University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Effects Of Exercise Upon Joint Mobility Of Young And Old Men

(USC Thesis Other)

Effects Of Exercise Upon Joint Mobility Of Young And Old Men

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Content EFFECTS OF EXERCISE UPON JOINT MOBILITY
OF YOUNG A N D OLD M EN
by
E liz a b e th Anne Chapman
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d t o th e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f th e
R eq u irem en ts f o r th e D egree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(P h y s ic a l E d u c a tio n )
J a n u a ry , 1971
7 1-2 1, 44-5
CHAPMAN, E liz a b e th A nne, 1943-
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE UPON JOINT MOBILITY OF Y O U N G
A N D OLD MEN.
U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , P h .D ., 1971
E d u c a tio n , p h y s ic a l
University Microfilms, A X E R O X Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
UNIVERSITY O F SO U TH ERN CALIFORNIA
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
..EAiaakfi£h-„Anns~i3haeraan................
under the direction of h.EE..... Dissertation Com
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by The Gradu
ate School, in partial fulfillment of require
ments of the degree of
D O C T O R OF P H I L O S O P H Y
Tf Dean
T J a n u a ry 18, 1971
DISSERTATION COMMITTEE
__
2" ,
N
35
Chairman
I
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I C h a p te r
1
I . INTRODUCTION
S ta te m e n t o f th e Problem
S ig n if ic a n c e o f th e S tu d y
D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms
D e lim ita tio n s
I I . REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7
N a tu re and S ig n if ic a n c e o f J o i n t M o b ility
C l i n i c a l Im p o rtan c e
Im p o rta n c e t o P h y s ic a l E d u c a to rs
M easurem ent o f J o in t M o b ility
Movement T asks
G oniom etry
T orque and E nergy R eq u irem en ts f o r Movement
Sex and Age D iff e re n c e s i n J o i n t M o b ility
Movement Range
J o i n t S t i f f n e s s
E f f e c ts o f E x e rc is e upon J o i n t M o b ility
S tr u c t u r e o f th e U n d e rly in g C o n n ectiv e T is s u e
S u b je c ts
E x p e rim e n ta l D esign
I n s t rume n t a t i on
P r o to c o l
S tr e n g th T e s tin g
M o b ility T e s tin g
D ata R e d u c tio n
I I I . PROCEDURE
26
IV . RESULTS
36
E f f e c ts o f Age
E f f e c ts o f T r a in in g
V . DISCUSSION
kk
i i
I V I . SU M M A R Y AND CONCLUSIONS........................
[
j Summary
i F in d in g s
| C o n clu sio n s
! Recom m endations f o r F u r th e r S tu d y
! BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................
1
! APPENDIX............................................................................
I
LIST O F TABLES
T a b le
1 . E f f e c t o f Age . .
2 . E f f e c t o f T r a in in g
r
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re
1 . F in g e r P u l l e y ............................................................................................................28
' i
2 . M easurem ent o f B re a k in g S tr e n g th •
i
i
3 - M o b ility T e s tin g A p p a ra tu s 32 |
!+. E le c tro m y o g ra p h ic Equipm ent 32 I
5 - In d e x F le x o r S tr e n g th In Young and O ld M e n ......................................... 39
6 . J o i n t T orque R eq u irem en ts o f Young and O ld M e n ...............................Uo
7 . J o i n t E nergy R eq u irem en ts o f Young and O ld M e n ...............................Ul
v
CHAPTER I
! INTRODUCTION
i
I
I
I n th e p a s t , j o i n t m o b ility h a s b een m easured and e x p re ss e d
! m a in ly as th e ra n g e o f m o tio n o f th e body segm ents a b o u t a j o i n t .
S tu d ie s h ave b een co n d u cted t o m easure t h i s ra n g e o f m o tio n and t o r e -
i i
l a t e i t t o s e x , a c t i v i t y p a t t e r n s , j o i n t te m p e ra tu re and age o f th e
: s u b j e c t s . T hese s tu d ie s have p ro v id e d much in fo r m a tio n c o n c e rn in g one
; i
a s p e c t o f j o i n t m o b ility . Now, a te c h n iq u e i s a v a i l a b l e f o r a s s e s s in g
; a n o th e r f a c t o r o f j o i n t m o b ilit y : j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e t o movement.
W rig h t and Johns ( 1960a ) le d i n th e d ev elo p em en t o f t h i s new
m eth o d o lo g y . To m easure j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e , th e y o s c i l l a t e d a body s e g
m ent th ro u g h a f ix e d ra n g e o f movement. R e s is ta n c e t o t h i s movement i s
; m easured by means o f a s t r a i n gauge a tta c h e d t o th e o s c i l l a t i n g l e v e r .
S im u lta n e o u s ly , th e a n g u la r d is p la c e m e n t i s m easured by a p o te n tio -
! m e te r bonded t o th e o s c i l l a t i n g l e v e r . The d a ta d e riv e d a re d is p la y e d
i
j a s c lo se d h y s t e r e s i s lo o p s on an X-Y p l o t t i n g o s c il lo s c o p e . I n t h i s
| p l o t , th e v e r t i c a l a x is r e p r e s e n t s th e r e s i s t a n c e to r q u e and th e
h o r i z o n t a l a x is r e p r e s e n ts th e a n g u la r d is p la c e m e n t. The a re a w ith in
th e lo o p p ro v id e s a re c o rd o f th e t o t a l e n e rg y re q u ire m e n t n e c e s s a ry
t o p roduce th e movement.
W ith a lim it e d number o f s u b j e c t s , W rig h t and Jo h n s (1961) have
shown th e fo llo w in g f a c t o r s t o be r e l a t e d t o j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e : a g e ,
s e x , j o i n t te m p e ra tu re and o c c lu s io n o f b lo o d from th e r e g io n o f th e
1 _____
2
j o i n t a n d /o r m u sc le . Long and h i s cow orkers (1968) c o rro b o ra te d much
i
jo f W rig h t and Johns* v o r k , b u t th e y f a i l e d t o f in d an age r e l a t e d
j
i
I s t i f f n e s s i n t h e i r fe m a le s u b je c ts . Ho c o n tr o l was p ro v id e d f o r th e
i
p h y s ic a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l o f th e g ro u p s , how ever.
J o i n t s t i f f n e s s i s a common c o m p la in t w ith o ld e r p e rs o n s . A l-
I
!
th o u g h th e e f f e c t o f e x e r c is e i n in c r e a s in g j o i n t movement ra n g e i n
young p e rso n s i s w e ll known, l i t t l e w ork h a s been done w ith th e ag ed ,
whose n eed s a re p ro b a b ly much g r e a t e r . F u rth e rm o re , th e r e h a s b een no
jp re v io u s w ork w ith th e e f f e c t s o f e x e r c is e upon j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e t o
I
|m ovem ent, i n e i t h e r young o r o ld n o n -d is e a s e d j o i n t s ,
j Jo h n s and W rig h t (1962) have shown t h a t a m a jo r ity o f th e j o i n t
| s t i f f n e s s r e s i d e s i n th e s o f t t i s s u e s , coming from th e m u scles
|th e m s e lv e s . I t i s i n t h i s t i s s u e we can m ost l i k e l y e f f e c t changes
I
[th ro u g h e x e r c i s e . A ls o , t h i s i s p ro b a b ly th e t i s s u e w hich d e t e r i o r a t e s
i
m ost from th e la c k o f e x e r c is e . S p e c i f i c a l l y , s in c e p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n -
;in g can im prove p e r i p h e r a l b lo o d flo w (R o h te r, 1963) , and s in c e o c -
; e lu s io n can b r in g a b o u t g r e a te r j o i n t r e s is ta n c e t o p a s s iv e o s c i l l a t i o n
j(W rig h t and J o h n s , 1 9 6 1 ), i t would seem re a s o n a b le t o h y p o th e s iz e t h a t
i
e x e r c is e m ig h t r e l i e v e , a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y , j o i n t s t i f f n e s s ,
j S tu d y in g im m o b ilized le g s o f m o n g rel d o g s, Akeson (1968) d e -
jm o n s tra te d s i m i l a r i t i e s i n th e c h e m ic a l changes w hich r e s u l t e d from
t h e im m o b iliz a tio n and th e changes known t o o ccu r w ith in c r e a s e d a g e .
T h is s u g g e s ts t h a t some o f th e j o i n t s t i f f n e s s o b serv ed i n o ld e r
p e rso n s c o u ld be a p ro d u c t o f re d u c ed a c t i v i t y l e v e l s , and th e r e f o r e
r e v e r s i b l e .
3
i
S ta te m e n t o f th e P roblem
To what e x t e n t i s in c re a s e d s t i f f n e s s accom panying a g in g an
; i r r e v e r s i b l e a g in g phenomenon and t o w hat e x te n t can i t be m o d ifie d
j
; t h r o u g h an a c t i v i t y program ? More s p e c i f i c a l l y , th e p u rp o se o f t h i s
!
i s t u d y was to i n v e s t i g a t e age d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e r e s i s t a n c e o f th e
i
!
I m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l (M -P) j o i n t o f th e in d e x f i n g e r t o o s c i l l a t o r y
I m ovem ents and t o i n v e s t i g a t e s u b s e q u e n tly , th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f im p ro v in g
i
j t h e m o b ility i n t h i s j o i n t th ro u g h an e x e r c is e program o f p r o g r e s s iv e
|
w e ig h t t r a i n i n g . I t was p ro posed t o :
i 1 . D eterm ine th e amount o f r e s i s t a n c e t o o s c i l l a t i o n ( s t i f f n e s s ]
I t h a t e x i s t s in th e M-P j o i n t i n young and o ld men.
2 . D eterm ine w hat e f f e c t an e x e r c i s e program o f p r o g r e s s iv e
. w e ig h t tr a i n i n g h a s upon th e m u sc u la r s t r e n g t h o f th e young and o ld
; s u b j e c t s .
3 . D eterm ine w hat e f f e c t an e x e r c is e program o f p r o g r e s s iv e
w e ig h t t r a i n i n g h a s upon th e j o i n t m o b ilit y o f th e young and th e o ld
s u b j e c t s .
S ig n if ic a n c e o f th e S tu d y
■ The co n cep t o f j o i n t m o b ility a s r e s i s t a n c e t o movement as w e ll
! a s ra n g e o f movement i s an im p o rta n t one t o b o th p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n and
i t o p h y s ic a l m e d ic in e . As one o b s e rv e s human movement, r a r e l y a re th e
| b o d y segm ents se e n t o t r a v e r s e t h e i r e n t i r e ra n g e o f m ovem ent. However,
a l l movement i s accom panied by th e n eed t o overcom e jo in o r e s i s t a n c e .
A lth o u g h t h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y n o tic e a b le i n th e a r t h r i t i c and th e aged
i n d i v i d u a l , i t i s p ro b a b ly a ls o im p o r ta n t t o th e a t h l e t e who w ish e s t o
If
|p ro d u ce maximum power ( e f f e c t i v e f o r c e p e r u n i t tim e ) i n o r d e r t o e x c e l
i
! in some c o m p e titiv e e v e n t. I n o rd e r t o t r a n s m i t th e f o r c e a v a i l a b l e
i
I in h i s muscles to the movement task, the athlete muEt work against
j
h i s own j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e .
I t h a s b een s u g g e s te d by p re v io u s r e s e a r c h t h a t th e o l d e r su b -
I
!
j e c t s w ould e x h i b i t m ore j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e th a n t h e yo u n g er o n e s . Such
a f in d in g m ig h t be e x p e c te d from th e c o lla g e n ch an g es seen w ith a g in g
I ( C i f e r r i and R o th , I9 6 U ). To w hat e x te n t th e s e ch an g es a re d u e t o
i
ag in g p e r s e , and t o w hat e x te n t th e s e c h an g e s a re a r e s u l t o f re d u c e d
|l e v e l s o f a c t i v i t y i s n o t know n, how ever. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y
; sh o u ld p ro v id e some e l u c i d a t i o n on t h i s q u e s ti o n .
t
By c h o o sin g a j o i n t w hich rem ain s r e l a t i v e l y a c tiv e th ro u g h o u t
ith e l i f e sp an (su ch a s th e m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l j o i n t o f th e in d e x
:f i n g e r ) , i n i t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n a c t i v i t y l e v e l s w ere m in im ize d . T h is
!a llo w s f o r some q u a l i f i e d s ta te m e n ts t o b e made c o n c e rn in g t h e t r a i n -
!a b i l i t y o f th e two age g r o u p s .
D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms
J o i n t M o b ility . —T h is i s th e q u a l i t y p o s s e s s e d by body seg m en ts
i
|o f b e in g m oveable a b o u t a j o i n t . The tw o a s p e c ts o f j o i n t m o b i l i t y
d is c u s s e d i n t h i s s tu d y a r e : ( l ) ran g e o f movement and (2 ) r e s i s t a n c e
t o movement.
i
Range o f M ovem ent. —T h is i s th e a r c o f movement p o s s ib le a b o u t
a g iv e n j o i n t a x is by an a d jo in in g body seg m en t.
R e s is ta n c e t o M ovem ent. —T h is i s t h e o p p o s itio n to m ovement
w hich a j o i n t p r e s e n t s . I t i s m easured i n te rm s o f maximum to r q u e r e -
Iq u irem en ts t o move th e body segm ent th ro u g h a s ix ty d e g re e a r c -when th e
]
m u scles c r o s s in g th e J o in t a re e l e c t r i c a l l y i n a c t i v e . I t i s a ls o
m easured i n term s o f t o t a l en erg y re q u ire m e n t t o acco m p lish th e above
j
I t a s k .
J o i n t R e s is ta n c e . —T h is i s a second term f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o move-
!ment.
J o i n t S t i f f n e s s .- " T h is te rm i s synonymous w ith J o i n t r e s i s t a n c e
|a n d r e s i s t a n c e t o movement.
!
J o i n t T o rq u e. —A lso c a lle d peak t o peak to r q u e , t h i s i s th e
d if f e r e n c e betw een maximum fo r c e moment n e c e s s a ry t o c au se th e m o tio n
o f f le x io n and th e maximum f o r c e moment n e c e s s a ry t o cau se th e m o tio n
jo f e x te n s io n (c o n s id e re d as a n e g a tiv e v a lu e ) in th e movement o f a
j
jre la x e d body segm ent.
E nergy R eq u irem en t. --T he a re a w ith in th e o s c illo s c o p e t r a c e
iw hich r e p r e s e n ts th e fo rc e -d is p la c e m e n t g ra p h f o r th e o s c i l l a t i o n s o f
|th e in d e x f i n g e r . T h is i s u sed t o r e p r e s e n t th e en erg y re q u ire m e n t f o r
;th e movement.
H y s te r e s is Loop. —The o s c illo s c o p e t r a c e in w hich th e d a ta f o r
; t h i s e x p erim en t was re c o rd e d . T h is tr a c e i s so named b e ca u se o f i t s
i
!p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
j
D e lim ita tio n s
To e lim in a te th e problem o f i n e r t i a l c o n tr ib u tio n s t o th e
jm easurem ent o f j o i n t to r q u e , th e j o i n t s u se d i n t h i s s tu d y were th e
m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l (M-P) j o i n t s o f th e r i g h t and l e f t in d e x f i n g e r s .
These body segm ents have a s m a ll m ass w hich m inim izes th e e f f e c t s o f
6
i n e r t i a . T h is e f f e c t o f i n e r t i a may th e n be n e g le c te d i n to rq u e
c a l c u l a t i o n s (W right and J o h n s , 1960b ) .
The s u b je c ts f o r t h i s s tu d y w ere v o lu n te e r s . One g ro u p was
o b ta in e d from th e r e s i d e n t s o f L e is u re W orld a t Laguna H i l l s ,
|C a l i f o r n i a , a com m unity f o r s e n io r c i t i z e n s . T h e ir ag es ra n g e d from
j
i s i x t y - t h r e e t o e i g h t y - e i g h t y e a r s . The o th e r g ro u p was draw n from
'M is s io n V ie jo H igh S c h o o l, M iss io n V ie jo , C a l i f o r n i a . T h e ir ag es
j
jra n g e d from f i f t e e n t o n in e te e n y e a r s . A ll s u b je c ts w ere m a le , and
i
o n ly th o s e v o lu n te e r s who w ere f r e e from d ia g n o s ib le a r t h r i t i c ch an g es
I w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e i r M-P j o i n t s w ere a c c e p te d .
I
j
|
I
i
j CHAPTER I I
i
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
i
I
f
E
T h is re v ie w i s d iv id e d i n t o f i v e m ajo r s u b s e c tio n s . They a r e :
■ ( l ) th e n a tu r e and s i g n if ic a n c e o f j o i n t m o b ility , (2 ) th e m easu re
m e n t o f j o i n t m o b ility , (3 ) sex and age d if f e r e n c e s in j o i n t m o b ilit y ,
i (1 +) e f f e c t s o f e x e r c is e upon j o i n t m o b ilit y , and (5 ) s t r u c t u r e o f
th e u n d e rly in g c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e .
N a tu re and S ig n if ic a n c e o f J o i n t M o b ility
J o i n t m o b ility h a s b een d e fin e d i n C h ap ter I a s " th e q u a l i t y
ip o sse sse d by body segm ents o f b e in g m oveable a b o u t a j o i n t " . The tw o
!a s p e c ts o f j o i n t m o b ility w ith w hich t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s co n cern ed
I a r e : ra n g e o f movement and r e s i s t a n c e t o movement.
C l i n i c a l Im p o rta n c e . —The im p o rta n c e o f m a in ta in in g a d eq u a te
i j o i n t m o b ility f o r freed o m o f movement seems o b v io u s. T h is i s one o f
th e p rim a ry c o n c e rn s i n th e tr e a tm e n t o f a r t h r i t i s . I n a d d i t i o n , th e
r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een j o i n t m o b ility and c e r t a i n ach es and p a in s h as
jbeen s u g g e s te d by v a rio u s a u t h o r i t i e s . A cco rd in g t o B i l l i g ( 19^ 9 )
i
P. 1 5 ) :
The f a s c i a l lig a m e n to u s bands and t h e i r a tta c h m e n t : ^
p la y a p r i n c i p a l r o l e i n th e m o b ilit y o f th e hum an’ "'
b o d y . T hese s t r u c t u r e s have a te n d e n c y t o s h o r te n
w ith a d v an c in g b i o l o g i c a l a g e . . .
He c o n tin u e s t o r e l a t e c e r t a i n movement p a in t o t h i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
7
8
e x t e n s i b i l i t y i n th e c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e n etw o rk and t o p r e s s u r e upon
j
I th e p e r i p h e r a l n e rv e b ra n c h e s b y th e s u rro u n d in g t i s s u e s .
| S tr e t c h in g e x e r c is e s a re f r e q u e n t l y u sed t o a l l e v i a t e j o i n t
|p a i n and s t i f f n e s s , Mumford ( i9 6 0 , p . 1303) d is c u s s e s th e im p o rta n c e
|o f t h i s tr e a tm e n t f o llo w in g f r a c t u r e :
t
P r e s e r v a t io n o f j o i n t f u n c tio n i s th e m o st im p o rta n t
e lem en t i n f r a c t u r e tr e a tm e n t. Too o f te n m a jo r
f a c t o r s i n t h e end r e s u l t a r e t h e p a in and s t i f f n e s s
; i n th e j o i n t o r j o i n t s a d ja c e n t t o t h e f r a c t u r e l i n e .
| T h e re fo re , k e ep t h e j o i n t s m oving as much a s p o s s i b l e .
I
Im p o rta n c e t o P h y s ic a l E d u c a tio n . — C u reto n (1 9 6 2 ) h a s
i
j
j em phasized th e im p o rta n c e o f j o i n t m o b i l i t y i n th e p r e v e n tio n o f
1
|i n j u r y i n a t h l e t i c s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , h e recommends warm -up and
I
|s t r e t c h i n g e x e r c is e s b e f o r e a t h l e t i c c o m p e titio n . I n a d d itio n t o
m a in ta in in g an optimum ra n g e o f m ovem ent, h e s u g g e s ts t h a t t h i s
in c r e a s e s b o d y e f f i c i e n c y (1 9 ^ 1 , p . 3 8 2 ):
The human m ach in e w ould h a v e much g r e a t e r e f f i c i e n c y
th a n U-33 p e r c e n t , as a ra n g e f o r th e v a r io u s p h y s ic a l
a c t i v i t i e s , r e p o r te d b y v a r io u s p h y s i o l o g i s t s i f i t w ere
n o t f o r t h e m ag n itu d e o f t h i s i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e . I n
; e n d u ra n ce e x e r c i s e s , i t w ould seem t o b e fu n d a m e n ta l
j t o t r y t o re d u c e t h i s i n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e b y im p ro v in g
t h e n e u ro -m u s c u la r c o n tr o l ( in c lu d in g r e c i p r o c a l
I i n n e r v a t i o n ) , b y re d u c in g t h e i n t e r n a l v i s c o s i t y o f th e
( t i s s u e s , and e lim in a tin g a l l a d h e s io n s and n e e d le s s f a t
| aro u n d th e j o i n t s and i n th e m u sc le s.
A lth o u g h ra n g e o f movement i s im proved b y w arm -ups (L u k es,
i
1195^ and F ie ld m a n , i 9 6 0 ) , d e V rie s (1 9 6 3 ) fo u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e i n e f f i c i e n c y (a s m easured b y ru n n in g tim e and oxygen
co n su m p tio n ) b etw een ru n n in g w ith o r w ith o u t p r e p a r a t o r y s t r e t c h i n g
e x e r c i s e s . Thus C u re to n * s h y p o th e s is h a s n o t y e t b e e n docum ented.
j
N e v e r th e le s s , many a t h l e t e s c o n tin u e t o in c lu d e s t r e t c h i n g e x e r c is e s
in t h e i r warm-up p ro g ram i n th e b e l i e f t h a t th e y im prove p e rfo rm a n c e
9
a s w e ll as t o p r e v e n t m u scle i n j u r y ,
I I n a f a c t o r a n a l y t i c s tu d y o f j o i n t m o t i l i t y , H a r r is (1 9 6 9 a)
i m easu red 1*1-7 c o lle g e women on f i f t y - s e v e n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t e d t o commonly
j
! u se d f l e x i b i l i t y t e s t s . From t h e s e f i f t y - s e v e n v a r i a b l e s , f o u r te e n
! common f a c t o r s w ere d e r iv e d , d e m o n s tra tin g t h a t j o i n t m o b ilit y d o es n o t
e x i s t a s a s in g le c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e human b o d y . D iclcinson (1963?
i
;1 9 6 8 ), i n an i n v e s t i g a t i o n com paring f l e x i b i l i t y i n f l e x i o n and
e x te n s io n o f s e le c te d j o i n t s , fo u n d t h a t even movement r a n g e , a f a c t o r
i
|w h ic h was s p e c i f i c t o t h e j o i n t m e a su re d , was com posed o f t h e u n r e la te d
I com ponents: f l e x i o n movement ra n g e and e x te n s io n movement r a n g e .
1
M easurem ent o f J o i n t M o b ility
i
I n t h e p a s t , j o i n t m o b ilit y h a s b e e n m easu red m a in ly i n te rm s
o f a m p litu d e o f movement a b o u t th e j o i n t a x i s . Thus g o n io m e try , i . e .
|t h e m easurem ent o f j o i n t a n g le s , and movement t a s k s su ch as to e
I
ito u c h e s h av e b e e n th e m a jo r te c h n iq u e s u se d t o a s s e s s t h i s a m p litu d e .
jHow, a n o th e r f a c t o r o f j o i n t m o b ilit y , r e s i s t a n c e t o movement o r j o i n t
s t i f f n e s s c an b e m easu red i n q u a n t i t a t i v e te rm s . I n t h i s re v ie w o f
[ l i t e r a t u r e , th e t h r e e m ethods o f a s s e s s in g j o i n t m o b ilit y a r e d i s -
i
c u sse d s e p a r a t e l y : ( l ) movement t a s k s , (2 ) g o n io m e try , and (3 )
m easurem ent o f to r q u e and e n erg y r e q u ir e d f o r p a s s iv e m ovem ent.
j
Movement t a s k s . —W e ttsto n e ( 1938) d e s c r ib e d a b a t t e r y o f move
m ent ta s k s t h a t g iv e a p r e d i c t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l g y m n a stic a b i l i t y . H is
j b a t t e r y in c lu d e d ( a ) d is ta n c e from w a ll t o s p in e when s ta n d in g b a c k t o
1
w a ll, arm s o u t s t r e t c h e d , and le a n in g away from t h e w a ll, (b ) a lo n g -
s i t p o s i t i o n on th e f l o o r and f l e x i n g fo rw a rd , m e a su rin g fro m th e
stern u m t o th e f l o o r . T asks o f t h i s n a tu r e co m prise a m a jo r ity o f th e
m ass t e s t i n g d e v ic e s u se d b y p e rs o n s co n cern ed w ith p h y s ic a l f i t n e s s
j o f c h ild r e n and m i l i t a r y p e rs o n n e l. R e l i a b i l i t y o f v a rio u s o f th e s e
I
I t e s t s h a s b e e n found t o b e f a i r l y h ig h . W ells and D illo n ( 1952)
j
I r e p o r te d r e l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e i r S i t and Reach t e s t t o b e .9 8 .
| K raus ( 195^ ) d e s c rib e d a movement ra n g e t a s k w h ich , w ith a
] b a t t e r y o f o th e r f i t n e s s t e s t s , a ro u se d n a tio n a l i n t e r e s t i n th e
|
f i t n e s s o f A m erican c h ild r e n a s com pared t o th e E u ro p ean s. Numerous
j s tu d ie s w ere s u b s e q u e n tly co n d u cted com paring groups o f y o u n g s te rs
|
| w ith in th e U n ite d S ta te s a l s o . I n one o f t h e s e , K irc h n e r and G lin e s
! (1 9 5 ?) r e p o r te d th e fo llo w in g p e r c e n t f a i l u r e s i n th e f l e x i b i l i t y ite m
| o f th e K raus-W eber T e st o f Minimum M u scu lar F i t n e s s : E ugene, O regon:
2k .9%, I n d ia n a : 36 .3 $ , E a s te r n S eab o ard : hh.^fo, Iow a; 5 6 .9 $ , and
| E urope: 7 .8 $ .
As i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s became m ore in v o lv e d in
■ th e m a tte r o f y o u th f i t n e s s , th e need t o s ta n d a r d iz e m ethods o f
j m easurem ent becam e e v id e n t. H a ll ( 1956) r e p o r ts an a tte m p t t o
|
js ta n d a r d iz e and c r e a te norms f o r f l e x i b i l i t y t e s t s u sed b y ^-H Club
j
im em bers. I t was th o u g h t t h a t one o f th e l a r g e s t p ro b lem s i n s ta n d a r d -
|
iz i n g th e s e t e s t s was th e e f f e c t o f th e le n g th o f th e body seg m en ts.
T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s b e e n i n v e s t ig a te d i n s e v e r a l s u b -p o p u la tio n s
and h a s b e e n r e p o r te d b y Mathews ( 1957, 1959) , H arvey (1 9 6 7 ), B ro e r
(1958) , and Wear (1 9 6 3 ). A p p a re n tly , a lth o u g h i t i s a f a c t o r w hich
j
can b e im p o rta n t a t th e ex trem es o f body ty p e s , f o r th e g e n e r a l
p o p u la tio n i t i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t .
11
G o n io m etry . —M easurem ent o f movement a m p litu d e "by th e u s e o f a
g o n io m e te r h a s b e e n a w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d p r a c t i c e i n p h y s ic a l m e d ic in e
!and i n p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n . B ecau se t h e e x p e r im e n ta l p o r ti o n o f t h i s
s tu d y i s c o n ce rn e d w ith a n o th e r a s p e c t o f j o i n t m o b ilit y , and b e c a u s e
;t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l e x c e l l e n t re v ie w s on t h i s t o p i c (W iech ec, 19395
j M oore, 19^95 McCue, 1952; and H am ilto n and L acheribruch, 1 9 6 9 ), t h e
|tr e a tm e n t h e r e w i l l b e v e r y c u rs o ry .
]
Some o f t h e e a r l y m ethods o f m e a su rin g f i n g e r j o i n t a n g le s w ere
Ith o s e in tr o d u c e d b y G i l l i l a n d ( 1921) and Rosen ( 1922) . T hese u sed
j
|d i r e c t m easurem ent o f th e j o i n t a n g le w ith a p r o t r a c t o r - l i k e d e v ic e .
|
O th e r in n o v a tio n s i n g o n io m e try in c lu d e th e f o llo w in g : W est
| (1 9 ^ 5 ) u t i l i z e d a f u l l c i r c l e g r i d m arked o f f i n d e g re e s a g a in s t w hich
|th e movement was p la c e d . W ilson (1 9 U 5 ) in tr o d u c e d th e u s e o f d o u b le
e x p o su re p h o to g ra p h y f o r r e c o r d in g th e e x tre m es o f th e movement ra n g e .
W ilm er and E lk in s (1 9 U 7 ) d e v e lo p e d an o p t i c a l g o n io m e te r composed o f
i
ia n e g a tiv e r e f r a c t i n g le n s w ith an a tta c h e d 360 d e g re e s c a le .
I n 19^ + 2 , L e ig h to n in tr o d u c e d h i s fle x o m e te r w hich can b e s t r a p -
j
p ed t o th e m oving body seg m en t. T h is in g e n io u s d e v ic e m easu res ra n g e
I
t
jo f movement b y u s in g g r a v i t y t o m a in ta in a r e f e r e n c e n e e d le w h ile a
j
p r o t r a c t o r h o u s in g a b o u t th e n e e d le i s r o t a t e d t o th e ex tre m es o f
i j o i n t m ovem ent. More r e c e n t l y , K a rp o v ich ( i 9 6 0 ) h a s in tr o d u c e d t h e
e le c tr o g o n io m e te r w hich u t i l i z e s a p o te n tio m e te r and v o lta g e o u tp u t
a llo w in g b o th m easurem ent and r e c o r d in g o f a n g u la r d is p la c e m e n t d u rin g
!
n o rm al m ovem ents.
F o r more co m p lete re v ie w s o f g o n io m e try , t h e i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r
i s r e f e r r e d t o th o s e b y W iechec, 1939; M oore, 19^9 ; McCue, 1952; and
12
H am ilto n and L a c h en b ru ch , 1969- ^ h e l a s t a r t i c l e c o n ta in s th e m ost
I r e c e n t summary o f th e m easurem ent o f f i n g e r a n g le s .
T orque and E nergy R eq u irem en ts f o r M ovement. —W rig h t and Joh n s
I d e v elo p e d a te c h n iq u e f o r m e asu rin g s t i f f n e s s i n th e f i n g e r j o i n t s ,
i
|u s in g p r i n c i p l e s o f p h y s ic s . They a p p e a r t o be th e f i r s t who u sed
j
q u a n t i t a t i v e m easu res o f to rq u e t o d e s c r ib e th e j o i n t s t i f f n e s s found
| i n a r t h r i t i c s and n o rm a ls. I n t h e i r e a r l i e s t r e p o r t , th e y d e s c r ib e
t h e i r m ethodology a s fo llo w s (1 9 6 0 b , p . 2 1 6 ):
A d e v ic e was u sed w hich im posed a r o t a r y m o tio n upon th e
second m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l j o i n t . The j o i n t m o tio n was
produced by a heav y pendulum w hich r o t a t e d a s h a f t ; a
l e v e r a tta c h e d t o th e s h a f t was f ir m ly a p p lie d t o th e
in d e x f i n g e r w ith t a p e . The f i n g e r was c a r e f u l l y
p o s itio n e d so t h a t th e a x is o f th e s h a f t and th e a x is o f
th e j o i n t r o t a t i o n c o in c id e d . W ith t h e pendulum a t r e s t ,
th e f i n g e r was i n th e m id - p o in t o f th e ra n g e o f no rm al
j o i n t m o tio n . The maximum a m p litu d e o f th e m o tio n was
30 d e g re e s e i t h e r s id e o f t h i s p o s i t i o n , w e ll w ith in th e
p h y s io lo g ic a l ra n g e o f m o tio n . A m plitude was v a r ie d by
p e r m ittin g th e o s c i l l a t i o n o f th e pendulum t o damp down.
S in c e th e j o i n t r o t a t i o n was d e riv e d from a
pendulum , i t was s i n u s o i d a l . The fre q u e n c y o f th e
s i n u s o id a l r o t a t i o n was v a r ie d b etw een 0 .5 7 and 1 c y c le
I p e r seco n d by a l t e r i n g th e pendulum le n g th .
I The to rq u e ( i n g ra m -c e n tim e te r s ) r e q u ir e d t o
| im pose t h i s m o tio n upon th e j o i n t was re c o rd e d from
s t r a i n g au g es bonded t o th e l e v e r w hich tr a n s m itte d th e
i m o tio n from th e s h a f t t o th e f i n g e r . A m plitude o f
r o t a t i o n ( i n r a d ia n s ) was re c o rd e d from a low to rq u e
j p o te n tio m e te r a tta c h e d t o th e pendulum s h a f t . I n s t a n t
aneous r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t y i n r a d ia n s p e r seco n d was
! m easured by a c o i l v e l o c i t y tr a n s d u c e r d r iv e n by th e '
| same s h a f t . V e lo c ity v a r ie d betw een z e ro and a maximum
o f 3 .5 r a d ia n s p e r se c o n d . A d u a l beam c ath o d e r a y
o s c illo s c o p e was u s e d . T h is p e r m itte d th e sim u lta n e o u s
d is p la y o f to rq u e ( v e r t i c a l a x i s ) and r o t a t i o n a l
| a m p litu d e ( h o r iz o n ta l a x is ) on th e o th e r beam.
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e c y c le s w ere p h o to g ra p h e d and m easu red .
From th e d a ta g a th e r e d on n in e ty - s e v e n n o rm al s u b j e c t s , aged
from f o u r t o s e v e n ty -tw o y e a r s , W rig h t and JohnB {1960b) w ere a b le t o
13
!re d u c e t h e o b se rv e d j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e i n t o com ponents o f e l a s t i c i t y
i
t
!v i s c o s i t y , i n e r t i a , f r i c t i o n and p l a s t i c i t y .
i
] E l a s t i c s t i f f n e s s m s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e f o r c e r e q u ir e d t o
p ro d u c e a g iv e n d is p la c e m e n t. I t was m easu red on th e v e r t i c a l a x is
|o f a f o r c e - d is p la c e m e n t g ra p h .
V isco u s s t i f f n e s s was c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e to r q u e n e c e s s a r y t o
i
| p ro d u c e a g iv e n r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t y . I t was m easured b y th e to r q u e
ire q u ire m e n t a t maximum v e l o c i t y o f o s c i l l a t i o n .
I n e r t i a l s t i f f n e s s was c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e f o r c e r e q u ir e d t o
!a c c e l e r a t e th e m ass i n a f r i c t i o n l e s s e n v iro n m e n t. T h is was n o t
I m easu red d i r e c t l y .
i
| F r i c t i o n a l s t i f f n e s s was c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e f o r c e n e c e s s a r y
I
i
[ t o c a u se movement in d e p e n d e n t o f d is p la c e m e n t o r v e l o c i t y . T h is s t i f f
n e s s was n o t d e te c te d i n th e s u b je c ts t e s t e d .
! P l a s t i c s t i f f n e s s m s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e te n s i o n on r e l e a s e
i o r th e c re e p t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l u n d e rg o e s a f t e r a s t r e s s . W rig h t and
: Jo h n s (1 960b) fo u n d t h a t , i n m ost s u b j e c t s , f r i c t i o n a l s t i f f n e s s i s
i n e g l i g i b l e and t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e v is c o u s s t i f f n e s s . I n e r t i a l
i
i f a c t o r s f o r a m ass a s s m a ll a s th e human f i n g e r w ere a l s o shown t o b e
1
i n e g l i g i b l e . The e l a s t i c s t i f f n e s s in c r e a s e d w ith a g in g , te m p e r a tu r e ,
| o c c lu s io n o f t h e b lo o d and a r t h r i t i s .
!
j
I n l a t e r w o rk , W rig h t and Jo h n s (1 9 6 1 ) m o d ifie d t h e i r a p p a r a tu s
I
ib y r e p la c in g th e pendulum d r i v e w ith a c ra n k d r iv e n m o to r. T h is p e r
m itte d a w id e r ra n g e o f f r e q u e n c ie s (.0 0 0 3 t o 3 .0 0 c y c le s p e r s e c o n d ),
v e l o c i t i e s (15 r a d ia n s p e r seco n d maximum), and a c c e l e r a t i o n s (2 8 0
r a d ia n s p e r seco n d maximum). They p a ir e d s ix ty - tw o no rm al
i __________________________________________________ __________________________________
l b
s u b je c ts b y age and s e x , show ing t h a t m a le s te n d t o b e s t i f f e r th a n
fe m a le s and t h a t J o i n t r e s i s t a n c e in c r e a s e s w ith a g e . I n j e c t i o n o f
r
r
I s a l i n e aro u n d t h e J o i n t c a p s u le was shown t o in c r e a s e J o i n t s t i f f n e s s .
I n an e le g a n t s tu d y i n w hich th e t i s s u e s s u rro u n d in g a c a t ’ s
I |
I w r i s t w ere p r o g r e s s i v e l y c u t , Jo h n s and W rig h t ( 1962) m easured J o i n t
j to r q u e and w ere a b le t o c a l c u l a t e th e r e l a t i v e c o n tr ib u tio n o f th e s e
; t i s s u e s t o J o i n t r e s i s t a n c e . They fo u n d t h a t th e s k in c o n tr ib u te d
j 2 p e r c e n t o f th e s t i f f n e s s , te n d o n s 10 p e r c e n t , m u scle t i s s u e ^1 p e r -
! c e n t and t h e J o i n t c a p s u le 1+ 7 p e r c e n t. They s u g g e s te d t h a t th e human
! m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l (M-P) J o i n t i s s i m i l a r i n s i z e and f u n c tio n t o th e
c a t 's w r i s t , and t h a t t h e f i g u r e s w ould b e s i m i l a r f o r man.
B ased on e le c tro m y o g ra p h ic r e c o r d in g s ta k e n on t h r e e s u b je c ts
o f th e f i n g e r f l e x o r and e x te n s o r m u sc le s lo c a t e d i n th e fo re a rm ,
W rig h t and Jo h n s (1 960b) c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e was no a c ti v e rasucle
in v o lv e m e n t i n t h i s t e s t . The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e i r e le c tro m y o g ra p h ic
: eq u ip m en t was n o t r e p o r te d , how ever. The q u e s tio n o f m u scle a c t i o n
j p o t e n t i a l s a f f e c t i n g th e sh ap e o f th e h y s t e r e s i s lo o p was l a t e r
jexam ined b y Chapman, Sw ezey, and d e V rie s ( 1970a ) .
Long and h i s c o v o rk e rs (1968) h a v e m easu red J o i n t r e s i s t a n c e i n
j s p a s t i c s . As m ig h t b e e x p e c te d , t h i s g ro u p e x h ib ite d m ore r e s i s t a n c e
t o movement th a n t h e i r n o rm al c o u n te r p a r ts . U sin g e x e r c is e and m uscle
r e l a x a n t , th e y w ere a b le t o b r i n g a b o u t a p p ro x im a te ly a 50 p e r c e n t im -
!
jp ro v em en t i n a young m ale s p a s t i c .
Long and h i s g ro u p (1 9 6 8 ) u se d r a d i a l n e rv e b lo c k s on tw o no rm al
| sub J’ e c t s and com pared to r q u e and e n e rg y r e q u ir e m e n ts . They fo u n d no
r ' 15
i
! d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n t h e s e and p r e - b lo c k t r a c e s , s u g g e s tin g t h a t th e
i
| movement was e s s e n t i a l l y f r e e o f a c t i v e m u s c u la r in v o lv e m e n t. T h e ir
j
! f in d in g s may b e c h a lle n g e d on th e b a s i s o f th e s m a ll num ber o f s u b je c ts
and th e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e i r eq u ip m en t.
I n a s tu d y i n v e s t i g a t i n g th e e f f e c t o f m u scle a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s
(MAPs) upon t h i s te c h n iq u e o f m easu rem en t, Chapman, Swezey and d e V rie s
( 1970a ) fo u n d t h a t low l e v e l MAPs can e f f e c t changes i n th e m easurem ent
| o f j o i n t to r q u e and e n e rg y , b u t t h e s e e f f e c t s a r e i n s i g n i f i c a n t when
| t h e a c t i v i t y i s re d u c e d b elo w 3-0 uV BMS. They found t h a t t h i s l e v e l
| o f r e l a x a t i o n c a n n o t b e re a c h e d w ith o u t p r a c t i c e i n many s u b j e c t s .
i Z am ir (1 9 6 6 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d sex and age d i f f e r e n c e s i n s t i f f n e s s
|
I b y t h i s te c h n iq u e and fo u n d t h a t th e fe m a le was n o t a s s t i f f a s th e
i
jm a le in th e lo n g f i n g e r , and she d id n o t e x h i b i t th e a g e -w ise in c r e a s e
: i n s t i f f n e s s fo u n d i n t h e m ale.
; The o n ly o th e r I n v e s t i g a t o r t o em ploy a s i m i l a r m ethod f o r
a s s e s s in g j o i n t m o b i l i t y was R ice ( 1 9 6 6 ) who p r e s e n te d a m ethod o f
I m e a su rin g j o i n t s t i f f n e s s i n th e h a n d . T h is m ethod i s b a se d on th e
|
( dam ping e f f e c t o f th e j o i n t upon a pendulum .
I
Sex and Age D if f e r e n c e s i n J o i n t M o b ility
T h is s e c tio n on s e x and age d i f f e r e n c e s i n j o i n t m o b ilit y i s
.d iv id e d i n t o tw o s u b g ro u p s; (a ) movement ra n g e and (b ) j o i n t s t i f f n e s s ,
i
j Movement R ange. —A ssessm en t o f th e ra n g e o f movement i n human
i
| j o i n t s i s s u b je c t t o many c o n fo u n d in g v a r i a b l e s in c lu d in g t h a t o f th e
i i n d i v i d u a l s ' a c t i v i t y h a b i t s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , s t u d i e s c o n d u cte d f o r
i
t h e p u rp o se o f ex am in in g sex and age in f l u e n c e s upon j o i n t m o b ilit y a re
16
i
!o f te n c o n fu s in g and c o n tr a d ic t in g . However, i n g e n e r a l th e p a t t e r n
i
em erging fa v o rs th e young and th e fem ale a s more f l e x i b l e .
I
I
Movement ra n g e h as b een m ore th o ro u g h ly s tu d ie d i n s c h o o l c h ild -
ire n th a n in any o th e r gro u p . W ith c h ild r e n , changes i n f l e x i b i l i t y do
n o t a p p ea r t o fo llo w any one l i n e a r t r e n d . G u rew itsch and O 'N e ill
;(igU U ) t e s t e d 513 c h ild r e n b etw een th e ag es o f f o u r and e ig h te e n y e a r s
| u t i l i s i n g a b a t t e r y o f f i v e movement ra n g e t a s k s . The p a t t e r n th e s e
i
|c h ild r e n d e m o n stra te d was a d e c lin e i n movement ra n g e from age sev en t o
f i f t e e n y e a rs fo llo w e d b y an in c r e a s e u n t i l e ig h te e n y e a r s . The g i r l s
i
i n t h i s group w ere found t o b e more a d ep t a t th e s e ta s k s th a n th e b o y s.
IIn d is c u s s in g t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , G u rew itsch and O 'N e ill w ere c a r e f u l
j
ito p o in t o u t t h a t such f a c t o r s as h a b itu a l a c t i v i t y and s t a t e o f warm-
iup c o u ld have a f f e c t e d t h e i r r e s u l t s .
K e n d a ll and K e n d a ll ( 19^8 ) p u b lis h e d a r a t h e r e x te n s iv e s tu d y
c o n c e rn in g ran g e o f movement i n v a rio u s J o i n t s o f ^,533 s c h o o l c h ild r e n ,
ra n g in g from k in d e r g a r te n age t o h ig h s c h o o l s e n io r s . They a ls o c o l
l e c t e d d a ta on 582 a d u l t s , age e ig h te e n t o tw e n ty -tw o y e a r s . Of th e
;k in d e r g a r te n e r s , 86$ o f th e m ales and 98$ o f th e fe m a le s c o u ld to u c h
I
I t h e i r t o e s . F o r t h e fe m a le s , th e p e rio d o f lo w e st achievem ent came i n
[g rad e e ig h t when o n ly 30$ c o u ld to u c h t h e i r t o e s . The m ales had th e
jp o o re s t showing i n g rad e sev en when o n ly 28$ c o u ld to u c h t h e i r t o e s .
i
!ln g ra d e tw e lv e , 87$ o f th e m ales and 69$ o f th e fe m a le s co u ld to u c h
i
1
j t h e i r to e s , o f t h e e ig h te e n t o tw en ty -tw o y e a r o ld s u b j e c t s , th e s e
i
|f ig u r e s w ere 90$ and 95$ r e s p e c t i v e l y . The W ells S i t and Reach t e s t
i
was u se d f o r a l l g ro u p s. The a u th o rs f e l t t h a t th e s e d a ta were p r o -
I 17
E
t
b a b ly r e f l e c t i n g both, age and a c t i v i t y p a t t e r n s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s .
B ecau se o f th e d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e sex e s w ith r e s p e c t t o
f l e x i b i l i t y , some i n v e s t i g a t o r s h av e fo c u s e d t h e i r s tu d y o f f l e x i b i l i t y
t
| upon th e s e tw o g ro u p s s e p a r a t e l y , H u p p rich and S ig e r s e th ( 1950) fo u n d
a g e n e r a l d e c r e a s e i n f l e x i b i l i t y i n g i r l s from a g es s i x t o e ig h te e n .
I Downie (1965) h o w ev er, showed a tr e n d i n h e r d a ta t h a t in d ic a te d t h a t
| th e d e c lin e i n t h i s m easu re o c c u rre d up t o th e e ig h th y e a r i n g i r l s
!
I a f t e r w hich th e tr e n d was r e v e r s e d . A g ain , t h i s a p p a r e n t c o n tr a -
| d i c t i o n c o u ld p o s s i b l y b e a c c o u n te d f o r i n te rm s o f d i f f e r e n t
I
■ a c t i v i t y p a t t e r n s from one s c h o o l sy stem t o a n o th e r .
i I n m a le s , F o rb es (1 9 6 3 ) showed a lo s s i n f l e x i b i l i t y as th e y
| e n te r e d a d o le s c e n c e , a lth o u g h th e l o s s was n o t u n ifo rm . B etw een th e
! a g e s s ix te e n and e ig h te e n , th e b o y s showed g a in s i n f l e x i b i l i t y .
■ M ille r ( 1955) fo u n d t h a t h i s m ale s u b je c ts d e c re a s e d i n f l e x i b i l i t y
from th e age e i g h t t o th e age e ig h te e n . He m easu red e le v e n body
j o i n t s u s in g th e L e ig h to n fle x o m e te r and d e m o n stra te d c o n s id e r a b le
I v a r ia n c e b etw een th e d i f f e r e n t j o i n t s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f
j
i j o i n t f l e x i b i l i t y , L e ig h to n ’ s ( 196U ) own i n v e s t i g a t i o n found t h a t
5
] b o y s a re s t a b l e o r g a in s l i g h t l y i n ra n g e o f movement up t o t e n y e a r s
J o f a g e . T h is t r e n d i s th e n r e v e r s e d t o age s ix t e e n . He n o te d t h a t
1
! t h e s e t r e n d s a r e s p e c i f i c t o th e j o i n t m easu red ; d i f f e r e n t j o i n t s i n a
j
I g iv e n group o f s u b je c ts do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y fo llo w t h e same f l e x i b i l i t y
j p a t t e r n ,
I
■ I n a s tu d y o f th e e f f e c t s o f warm-up upon movement ra n g e ,
(
Lukes ( 195*0 fo u n d t h a t th e tw e lv e h ig h s c h o o l b o y s who to o k p a r t i n
h i s s tu d y w ere m ore f l e x i b l e th a n th e sev e n men a l s o t e s t e d . Ages
18
o f t h e h o y s w ere f o u r te e n t o e ig h te e n y e a r s ; th e men ra n g e d from
tw e n ty -tw o t o t h i r t y - f o u r y e a r s .
i
I G reey (1955) s tu d ie d m ales ag es e ig h te e n t o s e v e n ty -o n e and
i fo u n d t h a t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n movement ra n g e and age i s a n e g -
:a t i v e o n e . The age o f g r e a t e s t f l e x i b i l i t y f o r th e m a jo r ity o f th e
’j o i n t s h e t e s t e d was tw e n ty - th r e e and a h a l f y e a r s . Emmrich and
|S chw arz ( I 96U) fo u n d t h a t ra n g e o f m o tio n i n th e l i t t l e f i n g e r d e -
ic r e a s e d w ith a d v a n c in g a g e .
! J o i n t S t i f f n e s s .- - T h is a s p e c t o f j o i n t m o tio n h a s b e e n s tu d ie d
I
|b y tw o m a jo r g ro u p s o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s : W right and Jo h n s a t Jo h n s
i
iH o p k in s, B a ltim o re ; and Long, Z am ir and cow o rk ers a t H ig h la n d V iew
j
( H o s p ita l i n C le v e la n d . B oth g ro u p s h ave lo o k e d a t th e e f f e c t s o f
i
1
I se x an d age upon t h i s m easurem ent,
W right and Jo h n s ( 1961) p a ir e d t h i r t y - o n e men and women b y age
.and com pared to r q u e re q u ire m e n ts n e c e s s a ry t o o s c i l l a t e th e lo n g f i n g e r
(a b o u t i t s M-P j o i n t a x i s . They fo u n d a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
(betw een th e se x e s and a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e b etw een th e a g e s , t h e
(male and th e o ld e r p e rs o n b e in g s t i f f e r . No c o n t r o l o f m u scle a c t i o n
( p o t e n t i a l s was r e p o r te d . A lth o u g h a t e s t was a p p a r e n tly u se d i n t h e
c o m p ariso n o f th e s e x e s ; th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e age
d i f f e r e n c e s was n o t r e p o r te d n o r th e age ra n g e . I n a n o th e r a r t i c l e b y
th e s e i n v e s t i g a t o r s , i t was s t a t e d t h a t " s u b j e c ts i n th e s i x t h d e c a d e .,
w ere t e n tim e s s t i f f e r th a n th o s e i n th e f i r s t d e c a d e ." ( 1960a : p . 3 3 2 )
I n s t i l l a n o th e r a r t i c l e , W rig h t and Jo h n s ( 1960b , p . 221) show
|d ia g ra m s o f j o i n t m o tio n to r q u e re q u ire m e n ts f o r t h r e e s u b je c ts : ag es
f o u r , tw e n ty -tw o and s i x t y - s i x . They r e p o r te d t h a t th e s t i f f n e s s i n
t h e o l d e s t s u b je c t was t h r e e tim e s g r e a t e r th a n th e y o u n g e st a t f l e x i o n
and f o u r tim e s g r e a t e r a t e x te n s io n .
Z am ir ( 1966) , w o rk in g i n L o n g 's la b o r a t o r y i n C le v e la n d , con-
ifirm e d t h e f in d in g o f W rig h t and Jo h n s ( 1960a , 1960b , 1 9 6 1 ) o f g r e a t e r
[ s t i f f n e s s i n th e o ld e r m a le , b u t h i s fe m a le g ro u p showed no s i g n i f i c a n t
|d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n t h e young and th e o ld . Z am ir u se d f o u r g ro u p s o f
s u b j e c t s : t e n m ales tw e n ty t o t h i r t y y e a r s , t e n m ales f i f t y t o s e v e n ty
1
y e a r s , t e n fe m a le s tw e n ty t o t h i r t y y e a r s , and t e n fe m a le s f i f t y t o
i
1
1
s e v e n ty y e a r s .
I E f f e c t s o f E x e rc is e upon J o i n t M o b ility
I t i s commonly a c c e p te d t h a t t o m a in ta in m o b ilit y i n a j o i n t ,
[th e re m u st b e u s e o f t h a t j o i n t . I n k e e p in g w ith t h i s , p h y s ic a l
1
^ th e r a p is ts a tte m p t t o r e h a b i l i t a t e a s soon a s p o s s ib le a f t e r f r a c t u r e
itr e a tm e n t (M umford, i 9 6 0 ) . I n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e n o te d t h a t p e rs o n s who
a r e m ore a c t i v e te n d t o b e more f l e x i b l e (McCue, 1952 and G reey , 1 9 5 5 ).
G reey (1 9 5 5 ) a ls o n o te d t h a t r a d i o - u l n a r p r o n a tio n , a f a i r l y commonly
|u sed m o tio n , rem ain ed r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e from ag e tw e n ty - th r e e t o s i x t y -
; f i v e .
I I t h a s b e e n shown b y d e V rie s ( 1963) t h a t th e b e s t m ethod o f
[ in c r e a s in g e x t e n s i b i l i t y i n j o i n t ra n g e i s th ro u g h s t a t i c s t r e t c h ,
[p resu m ab ly t a k in g a d v a n ta g e o f th e in v e r s e m y o ta tic r e f l e x . T h is h a s
I
!th e a d v a n ta g e o v e r th e b a l l i s t i c m ethod i n t h a t t h e r e i s l e s s d a n g e r
!
o f i n j u r y and s o r e n e s s .
Numerous s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n p e rfo rm e d i n w hich v a r io u s e x e r c is e
1
p ro g ram s h av e b e e n u s e d t o p ro d u c e a g r e a t e r ra n g e o f m o tio n th ro u g h
th e a c t i v i t y o f s t r e t c h i n g . I n one r e c e n t s tu d y b y Ja c o b so n (1 9 6 7 ).
I im provem ents e f f e c t e d b y th r e e w eeks o f e x e r c is e s on swimmers w ere r e -
i
j t a i n e d f o r a p e r io d o f sev e n d ay s a f t e r c e s s a tio n o f t r a i n i n g . Non-
j swimmers a ls o g a in e d from th e t r a i n i n g p ro g ram , b u t r e tu r n e d t o p r e -
!
| t r a i n i n g v a lu e s much q u ic k e r . A p p a re n tly su ch g a in s i n f l e x i b i l i t y
| a r e m ore t r a n s i t o r y when n o t m a in ta in e d b y some c r i t i c a l l e v e l o f
: a c t i v i t y .
| Warm-ups h ave a l s o b e e n shown t o in c r e a s e ra n g e o f m o tio n .
| (L u k e s, 195^; F ie ld m a n , i 9 6 0 ; and H an sen , 1962) .
| I t was once th o u g h t t h a t w e ig h t t r a i n i n g b ro u g h t a b o u t a co n -
1 d i t i o n c a l l e d "m u scle bound- 1 1 I n m ore r e c e n t y e a r s , t h i s h a s b e e n
i r e f u t e d b y num erous i n v e s t i g a t o r s . M assey and C haudet ( 1956) s u b je c t-
! ed t h i r t e e n young a d u l t m ales t o a s i x m onth w e ig h t t r a i n i n g program
| and th e n com pared t h e changes i n t h e i r ra n g e o f movement as com pared
! t o t h i r t e e n c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s . They fo u n d no d e tr im e n ta l e f f e c t o f th e
1 t r a i n i n g . C isz e k ( i 960) , u s in g one h u n d re d h ig h s c h o o l b o y s i n a
j w e ig h t t r a i n i n g p rogram found an a c t u a l in c r e a s e f o r th e e x p e rim e n ta l.
| group i n one o f th e f o u r a r e a s o f f l e x i b i l i t y m easu red . L e ig h to n
| ( 196^ ) fo u n d t h a t h i s s u b je c t who t r a i n e d f o r e i g h t weeks b y p r o -
| g r e s s iv e w e ig h t l i f t i n g r e g i s t e r e d a s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e i n tw e n ty -
! sev e n o f th e t h i r t y m easu res o f f l e x i b i l i t y ta k e n .
|
i
; W hile m ost o f th e t r a i n i n g p ro g ram s i n v e s t i g a t e d w ere i s o t o n i c ,
; a few is o m e tr ic p ro g ram s w ere a l s o s tu d ie d . B a rn e a ( 1965) fo u n d t h a t
| su ch an e x e r c is e reg im en in c r e a s e d b o th t h e s tr e n g th and th e f l e x i -
I b i l i t y o f t h e s h o u ld e r g i r d l e i n h e r g ro u p o f c o lle g e women. T ucker
i
| ( 1963) fo u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t change i n th e ra n g e o f movement a f t e r s i x
J
| w eeks o f is o m e tr ic t r a i n i n g on th e l e f t arm o f c o lle g e m a le s . He
21
s u g g e s te d , h ow ever, t h a t is o m e tr ic w ork p e rfo rm e d n e a r t h e l i m i t s o f
t h e j o i n t ra n g e w ould p ro b a b ly in c r e a s e t h e ra n g e o f arm movement.
G a rd en e r ( 1966) fo u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t upon elbow o r k n ee j o i n t
: i n te rm s o f f l e x i b i l i t y f o llo w in g e i t h e r a m axim al is o m e tr ic o r h eav y
I
1
; r e s i s t a n c e p ro g ram w hich l a s t e d f o r s i x w eeks.
The e f f e c t o f a low r e s i s t a n c e , h ig h r e p e t i t i o n , p r o g r e s s iv e
| r e s i s t a n c e e x e r c is e program upon f l e x i b i l i t y was s tu d ie d b y W ickstrom
| ( 1963) and A ngle (1 9 ^ 3 ). W ickstrom fo u n d t h a t a lth o u g h t h e r e w ere
j
I s i g n i f i c a n t s tr e n g th in c r e a s e s i n th e a r e a s t r a i n e d i n h i s s i x t y - f o u r
i
: m ale c o lle g e s t u d e n t s , t h e r e was no change i n th e f l e x i b i l i t y m e a su re s.
A ngle fo u n d no change i n th e ra n g e o f m o tio n o f th e k n ee i n c o lle g e
; women sh e t r a i n e d f o r s i x weeks on t h e e x e r c y c le .
From th e p r e c e d in g , th e e f f e c t o f e x e r c is e on ra n g e o f movement
a p p e a rs t o b e as f o llo w s : ( 1 ) s t r e t c h i n g e x e r c is e s in c r e a s e th e a m p li
t u d e , w e ig h t t r a i n i n g p ro d u c e s no c o n s i s t e n t ch an g e. The e f f e c t o f
e x e r c is e upon j o i n t s t i f f n e s s i n n o rm a ls h a s n o t b e e n s tu d ie d , a l -
! th o u g h W right and Jo h n s ( 1960b ) o b se rv e d t h a t g r ip s t r e n g t h p a r a l l e l e d
; d i u r n a l s t i f f n e s s changes i n a r t h r i t i s , th u s s u g g e s tin g m u scu lar
j in v o lv e m e n t. Long ( 1968) was a b le t o d e m o n stra te a d e c r e a s e i n s t i f f -
| n e ss o f th e h an d s o f a young m ale s p a s t i c th ro u g h th e u s e o f e x e r c is e
| th e r a p y and m u scle r e l a x a n t s .
■ S tr u c t u r e o f t h e U n d e rly in g C o n n ec tiv e T is s u e
( — " "
i C o n s id e ra b le r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a rd t h e e l u c i d a t i o n
i
1
o f age r e l a t e d changes i n c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e and th e p r o t e i n s w hich
co m p rise i t . A summary o f th e s e f in d i n g s w ould seem h e l p f u l i n th e
22
u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e p o s s ib le u n d e rly in g cau se s o f age and sex
d if f e r e n c e s i n f l e x i b i l i t y . F o r t h a t r e a s o n , t h i s b r i e f p r e s e n ta tio n
ih a s b een p re p a re d .
A cco rd in g t o H a ll ( 1968) , c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e i s composed o f two
jm a jo r and in tim a te ly r e l a t e d f ib r o u s p r o t e i n s ; e l a s t i n and c o lla g e n .
1
J Of th e tw o, c o lla g e n h a s b een more c o m p le te ly s tu d ie d . I t i s th o u g h t
I
I t h a t one o f th e age changes i n c o lla g e n i s an in c r e a s e i n th e number
I o f s t r u c t u r a l c ro s s lin k a g e s , r e s u l t i n g i n a s t i f f e r c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e
| com plex. (B ic k , I 96I ; C i f e r r i , 196^ ; H a ll, 1968; L a B e lla and P a u l,
I 1965)
S u p p o rtiv e e v id en c e f o r th e th e o ry o f in c r e a s in g c ro s s lin k a g e s
t
; i n c o lla g e n h a s b e en s u p p lie d b y a number o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s , in c lu d in g
j
i L a B e lla and P a u l ( 1965) "W ho d id an e x te n s iv e s tu d y o f t h e e f f e c t s o f
| sex and age upon t h i s p r o t e i n . U sin g sam ples o f th e human A c h ille s
; te n d o n , th e y w ere n o t a b le t o n o te any m arked sex d i f f e r e n c e , a lth o u g h
t h e i r f in d in g s s u b s ta n tia te d t h e i r h y p o th e s is c o n c e rn in g th e c o lla g e n :
Change w ith age i n th e p h y s ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f
th e f ib r o u s p r o te in s o f c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e may
b e e x p la in e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y by p o s tu la tin g th e
i p r o g r e s s iv e c r o s s - l in k in g o f th e p e p tid e c h a in s .
| (L a B e lla and P a u l, 19&5, P* 59)
j
The r o l e o f c o lla g e n i n c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e i s d is c u s s e d b y B ic k
j
( 1961) who o b ta in e d specim ens o f th e f a s c i a l a t a from tw e n ty -fo u r
human p a t i e n t s who w ere u n d e rg o in g an o p e r a tio n . P a t i e n t s ran g ed i n
age from t h i r t e e n t o e ig h ty - n in e y e a r s . He s t a t e s :
C o n n ectiv e t i s s u e i s among th o s e com ponents o f th e
i human o rg an ism w hich a r e r e p r o d u c tiv e d u rin g th e
I e n t i r e l i f e - t i m e , lo n g p a s t th e p e rio d o f norm al
j g ro w th . I t can re p ro d u c e i t s e l f when dam aged, o r
! new t i s s u e o f th e same k in d can b e c r e a te d t o r e -
p la c e d e s tr o y e d a r e a s o f n o n - r e p r o d u c tiv e t i s s u e s .
H ow ever, u n d e r some c irc u m s ta n c e s , th e r e p r o d u c tio n
j o f c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e i s s e l e c t i v e .
j I t i s g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d t h a t damaged e l a s t i c
f i b e r s do n o t re p ro d u c e th e m s e lv e s and t h a t re c o n
s t i t u t e d c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e a f t e r l o c a l tra u m a i s
| composed o n ly o f c o lla g e n f i b e r s and t h e i r c e l l u l a r
e le m e n ts . (B ic k , 1961 , p . *1-53)
i
| The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n grow th and a g in g o f c o lla g e n f i b e r s
i
I i n h y p o p h y secto m ized r a t s was i n v e s t i g a t e d b y O lsen and E v e r i t t ( 1965)
I
jand l a t e r c o n firm e d b y V e rz a r ( 1966) . U sin g an e x p e r im e n ta l and a
|
|c o n t r o l g ro u p o f th e same c h r o n o lo g ic a l a g e , O lsen and E v e r i t t ( 1965)
i
I cau sed gro w th r e t a r d a t i o n b y rem oving th e h y p o th alam u s i n th e e x p e r-
i
iim e n ta l r a t s . The r a t s w ere s a c r i f i c e d when th e y had re a c h e d o ld
j
|a g e and th e c o lla g e n f i b e r s o f t h e i r t a i l s t e s t e d f o r b re a k in g
I
1
’ .s t r e n g t h . The h y p o p h y secto m ized r a t s w ere fo u n d t o b e a p p ro x im a te ly
h a l f th e b i o l o g i c a l age o f th e u n tr e a te d c o n tr o ls w ith r e s p e c t t o th e
b r e a k in g s tr e n g th o f t h i s c o lla g e n com plex.
I n c r e a s e d s t i f f n e s s su b se q u e n t t o im m o b iliz a tio n was s tu d ie d
iby A keson ( 1968) . He im m o b ilize d th e le g s o f dogs and l a t e r a n a ly z e d
sam ples o f th e c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e s b io c h e m ic a lly . T here was a re d u c e d
c o n c e n tr a tio n o f one o f t h e com ponents, h y a lu r o n ic a c id . T h is d e c re a s e
!
|h e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e slo w in g o f c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e s y n th e s is c a u se d by
|t h e i n a c t i v i t y . He s t a t e s :
T hese f in d i n g s p o in t t o t h e im p o rtan c e o f a c t i v i t y
in t h e m a in te n a n c e o f n o rm al c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e horneo-
s t a t i s . .They r a i s e q u e s tio n s a s t o w h e th er c e r t a i n
ch an g es a s s o c ia te d w ith a g in g m ig h t b e se c o n d a ry t o
re d u c e d p h y s i c a l s t r e s s . (A keson, 1968, p . 300)
i
| P e rh a p s t h i s re d u c e d l e v e l o f p h y s ic a l s t r e s s i s t h e c a u se o f
|th e d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n o f c o lla g e n a g in g t h a t C h v a p il and R oth (196*0
2h
fo u n d b e tw e e n d o m e stic and w ild r a t s .
The v e l o c i t y o f c h em ica l r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e c o lla g e n
f i b e r s i s o l a t e d from th e t a i l te n d o n s o f th e la b o r
a t o r y r a t s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r th a n th o s e o f w ild
a n im a ls o f t h e same b o d y w e ig h t. T hese d if f e r e n c e s
h av e b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e c o lla g e n
o f w ild r a t s i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f c h r o n o lo g ic a lly
y o u n g e r d o m e s tic a te d a n im a ls . (C h v a p il and R o th , I 96U,
P . ^17)
Summary
I n summary, i t w ould a p p e a r t h a t m a in te n an c e o f j o i n t m o b ilit y
i s im p o rta n t i n th e p r e v e n tio n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f c e r t a i n ty p e s o f
;i n j u r i e s , a l l e v i a t i o n o f v a r io u s j o i n t p a i n s , and p o s s i b l y f o r g r e a t e r
i
.body e f f i c i e n c y . F l e x i b i l i t y i s composed o f a t l e a s t f o u r te e n common
if a c to r s and one o f t h e s e , ra n g e o f movement i s j o i n t and movement
. s p e c i f i c . T h ere a p p e a rs t o b e no one g e n e r a l f a c t o r t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c o f f l e x i b i l i t y i n th e human b o d y , a lth o u g h m ost o f th e l i t e r -
I
a tu r e re v ie w e d t r e a t e d ra n g e o f movement as i f i t w ere a g e n e r a l
f a c t o r .
T r a d i t i o n a l l y , j o i n t m o b ilit y h a s b e e n m easu red i n te rm s o f
ja m p litu d e o f movement a b o u t a j o i n t a x is and b y th e a b i l i t y t o p e rfo rm
j
c e r t a i n movement t a s k s su ch as th e W ells S i t and R each t e s t (W ells and
iD illo n , 1 9 5 2 ). R e c e n tly , W rig h t and Jo h n s ( 1960a) have d e v e lo p e d a
I
jmethod f o r m e asu rin g j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e t o movement i n te rm s o f to rq u e
land e n e rg y r e q u ire m e n ts .
!
Sex and age d i f f e r e n c e s i n m o b ilit y h av e b e e n n o te d f o r ra n g e
o f m ovem ent, th e fe m a le and t h e young b e in g m ore f l e x i b l e . L ess w e ll
■documented a re th e s e d if f e r e n c e s when m easu red a s j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e ,
a lth o u g h d a t a a v a i l a b l e s u g g e s t a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n .
25
! E x e r c is e h a s b e e n shown t o in c r e a s e movement r a n g e , s t r e t c h i n g
i
;
i e x e r c is e s b e in g t h e m ost s u c c e s s f u l . No work o f t h i s k in d h a s y e t
i
i
| b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a rd m easurem ent o f j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e .
1 T h is la c k o f q u a n tif ie d in f o r m a tio n c o n c e rn in g age r e l a t e d
: s t i f f n e s s , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t i n w hich m u scle a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s h av e b e e n
: a d e q u a te ly c o n t r o l l e d , seems t o j u s t i f y t h i s p ro p o se d i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
B ecau se o f th e o b se rv e d t i s s u e ch an g es w ith a g in g , in c r e a s e d s t i f f n e s s
i n th e o ld e r p o p u la tio n would b e e x p e c te d . S e v e r a l f a c t o r s a rg u e f o r
j
t h e w o rk in g h y p o th e s is t h a t an e x e r c is e p ro g ram m ig h t r e v e r s e some o f
1 t h i s s t i f f n e s s : ( 1 ) s t i f f n e s s ch an g es b ro u g h t a b o u t b y im m o b iliz a tio n
i and th e r e v e r s a l w ith r e m o b iliz a tio n , ( 2 ) t h e in c r e a s e s i n s t i f f n e s s
1 w ith o c c lu s io n and th e in c r e a s e i n p e r i p h e r a l b lo o d flo w as t h e r e s u l t
|
i o f t r a i n i n g , and ( 3 ) th e o b s e r v a tio n t h a t th e m ore a c t i v e te n d t o be
i
i more f l e x i b l e i n o ld a g e .
I CHAPTER III
| PROCEDURE
The p u rp o se o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was t o d e te rm in e w h e th er th e
j |
age r e l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n j o i n t m o b ility found by p re v io u s i n v e s t i
g a to r s (W right and J o h n s , 1 9 6 0 a; and Z am ir, 1966) c o u ld be co n firm ed
when th e m uscle a c tio n p o t e n t i a l s w ere c o n t r o l l e d . F u r t h e r , i t was
; 1
!th e p u rp o se t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r a change in j o i n t m o b ility c o u ld be
'b ro u g h t a b o u t by a w e ig h t t r a i n i n g program d e sig n e d t o s tr e n g th e n th e
m overs o f th e M-P j o i n t .
T h is c h a p te r d e s c r ib e s th e p ro c e d u re u sed t o g a th e r th e d a ta
land i s d iv id e d i n t o f i v e s u b - s e c tio n s . T hese s u b - s e c tio n s a r e :
i ( l ) s u b j e c t s , ( 2 ) e x p e r im e n ta l d e s ig n , ( 3 ) in s tr u m e n ta tio n , (4 ) p ro -
i t o c o l , and ( 5 ) d a ta r e d u c tio n .
S u b je c ts
i
Two g ro u p s o f m ale v o lu n te e r s w ere r e c r u i t e d f o r t h i s s tu d y .
!The young g ro u p ra n g e d in age from f i f t e e n t o n in e te e n y e a r s , mean a g e :
1
's i x t e e n y e a r s . The o ld e r s u b je c ts ra n g e d i n age from s i x t y - t h r e e t o
1
e i g h ty - e ig h t y e a r s , mean a g e : s i x t y - n i n e y e a r s . R e c ru itm e n t was r e
s t r i c t e d t o in d i v i d u a l s f r e e from o v e r t a r t h r i t i c d is e a s e s o f th e m e ta
c a rp o p h a la n g e a l j o i n t s and any h i s t o r y o f trau m a t o th e s e p a r t s .
i
The older subjects were screened by a licensed physician. Persons
with abnormalities of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the
26 • _
27
r i g h t o r l e f t in d e x f i n g e r w ere r e j e c t e d . The tw o g ro u p s w ere each
co m p rised o f tw e n ty s u b j e c t s .
!
| E x p e rim e n ta l D esig n
To exam ine th e e f f e c t o f a c t i v i t y upon j o i n t s t i f f n e s s , b o th th e
Jyoung and th e o ld g ro u p w ere e v a lu a te d f o r j o i n t r e s i s t a n c e b e f o r e and
j
[ a f t e r th e s ix week t r a i n i n g p rogram . Each s u b je c t a c te d as h i s own
;c o n t r o l i n t h a t one in d e x f i n g e r was random ly a s s ig n e d a s th e e x p e r i
m e n ta l f i n g e r , and th e c o n t r a l a t e r a l in d e x f i n g e r was u sed as a c o n tr o l.
i
|By c h o o sin g a j o i n t w hich re m a in s r e l a t i v e l y a c ti v e th ro u g h o u t th e
i l i f e sp an su ch as th e M-P j o i n t o f th e in d e x f i n g e r , i n i t i a l d i f f e r -
i
jen ces i n a c t i v i t y l e v e l s w ere m inim ized a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e e x p e r i-
|
Im ent. T h is p ro b a b ly re d u c e d th e e f f e c t s o f th e t r a i n i n g pro g ram , b u t
i
'a llo w e d f o r q u a l i f i e d s ta te m e n ts t o be made as t o th e t r a i n a b i l i t y o f
th e tw o age g ro u p s w ith r e s p e c t t o s tr e n g th and j o i n t m o b ility o f th e
f i n g e r .
j
B a s e lin e v a lu e s f o r s tr e n g th and s t i f f n e s s o f b o th f i n g e r s w ere
ta k e n on each s u b je c t a c c o rd in g t o th e m ethods d e s c r ib e d i n th e
(fo llo w in g s e c t i o n s . A f te r b a s e lin e t e s t i n g , a l l f o r t y s u b je c ts u n d e r-
|
|w ent s i x w eeks o f e x e r c i s e . The e x e r c is e program f o r th e e x p e r im e n ta l
lin d e x f i n g e r was l i f t i n g w e ig h ts a tta c h e d t o a p u lle y sy stem a c c o rd in g
I
|t o th e m ethod o f DeLorme. (S ee F ig u re 1 . ) Each s u b je c t u sed l / 2 , 3 /^
and f u l l lo a d f o r t e n l i f t s a t each lo a d th ro u g h o u t h i s e n t i r e ra n g e
o f m o tio n . T h is w o rk o u t was co m p leted t h r e e tim e s p e r week f o r a t o t a l
o f e ig h te e n p e r io d s . A t th e end o f t h i s t r a i n i n g p ro g ram , th e s u b je c ts
w ere r e t e s t e d , tim e o f day b e in g h e ld c o n s ta n t, and th e a p p r o p r ia te
d a ta r e d u c tio n was p e rfo rm e d .
FIGURE I
FINGER PULLEY
\
A. GRIPPING POSTS
B. CABLE GUIDE
C. ADJUSTABLE FINGER STRAP
D. PULLEY
E. ADJUSTABLE WEIGHTS
N
00
29
In s tr u m e n ta tio n
- i —
F o r th e t r a i n i n g program , a p o r ta b le p u lle y system w ith w e ig h ts
o f l £ , 2 ^ , 5 and 10 pounds was b u i l t . {See F ig u re 1 .) A b a r f o r g r i p
p in g was p ro v id e d , and th e e x p e rim e n ta l f i n g e r was s p lin te d so t h a t th e
movement could o c c u r o n ly a b o u t th e M-P j o i n t . A g u id e f o r th e p u lle y
c a b le was s e t a t th e p o in t w here th e f in g e r re a c h e d f u l l e x te n s io n i n
o rd e r t o m a in ta in th e l i n e o f p u l l upon th e p u lle y w e ig h ts. The w eights
and th e f in g e r w ere a tta c h e d t o t h e p u lle y c a b le by means o f a d ju s ta b le
s t r a p s . The u n i t was e a s i l y m ounted t o a t a b l e to p by u se o f a C clamp.
F o r s tr e n g th t e s t i n g , a C h a tillo n s c a le and w inch w ere u sed .
M easured was th e f o r c e n e c e s s a ry t o overcom e th e c o n tr a c tio n o f th e
in d e x f i n g e r f l e x o r s . The s c a le h ad a c a p a c ity o f t h i r t y poun d s, and
was a tta c h e d by c a b le t o th e s u b j e c t 's f i n g e r , a f t e r p a s s in g ov er th e
p u lle y sy stem . G rip p in g b a r s , arm s tr a p s and a s p l i n t i n th e form o f
a perm anent h in g e p ro v id e d s t a b i l i t y f o r th e s u b je c t. (F ig u re 2 .)
j F o r th e m easurem ent o f j o i n t s t i f f n e s s , a m otor d riv e n s in u -
i
j m
j s o id a l m otion l e v e r was used a s d e s c rib e d by W rig h t and Johns (1960a ) .
i
;A s t r a i n gauge a tta c h e d t o th e l e v e r m easured th e fo rc e n e c e s s a ry f o r
|
th e o s c i l l a t i o n . A p o te n tio m e te r m easured th e d isp la c e m e n t o f th e
f i n g e r th ro u g h i t s s i x t y d eg ree a r c . These d a ta were th e n d is p la y e d on
an X-Y p l o t o f a T e k tro n ix #5 6 ^ cath o d e r a y o s c illo s c o p e (CRO).
The in s tru m e n ts f o r th e m easurem ent o f in d e x f i n g e r s t i f f n e s s
w ere made a v a ila b le th ro u g h th e c o u rte s y o f D r. R o b ert Sw ezey,
U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a lif o r n ia M ed ical S c h o o l.
% h is o s c illo s c o p e was on lo a n from D r. R o b ert C lo s e , D ir e c to r
o f M ed ical R e se a rc h , O rth o p e d ic H o s p ita l, Los A n g e les, C a l if o r n ia .
FIGURE 2
MEASUREMENT OF BREAKING STRENGTH
3V gripping posts
T>- arm straps
C - hinged splints fbr finger
T > - pulleys
H - scale
F- w inch.
U )
o
31
The v e r t i c a l a x is was u se d f o r th e to r q u e re q u ire m e n t. The d i s p l a c e
m ent o f th e f i n g e r d u rin g th e o s c i l l a t i o n was d is p la y e d on th e h o r i
z o n ta l a x i s . A p o la r o id la n d cam era was m ounted on th e o s c illo s c o p e
and was u s e d t o p h o to g ra p h th e o s c il lo s c o p e t r a c e s . (F ig u re 3 . ) A
p la n im e te r was u se d f o r i n t e g r a t i n g th e a r e a w ith in th e h y s t e r e s i s
lo o p tr a c e d nn th e o s c illo s c o p e and re c o rd e d by th e p o la r o id cam era.
C a l i b r a t i o n o f th e sy stem was such t h a t 1 cm. d e f l e c t i o n on th e
v e r t i c a l a x is was e q u a l t o 0 .3 6 kgcm. o f to r q u e . I n s tru m e n t r e l i a b i l *
i t y f o r th e m easurem ent o f to rq u e was shown t o be .9 9 8 . (A ppendix
I , I I ,1 1 1 .) The s i n u s o i d a l o s c i l l a t i n g l e v e r moved th ro u g h a s i x t y
d e g re e a r c a t th e r a t e o f one o s c i l l a t i o n p e r se c o n d . The r e l i a b i l i t y
o f th e s t i f f n e s s m easurem ents betw een th e second and th e t h i r d t r i a l
on day tw o o f p r e t e s t i n g w as:
Young: r i g h t in d e x to rq u e = 0 . 9 7
l e f t in d e x to rq u e = 0 .9 8
r i g h t in d e x e n e rg y = 0 .7 9
________ l e f t in d e x e n e rg y =
O ld : r i g h t in d e x to rq u e = 0 .9 8
l e f t in d e x to r q u e = 0 .9 6
r i g h t in d e x e n e rg y = 0 . 9^
________ l e f t in d e x e n e rg y = 0 .8 9
F o r m o n ito rin g th e m u scle a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s , s u r f a c e e le c tr o d e s
( p r e c o r d i a l s u c tio n cu p ) w ere p la c e d on th e e x t r i n s i c f l e x o r s and e x
t e n s o r s o f th e in d e x f i n g e r w ith th e w r i s t u se d a s a g ro u n d . Am am pli
f i e r and i n t e g r a t o r made by N ew port L a b o r a to r ie s w ere u sed t o i n t e g r a t e
th e s i g n a l w hich was th e n re a d o u t on a d i g i t a l c o u n te r i n uV BM S u s in g
a t e n seco n d g a te . The c o u n te r was made by H e w litt-P a c k a r d . I n o rd e r
t o s c r e e n f o r a r t i f a c t , an o s c illo s c o p e was u sed w ith th e e l e c t r o
m yographic sy ste m . (F ig u re U .)
FIGURE 3
MOBILITY TESTING EQUIPMENT
" ' " v " " " " " <' t " ' ji
w ® k ® » * y ' * r » * ■ > -
ts fr-j& S ^ ifis 5?« i
^525tiaaasi
A. O s c i l l a t i n g L e v e r, B. A m p lif ie r , C. O s c illo s c o p e
FIGURE 1 +
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
A. O s c ill o s c o p e , B. M o n ito r, C . D i g i t a l C o u n te r
33
The in f lu e n c e o f m u scle a c ti o n p o t e n t i a l s upon th e m easurem ent
r
io f j o i n t s t i f f n e s s h a s b een d e m o n stra te d by Chapman, Swezey and d e V rie s
l ( l 9 7 0 a ) . C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s betw een m u scle a c tio n p o t e n t i a l s
j(MAPs) from th e e x t r i n s i c f l e x o r s and e x te n s o r s o f th e in d e x f i n g e r
i
|and th e to rq u e and e n e rg y re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e o s c i l l a t i o n s ra n g e d from
IO.588 t o 0 .9 7 ^ when v a r io u s low l e v e l s o f MAPs w ere p r e s e n t. (A ppendix
IIV.) F o r t h i s r e a s o n , e v e ry e f f o r t was made t o m inim ize th e MAP l e v e l .
R e g re s s io n a n a l y s i s on th e p r e t r a i n i n g d a ta o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s
:shown t h a t a s lo n g as th e MAPs a re k e p t below 3 .0 uV, t h e r e i s no
jm e a su ra b le e f f e c t . (A ppendix V .) To d e te rm in e t h i s c r i t i c a l l e v e l o f
jMAPs, th e s ta n d a rd e r r o r o f th e e s tim a te (2 . 6 5 6 ) was s e t e q u a l t o th e
|r e g r e s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t (0 .0 3 2 ) tim e s th e unknown c r i t i c a l l e v e l o f uV.
i
iT h is v a lu e o b ta in e d f o r a t h i r t y second i n t e g r a t i o n p e rio d o f MAPs was
jth e n e x p re s s e d a s 3 .0 u V ...t h e c r i t i c a l l e v e l o f MAPs p e r sec o n d .
P r o to c o l
;S tr e n g th t e s t i n g . —Upon a r r i v a l f o r t e s t i n g , each s u b je c t was f i r s t
i t e s t e d f o r " b re a k in g " s t r e n g t h o f th e r i g h t and l e f t in d e x f i n g e r
f l e x o r s . The a x is o f r o t a t i o n o f th e in d e x f i n g e r a b o u t th e m eta
c a rp o p h a la n g e a l (M-P) j o i n t was p a lp a te d , m arked and a lig n e d w ith th e
i
I a x is o f th e h in g e w hich was u se d t o s p l i n t th e f i n g e r . The f i n g e r was
i
I
th e n ta p e d t o t h i s h in g e w hich was a tta c h e d by c a b le t o a s m a ll w in ch .
(F ig u re 2 .) The arm was s tr a p p e d t o th e p la tf o r m and th e h in g e b ro u g h t
I
i
Ione centimeter from the neutral position, i.e. full extension of the
jindex finger. This approximated six degrees of flexion. The subject
was then instructed to hold the position against an extension force
Ip laced on th e f i n g e r by th e "winch. The e x te n s io n f o r c e was g r a d u a lly
jin c re a s e d u n t i l th e f in g e r was u n a b le t o m a in ta in itE p o s tio n . When
|th e e x te n s io n f o r c e caused th e f in g e r t o r e t u r n t o th e n e u t r a l p o s itio n .,
ith e f o r c e in th e system was re a d from th e s c a le and re c o rd e d as " th e
!
[b rea k in g s tr e n g th " o f t h a t f i n g e r , i . e . th e fo r c e r e q u ir e d t o b re a k th e
!f le x io n c o n tr a c tio n . Each s u b je c t was g iv e n th r e e t r i a l s and th e b e s t
i
I
|s c o re was u se d .
i
jS t i f f n e s s t e s t i n g . —The a x is o f r o t a t i o n o f th e M-P j o i n t o f th e r i g h t
|and l e f t in d e x f i n g e r was p a lp a te d and m arked by a f e l t - t i p p e d in k pen.
j
[N ext, s u rfa c e e le c tr o d e s w ere a tta c h e d t o th e s u b j e c t 's arm above th e
i
! p a lp a te d b e l l i e s o f th e f l e x o r d ig ito ru m s u p e r f i c i a l i s and th e e x te n s o r
|
jd ig ito ru m communis, a t a p o in t a p p ro x im a te ly o n e - th ir d o f th e d is ta n c e
jfrom th e o le c ra n o n p ro c e ss t o th e d i s t a l h ead o f th e u ln a . S k in was
ab rad ed a t th e s e s i t e s and e le c tr o d e p a s te a p p lie d t o low er th e s k in
[ r e s is ta n c e . R e s is ta n c e re a d in g s w ere ta k e n and m a in ta in e d below 5000
ohms.
| The f in g e r was th e n p la c e d i n a ru b b e r c o t to p re v e n t any
[ e l e c t r i c a l c o n ta c t w ith th e m e ta l o s c i l l a t i n g le v e r to i n s u l a t e a g a in s t
[any 60 Hz a r t i f a c t . I t was th e n i n s e r te d i n t o th e le v e r so t h a t th e j
j
r o t a t i o n would o c c u r a b o u t th e j o i n t a x is . The m ark on th e m e ta ca rp o - i
p h a la n g e a l j o i n t a x is was a lig n e d w ith th e a x is o f th e o s c i l l a t i o n .
A t l e a s t two m in u tes o f warm-up o s c i l l a t i o n s w ere g iv e n th e
s u b je c t d u rin g w hich tim e he p r a c tic e d r e la x in g th e m u scles ab o u t th e
m oving p a r t . Audio and v i s u a l fe e d -b a c k was g iv e n by th e MAP m o n ito r.
!
[When th e s u b je c t had red u ced h i s M AP re a d in g s below th e 3 -0 uV l e v e l ,
jth ree s e p a ra te o s c i l l a t i o n tr a c e s w ere re c o rd e d from th e CRO by th e
35
P o la ro id Land cam era p h o to g ra p h s.
i
B a s e lin e t e s t i n g ■w as re p e a te d on two s e p a r a te d ay s and v a u le s
i
.from th e t h i r d t r i a l , day tw o w ere used a s th e b a s e lin e d a ta , as th e
i
|l a s t t r i a l was shown more r e l i a b l e th a n th e a v erag e o f th e th r e e t r i a l s .
|(A ppendix V I.)
j
D ata R ed u ctio n
I " B " "
i
i S tr e n g th o f th e in d e x f i n g e r f l e x o r s , to rq u e and en erg y r e q u i r e -
;
jm ents w ere a n aly z e d i n th r e e s e p a r a te th re e -w a y a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e
j t e s t s . The th r e e f a c t o r s f o r each w ere: a g e , e x p e r im e n ta l- c o n tr o l hand,
I
jand p r e - p o s t t r a i n i n g . The l a t t e r two f a c t o r s had r e p e a te d m easures as
!
leach s u b je c t serv ed as h i s own c o n tr o l on th e s e f a c t o r s , (W iner, I 962),
I
IData on th e f i r s t and second p re tre a tm e n t days w ere a n aly z e d by
|c o r r e l a t i o n te c h n iq u e in o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h th e l e v e l o f r e l i a b i l i t y ,
; (B io m ed ical Program M anual, 1969) . T h is i s f u r t h e r d is c u s s e d i n th e
in s tr u m e n ta tio n s e c tio n u n d e r r e l i a b i l i t y .
CHAPTER IV
1 RESULTS
1
i
I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , th e .05 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f s i g n if ic a n c e
■w as u se d as th e c r i t e r i o n a g a in s t w hich s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e was
d e te rm in e d . A d a t a summary i s p r e s e n te d i n T a b le 1 and T a b le 2.
E f f e c t s o f Age
S tr e n g t h : P r i o r t o t h e t r a i n i n g p ro g ram , th e mean b re a k in g s tr e n g th o f i
th e e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p w as: o ld e r s u b j e c t s , U.733 k g .; y o u n g er
s u b j e c t s , k .8 2 9 k g . A f te r t r a i n i n g th e s e f i g u r e s w ere 6 .2 9 0 and 6 .6 8 2
r e s p e c t i v e l y . (S ee F ig u re 5*) T h ere was no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e
betw een th e young and th e o ld g ro u p w ith r e s p e c t t o b re a k in g s tr e n g th
u n d e r an y o f th e e x p e r im e n ta l c o n d itio n s . (A ppendix V I I I . )
T o rq u e : T here was a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e young and th e
o ld g ro u p s i n t h e m easurem ent o f to r q u e n e c e s s a r y t o p a s s iv e ly o s
c i l l a t e th e in d e x f i n g e r , F=2**.757 ( P > . 0 l ) . (S ee A ppendix I X .) T h is
age d if f e r e n c e w as se e n i n b o th th e e x p e r im e n ta l and c o n tr o l f i n g e r s ,
b o th b e fo re and a f t e r th e t r a i n i n g program . (F ig u re 6 .) Mean v a lu e
f o r th e to rq u e re q u ire m e n ts o f th e o ld g ro u p was 2 .1 6 6 kgcm b e fo re th e
[ tr a in i n g and 1 .7 0 6 kgcm a f t e r t h e e x e r c is e pro g ram . The com parable
[ f ig u r e s f o r th e young g ro u p w ere 1 . 1*58 kgcm and 1 .1 2 7 kgcm.
E n e rg y : T here w as a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e young and th e
o ld g ro u p w ith r e s p e c t t o th e e n e rg y re q u ire m e n ts t o p a s s iv e ly o s -
TABLE I
EFFECT OF AGE
N=20 YOUNG OLD
STRENGTH (Kg)
mean s . d . s . e . mean s . d . s . e .
E x p e rim e n ta l P re 4 .8 2 9 1 .0 7 2 0 .2 4 6 4 .7 3 2 0 .5 7 3 0 .1 3 2
E x p e rim e n ta l P o s t 6 .6 8 1 0 .9 4 9
0 .2 1 9 6 .2 9 0 0 .8 9 3
0.206
C o n tro l P re
4 .3 9 7 0 .8 8 8 0 .2 0 5 4 .8 2 9
I . 09I
0 .2 5 1
C o n tro l P o s t 5.3 1 2 1 .1 1 0 0 .2 5 6
5.5 0 5
1 .2 0 6
0 .2 7 7
TORQUE (KgCm)
E x p e rim e n ta l P re 1 .4 5 8
0 .4 5 2 0 .1 0 4 2.1 6 6 1 .0 2 5 0.235
E x p e rim e n ta l P o s t 1 .1 4 8 0 .4 1 9
0 .0 9 7 1 .7 0 6 0 .5 3 6 0.123
C o n tro l P re
1 .2 9 1 0 .3 7 9 0 .0 8 7
2.1 4 4 0 .7 3 0 0 .1 6 8
C o n tro l P o s t 1 .1 8 3 0 .3 3 2 0 .0 7 6
1 .9 3 1 0 .6 3 1 0.145
ENERG7 (KgCm2 )*
E x p e rim e n ta l P re 0 .1 2 6 0 .0 9 9 0 .0 2 3
0 .1 2 2 0 .1 0 4 0.0 2 4
E x p e rim e n ta l P o s t 0 .0 7 9
0 .0 8 6 0 .0 2 0 0.1 0 9 0 .0 6 2
0 .1 3 7
C o n tro l P re 0 .0 6 9 0 .0 4 3 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 3 0 0 .0 8 5 0 .0 2 6
C o n tro l P o s t
..
0 .0 7 8 O.O56 0.0 1 3 0.1 3 7
0 .1 0 2
0 .0 2 3
j* E x p ressed i n p la n im e te r u n i t s .
38
TABLE II
I EFFECT OF TRAINING
I
i
1
N=20 P re P o st
! STRENGTH (Kg)
j
mean s . d . s . e . mean s .d . s . e .
jE x p erim en tal Young 4 .8 2 9 1 .0 7 2
0.2 4 6 6 .6 8 1
0 .9 4 9
0 .2 1 9
E x p e rim e n ta l Old
i
4 .7 3 2 0.573
0 .1 3 2 6 .2 9 0
0.8 9 3
0 .2 0 6
i
|C o n tro l Young
4 .3 9 7
0.8 8 8 0 .2 0 5 5-312 1 .1 1 0 0 .2 5 6
|
iC o n tro l Old
i
4 .8 2 9
1 .0 9 1 0.2 5 1 5-505 1 .2 0 6 0.277
i
TORQUE (KgCm)
E x p e rim e n ta l Young 1.4 5 8 0 .4 5 2 0 .1 0 4 1 .1 4 8 0 .4 1 9 O.O97
E x p e rim e n ta l Old 2 .1 6 6 1.0 2 5 0.235
1 .7 0 6 0 .5 3 6 0 .1 2 3
C o n tro l Young 1 .2 9 1 0 .3 7 9 0.0 8 7 1 .1 8 3 0 .3 3 2 0 .0 7 6
C o n tro l Old 2.144 0 .7 3 0 0 .1 6 8 1 .9 3 1 0 .6 3 1 0.145
ENERGY (KgCm2 )*
E x p e rim e n ta l Young 0.126
0 .0 9 9
0.023 0 .0 7 9
0 .0 8 6 0 .0 2 0
E x p e rim e n ta l O ld 0.1 2 2 0 .1 0 4 0.0 2 4 0 .1 0 9 0.0 6 2 0 .1 3 7
C o n tro l Young O.O69 0 .0 4 3
0 .0 1 0 0.078 0.0 5 6 0 .0 1 3
C o n tro l Old 0 .1 3 0 0.085 0 .0 2 6 0.1 3 7 0 .1 0 2 0 .0 2 3
♦ E x p ressed i n p la n im e te r u n i t s .
(kg. )
39
FIGURE 5
INDEX FLEXOR STRENGTH IN YOUNG AND OLD M EN
N = 20/group
<5
O
l-d
o
o
o
c ! j
o
S h
a
o
o
P d
o
C J
h d
s
o
O
o
a
BEFORE TRAINING AFTER TRAINING
The above represent the mean index flexor strength for the
young and the old groups as -well as the standard deviations.
Actual values are found in the text, Table 1 and Table 2.
(kgcm)
1*0
i
FIGURE 6
! JOINT TORQUE REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG AND OLD M EN
i
i-q
Ph
s
0
o
tH
1 - 3
O
o
o
o
9
o
i
>r
■ 3
4
c ! j |
B
t-3
Q
O
u
0
O
I
o
C J
9
o
BEFORE TRAINING AFTER TRAINING
The above represent the mean joint torque rquirements and the
standard deviations for both the young and the old groups.
Actual values are found in the text, Table 1 and Table 2.
h i
FIGURE 7
C J
W
JOINT ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG A N D OLD M EN
A
t-3
<
0
O
t-3
§
o
u
0
O
tH
a
o
o
o
H i
o
o
o
9
o
BEFORE TRAINING AFTER TRAINING
The above represent the mean joint energy requirements for the
young and old groups as well as the standard deviations. Actual
values are found in the text, Table 1 and Table 2.
i h2
J
j
j c i l l a t e th e in d e x f i n g e r , F=5.6^9* (A ppendix X .) T h is m easure was
i
|c o n s id e ra b ly more v a r ia b le th a n was th e m easurem ent o f to r q u e .
|
|( F ig u r e 7 .)
|
j E f f e c ts o f T ra in in g
?S tr e n g t h : I n th e a n a ly s is o f th e s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n f a c t o r
I(F = 2 6 .0 2 9 , P .0 1 , A ppendix V I I I ) , i t was shown by th e t e s t f o r sim p le
imain e f f e c t s (W iner, 1962) , t h a t r e g a r d le s s o f th e age o f th e g ro u p :
( l ) T here was no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e e x p e rim e n ta l and
th e c o n tr o l hand b e fo re t r a i n i n g , F = 2 .2 3 . ( 2 ) T h ere was a s i g n i f i c a n t
:d if f e r e n c e betw een th e e x p e rim e n ta l and th e c o n tr o l gro u p s a f t e r
|t r a i n i n g , F = 82.67. (3 ) T here was a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een
th e p re and p o s t t r a i n i n g e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p s, F =357-60, th e p o s t
1
1
t r a i n i n g b e in g s tr o n g e r , (h ) T here was a s i g n i f i c a n t s tr e n g th
im provem ent i n th e c o n tr o l g ro u p a l s o , F = 7 0 .6 ^ . As t h i s t a s k was a
u n iq u e t a s k , th e change i n t h i s group may p o s s ib ly be a f a c t o r o f
le a r n in g th e t a s k by th e u n e x e rc is e d c o n tr o l hand.
T h at th e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t age i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t i n d ic a te s
!t h a t b o th th e young and th e o ld tr a in e d e q u a lly w e ll on t h i s program .
|T o rq u e: W ith r e s p e c t to th e to rq u e re q u ire m e n ts to p a s s iv e ly o s c i l l a t e
i
|th e in d e x f i n g e r , th e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e e x -
i
ip e rim e n ta l and th e c o n tr o l hand b e fo re t r a i n i n g i n e i t h e r age g ro u p ,
i
!f =1 .8 2 . A fte r t r a i n i n g how ever, a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c re a se i n th e s t i f f -
]
jn e ss m easure was found i n th e e x p e rim e n ta l f i n g e r s , F *56.95- The
]
c o n tr o l group made no s i g n i f i c a n t change, F = 0 .3 5 0 .
E n e rg y : T ra in in g produced no s i g n i f i c a n t change in th e e n erg y m easu re-
m en t. Mean v a lu e s f o r th e young e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p changed from 0 .1 2 7
kgcm^ (p la n im e te r u n i t s ) t o 0 .0 7 9 kgcm2 . F o r th e o l d , th e s e s t i f f n e s s
v a lu e s w ere 0 .1 2 2 and 0 .1 0 9 . T hese m easurem ents e x h ib ite d c o n s id e r a b le
v a r ia n c e , b u t th e t r e n d s w ere i n th e same d i r e c t i o n as th e o th e r
s t i f f n e s s f a c t o r , to r q u e .
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
: The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y d e m o n stra te t h a t j o i n t s t i f f n e s s , in
b o th young and o ld men i s , a t l e a s t t o some e x t e n t , a r e v e r s i b l e phen
omenon. The e x e r c is e d hand h ad a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c tio n in j o i n t to rq u e
I
m easurem ent a f t e r t r a i n i n g o v e r th e v a lu e s f o r th e u n e x e rc is e d c o n tr o l
h a n d . The m easurem ent o f e n e rg y re q u ire m e n ts d e m o n stra te d a s im ila r
t r e n d , b u t f a i l e d t o re a c h s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e .
The r e s u l t s s u p p o rt th e f in d in g s o f W rig h t and Jo h n s (1 9 6 0 a) and
Zam ir {1966) , t h a t j o i n t s t i f f n e s s i s g r e a t e r i n th e o ld e r i n d i v i d u a l .
The m ag n itu d e o f t h i s d if f e r e n c e i s n o t as g r e a t as t h a t n o te d by
W rig h t and Johns h o w ev er, They n o te d a " t e n - f o l d d e c re a se i n m o b ility
from th e f i r s t t o th e s i x t h d e c a d e ." The d i f f e r e n c e found betw een th e
jyoung and th e o ld g ro u p i n t h i s s tu d y was a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t on th e two
j c r i t e r i o n m easu rem en ts, to rq u e and en erg y re q u ire m e n ts t o p a s s iv e ly o s -
]
1
J
j c i l l a t e th e f i n g e r . U n d o u b te d ly , some o f t h i s d is c r e p a n c y i s a c c o u n t-
|
jed f o r by th e age d i f f e r e n c e o f th e r e s p e c tiv e young g ro u p s . The
1
jyoung s u b je c ts i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n were a l l i n t h e i r seco n d d e ca d e .
!
|
The age f a c t o r showed no s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n w ith th e o th e r
two e x p e r im e n ta l v a r i a b l e s , d e m o n s tra tin g t h a t b o th young and o ld
!r e a c te d i n th e same m anner t o th e t r a i n i n g p ro g ram . T h is i s n o te
w o rth y s in c e th e o l d e r g ro u p b eg an th e program c o n s id e ra b ly " s t i f f e r . "
^5
T h is s u g g e s ts a p o s s ib ly i r r e v e r s i b l e com ponent o f th e s t i f f n e s s w hich
may be t h e t r u e " a g in g " f a c t o r . C o lla g e n ch an g es may a cc o u n t f o r t h i s .
The i n i t i a l s tr e n g th t e s t i n g o f th e tw o age g ro u p s r e v e a le d
i
: t h a t t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een them w ith r e s p e c t t o
|t h i s m easu rem en t. F is h e r and E i r r e n (1 9 ^7 ) have rev iew ed age p a tte r n s
:in s t r e n g t h , and have shown a p o s i t i v e l y skewed c u rv e p e a k in g betw een
;25 and 30 y e a r s . The young g ro u p u sed i n t h i s s tu d y can be th o u g h t o f
|a s on th e a sc e n d in g lim b o f t h i s c u rv e , and th e o ld e r g ro u p on th e
d e s c e n d in g lim b . V alu es f o r th e second and s i x t h d ecade a re v e ry
s i m i l a r on th e c u rv e o f F is h e r and B irre n (1 9 ^ 7 ). T h is d a ta i s in
i
|
ag reem en t w ith t h e i r w ork.
; S in c e th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is re v e a le d no s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r -
i
I a c ti o n b etw een th e age f a c t o r and th e o th e r tw o e x p e r im e n ta l d im e n sio n s
I i n th e s tr e n g th t r a i n i n g program : e x p e r im e n ta l and c o n tr o l f i n g e r ,
ip re and p o s t t r a i n i n g ; t h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t b o th g ro u p s re sp o n d ed i n a
;s i m i l a r m anner to th e program . P e rh a p s th e q u e s tio n o f t r a i n a b i l i t y ,
i
li . e . , p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n in g ,o f o ld e r p e rs o n s sh o u ld be reex am in ed .
I n th e s t r e n g t h t r a i n i n g p rogram , c o n tr o ls showed g a in s w hich
i
I
w ere a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t , a lth o u g h o f a l e s s e r m ag n itu d e th a n i n th e
|e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p . S in c e th e m easurem ent o f in d e x f l e x o r s tr e n g th
was a n o v e l t a s k , i t i s h ig h ly p ro b a b le t h a t a c e r t a i n amount o f
!l e a r n i n g o c c u rre d d u r in g th e t e s t i n g . The t r a i n i n g program u t i l i z e d
|e a c h p e rs o n as h i s own c o n t r o l , th u s i t was im p o s s ib le t o p re v e n t t h i s
I
I l e a r n i n g from o c c u r r in g . One a d v an ta g e o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s t h a t i t
f
r
■is th e n p o s s ib le t o g e t a ro u g h i n d i c a t i o n o f th e p r o p o r tio n o f th e
I a p p a r e n t s tr e n g th g a in s t h a t can be a t t r i b u t e d t o r e a l s tr e n g th g a i n s ,
and th e p r o p o r tio n w hich sh o u ld be a t t r i b u t e d t o l e a r n i n g th e t a s k .
j CHAPTER IV
| SU M M A R Y AND CONCLUSIONS
I
j
i
Summary
The p u rp o se o f t h i s s tu d y was t o i n v e s t i g a t e age d if f e r e n c e s i n
t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f th e m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l (M -P) j o i n t o f th e in d e x
:f i n g e r t o o s c i l l a t o r y movements and s u b s e q u e n tly t o i n v e s t i g a t e th e
I
p o s s i b i l i t y o f im p ro v in g th e m o b ility o f t h i s j o i n t th ro u g h an e x e r c is e I
■program . A lth o u g h p re v io u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e lo o k ed a t th e age j
d i f f e r e n c e s i n j o i n t s t i f f n e s s , th e e f f e c t o f m uscle a c ti o n p o t e n t i a l s |
: i
h a s n o t b een a d e q u a te ly c o n t r o l l e d . No r e s e a r c h h as p r e v io u s ly b een j
done c o n c e rn in g th e e f f e c t s o f an a c t i v i t y p rogram on t h i s m easurem ent
!o f j o i n t s t i f f n e s s .
I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , th e te c h n iq u e o f W rig h t and Jo h n s was
I em ployed. The to r q u e and e n erg y re q u ire m e n ts t o p a s s iv e ly move a j o i n t
iw ere u sed t o e v a lu a te t h e s t i f f n e s s o f th e M-P j o i n t o f th e in d e x f i n -
i
i g e r . A g ro u p o f tw e n ty b o y s ,.a g e s f i f t e e n t o n in e te e n y e a r s , and a
!
g ro u p o f tw e n ty men, ag es s i x t y - t h r e e t o e i g h t y - e i g h t y e a r s s e rv e d a s
! s u b je c ts f o r t h i s s tu d y . B oth g ro u p s w ere p r e t e s t e d a s t o th e
s t r e n g t h and s t i f f n e s s (to rq u e and e n e rg y r e q u ire m e n ts ) o f t h e i r in d e x
f i n g e r s and th e n p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a s i x w eek e x e r c is e program f o r a r a n
dom ly s e l e c t e d h a n d . The c o n t r a l a t e r a l f i n g e r was u se d a s an u n e x e r
c is e d c o n t r o l . A t th e end o f th e s i x w eek t r a i n i n g p ro g ram , b o th o f
th e g ro u p s w ere r e t e s t e d i n th e same m anner a s th e y h ad b een
_____________________________________________k 7 ______________________________ ______________
b e f o r e , tim e o f day b e in g h e ld c o n s ta n t.
F in d in g s
i The r e s u l t s o f t h i s in v e s t i g a t i o n showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
I '
i j o i n t s t i f f n e s s i n th e o ld men th a n i n th e young w ith r e s p e c t t o th e
i
■torque and en erg y re q u ire m e n ts w hich w ere n e c e s s a ry t o o s c i l l a t e th e
i
■index f i n g e r p a s s iv e ly ab o u t i t s m e ta c a rp o p h a la n g e a l j o i n t . T here was
;no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e two g ro u p s w ith r e s p e c t to th e
I
J
|m easured s tr e n g th o f th e in d ex f in g e r f l e x o r s , e i t h e r b e fo re o r a f t e r
j t r a i n i n g .
i
! A f te r th e t r a i n i n g program , s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e s in th e e x p e r
i m e n t a l g ro u p s, b o th young and o ld , were seen i n s tr e n g th and s i g n i f i -
i
I
|c a n t d e c re a s e s w ere seen i n th e to rq u e m easurem ents. E nergy r e q u ir e -
i
|m ent f o r th e p a s s iv e movement o f th e j o i n t showed th e same tr e n d as th e
; to r q u e , b u t changes d id n o t a c h ie v e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e .
T here was no s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n o f th e age v a r ia b le w ith
| th e o th e r tw o f a c t o r s : e x p e r im e n ta l/c o n tr o l f i n g e r , and p r e /p o s t
| t r a i n i n g , th u s d e m o n stra tin g no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n young and o ld
I
|r e s p o n s e t o th e t r a i n i n g program .
i
!
i C o n clu sio n s
| ■
i
| The f in d in g s su g g e s t t h a t u n d e r th e e x p e rim e n ta l c o n d itio n s o f
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n :
j 1 . When a c tiv e m uscle in v o lv em en t i s r u le d o u t by e l e c t r o
m yographic (M G) te c h n iq u e s , d a ta s t i l l c o rro b o ra te th o s e o f o th e r
I
i n v e s t i g a t o r s who have d e m o n strated an age r e l a t e d lo s s i n j o i n t
m o b ilit y .
k9
2 . P r o g r e s s iv e w e ig h t t r a i n i n g o f th e DeLorme ty p e w hich im -
i
p ro v ed s tr e n g th i n th e in d e x f i n g e r f l e x o r s , a ls o r e s u l t e d i n a s ig n
i f i c a n t im provem ent i n t h a t f i n g e r ’ s M-P J o i n t m o b ility as m easured by
!to r q u e r e q u ire m e n ts . T h is i s n o t t o say t h a t th e DeLorme te c h n iq u e i s
I
|th e o n ly m ethod o r th e b e s t m ethod o f e f f e c t i n g t h i s ch an g e. N e ith e r
|c an i t be co n clu d ed t h a t th e same t r a i n i n g reg im en would be as
e f f e c t i v e i n o th e r J o i n t s .
3* S in c e t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n re s p o n s e
|
jbetw een th e young and th e o ld a s a r e s u l t o f th e s tr e n g th and m o b ility
j
|t r a i n i n g p rogram , o ld e r g ro u p s may be more t r a i n a b l e th a n p r e v io u s ly
i th o u g h t.
I H ecom m endations f o r F u r th e r S tu d y
i
!
| The m ethodology u sed i n t h i s s tu d y was fo u n d t o be a u s e f u l
!r e s e a r c h t o o l f o r m e a su rin g th e dynam ic q u a l i t i e s o f J o i n t m o b ilit y ,
;b u t o n ly u n d er c a r e f u l m o n ito rin g o f MAPs w ith a s e n s i t i v i t y o f
ja p p ro x im a te ly 3*0 uV f o r s u r f a c e e le c t r o d e s . I t i s recommended f o r
j f u r t h e r u se i n b o th th e r e s e a r c h and th e c l i n i c a l s e t t i n g f o r a n a ly s is
i
jo f J o i n t m o b ility .
I I n th e c l i n i c a l s e t t i n g , i t h a s th e p o t e n t i a l f o r becom ing a
i
|u s e f u l in s tru m e n t i n th e a ss e ss m e n t o f th e p r o g r e s s o f a r t h r i t i c and
io th e r J o i n t d is o r d e r s w hich cau se J o i n t s t i f f n e s s . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s
!
j o f v a r io u s d ru g and p h y s ic a l th e r a p y tr e a tm e n ts i n a l l e v i a t i n g t h i s
|s t i f f n e s s can be q u a n t i f i e d by t h i s te c h n iq u e .
1
j
| I n th e r e s e a r c h a r e a , f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s needed t o :
I ■ ■
; 1 . R e la te ch an g es i n p e r i p h e r a l b lo o d flo w t o changes i n J o in t
50
m o b ility t o e lu c i d a t e p o s s i b l e m echanism s f o r im p ro v in g m o b ilit y .
2. Exam ine th e e f f e c t o f g e n e r a l body c o n d itio n in g upon M-P
S jo in t m o b ilit y .
3 . Compare v a rio u s ty p e s o f e x e r c is e d e sig n e d t o i n c r e a s e j o i n t
'm o b ility .
i
I
i
j
i
i
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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jA keson, W.H. "C o n n ec tiv e T iss u e R esponse t o Im m o b ility : An A c c e le r a te d
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!
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| 2*4-30.
G a rd n e r, G e ra ld W. " F l e x i b i l i t y Changes as a R e s u lt o f I s o m e tr ic and
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Los A n g e le s , 1963.
53
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^H am ilton, George F . and L ach en b ru ch , P e te r A. " R e l i a b i l i t y o f G onio
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!
jH upprich, F .L . and S ig e r s e th , P . "The S p e c i f i c i t y o f F l e x i b i l i t y i n .
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I —
5 * +
K a rp o v ic h , P e t e r ; H erd en , E v e r e tt L . ; and A sa , Maxim M. " E le c tr o g o n io -
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iK e n d a ll, H enry 0 . and K e n d a ll, F lo re n c e P. "N orm al F l e x i b i l i t y A cco rd -
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j
jK irc h n e r, G lenn and G lin e s , Don. "C o m p arativ e A n a ly s is o f E ugene,
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1
i
|K ra u s, H. and H ir s c h la n d , P . "Minimum M u scu lar F i t n e s s T e s ts i n S ch o o l
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i
I L e ig h to n , J a c k R. "The F l e x i b i l i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f M ales S ix t o
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i
| L e ig h to n , J a c k R. "The I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e F l e x i b i l i t y C h a r a c te r is e
j t i c s o f t h r e e Age G roups and F iv e S p e c ia liz e d S k i l l G roups
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55
jLong, C h a r le s ; K r y s z to f ia k , B ogdan; Z am ir, I t z a k ; L an e, Jo h n F . and
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i
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i ”
P h i l l i p s , M. " A n a ly s is o f R e s u lts from th e K raus-W eber T e s t o f Minimum
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i
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i
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1
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| 238.
!
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| 115-118.
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57
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f
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i
I Z am ir, I t z a k A. "Hand R h eo lo g y : A M a th e m a tic a l M odel f o r th e P r e
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S em ian n u al R e p o rt, Novem ber, 1 9 6 8 ) , 9 -H *
I APFEHDICES
i
|
| APPENDIX X
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
DATA FROM 1 / 2 3 /6 9
Wt. T r i a l # 1 2 3
b
5 6
A 6 .0 5*0
5-5
5 .5 5*5 5*5
B
8 .5
9*0
8 .5
8 .5 8 .5 8 .5
C
1 6 .5 1 8 .0
17*5
1 7 .5
17*0 17*0
D
25*5 26 .5
2 6 .0
25*5 2 6 .5 25*5
E 3b.3 35*0 35*0
3^*5 3 ^ .5
35*0
E 1*2.5 i*i*.o
1*3-5
4 3 .0 14-3*0 1*3.0
DATE FROM I / 2H/6 9
A
1
5 .0
5*5 5*5 1+.5 6 .0
‘ B
1
8 .5
8 .0
8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5
!c
i
J
1 6 .0
1 6 .5
17*0
17*5 1 7 .5
1 7 .0
j
D
i
2b. 5 2 5 .0
2 6 .0
2 6 .0 2 6 .0
25*5
E
i
3 3 .5 3 3 .0
31**5 35*0 3l*.0
3I+.5
I f
1
1
3
1 * 2 .0
1 *2 .0
1*3.0
1+3*5 1*2.5 1*2.5
^ S c o re s r e p r e s e n t to rq u e v a lu e s e x p re ss e d i n mm. o f v e r t i c a l a x is
d e f l e c t i o n on th e c ath o d e r a y o s c i l l o s c o p e . The same s i x c a l i b r a t i n g
jw eights w ere u sed f o r each o f th e s ix c a l i b r a t i o n s on day one and on
d ay tw o . R e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was 0 .9 9 8 .
i ______________________ 58____________________________________________
APPENDIX II
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION FOR LXNEARIT5T
■H
- P
20
10
.Hoo .6 0 0 .8 0 0 1.000 1.2 0 0 .200
T O R Q U E I N K G C M
j Means and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f s i x c a l i b r a t i n g v a lu e s a re d i s
p la y e d on t h i s g ra p h . Each v a lu e r e p r e s e n ts tw e lv e t r i a l s ta k e n
on tw o d i f f e r e n t d a y s . Raw v a lu e s a r e p r e s e n te d i n A ppendix I .
6o
| APPENDIX III
| e f f e c t s o f m u s c l e a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s u p o n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t
I O F J O I N T S T I F F N E S S A T D I F F E R E N T L O W L E V E L S O F V O L U N T A R Y C O N T R A C T I O N S
1
SUBJECT
M A P s
uV
A rea
cm^
Torque
kgem
SUBJECT MAPs
uV
A rea
cm^
Torque
kgem
: G.A.
0 .7
0 .0 0 O.89O B .C . 0 .9 0 .0 0
0 .5 5 3
6 .6 0 > 2 1 . 2l* l* 6 .8 0 .6 2 0 .8 5 9
i
i
8 .8 1 .2 8 1 .2 8 9
1 5.5
3.1*6 1.961*
1
1 1 2 .3 2 .3 2 1 .5 3 5
2 .6 0 .0 6 0 .5 2 1
i
0 .6 0 .0 0
0 .8 5 9
3 .2 1 .1 0 0 .9 8 2
2 .0 0 .5 8 0 .8 5 9 8 .6 1 .6 0 1 . 1*12
I
&
o\
o
ii
h
r = 0 . 96* r = 0 . 9l**r-=0 . 9U*
| S . J . 6 .8 0 .0 0
0.5 5 3 S .V . 2 .8 0 .0 8
1 .0 1 3
I
8 .1 l . l 6 I .566
7 .3
0 . 1*2 1 . 1*12
9 .8 3 .7 8 1 .7 8 0
3 .3
0 .3 0 1 .3 2 0
;
l*.5
0 .0 0
0.5 5 3
2 .8 0 .0 2 0.9 2 1
8 .6 1 .2 6 O.982
6 .9
0 .9 0 I . 07I *
!
8 .3
2 .5 2 1.1*73 17.1*
3 .7 6 2.61*0
r= 0 .8 3 * r= 0 . 8 " 2* r=0.97*r= =0.95*
I . L . 1 .6 0 . 1*2 1 . 1*12
i
3 .2 1 . 1 *1 * 2.0 8 7
i
k.6 3 .8 0 1 .3 8 1
1 .6 0 .8 2
1 .2 8 9
1 .1 0 .1 2 0 .9 2 1
;
5 .3 3.2l*
1 .8 1 1
i
r = 0 .95* r = 0 . 5 9 n s
* S i g n i f l e a n t c o r r e l a t i o n >Jtth th e m uscle a c tio n p o t e n t i a l s *
.
.05 l e v e l .
APPENDIX IV
EFFECTS OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS
ON JOINT STIFFNESS DUBING VOLUNTARY RELAXATION
YOUNG, N = =22 OLD, N=2**
mean s .d . rMAP mean s .d . rMAP
R t. Hand Torque 1 .6 8 3 0.3 2 3 0 . 281ns 2.1 6 3 O.783 -0 .0 5 9 n s
L f. Hand Torque
1.11*7
0 .3 6 2 0 . 203ns 1 .7 0 2 0 .7 0 3 - 0 . 127ns
R t. Hand E nergy 0 .1 0 1 0 .0 7 1 - 0 . 021ns 0 .1 3 0 0 . 061* - 0 . 089ns
L f . Hand E nergy 0.105 0 .1 0 8 - 0 .lU*ms 0 .1 6 6 0 .1 0 9 O.ll+ltns
R t. M AP (uV) 1 .3 6 0 0 .7 8 0 1 .0 0 0 1 .8 8 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 0 0
L f. M AP (uV) 1 . 1*00 0 .6 7 0 1 .0 0 0 2 .0 6 0 1 .1 5 0 1 .0 0 0
; *None o f th e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a re s i g n i f i c a n t , i n d i c a t i n g f o r t h i s d a ta ,
j t h a t th e n eu ro m u scu lar in v o lv em en t d id n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t th e
! s t i f f n e s s m easu rem en ts. 3*0 uV was th e maximum m u scu lar a c t i v i t y
i allo w ed f o r t h i s g ro u p .
r
62
APPENDIX V
! PRETRAINING- RELIABILITY COEFFICENTS
i
R ig h t Torque L e f t Torque R ig h t E nergy L e f t E nergy
|Day 1 mean vs Day 2 mean
Young
f N=22 0.6U8* 0 .U19* 0 . l 8*+ns 0 . 601*
O ld
N=2^ 0 . 367ns
0.892*
0 . 7^8*
0.7 2 5 *
1
1
Day 1 , t r i a l 3 vs Day 2, t r i a l 3
j
0.515* 0 . 628* O.6 U 2* 0 . 7* 1 - 2*
0 . 8* 17* 0 . 6U *f* 0 , 610* 0 . 920*
Day 2, t r i a l 2 vs Day 2, t r i a l
3
0.972*
0.979* 0.791* 0.8 9 7 *
! O .983*
|
O .96H* 0 . 9^0* 0 . 888*
^ S ig n if ic a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l .
i
1
!
|
i
i
j
!
1
APPENDIX VI
DATA SHEET - Y O U N G GROUP
STRENGTH (KG) TORQUE REQUIREMENT (KGCM) ENERGY REQUIREMENT (KGCM*)*
E x p e rim en ta l C o n tro l E x p erim en tal C o n tro l E x p erim en tal C o n tro l
Pre P o st P re P o st P re P o st P re P o st Pre P o st Pre P o st
E .H .
J .H .
J .D .
B0T .
K .R.
6 .5 9 1
3 .4 0 9
5.227
4.8 8 6
3 .7 5 0
7.2 7 3
4 .5 4 5
6 .3 6 4
5.568
5.568
5.227
3 .0 6 8
4 .0 9 1
3 .636
3.977
7.273
3 .4 0 9
4 .4 3 2
5.682
4.0 9 1
0 .7 9 2
1 .3 6 8
1 .2 9 6
0.756
1 .8 0 0
0.792
0.684
0.612
0.756
1.4 4 0
1.656
1 .3 6 8
1.2 2 4
1.1 1 6
0.864
I .656
1 .5 1 2
1.368
1 .1 1 6
0.864
0.274
0 .0 9 7
0.007
0 .1 1 9
0.158
0 .0 7 9
0.004
0.0 0 7
0.032
0.0 7 6
0.086
0.0 3 6
0.072
0.018
0.0 2 2
0.122
0 .0 6 1
0 .1 9 1
0 .1 6 2
0.0 8 6
K .S .
C.M.
R .F .
J .G .
M.O.
5 .0 0 0
2.954
3.977
4.545
4 .0 9 1
7.954
6.818
5.795
7 .5 0 0
7.045
6 .8 1 8
4 .7 7 2
3.834
5.000
5.909
7.045
5.682
3 .7 5 0
7.0 4 5
5.682
1 .9 4 4
1 .2 9 6
2 .124
1 .9 4 4
1 .6 2 0
1.6 5 6
I .080
1.7 6 4
1.1 5 2
1.3 3 2
1.1 2 4
0.792
1.728
0.859
0.964
1.188
0.828
1.728
0.612
0.828
0.313
0.058
0.166
0.216
0.090
0.238
0.025
0.083
0.133
0.014
0.065
0.1 0 8
0.0 7 2
0.043
0.054
0.014
0.032
0.137
0.036
o.oo4
S .P .
D.VT.
J .B .
K.K,
S .R .
6.1 3 6
2.954
5.114
5.6 8 2
5.2 2 7
7.273
6.818
8.182
6 .5 9 1
5.568
5.000
3.523
4 .7 7 3
3.864
3.783
5.682
4 .4 3 2
6.7 0 4
4 .3 1 8
4 .6 5 9
1 .0 0 8
1 .4 7 6
I . 98O
0 .9 0 0
1.2 2 4
0.828
1.836
1.1 5 2
0 .756
1 .0 4 4
1 .8 0 0
0.756
1.5 8 4
1 .7 2 8
1.404
1.476
0.756
1.296
l.4 4 o
1 .0 8 0
0.036
0.022
0.133
0.025
0.058
0.018
0.0 1 1
0.058
0 .012
0.004
0.1 0 8
0.018
0.0 8 6
0 .1 8 0
0 .1 0 1
0.063
0.0 1 1
0.083
0 .166
0.097
V.M.
a . h 4
M.M.
E.S„
S.M.
3.9 7 7
5.9 0 9
5.568
5.9 0 9
5.682
6.5 9 1
8.1 8 2
6 .9 3 2
6 .136
6 .9 3 2
3.523
4.545
4.2 0 4
4.213
4.0 9 1
4 .886
5.9 0 9
5.454
4 .886
5.227
2.016
1 .9 8 0
1.4 0 4
1.413
0.828
1 .5 8 4
1 .6 2 0
0.828
1 .2 6 0
0 .3 6 0
1 .008
1 .1 8 8
2.088
1 .2 6 0
1.296
1 .2 6 0
1 .4 0 4
1 .5 1 2
0.972
0.756
0.137
0.068
0.032
0.353
O .I69
0 .1 0 8
0.061
0 .0 9 0
0.302
0.223
0.108
0.004
0.108
0.068
0 .0 3 2
0.086
0.004
0 .0 9 7
0.065
0.025
M =
4 .8 2 9
6 .6 8 1
4.3 9 7 5.312 1 .4 5 8 1 .1 4 8
1 .291 1 .1 8 3 0.126
0 .0 7 9 0 .0 6 9 0.043
s .d .=
1 .0 7 2 0 .9 4 9
0.888 1 .1 1 0 0.452 0 .4 1 9 0.3 7 9
0.332
0 .0 9 9
0 .0 8 6 0.078 0.056
* E x p ressed in p la n im e te r u n its »
O N
uo
APPENDIX V II
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D A T A S H E E T - O L D E R G R O U P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S T R E N G T H ( K G ) ~ T O R Q U E R E Q U I R E M E N T ( K G C M ) E N E R G Y B E Q U I R E M E N T ( K G C T F J *
E x p e r i m e n t a l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C o n t r o l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E x p e r i m e n t a l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C o n t r o l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E x p e r i m e n t a l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C o n t r o l
P r e P o s t P r e P o s t P r e P o s t P r e P o s t P r e P o s t P r e P o s t
O .B . ft. 318
G .T. f t.773
R.H. 5.000
L .R . ft.886
H.C. 5.000
5.795
5.568
6 .5 9 1
6 .8 1 8
6.023
3.ft09
5.682
ft. 773
ft.5ft5
6 .136
ft. 091
5.796
5.227
ft.5ft5
6 .9 3 2
0 . 86ft
ft.608
2 . 12ft
1.58ft
2.520
0.756
2.592
1.2 6 0
I .836
1.9 8 0
I .692
2.808
2.052
2.30ft
1.152
1.908
2.5 2 0
3.168
2 .ftft8
1.368
0.202
0 .072
0.068
0.036
0 .ft82
0 .lf t8
0 . 32ft
0.036
0.068
0.306
0.187
0.266
0.115
0.0 9 0
0.252
0.320
0.3ft6
0.101
0.101
0.180
H .F . ft.773
D.K. 5.000
C.B. ft. 091
R.M. 6 .136
M .S. ft.205
7.273
6 . 36ft
6.0 2 3
6 . 36ft
5.000
7 . 6lft
3.636
5.ft5ft
5.227
5 .000
9.091
ft.659
6.136
5.ft5ft
5.000
2.880
0.972
1.728
1.9ftft
1.512
2.196
0.720
1 .9 8 0
1.908
1.76ft
2.952
2.016
1 .9 8 0
1.6 2 0
1 .332
2.376
1.5ft8
1.9ftft
1 . 5ft8
0 . 86ft
0 .2 0 9
0 . 01ft
0.115
0.23ft
0.151
0.0 2 9
0.065
0.1 0 0
O.lftft
0.086
0.23ft
0.ft75
0.223
O.lftO
0.223
0.068
0.018
0.090
O.lftft
0.133
M .It. ft.318
R .F . ft.318
D .B . ft.20ft
T .C . ft.773
R.H. ft. 318
5.000
5.ft5ft
5.ft5ft
7 .5 0 0
5.682
ft.5ft5
ft. 318
3.977
5.ft5ft
3.523
5.ft5ft
6 . 36ft
ft.5ft5
6 .5 9 1
ft. 091
2 .8 8 0
2 .520
1.512
2.520
1.58ft
1.9ftft
2 . 1 9 6 .
1.6 2 0
l.9ftft
1.692
1.58ft
3.168
l.ftfto
2.952
2.052
0.792
2.232
1 .9 8 0
2.3ft0
1.692
O.lftft
0.09ft
0.108
0.036
0.065
0.100
o .ift8
0.115
0.072
0.126
O.O58
0.018
0.230
0.108
0.068
0.025
0.083
0.252
0 .0 5 0
0.252
A .S . ft.5ft5
H.K. 5 .3 ftl
C.D. ft.318
M.V. ft.318
Ii.M. 6.023
6 .5 9 1
6.70ft
7.0ft5
5.909
8.636
5.ft5ft
ft. 886
3 . 86ft
3.182
5.909
5.ft5ft
5.909
ft.5ft5
ft. 091
6.136
1 . 22ft
f t . f t i o
2.016
l.Oftft
2 .8 8 0
1 .2 6 0
2 .1 6 0
1.152
0 . 86ft
2.30ft
1.296
3.960
2,088
1.836
2.592
1.188
3 .0 6 0
1.872
1 .8 0 0
1 .836
0.072
0 . 06l
0.122
0.086
0.072
0.0ft3
0.018
0.0ft7
0.022
0.187
0.025
0.036
0.101
0.230
0.065
0.018
0 . 05ft
0 .lft8
0.277
0.083
M= ft.732 6 .2 9 0 ft. 829
5.505 2.166 1.706 2 .lftft
1 .9 3 1
0.122 0 .109
0.130
0.137
s .d .= 0.573
0.893 1 .091
1.206
1.025 0.536 0.730 0.631
0 . 10ft 0.062 O.O85 0.102
^ E x p r e s s e d i n p l a n i m e t e r u n i t s .
65
APPENDIX VIII
I
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: STRENGTH
S o u rce o f V a r ia tio n SS DF M S F
BETW EEN SUBJECTS
A (Y oung-O ld)
o.ol*9
1 0 . 0^9 0 . 020ns
S u b j. W. G roup
9 ^ .3 8 7
38
2 .U8U
WITHIN SUBJECTS IU5 .6 7 6 120
B (E xp. - C o n tr o l)
1 5 .5 ^ 5
1 1 5 .5 ^ 5 19.2 5 7 * *
AB 3 .1 3 2 1 3 .1 3 2 3 . 880ns
B X Sub j . 3 0 .6 7 6 38 0 .8 0 7
C ( P r e - P o s t) 6 2 .6 2 3
1 6 2 .6 2 3 1 8 6 . 869**
AC 0 .7 2 8 1 0 .7 2 8 2 . 171n s
C X S u b j. 1 2 .7 3 ^ 38 0 .3 3 5
BC 8 .2 2 5 1 8 .2 2 5 26.029**
A BC 0 .0 0 3
1 0 .0 0 3 0 . 010ns
BC X S u b j. 1 2 .0 0 8 38 0 .3 1 6
* S ig n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l .
* * S ig n if le a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l .
66
I A P P E N D I X I X
i
i
; A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E : T O R Q U E
|
Source o f V a r ia tio n SS DF M S
t.
BETW EEN SUBJECTS
A (Y oung-O ld) 20.81*1* 1 20.81*1*
2l*.757**
S u b j. W. Group
31.99^
38 0.81*2
WITHIN SUBJECTS 27.336 120
B (E x p . -C o n tro l)
0.015 1 0.015
0 . 038ns
AB 0 . 2l* l* 1 0 . 2l* l* 0 . 625ns
B X S u b j. 14.858 38
0.391
C ( P r e - P o s t) 3.102 1 3.102 22.1*57**
A C 0.150 1 0 .1 5 0 1 . 089ns
C X Sub j .
5.21*9
38 0.138
BC 0.551
1
0 .5 5 1
6 . 601**
ABC 0.0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 0 . 000ns
BC X S u b j. 3.168 38 0.083
j * S ig n if ic a n c e a t th e .05 l e v e l ,
i ^ S i g n i f i c a n c e a t th e .0 1 l e v e l .
67
APPENDIX X
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: ENERGY
Source o f V a r ia tio n SS DF M S F
BETW EEN SUBJECTS
A (Y oung-O ld) 0.07U 1 0.071+
5.61*9*
S u b j. W. Group 0.1*99 38 0.013
WITHIN SUBJECTS
0.765
120
B (E xp. - C o n tr o l) 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 0 . 008ns
AB 0.037
1
0 .0 3 7
3 .6 3 2 n s
B X Sub3. 0.385 38 0 .0 1 0
C ( P r e - P o s t) 0.013 1 0.013 2 . 8l 2ns
AC 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 0 . 02l*ns
C X S u b j. 0.173
38 0.005
BC 0.006 1 0.006 1 . 608ns
ABC 0.010 1 0 .0 1 0 2 . 767ns
BC X S u b j. 0 . 11*0 38 0 . 001*
I * S ig n if le a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l .
; ^ S i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l .

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Asset Metadata

Creator Chapman, Elizabeth Anne (author)

Core Title Effects Of Exercise Upon Joint Mobility Of Young And Old Men

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Physical Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Education, Physical,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor deVries, Herbert A. (committee chair), Birren, James E. (committee member), Lersten, Kenneth C. (committee member), Lockhart, Aileene (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-472687

Unique identifier UC11362444

Identifier 7121445.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-472687 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 7121445

Dmrecord 472687

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Chapman, Elizabeth Anne

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA