University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Power Relationships In Marital Discord

(USC Thesis Other)

Power Relationships In Marital Discord

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content This dtBMvUttan has bssn
mlcrofllmsd sxsctly ss rscsivsd 66-11,582
PHILLIPS, Clinton Everett, 1919-
POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN MARITAL DISCORD.
U niversity of Southern California, Ph.D., 1966
Sociology, fam ily
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
(cl) C o pyright by
C linton E v e re tt P h illip s
1966
POW ER R ELA TIO N SH IPS IN M A R ITA L DISCORD
by
CLIN TO N E V E R E T T P H IL L IP S
A D is s e rta tio n P r e s e n te d to the
FA C U LTY O F THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY O F SO U TH ERN CA LIFO RN IA
In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t of the
R e q u ire m e n ts fo r th e D e g ree
DOCTOR O F PH ILO SOPHY
(Sociology)
June 1966
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
T H E G RA D U A TE S C H O O L
U N IV ER SIT Y PARK
LO S A N G E L E S . C A L IFO R N IA 0 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
........................
under the direction of his.....Dissertatton Com
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Graduate
School, in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of
D O C T O R OF P H IL O S O P H Y
Dean
Date .J.URea...l.2. 6.6........................................
DISSERTATI MITTEE
Chairman
T A B L E OF CONTENTS
P ag e
LIST OF T A B L E S .............................................................................................. v
LIST OF F IG U R E S .............................................................................................. x
C hapte r
I THE P R O B L E M .............................................................................. 1
S tatem en t of the P ro b le m
U nderlying A ssu m p tio n s
T h eo ry and B ackground
M an ifestatio ns of P o w e r in P e rs o n a lity
T ypes in H um an R elatio ns
D efinitions of T e r m s
Im p o rtan ce of the Study
O rg an izatio n of the R e m a in d e r of
th is D is s e rta tio n
S u m m ary
II REVIEW OF TH E L IT E R A T U R E ......................................... 17
Introduction
Sociological T h eo ry and R e s e a rc h
Social P sy ch o lo g ica l T h eo ry and R e s e a rc h
P sy ch o lo g ical T h eo ry and R e s e a rc h
R e s e a rc h w ith R e fe re n c e to P o w e r in
Hus band-W ife R e latio n sh ip s
M ate Selection and P o w er
C onceptual F ra m e w o rk s in F a m ily Study
R e s e a rc h on P e rs o n a lity T e st w ith R e feren c e
to H usband-W ife R elatio n sh ip s
S u m m ary
III TH E RESEARCH D E S IG N ..................................................... 45
Introduction
The Sam ple
In stru m e n ts U sed
O p eratio n al D efinitions
C onceptual D esign
S ta tis tic a l T re a tm e n t of Data
The P ilo t Study
T ypes of H ypotheses
The M ajo r H ypotheses
How the Sam ple w as O btained
D e sc rip tio n of the Sam ple
S u m m ary
C h a p te r
IV
V
M ARRIAGE CO U N SELO R'S EVALUATION OF
M A R ITA L DISCORD P A I R S ...............................................
In tro d u c tio n
C o u n s e lo r's R a tin g s of P e rs o n a lity
T y p es and R eal In flu en ce
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S p o u ses and R e a l In flu en ce
C o u n s e lo r's R a tin g s of P e rs o n a lity T y p es
and C o e rc iv e Influence
D om inant H usban ds and W ives, R e a l Influence
and P e rs o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S p o u ses, R e al In fluence
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t S p o u ses, R e al In flu en ce
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
S u b m iss iv e S p o u ses, R e a l In flu en ce
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
C h a r a c te r is tic s of S p o u ses R a te d as
P o s s e s s in g M o re R e a l In flu en ce
D om inant S p o u se s, C o e rc iv e Influence
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S p o u ses, C o e rc iv e In flu en ce
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t S p o u se s, C o e rc iv e Influence
and P e rs o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
S u b m iss iv e -S p o u s e s , C o e rc iv e In flu en ce
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
C h a r a c te r is tic s of S p o u ses R ated a s P o s s e s s in g
M o re C o e rc iv e Influence
P e r s o n a lity T y p es, R e al In flu en ce and
C o e rc iv e Influence
C o m p a riso n s of P e rs o n a lity T y p es of M a tes
S u m m a ry
PER SO N A LITY CH A RA CTERISTICS
AND MM PI CONFIGURATIONS ........................................
In tro d u c tio n
P e r s o n a lity T y p es and M M PI P r o f ile s
C o o p e ra tiv e S p o u ses and M M PI C o n fig u ratio n s
C o m p a ris o n of M M PI P r o f ile s
T he O v e r - a ll M M PI P r o f ile s of M a r ita l
D isc o rd H usbands and W ives
S u m m a ry
P a g e
79
127
ii
C h a p te r P a g e
VI SOCIOLOGICAL PO W ER , M A R ITA L AD JU STM EN T
Intro duction
D iffe re n c e s in S o cio lo g ical P o w e r and
M a rita l A d ju stm en t
D iffe re n c e s in O v e r - a ll P o w e r and
M a rita l A d ju stm en t
S o cio lo g ical P o w e r and the L ev e l of
P u b lic C o m m u n icatio n
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 1
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 2
O v e r - a ll P o w e r and the L ev e l of P ub lic
C o m m u nication
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 3
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 4
S u m m a ry
VII M A RITA L A D JU STM EN T, AGGRESSION AND
Introdu ction
The M M PI and M a rita l A d ju stm en t
M a rita l A d ju stm en t, A g g re ssio n and H o stility
I. C ouples ' M a rita l A d ju stm en t, A g g re ssio n
and H o stility
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 5
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 6
II. H u sb a n d s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t, A g g re ssio n
and H o stility
III. W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm en t, A g g re ss io n and
H o stility
M a rita l A d ju stm en t and A g g re s s io n -H o s tility on
the M M PI
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 7
S u m m a ry
AND S E L F P E R C E P T IO N 170
HO STILITY 194
iii
C h a p te r
VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
P a g e
225
Intro duction
N a tu re of the P ro b le m
S u m m a ry of the F in d in g s
Im p lica tio n s fo r M a rria g e C ounseling
Im p lica tio n s fo r S o cio lo g ical T h eo ry and
R e s e a rc h
Im p lica tio n s fo r P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e stin g
L im ita tio n s of the Study
S u g g estio n s for F u r th e r R e s e a rc h
A P PE N D IX E S
A ppendix A ................................................................................... 238
A ppendix B ................................................................................... 243
B i b l i o g r a p h y ............................................................................... 259
LIST O F TABLES
T able
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
P age
The Ages of H usbands and W ives by 5 y e a r span
w ith M eans and S ta n d ard D e v ia tio n s ..................................... 69
N um ber and P e rc e n ta g e s of C h ild ren R e p re se n te d
by the M a rita l D isc o rd Sam ple, 114 C ouples,
w ith M ean and S ta n d ard D e v i a t i o n s ..................................... 71
E ducational level, by G ra d e, A ttained by the
H usbands and W ives in the Sam ple, w ith M eans
and S tan d ard D e v i a t i o n s .............................................................. 72
A S u m m ary of the E d u catio n al L ev els A ttained by
the P a r e n ts of H usbands and W i v e s ..................................... 7 3
S o cio -E co n o m ic Scale (SES) C la s sific a tio n of 111
H usbands in the Sam ple, N um ber and P e r c e n t
ag es ....................................................................................................... 74
A nnual Incom e of H usbands as R e p o rte d by
H usbands and W ives, w ith M eans and S tan d ard
D e v ia tio n s .......................................................................................... 7 6
H usbands and W ives R e p o rts of T h e ir R eligious
A ffiliations by M a jo r G r o u p in g ............................................. 77
H u sb an d s' P e rs o n a lity T ypes, and W hether the
H usband o r Wife T ends to E x e rc is e m o re R eal
Influence in the M a rria g e R e l a t i o n s h i p ......................... 81
W iv es' P e rs o n a lity T ypes and W hether the H usband
o r Wife T ends to E x e rc is e m o re R eal Influence in
the M a rria g e R e l a t i o n s h i p ..................................................... 83
A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt Spouses and W hether They a re
a ls o the Spouses w ith G re a te r R eal Influence . . . . 84
S u b m issiv e Spouses and W heth er They a re a ls o
the S pouses w ith G re a te r R eal I n f lu e n c e ......................... 86
H usbands, T h e ir P e rs o n a lity E x p re s s io n w ith
R e feren c e to P o w er and W hether the H usband o r
Wife T ends to E x e rc is e m o re C o e rciv e Influence
in the M a rria g e R elatio n sh ip ............................................. 89
W ives, T h e ir P e rs o n a lity E x p re ss io n w ith
R e feren c e to P o w er and W hether the H usband or
Wife T ends to E x e rc is e m o re C o e rciv e Influence
in the M a rria g e R e l a t i o n s h i p ............................................. 90
D om inant Spouses and W hether They a re a lso
Spouses w ith the G r e a te r C o erciv e Influence . . . . 92
S u b m issiv e Spouses and W hether They a re a lso
the Spouses w ith the G r e a te r C o e rciv e Influence . . 94
v
T able P age
16. S u m m ary of Ranks of C h a r a c te r is tic s of H usbands
R ated w ith m o re R eal Influence than th e ir W ives . . . 102
17. S u m m ary of Ranks of C h a r a c te ris tic s of W ives
R ated w ith m o re R eal Influence than th e ir
H u s b a n d s .................................................................................................. 103
18. S u m m ary of Ranks of C h a ra c te r is tic s of H usbands
w ith m o re C o erciv e Influence than W i v e s ......................... 112
19. S u m m ary of Ranks of C h a r a c te ris tic s of W ives
w ith m o re C o erciv e Influence than H u s b a n d s ................. 113
20. C o u n se lo rs' E valuation of H usbands in T e rm s of
P e rs o n a lity T ypes, and W hether They W ere R ated
as Being H ighest in R eal a n d /o r C o erciv e P o w er,
o r both ............................................................................................... 116
21. C o u n se lo rs' E valuation of W ives in T e rm s of
P e rs o n a lity T ypes, and W hether They W ere R ated
as B eing H ighest in R eal a n d /o r C o e rciv e P o w er,
o r B o t h .............................................................................................. 117
22. A C o m p a riso n of S u b m issiv e H usbands and W hether
They A re M a r rie d to D om inant o r Not D om inant
W ives ............................................................................................... 121
23. A C o m p ariso n of S u b m issiv e W ives and W hether
They A re M a rr ie d to D om inant o r Not D om inant
H u s b a n d s .......................................................................................... 122
24. A C o m p ariso n of S u b m issiv e H usbands Who A re
M a rrie d to D om inant and A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt W ives
w ith th o se M a rrie d to A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt W ives . . 12-3
25. A C o m p ariso n of S u b m issiv e W ives Who a re
M a rrie d to D om inant and A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt
H usbands w ith those M a rr ie d to A g g re ss ive-
c o v e rt H u s b a n d s ......................................................................... 125
26. A C o m p ariso n of 26 D om inant H u sb an d s' M M PI
S cales, E s, Pd, Mf and K by a T h e o re tic a l
D i s t r i b u t i o n ................................................................................. 129
27. A C o m p ariso n of 26 D om inant H u sb an d s' M M PI
S cales, Si, L and D by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n . 131
28. A C o m p ariso n of 12 D om inant W ives' M M PI Scales
Pd, Hy, Sc and P a by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n . 133
29. A C o m p ariso n of 12 D om inant W ives' M M PI Scales
Si, L and E s by a T h e o re tic a l D is tr ib u tio n ................. 134
30. A C o m p ariso n of 33 A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt H u sb an d s'
M M PI S cales, E s, Pd. Mf and Hy by a
T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n ..................................................... 136
vi
T able P age
31. A C o m p ariso n of 33 A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt H u sb an d s'
M M PI S cales, L, Si and P t by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ........................................................................................... 137
32. A C o m p ariso n of 32 A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt W ives' M M PI
S c a le s, Pd, Hy, Sc and D by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ...................................................................................... 139
33. A C o m p ariso n of 32 A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt W ives' M M PI
S cales, Mf, Si and L by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ...................................................................................... 140
34. A C o m p a riso n of 25 A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt H usban ds'
M M PI S cales, Pd, P t, D and E by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ...................................................................................... 141
35. A C o m p ariso n of 25 A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt H u sband s'
M M PI S cales, Hs, L and Si by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ...................................................................................... 143
36. A C o m p ariso n of 43 A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt W ives'
M M PI S cales, Pd, D, P a and Hy by a
T h e o re tic a l D i s t r i b u t i o n .......................................................... 144
37. A C o m p ariso n of 43 A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt W ives'
M M PI S cales, Mf, M a and L by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ....................................................................... 146
38. A C o m p ariso n of 25 S u b m issiv e H u sb an d s' M M PI
S cales, P t, P d and Mf by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ....................................................................... 147
39. A C o m p ariso n of 25 S u b m issiv e H u sb an d s' M M PI
S cales, L, K and Si by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ....................................................................... 148
40. A C o m p ariso n of 2 3 S u b m issiv e W ives' M M PI
S cales, Si, K, Sc and Hy by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ....................................................................... 150
41. A C o m p ariso n of 23 S u b m issiv e W ives' M M PI
S cales, Mf, L and M a by a T h e o re tic a l
D is tr ib u tio n ........................................................................ 151
42. The F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 4 H ighest M M PI
S cales a p p e a re d in the M iddle 5 and L ow est 4
P o in ts on the P ro file s of 6 C oop erative H usbands . . 153
43. The F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 3 L ow est M M PI
S cales a p p e a re d in the M iddle 7 and the H ighest 3
P o in ts on the P ro file s of 6 C o operativ e H usbands . . 154
44. The F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 4 H ighest M M PI
S cales a p p e a re d on the M iddle 5 and the L ow est 4
P o in ts on the P ro file s of 6 C o operative W ives . . . 155
vii
T ab le P a g e
45. The F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 3 L o w est M M PI
S c a le s a p p e a re d in the M iddle 7 and the H ig h est
4 P o in ts on the P r o f ile s of 6 C o o p e rativ e W ives . . . 157
46. H u sb an d s' 4 H ig h est M M PI S cales in R ank O rd e r
A cco rd in g to X ............................................................................... 158
47. H u sb an d s' 3 L o w est M M PI S c a le s in R ank O rd e r
A cco rd in g to X ............................................................................... 160
48. W iv e s' 4 H ighest^M M PI S cales in R ank O rd e r
A c co rd in g to X ............................................................................... 161
49. W iv es' 3 L ow est^M M PI S c a le s in R ank O rd e r
A c co rd in g to X ............................................................................... 163
50. M M PI S c a le s of 113 M a rita l D isc o rd H usbands,
M eans and S ta n d a rd D e v i a t io n s .............................................. 164
51. M M PI S c a le s of 113 M a rita l D is c o rd W ives,
M eans and S ta n d a rd D e v i a t io n s .............................................. 166
52. A C o m p a riso n of C o u p le's S o cio lo g ical P o w e r
D isc re p a n c y S c o re s and th e ir M a rita l
A d ju stm en t S c o r e s ....................................................................... 17 3
53. A C o m p a riso n of C o u p le's O v e r- a ll P o w e r
D isc re p a n c y S c o re s and H u sb an d s' M a rita l
A d ju stm e n t S c o r e s ....................................................................... 175
54. A C o m p a riso n of C o u p le's O v e r- a ll P o w e r
D isc re p a n c y S c o re s and W iv e s' M a r ita l
A d ju stm en t S c o r e s ....................................................................... 177
55. D istrib u tio n of H usbands in T e rm s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of the IC L , I, T hey F a il Into and
W hether T h e ir S c o re s F a ll Below, o r At and
Above th e M edian S c o re on S o cio lo g ical P o w e r . . . 180
56. A C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d 's S c o re s on S ociolo gical
P o w e r and D om inance, ICL, I ............................................... 181
57. D istrib u tio n of H usbands in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of the ICL, I, T hey F a ll Into and
W hether T h e ir S c o re s F a ll Below o r At o r
Above the M edian S o cio lo g ical P o w e r ............................. 183
58. A C o m p a riso n on W iv e s' S c o re s on S ociological
P o w e r and D om inance, ICL, I ............................................... 184
59. D istrib u tio n of H usbands in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of the ICL, I, T hey F a ll Into and
W h ether T h e ir S c o re s F a ll Below, o r At o r
Above the M edian S c o re on O v e r -a ll P o w e r ................. 186
60. A C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d 's S c o re s on O v e r -a ll
P o w e r and D om inance, ICL, I .............................................. 188
v iii
T able P ag e
61. D istrib u tio n of W ives in T e rm s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of the ICL, I, T hey F a ll Into and
W hether T h e ir S c o re s W ere Below , o r At o r
Above the M edian S c o re on O v e r- a ll P o w e r ................. 190
62. A C o m p a riso n of W iv e s' S c o re s on O v e r- a ll
P o w e r and D om inance, ICL, I .............................................. 191
63. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s W ith T h e ir C o m bin ed A g g re s s iv e -
H o stility S c o r e s .................................................................. 198
64. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
H u sb an d s' T o tal A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s . . . 199
65. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t S c o re s
and W iv es' T otal A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s . . , 201
66. C o m p a riso n of C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
H u sb an d s' H o stility S c o r e s ........................................ 203
67. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
W iv e s' H o stility S c o r e s ................................................. 204
68. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
H u sb a n d s' A g g re ssio n S c o re s .............................................. 206
69. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
W iv e s' A g g re ssio n S c o r e s ............................................. 207
70. C o m p a riso n of H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s and C o u p les' C om bined A g g re s s io n -
H o stility S c o r e s .................................................................. 209
71. C o m p ariso n of H u s b a n d s’ M a rita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s and H u sb an d s' H o stility S c o r e s ......................... 210
72. C o m p a riso n of H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s and H u sb an d s' A g g re ss io n S c o r e s ..................... 211
73. C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t and
H u sb an d s' T otal A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re . . . . 213
74. C o m p a riso n of W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm en t and
the C om bined A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s of
H usband an d W i f e ....................................................................... 214
75. C o m p a riso n of W iv e s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s and W iv es' H o stility S c o r e s ................................. 216
76. C o m p a riso n of W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t and
W iv e s' A g g re s s io n S c o re s .................................................. 217
77. C o m p a riso n of W iv e s' M a rita l A d ju stm en t S c o re s
an d W iv es' A ggression* -H o stility S c o r e s ..................... 218
78. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t
S c o re s and T h e ir C om bined M M PI S cales
P d + Si S c o r e s ..................................................... 221
ix
LIST OF FIG U RES
F ig u re P a g e
1. A S ystem fo r C la ssify in g In te rp e rs o n a l
E x p e r i e n c e s .................................................................................... 43
2. M ean S c o re s of 113 M a rita l D isc o rd H usbands . . . 165
3. M ean S c o re s of 113 M a rita l D isc o rd W ives .................. 167
C H A P T E R I
THE P R O B L E M
S ta te m e n t of the P r o b le m
T h e re is a need in the m a r r ia g e co u n selin g field a s w ell as in
o th e r c o u n selin g fie ld s, fo r p e rs o n a lity te s ts , in d ex e s of ro le b e h a v
io r, m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t s c a le s and o th e r to o ls w hich a r e g e n e ra lly o r
sp e c ific a lly u sefu l in the d ia g n o sis, p ro g n o sis and tr e a tm e n t of p e r
sons who se ek m a r r ia g e co u n selin g help, w h e th e r in d iv id u ally o r a s
m a r r i e d p a ir s (87:340ff, 358ff). V a rio u s ty p es of in s tru m e n ts have
b een developed fo r th e s e p u rp o s e s and th ey re f le c t the th e o re tic a l o r
ie n ta tio n s of th e ir a u th o r, a s w ould be ex p ected . But as L uckey
p oints out, r e g a r d le s s of th e s e o rie n ta tio n s , " th e r e is a g e n e ra l tre n d
of d e v elo p m en t re le v a n t to all: an e ffo rt to c o r r e la te e g o -d y n a m ic s
w ith so c ia l in te ra c tio n . "
It w as the e ffo rts of the e a rly in te r a c tio n is t school, B aldw in,
M ead, C ooley and T h o m a s and Z n an iec k i, w hich la id the gro u n d w o rk
fo r the g e n e ra l sta te m e n t of L uckey, the " e ffo rt to c o r r e la te ego-
d y n a m ics w ith so c ia l in te ra c tio n " and th a t is the focus of th is study
(99:60). 1
T h is study w ill c e n te r about the body of so c ia l th e o ry w hich
m a k e s u se of su ch co n ce p ts a s h u m an in te ra c tio n and ro le th e o ry to
ex p lain so c ia l b e h a v io r. T he sp ecific ro le p r o c e s s w hich w ill be e x
a m in ed w ill be th a t of the so c io lo g ic a l c o n ce p t of p ow er as it is m a n
ife s te d in th e in te r a c tio n a l p r o c e s s of the h u sb a n d -w ife re la tio n sh ip ,
i. e. , m a r r ia g e . P e r h a p s no m o re im p o rta n t co n cep t could be studied
fo r an u n d e rsta n d in g of so m e of th e m a jo r c a u s e s of d iv o rc e and m a r
ita l s e p a ra tio n th an th a t of th e pow er o r dom in an ce fa c to r b etw een
m a r r i e d p a ir s .
*In m o r e r e c e n t y e a r s P a r s o n s and B ales hav e devoted m u ch
e ffo rt to a th e o r e tic a l sy n th e sis m ed iatin g b etw een the in d iv id u al (ego)
an d so c iety , but hav e done so in a m o r e rig id m a n n e r than th e i n te r -
a c tio n is ts , focusing upon the re la tio n s h ip b etw een " s t r u c t u r e " and
th e "fu n ctio n " of so c ia l fo rm s (11 9:35ff, 1 1 7:C hap ter I).
1
2
P o w e r is seen as one of the im p o rta n t m a n ife s ta tio n s of e g o -
d y n a m ics (so u rc e s of p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n ), and m a r r ia g e as an
im p o rta n t fo rm of so c ia l in te ra c tio n : the e ffo rt re p o rte d upon h e r e is
th a t of c o rr e la tin g th e s e . The p u rp o se is to a tte m p t to a s s e s s the
p o w er s tru g g le in m a la d ju s te d m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip s .
S o cio lo g ists have th e o riz e d about, and done r e s e a r c h on pow er
in high p la c e s of g o v e rn m e n t, so c ie ty a t la rg e , and in the m a r r ia g e
re la tio n sh ip .
P s y c h o lo g ists have been a w a re of the need to m e a s u r e th is e x
p r e s s io n of h u m an b e h a v io r as ev id en ced in th e ir v a rio u s te s t i n s t r u
m e n ts. T h ese t r a i t s (or fa c to rs ) a r e c a lle d by su c h n a m e s as
§
a g g re s s iv e n e s s v s. s u b m is s iv e n e s s (78), a sc e n d a n c y and s o c ia l b o ld
n e s s v s. s u b m is s iv e n e s s , h o stility an d b e llig e re n c e v s . frie n d lin e s s
and a g re e a b le n e s s (54), autonom y, affiliatio n , dom inance, a b a s e m e n t,
and a g g re s s io n (43), hate, love, o r blunt, a g g re s s iv e , explo itive,
m a n a g e ria l, a u to c ra c tic , and v a rio u s o th e r t e r m s to denote o p p o sites
of th e s e (93).
The p r e s e n t stu d y w ill ex am in e m eth o d o lo g ic al d e v ic es j
(p sy ch o lo g ical te s ts ) u sed fo r m e a s u rin g and an aly zin g e g o -d y n a m ic s
and so m e of th e r e s u lts of th o se te s ts w ith so c ia l in te ra c tio n as se e n
in the m a la d ju s te d m id d le -c la s s m a r r i e d p a ir, e s p e c ia lly as th e s e r e
la te to m a n ife s ta tio n s of p o w er in m a r r ia g e in te ra c tio n .
It is the p u rp o se of th is study to m ak e an a n a ly sis of a te s t in
s tr u m e n t in w ide u se (M M PI) w ith m a r r i e d p a ir s to d e te rm in e w h eth er
c e r ta in e g o -d y n a m ic s as re v e a le d on th is in s tru m e n t c o r r e la te with,
a) p o w e r defined so c io lo g ica lly , an d b) m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r 's o b s e rv a
tio n s of p o w er b etw een m a r r i e d p a ir s a s would be e x p ected fro m
th e o ry .
U n derlying A ssu m p tio n s
M a jo r a ssu m p tio n s w hich u n d e rlie th is study a r e as follow s:
1. E g o -d y n a m ic s (so u rc e s of p e rs o n a lity e x p re ss io n ) a r e
re lia b ly re v e a le d on t e s t in s tru m e n ts Buch as the M M PI
and the ICL.
2. T he p o w er stru g g le of m a r r i e d p a ir s can be m e a s u r e d by
the u se of th e s e in s tr u m e n ts .
3. Individual pow er, (and ty p es of individual pow er), can be
o p e ra tio n a lly defined and re la te d to c e r ta in s c a le s and
s c a le c o m b in atio n s on th e s e t e s t in s tru m e n ts .
4. T h e r e a r e v a rio u s ty p es of p e rs o n a lity (eg o -d y n am ic)
m a n ife s ta tio n s of pow er.
T h e o ry and B ackgro und
The co n cep t of p o w er in h u m a n re la tio n s h ip s has not been
su fficie n tly e x p lo re d . T his is e s p e c ia lly tr u e in h u sb an d -w ife r e l a
tio n s h ip s . O bjective r e s e a r c h is lim ite d . As in a lm o s t a ll s o c ia l-
p sy c h o lo g ic a l stu d ie s th e r e a re the c o m p lic a tio n s of (1) te rm in o lo g y ,
(2) the o b jec tiv e " f a c ts " (p sy ch o lo g ical data), and (3) an ad eq u ate r e
s e a r c h m ethodology.
The re le v a n t co n cep ts a r e th o se w hich so c io lo g ists g e n e ra lly
c la s s ify u n d er p o w e r. T hat is, the a b ility of one p e rs o n to e x e rt, con
sc io u sly o r u n c o n scio u sly , su ffic ie n t influence upon a n o th e r p e rs o n to
a ffe ct the p e rs o n in his b e h a v io r in w ays th a t w ould p ro d u ce (b eh av
io ra l) r e s u lts o th e r than would have o c c u r r e d had he been w ithout
th at in fluence.
B endix and L ip s e t sa y th a t p o w er " r e f e r s to a ll m e a n s by
w hich an individual o r g ro u p of indiv idu als can e x e r t a c o n tro llin g in
fluen ce o v e r o th e rs (11:13).
Som e of the te r m s w hich have been u se d to d e s c rib e and id e n
tify th is phenom enon a r e :
influence d o m in an ce taking o v er
c o n tro l p r e s tig e a u th o rity
a n ta g o n istic d ire c tin g o th e rs a g g re s s iv e n e s s
c o o p e ra tio n c h a r is m a co m p e titio n
r u l e r (ruling a sc e n d e n c y independence
c la s s ) e x p lo itatio n o v e rb e a rin g
d e c isio n m ak in g fo rc e le a d e rs h ip
Som e of the te r m s w hich have been u se d to d e s c r ib e and id e n
tify the p e rs o n who is th us influenced:
la c k of influence s u b m is s iv e g iv es in
ta k e s o r d e r s in d e c isiv e follo w er
dependency e x p lo ited d o m in ated
ru le d
S ocial th e o r is ts have defined th e s e t e r m s w ithin sp e cific
fr a m e s of re fe r e n c e and have fo rm u la te d e x p lan atio n s of p o w er in
s o c ia l in te ra c tio n . S im m e l w as one of th e s e . He saw so c ie ty o r g a n
ized in te r m s of co n flict. He felt th a t b a s ic a lly m a n is s e t a g a in st
m an and th a t co n flict an d co m p e titio n w e re a t the b a se of a ll hum an
re la tio n s h ip s (15 3). The o th e r "co n flict s o c io lo g is ts " a r e w ell known
in th is r e g a r d . *
P a r k and B u rg e s s have se en hum an in te ra c tio n p r im a r ily in
te r m s of fo u r 'g r e a t t y p e s c o m p e t i t i o n , con flict, a cc o m m o d atio n ,
and a s s im ila tio n , and the g r e a te s t of th e s e is c o m p e titio n (116:506-
510). B u rg e ss and W allin apply tw o of th e s e p r o c e s s e s in m a r r ia g e ,
n a m e ly , a c c o m m o d a tio n and a s s im ila tio n , but do not m en tio n c o m p e
titio n o r co n flict e x ce p t in in cid en ta l w ays (25:437ff).
David R e ism a n , in his book The L onely C row d r e f e r s to a r e
s is ta n c e type of p o w er w hich he d is c u s s e s a t leng th u n d er the n am e of j
"veto p o w e r" (124:174). It is a n e g ativ e type of c o n tro l w hich he feelsj
so m an y lo b b y ists have, in th at th e ir c o n sen t m u s t be gained on c e r - !
ta in is s u e s if o th e r is s u e s a r e to be p a s s e d in le g isla tio n . This could|
be c a lle d p a s s iv e - a g g r e s s iv e p o w er. O th er ty p es of gro u p s u se th is
fo rm of p o w e r. H usbands and w ives a ls o m a y m ake use of p a s s iv e -
a g g re s s iv e , o r r e s is ta n c e p o w er.
W illa rd W a lle r r e f e r s to a type of p o w e r re la tio n s h ip in m a r
ria g e w hich s e e m s to be of a n eg ativ e n a tu re w hich he d e s c rib e s as
the " p rin c ip le of le a s t in te r e s t. " He sa y s th a t the sp o u se who e n te r s
into the m a r r ia g e w ith the le a s t in te r e s t in it is the one who ten d s to
c o n tro l the p a rtn e r s h ip .
If th e r e is too p ro n o u n ce d a d iffe re n c e in the tem p o of in v o lv e
m e n t, th e r e is an a b n o rm a lly g r e a t c h an ce th a t the re la tio n s h ip
w ill be a r r e s t e d on a le v e l of e x p lo itatio n , o r a t le a s t a t so m e
point a t w hich th e p e rs o n le s s involved ta k e s the o th e r p e rs o n
v e ry m u ch fo r g ra n te d . (144:136)
W a lle r goes on to say,
In the f i r s t p lac e, th e r e is a g re a t p o ss ib ility th a t any re la tio n -
_ flhip m a y be a r r e s te d on the lev e l of so m e s o r t of ex p lo itatio n j
w ith v e ry u n p lea sa n t co n seq u en ces fo r one of the p a rtie s .
(144:136)
W aller s e e m s to have taken th is idea from E. A. R oss whom
he quotes as follow s:
The thing is com m on and its ru le is sim p le . In any s e n tim e n t
a l rela tio n the one who c a r e s le ss can exploit the one who
c a r e s m o re . In the m an -w o m an rela tio n and the m o th e r-c h ild
re la tio n we se e th is plainly. (144:136)
W aller thinks th at the w om an is quite adept a t cap tu rin g the
m an in love in volv em ents as a defensive p ro tec tio n in o ur c u ltu re d u r
ing c o u rtsh ip . The p ro b lem a r i s e s when she continues to keep h e r
husband g u essin g about h e r c o m m itm e n t to him and the m a r r ia g e by
disp layin g the le a st in te r e s t in o rd e r to "hold” him .
O ther types of pow er re la tio n sh ip s a re those in w hich husband
o r wife can be d e s c rib e d as e s s e n tia lly a h o stile o r as an an g ry p e r
son; im m a tu re , dem anding, and as su ch com m ands, p u sh es, or o th e r
w ise bulldozes his way th ro u g h the m a r r ia g e . M any of th ese couples
a re seen in m a r r ia g e co unseling p ra c tic e when the spouse has finally
"had it" and se e k s re lie f th ro u g h p ro fe s sio n a l help.
E h rm an n sa y s th at am ong im p o rta n t a re a s yet to be stu d ied in
the fam ily is the " re la tio n sh ip betw een a u th o rita ria n is m and sexual
b e h a v io r" (44:21).
It has becom e a com m onplace th at people live in re la tio n sh ip
to e ach o th er, th at no m an is an entity unto h im se lf (115). N eith er is
c o m p lete w ithout the o th er. T his is quite evident in the co n sid era tio n
of pow er w h ere it tak e s a t le a s t two people in in te ra c tio n for the c o n
cept to have any m eaning at a ll. And y et th e re a r e the p e rs o n a l v a r i
ab les w hich go to m ake up the individuals and th ese v a ria b le s p r e s u m
ably p e rm it a re la tio n sh ip in w hich one has "pow er o v e r the o th e r" or
one is the dom inant m e m b e r of the diad, tria d , o r la r g e r group.
T h ere m ay be o th e r typ es of po w er d isplay in m a r r ia g e r e l a
tio n sh ip s. T his r e s e a r c h w ill a tte m p t to f e r r e t out som e of th ese
types of pow er and to locate types of m a te s as re v e a le d on p sy c h o lo g i
c al te s ts who re la te to th o se who do the co n tro llin g . Quite obviously
then it would be expected that in m a r r ia g e w h e re th e re is a stru g g le for
6
p o w er, o r a d is a g r e e m e n t o v e r the u se of p o w er, e s p e c ia lly th o se
th a t involved an im m a tu re a n d /o r h o stile sp o u se, it w ould have a d e t
rim e n ta l affect upon the m o re in tim a te re la tio n s h ip s in the m a r r ia g e ,
e. g. , th e se x u a l a d ju stm e n t.
M a n ife sta tio n s of P o w e r in
P e r s o n a lity T ypes in H um an
R e la tio n sh ip s
A re v ie w of the lite r a tu r e in d ic a te s th a t so c io lo g ists and
p sy c h o lo g ists who have a n aly ze d p e rs o n a lity and its s o c ia l c o r r e la te s
ten d to have r a th e r w ell o u tlined the follow ing m a jo r fo rm s of p e rso n -;
a lity e x p re s s io n w ith r e f e r e n c e to the m a n ife s ta tio n of p o w er in hum arj
in te ra c tio n . f
T his is tak in g into acco u n t th e d is c u s s io n below of v a ria b le s
re le v a n t to p o w er {Cf. p. lOff):
1. p o w e r m ay o p e ra te th ro u g h s p a c e - tim e
2. it h a s indiv idu al and gro u p s o u rc e s
3. it h as c o n scio u s and u n co n scio u s s o u r c e s and by
d efin itio n th e s e m ay a g r e e o r be c o n tra d ic to ry in
a c tu a l p r a c tic e j
4. it s te m s fro m s o c ia l o rg a n iz a tio n and s o c ia l
s tr u c tu r e and e x is ts by c o n se n su s
t
5. m a r i ta l ro le s and ro le b e h a v io r a r e a ffe cte d by
s p o u s a l p e rc e p tio n s of p o w er - hie own and o th e rs
6. p o w e r is a function of p e rs o n a lity and p e rs o n a lity
(eg o -d y n a m ic s) n e ed s
7. it v a r ie s in in te n sity o r d e g re e fro m p e rs o n to
p e rs o n and betw een d iffe re n t p e rs o n s
T h ese v a ria b le s a r e sp e c ific a s p e c ts of pow er, m o s t of w hich
a r e beyond the sco p e of th is study, but th ey m a y be a s s u m e d to be
a cc o u n te d fo r in the g e n e r a l m a n ife s ta tio n s of p o w er as given below , j
e s p e c ia lly w hen th is c la s s ific a tio n as o p e ra tio n a lly defined w ill allow
fo r the te s tin g of su c h v a ria b le s as m a le -f e m a le d iffe re n c e s, d e g re e s
of in te n sity , and so fo rth .
7
D om inant. T his fo rm im p lie s a c tiv e b e h a v io r w hich has the
affect of puttin g o th e r p eople u n d e r the d ir e c t influence and c o n tro l of
the a c to r. By d efin itio n th is fo rm a ls o im p lie s d e g re e s of a n g e r a n d /
o r h o stility as dynam ic c a u s a l f o rc e s in the p e rs o n a lity s tr u c tu r e . It
is often o b se rv e d of him th a t "he is an a n g ry p e rs o n . " In h u m an i n
te r a c tio n he in s is ts upon a le a d e r- fo llo w e r re la tio n s h ip . The d o m in
a n t p e rs o n m u s t be in so m e fo rm o r a n o th e r re c o g n iz e d as in th e c o n
tr o l p o sitio n . C o o p e ra tio n is thought of by him as being c le a r ly th a t
of le a d e r and fo llo w er w orking to g e th e r e a c h in his own w ell defined
ro le of le a d e r and follo w er, and th a t th e s e ro le s a re not of an equal
o r d e r , but r a th e r of a s u p e r io r an d in fe rio r n a tu re . He h u rts people :
in the p ro c e s s of in te ra c tin g w ith th e m ; he h as low e m p a th e tic a b ility .
His c o n sc ie n c e is n ot w ell d evelo ped and rig h t and w rong a r e in te r m s
of h is own su b je c tiv e e v alu atio n of the situ a tio n . His concept of r e
sp o n sib ility is in te r m s of e x te rn a l c o n tro ls , w hat o th e rs , e. g . , the
law, fo rc e s him to do. G e n e ra lly he m a k e s up his own ru le s of o r d e r
and re s p o n s ib ility a s he goes along. In m a r i ta l in te ra c tio n th e r e is
little give and ta k e ; he sim p ly e x p ec ts and b eh av es a s if th e o th e r w ill
go along w ith him on m o s t e v e ry th in g and like it. !
P sy c h o lo g ic a lly he can be d e s c r ib e d (in the e x tre m e ) as one
w hose s a d is tic tre n d s a re m a n ife s t and he m ay be a "p a ra n o id p e r
so n a lity " (93;236f, 332ff).
A g g re s s iv e , o v e r t. T his fo rm a ls o im p lies a ctiv e b e h a v io r
w hich ten d s to put the a c to r in th e p o sitio n of le a d e rs h ip . He is
sim p ly d ealin g w ith his e n v iro n m e n t, includ ing peop le, in an openly
m a n ip u la tiv e w ay. He m a y be thought of a s e x tro v e rte d in m o st
th in g s, he ta k e s hold of ta s k s , h as opinions on is s u e s and g e n e ra lly
a s s e r t s h im s e lf w ith a ffe c t. H ow ev er, th e re does not s e e m to be th e |
d e g re e of c o m p u lsiv ity , a n g e r, and h o s tility in the im p a c t of his p e r- j
so n a lity on o th e rs a s is s e e n in the d o m in an t ty p e. He can lea d
o th e rs and u su a lly d o e s, but he d o e s n 't have to lead ; he c a n follow in
m a tte r s th a t a r e im p o rta n t to h im , although w ith difficulty. In h u m an
in te ra c tio n situ a tio n s ju s t who is d o in g the leading is not qu ite a s i m
p o rta n t as g ettin g the job done, but the job m u s t get done, often in
8
! sp ite of the feelin g s of o th e rs . He s e e s re s p o n s ib ility as m o s t o th e r
p eople s e e it, but he is lik e ly to be a bit rig id in his a p p lic a tio n of it
both to h im s e lf and o th e rs . In m a r i ta l in te ra c tio n he m ay so o n tak e
h is sp o u se fo r g ra n te d and sim p ly e x p ec t th a t th e o th e r w ill know
w hat to do in the m a r r ia g e an d w ill do it. He w ill ten d to tak e m o re
fro m th e re la tio n s h ip th an he gives to it.
P sy c h o lo g ic a lly he can be d e s c r ib e d (in the e x tre m e ) as one
w hose s a d o m a s o c h is tic te n d e n c ie s a r e fa irly w ell c o n tro lle d ; se lf
c e n te re d .
A g g re ss iv e , c o v e r t. T his fo rm has been r e f e r r e d to a s the
p a s s iv e - a g g r e s s iv e type of p e rs o n a lity , and is the c o u n te rp a r t of the
a g g re s s iv e , o v e rt type above. The d iffe re n c e is in te r m s of m eth o d s,
not of goal. On the s u rfa c e of things he a p p e a rs to be the follo w er,
and in fac t is p ro u d to say and be re c o g n iz e d a s in the fo llo w er ro le , >
s o m e tim e s ev en to the point of m ak in g a c a r e e r of p ro te s tin g this
loudly, but in re a lity th o se who a r e n e a r to him in h u m an in te ra c tio n
situ a tio n s ten d to look to him fo r ad v ice b e fo re p ro c e e d in g to 'le a d
h im ' o r b e fo re lead in g out and m ak in g d e c isio n s w hich w ill in any
w ay affect h im . He is often r e f e r r e d to as "the p o w er behind the
th ro n e " , "the hand th a t ro c k s th e c ra d le " , "King m a k e r " and the like.
T his fo rm in its m o re obvious e x p re s s io n is v e ry often effectiv e a t
" tra in in g o th e rs , " (93) to look to him fo r guidance by being h u rt at
having not been a sk e d about the a d v is a b ility of so m e c o u rs e of actio n,
o r if a sk e d and th e ad v ice not h eeded, to be v e ry "h u rt. " C ooperatior.
w ith o th e rs is in te r m s of "w ell, if you re a lly think I should, " "I
d o n 't think it w ill w ork, but. . . , " o r "Go a h ea d if you re a lly th in k it
b e st. " R e sp o n sib ility is ta k e n only w hen fo rc e d upon him , fo r he
fe e ls th a t sin c e he does not re a lly c o m m it h im s e lf th en how could he
be held r e s p o n s ib le ? In m a r i ta l in te ra c tio n he a tte m p ts to m a n ip u
la te his sp o u se by re c o m m e n d a tio n s an d su g g e stio n s, h in ts, sid e '
c o m m e n ts, g la n c e s, bein g h u rt and o th e r s u b tlie s . He thinks of h im
s e lf a s being su b tle in a ll h u m an re la tio n s h ip s .
P sy c h o lo g ic a lly he c an be d e s c r ib e d (in the e x tre m e ) as one
w hose p s y c h ic -m a s o c h is m is a c tiv e , he is re a lly s a d o -m a s o c h is tic .
S u b m issiv e . T h is fo rm is c le a rly the follow er type of p e r s o n
ality, and m ay be identified by his se em in g lack of e n th u sia sm about
issu e s w hich affect him g re a tly . He m ay a p p e a r to have given up,
but in the m ain he is o v e rly c o o p erativ e in hum an in te rac tio n s itu a
tio n s. He takes life as it is handed to him and r a r e ly co m p lain s, o r
su ch com plaining as he does is not intended to affect any s o r t of
change in his usual lot of p a ssiv ity . He is often r e f e r r e d to a s being
p a ssiv e . He m ay be a h a rd w o rk e r, or he m ay m a n ife st a "L et
G eorge do it" attitude. He is o v e rly c o o p erativ e, and is c le a rly the
follow er w ithout any p re te n tio n s of becom ing a le a d e r. He leads only
un d er p r e s s u r e and does not stay in the le a d e rs h ip ro le when th e re is
anyone e lse who w ill re lie v e him of the task . R e sp o n sib ility com es
re la tiv e ly e a sy to him on the su rfa c e , but he tak e s a s little of it as
p o ssib le and does his b e s t w ith it then only under the d ire c t s u p e r
vision of his le a d e r. In m a r ita l in te rac tio n the w ill of his spou se is
law and he tends to acc ep t the m a r ita l in te ra c tio n and p ro c e s s p re tty
m uch in te r m s of how the sp ouse w ants it. His w ill is c le a rly s e c
ondary and incidental. He is o v e rt and 'a g g r e s s iv e 1 only in the p u r
su it of peace, but even then show s little o r no backbone when c h a l
lenged.
P sy ch o lo g ically he can be d e s c rib e d (in the e x tre m e ) as one
w hose m a so c h ism is en ca p su lated ; d e p re ss iv e .
It can be seen from the above th at an a tte m p t has been m ade
to c a te g o riz e hum an pow er re la tio n sh ip s into an e s s e n tia lly d iac h o ta -
m ous grouping w ith two g rad in g s of dom inance and s u b m is s iv e n e s s on
e ith e r side of a m iddle ground. It is a s s u m e d th at this m iddle ground
re p re s e n ts the m o re o r le ss n o rm a l and a v e ra g e type of p e rs o n a lity
w ith re fe re n c e to pow er in hum an in te rac tio n , w hich is flexible in
m a tte r s of le a d e rsh ip , influence and co n tro l. The fou r types above
a r e r a th e r fixed o r rig id ly m ain tain ed p e rs o n a lity s y s te m s , defensive
in n a tu re , w h e re a s the m iddle ground is not.
B riefly th is m iddle fo rm is a ssu m e d to be as follow s:
10
C o o p erativ e. T his p e rs o n a lity is one th at gets along w ell w ith
o th e rs . He is s e lf - a s s e r tiv e and se lf-c o n fid en t w ithout being o ffen
sive. He lead s in p la c e s and at tim e s when le a d e rs h ip is needed and
his ab ility m ak es it re a so n a b le to h im s e lf and o th e rs th at le a d e rs h ip
is in dicated; this m ay o r m ay not grow into a p e rm a n e n t type of le a d
e rs h ip . He a ls o follow s when he can b e st c o n trib u te to an effo rt in
this m a n n e r; he is flexible in hum an in te ra c tio n situ a tio n s. He has no
axe to g rin d w ith re fe re n c e to any position of influence and c o n tro l
over o th e rs .
|
It is re c o g n iz e d th at the above d isc u ssio n of typ es of pow er is j
no m o re than an outline of p e rs o n a lity ty p es w ith re fe re n c e to pow er j
m a n ife sta tio n s in hum an re la tio n s h ip s . It is a ls o rec o g n ize d th at
even if th is outline is filled co m p letely , it is an o v e rs im p lific a tio n of |
the hum an in te ra c tio n situ ation , and th at th e re a re m any in te rc o n n e c -j
tions betw een what is d e s c rib e d h e re and o th er qualifying a s p e c ts of
p e rs o n a lity e x p re ss io n .
D efinitions of T e rm s
P o w e r. P o w er is the ab ility of one p e rs o n (or group of p e r
sons) to e x e rt, c o n scio u sly o r u nco n scio u sly , sufficien t influence upon
an o th e r p e rs o n to affect the p e rs o n in his b eh av io r in ways th at would
produce b e h a v o ria l re s u lts o th e r than would have o c c u rre d had he been
w ithout th a t influence.
P o w e r is m ade up of m any things. It m ay o p e ra te a t a d is
tan ce and hence th ro u g h tim e . F o r e x am p le, p a re n ts influence o v e r
c h ild re n who a re at school.
P o w e r has both individual and group s o u rc e s : e. g. , a p a re n t
in p a r tic u la r as a g a in st the o th e r p a re n t (107:37 3), the p e e r group, o r
re fe re n c e group, o r the o th e r way around. In m a r r ia g e the sp o u se !
w ith the la r g e s t fam ily of origin, o r w ith the la r g e s t so c ia l a s s o c i a
tions m ay w ield m o re influence (pow er) in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip j
than the o th er sp o u se.
P o w er m ay be in stitu tio n a liz e d as in the law.
P o w e r has both co n scio u s and u nconscious c o rr e la te s . E . g . , a
11
p e rs o n (or group of people, such as a fam ily) m ay co n scio u sly a g re e
upon the influence of g ra n d fa th e r, but uncon sciously o p e ra te in te r m s
of the m u ch g r e a te r influence of g ra n d m o th e r, o r in te r m s of an aunt
who u se s a n o th e r type of c o n tro l and influence (different from g ra n d
fath er) su ch as m oney, o r h u rt feelin g s.
P o w er d e riv e s fro m c o n sen su s in its m o st g e n e ra l form and is
p a rt and p a rc e l of so c ia l o rg an izatio n . In a s ta tic so ciety the so c ia l
o rg an iz atio n is such th a t th e re a re no pow er stru g g le s (ap art from
the so c ia liz a tio n of the young who do not th re a te n the so c ia l sy ste m )
and no sh ift in pow er tak e s p lace except as it is built into the so c ia l
s tr u c tu r e itself. In a dynam ic so ciety , i . e . , a changing (n o n -static)
so c ie ty pow er is challenged and pow er sh ifts o c cu r. Follow ing
T hom as and Z naniecki pow er sh ifts m ay be se e n as a form of and
p a rt of so c ia l d iso rg a n iz atio n w hich in tu rn is only an in cid en tal p a rt
of so c ia l change (142).
In husband-w ife re la tio n sh ip s in a changing so ciety pow er
sh ifts a r e likely to o c cu r and h u sb and -w ife ro le s and th e ir po w er corH
re la te s w ill change in the p ro c e s s . H usband and wife ro le s a re then
in the p ro c e s s of rem a k in g and re fo rm u la tio n , and when ro le s a r e no I
i
lo n g er s tr u c tu r e d they becom e confused, undefined, u n stru c tu re d , !
a n d /o r plainly unknown and som e kind of p o w er stru g g le betw een |
sp o u ses e n su e s. i
i
It is a ssu m e d th at we live in a dynam ic o r changing, non-staticj
so ciety , and th at pow er stru g g le s a re to be expected in m any husband-
wife re la tio n sh ip s. It is a lso a s s u m e d th at the sa m e kinds of pow er
stru g g le s e x is t fo r a d ju ste d as w ell as m a la d ju ste d m a r r ie d p a ir s ,
the in te n sitie s of the stru g g le s v a ry and the m ethods u sed by the m al-j
a d ju ste d m ay be m o re e x tre m e th an am ong the a d ju sted .
P o w e r m u st be se e n a ls o as a function of p e rso n a lity , and as
it r e la te s to m a sc u lin e -fe m in in e d iffe re n c e s.
L ittle re le v a n t data a re av ailab le on the pow er d iffe re n c e s of
m a le s and fe m a le s; how ever, it should be noted th at o v e rtly it is usu-i
ally the m a le who leads nations and a r m ie s , is p h ilo so p h er, h is to ria n ;
theologian and e x p lo re r, is s a ilo r, a d v e n tu re r and s o ld ie r of fortune, 1
12
as w ell as p la y e r of s p o rts su ch as boxing, w re stlin g , football and a
h u n ter. In o th e r w o rd s, the m ale is p h y sic ally co m p etitiv e and m e n
tally a g g re s s iv e , p e rh a p s m o re than the fem ale. P sy ch o lo g ica l r e
s e a rc h re v e a ls d iffe re n c e s in m a sc u lin e and fem inine a g g re s s iv e n e s s
(26;41).
C alvin H all sa y s th at "In o v e ra ll am ount of a g g re ss io n , m en
ex ceed w om en, w hich is in a c c o rd with the p re v a le n t notion th at m en,
w h eth er by n a tu re o r by c u ltu ra l influences, a r e m o re a g g re s s iv e
th an w om en" (55:62).
T h ere is so m e q u estio n h ow ever, w h eth er m en a r e m o re a g
g re s s iv e than w om en, o r w h eth er m en a r e m o re p h y sic al and j
"vio lent" th an w om en in th e ir a g g re s s iv e a c ts. T h e re s e e m s to be !
good evidence th at ju st as in m o st folk w isdom the saying, "Sticks and:
sto n es m ay b re a k m y bones, but w ords w ill n e v e r h u rt m e, " has
a n o th e r side to it in the oft m ade com m ent, "I would r a th e r have
taken a beating than have th o se things sa id to m e. " It m ay be th at
w om en a re ju st a s a g g re s s iv e as m en when one c o n sid e rs the use of
w o rd s, sile n c e , w eeping, looks, a n d /o r o th er ways in w hich a p e rs o n
can be a g g re s s iv e . In the m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip the w ithholding of
sex can be a p ow erful tool of influence. The p ro b lem c e n te rs then
aro u n d delineating types of a g g re s s iv e a c ts , o r b ehavioisw hich a r e
felt to be a g g re s s iv e by the re c ip ie n t, o r th at b eh av io r w hich produce^
a s u p e ro rd in a te and su b o rd in a te effect in the re la tio n sh ip s of people. |
P o w er is not an entity - it does not e x is t in and of itself. It
can be thought of as in h e re n t in the o v e ra ll p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n of
an individual as c o m p a re d w ith the o v e ra ll p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n of
a n o th e r individual in a p a rtic u la r situ a tio n of d is a g re e m e n t betw een
them w h ere a d ecisio n m u s t be m ade w ith re fe re n c e to th at situ atio n . :
P o w e r then m ay be sa id to be e x e rc is e d by both individuals, but one
of th em e x e rts m o re pow er than the o th er, and a d e cisio n is m ade
along the lin es of the one who e x e rts the g r e a te r fo rce of p e rs o n a lity
at th a t tim e .
P o w er can a ls o be thought of as the r e s u lt of an in te ra c t, o r
s ta tu s - r o le e n co u n ter, of two o r m o re a c to rs when th e re is a s itu a -
tion of d is a g re e m e n t and a d e cisio n m u s t be m ade.
T hese c o n cep tu alizatio n s of pow er involve im p o rtan t d iffe r
ences and m u st be kept in m in d in the focus of this re s e a r c h . The
concept th a t is em ployed h e re is the one w hich a s s u m e s th at the
re s u lts of an e x e rc is e of pow er is a d ire c t and su fficien t index to the
pow er th at has been e x e rc is e d . A lso the ab ility to e x e rc is e pow er
com es p rim a r ily fro m two s o u r c e s . (1) Sociological: fam ily b a c k
ground influences w hich c a u se s one to a s s u m e a pow er position.
(2) P e rs o n a lity fa c to rs su ch as re a c tio n to fru s tra tio n , co m pensating
beh av io r, h o stility and so on. It is a lso a s s u m e d th at the re s u lts of j
the e x e rc is e of pow er is known by m a r r ie d p a ir s and th at they w ill i
tend to re p o rt m o s t of th em w ithin an a cc ep tab le range of a c c u ra c y .
W here th e r e is a g r e a te r than a v e ra g e d isc re p a n c y in the re p o rtin g of
couples on the re s u lts of the e x e rc is e of pow er, they can be thought of
as couples in a n e a r equal stru g g le fo r pow er.
I
H o stility . H o stility is defined as an attitude of a n g e r, and mayj
take v a rio u s fo rm s of a g g re s s io n in the a n g e r e x p re ss io n . It is
th e re fo re , not of m o m e n ta ry o r fleeting sig n ific an c e; it has becom e a!
c h a r a c te r is tic of the p e rs o n a lity and is b a sic to an u n d erstan d in g of j
.the p e rs o n a lity th at is h o stile . '
i
l
!
A g g re ss io n . A g g re ssio n is b e h av io r th at d e liv e rs stim u li to
a n o th er o rg a n is m . It is m o re than s e lf - a s s e r tio n in th at th e re is an i
i
a tte m p t to o v e rc o m e, c o n tro l o r o th erw ise influence the o th e r o rg a n - |
E
|
ism . J
i
D om inance. D om inance is a sta tu s p o sitio n w hich re s u lts
fro m ro le b eh av io r w h e rein one o rg a n ism stan d s in a c h a r a c t e r i s t i
cally su p e ro rd in a te sta tu s p o sitio n to a n o th e r o rg a n is m ; the la tte r is
in the su b o rd in a te sta tu s positio n. D om inance m ay re s u lt from h o s-
!
tile , a g g re s s iv e , o r a n g ry beh av io r, how ever, the p e rs o n who is h o s
tile , a g g re s s iv e , o r a n g ry is not a u to m a tic a lly a dom inant p e rs o n a l- j
ity. T hese ro le b e h av io rs m u s t re s u lt in a s u p e ro rd in a te sta tu s in
I the a c to r b e fo re dom in an ce c a n e x is t. The d o m in an t p e rs o n a lity is
: one w hose a ttitu d e is one of c o n tro l and s u p e ro rd in a te p o sitio n and
who by his b e h a v io r c h a r a c te r is tic a lly p la c e s o th e rs in a su b o rd in a te
•
p o sitio n w ith re fe r e n c e to h im s e lf.
A n g e r. A n g e r is an e m o tio n a l re a c tio n w ith p ro m in e n t a u to n
o m ic c o r r e la te s , often o b se rv a b le in "body la n g u a g e " su c h as voice,
s k e le ta l p o s tu re , flushing, e tc . A n g er ten d s to r e s u lt fro m u n e x p e c
ted o r u n d e s ire d ro le b e h a v io r in o th e rs o r in o n e se lf an d tends to
m o m e n ta rily r e fle c t a b reak d o w n in a c t o r s ' r o le s . "An a n g ry p e r s o n "
r e f e r s to the attitu d e of h o stility fo r th e r e is the im p lic a tio n of a ro le
c h a r a c te r is tic .
P rin c ip le of L e a s t I n t e r e s t . The p rin c ip le of le a s t in te r e s t is
b a se d on the th e o ry th a t no two p e rs o n s can be eq u ally em o tio n ally in
volved, i . e . , "in love, " a ll the tim e , if indeed a t any one tim e , and
th a t if th is in eq u ality is re la tiv e ly sta b le in one d ire c tio n , the b e h a v
io r of a sp o u se w ith th e le a s t i n te r e s t in his m a r r ia g e is the one who !
e x e r c is e s m o s t of the c o n tro l, o r is dom in an t in the re la tio n sh ip .
W a lle r and H ill r e s t r i c t th e use of the 'p rin c ip le of le a s t i n te r e s t' to
the c o u rts h ip p e rio d . In th is stud y the co n cep t is lo g ic ally ex te n d ed '
into the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip (144;63:138).
R o le - s ta tu s . R o les a r e o rg a n iz e d a ttitu d e s an d p a tte rn s of be|-
h a v io r in re s p o n s e to p r e s c r ip tio n s and e x p ec ta tio n s of the sig n ific a n t
o th e rs in a n in d iv id u a l's life . R ole is the dynam ic a s p e c t of s ta tu s ;
ro le and s ta tu s can only a d e q u a te ly be thought of in te r m s of e ac h
o th e r. T he ro le of h u sb a n d and th e ro le of wife a r e the focus of th is |
study r a th e r than the s ta tu s of e ith e r . S tatu s is the c u ltu ra lly d efin ed
p o sitio n of ro le an d c a r r i e s w ith it c e r ta in e x p e c ta tio n s and o b lig a
tio n s to w a rd o th e rs in o th e r o r s i m il a r r o le - s ta tu s p o sitio n s
(101:201),
15
Im p o rta n ce of the Study
T h e re is a need in the m a r r ia g e counseling field, and in s o c
io lo g ical th e o ry and r e s e a r c h as w ell, fo r a m o re d efinitive u n d e r
standing of the n a tu re of p o w er in hum an re la tio n sh ip s. The m a r r ia g e
c o u n se lo r is faced w ith a p r a c tic a l n eed in th is a r e a in m o st of his
w ork. S ociological th e o ry has a tte m p te d to handle th is p ro b lem as a
so c ia l p ro b le m in g e n e ra l, but not a g r e a t d eal has b een done to e lu c i
date po w er re la tio n sh ip s in the m o d e rn hu sb and-w ife te a m . Social
r e s e a r c h has ju s t begun to tak e into acco u n t the need to in te g ra te
th e o ry and r e s e a r c h and apply it to the m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip .
P sy ch o lo g y has d e alt in so m e of the concepts of th is study and
te s ts c o n stru c te d in an a tte m p t to a s s e s s p e rs o n a lity in te r m s w hich
a re a p p a re n tly r e la te d to pow er, but th e re is v e ry little th e o ry o r r e
s e a r c h into th e s e te s ts o r th e ir u tility in ev aluating o r m e a s u rin g the
pow er re la tio n sh ip s of husbands and w ives.
O rg a n iz atio n of the R e m a in d e r
o f th is D is s e rta tio n
The o rg a n iz a tio n of th is study w ill be a s fo llo w s: C h ap ter II
contains a rev ie w of the lite r a tu r e in sociology and psychology a s it
r e la te s to the concept of po w er and as p o w er is a s s o c ia te d in p a r t i c
u la r w ith th e o ry and r e s e a r c h w hich b e a r s upon the in te ra c tio n of the ,
hu sb an d -w ife p a ir. C h a p te r III is a d e s c rip tio n of the r e s e a r c h de-
I
sign, the sa m p le , and the r e s e a r c h in stru m e n ts u se d and th e ir v a lid - j
ity. The so c ia l c h a r a c te r is tic s of the sa m p le a re a ls o re p o rte d in j
th is c h a p te r and a b rie f rev ie w of the s ta tis tic a l p ro c e d u re s w hich j
w ill be used.
C h a p te r IV contains the findings on m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r's e v a l
uation of the m a r i ta l d is c o rd p a irs in th is study and in te r m s of pow er
in th e m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip . C h a p te r V is a c o n sid e ra tio n of m a jo r
p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s of husband s and w ives and M M PI configu
ra tio n s. C h a p te r VI ex am in e s the findings on so c io lo g ica l pow er,
m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t, a g g re s s io n and h o stility . C h a p te r VII w ill re v ie w
th e m a jo r findings of th is study and d is c u s s the im p lica tio n s for the
16
sociology of the fam ily including m a r r ia g e counseling. It w ill a lso
contain su g g estio n s for fu tu re r e s e a r c h as a r e s u lt of the p r e s e n t
study. The appendix contains the b ibliograph y and the te s t in s tr u
m en ts developed for the study.
S u m m ary
T his study w ill be an effo rt to re la te re le v a n t so c ia l th e o ry
and r e s e a r c h to c e r ta in p sy ch o lo g ical te s t in s tru m e n ts in an objective
and su b jectiv e a s s e s s m e n t of pow er in m a r ita l d is c o rd husband-w ife
re la tio n sh ip s. It is hoped th a t light can be sh e d on so c ia l th e o ry , and
upon the u se of te s t in s tru m e n ts in m a r r ia g e counseling p ra c tic e . It ■
should a ls o y ield additional le a d s into the developm ent of a so c ia l
th e o ry of m a r r ia g e coun seling w hich does not now e x is t to any im p o r
ta n t d e g re e , c e rta in ly v e ry little th at is su b s ta n tia te d by r e s e a r c h .
The next c h a p te r w ill d eal w ith a re v ie w of re le v a n t lite ra tu r e
w hich points up the n eed fo r su c h a study as this one is.
C H A P T E R II
REVIEW O F THE L IT E R A T U R E
In tro d u ctio n
The lite r a tu r e w hich is re le v a n t to the p r e s e n t study c e n te r s
la rg e ly in so c ia l th e o ry and r e s e a r c h sin c e the p h en o m en a of p o w er
is la rg e ly e x e rc is e d in s o c ia l situ a tio n s, and in th e lite r a tu r e of
p sy c h o lo g ic a l te s ts , so m e s c a le s of w hich a tte m p t to tap p e rs o n a lity
a ttrib u te s of p o w e r in in d iv id u als. O th er a r e a s of rev ie w a r e the
p sy c h o lo g ic al th e o ry and r e s e a r c h w hich b e a r on the study, and the
fa m ily r e s e a r c h w hich d e a ls w ith po w er in the h u s b a n d -w ife
re la tio n sh ip .
S o cio lo g ical T h e o ry and R e s e a r c h
It w as not until the late 19th c e n tu ry th at anyone s e rio u s ly
began to study s u p e ro rd in a te —su b o rd in a te p o sitio n s of h u sb an d and
w ife in th e ir re la tio n s h ip p o sitio n s. It w as p e rh a p s W e s te rm a rk (150)
and B riffa u lt (21) in th e ir h e a te d d iffe re n c e s o v e r the o rig in s of
p a tr ia r c h a l and m a t r ia r c h a l pow er, an d w hich p re c e d e d w hich, who
sud d en ly c a ta p u lte d the w hole m a tte r onto the a n th ro p o lig ic a l and
so c io lo g ic a l sc e n e . It w as a ls o about th is tim e th a t w om en w e re
beginning to gain fre e d o m s fro m the m a le in the w e s te rn w orld,
la rg e ly as a r e s u lt of the in d u s tria l rev o lu tio n .
Since then s o c ia l change in the W est h as b eco m e in c re a s in g ly
sp e e d e d up and, a c c o rd in g to P e te r s o n , the p o w er s tr u c tu r e of
fa m ilie s has u ndergone m o d ifica tio n s and the ro le s of h usban ds and
w ives have b eco m e confused so th a t po w er r e s id e s in no c e rta in
sp o u s a l sta tu s o r ro le p o sitio n (120:C hapter II).
S ocio lo g ical co n cep ts of po w er can be re d u c e d to two m ain
ty p e s, (1) The g r e a t m a n con cep t, and (2) T he c o n se n su s concept.
T he g re a t m a n th e o ry holds th at the le a d e r has a q u ality c a lle d
c h a r is m a and th at he is born w ith his a u th o rity and p o w er. O th e rs
follow him b e c a u se his p o w e r and a u th o rity a r e s e lf-e v id e n t. P la to
17
held the g re a t m an th e o ry . W eber w as im p re s s e d w ith th is kind of
pow er. He defines pow er how ever, in s ta tis tic a l te r m s as the
ch an ces of "a m an o r group of m en to re a liz e th e ir own w ill, " even
a g a in st opposition (48:180).
P re s th u s say s th a t "one sh o rtc o m in g of W e b e r's definition is
th at in focusing upon th e individual a s p e c t of pow er, it n e g le c ts, to
so m e extent, its m o re im p o rta n t so c ia l d im e n sio n " (121:5).
Sociological th e o ry has been m o re a m e n ab le to the c o n sen su s
concept of pow er. T hom as and Z naniecki (142) f i r s t c a lle d atten tio n
to the fact th at pow er is a kind of a g re e m e n t o r c o n sen su s betw een
the g o v ern ed and the governing. W hen the so c ia l o rg a n iz a tio n is such!
th at the gov erned m u st re b e l at the m is u s e of pow er s o c ia l d is o rg a n
ization en su es until a new b alan ce of pow er by c o n sen su s re s u lts , thus;
r e s to rin g so c ia l o rg an izatio n .
G eorge S im m el has been m en tio n ed as a "conflict so c io lo g ist"
who held that even in h u sb a n d —wife re la tio n sh ip s conflict w as in e v i
tab le (as in a ll of so c ia l life) and th a t pow er could only be d e te rm in e d
a fte r the couple had w o rk ed th ro u g h the p ro c e s s e s of com petition,
acco m m o d atio n and a s s im ila tio n (153). L a rg e ly th ro u g h the w o rk of
T hom as and Z naniecki, S im m el, and P a r k and B u rg e ss, and the sym-i
bolic in te ra c tio n is ts Baldw in, M ead and C ooley it b e ca m e r a th e r c e r - '
tain th at in the hum an group in te ra c tio n p ro c e s s , le a d e rs h ip , a u th o r
ity, influence, pow er e m e rg e , and in a r a th e r o r d e rly way.
H om ans in his a n a ly sis of group r e s e a r c h and so c ia l th e o ry ;
points up the clo se re la tio n sh ip betw een the o r d e r s given by a le a d e r I
(authority) and the group n o rm s . The le a d e r m o st n e a rly re fle c ts j
and s u b s c rib e s to the gro up n o rm s . T h ese n o rm s in tu rn a re c lo sely j
r e la te d to a u th o rity , w hich he defines as obedience to o r d e r s , and
so c ia l c o n tro l. A lso d iso b ed ien ce to the le a d e r m u st r e s u lt in pun
ish m e n t (70:415ff). T his su g g e sts th at in h u s b a n d -w ife re la tio n sh ip s
p a tte rn e d b e h av io r (p erso n ality o r e g o -d y n a m ic s) w hich is rig id ly j
c a r r ie d o v e r into m a r r ia g e is re a lly a re fle c tio n of the in d iv id u al's
n o rm s and th e re is the fu r th e r su g g estio n th a t he w ill tend to " o rd e r"
the o th e r to behave a cc o rd in g to th e se n o rm s . O r as L e a ry puts it.
19
I " tra in " the o th e r to beh ave in e x p e c te d w ays (93). W hen th e r e is p e r
c e iv e d to be a sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e , o r violatio n, of n o rm s thought
to be im p o rta n t to one sp o u se , and if the o th e r re fu s e s to c o n fo rm ,
s o c ia l c o n tro l is not sta b le , a u th o rity o r p o w e r th en b re a k s down and
m a r ita l co n flict e n s u e s . P o w e r th e n is thought of as d e riv a b le fro m
s o c ia l n o rm s (70).
M e rto n a ls o d is c u s s e s p o w e r in t e r m s of n o rm s and c o n s e n
s u s :
E m p iric a l so c io lo g ic a l stu d ie s of p a tte rn e d d iffe re n tia ls in kn o w l
edge about th e d is trib u tio n of v a lu e s and n o rm s in th e g ro u p could
p ro fita b ly begin w ith the th e o r e tic a l point th a t a u th o rity in gro u p s
does not o rd in a rly o p e ra te a s it o u tw a rd ly a p p e a rs : th ro u g h the
is s u a n c e of o r d e r s . As B e rn a rd , am ong o th e rs , has o b se rv e d , '
a u th o rity is th e a ttrib u te of a c o m m u n ic a tio n by v irtu e of w hich
it is a c c e p te d by a " m e m b e r " of th e g ro u p a s g o v ern in g his a ctio n . ;
In th is con cep tio n , the d e c isio n a s to w h e th e r an o r d e r h as a u th o r
ity o r not lie s w ith the p e rs o n to w hom it is a d d re s s e d , an d does
not r e s id e in " p e rs o n s of a u th o rity " o r th o se who is s u e th e s e
o r d e r s . In s h o rt, a u th o rity is so c io lo g ic a lly re g a r d e d a s a p a t
te r n e d s o c ia l re la tio n s h ip , r a th e r th an a s the a ttrib u te of an
in d iv id u al ("a le a d e r" ). (108:339)
The co n cep t of ro le an d s ta tu s w as re c o g n iz e d a s an im p o r
ta n t way of p e rc e iv in g the in te ra c tio n p r o c e s s and it w as re c o g n iz e d
th a t th o se p e rs o n s w hose s ta tu s , w h e th e r a s c r ib e d o r a ch iev e d , w as
one of a u th o rity and p o w e r ten d ed to fu lfill the ro le e x p e c ta tio n s of
one who has a u th o rity and p o w er. P a r s o n s , B a le s and Shils w o rk ed
w ith th e s e co n cep ts an d have a tte m p te d to w rite a g e n e ra l th e o ry of
s o c ia l a c tio n a ro u n d th e m . Out of th e ir w o rk and o th e rs , s m a ll
g ro u p r e s e a r c h has b een done, and is s till going on, to f e r r e t out
m an y of th e q u estio n s s tim u la te d by th e in te ra c tio n of th e ir th e o ry
and r e s e a r c h (18;29;70;119). !
P r e s th u s in one of the la te s t s o c io lo g ic a l stu d ie s of c o m m u - 1
n ity p o w er s a y s :
T h e o re tic a l co n cep tio n s of p o w e r a r e n o to rio u s ly u n s a tis fa c to ry , j
The co n cep t of p o w e r is c e n tr a l to s o c ia l a n a ly s is , y e t it re m a in s
vague an d a b s tr a c t, w ith th e r e s u lt th a t e m p ir ic a l r e s e a r c h has
su ffe re d fro m la c k of d ire c tio n and a g re e m e n t upon the n a tu re of !
th e p hen o m en o n bein g stu d ie s . A good ex am p le of th is is s e e n in
th e d ifferin g a p p ro a c h e s of p o litic a l s c ie n tis ts and s o c io lo g is ts to
th e q u e stio n of p o w e r. As D ennis Wong has noted , th e la t t e r ten d >
to e n v isag e p o w er a s an a ttrib u te of s o c ia l o r c o lle c tiv e r e la tio n - |
sh ip s, w h e re a s th e f o r m e r ten d to define it in highly individ ual
t e r m s , as if it w e re an a b so lu te q u ality p o s s e s s e d by a le a d e r
w ith m u c h le s s r e f e r e n c e to the situ a tio n in w hich p o w er is
b ro u g h t to b e a r . (121:3f)
M ills is im p r e s s e d w ith the co n tin u ity of p o w er in the u p p e r j
: l
c la s s e s . He holds th at, (1) old fa m ilie s have p o w er by v irtu e of th e ir j
i
having been in th e lo c a le lo n g e r th an o th e rs , and they u su a lly have
a c c u m u la te d w e a lth a s w ell, (2) th o se who have m oney, no m a tte r how
gained, have p o w e r; the o ld e r the m oney the m o re p o w erfu l it is, (3) I
I th e la rg e c o rp o ra tio n s w ield g r e a t p o w er o v e r ind iv id u als, lo ca l c o m -
I
m u n itie s and the fe d e ra l g o v e rn m e n t — (the s m a ll b u sin e ss m an, a s a
p o w e r, is v a n ish in g fro m the s o c ia l sc e n e a t a ste a d y pace), (4) the
m ilita r y " b r a s s " , he fe e ls , p o s s e s s g r e a t p o w e r in th e ir d e c isio n s
about the n a tio n a l s e c u r ity an d the eco n o m y (110). M ills and th o se
so c io lo g ists who have stu d ie d so c ia l c la s s p re tty w ell a g re e th a t m o n
ey, old m oney and old fa m ilie s ten d to p o s s e s s m o re p o w e r th an no
m oney, new m oney, and new fa m ilie s (69;145; 149).
F o r th is re a s o n one can re a so n a b ly h y p o th esiz e th a t th o se whoj
m a r r y into n o n -m o b ile fa m ilie s fro m a m o b ile fam ily, fro m a n o - |
m o n ey fa m ily into a m o n e y -fa m ily w ill find th e m s e lv e s m a r r i e d to
p e rs o n s w ith m o re p o w er th an th ey th e m s e lv e s p o s s e s s .
K elley, (80) L ip p ett, e t a l . , (97) and H urw itz, et a l , , (76)
m ak e it c le a r in th e ir r e s e a r c h e s th a t w ith both c h ild re n and a d u lts,
(1) p o w e r to influence is c o r r e l a t e d w ith p r e s tig e o r s o c ia l s ta tu s ,
and (2) th a t th e flow of c o m m u n ic a tio n is in the d ire c tio n of low s ta tu s
to high s ta tu s p e rs o n s . In h u sb a n d -w ife re la tio n s h ip s we could e x -
| p e c t th a t th e sp o u se who in itia te s m o s t of the c o m m u n ica tio n w ith the
o th e r is the one who is lo w e st in p o w e r of th a t p a ir.
H u n ter, in a stu d y of the p o w e r s tr u c tu r e of a co m m un ity,
u s e s su c h p h r a s e s a s "d riv in g in te r e s t in e x e rc is in g le a d e rs h ip and
p o w er, " "m an ip u latin g m e n c lo se to h im , " "He m ad e his own d e
c is io n s , " to d e s c r ib e the m a n who w as c o n s id e re d by the le a d e rs in
th a t c o m m u n ity to be top le a d e r (74:40ff). He a ls o d e s c rib e s fo u r
o th e r m en; e v e ry ten th m a n out of fo rty . T h e re s e e m s to e m e rg e a
] c le a r p ic tu re of p e rs o n a lity type in t e r m s of dom inance and s e lf -
21 |
I
a s s e r tiv e n e s s as th e s e a r e r e la te d to p o w er in the co m m u n ity , w ith |
th e m o re d om inant on top and w ith the le s s d om in an t down the sc a le .
In Top L e a d e r, U. S. A . , H u n ter sa y s of a top le a d e r,
He s a id th a t a ll of th e s e th in g s w e re p u re ly p o litic a l and th a t
th ey had to u se a ll th e m e a n s a t th e ir d isp o sa l to get m e n into
public office to do the things th a t th ey w anted th e m to do. T h e re
w as no re a s o n to b e a t a ro u n d the b u sh about th is , a c c o rd in g to
■ M r. A lliso n. You u tiliz e p e rs o n a l frie n d s h ip s , m oney, tra d e
o rg a n iz a tio n s, public o r p riv a te stu d ie s and in q u irie s , o r any
| o th e r m e a n s th a t co m e to hand to e ffe ct y o u r p u rp o s e s . (74:110)
Blood and W olfe m ak e p o w e r and a u th o rity c e n tr a l in th e ir
study of 909 fa m ilie s in th e D e tro it a r e a , an d th e o riz e that,
T he s o c ia l s tr u c tu r e of a fam ily c o n s is ts of th e p o sitio n w hich
th e m e m b e r s occupy in re la tio n to e a c h o th e r. The m o s t im
p o rta n t a s p e c t of fa m ily s tr u c tu r e is the pow er p o sitio n of
the m e m b e r s . (17:10)
i
! T hey fu r th e r m ak e note of the sh ift in a u th o rity in A m e ric a n
fa m ilie s and its re le v a n c e to the study of o th e r a s p e c ts of m a r ita l
life.
| No change in the A m e ric a n fa m ily is m en tio n ed m o r e often
! th an th e sh ift fro m o n e -s id e d m a le a u th o rity to the s h a rin g
of p o w e r by husban d and w ife. P e r h a p s no change is m o re
sig n ific a n t, e ith e r. T he b a la n ce of p o w e r b etw een husb an d
j and w ife is a s e n s itiv e re fle c tio n of th e ro le s th ey play in
! m a r r ia g e and, in tu rn , h as m an y re p e r c u s s io n s on o th e r
a s p e c ts of th e ir re la tio n s h ip s . (17:11)
T h e ir r e s e a r c h w as done la rg e ly in t e r m s of P a r s o n ia n
th e o ry of ta s k p e rfo r m a n c e and in s tru m e n ta l le a d e rs h ip w hich gives
| it an e co n o m ic s la n t o r b ia s. In th e ir w o rd s : "T he s o u rc e of
! p o w e r . . .m u s t be soug ht in the c o m p a ra tiv e r e s o u r c e s w hich h u s
band and wife b rin g to the m a r r ia g e , r a t h e r th an b ru te fo r c e "
(17:12).
Blood and W olfe's stu d y did n o t c o v e r the se x u a l a d ju s tm e n t
i
■ a r e a of m a r r ia g e , u se "p sy c h o lo g ic al te s ts , " in te rv ie w the husband,
| (only w ives w e re in te rv ie w e d ), n o r did th ey c o n s id e r the "b ru te f o r c e "
j sid e of the m a r r ia g e .
! G o ld h a m e r and Shils sa y of p o w er:
A p e rs o n m a y be s a id to have p o w e r to the extent th a t he in
flu e n c e s the b e h a v io r of o th e rs in a c c o rd a n c e w ith his own
in te n sio n s. T h re e m a jo r fo rm s of p o w e r m a y be d istin g u ish e d
22
in te r m s of th e type of influence b ro u g h t to b e a r upon the s u b
o rd in a te in d iv id u a ls. The p o w e r h o ld e r e x e r c is e s fo rc e when
he in flu en ces b e h a v io r by a p h y sic a l m a n ip u la tio n of the su b -
i o rd in a te d individual {assau lt, co n fin em en t, e tc .) ; d o m in atio n
w hen he in flu en ces b e h a v io r by m ak in g e x p lic it to o th e rs w hat
he w ants th em to do (com m and, re q u e s t, e t c . ); and m a n ip u la
tio n w hen he in flu e n ce s th e b e h a v io r of o th e rs w ithout m aking
e x p lic it the b e h a v io r w hich he th e re b y w an ts th em to p e rf o rm ,
j M anipulation m a y be e x e r c is e d by u tilizin g sy m b o ls o r p e r
fo rm in g a c ts . P ro p a g a n d a is a m a jo r fo rm of m a n ip u la tio n by
sy m b o ls. (50:171f)
i
T hey in d ic ate le g itim a te p o w e r is acknow ledged by o th e rs ,
and c o e rc io n w h e re it is not re c o g n iz e d by o th e rs . L e g itim a te p o w e r
I is of th r e e ty p e s, le g a l, tr a d itio n a l and c h a r is m a tic (p e rs o n a l q u a li-
: tie s of th e le a d e r). T h is is the sa m e c la s s ific a tio n m ad e by W eber
(146:124). They f u r th e r su g g e st th a t po w er and s ta tu s a r e d ire c tly
re la te d .
i
S o cial P s y c h o lo g ic a l T h e o ry and R e s e a rc h
Shibutani a g r e e s w ith m an y s o c ia l p sy c h o lo g ists w hen he
; w rite s th a t " re a c tio n s to f r u s tr a tio n s a p p a re n tly ta k e s two g e n e ra l
d ire c tio n s : a g g re s s io n o r w ith d ra w a l (132:137).
John D o llard m o s t e ffe c tiv e ly f i r s t c a lle d a tte n tio n to the lin k
b etw een fr u s tr a tio n and a g g re s s io n (39). The D o llard th e o ry th a t
f r u s tr a tio n alw ays le a d s to a g g re s s io n is n ot quite ad eq u ate how ev er,
fo r a s s ta te d above f r u s tr a tio n m a y le a d to v a rio u s fo rm s of w ith -
. d ra w a l as w ell a s to a g g re s s io n (26).
The w ith d ra w a l m ay be p h y sic a l o r p sy c h o lo g ic al. The point
| is th a t s o c ia l-p s y c h o lo g ic a l th e o ry an d r e s e a r c h su p p o rt th e h y p o th e-
| s is d eveloped h e re th a t a g g re s s io n is often th e r e s u lt of fru s tr a tio n ,
; th a t it m a y have th e conn otation of the e x p re s s io n of a n g e r a n d /o r
| h o stility , and th a t a g g re s s io n m ay tak e v a rio u s fo rm s , none of th em
i
! o v e rt, c o n tra ry to B u s s ' u se of the t e r m (129).
D isc u ssio n . S o c io lo g ists and so c ia l p sy c h o lo g ists have not
d e a lt to any length w ith th e p ro b le m s of so c io lo g ic a l th e o ry c e n te rin g
a ro u n d the concept of p o w e r in the s o c ia l s e n s e a s d is c u s s e d h e re
and how it m ay be r e la te d to p e rs o n a lity . H u n ter s e e m s to re c o g n iz e
j 23
th is fa c to r in his tre a tm e n t of d e sc rip tio n s of top le a d e rs (74). Sm all
group r e s e a r c h ta k e s into account a g g re s s iv e n e s s as a p e rs o n a lity
v a ria b le , but r a r e ly that of an g er, o r h o stility .
P sy ch o lo g ica l T h eo ry and R e s e a rc h
P sy ch o lo g ists a r e not alw ays c le a r in th e ir usage of te r m s
re la tiv e to pow er, dom inance, a g g re ss io n , h o stility and a n g e r.
Som e of th e se te r m s a re u se d as if they d e s c rib e the sa m e p h en o
m enon. This has lea d to p o o r thinking, o r no thinking at all, about ,
how th e se a re re la te d and w hat th e ir a sso c ia tio n s a r e in individuals
o r group b eh av io r. i
An in stan ce of the m ixing of two of th e se te r m s is found in
H a ll's The M eaning of D r e a m s : "Som e people r a r e ly have a g g r e s s
ive d re a m s w hile o th e rs d re a m a lm o st e x c lu siv e ly of h o s tility . "
(italics m ine) H all is no c le a r e r w hen he w rite s , "Som e d re a m s '
confine th e ir h o stility to a n g ry looks o r w o rd s, o th e rs engage r e
p eated ly in p h y sic a l a s s a u lt" (55:63).
j
In p sy ch o an aly tic th e o ry a g g re s s io n (along w ith sex) is one of ;
the m a jo r fo rm s of hum an e x p re ss io n . T ra d itio n a lly a g g re s s io n w as j
I
se e n p r im a r ily as a r e s u lt o r a re a c tio n to th at w hich tended to block ;
i
o r f r u s tr a te the sex in stin c t. H all, fo r ex am p le, has devoted a
c h a p te r to a d isc u ssio n of "D re a m s of Sex and A g g ressio n , " C h ap ter
3, H all say s of F re u d th at, "He b e liev e s th at the tw o p rin c ip le w ished
o r im p u lse s g ra tifie d in d re a m s a re th o se of sex and a g g re s s io n "
(55:47).
H all and L in d sey e la b o ra te on th is th em e and point out:
2
An im p o rta n t d e riv a tiv e of the d eath in stin c ts is the a g g r e s s
ive d riv e . A g g re ss iv e n e s s is s e lf-d e s tru c tio n tu rn e d outw ard
a g a in st su b stitu te o b je c ts. A p e rs o n fights w ith o th er people
and is d e stru c tiv e b e c a u se his d eath w ish is blocked by the
fo rc e s of life in stin c ts and by o th e r o b sta c le s in his p e r s o n
a lity w hich c o u n te ra c t the d eath in stin c t. It took the G re at
The te r m d eath in stin c ts (plural) is u sed in psychoanaly tic
l ite r a tu r e but th e re is so m e tendency c u rre n tly to u se the sin g u la r
te r m of death in stin ct.
24
W ar of 1914-18 to convince F r e u d th a t a g g re s s io n w as as
s o v e re ig n a m o tiv e as sex . (56:40)
F e n ic h e l does n o t confuse a n g e r and h o stility w ith a g g r e s s
iv e n e ss (46:Index).
He sa y s:
The c lin ic a l b a s is of th e new F re u d ia n th e o ry is the e x is te n c e
of a g g re s s io n . A g g re s s iv e te n d e n c ie s of a ll k inds c o n stitu te
a c o n s id e ra b le p ro p o rtio n of a ll h u m an d riv e s . In p a r t th ey
m a n ife s t a re a c tiv e c h a r a c te r ; th a t is, they a r e the re s p o n s e
to f r u s tr a tio n s . In p a r t th ey a p p e a r c lo s e ly co n n ected w ith
c e r ta in se x u a l d riv e s , e s p e c ia lly w ith se x u a l d riv e s th a t a r e
p ro m in e n t in p re g e n ita l le v e ls of libido o rg a n iz a tio n s . O th e r
a g g re s s io n s se e m to a r i s e quite a p a r t fro m se x u a lity . B e
s id e s , th e r e is the rid d le of m a s o c h is m , th e fa c t th a t u n d e r
c e r ta in c irc u m s ta n c e s o u r u su a l o rie n ta tio n in h u m an b e h a v io r,
th e p le a s u r e p rin c ip le , s e e m s to be put out of actio n , and s e l f
d e s tru c tiv e te n d e n c ie s com e to the fo re . F u r th e r , c lin ic a lly ,
m a s o c h is m and s a d is m alw ay s a r e bound to g e th e r: w h e re v e r
m a s o c h is m is found, a n a ly s is show s th a t a s a d is tic d riv e has
undergone a "tu rn in g a g a in s t ego. " T he opp osite alw ays
e x is ts : an e x te rn a l s a d is tic type of b e h a v io r m ay v e il a n u n
co n scio u s m a s o c h is tic a im . (46:58)
" P o w e r is d e riv e d fro m an e r o tic is m as p o w e r o v e r the
m o th e r in giving, o r not giving, up th e fe c e s " (46:67).
But F e n ic h e l goes on to sa y :
A ctu ally an a p p a re n t se x u a l b e h a v io r s o m e tim e s c o v e rs a
s triv in g fo r p o w e r o r p r e s tig e . H ow ever, the e x a g g e ra te d
s triv in g f o r p o w e r and p r e s tig e h a s, in su c h p e rs o n s a
h is to ry th a t le a d s b a ck ag ain to in fan tile se x u a lity . P o w e r
and p r e s tig e a r e n eed e d as d e fe n se a g a in s t an x iety th a t has
b eco m e co n n ected w ith in fan tile se x u a l s triv in g s . (46:515)
B uss d efines a g g re s s io n , a n g e r and h o stility in N e o -b e h a v io r-
al t e r m s a s follow s: a g g re s s io n is "an in s tru m e n ta l re s p o n s e th a t j
a d m in is te r s p u n ish m e n t; a n g e r is an e m o tio n a l re a c tio n w ith p r o m i- !
nen t au to n o m ic and s k e le ta l- f a c ia l c o m p o n e n ts; h o stility is a n e g a - |
I
tiv e a ttitu d e , w ith a ttitu d e defined in t e r m s of im p lic it v e rb a l
r e s p o n s e s " (26:1). He goes on to say , " a g g re s s io n is defined a s a |
re s p o n s e th a t d e liv e rs noxious s tim u li to a n o th e r o rg a n is m ; th e t e r m
a tta c k w ill be u se d as a sy n o n y m " (26:1).
B uss re v ie w s the p sy c h o lo g ic a l r e s e a r c h lite r a tu r e on a g g r e s
sio n and n o tes th a t the few te s ts and in v e n to rie s d e sig n e d to m e a s u r e
a g g re s s iv e tre n d s have b een r a th e r u n re w a rd in g . He d is c u s s e s the j
Iowa H o stility Inventory, w hich he c o n s id e rs so m ew h at s a tis fa c to ry ;
th o se of M oldaw sky (113), Dinwiddie (38), Cook and M edley (32),
w hich w e re developed fro m the M M PI; and a s c a le of his own (26).
He u sed the Iowa H o stility Inventory to v a lid ate his own r e s e a r c h .
He g e n e ra lly d is m is s e s the M oldaw sky and Dinwiddie s c a le s , and of
the Cook and M edley s c a le he sa y s th at, "it has le s s to re c o m m e n d
it in te r m s of p o sitiv e findings than the Iowa H o stility In v en to ry "
(26:165). He se e m s re lu c ta n t to give S ie g e l's sc a le , a ls o d e riv e d
fro m the M M PI, the p lace it d e s e rv e s as a p a rtia lly v a lid ate d m e a -
, s u re of ho stility .
B uss s ta te s th a t th e r e is little evidence th at a g g re s s io n in
h u m an beings is an in stin c t; he b e lie v e s, like Scott (129), a b io lo g ist
and r e s e a r c h e r in a g g re ss io n , th at a g g re s s io n is a le a rn e d b e h av io r
(26:198). Again, B uss defines a g g re s s iv e n e s s in b e h a v io ra l t e r m s :
" . . .a g g r e s s io n is the h ab it of a tta c k in g " (26:198). It is d e s c rib e d
a s, "a h a b it s y s te m w ith com ponent h ab its (physical a g g re ss io n ,
v e rb a l a g g re ss io n , tie d up w ith the p o la ritie s a c tiv e -p a s s iv e and
d ire c t-in d ire c t), w ith v a ry in g d e g re e s of s tre n g th " (26:294). F ro m
his r e s e a r c h he a ls o d e lin ea tes betw een h o stility and a g g re s s io n as
follow s:
F a c to r a n a ly sis of college s tu d e n ts ' s e lf - r e p o r t and of
e v alu atio n of p s y c h ia tric p atien ts by p sy c h o lo g ists, p s y
c h ia tr is ts , and re la tiv e s , a ll y ield an a g g re s s io n fa c to r and
a h o stility fa c to r. The h o stility fa c to r w as defined by r e s e n t
m en t and su sp icio n . An individual m ay m u ll o v e r p a s t ill
tr e a tm e n t and be su sp ic io u s of the m o tiv es of o th e rs w ithout
engaging in a g g re s s iv e b eh av io r, o r he m ay a tta c k w ithout
being h o stile . Thus w hile h o stility and a g g re s s io n m a y c o in
cide, the h o stile p e rs o n is not n e c e s s a r ily a g g re s s iv e and the
a g g re s s iv e p e rs o n not n e c e s s a r ily h o stile , (26:204)
Jung does not d e al in d e ta il w ith a g g re s s iv e n e s s . In a sing le
d riv e , libido is to be found in both the life and death in stin c ts of
F re u d , and when any u n d ifferen tiate d function sin k s to a lo w e r lev el
in the un conscious, it n e c e s s a r ily b eco m es d e stru c tiv e and p r e
su m ab le a g g re s s iv e in n a tu re (79).
H o m e y s ta te s th at 'b a sic a n x ie ty ' su p p lies the c o re m o tiv a
tion for a ll ten d e n c ie s. It is "the feeling a child has of being iso la te d
26
and h e lp le s s in a p o te n tia lly h o stile w o rld " (71:41). The re a c tio n to
th is feelin g m ay tak e on one of th re e p e rs o n a lity p a tte rn s o r c h a r a c t
e r i s t i c s ; m oving to w a rd , m oving a g a in st, o r m oving aw ay fro m
p eo p le. The n o r m a l p e rs o n sh ifts am ong th e s e flexibly w h e re a s the
n e u ro tic is stu c k in one of th e s e m o ld s and is in cap ab le of shifting.
The ind ividual who m o v e s a g a in st people is a g g re s s iv e , h o stile , r e
vengeful, a n g ry (71),
Saul r e je c ts h o stility as in s tin c tu a l — note he does not u se
the t e r m a g g re s s io n — but r a t h e r he s ta te s , "h o stility is a d is e a s e of
d e v elo p m en t and has its c h ief s o u rc e w ithin the p e rs o n a lity " (127:61).
i
A d le r saw a g g re s s io n as a d riv e (instin ct) to w a rd fighting fo r ;
i
sa tis fa c tio n of a ll n e e d s. A g g re s s iv e d riv e s d o m in ate a ll a s p e c ts of
i
m o to r b e h a v io r; in p u re fo rm a g g re s s io n is s e e n in fighting and
c ru e lty ; in m o d ified fo rm in s p o r ts and w a r; and w hen d ire c te d
a g a in st the s e lf in m a s o c h is m and e x a g g e ra te d s u b m is s iv e n e s s (4).
In n e u ro tic s and p sy c h o tic s a g g re s s io n is m o re in te n se and naked.
L a te r on A d le r m o d ified his th e o ry of a g g re s s io n as in stin c t to a
g e n e ra l s triv in g fo r s u p e r io rity and p o w e r.
C. A. G ib b s' re v ie w of the l ite r a tu r e of le a d e rs h ip is about
as c lo se as the p sy c h o lo g is ts , in th e ir a p p ro a c h to s o c ia l psychology
co m e to d ealin g w ith po w er (96:877ff). He points out th at le a d e rs h ip
is a c o m p lex p r o c e s s and n ot y et show n to be highly c o r r e la te d w ith
any one p e rs o n a lity tr a it, although given s t a tu s - r o le situ a tio n s and
o th e r p e rs o n a litie s , "in te llig en c e, su rg e n c y , dom inance, s e lf c o n - j
fidence, and s o c ia l p a rtic ip a tio n a r e fre q u e n tly found to c h a r a c te r iz e I
le a d e r s of v a rio u s ty p e s, in a v a rie ty of s itu a tio n s " (96:916). j
C a tte ll's w o rk has b e en fo cu sed upon the p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s j
of le a d e r s in s m a ll g ro u p s (30). But th e r e is no th e o ry o r r e s e a r c h
in th is g ro u p w hich can be d ir e c tly r e la te d to the s o c ia l co n cep t of
p o w e r a s d e a lt w ith h e re .
The P a s s iv e - A g g r e s s iv e P e r s o n a lity
T ypes of p e rs o n a litie s (g roups) th a t a r e thought to be p a s s iv e -
i
a g g re s s iv e : (H a rtm a n r e f e r s to th is a s in te rn a liz e d a g g re s s io n . )
27
1. A ddictive (O ral)
A lcohol
D rugs
Food
2. Guilt: (due to stro n g su p e r-e g o ) (
3. S e lf-d e stru c tiv e im p u lse s (m aso ch ism ) !
4. Je a lo u sy (C om bined a g g re s s iv e and a n a l drive) I
Clutching; p o s s e s s iv e love in w hich the p e rs o n J
m u s t dom inate and e n s n a re the p a rtn e r.
5. S adism : Infliction of pain, exhib itio nism , j
c o m p e titiv e n e ss. (58:12)
B uss lis ts th re e v a rie tie s of a g g re s s io n in p o la r te r m s as
fo llo w s:
1. P h y s ic a l — v e rb a l
2. A ctive — p a ssiv e
3. D ire c t — in d ire c t
The p o ssib le p re m u ta tio n s and com binations a re not sp e lle d
out by B u ss, but if a ll th re e c a te g o rie s apply in any a g g re s s iv e act,
then the kinds of p o ssib le a g g re s s iv e b e h av io rs a re as follow s: j
1. P h y sic a l, a ctiv e, d ire c t
2. P h y sic a l, p a ssiv e , d ire c t
3. P h y s ic a l, a ctiv e, in d ire c t
4. P h y sic a l, p a ssiv e , in d ire c t
5. V erbal, a ctiv e, d ire c t
6. V erbal, p a ssiv e , d ire c t
7. V erb al, a ctiv e, in d ire c t
8. V erbal, p a ssiv e , in d ire c t
The p u rp o se of th is tab u latio n is to show th at fro m B u s s 's
w ork, a s w ell as o th e rs , it m a k e s se n se to think in te r m s of v a rio u s
types and kinds of a g g re s s iv ity . B uss is im p o rta n t to th is study a lso
fo r the kinds of c la s s ific a tio n s he u se s, i. e . , we can se e how o v e rt
n u m b e r 1, is, and how p a ssiv e n u m b e r 8 is, etc.
B uss lim its his concept of a g g re s s io n to "noxious stim u li
d e liv e re d to an o rg a n is m . 1 1 T his view is s h o rtsig h te d in that a g g r e s
sio n w hich is d e liv e re d to the e n v iro n m en t m ay ju s t as w ell have an
effect upon an o rg a n is m a s a d ire c t a tta c k would. F o r exam ple, the
p o lic em a n who sh o o ts into the a ir to stop a thief, o r a b oss who
pounds on the tab le, o r the d isg ru n tle d student who s e ts fire to the
28
sch o o l building, o r the child who b re a k s his s ib lin g s ' p lay th in g s, o r
th e wife who w eeps to get h e r way again, o r the husb an d who pouts
to a c c o m p lish th e s a m e ends, a ll th e s e b e h a v io rs a r e a g g re s s iv e in
n a tu re , no m a t t e r th a t th ey a r e not d e liv e re d to a n o rg a n is m .
R e s e a rc h W ith R e fe re n c e to P o w e r in
H u sband-W ife R e la tio n sh ip s
E ffo rts have b een m ade to study p o w er in h um an a ffa irs , but
it is doubtful w h e th e r p o w er (or the p o w e r stru g g le ) have been the
o b ject of in v e stig a tio n so m u ch as the r e s u lt of th a t p o w er.
An e a r ly stu d y of p o w er in h u sb an d -w ife re la tio n s h ip is th at
of S tro d tb ec k , w hich po in ted up c u ltu ra l d iffe re n c e s in the re s o lu tio n
of re v e a le d d iffe re n c e s (138). His w o rk g re w out of s m a ll group r e
s e a rc h , and it should be n o ted th a t m u ch of s m a ll group in te r e s t is
re fle c te d in stu d ie s of d e c isio n m ak in g and le a d e rs h ip . Im p o rta n t
w o rk w as done by su c h p e rs o n s as the S h e rifs (131), S. E. A sc h (6), j
G. H om ans (70), and R. B ales (119), w hich s e e m s to d e m o n s tra te the
pow er of th e group o v e r the c h o ic es m ad e by individuals (28).
S tro d tb e c k 's study s e e m e d to show , (1) th a t th e r e a r e c u lt u r
a l d iffe re n c e s (fa c to rs) w hich d e te rm in e w h e th e r h usband o r wife
w ill m ak e m o s t of the d e c isio n s, a t le a s t on the v a ria b le s studied,
(2) th a t th e p e rs o n s who ta lk m o s t m ak e the g r e a t e r n u m b e r of d e c i
sio n s, and (3) th at in the diadic re la tio n sh ip , including h u sb an d -w ife
c o m b in atio n s, one m u s t be d o m in an t, o r as S h a k e sp e a re sa id , "an
tw o m e n rid e of a h o rs e , one m u s t rid e b e h in d " (130). H om ans sa y s
m u ch th e s a m e thing in th e follow ing: "T he le a d e r is a t the c e n te r
I
of th e w eb of in te ra c tio n : m u ch in te ra c tio n flows to w a rd him and |
aw ay fro m h im " (70:418; se e a ls o 2 9 :C h a p te r 30, 31, 32).
H e rb s t stu d ie d m a r i ta l p o w e r re la tio n s h ip s of A u s tra lia n j
fa m ilie s as se e n th ro u g h the eyes of e le m e n ta ry sc h o o l c h ild re n and
in t e r m s of K u rt Liewin's field th e o ry . His a p p ro a c h w as (1) w hich
of the p a re n ts m ad e w hat d e c isio n s w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e fam ily, an d I
(2) w hich of th e p a re n ts a c tu a lly did the ta s k s involved. His c o n c lu
sio n s w e re th a t m a r i ta l p o w e r p a tte r n s could be m e a s u r e d s u c c e s s
29
fully in th is way and th a t fa m ilie s , o r m a r r i e d p a ir s , could be p r o
p e rly c a lle d H usband A u to c ra tic , W ife A u to c ra tic , A utonom ic, o r
S y n c ra tic in p o w e r d is trib u tio n (65).
W olfe u se d m u ch the sa m e c la s s ific a tio n m ethodo log y of
H e rb s t in h is study of 731 D e tro it a r e a w ives living w ith th e ir h u s
b an d s. His in fo rm a tio n w as o b tain ed by h o u r long in te rv ie w s w ith
the w iv es, h o w ev er, not fro m c h ild re n . W olfe's c o n clu sio n s w e re :
1. H usband D om inant fa m ilie s a re g e n e ra lly high on m e a n
an n u al inco m e an d on g e n e r a l s o c ia l s ta tu s ; W ife D om inant
fa m ilie s a r e g e n e ra lly low on th e s e tw o v a ria b le s .
2. W ives in H usband D om inant fa m ilie s a r e le s s lik ely e v e r
to have w o rk e d o r to be c u rr e n tly w ork in g o u tsid e the hom e
th an w ives in any o th e r a u th o rity ty p e.
3. The sp o u se who is the d o m in an t a u th o rity fig u re in the
hom e is g e n e ra lly m o s t ap t a ls o to handle th e fam ily m oney
and b ills .
4. A stro n g n eed fo r love and a ffe ctio n on the p a r t of the
wife is a s o u rc e of p o w er and a u th o rity fo r th e husband.
5. The a u th o rity of th e wife in c r e a s e s o v e r th e y e a r s of
m a r r ia g e so th a t H usband D om inant w ives a r e apt to be
y o u n g er, and W ife D om inant w ives a r e o ld e r (half a r e o v e r
fifty y e a r s of age). |
6. W ives in S y n c ra tic fa m ilie s a r e lik e ly to be w ell s a t i s - j
fied w ith th e ir m a r r ia g e , w hile A utonom ic and e sp e c ia lly !
Wife D om inant w iv es a r e m o re lik ely to be low on m a r i ta l !
sa tis fa c tio n . (152:116) >
H offm an did a stu d y of the e ffe cts of the e m p lo y m e n t of
m o th e rs on p a re n ta l p o w er re la tio n s and th e d iv isio n of h o u seh o ld j
ta s k s as se e n th ro u g h the eyes of e le m e n ta ry sc h o o l c h ild re n and j
fro m m a ile d q u e s tio n n a ire s of e ig h ty -n in e w o rking m o th e rs m a tc h e d
w ith e ig h ty -n in e nonw orking m o th e rs fro m an o rig in a l sa m p le of 324 j
in ta c t fa m ilie s w ith one o r m o re c h ild re n in e le m e n ta ry sc h o o l in the
D e tro it a r e a . H e r r e s u lts w e re :
1. W orking m o th e r s p a rtic ip a te d le s s th an nonw orking
m o th e rs in h o u seh o ld ta s k s , and th e ir h u sb an d s p a rtic ip a te d
m o re .
2. W orking m o th e rs m ad e fe w e r d e c isio n s about ro u tin e
h o useho ld m a tte r s th an nonw orking m o th e rs , an d th e ir
h u sb an d s m ad e m o re .
3. T h e re w as no d iffe re n c e in h u sb a n d -w ife p o w er b etw een
w orking an d nonw orking w om en in the m a tc h e d sa m p le ,
althou gh in th e to ta l sa m p le w o rk in g w om en did have m o re
p o w er th an nonw orking. (68:35)
30
H offm an a ls o in d ic a te s th a t h e r findings s u g g e sts "th at
w o m e n 's e m p lo y m en t does not affe ct fa m ily p o w e r s tr u c tu r e d ire c tly
but only in in te ra c tio n w ith th e p r e - e x is tin g id eo lo g ies and p e r s o n
a litie s of th e a c t o r s " (68:35).
H e e r in a study of husband and w ife p e rc e p tio n s of fam ily
p o w e r s tr u c tu r e am ong 138 C atholic fa m ilie s in the B oston m e t r o
p o lita n a r e a co n clu d ed th a t h u sb a n d s a r e m o re likely to indicate th a t
w ives have m o re p o w er than w ives a r e lik e ly to c la im . He fee ls th is
due to th e c u ltu ra l id eal th a t the m a le is su p p o sed to be the d om in an t ;
m e m b e r of the m a r r i a g e te a m , hen ce th e ten d en cy of w iv es to sa y
th a t h u sb an d s have m o re p o w e r th an th ey re a lly do have. T h e re fo re , j
th e h u sb a n d 's a s s e s s m e n t, H e e r th in k s, of the p o w er s tr u c tu r e in
any m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip , is lik ely to be m o re a c c u ra te th an th a t
of his wife (62:57).
In a l a t e r p a p e r H e e r p ro p o s e s so m e chang es in the th e o ry
of Blood and W olfe th at m a r r i e d p o w er is la rg e ly a m a tte r of w hich
p a r tn e r c o n trib u te s the g r e a t e r am o u n t of r e s o u r c e s to the m a r r ia g e ,
to include "the valu e p la c e d on th e s e r e s o u r c e s o u tsid e the m a r r i
age. " H e e r re c o g n iz e d th at th is c o n ce p t flie s in the face of the
te n e ts of th e ro m a n tic love co m p lex , but th a t it does not "a p p e a r
u n re a so n a b le in view of the fact th a t one out of fo u r A m e ric a n m a r r i
ag es does end in d iv o rc e " (63:138). A lso it is n oted th a t th is r e
v is e d th e o ry is in keep in g w ith W a lle r's p rin c ip le of le a s t in te r e s t. :
"W a lle r s ta te d th a t the p a r tn e r w ith the le a s t in te r e s t in the r e
la tio n sh ip is th e one m o s t ap t to ex p lo it the o th e r " (63:138). (see
a ls o 16:475-478 fo r B lo o d 's rep ly . )
Blood and W olfe found in th e ir study th a t th e r e is a s ig n ifi
can t re la tio n s h ip betw een "the p o w e r to m ak e d e c is io n s " and the
"tangible r e s o u r c e s an d s k ills w hich the tw o p a r tn e r s pool in m a r r i
a g e " (1 7 :4 6 ;italics m in e).
K o tla r found in both h e r p ilo t stu d y of p re d o m in a n tly Je w ish
co uples and h e r l a t e r study of p re d o m in a n tly P r o te s ta n t co u p les,
th a t in a ll u n a d ju ste d h u sb an d s on the ICL, 1
T he in te r p e r s o n a l m e c h a n is m s w e re in the h o stile -d o m in a n c e
q u a d ra n t. . . . H ow ever, the u n a d ju ste d w ives in th e p r e s e n t
study (3) p e rc e iv e d th e m s e lv e s in the a ffe c tio n a te -d e p e n d e n t
q u a d ra n t, but w e re se e n by t h e i r hu sb an d s a s being in the
h o stile -d o m in a n c e q u a d ra n t. (89:217)
On the o th e r hand, "T he in te r p e r s o n a l m e c h a n is m found fo r
th e a d ju ste d gro u p of s p o u s e s and the u n a d ju ste d w ives in the p ilot
!
study in t e r m s of s e lf and m a te p e rc e p tio n s w e re in the a ffe c tio n a te - i
dom in an ce q u a d ra n t of the IC L " (89:217-218).
Both h e r stu d ie s r e v e a le d th a t a ll w iv es, "had s im ila r e x
p e c ta tio n s for th e id e a l husband on the Dom d im e n sio n s. H ow ever,
in th e l a t e r stu d y th e u n a d ju ste d w ives c o n c e p tu a liz e d the id eal h u s
band as being sig n ific a n tly h ig h e r on the Dom d im e n sio n " (89:219). |
T h e re w as no d iffe re n c e in th e ir e x p ec ta tio n s on th e Lov d im e n sio n s
(89:209).
K o tla r's study w as not d e sig n ed to d is c o v e r, (1) w h e th e r
th e r e w as a " r e a l " (p erso n ality ) d iffe re n c e b etw een w ives of the a d
ju s te d and the u n a d ju ste d g ro u p s, (2) w h e th er th e ir re q u ire m e n ts
(wish, need) fo r sig n ific a n tly m o r e d o m in an t h usb and s w as a r e s u lt
of th e ir d isa p p o in tm e n t in th e ir h u sb a n d 's le a d e rs h ip in the m a r r ia g e ,
o r (3) w h e th e r th is re q u ire m e n t (wish, need) w as th e e x p ec te d o u t- j
com e of th e ir own s tro n g (forceful, dom inant) p e r s o n a litie s . I
L u c k e y 's stu d y c lo se ly p a r a lle ls K o tla r 's in the use of the IC l |
an d w hat am o u n ts to the W allace M a rita l A d ju stm e n t Scale (99:141) |
and h e r findings w e re in k eep in g w ith K o tla r 's , th a t the g r e a t e r the i
p e rc e iv e d d iffe re n c e s betw een s p o u s e s p e rc e p tio n of sp o u se and
id e a l sp o u se th e g r e a t e r th e m a r i ta l m a la d ju stm e n t.
K enkel in his " o b s e rv a tio n a l" stu d ie s of h u sb an d -w ife in te r - |
a c tio n a tte m p ts to m e a s u r e o n -th e - s p o t d e c isio n -m a k in g , and hen ce |
p re s u m a b ly the p o w e r re la tio n s h ip b etw een s p o u s e s . He does not |
h o w e v er o b s e rv e the r e a l life situ atio n , i. e . , h u sb an d and wife in the ,
hom e o r o th e r n a tu r a l s u rro u n d in g s . T he e x p e rim e n ts w e re co n - j
ducted w ith s e v e r a l g ro u p s of 25 m a r r i e d c o u p le s, stu d e n ts and th e ir
s p o u s e s ,a t the U n iv e rsity of Iowa, and a p p a re n tly in the u n iv e rs ity
P r o te s ta n t co u p le s.
32
i se ttin g . The couples w e re a s k e d to " sp e n d " a gift of m oney b etw een
th e m and v a rio u s m eth o d s w e re u se d to r e c o r d how the d e c isio n s
w e re m ade as to how th e m oney w as to be sp en t.
K enkel w as d is s a tis f ie d w ith the u su a l q u e stio n n a ire m eth o d s 1
of r e s e a r c h and w as a tte m p tin g to r e c o r d and m e a s u r e in te ra c tio n
w hich could be o b s e rv e d by o th e r s . The B ales In te ra c tio n P r o c e s s
A n a ly sis s c a le w as u se d fo r th is p u rp o s e , but e x c e p t fo r th is the
a u th o r fe ll b ack upon th e q u e s tio n n a ire a p p ro a c h to get husbands and
' w iv e s 1 v iew s and on th e in te ra c tio n c e n te rin g a ro u n d the "sp e n d in g "
i
! of m oney.
P r o f e s s o r K enkel c o n clu d es:
I
(1) th a t d e c isio n -m a k in g am o n g h is s a m p le co u p les is in
keep in g w ith tra d itio n a l ro le c o n cep tio n s of hu sb an d and j
w ife, and (2) th a t p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , m e a s u r e d
by th e T ra d itio n a l F a m ily Ideology S cale, an d sp e cific
p e rs o n a lity t r a i t s , d e te rm in e d by a ra tin g p ro c e d u re , p r o
vide an in co n c lu siv e ex p la n atio n fo r the ^ h y 1 of d e c is io n
m ak in g . (85:144)
K enkel found th a t th e r e w as no re la tio n s h ip b etw een the
f
" o b s e rv e d " b e h a v io r and the ex p lan atio n s given fo r th e b e h a v io r.
j
i
i
M ate S e lec tio n and P o w e r
W ithin the p a s t few y e a r s an e n tire ly new lite r a t u r e has d e v
eloped a ro u n d the co n cep t m ad e p o p u la r by W inch c a lle d com plem ent-1
a r ity in m a te s e le c tio n (151). He h as lis te d s e v e r a l ty p es of m a r i ta l i
re la tio n s h ip s in w hich one sp o u se o r the o th e r, in v a rio u s and s o m e
tim e s devious w ays c o n tro ls , i. e . , w ield s d e c isiv e p o w e r in the
m a r r ia g e .
W inch u se d p sy c h o lo g ic a l t e s ts in his study. The focus of h is
w o rk w as not upon the p o w e r re la tio n s h ip s in m a r r ia g e , although he
p r e s e n ts ev id en ce th a t th e s e e x is t and h y p o th e siz e s th at th e r e is c o m
p le m e n ta rity in m a te s e le c tio n on the p o w e r d im e n sio n of p e rs o n a lity
(151).
L e a ry a g re e s in g e n e ra l w ith W inch th a t m a te s e le c tio n is in
t e r m s of p e rs o n a lity c o m p le m e n ta rity :
T his se le c tiv e p r o c e s s of em ploying a n a rro w e d ran g e of j
33
j re fle x e s w ith c e r ta in ’o t h e r s 1 w o rk s, a s we have se en , in
a double re in fo rc in g m a n n e r. M o st d u ra b le re la tio n s h ip s
ten d to be sy m b io tic . M a so c h istic w om en tend to m a r r y
s a d is tic m en ; an d the la t t e r ten d to m a r r y w om en who ten d
to pro v o k e h o stility . D ependent m e n ten d to s e e k n u rtu ra n t
s u p e r io r s , who in tu rn a r e m o s t s e c u r e w hen th ey have docile
s u b o rd in a te s to p ro te c t. (93:110)
E is e n s te in 's w o rk (45) w hich r e f le c ts a stro n g ly p sy c h o a n a ly
tic th e o re tic a l b ack g ro u n d a ls o m a k e s u se of th is idea and su g g e sts
along w ith W inch and L e a ry th a t th e r e a r e stro n g , if su b tle, fa c to rs
at w o rk w hich c a u se co u p les to cho ose e a c h o th e r. If th is is tru e
i
th e re sh o u ld be w ays of m e a s u rin g and hen ce p re d ic tin g m a r i ta l
se le c tio n , fa ilu re , and s u c c e s s by the use of p sy c h o lo g ic a l a n d /o r
so c io lo g ic a l te s ts w hich tap th e s e u n co n scio u s m o tiv a tio n s.
C onceptual F ra m e w o rk s in F a m ily Study
H ill and H anson have p ro v id ed a re v ie w of the co n cep tu al
fra m e w o rk s u tiliz e d in fa m ily stu d y (66). T h ese w e re id en tified a s :
1. The in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro a c h |
2. The s tru c tu re -fu n c tio n a p p ro a c h
3. The situ a tio n a l a p p ro a c h !
4. The in stitu tio n a l a p p ro a c h ;
5. The d e v elo p m e n tal a p p ro a c h
i
Key a u th o rs w e re a ls o id en tified w ith e ac h a p p ro a ch , and
th e s e a r e r e lie d upon h e av ily fo r the c o m m e n ts and a n a ly se s w hich
follow . |
The P la c e of P o w e r in F iv e
C onceptual F ra m e w o rk s
H ill and H anson sa y of a ll five fra m e w o rk s : ’’The fra m e w o rk s
a r e e lu siv e to g ra s p , an d ev en d ilig e n t stu d e n ts have been |
h a rd p r e s s e d to u n d e rs ta n d th e m " (66:300).
I
|
The In te ra c tio n a l A p p ro a c h . P ro b a b ly the m o s t w idely u se d
it w as d eveloped in A m e ric a by th o se so c io lo g ists and s o c ia l p sy c h o l-j
j
o g ists who follow ed the w o rk of G eorge H e rb e r t M ead and who w e re j
34
| known as sy m b o lic in te ra c tio n is ts .
Hill and H anson w rite :
An in te ra c tio n a l conception of the fam ily tak e s th e se lin e s:
The fam ily is a unity of in te ra c tin g p e rs o n s , e a c h occupying
a p o sitio n (s) w ithin the fam ily to w hich a n u m b e r of ro le s
a r e a ssig n e d , i . e . , the individual p e rc e iv e s n o rm s o r ro le
ex p ectatio n s h eld v irtu a lly o r c o lle c tiv e ly by o th e r fam ily
m e m b e r s fo r his a ttrib u te s and b e h a v io r. In a given s itu a
tion, an individual defines th e se ro le ex p ectatio n s p r im a r ily
in view of th e ir so u rc e (re fe re n c e group) and his own s e lf
conception. T hen he ro le - p la y s . M ost im m e d ia te ly the
fam ily is stu d ied th ro u g h a n a ly sis of o v e rt in te ra c ts ( in te r
a ctio n of ro le -p la y in g fam ily m e m b e rs ) c a s t in th is s tru c tu r e .
S ubstantively, in addition to ro le a n a ly sis, the fra m e w o rk
has fo cu sed on su c h p ro b le m s as s ta tu s and in te r - s ta tu s r e
latio n s, w hich becom e the b a s is fo r a u th o rity p a tte rn s and
in itiativ e taking; p r o c e s s e s of co m m u n icatio n , conflict,
p ro b le m solving, d e c is io n m a k in g , and s t r e s s re a c tio n s ;
and o th e r a s p e c ts of fam ily in te ra c tio n and in te ra c tiv e p r o
c e s s e s fro m dating to d iv o rc e . (66:302, 303)
P o w e r betw een husband and wife in th is fra m e w o rk e x is ts as
p a r t and p a rc e l of the ro le p o sitio n occupied. T h e re is a wide range
of v a ria tio n in app lication, but w ife's po w er is a ssu m e d to be known
and to e x is t in c e r ta in a r e a s of fam ily activ ity , and the sa m e is a s
su m e d to be tru e of the h u sb a n d 's pow er.
The S tru c tu re -F u n c tio n A p p ro a ch . T his conceptual f r a m e
w ork se e s the fam ily as a so c ia l s y s te m and con ceives of the fam ily
as one of m any com ponents of the co m p lete s o c ia l sy s te m (society).
It is b e s t stu d ied fo r the functions it p e rfo rm s in so ciety .
In tern a lly , the fam ily its e lf is co m p o sed of individuals who
a r e b e s t stu d ied th ro u g h t h e i r s ta tu s - r o le bundles and who
a r e sig n ific an t fo r th e ir functions in the m ain ten an ce of the
fam ily sy s te m and, u ltim ately , of the so c ia l s y s te m . Indivi
duals c o n trib u te to the boundary m ain ten a n ce of th e s y s te m
e ith e r by actin g in re s p o n s e to dem ands of th e ir s tr u c tu r e
o r by actin g u n d e r the c o n s tra in t of the s tr u c tu r e .
The fam ily s tr u c tu r e includ es the ex p ectatio n s of o th er m e m
b e rs and is o rie n te d to w a rd boundary m ain ten an ce of the
s y s te m . (Thus, sta tu s ro le s a r e b e s t p e rc e iv e d as in s e p a r
able. ) S ubjective d isp o sitio n , re fe re n c e group s, and d e fin i
tio n s of the situ atio n , as w ell as the m o re s tr u c tu r a l m e c h a n ism
35
of boundary m ain ten a n ce , m e d ia te th is s tr u c tu r e into o v e rt
b eh av io r, o r "function as c o n se q u e n c e s" of s tr u c tu r e and
m e c h a n ism , (108:20ff) B eh av io r, then, is stu d ied in con
te x t of its c o n trib u tio n to th is m ain ten a n ce of the s tr u c tu re .
Thus the r e s e a r c h e r 's goal can be e ith e r the u n d erstan d in g
of the sy s te m by studying its co m ponents, o r the u n d e r
standing of the com ponent by studying its re la tio n to the
sy s te m .
C h a ra c te ris tic a lly , stu d ies em ploying this a p p ro a c h view
the fam ily a s open to outside influences and tra n s a c tio n s ,
and a t the sa m e tim e a s a sy s te m w hich ten ds to m ain tain
its b o u n d a rie s. The individual fam ily m e m b e r is view ed
m o re as a re a c tiv e bundle of s ta tu s e s and ro le s than as an
a ctiv e, a c tio n -in itia tin g p e rs o n ; s im ila rly , the fam ily is
view ed m o re as a p a s s iv e ly adapting e le m e n t of the sy ste m
th an as an ag en t of change. In sh o rt, this fra m e w o rk to
date has tended to e m p h a siz e the s ta tic s of s tr u c tu r e and
to n e g le ct change and d y n a m ics. W hether th is w ill re m a in
the c a se is to be se en . (66:303, 304)
P o w er betw een husband and wife in th is fra m e w o rk is se e n
p r im a r ily as a function of the so c ia l s y s te m o r its boundary m a in
ten a n ce . It a lm o st w ork s a u to m a tic a lly throu gh the r o le - s ta tu s p o s i
tion of husband and wife.
The S ituational A p p ro a c h . T his a p p ro ach , u sed by B o ssa rd ,
is akin to the h a b ita t-e c o lo g ic a l a p p ro a c h of B a rk e r and W right. The
e m p h a sis is upon the fam ily as a unity of in te ra c tio n p e rs o n s who
e x p e rie n c e re la tiv e ly continuing re la tio n sh ip s. "But r a th e r th an
e m p h a siz e in te ra c tio n , situ a tio n is ts tu rn to the study of the fam ily
as so c ia l situ a tio n fo r b e h a v io r" (66:305). Not only does the fam ily
p ro v id e a situ a tio n for b eh av io r, th e fam ily situ a tio n c a lls fo rth b e
h a v io r. F a m ily b e h av io r is p u rp o siv e in that it is an a tte m p t to r e -
r
solve a p ro b le m p o sed by the situ a tio n . 1
Studies have focused on ch ild developm ent, fam ily ta b le -ta lk , i
fam ily ritu a ls , and sp ace u tiliza tio n p o lic ie s. P o w e r betw een h u s
band and wife in th is fra m e w o rk is not stu d ied and so can only be
in fe rre d to a r i s e out of th e s o c io -c u ltu ra l m ilieu , (situation) in w hich
the a ctiv ity of e x e rc is in g pow er ta k e s p lac e. A p p aren tly the s itu a
tio n a l a p p ro a c h would ask , "How did th is e x e rc is e of pow er a r i s e in
_____________ _ i
this p a rtic u la r fam ily, o r husband-w ife s itu a tio n ? ”
36
The In stitu tio n al A pproach. C losely a llie d to the s tr u c tu r e -
function fra m e w o rk the in stitu tio n a l a p p ro a c h can be thought of as a
functioning p a r t of the so c ia l sy s te m . T his a p p ro a c h a ls o conceives
of in stitu tio n as "a group of p e rs o n s o rg a n iz e d a cc o rd in g to c u ltu ra l
p rin c ip le s to c a r r y on a c tiv itie s w hich fulfill c e r ta in of th e ir b a sic
individual and so c ia l n eed s a s hum an b e in g s ” (137:8).
A lso,
C onfigurations a r e the m o r a l p rin c ip le s , o r w orking ru le s ,
w hich r is e at the lev el of the c u ltu re to ra tio n a liz e the a c ti
v itie s of an in stitu tio n and to m o tiv ate o r in s tru c t its m e m b e rs .
T hey d e riv e th e ir n am e fro m the fact th at they o rg an iz e o r
co n fig u rate b e h av io r into sp e cific o v e rt p a tte rn s of activ ity .
(137:8)
Individual m a r ita l pow er would a r i s e fro m the in stitu tio n a l
ized ways of doing things — the rig h t ways — the m o re s — b e cau se
of th e ir utility to the individuals and the group.
The D evelo pm ental A p p ro a ch . T his a p p ro a c h to the fam ily
b o rro w s heavily fro m s e v e r a l co nceptual fra m e w o rk s in an a tte m p t
to unify th e ir a r e a s of co m p atib ility . H ill and H anson s u m m a riz e it
th is way:
F ro m r u r a l so c io lo g ists it b o rro w e d the concept of sta g es
of the fam ily life cy cle. F ro m child p sy c h o lo g ists and hum an
d evelopm ent s p e c ia lis ts c a m e the concepts of d evelopm ental
n eed s and ta s k s . F ro m the so c io lo g ists engaged in w ork in
the p ro fe s sio n s it in c o rp o ra te d the concept of the fam ily as
a convergence of in te rco n tin g en t c a r e e r s . F ro m the s t r u c t u r e -
function and in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro a ch e s w e re b o rro w e d the c o n
cep ts of age and se x ro le s , p lu ra lity p a tte rn s , functional
p r e r e q u is ite s , and the m an y concepts a s s o c ia te d w ith the
fam ily a s a sy s te m of in te ra c tin g a c to rs .
As does the in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro ach , fam ily developm ent
view s the fam ily as an a re n a of in te ra c tin g p e rs o n a litie s ,
in tric a te ly o rg a n iz e d in te rn a lly into p a ire d p o sitio n s
( e .g ., h u sb a n d -fa th e r, s o n -b ro th e r). N o rm s p re s c rib in g
the a p p ro p ria te ro le b e h a v io r fo r e a c h of th e se p o sitio n s
sp ecify how re c ip ro c a l re la tio n s a r e to be m ain tain ed as
w ell as how role b e h a v io rs m ay change w ith changing ages
37
of the occu pan ts of th e s e p o sitio n s. T his in tim a te s m a ll
g ro u p h as a p re d ic ta b le n a tu r a l h is to ry d e sig n a te d by s ta g e s ,
beginning w ith the sim p le h u sb a n d -w ife p a ir and becom ing
m o re and m o r e c o m p lex w ith e a c h a d d itio n al p o sitio n th a t is
a c tiv a te d , then b eco m in g le s s c o m p lex a s m e m b e r s a r e
lau n ch ed into jobs and m a r r ia g e and the grou p c o u n te ra c ts
to the h u sb an d -w ife p a ir once a g ain . As the age and m e m b e r
c o m p o sitio n of the fa m ily change, so does the q u ality and
type of in te ra c tio n . {66:307, 308)
H u sband-w ife p o w e r w ould be se e n as v a ry in g and changing
o v e r tim e , but th e r e a r e no sp e c ific in d icatio n s as to how conflicts
a r e re s o lv e d o r han dled in the d e v e lo p m e n ta l a p p ro a ch .
!
E v alu atio n of the F r a m e w o rk s
in T e r m s of P o w e r
The in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro a c h s e e m s to have m o re valu e as a
co n ce p tu a l fra m e w o rk fo r the stu d y of p o w e r th an any of the o th e r
a p p ro a c h e s . P o w e r is thought of a s in h e re n t in the s ta tu s - r o le c o m
p lex b etw een a c to r s . The p o w e r w ithin a fam ily is v a ria b le an d is
i
bound up in the ro le s e a c h m e m b e r ta k e s, including how e ach c o n
c e iv e s of h im s e lf in h is s t a tu s - r o le . I
[
T h ese ro le s a r e n o rm a tiv e and c a r r y w ith th em c e r ta in ro le [
I
e x p ec ta tio n s w hich a re r a t h e r g e n e ra lly h eld and r e s p e c te d by o th e r |
fam ily m e m b e r s . P o w e r then w ould be m e a s u ra b le in the in te r a c t in
t e r m s of the am o u n t of influence u sed by one fa m ily m e m b e r, A, to
c a u se a n o th e r fam ily m e m b e r, B, to c o n fo rm to h is, A 's ro le e x
p e c ta tio n s fo r B, w hich a r e d iffe re n t fro m B 's ro le co n cep t of h im
self.
The in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro a c h a ls o r e q u ir e s th a t ro o m be left
w ithin the p e rs o n a lity co m p lex of th e indiv idu al a c to r fo r his own in
depen den t and " f r e e " choice to v a ry in the w ays he w ill e x p re s s his
r o le - s ta tu s p o sitio n . H ence the " s a m e " individual m ay behave, o r j
se e m to behave, in a d iffe re n t m a n n e r in w hat a p p e a rs to be id e n tic a l
situ a tio n s, w ith the " s a m e " o th e r in dividual o v e r the " s a m e " is s u e .
V a ria tio n in h u m an b e h a v io r is p a rtia lly a cc o u n te d fo r in th is way;
a ls o p ro b a b ility s ta tis tic s b eco m e m o re m ean in g fu l in th is co n tex t. j
The s tr u c tu r e - fu n c tio n a p p ro a c h has ab out it c e r ta in a s p e c ts j
38
on th e " m ic r o s o c ia l" le v e l w hich c lo s e ly p a r a lle l the in te ra c tio n a l
a p p ro a c h w hen the a c to r s a r e se e n in th e ir r o le - s ta tu s p o sitio n s .
H ow ever, the valu e of the s tru c tu re - fu n c tio n a p p ro a c h fo r the p r e
se n t study lie s in its e m p h a sis upon th e fam ily as a s o c ia l s y s te m
and the individ ual fa m ily m e m b e r s a r e s e e n as c o n trib u tin g "to the
b o u n d ary m a in te n a n c e of the s y s te m e ith e r by actin g in re s p o n s e to
d e m a n d s of th e ir s tr u c tu r e o r by a ctin g u n d e r the c o n s tra in t of the
s t r u c t u r e " (66:303).
P o w e r th en is given a b r o a d e r b a se in so c ia l th e o ry in th a t it
is p la c e d in the co n tex t of a l a r g e r s o c ia l s tr u c tu r e and is s e e n to
d e riv e fro m s o u r c e s w hich ex ten d beyond th e in d iv id u al. P o w e r is j
se e n to d e riv e not only fro m the p e rs o n a lity (eg o -d y n a m ic s) of the
individ ual fa m ily m e m b e r s in the in te ra c tio n , but a ls o fro m the
s o c ia l s tr u c tu r e and the function w hich th e ind ividual is p e rfo rm in g j
in his s t a tu s - r o le p o sitio n and w hich in tu rn c o n trib u te s to the bound- j
a ry m a in te n a n c e of the s o c ia l s y s te m , the fam ily in th is in sta n c e .
The D e tro it study of Blood and W olfe w as done in th is f r a m e
w o rk . T hey lo g ic ally e x a m in e d the p o w e r of h u sb an d an d wife (by
w ives r e p o r ts ) by v irtu e of r e s o u r c e s and s k ills e a c h b ro u g h t to the
m a r r ia g e . The h y p o th esis w as c o n firm e d th a t the sp o u se w ith the
g r e a te r r e s o u r c e s and sk ills w as the sp o u se w ith the g r e a t e r p o w er.
T h a t is, th e sp o u se w hich c o n trib u te s m o s t to the b o u n d a ry m a in te n
a n c e of the s o c ia l s y s te m (fam ily) is the sp o u se who w ield s the
g r e a te r am o u n t of p o w er.
In th e p r e s e n t stu d y th is h y p o th esis is te s te d in a d iffe re n t
type of sa m p le fro m Blood and W o lfe 's: the g r e a te r p o w e r is a s s u m
ed to r e s id e in the r o le - s ta tu s (spouse) who has the g r e a t e r influence
in d e c isio n m ak in g ( P a r t III, A ppendix B) w hich in tu r n sh o u ld be
sig n ific a n tly c o r r e la te d w ith the g r e a te r p o w e r as it is to be found in
the s o c ia l s y s te m - r o le - s t a t u s (s p o u s e )--" s o c io lo g ic a l p o w e r" ( P a r t ^
I, A ppendix B).
The five c o n ce p tu a l fra m e w o rk s m o s t co m m o n ly u se d by
39
so c ia l s c ie n tis ts in the study of the fam ily a s rev ie w ed by H ill and
H anson w e re e x am in ed for th e ir u tility in the p r e s e n t study of pow er.
It w as concluded that the in te ra c tio n a l a p p ro a c h and the s tr u c tu r e -
function a p p ro a ch e s w e re m o st useful in te r m s of being th e o re tic a lly
re le v a n t and r e s e a r c h pro ne for th is study.
R e s e a rc h on P e r s o n a lity T e s ts w ith R e feren c e
to H usband-W ife R elatio n sh ip s
B u rch in al (2 3:218ff) sa y s th at p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s and
m a r ita l sa tis fa c tio n should be stu d ied by c o rre la tin g tr a its as m e a
s u re d by p e rs o n a lity te s ts . T h ere have been so m e a tte m p ts to do
this in a v a rie ty of w ays.
The M M PI. M ost of the w ork done on the M M PI th at has a
b e arin g on this study is by im p licatio n . T h e re is v e ry little th at r e
fe rs d ire c tly to the husband -w ife re la tio n sh ip . D ah lstro m and W elsh
lis ts the te rm " a g g re s s io n " in the index, but r e f e r to h o stility
(37:Index). A p p aren tly p sy c h o lo g ists who use the M M PI in r e s e a r c h
have tended to think of a g g re s s iv e n e s s in te r m s of a m an ife sta tio n of
ho stility , o r h o stile tre n d s in the p e rs o n a lity . L a te r the sa m e a u
th o rs re p o r t on one sm a ll study of a g g re s s iv e n e s s in college groups
(148).
"M ello and G uthrie found that c o u n selees from a college popu
lation freq u en tly p re s e n te d a p ro file w ith sc a le 2 as the peak. "
Am ong o th e r things they, "w ere tro u b le d by p ro b le m s involving r e
lations w ith the opposite sex, " the sa m e as in the D rake and O etting
study (37:175). T his finding has im p licatio n s fo r the p re s e n t study,
but say s nothing about a g g re ss io n s o r ho stility , n o r about husband-
wife re la tio n sh ip s (40).
H athaw ay and M o n ach esi sa y of ninth g rad e boys and g irls
that,
The ou tstanding finding in p o sitiv e re la tio n sh ip s b e
tw een rec o g n ize d sc a le m ean in g s and delinquency is
th at the M M PI S cales 4 and 9 have an e x c ita to ry ro le
in the a c tu a ria l n u m b e rs p re d ic tin g the develop-
m en t of a s o c ia l b eh av io r. The r e s u lt on th e se s c a le s
lead on to w a rd the co n clu sio n th at the a so c ia l, a m o ra l
psychopath and the hy pom aniac am ong the p a tte rn s of
adult m a la d ju stm e n t a re th o se chiefly r e p re s e n te d am ong
the a d o le sc e n ts. As in h ib ito rs to delinquency p ro b ab ility ,
the n e u ro tic adult p a tte rn s a p p e a r m o s t definite. D e p re s
sion, in tro v e rsio n , and fem in in ity of in te r e s t p a tte rn p r e
d ict p o ssib le re la tio n sh ip s w ith the in tro v e rtiv e , s e lf-
c ritic a l, g e n e ra lly inhibited adult. (60:136)
F ro m the w o rk of D rake and O etting w ith " n o rm a l" college
stu d e n ts, and th e ir m eth o d of coding M M PI p ro file s (See C h ap ter III)
it can be se e n th at (1) th e re is a cc e p ta b le p re c e d e n t fo r the m ethod
of coding high and low M M PI Scale s c o r e s , and (2) am ong th ese j
stu d en ts th e re a p p e a rs to be stro n g evidence w hich would s e e m to ]
su p p o rt the hy p o th eses developed in the p r e s e n t study th at stu d en ts j
I
w ith high c o n c e rn about th e ir re la tio n sh ip w ith m e m b e rs of the oppo- !
site sex and who had p ro b le m s w ith fam ily m e m b e rs as w ell, when !
j
m a r r ie d would m ak e le s s a d ju ste d m a r r ia g e s than th o se stu d en ts who'
f
did not have th e se w o r r ie s (60:115). i
I
It is re le v a n t a t this point to d isc u ss the findings and p o ssib le
im p licatio n s of th e se stu d ies and the p o ssib le im p licatio n s of the
m ean in g s of e ac h M M PI Scale w hen coding high o r low, a n d /o r in
com bination w ith o th e r s c a le s c o re s coding high and low. A sa m p le
is p ro v id ed in the follow ing, w ith a fu lle r tre a tm e n t to be found in
C h ap ter III of th is study. !
D ah lstro m and W elsh note th at s c a le P d on the M M PI, as I
re p o rte d by v a rio u s r e s e a r c h e r s , (1) is a s s o c ia te d w ith s e v e r a l
o th e r s c a le s when it is high, (2) when coupled w ith sc a le M a it
a p p a re n tly tap s h o stile tre n d s in the p e rso n a lity , (3) is a s s o c ia te d
w ith p a re n ta l o r hom e conflict, and (4) stro n g ly su g g e sts difficulty
in re la tin g to m e m b e rs of the opposite se x am ong college students
(37:175). This r a is e s the q u estio n of w h eth er any of th e se tre n d s
hold in the m a r r ia g e sta te and how th e se a r e re la te d to m a r ita l a d
ju stm e n t.
Scale D is im p o rta n t as an in d ic a to r of d e p re s s io n o r anxiety j
when it is s c o re d high. W hat kind of m a r ita l a d ju stm en t do th e se |
people h a v e ? How dom inant o r pow erful a r e th e y ? How m u ch do >
41
they s u ffe r in the m a r r i a g e ? T h e re is a ls o so m e q u e stio n as to the
m ea n in g of low D. T h e re is ev idence to su g g e st th at th e s e people,
a lthou gh a p p a re n tly outgoing, m ay be d ifficu lt to get along w ith. T hey
m a y be even m o re d ifficu lt w ith the p o s s e s s io n of a high Si s c o r e .
But nothing is know n a s to th e ir m a r i ta l a d ju stm e n t, n o r of the ty p es
of sp o u se s they m a r r y , e . g ., th e s p o u s e s ' M M PIs (37:174). A re
both high and low D 's in d ic ativ e of p o o r m a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t?
The In te r p e rs o n a l C heck L i s t . Ideally the IC L is a r e a d y
m ad e tool fo r the in v e stig a tio n of p o w e r in h u sb an d -w ife re la tio n s h ip s
b e c a u se it w as d ev elo p ed out of p e rs o n a lity an d s o c ia l th e o ry w hich
wove into its v e ry fa b ric th e, " in te rp e rs o n a l f a c to rs of p e rs o n a lity "
(93:v). Its p o te n tia l h a s not b een ex p lo ited h o w ev er, in te r m s of r e
s e a rc h in g the p o w er s tru g g le s of h u sb an d s and w iv es. L e a ry sa y s
v e ry little about h u sb an d s and w ives, and the stu d ie s of K o tla r and
L uckey have a lre a d y been m en tio n ed .
The IC L w ill be u se d in th is stu d y on both le v e ls I and II.
L e v e l I r e f e r s to th e le v e l of c o n scio u s r e p o r t on su c h p e rs o n a lity
t e s ts as the M M PI. L e v e l II r e f e r s to th e lev e l of in te r p e rs o n a l r e
p o rt on the IC L itse lf.
The K a is e r r e s e a r c h show ed th a t by th e s ta tis tic a l m a n ip u la
tion of c e r ta in of the s c a le s c o r e s on the M M P I one could get a d e e p - I
e r le v e l u n d e rsta n d in g of the m o tiv a tio n s of b e h a v io r, and th a t the
r e s u lts of th e s e s ta n d a rd iz e d m a n ip u latio n s w e re p ro je c ta b le upon
th e s a m e g rid as a ll o th e r s c o r e s on the IC L. In o th e r w o rd s, fro m
th e M M PI s c o r e s of hu sb an d and wife the r e s e a r c h e r o r c lin ic ia n can
c a lc u la te th e ir s c o r e s on dom in an ce and love.
A c co rd in g to L e a r y th e M M PI, althoug h a c o n sc io u sly a n s w e r
ed, p a p e r and p e n cil, te s t, is tapp ing u n co n scio u s m o tiv a tio n a l m a t
e r i a ls sin c e it is a " p sy c h o lo g ic a l" t e s t and not intended a s an i n t e r
p e rs o n a l d iag n o stic tool. It should y ie ld in fo rm a tio n about an {
in d iv id u a l's d o m in an ce o r s u b m is s iv e n e s s and about his h o stility o r
love w ithout his being a w a re of it a t a ll. In o th e r w o rd s the M M PI j
i
h as low v isib ility fo r th e s e fa c to rs of the p e rs o n a lity (93).
42
O th er T e s ts . E rik a C hance did an in te re s tin g and im p o rta n t
study of the fam ily in w hich she a tte m p te d to e v alu ate the fam ily
m e m b e r s in t e r m s of th e ir re la tio n s h ip to e a c h o th e r and to th e ir
th e r a p is ts . T his study is of sig n ific a n c e h e re la rg e ly due to h e r
th e o r e tic a l fra m e w o rk an d fo r th e fac t th a t she d e s c rib e d the v a r i a
b les u n d e r s c ru tin y , "n egative a ctiv e re la tio n s h ip s , " "p o sitiv e a c t
ive r e la tio n s h ip s , " "negative p a s s iv e re la tio n s h ip s , " and "p o sitiv e
p a s s iv e re la tio n s h ip s . " It is quite c le a r th a t C hance w as a tte m p tin g
to study the p o w er s tr u c tu r e of th e s e fa m ilie s (31:48ff). L e a ry m e n
tio n s h e r w o rk a s a fo r e ru n n e r of the IC L (93:158).
The w ay p e rs o n a lity th e o rie s co n flict and the in d iv i
d u a l's way of coping w ith it su g g e sts th at a s y s te m fo r
c la ss ify in g in te r p e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e m u s t co n tain a t
le a s t tw o kinds of p o la r d im e n sio n s: it sh o u ld d e s c rib e
in te r p e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e in t e r m s of the o p p o sites the
sch o o ls have sin g le d out an d it sh o u ld d iffe re n tia te b e
tw een e x p e rie n c e s w hich a r e a c c e p ta b le and th o se w hich
the individual r e je c ts in h im s e lf and o th e rs . S e v e ra l
re c e n t a tte m p ts a t m e e tin g th e s e re q u ire m e n ts have
been m ad e . Of th e s e , the m eth o d s developed by M o w re r,
R o g e rs , B a le s, and F r e e d m a n and h is c o lla b o ra to rs , a r e
o u tstan d in g . In e x am in in g the c la s s ific a tio n s d e v ise d by
th e s e w o rk e rs , it w as b e lie v e d th a t e a c h m eth o d c o n
trib u te s to the e x a c t e v a lu a tio n of d a ta in the tr e a tm e n t
situ atio n , e ith e r by fo cu sin g p r im a r ily on the content
of in te r p e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e (B ales, F re e d m a n ) o r by
focu sing on the a c c e p ta b le q u ality of th a t e x p e rie n c e
(R o g e rs, M o w re r). B e cau se it w as b e liev e d th a t both
r e p r e s e n te d c ru c ia l fa c to rs in th e u n d e rsta n d in g of the
p a tien t, a m eth o d w as d e v ise d w hich a tte m p te d to e m
p h a siz e both th e content and the quality of the in d iv id u a l's
in te r p e r s o n a l e x p e rie n c e . (31:50)
The p o la ritie s of F re u d , A d le r, Jung, F ro m m , and o th e rs
w e re e x am in e d and found to p ro v id e a g re a t d e a l of o v e rla p in b a sic
o rie n ta tio n to the q u ality and in te n sity of in te r p e r s o n a l b e h a v io r.
(See F ig u re 1)
A s y s te m w as c o n s tru c te d in the hope th at w o rk e rs w ith
a v a rie ty of th e o r e tic a l p r e f e r e n c e s m ig h t pool th e ir
c lin ic a l m a te r ia l and su b m it it to s y s te m a tic a n a ly sis
in w hich the s a m e units a r e used , but a r e a rra n g e d
d iffe re n tly to s u it e a c h th e o ry . (31:50)
...j
43
D ictate, D om inate, B oss, R ebel,
B oast, Show off
R e je c t, T ake Away, C o m pete
T h re a te n , M ock
P u n is h
N EG A TIV E A C T IV E
RELA TIO N SH IPS
D isa p p ro v e, A ttack, C ondem n
P a s s iv e ly c ritic a l, R e se n tfu l
Unapp re c iativ e
N EG A TIV E PA SSIVE
R ELA TIO N SH IPS
C om plain, Nag, R e s is t p a ssiv e ly ,
D is tru s t, D em and
A c cu se, A po logetic, S elf-
c r itic a l
R e tre a tin g
Cow ed into o bedience
O beying a fe a re d
a u th o rity , Subm itting
D ire c t, L ead, C o ntrol
Kindly, T each , Inform
A dvise, Give I n te r p r e t
H elp, S upport, S y m p ath ize
P ity
PO SIT IV E A C TIV E
R ELA TIO N SH IPS
Love, P r a i s e , A pprove
L oves to be p r a is e d
L oves to be liked
PO SIT IV E PASSIVE
R ELA TIO N SH IPS
C o o p e ra te , C o n c iliate, A g re e
T ru s t, A sk help, D epend
A d m ire , A sk ad v ice, A sk
O pinion
C onform , Like to do as
o th e rs do
O bedient
F ig u re 1. A S y stem fo r C la ssify in g I n te r p e rs o n a l E x p e r i
e n c e s. (from C hance, p. 50)
44
Shultz has a ls o d ev elo p ed a s y s te m fo r the a n a ly sis of i n t e r
p e rs o n a l b e h a v io r and u se s th r e e d im e n sio n s w hich a r e c o m p a ra b le
to the IC L and C h a n c e 's c la s s if ic a tio n s . The in clu sio n d im e n sio n is
e q u iv a le n t to the in te n sity v a ria b le s in the ICL, the c o n tro l fa c to r is
c o m p a ra b le to the d o m in a n c e -s u b m is s io n d im e n sio n , and the a ffe c
tio n v a ria b le is c o m p a ra b le to th e a ffe c tio n -h o stility d im e n sio n in
the IC L (133:36).
S u m m a ry
A re v ie w of the l ite r a tu r e r e v e a ls th at, (1) th e r e a r e c o n flic t-
i
ing th e o rie s of p o w er, (2) p o w e r is m o s t lik ely a r e s u lt of m an y |
s o c ia l and p e rs o n a l fo rc e s r a t h e r th an being an e n tity in itse lf, (3) ,
th e re a r e p e rs o n a lity (eg o -d y n a m ic s) c o r r e l a t e s in the individuals
who e x e r c is e p o w er fu n ctio n s, and (4) r e s e a r c h and r e s e a r c h i n s tr u - i
i
m e n ts a r e lim ite d and lim itin g of r e s u lts on the stu d y of p o w er — th is
!
is e s p e c ia lly tr u e in m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip s .
H ow ever, th e r e does a p p e a r to be su ffic ie n t th e o r e tic a l and |
r e s e a r c h d a ta to, (1) w a r r a n t fu rth e r study of pow er, (2) in d ic ate j
th a t so c ia l v a ria b le s su c h a s age, s o c ia l c la s s , sex , education, in - j
co m e, s k ills , e tc . a re r e la te d to the e x e r c is e of pow er in the fam ily,
and (3) th a t th e e x e r c is e of p o w e r in fa m ilie s is a ls o re la te d to p e r
so n a lity e x p re s s io n s (v a ria b le s ) su ch a s a n g e r e x p re s s io n , h o stility ,
and v a rio u s o th e r p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T his stu d y w ill p u rs u e th e s e a im s and the n ex t C h a p te r w ill
in d ic ate how th is w ill be c a r r i e d out in the r e s e a r c h d esig n .
C H A PT E R III
TH E RESEA R C H DESIGN
Intro d u ctio n
The follow ing s e c tio n s d eal w ith the r e s e a r c h sa m p le , the
a p p ro a c h o r m eth o d s u se d in the co n ce p tu a l design, the in s tru m e n ts
of m e a s u re m e n t, o p e ra tio n a l d efin itio n s, th e h y p o th e se s, the s t a t i s
tic a l a p p lica tio n s w hich w ill be m ad e to the p r e s e n t study, and s o c ia l
c h a r a c te r is tic s of the sa m p le .
The Sam ple
The sa m p le c o n s is ts of 114 m id d le -c la s s C a u c a sia n m a r r i e d
couples who sought m a r r ia g e c o u n selin g th ro u g h m a r r ia g e c o u n selin g
a g e n c ie s and p riv a te p r a c tic e m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs in the g r e a te r
L os A n geles a r e a d u rin g the f ir s t four m o n th s of 19&5. A high d e g re e
of ra n d o m n e s s w as o b tain ed in th a t e a c h new c a s e co m ing in to the
m a r r i a g e c o u n s e lo rs d u rin g th is tim e w as e n c o u ra g e d to p a rtic ip a te
fully in the r e s e a r c h . Two co u p les re fu s e d to c o o p e ra te . One of
th e s e w as of a couple in w hich the hu sb an d w as an a p p re n tic e p r in te r ,
and who s e e m e d v e ry su s p ic io u s of the intention s of the m a r r ia g e
c o u n s e lo r and the r e s e a r c h e r . T h e re is no know ledge about the
se co n d c o u p le s' re a s o n s fo r not c o m p letin g the te s ts . Two o th e r
couples m oved fro m th e a r e a b e fo re the te s tin g could be c o m p le te d
to any s a tis f a c to r y d e g re e . It w ill be n o ted in the d ata th a t th e N does
not alw ay s eq u al 114. T h is is due to the fact th at in a few in s ta n c e s
e ith e r a couple o r a h u sb a n d o r wife did not c o m p le te a ll the te s ts .
But sin c e N w as la rg e it w as thought b e tte r to sa v e th e d a ta and
re ta in the d e g re e of r e p r e s e n ta tiv e n e s s w hich w as o b tain ed in the
sa m p le th an to w a ste th e d ata and to re d u c e re p r e s e n ta tiv e n e s s as
w ell as re d u c e the N.
T h e se couples w e re given th e follow ing te s ts to e lic it in fo r
m atio n as to p e rs o n a lity , so c io lo g ic a l b ack g ro u n d , p o w e r of m a te s ,
and m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t:
45
46
1. M in n eso ta M u ltip h a sic P e r s o n a lity Inv entory, {MMPI)
2. I n te rp e rs o n a l C heck L is t, (ICL)
3. S o c io lo g ic al P o w e r Index, (A ppendix B)
4. B u s s -D u rk e e A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S cale,
( P a r t VI, A ppendix B)
The d a ta fro m th e s e te s ts w e re e x a m in e d re le v a n t to the
h y p o th e se s d ev eloped in th is study and y ie ld in fo rm a tio n on:
1. S o cio lo g ical p o w er
2. O v e r - a ll p o w e r
3. A g g re s s io n
4. H o stility
5. D om inance
!
6. S u b m is s iv e n e s s , low p o w er
7. P e r s o n a lity c o r r e l a t e s of ty p es of po w er
8. M a rita l a d ju s tm e n t and ty p es of po w er
C o u n se lo rs w e re a ls o a s k e d to ra te th e s e m a r r i e d p a ir s in j
t e r m s of the p o w e r s tr u c tu r e of th e ir m a r r ia g e . (A ppendix A)
In s tru m e n ts U sed
i
The M in n e so ta M u ltip h a sic j
P e r s o n a lity In v en to ry j
I
The M M P I is a w ell know n p e rs o n a lity te s t in wide u se to 1
a s s e s s the p sy c h o lo g ic a l s ta te of in d iv id u als in p s y c h ia tric t e r m s .
T he M M PI is the m o s t w id ely u se d and v a lid a te d p sy c h o lo g ic a l p a p e r
and p e n c il in s tru m e n t a v a ila b le . N o rm s a r e a v a ila b le fo r v a rio u s
g ro u p s fo r c o m p a ris o n p u rp o s e s . O v e r a h u n d re d s c a le s have been
d ev elo p ed fro m the 566 ite m s on the M M PI, but few of th em a r e as
u se fu l a s the b a s ic 10 s c a le s of the p rin te d p ro file . In ad d itio n a
s c a le r e f e r r e d to as E s fo r e g o -s tre n g th w ill be u se d (148). An indexj
h as a ls o b e en d ev elo p ed fro m th e M M PI to m e a s u r e the d o m in an ce -
s u b m is s io n an d th e lo v e -h a te con tin u a in co nnection w ith th e I n te r
p e r s o n a l C h eck L is t, (ICL), r e f e r r e d to below (93). !
47 i
V a lid ity . The p ro b le m of v a lid ity is a p e r s is te n t one in a ll
sc ie n tific e n d e a v o r. It is the q u e stio n of w h e th e r the m e a s u rin g in
s tr u m e n t u se d does indeed m e a s u r e th e v a ria b le th at it is s a id to
m e a s u r e . The is s u e has to do w ith th e d e g re e of o b jec tiv ity v s. s u b
je c tiv ity in the d e s c rip tio n of o b je c ts; th e p u rp o se is to re d u c e s u b
je c tiv ity and in c r e a s e o b jec tiv ity in th e id en tific a tio n and m e a s u r e
m e n t of the v a ria b le s u n d e r study.
The M M PI s c a le s have a c e r ta in v a lid ity a s follow s:
It is an e m p iric a lly d e riv e d s e t of s c a le s . A pool of s u b
je c tiv e ly s e le c te d ite m s fro m m an y s o u r c e s w e re c o lle c te d and a d
m in is te r e d in q u e s tio n -a n s w e r (tru e o r fa lse ) fo rm to g ro u p s of |
j
p s y c h ia tric a lly d iag n o sed ty p es of p a tie n ts . T h o se ite m s w hich w e re !
a n s w e re d m o s t often by e a c h group of p a tie n ts w e re s a id to m ak e up |
a s c a le w hich gave an index of s ta tis tic a l p ro b a b ility th a t th e v a ria b le j
(p s y c h ia tric a lly d iag n o sed type of p atien t) w as valid ly being m e a s u r - j
ed (59).
T ho se who c o n s tru c te d th e M M PI fe e l th e re fo re th a t the
s c a le s a r e v a lid m e a s u r e s of th e g ro u p s th u s id en tified . It is c la im
ed, fo r e x am p le , th a t the p e rs o n s tak in g th e te s ts a re re la tiv e ly u n
a w a re of w hich ite m s a r e r e la te d to so c ia lly u n d e sira b le t r a i t s . A lso
th a t although the te s t is s u b je c tiv e ly a n s w e re d by the su b je c t his a n -
i
s w e rs a r e c o m p a re d w ith th o se a n s w e rs of su b je c ts who w e re "ob- !
je c tiv e ly " id en tified by e x p e rts a s being of a p a r tic u la r type.
S ta tis tic a l n o rm s in th e fo rm of m e a n s and s ta n d a rd d iv ia -
tio n s w e re co m p u ted fo r " n o rm a l" p opulations and c o m p a re d w ith the
p s y c h ia tric g ro u p s and the l a t t e r w e re found to d iffe r sig n ific an tly
fro m th e f o r m e r .
The b a sic a rg u m e n t fo r the v a lid ity of the s c a le s of the M M PI
h as b e e n p r e s e n te d above but a n o th e r d im e n sio n w as added w hen th e
l
a u th o rs of the t e s t found th at c e r ta in ty p es of su b je c tiv e b ia s e s w e re !
show n to give lo w e r th a n u su a l s c o r e s on so m e of the s c a le s . A s a j
r e s u lt th r e e g ro u p s of ite m s w e re found to be of a id in in te rp re tin g
th e v a lid ity of an in d iv id u a l's te s t r e s u lts . One of th e s e , the K
s c a le , is know n fo r ex am p le , a s a s u p p r e s s o r v a ria b le — a ten d en cy
to a n s w e r in too good a light in t e r m s of s o c ia l d e s ir a b ility so th a t
i
v a ry in g p e rc e n ta g e s of th e ra w s c o r e of K is added to c e r ta in of the
s c a le s in o r d e r to b rin g th e a v e ra g e s c o r e into th e n o rm a l ran g e of
i
th e s e s c a le s . W hen any one, o r m o re , of th e s e th r e e s c a le s (L, F ,
i
K) a r e above a T s c o r e of 70 they a r e s a id to a) in d icate cau tio n in I
th e in te r p re ta tio n of th e r e m a in d e r of th e p ro file , o r b) th a t the t e s t
r e s u lts a re in v alid (37:46ff).
V alidity of th e M M PI s c a le s a s su c h in th is stu d y is h o w ev er,
not the c e n tr a l c o n c e rn h e re . The above is re le v a n t as sta te d , but
the v a lid ity of a gro u p of s c a le s as in d ic ate d o m in a n c e -s u b m is s io n
I
betw een hu sb an d and wife is the a p p lic a b le q u e stio n in the m eth o d
u se d in th is study. In a p ilo t study th e w r i t e r did an e m p ir ic a l a n a ly
s is of 36 h u sb a n d 's and 36 w ife 's M M PI p ro file s c o m p a re d w ith th e ir
m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r 's ra tin g s of th em as to w hich w as the m o re su b - '
m is s iv e and found th a t c e r ta in s c a le s w e re p re d ic tiv e of s u b m is s iv e - j
n e s s as se e n by th e s e c o u n s e lo rs .
The m e a s u r in g in s tru m e n t is n ot p e rfe c t, but it is p re s u m e d
on th is evid ence th a t w ith in lim its the M M P I p ro file s of h usbands and
w ives w hen c o m p a re d fo r h ig h e r and lo w e r s c a le s c o r e s is v a lid fo r
th e m e a s u r e m e n t of d o m in a n c e -s u b m is s iv e n e s s .
|
R e lia b ility . In t e s t - r e t e s t stu d ie s of the M M P I the s c a le s j
v a ry in sta b ility . A m ong n o r m a ls the re lia b ility c o efficien ts ran g e
fro m . 57 to . 83, w ith m o s t of th em being in the u p p e r ra n g e . A m ong
p s y c h ia tric p a tie n ts th e r e is a ra n g e of fro m . 52 to . 93. The M M PI
h a s an a c c e p ta b le le v e l of re lia b ility to be a u se fu l te s t in s tru m e n t
<59 ;60).
The In te r p e rs o n a l C heck L is t
T his s c a le w as d ev elo p ed by L e a ry (93) and his c o -w o rk e r s
and is r e f e r r e d to above. The ICL m a k e s u se of the c o n ce p t of le v e ls
of p e rs o n a lity and five su ch le v e ls a r e p ro p o se d , fo u r d e s c rib e d .
B rie fly they a r e as follow s:
L ev el I is th at le v e l of p e rs o n a lity o rg a n iz a tio n w hich is
49
re la tiv e ly c o n sc io u s, is ego and s e lf a w a re and is re p o rta b le on su c h
s c a le s a s th e M M PI w h e re th e in d iv id u al a n s w e rs q u e stio n s about
h im s e lf. The re s u lts can be p la c e d on the ICL p ro file o r g rid fo r
c o m p a ris o n w ith o th e r t e s t s c o r e s in te r m s of d o m in a n c e -s u b m is s io n
an d lo v e -h a te continua.
L ev e l II is th e le v e l of s o c ia l ro le s and is a ls o the r e s u lt of
d ir e c t and co n scio u s s e lf a p p r a is a l p a r tic u la r ly as one re la te s to
o th e rs , a n d /o r is s e e n by o th e rs .
L ev e l III r e f e r s to m o re u n co n scio u s m a te r ia ls re v e a le d on
su c h p ro je c tiv e t e s ts a s the TAT.
L ev e l IV r e f e r s to the le v e l of the u n e x p re s s e d a n d /o r th a t
w hich is a c tiv e ly av o id ed by the c o n scio u s and p re c o n s c io u s .
i
L ev el V r e f e r s to the le v e l of v a lu e s, th a t of th e ego id ea l. I
Only L e v e ls I and II a r e d e a lt w ith in th is study. !
The ICL w as d e sig n e d by th e K a is e r F o u n d atio n psychology
sta ff a s an in te r p e r s o n a l s y s te m of p e rs o n a lity a s s e s s m e n t and
d ia g n o sis. (93) P e r s o n a lity is defin ed in th is th e o r e tic a l sy s te m
d iffe re n tly fro m m o s t found in the p sy c h o lo g ic a l l ite r a tu r e . (56)
P e r s o n a lity is d e s c rib e d as "a to ta lity of a p e r s o n 's co n cep tio n of
h im s e lf in a ll of his fa m ily an d n o n -fa m ily r o le s , to g e th e r w ith his
m o r e o r le s s e n d u rin g p re d is p o s itio n s to a c t in w ays th a t a re c o n
s is te n t w ith th o se s e lf c o n c e p ts . " (99)
V alidity. A g r e a t d e a l of e ffo rt w as put into the v a lid atio n
of th e IC L o v e r a p e rio d of five y e a r s by a sta ff of w o rk e r s in a h o s
p ita l se ttin g w hich due to its being a p a r t of an in su ra n c e h e a lth p lan
included so m e th in g of a c r o s s - s e c ti o n of la b o r union m e m b e rs ,
u n iv e rs ity e m p lo y e e s, and c o n s u m e r e m p lo y ee s and th e ir fam ily
m e m b e r s . The ch ec k lis t w as a ls o a d m in is te r e d to s e v e r a l h u n d red
stu d e n ts at th e U n iv e rsity of C a lifo rn ia , B e rk e le y , a h u n d re d s t u
d en ts a t San F r a n c is c o S tate C ollege, a gro u p of d e r m a titis p a tie n ts
s e c u r e d th ro u g h a p h y sic ia n in p riv a te p r a c tic e , a gro u p of 200 o v e r - |
w eight w om en who w e re p a rtic ip a tin g in the H e r r ic k H o sp ita l R e
s e a r c h P r o je c t on o b e sity , 50 p r is o n in m a te s, and 100 a rm y officers.;
50
T he follow ing m eth o d s w e re u se d to v a lid a te the in s tru m e n t:
1. S u m m a ry of ra tin g s of p a tie n ts ' b e h a v io r by c lin ic ia n s
on the IC L.
2. S u m m a ry of p a tie n ts ' s e lf -d e s c r ip tio n on the ICL.
3. S u m m a ry of p a tie n ts ' s e lf - d e s c r ip tiv e ra tin g s on 8
M M PI s c a le s (a p p ro x im a te ly 320 ite m s), co m b in ed
by in d ic e s.
4. S u m m a ry of in te r p e r s o n a l th e m e s a ttrib u te d to h e ro e s
in ten T h e m a tic A p p e rc e p tio n T e s t S to rie s (a p p ro x i
m a te ly 15 ra tin g s ).
5. S u m m a ry of s c o r e s on 4 M M PI s c o r e s w hich co m bine
to p r e d ic t the lo c a tio n of th e d ata on th e le v e l of p r i
v a te p e rc e p tio n (a p p ro x im a te ly 160 ite m s ). (86)
R e lia b ility of th e IC L w as d e te r m in e d by the t e s t - r e t e s t
m eth o d . A so m e w h at hom o g en eo u s g roup of 77 o b e se w om en p a tie n ts
w e re u se d in the re lia b ility te s t. The a v e ra g e o ctan t c o r r e la tio n w as
. 78; th is m ay be c o n s id e re d a high c o r r e la tio n in view of the fac t th a t
th e s e lf co n cep t is s u b je c t to ch an g es in th e e x te rn a l and in te rn a l e n
v iro n m e n t of th e in dividual. The c o r r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t su g g e sts
th a t the IC L s c o r e s c an have su ffic ie n t s ta b ility to m ak e it a u sefu l
r e s e a r c h in s tru m e n t. (90:457-464)
T he M a rr ia g e and F a m ily
B a ck g ro u n d Q u e s tio n n a ire :
(Sociological P o w e r Index)-
T his q u e s tio n n a ire w as d e v is e d by the w r i t e r to e lic it in fo r
m a tio n in s e v e r a l a r e a s of i n te r e s t w ith r e f e r e n c e to in tra s p o u s a l
po w er.
P a r t I. R e a l p o w e r is r e la tiv e and is a s s u m e d to a r i s e b e
tw een any m a r r i e d p a ir la rg e ly in the p e rs o n who is, a c c o rd in g to
th e c u ltu re , b e s t equipped to w ield th a t p o w er, i. e . , b e tte r edu cated ,
m a k e s m o r e m o n ey , an d a c c o rd in g to s o c ia l c la s s th e o ry and r e
s e a rc h , the one w hose fam ily is th e m o r e sta b le , has m o r e m o ney
and so fo rth .
5 i ;
V alidity. C o n stru c t v alid ity is c la im e d fo r th is p a r t of the
q u e stio n n a ire . As p re v io u sly m en tio n ed both th e o ry and r e s e a r c h
indicate th a t th e r e is v alid ity in the c la im th at a c e rta in po w er is
a tta c h e d in p e rs o n s who a r e h ig h est in education, m oney, old m oney,
fam ily, old fam ily, s ta tu s - r o le p o sitio n s. By c o n stru c t v alid ity it is
m e a n t th a t the ite m s te ll so m eth in g about the su b je c t but do not
n e c e s s a r ily fo rm a m e a s u re m e n t s c a le . F o r th is re a s o n the P a r ts
I, II, and III of the S ociological P o w e r Index and the s c o r e s d e riv e d
fro m them can be thought of as o rd in a l s c o re s at b e st. P a r t I of th is j
q u e stio n n a ire is an o rd in a l m e a s u re of w hich spouse has the h ig h er
pow er in the above m en tio n ed te r m s (63;66;108;119;143).
P a r t II. In te r m s of who w ill dom inate the m a r r ia g e re la tio n -
I
ship it is im p o rta n t to d e te rm in e w h e th er E. A. R o s s ' and W.
W a lle r's o b se rv a tio n th a t it is the p e rs o n w ith the le a s t in te re s t
(em otional involvem ent) in c o u rtsh ip is the one who d o m in ates o r
c o n tro ls the o th e r w hen th is condition of le a s t in te r e s t is c a r r ie d
o v e r into the m a r r ia g e . P a r t II is d esig n ed to d e te rm in e which
sp o use has le a s t in te r e s t in the m a r r ia g e .
V alidity . C o n stru c t v alid ity is c la im e d fo r this p a r t of the
q u e stio n n a ire . T his p a rt is not c o n sid e re d as c e n tra l to the p r e s e n t
study, but as a v a ria b le su g g e ste d by o b s e r v e r s of the fam ily on
w hich it is hoped som e lead s m ig ht be p ick ed up in th is re la te d r e
s e a r c h . F u r th e r r e s e a r c h m ay com e out of th is e x p lo ra to ry effo rt.
P a r t III. T his p a rt of the q u e stio n n a ire is b a se d in p a rt on
the q u estio n s u sed by Blood and Wolfe in th e ir r e s e a r c h on 909
D e tro it w ives (16). The Blood and Wolfe ite m s a re #56, 59, 60, 61,
63, 64, 65, and 66 in P a r t III of this q u e stio n n a ire . Blood and W olfe
found th a t th e ir ite m s w e re v a lid in the a s s e s s m e n t of m a r ita l s a t i s
faction and th at they w e re sig n ifican tly re la te d to th o se sp o u se s who
p ro v id ed th e g r e a te r am ount of incom e and sk ills to th e m a r r ia g e , as
re p o r te d by 909 w ives (16:46).
T his p a r t of the q u e stio n n a ire w ould s e e m to p o s s e s s g r e a te r
th a n c o n s tru c t v a lid ity in a s s e s s in g the p o w er p o sitio n of sp o u s e s as
re la te d to e a c h o th e r in m a r r ia g e , due to Blood and W olfe's findings
th at the sp o u se who c o n trib u te s m o s t to the m a r r ia g e is the sp o u se
who ten d s to m ak e the m o st d e c isio n s in the m a r r ia g e .
P a r t IV. T his p a r t of the q u e stio n n a ire is m ad e up of fo u r
of the C a lifo rn ia F s c a le ite m s w hich w e re found to s c a le on top
c o m m u n ity le a d e rs in the P re sth u s* s tu d ie s . T h ese ite m s a r e
thought to tap a u th o rita r ia n is m in m en and the q u e stio n h e re is
j
w h e th er th ey a re u sefu l in d e te rm in in g w hich of a m a r r i e d p a ir is th e j
m o re a u th o rita ria n , by th e ir m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r's ju dgm ent, a n d /o r {
w h e th e r th e r e is any re la tio n s h ip b etw een th e s e ite m s and h o stility , j
r e a l pow er, se x u a l a d ju s tm e n t and m a r r i a g e a d ju stm e n t. j
j
I
V a lid ity . F S cale s c o r e s have been show n to be sig n ific a n tly
re la te d to a u th o r ita r ia n p e rs o n a litie s as re v e a le d by c lin ic a l ra tin g s
of stu d e n t and p s y c h ia tric p o pulatio ns as w ell as by P r e s t h u s ' stu d ie s
of top le a d e r s in c o m m u n itie s a s judged by o th e r le a d e r s and the
n o n - le a d e r s in the c o m m u n ity . It is c la im e d th a t th is s c a le has
v a lid ity as a m e a s u r e of the a u th o r ita r ia n p e rs o n a lity (5; 121).
P a r t V. P a r t V is th e w r i t e r 's se x u a l a d ju stm e n t sc a le ,
(along w ith tw o ite m s fro m the W allace S cale), w hich h as b een show n
in p ilo t r e s e a r c h on 36 m a r r i e d co u p les who w e re se ek in g m a r r ia g e
co u n selin g to be a s s o c ia te d w ith m a r i ta l a d ju stm e n t, beyond the . 95
lev e l of confidence, w hen c o m p a re d w ith the W allace M a rria g e A d
ju s tm e n t S cale. ^
V alidity is c la im e d fo r th is s c a le as a m e a s u r e of se x u a l
a d ju s tm e n t in m a r r i e d cou ples who a r e m id d le - c la s s , w hite, p r e
d o m in an tly P r o te s ta n t, w hite c o lla r, and p ro fe s s io n a l, and who a r e
F ro m B u rg e ss an d L o c k e 's M a rria g e A d ju stm en t sc h e d u le .
In one item W allace changed the t e r m "in tim a te r e la tio n s " to "se x
r e la tio n s " (24:708).
53
I u n d e r 50 y e a r s of ag e.
S u m m a ry . It would a p p e a r th a t when P a r t I is s c o r e d in the
d ire c tio n of h ig h e st r e a l p o w er, P a r t III in the d ire c tio n of h ig h e s t
d e c isio n m ak in g p o w er, P a r t IV in the d ire c tio n of the h ig h e st a u th o r
ita r ia n is m , and P a r t V in the d ire c tio n of the h ig h e s t se x u a l a d ju s t
m en t, the to ta l s c o r e w ould y ie ld an index of p o w e r b etw een m a r r i e d .
p a ir s . Since P a r t II is s c o r e d so th a t th e lo w e r s c o r e s in d icate
lo w e r in te r e s t in the m a r r ia g e and hence g r e a t e r pow er, th is s c a le
s c o r e should be s u b tra c te d fro m the s c o r e s of P a r t s I, III, IV and V j
fo r an O v e r -a ll index of p o w er. (
T he B u s s -D u rk e e In v en to ry
M ost h o s tility - a g g r e s s io n in v e n to rie s a r e om nibus i n s t r u
m e n ts w hich have a tte m p te d to tap a v a rie ty of h o stile a ttitu d e s and
a g g re s s iv e b e h a v io rs and com bine th e s e into a single s c o r e .
S c h u ltz 's s c a le is the e x cep tio n . B u ss sa y s of th is :
The u n sta te d a ssu m p tio n m ad e in using a single
s u m m a ry s c o r e is th a t h o s tile - a g g r e s s iv e b e
h a v io rs do not n e e d to be div id ed into s u b c la s s e s .
Thus a s u s p ic io u s, n o n a ssa u ltiv e p e rs o n m ig h t
re c e iv e the s a m e s c o r e as a n o n -s u s p ic io u s ,
a s s a u ltiv e p e rs o n . (26:185)
B uss and D urkee m a k e the a lte rn a tiv e a ssu m p tio n , n a m e ly
th a t it is n e c e s s a r y to divide h o s tile - a g g r e s s iv e b e h a v io r into s u b
c la s s e s . T h e se s u b c la s s e s a r e as follow s:
1. A s s a u lt
2. In d ire c t a g g re s s io n
3. I r r ita b ility
4. N e g ativ ism
5. R e se n tm e n t
6. S u sp icio n
7. V e rb a l a g g re s s io n
A c co rd in g to B uss th is c la s s ific a tio n in clu d es two kinds of
h o stility , r e s e n tm e n t and su sp ic io n , and five kinds of a g g re s s io n
L a s s a u lt, in d ire c t, ir r ita b ility , n e g a tiv ism , and v e rb a l. A s c a le on
54
g uilt w as a ls o included, but w ill not be u tiliz e d in th is study sin c e its
re le v a n c e is p e r ip h e r a l (26:186f).
V alidity. B uss and D u rk ee feel th a t th e ir ite m -w r itin g t e c h
n iq u es give th e ir sc a le a c e r ta in v a lid ity . The pool of ite m s include
th e ir own w ith ite m s b o rro w e d fro m p re v io u s in v e n to rie s . F i r s t ,
a s s u m e th a t the so c ia lly u n d e s ira b le s ta te a lre a d y e x is ts and a s k
how it is to be e x p re s s e d . "W hen I re a lly lo se m y te m p e r I am
c ap ab le of slap p in g so m e o n e . " Second, p ro v id e ju s tific a tio n fo r the
o c c u rre n c e of a g g re s s io n . "W hoev er in su lts m e, o r m y fam ily is
a sk in g fo r a fight. " T h ird , u se id io m s, "If som eb o d y h its m e f ir s t,
I le t him have it" (26:270f).
An ite m a n a ly s is w as done on the o rig in a l 105 ite m v e rs io n
of the in v en to ry a fte r being a d m in is te re d to 85 m a le an d 74 fem ale
c o lleg e stu d e n ts. A ll p ro to c o ls w e re anony m ous. It has b e en show n
by s e p a r a te r e s e a r c h e r s th a t w hen the p ro to c o ls a r e anonym ous the
m e a n s c o r e s a re h ig h e r by about 5 points on the to ta l s c o r e in one
study, by about 2 po in ts in a n o th e r, and 6 fo r m e n and 4 fo r w om en
in a n o th e r. T h e se include co lleg e and p s y c h ia tric p a tie n t s a m p le s .
"The ite m a n a ly s is y ie ld e d 75 ite m s , 66 fo r h o stility and 9
fo r g u ilt" (26:345f). (See B uss and D urk ee, 1957 fo r d e ta ils of the
ite m a n a l y s i s . )
The fin al fo rm of the in v en to ry w as a d m in is te re d in
group fash io n to 85 co lleg e m e n and 88 colleg e w om en.
The eight s c a le s w e re s c o re d , and p ro d u c t-m o m e n t
c o rre la tio n s w e re co m p u ted am ong th em fo r m e n and
w om en s e p a ra te ly . None of the w o m e n 's c o rr e la tio n s
w as above . 50 and only two of the m e n 's w e re above
. 50, indicating th a t th e v a rio u s s c a le s a r e tapping
at le a s t p a rtia lly in d ep en d en t c la s s e s of b e h a v io r.
T h u rs to n 's c e n tro id m eth o d w as u se d to e x tr a c t two
fa c to rs fro m e a c h c o r r e la tio n m a tr ix . The a x is fo r
m en and w om en w e re r o ta te d to the sa m e oblique,
sim p le s tr u c tu r e so th a t the fa c to r loadings of the
two se x e s w ould be c o m p a ra b le . (26:174)
T h ese loadings a r e p r e s e n te d in T able 9. 3, w ith loadings of
.4 0 o r above m a r k e d w ith an a s te r is k , a fte r B u ss. (26:174)
55
T able 9. 3 R otated F a c to r L oadings fo r M en and W om en
MEN WOMEN
V ariab le I II I II
A ssa u lt . 17 . 54*
. 19
61*
In d ire c t
. 19 . 40* . 00 48*
Irrita b ility . 11 . 57* . 14 47*
N eg ativ ism . 23 . 22 03 48*
R e se n tm en t . 59* . 12 . 57* 04
S uspicion . 66* 02 . 54* 02
V e rb al . 05 . 63* . 04 49*
* L oadings of . 40 o r above.
56 i
Only fa c to r loadings of . 40 and o v e r w e re c o n s id e re d m e a n - J
ingful. On th is b a s is the f i r s t fa c to r w as defined by R e se n tm e n t and
S u sp icio n fo r m e n and by R e se n tm e n t, S uspicion, and Guilt fo r j
w om en.
The se c o n d fa c to r is defined by A s sa u lt, In d ire c t, Irr ita b ility , j
and V e rb a l fo r both s e x e s , plus N e g a tiv ism fo r w om en. The s im il- j
a rity of fa c to r loadings s u g g e sts th a t the fa c to r s tr u c tu r e is sta b le .
The two fa c to rs e x tr a c te d fro m the c o r r e la tio n m a trix , the a u th o rs
feel, roughly p a ra lle l h o stility and a g g re s s io n (26:175).
R e lia b ility . A gro up of 29 co lleg e m e n and w om en w e re
r e te s te d in gro u p fa sh io n a fte r a 5 w eek in te rv a l. The p ro d u ct
m o m e n t c o rr e la tio n s fo r the tw o te s tin g s w e re :
1. A s sa u lt . 78
2. In d ire c t . 72
3. I r r ita b ility . 65
4. N e g ativ ism . 46
5. R e se n tm e n t . 61
6. S uspicion . 67
7. V e rb a l . 72
8. Guilt . 64
Sum 1 — 7 . 82
T h e se c o rr e la tio n s in d ic ate m o d e r a te s ta b ility fo r m o s t of
th e s c a le s and p o o r sta b ility fo r N e g a tiv ism . H ow ever, the la tte r
sc a le contains only 5 ite m s w hich would w o rk a g a in s t h ig h e r c o r r e
la tio n to a g r e a t e x te n t. The op p o site effe ct is s e e n in the r e t e s t
c o rr e la tio n of . 82 fo r the s u m m a ry s c o r e w hich included 66 ite m s.
N o rm s a r e a v a ila b le only fo r co lleg e stu d e n ts, anonym ous
and sig n ed , and p s y c h ia tric p a tie n ts fro m tw o h o sp ita ls, anonym ous
and sig n e d in one and sig n e d in the o th e r.
I S ocial d e s ir a b ility . B uss u se d E d w a rd 's m eth o d of having
c o lleg e stu d e n ts, 85 m a le s and 35 fe m a le s , p la c e ite m s in s u c c e s s iv e
in te rv a ls fro m m o s t s o c ia lly d e s ira b le to le a s t so c ia lly d e s ira b le
(41). Next, the in v e n to rie s of 62 m en and 58 w om en w e re u se d to
d e te rm in e the p ro b a b ility of e n d o rs e m e n t fo r e a c h of the 66 h o stility
ite m s . The p ro d u c t-m o m e n t r 's w e re . 27 fo r m e n and . 30 fo r
r e p o rte d by E d w a rd s. T his finding in d ic a te s to B uss th a t th e ite m -
w ritin g tec h n iq u e s of th is in v en to ry m ak e fo r g r e a t e r p ro b a b ility
th a t the 66 ite m s w ill be a n sw e re d , w hen tru e , th an th o se of E dw ards.;
i
It is felt th a t the B u s s -D u rk e e H o stility Inven to ry is a v a li
dated in s tru m e n t fo r use in m e a s u r in g (1) h o stility , and (2) a g g r e s - j
sion. High s c o r e s on s u b s c a le s R e se n tm e n t and S u spicion w ill in
d ic a te h o stile tr e n d s in th e p e rs o n a lity , and high s c o r e s on s u b
s c a le s A s sa u lt, In d ire c t a g g re s s io n , I r r ita b ility and N e g a tiv ism w ill
in d icate a g g re s s iv e tr e n d s in the p e rs o n a lity , by definition.
The su b s c a le "G u ilt,, ite m s w e re re m o v e d fro m the B u ss -
D urkee s c a le and the 66 re m a in in g ite m s ra n d o m iz e d and m im e o
g rap h e d , along w ith th e o th e r P a r t s of the S o cio lo g ical P o w e r Index,
b e c a m e P a r t VI.
O p e ra tio n a l D efinitions
The o p e ra tio n a l d efin itio n s of D om inant, A g g r e s s iv e -o v e r t,
C o o p e rativ e , A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t and S u b m issiv e a r e ta k e n d ire c tly
fro m A ppendix A.
P o w e r, O v e r-A ll. O v e r-A ll p o w e r (s e lf-ra te d ) is o p e r a
tio n a lly defined fo r the p u rp o s e s of th is study as the s c o r e e ac h
sp o u se re c e iv e s on the S o cio lo g ical P o w e r Index, (SPI), A ppendix
B, P a r t s I, II, III, IV and V.
P o w e r, c o e r c iv e , (d o m in an ce). C o e rc iv e p o w e r (co u n se lo r
ra te d ) is defined h e re as th o se b e h a v io rs and a ttitu d e s w hich ten d to
c h a r a c te r iz e a sp o u se in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip a s fo llow s:
w om en. T h e se c o rr e la tio n s a r e c o n s id e ra b ly lo w er th an th e . 87
D o m in an t. Is a n g ry , h o stile , h u rts sp o u se, su b je c tiv e
about rig h t and w rong, sp o u se h as to get along w ith
h im /h e r , but n o t th e o th e r way aro u n d , m u s t alw ays
le a d o r g et c r e d it fo r leading, a u th o rita ria n , rig id
58
p e rs o n a lity , p re ju d ic e d , people a r e e ith e r s u p e r io r
o r in f e rio r — e ith e r le a d e r s o r fo llo w e rs, p u sh e s
sp o u se aro u n d , low em p ath y , u s e s sp o u se to own
ad vantage, r e q u ir e s c o o p e ra tio n fro m sp o u se , b e
h a v io r is c o m p u lsiv e , puts p r e s s u r e on sp o u se.
P o w e r, o v e rt, (a g g re s s iv e , o v e rt) . O v e rt p o w er (co u n se lo r
ra te d ) is defined h e re as th o se b e h a v io rs and a ttitu d e s w hich ten d to
c h a r a c te r iz e a sp o u se in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip as follow s:
A g g re s s iv e , o v e rt. E x tro v e rte d , s tro n g and fo rce fu l,
w o rk s situ a tio n s in his fa v o r a t tim e s , s e l f - a s s e r t i v e ,
o v e rly se lf-c o n fid e n t, so m e w h a t c o m p u lsiv e, c le a rly
p r e f e r s the le a d e r ro le , a t tim e s a n g ry and h o stile ,
ta k e s m o re than g iv es in the m a r r ia g e and fam ily r e
la tio n sh ip s, a b it rig id an d m a y be a u th o r ita r ia n and |
p re ju d ic e d , so m e w h at h u rts sp o u se .
C o o p e rativ e . C o o p e rativ e (co u n se lo r ra te d ) is defined h e re
as th o se b e h a v io rs and a ttitu d e s w hich ten d to c h a r a c te r iz e a sp o u se
in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip as follow s:
C o o p e ra tiv e . G ets along w ell w ith sp o u se, is giving
in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip , not d em an d in g o r nagging,
even te m p e re d , c a n le a d o r follow , flex ib le, re a so n a b le
about m o s t is s u e s .
P o w e r, c o v e rt, (a g g re s s iv e , c o v e r t). C o v e rt p o w er
(c o u n se lo r ra te d ) is defined h e re a s th o se b e h a v io rs and a ttitu d e s j
I
w hich ten d to c h a r a c te r iz e a sp o u se in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip as |
fo llo w s:
A g g re ss iv e , c o v e rt. P a s s iv e - a g g r e s s iv e p e rs o n a lity ,
t r i e s to give im p r e s s io n of follow ing w hile leading,
th in k s of s e lf a s " s u b tle -c o o p e ra tiv e -h e lp fu l, "
s e c r e tly o r openly th in k s of s e lf a s, "the hand th a t
ro c k s the c ra d le , " "the p o w er behind the th ro n e , "
"the one who r e a lly g ets thing s done, " e t c ., gets
h u rt e a s ily by sp o u se and fa m ily m e m b e rs , h i s / h e r i
c o o p e ra tio n w ith sp o u se is co nd itio nal, gives hints
and sid e c o m m e n ts along w ith o th e r s u b tlie s a s m e a n s
of influencing and c o n tro llin g sp o u se.
P o w e r, low, (s u b m is s iv e ). Low po w er (c o u n se lo r ra te d ) j
is defined h e re a s th o se b e h a v io rs and a ttitu d e s w hich ten d to c h a r
a c te r iz e a sp o u se in the m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip a s follow s:
59
S u b m issiv e . Is p a ssiv e in in te ra c tio n w ith spouse,
follow er, tak e s lead r a r e ly and th en un d er p ro te s t,
m ay feel defeated, tak e s life a s it is handed to
h im /h e r, o v erly c o o p erativ e, does not stan d up for
own rig h ts, tr ie s to do w hat sp o u se w ants in the
m a rr ia g e , n e v e r w ants m u ch of anything, and n e v e r
puts up a fuss about things, w ill go out of way fo r
p eace.
R eal Influence. R eal influence is o p e ra tio n a lly defined as
the pow er one spou se has o v e r the o th e r w hich is the re s u lt of p o s
s e s s in g g r e a te r advantages such as p e rs o n a lity stre n g th , m o re in
flu en tial fam ily than spouse, b e tte r education than spouse, h ig h er
I. Q. th an spouse, etc. , as p e r Item 2 b. in A ppendix A. The sp o u se j
j
w hich p o s s e s s e s the g r e a te r am o unts of th e se fa c to rs , w ithout r e
fe re n c e to the influence he m ay have w hich is the r e s u lt of c o e rc io n j
a n d /o r h o stility , and is so ra te d by m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs, is by
definition the spouse w ith the g r e a te r R eal Influence.
C o erciv e Influence. C o erciv e influence is o p e ra tio n a lly
defined as the pow er one spouse has o v e r the o th e r w hich is the r e
su lt of fo rce, c o e rc io n o r h o stility . The sp o use who m ak e s g r e a te r
u se of su c h p r e s s u r e m ethods as te m p e r and a n g er, w ith d raw al and
sulking, th r e a ts of s e p a ra tio n and d iv o rce, th re a ts of punishm ent,
p h y sical, e tc . , a s in Item 3 b. in A ppendix A, and who is so ra te d
by the c o u n se lo r, is by definition the sp o u se w ith the g r e a te r
C o erciv e Influence.
R e al influence and c o e rc iv e influence a re not m utu ally e x
clu siv e . One spouse m ay p o s s e s s both types of influence in g r e a te r
am ounts than the o th e r; it is a m a tte r of d e g re e . F o r the p u rp o se s
of this study a fo rc e d choice is re q u ire d of the c o u n se lo r to d e te r
m ine w hich spo use in his e stim a tio n has the g r e a te r R e al Influence
and w hich has the g r e a te r C o erciv e Influence w ith re fe re n c e to the j
m a r r ia g e in te ra c tio n .
Spouse of L e a s t In te re s t. The sp o u se of le a s t in te re s t
(se lf-ra te d ) is defined h e re a s the spo use of any m a r r i e d p a ir who
re c e iv e s the lo w er s c o re on the m a r r ia g e in te r e s t s c a le (Appendix
A, P a r t II).
60
M a rita l A d ju stm en t. M a rita l a d ju stm e n t (se lf-ra te d ) is
defined h e re as the d isc re p a n c y s c o re e ac h couple re c e iv e s on the
ICL, II, betw een s p o u s e 's p e rc e p tio n of sp ou se and his p e rc e p tio n of
his Ideal Spouse. A ll couples in th is study a r e by definition m a la d
ju ste d . The ICL, II, d is c re p a n c y s c o r e s re v e a l d e g re e s of m a r ita l
m a la d ju stm e n t, the g r e a te r the d is c re p a n c y index the p o o re r the
m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t (86;94;118).
K o tlar found th at the m o s t a c c u ra te e s tim a te of m a r ita l
a d ju stm e n t is obtained by using the d isc re p a n c y s c o r e s
of h u sb a n d 's p e rc e p tio n of wife and his p e rc e p tio n of his
id eal wife and of w ife 's p e rc e p tio n of h e r husband and of (
h e r id eal husband on the ICL, L ev el II when c o m p a re d w ith |
the W allace M a rita l A d ju stm en t s c a le . The c o rre la tio n j
in both a d ju ste d and u n ad ju sted gro u p s betw een c o u p le s' I
d isc re p a n c y s c o r e s (o th er vs ideal) and th e ir m a r ita l a d - |
ju stm e n t s c o re s w as — . 77, w hich is w ell beyond the .01
lev e l of sig n ific an c e (86:133-136). j
H ow ever, h u sb a n d 's and w ife 's d isc re p a n c y s c o r e s taken |
alone is a ls o a re lia b le index of m a r ita l a d ju stm en t
a c c o rd in g to K o tla r and L uckey (86;96).
In te rp e rs o n a l C heck L ist, L ev el I. This s c a le is d is c u s s e d
e ls e w h e re in this c h a p te r but is o p e ra tio n a lly defined h e re as the
s c o r e s e ac h sp o u se re c e iv e s on the D om inance continuum of the ICL
by the p r o c e s s of adding the T s c o re s of the M M PI, Ma + Hs, m inu s
the T s c o r e s of s c a le s D + P t, and r e f e r r in g to s ta n d a rd s c o r e s p r o - j
vided by L e a ry . F o r the Love continuum the M M PI s c a le s s c o r e s |
F + Sc a r e s u b tra c te d fro m the sum of s c a le s K + Hy, and again
r e f e r r in g to the tab le p ro v id ed by L e a ry . In b rie f the fo rm u la is a s
fo llo w s:
D om inance Love
M a - D K - F
- H s - P t - Hy - Sc
O bviously m in u s s c o r e s a re likely and th e se a re re fe ra b le to !
the tab le m en tio n ed above (90:440-441,494).
In te rp e rs o n a l C heck L is t, L ev e l II. T his sc a le is o p e ra tio n
ally defined a s the s c o r e s e ac h sp o u se re c e iv e s on the a d je c tiv a l j
c h eck lis t d e v ised by L e a ry and the K a is e r Foundation staff, and it j
61 !
y ield s s c o r e s on the continua D om inance and L ove, It is a n e s tim a te
o r d e sc rip tio n , on a co n scio u s level, in th is study of the in d iv id u a l's
view of h im se lf, of his sp o u se , of his id ea l s e lf and of his id ea l
sp o u se. It is fro m th is s c a le th a t the M a r ita l A d ju stm en t s c a le is j
d e v ise d (90).
Sexual A d ju stm en t. Sexual a d ju s tm e n t (s e lf-ra te d ) is defined
h e re as the s c o r e e a c h sp o u se r e c e iv e s on the S exual A d ju stm en t
S cale, ( P a r t V of A ppendix B). Low s c o r e s in d icate p o o r se x u a l
a d ju stm ent.
A u th o rita ria n . The a u th o rita ria n p e rs o n a lity (s e lf-ra te d ) is
defined h e re a s th o se sp o u s e s who a n s w e r T ru e to 3 o r 4 of the
5
follow ing ite m s in P a r t IV of A ppendix B:
1. T he m o s t im p o rta n t thin g to te a c h c h ild re n is
a b so lu te ob edience to th e ir p a re n ts .
2. T h e re a r e tw o kinds of people in the w o rld:
the w eak and the stro n g .
3. No d ecen t m a n c an r e s p e c t a w om an who
has s e x re la tio n s b e fo re m a r r ia g e .
4. Any good le a d e r should be s t r i c t w ith people j
u n d e r him in o r d e r fo r him to gain th e ir |
re s p e c t. I
I
I
A g g re s s iv e . The a g g re s s iv e sp o u se (s e lf-ra te d ) is defined j
i
h e r e as the sp o u se who r e c e iv e s the h ig h e r s c o r e on the B u s s - !
I
D urkee A g g re s s io n S cale. ( P a r t of P a r t VI, A ppendix B)
!
(
H o stile. The h o stile sp o u se is defined h e r e as the sp o u se
who re c e iv e s the h ig h e r s c o r e on the B u s s -D u rk e e H o stility S cale.
( P a r t of P a r t VI, A ppendix B)
C a p ita liz e d W ords
In o r d e r th a t the te x t m ay be e a s i e r to r e a d and fo r th e |
m ea n in g s of c e r ta in g ro u p s to be e a s ily id en tified they w ill a p p e a r
T h e se ite m s a r e fro m the C a lifo rn ia F S cale (5), d is c u s s e d
e ls e w h e re and found to s c a le on top le a d e r s in a c o m m u n ity (74).
62 '
as c a p ita liz e d w o rd s. T his is e sp e c ia lly im p o rta n t when re fe rin g to |
husbands, w ives and co u p les. W hen H usbands, W ives o r C ouples
a p p e a r as c a p ita liz e d w ords they r e f e r to the sa m p le group in the
study, but w hen they a p p e a r in lo w er c a se a s husbands, w ives o r
couples the re fe re n c e is to the d e sig n ated people in g e n e ra l. O ther
te r m s w hich a re c a p ita liz e d in th is study r e f e r to the sp ecific m e a n - j
ings o r group s un d er c o n sid e ra tio n in th is study, su c h as D om inance,
S u b m issio n , A g g re s s iv e n e s s , etc. .
The C onceptual D esign
The conceptual d esig n is a sim p le c r o s s - s e c tio n a l study of
a lim ite d population of m id d le -c la s s m a r r i e d p a ir s who a r e m a rita lly
m a la d ju ste d . Since the p u rp o se of th is study is to te s t hypotheses
with re fe re n c e to so c io lo g ica l data and e g o -d y n a m ic s this sa m p le is '
not c o m p a re d w ith any o th er, but r a th e r w ith its e lf (95).
In ad dition to th is study being a c r o s s - s e c tio n a l a n a ly sis it
a ls o co ntains the im p o rta n t e le m e n t of an o utside c rite rio n fo r the
c la s s ific a tio n of m a jo r c h a r a c te r is tic ty p es of p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n
in th e m a r r ia g e in th at th e se a r e judged by the m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs
who have begun to co u n sel th e se m a r r ie d p a ir s . The c o u n se lo rs a ls o
judged th em in te r m s of w hich p o s s e s s e s the g r e a te r am ou nt of
R eal influence and w hich of them p o s s e s s e s the g r e a te r am ount of
C o e rciv e influence in the m a r r ia g e , along w ith the m a jo r fa c to rs and
tech n iq u es u se d to b rin g about th is influence.
The m eth o d of r e s e a r c h to be em ployed is th at of a d m in is te r
ing q u estio n fo rm s fo r in fo rm a tio n about so c io lo g ica l d ata on the
ind ividuals, th e ir m a r r ia g e , and so m e a s p e c ts of th e ir a ttitu d e s t o
w a rd th a t m a r r ia g e ju st p r i o r to it, th e ir p e rs o n a litie s and th e ir
se x u a l a d ju stm e n t. T his w ill be done d uring the p e rio d of th e ir f ir s t
two o r th r e e v is its to a m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo r when th e ir m a r r ia g e is
p re s u m e d ly in d is tr e s s so th at the s t r e s s points w ill be m o s t c le a rly
and obviously re v e a le d .
In th is r e g a r d it is not a s s u m e d that th e se couples a re d if
fe re n t fro m o th e rs who do not, o r who have not, sought m a r r ia g e
I
63
c o u n selin g help, but r a t h e r th a t t h e ir p ro b le m s m a y be m o re re a d ily
and m o re openly o b s e rv e d a t th is tim e .
T h e ir m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo r w ill a ls o be a sk e d to fill out a
q u e s tio n n a ire on e a c h couple. (Appendix A)
T he m eth o d w ill a ls o include s ta tis tic a l c o m p a ris o n and
a n a ly sis of th e d a ta th u s o b tain ed w hich is ou tlined in m o re d e ta il in
the n ex t se c tio n .
It is know n in stu d ie s of m a r i ta l s a tis fa c tio n (1) h u sb and s a r e
in clin ed to give b e tte r s c o r e s than w iv es, (2) quite often r a th e r
i
w idely d iv e rg e n t s c o r e s a r e ob tained (24;25;141). The w r ite r found
in p ilo t r e s e a r c h th a t w hen h u sb an d and wife s c o r e s w e re com bined [
on th e W allace S cale and w hen th e ir S exual A d ju stm en t S c o re s w e re
co m b in ed th e c o r r e la tio n b etw een th em in c r e a s e d . A lso, th at w hen
c e r ta in M M PI S c a le s w e re c o r r e la te d w ith the com b in ed s c o r e s of
husband and wife W allace Scale the c o rr e la tio n s in c re a s e d .
T his can be ex p lain ed p ro v is io n a lly as re s u ltin g fro m the
m a le 's ten d en cy to tak e m a r r ia g e sta b ility m o re fo r g ra n te d th an
does the fe m a le , and seco n d ly , in the c a s e of d iv e rg e n t s c o r e s , as
e ith e r a ten d en cy on th e p a r t of one sp o u se to deny a n d /o r c o v e r up
any m a r i ta l p ro b le m , o r p e rh a p s it is a re fle c tio n of a pow er s t r u g
gle in w hich one sp o u se ten d s to be saying, " I'll show you th at the
m a r r i a g e is in v e ry bad s t r a it s u n le ss you do so m e th in g about m y |
d e m a n d s, " w hile th e o th e r is say in g , "Look, the m a r r ia g e is^ in good
co ndition. "
A t any ra te th e r e is so m e p re c e d e n t fo r com bining h u sb a n d -
wife s c o r e s (89;99;141). And th e w r i t e r s e e s e v e ry r e a s o n to think
the r e s e a r c h e r is c lo s e r to an index of m a r i ta l h a p p in e ss if he c o m
bines h u sb a n d -w ife s c o r e s , a t le a s t on su c h s c a le s as the M a rita l
A d ju stm e n t S c a le s, S exual A d ju stm e n t S c a le s, and p e rh a p s on su c h ■
s c a le s a s the ICL and the M M PI.
!
S ta tis tic a l T r e a tm e n t of Data
■ " ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ j
I
The s ta tis tic a l tr e a tm e n t of d a ta w ill em ploy n o n - p a r a m e tr ic j
m eth o d s sin c e no a ssu m p tio n s a r e m ad e as to d is trib u tio n of the |
64
B cores. T his is b e cau se it is not known w hat kind of population th ese
d ata a re fro m .
Since m o st of the s c o r e s w ill be c o n sid e re d in re la tio n to each
2 j
o th e r, the X te s t fo r a s s o c ia tio n w ill often be used to d e te rm in e the
likelihood of sig n ific an t c o rre la tio n of d ata. The la r g e r the d i s
c re p a n c y b etw een the e x p ected value (if th e re w e re no a s s o c ia tio n '
betw een the v a ria b le s ) and the o b se rv e d c e ll v alu es, the la r g e r is the
d e g re e of a s s o c ia tio n betw een the two v a ria b le s and thus the h ig h er
2
is the value of X (132:196-197).
The K alm o g o ro v -S m irn o v tw o -sa m p le te s t is a te s t of
w h eth er two independent s a m p le s have b een d raw n fro m the sa m e
population o r fro m populations w ith the sa m e d istrib u tio n . Its pow er
is ra te d a t 9 b % c o m p a re d w ith the t te s t and it is m o re pow erful than
2 ~
the X te s t.
2
T h e-m ed ian te s t is a sp e c ia l use of X and is u sed for testin g
w h eth er two independent groups d iffe r in c e n tra l ten d e n cies, i. e . ,
w h eth er two independent sa m p le s a r e fro m populations w ith the sa m e ;
m ed ian . Its po w er is at 95% w ith s m a ll sa m p le s, but re d u c e s to 63% j
w ith la r g e r s a m p le s .
O n e -ta ile d te s ts w ill be u sed e x clu siv ely throughout this
study since the d ire c tio n of the d iffe re n c e s a r e p re d ic te d fro m e ith e r
p r io r r e s e a r c h o r th e o ry o r both.
L ev el of confidence w ill be s e t at . 95 to indicate a sso c ia tio n s
of s ta tis tic a l sig n ific an c e. L o w er lev els of confidence w ill be p r e
sented, and although th e se m ay be of im p o rta n c e as indicating d i r e c
tion in the findings, they w ill be c o n sid e re d as le s s th an s ta tis tic a lly
sig nifican t, and insufficient to r e je c t the null h y p o th eses. i
0
The P ilo t Study
The pilot study w as a r e s e a r c h p ro je c t c a r r i e d out as a f o r e
ru n n e r of the p re s e n t study and w hich had to do w ith 36 m a r ita l d i s
c o rd p a irs who w e re seek in g m a r r ia g e counseling. T h ese couples
w e re a d m in is te re d the M M PI w hich w as m ade av ailab le to the r e
s e a r c h e r . A lso th e ir c o u n se lo rs filled out an evalu ation sh e e t 1
65
e x a c tly lik e the one u se d in th is study plus an a d d itio n al page on
w hich the c o u n s e lo rs r a te d e a c h sp o u se in te r m s of the 16 se g m e n ts
of p e rs o n a lity d e s c rip tio n s u se d by L e a r y on the ICL. T h e se s e g
m e n ts a r e m ad e up of the a d je c tiv a l s ta te m e n ts involving i n t e r
p e rs o n a l re la tio n s h ip s w hich a r e u se d in the fo rm ch eck ed by p e rs o n s
i
tak in g th e ICL. C o u n se lo rs w e re a ls o a s k e d to ra te th e sp o u se s in
t e r m s of d o m in an ce in the m a r r i a g e and th e ir se x u a l a d ju s tm e n t. In
ad d itio n the co u p les w e re a s k e d to fill out th e W allace M a r ita l A d ju s t
m e n t S cale and a one page m im e o g ra p h e d se x u a l a d ju s tm e n t in v e n
to ry .
M any of th e findings of th a t stu d y a r e r e f e r r e d to th ro u g h o u t
th is p a p e r. One of the im p o rta n t findings w as th a t w hen c o u n s e lo rs
|
ra te d t h e ir c lie n ts in t e r m s of the m a jo r p e rs o n a lity ty p es by v irtu e
of th e ir in te r p e r s o n a l o p e ra tio n s , and in t e r m s of L e a r y 's 16 ty p es j
of in te r p e r s o n a l o p e ra tio n s , th e r e w as a v e ry high a g re e m e n t of r e s - i
p o n se . W hen th e s e two m eth o d s of c la s s ific a tio n w e re c o m p a re d
!
th e re w e re only 4ad is a g r e e m e n ts , o r e r r o r s , out of 72 c la s s if ic a - |
tio n s, i . e . , th e e r r o r w as 5 .5 p e rc e n t. T h e re fo re it w as d ecid ed
th a t the w r i t e r 's s y s te m of c la s s if ic a tio n of m a jo r p e rs o n a lity ty p es
w as a v a lid m eth o d and a p r o p e r one fo r the p u rp o s e s of th is study.
The s t a tis tic a l m eth o d s u se d in the pilot r e s e a r c h w e re the |
2 I
X m e d ia n t e s t and the ra n k o r d e r c o m p a ris o n , rho.
I
T y p es of H y p o th eses
It c an be se e n fro m th e t e s t in s tru m e n ts and th e c o u n s e lo r's
e v alu atio n s th a t n u m e ro u s c o m p a ris o n s w ould be p o ssib le , but r e
s e a r c h m u s t be d ir e c te d a t sp e c ific is s u e s . The is s u e s h e r e a r e ,
as s ta te d in C h a p te r I, "W hat a r e the c o rr e la tio n s b etw een s o c io lo - 1
g ic a l d a ta and e g o -d y n a m ic s ? " M o re sp e c ific a lly , "W hat a r e the j
I
c o rr e la tio n s b e tw ee n s o c io lo g ic a l p o w e r and e g o -d y n a m ic s in the
h u sb a n d -w ife re la tio n s h ip a t th e tim e of m a r i ta l c r i s i s ? " The
h y p o th eses w hich follow a r e d e sig n e d s ta tis tic a lly to te s t so m e of the j
in te r re la tio n s h ip s of v a ria b le s r e la te d to th e s e is s u e s a s th ey have j
b een o p e ra tio n a lly defined h e re . !
66
T h ese h y p o th eses can be g ro u p ed a s follow s: j
1. T h o se dealing w ith " so c io lo g ic a l p o w e r" and
e g o -d y n a m ic s .
i
2. T h o se dealing w ith so c io lo g ic a l fa c to rs and
m a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t.
i
3. T h o se d ealin g w ith p sy c h o lo g ic a l fa c to rs — |
e g o -d y n a m ic s — and m a r i ta l a d ju stm e n t,
4. T hose d ealin g w ith the c r i t e r i o n v a ria b le s ,
the m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r s ' ju d g m e n t re :
D o m in a n c e -S u b m issio n , an d p o w er, e g o - j
d y n a m ic s, and m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t. j
i
The M a jo r H y p o th eses
The m a jo r h y p o th eses d evelop ed fo r th is study a r e lis te d in j
th e ir g e n e ra l fo rm s below . T h e se h y p o th eses a r e fu rth e r d ev elo p ed I
s p e c ific a lly in e a c h c h a p te r w hich d e als w ith th e r e s u lts of th e data
a s s o c ia te d w ith eac h .
1. M a r ita l d is c o r d p a ir s w ill be s e e n by m a r r ia g e
c o u n s e lo rs as c le a r ly m a n ife s tin g c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity o r ie n ta
tio n s an d th a t th e s e w ill be r e la te d to sp e c ific kinds of pow er being
e x e r c is e d a t the tim e of se ek in g m a r r ia g e c o u n selin g .
2. It is a ls o h y p o th e siz e d th a t h u sb an d s and w ives w ill
d iffe r in the d e g re e s to w hich they ten d to m a n ife s t th e ir p o w er
o rie n ta tio n s .
3. It is h y p o th esiz ed th a t th e r e a r e sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip s
b etw een p e rs o n a lity ty p es a s r a te d by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs and
M M PI s c a le c o n fig u ra tio n s. In c e r ta in p e rs o n a lity ty p es th e r e w ill
be c h a r a c te r is tic p ro file p a tte rn s re v e a le d in the high point and low
point s c a le s on th is te s t.
4. A n o th er m a jo r h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t
re la tio n s h ip b e tw een the p o w er a sp o u se p o s s e s s e s w hich is th e r e
s u lt of his own so c io lo g ic a l b a c k g ro u n d in t e r m s of su c h fa c to rs as
education, in co m e, job, e t c . , and his m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t. It is a ls o
e x p e c te d th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip betw een th e c o u p le s ' i
m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t and the d is c re p a n c y b etw een th e ir so c io lo g ic a l
b a c k g ro u n d s.
67
5. A hypothesis is su g g e ste d th a t th e re is a sig n ific an t r e
latio n sh ip betw een the s e lf p e rc e p tio n s of sp o u ses and th e ir s o c io
lo g ic al p ow er. The s e lf p e rc e p tio n s a re th o se taken fro m eight of
the M M PI s c a le s and p lac ed on the IC L p ro file as a m e a s u re of
d o m in a n c e -s u b m is s iv e n e s s and lo v e -h a te f d is c u s s e d e ls e w h e re in
th is study.
6. An im p o rta n t h y p o th esis is th at th e re is a sig n ifican t
re la tio n sh ip b etw een m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t and a g g re s s io n and h o s
tility . It is a ls o su g g e ste d th at th e r e is a ls o a sig n ifican t re la tio n
ship betw een m a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t and the M M PI s c a le s P d and Si when
th e se sc a le s c o r e s a r e added an index of w ith d raw al and g e n e ra l m a l
content on the p a rts of sp o u ses and co u p les.
How the S am ple w as O btained
T his is a c r o s s - s e c tio n a l study of a highly re p re s e n ta tiv e
sa m p le of m a r ita l d is c o rd couples who sought m a r r ia g e counseling
fro m p riv a te ag en c ie s and p riv a te p ra c tic e m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs in
the L os A ngeles a r e a in the f ir s t half of 1965. The p riv a te a g en cies
w hich w e re c a lle d upon and a ll of whom c o o p e ra te d in the study w e re:
(1) A m e ric a n In stitu te of F a m ily R elatio n s, 26 c a s e s , (2) P e te r s o n -
Gudel F a m ily C ounseling C e n te r, 2 c a s e s , (3) S ir T hom as M ore
C linic, 6 c a s e s .
P riv a te p r a c tic e c o u n se lo rs fro m th re e s o u rc e s w e re called
upon: (1) A ll m e m b e rs of the S ou th ern C a lifo rn ia A sso c ia tio n of
M a rria g e C o u n se lo rs, (2) Staff and f o r m e r sta ff m e m b e rs of the
A m e ric a n Institute of F a m ily R e la tio n s in p riv a te p ra c tic e , (3) O th er
C a lifo rn ia State L ic e n se d M a rria g e C o u n se lo rs known to the w rite r .
A le tte r w as se n t to e a c h p e rs o n o r agency explaining the
p u rp o se of the study, its scope, and re q u e stin g th e ir co o p eratio n in
th e study. All le tte r s se n t out contain ed a b rie f one page ch eck lis t
fo rm to be re tu rn e d to the w r ite r in a sta m p e d s e lf -a d d r e s s e d
envelope indicating w h eth er th ey would be able to c o o p e ra te and how
m any couples e a c h could expect to engage in the study.
The le tte r outlined the follow ing c r i t e r i a fo r se le c tio n of
68 '
c o u p le s:
1. Both husband and wife seek ing p ro fe s sio n a l help.
2. B etw een the a g es of 20-55.
i
3. One o r m o re ch ild ren .
4. C a u ca sian (not N egro, M exican, O rien tal).
5. M iddle c la s s . !
6. Include only th o se couples who had ju st begun
counseling (1 o r 2 se ss io n s ), o r who had been
in counseling fo r no m o re than 3 m onths, but
who had show n no p r o g r e s s in reso lv in g th e ir I
co n flicts. !
One h u ndred and five c o u n se lo rs w e re so lic ite d fo r th e ir
c o o p eratio n in th is study. T h irty -tw o p e rc e n t of those who w e re only
in p riv a te p ra c tic e indicated that e ith e r (1) they w e re not c u rre n tly
|
doing m a r r ia g e counseling, (2) they did not have, o r did not expect
i
to have, couples in co unseling who m e t the above c r ite r ia , (3) they
w e re teaching and not taking any new c a s e s . The re m a in d e r c o o p e r- ,
a ted e ith e r th rough the ag en cies m en tio n ed o r fro m th e ir own [
i
p riv a te p r a c tic e s .
The w r ite r su pplied need ed te s t m a te r ia ls im m e d ia te ly to
the co o p eratin g c o u n se lo rs and a g en c ie s, to be a d m in is te re d to the
couples u nder su p e rv isio n so th at th e r e would be no c o llab o ra tio n
betw een sp o u ses w hile filling out the fo rm s . As th e se w ere re tu rn e d
to the w r ite r they w e re s c o re d and re s u lts re tu rn e d to the c o o p e ra t
ing p e rs o n s . E ig h ty -th re e c a s e s w e re thus co llected . The w r ite r
added th irty -o n e of his own b rin g in g the to ta l to one hund red fo u rteen
c a s e s .
D e sc rip tio n of the Sam ple
T able 1 is a breakdow n of the ages of the couples in te r m s
i
of hu sb ands, w ives and o v e r- a ll. The m in im u m age was 22 fo r h u s
bands, 21 fo r w ives. The m ax im u m age w as 53 fo r both husbands
and w iv es. It can be se e n th a t husbands on the a v e ra g e w e re 3 y e a r s !
o ld er than w ives, and th at a p p ro x im a te ly 70 p e rc e n t of the sa m p le
w e re betw een the ages of 28 and 44 y e a r s . L eaving an e s tim a te d 15
69
TA B L E 1. The A ges of H usbands and W ives by 5 y e a r
span, w ith M eans and S ta n d ard D e v ia tio n s.*
Age
Both
No. %
H usbands
No. %
W ives
No. %
50-54 7 3. 1 5 4 .4 2 1 .8
45-49 30 13. 2 20 17. 5 10 8 .8
40-44 33 14.5 16 14. 0 17 14. 9
35-39
41 18. 0 25 21.9
16 14. 0
30-34 52 22.8 23 20. 2 29 2 5 .4
25-29
46 20. 2 19
16. 7 27 23. 7
20-24 19 8. 3 6 5. 3 13 1 1 .4
T otal 228 114 114
M ean 35. 10 36. 65 33. 54
S. D. 7. 91 7. 94 7. 59
*
The a u th o r g ra te fu lly acknow ledges the c o n trib u tio n of the
U n iv e rsity of S outhern C a lifo rn ia C o m p u ter S c ien c es L a b o ra to ry and j
the a s s is ta n c e of its staff in m o s t of th e co m p u tatio n s in th is study.
70
p e rc e n t of couples seek in g help below the age of 28 y e a r s and 15 p e r - j
cen t above the age of 44. Note th at 85. 5 p e rc e n t a r e betw een the
ages of 25 and 44 y e a r s .
T able 2 show s the d istrib u tio n of c h ild re n of the sa m p le
co u p le s. T h e re a r e 285 c h ild re n re p r e s e n te d in th e se fa m ilie s. The
m ea n n u m b e r of c h ild re n is the sa m e a s th at fo r the nation, a p p ro x i
m a te ly 2. 5 p e r couple. Note th at 61. 2 p e rc e n t have e ith e r 2 o r 3
c h ild re n .
T able 3 re v e a ls the ed u catio n al lev els a ttain e d by the sp o u ses
in the sa m p le , w ith one husband not re p o rtin g . H u sband's m e a n e d u
catio n is a p p ro x im a te ly 2. 5 y e a r s above th a t of w ife 's, and g e n e ra lly
v a rie s in the d ire c tio n of h ig h e r education. The education of the
m ed ian H usband is 15 y e a r s , w hile th at of the Wife is 13 y e a r s .
H usbands and W ives w e re a sk e d about the education of th e ir
i
p a re n ts . T able 4 is a s u m m a ry of th e ir r e p o r ts . It is re a d ily |
a p p a re n t th a t as a g roup th ey com e fro m v e ry s im ila r backgrounds j
education ally, although the m e a n and m ed ian lev e ls of W ives' fa th e rs
s e e m s to indicate th a t H usbands tend to m a r r y W ives fro m a fam ily
w hose fa th e r had attain e d a l e s s e r ed u catio n al lev el th an his own
fa th e r had a ttain e d . T his is in keeping w ith p r io r r e s e a r c h (24;25).
T able 5 con tains a b reakdow n on the population d ecile sc a le
c la s s ific a tio n of husbands by o ccupation a cc o rd in g to the S ocio- j
E co n o m ics Index fo r O ccupations in the D etailed C la ssific a tio n of the j
B u re au of the C en su s: 1950, A ppendix B.
It c an be se e n fro m T able 5 th a t the bulk of the sa m p le H u s
bands a re in the u p p er 4 population d e cile sc a le s c o re s w hich m ea n s
th a t th e s e H usbands a r e c la s s ifie d a s (1) p ro fe s sio n a l, te c h n ic a l and
k in d re d w o rk e rs , (2) m a n a g e rs , o fficials, and p r o p r ie to r s , e x
cluding fa rm , (3) c le r ic a l and k in d re d w o rk e rs o r as (4) s a le s
w o rk e rs , in d escen d in g o r d e r . T his would se e m to p lace the sa m p le
in the m id d le -c la s s group as a rough index of so c ia l sta tu s (66;69;71).
T able 6 re v e a ls the incom e lev e l as re p o rte d by both H usbands
and W ives. It is in te re s tin g to note th at W ives r e p o r t a h ig h e r in
com e fo r H usbands than H usbands r e p o r t fo r th e m se lv e s.
TA B LE 2. N um ber and P e rc e n ta g e s of C h ild ren R e p re se n te d
by the M a rita l D isc o rd Sam ple, 114 C ouples, w ith
M ean and S ta n d ard D eviation.
N um ber of C h ild ren
8 1
. 9
7 0 . 0
6 3 2. 6
5 4 3. 5
4 10 8. 8
3 31 27. 2
2 39
34. 2
1 26 22. 8
114
M ean 2. 482
S. D. 1. 298
72
T A B L E 3. E d u ca tio n a l le v e l, by G ra d e , A tta in e d by the H usbands
and W ives in th e S am p le, w ith M e an s and S ta n d a rd
D ev iatio n s.
G ra d e
L ev el
Both
No. %
H usban ds
No. %
W ives
No. %
20 7 3. 1 7 6. 2 0 . 0
19 11 4 .8 8 7. 1 3 2. 6
18 5 2. 2 5 4 .4 0 . 0
17 17 7. 5 10 8 .4 7 6. 1
16 34 15. 0 18 15.9
16 14. 0
15 16 7. 0 9 8. 0 7 6. 1
14 31 13. 7 17 15. 0 14 12. 3
13 15 6 .6 7 6. 2 8 7. 0
12 63 2 7 .8 17 15. 0 46 40. 4
11 8 3 .5 4 3. 5 4 3. 5
10 7 3. 1 4 3 .5 3 2. 6
9 4 1.8 2 1 .8 2 1 .8
8
1-7
2 .9 2 1 .8 0 . 0
No A n s w e r
T O T A L
7
227
3. 1 3
113
2 .7 4
114
3. 5
M ean
S. D.
13. 687
3. 573
14.389
3.745
12.991
3. 263
T A B L E 4. A S u m m a ry of the E d u c a tio n a l le v e ls a tta in e d by the
P a r e n ts of H usbands and W ives.
M ean
S ta n d a rd
D eviation M edian M ode
H u s b a n d s'
F a th e r s 10. 5 4. 3 12 12
W iv e s'
F a th e r s 10. 1 4 .4 11 12
H usbands 1
M o th ers
10.9
3. 6 12 12
W iv e s’
M o th ers 10. 5 3. 8 12 12
74
T A B L E 5. S o c io -E c o n o m ic S c a le (SES) c la s s ific a tio n of 111
H u sb an d s in th e S am p le, N u m b e r an d P e r c e n ta g e s .
P o p u la tio n
D ecile
S c a le No. %
10 53 47. 7
9 19 17. 1
8 16 14. 4
7
9 8. 1
6 5 4. 5
5 2 1 .8
4 6 5 .4
3 0 0. 0
2 1 0 .9
1 0 0. 0
S u b -T o ta l 111 100. 0
No A n s w e r 3
T O T A L 114
i
I
J
It c an be se e n fro m T ab le 6 th a t H usbands in th is sa m p le
a r e above the n a tio n al a v e ra g e in in co m e, but th a t the bulk of
th e m , 79 p e rc e n t, fa ll b etw een the incom e b ra c k e ts of $6, 000 and
$15, 000 p e r y e a r , w hich ag ain p la c e s the sa m p le w ell w ithin w hat
could be c a lle d the m id d le -c la s s ran g e of in co m e.
T able 7 co n ta in s a b reak d o w n of the m a jo r re lig io u s a ffilia
tio n s r e p o rte d by th e sa m p le H usbands an d W ives.
T h e re is nothing in T ab le 7 w hich w ould lead one to think
th a t this is a b ia s e d group in t e r m s of re lig io u s a ffilia tio n s.
76
T A B L E 6. A nnual In co m e of H usbands a s re p o rte d by H usbands
and W ives, w ith M eans and S tan d ard D eviations.
In co m e in
T housands H u sb an d s' W ives'
of D o lla rs R e p o rt R e p o rt
5 1 -9 9 .9
0 1
3 1 -5 0 .9 1 1
2 1 -3 0 .9 4 2
1 5 -2 0 .9 6 6
10-14. 9 44 46
8 -0 9 .9
24 22
6 -0 7 .9 23 22
0 -0 5 .9 7 8
T otal 109 109
M ean 10. 3 10. 6
S. D. 6. 2 9. 2
TA B LE 7. H usbands and W ives R e p o rts of T h e ir R eligious
A ffiliations by M a jo r G rouping.
H usbands W ives
C atholic 17 20
Je w ish 8 7
M orm on 10 10
P ro te s ta n t,
denom ination
stated 40 48
P ro te s ta n t,
no denom ination
sta te d 10 8
U n ita ria n —
U n iv e rs a lis t 3 3
C h ris tia n S cience,
S cience of M ind,
R elig io u s S cience,
Unity 0 3
J e h o v a h 's W itness 1 1
None — no relig io n ,
A th e ist, A gnostic 22 10
T o tal 89 100
78
S u m m ary
This c h a p te r has d ealt w ith the p ro b le m s of r e s e a r c h design,
the sa m p le technique and sa m p le c h a r a c te r is tic s , the pilot study,
s ta tis tic a l m ethods em ployed, and o p e ra tio n a l definitions of te r m s .
T h e re is a lso a d isc u ssio n of the in stru m e n ts u sed in this study,
th e ir re lia b ility and validity. The next c h a p te r w ill contain an a n a l
y sis of the m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo r's ev alu atio n of the m a r ita l d isc o rd
sa m p le in te r m s of m a jo r types of c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p r e s
sion in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip . R eal influence, C o e rciv e influ
ence, and the fac to rs and tech n iq u es used to bring about th ese types
of influence w ill be explored.
C H A PT ER IV
M ARRIAGE CO U N SELO R'S EV ALUATION O F
M A R ITA L DISCORD PAIRS
In tro d u c tio n
How do m a r r i a g e c o u n s e lo rs se e m a r i ta l d is c o rd p a ir s in
t e r m s of (1) h u s b a n d 's and w ife 's c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p r e s
sion w ith r e f e r e n c e to po w er in the m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip , (2) th e ir
o v e r - a ll in flu en ce w hich is not the r e s u l t of fo rc e , h o stility o r c o e r
cion, r e f e r r e d to h e r e a f te r a s R e a l in flu e n ce , and (3) th e ir in flu en ce
w hich is the r e s u l t of fo rc e , h o stility o r c o e rc io n , ( r e f e r r e d to h e r e
a fte r a s C o e rc iv e in flu en ce)? A nd w hat a r e the m a jo r m eth o d s and
m e a n s w h e reb y th e s e in flu e n c e s a r e effected?
E a c h of the 114 c a s e s w as ra te d in the above te r m s (A ppendix
A). Both h u sb an d and wife w e re ra te d by th e c o u n se lo r in the v e ry
e a rly sta g e s of the co u n selin g p r o c e s s , w ithin a m onth of the f i r s t
c o n ta c t. C o u n s e lo rs w e re fo rc e d to ch o o se one c h a r a c te r is tic m o d e
of p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n of each sp o u se in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip .
T h e s e w e re c o m p ile d in ta b u la r fo rm . T he seco n d ite m in the e v a lu
a tio n w as a n o th e r fo rc e d ch o ice, th is tim e b etw een husb an d and wife
as to w hich of th e m e x e r c is e d m o r e R e a l in flu en ce o v e r the o th e r as
m en tio n ed above, and ite m th r e e w as a ls o a fo rc e d choice d e c isio n as
to w hich of th e sp o u se s e x e r c is e d m o r e C o e rc iv e in flu e n ce o v e r the
o th e r a s m e n tio n e d above and shown c le a r ly in th e c o u n s e lo r 's e v a lu
a tio n sh e e t in A p pendix A.
In ad d itio n to th e s e ite m s th e re w e re su p p le m e n ta l ite m s
(2 b. and 3 b. ) in w hich the c o u n s e lo rs w e re a sk e d to ran k , in o r d e r
of im p o rta n c e , th e m eth o d s and m e a n s u se d by the sp o u se s to a c c o m
p lish th e in flu e n ce in d ic a te d by th e c o u n s e lo rs .
79
80
C o u n s e lo r’s R atin gs of P e r s o n a lity T ypes and R e al Influence
F ro m pilot r e s e a r c h it is e x p e c te d th a t th e re w ill be s ig n ifi
can t re la tio n sh ip s betw een c e rta in p e rs o n a lity ty p es and w h e th e r
m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs ten d to ra te th em as p o s s e s s in g m o re R eal
influence than sp o u se s w ith o th e r p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s .
It is not e x p e c te d fro m p r i o r r e s e a r c h th a t D om inant sp o u se s
w ill be ra te d as likely to p o s s e s s the g r e a te r R e a l p o w er b e c a u se of
the dom inance fa c to r being se en by th e c o u n s e lo rs o r for the a n g e r,
h o stility type fa c to rs found in D om inant sp o u se s w hich w ould o b sc u re
th e ir R eal pow er.
T able 8 re v e a ls the d is trib u tio n of H usbands as ra te d by
m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs, th e ir m a jo r p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n w ith r e f e r
ence to pow er, and w h e th e r the hu sb an d o r wife ten d s to e x e r c is e
m o re R eal influence in th e m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip .
It can be seen in T ab le 8 th a t when 26 H usbands w e re ra te d
D om inant only 11 of them w e re r a te d as having m o re R eal influence
than th e ir w ives. The D istrib u tio n of 11 and 15, if p. = . 5 is not
sig n ific an tly d iffe re n t fro m ch an ce.
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S pouses and R e al Influences
H y pothesis 1
In the p ilot r e s e a r c h it w as found th a t m a r i ta l d is c o r d p a ir s
w e re seen by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs as c le a r ly m a n ife stin g c h a r a c t e r
istic p e rs o n a lity o rie n ta tio n s and th at th e se w e re re la te d to the kinds
of p o w e r e ac h e x e r c is e s a t the tim e of seek in g m a r r ia g e co u n selin g .
S p e c ifica lly the h y p o th esis is th a t sp o u se s who a r e ra te d as
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t w ill ten d to be th o se sp o u ses who a re a ls o ra te d by
th e ir c o u n se lo rs as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r am o u n t of R eal influen ce.
T his h y p o th esis can be te s te d by c a stin g a ll sp o u se s who a r e
r a te d as A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t into a 1 X 2 X^ tab le in te r m s of w h e th e r
th ey w e re a ls o r a te d as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te s t am o u n t of R eal
influence.
T A B L E 8. H u sb a n d s' P e r s o n a lity T y p e s, and W h eth er
the H usband o r W ife T en d s to E x e r c is e m o re
R e a l In flu en ce in the M a r r ia g e R e la tio n sh ip .
H usbands
R a te d as H u sband
S pouse who
m o r e R e a l
s W ives
e x e r c is e s
In flu en ce
Row T o ta ls
D om inant 11 15 26
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t 20 14 34
C o o p e rativ e 3 1 4
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t 14 11 25
S ubm is sive 4 21 25
C olum n T o ta ls 52 62 114
82
In o r d e r to do th is T able 9 re v e a ls the d istrib u tio n of W ives
as ra te d by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs , th e ir m a jo r p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n
w ith re fe r e n c e to p o w er, and w h e th e r the husband o r the wife tends
to e x e r c is e m o re R eal influence in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip is
needed.
Now the null h y p o th esis can be s ta te d as follow s: th at th e r e
is no d iffe re n c e in the n u m b e r of sp o u se s who a re r a te d as
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t and w h e th e r th ey a r e a ls o ra te d as p o s s e s s in g the
g r e a t e r am ount of R e a l influence in th e m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip as seen
by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs .
F ro m T ab les 8 and 9 it can be seen th at both H usbands and
W ives who a r e r a te d A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t ten d a ls o to be the sp o u se who
m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs se e as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r am oun t of R eal
influence. In the c a s e of W ives the p ro b a b ility of the d iffe re n c e
(7-24), if p. = . 5, o c c u rrin g by chance, is g r e a te r th an .0 0 1 . W ith
H usbands the d istrib u tio n (20-24) is not d iffe re n t fro m chance,
although in th e e x p ec te d d ire c tio n .
Since the h y p o th esis is in re f e r e n c e to Spouses T able 10 is
the re s u lt.
C onclusion. The N ull h y p o th esis is re je c te d beyond the .9 9 9
lev el of confidence.
D isc u ssio n . The h y p o th esis th a t m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs w ill
ten d to ra te m a r i ta l d is c o rd Spouses who a re seen as A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt a ls o as those S pouses who p o s s e s s the g r e a te r am ount of R e a l
influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip is a c c e p te d . It w ould
a p p e a r, h o w ev er, th at th is re la tio n s h ip is m u c h s tr o n g e r for W ives
th an for H usbands.
T A B L E 9. W ives' P e r s o n a lity T y p es and W hether the
H usband o r Wife T en d s to E x e r c is e m o r e
R e al In flu en ce in the M a rr ia g e R e la tio n sh ip .
Spouse who e x e r c is e s
,.r. m o r e R e a l Influence
W ives
R a te d a s H u sb an d s W ives Row T o ta ls
D om inant 7 5 12
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t 7 24 31
C o o p e rativ e 1 3 4
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t 21 23 44
S u b m issiv e 16 7 23
C olum n T o ta ls 52 62 114
84
T A B L E 10. A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S p o u ses and W heth er T hey
a r e a lso the S p o u ses w ith G r e a t e r R eal In flu
ence.
S pouses
R a te d A s:
S pouses
w ith m o re
R e a l In flu en ce
S p o u ses
w ithout m o re
R e a l Influ ence T o tal
A g g r e s s iv e -
o v e rt 44 21 65
X 2 = 12. 302, d / f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 001
85
S u b m issiv e S pouses and
R eal Influence
T able 8 re v e a ls th at of tw e n ty -fiv e H usbands who w e re r a te d
as S u b m issiv e , only four of th em w e re r a te d w ith m o re R e al
influence than th e ir W ives, an d T able 9 show s th a t tw e n ty -th re e
W ives w e re r a te d S u b m issiv e , and only sev en of th em w e re r a te d
w ith the g r e a te r R eal influence. In the c a s e of H usbands, if p. = . 5,
the p ro b a b ility of a 4 to 21 d is trib u tio n o c c u rrin g by chance is . 001.
In th e c a s e of W ives u n d e r the s a m e a s s u m p tio n s , the d iffe re n c e is
not g r e a te r than ch ance at the . 95 le v e l of confid ence, although in
the e x p ec te d d ire c tio n .
H ypothesis 2
S pouses who a r e r a te d as S u b m issiv e w ill ten d to be th o se
s p o u s e s not r a te d a s p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r am ou nt of R eal influence.
The null h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is no d iffe re n c e b etw een the n u m b e r
of sp o u se s who a r e r a te d as S u b m issiv e and th o se who a re a ls o ra te d
as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a t e r am o u n t of R e al influence in the m a r r ia g e
re la tio n s h ip a s se e n by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs .
H y p o th esis 2 h o w ev er, is in r e fe re n c e to S pouses so th a t
T able 11 is the re s u lt.
C onclusion. The nu ll h y p o th esis is r e je c te d and the h y p o th
e s is is a c c e p te d beyond the . 999 le v e l of confidence.
D isc u ssio n . The h y p o th esis th a t m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs w ill
ten d to ra te m a r i ta l d is c o rd S pouses who a r e se e n a s S u b m issiv e
a ls o as th o se sp o u se s who have le s s R e a l influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e
re la tio n s h ip s th an th e ir m a te s is upheld. T his re la tio n s h ip holds
m o re c le a r ly for H usbands than fo r W ives.
T h ese d a ta su p p o rt hypotheses 1 and 2 a s indicated, but th e r e
a p p e a rs to be a H usban d-W ife ro ll d iffe re n c e w hich su g g e sts th at,
86
T A B L E 11. S u b m issiv e S pouses and W hether T hey a r e also
the S pouses w ith G r e a te r R e al Influence.
S pouses
S pouses S pouses
w ith m o re w ithout m o re
R ated A s: R eal Influ ence R eal Influence T o tal
S u b m issiv e 11 37 48
X 2 = 14 .0 8 2 , d /f = 1.
S ignificance = .001
87
1. w hen m a r ita l d is c o rd W ives a r e se en as A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t
th ey a r e m o r e lik ely to be se en a s having m o re R e a l in flu en ce than
th e ir m a te s than w hen H usbands a r e se e n a s A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t. Is
th is due to th e c u ltu ra l ro le e x p ectatio n th at H u sb an d s should be m o re
a g g re s s iv e g e n e ra lly th an W ives, and w hen W ives do s e e m to fall i n
to th is c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n (A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt) th en
she is m u ch m o r e lik ely to be lab e le d a s having g r e a te r R e al in flu
en ce? W h e re a s, w hen H u sbands fall into the A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t m ode
of p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n , th a t m o r e a g g re s s iv ity is e x p ec te d and
th e r e f o re it is not n e c e s s a r ily tr u e th at he should a lso be e x p ected to
be the m a te w ith the g r e a te r R e a l in flu en ce.
In o th e r w o rd s, p e rh a p s the d e c isio n about R e a l in flu en ce
is open fo r a m o r e c o n scio u s ch o ice by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs w hen
H usbands a r e being ra te d a s A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t th an w hen W ives a re
so ra te d .
2. w hen m a r ita l d is c o rd H usbands a re se en a s S u b m issiv e
they a r e m o re lik ely to be thought of u n c o n scio u sly , and th e r e f o re a l
m o s t a u to m a tic a lly , as p o s s e s s in g le s s R e a l in flu en ce th an th e ir
m a te s - a lso due to c u ltu ra lly conditioned ro le e x p ec ta tio n s on the
p a r t of m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs.
3. th e r e is a v e ry sig n ific an t re la tio n s h ip b etw een co u n
s e l o r 's e v alu atio n of sp o u se s a s being S u b m issiv e and th e ir tendency
to e v alu ate the m a te a s p o s s e s s in g m o re R e a l in flu en ce th an th e ir
spou se. T h is is not a s u rp ris in g finding, but th e r e is a lso so m e
q u e stio n a s to w h e th er the c o u n s e lo r 's w e re not in th is in sta n c e c o n
fusing p e rs o n a lity fa c to rs w ith so c io lo g ica l f a c to r s . O r is it tru e
th a t w hen a sp o u se ten d s to be se e n a s having a S u b m iss iv e p e r s o n
a lity in a m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip th a t he m ay be e x p re s s in g in h is p e r
so n ality h is d e e p e r re a liz a tio n s (o r fact) th a t he does in d eed p o s s e s s
le s s R e al in flu en ce, due in p a r t to c e r ta in so c io lo g ica l la c k s, c o m
p a re d w ith h is sp o u se. T his r e s e a r c h do es not a tte m p t to a n s w e r
th is q u estio n , but so c io lo g ica l th e o ry w ould su g g e st th a t th is is tru e .
N ote th a t in the c a s e of C o o p e ra tiv e sp o u se s th e r e is a
definite tendency fo r m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs to r a te th em a s p o s s e s s in g
the g r e a te r am o u n t of R eal in flu en ce a t th e ra te of th r e e to one, fo r
88
both H usbands and W ives, and alth ough th is d istrib u tio n is not
sig n ific a n t, th e N is v e ry s m a ll.
T h e re is a ls o to be n o ted th a t in the in sta n c e s of S pouses
being r a te d e ith e r D om inant o r A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t th e r e is no c le a r
evidence th a t e ith e r sp o u se w ill be r a te d as p o s s e s s in g a g r e a t e r
am ount of R e al influence.
C o u n s e lo r's R atings of P e r s o n a lity T ypes
and C o e rc iv e Influence
H ypothesis 3
The h y p o th esis is th a t m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs w ill ten d to ra te
m a r i ta l d is c o r d s p o u s e s who th ey se e as D om inant a s a ls o the
Sp ouses who a r e e x e rc is in g m o re C o e rciv e type influence o v e r the
m a te in the m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip . The null h y p o th esis is th at th e r e
is no d iffe re n c e in the d is trib u tio n of S pouses who a r e s e e n as
D om inant and w h e th er th ey w ill a ls o be r a te d a s m o re C o e rc iv e than
th e ir m a te s .
T ab le 12 re v e a ls the d is trib u tio n s of H usbands in C o e rciv e
influence w hen th ey w e re r a te d as to p e rs o n a lity type.
In o r d e r to t e s t h y p o th esis w ith re f e r e n c e to S pouses it is
n e c e s s a r y to p r e s e n t the d a ta on W ives w hen th ey w e re r a te d by
m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs a s w e re the H usbands above. T able 13 re v e a ls
th e d is trib u tio n of W ives in C o e rc iv e influence w hen they w e re r a te d
as to p e rs o n a lity type.
89
T A B L E 12. H u sb an d s, th e ir P e r s o n a lity E x p r e s s io n with
R e fe re n c e to P o w e r and W hether the H usband
o r Wife T en d s to E x e r c is e m o r e C o e rc iv e
In flu en ce in the M a r r ia g e R e la tio n sh ip .
H usbands: H usbands W ives Row T o ta ls
D om inant 17 9
26
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t 17 17 34
C o o p e rativ e 0 4 4
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t 14 11 25
S u b m issiv e 4 21 25
C olum n T o ta ls 52 62 114
90
T A B L E 13. W ives, th e ir P e r s o n a lity E x p re s s io n w ith
R e fe re n c e to P o w e r and W h eth er the H usband
of W ife T en d s to E x e r c is e m o r e C o e rc iv e I n
fluence in the M a r r ia g e R e la tio n sh ip .
W ives: H usbands W ives Row T o ta ls
D om inant 1 11 12
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t 15 16 31
C o o p e rativ e 4 0 4
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t 17 27 44
S u b m issiv e 15 8 23
C olum n T o ta ls 52 62 114
91
D om inant S p ouses and
C o e rc iv e Influence
T a b le s 12 and 13 r e v e a l th at H usbands and W ives who a r e
r a te d as D om inant ten d a ls o to be the sp o u se who m a r r ia g e c o u n
s e lo r s se e as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r am o u n t of C o e rc iv e influence
in t h e i r m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip . In th e c a s e of H usbands, although in
the p re d ic te d d ire c tio n the p ro b a b ility of a d iffe re n c e g r e a t e r than
ch an ce, w ith the d istrib u tio n of 17 to 9, if p. = . 5, is not sig n ific an t;
but in the c a s e of W ives u n d e r the s a m e a ssu m p tio n s , w ith th e d i s
trib u tio n of 1 to 11, the p ro b a b ility is g r e a te r than . 01 th a t th is is
not a chan ce d istrib u tio n , and th a t the a s s o c ia tio n is due to so m e th in g
o th e r than chance can be a ssu m e d .
H y po thesis 3 h o w ev er, is in r e f e r e n c e to S pouses and c an be
te s te d a s in T ab le 14.
C onclusion. The n u ll h y p o th esis is r e je c te d beyond the . 999
le v e l of confidence.
D isc u ssio n . The h y p o th esis th at m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs w ill
ten d to r a te m a r i ta l d is c o rd S pouses who a r e s e e n as D om inant, a ls o
as the sp o u se who w ield s m o re C o e rc iv e influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e
re la tio n s h ip s is a c c e p te d . The ev id en ce is stro n g th a t th is r e la tio n
sh ip is m u c h g r e a t e r in the c a s e of W ives th an fo r H usbands.
\
92
T A B L E 14. D om inant S p o u ses and W h eth er T hey a r e a lso
S p o u ses w ith the G r e a t e r C o e rc iv e In flu en c e.
Spouse
R ated A s:
Spouse
w ith m o re
C o e rc iv e In flu en ce
Spouse
w ithout m o re
C o e rc iv e In flu en ce T o tal
D om inant 28 8 36
X 2 = 11.11, d /f 1.
Significance = .001
93
S u b m issiv e S pouses an d
C o e rc iv e Influence
T ab les 12 and 13 a ls o r e v e a l th a t H usbands and W ives who a r e
r a te d S u b m issiv e ten d a ls o to be the Spouse who m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs
se e a s not p o s s e s s in g the g r e a t e r am o u n t of C o e rciv e influence in
t h e ir m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip . In the c a s e of H usbands r a te d S u b m is
siv e, w ith a d is trib u tio n of 4 to 21, if p. = . 5, the p ro b a b ility is
g r e a t e r th an . 001 th a t this is not a chance d istrib u tio n , and th at the
a s s o c ia tio n is due to so m e th in g o th e r th an chance can be a ssu m e d .
In the c a s e of W ives w ith a d istrib u tio n of 15 to 8, u n d er the sa m e
a s s u m p tio n s a s w ith H u sb an d s, th e p ro b a b ility of a stro n g a s s o c ia tio n
is not beyond th at of chance, although in the p re d ic te d d ire c tio n .
H y p o th esis 4
The h y p o th esis is th a t m a r r i a g e c o u n s e lo rs w ill ten d to ra te
m a r i ta l d is c o rd sp o u se s who they se e as S u b m issiv e as not being
the sp o u se who is e x e r c is in g m o re C o e rc iv e influence o v e r the m a te
in the m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip .
The h y p o th esis is w ith re f e r e n c e to S pouses and T able 15 is
the re s u lt.
C onclusion. The n ull h y p o th esis is r e je c te d and the h y p oth
e s is is a c c e p te d beyond th e . 999 le v e l of confidence.
D isc u ssio n . The h y p o th esis th a t m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs w ill
ten d to ra te m a r i ta l d is c o r d S pouses who a r e se e n as S u b m issiv e as
not being th e sp o u se who w ield s m o re C o e rc iv e influence in th e ir
m a r r i a g e re la tio n s h ip is a c c e p te d . The evid ence is stro n g th a t this
re la tio n s h ip is m u c h g r e a t e r in the c a s e of H usbands than fo r W ives.
94
T A B L E 15. S u b m issiv e S p o u ses and W h eth er T hey a r e a lso
the S p o u ses w ith the G r e a te r C o e rc iv e In flu en ce.
S pouse
R a te d A s:
Spouse
w ith m o re
C o e rc iv e In flu ence
S pouse
w ithout m o re
C o e rc iv e In flu en ce T otal
S u b m issiv e 12 36 48
X 2 = 12.00, d /f 1.
Significance = .001
95
Once ag ain it would a p p e a r c le a r th at c u ltu ra l e x p ectatio n s of
husband-w ife ro le s and c h a r a c te r is tic m odes of p e rs o n a lity e x p r e s
sio n a re influencing the ways in w hich m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs tend to
p e rc e iv e th e ir c lie n ts. It w ould a p p e a r th at the ex p ectatio n s a r e that
S u b m issiv e H usbands a re not at a ll lik ely to be C o e rciv e in th e ir
b e h av io r to w a rd sp o u ses - he is p e rh a p s p e rc e iv e d as M ilkque T o a st
if he is S u b m issiv e. H ow ever, sin c e th e re has been in the re c e n t
p a st, an d a p p a re n tly y et today, the c u ltu ra l e x p ec ta tio n that the w ife's
ro le is m o re tra d itio n a lly the S u b m issiv e one. Along w ith being
" p e rm itte d " to be S u b m issiv e in c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p re ss io n ,
the wife is a ls o " p e rm itte d " to be C o erciv e, w h e re a s the S u b m issiv e
husband is not e x p ected to be S u b m issiv e . T hese c o n sid e ra tio n s of
h usband-w ife d iffe re n c e s in ro le e x p ectatio n s u n d er h yp oth esis 1, 2,
3 and 4 r a is e so m e q u estio n about the o b jectiv ity of m a r r ia g e c o u n
s e lo r s in ev alu atio n s of m a r ita l d is c o rd situ a tio n s, an d su g g e st so m e
p o ssib le blind sp o ts.
It a p p e a rs c le a r fro m this data th at when H usbands a r e seen
by m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs as D om inant they a ls o tend to be se e n as
m o re C o e rciv e in the m a r r ia g e , w h e re a s when the H usband is seen
as S u b m issiv e his wife tends to be seen as the one who is m o re
C o erciv e in the m a r r ia g e .
Note a ls o th a t in T ab les 12 and 13, all th o se sp o u ses who a r e
se en as C oo perativ e, four husbands and four w ives, a r e a ls o se en as
not the sp ouse in the m a r r ia g e who is m o re C o e rciv e in th e m a r r ia g e .
T his finding is not a s u r p r is e , but w ould se e m sim p ly to point to the
fact th a t a p p a re n tly the o th e r sp o u se w ould be m o re likely to be se en
as using m o re fo rce , c o e rc iv e , h o stility , etc. , than the C o o p erativ e
sp ouse.
E x am in atio n of T ab les 12 and 13 in d icates r a th e r c le a rly th at
m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo rs do not tend to a s s o c ia te g r e a te r C o e rc iv e n e ss
in m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip s w ith e ith e r the A g g re s s iv e -o v e r t o r the
A g g re s s iv e -c o v e r t types of p e rs o n a lity as defined h e re .
96
D om inant H usbands a n d W ives,
R e a l Influence and P e r s o n a lity
Cha ra c te r i s t i c B
W hich p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s o r t r a i ts an d w hat kind of
b a ck g ro u n d fa c to rs go into th e m a k e -u p of the sp o u se w hom c o u n s e
lo r s ch oose a s p o s s e s s in g the g r e a t e r am o u n t of R eal p o w e r? A lso
w hat a r e the d iffe re n c e s, if any, b etw een who a re r a te d D om inant,
A g g re s s iv e - o v e rt, A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t o r S u b m is s iv e ?
W hat a r e the p e rs o n a lity fa c to rs a s s o c ia te d w ith sp o u se s
being ra te d as the m o re C o e rc iv e one in the m a r r i a g e ? A lso how do
th e s e d iffe r in ra n k fro m type to type as a b o v e ?
C o u n se lo rs r a te d tw e n ty -s ix H u sb an d s, D om inant but only
tw elve W ives w e re r a te d D om inant. T w elve of th e s e H usbands
(46. 1 p e rc e n t) an d five W ives (41. 5 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o r a te d as
p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r R eal influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e s . S pouses
w e re d e s c r ib e d by ran k in g in o r d e r of im p o rta n c e fa c to rs w hich gave
th em th is R e al p o w er, (Appendix A. , Item 2b.).
2 b. as it a p p e a rs in the e v alu atio n sh e e t:
a) P e r s o n a lity s tre n g th
b)
M o re in flu en tial fam ily
c) B e tte r ed u catio n
d)
H ig h er I. Q.
e) W ider c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re friendly)
f) F a m ily m oney
g)
F a m ily s ta b ility and s o lid a rity
6)
F a m ily a s s o c ia tio n s and conn ections
i) Is a good p a re n t
j)
Is a good s e x p a r t n e r
k) D ed icated to m a r r ia g e
1) B e tte r job and in com e
m ) W orks h a r d e r , p ro d u c e s m o re
n) C apable of show ing a ffe ctio n
o) O th er
The follow ing tab u latio n s r e v e a l the 6 h ig h e st ra n k e d fa c to rs
w hich the c o u n s e lo rs u se d to d e s c rib e the D om inant H usbands and
W ives who a ls o w e re d e s c r ib e d as having g r e a t e r R e al influence th an
t h e ir s p o u s e s .
97
12 D om inant, R e a l In flu en ce H u sb an d s
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong
P e r s o n a lity
T ypes
3
4
4
1
3
3
O r d e r on
T he F o r m
1
a
c
b
d
m
N u m b er
of
R e sp o n se s
9
8
8
6
5
4
W eighted
V alue of
R ank
31
26
25
20
15
14
R ank
1
2
3
4
5
6
5 D om inant, R e a l In flu en ce W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong
P e r s o n a lity
T ypes
4
4
3
2
1
1
O r d e r on
The F o r m
a
d
j
m
f
b
N u m b er
of
R e sp o n se s
3
3
2
2
1
1
W eighted
V alue of
R ank
13
13
7
7
5
4
R ank
1
2
3
4
5
6
It can be se en th a t ite m a) o c c u rs in e ith e r ra n k one o r ra n k
two fo r both H u sb an d s and W ives. I t w as c o n s id e re d to be a kind of
g e n e ra l s ta te m e n t and m a y h ave m ea n in g only in t e r m s of o th e r
re s p o n s e s and m ay be d is r e g a r d e d e x cep t a s a s u m m a ry sta te m e n t.
H u sb an d s who a r e ra te d a s D om in ant and a s a ls o p o s s e s s in g
g r e a te r R e a l in flu e n ce ten d to b e r a te d as su ch b e c a u s e of 1) b e tte r
job and in c o m e , 2) p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th , 3) b e tte r ed u catio n , 4) m o r e
in flu e n tia l fam ily , 5) h ig h e r I. Q. , and 6) w o rk s h a r d e r , p ro d u c e s
m o r e , in th a t o r d e r .
W ives a r e thus r a te d b e c a u s e of 1) p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th , 2)
h ig h e r I. Q. , 3) is a good se x p a r tn e r , 4) w o rk s h a r d e r , p ro d u c e s
m o r e , 5) fam ily m o ney, and 6) m o re in flu e n tia l fa m ily , in th a t o r d e r .
98
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S po uses, R e al Influence
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
T h ir ty - th r e e H usbands an d th irty -tw o W ives w e re c o n s id e re d
to be A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t. E ighteen of th e s e H usbands (54. 5 p e rc e n t)
an d tw e n ty -th re e of th e s e W ives (71. 8 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o r a te d as
having the g r e a te r R e a l p o w er. The ra n k o r d e r of fa c to rs in Item 2b
r e v e a le d the follow ing:
18 A g g r e s s iv e -o v e r t, R eal Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N u m b er W eighted
A m ong P e rs o n O r d e r on of V alue of
a lity T ypes The F o rm R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 a 15 67 1
4 c 12 44 2
3 d 10 31 3
3 1 7 21 4. 5
2 i 9
21 4. 5
3 k 7 17 6
23 A g gr es s ive -ove rt, R eal Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N u m b er W eighted
A m ong P e r s o n - O r d e r on of Value of
a lity T ypes T he F o r m R e sp o n se s R ank Rank
4 a 19 69
1
2 m 11 36 2
2 e 11 35 3
4 d 8 35 4
3
j
10 29
5
3 i 10 27 6
Once m o re a) p e rs o n a lity stre n g th , sta n d s at the top of ra n k
o r d e r ite m s - th is tim e fo r both H usbands an d W ives.
The top ran k in g t r a i t s of the A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands who
a ls o p o s s e s s e d the g r e a t e r am o u n t of R eal influence w e re , 1) p e r s o n
a lity s tre n g th , 2) b e tte r education, 3) h ig h e r I. Q ., 4. 5) b e tte r job
an d incom e, 4. 5) is a good p a re n t, and 6) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e , in
th a t o r d e r.
F o r A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t and R eal influence W ives, the t r a i ts
w e re , 1) p e rs o n a lity B trength, 2) w o rk s h a rd e r , p ro d u c e s m o re , 3)
99
w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re frien d ly ), 4) h ig h e r I. Q . , 5) is a good
se x p a r tn e r , and 6) is a good p a re n t, in th a t o rd e r.
A g g r e s iv e - c o v e r t S p o u ses, R e al Influence
an d P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
T w en ty -fiv e H usbands an d fo r ty -th r e e W ives w e re ra te d
A g g re ss iv e -c o v e rt and fo u rte e n of th e s e H usbands (56. 0 p e rc e n t) and
tw en ty -tw o of th e s e W ives (51.1 p e rc e n t) w e re r a te d as p o s s e s s in g
th e g r e a t e r am o u n t of H eal influence w ith the follow ing o utstanding
t r a i t s :
14 A g g re s s iv e - c o v e rt, R e a l Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N um ber W eighted
A m ong P e r s o n O r d e r on of Value of
a lity T ypes The F o r m R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 a 6 28 1
4 c 7 27 2
3 1 8 26 3
3 m 7 23 4
3 k 7 20 5
3 d 4 10 6
22 Agg r e s s iv e -c o v e rt, R e al Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N um ber W eighted
A m ong P e r s o n O rd e r on of V alue of
a lity Types The F o rm R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 a 15 54 1
2 k 11 41 2
4 d 8 28 3
3 i 8 23 4
2 e 10 22 5
1 n 7 21 6
The A g g re ss iv e - c o v e r t H usbands w ith m o re R eal influence
w e re r a te d as p o s s e s s in g the follow ing t r a i t s : 1) p e rs o n a lity
s tre n g th , 2) b e tte r ed u catio n , 3) b e tte r job and in com e, 4) w o rk s
h a rd e r , p ro d u c e s m o re , 5) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e , and 6) h ig h e r 1. Q.,
in th a t o rd e r.
W ives in th is g ro u p w e re r a te d as p o s s e s s in g the follow ing
c h a r a c te r is tic s : 1) p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th , 2) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e ,
100
3) h ig h e r I. Q. , 4) is a good p a re n t, 5) w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re
frien d ly ), and 6) c a p a b le of show ing affectio n , in th at o rd e r .
S u b m issiv e S p o u ses, R e al Influence
a n d P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
T w en ty -fiv e H u sbands and tw e n ty -th re e W ives w e re r a te d
S u b m issiv e , a n d five (20 p e rc e n t) of th e s e H usbands and se v en of
th e s e W ives (30. 4 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o c o n s id e re d to be the sp o u se w ith
m o re R e a l influence. T h e ir m a jo r t r a i t s w e re ran k e d as follow s:
5 S u b m issiv e , R e al Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong P e rso n - O r d e r on
N u m b e r
of
W eighted
V alue of
a lity T ypes T he F o r m R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 a 3 10 1. 5
4 c 3 10 1. 5
3 k 3 8 3
2 i 3 6 4
1 e 1 5 5. 5
3 m 1 5 5. 5
7 S u b m issiv e , R e a l Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong P e r s o n
a lity T ypes
2
4
3
1
4
3
O r d e r on
T he F o r m
k
a
i
g
d
N u m b e r
of
R e sp o n se s
7
5
4
2
2
3
W eighted
Value of
R ank
24
19
11
9
5
7
R ank
1
2
3
4
5
6
The m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H u sbands in this g ro u p a re , 1. 5)
p e rs o n a lity stre n g th , 1. 5) b e tte r ed u catio n , 3) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e ,
4) is a good p a re n t, 5. 5) w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re frien d ly ) and
5. 5) w o rk s h a r d e r , p ro d u c e s m o r e , in th at o rd e r .
W ives in th is g ro u p p o s s e s s the follow ing o r d e r of c h a r a c t e r
is tic : 1) d e d ic a te d to m a r r i a g e , 2) p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th , 3) is a
good p a re n t, 4) fa m ily s ta b ility and s o lid a rity , 5) h ig h e r I. Q. , and
6) is a good s e x p a r tn e r , in th at o r d e r .
101
Note th at the p e rc e n t and n u m b e r of c a s e s of S u b m issiv e type
sp o u se s who a r e a ls o r a te d a s p o s s e s s in g the g r e a t e r am oun t of R e al
pow er is s m a ll. The n u m b e r is s m a ll enough th at th e re is r e a s o n to
q u e stio n w h e th e r the ra n k s 4 th ro u g h 6 have any v a lid ity a t a ll.
C h a r a c te r is tic s of S pouses R a te d as P o s s e s s in g
M o re R e a l Influence
The ra n k o r d e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of H usbands who w e re ra te d
as p o s s e s s in g m o re R e a l influence th an th e ir W ives in T ab les 16 and
17 w ithout r e g a r d to p e rs o n a lity ty p es w e re d e s c r ib e d by m a r r ia g e
c o u n se lo rs as having th is p o w er b e c a u se of, 1) p e rs o n a lity stre n g th ,
2) b e tte r education, 3) b e tte r job an d in co m e, 4) h ig h e r I. Q. , 5)
w o rk s h a rd e r , p ro d u c e s m o re , 6) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e , and 7)
m o re in flu e n tia l fam ily , in th a t o r d e r . L e a s t lik ely to be u se d to
d e s c rib e th e s e H usbands in ra n k o r d e r of le a s t to m o s t w e re th e se
c h a r a c te r is tic s , 1) is a good se x p a r tn e r , 2) fam ily a s s o c ia tio n s and
co n n ectio n s, 3) w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s , m o r e frien d ly , 4) c ap ab le of
show ing affection, 5) fam ily sta b ility and s o lid a rity , 6) fam ily m oney,
and 7) is a good p a re n t, in th a t o r d e r .
W ives r a te d a s having m o r e R e a l influence th an th e ir
hu sb an d s w e re d e s c r ib e d as p o s s e s s in g the follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
1) p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th , 2) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e , 3) h ig h e r I. Q. ,
4) w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s , (m o re frien d ly ), 5) w o rk s h a rd e r , p ro d u c e s
m o re , 6) is a good p a re n t, and 7) c ap ab le of show ing affection, in th a t
o r d e r . L e a s t lik ely to be u se d to d e s c r ib e th e s e W ives in ra n k o r d e r
of le a s t to m o s t w e re th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 3) b e tte r job and in co m e,
4) fa m ily s ta b ility an d s o lid a rity , 5) m o r e in flu e n tia l fam ily , 6) b e tte r
education , an d 7) is a good s e x p a r tn e r .
102
T A B L E 16. S u m m a ry of R anks of C h a r a c te r is tic s of
H u sb an d s R a te d w ith m o r e R e a l In flu en ce
th an th e ir W iv es.
O r d e r on
the F o r m
N u m b e r
of
R e sp o n se s
W eighted
V alue of
R ank Rank
a 32 131 1
b 13 43 7
c 30 106 2
d 20 60 4
e 6 16 12
f 8 27
9
g
5 23 10
h 5 14 13
i 15 40 8
j
6 12 14
k 21 53 6
1 25 79 3
m 17 56 5
n
9 19 11
103
T A B L E 17. S u m m a ry of R anks of C h a r a c te r is tic s
W ives R a te d w ith m o r e R e a l Influence
th e ir H u sb an d s.
of
th an
N u m b er W eighted
O r d e r on of V alue of
th e F o r m R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
a 47 168 1
b 11 35 9. 5
c
9 35 9. 5
d 21 84 3
e 23 71 4
£ 6 16 14
g
10 34 11
h 8 19 13
i 23 64 6
j
15 42 8
k 28 94 2
1 8 26 12
m 21 66 5
n 21 52 7
104
In ran k s 8 and 9 for W ives sta n d s, "capable of show ing
a ffectio n " and, "is a good sex p a rtn e r " . A cco rding to P a rs o n s one
would have exp ected th at th ese would have been h ig h er. H ow ever, it
m u st be re m e m b e re d th at th e se a re m a r ita l d is c o rd W ives and that
the d e g re e of affection d isp lay ed has p ro b ab ly been re d u c e d during
the p e rio d of conflict. A lso, p e rh a p s in the place of affection and
sex, in th ese c a s e s , a r e "dedicated to m a r r ia g e " (rank 2) and "is a
good p a re n t" (rank 6).
D iscu ssio n . C o u n selo rs w e re a sk ed to use as m an y as five
c a te g o rie s o r ite m s, if p o ssib le , to d e s c rib e th e ir c lie n ts. A few
u se d le ss and som e m o re , but only the five h ighest ran kin g item s
w e re ta llie d in th is study for u n ifo rm ity of c o m p a ris o n s.
Som e in te re s tin g d iffe re n c e s betw een p e rs o n a lity ty pes and
ra te d c h a r a c te r is tic s show ed up, as follow s:
1. Only "p e rso n a lity s tre n g th " a p p e a re d in e a c h p e rs o n a lity
type and for both H usbands and W ives. Its u se fu ln ess is redundant
except th at it s e rv e d as a fa irly obvious f ir s t item on the list.
2. "B e tte r e d u ca tio n " w as found am ong the top ranking item s
in a ll H usband ty p es, and not at all am ong the top 6 leading ite m s for
W ive s .
3. "W orks h a rd e r, p ro d u ces m o r e " is found in a ll H usband
types except A g g re ss iv e -o v e rt, but p e rh a p s in its place am ong the
top c h a r a c te r is tic s is " b e tte r job and incom e". This la tte r is found
to o c cu r in a ll types except the S u b m issiv e H usbands.
Item s 2 and 3 above would lend fu rth e r p la u sib ility to
P a r s o n 's stru c tu re -fu n c tio n th eo ry th at H u sb an d s' ro le of b r e a d
w inner, and hence, " g r e a te r education", gives him m o re pow er and
p re s tig e b e ca u se of his c o n trib u tio n to fam ily sy ste m m ain ten an ce.
(117)
4. "H igher I. Q. " is a ls o found in a ll H usband types except
the S u b m issiv e H usbands.
5. "D edicated to m a r r ia g e " is to be found in a ll ex cep t the
D om inant type H usbands.
105
6. The m a jo r d iffe re n c e betw een the D om inant H usband who
p o s s e s s e s m o re R e al influence th an his wife by th e se c r i t e r i a a r e that,
a) he is m o re lik ely to be fro m a m o r e in flu en tial fam ily, and b) he is
not lik ely to be d e s c rib e d as being d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e .
7. T he A g g re s s iv e - o v e r t H usband, in add ition to the c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c s in c o m m o n w ith the o th e r ty p e s, is d istin g u ish e d fro m the
D om inant type by a) being a good p a re n t, b) d e d ic a te d to m a r r ia g e ,
and c) not so lik ely to be fro m an in flu e n tia l fam ily . He is d iffe re n t
fro m th e A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t type by a) being a good p a re n t, he is
d iffe re n t fro m th e S u b m issiv e type by, a) having a h ig h e r 1. Q . , and
b) does not have a w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s, (m o re frien d ly ).
8. The S u b m issiv e type H usband is d iffe re n t fro m the o th er
H usbands w ith m o re R e a l p o w er in th a t they a r e d e s c rib e d , a) as
having a w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re frien d ly ), and b) not having a
h ig h e r I. Q. th an th e ir sp o u se .
9. The A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usband is d e s c rib e d w ith no
c h a r a c te r is tic w hich is d iffe re n t fro m any of the r e s t. He would
s e e m to be m o re co m p lex an d le s s c le a r ly d iffe re n t by th e s t c r i t e r i a ;
He is n o t d e s c r ib e d a s , a) being fro m a n in flu e n tia l fam ily, b) having
a w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re frien d ly ), o r c) a good p a re n t.
10. W ives w ith m o re R e a l influence th an th e ir H usbands in
a d d itio n to p e rs o n a lity s tre n g th s e e m to be m a in ly d e s c rib e d a s having
a h ig h e r I. Q.
11. The D om inant W ives in th is g ro u p m ay a ls o com e fro m , a)
fa m ily m o ney, o r b) m o re in flu e n tia l fam ily . N otice th a t N is s m a ll
h e re . N or is sh e, like h e r m a le c o u n te r p a rt and the o th er ty p es of
W ives, d e s c rib e d a s a good p a re n t.
12. S u b m issiv e W ives a r e m o s t likely to be a) d e d ic a te d to
m a r r ia g e , and b) good p a re n ts .
13. A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives a r e m o s t lik ely to be, a) d e d i
c a te d to m a r r ia g e , b) have h ig h e r 1. Q . , and c) be a good p a re n t.
14. The A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives a r e m o s t likely to, a) w o rk
h a rd e r , p ro d u ce m o re , b) have a w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re
frien d ly ), and c) have a h ig h e r 1. Q. th an sp o u se.
106
15. W hen H usbands an d W ives of th is g ro u p a r e c o m p a re d it
is found th at, a) b e tte r education, and b) b e tte r job an d in co m e a r e in
his fa v o r fo r having m o re R e a l influence th an his sp o u se w ithout
re f e r e n c e to p e rs o n a lity type.
16. On the o th e r hand W ives who a r e found to be of m o r e R eal
in fluence, c o m p a re d w ith H usbands, a r e c h a r a c te r iz e d a s, a) having
a w id e r c ir c le of frie n d s (m o re frien d ly ), b) a r e a good s e x p a r tn e r ,
and c) a r e c ap ab le of show ing affection.
D om inant S p o u ses, C o e rc iv e Influence
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
C o u n se lo rs r a te d tw e n ty -s ix H usbands and tw elve W ives as
D om inant and of th e s e se v e n te e n H usbands (65. 4 p e rc e n t) and e le v en
W ives (91. 6 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o r a te d as having m o re C o e rc iv e
influ ence in th e ir m a r r ia g e re la tio n s h ip s . C o u n se le rs th en r a te d in
ra n k o r d e r th e m a jo r m eth o d s and tec h n iq u e s th ese sp o u se s u se d to
b rin g about th is C o e rc iv e in flu en ce o v e r the o th e r sp o u se. The lis t
u se d fo r th is ra n k in g p ro c e d u re is ite m 3 b. of A ppendix A and is
re p ro d u c e d as follow s:
a
; b
c
; d
e
| f
! g
h
i
! j
k
; i
m
n
o
’ P
q
T e m p e r and a n g e r
W ith d raw al and sulking
T h re a ts of s e p a ra tio n an d d iv o rc e
T h re a ts of p u n ish m en t, p h y sic a l
Subtle p r e s s u r e
Deny se x
T ellin g o r o rd e rin g about
N agging a n d /o r co m p lain in g
In sistin g upon "the rig h t th in g "
W eeping
F e e lin g h u rt
C old an d w o n 't ta lk
D e p re s s iv e re a c tio n
U ses illn e s s o r h y s te r ic a l re a c tio n
A nxiety re a c tio n
A ddictive re a c tio n
O th er
E x p la n atio n and q u a lific a tio n s
107
The follow ing is a ra n k o r d e r lis t of the six m o s t often u sed
b e h a v io rs of D om inant H usbands an d W ives to b rin g about C o e rciv e
influ ence o v e r th e ir sp o u s e s .
17 D om inant, C o e rc iv e Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong P e r s o n
a lity T ypes
4
4
1
2
4
3
O r d e r on
The F o r m
a
b
i
g
m
1
N u m b er
of
R e sp o n se s
15
11
8
7
6
7
W eighted
Value of
R ank
54
36
27
23
16
* 15
R ank
1
2
3
4
5
6
11 D om inant, C o e rc iv e Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e
A m ong P e r s o n
a lity T ypes
4
3
2
2
3
3
1
O r d e r on
The F o r m
a
c
i
g
h
b
1
Num b e r
of
R e sp o n se s
7
8
4
4
6
3
4
W eighted
Value of
R ank
28
20
15
12
12
11
11
R ank
1
2
3
4. 5
4. 5
6. 5
6. 5
It sh ould be n oted th a t item 3 b. a) " te m p e r an d a n g e r" is of
so m e m a jo r im p o rta n c e in the d e s c rip tio n of the C o e rciv e sp o u se.
Both D om inant H u sbands and W ives a r e a ls o lik ely to be d e s c rib e d as
u sin g " th re a ts of s e p a r a tio n and d iv o rc e " w hen they a re se e n as the
m o re C o e rc iv e sp o u se . " In sista n c e upon the rig h t th in g " is a ls o
r e s o r te d to quite often by both H usban ds and W ives an d "tellin g and
o rd e rin g a b o u t" follow s, e a c h in th ir d and fo u rth p lace re s p e c tiv e ly .
"C old and w o n 't ta lk " is a p p a re n tly a ls o u se d by both H usbands and
W ives quite often a s th e fo rm of c o n tro l.
108
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t S p o u ses, C o e rc iv e Influence
an d P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s '
T h ir ty - th r e e H usbands and th irty -tw o W ives w e re ra te d as
A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt, and se v en te en of th e s e H usbands (51. 5 p e rc e n t)
and six tee n of th e se W ives (50. 0 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o r a te d as having
m o re C o e rciv e influence than th e ir sp o u s e s .
The follow ing is a ra n k o r d e r lis t of the six m o st often used
b e h a v io rs by th ese H usbands and W ives.
17 A g g r e s s iv e -o v e r t C o e rc iv e Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N um ber W eighted
Am ong P e r s o n O rd e r on of Value of
a lity Types The F o rm R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 b 13 46 1
4
a
12 43 2
3 I 6 23 3
4 m 7 19 4
2
g
5 18 5
1 e 6 16 6
16 A g g re ss iv e -o v e rt C o e rciv e Influenc e W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N um ber W eighted
Am ong P e r s o n O rd e r on of V alue of
a lity T ypes The F o rm R e sp o n se s Rank Rank
4 a 11 36 1. 5
3 f 9
36 1. 5
3 h 7 25 3
2 m 7 24 4
2
g
6 18 5
3 c 5 16 6. 5
2 i 5 16 6. 5
In both the D om inant and the A g g re ss iv e -o v e rt H usbands th e re
is a g re a t ten d en cy to use "w ith d raw a l and su lk in g " as a fo rm of
C o e rciv e influence o v e r W ives. In both of th e s e types of W ives "n ag
ging a n d /o r c o m p lain in g " is u se d w h e re a s H usbands a r e not so
d e sc rib e d .
Both H usbands and W ives of both ty p es m en tio n ed often r e s o r t
to "telling o r o rd e rin g ab out" and th is m eth o d s e e m s to fall in about
fo u rth o r fifth ra n k o rd e r .
109
W ith both H usbands and W ives of the A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t type
th e re tends a ls o to be a " d e p re s s iv e r e a c tio n " w hich sta n d s in fo u rth
ra n k o r d e r fo r W ives and in fifth ra n k o r d e r fo r H usbands.
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t S p o u ses, C o e rc iv e Influence
and P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
T w en ty -fiv e H usbands and f o r ty - th r e e W ives w e re ra te d as
A g g re ss iv e - c o v e rt and fo u rtee n of th e s e H usbands (56. 0 p e rc e n t) and
tw e n ty -e ig h t of th e s e W ives (65. 1 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o ra te d as p o s
s e s s in g the g r e a te r am oun t of C o e rc iv e influence o v e r th e ir sp o u se .
The follow ing is a ra n k o r d e r lis t of the six m o s t often used
b e h a v io rs of th e s e H usbands and W ives.
14 A g g re s s iv e - c o v e r t, C o e rc iv e Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N u m b e r W eighted
A m ong P e r s o n - O rd e r on of Value of
a lity T ypes The F o rm R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
4 b 8 34 1
1 c 7 25 2
4 a 8 24 3
2 k 7 21 4
4 m 6 19 5
1 p 5 16 6
28 A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t, C o e rc iv e Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N u m b e r W eighted
A m ont P e r s o n - O rd e r on of V alue of
a lity T ypes The F o r m R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
3 c 15 53 1 .5
3 f 15 53 1 .5
4 a 15 49 3
3 b 14 45 4
3 h 9 32 5
2 e 10 29 6
Both A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usbands and W ives ten d m o s t often
to use " th re a ts of s e p a ra tio n and d iv o rc e , " " te m p e r and a n g e r, " and
"w ith d raw al and su lk in g " as C o e rc iv e b e h av io r. W ives in th is g ro u p
a ls o a r e s a id to use "deny s e x " as a fo rm of c o n tro l, a s did the
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives.
110
H usbands in th is gro up ten d to use "feeling h u rt, "
" d e p re s s iv e re a c tio n " and "ad d ictiv e b e h a v io r" as C o e rc iv e c o n tro l
o v e r W ives, w h e re a s W ives ten d to u se "nagging a n d /o r co m p lain in g "
and "subtle p r e s s u r e " m o re often than H usbands as C o e rc iv e c o n tro l
m e a s u r e s in ad dition to th o se m en tio n ed above.
S u b m issiv e S p o u ses, C o e rciv e Influence
and P e rs o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s
T h irty -fiv e H usbands and tw e n ty -th re e W ives w e re r a te d as
S u b m issiv e , and four of th e s e H usbands (16 .0 p e rc e n t) and eig h t of
th e se W ives (34.7 p e rc e n t) w e re a ls o ra te d as p o s s e s s in g the g r e a te r
am oun t of C o e rciv e influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e .
The follow ing is a ra n k o r d e r lis t of the six m o st often u sed
b e h a v io rs of th e s e H usbands and W ives to b rin g about C o e rciv e
influence.
4 S u b m issiv e , C o e rc iv e Influence H usbands
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N um ber W eighted
A m ong P e r s o n O rd e r on of of
ality Types The F o rm R e sp o n se s Rank R ank
4 a 4 15 1
4 b 2 10 2
4 m 3 8 3
3 I 2 7 4
2 k 2 5 6
0 o 2 5 6
1 f 1 5 6
8 S u b m issiv e , C o e rc iv e Influence W ives
F re q u e n c y of
O c c u rre n c e N u m ber W eighted
A m ont P e r s o n O rd e r on of of
a lity T ypes The F o rm R e sp o n se s R ank R ank
3 b 6 21 1. 5
2 m 6 21 1. 5
2 e 5 20 3
3 f 6 15 4
1 k 4 11 5
4 a 3 10 6
Both H usbands and W ives in this group ten d to use "w ith
d ra w a l and su lk in g " and " d e p re s s iv e re a c tio n " a s tech n iq u es of
I l l
influence. Both a ls o u se " te m p e r and a n g e r, " but H usbands m o re
than W ives. A gain, W ives a re s a id to use "su b tle p r e s s u r e s " and
"deny s e x " as w ith the A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives and "deny s e x " as
w ith the A g g re ss iv e -o v e rt.
H usbands ag ain a r e s a id to be "co ld and w on ’t talk, " "feelin g
h u rt, " and this is the only g ro u p w hich, "an x iety re a c tio n " and "deny
s e x " is am ong the top six ra n k s . The n u m b e r of both H usbands and
W ives is v e ry s m a ll, 4 and 8, so the s a m e cau tio n is in d icated ,
e s p e c ia lly in putting co nfidence in ra n k s fou r th ro u g h six.
C h a r a c te r is tic s of S p ouses R a te d as
P o s s e s s in g M o re C o e rc iv e Influence
The ra n k o r d e r of c h a r a c te r is tic s of H usbands who w e re ra te d
as p o s s e s s in g m o re C o e rc iv e influence o v e r th e ir W ives in T a b le s 18
and 19 w ithout r e g a r d to p e rs o n a lity type, w e re d e s c rib e d by m a r
ria g e c o u n se lo rs as using th e follow ing m e th o d s: 1) te m p e r and a n g e r,
2) w ith d raw a l an d sulking, 3) d e p re s s iv e re a c tio n , 4) cold and w o n 't
talk, 5) te llin g o r o rd e rin g about, and 6) th r e a ts of s e p a r a tio n and
d iv o rc e , in th a t o r d e r . The eight le a s t u se d tec h n iq u e s of c o n tro l by
th e H usbands, fro m le a s t to m o s t w e re : 1) w eeping, 2) u s e s illn e s s
o r h y s te r ic a l re a c tio n s , 3) nagging a n d /o r com plaining , 4) th r e a ts of
p u n ish m en t, p h y sic a l, 5) deny sex , 6) an x iety re a c tio n , 7) a d d ic tiv e
b e h av io r, and 8) in s is te n c e upon "the rig h t thing. "
W ives in th is group w e re r a te d in the s ix h ig h est ra n k o r d e r
as follow s: 1) te m p e r and a n g e r, 2) deny sex , 3) th r e a ts of s e p a ra tio n
an d d iv o rc e , 4) w ith d ra w a l and sulking, 5) d e p re s s iv e re a tio n , a n d 6)
nagging a n d /o r co m p lain in g . T he eight le a s t u se d tec h n iq u e s of c o n
tr o l by W ives, fro m le a s t to m o s t w e re , 1) th r e a ts of p u n ish m en t,
p h y sic a l, 2) ad d ic tiv e b e h a v io r, 3) te llin g o r o rd e rin g about, 4) w e e p
ing, 5) a x ie ty re a c tio n , 6) co ld and w o n 't talk , 7) u se s illn e s s o r
h y s te r ic a l re a c tio n s , 8) in s is ta n c e upon "the rig h t thing. "
Som e in te re s tin g d iffe re n c e s an d s im ila r itie s a p p e a r betw een
th e m o re C o e rc iv e H usbands a n d the m o re C o e rc iv e W ives as g ro u p s.
112
T A B L E 18. S u m m a ry of R anks of C h a r a c te r is tic s of
H usbands w ith m o r e C o e rc iv e In flu en ce
th an W ives.
H usbands
O r d e r on
the F o r m
N u m b e r
of
R e sp o n se s
W eighted
V alue of
R ank R ank
a 39
136 1
b 34 126 2
c 16 50 6
d 9 27 13
e 16 44 8
f 10 28 12
g
13 51 5
h 7 14 14
i 13 40
9
j
1 3 16
k 16 48 7
1 21 58 4
m 22 62 3
n 3 4 15
o 10
29 11
P
11 35 10
113
T A B L E 19. S u m m a ry of R anks of C h a r a c te r is tic s of
W ives w ith m o re C o e rc iv e In flu en c e than
H u sb an d s.
W ives
O r d e r on
the F o r m
N u m b e r
of
R e sp o n se s
W eighted
V alue of
R ank R ank
a 35 123 1
b 27 85 4
c 28 89 3
d 3 7 16
e 20 67 7
f 32 111 2
g
12 36 14
h 24 72 6
i 15 50
9
j
14 37 13
k 21 51 8
1 18 44 11
m 24 76 5
n 14 45 10
0 14 43 12
P
4 10 15
114
1. Both a r e d e s c r ib e d a s often u sing te m p e r and a n g e r,
w ith d ra w a l and sulking, d e p re s s iv e re a c tio n , and th r e a ts of s e p a r a
tio n and d iv o rc e . H ow ever, W ives ten d to use th e d e n ia l of sex, and
nagging and co m p lain in g , w h e re a s H usbands a r e m o re lik ely to
em p lo y being cold a n d w o n 't ta lk and te llin g and o rd e rin g about in
th e ir C o e rc iv e b e h a v io rs.
P a r s o n 's co n cep t of W iv e's ro le being m o re e x p re s s iv e
and affection giving in m a r r ia g e is ag ain su g g e ste d in th at they a r e
se en by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs as using the w ith d ra w a l of se x and
affection a s an e ffectiv e, o r high o r d e r , m eth o d of opposition to
husbands d u rin g m a r i ta l d is c o rd .
2. In a ll p e rs o n a lity ty p es of H usbands te m p e r and a n g e r,
an d w ith d ra w a l and sulking play a d o m in an t ro le in th e ir C o e rciv e
m e th o d s. The s a m e is tr u e for the W ives e x ce p t w ith d ra w a l and
sulking is m is s in g fro m the A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W iv es' lis t of six h ig h
e s t ran k in g tec h n iq u e s. She is p ro b ab ly m o r e d ire c t and fo rth rig h t
in h e r m eth o d s of C o e rc iv e c o n tro l.
3. S u b m issiv e W ives ho w ev er, ten d m o s t often to use w ith
d ra w a l and sulking, w h e re a s te m p e r an d a n g e r is in six th ra n k p o s i
tion. In a l a r g e r g ro u p of S u b m issiv e w ives r a te d m o re C o e rc iv e than
th e ir h u sb a n d s, " te m p e r and a n g e r " sh o u ld p ro b ab ly d ro p a n o th e r
ra n k o r two.
4. It is in te r e s tin g to note th a t D om inant, C o e rc iv e W ives
do not tend to use the d e n ia l of sex as a m eth o d of c o n tro l as often as
do the o th e r ty p es of W ives, but th ey a r e the only type who use "cold
and w o n 't ta lk " as a fo rm of c o n tro l.
5. S u b m issiv e W ives a r e d iffe re n t fro m the o th e r ty pes of
C o e rc iv e W ives in th a t they a r e not d e s c r ib e d a s "nagging a n d /o r
c o m p lain in g " as a m a jo r m eth o d of c o n tro l, h o w ev er, they a r e the
only W ives in th is g ro u p d e s c r ib e d as "feeling h u r t" as a fo rm of
c o n tro l.
6. Only D om inant H usbands and D om inant and A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt W ives u se the tech n iq u e on " in s is te n c e upon the rig h t th in g " a s
a m a jo r fo rm of C o e rc iv e c o n tro l.
115
7. It is in te re s tin g to note th a t only A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t
H usbands w e re se e n a s using "su b tle p r e s s u r e " in th e ir C o e rc iv e
c o n tro ls, in six th ran k , w h e re a s , only S u b m issiv e W ives u se d th is
m eth o d as the th ir d m o s t often m ethod.
P e r s o n a lity T ypes, R e al Influence
an d C o e rciv e Influence
In th e follow ing se c tio n som e c o m p a ris o n s a r e m ad e betw een
p e rs o n a lity ty p e s, the m eth o d s of c o n tro l u se d and w h e th er c e r ta in
p e rs o n a lity typ es ten d to m a r r y o th e r p e rs o n a lity ty p es.
T ab les 20 an d 21 a r e d e sig n ed to show how m a r r ia g e c o u n s e
lo rs ra te d H usbands and W ives in te r m s of p e rs o n a lity ty p es, (except
C o o p e rativ e is a s m a ll N and w ould only d e tr a c t fro m th e se ta b le s ),
how m an y and w hat p e rc e n t w e re r a te d a s p o s s e s s in g m o re R eal
influence, how m an y and w hat p e rc e n t w e re r a te d as p o s s e s s in g m o re
C o e rciv e influence, an d how m an y a n d w hat p e rc e n t w e re se en as
p o s s e s s in g m o re of both kinds of influence in e a c h p e rs o n a lity type.
It w ould a p p e a r fro m the d ata in T a b le s 20 and 21 th at the
c o u n se lo rs w e re c o n sc ie n tio u s and c o n s is te n t w ith so c io lo g ic a l
p e rc e p tio n s of m a le -f e m a le ro le d iffe re n c e s in th e ir ra tin g s of th e se
su b je c ts fo r the follow ing re a s o n s :
1. A m ong H usbands ra te d D om inant, a g r e a te r p e rc e n t is
a ls o thought to have m o re of both R e a l an d C o e rc iv e influence than
any of the o th e r p e rs o n a lity ty p es. A m ong W ives th is p a tte rn is
s im ila r , but not e x a c tly the s a m e , fo r m o r e W ives who w e re r a te d
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t w e re thought to e x e r c is e both ty p es of influence,
but the d iffe re n c e in p e rc e n t is v e ry s m a ll 33. 3 a g a in st 37. 5. A lso
note th a t n e ith e r S u b m issiv e H usbands n o r S u b m issiv e W ives w e re
thought to e x e r c is e both R e a l and C o e rc iv e influence, although a
s m a ll p e rc e n t of S u b m issiv e sp o u se s w e re thought to e x e r c is e m o re
R eal o r m o re C o e rc iv e influence in th e ir m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip s than
th e ir sp o u s e s .
116
T A B L E 20. C o u n s e lo rs ' E v alu atio n of H u sb an d s in T e r m s of P e r s o n
a lity T y p es, and W h eth er T hey W ere R ated a s Being
H ig h e st in R e al a n d /o r C o e rc iv e P o w e r, o r Both.
H usbands
Both R e a l
T o ta l "R e a l" " C o e rc iv e " fa C o e rc iv e
No. % No. % No. % No. %
D om inant 26 23. 9 12 46. 2 17 65. 4 11 47. 8
A g g r e s
siv e -
o v e rt 33 30. 3 18 54. 5 17 51. 5 5 16. 0
A g g r e s
siv e -
c o v e rt 25 22. 9 14 56. 0 14 56. 0 6 24. 0
S ub
m is s iv e 25 22. 9 4 16. 0 4 16. 0 0 0. 0
T o ta ls
109 100. 0 48 44. 0 52 47. 7 22 20. 2
117
T A B L E 21. C o u n s e lo rs ' E v alu atio n of W ives in T e r m s of P e rs o n a lity
T y p es, and W h eth er T hey W ere R a te d a s B eing H ig h e st
in R e a l a n d /o r C o e rc iv e P o w e r, o r Both.
W ives
Both R e al
T o ta l "R e a l" " C o e rc iv e " & C o e rc iv e
No. % No. % No. % No. %
D om inant 12 10. 9 5 40. 1 11 91. 6 4 33. 3
A g g r e s
siv e -
o v e rt 32 29. 1 23
7 1 .9 16 50. 0 11 37. 5
A g g r e s
siv e -
c o v e rt 43
39. 1
22 51. 2 28 67. 4 10 23. 3
Sub
m is s iv e 23 20. 9 7 30. 4 8 34. 8 0 0. 0
T o ta ls 110 100. 0 57 51. 8 63 51. 3 25 22. 7
118
It is in te re s tin g th at a p p ro x im a te ly 1/5 of H usbands and W ives
(20. 2 p e rc e n t and 22. 7 p e rc e n t re s p e c tiv e ly ) w e re thought to e x e r c is e
m o re of both kinds of influence am ong th e s e m a r i ta l d is c o rd p a ir s .
Does th is p ro p o rtio n hold fo r th e ir c o u n te r p a r t in the po pulatio n at
l a r g e ? O r does th is p ro p o ra tio n hold fo r th o se who a r e happily
m a r r i e d and who a r e the c o u n te rp a rts of th e s e couples ? T h ese
q u e stio n s m u s t w ait fu rth e r study.
A g r e a te r p e rc e n t of W ives th an H usbands w e re r a te d as h a v
ing C o e rc iv e influence, 57. 3 p e rc e n t a g a in s t 47. 3 p e rc e n t; a ls o a
g r e a te r p e rc e n t of W ives than H u sbands w e re r a te d as having m o re
R eal influence, 5 1 .8 p e rc e n t a g a in s t 44. 0 p e rc e n t. T h e se p e r c e n t
a g es a r e not sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t fro m chance if p. = . 5, but the
d ire c tio n h e re is th a t so m eh o w the W ives a r e thought to be w ielding
m o re pow er of a p o sitiv e and a n e g ativ e n a tu re than w ould be ex p ec te d
n o rm a lly . N otice again th a t 22. 9 p e rc e n t of a ll H usbands w e re r a te d
as S u b m issiv e , w h e re a s 20. 9 p e rc e n t of a ll W ives w e re so ra te d .
One w ould e x p ec t th a t (although th is d iffe re n c e is v e ry s m a ll and the
sa m p le is la rg e ) the tr e n d a t le a s t be in the o th e r d ire c tio n , i. e. ,
fe w e r S u b m issiv e H usbands th an S u b m issiv e W ives. T his r a is e s the
im p o rta n t q u e stio n of w h e th e r one of the m a jo r re a s o n s fo r m a r ita l
d is c o rd m a y not be in the a r e a of la c k of H u sb an d 's a s s u m in g th e ir
le a d e rs h ip ro le s , a n d /o r w h e th e r th e s e S u b m issiv e H usbands ten d to
m a r r y m o re A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t a n d /o r D om inant W ives w ith ro le
in co n g ru ity fin ally c a u sin g both H usbands and W ives to c a s t b lam e for
t h e ir ro le d ile m m a s onto e a c h o th e r w ith th e r e s u lt being m a r ita l
d is c o rd ?
Follow ing the th e o ry of c o m p le m e n ta rity in m a te se le c tio n , it
w ould be e x p ec te d th a t c e r ta in p e rs o n a lity typ es w ould be a ttr a c te d
to and m a r r y c e r ta in o th e r ty p e s. F o r e x am p le , it w ould be e x p ec te d
th at S u b m issiv e H usbands would be m a r r i e d m o s t often td D om inant
W ives and the o th e r way aro u n d .
119
C o m p a riso n s of P e rs o n a lity T ypes of M ates
F ro m the ra tin g s of m a r r i a g e c o u n se lo rs in th is sa m p le a
t e s t of W in ch’s th e o ry can be m ad e by the follow ing h y p o th eses.
H y p o th esis 5. T h at m o r e S u b m issiv e H usbands a r e
m a r r i e d to D om inant W ives th an a r e m a r r i e d to a ll
o th e r ty p es, e x cep t C o o p e ra tiv e .
H y p o th esis 6. T hat m o r e S u b m issiv e W ives a r e m a r
rie d to D om inant H usbands than a r e m a r r i e d to a ll
o th e r ty p es, ex cep t C o o p e ra tiv e .
H y p o th esis 7. T hat m o re S u b m issiv e H usbands a r e
m a r r i e d to D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives
than a r e m a r r i e d to the A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t type.
H ypothesis 8. T hat m o r e S u b m issiv e W ives a re m a r
rie d to D om inant an d A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands than
a re m a r r i e d to the A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t type.
H y p oth esis 5
The h y p o th esis is s ta te d above, and the null h y p o th esis is th at
th e r e is no d iffe re n c e betw een th e p ro p o rtio n of S u b m issiv e H usbands
m a r r i e d to D om inant W ives as c o m p a re d to S u b m issiv e H usbands m a r
r ie d to a ll o th e r ty p es, e x ce p t C o o p e rativ e . S pouses ten d to p o s s e s s
le s s R e a l influence than the o th e r ty p es, a c c o rd in g to m a r r ia g e
c o u n s e lo r s ' view s of th e ir c lie n ts. H y p o th eses 1 and 2 w e re a c c e p te d
beyond the . 999 lev e l of co n fid en ce.
It w as a ls o found th at D o m in an t Spouses tend to p o s s e s s m o re
C o e rc iv e influence than the o th e r ty p e s, and th at S u b m issiv e S pouses
ten d to p o s s e s s le s s C o e rc iv e influence th an the o th e r ty p es. H ypoth
e s e s 3 and 4 w e re a ls o a c c e p te d beyond the . 999 lev e l of confidence.
The h y p o th eses re la tin g to c o m p le m e n ta rity in m a te se le c tio n ,
h o w ev er, w e re re je c te d . T h e re a p p e a re d to be no e v id en ce fro m
t h e s e d ata th a t D om inant H usbands ten d to m a r r y S u b m issiv e W ives,
o r th a t D om inant W ives ten d to m a r r y S u b m issiv e H usbands, fo r e x
a m p le .
The next c h a p te r w ill d e a l w ith h y p o th eses d eveloped in p ilo t
r e s e a r c h th a t have to do w ith Hus b and-W ife p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s
tic s and M M PI c o n fig u ra tio n s o r p ro file p a tte rn s .
120
When S u b m issiv e H usbands an d the type W ives th ey a r e m a r -
2
rie d to a re c a s t into a 1 X 2 X T able 22 is th e re s u lt.
2
If p. = .3 3 and q. = . 67, a X of 2. 33 is obtained, and w ith
d / f = I, is not sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t fro m chance.
Conclusion. The null h y p o th esis is th e r e f o re a c c e p te d and the
h y p o th esis th a t S u b m issiv e H usbands ten d to m a r r y D om inant W ives
is re je c te d by th is te s t.
H y po thesis 6
The h y p o th esis is s ta te d above, an d the null h y p o th esis is th a t
th e re is no d iffe re n c e betw een the p ro p o rtio n of S u b m issiv e W ives
m a r r i e d to D om inant H usbands as c o m p a re d to S u b m issiv e W ives
m a r r i e d to a ll o th e r ty p e s, e x c e p t C o o p e rativ e .
When S u b m issiv e W ives and the type H usbands they a r e m a r
rie d to a r e c o m p a re d T able 23 is the r e s u lt.
2
If p. = . 33 and q. = . 67, a X of . 001 is obtained, and w ith
d / f = 1, is not sig n ific an t.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th e s
is th at S u b m issiv e W ives tend to m a r r y D om inant H usbands is r e j e c t
ed by th is te s t.
H y p oth esis 7
The h y p o th esis is s ta te d above, and the null h y p o th esis is th a t
th e re is no d iffe re n c e betw een the p ro p o rtio n of S u b m issiv e H usbands
who a r e m a r r i e d to D om inant and A g g re s s iv e - o v e r t W ives as c o m
p a re d w ith th o se m a r r i e d to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives.
W hen S u b m issiv e H usbands who a r e m a r r i e d to D om inant and
to A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives a r e c o m p a re d w ith th o se who a r e m a r r i e d
to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives, T able 24 is the re s u lt.
2
If p. = . 67 a n d q. = . 33, a X of 1. 094 is ob tain ed and w ith
d /f = 1, is n ot sig n ific an t, and is not in the d ire c tio n p re d ic te d in the
hy pothe s i s .
121
TA B L E 22. A C o m p a riso n of S u b m issiv e H usbands and
W hether T hey a re M a r rie d to D om inant
o r Not D om inant W ives.
M a rr ie d to Not M a r rie d to
D om inant D om inant
W ives (p) W ives (q) T otal
S u b m issiv e
H usbands 4 21 25
X 2 = 2. 33, d /f = 1.
Not S ignificant
T A B L E 23. A C o m p a ris o n of S u b m issiv e W ives and
W h ether T hey A r e M a r r ie d to D om inant
o r Not D om in ant H u sb an d s.
M a r r ie d to N ot M a r r ie d to
D om inant D om inant
H u sb an d s (p) H u sb an d s (q) T o tal
S u b m issiv e
W ives 7 15 22
X 2 = . 001, d / f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
i2a
T A B L E 24. A C o m p a ris o n of S u b m issiv e H u sb an d s Who A re
M a r r ie d to D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives
w ith th o se M a r r ie d to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives.
M a r r ie d to
D om in ant o r
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t
W ives
M a r r ie d to
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t
W ives
T o tal
S u b m issiv e
H u sb an d s 14 11 25
X 2 = 1. 094, d / f = 1.
N ot S ig n ifican t
124
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th e s
is is th a t H usbands ten d to m a r r y D om inant o r A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t
W ives as c o m p a re d w ith th o se who m a r r y A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives
is r e je c te d by this te s t.
H y po th esis 8
The h y p o th esis is s ta te d above, and th e null h y p o th esis is
th at th e r e is no d iffe re n c e in the p ro p o rtio n of W ives who a r e m a r
rie d to D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands as c o m p a re d w ith
th o se m a r r i e d to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H u sb an d s.
W hen S u b m issiv e W ives who a r e m a r r i e d to D om inant and
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands a r e c o m p a re d w ith th o se who a r e m a r
rie d to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives T able 25 is the re s u lt.
If p. = . 67 and q. = . 33, a X of . 15 6 is obtained and w ith
d / f = 1, is not sig n ific an t.
C onclusion. T he null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th e s
is is th a t S u b m issiv e W ives ten d to m a r r y D om inant and A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt H usb ands a s c o m p a re d w ith th o se who m a r r y A g g re s s iv e -c o v e rt
H usbands is r e je c te d by th is te s t.
D isc u ssio n . T h e se d ata do not su p p o rt the th e o ry of c o m p le
m e n ta rity as p ro p o se d by W inch. It w ould a p p e a r th at w hen m a r
ria g e c o u n s e lo rs r a te d m a r ita l d is c o rd c a s e s in t e r m s of m a jo r
c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n s in th e ir m a r ita l in te ra c tio n ,
as outlined in this study, th at if c o m p le m e n ta rity of m a te se le c tio n
w e re o p e ra tin g in su c h a way as to be o b s e rv e d d u rin g the m a r r ia g e
c r i s i s m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs w ould have p ro b a b ly noted this by c a s t
ing sp o u s e s into " c o m p le m e n ta ry " ro le ty p e s. T his w as not done by
them , by the te s ts d e v is e d above, and we can only conclude th at e i
th e r c o m p le m e n ta rity m u s t be tap p e d a t so m e o th e r lev el th an th a t
of th is study, o r th a t it does not o p e ra te su fficie n tly to be o b se rv e d
by the m eth o d s em p lo y ed in th is r e s e a r c h .
125
T A B L E 25. A C o m p a ris o n of S u b m issiv e W ives Who A r e M a r-
ied to D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usban ds
w ith th o se M a r r ie d to A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H u sb an d s.
M a r r ie d to
D om inant o r M a r r ie d to
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t T o ta l
H usbands H u sb an d s
S u b m issiv e
W ives 15 7 22
X 2 = . 156, d / f = 1.
N ot S ig n ifican t
126
S u m m a ry
The f ir s t p a rt of this c h a p te r is devoted to an a n a ly sis of
m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs ' evaluation of the sa m p le m a r ita l d is c o rd p a irs
in te r m s of th e ir m a jo r c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n s in the
m a r r ia g e re la tio n sh ip and w ith re fe re n c e to pow er. H usbands and
W ives w e re a ls o ra te d in te r m s of w hich p o s s e s s e d the g r e a te r R e a l
and C o e rciv e influence and th e se w e re a n aly ze d along w ith the fa c
to r s and tech n iq u es u sed by sp o u se s to b rin g about the types of influ
ence they had. The la tte r p a rt of the c h a p te r d e als w ith a te s t of the
th e o ry of C o m p le m e n ta rity in m ate se lec tio n p ro p o se d by W inch by
c o m p a rin g c o u n s e lo rs ' c la ss ific a tio n s of H usbands and W ives into
types of p e rso n a lity , a s m en tio n ed above.
It w as found th at A g g re s s iv e -o v e r t S pouses tend to p o s s e s s
m o re R eal influence than the o th e r ty p es, and that S u b m issiv e
Spouses tend to p o s s e s s le s s R eal influence than the o th e r ty p es, a c
c o rd in g to m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs ' view s of th e ir c lie n ts. H ypotheses 1
and 2 w e re a c c e p te d beyond the . 999 level of confidence.
It w as a ls o found th at D om inant Spouses tend to p o s s e s s m o re
C o e rciv e influence than the o th e r types, and th at S u b m issiv e Spouses
ten d to p o s s e s s le s s C o erciv e influence than the o th er types. H ypoth
e s e s 3 and 4 w e re a ls o a c c e p te d beyond the . 999 level of confidence.
The hy p o th eses re la tin g to c o m p le m e n ta rity in m a te selectio n ,
h ow ever, w e re re je c te d . T h e re a p p e a re d to be no evidence from
th e se data th at D om inant husbands ten d to m a r r y S u b m issiv e w ives,
o r th at D om inant w ives tend to m a r r y S u b m issiv e husbands, for e x
am p le.
The next c h a p te r w ill deal w ith hypoth eses developed in p ilot
r e s e a r c h th at have to do w ith H usband-W ife p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s
tic s and M M PI c o n fig u ratio n s o r p ro file p a tte rn s .
CH A PTER V
PER SO N A LITY CHA RACTERISTICS
AND M M PI CONFIGURATIONS
Introdu ction
It is w ell known th at c e rta in d iag n o stic group s ten d to y ield
c h a r a c te r is tic p ro file p a tte rn s on the M M P I w hile a p p a re n tly so m e
do not (C h a p te rs 5, 6;37 ;146;40;88).
P r i o r r e s e a r c h in the p ilo t study on 36 m a r ita l d is c o rd
couples in d icated th a t th e re w e re c e r ta in M M PI s c a le s w hich ten d ed
to be high o r low depending on the p e rs o n a lity ty p es, as r a te d by
m a r r i a g e c o u n s e lo rs , and w h e th e r th ey w e re husbands o r w iv e s.
F o r d iag n o stic p u rp o se s in m a r r ia g e co u n selin g it is im p o r
ta n t to know w h e th e r on a l a r g e r sa m p le the e x p e c te d p ro file p a tte rn s
w ould be re p e a te d .
P e r s o n a lity T ypes an d M M P I P r o f ile s
In g e n e ra l it is h y p o th esiz ed th a t th e r e is a d iffe re n c e betw een
the fre q u e n c y of a p p e a ra n c e of high and low points on th e M M PI p r o
file s of m a r ita l d is c o rd sp o u se s who a r e ra te d a s:
1. D om inant
2. A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t
3. A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t
4. S u b m issiv e
T h ese h y p o th eses can be te s te d by counting the freq u e n cy w ith
w hich e a c h M M PI s c a le a p p e a rs as one of the 4 h ig h e st points on e a c h
p ro file , and by counting the freq u e n cy w ith w hich e a c h of th e s e s c a le s
a p p e a rs as one of the 4 lo w est s c a le s on e a c h p ro file . The r e s u lts
2
m ay p r o p e r ly c a s t into a 1 X 3 X tab le for a te s t of a s s o c ia tio n .
The th re e c e lls in th e X tab le w ill c o n s is t of (1) the fre q u e n c ie s of
e ac h s c a le found am ong the 4 h ig h e st s c a le s , (2) the fre q u e n c ie s of
127
128
e a c h s c a le found am ong the m id d le s c a le s , and (3) the fre q u e n c ie s of
e a c h sc a le found am on g the 4 lo w e st s c a le s . Since th e re a r e 14
s c a le s being c o n s id e re d and 4 w ill be am ong th e h ig h e st and 4 am ong
th e low est, 6 s c a le s w ill by definition be left in the m id d le group.
T his m a k e s the th e o r e tic a l p ro p o rtio n s of the h ig h e st and lo w e st c e lls
. 286 e a c h and the th e o r e tic a l p ro p o rtio n of the m id d le c e ll . 429.
The s a m e p ro c e d u re (re v e rs e d ) w ill apply to the 3 lo w est
s c a le s on the p ro file s . It is co m m o n ly re c o g n iz e d th at th e r e ten d s to
be le s s d iffe re n c e in th e low points on th is te s t th an th e r e is in the
high p o in ts, so th a t m o re tie s and le s s d is c rim in a tio n of the s c a le s
w ould o c c u r if fo u r s c a le s w e re used. T h e re fo re only the 3 lo w est
s c a le s w e re c o m p a re d w ith the 3 h ig h e st s c a le s in the se co n d p a r t of
th e s e c o m p a ris o n s .
2
In the case of the th e o re tic a l p ro p o rtio n s of th e X c e lls fo r
the th r e e lo w est s c a le c o m p a ris o n s , the p ro p o rtio n s of the low est
and h ig h e st c e lls is .2 1 4 and the th e o r e tic a l p ro p o rtio n for the
m id d le c e ll is .571.
H y po th esis 9
P r i o r r e s e a r c h in the p ilo t study has show n th a t w hen
H usbands a r e r a te d D om inant th e ir M M P I p ro file s w ill ten d to be
h ig h e st on s c a le s P d, E s, M f and K, and th at th e s e s c a le s a r e not
lik e ly to be am ong th e 4 lo w est po in ts on th e ir p ro file s . The h y poth
e s is is th at s c a le s P d, E s, Mf and K w ill a p p e a r m o s t often am ong
th e h ig h e st 4 s c a le s of D om inant H usbands and th a t th ey w ill a p p e a r
le s s often am ong th e 4 lo w e st s c a le s of th e s e s a m e p ro file s .
The n u ll h y p o th e sis is th a t th e re is not d iffe re n c e in the p r o
p o rtio n of fre q u e n c ie s w ith w h ich s c a le s P d, E s, Mf and K a p p e a r
am o ng th e 4 h ig h e st and 4 lo w e st s c a le s on the M M PI p ro file s of
D om inant H u sb an d s.
T ab le 26 re v e a ls th e r e s u lt of th e s e M M PI s c a le s as they
a p p e a r on 26 D om inant H u sb an d s' p ro file s .
129
T A B L E 26. A C o m p a riso n of 26 D om inant H u sb a n d s' M M PI S c a le s,
E s , P d , M f and K by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
Found F ound Found
A m ong 4 A m ong 6 A m ong 4
2
M M PI H ig h e st M iddle L o w est
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d / f = 2 Sig.
E s 14 9 3 8. 934
P d 15 7 4 10.942
Mf 12 9 5 4. 069
K 11 7 8 3. 591
. 02
. 005
N .S .*
N .S .*
*Not S ignificant.
130
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a cc ep ted and the
hypothesis is reje c te d .
D iscu ssio n . Scale E s and P d a re sig n ifican tly re la te d to
D om inance and p re d ic tiv e of the D om inant H usband w hen they a p p e a r
am ong the h ig h est 4 s c a le s on the M M PI. S cales Mf and K a r e not
p re d ic tiv e of this group.
H ypothesis 10
P r i o r r e s e a r c h in the p ilot study has show n th a t when H usbands
a re ra te d D om inant th e ir M M PI p ro file s w ill ten d to be low est on
s c a le s Si, L. an d D, and th at th e se s c a le s a re not lik e ly to be am ong
the 3 h ig h est points on th e ir p ro file s . The hypothesis is th at s c a le s
Si, L and D w ill a p p e a r m o s t often am ong the low est 3 s c a le s of
D om inant H usbands and th at they w ill a p p e a r le s s often am ong the 3
h ig h est points of th e se sa m e p ro file s. ^
The null hypothesis is th a t th e re is no d ifferen c e in the p r o
p o rtio n of fre q u e n c ie s w ith w hich s c a le s Si, L. and D a p p e a r am ong
the 3 h ig h est and 3 low est s c a le s on the M M PI p ro file s of D om inant
H usbands.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h ypoth
e s is is re je c te d .
D iscu ssio n . S cales Si and L a re p re d ic tiv e of D om inant
H usbands when th e s e s c a le s a p p e a r am ong the low est 3 s c a le s on the
M M PI. Scale D is not p re d ic tiv e . F o r the p u rp o se s of this study
D om inant H usbands M M PI p ro file s should th e re fo re be ex p ected to
have the follow ing c h a r a c te r is tic s :
1. S cales P d and E s a r e lik ely to be am ong the 4 h ig h est
points.
2. S cales Si and L * a r e likely to be am ong the 3 low est
points.
131
T A B L E 27. A C o m p a riso n of 26 D om in an t H u sb a n d s' M M PI S c a le s,
Si, L and D by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
L o w est
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 3
H ig h e st
S c a le s
x 2
d / f = 2 Sig.
Si 14 11 1 15.476 . 001
L 14 11 1 15.476 . 001
D 6 13 7 . 237 N. S . ;
*N ot S ig n ifican t.
132
H ypothesis 11
In the in te r e s t of sp a c e , b re v ity and c la r ity of p re s e n ta tio n
h y p o th eses 11 th ro u g h 24 w ill be p re s e n te d in the sa m e g e n e ra l fo rm
as h y p o th eses 1 and 2 ex cep t th at obvious re p e titio n w ill be avo id ed
sin c e the sp e c ific h y p o th eses w ill v a ry only in (1) th e p e rs o n a lity type
r e f e r r e d to, (2) w h e th er the group is H usbands o r W ives, and (3) the
sp e c ific s c a le s being stu d ied .
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s Pd, Hy, Sc and P a w ill be am ong
the 4 h ig h e st fo r D om inant W ives. The null h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e
is no d iffe re n c e b etw een the fre q u e n c y of a p p e a ra n c e of s c a le s Pd, Hy,
Sc an d P a am on g th e 4 h ig h e st and 4 lo w e st points of D om inant W ives
on the M M PI.
C onclusion. S c a le s Hy and P a not d is c rim in a te su fficie n tly to
c o n s id e r im p o rta n t in the p re d ic tio n of D om inant W ives, but s c a le s
Pd, and Sc a r e p re d ic tiv e of D om inant W ives w hen they a r e am ong the
h ig h e st 4 s c a le s on the M M PI.
H y pothesis 12
T he h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s Si, L and Es w ill be am ong the
lo w e st 3 s c a le s fo r D om inant W ives. The n u ll h y p o th esis w ill be
te s te d in T ab le 29.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th esis
is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s Si and L a r e p re d ic tiv e of D om inant W ives
w hen they a p p e a r am ong th e 3 low est s c a le s on th e M M PI. W ith th is
s m a ll sa m p le , N=12, th e r e is doubt w h e th e r low E s is to be e x p e c te d
in this group.
D om inant W ives p ro file s sh o u ld p o s s e s s the follow ing
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. S c a le s P d, and Sc a r e likely to be am ong th e 4 h ig h est
p o in ts .
2. S c a le s Si and L a r e lik ely to be am ong the 3 lo w e st p o in ts.
133
T A B L E 28. A C o m p a riso n of 12 D om inant W iv e s1 M M PI S c a le s,
P d , Hy, Sc and P a by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
F ound F ound F ound
A m ong 4 A m ong 6 A m ong 4
2
M M PI H ig h e st M iddle L o w est
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d / f = 2 Sig.**
P d 8 4 0 8. 364 . 02
Hy 7 4 1 5. 040 . 10
Sc 7 5 0 6. 297 .0 5
P a 5 3 4 . 877 N .S .*
*N ot S ig n ifican t
** Y ates C o rr e c tio n w as u se d in the co m p u tatio n of
2
X fo r th is ta b le due to sm a ll N.
134
T A B L E 29. A C o m p a riso n of 12 D om inant W iv es' M M PI S c a le s,
Si, L and E s by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
F ound Found Found
A m ong 3 A m ong 8 A m ong 3
2
M M PI L ow est H ig h e st L o w est X
S cales S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d /f = 2 Sig.
Si 8 3 1 10.079 .01
L 8 4 0 10.589 .01
E s 3 8 1 (Not com puted)
* Y ates c o rre c tio n w as u sed in
of th is ta b le due to * m a ll N.
th e co m p u tatio n
135
H ypothesis 13
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s , Els, Pd, Mf a n d Hy w ill be
am ong the 4 h ig h e st fo r A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usb ands. The null
h y p o th esis w ill be te s te d in T able 30.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is re je c te d and th e h y p o th esis
is a c c e p te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s E s, P d and M f and Hy a r e p re d ic tiv e of
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands w hen th e s e s c a le s a r e am ong th e 4 h ig h
e s t points on the M M PI. Scale Hy does not r e a c h th e le v e l of c o n fi
dence s e t fo r th e s e data, althoug h the s c a le tends to a p p e a r in the
u p p e r and m id d le g ro u p s of s c a le s of th is group of H usband s.
H ypothesis 14
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s L > , Si and P t w ill be am ong the
lo w est 3 fo r A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H u sb an d s. The n ull h y p o th esis is
te s te d in T ab le 31.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s L and Si a r e p re d ic tiv e of A g g r e s s iv e -
o v e rt H usbands w hen th ey a r e am ong the th re e lo w e st points on the
M M PI. S cale P t does not r e a c h the le v e l of sig n ific a n c e s e t fo r th e se
data.
The M M PI p ro file of th e A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usband should
c o n ta in th e follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. S c a le s E s, P d an d M f should be am ong the 4 h ig h est,
2. S c a le s L and Si sh o u ld be am ong the 3 low est.
136
T A B L E 30. A C o m p a riso n of 33 A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H u sb an d s'
M M PI S c a le s, E s , P d , M f and Hy by a T h e o r e tic a l
D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S cales
Found
A m ong 4
H ig h e st
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 6
M iddle
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 4
L o w est
S c a le s
X 2
d /f = 2 Sig.
E s 22 7 4 23. 566 . 001
P d 21 9 3 20. 517 . 001
Mf 22 8 3 23. 885 . 001
Hy
16 12 5 7. 007 . 05
137
T A B L E 31. A C o m p a riso n of 33 A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H u sb an d s'
M M PI S c a le s, L, Si and P t by a T h e o r e tic a l D is tr ib u
tion.
M M PI
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
L o w est
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
H ig h e st
S c a le s
x 2
d / f = 2 Sig.
L 19 14 0 25.511 . 001
Si 22
9
2 35.761 . 001
P t 12 18 3 5. 909 . 10
138
H ypothesis 15
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s Pd, Hy, Sc and D w ill be am ong
the 4 h ig h est fo r A g g re s s iv e -o v e rt W ives. The n ull h y p o th esis is
te s te d in T able 32.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th e s
is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s P d and Hy a r e p re d ic tiv e of A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt W ives when th e s e a r e am ong the 4 h ig h e st points on the M M PI.
S cales Sc an d D a r e not p re d ic tiv e of A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives.
H ypothesis 16
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s Mf, Si and L w ill be am ong the
3 lo w est fo r A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives. The null h y p o th esis is in
T ab le 33.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th e s
is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s M f and L a re p re d ic tiv e of A g g r e s s iv e -
o v e rt W ives w hen th e s e a r e am ong the lo w e st th re e points on the
M M PI. S clae Si is not p r e d ic te d beyond chance p ro b ab ility .
The M M PI p ro file of A g g re s s iv e - o v e r t W ives sh ould co n tain
the follow ing c h a r a c te r is tic s :
1. S cales P d and Hy should a p p e a r am ong the 4 h ig h est
p o in ts .
2. S c a le s Mf and L sh o u ld a p p e a r am ong the 3 lo w est points
on the M M PI.
H ypothesis 17
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s Pd, P t, D and E s w ill be am ong
the 4 h ig h e st fo r A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usbands. The null h y p o th esis
is te s te d in T ab le 34.
139
T A B L E 32. A C o m p a riso n of 32 A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W iv es' M M PI
S c a le s, P d, Hy, Sc and D by a T h e o re tic a l D is tr ib u
tion.
F ound F ound Found
A m ong 4 A m ong 6 A m ong 4
M M PI H ig h e st M iddle L o w est X
S cales S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d /f = 2 Sig.
P d 21 8 3 19.538 . 001
Hy
14 16 2 9. 115 . 02
Sc 14 14 4
5.4 4 9 .1 0
D 13 12 7 1. 827 N. S. *
*Not S ig n ific an t.
140
T A B L E 33. A C o m p a riso n of 32 A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives' M M PI
S c a le s, Mf, Si and L by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
L o w est
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 3
H ig h e st
S c a le s
x 2
d /f = 2 Sig.
Mf 20 12 0 30.612 . 001
Si 11 13 8 2. 889 N. S.
L 12 19 1 8. 593 . 02
*Not S ignificant.
141
T A B L E 34. A C o m p a riso n of 25 A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H u sb an d s'
M M PI S c a le s ,P d , P t, D and E s by a T h e o re tic a l
D istrib u tio n .
F ou nd F ound Found
A m ong 4 A m ong 6 A m ong 4
M M PI H ig h e st M iddle L o w est X
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d /f = 2 Sig.
P d 14 10 1 11.002 . 005
P t 10 11 4 2. 669 N. S. *
D 14 7 4 8. 312 . 02
E s 12 6 7 5. 810 . 10
*N ot S ignificant.
142
C onclusion. The n u ll h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d an d the
h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s P d and D a re p re d ic tiv e of A g g re s s iv e -
c o v e rt H usbands w hen th e s e a r e am ong the h ig h est four po ints on the
M M PI. S c a le s E s a n d P t a r e n o t p re d ic tiv e as ex p ec te d sin c e they
a r e not sig n ific an tly d iffe re n t fro m ch an ce.
H y p o th esis 18
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s Hs, L and Si w ill be am ong the
lo w e st 3 for A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usbands. The null h y p o th esis w ill
be te s te d in T able 35.
C onclusion. The n u ll h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s Hs and L a r e p re d ic tiv e of A g g re s s iv e -
c o v e rt H usbands w hen th e s e a re am ong the 3 lo w e st points on the
M M PI. S cale Si is not p re d ic tiv e and not d iffe re n t fro m chance
ex p ec ta tio n .
The M M P I p ro file s of A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usbands should
co n tain the follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. S c a le s P d and D sh o u ld be am ong the h ig h e st four,
2. S c a le s L. and Hs should be am ong the lo w est 3 po in ts.
H y p o th esis 19
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s P d, D, P a and Hy w ill be am ong
th e 4 h ig h e st fo r A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives. The null h y p o th esis is
te s te d in T able 36.
C onclusion. The null H y pothesis is r e je c te d and the h y p o th
e s is is a cc ep ted .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s P d, D, P a and Hy a r e p re d ic tiv e of
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives when th e s e a r e am ong the 4 h ig h e st po in ts
on the M M PI.
143
T A B L E 35. A C o m p a riso n of 25 A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H u sb an d s'
M M PI S c a le s, H s, L and Si by a T h e o re tic a l D is tr ib u
tion.
M M PI
S cales
Found
A m ong 3
L o w est
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 3
H ig h est
S c a le s
x 2
d /f = 2 Sig.
Hs 12 12 1 10.882 .01
L 18 7 0 27.151 . 001
Si
9 11 5 2. 398 N. S.
*N ot S ignificant.
144
T A B L E 36. A C o m p a riso n of 43 A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W iv es' M M PI
S c a le s, P d , D, P a and Hy by a T h e o re tic a l D is tr ib u
tion.
M M PI
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 4
H ig h e st
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 6
M iddle
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 4
L o w e st
S c a le s
x 2
d /f = 2 Sig.
Pd 21 20 2 14. 808 . 001
D 20 14 9 6. 799 . 05
P a 22 18 3 13. 867 . 001
Hy 20 19 . 4 10. 262 . 005
145
H y p o th esis 20
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s Mf, M a an d L > w ill be am ong the
3 lo w est fo r A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives. The null h y p o th esis w ill be
te s te d in T able 37.
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is re je c te d at the . 95 le v e l
of confidence o r beyond, and the h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s Mf, M a a n d L a r e p re d ic tiv e of
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives w hen th e s e a r e am ong the 3 lo w e st points
on th e M M PI.
The M M PI p ro file s of A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives should
co n tain the follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. S c a le s P d, D, P a and Hy sh ould be am ong the 4 h ig h est
points,
2. S c a le s Mf, L. and M a sh o u ld be am ong the 3 lo w est points.
H y pothesis 21
The h y p o th esis is th a t s c a le s P t, D, P d and Mf w ill be am ong
the 4 h ig h e st fo r S u b m issiv e H usbands. The null h y p o th esis is te s te d
in T able 38.
C onclusion. The n ull h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th esis
re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s D and M f a r e p re d ic tiv e of S u b m issiv e
H usbands w hen th e s e a r e found am ong the 4 h ig h e st points on the
M M PI. S c a le s P t and P d a r e not c le a rly p re d ic tiv e of S u b m issiv e
H usbands, altho ugh in the e x p e c te d d ire c tio n .
H y pothesis 22
The h y p o th esis is that s c a le s L, K an d Si w ill be am ong the
lo w e st 3 fo r S u b m issiv e H usban ds. The null h y p o th esis is te s te d in
T able 39.
146
T A B L E 37. A C o m p a riso n of 43 A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives' M M PI
S c a le s, M f, M a and L by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 3
L ow est
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
H ig h e st
S c a le s
x 2
d /f = 2
Sig.
Mf 28 12 3 42. 508 . 001
Ma 17 20 6 7. 069 . 05
L 17 21 5 7. 726 . 025
147
T A B L E 38. A C o m p a riso n of 25 S u b m issiv e H u sb a n d s' M M PI
S c a le s, P t, P d and M f by a T h e o r e tic a l D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S cales
Found
A m ong 4
H ig h e st
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 6
M iddle
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 4
L o w est
S c a le s
X 2
d /f = 2 Sig.
P t 13 7 5 5 .2 9 9 . 10
D 15 5 5 10.072 .01
P d 12 10 3 5. 696 . 10
Mf 13 9 3 6. 521 . 05
148
T A B L E 39. A C o m p a riso n of 25 S u b m issiv e H u sb a n d s' M M PI
S c a le s, L, K and Si by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
M M PI
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 3
L o w est
S c a le s
Found
A m ong 8
M iddle
S c a le s
F ound
A m ong 3
H ig h e st
S c a le s
x 2
d / f = 2 Sig.
L 20 4 1 4 5 . 922 . 001
K 7 16 2 3. 180 N. S.
s i 7 12 6 . 547 N. S.
*Not S ignificant.
149
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the
h y p o th esis re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . Scale L is a v e ry re lia b le p r e d ic to r of S u b m is
siv e H usbands when it is found am ong the 3 lo w est points on the
M M PI. S c a le s K and Si fail to d iffe re n tia te S u b m issiv e H usbands
sin c e th e ir d istrib u tio n s a r e not d iffe re n t fro m chance.
The M M PI p ro file s of S u b m issiv e H usbands should co n tain the
follow ing c h a r a c te r is tic s :
1. S c a le s D and Mf should be am ong the 4 h ig h est p o in ts,
2. S cale L should be am ong the lo w est 3 points.
H ypothesis 23
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s Si, K, Sc and Hy w ill be am ong
th e 4 h ig h e st fo r S u b m issiv e W ives. The null h y p o th esis is te s te d in
T ab le 40.
C onclusion. The n ull h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the
h y p o th esis re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . Since the d istrib u tio n s of S cales Si, K, Sc and Hy
a m on g high and low points on th e M M PI a r e not sig n ifican tly d iffe re n t
fro m chance they a r e not p re d ic tiv e of S u b m issiv e W ives. It w ould
a p p e a r th at th e re a r e no high s c a le s fo r th is gro up w hich c le a r ly
d e lin e a te s th em fro m o th e rs .
H ypothesis 24
The h y p o th esis is th at s c a le s Mf, L and M a w ill be am ong the
3 lo w e st fo r S u b m issiv e W ives. The n u ll h y p o th esis w ill be te s te d in
T able 41.
C onclusion. The nu ll h y p o th esis is re je c te d and the
h y p o th esis is acc ep ted .
D isc u ssio n . S c a le s Mf, L and M a a r e p re d ic tiv e of S u b m issiv e
W ives w hen found am ong the 3 lo w e st points on the M M PI.
150
T A B L E 40. A C o m p a ris o n of 23 S u b m issiv e W iv e s1 M M PI S c a le s,
Si, K, Sc and Hy by a T h e o r e tic a l D istrib u tio n .
F ound F ound Found
A m ong 4 A m ong 6 A m ong 4
M M PI H ig h e st M iddle L o w est X
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d /f = 2 Sig.
Si 10 9
4 2. 246 N. S*
K 12 6 5 6. 342 . 05
Sc 10 6 7 2. 077 N. S .*
Hy
10 4
9
4. 311 N. S. *
*Not S ignificant.
151
T A B L E 41. A C o m p a ris o n of 23 S u b m issiv e W iv es' M M PI S c a le s,
Mf, L and M a by a T h e o re tic a l D istrib u tio n .
F ound Found F ound
A m ong 3 A m ong 8 A m ong 3
2
M M PI L o w est M iddle H ig h e st X
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s d / f = 2 Sig.
M f 13 6 4 1 4.808 .001
L 15 7 1 2 3 .5 9 3 .001
M a 11 9 3 8 .0 6 0 .0 2
152
The M M PI p ro file s of S u b m issiv e W ives sh o u ld co n ta in the
follow ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
1. Scale K shou ld be am ong the 4 h ig h e st p o in ts.
2. S c a le s L, Mf and M a should be am ong the 3 lo w e st s c a le s .
C o o p erativ e S p ouses a n d M M PI C on fig u ratio n s
T h e re is no p r io r r e s e a r c h to in d ic ate the M M PI p ro file
p a tte rn s of C o o p e rativ e s p o u s e s . H ow ever, in th is stu d y 6 H usbands
and 6 W ives w e re r a te d a s C o o p e rativ e an d it is im p o rta n t fo r fu r th e r
r e s e a r c h in m a r r ia g e co u n selin g th a t t h e i r c h a r a c te r is tic p a tte r n s be
r e p o r te d and c o m p a re d w ith the M M P I p a tte r n s of the o th e r p e r s o n
a lity ty p e s.
T able 42 re v e a ls the M M PI s c a le s of C o o p erativ e H usbands
w hich a p p e a re d m o s t often am o n g the 4 h ig h e st s c a le s an d the
fre q u e n c y w ith w hich th e s e s c a le s a p p e a re d in the m id d le and lo w e st
ra n g e s of the p ro file s .
D isc u ssio n . It w ould a p p e a r th a t the E s s c a le m ig h t be
im p o rta n t in th e p re d ic tio n of the C o o p e rativ e H usband, w hen th is
s c a le a p p e a rs am ong the h ig h e r s c a le s on the M M PI.
T ab le 43 re v e a ls th e M M PI s c a le s w hich a p p e a re d m o s t often
am ong th e 3 lo w e st s c a le s and th e fre q u e n c y w ith w hich th e s e s c a le s
a p p e a re d in the m id d le an d lo w e st ra n g e s of C o o p e rativ e H u sb an d s'
p ro file s .
D isc u ssio n . It is u n c e rta in th at th e r e is any p a tte rn am ong
the 3 lo w e st s c a le s of C o o p e rativ e H usban ds. T h e re a r e four s c a le s
r e p o r te d above due to the fac t th a t th e r e w e re tie s fo r four s c a le s in
a ll th r e e ra n g e s .
T able 44 r e v e a ls the M M PI s c a le s of C o o p erativ e W ives w hich
a p p e a re d m o s t often am ong the 4 h ig h e st s c a le s and th e fre q u e n c y w ith
w hich th e s e s c a le s a p p e a re d in th e m id d le and lo w e st ra n g e s of the
p ro file s .
153
T A B L E 42. T he F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 4 H ig h e st
M M PI S c a le s a p p e a re d in the M iddle 5 and
L o w est 4 P o in ts on the P r o f ile s of 6 C oop
e ra tiv e H u sb an d s.
M M PI
S c a le s
4 H ig h est
S c a le s
6 M iddle
S c a le s
4 L o w est
S c a le s
E s 4 2 0
Mf 3 3 0
D 2 3 1
K 1 5 0
154
T A B L E 43. T he F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 3 L ow est
M M PI S c a le s a p p e a re d in the M iddle 7 and
the H ig h e st 3 P o in ts on the P ro f ile s of 6
C o o p e ra tiv e H u sb an d s.
M M PI
S c a le s
3 L ow est
S c a le s
8 M iddle
S c a le s
3 H ig h e st
S c a le s
L 2 4 0
F 2 4 0
Ma 2 4 0
Si 2 4 0
155
T A B L E 44. T he F re q u e n c ie s with w hich the 4 H ighest
M M PI S c a le s a p p e a re d in the M iddle 5 and
the L ow est 4 P o in ts on the P ro file s of 6
C o o p erativ e W ives.
M M PI
S cales
4 H ighest
S cales
6 M iddle
S cales
4 L ow est
S cales
Hy 3 3 0
P a 3 3 0
P t 2 3 1
Ma 2 3 1
156
D isc u ssio n . It w ould a p p e a r fro m T ab le 44 th a t M M P I S c a le s
Hy and P a m a y be p re d ic tiv e of the C o o p e rativ e W ives w hen found
am ong the 4 h ig h est points of th is te s t.
T able 45 re v e a ls the M M PI s c a le s of C o o p e rativ e W ives w hich
a p p e a re d m o s t often am ong the 3 lo w e st s c a le s and the fre q u e n c y w ith
w hich th e s e s c a le s a p p e a re d in the m id d le an d h ig h e st ra n g e s of the
p ro file s . It w ould a p p e a r th at M M PI s c a le s Mf and L, and p o ssib ly
H s, m ig h t be p re d ic tiv e of C o o p e rativ e W ives w hen found am ong the
3 lo w est s c a le s of th is te s t.
C o m p a riso n of M M P I P ro file s
In o r d e r to get a c l e a r e r p ic tu re of the p ro file s of the m a jo r
p e rs o n a lity types the sig n ific a n t high and low s c a le s of H usbands and
W ives a r e s u m m a riz e d in T able 46.
1. It can be seen fro m T ab le 46 th a t so m e s c a le s a p p e a r in
m o s t of the p e rs o n a lity ty p es. P d o c c u rs am ong the 4 h ig h est points
in a ll p e rs o n a lity types of H usbands e x ce p t C o o p erativ e and m ay be
c h a r a c te r is tic of the m a r ita l d is c o rd H usband.
2. Mf is am ong the 4 h ig h e st points in 3 out of 5 ty p es and it
is not uncom m on th at Mf is high am ong m a le s ra te d by o th e rs as
being s e n s itiv e (37:193) A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H usbands m a y ten d to e m
p h a siz e th e ir " m a s c u lin e " in te r e s ts to a g r e a te r ex ten t than o th e r
ty p es p e rh a p s as a d efen se a g a in s t f e a r s of fem a le d om inance.
157
T A B L E 45. T he F re q u e n c ie s w ith w hich the 3 L ow est
M M PI S c a le s a p p e a re d in the M iddle 7 and
the H ig h e st 4 P o in ts on the P r o f ile s of 6
C o o p e ra tiv e W ives.
M M PI 3 L ow est 8 M iddle 3 H ig h est
S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s S c a le s
Mf 4 2 0
L 4 2 0
Hs 3 3 0
158
T A B L E 46. H u sb an d s' 4 H ig h e st M M PI S c a le s
O rd e r A c c o rd in g to X^.
in R ank
1 2 3 4
D om inant P d E s (Mf) (K)*
A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt Mf E s Pd
Hy
C o o p e rativ e E s Mf K D
A g g r e s s iv e -
c o v e rt P d D (Pt) (E s)
S u b m issiv e D Mf (Pt) (Pd)
♦ S cales in p a re n th e s e s w e re not sig n ifican tly
r e la te d to the p e rs o n a lity type but a p p e a re d
am ong the h ig h e s t (or low est) p o in ts.
159
3. E s Is am ong the 4 h ig h e st poin ts in 4 out of 5 of the
p e rs o n a lity ty p es and is n o tic ea b ly a b se n t in the p ro file s of the S u b
m is s iv e H usbands. S cale D is h o w ev er m o s t lik e ly to a p p e a r am ong
th e 4 h ig h e st points of S u b m issiv e H u sb an d s. T his m ig h t in d ic ate
th a t the M M PI is se n s itiv e to w hat L e a r y c a lls "the le v e l of public
c o m m u n ic a tio n " and th a t it does indeed r e fle c t an im p o rta n t fa c to r
in m a r r ia g e co u n selin g d iag n o sis - the p ro b a b le d e lin e a tio n of the
S u b m issiv e H usband. It is only sp e c u la tio n as to w h e th e r the la c k of
a high E s s c o r e and the fa c t of th e high D s c o r e is c a u se o r effect.
T his study does not a tte m p t to a n s w e r th a t q u estio n .
The only o th e r sin g le sc a le w hich s e e m s to be p re d ic tiv e of a
p e rs o n a lity type is Hy, w h ich along w ith Mf, E s, P d and Hy, p e rh a p s
in th at o r d e r , if th e s e a re the 4 h ig h e st points in d icated the lik elih o o d
of an A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usband.
It is not c e rta in w h e th e r the o r d e r of the s c a le s in T able 46 is
as im p o rta n t in the d e te rm in a tio n of p e rs o n a lity typ es as th e fact of
so m e s c a le s being h ig h e st on the p ro file s . F u r th e r study is in d ic ate d
h e re .
T ab le 47 show s th a t th e r e is a ten d en cy fo r m a r i ta l d is c o rd
H usbands to have as one of th e ir lo w e st 3 po in ts the s c a le s L and Si,
and p e rh a p s in th a t o rd e r.
It m a y be im p o rta n t th a t Scale P t is to be found am ong the
3 lo w e st po in ts on th e p ro file s of A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H u sb an d s. Scale
P t h as b een c a lle d th e p a s s iv e s c a le (148:95) and it does not show
high on the D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t p e rs o n a lity types but it
does a p p e a r am ong the 3 lo w est po in ts of A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H usbands,
w hich m a y be fu r th e r ev id en ce of P t, w hen low, in d icatin g la c k of
p a ssiv ity . P t a p p e a rs as the 4th lik ely high s c a le am ong S u b m issiv e
H usband s, although not sig n ific a n tly so, an d th e K s c a le , (which is
highly c o r r e la te d w ith E s) is th e se c o n d lo w est lo w e st am o ng th e s e
h u sb a n d s.
T able 48 s u m m a r iz e s the sig n ific a n t 4 high poin ts of W iv es'
M M PI s c a le s .
160
T A B L E 47. H u sb an d s' 3 L o w est M M PI S c a le s in R ank
2
O r d e r A c co rd in g to X .
1 2 3
D om inant L Si (D)
A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt Si L (Pt)
C o o p e rativ e L Si M a
A g g re s s iv e -
c o v e rt L Hs (Si)
S u b m issiv e L (K) (Si)
161
T A B L E 48. W ives' 4 H ig h est M M PI S c a le s in R ank O rd e r
A c co rd in g to X^.
1 2 3 4
D om inant P d (Sc) (Hy) (Pa)
A g g r e s s iv e -
o v e rt P d
Hy (Sc) (D)
C o o p e ra tiv e P a Hy P t M a
A g g r e s s iv e -
c o v e rt P d P a Hy
D
Subm is sive K (Hy) (Si) (Sc)
162
J u s t a s in the c a s e of H u sb an d s, m a r i ta l d is c o rd W ives have
m an y high points in co m m o n . Two of th e s e a r e P d and Hy. N otice
th a t D om inant and A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t W ives have v e ry s i m il a r high
p o in ts in th a t P d, Sc an d Hy a r e am ong the 3 h ig h e st lik ely p o s s ib il
itie s out of 4. It m a y be th a t th e s e s c a le s a r e p re d ic tiv e of D o m in
a n ce am ong m a r i ta l d is c o rd W ives. Note th at S u b m issiv e W ives had
only one s c a le w hich h a s sig n ific a n tly high as c o m p a re d w ith low on
th e ir p ro file s , n a m e ly K.
T ab le 49 s u m m a r iz e s the sig n ific a n t 3 low points of W iv es'
M M P I s c a le s .
A gain as w ith H usbands the W iv e s' lo w e st 3 points ten d ed to
be v e ry m u ch alik e w ith M f an d L holding m o s t of the 1st o r 2nd
p la c e p o s s ib ilitie s . Si being low s e e m s to d e lin e a te the m o re
a g g re s s iv e ty p es of W ives. Low M a m a y d istin g u ish the a g g r e s s iv e -
c o v e rt W ife. It is in te re s tin g to n o tic e th a t in the c a s e of both Sub
m is s iv e H usbands and W ives only low L is sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t
fro m ch ance to n ot a p p e a r am ong the 3 h ig h e st points.
The O v e r - a ll M M PI P r o f ile s of M a rita l D isc o rd
H usbands an d W ives
It is im p o rta n t in a stu d y of th is kind to re p o r t the o v e r - a ll
n a tu re of the p ro file s of m a r i ta l d is c o rd husb ands and w ives. T ab le
50 r e v e a ls the p ro file c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of 11 3 m a r i ta l d is c o rd H usbands
w ith the m e a n s an d s ta n d a rd s d ev iatio n s as in d icated . F ig u re 2 is a
p ro file of the 113 m a r i ta l d is c o rd H usbands usin g the m e a n s c a le
s c o r e s .
T ab le 51 re v e a ls the p ro file c h a r a c te r is tic s of 113 m a r i ta l
d is c o rd W ives w ith m e a n s and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s as in d icated .
F ig u re 3 is a p ro file of th e 113 m a r i ta l d is c o r d W ives using the m e a n
s c o r e s .
163
T A B L E 49. W ives' 3 L o w est M M PI S c a le s in R ank O rd e r
A c co rd in g to X^.
1 2 3
D om inant L Si (Es)
A g g r e s s iv e -
o v e rt Mf L (Si)
C o o p e rativ e Mf L Hs
Ajftgres siv e -
c o v e rt Mf L M a
Subm is sive L (Mf) (Ma)
164
T A B L E 50. M M PI S c a le s of 113 M a rita l D isc o rd H usbands
M eans and S ta n d a rd D eviation s.
M M PI
S c a le s M ean
S ta n d ard
D eviation
L 47. 3 5 .9
F 56. 4 8. 2
K 54. 6 9. 0
Hs 54. 0 1 1 .6
D 60. 2 12. 7
Hy 60. 1 8. 8
P d 64. 7 11.7
Mf 63. 2 9. 3
P a 57. 1 8. 1
P t 60. 1 13. 2
Sc 5 9 .4 12. 5
M a 57. 1 9. 8
Si 53. 4 11. 2
E s 60. 4 8. 0
J
Profile and C m Summary
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory N a B W
Slark* R . Hathaway and I. Chantey McKinley
Scom'i Uttab .....-
A ddrw L
M
M alt
1 l i t l i T I t t
Occupation. .D ata Taatad.
hor ItoeMdlng
Male
n o —
5 0 -
7 0 -
2 5 -
3 0 -
n-
130-
110-
00-
- 5 0 -
5 5 -
: O H
I O - - 3 0 - • 2 5 -
2 0 -
00- - 1 5 -
10-
I__
-0
H i t * D hT W T S h M K Sc+11 Ma+JH
low lew#
-A g«-
Marital S tatui.
'"I
N u ll
■ 4 4
N It 11
I IIt It
M 14 II
V 14 1 1
111 1 0
a 11 10
l i 11 10
a I t 1
a 1 1 1
: i 11 1
a II 0
i i 11 0
i t 17
n 17
i t 11
i s 11
14 » 1
IS s
II 1s
1 1 11
I t 11
I s 4
1
1
4
I
1
I
s 1 1
4 1 1
)
t
1
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
0
M a k d ia U iJl.
Ktekt added _
law S o w t w itk I _
C tp fiig hl I Mi All rifb tf nttm d
T H E NYCKOLOCnCAL C O I P O I A T I O N
3 0 4 B ad 4 5 l h B l r w w O
H tw Y o r k 1 7 , X tw T o o k
.Referred b y .
N O T E 8
Figure 2, Mean S co rei of 113 M arital
D iscord Husbands
Signature.
_Date_
60I43S
^ -----
Profito and Co m Summary
Tht Minnesota Multiphaiic Personality Inventory N a m # -
Starke R . Hathaway and I. Charnley McKinley Addreie
S ctm 'i ln ltta lt
1 1 1 4 I « 7
We ? I f I M P H i Wl M H ft+ ii
Occupation.
u o
I I S
iio - r
ID S
1 0 0
1 0 - j— IJ 0 --
I JO
SS
SO'
«
«'
s
S'
X
S -
0-'
Female
1 1 0 -
u r
»-
*-
1 t-
6 0 -
5 0 -
6 0 - 5 -
8 -
15-
0 -
I 6 • ___ _
M i ; f c n i u a h » a t« tc Education.
»-
-s
1 5 -
1 0 -
- e
. 5 - 8 i
1 0 *
“ I F
1 5 -
3 0 -
B - 3 5 -
1 0 -
- - j ^ - 5 5 -
5 0 -
3 0 -
1 0 -
5 0 -
5 0 -
6 0 -
35 -
3 0 -
3 0 -
1 5 -
Jfc.
5 -
X -
»
15
a
s
s
—8
8
-15
10
- I X
1 1 5
'1 1 0
1 0 5
'100
8
X
8
55
•50
'45
■ e
■35
•X
■a
- 3 0
-o
~ ~ W ' ’ L r K H i t j r D S T w ^ r a to Pl+lIC S t+ H M a+ j; e t » t 7
1 0 1 4 1 4 7 1 9 0
law tear* ___________
M
M i l l
1J4i
f tI II I1
I II II t1
f t I II I9
1 7I I11 1
f t1 1 19 1
I t 11 1 91
I II I1 9I
I II I91
B 11 91
II 11 11
B I I91
1 1 I I94
I I174
1 1971
1 111 1
I t ) 1I
1 171 1
I I 7 11
1 1111
11 111
II 1I1
I 11I
1111
1
1
4
1
1
I
1
1
t
1
I
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
9
1
I
9
K tokaadM _
law loan with!__
Signature.
166
T A B L E 51. M M PI S c a le s of 113 M a rita l D isc o rd W ives,
M ean s and S ta n d ard D ev iatio n s.
M M PI
S c a le s M ean
S tan d ard
D eviation
L 48. 8 6. 7
F 54. 9 8. 7
K 55. 9 8. 7
Hs 53. 2 9. 6
D 59. 1 11. 7
Hy
61. 6 10. 6
P d 65. 1 12. 2
M f 44. 3 9 .8
P a 59. 9
9 .4
P t 60. 0 11.5
Sc 60. 7 12. 4
Ma 55. 1 10. 6
Si 55. 6 10. 7
E s 54. 3 8. 1
The Minnesota Multiphaiic Penonality Inventory
Stearin R . Hathaway and I. Chamley McKinley
Profile and Case Summary
Name_
AddriML
F
f«Bd«
1 1 1 4 14 7 1 * 4 to lM ig
IfctJI D Hr M l h Pl+lt 8ctlt IfaKJt a Tate M&kiAto*
Female
n-
u o —
B - B -
a-
— c ~
r a -
»-
4 5 -
IH — 1 3 0 ----------- -S'
4 0 - 2 5 -
T JF
20-
25-
2 5 -
20-
1 5 -
1 0 -
S O -
TetTe
law lew
Occupation. _Date Tested-
Education. -A ge.
Marital Statu& _ -Reienred by_
N O TES
f M l
144
X 1 )
X I S
X 1 4
V 1 4
X 1 1
X 1 3
M 1 3
X I I
X 1 )
I I1 1
X 1 1
1 1 I I
I I1
I T 1
1 11
1 11
M 1
1 3J
I I1
1 11
I I3
«
1
1
1
i
4
4
3
i
i
l
i
i
«
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
0
F igure 3. Mean S cores of 113 M a rita l
D iscord Wives
(?)
KtobsadM _
law Sam w ith I _
Signature.
-Date_
Th« Minntsota Multiphaiie Ptnonality Inventory
Stark* R . Hathaway and J, Cfaamty MeBntoy
f c o M ’ iUMi— ----
ProHtoandCaMSnnmcPT
NatM-
A ddre*
OcatpaUoB.
M l t t t I.
1 I I 4 I » T » « *
HHg D Hr M tJC Ml h H » « fc 4 IIH » » J t I . W
IU
1 1 0 -
III
J »
Male
n o —
no-
no-
1 0 -
«-
J O -__
lo
ll- V
•JO—
s - i s
o -
1 0 -
18-
«-
*-
*-
1 0 -
Tr-*:*
1 0 -
3 8 -
»-
■ 3 0 -
JO
I I - JO
-
-------- IJ
IS
■
11"
» -
8-
tbi i r f i Wi t k m k h h j t y f w r j
Iwrfcw— — — ---------------— — — — — — —
0
M e
(?)
M M taUJA
Ilob»«4M_
lavlnnwiiE _
TS M YCM fiM Ktt Q O V O IM M it
tt& at tft kl fe M t
N («Y «klT,M iw T oik
80-148
Signahm
168
I t has been show n th a t c e rta in s c a le s on the M M P I a re c le a r ly
a s s o c ia te d w ith b ro a d p e rs o n a lity types of m a r i ta l d is c o rd H usbands
and W ives a s se en by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs . The D om inant H usban d
w as found to have a n M M PI p ro file on w h ich s c a le s P d and E s w e re
lik ely to be am ong the four h ig h e st p oints and Si and L. w e re m o s t
lik ely to be am ong the lo w e st s c a le s .
Dom in ant W ives w e re found to have M M PI p ro file s on w hich
s c a le s P d and Sc w e re m o s t lik ely to be am ong the fo u r h ig h est poin ts
and Si and L, am ong the th r e e lo w e st s c a le s .
A g g r e s s iv e - o v e r t H u sb a n d s' M M P I p ro file s w e re m o s t lik ely
to have am ong th e 4 h ig h e st s c a le s E s, P d and Mf, w hile the low est
3 s c a le s sh o u ld m o s t o ften co n ta in s c a le s L and Si. A g g re s s iv e -
o v e rt W iv e s' p ro file s ten d e d to have am ong the 4 h ig h e st points
s c a le s P d and Hy, and am ong the 3 lo w e st s c a le s Mf and L.
A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t H u sb a n d s' p ro file s w e re m a rk e d by P d and
D being am ong the 4 h ig h e st p o in ts, w hile the 3 lo w est s c a le s sh o u ld
co n tain L and H s. A g g r e s s iv e - c o v e r t W ives tend to have p ro file s
w hich have am ong the 4 h ig h e st points s c a le s Pd, D, P a and Hy,
w hile th e ir 3 lo w est s c a le s sh ould co n tain Mf, L and Ma.
S u b m issiv e H u sb a n d s' M M PI p ro file s w e re m a rk e d by s c a le s
D a n d Mf being am ong the 4 h ig h e st points and s c a le L being am ong
the 3 lo w est. S u b m issiv e W iv es' p ro file s w e re m o s t lik ely to have
sc a le K am o n g the 4 h ig h e st s c a le s , h o w e v er S u b m issiv e W ives'
lo w e st 3 s c a le s m o s t lik e ly c o n ta in e d s c a le s L, M f and M a.
T h e se findings ten d to su p p o rt th e h y p o th esis th a t th e r e a re
d iffe re n c e s in the p ro file c o n fig u ra tio n s of m a jo r p e rs o n a lity ty pes of
sp o u se s in m a r i ta l d is c o rd a s seen by m a r r ia g e c o u n s e lo rs , and th a t
th e s e d iffe re n c e s ten d to be m o re in t e r m s of th e high points on the
M M PI th an on the low s c a le s . T h is w ould im ply th a t in a fu rth e r
study p e rh a p s the L s c a le should not be c o n s id e re d a s one of the low
point s c a le s , so th a t o th e r d iffe re n tia tio n s am ong lo w e st s c a le s m ig h t
o c c u r, an d th at th e M M PI can be a u sefu l in s tru m e n t in the d iag n o sis
of ty p es of m a r i ta l d is c o r d h u sb an d s and w ives.
A nother re fin e m e n t of the r e s e a r c h tech n iq u e w ould be to do
a stu d y of this kind w ith m o r e than one judge of the p e rs o n a lity ty p es.
The n ext c h a p te r w ill d e a l w ith so c io lo g ic a l pow er, m a r ita l
a d ju s tm e n t an d s e lf p e rc e p tio n .
C H A PT ER VI
SOCIOLOGICAL PO W ER , M A RITA L A D JU STM EN T
AND S E L F P E R C E P T IO N
Introdu ction
T h e re a r e c e r ta in so c io lo g ic a l fa c to rs w hich a r e c h a r a c t e r
istic of individual w h e th er they a r e m a r r i e d o r sin g le, and w h eth er
th e r e is re la tiv e m a r i ta l h a rm o n y o r m a r ita l d is c o rd . T h ese s o c io
lo g ical fa c to rs have been shown to be dynam ic in m a r ita l and o th e r
in te rp e rs o n a l re la tio n s h ip s .
Spouses who com e fro m g re a tly d ifferin g so c ia l back g ro u n d s
have g r e a te r difficulty in m aking m a r r ia g e su c c e e d than th o se who
co m e fro m s im ila r b a c k g ro u n d s. T hat w hich is p e rc e iv e d as rig h t,
good and p r o p e r to th o se of one so c ia l c la s s a r e often thought of as
being w rong, bad and im p ro p e r to th o se of a n o th e r c la s s . And
although g re a t e ffo rt m a y be expended on the p a r ts of both to a d ju st
to e a c h o th er, the r e s u lt m ay not be re w a rd in g , in ste a d co n flict m ay
b eco m e a p e rm a n e n t condition of the m a r r ia g e (24:431; 145;149).
D iffe re n c e s in S o cio lo g ical P o w e r
and M a rita l A d ju stm en t
It is p ro p o se d th a t d iffe re n t so c ia l le v e ls of b ack g ro u n d of
sp o u ses, th e re fo re , often lead to a stru g g le betw een th em and th at th is
stru g g le tak e s on the c h a r a c te r is tic s of a p o w er conflict. It is
fu r th e r p ro p o se d th a t th e r e e x is ts w ithin the individual a kind of
in te rn a liz e d a s s u m p tio n of his p o w er p o sitio n (ro le) w hich is the
re s u lt, in p a rt, of his so c io lo g ic a l back g ro u n d . This back g ro u n d
c o n s is ts of his view of h im s e lf as a m ea n in g fu l m e m b e r of so m e
fam ily tra d itio n , e. g. , "A S m ith does not do th at s o r t of thing, " o r
"T he Sm iths a r e good to th e ir w ord, " etc. , a ttitu d e s to w a rd m oney
o r th e la c k of it, e d u c a tio n a l le v e l a ttain e d , re lig io n and job, as
c o m p a re d to th a t of his sp o u se.
170
171
It is a ls o p ro p o se d th at th e s e b a ck g ro u n d fa c to rs , by definition,
b eco m e a p a r t of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c m ode of p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n
and help to p re d is p o s e the individual to behave in c e r ta in w ays to w a rd
his m a r r ia g e p a r tn e r . T his m ode of e x p re s s io n can be thought of as
on a lev e l of a w a r e n e s s d iffe re n t fro m th a t of co n scio u s s e lf p e r c e p
tion, o r as L e a r y c a lls it, "the le v e l of co n scio u s c o m m u n ic a tio n "
(98:1 32ff). R a th e r th e r e is " th e le v e l of p ublic c o m m u n ic a tio n "
a c c o rd in g to L e a ry , w hich is m e a s u r e d in v a rio u s w ays including
s o c io m e tr ic s c a le s , but the m eth o d m o s t u se d in th e K a is e r stu d y w as
th at of the M M PI and r e f e r r e d to a s L e v e l I.
T his le v e l is an e s tim a te of sy m p to m a tic b e h a v io r and is felt
to be v e ry m u ch a p a r t of the p e rs o n a lity in its public c o m m u n ic a tio n
to th e c lin ic o r c lin ic ia n th a t "this is the w ay I am , and th e se a r e m y
s y m p to m s " . T hey im ply, o r as L e a ry puts it, "they e x p r e s s an
in te rp e rs o n a l m e s s a g e " a s to how the p a tie n t e x p ec ts to be tr e a te d
by o th e rs (93:107).
The le v e l of public c o m m u n ic a tio n is re d u c e d to a re fle x
m e c h a n ism an d is th e re fo re r a th e r a u to m a tic in its e x p re s s io n and
r a th e r c o m p le te ly ra tio n a liz e d . F o r th e s e r e a s o n s it is p o s s ib le to
a s s u m e th a t th e po w er o rie n te d p e rs o n w ould have so m e difficulty in
s u p p re s s in g h is p o w er o rie n ta tio n on th e M M PI index, and th a t a t
this le s s c o n scio u s le v e l of public c o m m u n ic a tio n one w ould have a
r a th e r a c c u ra te e s tim a te of the p e r s o n 's pow er ten d en cy th an m ig h t
o th e rw is e be tru e on th e le v e l of c o n scio u s d e sc rip tio n , fo r e x am p le,
L e v e l II.
T h e re fo re , it sh o u ld be p o s s ib le to p re d ic t, in a stu dy of th is
kind, th at co u p les w ith g r e a te r d iffe re n c e s in so c io lo g ic a l pow er w ill
be le s s w ell m a r ita lly a d ju s te d than couples who a r e m o r e n e a rly
a lik e in so c io lo g ic a l p o w er. A lso, th a t th e r e sh o u ld be a sig n ific a n tly
high d e g re e of a s s o c ia tio n b etw een the le v e l of public c o m m u n ic a tio n
(L ev el I) and o v e r - a ll p o w er of in d iv id u als in m a r r ia g e .
T h ese co n cep ts have been o p e ra tio n a lly defined and can be
te s te d a s h y p o th e se s.
172
H ypothesis 25
S ociological P o w e r has been o p e ra tio n a lly defined as the s c o re
a sp o u se re c e iv e s on P a r t I of the S ociological P o w er Index, Appendix
B. A c o u p le 's S ociolo gical P o w e r D isc re p a n c y s c o r e is e a sily o b
tain ed by su b tra c tin g the W ife's s c o re fro m the H usband's s c o re and
adding a co n stan t. The re s u lt is an o p e ra tio n a lly defined m ethod of
d e te rm in in g w hich couples d iffer m o s t and w hich le s s in Sociological
P o w e r as r e f e r r e d to above.
M a rita l a d ju s tm e n t has been o p e ra tio n a lly defined as the d i s
c re p a n c y s c o re s couples re c e iv e on the In te rp e rs o n a l C heck L ist,
L ev e l II, w hen H u sb an d 's and W ife's view s of e ac h o th e r and th e ir
view s of th e ir Ideal Spouse a r e co m p iled and a p p ro p ria te ly c alc u la te d
as p re v io u sly d e sc rib e d .
The hy p o th esis is th at th e r e is a sig n ific an t re la tio n sh ip b e
tw een c o u p le 's d isc re p a n c y in so c io lo g ica l pow er and th e ir m a r ita l
a d ju stm e n t. The null hyp o th esis is that th e re is no d ifferen ce b e
tw een c o u p le 's so c io lo g ic a l p o w er d isc re p a n c y s c o r e s and th e ir M a r-
2
ita l A djustm ent s c o r e s . The X m ed ian te s t for the d e g re e of a s s o
c iatio n w ill be used.
The re s u lts of this c o m p a riso n a r e found in T able 52.
C onclusion. The null hy p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the hypoth
e s is is re je c te d .
D iscu ssio n . T h e re is no tr e n d in the d ire c tio n th at w as p r e
d icted and the d istrib u tio n is not d ifferen t fro m chance. It w ould a p
p e a r th at sin c e the m e a s u re of M a rita l A d justm ent is p re s u m e d to be
valid and th at the S ociological P o w e r Index has a t le a s t c o n s tru c t v a
lidity from p r io r r e s e a r c h that, (1) th is sa m p le does not re fle c t the
d iffe re n c e s ex p ected due to a chance fa c to r, o r (2) the sa m p le is
draw n from the m iddle c la s s in w hich the so c io lo g ica l fa c to rs once
re lie d upon as in d ic a to rs of so c ia l d ifferen ce a re no lo n g er valid, at
le a s t fo r this group, due to g r e a te r e x p e c ta tio n s of so c ia l m obility
am ong a ll m iddle c la s s groups and e sp e c ia lly those who live in la rg e
c itie s.
173
T A B L E 52. A C o m p a ris o n of C o u p le 's S ocio lo g ical P o w e r
D isc re p a n c y S c o re s and th e ir M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s .
C o u p le's M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
C o u p le's Below
S o cio M edian 22 27
49
lo g ic al
D is c r e p
A t o r
A bove
ancy
S c o re s
M edian
C olum n
30 32 62
T o tals 52
59 111
x 2 = = -.134, d / f = 1.
Not S ignificant
174
D iffe re n c e s in O v e r - a ll P o w e r
and M a r ita l A d ju stm en t
P o w e r is m ad e of m any th in g s as has been p re v io u s ly noted.
It m a y be th at a b e tte r index to the p r e s u m e d p o w e r co n flict of m a r i ta l
d is c o rd p a ir s is b e s t m e a s u r e d by a m o re in clu siv e e s tim a te o r index
of p o w e r th an th a t of s o c ia l p o w e r alone (above).
H ypothesis 26
O v e r -a ll P o w e r has been o p e ra tio n a lly defined a s the s c o r e s
H usbands and W ives re c e iv e on P a r t s I, II, III, IV an d V of the
S o c io lo g ic al P o w e r Index. It w ill be r e m e m b e r e d th a t e a c h of the
above s c o r e s is added to the o th e r e x ce p t fo r P a r t II w hich is s u b
tr a c te d fro m th e su m of P a r t s I, III, IV and V. The O v e r- a ll P o w e r
D isc re p a n c y s c o r e is o b tain ed by s u b tra c tin g the W iv e's o v e r - a ll
P o w e r s c o r e fro m the H u sb an d 's and adding a c o n sta n t to e lim in a te
m in u s s c o r e s . M a rita l a d ju s tm e n t has been o p e ra tio n a lly defined
e ls e w h e re .
The h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t p o sitiv e r e la tio n
ship betw een the O v e r-a ll P o w e r d is c re p a n c y s c o r e s of C ouples an d
e a c h s p o u s e 's M a r ita l A d ju stm en t s c o r e s . T his w ill n e c e s s ita te the
h y p o th esis being in tw o p a r ts , h y p o th e sis 26 w ill be in r e f e r e n c e to
H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and h y p o th esis 27 to W ives'
M a rita l A d ju stm en t s c o r e s .
The n u ll h y p o th e sis is th at th e r e is no d iffe re n c e in th e d i s t r i
bution of th e s c o r e s of H u sb a n d 's M a r ita l A d ju stm en t a n d th e s c o r e s
2
of the C o u p le's O v e r - a ll P o w e r d is c re p a n c y . The X m e d ia n te s t w ill
be u se d as in T able 53.
C onclusion. The n u ll h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A lthough the tr e n d of s c o r e s is in the p re d ic te d
d ire c tio n th e r e is not su fficie n t p o sitiv e a s s o c ia tio n to be s u r e
a t the . 95 le v e l of con fidence of th is a s a fact.
175
T A B L E 53. A C o m p a riso n of C o u p le 's O v e r -a ll P o w e r D is
c re p a n c y S c o re s and H u sb an d s' M a r ita l A d ju s t
m e n t S c o re s .
H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
C o u p le 's Below
O v e r- a ll M edian 29 24 53
P o w e r
D is c r e p
ancy
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian
C olum n
23 30 50
T o ta ls 52 54 106
X 2 = 1. 359, d / f = 1.
Not S ignificant.
176
H ypothesis 27
The h y p o th esis is th at th e r e is sig n ific a n t p o sitiv e r e la tio n
sh ip betw een the O v e r -a ll P o w e r D isc re p a n c y s c o r e s of C ouples and
W iv e s1 M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s . T he n u ll h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e
is no d iffe re n c e in the d is trib u tio n of s c o r e s of C o u p le fs O v e r- a ll
P o w e r D isc re p a n c y s c o r e s an d W iv e s 1 M a r ita l A d ju stm en t s c o r e s .
T able 54 re v e a ls th e r e s u lts of th is c o m p a ris o n .
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A lthough the d ire c tio n is as it w as p re d ic te d the
a s s o c ia tio n betw een W iv e s 1 M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and the c o u p le d O v e r
a ll P o w e r D isc re p a n c y is not s tro n g enough to be c e rta in , w ithin a
n a rro w m a rg in of co nfid ence th a t th is a s s o c ia tio n is not a chance
fa c to r.
S o c io lo g ic al P o w e r and the
L e v e l of P u b lic -
C o m m u n icatio n
C e rta in so c io lo g ic a l conditioning fa c to rs of p e rs o n a lity w hich
go to m ak e up th e p o w e r o rie n ta tio n of in d iv id u als h as a lre a d y been
d is c u s s e d in th is c h a p te r and e ls e w h e re . S o cio lo g ical P o w e r has
been o p e ra tio n a lly d efined a s th e s c o r e e a c h H usband an d Wife
re c e iv e s on P a r t I of the S o c io lo g ic al P o w e r Index.
The le v e l of*public o m m u n ic atio n has been d is c u s s e d in the
beginning of th is c h a p te r. F o r the p u rp o s e s of th is stu d y "the lev e l
of public c o m m u n ic a tio n 1 1 is fu rth e r o p e ra tio n a lly defined h e re w ith .
L e a ry has d e lin e a te d e ig h t ty p es of p e rs o n a lity a d ju s tm e n t
(93:265-350). T h e se can be thought of as v e ry c le a r d iag n o stic ty p es.
H ow ever, th e re is so m e o v e rla p and L e a r y points out th a t it m a y be
ju s t a s ad v an tag eo u s to th in k in b r o a d e r p e rs o n a lity typings at tim e s ,
so th a t his ty p es a r e a ls o s e e n in t e r m s of four b r o a d e r ty p e s; fo r
e x am p le , the D o m in a n t-h o stile , th e S u b m is s iv e -h o s tile , the D o c ile -
dependent, an d the C o o p e ra tiv e -h e lp fu l ty p e s.
177
T A B L E 54. A C o m p a ris o n of C o u p le 's O v e r- a ll P o w e r D is
c re p a n c y S c o re s and W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
W ives M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
C o u p le s1 Below
O v e r -a ll M edian 23 30 53
P o w e r
D is c r e p
ancy
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian
C olum n
31 27 58
T o ta ls 54 57 111
X 2 = 1. 120, d /f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
178
The two m a jo r ty p es w hich a r e on the D om inant sid e of the
L e a ry c la s s ific a tio n a r e in te r m s of Q u a d ra n ts. T h ese a r e N O -A P
w hich a r e c a lle d "A d ju stm en t th ro u g h R e sp o n sib ility : The H y p e r
n o rm a l P e r s o n a lity " and "A d ju stm en t T h ro u g h P o w e r: T he A uto
c ra tic P e rs o n a lity . " and the B C -D e w hich a r e c alled , "A d ju stm en t
T h ro u g h C om petition: T he N a r c is s is tic P e r s o n a lity " an d A d ju stm en t
T h ro u g h A g g re ssio n : The S a d istic P e rs o n a lity . "
The tw o m a jo r ty p es w hich a r e on the S u b m issiv e side a r e the
F G -H I w hich a re c a lle d , "A d ju stm en t T h ro u g h R eb ellio n : The
D is tru s tfu l P e rs o n a lity , " and "A d ju stm en t T h ro u g h S e lf-E ffa c e m e n t:
The m a s o c h is tic P e r s o n a lity . " Q u a d ran t JK -L M is c a lle d "A d ju st
m e n t T h ro u g h D ocility: The D ependent P e rs o n a lity , " and "A d ju st
m en t T h ro u g h C o o p e ratio n : The O v e r-C o n v e n tio n a l P e r s o n a lity "
(93:315-350).
H y pothesis 28
The h y p o th esis is th at H usbands and W ives, when taken as
g ro u p s, who s c o r e h ig h e st in S o cio lo g ical P o w e r, w ill a ls o be the
H usbands and W ives who ten d to fall into th e N O -A P q u a d ra n t on the
lev el of public co m m u n icatio n , ICL, I, w hich is tak en fro m the sc a le
s c o r e s on the M M PI. The n ull h y p o th esis is th at th e r e is no d if f e r
ence in the ra te at w h ich H usbands and W ives, taken as g ro u p s, w ill
S o cio lo g ical P o w e r s c o r e s a t o r above the m ed ian , w ill fa ll into
q u a d ra n t N O -A P, ICL, I. ^
A Note on M ethod: In the above c o m p a ris o n s the m ed ian
s c o r e s w e re u se d a s the cutting points for S o c io lo g ic al P o w e r. H ow
e v e r, th e cutting point u sed fo r th e ICL, I, is the m ean of th e s ta n d
a rd iz in g g ro u p s of L e a ry and h is a s s o c ia te s . Since th is p ro b le m w as
not a n tic ip a te d a t the beginning of the p r e s e n t study no e ffo rt w as
m ad e to u se the m e d ia n s c o r e of th is group fo r th is c o m p a ris o n , and
a s a m a t t e r of fact w ould h a v e been in a p p ro p ria te . F o r th is re a s o n
the g r e a t e r n u m b e r of c a s e s fa ll into the N O -A P and B C -D E q u a d
ra n ts . T his m ay have had so m e e ffe ct upon the e x p e c te d r e s u lts . The
c o m p a ris o n m ad e h e re is th a t of m a r ita l d is c o rd H usbands an d W ives
a s a g a in s t L e a r y 's s ta n d a rd iz in g g ro u p s w hich c o n s is te d of 787 c a s e s ,
the " e n tire intake pop u latio n of a p s y c h ia tric c lin ic o v e r a two y e a r
p e rio d . " T h is sa m p le c o n s is te d of two g ro u p s rough ly eq ual in s iz e ,
th o se r e f e r r e d by p h y sic ia n s fo r p sy c h o so m a tic sy m p to m s , an d s e lf
179
T able 55 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of th a t c o m p a ris o n .
The le tte r s r e p r e s e n t the q u a d ra n ts of th e IC L and the n u m
b e rs below th e se le tte r s a r e the n u m b e r of H usbands w hose s c o r e s on
th e S o cio lo g ical P o w e r fee l a t and above the m e d ia n s c o r e p re c e d e d
by a plus (+) sign, and the n u m b e r of H usbands w hose s c o r e s fell b e
low the m ed ian s c o r e p re c e d e d by a m in u s (-) sig n in e a c h q u a d ra n t.
C onclusion. It can be se en fro m T able 55 th at the e x p ected
re la tio n s h ip is in the p re d ic te d d ire c tio n , but w ith the d is trib u tio n 24
to 14, if p. = . 5, y ie ld s a X of 2. 632, d / f = 1, w hich does not r e a c h
th e confidence lev e l s e t fo r th is data. T h e re fo re , the null h y p o th esis
is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in din gs 1
T h e re is good r e a s o n to think th a t p e rh a p s it is not the q u a d
ra n t of the ICL, I th a t is re la te d to S o cio lo g ical P o w er, but r a th e r
w h e th e r the H usbands (or W ives) fall at, o r above the m ean in D o m i
nance on this s c a le . F r o m the above d ata the follow ing h y p o th esis is
d e riv e d : th a t th e re is a sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip betw een H usbands who
re c e iv e high s c o r e s , a t o r above the m ed ian , on S o cio lo g ical P o w er,
and th o se w hose D om inance s c o r e s fall a t o r above the m e a n on the
ICL, I. The null h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is no d iffe re n c e betw een
th o se H usbands w hose s c o r e s on S o cio lo g ical P o w e r, a t o r above the
m ed ian , and th o se h u sb an d s w hose s c o r e s fall a t o r above the m ean
on D om inance on the ICL, I. In th e c a s e of the la tte r, this m ea n s
th at q u a d ra n ts N O -A P and B C -D E (D om inance) w ill be c o m p a re d w ith
q u a d ra n ts F G -H I and JK -L M (S u b m issiv e n e ss).
T able 56 m a k e s th e s e re la tio n s h ip s c le a r and a r e tak en fro m
T ab le 55.
r e f e r r a l s . "The tw o M M PI in d ices (h o riz o n ta l an d v e rtic a l) w e re
s ta n d a rd iz e d so th a t the in d ices fo r e a c h p a tie n t can be e x p re s s e d in
te r m s of th e ir d ista n c e fro m the m e a n of th e to ta l s a m p le " (93:441).
By usin g the n o rm s thus e s ta b lis h e d th e p r e s e n t sa m p le of m a r ita l
d is c o r d couples the m e a n D om inance s c o r e w as 55. 8 fo r H usbands
and 55. 7 fo r W ives. The m e d ia n s c o r e w as 57 fo r both H usbands and
W ives.
180
T A B L E 55. D istrib u tio n of H usband s in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of the IC L , I, T hey F a ll Into and W h eth er
T h e ir S c o re s F a ll B elow , o r A t and A bove the
M edian S c o re on S o cio lo g ical P o w e r.
Q u a d ra n ts on the IC L , I, (M M PI)
B C -D E N O -A P
+ 27
+ 2 4
- 24 - 14
F G -H 1 J K - L M
+ 2 + 8
- 3 - 11
181
T A B L E 56. A C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d 's S c o re s on S o cio lo g ical
P o w e r and D om in ance, IC L , I.
IC L , I, Q u a d ra n ts
N O -A P F G -H I
& & Row
B C -D E J K - L M T o ta ls
H usbands
S o c io lo g
Below
M edian 38 14 52
ic a l
P o w e r
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 51 10 61
C olum n
T o ta ls 89 24 113
X 2 = 1. 866, d /f = 1.
Not S ign ificant
182
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the s u p p le
m e n ta ry h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A lthough the r e s u lt is in the ex p ec te d d ire c tio n
th e re is not enough d iffe re n c e to be s u r e th at the fa c to r w hich is o p
e ra tin g is not chance in th is sa m p le .
H ypothesis 29
The h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is a sig n ific an t p o sitiv e r e la tio n
sh ip betw een W iv e s' S o cio lo g ical P o w e r and the L e v e l of P u b lic C o m
m u n icatio n as re v e a le d on the M M PI. T he nu ll h y p o th esis is th a t
th e re is no d iffe re n c e betw een W iv es' S o cio lo g ical P o w e r s c o r e s and
th e ir ICL, I s c o r e s .
T able 57 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of th is c o m p a ris o n .
C onclusion. It can be se e n fro m T able 57, u n d e r N O -A P th a t
the e x p e c te d re la tio n s h ip did not hold. W ith the d is trib u tio n of 24
2
an d 22, if p. = . 5, th e X is 0. 001, d / f = 1, w hich is not sig n ifican t.
The n u ll h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 2
The sa m e kind of su p p le m e n ta ry h y p o th esis w hich w as d e v e l
oped w ith r e fe r e n c e to H usbands w ill be e x p lo re d w ith W ives sin c e it
is ju s t a s re a s o n a b le to a s s u m e th a t th is kind of re la tio n s h ip m ig h t
be tru e of W ives as w ith H u sb an d s. The H ypothesis is th a t th e re is a
sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip betw een W ives who re c e iv e high s c o r e s , at
o r above the m e d ia n , on S o cio lo g ical P o w e r, and th o se w hose D o m i
nance s c o r e s fall a t o r above the m e a n on the ICL, I. The nu ll h y
p o th e sis is th a t th e r e is no d iffe re n c e b etw een th o se W ives w hose
s c o r e s on S o cio lo g ical P o w e r, a t o r above the m ed ian , an d th o se
W ives w hose s c o r e s fall a t o r above the m e a n on D om inance on the
ICL, I.
T able 58 m a k e s th e s e re la tio n s h ip s c le a r and a r e tak e n fro m
T able 57.
183
T A B L E 57. D istrib u tio n of H usbands in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u ad ran t of the IC L , I, T hey F a ll into and W hether
T h e ir S c o re s F a ll Below o r A t o r A bove the M edian
S ociological P o w e r.
Q u a d ran ts on the IC L , I, (MMPI)
B C -D E N O -A P
+ 22 + 2 4
- 20 - 22
FG -H L J K - L M
+ 5 + 6
- 1 - 13
184
T A B L E 58. A C o m p a riso n on W ives S c o re s on S o cio lo g ical
P o w e r and D om inance, IC L , I.
IC L , 1, Q u a d ra n ts
N O -A P F G -H I
& & Row
B C -D E J K - L M T o ta ls
W ives
S o cio lo g
Below
M edian 42 46 88
ic a l
P o w er
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 14 11 25
C olum n
T o ta ls 56 57 113
X 2 = 0. 526, d / f = 1.
N ot S ig n ifican t
185
C onclusion. T he null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d an d the s u p p le
m e n ta ry h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . It would a p p e a r th at fro m th is d ata th a t th e r e is
no d e m o n s tra b le re la tio n sh ip b etw een the S o cio lo g ical P o w e r s c o r e s ,
as c o m p iled in th is study, and m a r i ta l d is c o rd H u s b a n d s1 o r W iv e s'
s c o r e s on the D om inance s c a le as m e a s u r e d by the M M PI, ICL, I.
O v e r- a ll P o w e r and the L ev e l
of P u b lic C o m m u n icatio n
O v e r-a ll P o w e r has been o p e ra tio n a lly defined in the b e g in
ning of th is c h a p te r, and "public c o m m u n ic a tio n " has a ls o been o p e r
a tio n a lly d efined. In keep in g w ith the g e n e ra l th e o ry th a t s o c ia l-
p sy c h o lo g ic al conditioning b e c o m e s a r a th e r a u to m a tic a s p e c t of the
p e rs o n a lity , i .e . , on the re fle x lev e l, th e re is good r e a s o n to think
th at th e re should be a sig n ific a n t p o sitiv e re la tio n s h ip b etw een the
individual H u sb an d 's and the individ ual W ife's O v e r-a ll P o w e r s c o r e s
in su c h things as s o c ia l p o w er, la c k of in te r e s t in the m a r r ia g e , d e
c isio n m ak ing and se x u a l sa tis fa c tio n , and th e ir s c o r e s on the ICL,
I, s c o r e s fro m th e M M PI.
H ypothesis 30
The h y p o th esis is, th e r e fo re , th a t H usbands and W ives, w hen
taken as g ro u p s, who s c o r e h ig h est in O v e r - a ll P o w e r, w ill a ls o be
t h e H usbands and W ives who ten d to fall into the N O -A P q u a d ra n t on
th e le v e l of public co m m u n ica tio n , ICL, I, w hich is ta k e n fro m s c a le
s c o r e s on the M M PI.
The null h y p o th esis is th a t th e re is no d iffe re n c e in the r a te
a t w hich H usbands and W ives, tak en a s g ro u p s, w ith O v e r - a ll P o w e r
s c o r e s at o r above the m ed ian , w ill fall into Q u a d ra n t N O -A P , ICL,
I.
T able 59 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of th at c o m p a ris o n .
C onclusion. It can be seen fro m T ab le 59, u n d er N O -A P,
th a t the e x p ected re la tio n s h ip did not hold. The d is trib u tio n 21 to 17,
186
T A B L E 59. D istrib u tio n of H usbands in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of th e IC L , I, T hey F a ll Into and W hether
T h e ir S c o re s F a ll Below , o r A t o r A bove the
M ed ian S c o re on O v e r - a ll P o w e r.
Q u a d ra n ts on th e IC L , I, (M M PI)
B C -D E N O -A P
+ 2 9 + 2 1
- 21 - 17
F G -H I J K - L M
+ 1 + 5
- 4 - 13
187
2
if p. = . 5, y ield s a X of . 422 w hich is not sig n ific an t. The null h y
p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th esis is re je c te d .
S u p p le m e n ta ry F in d in g s 3
Since D om inance is m e a s u r e d d ire c tly on the IC L p e rh a p s it
is not the q u a d ra n t of the ICL, I th a t is re la te d to O v e r - a ll P o w e r,
but r a th e r w h e th er the H usbands {or W ives) fall at, o r above the
m ean in D om inance on th is s c a le . F ro m the above d a ta th e follow ing
h y p o th esis is d e riv e d : th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip b e
tw een H usbands who re c e iv e high s c o r e s , a t o r above the m ed ian , o r
O v e r - a ll P o w e r, and th o se w hose D om inance s c o r e s fall a t o r above
the m e a n on the ICL, I. The n u ll h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is no d if
fe re n c e betw een th o se H usbands w hose s c o r e s on O v e r - a ll P o w er,
a t o r above th e m ed ian , an d th o se H usbands w hose s c o r e s fall a t o r
above the m ean on D om inance on the ICL, I. In c a s e of th e la tte r,
this m ean s th a t q u a d ra n ts N O -A P and B C -D E (D om inance) w ill be
c o m p a re d w ith q u a d ra n ts F G -H I and JK -L M (S u b m issiv e n e ss).
T able 60 m ak e s th e s e re la tio n s h ip s c le a r and a r e tak en fro m
T able 59.
C onclusion. The n u ll h y p o th esis is re je c te d in fav o r of the
h y p o th esis th at th e r e is a sig n ific an t p o sitiv e re la tio n s h ip betw een
H u sb a n d s' w hose o v e r - a ll P o w e r s c o r e s and th e ir D om inance s c o r e s
on the IC L (MMPI) L e v e l I.
D isc u ssio n . It w ould a p p e a r th a t sin c e the O v e r - a il P o w e r
s c a le is la rg e ly m ad e up of S o cio lo g ical data, P a r t I, plus a p e r c e p
tion of s e lf in m a r r ia g e w hich in t e r m s of I n te re s t in m a r r ia g e , P a r t
II, D ecisio n m aking, P a r t III, and S exual a d ju s tm e n t, P a r t V, ten d
to add up to so m e s o r t of c o rre la tio n w ith the a n s w e rs a H usband
gives on his M M PI. L e a r y fee ls th a t the M M PI w hen tr a n s fo r m e d to
the IC L index, L ev e l I, r e v e a ls m o re n e a rly the in d iv id u a l's te n d e n
cy to u n co n scio u sly re la te in in te rp e r s o n a l a ffa irs r a th e r th an his
co n scio u s view of h im s e lf in th e s e re la tio n s h ip s (93:106ff).
188
T A B L E 60. A C o m p a riso n of H u sb an d 's S c o re s on O v e r-a ll
P o w e r and D om inance, ICL, I.
N O -A P
&
B C -D E
IC L Q u a d ran ts
F G -H I
&
JK -L M
How
T o ta ls
H usbands
O v e r- a ll
B elow
M edian 38 17 55
P o w e r
S c o re s At o r
Above
M edian 50 6 56
C olum n
T o tals 88 23 111
“ Z -----------------------------------------
X = 6. 88, d / f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 01
189
H y pothesis 31
The h y p o th esis is th at th e r e is a sig n ific an t re la tio n sh ip
betw een W iv e's O v e r-a ll P o w e r s c o r e s and th e ir ten d en cy to fa ll into
the A P -N O q u a d ra n t on the ICL, I. The n u ll h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e
is no d iffe re n c e in W iv e s' w hose O v e r -a ll P o w e r s c o r e s fall a t o r
above the m e d ia n and th e ir ten d e n cy to fa ll a ls o into the N O -A P
q u a d ra n t on the ICL, I.
T able 61 re v e a ls the d is trib u tio n of W ives in te r m s of th e
m a in q u a d ra n ts of the ICL, I, and w h e th e r th ey fell below , at o r
above the m e d ia n on the O v e r - a ll P o w e r s c a le .
C onclusion. J u s t a s in the c a s e of H usban ds, the null h yp oth
e s is is acc ep ted , an d the h y p o th esis th a t th e r e is a sig n ific an t
re la tio n s h ip betw een W ives O v e r -a ll P o w e r s c o r e s an d th e ir ten d en cy
to fall into th e N O -A P q u a d ra n t of th e ICL, I, is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . Since dom in an ce is m e a s u r e d d ire c tly on the IC L
p e rh a p s it is not the q u a d ra n t of the ICL, I th at is r e la te d to O v e r-a ll
P o w e r, but r a t h e r w h e th e r th e W iv es' s c o r e s fall at, o r above the
m ean in D om inance on th is s c a le . T h is h y p o th esis is d evelop ed and
te s te d below .
S u p p le m e n ta ry F indings 4
The h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip
betw een W ives who re c e iv e high s c o r e s , a t o r above the m ed ian , on
O v e r - a ll P o w e r and th o se w hose D om inance s c o r e s fall a t o r above
th e m e a n on th e ICL, I. The null h y p o th esis is th at th e r e is no d if fe r
ence betw een th o se W ives w hose s c o r e s on O v e r -a ll P o w e r, at o r
above th e m ed ian , and th o se w hose s c o r e s fall a t o r above the m e a n
of D om inance on the ICL, I.
T ab le 62 m a k e s th e s e re la tio n s h ip s c le a r and a r e tak e n fro m
T ab le 61.
190
T A B L E 6 l. D istrib u tio n of W ives in T e r m s of W hich M ain
Q u a d ran t of th e IC L , I, T hey F a ll Into and W hether
T h e ir S c o re s W ere Below , o r A t o r A bove the
M edian S c o re on O v e r - a ll P o w e r.
Q u a d ra n ts on the IC L , I, (MMPI)
B C -D E N O -A P
- 21 - 22
+ 20 + 23
F G -H I J K - L M
- 2 - 8
+ 4 + 10
X 2 = . 001, d / f = 1.
Not S ignifican t.
191
T A B L E 62. A C o m p a riso n of W ives S c o re s on O v e r -a ll P o w e r
an d D om inance, ICL, 1.
N O -A P
&
B C -D E
IC L Q u a d ran ts
F G -H I
&
JK -L M
Row
T o ta ls
W ives
O v e r- a ll
Below
M edian 43 10 53
P o w e r
S c o re s At or
Above
M edian 43 14 57
Colum n
T o ta ls 86 24 110
X2 = . 553, d / f = 1.
S ign ificance = Not S ignificant.
192
C onclusion. The null h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the
h y pothesis is re je c te d .
D iscu ssio n . W ives tend to show no tre n d s w ith re fe r e n c e to
th e ir O v e r-a ll P o w e r s c o r e s and D om inance o r S u b m issio n on the
ICL, I sc a le . W hen c o m p a re d fo r a s s o c ia tio n by the use of the
they do not re a c h a sig n ific an c e lev el d ifferen t fro m chance, and
insp ection of T able 62 re v e a ls th a t no d ire c tio n is indicated.
Again th e re is evidence of d iffe re n c e s in m a le -fe m a le
(husband-w ife) se lf-p e rc e p tio n s on the ICL, I and th e ir ro le p e r c e p
tions in te r m s of O v e r-a ll P o w e r as defined h e re .
S u m m ary
T his c h a p te r contains te s ts of hy p o th eses re la te d to so c io lo g
ica l pow er of sp o u ses, th e ir m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t and th e ir se lf
p e rc e p tio n s.
The hy p o th esis th at c o u p le s' m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t is sig n ifi
cantly re la te d to th e ir pow er d isc re p a n c y w as not sup p o rted . The
pow er d isc re p a n c y r e f e r r e d to h e re is the d ifferen c e betw een sp o u ses
so c ial back g ro u n d s, and it m ay w ell have been th at the couples in this
sa m p le w e re too hom ogenous in th e ir b ack groun ds for a sig n ifican t
d ifferen ce to show up in the te s t used.
A nother hypothesis of this o r d e r w as a ls o re je c te d . This
h yp oth esis w as th at d isc re p a n c y in o v e r- a ll pow er of sp o u ses w as
re la te d to th e ir m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t. N eith er H u sb an d s' n o r W ives'
m a r ita l a d ju stm e n t s c o r e s w e re stro n g ly a s s o c ia te d w ith the c o u p le s'
o v e r-a ll pow er d isc re p a n c y s c o re s as p re d ic te d .
The hy p o th esis th at so c io lo g ica l pow er is sig n ifican tly re la te d
to se lf p e rc ep tio n , both in te r m s of p e rs o n a lity pow er and in te r m s
of dom inance, as defined on the M M PI and its re la tio n sh ip to the
ICL p ro file , w e re a ls o re je c te d for both H usbands and W ives. It w as
noted how ever that if the m edian s c o r e s of the sa m p le group had been
u se d as the c e n tra l cutting point, r a th e r than follow ing the s ta n d a r d
ized m ean s of the ICL, I p ro file , the re s u lts m igh t have been
sig n ifican t as expected.
19 3
W hen the h y p o th eses th a t o v e r - a ll pow er is r e la te d to
p e rs o n a lity p o w er and dom inance on th e ICL, I was te s te d it w as
found th a t no d e m o n s tra b le re la tio n s h ip e x is te d fo r p e rs o n a lity pow er,
i . e . q u a d ra n t N O -A P, fo r e ith e r H usbands o r W ives. H ow ever, when
o v e r - a ll p o w er of H usbands was c o m p a re d w ith th e ir s c o r e s on
dom in an ce alone th e r e w as a sig n ific a n t p o sitiv e re la tio n sh ip beyond
the . 99 lev e l of con fidence. See the s u p p le m e n ta ry findings un d er
h y p o th esis 30 fo r th e r e s u lts . The sa m e te s t w as m ad e fo r W iv es'
o v e r - a ll p o w er and th e ir dom in an ce s c o r e s but no re la tio n sh ip
betw een th e s e two v a ria b le s w as d e m o n sta te d . Again, if th e m ed ian
s c o r e s of the s a m p le group has been u se d a s the cutting point, r a th e r
than follow ing the s ta n d a rd iz e d m ea n s of the ICL, I p ro file , the
r e s u lts m ig h t have been sig n ific a n t as ex p ected .
G e n e ra lly th e h y p o th eses th a t so c io lo g ic a l p o w er and o v e r- a ll
p o w er of sp o u se s is sig n ific a n tly r e la te d to th e ir m a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t
w e re not upheld. S im ila rly the h y p o th eses th at se lf p e rc e p tio n , on
the le v e l of the M M PI, so c io lo g ic a l pow er, o r o v e r - a ll pow er a re
sig n ific an tly re la te d w e re not s u p p o rte d fo r e ith e r H usbands o r W ives.
Only the su p p le m e n ta ry finding th at H u sb a n d s' o v e r - a ll p o w er s c o r e s
w e re sig n ific a n tly re la te d to th e ir D om inance s c o r e s on the ICL, I,
upheld the h y p o th e sis. T his is only enough to be su g g e stiv e th a t th is
stu d y n eed s to be re p e a te d w ith re fin e m e n ts as m en tio n ed above, and
to note th at p e rh a p s ftiere w ill be found so m e m a le -fe m a le ro le
d iffe re n c e s w hich m a y show in the r e s u lts . F o r ex am p le h u sb a n d s'
o v e r - a ll pow er m a y be found to be m o re sig n ific an tly re la te d to
p e rs o n a lity d o m in an ce than w iv e s' o v e r - a ll pow er.
The next c h a p te r w ill d eal w ith h y p o th eses re la tin g to m a r ita l
a d ju s tm e n t, a g g re s s io n and h o stility in m a r ita l d is c o rd p a ir s .
C H A PT E R VII
M A RITA L A D JU STM EN T, AGGRESSION AND HOSTILITY
In tro d u ctio n
It s e e m s in ev itab le th at in m a r ita l d is c o rd th e re should a r i s e
betw een the co u p les c e r ta in c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity m eth o d s of e x
p re s s in g a g g re s s io n and h o stility . " M a rita l d is c o rd " and " m a r ita l
co n flict" a re often u se d p h ra s e s to d e s c rib e the in te r p e r s o n a l p r o c e s s
of the m a r r i e d couple in d is a g re e m e n t, and th e s e im p ly a c e r ta in le v
el of n e c e s s a r y a g g re s s iv e o r h o stile a ctio n o r re a c tio n in o r d e r fo r
any co n flict to e x ist. If th e re w e re no r e s is ta n c e to p r e s s u r e , d o m
in an ce o r c o n tro l b etw een the sp o u ses, th e re would be no co n flict o r
d isc o rd .
F iv e m a jo r m o d es of c h a r a c te r is tic p e rs o n a lity e x p re s s io n
have been d is c u s s e d in th is study, and th e se have been shown to c o r
re sp o n d with o th e r c la s s ific a tio n s of p e rs o n a lity (31:93). E ven the
C o o p e ra tiv e and S u b m issiv e sp o u se s have th e ir m e th o d s of d e m o n
s tra tin g a g g re s s io n a n d /o r h o stility , often as a sim p le p a s s iv e a d
ju s tm e n t to a v e ry i r r it a t e d sp o u se. A g g re s s io n and h o stility a r e
ty p es of pow er.
The fa c t th at a g g re s s io n and h o stility a r e not defined as being
the sa m e h a s a lre a d y b e en d is c u s s e d . B u ss has d e lin e a te d th e se
c le a rly (26:169). A p e rs o n m ay be a g g re s s iv e , i . e . d e liv e r noxious
stim u li to, o r sy m b o lic ally to w ard , o th e rs w ithout having an a ttitu d e
of r e s e n tm e n t and su sp ic io n to w a rd th o se p e rs o n s . A n o th e r p e rs o n ,
h o w e v er, m ay be r a t h e r c o n sta n tly re s e n tfu l to w a rd o th e rs and have
a h o stile a ttitu d e w hich is n e v e r openly e x p re s s e d , but m ay even be
c o v e re d o v e r by a " s w e e t fa c a d e ." T h e se fa c to rs m a k e it n e c e s s a r y
to d istin g u ish b etw een a g g re s s io n and h o stility .
194
195
The M M P I and M a rita l A d ju stm en t
P r i o r r e s e a r c h in the pilot study h as show n th a t follow ing the
le a d of H athaw ay and M o n a ch e si (60:61), s c a le s P d and Si (4 and 0)
on the M M PI, w hen added fo r e a c h sp o u se, w e re sig n ific a n tly n e g a
tiv e ly c o r r e la te d w ith the W allace M a rita l A d ju stm en t s c a le a t the
. 95 le v e l of confidence. T h ese s c a le s w e re ch o sen b e c a u se P d is
often r e f e r r e d to as th e a n g e r s c a le and Si, when high, tends to in
d ic a te a fe a r of c lo s e in te r re la tio n s h ip s w ith o th e rs (37:187ff). E ven
w ith ju v e n ile s " c a s e s w ith codes show ing high s c a le s 4 and 0 a re
r a r e l y c a lle d p le a s a n t" (6l:xvii).
M en who s c o re high on Si ten d to be c a lle d co ld and d ista n t
and to think of th e m s e lv e s a s s e n s itiv e . W om en w ith high Si s c o re s
ten d to be shy, m o d e s t an d se n s itiv e (37:211).
It s e e m e d re a s o n a b le , th e r e f o re , to think th a t the g r e a t e r the
m a r ita l m a la d ju s tm e n t the g r e a te r would be the P d + Si sc a le index
on the M M PI. It is not a s s u m e d th at th is index is a m e a s u r e of a n
g e r, a g g re s s io n o r h o stility , but r a th e r p e rh a p s an o v e r - a ll rough
index of p e rs o n a l m a lc o n te n t and ir r ita b ility in c lo se in te r p e rs o n a l
re la tio n s h ip s . All of th is is s u g g e ste d v e ry s tro n g ly in the In stitu te
fo r P e r s o n a lity A s s e s s m e n t and R e s e a r c h stu d ie s (52).
M a rita l A d ju stm en t, A g g re ssio n and H o stility
M e a s u re s of A g g re ss io n and H o stility have p re v io u s ly been
d is c u s s e d and th e se have been o p e ra tio n a lly defined as the s c o re
H usbands and W ives re c e iv e on the B u s s -D u rk e e sc a le w hich w as
a d m in is te r e d to th is sa m p le of m a r i ta l d is c o rd c o u p le s.
M a rita l a d ju s tm e n t has a ls o been p re v io u s ly d is c u s s e d and
defined for the p u rp o se s of th is study.
The g e n e ra l h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is a sig n ific a n t negative
re la tio n s h ip b etw een M a rita l A d ju stm en t and A g g re ss io n and H o s til
ity. The d ata w e re d e sig n e d for the h y p o th esis a s follow s:
19*
I. M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s of C ouples v e rs u s :
(H ypothesis 32) C o u p le s' co m b in ed A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 33) H u sb a n d s' to ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 34) W iv es' to ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 35) H u sb an d s' H o stility s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 36) W iv es' H o stility s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 37) H u sb a n d s' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 38) W iv es' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
II. M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s of H u sb an d s v e rs u s :
(H ypothesis 39) C o u p les' com b in ed A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o re s .
(H ypothesis 40) H u sb an d s' H o stility s c o re s .
(H y pothesis 41) H u sb a n d s' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 42) H u sb a n d s' to tal A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
HI. M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s of W ives v e rs u s :
(H ypothesis 43) C o u p les' co m b in ed A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 44) W iv es' H o stility s c o r e s .
(H y pothesis 45) W iv es' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
(H ypothesis 46) W iv es' to ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
T he above hypotheses w ill be sta te d and te s te d in the fo rm
u se d in h y p o th e sis 32, inclu ding the s ta tis tic a l te s t fo r a s s o c ia tio n ,
e x cep t su p p le m e n ta l fin d in g s, w hich w ill u se the K o lm o g o ro v -S m irn o v
two sa m p le te s t.
I. C o u p les' M a r jta l A d ju s tm e n t,
A g g re s s io n and H o stility
H y p o th esis 32
The h y p o th e sis is th a t th e re is a sig n ific an t n e g ativ e r e la tio n
ship b e tw ee n M a rita l A d ju stm e n t of couples and th e ir com b in ed A g
g r e s s io n - H o s tility s c o r e s . The null h y p o th esis is th a t th e r e is no
d iffe re n c e b etw een c o u p le s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and th e ir c o m -
2
b in ed A g g re s s io n -H o s tility s c o r e s . The X m e d ia n te s t w ill be u se d
as th e s ta tis tic a l t e s t fo r a s s o c ia tio n b etw een th e v a ria b le s in th is
C h a p te r, and th e sig n ific an c e le v e l is s e t at . 05.
T ab le 63 is th e r e s u lt of th is c o m p a ris o n .
C o n clu sio n . The null h y p o th e sis is r e je c te d and the h y p o th
e s is is a c c e p te d .
D isc u ss io n . W hen c o u p les M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s a re
c o m p a re d w ith th e ir co m b in ed A g g re s s io n -H o s tility s c o r e s th e r e is a
sig n ific a n t n e g ativ e re la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n A g g re s s io n -H o s tility and
M a rita l A d ju stm e n t, as w as e x p ec te d , beyond the . 95 le v e l of c o n fi
d en ce. It w ould a p p e a r fro m th e s e d a ta th a t th e r e is evid en ced a
ten d e n cy am ong m a r i ta l d is c o rd p a ir s in m a r r i a g e c o u n selin g who se e
a g r e a t e r d is c re p a n c y b etw een th e ir sp o u se and th e ir id e a l sp o u se to
a lso g et h ig h e r s c o r e s on th e B u s s - D u rk e e A g g re s s io n H o stility
s c a le . T h e re is no e v id en ce f r o m th e s e d a ta of c a u se o r effect. T hus
f a r A g g re s s io n -H o s tility in m a r i ta l d is c o rd is id io p a th ic . A p r e m a r
ita l study and a five o r ten y e a r follow up study on th e s e v a ria b le s
m ig h t y ie ld d a ta along th e s e lin e s . T h is w r i t e r w ould h av e to su b
s c rib e to the th e o ry th a t th e B a sic and m a jo r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p e r
so n a lity a r e a lre a d y p r e s e n t in the in d iv id u a ls a t the tim e of c o u r t
ship and m a r r i a g e , b u t a r e c o v e re d o v e r, (e. g. A g g re s s io n and H o s
tility ) and a r e re v e a le d in the c o u rs e of m a r r i a g e and a r e th e r e f o re
c a u s a l in m a r i ta l d is c o rd (120:45ff). T h is in c o n tra d is tin c tio n to the
th e o ry th a t it i s the sp o u se a n d /o r the p o o r m a r r i a g e w hich c a u se s
th e in d iv id u a l to b e c o m e a g g re s s iv e o r h o s tile .
H y p o th e sis 33
T ab le 64 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n b etw een
C o u p le s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t and H u s b a n d s ' A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s ,
C o n clu sio n . T he null h y p o th e s is is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is r e je c te d .
D isc u ss io n . A lthough the d is trib u tio n is in th e e x p ected d i r e c
tion, su ffic ie n t confid ence can n o t be p la c e d in th e findings to say th a t
th e s e two v a r ia b le s a r e a s s o c ia te d beyond re a s o n a b le doubt.
198
T A B L E 63. C o m p a riso n of C oup les M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
W ith T h e ir C om b ined A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s .
C o u p le s1 M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
C o m Below
bined M edian 29 22 51
A g g r e s
sion-
H o stility
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian
C olum n
22 36 58
T o ta ls 51 58 109
X 2 = 3. 907, d / f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 05
199
T A B L E 64. C o m p a ris o n of C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and
H u sb a n d s' T o tal A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s
C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M ed ian M edian T o ta ls
H u sb an d s'
A g g r e s
Below
M edian 30 24 54
sion-
H o stility
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 21 34 55
C olum n
T o ta ls 51 58 109
X 2 = 3. 303, d /f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 10
\
200
S u p p le m e n tary F indings 5
When the data of th e s e two v a ria b le s w e re te s te d by the
2
K o lm o g o ro v -S m irn o v two sa m p le te s t the X w as 2. 071, and w ith
d /f = 2, is not sig n ifican t. T h e re fo re , it w ould a p p e a r th at although
th e re is som e tre n d evident in the data, as p red ic te d , th at th e re is no
stro n g a sso c ia tio n c le a rly evident betw een th e se two v a ria b le s .
H ypothesis 34
T able 65 re v e a ls the re s u lts of the c o m p a riso n betw een
C o u p les' M a rita l A djustm ent and W ives' A g g re ssio n -H o stility .
C onclusion. The null hypothesis is a c c e p te d and the hypoth
e sis re je c te d by this te s t. See su p p le m e n ta ry findings below.
D iscu ssio n . T h e re a p p e a rs to be an a sso c ia tio n betw een m a r
ital m a la d ju stm e n t and h ig h e r than a v e ra g e (m edian) a g g re s s io n and
h o stility . H ow ever, this a sso c ia tio n does not re a c h the level of s i g
nificance se t for th ese data.
S u p p lem en tary F in din gs 6
When the data re le v a n t to T able 3 w e re su b m itte d to the
2
K o lm o g o ro v -S m irn o v two sa m p le te s t the X obtained w as 6. 523 and
w ith d /f = 2 is sig n ific an t beyond the . 05 lev el of sign ificance. T h e re
would a p p e a r, th e re fo re , by this m o re d isc rim in a tin g te s t, th at th e re
is a sig n ifican t re la tio n sh ip betw een Couplefe M a rita l A djustm ent
s c o re s and W iv es' to ta l A g g re ss io n -H o s tility s c o r e s and that the null
h yp oth esis can be re je c te d w ith confidence, and the hypothesis is
accep ted .
It is im p o rta n t to note th at w hile hypothesis 33 and 34 w e re
re je c te d , they w e re re je c te d b ecau se they did not quite re a c h the le v
el of significan ce s e t for th ese data. The m o re pow erful K olm ogorov-
S m irn o v s ta tis tic a l te s t did re v e a l the d ifferen c e s w e re indeed sig n i- :
ficant in hypothesis 34.
201
T A B L E 65. C o m p a riso n of C o u p le s1 M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
and W ives' T o ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s .
C o u p les' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
W iv es' Below
T o tal M edian 30 23 53
A g g re S - A t o r
sio n - A bove
H o stility w
_ M edian
S c o re s
21 34 55
C olum n
T o ta ls 51 57 108
X 2 - 3. 675, d / f = 1.
S ig nificance = . 10
202
W hen, h o w e v e r, the A g g re s s io n -H o s tility s c o r e s of H usband
and W ife w e re co m b in ed and c o m p a re d w ith th e ir M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
s c o r e s , th e r e s u lt is a s p re d ic te d and a t th e le v e l of sig n ific a n c e r e
q u ire d in h y p o th e sis 32.
T h e s e r e s u lts su p p o rt th e c la im of the w r ite r th a t w h e re v e r
p o s s ib le i t is m o r e likely th a t a m o re a c c u ra te e s tim a te of the m a r i
ta l re la tio n s h ip is o b tain ed w hen both sp o u se s a r e in te rv ie w e d o r
te s te d th an w hen only one is c o n su lte d as in the c a s e of B lood and
W o lfe's study (16).
H y p o th esis 35
T ab le 66 r e v e a ls the r e s u lts of th e c o m p a ris o n b etw een
C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and H u sb a n d s' H o stility s c o r e s .
C o n clu sio n . The null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ss io n . A lthough the d ire c tio n is as p re d ic te d , the c o n fi
d ence le v e l in th e s e d a ta r e a c h e s beyond . 90 but not to th e . 95 le v e l
se t. T h e r e is so m e su p p o rt fo r the h y p o th e sis but not stro n g enough
fo r the p r e s e n t study.
H y p o th e sis 36
T ab le 67 re v e a ls the r e s u l t of the c o m p a ris o n b etw een
C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and W iv es' H o stility s c o r e s .
C o n clu sio n . T he null h y p o th e sis is r e je c te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is a c c e p te d .
D isc u ss io n . T h e re is a sig n ific a n t n e g ativ e re la tio n s h ip b e
tw een C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and W iv e s' H o stility
s c o r e s . O ne of the p ro b le m s in th e s e d a ta is the fac t th a t although
th e H o stility sc a le is m ad e up of 18 ite m s , th e m e d ia n s c o r e fo r H u s
b an d s and W ives w as 3, and the m e a n w as 3. 99 fo r H u sb an d s and
3. 84 fo r W ives.
203
T A B L E 66. C o m p a riso n of C o u p le s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t and
H u sb an d s' H o stility S c o re s .
C o u p le s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M ed ian M edian T o ta ls
H u s b a n d s'
H o stility
Below
M edian 26 20 46
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 26
39 65
C olum n
T o ta ls 52
59 111
X 2 = 2. 953, d /f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
204
T A B L E 67. C o m p a riso n of C o u p les' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t and
W ives' H o stility S c o re s .
C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
W iv es'
H o stility
B elow
M edian 27 18 45
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M ed ian 25 41 66
C olum n
T o ta ls 52 59 111
X 2 = 5. 258, d /f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 05
206
T his m e a n s th a t a p p ro x im a te ly th r e e - fifth s of the sa m p le fell
a t o r above th e m e d ia n w hich ten d s to o b s c u re th e r e s u lts of th is
2
c o m p a ris o n in a 2 X Z, X ta b le . It would a p p e a r th at p e rs o n s w ith
a H o stility s c o re of 4 o r m o r e w ould likely have a M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
s c o re w hich w ould in d ic a te g r e a te r th an a v e ra g e d is c o r d in h is m a r
ria g e re la tio n s h ip s am ong a m a r i ta l d is c o rd group.
T h e re a p p e a rs to be little d iffe re n c e b etw een th is sa m p le and
both th e c o lleg e and p s y c h ia tric p a tie n t sa m p le s te s te d by B u ss and
D u rk ee. T he B u s s -D u rk e e co lleg e m a le s had a v e ra g e m e a n s of 4. 36
fo r the signed g ro up and 4. 80 fo r the anonym ous g ro u p . The fe m a le s
had a v e ra g e m e a n s of 3. 43 fo r the sig ned group and 3. 8 fo r the an o n
y m o u s g ro u p (2 6 :1 7 6 -1 7 7 ). T he p s y c h ia tric p a tie n t g roup w e re about
2 points h ig h e r on the m e a n th an th e s e g ro u p s.
H y p o th esis 37
T ab le 68 r e v e a ls the r e s u lts of th e c o m p a ris o n betw een
C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and H u sb a n d s' A g g re s s io n
s c o r e s .
C o n clu sio n . T he n ull h y p o th esis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A g ain the r e s u lts a r e in the ex p ected d ire c tio n
but th e r e is not a su fficien tly stro n g a s s o c ia tio n by th is te s t to put
confidence in the r e s u lts being o th e r th an a ch an ce d istrib u tio n .
H y p o th e sis 38
T able 69 r e v e a ls the r e s u lts o f the c o m p a r iso n of C ou p les'
M a rita l A d ju stm en t s c o r e s and W ives' A g g r e s s io n s c o r e s .
C o n clu sio n . T he null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ss io n . T he d is trib u tio n is in the p re d ic te d d ire c tio n but
n o t su fficien tly to sa tis fy the r e q u ir e m e n ts of th is study.
206
T A B L E 68. C o m p a ris o n of C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and
H u sb a n d s' A g g re s s io n S c o re s .
C o u p le s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
H u sb an d s'
A g g re s -
B elow
M edian 29 25 54
sio n -
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 22 33 55
C olum n
T o ta ls 51 58 109
X 2 = 2. 055, d / f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
20?
T A B L E 69. C o m p a riso n o f C ou p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm en t and
W ives' A g g r e s s io n S c o r e s .
C o u p le s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M edian M ed ian T o ta ls
W iv e s'
A g g r e s
B elow
M edian 28 22 50
sion
S c o re s
A t o r A bove
M edian 23 35 58
C olum n
T o ta ls 51 57 108
X 2 = 2. 878, d / f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 10
20'8
S u m m a ry . A re v ie w of the h y p o th e se s 33 th ro u g h 39 s e e m s to
su g g e st th a t th e r e is a re la tio n s h ip b etw een the m a r ita l d is c o r d
C o u p les' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and the in d iv id u al s p o u s e s ' A g g re s s io n
and H o stility s c o r e s . T h is a s s o c ia tio n is not stro n g enough h o w e v er
to re a c h the . 95 le v e l of con fidence e x cep t in the c a s e of W iv es'
H o stility s c o r e s . F u r t h e r study is d e fin ite ly in d ic a te d by th e s e fin d
ings.
II. H u sb a n d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t,
A g g re s s io n and H o stility
H y p o th esis 39
T able 70 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n b etw een H u s
b a n d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and th e C o u p le s' co m b in ed A g g re s s io n -
H o stility s c o re s .
C o n clu sio n . The null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is r e je c te d .
D isc u ss io n . It m u s t be a s s u m e d th a t th e r e is no d e m o n s tra b le
s ta tis tic a l re la tio n s h ip b etw een th e s c o r e s of th e s e two s c a le s , a l
though th e r e is a slig h t tre n d as p re d ic te d .
H y p o th esis 40
T ab le 71 is the r e s u lt of the c o m p a ris o n of H u sb a n d s' M a rita l
A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and H u sb a n d s' H o stility s c o r e s .
C o n clu sio n . The null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ss io n . T h e re is no d e m o n s tra b le s ta tis tic a l re la tio n s h ip
b etw een th e s e two v a ria b le s .
H y p o th esis 41
T ab le 72 re v e a ls th e r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n b etw een H u s
b a n d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and H u sb a n d s' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
T A B L E 70. C o m p a ris o n of H u sb a n d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s and C o u p les' C om bined A g g re s s io n -H o s til
ity S c o re s .
H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
H usband
and W ife
B elow
M edian 27 22 49
C om bined
A g g r e s
sion-
A t o r
A bove
M edian 25 30 55
H o stility
S c o re s C olum n
T o ta ls 52 52 104
X 2 = . 965, d / f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
210
T A B L E 71. C o m p a ris o n of H u sb a n d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s and H u sb an d s' H o stility S c o re s .
H u sb an d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
H u sb an d s'
H o stility
Below
M ed ian 22 23 45
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 30 31 61
C olum n
T o ta ls 52 54 106
X 2 = . 001, d / f = 1.
Not S ignificant
211
T A B L E 72. C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d s' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s and H u s b a n d s ' A g g re s s io n S c o re s .
H u sb a n d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M ed ian M ed ian T o ta ls
H u sb an d s'
A g g r e s
B elow
M edian 24 26 50
sion
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 28 26 54
C olum n
T o ta ls 52 52 104
X 2 = . 154, d / f = 1.
Not S ignificant
212
C o n clu sio n . The n ull h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . T h e re is no d e m o n s tra b le s ta tis tic a l re la tio n s h ip
b etw een th e s e two v a r ia b le s .
H y p o th e sis 42
T ab le 73 r e v e a ls th e r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n b etw een H u s
b a n d s 1 M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and H u sb a n d s' to ta l A g g r e s s io n -H o s tility
s c o re .
C o n clu sio n . T he null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . T h e re is no d e m o n s tra b le s ta tis tic a l re la tio n sh ip
b e tw een th e s e two v a ria b le s .
S u m m a ry . It is quite ev id en t th a t H u sb an d s in th is m a r ita l
d is c o rd g ro u p ten d to v a ry little in th e d e g re e s to w hich they ra te
th e m s e lv e s a s A g g re s s iv e o r H o stile and in th e ir p e rc e p tio n s of th e ir
sp o u se and th e ir sp o u se id e a l, (M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s ) , so th at
th e r e is no sig n ific a n t d e p a rtu r e f ro m a ch an ce d is trib u tio n of s c o re s
on th e s e v a r ia b le s .
III. W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t,
A g g re s s io n and H o stility
H y p o th e sis 43
T ab le 74 r e v e a ls the r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n s of W ives'
M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and the com bined A g g re s s io n -H o s tility s c o r e s of
H u sband and W ife.
C o n clu sio n . T he null h y p o th e sis is r e je c te d and the h y p o th
e s is is a c c e p te d .
D isc u ss io n . I t is a p p a re n t th at th e r e is a stro n g s ta tis tic a l
a s s o c ia tio n b etw een W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and the
C o u p le s' co m b in ed A g g r e s s io n -H o s tility s c o r e s .
213
T A B L E 7 3. C o m p a riso n of H u sb a n d s' M a rita l A d ju s tm e n t and
H u sb a n d s' T o ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re .
H u sb an d s' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t
S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M edian M ed ian T o ta ls
H u sb an d s' Below
T o tal M edian 23 28 51
A g g r e s
sio n -
H o stility
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian
C olum n
29
26 55
T o ta ls 52 54 106
X 2 = .6 1 6 , d / f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
214
T A B L E 74. C o m p a riso n of W iv es' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t and the
C om bined A g g re s s io n -H o s tility S c o re s of H usband
and W ife.
W ives' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
Below A t o r A bove Row
M edian M edian T o ta ls
H usband B elow
and Wife M edian 33
19 52
C om bined
A g g r e s
sio n -
H o stility
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian
C olum n
20 37 57
T o ta ls 53 56
109
X 2 = 8. 763, d / f = 1.
S ig n ifican ce = . 005
215
H y p o th esis 44
T ab le 75 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n of W iv es'
M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and W iv es' H o stility s c o r e s .
C onclusion. T he null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A lthough th e d ire c tio n is a s p re d ic te d th e d i s
trib u tio n is not such th at the d iffe re n c e s could not be a ttrib u te d to
chance.
H y p o th esis 45
T able 76 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of the c o m p a ris o n of W ives'
M a rita l A d ju stm e n t and W iv es' A g g re s s io n s c o r e s .
C on clusio n. T he null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and th e h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . T he d ata do not re a c h the re q u ire d lev e l of s ig
n ifican ce se t fo r th is study. H ow ever, the d is trib u tio n is in the di-
2
r e c tio n and the X of 3. 675 r e v e a ls a stro n g a s s o c ia tio n b etw een
th e s e v a ria b le s .
H y p o th esis 46
T ab le 77 re v e a ls the r e s u lts of th e c o m p a ris o n of W ives'
M a rita l A d ju stm e n t s c o r e s and W iv es' to ta l A g g re s s io n -H o s tility
s c o r e s .
C onclusion. T he null h y p o th e sis is a c c e p te d and the h y p o th
e s is is re je c te d .
D isc u ssio n . A gain the r e s u lts a r e in the d ire c tio n th a t w as
p re d ic te d , but th e a s s o c ia tio n w as not stro n g enough to r e j e c t th e null
h y p o th esis a t the . 95 lev e l of confidence.
216
T A B L E 75. C o m p a ris o n of W iv es' M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
and W iv e s' H o stility S c o re s .
W iv es' M a rita l A d ju stm e n t S c o re s
B elow A t o r A bove Row
M ed ian M edian T o ta ls
W ives'
H o stility
Below
M edian 26 19 45
S c o re s
A t o r
A bove
M edian 28 38 66
C olum n
T o ta ls 54 57 111
X 2 = 2. 525, d / f = 1.
Not S ig n ifican t
217
TABLE 76. C om p ariso n of W ives' M a rita l A dju stm en t and
W ives' A g g re ssio n S cores
W ives' M a rita l A djustm ent S c o res
Below At o r Above Row
M edian M edian Totals
W iv es'
A g g r e s
Below
M edian 30 21 51
sion
S cores
A t or
Above
M edian 23 34 57
Column
T otals 53 55 108
X 2 = 3. 675, d /f = 1.
Significance = . 10
218
TA BLE 77. C o m p ariso n of W ives' M a rita l A djustm en t S co res
and W ives' A g g re ssio n -H o stility S c o re s .
W ives' M a rita l A d ju stm en t S c o res
Below A t or Above Row
M edian M edian T otals
W iv es'
A g g r e s
Below
M edian 31 23 54
sion-
H ostility
S cores
A t or
Above
M edian 22 32 54
Colum n
Totals 53 55 108
X 2 = 3. 001, d /f = 1.
Significance = . 10
219:
S u m m a ry . Inspection of hypotheses 44, 45 and 46 again r e
veals, when co m p ared with hypothesis 43, that although th e re is som e
a sso c iatio n indicated by these te s ts on the v a ria b le s studied, the c o m
bined s c o re s of H usbands and Wives a re m o re sensitive to, or m o re
a c c u ra te than, s c o re s taken of individual spouses alone. In other
w ords, as stated for H usbands, a m o re a c c u ra te e stim a te of m a rita l
m alad ju stm en t is obtained fro m the com bined A g g re ssio n sc o re s of
H usband and Wife, than when taken sep arately .
S upplem entary findings w e re re p o rte d for hypotheses 33 and
34 that the K olm o gorov -S m irnov two sam ple te s t was run on the data
in those hypotheses to d e te rm in e w hether the null hypothesis could be
re je c te d by the use of this m o re discrim in atin g test. In hypothesis
33 the null hypothesis was supported, but the decision in hypothesis
34 was re v e rse d . The K olm ogorov-S m irnov two sam ple te s t was a l
so applied to the m a rg in a l decisions in hypothesis 35, 38, 44, 45 and
46, but in none of these in stan c es did it change the decision to re je c t
the null hypotheses.
M a rita l A djustm en t and A g g re ssio n -
H ostility on the MMPI
P re v io u s r e s e a r c h in the pilot study on 36 m a r ita l d isco rd
couples has shown a significant relatio nship betw een M a rita l A d ju st
m en t as m e a s u r e d by the W allace M a rita l A djustm ent Scale and
M M PI sc ale s, Pd and Si. When a sim ple index is c o n stru cted by
adding the T sc o re s of P d plus Si and the sum of th ese c o m p a red with
the sc o re s of Husbands and Wives on the W allace scale, by ran k o rd e r
com p ariso n , rho, it was found that the h ig her the index P d plus Si,
the h igh er the M a rita l A djustm ent sc o re s , beyond the . 95 level of con
fidence. Since a high sc o re on the W allace scale indicates m a rita l
adjustm ent, it is obvious that th e re a p p e a rs to be a significant n e g a
tive relationship betw een these two v a ria b le s.
It is th e re fo re im p o rtan t to know w hether th e re is a re la tio n
ship betw een MMPI sc ale s P d + Si as operationally defined in this
study, and previously d e sc rib e d in this chapter, and M a rita l A d ju st
m en t s c o re s . A lso, since the data a r e available, it is im p o rta n t to
220
know w hether the com bined sc o re s of Husbands and Wives a re m o re
a cc u ra te predictions of M a rita l A djustm ent than when individual
sp o u se's s c o re s on these indexes a re taken se p arately , as in the
discussion of the above hypotheses in this chapter.
Hypothesis 47
The hypothesis is that th e re is a significant negative re la tio n
ship between the C ouples' M a rita l A djustm ent s c o re s and th e ir c o m
bined M M PI sc ale s c o re s on Pd + Si. The null hypothesis is that
th ere is no difference between C ouples' M arital A djustm ent sc o re s
and th e ir com bined s c o re s on the M M PI sc ale s P d + Si, when these
2
a re c o m p a red in a 2 X 2, X table, using the m edian s c o r e s as the
cutting point as previously. The significance level is se t at . 05.
Table 78 rev e als the re su lts of the com p ariso n of C ouples'
M a rita l A djustm ent s c o re s and th e ir com bined M M PI sc a le s Pd + Si
sc o re s .
Conclusion. The null hypothesis is re je c te d and the hypoth
e sis is accepted beyond the . 98 level of confidence.
D iscussion. F ro m these data th e re is little doubt that th ere
is a strong relation ship between M a rita l A djustm ent as defined h e re
and the M M PI scales P d + Si. It ap p ea rs that when these M M PI
sc ale s a re elevated th ere is an in creasin g probability that th ese
sc a le s refle ct m a rita l d iscord. The m edian sc o re for couples' c o m
bined M M PI scale s c o re s Pd + Si was 236, (No m ean o r sta n d ard
deviation was com puted because the v a ria n ce of the two sc a le s a re
not the sam e and would be a m ean in g less sta tistic. ) The range was
from 117 to 298.
221
TA B LE 78. C o m p ariso n of C ouples' M a rita l A d justm ent S cores
and T h eir Com bined MM PI Scales P d + Si S c o res.
C ouples' M a rita l A d justm ent S cores
Below A t o r Above Row
M edian M edian Totals
C ouples' Below
C om bined M edian 31 22 53
MMPI
At or
Above
M edian
C olum n
Scales
P d + Si
S cores
20 36 56
Totals 51 58 109
X 2 = 5. 674, d /f = 1.
Significance = . 02
Supplem entary Findings 7
1. Husbands' M arital A djustm ent sc o re s w ere co m p ared as
above with Couples* Combined M M PI scales Pd + Si sc o re s and al-
2
though the direction was as predicted, a X of 1. 891, was obtained,
d /f = I, which is not significant. H usbands' M arital A djustm ent
sc o re s w ere also co m p ared with H usbands' Pd + Si sc o re s , as above,
2
and a X of only . 251 was obtained, d /f = 1, which is not significant.
2. W ives' M arital A djustm ent sc o re s w ere com pared with
Couples' Combined MM PI scale s Pd + Si sc o re s and although the di-
2
rection was as expected, the X was equal to 2. 032, d /f = 1, which is
not significant. Also W ives' M arital A djustm ent sc o re s w ere com -
2
p a re d with W ives' P d + Si sc o re s with the X resu lt of . 000, which of
co u rse is not significant.
3. Finally, Couples' M arital A djustm ent sc o re s w ere com -
2
p a re d with H usbands' Pd + Si scale sc o re s, and the X was . 099,
d /f = I, which is not significant. And Couples' M arital A djustm ent
sc o res w ere co m p ared with W ives' Pd + Si scale sc o re s . The resu lt
2
of this com parison was a X equal to 6. 620, d /f = 1, which_is^ signifi
cant beyond the level of significance.
Discussion . T hese data strongly support the contention a l
ready m ade that combined sc o re s and indexes of Husbands and Wives
a re m uch m o re likely to yield an accu rate estim ate of m a rita l a d ju s t
m ent than when individual spousete sc o re s a re taken by them selves.
The interesting variation from this is in the case of W ives' Pd + Si
scale sc o re s when com p ared with Couples' M arital Adjustm ent
scoreB. It m ay be that Pd + Si is a reliable index of m a rita l d is h a r
mony when it is the sc o re of the wife but not of the husband. Since
2
the X is less in the co m p ariso n of Couples' M arital Adjustm ent
sc o re s and Couples' com bined Pd + Si scale sc o re s, it is suggested
that it is the Wives whose discontent with the m a rria g e relationship
is m ostly reflected in these MM PI scale sc o re s, and therefore,
would be m o re n early accu rate in any prediction of m a rita l d isco rd
than would Husband rep o rts. This is in keeping with the lite ra tu re on
the subject. F u rth e r study is indicated here.
223
S u m m ary
T his chapter has focused on h ypotheses re la te d to m a r ita l a d
justm en t, a g g re ssio n and hostility and how th ese a r e re la te d to the
te s t in stru m e n ts u sed in this study.
It was found that the hypothesis that m a r ita l ad ju stm ent and
a g g re ss io n and hostility a re significantly re la te d negatively in couple
sc o re s . T hat is , the g r e a te r the a g g re ssio n and hostility the g r e a te r
would be the m a r ita l m alad ju stm en t. It was found that couples' c o m
bined sc o re s on the sc a le s studied was a m uch m o r e a c c u ra te e s ti
m ate of m a r ita l ad justm ent than when individual sp ouses' s c o re s w e re
taken se p ara tely , i. e. , husbands as groups o r wives as groups.
It is also noted that the H ostility sc ale s of both Husbands and
Wives contributed m o r e to the prediction of m a r ita l m alad ju stm en t
than did the longer A g g re ssio n scale.
It was found that the hypotheses relating to C ouples' M a rita l
A d ju stm en t and C ouples' com bined M M PI sc a le s P d + Si w ere su p
ported, indicating that p e rh a p s m a r ita l ad ju stm en t is reflected in
th ese two sc a le s which apparently tap feelings of g e n eral discontent
and in te rp e rs o n a l m alad ju stm en t. H usbands' Pd + Si s c o re s c o n trib
ute le s s to the relationship betw een th e se two v a ria b le s than did the
Pd + Si s c o re s of W ives.
It would ap p ear that the B u ss-D u rk e e A g g re ssio n and H o stil
ity Scale h as a c e rta in value in the a s s e s s m e n t of m a r ita l d isco rd ,
and that the com bined sc o re s of husbands and wives would be a b e tte r
guide to this conflict than would be the s c o re s of a single sp o u se's
sc o re along. It would also a p p ea r that the MM PI sc a le s Pd + Si could
be used as a good rough e stim a te of m a r ita l d isco rd , and that m a r
riag e co u n selo rs and o th ers could have confidence in these sc ale s in
a s s e s s in g the state of m a r r ia g e spouses, especially when sc o re s of
husbands and wives a r e com bined, and when wives sc o re s a re a v a il
able.
2 2 4
The next chapter contains a su m m ary and conclusions with
re fe re n c e to this study. It will also include som e suggestions for
fu rth er study and im plications for the fields of the sociology of the
fam ily and m a r r ia g e counseling.
C H A PT ER VIII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Introduction
T his study focused upon the need in the field of m a r r ia g e
counseling for b e tte r understanding of the in te rre la tio n sh ip s betw een
the sociological concepts of pow er and p ercep tion of self, how th ese
a r e re la te d to sociological and psychological theory and r e s e a r c h ,
ego-dyn am ics and te s t in stru m e n ts in com m o n u se, and how these
a re re la te d to m a r ita l adjustm ent. It was seen that although th ere
have been attem pts to define and study pow er, especially in sociology,
that th ese have been larg e ly confined to sy stem atic theory building,
politics and lea d ersh ip studies in the field of sm all group r e s e a r c h .
It b e ca m e a p p aren t that power as a p ro c e s s in the field of
m a r r ia g e and the fam ily, including m a r r ia g e counseling, had been
studied v e ry little. T h e re have been som e attem pts to understand
power larg e ly through a study of the re s u lts of pow er in m a r r ia g e and
through som e ap p ro ach es to the p ro c e s s of decision m aking in m a r
riag e . L ittle r e s e a r c h b e a r s upon the m a tte r of c h a ra c te r is tic p e r
sonality e x p re ssio n and how this m ay re la te to the e x p re ssio n of pow
er in m a r r ia g e and p a rtic u la rly in m a r ita l conflict situations.
The need to attem p t to throw som e light upon these facto rs
was felt to be irtiportant not only to the field of m a r r i a g e counseling,
but also to sociological theory of the fam ily and p e rh a p s to add to the
knowledge and usefu ln ess of c e rta in te s t in s tru m e n ts which m a r r ia g e
co u n selo rs and psychologists use re g u la rly in th e ir work with the
m a rita lly disturbed.
N atu re of the P ro b le m
The p ro b lem under study is a com plex one in that th e re a re
se v e ra l re la te d p a rts . T hese p a rts w e re iso lated and exam ined in
sim p le r te r m s by hypotheses which w e re suggested e ith er by p rio r
226
226
r e s e a r c h o r theory o r both. Obviously not all of the rele v an t is s u e s
and facto rs suggested by the lite ra tu re and r e s e a r c h could be e x a m
ined in a study of this o rd e r, but it is hoped that som e of the m o re
salient v a ria b le s have been touched upon.
The p ro b lem c e n te re d around the sociological concept of pow
e r as it re la te d to m a r ita l d isc o rd p a irs . An attem pt was m ad e to
m e a s u r e power in te r m s of background, in te r e s t in the m a r ria g e ,
a u th o rita ria n ism , sexual ad justm ent and a g g re ssiv e -h o stility , to r e
late th ese to m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo r's e stim a te s of c lien ts' m a jo r c h a r
a c te ris tic perso n ality e x p re ssio n in m a r r ia g e , and to clien t's m a r i
tal adjustm ent. P re v io u sly decision m aking has been the m a jo r focus
as an index of pow er in m a r r ia g e r e s e a rc h .
In addition to the above, dom inance, subm ission, love, hate,
w arm th , hostility, influence, co ercion, anger and a g g re ssio n w ere
r e c u r r e n t concepts, o r re la te d concepts, throughout the study as a s
pects of m a r ita l power.
A r a th e r re p re se n ta tiv e sam ple of m id d le -c la s s m a r ita l d i s
co rd p a irs resid in g in the g r e a te r Los A ngeles a re a who seek p r o f e s
sional help fro m p riv ate agencies and p riv ate p rac tic e m a r r ia g e and
fam ily c o u n selo rs w e re selected for study due to their availability and
the p resu m p tio n that they a r e fairly typical of a larg e segm ent of
couples who seek help fro m m any p ro fessio n al so u rc es with their m a r
riag e conflicts.
S u m m ary of the Findings
C hapter IV contains a re p o rt of the m a r r ia g e c o u n se lo r's
evaluations of 114 m a r ita l d isc o rd husbands and wives in te r m s of
th eir m a jo r p erso n ality e x p re ssio n s with re fe re n c e to pow er in the
m a r r ia g e relatio nship and the m o st often used m ethods used by them
to bring about the influence they e x e rc is e d in th e ir m a r ria g e . It also
re p o rts on hypotheses developed and te s te d around W inch's theory of
co m p lim en tarity in m ate selection and the m o re Dom inant a n d /o r A g
g r e s s iv e - o v e r t type spouse tending to m a r r y the Subm issive type
spouse.
227
It was found that the hypothesis that A gg ressive-overt spouses
tend to be rated significantly m o re often as p o ssessing the g re a te r
am ount of Real pow er than other types of spouses was supported b e
yond the . 999 level of confidence. S im ilarly that Subm issive spouses
tend to be rated less often as p o ssessin g the g re a te r amount of Real
power than other types of spouses was upheld beyond the . 999 level
of confidence. It was also hypothesized and the hypotheses supported
that spouses rate d Dominant tend also to be the spouses rated as e x
ercisin g the g re a te r amount of Coercive power in th eir m a rria g e , and
that Subm issive spouses tend to be rated as less C oercive in power
than other types of spouses, both beyond the . 999 level of confidence.
The theory of com plim entarity in m ate selection was hypoth
e sized and tested and the hypothesis was not supported by these data.
It was hypothesized that Subm issive spouses would be m a r r ie d to
Dominant spouses m o re often than to other types of spouses, but the
findings failed to support this hypothesis. It was hypothesized that
Subm issive spouses would be m a r r ie d to the A g g re ssiv e -c o v e rt
spouses, but this hypothesis was a ls o rejected.
It was found in Chapter V that m a jo r types of personality e x
p ressio n with refe ren c e to power and the m a rria g e relationship a re
asso c iated with certain high and low scales on the MMPI. F o r e x a m
ple, husbands rated as Dominant in th eir m a rria g e relationships w ere
found to have MMPI profiles in which scales Pd and Es tended to be
among the 4 highest scales, as hypothesized. Along with this, scales
L and Si tend to be lowest sc ale s. Scale D also tends to show up very
often among the lowest scales of Dominant husbands, and probably
significantly so.
Scale L a p p eared among the lowest 3 scales in all the p e rs o n
ality types, and because it is a validity scale should be excluded from
future studies of low scales of this sort, i. e. , it is not a d is c rim in a t
ing item in this analysis, although it might be c h a ra c te ristic of m a r i
tal d isco rd spouses.
Subm issive husbands, however, Were m a rk e d in th e ir MMPI ;
i
profiles by scale D appearing m ost significantly among the 4 highest !
228
scale s, and scale K, which tends to be am ong the high sc ale s of D om
inant husbands, tends to be am ong the low est sc ale s of Subm issive
husbands.
T hese exam ples a re to indicate that although the m a n n e r in
which the hypotheses w e re se t up, i. e. , e ith e r 3 or 4 scales will a p
p e a r high o r low as p redicted , m o s t of th em w e re re je c te d becau se
one o r m o re scale s w e re not significantly re la te d to the perso n ality
t r a it in question, in g e n e ra l the hypotheses w e re v e ry inform ativ e as
to which scales w e re a sso c ia te d with the perso n ality tr a its . T h e r e
fo re it is concluded that the M M PI can be a useful tool in the diagno
sis of c e rta in p e rso n ality types in m a r ita l d iscord.
C hapter VI which dealt with sociological pow er, m a r ita l ad
ju stm e n t and self p ercep tio n failed g enerally to support hypotheses
that th e re w e re significant rela tio n sh ip s betw een these v a ria b le s. It
m u s t be concluded that the te s t in stru m e n ts w e re inadequate, that the
m ethodology w as faulty, in that the sam ple group m edian s c o re s w ere
not used as the cutting points r a th e r than using the m ean of sta n d a rd
izing group for the ICL, I profile, o r that th e re a re indeed no r e l a
tionships betw een th ese v a ria b le s . H usbands' O v e r-a ll pow er was
found to be significantly a sso c ia te d with th e ir Dom inance sc o re s on
the IC L , I.
C hapter VII contains the findings with re fe re n c e to m a rita l
adjustm ent, a g g re ss io n and hostility. It w as found that hostility is
re la te d to m a r ita l m alad ju stm en t as was expected. A g g re ssio n is
also ap parently a sso c ia te d with m a r ita l m alad ju stm en t, but not to the
d e g re e sufficient to satisfy the sta tistic a l re q u ire m e n ts of this study.
It was also found that the com bined a g g re ssio n and hostility sc o re s of
husbands and w ives when c o m p a red with th eir com bined m a r ita l a d
ju stm e n t s c o re s w e re m o r e significantly re la te d than when each
sp o u se's sc o re s on th ese v a ria b le s w ere te ste d sep arately .
Im plications for M a rria g e Counseling
M a rria g e c o u n selo rs a r e quite obviously aw are of the fact
that couples they counsel a re in conflict. It is not so obvious that
229
c o u n selo rs a re as aw are of the geneses of the vario u s types of pow er
stru g g les which m ay go on betw een couples in m a r ita l d iscord.
This study suggests that it is im p o rtan t that m a r r ia g e c o u n se
lo rs in p a rtic u la r should m ake it a point to a s s e s s the individual
sp o u se's pow er orien tatio n fro m the s e v e ra l points of view outlined
h e re although som e of the a re a s studied did not show stron g a s s o c ia
tions with m a r ita l m alad ju stm en t. F o r exam ple, sociological pow er
as sc o re d and d e te rm in e d by th ese data, and differences betw een
spouses, did not ap p ea r to be a reliab le in d icato r of m a r ita l conflict.
How ever, it m u st be r e m e m b e re d that th ese a re g ro ss data, and the
assu m ptio n was m ade that they would differentiate the m o re m a r i t a l
ly m aladju sted fro m the le s s m a rita lly m aladjusted . A m o re detailed
ite m an alysis type of study is planned for th ese data in o r d e r to d e
te rm in e w hether th e re a r e indeed d ifferences which would be reliab le
p re d ic to rs of m a rita l m alad ju stm en t betw een spouses whose so cio l
ogical backgrounds v a rie d greatly.
It is not known to what extent m a r r ia g e c o u n selo rs use the
stan dard ized te s t in stru m e n ts used in this study, (MMPI and ICL), in
th e ir m a r r ia g e counseling p ra c tic e s . It would a p p ea r that th ese te s ts
along with an a s s e s s m e n t of individual sp o u se's backgrounds, i n t e r
est in the m a r r ia g e , d ecisio n m aking and sexual ad justm ent would
give the cou nselor a w ealth of diagnostic in fo rm atio n which would
m ake it p o ssib le for h im to p ro ceed with m uch m o r e c ertain ty in his
d iscu ssio n s with clients in te r m s of th e ir pow er orientations and
th e ir m ethods of handling the inform ation and counsel which is p r e
sented back to them .
A t the sam e tim e that it would be good if the cou n selo r could
get all th ese te s ts filled out by m a r ita l d isc o rd p a irs , th e re is a
g re a t deal of evidence that the M M PI alone would be of m uch value to
him in m aking a diagnostic a s s e s s m e n t of the couple's dom inance-
subm ission p a tte rn s, d e g re e s of hostility a n d /o r w a rm th and love
potential.
A nother im p o rtan t im p lication for m a r r ia g e counseling is that
it would appear to be im p o rtan t to get both h u sband's and w ife's a s
230
s e s s m e n t of the m a rita l situation before draw ing any firm conclusions
as to the s e rio u sn e s s of the m a rita l conflict as c o m p a red with other
couples is concerned. It is r a th e r c le a r that as m a r r ia g e counseling
b eco m es m o r e scientific in its a s s e s s m e n t of m a r r ia g e s and a p p lic a
tion of techniques to p ro b lem situations, m o re rigid sta tistic a l d e
term in a tio n s of probability of su c c e ss o r failu re in individual c a se s
will have to be evolved. And it is suggested that the a cc u ra c y of
th ese predictions can be in c re a s e d m any tim e s when the te s t sc o re s
of both husband and wife a r e taken into account to gether, i. e. , as
com bined s c o re s , as against individual sp o u se's sc o re s when taken
alone o r se p arately .
Im plications for Sociological T heory and R e s e a rc h
One of the m a jo r th e o re tic a l orien tatio n s underlying this study
is that of the sym bolic in te ra c tio n ists which s t r e s s e s the im p o rtan c e
of a ssig n ed ro le s , status positions, and the in te r -s ta tu s relation s in
accounting for (family) behavior. The oth er th eo re tic al orien tatio n of
this study is that of the stru c tu re -fu n c tio n school in which the fam ily
is seen as a group of individuals with r o le - s ta tu s e s which a re ra th e r
well d e te rm in e d by the social sy ste m in which it functions and which
p e rfo rm s c e rta in n e c e s s a r y boundary m aintenance a ctiv ities. T hese
two schools a r e adm ittedly clo se in th e ir em ph ases upon role and
status as being conceptual m ethods of analysing behavior of, for ex
am ple, fam ily m e m b e r s (60:303-304;119).
P a rs o n s h as m ade efforts to suggest th e o re tic a l relatio n sh ip s
betw een his stru c tu re -fu n c tio n th eo ries and those of psychoanalysis.
This he feels is a m uch needed expansion of the stru c tu re -fu n c tio n
conceptual fram e w o rk , and a n e c e s s a r y addition to the n a rro w in di
v idu alism of trad ition al p sychoanalysis (119). L e a ry 's w ork and his
review of the lite ra tu re show that an in te rp e rs o n a l approach to p e r
sonality diagnosis m u st rely upon the insights of G. H. M ead,
H. S. Sullivan, and m any o th e rs, in o rd e r to m o re a cc u ra tely a c
count for the im p a ct of the sociological conditioning fac to rs in hum an
behavior (93).
231
The re s u lts of this study se em to indicate that th e re is m o re
to the power asp ect of m a r ita l in te rac tio n than the r o le - s ta tu s of the
individuals involved. T h e re ap p ea rs to be the need to in c o rp o ra te
som e of the concepts of eg o-dy nam ics, or p e rso n ality dynam ics, into
sociological th eo ries for a m o re m eaningful understanding of m a r
riag e and fam ily life.
The p re s e n t study would seem to b e a r out the suggestion of
the potential fruitfulness of combining the study of sociological fa c
to rs , including the concept of pow er, with psychological fac to rs such
as the ego-dynam ics rev ealed on the MM PI.
Blood and Wolfe w e re aw are of this p ro b lem in th e ir study,
but did not attem p t to m o re than m ake note of it; in fact they p u rp o s e
ly avoided the ego-dynam ic a r e a (17).
It is suggested that the p re s e n t study g en erally supports the
sym bolic in te ra c tio n ist and the stru c tu re -fu n c tio n schools in th e ir
concepts, and of the im p o rtan c e of r o le - s ta tu s and status relatio n s in
m a r ita l d iscord.
The concept of the p erception of self which is c e n tra l in the
in te r actionist school also plays an im p o rta n t p a rt in s tru c tu r e - fu n c
tion theory. The p re s e n t study would se e m to indicate fu rth e r work
in m a r r ia g e r e s e a r c h and theory to estab lish the m eanin gs and r a m i
fications of self p erceptions beyond the m e r e conscious view of the
self in v ariou s ro le positions. One p ro b lem with the concept is that
it m u st be readily ap p aren t that when a p e rs o n is asked to d e sc rib e
h im se lf on such in te rp e rs o n a l check lis ts o r te s ts as the ICL, he has
a n u m b er of role a lte rn a tiv e s, o r self p e rc ep tio n s, to choose fro m ,
o r so m e confused am a lg u m of these s e v e ra l ro le s, o r as he se e s h i m
self as a self generally, w hatever that m ay be. The M M PI, how ever,
and o th er te sts should also give s im ila r re s u lts , m ay give another
a c c u ra te e stim a te of the p e rs o n 's view of h im s e lf fro m another p e r
spective, as suggested in L e a ry and in this study. In oth er w ords,
ego-dynam ics a re not always in the conscious a w a re n e s s of the in d i
vidual sp o u se's self p erception and m ay se rio u sly d isto rt the self
re p o rt to the m a r r ia g e counselor. It is th e re fo re im p o rta n t that the
23a
cou nselor have oth er e stim a te s of the individual's behavior and a tti
tudes in o rd e r for the cou n selo r to help him or to und er stand him
best. F o r exam ple, a spouse m ay give h im s e lf a v e ry low hostility
and a g g re ss io n sc o re on the B u ss -D u rk e e scale, b e cau se of the p o s
sible high visibility, in spite of what B uss and D urkee say about the
low visibility of th e ir scale, but this sa m e p e rs o n m ay have a v e ry
high index on the com bined M M PI scale s P d + Si, which m ight be a
m uch m o re a c c u ra te e stim a te of this p e rs o n 's being a difficult m a r
riag e p a rtn e r. T h ese sc a le s m ight also be a r a th e r a c c u ra te e s t i
m ate of his a g g re ss io n and hostility which he would re v e a l only to a
spouse in the confines and se c u rity of the hom e.
Im plications for P sycho log ical T esting
Much of what was said above has d ire c t application h e re . It
sim ply re m a in s to be suggested that psychological th eo ry and r e
se a rc h need to take into account the v a rie d role, positions, status r e
lations or self percep tio n s of the individual te s te e at the tim e of te s t
taking. In the te r m s of the psychological " se t" of the te st ta k e r th e re
can be little doubt that it is dynam ic in the re s u lts of the test; it is
only suggested that m o r e attention to the sociological concepts of role
and status as th ese a r e p a rt of a p e rso n ality pow er o rientation of the
individual m ight m ake te s t giving and te s t taking a m o re productive
endeavor.
The d ifferences in husband and wife s c o re s , especially as
th ese re la te d to m a rita l a d ju stm en t s c o re s in this study, suggest that
psychological theory and r e s e a r c h not overlook n o r u n d e re stim a te the
value of taking into account m a le and fe m a le n e ss, as well as the state
of the individual su b je ct's m a r r ia g e at the tim e of testing and coun
seling. It m ight also be im p o rta n t to vocational, and o th er counselors,
to com bine husband and wife s c o re s , for e s tim a te s of, for exam ple,
su c ce ss in job placem ent, vocational choice, o r acad em ic a c h ie v e
m ent. . .
L im itations of The Study
T his study could have been strengthened if a ran d o m sam ple
of m a r ita l d isc o rd p a irs could have been obtained, let us say fro m
the g r e a te r Los A ngeles a re a , who w e re seeking p ro fessio n al help
with th eir m a r r ia g e s . The p ro b lem s of defining and selecting
so u rces for such an undertaking w e re in su p erab le; and th e re w as a l
so the question of the level of cooperation which m ight be se c u re d of
the various p ro fessio n al p e rso n s and groups if a l a r g e r scale sam ple
had been attem pted, w h e rea s th e re was good evidence of com plete
cooperation among p ro fessio n als as the study was done.
Following the leads of the developm ental concept of m a r r ia g e
and fam ily relatio n sh ip s, this study would have been m o re sp e cifi
cally applicable if the focus of the sam ple had been within a n a rro w e r
age range. In this study the range is over a span of 33 y e a r s , fro m
age 21 to 53. It would have been possible to choose to study those
say betw een the ages of 31 through 40, with a m uch m o re lim ited age
focus, and a higher specific applicability.
A nother ju stifiable m ethod of in c re a sin g the applicability of
the findings would to have se lected p a irs who had been m a r r i e d for a
specified nu m b er of y e a r s , say 10 or 15, and who had been m a r r ie d
say no la te r than the age of 29 y e a r s . O ther re s tric tio n s on the
sam ple would have in c re a s e d the applicability of the findings, o th er
things being equal.
In keeping with the above the study could have been fu rth er
strengthened if the num ber of c h ild ren had been lim ited to say 3 o r 4
since this is m o r e nearly in keeping with the "a v e ra g e " fam ily of to
day.
The study un der con sid eratio n is a sim ple c ro s s - s e c tio n a l
study and as such has c e rta in lim itations built into it. The study
would have been extended and in som e ways stren gthened had it been
c o m p a red with a control group of m a r r i e d p a irs who, being m atched
in other w ays, w e re also p a irs who had n ever sought p ro fessio n al
m a r r ia g e counseling.
A nother lim itation of the study is the lack of experience with
234
Sociological P o w er Index, although it would se e m to have a c ertain
validity due to the p rio r r e s e a r c h and theory which back it up. F u r
th er w ork needs to be done with this index in o rd e r to d e te rm in e in
what fo rm it can be b e st used for r e s e a r c h into m a r ita l d isc o rd and
power.
T h ere is also a d e arth of r e s e a r c h into the u se of the M M PI
and the IC L as tools in understanding the in te rac tio n a l relatio n sh ip
betw een m a r r i e d p a irs , which m ak e s for a lack of re le v a n t theory
for the developm ent of m o re m eaningful r e s e a r c h . Along with the
w ork K otlar, Luckey, T ay lor, and v e ry few o th e rs, it is hoped that
this study will stim u late fu rth e r r e s e a r c h along these lines (89;99;
141).
A study of this kind would be g rea tly enhanced in the d e t e r
m ination of the m a jo r c h a ra c te r is tic m odes of p erso n ality e x p re ss io n
if the outside c rite rio n p erso n n el had been expanded to at le a s t one
oth er independent judge b e sid e s the m a r r ia g e co unselo r who was
working with the case. O r another m ethod of judging the p erso nality
types would be to have th re e judges a g re e on each spouse b efore a s
signing the case for study. T hese m ethods of assigning p e rso n ality
d e scrip tio n s should be co n sid ere d in any fu rth e r r e s e a r c h of this
kind in o r d e r to elim inate e r r o r due to projection a n d /o r c o u n te r
tr a n s fe re n c e p ro b lem s in the designation of p erso n ality types to
clients. If e ith e r of th ese p ro c e d u re s is followed in future studies,
those c a s e s which a re d isa g re e d upon by m o re than one judge should
be c o m p a re d with the o th er groups for s im ila ritie s a n d /o r differences
which m ight affect the study.
Suggestions for F u r th e r R e s e a rc h
A nu m b er of suggestions for fu rth e r r e s e a r c h a re contained
in the preceding sections of this c h ap ter and should not be o v e r
looked. In addition to m aking the sam ple eith er m o re ran dom o r
m o r e re p re s e n ta tiv e of selected c rite rio n groups, e. g. the cohort
groups suggested above, doing a c o m p a rativ e study of m a r ita l d is
c o rd p a irs v e rs u s a " n o rm a l" p a irs group, and soliciting the coop-
236
e ra tio n of different types of helping groups in o rd e r to c o m p a re the
different sam p les, e. g. th re e groups o r m a r ita l d isc o rd p a irs who
a re m atch ed o th erw ise and who a re being counseled say by m a r r ia g e
co u n selo rs, p s y c h ia tris ts and m in is te rs , the following suggestions
a re offered as a r e s u lt of this study.
It would se e m im p o rta n t to add a sec nd outside c rite rio n of
pow er to a study of husband-w ife relatio n sh ip s. In this study the
m a r r ia g e co unselo r w as asked to ra te the clients in te r m s of c e rta in
pow er fa c to rs. In another study it would be possible to get an evalu
ation of pow er fro m (1) c o w o rk ers co m p a rab le to a so cio m etric scale,
a n d /o r like the one c o u n selo rs filled out in this study, o r (2) fro m
other fam ily m e m b e r s , say fro m e ith er the child ren over the age of
15 o r fro m b ro th e rs and s is te r s , o r fro m the p a re n ts and the
p a re n ts-in -la w .
The r e s e a r c h e r should keep in m ind how ever that the self
which is rev e ale d to a spouse is not n e c e s s a rily the self which is r e
vealed to o th er fam ily m e m b e r s o r to fellow w o rk e rs, and the power
functions m ight be expected to v a ry according to the se cu rity feelings
which a r e ex perienced in keeping with the sp o u se's perceptions of
these different kinds of significant o th ers.
A nother type of r e s e a r c h is suggested by this study in the a re a
of m a te selection and W inch's theory of com plim en tarity . F i r s t a
sam ple of m a rita l d isc o rd p a irs who have been m a r r i e d for 5 y e a rs
b
or le s s m ight be a fruitful group for r e s e a r c h since th eir courtship
would be m o r e easily re m e m b e r e d and co m p a red with th eir c u rr e n t
conflicts and attendant power attitudes and m e c h a n ism s.
Along th ese sam e lines Winch is a w are of the need to u n d e r
stand the D om inance-S ubm ission factor in m a r r ia g e relation ship s and
oth er ego-dynam ic is s u e s which go into m a r ita l in teractio n. Second,
and p e rh a p s m o r e m eaningful, would be a study of co urtship couples
who a r e not engaged to be m a r r ie d , and whose pow er attitudes and
m e c h a n ism s could be re la te d to th e ir tendency to m a r r y subsequently,
o r to b re a k up without engagem ent o r m a rr ia g e . It would be im p o r
tant to attem p t to a s s e s s the intensity of pow er attitudes and other
fa c to rs which go into the m ake up of dom inance and su bm issio n in
both engaged and m a r r i e d couples. The te s t in stru m e n ts used in this
study, with som e m odification in the Sociological P o w er Index, should
be of value in such a p ro ject.
A PPEN D IX ES
2317
A PPEN D IX A
238
COUNSELOR'S EVALUATION OF COUPLES
IN TERMS OF POW ER USED WITH EACH OTHER
Instru ctio n s:
P le a s e evaluate M r. & M rs . ____________________________________
with re fe re n c e to the type of pow er u sed by them in th e ir m a r r ia g e
relation ship as you know it.
It is a ssu m e d that p erso nality is a r a th e r typical and c h a r a c
te ris tic e x p re ssio n of self, that which m a rk s the life style of the in
dividual. E ach p e rso n ality deals with o th e rs , m e e ts its needs, s a t is
fies its d riv es, handles its env iro nm ent in c h a ra c te ris tic ways of its
own. What m ethod does each of the above nam ed c h a ra c te ris tic a lly
use in his m a r r ia g e relatio n sh ip s?
R ead the ite m s below v e ry carefully before m arkin g a c irc le
around one "H" for husband, and one "W" for wife, at the side of the
category which m o st a cc u rately d e sc rib e s each in this m a r ria g e .
Notes of Caution:
Both husband and wife r a r e ly m ay be evaluated as using the
sam e pow er m e c h a n ism in m a r r ia g e , how ever, this m ay happen.
P le a s e m a r k th em the sam e only afte r v e ry carefu l con sid eratio n that
this is the only way they can be d e sc rib e d in te r m s of pow er betw een
them .
Thank you,
Clinton E. Phillips
TO BE USED FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY
239
R ead the ite m s below v e ry carefu lly before m ark in g a c irc le
around one "H" for husband and one "W" for Wife at the side
of the category which m o st a cc u ra tely d e s c rib e s each in this
m a r ria g e .
D om inant; Is angry, hostile, h u rts spouse, subjec-j
tive about right and wrong, spouse has to get along |
with h im /h e r , but not the other way around, m u s t
always lead o r get c re d it for leading, a u th o ritarian ,,
rig id p e rso n ality , prejudiced, people a r e either
su p e rio r o r in fe rio r — e ith er le a d e rs o r follow ers,
pushes spouse around, low em pathy, u s e s spouse
to own advantage, r e q u ire s cooperation fro m spouse|,
behavior is com pulsive, puts p r e s s u r e on spouse.
i
I
A g g re ssiv e , o v e rt; E x tro v e rte d , strong and fo rc e - |
ful, w orks situations in h i s / h e r favor at tim e s, self j
a s s e r tiv e , ov er self-confident, som ew hat co m p u l
sive, c le arly p r e f e rs the le a d e r role, at tim e s
angry and hostile, takes m o r e than gives in m a r
riag e and fam ily rela tio n sh ip s, a bit rigid and m ay
be a u th o rita ria n and prejudiced, so m e tim es h u rts
spouse.
C o o p e rativ e : Gets along well with spouse and other
fam ily m e m b e r s , is giving in the m a r r ia g e re la -
H W tionship, not dem anding o r nagging, even tem pered,i
can lead o r follow, flexible, rea so n a b le about m o st J
is s u e s .
A g g re ss iv e , c o v e r t: P a s s iv e - a g g r e s s iv e p e rs o n
ality, tr ie s to give im p re s s io n of following while
leading, thinks of self as " su b tle -c o o p e ra tiv e -h e lp
ful, " se c re tly o r openly thinks of self as "the hand '
H W that ro ck s the c ra d le , " "the pow er behind the
th r o n e ," "the one who rea lly gets things d o n e ," j
etc. , gets h u rt easily by spouse and fam ily m e m
b e r s , h i s / h e r cooperation with spouse is condition
al, gives hints and side c o m m en ts along with other
subtleties as m ea n s of influencing and controlling
spouse.
H W
H W
240
S u b m issiv e : Is p assiv e in in teractio n with spouse,
follower, takes lead r a r e ly and then under p ro test,
m ay feel defeated, takes life as it is handed to h im /
h e r, o v erly cooperative, does not stand up for own
H W rights, tr ie s to do what spouse wants in the m a r
riage, n e v er wants m uch of anything, and n ever
puts up a fuss about things, will go out of way for
peace.
241
2. a. In the light of b. (below), which spouse p o s s e s s e s the g re a te r
amount of o v e r-a ll " re a l" influence, (not coercive or hostile),
over the other?
Husband Wife
b. P le a s e indicate the m a jo r source of this sp ouse's influence in
rank o rd e r, (using n u m b ers 1, 2, 3, etc. ).
P le a s e use five categ o ries if possible.
a) P e rso n a lity strength
b) M ore influential family
c) B etter education
d) Higher I. Q.
e) W ider c irc le of friends (m ore friendly)
f) F am ily money
g)
F am ily stability and solidarity
h) F am ily association s and connections
i) Is a good p a ren t
j)
Is a good sex p a rtn e r
k) Dedicated to m a rria g e
1) B etter job and incom e
m) W orks h a rd e r, produces m o re
n) Capable of showing affection
o) Other
Explanations and qualifications
242
3. a. In the light of b. (below), which spouse p o sse ss the g re a te r
amount of influence over the other which is the re su lt of force,
coercion, o r hostility?
__________Husband __________Wife
b. P le a se indicate the m aj or m ethods used by this spouse to in
fluence the other, in rank o rd e r, (using nu m bers 1, 2, 3, etc.).
P le a se use as m any ranks as apply to this spouse.
a) T em p er and anger
b) W ithdrawal and sulking
c)
T h rea ts of separation and divorce
d) T h rea ts of punishm ent, physical
e) Subtle p re s s u re
f)
Deny sex
g)
Telling or ordering about
h)
Nagging a n d /o r complaining
i)
Insisten ce upon "the right thing"
j)
Weeping
k)
Feeling hurt
1)
Cold and won't talk
m) D epressiv e reaction
n) Uses illn e ss or h y ste ric al reactions
o)
Anxiety reaction
P)
A ddictive behavior
q)
Other
Explanations and qualifications
J
APPEN D IX B
A STUDY OF MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIPS
We a re trying to lea rn m o re about m a r r ia g e relatio nships so
that m a r r ia g e counseling can be im proved. Obviously those who
will benefit will be not only you and your m a rria g e , but m any oth ers
in the future.
To do this we need the in te re st, cooperation, and help of a
large n u m b er of m a r r i e d couples. You have been se le c te d in a
scientific m a n n e r to p a rticip ate in this effort. If one perso n does
not coop erate the study becom es less valid for our p u rp o ses. T h e r e
fore, we t r u s t you will help us, yourself, and o thers by answ ering
each item frankly and as carefully as possible.
E xperience has shown that m o st people a r e willing to a n sw e r
questions if they know th eir a n sw e rs will be held in confidence. ANY
INFORMATION YOU GIVE US W ILL BE C O M PL ET E LY CONFIDEN
TIAL.
Thank you for y o u r help.
243
244
PART I.
PA RT I.
1. P le a s e c irc le num ber of y e a rs your p a ren ts com pleted in school:
F a th e r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 +
M other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 +
__________E lem en tary_______ Hi School_____ College_______ G raduate
Diplomas: F a t h e r ______________________M other____________________
D egrees:_____ F a th er____________________M o th e r____________________
2. P le a s e c irc le num ber of y e a r s com pleted in school:
Self 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 +
Spouse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 j
__________E lem en tary_______ Hi School_____ College G raduate j
Diplomas: Self_____________________ Spouse_____________________ j
D egrees: Self____________________ Spouse_____________________ !
3. Your fa th e r's occupation - what does he do?______________________ (
4. Your fa th e r's estim ated annual incom e $______
5. Your m o th e r's occupation - what does she do?
6, Your m o th e r 's estim ated annual incom e $___________
7. Your fa th e r-in -la w 's occupation - what does he do?
8. Your fa th e r-in -la w 's estim ated annual incom e $
9. Your m o th e r-in -la w 's occupation — what does she do?
10. Your m o th e r-in -la w 's estim ated annual incom e $___
11. What is the husband's occupation - what does he do?
12. What is the husband's annual incom e (before taxes)?
$___________________________________
P a r t I.
246
Page 2.
13. Does the wife w ork now in your m a r r ia g e ? Yes No.
If so, what does she do?___________________________________________
14. P le a s e c irc le the nu m b ers of those y e a r s the wife h as w orked
during this m a r ria g e .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 +
15. What is the w ife's annual incom e (before taxes)? $_______________
16. P le a s e c irc le num ber of tim e s your father has been m a rrie d :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
17. P le a s e c irc le Humber of tim e s your m o th e r h as been m a rrie d :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
18. P le a s e c irc le n u m b er of tim es your p a re n ts have se p ara ted due
to d isa g re e m e n t during th eir m a rr ia g e .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
19. P le a s e c irc le n u m b er of tim e s your p a re n ts have been se p ara ted
due to w ar o r work.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
Total length of tim e: _______________________________ m onths.
20. P le a s e c irc le num b er of tim e s you have been m a rr ie d .
1 2 3 4 +
21. P le a s e c irc le n um b er of tim e s your spouse has been m a r r ie d .
1 2 3 4 +
22. Did your father "com e hom e w eekends" due to work?
______ Yes No. If y es, p lease e x p la in _____________________
23. N um ber of tim e s your p a re n ts have m oved during their m a r r ia g e .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 + j
f
24. D raw a line u nder the num b er of children in your childhood home;j
also c irc le v ou r position.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 + I
246
P a r t i . P a g e 3.
25. P le a s e c ir c le y o u r p o sitio n am ong the c h ild re n b o rn to your
m o th e r.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
26. P le a s e c ir c le yo ur position am ong the c h ild re n b o rn to yo ur
fa th e r.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +
27. W hat w as y o u r age when you f i r s t m a r r ie d ? _____________________
28. W hat w as y o u r s p o u s e 's age when h e /s h e f i r s t m a r r ie d ? ,
j
' j
i
29. W ill you a n d /o r, y o u r c h ild re n ex p ect to in h e rit o v e r $2000 in j
c a sh o r p ro p e rty fro m y o u r fam ily?
Y es No. How m uch?
30. W ill y o u r spouse a n d /o r, h i s / h e r c h ild re n ex p ect to in h e rit o v er
$2000 in c a sh o r p ro p e rty fro m h i s / h e r fam ily?
______Y es No. How m u c h ? ___________________________
31. W hich of y o u r p a re n ts w as th e m o re d om inant one in th e ir m a r -
iage? _______ M o th er F a th e r. P le a s e explain h o w ______
32. W hich of y o u r s p o u s e 's p a re n ts w as the m o re dom inant one in
th e ir re la tio n sh ip ? ______M o th er ______ F a th e r. P le a s e explain !
how
33. W hich do you feel is the m o re dom inant one in you r m a r ria g e ?
Self Spouse. P le a s e explain h o w __________________
I
34. W hich h as the g r e a te s t n u m b e r of frie n d s?
______ Self Spouse
35. W hich c o m es fro m th e l a r g e r fam ily? (G ra n d p a re n ts, au nts,
u n c le s, c o u sin s, e tc .) ______ Self Spouse.
36. W hich c o m e s fro m the f rie n d lie s t and m o re sociable fam ily?
______ Self Spouse
247
P a r t I. P a g e 4.
37. Y our re lig io u s a ffilia tio n (d e n o m in a tio n )_________________________
38. Y our s p o u s e 's re lig io u s a ffilia tio n (denom ination)
39. Y o u r p a r e n t's re lig io u s a ffilia tio n (denom ination)
M o th e r F a th e r
40. Y our s p o u s e 's p a re n ts re lig io u s a ffilia tio n (denom ination)
M o th er F a th e r
41. P le a s e c ir c le the n u m b e r of tim e s you a tten d c h u rc h p e r m onth.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 +
42. P le a s e c ir c le the n u m b e r of tim e s y o u r sp ou se a tte n d s c h u rc h
p e r m onth.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 +
P A R T II.
249
1. I enjoy being m a r r i e d . Y es No.
2. My sp o u se enjoys being m a r r i e d . Y es No.
3. P e o p le often go into m a r r i a g e w ith so m e r e s e r v a tio n s about th is
im p o rta n t step in life. W ould you say th a t you o r y o u r sp o u se
had m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s abo ut th e tim in g of the m a r r ia g e ?
(P le a s e ch eck only one. )
I had so m e w h at m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s ab o u t the tim in g .
M y sp o u se had so m e w h at m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s about the t i m
ing.
N e ith e r of u s h ad any r e s e r v a tio n s ab o u t the tim in g .
I had m u ch g r e a t e r r e s e r v a tio n s about the tim in g .
My sp o u se h a d m u ch g r e a t e r r e s e r v a tio n s about th e tim in g .
4. W ould you say th a t you o r y o u r sp ouse had m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s
about th e c h o ice of a sp o u se? (P le a s e ch eck only o n e . )
I had so m e w h at m o re r e s e r v a tio n s abo ut m y ch o ice of a
e 'o u s e .
M y sp o u se had so m e w h at m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s about h i s / h e r
ch o ice of a sp o u se.
I had m u ch g r e a t e r r e s e r v a tio n s ab out m y ch o ice of a
sp o u se.
M y sp o u se had m u ch g r e a t e r r e s e r v a tio n s about h i s / h e r
ch o ice of a sp o u se.
5. W ould you say th a t now a s you look b ack o v e r y o u r m a r r i a g e you
hav e m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s abou t y o u r m a r r i a g e th an y o u r sp o u se?
(P le a s e c h ec k only one. )
I h av e so m e w h at m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s about th is m a r r ia g e .
M y sp o u se h a s so m e w h at m o r e r e s e r v a tio n s ab out th is
m a r r ia g e .
249
P a r t II. P a g e 2.
N e ith e r of us h a s any r e s e r v a tio n s about th is m a r r ia g e .
I have m u ch g r e a te r r e s e r v a tio n s about th is m a r r ia g e .
My sp o u se h a s m u ch g r e a te r r e s e r v a tio n s about th is m a r -
lage.
W ould you say th a t y o u r fam ily o r y o u r s p o u s e 's fam ily as a
w hole, h a s ap p ro v e d m o s t of y o u r m a r r ia g e ? ( P le a s e ch eck only
one. )
My fam ily h a s a p p ro v ed so m ew h at m o re .
My s p o u s e 's fam ily h a s a p p ro v e d so m ew h at m o re .
N e ith e r fam ily a p p ro v e d m o re n o r le s s th an th e o th e r.
N e ith e r fam ily a p p ro v ed of the m a r r ia g e .
My fam ily a p p ro v e d m u ch m o r e .
My s p o u s e 's fam ily a p p ro v e d m u ch m o r e .
7. W ould you say th a t you o r y o u r sp o u se had the g r e a te r in te r e s t
in m ak in g y o u r m a r r i a g e su c ce ed ? (P le a s e ch eck only one. )
I had so m ew h at g r e a t e r in te r e s t.
M y sp o u se h a d so m ew h at g r e a t e r in te r e s t.
We w e re ex actly th e sa m e (e q u a l) in in te r e s t.
I had m u ch g r e a te r in te r e s t.
M y sp o u se had m u ch g r e a t e r in te r e s t.
8. W ould you say th a t o v e r - a ll you o r y o u r sp o u se h a d tr ie d the
h a r d e s t to m ak e the m a r r i a g e su cceed ? ( P le a s e ch eck only one. )
I have tr ie d so m ew h at m o re .
M y sp o u se h a s tr ie d so m ew h at m o re .
250
P a r t H . , P a g e 3.
We have tr ie d equally h a rd ,
N e ith e r of u s h a s tr ie d to m ak e th e m a r r ia g e su cceed ,
I hav e tr ie d m u ch m o re .
My sp o u se h a s tr ie d m uch m o r e .
9. W ould you say th at you o r y o u r sp o u se had the g r e a te s t i n te r e s t
in the m a r r i a g e at th e tim e of the m a r r ia g e .
Self S pouse E x ac tly the sa m e .
P A R T i n .
251
1. Who m a k e s the fin al d e c isio n a s r e g a r d s the spending of m o s t of
th e fa m ily m oney? Self Spouse
2. Who m a k e s the final d e c isio n as r e g a r d s d isp la y of affection?
Self Spouse
3. Who m a k e s the final d e c isio n as r e g a r d s the sex u al re la tio n sh ip ?
Self S pouse
4. Who m a k e s th e final d e c isio n as r e g a r d s to w h e re the fam ily
liv e s? S elf S pouse
5. Who m a k e s the final d e c isio n a s r e g a r d s to the ch o ice of fam ily
frie n d s ? Self Spouse
6. Who m a k e s the final d e c isio n as r e g a r d s im p o rta n t m a tte r s p e r
tain in g to fa m ily c h ild - r e a r in g p r a c tic e s ?
Self Spouse
7. Who g e ts h i s / h e r way m o s t often w hen it c o m e s to re la tio n s h ip s
w ith y o u r p a re n ts ? S elf Spouse
8. Who g e ts h i s / h e r way m o s t often w hen it c o m e s to re la tio n s h ip s
w ith y o u r s p o u s e 's p a re n ts ? S elf Spouse
9. Who g e n e ra lly g e ts h is w ay, (51% of th e tim e , o r m o re )?
Self S pouse
10. P le a s e l i s t below a ll th e o th e r a r e a s in w hich you get y o u r way o r
m a k e m o s t of th e d e c is io n s , and th o se in w hich y o u r sp o use gets
h i s / h e r w ay o r m a k e s m o s t of th e d e c isio n s.
Self: 1 ._______________________ 2.
3 .______________________ 4.
Spouse: 1 .______________________ 2.
3. 4.
252
P a r t III. P a g e 2.
11, In e v e ry fam ily som ebody h a s to d ecid e such th in g s a s w h e re the
fam ily w ill liv e , and so on. M any co u p le s ta lk th in g s o v e r f ir s t,
b u t the final d e c isio n o ften h a s to be m a d e by th e h u sb a n d o r the
w ife. F o r in s ta n c e , who u su a lly m a k e s the final d e c isio n about
w hat c a r to get?
H usband alw ay s H usband m o r e th a n wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husb an d
e x actly th e sa m e W ife a lw ay s
12. Who u su a lly m a k e s the fin al d e c isio n about w hat c a r to g et when
the c a r is fo r th e w ife?
H usband alw ay s Hu sb an d m o r e th an wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husband
e x actly the sa m e Wife a lw ay s
13. Who u su a lly m a k e s the final d e c isio n about w hat c a r to g et when
th e c a r is fo r th e c h ild re n ?
H usband alw ay s H usband m o re th an wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husband
ex ac tly th e s a m e ___________________W ife alw ays
D oes not apply
14. Who u su a lly m a k e s the final d e c isio n about w h e th er o r not to buy
so m e life in s u ra n c e ?
H usband alw ay s _____H usband m o r e than wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husban d
e x actly th e sa m e W ife a iWay8
15. Who u su a lly m a k e s th e fin al d e c isio n about w hat h o u se o r a p a r t
m e n t to tak e?
H usband alw ay s H usband m o r e th an wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husband
e x actly th e sa m e W ife a lw ay s
253
P a r t i n . P a g e 3.
16. Who u su a lly m a k e s the fin al d e c isio n about w hat job the h u sb an d
should tak e?
H usb and alw ays H usband m o r e th an wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o r e th an hu sb an d
ex ac tly the s a m e W ife alw ays
17. Who u su a lly m a k e s the fin al d e c is io n about w h e th e r o r not the
w ife should go to w o rk , o r quit w ork?
H u sband alw ay s H usband m o r e th an wife
H u sb and and wife W ife m o re th an h u sb an d
e x ac tly th e sa m e W ife a iway8
18. Who u su a lly m a k e s th e final d e c is io n about w hat job th e wife
should take?
H usband alw ay s H usband m o r e th an wife
H u sb and and wife W ife m o r e th an h u sb an d
e x a c tly th e sa m e ______________ _____W ife aiWays
19. Who u su a lly m a k e s the final d e c isio n about how m u ch m on ey y o u r
fam ily can a ffo rd to spend p e r w eek on food?
H usband alw ay s _____H usband m o r e th an wife
H usband and w ife W ife m o re th an h u sb an d
e x a c tly th e sa m e w ife a ,w ays
20. Who u su a lly m a k e s the final d e c isio n about w h at d o c to r to have
w hen so m eo n e is ill?
H usband alw ay s H usband m o r e th an wife
H u sband and w ife W ife m o r e th an husb an d
e x a c tly the sa m e______________ _____W ife a iw ays
21. Who u su a lly m a k e s th e fin al d e c is io n about w h e re to go on v a c a
tion?
H usband alw ay s _____H usban d m o r e th an wife
H usband and wife W ife m o r e th an husb an d
e x a c tly th e s a m e w .{< , alw ay8
254
PA R T IV.
1. T F
2. T F
3. T F
4. T F
abso lute obedience to th e ir p a re n ts .
T h ere a re two kinds of people in the w o rld:
w eak and the stro n g .
No decent m an can re s p e c t a w om an who ha
rela tio n s b e fo re m a rr ia g e .
Any good le a d e r should be s t r i c t with peoplt
h im in o rd e r fo r h im to gain th e ir re s p e c t.
PA R T V.
1. The b e s t p a rt of sex w ith m y spou se is:
a) the beginning d) a ll
b) the m iddle
c) The ending
e) none
2. In se x u al m a tte rs in m y m a rr ia g e , I am :
a) unhappy d) happy
b) som ew hat happy e) v e ry happy
c) " s o -s o " a v e ra g e
3. I gain se x u al re le a s e ( sa tisfa c tio n ) ______ % of the tim e . {Or, if
you p r e f e r , u se the line below to in d icate p e rc e n ta g e . )
/ / / / / / / / / / /
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4. C heck ex ten t of a g re e m e n t o r d is a g re e m e n t on the follow ing item s:
A lways
a g re e
A lm ost
alw ays
a g re e
S o m e
tim e s
d isa g re e
F r e
quently
d is a g re e
A lm ost
alw ays
d is a g re e
A bsolute
d is
a g re e m e n t
a) D em on
s tra tio n of
affection
b) Sex
re la tio n s 1
i
255
P A R T VI.
1. T F S o m e tim e s people b o th e r m e j u s t by being aro u n d .
2. T F W hen I look b a ck on w h a t's h appened to m e, I c a n 1
h elp fee lin g m ild ly re s e n tfu l.
3. T F S ince the age of ten, I have n e v e r had a te m p e r
ta n tru m .
4. T F I often m ake th re a ts I d o n 't re a lly m ean to c a r r y
out.
5. T F O th er people alw ays s e e m to g et the b r e a k s .
6. T F 1 get into fights about as often as the n e x t p e rs o n .
7. T F I se ld o m fe e l th a t people a r e try in g to a n g e r o r
in s u lt m e.
8. T F I often fe e l like a p o w d er keg re a d y to explode.
9. T F T h e re a r e a n u m b e r of people who s e e m to be
je a lo u s of m e.
10. T F W hen so m eo n e m ak e s a ru le I d o n 't lik e , I am
tem p ted to b r e a k it.
11. T F O nce in a w hile I can n o t c o n tro l m y u rg e to h a r m
o th e rs .
12. T F I c a n 't help being a little ru d e to people I d o n 't
lik e .
13. T F I know th a t p eople tend to ta lk about m e behind
m y b a ck .
14. T F I n e v e r p lay p r a c tic a l jo k e s .
15. T F If so m eo n e d o e s n 't t r e a t m e rig h t, I d o n 't le t it
annoy m e.
16. T F E ven w hen m y a n g e r is a ro u s e d , I d o n 't u se
" s tro n g la n g u a g e ."
17. T F W hen so m eo n e is b o ssy , I do the opposite of w hat
he a s k s .
18. T F If som eb o d y annoys m e, I a m apt to te ll h im w hat
I think of him .
19. T F I have known people who p u sh e d m e so f a r th at we
c am e to blow s.
20. T F I u s e d to think th a t m o s t people told the tru th , but
now I know o th e rw is e .
256
P A R T VI.
21. T F W hoever in su lts m e o r m y fa m ily is ask in g f o r a
fight.
22. T F A lthough I d o n 't show it, I a m s o m e tim e s e aten
up w ith je a lo u s y .
23. T F I tend to be on m y g u a rd w ith people who a r e
so m e w h at m o re frie n d ly than I ex p ect.
24. T F It m a k e s m y blood b oil to have som eb o d y m ake
fun of m e.
25. T F U n le ss so m eb o d y a sk s m e in a n ice w ay, I w o n 't
do w hat they w ant.
26. T F If I have to r e s o r t to p h y sic a l v io len ce to defend
m y rig h ts , I w ill.
27. T F W hen I re a lly lo se m y te m p e r, I a m c ap a b le of
sla p p in g so m e o n e.
28. T F W hen I a m m ad, I s o m e tim e s s la m d o o rs.
29. T F My m o tto is , " n e v e r t r u s t s t r a n g e r s . "
30. T F I a m i r r it a t e d a g r e a t d e a l m o re th an people a r e
a w a re of.
31. T F I w ould r a th e r concede a p o in t than get into an
a rg u m e n t about it.
32. T F I c o m m o n ly w o n d er w hat hidden r e a s o n a n o th e r
p e rs o n m ay have fo r doing so m e th in g nice fo r m e.
33. T F I a m alw ays p a tie n t w ith o th e rs .
34. T F W hen I d isa p p ro v e of m y f r ie n d s ' b e h a v io r I le t
th e m know it.
35. T F I have no e n e m ie s who re a lly w ish to h a r m m e.
36. T F I s e ld o m s tr ik e back, even if so m eo n e h its m e
f i r s t .
37. T F I s o m e tim e s s p re a d g o ssip abo ut people I d o n 't
lik e .
38. T F I s o m e tim e s have the fee lin g th a t o th e rs a re
laug hing a t m e.
39. T F W hen I a m a n g ry , I s o m e tim e s sulk.
40. T F I s o m e tim e s pout w hen I d o n 't get m y own w ay.
257
P A R T VI.
41.
T F
P eople who c o n tin u ally p e s t e r you a re asking fo r
a punch in the n o se .
42.
T F
W hen people a r e b o ss y , I take m y tim e ju s t to
show th em .
43. T F I can think of no good re a s o n fo r e v e r h ittin g
an y o n e.
44.
T F
If I le t people se e the w ay I fe e l, I'd be c o n s id e re d
a h a rd p e rs o n to get along w ith.
45.
T F
I could n ot put so m eo n e in his p la c e , even if he
needed it.
46. T F
If som ebod y h its m e f i r s t , I le t h im have it.
47.
T F
A lm o st e v e ry w eek I se e so m eo n e I d islik e .
48. T F
W hen people y e ll a t m e , I y e ll back.
49.
T F I s o m e tim e s show m y a n g e r by banging on the
tab le.
50. T F
I c an r e m e m b e r being so an g ry th a t I p ick ed up
the n e a r e s t thing and b ro k e it.
51. T F
I d o n 't know any people th a t I d ow nright h a te .
52. T F I s o m e tim e s c a r r y a chip on m y sh o u ld e r.
53.
T F
I often find m y se lf d is a g re e in g w ith p eo p le.
54. T F
I d o n 't le t a lo t of u n im p o rta n t things i r r i t a t e m e.
55. T F T h e re a re a n u m b e r of people who s e e m to d islik e
m e v e ry m uch.
56.
T F
I d o n 't s e e m to get w h a t's co m in g to m e.
57. T F
I n e v e r get m ad enough to throw th in g s.
58. T F I c a n 't h elp getting into a rg u m e n ts w hen people
d is a g re e w ith m e.
59.
T F
I d em an d th a t people r e s p e c t m y rig h ts .
60. T F
W hen a rg u in g , I tend to r a is e m y voice.
61. T F I g e n e ra lly c o v e r up m y p o o r opinions of o th e rs .
62. T F At tim e s I fe e l I get a ra w d e al out of life.
63. T F
W hen I g et m ad , I sa y n a s ty th in g s.
64. T F L a te ly , I have b e en kind of grou ch y .
258
P A R T VI.
65. T F O c ca sio n ally w hen I a m m ad at som eone I w ill
give h im the " sile n t tre a tm e n t. "
66. _____T F I lo se m y te m p e r e a sily but get o v er it quickly.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. A c k e rm a n , N. W. "T he D iag n o sis of N e u ro tic In te ra c tio n , "
Social C a se w o rk , 35:139-147, 1954.
2. A c k e rm a n , N athan W , and M a rie Jo h o d a. A n ti-S e m itis m and
E m o tio n al D is o rd e r. New Y ork: H a rp e r and B ro th e r s , 1950.
3. A ckoff, R. L. T he D esign of S ocial R e s e a r c h . C hicago: U ni
v e r s ity of C hicago P r e s s , 1953.
4. A d le r, A lfred . U n d e rstan d in g H um an N a tu re . G re e n b u rg , 1927.
5. A dorno, T. W. , et al. T he A u th o rita ria n P e r s o n a lity .
New Y ork: H a rp e r and B ro th e r s , 1950.
6. A sch , S. E. S ocial P s y c h o lo g y . New Y ork: P r e n tic e - H a ll,
1952.
7. B aldw in, J , M. S ocial and E th ic a l I n te r p re ta tio n s in M ental
D evelopm ent. New Y ork: M a c m illa n C om pany, 1897.
8. B an d u ra, A. , and R ic h a rd W a lte rs . A d o le sc e n t A g g re ss io n .
R onald P r e s s , 1959.
9. B a s s , B. M. "D ev elo p m en t of a S tru c tu re d D isg u ised P e r s o n a l
ity In v en to ry , " J o u rn a l of A pplied P sy c h o lo g y , 40:393-397,
1956.
10. B a s s , B. M. "V alidity S tudies of a P r o v e r b s P e r s o n a lity T e s t ,"
J o u rn a l of A pplied P sy c h o lo g y , 41:158-160, 1957.
11. B endix, R. , and S. M. L ip se t. C la s s , S tatu s and P o w e r .
G lencoe, Illin o is: F r e e P r e s s , 1953.
12. B endix, R. , "S o cial S tra tific a tio n and P o litic a l P o w e r, "
A m e ric a n P o litic a l S cien ce R eview , 1952, pp. 357-375.
13. B erk o w itz, L. A g g re ss io n : A S ocial P sy c h o lo g ic a l A n a ly sis.
New Y ork: M c G ra w -H ill Book C om pany, 1962.
14. B e tte lh e im , B runo, and M o r r is Ja n o w itz . D ynam ics of P r e j u
dice. New Y ork: H a r p e r and B ro th e rs , 1950.
259
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2 0 .
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
260
B inkley, R o b e rt C. , and F r a n c e s E . B inkley. "W h a t's R ight
w ith M a r r ia g e ." An O utline of D o m estic T h eo ry . New Y ork:
A ppleton, 1929.
Blood, R. O . , J r . "T he M e a s u re m e n t and B a se s of F a m ily P o w
e r: a R e jo in d e r, " M a rria g e and F a m ily L iv in g . 25:475-478,
1963.
Blood, R. O . , and D. M. W olfe. H usbands and W iv e s, The D yn
a m ic s of M a rrie d L iv in g . G lencoe, Illin o is: F r e e P r e s s ,
I960.
B o rg a tta , E d g a r, and H e n ry M e y e r ( e d s. ). S o cio lo g ical T h e o ry .
New Y ork: A lfred A. Knopf, 1956.
Bos s a r d , J. H. S ., and E le a n o r S. B oll. F a m ily S itu atio n s.
P h ilad e lp h ia : U n iv e rs ity of P e n n sy lv a n ia P r e s s , 1943.
B o w e rm an , C. E . , and G. H. E ld e r, J r . "A d o le sc e n t P e r c e p
tion of F a m ily P o w e r S tru c tu r e , " A m e ric a n S o c io lo g ic al R e
v ie w , 29:551-567, 1964.
B riffa u lt, R o b e rt. The M o th e rs . New Y ork: M a cm illa n C o m
pany, 1931.
B rim , O. G. , e t a l . P e rs o n a lity and D e cisio n P r o c e s s e s .
S tan fo rd , C a lifo rn ia : S tan fo rd U n iv e rsity P r e s s , 1962.
B u rc h in a l, L. " P e r s o n a lity C h a r a c te r is tic s and M a rita l S ta tis -
fa c tio n s, " S o cial F o r c e s , 35:218-222, 1957.
B u rg e s s , E . W ., H. J . Locke and M. M. T hornes. The F a m ily :
F r o m In stitu tio n to C o m p an io n sh ip , 3 rd ed. New Y ork: The
A m e ric a n Book C om pany, 1963.
B u rg e s s , E . W ., and P a u l W allin. E n g ag e m e n t and M a r ria g e .
P h ilad e lp h ia : J . B. L ip p in co tt C om pany, 1953.
B u ss , A. H. The P sy ch o lo g y of A g g re s s io n . New Y ork:
John W iley and S ons, 1961.
B u ss , A. H. , and Ann D u rk e e. "An In v en to ry fo r A s s e s s in g D if
f e r e n t K inds of H o stility , " Jo u rn a l of C o n su ltin g P sy ch o lo g y ,
21:343-349, 1957.
261
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
C a rtw rig h t, D. ( e d .). Studies in S o cial P o w e r . U n iv e rsity of
M ichig an P r e s s , A nn A r b o r, M ichig an, 1959.
C a rtw rig h t, D. , and A. Z a n d e r. G roup D y n am ics, R e s e a r c h and
T h eo ry . W hite P la in s , New Y ork: Row, P e te r s o n and C o m
pany, 1953.
C a tte ll, R. B. D e sc rip tio n and M e a s u re m e n t of P e r s o n a lity .
New Y ork: W orld Book C om pany, 1946.
C hance, E rik a . F a m ilie s in T re a tm e n t. New Y ork: B asic
B ooks, Inc. , 1959.
Cook, W. W. , and D. M . M edley, " P ro p o s e d H o stility and
P h a r ia s ic V irtu e S c a le s fo r the M M PI, " J o u r n a l of A pplied
P sy c h o lo g y , 38:414-418, 1954.
C ooley, C. H. H um an N a tu re and the S ocial O rd e r, (re v is e d
ed. ) New Y ork: 1922.
C r is t, J . R. " M a rria g e C o unseling Involving a P a s s iv e H usband
and an A g g re s s iv e W ife, " M a rria g e and F a m ily Living,
20:121-127, 1958.
C ro n b ach , L. J . E s s e n tia ls of P sy c h o lo g ic a l T e stin g . 2nd ed.
New Y ork: H a rp e r and B r o th e r s , I960.
Dai, B. "A S o c io -O sy c h ia tric A p p ro a c h to P e r s o n a lity O rg a n i
zation, " A m e ric a n S o cio lo g ical R eview , 17:44-49, 1952.
D a h lstro m , W. G. and G. S. W elsh. A n M M PI H andbook; A
G uide to U se in C lin ic a l P r a c t i c e and R e s e a r c h .
M in n eap o lis: T he U n iv e rs ity of M in n eso ta, I960.
D inw iddie, F . W. "A n A p p lica tio n of the P r in c ip le of R e sp o n se
G e n e ra liz a tio n to the P r e d ic tio n s of A g g re s s iv e R e s p o n s e s ."
U npublished D o c to r's D is s e rta tio n , C ath o lic U n iv e rs ity of
A m e ric a , 1954.
D o llard , John, et a l . F r u s tr a t io n and A g g re s s io n . New Haven:
Y ale U n iv e rsity P r e s s , 1939.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
262
D ra k e , L. E . , and E. R. O etting. An M M PI C odebook fo r C oun
s e l o r s . M in n eap o lis: U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta P r e s s , 1959.
E d w a rd s , A. L. T ec h n iq u e s of A ttitu d e S cale C o n s tru c tio n .
New Y ork: A p p le to n -C e n tu ry -C ro ft, 1957.
E d w a rd s, H. E . , and J . M . C a n to r. "A M a r ita l D isc o rd Index:
P r e lim in a r y F in d in g s. " A P a p e r p re s e n te d at the W e ste rn
P s y c h o lo g ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , San F r a n c is c o , A p ril 19, 1962.
(M im e o g ra p h e d .)
E d w a rd s P e r s o n a l P r e f e r e n c e S chedu le. New Y ork: P s y c h o l
o g ical C o rp o ra tio n .
E h rm a n n , W inston. "Som e K now ns and Unknowns in R e s e a r c h
into H u m an Sexual B e h a v io r, " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iving,
19:16-22, 1957.
E is e n s te in , V. W. N e u ro tic I n te r a c tio n in M a r r ia g e . New Y ork:
B a sic B ooks, Inc. , 1958.
F e n ic h e l, O tto. The P s y c h o a n a ly tic T h e o ry of N e u r o s is .
New Y ork: W. W. N o rto n & C om pany, 1945.
F re n c h , J . W. The D e sc rip tio n of P e r s o n a lity M e a s u re m e n t in
T e r m s of R o tated F a c to r s . P rin c e to n , New J e r s e y : E d u c a
tio n al T e stin g S e rv ic e , 1953.
G e rth , H. H. , and C. W. M ills ( e d s .) . M ax W eber: E s s a y s in
Sociology. New Y ork: O xford U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1946.
G o ld h a m e r, H. , and E . A . S h ils. "T y p e s of P o w e r and S ta tu s, "
A m e ric a n J o u rn a l of Sociology, 45:171-182, 1939.
G o ld h a m e r, H. " P u b lic O pinion and P e rs o n a lity , " A m e ric a n
J o u r n a l of Sociology, 55:346-354, 1950.
Gough, H. G. , H. M cC lo sk y , and P . E . M eehl. "A P e r s o n a lity
S cale fo r D om in ance, " J o u r n a l of A b n o rm a l and S o cial P s y
chology, 46 :360-366, 1951. (R e p rin te d in B a sic R e ad in g s,
Usee No. 148^J.)
263
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60 .
6 1 .
62 .
63.
Gough, H. C. , M . G. M cK ee, and R. J . Y andell. "A d jec tiv e
ch eck lis t a n a ly se s of a n u m b e r of s e le c te d p s y c h o m e tric and
a s s e s s m e n t v a ria b le s . " O ffice r E d u ca tio n R e s e a r c h L a b o r a
to ry , T e c h n ic a l M e m o ra n d u m , O E R L -T m -5 5 -1 0 , M ay 1955.
G u ilfo rd , J . P . , and W. S. Z im m e rm a n . " F o u rte e n D im en sio n s
of T e m p e ra m e n t, " P s y c h o lo g ic a l M o n o g rap h s, (NO. 417),
Vol. 70, No. 10, 1956.
G u ilfo r d -Z im m e rm a n T e m p e ra m e n t T e s t . B e v e rly H ills ,
C a lifo rn ia : S h e rid a n Supply C om pany.
H all, C alv in S. T he M eaning of D r e a m s . New Y ork: H a rp e r
and B r o th e r s , 1953.
H all, C. S , and G a r d n e r L in d zey . T h e o rie s of P e r s o n a lity .
New Y ork: Jo h n W iley and Sons, Inc. , 1957.
H a re , P . E . , E . F . B o rg a tta , and R. F . B a le s. S m a ll G ro u p s .
New Y ork: A lfre d A. Knopf, 1955.
H a rtm a n , H. "N o tes on the T h e o ry of A g g re s s io n , " T he P s y
ch o an aly tic Study of th e C hild, 3:9-36, 1949.
H athaw ay, S. R. , and P . E . M eehl. A n A tla s fo r th e C lin ic a l
U se of th e M M P I. M in n eap o lis: U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta
P r e s s , 1951.
H athaw ay, S. R . , and E . D. M o n a ch e si. A nalyzing and P r e d i c
ting J u v e n ile D elinquency w ith the M M PI. M in n eap o lis: U ni
v e r s ity of M in n e so ta P r e s s , 1953.
H athaw ay, S. R. and E. D. M o n a c h e si. A n A tla s of Ju v e n ile
M M PI P r o f i l e s . M in n eap o lis: U n iv e rs ity of M in n eso ta P r e s s ,
1961 .
H e e r, D. M . "H usband and W ife P e r c e p tio n s of F a m ily P o w e r
S t r u c tu r e ," M a r ria g e and F a m ily L iving, 24:56-57, 1962.
H e e r, D. M. "T h e M e a s u re m e n t and B a s e s of F a m ily P o w er:
an O v e r-v ie w , " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iv in g , 25:133-139,
1963.
264
64.
65.
66.
67.
6 8 .
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
H e e r, D. M. "R e p ly 1 1 to Blood, R. O. , J r . , "T h e M e a s u re m e n t
and B a se s of F a m ily P o w e r: a R e jo in d e r, " M a r r ia g e and
F a m ily L iv in g , 25:477-478, 1963.
H e rb st, P . G. "T h e M e a s u re m e n t of F a m ily R e la tio n s h ip s ,"
H um an R e la tio n s , 5:3 -3 5 , 1952.
H ill, R. A . and D. A. H ansen. "T h e Id en tific atio n of C o n c ep
tu a l F r a m e w o rk s U tiliz ed in F a m ily Study, " M a r ria g e and
F a m ily Living, 22:300-308, I960.
H ill, R. A ., A. M. K atz, and R. L . S im p so n . "A n In v e n to ry of
R e s e a r c h in M a rr ia g e and F a m ily B e h av io r; A S ta te m e n t of
O b je ctiv e s and P r o g r e s s , " M a r ria g e and F a m ily Living,
19:89-92, 1957.
H offm an, L. W. "E ffe c ts of the E m p lo y m en t of M o th e rs on
P a r e n ta l P o w e r R e la tio n s and the D ivision of H ousehold
T a s k s ," M a rr ia g e and F a m ily L iving, 22:27-35, I960.
H o llin g sh ead , A. B. "S e le c te d C h a r a c te r is tic s of C la s s e s in a
M id w e ste rn C om m unity. " A m e ric a n S o cio lo g ical R e v ie w ,
12:386-388, 1947.
H o m an s, G. C. The H um an G ro u p . New Y ork: H a rc o u rt,
B ra c e and C om pany, 1950.
H o rn ey , K a re n . T he N e u ro tic P e r s o n a lity of O ur T im e .
New Y ork: W. W. N o rto n , 1945.
H u n te r, F lo y d . C o m m unity P o w e r S tru c tu re : A Study of D ivision
M a k e rs . C hapel H ill, N o rth C a ro lin a : U n iv e rs ity of
N o rth C a ro lin a P r e s s , 1953.
H u n te r, F loyd, R. C. S c h a ffe r, and C. G. S heps. C om m u nity
P o w e r S tru c tu re : A c tio n and In a c tio n . C hapel H ill,
N o rth C a ro lin a : U n iv e rs ity of N o rth C a ro lin a P r e s s , 1956.
H u n te r, F loyd. Top L e a d e rs h ip U. S. A . C hapel H ill,
N o rth C a ro lin a : U n iv e rs ity of N o rth C a ro lin a , 1959.
75. H u rv itz , N. " M a rita l R o les and A d ju stm e n t in a M id d le -C la s s
G roup. " U npublished P h . D. d is s e rta tio n , The U n iv e rs ity of
S o u th ern C a lifo rn ia , 1958.
265
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86 .
87.
H u rw itz, J . I. , e t a l . "S om e E ffe c ts of P o w e r on the R e la tio n s
A m ong G ro u p M e m b e rs , " in D. C a rtw rig h t and
A. F . Z a n d e r ( e d s .) G roup D y n a m ic s, R e s e a r c h and T h e o r y .
E v an sto n , Illin o is: 1953. pp. 483-492.
In g e rs o ll, H a z e l. "A Study of the T r a n s m is s io n of A u th o rity
P a tte r n s in the F a m ily . " G e n etic P sy ch o lo g y M onograph,
38:225-303, 1948.
J o h n so n T e m p e ra m e n t A n a ly s is . C a lifo rn ia T e s t B u re a u .
M o n te rey , C a lifo rn ia .
Jung, C. G. P s y c h o lo g ic a l T y p es. New Y ork: H a r c o u r t- B r a c e ,
1923.
K elley , H. H. "C o m m u n ic a tio n in E x p e rim e n ta lly C re a te d
H i e r a c h i e s ." H u m an R e la tio n s , 4 :3 9 -5 6 , 1951.
K enkel, W illia m F . , and D. K. H offm an. "R e a l and C onceived
R oles in F a m ily D ecisio n M aking. " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily
L iv in g , 18:313, 1956.
K enkel, W illia m F . "Influence D iffe re n ta tio n in F a m ily D e cisio n
M a k in g ." Sociology and S o cial R e s e a r c h , 4 2:1 8-25, 1957.
K enkel, W illia m F . " T ra d itio n a l F a m ily Idology and S pousal
R oles in D e c isio n M aking. " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iving,
21:334-339, 1959.
K en kel, W illia m F . "D o m in an ce, P e r s i s t e n c e , S e lf-C o n fid e n ce ,
and S p o u sal R o les in D ecisio n M aking. " J o u rn a l of S o cial
P sy ch o lo g y , 54:349-358, 1961.
K enkel, W illia m F . " F a m ily In te ra c tio n in D e cisio n M aking on
Spending. " In N e lso n F o o te (ed. ), H o usehold D e cisio n M a k in g .
New Y ork: New Y ork U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1961, pp. 145-148.
K enkel, W illia m F . "H u sb an d - W ife In te ra c tio n s in D ecisio n
M aking and D e cisio n C h o ic e s ." J o u rn a l of S o cial P sy ch o lo g y ,
54:255-262, 1961.
K e p h a rt, W. M. "S om e K now ns and Unknowns in F a m ily R e
s e a rc h , A S o cio lo g ical C ritiq u e . " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily
L iving, 19: No. 1, 1957.
266
88. K irk p a tric k , C liffo rd . The F a m ily : A s P r o c e s s and In stitu tio n .
New Y ork: T he R onald P r e s s , 1955.
89* K o tla r, S. L. " M id d le -C la s s M a rita l R o les - Id e a l and P e r
c e iv e d in R e la tio n to A d ju stm e n t in M a rr ia g e . " U npublished
P h . D. d is s e r ta tio n , The U n iv e rs ity of S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia ,
L os A n g e le s, 1962.
90. L a s s w e ll, H a ro ld D. P o w e r and P e r s o n a lity . New Y ork: The
V iking P r e s s , 1948.
91. L e a ry , T . , and H. S. Coffey. " I n te r p e rs o n a l D iag n o sis: Som e
P r o b le m s of M ethodology and V a lid a tio n . " J o u r n a l of A b n o r
m a l and S o cial P sy c h o lo g y , 50:110-124, 1955.
92. L e a ry , T . K a is e r F o u n d a tio n P sy ch o lo g y R e s e a rc h , M u ltile v el
M e a s u re m e n t of I n te r p e rs o n a l B e h a v io r. (M anual) B e rk e le y ,
C a lifo rn ia : P s y c h o lo g ic a l S e rv ic e s , 1956.
93. L e a ry , T. I n te r p e rs o n a l D iagn osis of P e r s o n a l it y . New Y ork:
R onald P r e s s , 1957.
94. L ev in so n , D. J . , and P h y llis E . H uffm an. " T ra d itio n a l F a m ily
Ideology and its R e la tio n to P e rs o n a lity , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n
a lity , 23:251-273, M a rc h 1955.
95. L ocke, H. J . , and K a r l M. W allace. "S h o rt M a rita l A d ju stm e n t
and P re d ic tio n T e s ts : T h e ir R e lia b ility and V a lid ity , "
M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iving, 21:251-255, 1959.
96. L indzey, G a rd n e r . H andbook of S o cial P s y c h o lo g y . V ols. I. and
II. C a m b rid g e , M a s s a c h u s e tts : A d dis o n -W e sle y P u b lish in g
C om pany, 1954.
97. L ip p itt, R. , e t a l . "T h e D y nam ics of P o w e r, " H um an R e la tio n s ,
5:37 -6 4 , 1952.
98. L ow enthal, L eo, and N o r b e r t C u tte rm a n . P ro p h e ts of D eceit.
New Y ork: H a r p e r and B r o th e r s , 1950.
99. L uckey, E . B. " M a r ita l S a tis fa c tio n and Its A s s o c ia tio n w ith
C o n g ru en ce of P e rc e p tio n , " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iving,
22:49-54, I960.
267
100.
101 .
102.
103.
104.
105.
106 .
107.
108.
109.
1 1 0 .
111 .
112 .
113.
M angus, A . R. " F a m ily Im p a c t on M e n tal H ealth , " M a r r ia g e
and F a m ily L iving, 19:256-262, 1957.
M an gus, A. R. "R ole T h e o ry and M a r r ia g e C o u n selin g , " S o cial
F o r c e s , 35:200-209, 1957
M angus, A. R. " In te g ra tio n of T h e o ry , R e s e a r c h an d F a m ily
C oun selin g P r a c t i c e , " M a r r ia g e and F a m ily L iving, 19:81-88,
1957.
M aslow , A. H. "T h e A u th o rita ria n C h a r a c te r S tr u c tu r e , "
J o u r n a l of S o cial P sy ch o lo g y , 18:401-411, 1943.
M a ssin g , P a u l W. R e h e a r s a l fo r D e s tru c tio n . New Y ork:
H a r p e r and B r o th e r s , 1950.
M a v ra n , L. A . "A R a tio n a lly D e riv e d M M PI S c a le to M e a s u re
D e p e n d e n c e ," J o u r n a l of C o n su ltin g P sy c h o lo g y , 18:192, 1954.
(A lso se e D a h ls tro m and W e ls h 's H andbook, pp. 3 7 5 -3 7 6 ,4 4 4 ,
454. )
M ead, G. H. M ind, S elf and S o c ie ty . C hicago: T he U n iv e rs ity
of C hicago P r e s s , 1934.
M e rto n , R o b e rt K. " B u r e a u c ra tic S tru c tu r e and P e r s o n a lity , "
S o cial F o r c e s , 18:560-568, M ay, 1940.
M e rto n , R . K. S ocial T h e o ry and S o cial S tr u c tu r e , re v . ed. ,
G len co e, Illin o is: T he F r e e P r e s s , 1957.
M ills , C. W. New M en of P o w e r . New Y ork: H a r c o u r t- B r a c e
C om pany , 1948.
M ills , C. W. T he P o w e r E lite . New Y ork: O xford U n iv e rs ity
P r e s s , 1956.
M ills , C. W. Im a g e s of M a n . New Y ork: G e o rg e B r a z i ll e r ,
I n c . , 1960.
M ills , C. W. P o w e r, P o litic s and P e o p le . E d ited by
I. L . H o ro w itz. New Y ork: O xford U n iv e rs ity P r e s s , 1963.
M oldaw sky, P . "A Study of P e r s o n a lity V a ria b le s in P a tie n ts
w ith Skin D is o rd e r. " U n p u blished D o c to ra l d is s e r ta tio n ,
S tate U n iv e rs ity of Iow a, 1953.
114 .
115.
116 .
117.
118.
119.
120.
121 .
122 .
123.
124.
125.
126.
264
M udd, E. H. "K now ns and Unknowns in M a r r ia g e C ounseling
R e s e a r c h ," M a rr ia g e and F a m ily L iv in g , 19:75-81, 1957.
N ew com b, T . S ocial P sy ch o lo g y . New Y ork: T he D ry d en P res%
1950, p .v .
P a r k , R. E . , and E r n e s t W. B u rg e s s . In tro d u c tio n to the
S c ien c e of S ociology, 2nd ed. C hicago: U n iv e rs ity of C hicago
P r e s s , 1924.
P a r s o n s , T. , and R. F . B a le s . F a m ily , S o c ia liz a tio n and
I n te r a c tio n P r o c e s s . G lencoe, Illin o is: T he G lencoe F r e e
P r e s s , 1955.
P a r s o n s , T. T he S o cial S y ste m . G lencoe, Illin o is: T he G len coe
F r e e P r e s s , 1951.
P a r s o n s , R. , R. F . B a le s, and E. A. S h ils. The W orking
P a p e r s in the T h e o ry of A c tio n . G len co e, Illin o is: T he F r e e
P r e s s , 1951.
P e te r s o n , J a m e s A. E d u ca tio n fo r M a r r ia g e . New Y ork:
C h a rle s S c r ib n e r 's S ons, I n c ., 1956.
P r e s t h u s , R o b e rt. M en a t th e Top. New Y ork: O xford U n iv e r
sity P r e s s , 1964.
P r e s to n , M a lc o lm , et a l . " I m p re s s io n s of P e r s o n a lity a s a
F u n c tio n of C onflict, " J o u r n a l of A b n o rm a l and S o cial P s y
ch o lo g y , 47:326-3 33, 1952.
R e c k le s s , W a lte r. The C r im e P ro b le m , 3 rd ed. New Y ork:
A p p le to n -C e n tu ry -C ro fts , I n c ., 1961.
R e is m a n , D. T he L onely C ro w d . New H aven, C o nnecticut: 1951.
R o s s , E. A. P r in c ip le s of Sociology. New Y ork: C e n tu ry P res%
1921.
S a rg e n t, W illia m . T he B a ttle fo r the M ind. New Y ork:
D oubleday and C om pany, 1957.
127. Saul, L. J . The H o stile M ind. New Y ork: R andom H o u se, 1956.
269
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
S chultz, S. D. "A D iffe re n tia tio n of S e v e ra l F o r m s of H o stility
by S c a le s E m p iric a lly C o n stru c te d f ro m S ig n ifican t Ite m s on
the M M PI. " P h . D. d is s e r ta tio n , P e n n sy lv a n ia S tate U n iv e r
sity , 1954. (D is s e rta tio n A b s tr a c t s , 1955, 1 7 :7 1 7 -7 2 0 .)
S cott, J . P . A g g r e s s io n . C hicago: U n iv e rs ity of C hicago
P r e s s , 1958.
S h a k e s p e a re , W. M uch Ado A bout N othing. A c t. Ill, Scene 5.
S h e rif, M. "A Study of Som e S ocial F a c to r s in P e rc e p tio n , "
A rc h iv e s of P s y c h o lo g y , 1935, 27, No. 187.
Shibutani, T a m o tsu . S ociety and P e r s o n a l it y . Inglew ood C liffs,
New J e r s e y : P r e n tic e - H a ll, In c o rp o ra te d , 1961.
Shultz, W illiam C. T h e o ry of I n te r p e r s o n a l B e h a v io r.
New Y ork: R in e h a rt and C om pany, I n c ., 1958.
S ieg el, Sidney. N o n p a ra m e tric S ta tis tic s fo r the B e h a v o ria l
S c ie n c e s . New Y ork: M c G ra w -H ill Book C om pany, 1956.
S ieg el, S. M. "T h e R e la tio n sh ip of H o stility to A u th o r ita r ia n is m ,"
J o u rn a l of A b n o rm a l and S ocial P sy ch o lo g y , 1956, 52:368-372.
S ie g el, S. M . , and M. J . F e ld m a n . "A Note on the E ffe ct on
S elf D e sc rip tio n of C om bining A nxiety and H o stility on a
Single S c a le , " J o u rn a l of C lin ic a l P sy ch o lo g y , 1958, 14:389-
390.
S irja m a k i, Jo h n . T he A m e ric a n F a m ily in the T w en tieth C e n tu
r y . C a m b rid g e: The H a r v a r d U n iv e rsity P r e s s , 1953.
S tro d b e ck . F . L. "H u sb an d -W ife In te ra c tio n O v e r R e v e a le d
D iffe re n c e s, " A m e r ic a n S o cio lo g ical R eview , 16:468-473,
1951.
S ullivan, P . L. and G. S. W elsh. "A T ech n iq u e of O bjectiv e
C o n fig u ral A n a ly sis of M M PI P r o f ile s , " J o u r n a l of C o n su lt
ing P sy ch o lo g y , 1952, 16:383-388.
Swan, R. J . "T h e A p p lica tio n of a C ouple A n a ly sis A p p ro a c h to
the M M PI in M a r r ia g e C o u n selin g . " U npublished P h . D.
d is s e rta tio n , U n iv e rs ity of M in n e so ta, 1953.
2T0
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
T a y lo r, A . B. "R ole P e rc e p tio n , E m p ath y , and M a rr ia g e A d
ju s tm e n t. " U npublished P h . D. d is s e r ta tio n . T he U n iv e rsity
of S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia , L os A n g e le s, 1965.
T h o m a s, W. I . , and F . Z n an ieck i. T he P o lis h P e a s a n t in
E u ro p e and A m e ric a . 5 V ols. C hicago: U n iv e rs ity of
C hicago P r e s s , 1918-21.
T o r ra n c e , E . P . "Som e C o n se q u e n ce s of P o w e r D iffe re n c e s on
D ecisio n M aking in P e r m a n e n t and T e m p o r a ry T h re e -M a n
G ro u p s. " In H a re , P . E. , e t a l . S m a ll G ro u p s . New Y ork:
A lfre d Knopf, 1955.
W allace, K a r l M. " C o n s tru c tio n and V a lid a tio n of M a rita l A d
ju s tm e n t and P re d ic tio n S c a le s . " U npublished D o c to ra l d i s
s e rta tio n , T he U n iv e rs ity of S o u th e rn C a lifo rn ia , 1947.
W a lle r, W. , and R. H ill. The F a m ily : A D ynam ic I n te r p r e ta -
tion. New Y ork: The D ry d en P r e s s , I n c ., 1956.
W a rn e r, W. L. and A s s o c ia te s . D e m o c ra c y in J o n e s v ille .
New Y ork: H a r p e r and B r o th e r s , 1949.
W eb er, M ax. W irtsh a ft und G e s e lls h a ft. T ubingen: I, 1925.
W elsh, G. S. , and P . L. Sullivan. "M M PI C o n fig u ratio n s in
P a s s iv e - A g g r e s s iv e P e r s o n a lity P r o b le m s . " U npublished
m a te r ia ls , 1952. (D isc u ss e d in D a h lstro m and W elsh,
H andbook. )
W elsh, G. S. and W. G. D a h lstro m . B a sic R ead in g s on the
M M PI in P sy ch o lo g y and M ed icin e. M in n eap o lis: U n iv e rs ity
of M in n eso ta P r e s s , 1956.
W est, J a m e s . P la in v ille , U .S .A . New Y ork: C o lu m b ia U n iv e r
sity P r e s s , 1945.
W e s te rm a r k , E . A. T he H is to ry of H um an M a r ria g e . London:
M a c m illa n and C om pany, 1891.
W inch, R. M ate S e lec tio n . New Y ork: H a rp e r, 1958.
W olfe, D. M. " P o w e r and A u th o rity in the F a m ily , " in
C a rtw rig h t, D. S tudies in S o cial P o w e r , (ed. ). A nn A r b o r,
M ichigan: U n iv e rs ity of M ich igan P r e s s , 1959.
271
154.
155.
156.
W olfe, H. H. , t r a n s la to r . C onflict. G len co e, Illin o is: T he
F r e e P r e s s , 1955.
Y i-C hung, Lu. " M a rita l R o les and M a rita l A d ju s tm e n ts , "
Sociology and S o c io lo g ic al R e s e a r c h , 1952, 36:365-368.
Z a k s, M. S. , and R. H. W a lte rs . " F i r s t S tep s in th e C o n s tru c
tion of a S c a le fo r the M e a s u r e m e n t of A g g re s s io n , " J o u r n a l
of P sy c h o lo g y , 1959» 47:199-208.

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Status consistency and its effects on marital adjustment and stability

PDF

Role Perception, Empathy, And Marital Adjustment

PDF

An Investigation Of Complementary Needs Between Marital Partners

PDF

Attitudes Toward Sex In Marriage And Patterns Of Erotic Behavior In Dating And Courtship Before Marriage

PDF

Power Struggle And Organizational Goals: A Case Study Of An Industrial Firm

PDF

On Becoming A Parent: Attitude And Feeling Changes

PDF

A Study Of Relationships Between Occupational And Marital Roles And Marital Adjustment

PDF

Communication Between Engaged Couples

PDF

An Analysis Of The Positive And Negative Functions In The Contemporary Usage Of An Ancient Rite Of Passage

PDF

Some Characteristics Of A Selected Sample Of Free Methodist Pastoral Dropouts

PDF

A Study Of The Relationships Between Religious Affiliation, Religious Practices And Marital Adjustment

PDF

Complementarity, Homogeneity, Heterogeneity And Marital Stability

PDF

An Exploratory Analysis Of Two Dimensions Of Family Separation

PDF

Social Stratification In A Selected Community

PDF

Dying And Death Role-Expectation: A Comparative Analysis

PDF

The Parameters Of Singleness: An Inquiry Into Some Factors Influencing The Choice Of Singleness Over Marriage As A Way Of Life

PDF

An Analysis Of Factors In The Family'S Withdrawal Of A Patient From A Hospital For The Mentally Retarded

PDF

Personality And Interpersonal Factors Associated With The Duration Of Marriage Counseling

PDF

Familism, Suburbanization, And Residential Mobility In A Metropolis

PDF

A Comparison Of Perceptions Reported By Nondelinquents And Delinquents Regarding Their Identification With Selected Socialization Agents And Normative Prescriptions

Asset Metadata

Creator Phillips, Clinton Everett (author)

Core Title Power Relationships In Marital Discord

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Sociology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,sociology, individual and family studies

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Peterson, James A. (committee chair), Carnes, Earl F. (committee member), Lasswell, Thomas E. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-228102

Unique identifier UC11360650

Identifier 6611582.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-228102 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6611582.pdf

Dmrecord 228102

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Phillips, Clinton Everett

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA