t i s n o t th e p u rp o s e o f th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t
t o v a r y s tim u lu s i n t e n s i t i e s d i r e c t l y * n o r i s i t t h e
p u rp o s e t o v a r y s ti m u lu s d u r a tio n s * R a th e r* i t i s t h e
p u rp o s e t o v a r y ORs i n d l r e e t l y th r o u g h o p e r a t i o n s w h ic h
b o th i n c r e a s e and d e c r e a s e o r i e n t i n g b e h a v io r *
6
V a r ia b le s A f f e c t in g O r ie n tin g B e h a v io r
I n h ib it io n o r H a b itu a tio n w ith
R ep eated s t im u la t io n
I n h i b it io n i s a p r o c e s s w hereby r e sp o n se d ecr e~
manta are b r o u ^ it about* The e x p e r im e n ta l o p e r a t io n f o r
e s t a b l i s h i n g i n h i b i t i o n i s s tim u lu s r e p e t i t i o n (Thompson
and S p e n c e r , 1966$ H a r r is , 1 9 ^ 3 ) • S o k o lo v ( 1 9 6 0* 1963)
h a s p r e s e n te d e v id e n c e t h a t autonom ic and EEG com ponents
o f o r ie n t in g r e s p o n s e s show decrem en t w ith m onotonous
s tim u lu s r e p e t i t io n * T h is s u g g e s t s t h a t one way i n w hloh
o r ie n t in g r e s p o n s e s ca n b e d ecr e a se d i s t o adapt them
through s tim u lu s r e p e t i t i o n p r io r t o a c q u i s i t i o n t r a i ni ng*
W ith r e s p e c t t o th e GSR, Coombs (1 9 3 8 ) $ K Iw sel
( I 96J 4 . ) , P o r te r (1 9 3 8 ) and Uno and G rin gs (196*?) h ave
d em on strated t h a t th e o r i g i n a l r e sp o n se (OR) to a s tim u lu s
h a b it u a te s w ith r e p e a te d e l i c i t a t i o n *
U n c e r ta in ty o f S tim u la tio n
S o k o lo v (19& 0, I 9 6 3 ) and B erly n e ( i 9 6 0 ) s u g g e s t
t h a t change o r u n c e r t a in ty i s r e la t e d t o m agnitu de o f
o r ie n t in g resp o n d in g * I f m ea n in g fu l o p e r a tio n s ca n be
found a h ic h v a ry u n c e r t a in ty o f s t im u la t io n (and t h e r e f o r e
m agnitude o f O R s), th e n i t becom es p o s s ib l e t o in c r e a s e
o r ie n t in g b eh a v io r* Two r e la t e d ty p e s o f u n c e r t a in ty
o p e r a tio n s s u g g e s t th e m se lv e s* F i r s t , u n c e r t a in ty ca n b e
7
v a r i e d b y M a n ip u la tin g o r d e r o r p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l a t i o n *
T h u s, u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t w h ic h s ti m u lu s i n a d i s c r i m i n a
t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m oomes n e x t — th e o n e p a i r e d
w it h sh o o k o r th e one n o t s o p a i r e d — i s m a n ip u la te d b y
p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l a t i o n * T he s e c o n d v a y i n w h ic h u n
c e r t a i n t y o a n b e v a r i e d i s w ith r e s p e c t t o tim e * When
tim e b e tw e e n s t i m u l i i s v a r i e d , i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e
s u b j e c t t o p r e d i c t w h ic h s ti m u lu s ( p a i r e d o r u n p a ir e d )
com es n e x t , y e t n o t b e a b le t o t e l l w hen t h e s ti m u lu s
w i l l o c c u r* E v id e n c e t h a t p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l a t i o n and
I n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l v a r i a b i l i t y a f f e c t ORs com es fro m
t h e R u s s ia n l i t e r a t u r e * S o lo v e ic h ik (1 9 2 8 ) and N a r b u to -
v i c h (1 9 3 8 ) v a r i e d ORs by m a n ip u la tin g t h e e s t a b l i s h e d
p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l i and th e I n t e r v a l s b e tw e e n them * The
d e g re e o f i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e OR w as c o n n e c te d w ith
th e d e g re e o f c h a n g e i n t h i s p a t t e r n * T h u s , t h e R u s s ia n
d a t a im p ly t h a t ORs a r e p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o u n c e r t a i n t y
a s v a r i e d b y s ti m u lu s p a t t e r n i n g and tim e o f s t i m u l a t i o n *
S t u d i e s o f C o n d itio n in g I n v o lv in g
o s h a b i t u a t i o n and h tim m a i lo r i " ^
u n c e r t a i n t y
E v id e n c e t h a t OR h a b i t u a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s c o n d i t i o n
i n g com es fro m an e x p e rim e n t b y Lubov and M oore (1 9 5 9 )*
T h e se i n v e s t i g a t o r s d e m o n s tra te d t h a t r a t e o f c o n d i t i o n
i n g w as r e l i a b l y s lo w e r t o a CS t o w h ic h t h e OR h ad b e e n
a d a p te d th a n t o a CS t o w h ic h no OR a d a p t a t i o n h ad
o c c u r r e d .
P a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t h a s b e e n v a r i e d i n e y e l i d
c o n d i t i o n i n g s t u d i e s by G r a n t, R i o p e l i e and Hake (195>0),
H artm an and G ra n t ( i 9 6 0 ) , and H ic k o c k and G ra n t (196l|.)»
I n g e n e r a l , th e s e e x p e r im e n te r s fo u n d a n i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n
b e tw e e n c o n d itio n e d e y e l i d p e rfo rm a n c e and p r e d i c t a b i l i t y
o f r e in f o r c e m e n t p a t t e r n ( a l t e r n a t i n g r e in f o r c e m e n t
fproups showed p o o r e r e y e l i d p e rfo rm a n c e t h a n 5 0 p e r c e n t
random r e in f o r c e m e n t g r o u p s ) ,
L o n g n e c k e r, K T a u sk o p f, and B itte r m a n ( 1 9 5 2 ) p e r
fo rm ed an e x p e rim e n t w h ich t e s t e d th e e f f e c t s o f p a t t e r n
o f r e in f o r c e m e n t o n au to n o m ic o l a s s i o a l c o n d i t i o n i n g .
Two in d e p e n d e n t g ro u p s o f 15 s u b j e c t s r e c e i v e d 50 p e r c e n t
r e i n f o r c e d t r a i n i n g t r i a l s i n a s im p le c o n d i t i o n i n g
p a ra d ig m . One g ro u p r e o e iv e d r e in f o r c e m e n ts on a l t e r n a t e
t r i a l s w h ile a se c o n d g ro u p r e o e iv e d r e in f o r c e m e n ts o n a
50 p e r c e n t random s c h e d u le . I n t e r t r i a l I n t e r v a l w as a
c o n s t a n t 30 se o o n d s f o r b o th g r o u p s . No s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e s w ere fo u n d b e tw e e n g ro u p s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n .
The a l t e r n a t i n g g ro u p e x t in g u is h e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y f a s t e r
th a n d id th e random g ro u p as m e asu red by num ber o f t r i a l s
t o e x t i n c t i o n .
P ro k a s y and C h a m b liss ( i 9 6 0 ) and G r a n t, M o F a rlln g
and G orm ezano ( i 9 6 0 ) t e s t e d th e e f f e c t s o f c o n s t a n t
v e r s u s v a r y in g I n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l s o n d e g re e o f e y e l i d
9
c o n d i t i o n i n g . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s I n c o n d i t i o n i n g
em erged as a f u n c t i o n o f c o n s t a n t v e r s u s v a r i a b l e i n t e r -
t r i a l I n t e r v a l v a r i a t i o n *
Thus e x p e r im e n ta l e v id e n c e r e l a t i n g c l a s s i c a l
c o n d i t i o n i n g t o some o f t h e In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f t h e
p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t ste m s m a in ly fro m e y e l i d c o n d i t i o n i n g
s tu d i e s * On b o th a n a to m ic a l and t h e o r e t i c a l g ro u n d s i t
i s f e l t by some (K im b le , 1 9 6 1 , 19&3; M ow rer, i 9 6 0 ; and
S k in n e r , 1938) t h a t a u to n o m ic and s k e l e t a l r e s p o n s e s do
n o t o b ey th e same la w s o f c o n d itio n in g * The s c o p e o f
th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t i s r e s t r i c t e d t o c l a s s i c a l c o n d i
t i o n i n g o f a u to n o m ic r e s p o n s e s * As s u o h , r e l e v a n c e o f
m o st o f th e w ite d e x p e r im e n ta l e v id e n c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o
p ro p o s e d in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y i s
m a rg in a l*
The P r e s e n t P ro b le m
Much h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n w r i t t e n and t h e o r i s e d
a b o u t th e o r i e n t i n g re s p o n s e * I t s su p p o se d r e l a t i o n to
c o n d i t i o n in g and l e a r n i n g h a s r e p e a t e d l y b e e n p o in te d
o u t* The t h e o r i s i n g , h o w e v e r, h a s l a r g e l y la o k e d
e m p i r i c a l s u p p o rt* A r e o e n t e x p e rim e n t ( R a s k in , I 9 6 3 )
d i r e c t e d i t s e l f a t th e q u e s t io n w h e th e r o r n o t OR v a r i a
t i o n d e f in e d a s an I n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e h a s
any e f f e c t s o n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d itio n in g * W ith GSR
10
aa th e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e * r e s u l t s o f t b s e x p e rim e n t d id
n o t s u p p o r t t h e h y p o th e s is t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
i n g i s a f u n c t i o n o f OR m a g n itu d e * To t h e w r i t e r * s
k n o w led g e e x p e rim e n ts h a v e n o t b e e n p e rfo rm e d w h io h e x
p e r i m e n t a l l y in d u c e d OR v a r i a t i o n and t e s t e d f o r e f f e c t s
on d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i tio n in g * I t i s th e p u rp o s e o f
th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t t o a s s e s s th e e f f e c t s o f s e v e r a l
assum ed O R v a r y in g o p e r a t i o n s o n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i
t i o n i n g o f th e OSR*
I t i s h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t a u to n o m ic c l a s s i c a l d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g i s a p o s i t i v e f u n c t i o n o f mag
n i tu d e o f o r i e n t i n g r e s p o n d in g * S p e c i f i o a l l y * i n te rm s
o f e x p e r im e n ta l o p e r a t io n s * i t i s h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t :
1* A utonom io c l a s s i c a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
i n g i s g r e a t e r i n g ro u p s n o t r e c e i v i n g a d a p ta
t i o n t r i a l s on th e C3s th a n I n g ro u p s r e c e i v
i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s o n th e CSs ( e x t i n c t i o n
o f OR b e h a v i o r ) *
2 , A utonom io c l a s s l o a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
in g i s g r e a t e r i n g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g a random
iz e d p a t t e r n o f r e i n f o r c e d and n o n r e in f o r o e d
t r i a l s th a n i n g ro u p s r e o e l v l n g a l t e r n a t i n g
r e i n f o r c e d and n o n r e in f o r o e d t r i a l s *
3* A utonom ic c l a s s l o a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
i n g i s g r e a t e r i n g ro u p s r e o e l v l n g v a r i a b l e
I n t e r t r i a l I n t e r v a l p r e a e n t a t i o n e th a n I n
g ro u p s r e o e l v l n g c o n s t a n t i n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l
p r e s e n t a t i o n s *
CHAPTER I I
M ETHOD
S u b je o ts
F i f t y - n i n e m ale and 1^7 fe m a le v o l u n t e e r s t u d e n t s
fro m i n t r o d u c t o r y p sy c h o lo g y o l a s s e s a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f
S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a p a r t i c i p a t e d i n th e e x p e rim e n t a s
p a r t o f a c l a s s r e q u ir e m e n t* I a h l h a r a C o lo r C h a r ts w ere
a d m in is te r e d as a c o n t r o l f o r c o l o r b l i n d n e s s t o a l l
s u b j e c t s p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t o f t h e e x p e rim e n t* D a ta
fro m 10 s u b j e c t s w ere d is c a r d e d f o r one o f th e f o llo w in g
r e a s o n s : c o l o r b li n d n e s s ( 1) , e x p e r im e n te r e r r o r ( 3 ) ,
b a s e l e v e l to o h ig h t o be b a la n c e d w ith b r id g e n e tw o rk
( 1 )* s u b je o t s knew a b o u t th e e x p e rim e n t fro m c l a s s m a te s
( 2 )» and e q u ip m e n t f a i l u r e ( 3 )*
E x p erim en ta l D e sig n
N i n e t y - s i x s u b j e o t s w ere a s s ig n e d b y a t a b l e o f
random num bers t o e i g h t c e l l s i n a 2 x 2 x 2 f a c t o r i a l
d e s ig n c o n s i s t i n g o f ( 1 ) p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n d e o f a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s o n th e C S s, (2 ) a l t e r n a t i n g v e r s u s random p a t t e r n
o f r e i n f o r c e d and n o n r e in f o r o e d s ti m u lu s p r e s e n t a t i o n s ,
and ( 3 ) c o n s t a n t v e r s u s v a r i a b l e l n t e r t r l a l i n t e r v a l
12
13
p r e s e n t a t i o n s * The b a s i o e x p e r im e n ta l d e s ig n I s r e p r e
s e n te d I n T a b le 1* C o n d itio n in g , a w i t h i n s u b j e c t s
v a r i a b l e , I s I n f e r r e d fro m d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g o n
n o n r e in f o r c e d t e s t t r i a l s t o a CS p a i r e d w i t h sh o o k and
t o a CS n o t p a i r e d w ith shook*
A pparatus
C o n d itio n e d s t i m u l i (C S s) o f 0*5 se c o n d d u r a t i o n
w ere r e d and g r e e n l i g h t s fro m a G r a s o n - S ta d le r (M odel
B lf^dO) m u l t i p l e s tim u lu s p r o j e c t o r * The u n c o n d itio n e d
s tim u lu s (TJCS) w as a 0*5 se co n d DC sh o c k fro m a G ra ss
3-5 s t i m u l a t o r . CS-UCS I n t e r v a l w as 5*0 s e c o n d s f o r a l l
s u b je c ts * S h o o k s w ere d e l i v e r e d t o th e v o l a r s u r f a c e o f
S 's l e f t arm b y d im e - s ia e s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s p la c e d 2
in c h e s a p a r t o e n t e r - t o - c e n t e r * S h o ck I n t e n s i t y i n v o l t s
w as d e te rm in e d b y a sh o c k w ork up p r o c e d u re f o r e a c h S _
i n d i v i d u a l l y * The a v e ra g e sh o c k l e v e l f o r a l l s u b j e o t s
w as 35*14- v o l t s . No d i f f e r e n c e s i n m ean sh o o k l e v e l b e
tw e e n g ro u p s w ere fo u n d * G a lv a n ic s k i n r e s p o n s e s (GSRs)
w ere r e c o r d e d fro m s f i r s t and t h i r d f i n g e r t i p s
th r o u g h c o n to u re d 1 /2 by 5 /8 I n c h s h e e t s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s *
C o n d u c ta n c e c h a n g e s p ic k e d up by GSR r e c o r d i n g e l e c t r o d e s
w ere fe d th r o u g h a D a rro w -ty p e W h e a tsto n e b r id g e c i r c u i t
t o a n O ffn e r ty p e R p o ly g ra p h * C u r r e n t th r o u g h S *s
f i n g e r s fro m th e GSR b r id g e c i r c u i t was I m ic ro a m p e re s*
ADAPTATION NO ADAPTATION
B,
ALTERNATING PATTERN
B,
RANDOM PATTERN ALTERNATING PATTERN
B,
RANDOM PATTERN
1
CON ITI
CS+ cs-
N=12
2
VAR ITI CON ITI
CS+ cs- CS+ CS-
N=12 N=12
2
VAR ITI
1
CON ITI
CS+ cs- CS+ cs-
N=12 N=12
VAR ITI CON ITI
2
VAR ITI
CS + cs- CS + cs- CS+ cs-
N=12 N=12 N=12
TABLE ! • — I l l u s t r a t i o n o f e x p e rim e n ta l d e s ig n
I S
D i g i t a l b lo o d volum e w as r e c o r d e d b y a K e n e le o p h o to
e l e c t r i c p le th y a m o g ra p h ta p e d t o t h e se c o n d f i n g e r o f g / s
r i g h t h a n d , 1 S i g n a l s fro m t h e p h o t o c e l l w ere f e d th r o u g h
a b r id g e c i r c u i t t o a DC c o u p l e r o f t h e p o ly g r a p h . E v e n t
m a rk e rs I n d i c a t e d o n s e t , d u r a t i o n , and o f f s e t f o r b o th
CSs and UCSs. P a p e r sp e e d w as 5 > m i l l i m e t e r s p e r s e c o n d ,
CS d u r a t i o n , UCS d u r a t i o n , and C3«*JCS i n t e r v a l
w e re c o n t r o l l e d b y s i l e n t H u n te r 111C t i m e r s , X n t e r t r l a l
I n t e r v a l ( I T I ) was lj.0 s e c o n d s f o r th e c o n s t a n t IT I g r o u p .
F o r th e v a r i a b l e g ro u p I T I s a v e ra g e d I4.0 s e c o n d s w ith a
random ra n g e o f 15>-6£ s e c o n d s i n 10 s e c o n d I n c r e m e n ts ,
I T I s w ere c o n t r o l l e d by p u n ch ed ta p e f e e d i n g th r o u g h a
Q e rb ra n d s pro g ram m in g u n i t .
W h ite n o is e o f 60 dB i n t e n s i t y ( r e : ,0 0 0 2 d y n e s /
c » 2 ) fro m a G r a s o n - S ta d le r g e n e r a t o r (M odel 901B) was
p r e s e n te d I n t o t h e s u b j e c t room v i a a lo u d s p e a k e r t o a c t
a s a m a sk in g s o u n d . To f u r t h e r c o n t r o l e n v ir o n m e n ta l
c u e s , Sa a l s o w ore a b i n a u r a l h e a d s e t .
P ro c e d u re
The e x p e rim e n t w as c o n d u c te d I n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f
S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a P s y o h o p h y s lo lo g lc a l L a b o r a to r y , The
s u b j e c t w as I n one room w h ile th e e x p e r im e n te r (E ) w as
^ D i g i t a l b lo o d volum e d a t a w e re n o t a n a ly s e d b e
c a u s e o f r e o o r d in g d i f f i c u l t y .
i n an a d j a c e n t room w ith th e r e c o r d i n g , s t i m u l a t i n g ,
p ro g ra m m in g , and tim in g eq u ip m en t*
S u b je o ts w ere s e a t e d a t a t a b l e 3 f e e t fro m t h e
G r a s o n - S ta d le r m u l t i p l e s tim u lu s p r o j e c t i o n u n it *
W a tc h e s , r i n g s , and m e ta l t r i n k e t s w e re rem o v ed fro m g^'s
h a n d s and arm s* Shook and GSR e l e c t r o d e s w ere a t ta c h e d
t o S a f t e r p r e p a r a t i o n o f s k i n and e l e c t r o d e s w ith r u b
b in g a lc o h o l* HASA f o rm u la e l e c t r o d e j e l l y w as u s e d a t
e l e o t r o d e - s k i n ju n c tio n s * P r e v io u s w ork h ad show n t h a t
p o l a r i s a t i o n o f e l e o t r o d e s w as n o t a p ro b le m w ith HASA
p a s t e f o r a t l e a s t one h o u r* The S was g iv e n i n s t r u c t i o n s
a b o u t th e sh o o k w ork up and c a u tio n e d a b o u t m ovem ents
w h io h w ould in tr o d u c e m ovem ent a r t i f a c t s i n t o t h e r e o o rd *
The i n s t r u c t i o n s r e o e iv e d b y S a r e p r e s e n te d i n A p p en d ix
A*
B t h e n c a l i b r a t e d th e e q u ip m e n t and p ro c e e d e d w ith
t h e sh o c k w ork up* S w as t o l d t o r a i s e h i s l e f t arm w hen
h e f i r s t p e r c e iv e d th e sh o o k and t o r a i s e h i s arm a
seo o n d tim e w hen th e sh o o k l e v e l becam e s u c h t h a t h e
w ould r a t h e r a v o id i t * The f i n a l sh o o k l e v e l w as s e t
2 v o l t s above th e l e v e l c h o s e n b y S .
A d a p ta tio n T r i a l s
S i x t e e n a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s (8 t r i a l s o n e a c h CS)
w ere p r e s e n te d t o I4.8 s u b je c ts * To c o n t r o l f o r t o t a l tim e
17
I n t h e e x p e r im e n t, t h e o t h e r 1^ 8 s u b j e o t s r e o e i v e d a n
e q u a l am ount o f tim e w ith no s t i m u l a t i o n b e f o r e a c q u i s i
t i o n t r i a l s commenced f o r b o th g ro u p s* C Sf and CS*
t r i a l s w ere ra n d o m iz e d i n b lo c k s o f 8 t r i a l s f o r s u b j e c t s
r e c e i v i n g a random p a t t e r n o f CS p r e s e n t a t i o n s * O n e -h a lf
o f th e s u b j e c t s r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s s t a r t e d w ith
a CS* t r i a l w h ile th e o t h e r h a l f o f t h e s u b j e c t s s t a r t e d
w ith a CS- t r i a l *
A c q u is it io n T r ia ls
D u rin g a c q u i s i t i o n a l l g ro u p s r e c e iv e d seme o f
th e same c o n d i t io n s b u t d i f f e r e d w ith r e s p e c t t o o t h e r
c o n d itio n s * A l l s u b j e c t s r e o e iv e d lf.0 a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s
(2 0 t r i a l s o n e a c h CS)* S ix o u t o f 20 C Sf t r i a l s w ere
n o n r e in f o r c e d t e s t t r i a l s ( l « e * , a l l g ro u p s r e c e i v e d 70
p e r o e n t r e in f o r c e m e n t o n CS*)* The CS- t r i a l s a d j a c e n t
t o n o n r e in f o ro e d C Sf t r i a l s w ere d e s ig n a te d a s o o n t r o l
t r i a l s * T e s t t r i a l s o c c u rr e d o n t h e 2 n d , 5 t h , 9 t h ,
1 2 th , l 6t h , and 2 0 th CSf p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r a l l s u b je o ts *
C o n tr o l t r i a l s o o e u rre d an e q u a l num ber o f tim e s b e f o r e
and a f t e r t e s t t r i a l s f o r e a c h s u b je c t*
S u b je o ts d i f f e r e d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t
t o p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t (random v e r s u s a l t e r n a t i n g
CSf and C S- p r e s e n t a t i o n s ) . I n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l v a r i
a b i l i t y ( i * e * , c o n s t a n t v e r s u s v a r i a b l e l n t e r t r l a l
18
I n t e r v a l s ) * and w h e th e r a d a p t a t i o n t r l a l a h a d o r h ad n o t
b e e n p r e s e n te d t o CSs* R e fe re n c e t o T a b le 1 show s th e
e x p e r im e n ta l d e s ig n * I n a l l t h e r e w ere 8 In d e p e n d e n t
s u b g ro u p s o f 12 s u b je c ts * T h e se s u b g ro u p s c o u ld b e
c o l l a p s e d v a r io u s w ays t o t e s t f o r m ain e f f e c t s due t o
t h e In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n * W ith in t h e s m a l l e s t d i v i s i o n
o f s u b j e c t s (N • 12) r e c e i v i n g th e same e x p e r im e n ta l
tr e a tm e n ts * o o lo r o f C3 t o b e r e i n f o r c e d w as c o u n t e r
b a la n c e d *
E x t in c t io n
A ll s u b j e c t s r e c e iv e d 12 e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s (6
t r i a l s o n e a c h CS) • A l l c o n t in g e n c ie s w h ic h w ere I n
e f f e c t d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n and a c q u i s i t i o n h e ld d u r in g
e x t i n c t i o n * e x o e p t t h a t sh o o k w as o m itte d a f t e r t h e C S f.
A f t e r th e l a s t e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s s u b j e c t s w ere adm in
i s t e r e d a p o s t- e x p e r i m e n ta l q u e s t i o n n a i r e * A co p y o f
t h e p o s t - e x p e r i m e n t a l q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s p r e s e n te d i n
A p p en d ix B*
CHAPTER I I I
RESULTS
The g a lv a n ic a k i n r e s p o n s e to a d e q u a te s t i m u l a t i o n
I s a m om entary d e o re a a e i n b a s e r e s i s t a n c e * I n GSR
c o n d i ti o n i n g e x p e r im e n ts , w h ere th e CS-UCS i n t e r v a l i s
lo n g e r th a n th e minimum l a t e n c y o f r e s p o n s e , i t h a s b e e n
fo u n d t h a t s e v e r a l m om entary d e c r e a s e s I n b a s e r e s i s t a n c e
o o cu r* G r ln g s , L o c k h a rt and D am eron (I9 6 2) d e s ig n a te d
r e s p o n s e s o c c u r r in g w i t h i n th e CS-UCS i n t e r v a l a s a n t i c i
p a t o r y r e s p o n s e s and r e s p o n s e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n 5 s e c o n d s
a f t e r t h e CS-UCS i n t e r v a l o n n o n r e in f o r c e d t e a t t r i a l s
a t a p o i n t w h ere t h e UCR 0 0 o u r s o n r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l s , a s
seo o n d i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s * B o th a n t i c i p a t o r y (F IR ) and
se c o n d i n t e r v a l (S IR ) r e s p o n s e s a r e u t i l i s e d a s d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a b l e s i n th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t*
M om entary d e c r e a s e s o f 100 ohms o r m o re , w ith a
l a t e n c y o f 1 -5 s e c o n d s fro m CS o n s e t on a d a p t a t i o n , n o n -
r e l n f a r c e d a c q u i s i t i o n C8 + and C S- t r i a l s and e x t i n c t i o n
t r i a l s w ere m e a su re d a s FIR s* GSR c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g
w i t h i n 5 s e c o n d s a f t e r th e CS-UCS i n t e r v a l o n a d a p t a t i o n ,
a c q u i s i t i o n n o n r e in f o r c e d CSA and CS- t r i a l s and e x t i n c
t i o n t r i a l s w ere m e a su re d a s s e c o n d i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s *
19
2 0
B ase r e s i s t a n c e f a r b o th r e s p o n s e s w as m e a su red a t t h e
p o i n t o f o n s e t . The g r e a t e s t d e c r e a s e I n r e s i s t a n c e
w i t h i n th e d e f in e d i n t e r v a l s c o n s t i t u t e d th e r e s p o n s e
m a g n itu d e .
R e s i s t a n c e c h a n g e s w ere tr a n s f o r m e d I n t o s q u a re
r o o t o f c o n d u c ta n c e c h a n g e , a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w h ic h m akes
r e s p o n s e s in d e p e n d e n t o f b a s e l e v e l and te n d s t o n o r m a lis e
skew ed d i s t r i b u t i o n s . B ase r e s i s t a n c e s a t r e s p o n s e o n s e t
(Rb ) and a t p o i n t o f may 1 mum ch a n g e (Ra ) w i t h i n t h e
r e s p e c t i v e l y d e f in e d I n t e r v a l s w e re d e te r m in e d . T h ese
v a lu e s w ere s u b je c te d t o a s q u a re r o o t o f c o n d u c ta n c e
ch an g e t r a n s f o r m a ti o n
R e s u l t s o f t h e e x p e rim e n t w i l l b e d e s c r ib e d f o r a d a p ta
t i o n , a c q u i s i t i o n and e x t i n c t i o n p h a s e s f o r b o th FIR and
SIR m e a s u re s o f l e a r n i n g .
The f i r s t i n t e r v a l m a g n itu d e o f GSR d a t a a r e
f i r s t p r e s e n te d i n te rm s o f f i g u r e s o v e r a d a p t a t i o n ,
a c q u i s i t i o n , and e x t i n c t i o n p h a s e s o f th e e x p e r im e n t.
The f i g u r e s show b o th l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g and th e d e v e lo p *
m en t o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t
F i r s t I n t e r v a l R esp o n se
21
v a r i a t i o n * T h u s, F ig u r e 1 p r e s e n t s o v e r a l l e f f e c t s f o r
a l l S s w ith in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n c o l l a p s e d , w h ile
F ig u r e s 2 , 3» and It i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f th e i n d e
p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n on b o th l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g and d i s
c r im in a tio n *
A d a p ta tio n
M ag n itu d e o f r e s p o n d in g t o CSs on a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s , a s m e a su re d by F IR s , an sw e rs t h e q u e s t i o n s
w h e th e r th e In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f p a t t e r n o f r e i n
f o rc e m e n t and I T I r e g u l a r i t y m a n ip u la te o r i e n t i n g r e
sp o n d in g and w h e th e r g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s
a r e e q u i v a l e n t i n r e s p o n d in g a t th e s t a r t o f t h e e x p e r i
m ent*
T a b le 2 su m m arizes th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r
b o th o v e r a l l GSR m a g n itu d e d a t a b a s e d on th e m ean o f 8
t e s t - o o n t r o l CS p a i r s p e r 3 and GSR m a g n itu d e o v e r t r i a l s
d u r in g a d a p ta tio n * No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n o v e r a l l
l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g to t h e f i r s t CS w ere fo u n d b e tw e e n
g r o u p s , s u p p o r tin g th e a s s u m p tio n t h a t th e v a r i o u s su b
g ro u p s w ere random sa m p les fro m t h e sam e p a r e n t p o p u la
tio n * S i n g l y , n e i t h e r p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t n o r I T I
r e g u l a r i t y h ad s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n ,
a lth o u g h i n b o th o a s e s t h e e f f e c t w as i n th e d i r e c t i o n
p r e d i c t e d b y O R th e o ry *
M ean Magnitude o f O S R In V 2TS
CS+ • ----- •
CS- o °
E x t i n c t io n A d a p ta tio n A c q u is itio n
F ig # 1 , - - D is c r i m in a tio n Over P h ase s and T r i a l s w ith G roups C o lla p se d
n o
ro
1.6
1.5
c
tA
* . . .
o
•o
3
6 0
O S
s
§
£
Adap- CS+ •
t a t io n CS- o
No Adap- CS+ •----- •
t a t io n CS- 0----- °
A c q u is itio n E x tin c tio n
F i g . 2 , — FIR d is c r i m in a tio n f o r a d a p ta
t i o n and no a d a p ta tio n g ro u p s o v e r p h a se s and
t r i a l s *
i\>
Magnitude o f G S R in ■ S E C
s
§
1*6 ■
1.5
1 4
1.3
1 .2
1.1
1 .0
.9
.8
#7
•6
.5
4
.3
.2
• 1
A X > < N 4
o S —
V
o-
o
A lte r n a tin g CS+ • •
P a t t e r n CS- ° °
Randon
P a t t e r n
CS+ •'
CS- o-
-o
A d a p ta tio n
Pig# 3#-*-FIR discrimination for
and trials
12 3 k 5 6 1 2 3 1 1 . 5 6
A c q u is itio n E x t i n c ti o n
a l t e r n a t i n g and random g ro u p s o v e r p h a se s
M agnitude o f G S R In >/5T T
l,6r V a r ia b le CS+ • ---- •
^ . IT I CS- o---- o
l . k - C o n s ta n t CS+ • ---- •
IT I
1 .3 '
1.2 -
1.1 '
1 .0 - < '
CS- O
.0 o
" 0.
x C
-o --A g___
O '
5
I
A d a p ta tio n A c q u is itio n
F i g . If.—FIR d is c r im in a tio n f o r c o n s ta n t
and v a r ia b le IT I g ro u p s o v e r p h a s e s and t r i a l s
E x t i n c t i o n
ru
vn
26
TABLE 2 . — A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f f i r s t i n t e r
v a l GSR d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n f o r b o th o v e r a l l and
t r i a l e f f e c t s t o random a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n
and c o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I
S o u rc e
08) d f M B P P
Mean
B * 1 : 8
1
1 =1 : 8 2 .1 9
C
9.85
1
9.85
2 .8 2
BC
16.13
1 16.13
1+.61 p<.o5
E r r o r
153.79 kk
3.50
T 7.79 7 1 .1 1 6.67 P<.001
BT •7o
7 .1 1
1.71+ CT 2.03 7
.2Q
BCT 1.10 7
.16
E r r o r
51.1+1
308
.17
D 1 .61+
2 .6 5
BD
.19
1
.19
CD .02 1 •02
BCD
.35
1
.35
E r r o r
10.59 kk
DT .8 0
7 .1 1
BDT 2 .0 8
7
.30 2 .0 0
CDT 7 .13
BCDT 1.28
7
.1 8
E r r o r 1+5.81*. 308
.15
B s A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C * C o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I
D * D i s c r im in a t io n
T » T r i a l s e f f e o t
27
A s i g n i f i c a n t p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t by IT I
r e g u l a r i t y i n t e r a c t i o n (F - lj..6 l* d f = lA 4 » *05>) w*a
o b s e r v e d . T a b le 3 I l l u s t r a t e s t h a t w ith a l t e r n a t i n g
p a t t e r n * I T I r e g u l a r i t y d id n o t h a v e d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s
on m a g n itu d e o f OSR. However* w ith random p a t t e r n * t h e
o o n a t a a t I T I g ro u p d e m o n s tra te d g r e a t e r a d a p t a t i o n t h a n
d id th e v a r i a b l e I T I g r o u p .
A h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t t r i a l s e f f e c t (F * 6 .6 7 *
d f * 7 /3 0 8 * P < .0 0 1 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t m a g n itu d e o f GSR to
th e CSs a d a p te d o v e r t r i a l s . O v e r a ll d i f f e r e n t i a l r e *
s p o n d in g to C 3f and CS- ( t e s t - o o n t r o l ) s t i m u l i d u r in g
a d a p ta tio n * p r i o r to CS-UCS p a i r i n g s * w as n o t e v i d e n t as
d e m o n s tra te d b y l a c k o f d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g i n th e
a d a p t a t i o n p o r t i o n o f F ig u r e 1 . F ig u r e s 2* 3* and It* i n
c o n j u n c ti o n w ith a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e T a b le 2* d e m o n s tr a te
t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g to t e s t - c o n t r o l s t i m u l i w as
n o t e v id e n t i n any o f th e s u b g ro u p s d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n .
Ac q u i s i t i o n
D u rin g th e a c q u i s i t i o n p h a s e * b o th o v e r a l l a n a ly s e s
b a s e d on m ean m a g n itu d e o f r e s p o n s e t o th e 6 t e s t - o o n t r o l
t r i a l p a i r s and t r e n d a n a ly s e s o v e r t r i a l s w ere p e r f o rm e d .
T a b le I4 . p r e s e n t s th e summary a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r
f i r s t I n t e r v a l a c q u i s i t i o n GSR m a g n itu d e d a t a . A s i g n i f i
c a n t I T I r e g u l a r i t y e f f e c t d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n w as o b ta in e d
26
TABLE 3 . — M b a n m a g n itu d e o f f i r s t I n t e r v a l
OSR i n ££77 b a s e d o n 16 a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s
p e r 3 (V s lj.8 ) d e m o n s tr a tin g I n t e r a c t i o n
b e tw e e n p a t t e r n o f CS p r e s e n t a t i o n and I T I
r e g u l a r i t y
V a r ia b le IT I C o n sta n t IT I
A lt e r n a t in g
p a tt e r n
.6 9 .7 6
Random
p a tt e r n 1 .1 8
.6 7
29
TABLE 4«M Analysla of variance of first Interval
08R magnitudes during acquisition for both over
all and trial effeots to adaptatlon-no adaptation#
alternating-random pattern# constant-variable IT I
and discrimination
S o u rc e SS df M S P P
Ms an 1343.36 1 13^3.36
A 1*01 1 1 .0 1
B 2.05 1 2.05
6.66 C 18 #25 1 18.25 P< .05
AB
7.23
1 7 .2 3
2 .8 2
A C
BC
3.39
3.91
1
1
3.3?
3.91
ABC , 5.U-0 1 5.4,0
E r r o r 2 1 4. 1 .0 2 88
2.74
T
12.94 5 12.94
10.35 P < •001
AT 9.55 5 1.91 7.64
p < •001
BT
CT
1.60
3.3? I :&
2.64 P < •01
ABT
•94 5 .19
ACT .17 5 .03
BCT .58
5
.12
ABCT .6 1
5
•12
E r r o r 111.65 l*o
.25
D 4 1.J6 l 41.36
116.25
P < .001
AD .63
l
.63
BD .03
l
•03
CD .05 l
.05
ABD
.15
1
.15
ACD
.07 1
.07
BCD
.19
1
.19
3.86 ABCD
1.39
1
88
1.39
E r r o r
31.31 .36
30
TABLE I* .--C o n tin u ed
S o u ro e SS d f
M S p p
DT
2.93 5 .59
3.96 P < * 0 1
ADT
1 . 0L
5 .2 1
BDT 1 .5 6
5 .31
CDT .7 0
5
ABDT • 11
5
.0 2
ACDT 1 .0 9
5
.2 2
BCDT
.7 6 5
ABCDT 1 .2 0
5 •2k
E r r o r 65.01*.
W+o
.15
A * A d a p ta tio n - n o a d a p t a t i o n
B * A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C • C o n e t a n t - v a r la b l e I T I
D - D i s c r i m i n a t io n
T • T r i a l s
31
(P ■ 6 *6 6 , d f s 1 /8 8 , P < *05) • M ag n itu d e o f GSR t o b o th
t o s t and c o n t r o l s t i m u l i w as r e l i a b l y g r e a t e r f o r th e
v a r i a b l e I T I g ro u p t h a n f o r th e c o n s t a n t I T I g ro u p * A
s i g n i f i c a n t t r i a l s e f f e c t (P s 1 0 .3 5 , d f » 5 / 1 ^ 0 , P c . 0 0 1 )
I n d lo a te d t h a t m ean m a g n itu d e o f OSR t o t e s t - e o n t r o l
s t i m u l i d e c lin e d o v e r a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s * The a d a p t a t i o n
b y t r i a l s I n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t (F ■ 7 *6 1 4 ., d f *
5/M+0# P < *001) I n d i c a t i n g t h a t m a g n itu d e o f r e s p o n s e
e l l o l t e d b y t e s t - o o n t r o l s t i m u l i d i f f e r e d o v e r a c q u i s i
t i o n t r i a l s b e tw e e n th e g ro u p r e o e i v l n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s
and th e g ro u p n o t r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s * The
a c q u i s i t i o n p o r t i o n o f F ig u r e 2 I l l u s t r a t e s t h i s I n t e r
a c t i o n by sh o w in g t h a t r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e f o r th e n o
a d a p t a t i o n g ro u p s t a r t s a t a h ig h l e v e l i n i t i a l l y and
th e n d e c l i n e s w ith t r i a l s * W h e re a s, f o r t h e a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l g r o u p , r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e s t a r t s a t a low l e v e l
i n i t i a l l y and th e n i n c r e a s e s o v e r t r i a l s * The s i g n i f i c a n t
IT I r e g u l a r i t y b y t r i a l s I n t e r a c t i o n (F ■ 2 * 6 ^ , d f s
5/U ^O , P c *0 1 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l r a t e s o f r e
sp o n se d e c re m e n t o c c u rr e d f o r t h e tw o I T I r e g u l a r i t y
g ro u p s o v e r a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s * T h is i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
F ig u r e lj.* I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s r e s p o n s e
d e c re m e n t o c c u rre d f o r th e v a r i a b l e I T I th a n f o r t h e
c o n s t a n t I T I g ro u p f o r b o th CS* and CS-*
O v e r a ll d is c r im in a t io n c o n d it io n in g a s m easured by
32
th e m ean d i f f e r e n c e i n m a g n itu d e o f OSR t o 6 t e s t - e o n t r o l
CS p a i r s p e r s u b j e c t , w as h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t (F * 1 1 6 . 2 6 ,
d f = 1 /8 8 , P < * 0 0 1 )• T e s ts f o r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
i n g w ere p e rfo rm e d o n in d e p e n d e n t s u b g ro u p s a s w e ll* A ll
8 In d e p e n d e n t s u b g ro u p s d e m o n s tra te d s i g n i f i c a n t d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g w hen e v a l u a t e d b y i n d i v i d u a l
c o r r e l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m eans t - t e s t s *
None o f th e In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n i n t e r a c t e d s i g
n i f i c a n t l y w ith o v e r a l l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n le a r n in g * The
e f f e c t o f OR v a r i a t i o n w as t o ch a n g e th e l e v e l o f r e
s p o n d in g e l i o l t e d by th e CSs* H ow ever, l e v e l o f r e s p o n d
in g t o t e s t - c o n t r o l s t i m u l i w as n o t d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r
g ro u p s i n th e h i g h OR v a r i a t i o n and low OR v a r i a t i o n
c a t e g o r i e s ( i * e * , h ig h O R r a i s e d l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g t o
b o th t e s t and c o n t r o l s t i m u l i b u t n o t d i f f e r e n t i a l l y ) •
T h e r e f o r e , O R v a r i a t i o n d id n o t i n t e r a c t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
w ith o v e r a l l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d itio n in g * The t r i a l
m eans f o r t e s t and c o n t r o l OSR m a g n itu d e s o f a l l s u b j e c t s
a r e show n i n F ig u r e 1* A h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i s c r i m i n a
t i o n by t r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n (F s 3 * 9 8 , d f 2 5/M*.0, P < *01)
d e m o n s tr a te s t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t io n i n g im p ro v ed
r e l i a b l y o v e r a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s * None o f th e h i g h e r
o r d e r i n t e r a c t i o n s re a c h e d s ig n i f l o a n e e *
F ig u r e s 2 , 3 , and l|. a r e p l o t s o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
c o n d i t i o n i n g by th e In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f a d a p t a t i o n
33
t r i a l s to C Ss, p a tt e r n o f r e in fo r c e m e n t, and IT I
r e g u l a r it y o v er a d a p ta tio n , a c q u i s i t i o n , and e x t i n c t i o n
p h a se s o f th e e x p e r im e n t. I t w i l l be n o te d t h a t t h e
In d ep en d en t v a r i a t io n seem s t o have d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e e t s
on d is c r im in a t io n c o n d it io n in g . The e f f e c t seem s m ost
pronounced on th e f i r s t a c q u is it io n t e s t - c o n t r o l t r i a l *
H ow ever, th e summary a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e t a b le shows
t h a t none o f th e in d ep en d en t v a r i a t io n by d is c r im in a t io n
by t r i a l s in t e r a c t io n s are s i g n i f i c a n t .
E x t in c t io n
The a n a l y s i s o f v a r la n o e su n a n a rlz ln g f i r s t i n t e r v a l
m a g n itu d e o f GSR f i n d i n g s t o e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l CSs I s I n
T a b le 5* The e x t i n c t i o n p o r t i o n o f F ig u r e If. show s a
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m a g n itu d e o f r e s p o n s e b e tw e e n
I T I r e g u l a r i t y g ro u p s (F » 7*17# d f * 1 /8 8 # F < *01) w ith
th e v a r i a b l e IT I g ro u p r e s p o n d in g a t a h i g h e r l e v e l th a n
th e c o n s t a n t IT I gro u p * O v e r a ll r e s p o n s e l e v e l , on t h e
o th e r h a n d , was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y e i t h e r
a d a p t a t i o n o r p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t v a r i a t i o n . O v e r a ll
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g re m a in e d s i g n i f i c a n t (F -
5 8 .6 7 , d f * 1 /8 6 , P < *001) as d id d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i
t i o n i n g i n s u b g r o u p s . D i s c r i m in a t i o n i n t e r a c t e d s i g n i f i
c a n t l y w ith t r i a l s (F * 5 * 8 8 , d f ■ 5/Wl-O# P < *001) i n d i
c a t i n g t h a t c o n d itio n e d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n w as b e in g e x -
A
TABLE 5.— Analysls of variance of first Interval
Q8R magnitudes during extinction for both overall
and trial effects to adaptatlon-no adaptation
trials* alternating-random pattern* eonstant-
varlable I T I and discrimination
S o u ro e SB d f M S F P
Mean
A
B
C
AB
A C
BC
ABC
E r r o r
T
AT
BT
CT
ABT
ACT
BCT
ABCT
E r r o r
D
AD
BD
CD
ABD
ACD
BCD
ABCD
E r r o r
1028.20
2 .9 1
5 .4 6
25*97
12.9B
.3 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
88
1
5
125.60 U J + o
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
86
2.22
2 3 .7 0
35.55
1 0 2 8 .2 0
2 .9 1
25.97
1 2 .9 8
7 .1 7 P C . 01
3.58
58.67 Pc.001
3 .3 5
35
TABLE 5— C o n tin u e d
S ou rce SS d f M S F P
DT
7.25 5
APT
5
BDT 2 4 6
5
CDT 2 .2 0
5
ABPT
.91 5
ACPT
.39 5
BCDT
l a 3
5
ABCPT .88
. , 5
E r r o r
108.57
1*0
1 4 5 5 .8 8 P C . 0 0 1
•10
A 8 A d a p ta tio n - n o A d a p ta tio n t r i a l s
B * A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C 8 C o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I
p a P I s c r i m i n a t i o n
T • T r i a l s
36
tinguished over nonreinforced trials* Extinction portions
of Figures 2, 3* and if show that by the last extinction
trial* the discrimination which was evident between test-
control stimuli during acquisition and in the early part
of extinction* had disappeared.
Second Interval Response
The seco n d i n t e r v a l m agnitu de o f GSR d a ta a re
f i r s t p r e s e n te d i n term s o f f i g u r e s o v er a d a p ta tio n *
a c q u is it io n * and e x t i n c t i o n p h a se s o f t h e ex p erim en t*
The f i g u r e s show b o th l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g and t h e d e v e lo p
m ent o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f th e in d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a t i o n . Thus* F ig u r e $ p r e s e n t s o v e r a l l e f f e o t s f o r
a l l 3 a w ith th e I n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n c o lla p s e d * w h ile
F ig u r e s 6 * 7# and 8 i l l u s t r a t e th e e f f e c t s o f th e I n d e
p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n o n b o th l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g and d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n .
Adaptation
T a b le 6 p r e s e n t s th e summary a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e
f o r se co n d i n t e r v a l m a g n itu d e o f GSRs to CSs d u r in g
a d a p t a t i o n . I t c a n be s e e n fro m T a b le f? t h a t n o n e o f t h e
in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n h ad an e f f e c t on se c o n d i n t e r v a l
GSRs d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n . D i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g t o t e s t -
c o n t r o l s t i m u l i d u r in g a d a p ta tio n * p r i o r t o CS-UCS
Mean Magnitude o f G S R I n V a d
1.6
1.5
l.l|.
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
CS+ •
CS- 0 O
o— o ,
E x tin c tio n A d a p ta tio n
F ig . 5 • — O v e ra ll SIR d l s o r i a l n a t l o n f o r p h a se s and t r i a l s
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
£
k
3
2
1
0
A dap- CS+ •---•
t a t i o n ----- CS- °---°
Ho A dap- CS+*-----•
t a t i o n ------- CS- »---°
/
i £ 4 J* 4 i
A c q u is itio n
,0 O '
i- *1 - f -g
E x t i n c tio n
t
Fifc* 6 .- -S IR d is c r i m in a tio n o v a r p h a s e s
ind t r i a l s f o r a d a p ta tio n and no a d a p ta tio n
groups •
Magnitude o f G S R in < /A C
A lte r n a tin g
P a t t e r n
Rand o b i
P a t t e r n
CS+ •----- •
CS- 0-----0
• —
- — • '
s
E
-e 7 '
0— i
A c q u is itio n A d ap tation
P ig * 7*—SIR d is c r i m in a tio n o v e r p h a s e s and
t r i a l s f o r a l t e r n a t i n g and random p a t t e r n g ro u p s
Vi
n O
M ean M agnitude o f O S R In J& ~ C
1. 3 -
1. 2 -
1. 1 -
1 . 0 -
C o n s ta n t CS+ • ----- •
IT I CS- 0----- °
V a r ia b le CS+ • ----- •
IT I CS- 0----- °
• — •
— I — * '
O '
1 I I
A d a p ta tio n
A c q u is itio n
E x tin c tio n
d is c r i m in a tio n o v er
p h a s e s ana t r i a l s f o r c o n s ta n t ana
v a r i a b l e IT I g ro u p s
4=-
O
oo
in
TABLE 6 . - - A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e o f seo o n d
i n t e r v a l OSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n
f o r b o th o v e r a l l an d t r i a l e f f e c t s t o
r a n d o m - a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n , c o n s t a n t -
v a r i a b l e IT I and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
S o u rc e SS
d f
M S p p
Mean 38*28 1 38*28
B 1 .0 9 1 1 .0 9
1 .8 8
C .7 7 1 .7 7 1 .3 3
BC
•I?
,1
•12
E r r o r 25 A
Mf
• 5 8
T •
CD
w
7
.1 2
BT 2 .6 9 7 . 3 8 2 .3 7 P < . 0 £
CT 1*03 7 .1 5
BCT
E r r o r 1 * 9 ^ 2 30S
•Oil
• l o
D •18 1 *18
BD
• ° 2
1
•° 2
CD .3 6 1 .3 8
BCD .2 3 1 .2 3
E r r o r
7 . If 8
hk
.1 7
DT 7
0 0
0
.
BDT
•fS 7 .0 9
CDT 7 .0 7
BCDT 1 .0 6
7 •1 5
E r r o r 3 9 .7 8 308
.1 3
B = A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C * C o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I
D * D i s c r i m i n a t i o n
T - T r i a l s
p a i r i n g s , was n o t e v i d e n t , N or w oro t h e r e any s i g n i f i
c a n t t e s t - o o n t r o l d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b g ro u p s d u r in g a d a p ta
t i o n , An a d a p t a t i o n e f f e c t w as n o t f o u n d . The low l e v e l
o f r e s p o n d in g t o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l C S s, as i n d i c a t e d i n
th e a d a p t a t i o n p o r t i o n o f F ig u r e 6, show s t h a t v e r y few
S IR s w ere e l i c i t e d p r i o r to CS-UCS p a i r i n g s , A s i g n i f i
c a n t t r i a l s by p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t I n t e r a c t i o n
(F - 2 * 3 7 , d f s 7 /3 0 8 , P < , 0 5 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t o v e r t r i a l s
m a g n itu d e o f OSR f l u c t u a t e d i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s f o r
a l t e r n a t i n g and random p a t t e r n g r o u p s . The r e a s o n f o r
t h i s f i n d i n g i s n o t c l e a r .
A c q u is it io n
The summary a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r b o th o v e r a l l
m eans and t r i a l b y t r i a l m eans to t e s t - o o n t r o l CSs d u r in g
a c q u i s i t i o n i s p r e s e n te d i n T a b le 7 , I t w i l l b e n o te d
t h a t se c o n d i n t e r v a l OSR m a g n itu d e s w ere n o t s l g n i f i o a n t l y
a f f e c t e d b y any o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s d u r in g
a c q u i s i t i o n . D i s c r i m i n a t i o n l e a r n i n g , a s m e a su re d by
d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g t o t e s t - c o n t r o l s t i m u l i d u r in g
a c q u i s i t i o n , w as h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t (F * £ 8 .1 0 , d f S 1 /8 8 ,
P < , 0 0 1 ). F ig u r e £ i s a p l o t o f SIR t r i a l m eans t o t e s t -
c o n t r o l s t i m u l i f o r a d a p t a t i o n , a c q u i s i t i o n , and e x t i n c
t i o n p h a s e s o f th e e x p e rim e n t f o r a l l S s , F ig u r e s 6 , 7 ,
and 8 i l l u s t r a t e s i m i l a r p l o t s a s i n F ig u r e 5» b u t th e
k z
TABLE 7 • - - A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e o f s e c o n d
I n t e r v a l QSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n
f o r b o th o v e r a l l and t r i a l e f f e c t s t o a d a p ta -
t i o n - n o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s , a l te r n a ti n g - r a n d o m
p a t t e r n , e o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e I T I an d d i s c r i m i n a
t i o n
S o u rc e S3
d f
i e P p
Mean 163.61* 1 1 6 3 . 6I*
A
1 .6 3
1 1 .6 3 2.1*3
B
.1 3
1
.1 3
C
1 .0 3
1 1 .0 3
AB •1 0 1 .1 0
A C ,0 2 1 •02
BC 1 .5 1
ABC . f o
1
4 3
E r r o r 5 9 .0 6 88
.6 7
T •1*0
5
•08
AT .7 8
5
.1 6
BT
•75 5
.1 5
CT 1 .2 1
5 .2U
ABT
.6 9 5
ACT
•5z
5
.0 9
BCT
1 .2 5 5 .2 5
ABCT 1 .8 0
, , 5
.3 6
E r r o r 9 2 .2 7 W*o .2 1
D 2 1 .2 7 1 2 1 .2 7
5 8 .1 0 P < .0 0 1
AD 1
•M*
BD
.0 3
1 .0 3
CD .0 8 1 .0 8
ABD .1 0 1 .10
ACD .0 0 1 •00
BCD 2 .1 6 1 2 .1 6 6 .0 0 p < .0 5
ABCD .2 0 1 .2 0
E r r o r 3 2 .2 3 88
.3 7
1 *
TABUS 7 - -C o n tin u e d
S o u ro e a s
d f
l e P P
DT 2.1^6
5
•U9
3 .2 7
P < .0 1
ADT 1 .0 9 5
•2 2
BDT •9 0
5
.1 8
CDT
ABDT i t t 5
• X §
•3 5 2 .3 3 P < .0 5
ACDT
1 .5 9 5
•3 2
BCDT
l .p 9 5
.2 2
ABCDT
• i 9 , , 5
.1 0
E r r o r
67.14-5 kko •1 5
A * A dapt a t io n - n o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s
B - A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C » C o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e IT I
D * D is c r im in a t io n
T * T r i a l s
45
b reak d o w n i s b y t h e I n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n o f a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s * p a t t e r n o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t , and I T I r e g u l a r i t y *
r e s p e c t i v e l y * The a c q u i s i t i o n p o r t i o n o f F ig u r e $ , i n
c o n j u n c ti o n w ith th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e * i l l u s t r a t e s
a s i g n i f i c a n t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b y t r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n (F *
3 . 2 7 * d f ■ 5>/l+4 0 * P < *001) i n d i c a t i n g a n Im p ro v em en t i n
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r t r i a l s * A s i g n i f i c a n t p a t t e r n o f r e
in f o rc e m e n t by IT I r e g u l a r i t y b y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t e r
a c t i o n (F ■ 6*00* d f • 1 /8 8 * P < *05?) i n d i c a t e s t h a t w i t h
v a r i a b l e I T I d i s c r i m i n a t i o n l a b e t t e r f o r t h e random
p a t t e r n g ro u p th a n f o r th e a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n g ro u p *
T h is f i n d i n g i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b le 9* A b a r e l y s i g
n i f i c a n t (F s 2*33» d f ■ 5 A 4 0* P < *05?) a d a p t a t i o n b y
p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t by d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r t r i a l s
i n t e r a c t i o n was a l s o f o u n d . The r e a s o n f o r t h i s f i n d i n g
i s u n c le a r *
E x t i n c t i o n
The a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e su m m a riz in g se c o n d
I n t e r v a l 03H m a g n itu d e d a t a on e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s i s p r e
s e n te d i n T a b le 8* The in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n o f IT I
r e g u l a r i t y s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d m a g n itu d e o f SIR d u r in g
e x t i n c t i o n (F » 5 * 2 3 , d f • 1 /8 8 , P < * 0 f> )* F ig u r e 8
i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t th e v a r i a b l e I T I g ro u p r e s p o n d e d a t a
h i g h e r l e v e l t h a n d id t h e c o n s t a n t I T I g ro u p t o b o th CS+
1 + 6
TABLE 8 . - - A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e o f se c o n d
i n t e r v a l OSR m a g n itu d e s d u r in g e x t i n c t i o n f o r
b o th o v e r a l l an d t r i a l e f f e e t s t o a d a p t a t i o n -
no a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s # a l te r n a ti n g - r a n d o m p a t
te r n # c o n s t a n t - v a r i a b l e IT I# and d i s c r i m i n a
t i o n
S o u rc e SS d f M S p p
Mean 165*8 1 165*8
A 2 .S o 1 2 .80 3 * 6
B .65 1 •65
C l»..2k
1
k ^ k
5.23 P < .05
AB .70 1 .70
A C .10 1 • 10
BC .06 1 •06
ABC •O il 1 •o ij.
E r r o r 71.60 88 .81
T
AT
BT
CT
ABT
ACT
BCT
ABCT
E r r o r
D
AD
BD
CD
ABD
ACD
BCD
ABCD
E r r o r
2.37
£
£
2.17
2.88
.8 k
106.16
1 2 .0 0
£
I
•o £
3 1 ^ 7
I
f
5
5
5
l*o
£
.12
.0 7
•0 6
* 3
.58
•17
•2ll
1 .9 6
2 * 2 P < .05
12.00 30.00 Pc.001
.o k
•2 0
2.25
88
k l
TABLE Q— -C o n tin u e d
S o u rc e
S8 d f
M S P P
DT
2*03 §
ADT 1 .5 0
$ • 3 °
BDT
2 *9?
$
• £ l
CDT .6 L
$ •13
ABDT
• A §
.1 1
ACDT
1 .1 9
*2L
BCDT
• 7?
§ •1 5
ABCDT 1 . 4 .2 5
E r r o r
106.71 M4.0 . 4
A * A dapt a ti o n - n o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l *
B ■ A lte r n a tin g - r a n d o m p a t t e r n
C * C o n a ta n t - v a r ia b le IT I
D * D i s c r i m i n a t i o n
T = T r i a l s
1 ^ 8
TABUS 9 , — I l l u s t r a t i o n o f p a t t e r n o f
r e in f o r c e m e n t by I T I r e g u l a r i t y b y
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h se c o n d
i n t e r v a l m a g n itu d e o f GSR i n
A l t e r n a t i n g
p a t t e r n
Random
P a t t e r n
C o n s ta n t
I T I .3 0 •2 1
V a r ia b le
IT I .1 6
.35
k 9
and CS-* Kona o f th e o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n h ad
s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s o n m a g n itu d e o f se c o n d i n t e r v a l GSR
d u r in g e x t i n c t i o n * O v e r a ll d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g
re m a in e d h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t (F » 3 0 *0 0 , d f » 1 /8 8 , P <
•0 0 1 )* The d i s c r i m i n a t i o n by t r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n w as n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e r e b y i n d i c a t i n g t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
c o n d i ti o n i n g w as q u i t e r e s i s t a n t t o e x t i n c t i o n *
A s i g n i f i c a n t p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t b y I T I
r e g u l a r i t y b y t r i a l s I n t e r a c t i o n was fo u n d (F ■ 2*lj.O,
d f * 5/Mj-Of P < *05) • I** th e a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n g r o u p ,
v a r i a b l e IT I le d t o g r e a t e r r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e t o CSs
th a n d id c o n s ta n t IT I* W h e re a s, i n th e ran d o m p a t t e r n
g r o u p , c o n s t a n t I T I le d to g r e a t e r r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e t o
CSs th a n d id th e v a r i a b l e IT I*
C H A PTER IV
DISCUSSION
I n o r d e r t o a d e q u a te ly a s s e s s th e e f f e c t s o f OR
v a r i a t i o n on c l a s s i c a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g o f
a u to n o m ic r e s p o n s e s , t h e f o llo w in g h a s t o o h t a i n t ( 1 ) th e
in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n d o e s , I n f a c t , h a v e t o m a n ip u la te
OR m a g n itu d e , and (2 ) d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g h a s t o
b e r e l i a b l y d e m o n s tr a te d .
O r i e n tin g R e sp o n se V a r i a t i o n
To d e m o n s tra te t h a t OR i s b e in g v a r i e d b y e x p e r i
m e n te r o p e r a t i o n s , i t h a s t o b e show n (1 ) t h a t no d i f f e r
e n c e s i n m a g n itu d e o f GSR a r e e v i d e n t b e tw e e n g ro u p s a t
th e s t a r t o f th e e x p e r im e n t, and (2 ) t h a t r e l i a b l e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n OR o c c u r I n th e d i r e c t i o n p r e d i c t e d b y
OR th e o r y a s a r e s u l t o f e x p e r im e n te r o p e r a t i o n s .
To an sw e r th e f i r s t q u e s t i o n th e f o u r in d e p e n d e n t
g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t o CSs w ere oom pared
on m a g n itu d e o f GSR t o t h e f i r s t C3 p r e s e n t a t i o n . No
r e l i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n g ro u p s i n m a g n itu d e o f OSR
t o t h e f i r s t a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l CS w ere f o u n d , a r e s u l t
w h ic h s u p p o r ts th e h y p o th e s is t h a t s u b j e c t s d id n o t
50
51
d i f f e r i n r e s p o n s i v i t y a t th e a t a r t o f t h e e x p e rim e n t*
OR th e o r y p r e d l o t a t h a t w ith r e s p e o t t o p a t t e r n o f
CS p r e s e n t a t i o n , OR i n t h e ran d o m p a t t e r n g ro u p s h o u ld
a d a p t a t a a lo w e r r a t e and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t th a n I n th e
a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n g r o u p , and t h a t w it h r e a p e o t t o IT I
r e g u l a r i t y , th e O R I n th e v a r i a b l e IT I g ro u p a h o u ld a d a p t
m ore a lo w ly and t o a l e a s e r e x t e n t t h a n i n th e c o n s ta n t
I T I g roup* S i n g l y , n e i t h e r o f th e a e p r e d i c t i o n s was
r e l i a b l y s u p p o rte d by a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l CS re s p o n d in g *
H ow ever, i n c o m b in a tio n , t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s p a t t e r n
o f CS p r e s e n t a t i o n and I T I r e g u l a r i t y i n t e r a c t e d r e l i a b l y *
The random p a t t e r n v a r i a b l e IT I g ro u p showed s i g n i f i c a n t l y
le aB OR d e c re m e n t t o CSs o n a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t h a n d id th e
random p a t t e r n c o n s t a n t IT I g r o u p , a r e s u l t w h ic h i s
c o n g ru e n t w ith OR th e o r y p r e d i c t i o n s * IT I r e g u l a r i t y
v a r i a t i o n p ro d u c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t a c q u i s i t i o n e f f e c t ,
p r o b a b ly b e c a u s e th e sam p le s i z e f o r a c q u i s i t i o n d a t a was
d o u b le t h a t o f a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l d a t a ( o n ly h a l f o f th e
S s r e c e iv e d a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t o CSa)* T h is view l a
s u p p o r te d by th e f a c t t h a t I T I r e g u l a r i t y h ad a s l a r g e
an e f f e c t i n t h e p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n a s
d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n , b u t t h e a d a p t a t i o n e f f e c t f a i l e d to
r e a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w h e re a s th e a c q u i s i t i o n
e f f e c t w as s i g n i f i c a n t *
W ith r e s p e c t t o a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t o t h e CSs i t
52
was shown f i r a t t h a t g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s
d id n o t d i f f e r from g ro u p s n o t r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s w hen com pared o n m a g n itu d e o f GSR t o th e l a s t TICS
d u r in g sh o o k w ork up* S e c o n d , I t w as shown t h a t t h e
g ro u p r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s g av e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s m a lle r m a g n itu d e o f GSR t o th e f i r s t t e s t t r i a l o n
a c q u i s i t i o n t h a n th e g ro u p n o t r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s ( s e e F ig u r e 3 ) , T h is se c o n d r e s u l t s u p p o r ts th e
v iew t h a t a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t o CSs r e l i a b l y h a b i t u a t e d
ORs* The e f f e c t , h o w e v e r, w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t b ey o n d th e
f i r s t t e s t t r i a l * Lubow and Moore (1 9 5 9 ) fo u n d t h a t
a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s on a CS r e l i a b l y r e t a r d e d r a t e o f CR
a c q u i s i t i o n o v e r r a t e o f CR a c q u i s i t i o n t o a CS t o w h ich
no a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s had b e e n p r e s e n te d * I n a l a t e r
e x p e rim e n t Lubow (1 9 6 5 ) d e m o n s tra te d t h a t d e c re m e n t i n
p e rfo rm a n c e w as a f u n c t i o n o f num ber o f a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s *
The e x p e rim e n ts by Lubow, h o w e v e r, w ere w ith g o a t s and
s h e e p and th e d e p e n d e n t m e a su re w as a s k e l e t a l r e s p o n s e
w h ile s u b j e c t s i n th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t w ere p e o p le and
th e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w as an au to n o m ic r e s p o n s e * I t i s
r i s k y t o g e n e r a l i z e a o ro a s s p e c i e s , b u t t h e r e s u l t s s u g
g e s t t h a t a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s t o CSs a f f e c t s k e l e t a l CRs
m ore and f o r a lo n g e r tim e th a n a u to n o m ic CRs*
I n sum , t h e s e r e s u l t s s u p p o r t th e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t
a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s , p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t and I T I
53
r e g u l a r i t y , e i t h e r s i n g l y o r i n c o m b in a tio n , r e l i a b l y
m a n ip u la te d OR b e h a v io r a s m e a su re d by f i r s t I n t e r v a l
GSR m a g n itu d e o n a d a p t a t i o n and a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s *
D i s c r i m i n a t i o n C o n d itio n in g
V I th FIR a s th e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e , d im in u tio n o f
OSR m a g n itu d e o v e r a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s w as r e l i a b l y
d e m o n s tr a te d , i t w as f u r t h e r show n t h a t t h e r e w ere no
d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s p o n d in g t o CS+ and CS- d u r in g a d a p ta
t i o n , w h ile a r e l i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n m a g n itu d e o f GSR
was o b s e rv e d b e tw e e n CS+ and OS- d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n . I t
w as a l s o d e m o n s tra te d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n m a g n itu d e
o f r e s p o n d in g t o CSf and CS- im p ro v ed r e l i a b l y o v e r
a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s . A nd, f i n a l l y , a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c re m e n t
i n d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g b e tw e e n CS+ and CS- o o c u rre d
o v e r e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s .
W ith r e s p e c t t o c o n d i t i o n i n g , t h e sam e r e s u l t s
w ere o b ta in e d w ith SIR a s w ith F IR d u r in g b o t h a c q u i s i t i o n
and e x t i n c t i o n p h a s e s o f t h e e x p e r im e n t. H o w ev er, d u r in g
a d a p t a t i o n , th e r e s u l t s f o r SIR w ere d i f f e r e n t fro m th o s e
a l r e a d y d e s c r ib e d f o r F IR . W ith SIR a s t h e d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a b l e , i t w as d e m o n s tra te d t h a t v e r y fe w , i f a n y ,
r e s p o n s e s w ere p r e s e n t d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n . The v e r y low
l e v e l o f r e s p o n d in g d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n , o o u p le d w ith th e
f a c t t h a t no a d a p t a t i o n e f f e o t w as d e m o n s tra te d and no
£k
d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s p o n d in g b e tw e e n CS+ and CS- o c c u r r e d ,
s u g g e s ts t h a t a d a p t a t i o n aeoond i n t e r v a l GSRs c a n m o st
r e a s o n a b ly b e a s c r ib e d t o s p o n ta n e o u s o r o p e r a n t l e v e l
r e s p o n d in g *
OR b y D is c r im in a t io n I n t e r a c t i o n
The m ain c o n c e rn o f th e e x p e rim e n t w as t o a s s e s s
th e e f f e c t s o f OR v a r i a t i o n o n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
in g o f au to n o m ic re s p o n s e s * W ith FIR as th e d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a b l e , t h e O R v a r y in g o p e r a t i o n s o f a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s ,
p a t t e r n o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t , and IT I r e g u l a r i t y , e i t h e r
s i n g l y o r i n c o m b in a tio n , h ad no e f f e c t o n o v e r a l l d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t io n i n g a s m e asu red by th e m ean d i f f e r
e n c e i n m a g n itu d e o f GSR to s i x t e s t - c o n t r o l t r i a l p a i r s
p e r S d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n * T h is l a c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t
i n t e r a c t i o n b e tw e e n OR v a r i a t i o n and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
c o n d i t i o n in g s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f OR a s m an ip u
l a t e d i n th e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t, h a v e no r e l a t i o n t o
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d itio n in g *
W ith SIR a s th e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e , p a t t e r n o f
r e in f o r c e m e n t i n c o n ju n c tio n w ith I T I r e g u l a r i t y , show ed
an I n t e r a c t i o n w ith d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g w h ic h was
b a r e l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e »0<> l e v e l* H ow ever, t h i s one
p o s i t i v e I n s t a n c e , w hen c o n t r a s t e d a g a i n s t a l l t h e n e g a
t i v e e v id e n o e , d o e s n o t p r o v id e v e r y s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r
55
th e n o t i o n t h a t OR v a r i a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
le a r n in g * The r e s u l t m l g i t m o st p a r s im o n io u s ly b e a s
s ig n e d t o s p u r io u s o r ohanoe f in d in g s *
OR a s an I n d i v i d u a l D if f e r e n c e V a r ia b l e
To t e s t w h e th e r e x p e r i m e n ta l l y In d u c e d o r i e n t i n g
b e h a v io r y i e l d s r e s u l t s a o n g r u e n t w i th OR b e h a v io r d e
f i n e d a s an i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e * s u b j e c t s w ere
d iv id e d a t t h e m e d ia n i n t o h ig h and low o r l e n t e r s o n
m a g n itu d e o f r e s p o n s e e l l o i t e d b y t h e l a s t TJCS d u r in g
sh o c k w ork up* The r e s u l t s o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e r e v e a l e d
t h a t th e h ig h OR g ro u p re s p o n d e d a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h ig h e r l e v e l t o b o th CS+ and C S- t h a n d id th e low OR
g ro u p * b u t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g w as n o t s i g n i f i
c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a t i o n *
T hese r e s u l t s s u p p o r t th o s e o f R a s k in (19& 3)* who v a r i e d
OR as an I n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e i n a OSR d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n in g e x p e rim e n t* R a s k in fo u n d a
s i g n i f i c a n t o v e r a l l l e v e l e f f e c t w ith th e h i g h OR g ro u p
r e s p o n d in g a t a r e l i a b l y h i g h e r l e v e l th a n th e low OR
g ro u p * b u t no OR by d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t e r a c t i o n w as
d e m o n s tra te d *
F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f OR a s an i n d i v i d u a l d i f
f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e f o c u s e d o n a n sw e rs t o th e p o s t - e x p e r i
m e n ta l q u e s tio n n a i r e * S u b je c ts w ere s p l i t above and b e -
low th e m e d ia n o n p o s t - e x p e r i m e n t a l r a t i n g s t o how muoh
th e y " e x p e c te d " t h e UCS to C S f. S u b je c ts who " e x p e c te d *
th e UCS m ore t o C Sf d id n o t d e m o n s tra te s i g n i f i c a n t l y
g r e a t e r d l a c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g on e i t h e r FIR o r SIR
m e a s u re s o f l e a r n i n g th a n d id s u b j e c t s who " e x p e c te d *
th e UCS l e s s t o C3+* n o r w as t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n
b e tw e e n " e x p e c t a tio n * o f UCS t o CS+ and e l s e o f OR t o th e
l a s t UCS d u r in g sh o c k w ork up ( t * 1*39 * a 9^-# P =
• 20).
S u b je c ts w ere th e n s p l i t above and below t h e
m ed ian o n r a t e d n o x io u s n e s s o f th e s h o o k . S u b je c ts who
r a t e d t h e sh o o k a s m ore n o x io u s d id n o t show b e t t e r d i s
c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n th a n d id s u b
j e c t s who r a t e d th e sh o c k a s l e s s n o x io u s . A c o m p a ris o n
o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n n o x io u s n e s s r a t i n g o f sh o ck
and m a g n itu d e o f O R t o t h e l a s t UCS d u r in g sh o o k w ork u p
f a i l e d to t u r n up any s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s *
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f R e s u l ts
W hile th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n t e x
p e r im e n t d id n o t h av e s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s o n d i s c r i m i n a
t i o n c o n d i t i o n in g p e r s e , o v e r a l l m a g n itu d e o f OR w as
a f f e c t e d and i n t h e d i r e c t i o n p r e d i c t e d by OR th e o ry *
P a v lo v (1 9 2 7 ) n o te d t h a t one o f t h e m o st r e l i a b l e f i n d
in g s i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g e x p e rim e n ts i s t h e d e v e lo p -
S i
m en t o f i n h i b i t i o n w i t h s tim u lu s r e p e t i t i o n . Com pre
h e n s iv e r e v ie w s by J e n k in s and S ta n le y ( 1 9 5 0 ) , L ew is
(1 9 6 o ) 9 and K im ble ( I 9 6 I ) show t h a t i n a v a r i e t y o f
o r g a n is m s , w i t h b o th c l a s s i c a l and I n s t r u m e n ta l c o n d i
t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m s , f i x e d I T I and p a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t
i n c r e a s e th e r a t e a t w h ic h i n h i b i t i o n i s d e v e lo p e d * T h u s,
th e r e l i a b l e d e p r e s s io n o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l ORs b y s tim u lu s
p r e - e x p o s u r e and r e g u l a r i t y i n th e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t,
w ould a p p e a r t o b e th e r e s u l t o f i n h i b i t o r y d e c re m e n t.
I n h i b i t i o n and e x c i t a t i o n a r e h e ld t o b e a n ta g o
n i s t i c p r o c e s s e s * Magoun ( I 9 6 3 ) h a s r e l a t e d S o k o lo v 's
OR m odel t o th e r a t e a t w h ic h i n h i b i t i o n d e v e lo p s * He
s t a t e s :
I t h a s b e e n p ro p o s e d b y S o k o lo v ( i 9 6 0 ) t h a t t h e
r e s p e c t i v e p r o v o c a t io n o f an o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x
o r h a b i t u a t i o n i s d e te rm in e d by th e c o m p a ris o n
o f n o v e l s t i m u l i w ith n e u r o n a l m o d e ls e s t a b l i s h e d
i n th e c o r t e x by p r e v io u s s t i m u l a t i o n . I n
S o k o lo v 's v ie w , t h e d is c o r d a n c e b e tw e e n n o v e l
s t i m u l i and an e s t a b l i s h e d m o d el i s r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r t r i g g e r i n g a n o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x . By c o n t r a s t ,
th e a c c o rd a n c e w ith w h ic h s t e r e o ty p e d s t i m u l i
m a tc h th e e s t a b l i s h e d m odel n o t o n ly f a l l s t o
ev o k e a n o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x b u t , by p ro m o tin g i n
h i b i t o r y a c t i o n , i s a d d i t i o n a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
h a b i t u a t i o n * S o k o lo v 's n e u r o n a l m o d el i a c o n
c e iv e d a s a c o r t i c a l c e l l a s se m b ly t h a t p r e
s e r v e s in f o r m a ti o n a b o u t t h e m o d a li t y , i n t e n s i t y ,
d u r a t i o n , and o th e r p a r a m e te r s o f e a r l i e r s t i m u l i ,
w i t h w h ic h a n a lo g o u s a s p e c t s o f n o v e l s t i m u l a t i o n
may b e c o m p a re d . A c c o rd in g t o t h i s h y p o t h e s i s ,
th e o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x i s ev o k ed w h e n e v e r, u p o n
su c h c o m p a ris o n , f e a t u r e s o f t h e n o v e l s tim u lu s
do n o t c o in o ld e w ith th o s e o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d
m odel* T h is d is c o r d a n c e , i t I s p r o p o s e d , e v o k e s
58
th e o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x * I n t h e c o n t r a s t i n g s i t u a
tio n * w hen n o v e l s t i m u l i a r e a c c o r d a n t w i t h t h e
e s t a b l i s h e d n e u r o n a l m odel* th e o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x
i s n o t in d u c e d * M oreover* u p o n r e p e t i t i o n * s u c h
a c c o rd a n c e o f s tim u lu s and m odel i s p ro p o s e d to
i n h i b i t c e n t r a l a r o u s a l s y s te m s o f t h e b r a i n and
s o p ro m o te h a b i t u a t i o n *
I t f o llo w s fro m S o k o lo v 's n e u r o n a l m odel* a s
e x p l i c a t e d b y Magoun* t h a t a m ore com plex o r v a r i a b l e
p a t t e r n o f s t i m u l a t i o n l e a d s to a s lo w e r d e v e lo p m e n t o f
I n h i b i t i o n t h a n d o e s a l e s s co m p lex o r v a r i a b l e p a t t e r n
o f s t i m u la tio n * T h is i s so b e o a u s e i t ta k e s m ore t r i a l s
f o r a m ore co m p lex n e u r o n a l m o d el t o d e v e lo p th a n f o r a
s im p le r n e u r o n a l m o d el t o d e v e lo p * I t i s s u b m itte d t h a t
th e r e s u l t s o f th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t a r e a c c o r d a n t w ith
S o k o lo v 's n e u r o n a l m o d e l: t h a t th e OR h a b i t u a t i n g
o p e r a t i o n s eiiQ>loyed ( a d a p t a tio n * f i x e d r e in f o r c e m e n t
p a t t e r n * and c o n s t a n t IT I ) h a s te n e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
i n h i b i t i o n *
CHAPTER V
SU M M A R Y
The p u rp o s e o f th e p r e s e n t e x p e rim e n t w as t o t e s t
t h e e f f e c t s o f r e in f o r c e m e n t p a t t e r n , I n t e r t r i a l I n t e r v a l
r e g u l a r i t y , and a d a p t a t i o n o n t h e o r i e n t i n g r e s p o n s e (OR)
and c l a s s i c a l OSR d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d itio n in g * S p e c i f i c
h y p o th e s e s t e s t e d w ere*
1* T h a t g r e a t e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g
o c c u rs i n a g ro u p n o t r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s th a n I n a g ro u p r e c e i v i n g a d a p t a t i o n
t r i a l s ,
2* T h a t g r e a t e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g
o o o u rs I n a g ro u p r e c e i v i n g ran d o m p a t t e r n o f
CS+ and CS- t r i a l s th a n i n a g ro u p r e c e i v i n g
a n a l t e r n a t i n g p a t t e r n o f CSf and CS- t r i a l s *
3 , T h a t a v a r i a b l e i n t e r t r l a l i n t e r v a l ( I T I )
le a d s t o g r e a t e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g
th a n d o e s a c o n s t a n t IT I*
N i n e t y - s i x I n t r o d u c t o r y p s y c h o lo g y s t u d e n t s w ere
a s s ig n e d by a t a b l e o f random n u m b ers t o e i g h t c e l l s o f
a 2 x 2 x 2 f a c t o r i a l d e s ig n c o m p ris e d o f a d a p t a t i o n o r
no a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s , a l t e r n a t i n g v e r s u s ran d o m p a t t e r n
59
6o
o f C3+ and C S- p r e s e n t a t i o n s , and o o n s t a n t v e r s u s v a r i
a b le IT I* C o n d i tio n in g , a w i t h i n s u b j e c t v a r i a b l e , w as
i n f e r r e d fro m d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g t o a CS p a i r e d
w ith sh o c k and to a CS n o t so p a i r e d on n o n r e ln f o r o e d
t e s t - e o n t r o l t r i a l s d u r in g b o th a c q u i s i t i o n and e x t i n c
tio n * Red and g r e e n l i g h t s s e rv e d a s CSs* CS d u r a t i o n s
w ere 0*5 se c o n d s* CS-UCS i n t e r v a l w as 5*0 se c o n d s* UCS
w as a 0*5 se c o n d DC sh o o k t o th e fo re a rm * I T I w as I 4.0
se c o n d s f o r t h e o o n s t a n t g ro u p and a v e ra g e d I4.0 s e c o n d s
f o r t h e v a r i a b l e I T I g ro u p *
F o r t y - e i g h t £ s r e c e i v e d 16 a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s (8
t r i a l s o n e a c h CS) w h ile a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s w ere n o t p r e
s e n te d t o th e o t h e r Ss* A l l 9 ^ 8 s r e c e i v e d lj.0 a c
q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s (2 0 t r i a l s o n e a c h CS)* S ix o f 20 CS*
t r i a l s w ere n o n r e in f o r c e d t e s t t r i a l s * The C S- t r i a l s
a d j a c e n t t o t e s t t r i a l s w ere d e s ig n a te d a s c o n t r o l
t r i a l s * T e s t t r i a l s o o o u rre d o n th e 2 n d , 5 t h , 9 t h , 1 2 t h ,
1 6 th , and 2 0 th CS* p r e s e n t a t i o n * C o n tr o l t r i a l s o c o u rre d
a n e q u a l num ber o f tim e s b e f o r e and a f t e r t e s t t r i a l s *
A ll S s r e o e lv e d 12 e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s ( 6 t r i a l s o n e a c h
CS)*
B o th s i n g l y and i n c o m b in a tio n , t h e e x p e r im e n te r
o p e r a t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d m a g n itu d e o f OR i n th e
d i r e c t i o n p r e d i c t e d b y S o k o lo v 's OR m odel* A d a p ta tio n
t r i a l s t o CSs s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e p r e s s e d OR m a g n itu d e d u r in g
6 1
a c q u i s i t i o n w han com pared w ith a g ro u p n o t r e c e i v i n g
a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s * S i n g l y , n e i t h e r p a t t e r n o f r e i n f o r c e
m ent n o r IT I r e g u l a r i t y h ad s l g n l f l o a n t e f f e c t s o n O R
m a g n itu d e d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n , h o w e v e r, I n c o m b in a tio n ,
s i g n i f i c a n t OR a t t e n u a t i o n was o b ta in e d * C o n s ta n t IT I
r e l i a b l y d e p r e s s e d m a g n itu d e o f OR d u r in g b o t h a c q u i s i
t i o n and e x t i n c t i o n r e l a t i v e t o th e v a r i a b l e I T I g ro u p *
P a t t e r n o f r e in f o r c e m e n t d id n o t h av e s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s
d u r in g e i t h e r a c q u i s i t i o n o r e x t i n c t i o n *
O v e r a ll d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g , a s m e a su re d
by th e mean d i f f e r e n c e i n m a g n itu d e o f OSR t o 6 t e s t -
co n t r o l t r i a l p a i r s p e r S , w as r e l i a b l y d e m o n s tr a te d w ith
b o th FIR ( t h e r e s p o n s e oo o u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e 5 se c o n d CS-
TJCS I n t e r v a l ) and SIR ( t h e r e s p o n s e o c c u r r in g o n n o n re
i n f o r c e d CS* t r i a l s i n a 5 > se c o n d post-U C S I n t e r v a l )
m e a s u re s o f le a r n in g * B o th s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e m e n t i n
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s and s i g n i f i c a n t
d e c re m e n t i n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o v e r e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s w ere
d e m o n s tra te d *
The h y p o th e s is t h a t OR m a g n itu d e i n t e r a c t s w ith
m a g n itu d e o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g w as n o t su p
p o r t e d w ith e i t h e r e x p e rim e n te r in d u c e d OR v a r i a t i o n o r
O R v a r i a t i o n d e f in e d a s an I n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r ia b le *
S in c e a l l su b g ro u p s d e m o n s tra te d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i
t i o n i n g , i t may b e t h a t la c k o f OR b y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
62
i n t e r a c t i o n w as due t o a c e l l i n g e f f e c t *
The r e s u l t s w ere i n t e r p r e t e d a s p r o v id in g s u p p o r t
f o r S o k o lo v ta n e u r o n a l m o d e l: t h a t th e OR h a b i t u a t i n g
o p e r a t i o n s em ployed ( a d a p ta tio n * f i x e d r e in f o r c e m e n t
p a t t e r n * and o o n s ta n t IT I ) h a s te n e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
I n h i b i t i o n *
LIST OP REFERENCES
LIST OP REFERENCES
B e r ly n e * D . B* C o n f l i c t* y o u s a l m d c u r i o s i t y * New
Y o rk : M cG raw -H ill Book Com pany, I n c .* I 9 6 0 *
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Lubow, R . S . and M oore, A . U . L a t e n t i n h i b i t i o n : th e
e f f e c t o f n o n r e in f o r c e d p r e - e x p o s u r e t o t h e CS.
J . C . P . P . . 1 9 5 9 , 5 2 , I4.15-14-19*
L y n n , R . A t t e n t i o n , a r o u s a l and t h e o r i e n t i n g r e a c t i o n .
New Y o rk : ro rg a m o n P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 .
M agoun, H . W. C e n t r a l n e u r a l i n h i b i t i o n . I n M. R . J o n e s
( e d . ) , N e b ra sk a Sym posium o n M o tiv a tio n , 1963*
L in c o ln : U n iv . o f N e b ra sk a P r e s s , 1 9 6 3 , 1 6 1 -1 9 3 •
M a ltsm a n , I . and R a s k in , D . C . E f f e c t s o f i n d i v i d u a l
d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e o r i e n t i n g r e f l e x on c o n d i t i o n
i n g and com plex p r o c e s s e s . J . e x p . R e s . P e r s . .
1 9 6 5 , 1 , 1 - 1 6 .
6 6
BGLleran, E . A* I n v o lu n ta r y and v o l u n t a r y a t t e n t i o n . I n
B . Sim on (ed*)* P s y c h o lo g y I n th e S o v ie t U n io n .
S t a n f o r d : S ta n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y ib r e s s , 1957#
M ow rer, 0* H . B e h a v io r th e o r y and l e a r n i n g . Hew Y o rk :
Jo h n W iley & s o n s , I9 6 0 *
N a r b u to v lo h , I* 0* S c i e n t i f i c p a p e r s o f th e P a v lo v
p h y s i o l o g i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s ( T ru d . f l z i o l * l a b o r .
I n I . P . P a v lo v a ) , V o l. 8 ( 1 9 3 8 ) .
P o r t e r , J . M. A d a p ta tio n o f th e g a l v a n ic s k i n r e s p o n s e *
J . e x p . P s y c h o l. , 1938* 2 3 , 5 5 3 -5 5 7 .
P r o k a s y , W. F . and C h a m b lis s , D . J • T em p o ral c o n d i t i o n
i n g : n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s . P s y c h o l. R ep . , I 9 6 0 , 7 ,
539-5M?*
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t i o n i n g and g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f a u to n o m ic r e s p o n s e s .
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C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s , 1 9 6 3 *
S k in n e r , B* F* The b e h a v io r o f o rg a n is m s * New Y o rk :
A p p le to n -C e n tu r y -b r o f t s , i n c . , 1 9 3 8 .
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p h y s i o l o g i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s (T r u d . f l z i o l * l a b o r .
I n I* P* P a v lo v a ) , 2 :2 (1 9 2 8 )*
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* P e r c e p t i o n and th e c o n d itio n e d r e f l e x . New
------------ Y o rk : M a cm illan ," T 9 6 3 . --------------------------------
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Z e i n e r , A . R* S eco n d i n t e r v a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n
i n g o f th e OSR a s a f u n c t i o n o f UCS i n t e n s i t y and
t r a c e and d e la y c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m s* Amer*
P s y c h o l. . 196^, lv# 525*
APPENDIX A
INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
H ere i s how we w i l l do th e e x p e r im e n t. The e x
p e rim e n t w i l l s t a r t w ith a shook work up* At f i r s t th e
sh ock w i l l be b elo w y o u r th r e s h o ld so t h a t you e a n n o t
f e e l i t * I w i l l b r in g th e sh ook up i n s m a ll in c r e m e n ts
and you in d ic a t e by r a i s i n g y o u r hand (E p o in t s a t S ' s
l e f t arm) when you f i r s t p e r o e lv e th e shook* The sh ook
w i l l f e e l l i k e a p in p r ic k o r a t i c k l i n g s e n s a t io n f o r a
f r a c t i o n o f a se co n d i n th e l e f t arm ( g p o in t s a t t h e
sh ock le a d s on th e l e f t arm )• You w i l l n e v e r f e e l any
th in g i n any o f th e o th e r le a d s * The sh ook w i l l th e n be
r a i s e d i n s m a ll in c r em en ts* R a is e y o u r hand a seco n d
tim e when th e shook s t a r t s t o b o th e r you* Try t o s e t th e
sh o ck a t a l e v e l w here you w ould J u st r a t h e r a v o id i t *
H ie a b s o lu te l e v e l a t w h ich p e o p le s e t th e shook v a r i e s
q u it e a b it * d ep en d in g on t h ic k n e s s o f s k i n , how y o u
f e e l a t th e moment, and o th e r su c h f a c t o r s * H ow ever, i f
e v e ry o n e t r i e s t o s e t th e shook a t a l e v e l w here th e y
w ould j u s t r a t h e r a v o id i t , th e n a p s y c h o lo g ic a l s c a l e i s
e s t a b lis h e d on w h ich d a ta can be com pared a c r o s s su b
j e c t s * I t i s n o t th e p u rp ose o f th e e x p e r im e n t t o s e e
how muoh you c a n t a k e , b u t on th e o th e r hand do n o t s e t
th e l e v e l so low t h a t n o th in g happens* A r e l i a b l e
68
I n d ic a t o r i s needed on w h ich s u b j e c t s ca n be com pered*
Once th e ex p erim en t s t a r t s I t I s e s p e c i a l l y Im
p o r ta n t t h a t you k eep you r hand s s t i l l and r e f r a i n from
ta k in g d eep b r e a th s* Any m ovem ents you make w i l l b e r e
corded as movement a r t i f a c t s and th e r e b y re n d e r th e
reco r d u s e le s s * Are th e r e any q u e s tio n s as t o w hat you
are t o do? I f 3 had any q u e s tio n s * th e n th e a p p r o p r ia te
p o r tio n s o f th e I n s t r u c t io n s w ere r e p e a te d *
You ca n r e la x f o r now* I t ta k e s a c o u p le o f
m in u tes to o a llb r a t e th e equipm ent* I w i l l l e t you know
when we are rea d y t o s t a r t th e sh ook work up*
APPENDIX B
POST-EXPERT M ENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE
POST-EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE
1* What c o lo r s d id you s e e ?
2# D id you t r y t o d e t e c t a p a tte r n ? I f th e answ er I s
y e s , was th e r e a p a tte r n ?
3* Was th e r e any r e g u l a r i t y t h a t you n o tic e d ?
R ate y o u r e x p e c t a t io n o f sh o ck t o b o th red and g r e e n
l i g h t s on a s c a le from 0 -1 0 Where 0 s i g n i f i e s no
e x p e c t a t io n a t a l l and 10 s i g n i f i e s c e r t a in t y t h a t
sh ock w i l l come a f t e r any g iv e n r e d or g r e e n l i g h t .
3 . R ate th e n o x io u s n e s s o f th e sh ock on a s im ila r s c a le
from 0 -1 0 where 0 e q u a ls som eth in g you b a r e ly f e l t
a t a l l and 10 e q u a ls an e x tr e m e ly an n oyin g s h o c k .
6 . About how many sh o ck s d id you r e c e iv e d u r in g th e
ex p erim en t a f t e r th e i n i t i a l l e v e l had b een e s t a b
lis h e d ?
7 . P le a s e t e l l me th e p u rp ose o f th e ex p erim en t i n you r
own words«
71

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Creator Zeiner, Arthur Richard (author)

Core Title The Effects Of Reinforcement Pattern, Intertrial Interval Regularity, And adaptation On The Orienting Response And Classical Gsr Discrimination Conditioning

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, experimental

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Grings, William W. (committee chair), Bruner, John M. (committee member), Garwood, Victor P. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-117933

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