University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

An Investigation Of Pupillary Response Preceding Expectancy And Stuttering

(USC Thesis Other)

An Investigation Of Pupillary Response Preceding Expectancy And Stuttering

PDF

Download

Open document

Flip pages

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content A N IN V E S T IG A T IO N O F P U P IL L A R Y R E S P O N S E
P R E C E D IN G E X P E C T A N C Y A N D S T U T T E R IN G
b y
D u a n e C h a r le s C r a v e n
A D is s e r ta tio n P r e s e n te d to the
F A C U L T Y O F T H E G R A D U A T E S C H O O L
U N IV E R S IT Y O F S O U T H E R N C A L IF O R N IA
In P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f th e
R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D e g re e
D O C T O R O F P H IL O S O P H Y
(C o m m u n ic a tiv e D is o r d e r s )
F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 2
INFORMATION TO USERS
This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document.
While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this
document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of
the original submitted.
The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand
markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction.
1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document
photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the
missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with
adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and
duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black
mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the
copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred
image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite method in
"sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the
upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from
left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary,
sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and
continuing on until complete.
4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest
value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be
made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the
dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at
additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog
number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced.
University Microfilms
300 North Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
A Xerox Education Company
72-21,663
CRAVEN, Duane Charles, 1932-
AN INVESTIGATION OF PUPILLARY RESPONSE
PRECEDING EXPECTANCY AND STUTTERING.
University of Southern California, Ph.D.,
1972
Speech Pathology
University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan
C o p y r ig h t © b y
D U A N E C H A R L E S C R A V E N
1972
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
U N IVER SITY O F S O U T H E R N C A LIFO R N IA
T H E G R A D U A TE SCHO OL
U N IV E R S IT Y PARK
LOS A N G E LE S . C A L IF O R N IA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
.................... DuaxL&..GhaEl&s..Cjr.av£n....................
under the direction of his..... Dissertation Com
mittee, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by The Gradu
ate School, in partial fulfillment of require
ments of the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H IL O S O P H Y
Dean
Date....Eshx.vi,ax.y..X.9.7.l.
PLEASE NOTE:
Some pages may have
indistinct prin t.
Filmed as received.
University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company
T o J e a n ie
TABLE OF CONTENTS
L IS T O F
L IS T O F
C h a p te r
I.
II .
I I I .
IV .
V .
T A B L E S ..................
IL L U S T R A T IO N S
I N T R O D U C T I O N ...................................................................................
S ta te m e n t o f the P r o b le m
R E V IE W O F T H E L IT E R A T U R E ...........................................
E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e (L ig h t R e fle x ) R e la te d
to S tu tte rin g
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e N o t R e la te d to L ig h t C h a n g e s
P h y s io lo g y o f the P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e to
E m o tio n a l S tim u li
P u p illa r y C h an g es in R e s p o n s e to T a s k s
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e D u r in g V e r b a liz a tio n
M E T H O D S A N D P R O C E D U R E S . . . .
O v e r v ie w o f D e s ig n
S u b je c ts
M a t e r ia ls and A p p a ra tu s
P r o c e d u r e s
R E S U L T S A N D D IS C U S S IO N ......................................................
R e s u lts
D is c u s s io n
S U M M A R Y , C O N C L U S IO N S , A N D I M P L I C A T I O N S . .
S u m m a r y
C o n c lu s io n s
Im p lic a tio n s
iii
v
vi
P ag e
1
4
17
2£
37
C h a p te r P a g e
R E F E R E N C E S ................................................................................................................... 42
A P P E N D IX E S
A . S u b je c ts ' E x p e c ta n c y R a tin g s o f S tim u lu s
W o rd s ( E j ) .............................................................................................. 48
B . M e a s u r e m e n ts o f P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e s ................................. 56
C . S tu tte rin g E x p e c ta n c y R a tin g S h e e t ( E ^ ) .............................. 78
D . S c h e m a tic o f E q u i p m e n t .................................................................. 91
E . M e a n s and S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n s A r r a n g e d
A c c o rd in g to S u b je c t........................................................................ 93
iv
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le P a g e
1. Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y ( E j ) .......................................................... 30
2. Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (E ^ ) 30
3. W o rd s S tu tte re d ........................................................................................ 31
4. W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d ......................................................................... 32
5. J u d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r ( E ^ ) ..................................... 33
6. Ju d g e d L o w E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r ( E ^ ) ...................................... 33
7. S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r ( E ^ ) .............................................. 34
8. S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y N o t to S tu tte r ( E ^ ) ................................... 35
v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
F ig u r e P a g e
1. S eq u en ce o f E v e n ts f o r O b ta in in g P u p illa r y
R e s p o n s e s P r e c e d in g E x p e c ta n c y and S tu tte rin g . . . 22
vi
CHAPTER I
IN T R O D U C T IO N
A p o p u la r h y p o th e s is is th a t s tu tte r in g is th e s tru g g le r e a c tio n
in a n tic ip a tio n of s tu tte r in g . T h is is a c o n s tru c t w h ic h p o s its th a t th e
e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r is th e c a u s a l f a c to r in p r e c ip ita tin g a m o m e n t of
s tu tte r in g . E x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r h as b e e n id e n tifie d th ro u g h v a r ia tio n s
o f th e fo llo w in g p r o c e d u re : (1 ) T h e s t u t t e r e r is e x p o s e d to a s a m p le
o f v e r b a l b e h a v io r th a t he is g o in g to r e a d alo u d ; (2 ) he in d ic a te s th a t
he w i l l o r w i l l n o t s tu tte r; (3 ) h e th e n u tte r s th e m e s s a g e ; (4 ) th e s a m
p le is c h e c k e d an d th e n u m b e r o f s tu tte rin g s w h ic h a r e r e la te d to th e
n u m b e r o f e x p e c ta n c ie s a r e ta b u la te d . T h is s eq u en ce h as n o t v a r ie d to
a n y g r e a t e x te n t (J o h n s o n a n d S h in n , 1 937; Jo h n so n and S o lo m o n , 1937;
K n o tt, Jo h n so n , an d W e b s te r , 1937; M ilis e n , 1 9 3 8 ).
C e r t a in c o n s id e ra tio n s r e la tin g to th is p ro c e d u re a r e q u e s tio n
a b le . T h e u se of s ig n a lin g b y th e s t u t t e r e r p la c e s a n a d d itio n a l m o to r
a c t in th e s e q u en c e o f p h e n o m e n a th a t le a d up to th e m o m e n t o f s t u t t e r
in g . T h is p o s e s th e p r o b le m o f a n in te r v e n in g v a r ia b le th a t changes
th e n a tu r e of th e b e h a v io r a l c o m p le x b e in g o b s e rv e d . T h e e x p e c ta n c y
1
z~
to s tu tte r m a y be a s s o c ia te d w ith s o m e in t e r n a l e v e n t, p o s s ib ly
a u to n o m ic , th a t d o es o c c u r p re c e d in g th e m o m e n t o f s tu tte r in g . If
th is is t r u e , th e n s o m e o th e r m e a n s o f id e n tify in g e x p e c ta n c y d u rin g
th e tim e p r io r to the s tu tte r in g b e h a v io r is n e e d e d th a t w ill n o t i n t e r
f e r e w ith th e o r d e r o f e v e n ts .
A te c h n iq u e th a t h o ld s s o m e p r o m is e o f p ro v id in g a m e a n s o f
s tu d y in g a u to n o m ic re s p o n s e s p o s s ib ly a s s o c ia te d w ith e x p e c ta n c y to
s tu tte r and s tu tte r in g is th a t o f p u p illa r y re s p o n s e to v is u a l s t im u li
(H e s s and P o lt , I9 6 0 ) . T h is te c h n iq u e in v o lv e s th e stu d y o f th e p u p il
o f th e eye as an in d ic a to r o f a u to n o m ic r e a c tio n to v is u a l s tim u li.
T h is re s p o n s e h a s so m e a d v a n ta g e s o v e r g a lv a n ic s k in re s p o n s e , r a te
o f r e s p ir a t io n and p u ls e r a te s b e c a u s e o f its r e la t iv e ly s im p le in n e r v a
tio n . I t m a y o ffe r an o p e r a tio n a l m e a s u r e o f a u to n o m ic a c t iv ity p r e
c e d in g th e v o c a liz a tio n o f w o rd s on w h ic h th e s t u t t e r e r p re s u m e s he
w i l l s tu tte r o r n o t s tu tte r . S in ce th e a n t ic ip a to r y -s tr u g g le th e o r y p r e
d ic ts th a t a d is in te g r a tin g c o n d itio n p re c e d e s s tu tte r in g b e h a v io r and
th a t th is c o n d itio n is a c c o m p a n ie d b y c h an g es in a u to n o m ic a c t iv it y ,
th is sh o u ld be r e f le c t e d in eye p u p il s iz e w h e n v ie w in g w o rd s th a t the
s t u t t e r e r e x p e c ts to s tu tte r th a t is re d u c e d r e la t iv e to e y e p u p il s iz e
w h e n th e s t u t t e r e r e x p e c ts to be flu e n t.
3
S ta te m e n t o f th e P r o b le m
T h is w a s an in v e s tig a tio n o f th e re s p o n s e o f th e p u p il o f th e eye
w h ile v ie w in g w o rd s th a t h ad b e e n ju d g e d b y th e v ie w e r as w o rd s w ith
h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y f o r s tu tte r in g and w o rd s w ith lo w -e x p e c ta n c y fo r s tu t
t e r in g . W h e n s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r is in d ic a te d b y the s tu t
t e r e r p re c e d in g s tu tte r e d s p e e c h , th e n p u p illa r y c o n s tr ic tio n m a y be
th e re s p o n s e d is p la y e d d u rin g th e p e r io d p re c e d in g s p e e c h . W h e n
e x p e c ta n c y to be flu e n t is s ig n a le d , th e n p u p illa r y d ila tio n sh o u ld be
th e re s p o n s e d is p la y e d d u rin g th e p e r io d p re c e d in g s p eech .
T h e fo llo w in g q u e s tio n s w e r e p o s e d fo r the p u rp o s e o f th is
in v e s tig a tio n :
1. Is p u p illa r y re s p o n s e fu n c tio n a lly r e la te d to s tu tte rin g ?
2. Is p u p illa r y re s p o n s e fu n c tio n a lly r e la te d to e x p e c ta n c y
to s tu tte r ?
CHAPTER II
R E V IE W O F T H E L IT E R A T U R E
E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r
T h e s t u t t e r e r 's c o r r e c t p r e d ic tio n o f w h e th e r he w i l l s tu tte r
h as b e e n d e m o n s tr a te d as a p h e n o m e n o n th a t o c c u rs (1 ) m o r e o fte n th a i)
can be a ttr ib u te d to ch an ce (K n o tt, Jo h n so n , and W e b s te r , 193 7 ), and
(2 ) u n d e r c o n d itio n s w h e re e x p e c ta n c y can n o t r e a d ily o c c u r as a h ig h ly
c o n s c io u s p ro c e s s (J o h n s o n and S o lo m o n , 1 9 3 7 ). In a d d itio n , w h en
w o rd s th a t th e s t u t t e r e r e x p e c te d to s tu tte r w e r e e lim in a te d f r o m th e
re a d in g p a s s a g e , th e fre q u e n c y o f s tu tte r in g w a s s u b s ta n tia lly
d e c re a s e d (J o h n s o n and S in n , 1 9 3 7 ). A ls o , th e a u th o rs c o n c lu d e d th a t
" w o rd s , o r c h a r a c t e r is tic s o f w o rd s , o r s t im u li a s s o c ia te d w ith
w o r d s , s e r v e as cu es w h ic h a ro u s e th e e x p e c ta tio n o f s tu tte r in g . "
B ro w n (1 9 4 5 ) r e p o r te d th a t th e w o rd s on w h ic h the s t u tte r e r is m o s t
lik e l y to s tu tte r a r e th o se w h ic h he e v a lu a te s as e s p e c ia lly im p o r ta n t,
c o n s p ic u o u s , o r d if f ic u lt b e c a u s e o f t h e ir le n g th , p o s itio n in th e s e n
te n c e , g r a m m a t ic a l fu n c tio n , o r i n it ia l sound.
T h e n a tu r e o f th e r e la tio n s h ip o f e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r to s t u t
t e r in g b e h a v io r is n o t c le a r . T h e p r o b le m o f e s ta b lis h in g i t as a
4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c a u s a lly r e la t e d fa c t o r s e e m s to lie in th e in c o n s is te n t o c c u r r e n c e o f
th e e x p e c ta n c y p h e n o m e n o n . F o r e x a m p le , J o h n so n and A in s w o rth
(1 9 3 8 ) found th a t w h e n tim e e la p s e d (tw o to s ix w e e k s ) b e tw e e n r e a d
in g s , a b o u t h a lf o f th e p r e v io u s ly e x p e c te d w o rd s to be s tu tte r e d w e re
n o t e x p e c te d as s tu tte r e d w o rd s on th e s eco n d re a d in g . M ilis e n (1 9 3 8 )
p o in te d out th a t (1 ) s t u t t e r e r s do n o t s tu tte r e v e r y tim e th e y e x p e c t to
and (2 ) th e y o fte n s tu tte r w h e n th e y do n o t e x p e c t to .
O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e m o s t r e c e n t e v id e n c e o f a p o s s ib le
c a u s a l r e la tio n s h ip h as b e e n d e m o n s tra te d in a stu d y by C u r le e (1 9 6 7 )
in w h ic h w h en s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w a s p u n is h e d , th e f r e
q u e n c y o f s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c ie s d e c re a s e d as m ig h t be e x p e c te d . In
a d d itio n , th e fr e q u e n c y o f s tu tte r in g w as a ls o re d u c e d s ig n ific a n tly .
W h ile th is p ro v id e d s o m e s u p p o rt f o r the h y p o th e s is th a t e x p e c ta n c y is
a c a u s a l fa c to r in s tu tte r in g , th e r e re m a in s th e q u e s tio n o f h o w e x p e c
ta n c y a ffe c ts th e in d iv id u a l so th a t he s tu tte r s o n ly so m e o f the tim e
w ith o r w ith o u t s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y .
P h y s io lo g ic a l C o r r e la t e s o f
E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r
V a n R ip e r (1 9 3 6 ) fo u n d th a t s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w as
r e fle c te d in a h ig h in s p ir a t io n - e x p ir a t io n d u ra tio n r a t io and in c re a s e d
v a r ia b ilit y in th e a p p e a ra n c e o f b re a th in g i r r e g u la r it ie s . T h is b e h a v
io r o c c u r r e d in r e la t io n to s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y b u t n o t to m o m e n ts o f
s tu tte r in g . S ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y w as o fte n , b u t no t a lw a y s , fo llo w e d b y
6
s tu tte r in g a n d , c o n v e r s e ly , s tu tte r in g b e h a v io r w a s o b s e rv e d to o c c u r
w ith o u t o b s e rv a b le p h y s io lo g ic a l o r s ig n a le d m a n ife s ta tio n o f
e x p e c ta n c y .
V a n R ip e r an d M ilis e n (1 9 3 7 ) h a v e r e v ie w e d lit e r a t u r e to
d e m o n s tr a te th e v a r ie t y o f p h y s io lo g ic a l and m o to r c o r r e la te s o f s tu t
te r in g e x p e c ta n c y th a t h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d . T h e s e in c lu d e ch an g es in
p u ls e r a t e , v a s o c o n s tr ic tio n , e le c t r o d e r m a l re s p o n s e , in c re a s e s in
b r a in v o lu m e , n e c k r ig id it y , e y e c lo s in g , and o c c a s io n a l a c tio n c u r r e n t
a b n o r m a lit ie s . M o s t o f th e s e s tu d ie s h a v e show n so m e e v id e n c e of
c o r r e la t io n w ith e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r b u t v e r y l i t t l e w ith m o m e n ts o f
s tu tte r in g . T h e e x c e p tio n s to th is h a v e b e e n s tu d ie s b y M o r le y (1 9 3 7 )
and J a s p e r and M u r r a y (1 9 3 2 ). T h e f o r m e r o b s e rv e d th a t lo n g eye
fix a tio n s o c c u r r e d w h e n w o rd s w e r e re c o g n iz e d f r o m p a s t e x p e rie n c e
as l ik e ly to be a s s o c ia te d w ith s tu tte r in g . J a s p e r and M u r r a y observed ,
th a t e y e c lo s in g s o c c a s io n a lly o c c u r r e d ju s t p r io r to the b e g in n in g s o f
c lo n ic s p a s m s . F o r th e m o s t p a r t , h o w e v e r , th e s tu d ie s show no s o lid
e v id e n c e o f a s tro n g r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a n tic ip a tio n o f s tu tte r in g and
m o m e n ts o f s tu tte r in g .
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e (L ig h t R e fle x ) R e la te d to S tu tte rin g
G a r d n e r (1 9 3 7 ) m e a s u r e d th e d ia m e te r o f p u p ils d u rin g s ile n c e
and s p e e c h in s t u t t e r e r s and n o r m a l s p e a k e r s . T h is stu d y u s e d th e
p u p illa r y c o n s tr ic tio n re s p o n s e to lig h t. T h e s u b je c t w as d a r k -a d a p te d ,
: _
7
th en a lig h t w as tu r n e d on and th e p u p illa r y c o n s tr ic tio n p h o to g ra p h e d
d u rin g s p e a k in g and s ile n c e c o n d itio n s . T h e n o r m a l s p e a k e rs h ad a
m e a n d ia m e t e r th a t w as e x a c tly th e s a m e as the m e a n d ia m e te r d u rin g
s p e e c h . T h a t is , s e v e n o f th e th ir te e n Ss (5 4 p e rc e n t) sh ow ed no
chan g e f r o m s ile n c e d u rin g th e a c t o f s p e a k in g , w h ile th re e show ed
in c r e a s e s an d th r e e s h o w ed d e c re a s e s in p u p illa r y d ia m e te r . S tu t
t e r e r s , on th e o th e r h an d ( N - 1 7 ) , a ll show ed in c r e a s e s in p u p il s iz e
d u rin g s p e e c h as c o m p a re d to p u p il s iz e d u rin g s ile n c e . In o th e r
w o r d s , 100 p e r c e n t o f the s tu tt e r e r s h ad in c re a s e s in p u p illa r y d ia m
e t e r d u rin g s p e a k in g w h ile 23 p e rc e n t o f th e n o r m a l s p e a k e rs show ed
an in c r e a s e d u rin g s p e e c h . H e fo u n d th a t th is w a s a s t a t is t ic a lly s ig
n ific a n t d if fe r e n c e . (In r e w o r k in g th e s ta tis tic s f r o m d a ta p re s e n te d in
th e a r t i c le , a t - t e s t o f th e d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e m e a n d iffe r e n c e s o f
th e tw o g ro u p s r e v e a le d s ig n ific a n c e w e ll b eyo n d th e 0 . 01 le v e l o f
s ig n ific a n c e . )
T h e G a r d n e r s tu d y h as e s ta b lis h e d th a t s tu tte r e r s and n o n
s t u t t e r e r s d if f e r e d s ig n ific a n tly w h ile s p e a k in g w ith a n u m b e r of
e n v ir o n m e n ta l v a r ia b le s , such as tim e o f d a y , a m o u n t o f lig h t, e tc . ,
h e ld c o n s ta n t. T h e m e th o d o f o b ta in in g th e d a ta w as to d a r k -a d a p t
e a c h s u b je c t f o r te n m in u te s p r io r to tu rn in g on a lig h t and m o v ie
c a m e r a . T h e c o n d itio n s o f s ile n c e b e g a n w ith d a r k -a d a p ta tio n and
c o n tin u e d th ro u g h th e lig h t and p h o to g ra p h y p r o c e d u r e . T h e c o n d itio n
o f s p e e c h w as b eg u n ju s t b e fo re the e x p ir a tio n o f the d a r k -a d a p ta tio n
tim e . T h e d a ta , th e n , w e r e th e m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e r a t e and a m o u n t
o f c o n tr a c tio n o f th e p u p il upon e x p o s u re to a lig h t d u rin g th e tw o c o n
d itio n s . R a te o f c o n tr a c tio n w a s d e fin e d b y th e a m o u n t o f tim e e la p s e d
b e tw e e n in i t i a l o n s e t o f c o n tra c tio n an d th e p o in t a t w h ic h th e c o n tr a c
tio n re a c h e s its s m a lle s t d ia m e te r . A m o u n t o f c o n tra c tio n w a s the
d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e p u p il d ia m e te r a t th e p o in t a t w h ic h th e lig h t
w as tu rn e d on and th e p u p il d ia m e te r a t th e end o f th e " lig h t o n " p e rio d ,
W h ile G a r d n e r 's s tu d y show s th a t a d iffe r e n c e in p u p il d ia m e te r
in s tu tte r e r s is p re s e n t d u rin g th e s p e a k in g c o n d itio n , i t does n o t sh o w
w h e th e r th is is r e la te d to a n y o th e r fa c to r s o p e ra tin g in the s t u tt e r e r
d u rin g s p e a k in g . S e v e r a l q u e s tio n s r e m a in . C a n th is d iffe r e n c e in
s tu t t e r e r s be c o r r e la t e d to an e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r ? D o es the p u p il
l a r y d ila tio n d u rin g th e s t u t t e r e r 's s p e a k in g h a v e a n y c o r r e la tio n to
m o m e n ts o f s tu tte r in g o r flu e n c y ?
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e N o t R e la te d to L ig h t C h a n g e s
In G e r m a n y , L u c h s in g e r (1 9 6 5 , p. 7 48) r e p o r te d th a t m y d r ia t ic
(p ro lo n g e d d ila tio n ) w as m o s t m a r k e d fo llo w in g e m o tio n a lly tin g e d
im a g in a tio n . O th e r p s y c h o a s s o c ia tiv e p ro c e s s e s , su ch as a tte n tio n ,
th in k in g , o r v o litio n a l im p u ls e s , a ls o le a d to m o m e n ta r y m y d r ia s is .
In r e g a r d to s tu tte r in g , L u c h s in g e r (1 9 6 5 , p. 7 4 4 ) r e p o r ts s o m e c o n
f lic t in g fin d in g s in th a t d u rin g th e " m e n ta l a c t" (c a lc u la tio n o r so m e
a s s u m e d th in k in g p ro c e s s ) p re c e d in g th e s p e a k in g a c t m y o s is
- T
( r e la t iv e c o n s tr ic tio n ) o c c u r r e d and e x te n d e d in to th e s p e a k in g a c t
w h ic h fo llo w e d in s t u t t e r e r s . H o w e v e r , la t e r s tu d ie s b y L u c h s in g e r
s u p p o rte d G a r d n e r 's fin d in g s th a t a p re d o m in a n c e o f d ila tin g m y d r ia s is
o c c u r r e d a t th e o n s e t o f th e s p e e c h a c t in s t u t t e r e r s .
O ne s tu d y ( G r a y and W illia m s , 1 9 6 9 ) in v o lv in g p u p illo g ra p h y and
s tu tte r in g w as c o n d u c te d m e a s u r in g ch an g es in p u p il s iz e on s tu tte r e r s
and n o n - s t u t t e r e r s d u rin g a fo u r -s e c o n d p e rio d fo llo w in g th e p r e s e n ta
tio n o f s in g le -w o r d a u d ito r y s t im u li and p re c e d in g a s ig n a l to re s p o n d .
P u p il s iz e w a s m e a s u r e d (1 ) w h ile m e r e ly lis te n in g , (2 ) w h ile lis te n in g
fo llo w e d b y a s ig n a l to re s p o n d w ith an o p p o s ite o f th e s tim u lu s w o rd ,
and (3 ) w h ile lis te n in g fo llo w e d b y a s ig n a l to re s p o n d w ith a fr e e a s s o
c ia tio n to th e s tim u lu s w o rd . In th e s tu tte r in g g ro u p , c o m p a ris o n of
p u p il s iz e and ju d g e d s tu tte r in g w as m a d e . T h e n a tu re o f the s tim u lu s
w as c o m p a re d w ith p u p il r e a c tio n . R e s u lts o f th is stu d y w e r e th a t
w h ile p u p il s iz e f o r a ll s u b je c ts in c r e a s e d w h ile a tte n d in g , i t d id n o t
v a r y s ig n ific a n tly b e tw e e n s tu tt e r e r s and n o n -s t u t t e r e r s . P u p il s iz e
w as s ig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r in a l l s u b je c ts w h en r e q u ir e d to g iv e an o r a l
re s p o n s e . T h e r e w e r e no s ig n ific a n t d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n s tu tte r e r s
and n o n - s t u t t e r e r s . T h e a u th o rs c o n c lu d e d th a t m e a s u r e s o f p u p il s iz e
w e r e n o t p r e d ic tiv e o f s tu tte r in g . In a d d itio n , th e y c o n c lu d e d th a t
"th e cu es w h ic h th e s t u t t e r e r a s s o c ia tio n s w ith th e a n tic ip a tio n o f s tu t
t e r in g do n o t a p p e a r to be r e fle c te d in p h y s io lo g ic a l chan g es a s s o c i
a te d w ith p u p illa r y m o v e m e n t."
10
A p r o b le m in th is s tu d y is p o sed b y an e a r l i e r r e s e a r c h p a p e r
r e la t e d to th e u se o f sound as a s tim u lu s . C ly n e s (1 9 6 2 ) r e p o r te d th a t
w h e n a sound o f f o r t y d e c ib e ls w a s tu rn e d o ff, p u p il d ila tio n o c c u r r e d
f o r a b o u t tw o seco n d s and th e n c o n s tr ic te d f o r ab o u t tw e n ty seconds
b e fo re le v e lin g o ff. T h e ra n g e o f p u p illa r y m o v e m e n t w as a b o u t 0 . 5
m m . G r a y and W illia m s o b ta in e d p u p il d ia m e te r s a t the o n s e t o f th e
w o rd s tim u lu s and th e m a x im u m p u p il d ia m e te r d u rin g th e fo u r s e c
onds t h e r e a f t e r w e r e r e a d o ff th e p u p illo g r a m . C ly n e s ' r e s e a r c h s u g
g e s te d a p o s s ib le a r t if a c t , in th a t p u p il d ia m e t e r d u rin g th e tim e o f
m e a s u r e m e n t, fo u r s e c o n d s , c o u ld be e x p e c te d to p e a k a t m id p o in t as
a r e s u lt o f re s p o n s e to sound a lo n e .
P h y s io lo g y o f th e P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e
to E m o tio n a l S tim u li
T h e p u p il o f th e eye h as tw o m u s c le s w h o se a c tio n v a r ie s the
s iz e o f th e a p e r t u r e . T h e D ila t o r P u p illa e m u s c le , w h en s tim u la te d
n e u r o lo g ic a lly , c o n tra c ts and th is a c tio n in c r e a s e s th e s iz e o f th e
a p e r t u r e . I t is a c tiv a te d b y s y m p a th e tic (a d r e n e r g ic ) n e rv e s f r o m the
s u p e r io r c e r v ic a l g a n g lio n . T h e S p h in c te r P u p illa e is an a n n u la r band
o f s m o o th -m u s c le fib e r s th a t e n c ir c le the p u p il. T h e n o r m a l p u p il can
c o n s tr ic t f r o m 8 m m in d a rk n e s s to 2 m m in b r ig h t lig h t w ith in seconds
I t is a c tiv a te d b y p a r a - s y m p a th e tic (c h o lin e r g ic ) n e r v e fib e r s f r o m th e
c i l i a r y g a n g lio n . T h e p u p il a p e r tu r e is , th e n , r e c ip r o c a lly in n e rv a te d
b y th e a u to n o m ic n e rv o u s s y s te m ._____________________________________________
11
D ila tio n
L o w e n s te in and L o w e n fe ld (1 9 6 2 , p. 2 35) s ta te th a t the m a m
m a lia n p u p il d ila te s r a p id ly and b e c o m e s m a x im a lly e n la rg e d in
re s p o n s e to a p o w e rfu l s tim u lu s . In d is c u s s in g p u p il s h ifts th e y g iv e
tw o m a in c a u s e s f o r such s h ifts :
1. T h e a m o u n t o f illu m in a tio n p r e s e n t a t th e m o m e n t of
o b s e rv a tio n . In c o m p le te d a rk n e s s , th e p u p ils o f n o r m a l,
a le r t s u b je c ts a r e u s u a lly la r g e and r e la t iv e ly q u ie t. W ith
in c r e a s in g lig h t , th e y b e c o m e s m a lle r and m o re a c tiv e .
2. S p o n tan eo u s o r r e a c t iv e changes in th e le v e l o f c o n s c io u s
n e s s o r , n e u r o lo g ic a lly s p e a k in g , chan g es in th e d e g re e o f
c o r t ic o - t h a la m o -h y p o th a la m ic a c tiv ity . Such a c t iv ity is
in c r e a s e d b y s e n s o ry o r e m o tio n a l s tim u la tio n , o r s p o n
ta n e o u s th o u g h t o r e m o tio n s . I t d e c re a s e s d u rin g fa tig u e
and is a b s e n t d u rin g s le e p o r in d u c e d n a r c o s is . C o r t ic o -
th a la m o -h y p o th a la m ic im p u ls e s d ila te th e p u p il (a ) b y g iv
in g r is e to s y m p a th e tic im p u ls e s w h ic h re a c h th e d ila to r
p u p illa e v ia th e c e r v ic a l c o rd and th e p e r ip h e r a l s y m p a
th e tic c h a in , and (b) b y in h ib itin g th e a c t iv it y o f the o c u lo
m o to r n u c le u s , w ith co n s e q u e n t r e la x a tio n o f th e s p h in c te r
p u p illa e . E v e n in c o m p le te d a rk n e s s , t h e r e f o r e , th e p u p il
m a y o s c illa te o v e r a w id e ra n g e , e s p e c ia lly w h en th e s u b -
______________ je c t is t ir e d .__________________________________________________
12
C o n s tr ic tio n
C o n s tr ic tio n o f th e p u p il o c c u rs o n ly as a l ig h t - r e f le x (L o w e n -
s te in an d L o w e n fe ld , 1 9 6 2 , pp. 2 3 6 -2 4 6 ). T h e y f u r t h e r s ta te :
W h e n n o r m a l m a n o r a n im a ls a r e s u b je c te d to s e n s o ry o r
e m o tio n a l s tim u la tio n , th e p u p illa r y l i g h t - r e f l e x is in h ib ite d ;
f u r t h e r m o r e , th e l i g h t - r e f le x can be c o m p le te ly s u p p re s s e d i f
th e in t e r f e r in g s tim u lu s is s u ffic ie n tly s tro n g .
T h e y e x p la in th is s u p p re s s io n as r e s u ltin g f r o m c o r t ic o - t h a la m o -
h y p o th a la m ic im p u ls e s , e lic it e d b y s e n s o ry and e m o tio n a l s t im u li, and
p s y c h o lo g ic a l p ro c e s s e s su ch as sp o n tan eo u s th o u g h ts and e m o tio n s ,
c o n v e rg in g u p o n th e o c u lo -m o to r n u c le u s and p re v e n tin g i t f r o m s e n d
in g c o n s tr ic to r im p u ls e s to th e s p h in c te r p u p illa e m u s c le .
T h u s , n e u r o lo g ic a l e v id e n c e s e e m s to p o in t to w a rd an e ffe c t
such th a t w h en th e o r g a n is m is re s p o n d in g to a s tim u lu s w ith so m e
e m o tio n a l r e a c tio n , th e b a la n c e o f th e a u to n o m ic n e rv o u s s y s te m is
ch an g ed an d th e in n e r v a tio n to th e a n ta g o n is tic p u p illa r y m u s c le s is
ch an g ed so th a t p u p il c o n s tr ic tio n is in h ib ite d and p u p il d ila tio n is
a c c e le r a te d .
P u p illa r y C h a n g e s in R e s p o n s e to T a s k s
R e s e a r c h r e la t in g to p u p illa r y ch an g es in r e la t io n to ta s k s
(1 ) r e q u ir in g s h o rt and lo n g t e r m m e m o r y (B e a tty and K a h n e m a n , 1 9 6 6 ),
and (2 ) p u p il s iz e in r e la t io n to in t e r e s t v a lu e and m e n ta l a c t iv it y d u r
in g s im p le p r o b le m -s o lv in g a c t iv it y (H e s s and P o lt , I9 6 0 ; H e s s , S e lt-
z e r , and S h lie n , 1 9 6 5 ), h as show n th a t c e r ta in s t im u li e lic it p u p illa r y
r T -
d ila tio n w h en lig h tin g and o th e r e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s a r e h e ld
c o n s ta n t. F u r t h e r m o r e , th e p u p il re s p o n s e s e e m s to be r e la te d to
a c tiv ity in th e c e n t r a l n e rv o u s s y s te m th a t is c a lle d " e m o tio n a l"
(H e s s , 1 9 6 5 a ).
P s y c h o lo g ic a l p r o c e s s e s , p a r t ic u la r ly e m o tio n s w h ic h i n t e r
r u p t th e m o n o to n y o f c o n tin u e d p h y s io lo g ic a l s tim u la tio n , h a v e a c o n
t r a r y e ffe c t on fa tig u e . T h e y c a n , a t a n y m o m e n t, d e la y o r e v e n
r e v e r s e th e o r d in a r y c o u rs e o f fa tig u e and b r in g a b o u t th e r e c o v e r y of
th e p r e v io u s ly e x h a u s te d fu n c tio n , a lth o u g h th e fa tig u in g s tim u lu s is
s t ill p r e s e n t. T h is r e v e r s a l o f fa tig u e p ro c e s s is c a lle d p s y c h o -
s e n s o ry r e s t it u t io n (L o w e n s te in and L o w e n fe ld , 1 9 5 2 ). T h is w o u ld
s u g g e s t th a t p u p illa r y m o v e m e n t c an be r e v e r s e d a t a n y m o m e n t u n d e r
the in flu e n c e o f p s y c h o lo g ic a l p ro c e s s e s .
T h e p o s s ib ilit y o f c la s s ic a lly c o n d itio n in g p u p il re s p o n s e by
re p e a te d s tim u la tio n w a s s tu d ie d b y F it z g e r a ld and B r a c k b ill (1 9 6 8 ).
T h e y u s e d s ix t y - f o u r a d u lt s u b je c ts , e x p o s in g th e m to c o n d itio n e d and
u n c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s in t e r v a ls o f 1 . 5 , 6 , an d 9 s e c o n d s . R e s u lts
show ed no e v id e n c e o f u n ifo r m c o n d itio n in g in a n y o f th e s u b je c ts .
F a tig u e d id n o t p ro d u c e a n y re c o g n iz a b le e ffe c ts on p u p illa r y re s p o n s e .
N u n n a lly and o th e rs (1 9 6 7 ) a tte m p te d to d e te r m in e i f p u p illa r y
re s p o n s e w as a g e n e r a l m e a s u r e o f a c tiv a tio n . H ig h ly r e g u la r r e l a
tio n s h ip s w e r e fo u n d b e tw e e n p u p il s iz e and th e d e g re e o f m u s c le s tr a in
r 4 _
and b e tw e e n p u p il s iz e and th e te m p o r a l o r d e r in g o f e v e n ts d u rin g
t h r e a t o f a g u n s h o t.
T h e fin d in g s o f tw o s tu d ie s (P a v io and S im p s o n , 1966; E ls h ta in
and S c h a e fe r, 1 9 6 8 ) d e m o n s tra te d th a t a s u b je c t's p u p ils d ila te w h en he
a tte m p ts to g e n e ra te m e n ta l im a g e s to w o rd s . Such d ila tio n , w h ic h
m a y r e f le c t th e c o g n itiv e d if f ic u lt y o f th e im a g e r y ta s k , w as g r e a te r to
a b s tr a c t th a n to c o n c re te w o r d s , b u t d id n o t v a r y w ith w o rd p le a s a n t
n e s s o r u n p le a s a n tn e s s .
A n o th e r s tu d y b y S im p s o n and P a v io (1 9 6 6 ) in v e s tig a te d th e
chan g es in p u p il s iz e d u rin g an im a g e r y ta s k w ith o u t m o to r re s p o n s e
in v o lv e m e n t (k e y p r e s s ). S im ila r b u t a tte n u a te d d ila tio n e ffe c ts
o c c u r r e d w h e n th e k e y p re s s re s p o n s e w a s e lim in a te d .
P u p illa r y re s p o n s e as a m e a s u r e o f g e n e r a liz e d e m o tio n a l
re s p o n s e w as s tu d ie d b y M i l l e r (1 9 6 7 ). S u b je c ts w e r e show n fo u r
e x p e r im e n ta l s t im u li, th re e h a v in g b e e n ju d g e d as h a v in g m o r e e m o
tio n a l e lic it a t io n v a lu e th a n th e one n e u tr a l s tim u lu s . S u b je c t ra n k in g s
o f s t im u li a g re e d w ith ju d g e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , th e r e s u lts in d ic a te d th a t
p u p illa r y re s p o n s e co u ld be u s e d as a m e a s u r e o f g e n e r a liz e d e m o
tio n a l re s p o n s e in th e o r g a n is m .
B e a tty and K a h n e m a n (1 9 6 6 ) fo u n d th a t p u p illa r y d ila tio n te n d s
to a c c o m p a n y c o g n itiv e in p u t and c o n s tr ic tio n to o c c u r d u rin g o u tp u t.
15
P u p illa r y d ila tio n s te n d to a c c o m p a n y e p is o d e s d u rin g w h ic h
c o v e r t r e h e a r s a ls o f s h o r t - t e r m m e m o r y ta s k s ta k e p la c e (K a h n e m a n ,
O n u s k a , and W o lm a n , 1 9 6 8 ).
I t w o u ld a p p e a r th a t p u p il d ila tio n as a m e a s u r e o f ta s k d i f f i
c u lty h a s m e r i t o v e r o th e r p h y s io lo g ic a l m e a s u r e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n
c o r r e la t e d w ith s tu tte r in g e x p e c ta n c y .
1. I t is a m o r e d is c r e te in d ic a to r due to its r e la t iv e s p e e d o f
ch an g e and its s e n s itiv ity to lo w in te n s ity s tim u li.
2. I t is a m o r e d is c r e te lin k to th e a u to n o m ic n e rv o u s s y s te m
due to th e in n e r v a tio n o f tw o m u s c le s r a t h e r th a n a la r g e
and v a r ie d g ro u p o f m u s c le s .
3 . I t is a m o r e s e n s itiv e p e r ip h e r a l re s p o n s e d u rin g c o g n itiv e
ta s k s th a n g a lv a n ic s k in re s p o n s e (C o lm a n and P a v io , 1 9 6 9 ).
In a d d itio n , d a ta r e la t in g to th e re s p o n s e o f th e a u to n o m ic n e rv o u s s y s
te m fo llo w in g a m o m e n t o f s tu tte r in g w o u ld a id in d e te r m in in g w h e th e r
c e r t a in h y p o th e s iz e d c o n d itio n s , i . e . , a n x ie ty -r e d u c tio n (W is c h n e r)
m a y in d e e d o c c u r.
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e D u r in g V e r b a liz a t io n
B e r n ic k and O b e r la n d e r (1 9 6 8 ) fo u n d th a t (1 ) v e r b a liz a t io n p r o
d u ced r e la t iv e d ila tio n , (2 ) co n tin u o u s in te r n a l r e fe r e n c e p ro d u c e d
r e la t iv e c o n s tr ic tio n , and (3 ) in t e r n a l r e f e r e n c e in v o lv in g p o s itiv e
r a t h e r th a n n e g a tiv e e ffe c t w a s a c c o m p a n ie d b y la r g e r p u p il s iz e .
16
T a s k d if f ic u lt y h as a d e fin ite e ffe c t o f in c r e a s in g p u p illa r y
iila t io n in a s tu d y b y K a h n e m a n and o th e rs (1 9 6 8 ). P u p il d ia m e te r s
w e re s ig n ific a n tly g r e a t e r d u rin g ta s k s r e q u ir in g m a n ip u la tio n o f a d d i
tiv e fu n c tio n s th a n w h e n ta s k s r e q u ir in g r e la t iv e ly s im p le ta s k s w e re
being p e r fo r m e d .
R e q u ire d o r a l re s p o n s e s in a stu d y o f p u p illo g ra p h y and s tu t
te rin g (G r a y and W illia m s , 1 9 6 9 ) w e r e a c c o m p a n ie d b y s ig n ific a n tly
L a rg e r p u p il s iz e s w h e n c o m p a re d w ith p u p il s iz e s d u rin g a lis te n in g
ta s k .
T h e s e fa c to r s s e e m to be in v o lv e d in th e s tim u lu s and re s p o n s e
v a r ia b le s r e la t e d to in c r e a s in g o r d e c re a s in g p u p il d ia m e te r s d u rin g
a p a r t ic u la r ta s k and m u s t be c o n tr o lle d d u rin g a n y e x p e r im e n ta l ta s k .
C H A P T E R I I I
M E T H O D S A N D P R O C E D U R E S
O v e r v ie w o f D e s ig n
T h is s tu d y w a s d e s ig n e d to in v e s tig a te p u p illa r y re s p o n s e to
e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r an d to n o t s t u tt e r , and to s tu tte r e d and flu e n t
s p e e c h .
S u b je c ts
S ix m a le s u b je c ts w e r e s e le c te d in th e fo llo w in g m a n n e r fr o m
an a v a ila b le p o p u la tio n o f s tu tte r e r s a p p ly in g f o r th e r a p y in tw o s p eech
and h e a r in g c lin ic s in th e a r e a . T h e p re s e n c e o f s tu tte r in g w as v e r i
fie d b y th e e x a m in e r and one o th e r e x p e rie n c e d s p e e c h p a th o lo g is t.
E a c h s t u t t e r e r w a s a s k e d i f he w o u ld p a r t ic ip a te . I f th e a n s w e r w as
a f f ir m a t iv e , he w as g iv e n th e l i s t o f 3 9 6 w o rd s (s e e A p p e n d ix B ). H e
w a s a s k e d to lo o k a t th e w o rd s and w ith o u t s p e a k in g m a r k e x p e c ta n c y
to s tu tte r on a f iv e - p o in t s c a le f r o m " n e v e r " to " a lw a y s . " W h en the
s t u t t e r e r r e tu r n e d th e li s t to the e x a m in e r , th e n u m b e r o f lo w -
e x p e c ta n c y and h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s w e r e c o m p u te d . I f th e n u m b e r
in e a c h c a te g o r y e x c e e d e d f if t y , the s t u t t e r e r w a s e lig ib le f o r the
17
18
p h o to g ra p h in g p r o c e d u r e . O f th e fifte e n s u b je c ts s u rv e y e d , s ix m e t th e
c r i t e r i a o f f if t y lo w -e x p e c ta n c y and f i f t y h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y re s p o n s e s on
th e w o r d l i s t . O ne s u b je c t's p u p illa r y re s p o n s e s c o u ld n o t be u s e d due
to e x c e s s iv e m o v e m e n t d u rin g p h o to g ra p h in g . T h e r e m a in in g fiv e
s u b je c ts w e r e th o s e u s e d in th e s tu d y . A ll w e r e m a le , ra n g in g in age
f r o m tw e n ty -tw o to t h i r t y - s i x y e a r s .
M a t e r ia ls and A p p a ra tu s
S tim u lu s W o rd s
A l i s t c o n ta in in g 2 ,4 6 3 w o rd s s e le c te d f r o m th e T h o rn d ik e and
L o r g e (1 9 4 4 ) w o r d li s t w as c o m p ile d . T h e s e w o rd s w e re s e le c te d b y
th e fo llo w in g c r it e r i a : (1 ) w o rd s o c c u r r in g a t le a s t once p e r m illio n
w o rd s b u t n o t so m a n y as tw o p e r m illio n ; (2 ) nouns; (3 ) n o t p r o p e r
n a m e s . T h e y w e r e th e n ra n d o m iz e d and 400 w e re s e le c te d fo r u se as
s tim u lu s w o r d s . In th e p r e p a r a tio n o f s lid e s , fo u r w o rd s h ad to be
d e le te d due to e r r o r s in p ro c e s s in g , le a v in g 3 9 6 w o rd s . T h e s e w e re
th e n p la c e d on a r a tin g s h e e t (s e e A p p e n d ix C ). T h e s u b je c t w a s a s k e d
to r a t e th e w o rd s on a f iv e -p o in t s c a le as to h is e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r
i f he w e r e to s a y th e w o rd . T h e t e r m s " n e v e r ," " r a r e l y , " " fr e q u e n tly , '
" v e r y fr e q u e n t ly ," and " a lw a y s " w e r e u s e d as p o in ts on th e s c a le .
F r o m th is r a tin g s h e e t, f if t y h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s and f if t y lo w -
e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s w e r e c h o sen a t ra n d o m as s tim u lu s w o rd s in th e
19
p ro c e d u re . T h e s e one h u n d re d w o rd s w e r e ra n d o m iz e d a g a in fo r
p re s e n ta tio n d u rin g th e p h o to g ra p h in g .
E x p e c ta n c y
T h e c o n d itio n s o f e x p e c ta n c y w e r e e s ta b lis h e d in tw o w a y s :
E x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r on a w o rd w as f i r s t in d ic a te d b y th e s u b je c t
a p p r o x im a te ly tw o to th r e e w e e k s p r io r to th e p h o to g ra p h in g s e s s io n
(C o n d itio n E ^ ). T h e s u b je c t r a te d a l l w o rd s in the w o rd l i s t on a f iv e -
p o in t s c a le . W o rd s r a te d " fr e q u e n tly " w e r e n o t u s e d in th e p ro c e d u re s
s in c e th is w as a m id p o in t r a tin g and co u ld n o t be c o n s id e re d e it h e r a
h ig h o r lo w e x p e c ta n c y . W o rd s ra te d " n e v e r " and " r a r e ly " w e r e c o n
s id e r e d lo w -e x p e c ta n c y and w o rd s r a te d " a lw a y s " and " v e r y f r e
q u e n tly " w e r e c o n s id e re d h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y . T h e n u m b e r o f w o rd s
o b ta in e d in e a c h c a te g o r y w a s c o m p u te d and in th e c a s e o f th e fiv e s u b
je c ts u s e d , th e c a te g o rie s c o n ta in e d a t le a s t f if t y w o rd s e a c h . T h e one
h u n d re d w o rd s s e le c te d a t ra n d o m fr o m th is g ro u p w e r e th e n u s e d as
s tim u lu s w o rd s in p u p il p h o to g ra p h in g p ro c e d u re s .
E x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r (C o n d itio n E ^ ) w a s s ig n a le d b y th e s u b
je c t 's p re s s in g o f a s w itc h fo llo w in g a s ig n a l b e ll d u rin g th e p h o to
g ra p h in g p r o c e d u re . F o r e a c h s u b je c t, t w e n t y -fiv e h ig h -e x p e c ta n c y
w o rd s as p r e v io u s ly ra te d and tw e n ty -fiv e lo w -e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s as
p r e v io u s ly r a te d w e re u s e d as th e f if t y w o rd s f o r s ig n a lin g o f e x p e c
ta n c y and th e r e m a in in g f if t y w o rd s in e a c h c a te g o ry w e r e u s e d in
20
the n o -s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n .
S ig n a lin g an d n o -s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n s w e r e v a r ie d so th a t th e s e
c o n d itio n s o c c u r r e d in sets o f s ix to te n w o rd s u n d e r e a c h p re s e n ta tio n
w ith s ix to e ig h t ch an g es f r o m e a c h c o n d itio n to the o th e r . T h is w as
done to c o u n te rb a la n c e a p r a c tic e e ffe c t u n d e r e ith e r c o n d itio n .
P u p illo g r a p h y
P h o to g ra p h s o f th e eye p u p il w e re o b ta in e d : (1 ) d u rin g th e te n -
seco n d p e rio d p r io r to p r e s e n ta tio n of th e s tim u lu s w o rd ; (2 ) d u rin g the
in t e r v a l o f te n seco n d s b e tw e e n s tim u lu s w o rd p re s e n ta tio n and a s ig n a l
b e ll; and (3 ) d u rin g a fo r ty -s e c o n d in t e r v a l b e tw e e n th e s ig n a l b e ll and
th e end o f th e p h o to g ra p h in g p r o c e d u r e . T h e s tim u lu s w o rd r e m a in e d
on th e s c re e n d u rin g a ll b u t th e f i r s t te n seco n d s o f th e p h o to g ra p h in g
p ro c e d u r e .
E q u ip m e n t
A la r g e b o x (s e e A p p e n d ix D ) p ro v id e d a c o n tr o lle d v ie w in g
e n v ir o n m e n t. T h e d e s ig n f o r th is p a r t o f the e q u ip m e n t w as e s s e n tia lly
th e s a m e as th a t d e s c r ib e d by H e s s (1 9 6 5 a ) and N u n n a lly , K n o tt,
D u c h n o w s k i, and P a r k e r (1 9 6 7 ). T h e b o x w a s 11 x 14 x 24 in c h e s .
T h e s u b je c t lo o k e d in to one end o f th e b o x a t an 11 x 1 1 - 1 / 2 in c h r e a r
p r o je c tio n s c r e e n onto w h ic h s lid e s b e a r in g th e s tim u lu s w o rd s w e re
p r o je c te d b y a S a w y e r s lid e p r o je c t o r . A 16 m m B e ll and H o w e ll
m o tio n p ic tu r e c a m e r a w as m o u n te d on th e s id e o f the b o x . C a m e r a
21
speed w a s s e t a t tw o fr a m e s p e r s e c o n d . A m i r r o r on th e in t e r io r o f
the b o x r e fle c te d th e eye o f th e s u b je c t and i t w as th is im a g e th a t w as
p h o to g ra p h e d b y th e c a m e r a . B o th the m i r r o r and c a m e r a le n s w e re
to th e s id e o f th e s u b je c t's lin e o f v is io n o f th e r e a r s c re e n . T h e eye
w as illu m in a te d b y an in f r a r e d sp o t lig h t d ir e c te d up f r o m th e b o tto m
o f th e b o x . T h is lig h t r e m a in e d on d u rin g th e e n tir e te s tin g s e s s io n
( C r a w fo r d , 1 9 6 3 ). T h e p r o g r a m m in g o f th e p ro c e d u re w a s c o n tro lle d
b y a s p e c ia lly b u ilt d e v ic e w h ic h o p e ra te d on a o n e -m in u te t im e r . T h is
tim in g d e v ic e a s s u re d a c c u ra te in te r v a ls f o r th e s e q u en ce o f c o n d itio n s
d u rin g w h ic h th e d a ta w e r e o b ta in e d . T h is se q u e n c e m a y be v is u a liz e d
as show n in F ig u r e 1.
P ro c e d u re s
E a c h s u b je c t e n te re d th e ro o m in w h ic h th e a p p a ra tu s w as
h o u sed and w a s s e a te d a t th e ta b le w ith th e v ie w in g a p e r tu r e in fr o n t o f
h im . T h e s u b je c t w a s g iv e n th e in s tr u c tio n s fo llo w e d b y s e v e r a l p r a c
tic e s e s s io n s to e s ta b lis h th e re s p o n s e p a tte rn s f o r the " s ig n a lin g " and
" n o -s ig n a lin g " c o n d itio n s .
In s tru c tio n s to S u b je c t
P h o to g ra p h in g in s tr u c tio n s (n o n -s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n ) w e re as
fo llo w s :
Y o u w i l l lo o k th ro u g h th is o p e n in g a t the s c re e n a t th e r e a r
o f th e b o x . A w o rd w i l l a p p e a r on th e s c re e n and you w ill lo o k
P h o to g ra p h in g c o n s ta n t a t tw o fr a m e s p e r second
60 seconds
S u b je c t
"le a n s
1 a 1 1
1
10 seconds 1 10 seconds 1 35 seconds ✓
20 fr a m e s 20 fr a m e s 70 fr a m e s /
5 seconds
10 fr a m e s
W o rd W o rd
N e u tr a l -------S t im u lu s ----------- — — — — — — S t im u lu s -------
(B la n k O n O ff
S c re e n )
W o rd B e ll
on F o llo w e d
S c re e n b y
1. S ig n a lin g o r
C o n d itio n
(S ig n a le d
E x p e c ta n c y
F o llo w e d b y
Speech)
2. N o S ig n a lin g
C o n d itio n
(S p eech )
F ig . 1 . - -S e q u e n c e o f E v e n ts fo r O b ta in in g P u p illa r y
R e s p o n s e s P re c e d in g E x p e c ta n c y and S tu tte rin g
t \ j
M
23
a t th e w o rd u n til a b e ll r in g s , a f t e r w h ic h yo u w i l l im m e d ia te ly
s a y th e w o r d . Y o u w ill r e m a in th e re u n til I s ig n a l yo u to s it
b a c k . T h e n yo u w il l t e l l m e w h e th e r yo u s tu tte r e d .
T h is s ta te m e n t b y th e s u b je c t w as u s e d as th e d e fin itio n fo r th e p r e s
en ce o r a b s e n c e o f s tu tte r in g .
P h o to g ra p h in g in s tr u c tio n s fo r the s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n w e r e as
fo llo w s :
In th is in s ta n c e , yo u lo o k th ro u g h th is o p e n in g a t th e s c re e n a t
th e r e a r o f th e b o x . A w o rd w ill a p p e a r on th e s c re e n and you
w i l l lo o k a t th e w o rd u n til th e b e ll r in g s . T h is t im e , h o w e v e r,
w h e n th e b e ll so u n d s , yo u w ill im m e d ia t e ly p re s s th e le v e r w ith
y o u r le f t h a n d o nce i f you e x p e c t to s tu tte r on th e w o rd o r tw ic e
i f yo u do n o t e x p e c t to s tu tte r a f t e r w h ic h you w ill im m e d ia te ly
s a y th e w o r d . Y o u w ill r e m a in th e r e u n til I s ig n a l yo u to s it
b a c k . T h e n y o u w i l l t e ll m e w h e th e r you s tu tte r e d .
T h is s ta te m e n t b y th e s u b je c t w a s u s e d as the d e fin itio n f o r th e p r e s
e n ce o r a b s e n c e o f s tu tte r in g .
S e v e r a l p r a c tic e ru n s w e re p e r fo r m e d u n til the s u b je c t co u ld
re s p o n d a p p r o p r ia t e ly to the e x a m in e r 's v e r b a l cue " s ig n a l" o r " n o
s ig n a lin g " w h ile a p p a ra tu s w a s n o t in o p e ra tio n . T h e n , tw o p r a c tic e
ru n s w e r e p e r fo r m e d u n d e r e a c h c o n d itio n to te s t th e s u b je c t's a c c u
r a c y a t fo llo w in g e a c h s e q u e n c e . T h e s e p r e lim in a r y p ro c e d u re s to o k
a p p r o x im a te ly te n to f if t e e n m in u te s in a d a rk e n e d ro o m thus a llo w in g
fo r d a r k -a d a p ta tio n o f th e s u b je c t. T h e u se o f e x p e r im e n t a l w o rd lis t s
w a s th e n in it ia t e d and th e r e s u lta n t p u p illa r y m e a s u r e m e n t p ro v id e d
d a ta f o r th is s tu d y .
24
C o n d itio n s
T h e s u b je c t w as th e n show n the s tim u lu s w o rd s . D u r in g th e
p re s e n ta tio n o f e a c h w o r d , th e fo llo w in g s e q u en ce o f e v e n ts to o k p la c e :
A . S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
1. E p re s s e d a b u tto n th a t a c tiv a te d th e a p p a ra tu s -
2. S v ie w e d a b la n k s c re e n fo r te n seconds d u rin g w h ic h
th e e ye w a s p h o to g ra p h e d c o n tin u o u s ly a t a r a te o f tw o
fr a m e s p e r seco n d .
3. S v ie w e d a w o rd p ro je c te d on th e s c re e n fo r te n s e c
onds w h ile th e eye w as p h o to g ra p h e d c o n tin u o u s ly at
th e r a t e o f tw o fr a m e s p e r seco n d .
4 . A b e ll sounded and S im m e d ia t e ly s ig n a le d w ith a
to g g le s w itc h h is e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w ith one p re s s
o f th e b u tto n o r tw o p re s s e s i f h e d id n o t e x p e c t to
s tu tte r . Im m e d ia t e ly a f t e r s ig n a lin g , he v o c a liz e d th e
w o rd .
5. S r e m a in e d in th e a p p a ra tu s u n til E ta p p e d h im on th e
s h o u ld e r to le a n b a c k .
6. S th e n r e p o r te d w h e th e r he s tu tte r e d o r d id n o t s tu tte r .
T h is s eq u en ce w a s re p e a te d fo r a ll s tim u lu s w o rd s .
B . No S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
1. E p re s s e d a b u tto n th a t a c tiv a te d th e a p p a ra tu s .
25
2. S v ie w e d a b la n k s c r e e n fo r te n seco n d s d u rin g w h ic h
th e ey e w a s p h o to g ra p h e d c o n tin u o u s ly a t a r a te o f tw o
fr a m e s p e r seco n d .
3. S v ie w e d a w o rd p r o je c te d on th e s c re e n fo r te n s e c
onds w h ile th e eye w a s p h o to g ra p h e d c o n tin u o u s ly a t
th e r a t e o f tw o fr a m e s p e r s e c o n d .
4. A b e ll sounded and S im m e d ia te ly v o c a liz e d th e w o rd .
5. S r e m a in e d in the a p p a ra tu s u n til E ta p p e d h im on the
s h o u ld e r to le a n b a c k .
6. S th e n r e p o r te d w h e th e r he s tu tte r e d o r d id n o t s tu tte r .
T h is s e q u e n c e w as r e p e a te d f o r a l l s tim u lu s w o rd s .
M e a s u r e m e n t o f E y e P u p il
D u r in g th e p h o to g ra p h in g s e q u e n c e , e ig h ty -tw o fr a m e s w e re
o b ta in e d p e r s tim u lu s w o rd . A f ilm e d ito r w ith a 4 x 6 in c h v ie w in g
s c re e n w as u s e d to p r o je c t e a c h f r a m e . A m i l l i m e t e r r u le r w as u sed
to m e a s u r e th e p r o je c te d p h o to g ra p h o f th e p u p il. B e g in n in g w ith
fr a m e f iv e , m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e ta k e n o f e a c h s u b s e q u e n t f if t h fr a m e
in th e o b ta in e d e ig h ty -tw o fr a m e s fo r e a c h w o rd . T h e f i r s t m e a s u re d
fr a m e w as one w h ic h w a s o b ta in e d d u rin g th e p e r io d w h e n no s tim u lu s
w o rd w as b e in g p r o je c te d on th e s c re e n .
T h e v a r ia t io n in p u p il s iz e d u rin g th e n e u tr a l s tim u lu s p e rio d
w as n o t m o r e th a n 1 m m . D is tr ib u tio n s o f the fre q u e n c y o f o c c u rre n c e
26
o f e a c h m e a s u r e m e n t o f p u p illa r y s iz e w a s d e r iv e d . M e a n s f o r a ll
d is tr ib u tio n s w e re u s e d as b a s e lin e c o m p a re d w ith p u p illa r y re s p o n s e s
o b ta in e d d u rin g p re s e n ta tio n o f s tim u lu s w o rd s . F o u r m e a s u re m e n ts
w e r e o b ta in e d f r o m th e te n s eco n d p e rio d p r io r to s ig n a lin g o r s p e e c h .
M e a n p u p il s iz e s and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s w e r e d e te r m in e d f r o m th e s e
m e a s u r e s .
Id e n tific a tio n o f S tu tte rin g
and F lu e n c y
S tu tte rin g and n o -s tu tte r in g (flu e n c y ) w e r e id e n tifie d b y th e s u b
je c t a t th e end o f e a c h p h o to g ra p h in g ru n . T h e s e id e n tific a tio n s , o r
d e fin itio n s , w e r e u s e d fo r c a te g o r iz in g th e d a ta u n d e r s tu tte r in g and
n o -s tu tte r in g .
D e s ig n
M e a s u r e s o f p u p il d ia m e te r w e r e o b ta in e d d u rin g tw o s itu a tio n s
(1 ) s ig n a lin g o f e x p e c ta n c y fo llo w e d b y s p e e c h , and (2 ) s p e e c h o n ly .
S tu tte rin g and n o s t u t t e r in g a s s o c ia te d w ith e a c h s tim u lu s w o rd u n d e r
a ll c o n d itio n s w e r e c o m p u te d .
P u p il d ia m e te r s o c c u r r in g d u rin g te n -s e c o n d p e rio d s p r io r to
s ig n a lin g /s p e e c h o r s p e e c h o n ly w e re m e a s u r e d and th e v a r ia tio n s
fr o m b a s e lin e m e a s u r e m e n ts o b ta in e d . M e a n v a r ia tio n s f r o m b a s e
lin e fo r e a c h s tim u lu s w o rd w e r e th e n c o m p u te d u n d e r e a c h c o n d itio n .
27
P u p illa r y re s p o n s e as a fu n c tio n o f s tu tte r in g o r no s tu tte r in g .
M e a n p u p il d ia m e te r s o b ta in e d p re c e d in g s tu tte rin g and no s tu tte r in g
o c c u r r in g d u rin g th e no s ig n a lin g o f e x p e c ta n c y s itu a tio n w e r e
c o m p u te d .
P u p illa r y re s p o n s e as a fu n c tio n o f e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r o r n o t
s tu tte r . - - M e a n p u p il d ia m e te r s o b ta in e d p re c e d in g the s ig n a lin g o f
e x p e c ta n c y d u rin g th e s ig n a lin g s itu a tio n w e r e c o m p u te d .
D a t a . - - D is t r ib u t io n s , m e a n s , and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s w e re
c o m p u te d f o r a ll in t e r v a ls . I t w a s d e c id e d to p r e s e n t the d a ta in the
f o r m o f d e s c r ip tiv e s ta t is tic s , s in c e th e p o p u la tio n s f o r the v a rio u s
in te r v a ls w e r e s m a ll. M e a n s and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s w e r e c o m p u te d
f r o m r a w s c o re s f o r a ll d is tr ib u tio n s .
C H A P T E R IV
R E S U L T S A N D D IS C U S S IO N
R e s u lts
T h e r e s u lts o f th e stu d y w e r e d ra w n f r o m r a w s c o re s w h ic h
w e r e a r r a n g e d in d is tr ib u tio n s , m e a n s , and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s f o r a ll
in t e r v a ls . T r e n d s in d ila tio n o r c o n s tr ic tio n a r e re p o r te d .
T h e d a ta a r e a r r a n g e d a c c o rd in g to fu n c tio n s b e in g in v e s tig a te d ,
T h e m e a n s and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s fo r e a c h s u b je c t a r e found in
A p p e n d ix E . T h e s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n d a ta in c lu d e d m e a n s o b ta in e d
f r o m th e te n seco n d s o f n e u tr a l s tim u lu s p e rio d and d u rin g th e f i r s t
te n seco n d s o f th e s tim u lu s p r e s e n ta tio n p e rio d ( p u p illa r y re s p o n s e
p e r io d u n d e r s tu d y ). M e a n s and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f p u p il re s p o n s e
a r e p re s e n te d f o r (1 ) ju d g e d h ig h e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s (E ^ ), (2 ) ju d g e d lo w
e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s (E ^ ), (3 ) s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w o rd s (E ^ ),
and (4 ) s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y n o t to s tu tte r w o rd s (E ^ ) fo r e a c h s u b je c t.
T h e no s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n d a ta in c lu d e s m e a n s and s ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n s f o r b a s e lin e and m e a s u r e m e n ts o b ta in e d d u rin g th e f i r s t te n
seco n d s o f th e s tim u lu s p re s e n ta tio n p e r io d ( p u p illa r y re s p o n s e p e rio d
u n d e r s tu d y ). M e a n s and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f p u p il re s p o n s e a r e
28
29
p re s e n te d f o r (1 ) ju d g e d h ig h e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s (E ^ ), (2) ju d g e d lo w
e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s (E ^ ), (3 ) w o rd s s tu tte r e d , and (4 ) w o rd s n o t s tu tte re d
f o r e ac h s u b je c t.
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e as a
F u n c tio n o f S tu tte rin g
— — ■ ................
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e to E x p e c ta n c y R a tin g s ( E l ) . - - W o r d s th a t h ad
b e e n r a te d tw o w e e k s e a r l i e r as h ig h e x p e c ta n c y o r lo w e x p e c ta n c y to
s tu tte r w e r e u s e d as s tim u lu s w o rd s . T h e m e a n p u p il d ia m e te r s fo r
re s p o n s e s o c c u r r in g d u rin g th e no s ig n a lin g s itu a tio n w h ile v ie w in g
th e s e w o rd s th a t h ad b e e n ju d g e d b y th e s t u tte r e r tw o w e e k s e a r l i e r as
h ig h e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r a r e show n on T a b le 1. T h e tr e n d w o u ld s e e m
to be to w a r d s lig h t, d ila tio n .
P u p il re s p o n s e s to w o rd s th a t h a d b e e n r a te d as lo w e x p e c ta n c y
a r e s u m m a r iz e d in T a b le 2. A ll s u b je c ts show a d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n
th e m e a n s in th e d ir e c tio n o f in c r e a s e .
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e to W o rd s S tu tte r e d . - - F o u r o f the fiv e s u b
je c ts sh o w ed in c re a s e s in m e a n p u p il s iz e d u rin g th e f i r s t te n seconds
o f th e s tim u lu s p re s e n ta tio n p e rio d . O ne s u b je c t h ad a g r e a te r b a s e lin e
m e a n th a n s tim u lu s p e rio d m e a n . T h e r e is a g a in a te n d e n c y to w a rd
d ila tio n p r io r to s tu tte r in g (s e e T a b le 3 ). T h e d ila tio n e ffe c t p re s e n t
w o u ld te n d to n e g a te th e h y p o th e s is th a t p u p illa r y s iz e p r io r to s t u t t e r
in g d e c re a s e s w h e n c o m p a re d w ith p u p il s iz e d u rin g b a s e lin e .
30
TABLE 1
J U D G E D H IG H E X P E C T A N C Y ( E ^
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
I
( N = 26)
1 1 .4 0. 81 12. 3 0. 71 + 0 . 9
I I
(N = 17)
15. 9 1. 69
17. 1 1. 11 + 1 .2
I I I
( N = 20)
1 7. 2 2. 25 18. 3 2. 45 + 1. 1
I V
(N = 17)
16. 3 0 . 95 16. 2 1. 05 - 0 . 1
V
(N = 23)
16. 0 1. 58 16. 9 1. 15 + 0 . 9
T A B L E 2
J U D G E D L O W E X P E C T A N C Y ( E ^
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
I
(N = 24)
11. 5 0 . 81 12. 3 0 . 71 + 0 . 8
I I
(N = 22)
17. 1 1. 05 17. 2 0 . 99 + 0 . 1
I I I
(N = 22)
17. 1 2. 59 18. 9 2. 13 + 1 .8
I V
(N = 18)
15. 6 1. 28 15. 7 0. 94 + 0 . 1
V
(N = 20)
15. 8 1. 55 16. 6 1. 14 + 0 . 8
0
31
TABLE 3
W O R D S S T U T T E R E D
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
(N = 23)
I I
(N = 35)
I I I
(N = 21)
IV
(N = 15)
V
( N = 27)
11. 3
16. 7
17. 6
16. 3
16. 0
0 . 70
1. 55
1. 85
1. 11
0. 77
12 . 8'
1 7. 2
19. 0
16. 1
16. 4
0. 73
1. 06
2. 39
0. 95
1. 30
+ 1. 5
+ 0 . 5
+ 1 .4
-0 . 2
+ 0 . 4
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e to W o rd s N o t S tu tte r e d . - -T a b le 4 s u m
m a r iz e s th e d a ta f o r p u p il re s p o n s e s m e a s u r e d d u rin g n e u tr a l s tim u lu s
p e rio d p r io r to s p e e c h d u rin g w h ic h s tu tte r in g d id n o t o c c u r. T h e
tr e n d fo r a ll s u b je c ts is to w a rd d ila tio n o f th e p u p il p r io r to w o rd s n o t
s tu tte r e d .
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e as a F u n c tio n
o f E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r
P u p illa r y R e s p o n s e to Ju d g ed E x p e c ta n c y .- - W o r d s u s e d as
s tim u lu s w o rd s f o r th e s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n s w e r e s e le c te d in th e s a m e
m a n n e r as th o s e w o rd s s e le c te d f o r th e n o -s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n . P u p il
32
TABLE 4
W O R D S N O T S T U T T E R E D
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
(N = 27)
I I
(N = 3)
in
(N = 22)
IV
(N = 20)
V
(N = 16)
11. 5
15. 6
17. 0
15 . 7
15 . 4
0 . 87
0. 48
2. 74
1. 17
1. 69
12. 4
17. 7
18. 5
16. 5
1 7. 3
0 . 74
0. 65
2. 16
1. 27
0. 92
+ 0 . 9
+2. 1
+ 1. 5
+0 . 8
+ 1. 9
re s p o n s e s to w o rd s w h ic h w e r e ju d g e d as h ig h e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r
( E j ) th a t w e r e u s e d d u rin g th e s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n a r e s u m m a r iz e d in
T a b le 5. F o u r o f th e fiv e s u b je c ts sh o w a tr e n d in the d ir e c t io n o f
d ila tio n .
W o rd s th a t h a d b e e n ra te d as lo w e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w o rd s
(E ^ ) w h en u s e d as s tim u lu s w o rd s w h e n c o m p a rin g p u p illa r y re s p o n s e
r e v e a l no s y s te m a tic tr e n d s o f in c r e a s e o f p u p il s iz e b e tw e e n b a s e lin e
and th e f i r s t te n seco n d s o f s tim u lu s p re s e n ta tio n . M e a n s iz e a t b a s e
lin e w a s v a r io u s ly la r g e r fo r th r e e s u b je c ts and s m a lle r f o r one s u b
je c t . No tr e n d c a n be d e te r m in e d s in c e b oth c o n s tr ic tio n and d ila tio n
w e r e p r e s e n t (s e e T a b le 6 ).
33
TABLE 5
J U D G E D H IG H E X P E C T A N C Y T O S T U T T E R ( E ^
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
Subj e ct B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
I
(N = 24)
12. 4 0. 89 12. 4 0 . 84 0
I I
( N = 18)
18. 2 2. 39 18. 5 2. 39 + 0 . 3
I I I
( N = 19)
17. 8 1. 45 19. 6 2. 06 + 1. 8
I V
( N = 2 1 )
16. 0 1. 43 16. 2 1. 41 + 0 . 2
V
(N = 22)
16. 4 1. 24 16. 7 1. 23 + 0 .3
T A B L E 6
J U D G E D L O W E X P E C T A N C Y T O S T U T T E R ( E j )
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
I
( N = 21)
12. 0 0. 95 13. 0 1. 08 - 1 . 0
I I
( N = 22)
18. 8 2 . 30 18. 7 2. 47 - 0 . 1
i n
(N = 21)
17. 6 2. 03 19. 0 0. 98 + 1 . 4
I V
( N = 15)
16. 5 1. 49 16. 5 1. 24 0
(M
> II
'Z
16. 6 1. 37 17. 3 1. 33 + 0 . 7
J ¥ -
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r ( E ^ ) .- - M e a n p u p il s iz e d u rin g
b a s e lin e w as v a r io u s ly g r e a t e r and s m a lle r th a n m e a n p u p il s iz e s d u r
in g th e f i r s t te n seco n d s tim u lu s p e r io d p r io r to s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to
s tu tte r . T h e tr e n d w as m ix e d b e tw e e n s u b je c ts w ith th r e e sh o w in g
d ila tio n , one no c h a n g e , and one a re d u c e d m e a n p u p il s iz e f r o m b a s e
lin e . N o tr e n d can be s ta te d (s e e T a b le 7).
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to N o t S tu tte r (E ^ ) . - - T a b l e 8 s u m m a r iz e s
th o s e p u p il re s p o n s e s w h ic h o c c u r r e d p r io r to s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y n o t
to s tu tte r . T h e b a s e lin e m e a n p u p il s iz e s w e r e c o n s is te n tly le s s th a n
m e a n p u p il s iz e d u rin g th e f i r s t te n seco n d s p r io r to s ig n a le d e x p e c
ta n c y to n o t s tu tte r . T h e tr e n d o f th e d ir e c tio n o f change in p u p il s iz e
is th e d ir e c tio n o f d ila tio n .
T A B L E 7
S IG N A L E D E X P E C T A N C Y T O S T U T T E R (E )
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
1 2 .9 0 .9 5 + 0 .6
1 8 .6 2 .3 5 0
1 9 .4 2 .5 9 + 1 .4
1 5 .8 1 .5 5 * 0 . 2
1 6 .9 1 .3 1 + 0 .3
(N = 30)
I I
(N = 37)
I I I
(N = 18)
IV
(N = 13)
V
(N = 26)
12. 3
18. 6
18. 0
16. 0
1 6 .6
1. 97
2. 30
1. 47
1. 28
1. 30
35
TABLE 8
S IG N A L E D E X P E C T A N C Y N O T T O S T U T T E R (E )
u
S ta n d a rd F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S ta n d a rd M e a n
S u b je c t B a s e lin e D e v ia tio n S tim u lu s P e r io d D e v ia tio n D iffe r e n c e
(N = 11)
I I
(N = 3)
I I I
(N = 27)
I V
( N = 22)
V
(N = 20)
1 1 .9
17. 3
17. 6
16. 3
16. 5
0 . 90
2. 49
1. 92
1. 56
1 .3 1
12. 9
18. 3
19. 2
16. 6
17. 3
0 . 9 4
2. 05
1. 18
1. 13
1. 21
+ 1.0
+ 1.0
+2. 8
+ 0 . 3
+ 1. 8
D is c u s s io n
T h e r e s u lts o f th e in v e s tig a tio n w o u ld s e e m to s u p p o rt the
s ta te m e n t th a t m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e p r io r to s ig n a le d
e x p e c ta n c y to n o t s tu tte r . T h e d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n m e a n b a s e lin e p u p l
s iz e and m e a n p u p il s iz e p r io r to s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to n o t s tu tte r
w e r e c o n s is te n tly in c r e a s e d , o r to w a rd d ila tio n .
P u p il s iz e p re c e d in g e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r w a s v a r ie d f r o m s u b
je c t to s u b je c t and d id n o t te n d c o n s is te n tly to w a r d d ila tio n o r c o n s tr ic
tio n .
W o rd s w h ic h w e r e r a te d as h ig h e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r and w ords
w h ic h w e r e r a te d as lo w e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r sh o w ed v a r ie d d ire c tio n s
J 6 ~
w ith m o r e s u b je c ts h a v in g p u p il s iz e in c r e a s e w h ile v ie w in g w o rd s
w h ic h h ad b e e n r a te d h ig h o r lo w e x p e c ta n c y . N o d e fin ite tre n d s co u ld
be d e lin e a te d .
D ila t io n w as th e p r in c ip le d ir e c t io n o f re s p o n s e in a ll co n d itio n s
w ith c o n s tr ic tio n p r e s e n t f o r in d iv id u a l s u b je c ts w h ile v ie w in g ju d g e d
h ig h e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s and p re c e d in g s tu tte r in g d u rin g th e n o -s ig n a lin g
c o n d itio n . D u r in g th e s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n , c o n s tr ic tio n m ig h t be i n t e r
p re te d as o c c u r r in g in in d iv id u a l s u b je c ts b u t n o t in a n y c o n s is te n t w ay,
CHAPTER V
S U M M A R Y , C O N C L U S IO N S , A N D IM P L IC A T IO N S
S u m m a ry
T h e P r o b le m
T h e p u rp o s e o f th is s tu d y w as to in v e s tig a te p u p illa r y re s p o n s e
as a fu n c tio n o f s tu tte r in g and e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r . T h e fo llo w in g
q u e s tio n s w e r e p o sed fo r th e p u rp o s e s o f th is stu d y: (1 ) Is p u p illa r y
re s p o n s e fu n c tio n a lly r e la te d to s tu tte r in g ? (2 ) Is p u p illa r y re s p o n s e
fu n c tio n a lly r e la te d to e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r ?
M e th o d
F iv e s t u t t e r e r s m a r k e d e x p e c ta n c ie s (E ^ ) on a r a tin g s h e e t tw o
w e e k s p r io r to p h o to g ra p h in g o f th e e y e . F if t y h ig h e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s
and f if t y lo w e x p e c ta n c y w o rd s w e r e s e le c te d and r a n d o m ly a s s ig n e d to
a s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n and to a n o -s ig n a lin g c o n d itio n . T h e s e w e r e s t im
u lu s w o rd s f o r th e in v e s tig a tio n . E n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s su ch as
lig h tin g , in s tr u c tio n s , e tc . , w e r e h e ld c o n s ta n t. E a c h s u b je c t
re s p o n d e d to th e w o rd s w h ic h h e h a d r a te d in E^ e x p e c ta n c y . P u p il
d ia m e te r s f o r e a c h w o rd w e r e m e a s u r e d and m e a n s and s ta n d a rd
37
38
d e v ia tio n s f o r th e b a s e lin e o b ta in e d d u rin g a n e u tr a l s tim u lu s p e rio d
w e r e c o m p u te d . M e a s u r e m e n ts o f th e p u p il ta k e n f r o m th e te n -s e c o n d
p e r io d p r io r to (1 ) s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y and (2 ) s tu tte r e d s p e e c h a ls o
w e re c o m p u te d .
C o n c lu s io n s
T h e r e s u lts o f th is in v e s tig a tio n te n d to s u p p o rt th e fo llo w in g
c o n c lu s io n s :
1. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e in c o n s is te n tly
f r o m m e a n b a s e lin e p u p il s iz e d u rin g a te n -s e c o n d
p e r io d p re c e d in g s tu tte r e d s p e e c h .
2. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e c o n s is te n tly f r o m
m e a n b a s e lin e p u p il s iz e d u rin g a te n -s e c o n d p e r io d
p re c e d in g flu e n t s p e e c h .
3. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e in c o n s is te n tly f r o m
m e a n b a s e lin e p u p il s iz e d u rin g a te n -s e c o n d p e r io d p r e
c e d in g s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r .
4. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e c o n s is te n tly f r o m
m e a n b a s e lin e p u p il s iz e d u rin g a te n -s e c o n d p e r io d p r e
c e d in g s ig n a le d e x p e c ta n c y n o t to s tu tte r .
5. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e f r o m m e a n b a s e lin e
p u p il s iz e w h ile v ie w in g w o rd s th a t had b e e n r a te d tw o
w e e k s e a r l i e r as h ig h e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r .
39
6. T h e m e a n p u p il s iz e te n d s to in c r e a s e f r o m m e a n b a s e lin e
p u p il s iz e w h ile v ie w in g w o rd s th a t had b e e n r a te d tw o
w e e k s e a r l i e r as lo w e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r .
Im p lic a tio n s
W ith in th e s tr in g e n t lim ita tio n s o f th is stu d y im p o s e d b y th e
n a tu re o f th e re s p o n s e b e in g in v e s tig a te d , th e ty p e o f in v e s tig a tio n a l
d e s ig n e m p lo y e d , th e n u m b e r and s e le c tio n o f s u b je c ts , and th e in s t r u
m e n ta tio n u t iliz e d to g a th e r th e d a ta ; th e r e s u lts o f th is s tu d y w o u ld
te n d to s u g g e s t th a t m e a n p u p illa r y d ia m e te r tends to be g r e a t e r p r e
c e d in g a s ig n a l o f e x p e c ta n c y to be flu e n t th a n th e p u p il s iz e o b ta in e d
d u rin g th e p r e s e n ta tio n o f a n e u tr a l s tim u lu s . It is a p p a re n t, h o w e v e r ,
th a t in s tr u m e n ta tio n and m e a s u r e m e n t fa c to r s o ffe r p o s s ib le a r t if a c t s
to th is ty p e o f s tu d y.
F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h a lo n g th is lin e o f in q u ir y m a y p ro v e f r u it f u l
i f s o m e s tr a te g ie s a r e u t iliz e d in v o lv in g cues r e la te d to the in d iv id u a l
s t u t t e r e r . F o r e x a m p le , p u p illa r y re s p o n s e r e la te d to v a rio u s s it u a
tio n s r e q u ir in g v o c a l re s p o n s e s g iv e n in s e n te n c e fo r m m ig h t h a v e
v a lu e in o b s e rv in g th is re s p o n s e . A ls o , s p e c ific cues w h ic h h a v e b e e n
id e n tifie d b y th e s t u t t e r e r , such as in it ia l so u n d s, g r a m m a t ic a l u s e of
th e w o rd s , e tc . , m ig h t be a m o r e f r u it f u l lin e o f in q u ir y . F u tu r e
r e s e a r c h in th is a r e a c o u ld f r u it f u lly in v e s tig a te p u p illa r y re s p o n s e and
th e s t u t t e r e r 's re s p o n s e to s itu a tio n a l, a ttitu d in a l, and m e m o r y ta s k s
40
to see i f th e r e a r e a n y d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n p u p il re s p o n s e s o f s tu t
t e r e r s and n o n - s t u t t e r e r s d u rin g th e p ro c e s s in g o f th e s e ta s k s , p a r
t ic u la r ly i f th e s e ta s k s c a ll f o r v e r b a l re s p o n s e s .
R E F E R E N C E S
41
R E F E R E N C E S
B e a tty , J . , and K a h n e m a n , D . P u p illa r y changes in tw o m e m o r y
ta s k s . P s y c h o n o m ic S c ie n c e , 1 9 6 6 , _5, 3 7 1 -3 7 2 .
B e r n ic k , N . , an d O b e r la n d e r , M . E ffe c t o f v e r b a liz a tio n and tw o
d if f e r e n t m o d e s o f e x p e rie n c in g on p u p il s iz e . P e r c e p tio n and
P s y c h o p h y s ic s , 1 9 6 8 , 3 ( 5 - A ) , 3 2 7 -3 3 0 .
B lo o d s te in , O . S tu tte rin g as an a n tic ip a to r y s tru g g le r e a c tio n . In
J . E is e n s o n (E d . ), S tu tte rin g : a s y m p o s iu m . N e w Y o rk :
H a r p e r and B r o s . , 19 5 8 .
B ro w n , S. F . T h e lo c i o f s tu tte rin g s in th e s p e e c h s e q u e n c e . J o u rn a l
o f S p eech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 4 5 , 1 0 , 1 8 1 -1 9 2 .
C ly n e s , M . T h e n o n - lin e a r b io lo g ic a l d y n a m ic s o f u n i- d ir e c t io n a l r a te
s e n s itiv ity illu s t r a t e d b y a n a lo g u e c o m p u te r a n a ly s is , p u p illa r y
r e f le x to lig h t and sound, and h e a r t r a te b e h a v io r . A n n a ls o f
N e w Y o r k A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s , 1 9 6 2 , ^ 8 , 8 0 6 -8 4 5 .
C o lm a n , F . , and P a v io , A . P u p illa r y re s p o n s e and g a lv a n ic s k in
re s p o n s e d u rin g an im a g e r y ta s k . P s y c h o n o m ic S c ie n c e , 1 9 6 9 ,
^ 6 , 2 9 6 -2 9 7 .
C r a w fo r d , B . H . T h e d e p e n d e n c e o f p u p il s iz e upon e x te r n a l lig h t
s tim u lu s u n d e r s ta tic and v a r ia b le c o n d itio n s . P ro c e e d in g s o f
th e R o y a l S o c ie ty o f L o n d o n , 1 9 6 3 , 1 2 1 b , 3 7 6 -3 9 5 .
C u r le e , R . A n e x p e r im e n ta l stu d y o f th e e ffe c t o f p u n is h m e n t o f the
e x p e c ta n c y to s tu tte r on th e fre q u e n c ie s o f su b s e q u e n t e x p e c
ta n c ie s and s tu tte r in g . P h .D . d is s e r ta tio n , U n iv e r s it y o f
S o u th e rn C a lif o r n ia , 1 9 6 7 .
E is e n s o n , J . A p e r s e v e r a tiv e th e o r y o f s tu tte r in g . In J . E is e n s o n
( E d . ) , S tu tte rin g : a s y m p o s iu m . N e w Y o r k : H a r p e r and
B r o s . , 1 9 5 8 .
42
43
E ls h ta in , E . , and S c h a e fe r, T ., J r . E ffe c ts o f s to ra g e lo a d and w o rd
fr e q u e n c y on p u p illa r y re s p o n s e s d u rin g s h o r t - t e r m m e m o r y .
P s y c h o n o m ic S c ie n c e , 1 9 6 8 , 1 2 , 1 4 3 -1 4 4 .
F it z g e r a ld , H . E . , and B r a c k b ill, Y v o n n e . In te r s tim u lu s in t e r v a l in
c la s s ic a l p u p illa r y c o n d itio n in g . P s y c h o lo g ic a l R e p o r t s , 1 9 6 8 ,
2 3 , 3 6 9 -3 7 0 .
G a r d n e r , W . T h e s tu d y o f th e p u p illa r y r e f le x w ith s p e c ia l r e fe r e n c e
to s tu tte r in g . P s y c h o lo g ic a l M o n o g ra p h s , 1 9 3 7 , 4 9 , 1 -2 1 .
G r a y , K . , and W illia m s , D . A n tic ip a tio n and s tu tte rin g : a p u p illo -
g r a p h ic s tu d y . J o u r n a l o f S peech and H e a r in g R e s e a r c h , 1 9 6 9 ,
1 2 , 8 3 3 -8 3 9 .
G u ilfo r d , J . P . F u n d a m e n ta l s ta tis tic s in p s y c h o lo g y and e d u c a tio n .
(3 r d ed . ) N e w Y o r k : M c G r a w - H ill, 19 5 6 .
H e s s , E . A ttitu d e and p u p il s iz e . S c ie n tific A m e r ic a n , 1 9 6 5 , 2 1 2 ,
4 6 - 5 4 .
H e s s , E . , and P o lt , J. P u p il s iz e as r e la te d to in t e r e s t v a lu e o f
v is u a l s t im u li. S c ie n c e , I9 6 0 , 1 3 2 , 3 4 9 -3 5 0 .
H e s s , E . , S e lt z e r , A . , and S c h lie n , J . P u p il re s p o n s e o f h e te r o -
and h o m o s e x u a l m a le s to p ic tu r e s o f m e n and w o m en : a p ilo t
s tu d y . J o u r n a l o f A b n o r m a l P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 6 5 , 7J3, 1 6 5 -1 6 8 .
J a s p e r , H . , and M u r r a y , E . A stu d y o f th e eye m o v e m e n ts o f s tu t
t e r e r s d u rin g o r a l r e a d in g . J o u rn a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l P s y c h o l
o g y , 1 9 3 2 , 1 5 , 5 2 8 -5 3 8 .
Jo h n s o n , W . , and A in s w o r th , S. S tu d ies in the p s y c h o lo g y o f s t u t t e r
in g : X . C o n s ta n c y o f lo c i o f e x p e c ta n c y o f s tu tte r in g . J o u rn a l
o f S p eech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 8 , _3, 1 0 1 -1 0 4 .
J o h n s o n , W . , and K n o tt, J . T h e m o m e n t o f s tu tte r in g . J o u rn a l o f
G e n e tic P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 3 6 , 4 8 , 4 7 5 -4 7 9 .
J o h n s o n , W . , and S in n , A . S tu d ie s in th e p s y c h o lo g y o f s tu tte r in g .
V . F r e q u e n c y o f s tu tte r in g w ith e x p e c ta tio n o f s tu tte r in g c o n
t r o lle d . J o u r n a l o f S p eech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 7 , 3 , 9 8 - 1 0 0 .
J o h n s o n , W . , and S o lo m o n , A . S tu d ie s in th e p s y c h o lo g y o f s tu tte r in g
IV . A q u a n tita tiv e s tu d y o f e x p e c ta tio n o f s tu tte r in g as a p r o
c e s s in v o lv in g a lo w d e g re e o f c o n s c io u s n e s s . J o u rn a l o f
S p eech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 7 , Z, 9 5 - 9 7 .
K a h n e m a n , D . , O n u s k a , L . , and W o lm a n , R . E . E ffe c ts o f g ro u p in g
on the p u p illa r y re s p o n s e in a s h o rt t e r m m e m o r y ta s k .
Q u a r t e r ly J o u rn a l o f E x p e r im e n t a l P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 6 8 , 2 0 ,
3 0 9 -3 1 1 .
K a h n e m a n , D . , P e a v le r , W . S. , and O n u s k a , L . E ffe c ts o f v e r b a li
z a tio n and in c e n tiv e on th e p u p il re s p o n s e to m e n ta l a c tiv ity .
C a n a d ia n J o u r n a l o f P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 6 8 , 2 2 , 1 8 6 -1 9 6 .
K n o tt, J . , J o h n s o n , W . , and W e b s te r , M a r y J . S tu d ie s in th e p s y
c h o lo g y o f s tu tte rin g : I I . A q u a n tita tiv e e v a lu a tio n o f e x p e c ta
tio n o f s tu tte r in g in r e la t io n to o c c u rre n c e o f s tu tte r in g .
J o u r n a l o f S peech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 7 , Z, 2 0 -2 2 .
L o w e n s te in , O . , and L o w e n fe ld , Ir e n e . D is in te g r a tio n o f c e n tr a l a u to
n o m ic r e g u la tio n d u rin g fa tig u e and its r e in te g r a tio n b y p s y c h o -
s e n s o ry c o n tr o llin g m e c h a n is m s : I . D is in te g r a tio n . P u p il -
lo g r a p h ic s tu d ie s . J o u rn a l o f N e rv o u s and M e n ta l D is e a s e s ,
1 9 5 2 , 1 1 5 , 1 -2 1 .
L o w e n s te in , O . , and L o w e n fe ld , Ir e n e . T h e p u p il. In H . D a v s o n
(E d . ), T h e e y e , V o l. 3, M u s c u la r m e c h a n is m s . N e w Y o rk :
A c a d e m ic P r e s s , 1 9 6 2 .
L u c h s in g e r , R . , and A r n o ld , G . V o ic e -s p e e c h -la n g u a g e . B e lm o n t,
C a lif o r n ia : W a d s w o rth P u b lis h in g C o . , 1 9 6 5 .
M ilis e n , R . F r e q u e n c y o f s tu tte r in g w ith a n tic ip a tio n of s tu tte rin g
c o n tr o lle d . J o u r n a l o f S peech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 8 , 3, 2 0 7 -2 1 4 .
M i l l e r , L . R . T h e c lin ic a l v a lid a tio n o f th e p u p illa r y re s p o n s e : T h e
e ffe c t o f c h r o m a tic and a c h r o m a tic s tim u li upon p u p il re s p o n -
s iv it y . D is s e r t a tio n A b s t r a c t s , 1 9 6 7 , 2 7 , 2 5 1 5 .
M o r le y , A . A n a n a ly s is o f a s s o c ia tiv e and p re d is p o s in g fa c to r s in th e
s y m p to m a to lo g y o f s tu tte r in g . P s y c h o lo g ic a l M o n o g ra p h s ,
1 9 3 7 , 4 9 , 5 0 -1 0 8 .
M y s a k , E . D . S e rv o th e o r y and s tu tte r in g . J o u rn a l o f Speech and
H e a r in g D is o r d e r s , I9 6 0 , 2 5 , 1 8 8 -1 9 5 .
45
N u n n a lly , J . , K n o tt, P . , D u c h n o w s k i, A . , and P a r k e r , R . P u p illa r y
re s p o n s e as a g e n e ra l m e a s u re o f a c tiv a tio n . P e r c e p tio n and
P s y c h o p h y s ic s , 1 9 6 7 , Z, 1 4 9 -1 5 5 .
P a v io , A . , and S im p s o n , H . T h e e ffe c t o f w o rd a b s tra c tn e s s and
p le a s a n tn e s s on p u p il s iz e d u rin g an im a g e r y ta s k . P s y c h o -
n o m ic S c ie n c e , 1 9 6 6 , 5, 5 5 -5 6 .
S h eeh a n , J . C o n flic t th e o r y o f s tu tte r in g . In J . E is e n s o n ( E d . ),
S tu tte rin g : A s y m p o s iu m . N e w Y o r k ; H a r p e r and B r o s . , 1958
S im p s o n , H . M . , and P a v io , A . C h an g es in p u p il s iz e d u rin g an
im a g e r y ta s k w ith o u t m o to r re s p o n s e in v o lv e m e n t. P s y c h o -
n o m ic S c ie n c e , 1 9 6 6 , 5 ^ , 4 0 5 -4 0 6 .
T h o r n d ik e , E . , and L o r g e , I. T h e te a c h e r 's w o rd b o o k o f 3 0 ,0 0 0
w o r d s . N e w Y o r k : C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1 9 4 4 .
V a n R ip e r , C . T h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t in s tu tte r in g . J o u rn a l o f Speech
D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 7 , _I, 6 1 -7 2 .
V a n R ip e r , C . S tudy o f th e th o r a c ic b re a th in g o f s t u tte r e r s d u rin g
e x p e c ta n c y and o c c u rre n c e o f th e s tu tte r in g s p a s m . J o u rn a l of
S p eech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 6 , _I, 6 1 -7 2 .
V a n R ip e r , C . , and M ilis e n , R . A stu d y o f th e p re d ic te d d u ra tio n o f
th e s t u t t e r e r 's b lo c k s as r e la te d to t h e ir a c tu a l d u ra tio n .
J o u rn a l o f S peech D is o r d e r s , 1 9 3 9 , 4 , 3 3 9 -3 4 5 .
W is c h n e r , G . J . A n e x p e r im e n ta l a p p ro a c h to e x p e c ta n c y and a n x ie ty
in s tu tte r in g b e h a v io r . J o u rn a l o f S peech and H e a r in g D is -
o r d e r s , 1 9 5 2 , 1 7, 1 3 9 -1 5 4 .
A P P E N D I X E S
46
A P P E N D IX A
S U B J E C T S ' E X P E C T A N C Y R A T IN G S O F
S T IM U L U S W O R D S ( E ^
47
A P P E N D IX A
S U B J E C T S ' E X P E C T A N C Y R A T IN G S O F
S T IM U L U S W O R D S (Ej)
S u b je c t I
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
P a lla d iu m H ig h S axophone L o w
Q u ir k H ig h C e lla r a g e L o w
S p o tte r L o w S tra tu s L o w
Syne L o w P ty a lin H ig h
F r a m e r L o w Sacque L o w
M o to r m a n H ig h Skee L o w
Is la n d e r H ig h In ta g lin L o w
C a c h e H ig h V e n d e tta L o w
D e r iv a t iv e H ig h A s p ir a t o r L o w
G r id d le H ig h Ir r u p t io n L o w
N ix L o w S ta g n a tio n H ig h
P a r a lle lis m H ig h N o n ag e H ig h
A c c o la d e H ig h B r a in s ic k H ig h
W a s s a ile r H ig h T r e e n a il H ig h
S cio n L o w D y e s ta ff H ig h
H o y d e n H ig h In c is o r L o w
A q u a m a r in e H ig h E x tr a v a g a n z a L o w
B o w ie H ig h E n ta b la tu r e L o w
Y e s t e r m o r n H ig h C h a n c e l L o w
U n d e r v e s t H ig h R u p e e L o w
C o n g re s s w o m a n H ig h V e lu m L o w
A n c illa r y L o w S o rc e re s s L o w
Q u in s y H ig h P e n n a n t H ig h
M o n a s tic is m H ig h Im b r ic a t e L o w
In s t a b ilit y L o w C o r s e le t H ig h
B y ro a d H ig h G u ita r H ig h
O nus L o w R a ja h L o w
48
49
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
C a ttle m a n H ig h
T e s t e r H ig h
P o s y L o w
D ir ig ib le H ig h
S avo y L o w S te rn n e s s L o w
C o n c la v e H ig h B y s ta n d e r H ig h
D re s s m a k in g H ig h P a n c re a s H ig h
S tr a in e r L o w L im b o L o w
E c h n id n a L o w S m a rtw e e d L o w
S y p h illis L o w D im n e s s H ig h
T s a r L o w P r o to c o l H ig h
E s c a llo p L o w C lie n te le H ig h
D o u g h b o y H ig h P o ig n a n c y H ig h
C o lo s s u s H ig h F i r e b r i c k L o w
P o ly p L o w O ffs c o u rin g L o w
F u n g i L o w F in c h L o w
P o ly g a m y H ig h B u n t H ig h
A n tic y c lo n e L o w
G la d ia to r H ig h
W ra p p e r H ig h
T o r m e n to r H ig h
S u p p o s ito ry L o w Snag L o w
C ilia L o w C a lib r a te L o w
S p o rts m a n s h ip L o w M in s t r e ls y H ig h
C o r s a ir H ig h C an o n H ig h
S h o v e le r L o w
M a r a s c h in o H ig h
B o y c o tt H ig h
S u b je c t I I
H u m a n k in d L o w A f f ir m a t io n H ig h
P o r t r a it u r e H ig h A n n a lis t L o w
T e e L o w A n th o lo g y H ig h
P o o rh o u s e H ig h H y d ro p h o b ia H ig h
C o m m is s a r y L o w P a lla d iu m L o w
P e n th o u s e H ig h A v e n g e r L o w
G a rd e n ia L o w B a c k a c h e H ig h
S c h o la s tic is m H ig h H o o c h H ig h
Sou L o w P la c e r L o w
F le c k L o w B a s a ltic H ig h
M a g n a n im ity H ig h T s a r L o w
E v ild o e r L o w E c h n id n a
H ig h
D im n e s s L o w W it t ic is m H ig h
D y e r L o w M e n to r L o w
C u r a to r L o w A n c illa r y H ig h
50
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
Suet L o w Io d o fo rm H ig h
S c ru p u lo s ity H ig h A n c e s tre s s H ig h
M u s ta n g L o w G la d ia to r L o w
C a n o e is t H ig h T o r m e n to r L o w
Skee L o w M in s t r e ls y L o w
C a r ic a t u r is t H ig h S p o tte r H ig h
B a s e m a n H ig h T e n d e r lo in H ig h
S e c re tiv e n e s s H ig h A llit e r a t iv e H ig h
F o ld e r o l H ig h O b v io u s n e s s H ig h
N o d d y H ig h G ra n d a u n t H ig h
E a r th in e s s H ig h F in c h L o w
N ix L o w W a te r fo w l L o w
Iro n s to n e L o w Is o th e r m H ig h
D is u lfid e H ig h F u n g i L o w
P ty a lin H ig h D is c r e te H ig h
F le s h p o t L o w M a r t in e t H ig h
S trin g p ie c e L o w S avo y L o w
D y e s ta ff L o w W a v e r e r H ig h
A u d ib ility H ig h P u s s y fo o t H ig h
L o g a n b e r r y H ig h Saxophone L o w
P e s s im is m H ig h Sol L o w
D r e s s m a k in g H ig h V e n d e tta H ig h
Syne L o w Is la n d e r L o w
F le d g e L o w P e n ite n c e L o w
B o y c o tt H ig h E p ith a la m iu m H ig h
B r ic k la y e r H ig h L e v u lo s e H ig h
In d iv id u a lis m H ig h P o s s e L o w
P o ly g a m y L o w
In f le x ib ilit y H ig h
W r appe r L o w L i l t L o w
E x u b e ra n c e H ig h M a ll L o w
C y s t L o w D e fe c tio n L o w
S a d d le r H ig h O c c u p ie r H ig h
M id g e L o w N e w s p r in t L o w
In t r ic a c y H ig h N o g g in L o w
A u g e r L o w C a n a rd L o w
S u b je c t I I I
W a if L o w
B illb o a r d H ig h
C a ta m o u n t H ig h C a ttle m a n L o w
W a v e r e r H ig h V e g e ta r ia n L o w
C a r ic a t u r is t H ig h B a r te n d e r H ig h
51
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
B e e fs te a k H ig h
M e n s u r a tio n H ig h
L o g a n b e r r y H ig h
A u d ib ilit y H ig h
B lo o m e r H ig h
F le c k L o w
T y p o g ra p h y H ig h
U n d e r v e s t L o w
Q u ir k L o w
A fte r m a t h L o w
M in iv e r H ig h
M i t t L o w
A u g e r L o w
H o b o L o w
Syne L o w
P o s s e H ig h
W ild w o o d H ig h
C a r n a tio n L o w
P o s y L o w
D e fe c tio n H ig h
S a s s a fra s L o w
F lo w e r p o t L o w
Sol L o w
C o n ve r t ib le L o w
C o m m is s a r y L o w
A c c liv it y L o w
A s p ir a t o r L o w
S u rto u t H ig h
F a r r o w L o w
D y e s ta ff H ig h
B a s s o H ig h
S ta g n a tio n L o w
C o n c is e n e s s H ig h
B u n t H ig h
C o m e b a c k L o w
B a s e m a n H ig h
B lu r b H ig h
F r a n k f u r t e r L o w
In c o n g r u ity L o w
S c ru p u lo s ity H ig h
P h a g o c y te H ig h
B a s s o H ig h
N o n ag e L o w
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
W a v ie r H ig h
F u r l L o w
A d e q u a c y H ig h
P a n c re a s H ig h
A n n a lis t L o w
C ilia L o w
T u rn b u c k le H ig h
In c id e n c e L o w
B o y c o tt H ig h
A m b u s c a d e L o w
B e e fy H ig h
B r a in s ic k H ig h
H u m a n k in d L o w
H a n d c u ff L o w
L e g a te L o w
B e e fs te a k H ig h
W e lt H ig h
B y s ta n d e r H ig h
B e n z e n e H ig h
B o w ie H ig h
M e a n n e s s L o w
S u p p o s ito ry H ig h
B e r e a v e m e n t H ig h
G r id d le L o w
P r a t e r H ig h
In f le x ib ilit y H ig h
N o d d y L o w
F r a m e r L o w
W a s s a ile r H ig h
A c o n ite L o w
B a c k a c h e H ig h
B a n d o le e r H ig h
H o o c h L o w
B u ffe r H ig h
B r ic k la y e r H ig h
N e w e l L o w
S cio n L o w
N ix L o w
A s te r o id L o w
H a llm a r k L o w
P ip k in H ig h
F la t w o r m L o w
A d e q u a c y L o w
52
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
B ra g g in g H ig h Ic e m a n L o w
H u m id o r L o w B y ro a d H ig h
O x a lis L o w P o tio n H ig h
S u b je c t IV
In c o n g r u ity H ig h T in f o il L o w
C a n o e is t H ig h
W a in s c o tin g L o w
Is o th e r m H ig h
In ta g lin H ig h
W it t ic is m L o w
A c c o la d e H ig h
In d iv id u a lis m H ig h
P r e f r o n t a l L o w
A n tic y c lo n e H ig h
O nus H ig h
E s c a llo p H ig h
In c o m p e te n c e H ig h
R a tio n a lity L o w
H o b o L o w
Sou L o w
L i l t L o w
D ir ig ib le H ig h
O r a t o r io H ig h
A n ilin e L o w
W ild w o o d L o w
C o r s e le t L o w
A s p ir a t o r H ig h
B a n n o c k L o w
A d h e s io n H ig h
S y p h illis L o w
E x p e d ie n c y H ig h
A la c r it y H ig h
P la c e r L o w
H e a th e n d o m H ig h
N o g g in L o w
N ix L o w
A d e q u a c y H ig h
A s s e v e r a te H ig h
Io n L o w
In c is o r H ig h
Ir r u p t io n H ig h
N on ag e H ig h
A c c liv it y H ig h
E x u b e ra n c e H ig h
V in d ic a tio n L o w
H o y d e n H ig h
W e lt L o w
O s c illa t o r H ig h
C lie n te le H ig h
Suet L o w
E x e g e s is H ig h
F in c h L o w
S le ig h in g L o w
Ig n o m in y H ig h
T o r m e n t o r L o w
C ris p n e s s L o w
E n fila d e H ig h
D is e n ta r y H ig h
R o u n d w o rm L o w
In t r ic a c y H ig h
S a d d le b a g L o w
P o ly g a m y L o w
B y ro a d L o w
O b ju rg a tio n H ig h
V e lu m L o w
H u m id o r H ig h
P o o rh o u s e L o w
C a ttle m a n L o w
S m a rtw e e d L o w
A s te r o id L o w
D e r iv a t io n H ig h
L a c to s e L o w
H a ir d r e s s e r L o w
A ra c h n id H ig h
U n d e r v e s t H ig h
53
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
F la r e u p L o w P ty a lin H ig h
T e a m w o r k L o w A m b u s c a d e H ig h
Iro n s to n e H ig h A llit e r a t iv e H ig h
M a g n a n im ity L o w In d o le n c e H ig h
O v u le L o w P e r p e tu r a t o r L o w
A d e q u a c y H ig h A s p h y x ia te H ig h
A s p h y x ia te H ig h Im b r ic a te H ig h
T r e e n a il L o w F le c k L o w
R a ja h L o w P a r a d ig m L o w
T e d iu m L o w R a d io g ra m L o w
S u b s tra tu m L o w T e n d e r lo in L o w
A n th o lo g y H ig h M o n a s tic is m L o w
E c h n id n a H ig h A u d ib ility H ig h
B e a tific a tio n H ig h
S u b je c t V
B lu r b L o w C o n ife r H ig h
A v e n g e r H ig h C a n e b ra k e L o w
H a n d c u ff L o w W a te r fo w l H ig h
P r o fe s s o r s h ip H ig h B lo o m e r L o w
H a ir d r e s s e r H ig h C a lib r a te L o w
S u b s tra tu m H ig h D e r iv a tio n L o w
F u n g i H ig h S a d d le r H ig h
C o lo s s u s H ig h S avo y H ig h
J o llit y H ig h S y m p o s iu m H ig h
P r e p o s itio n L o w A n n a lis t H ig h
V in d ic a tio n L o w O c c u p ie r L o w
M e anne s s L o w G la d ia to r H ig h
L im b o H ig h S c h o la s tic is m H ig h
F le c k L o w S a s s a fra s H ig h
N ix L o w A m b u s c a d e L o w
A d ju d ic a tio n L o w D ir ig ib le L o w
F ir e b r i c k H ig h A u d ib ility L o w
B r ic k la y e r L o w P r a e f e c t H ig h
D im n e s s H ig h O r a to r io L o w
D y e s ta ff H ig h P u s s y fo o t H ig h
B a c k a c h e L o w Io n L o w
M o o n r is e L o w B y s ta n d e r L o w
R a ja h H ig h Ig n itio n L o w
C a ttle m a n L o w A s p ir a t o r L o w
G a ite r L o w P ty a lin H ig h
54
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
S cio n H ig h
N e e d le s s n e s s L o w
P e r p e tu a to r H ig h
W a if L o w
H e a th e n d o m H ig h
W a s s a ile r H ig h
M in s t r e ls y H ig h
H a r m le s sne s s L o w
F a r r o w H ig h
L o c u tio n L o w
H u m id o r L o w
B e n ze n e H ig h
R up ee L o w
D is s e m in a tio n H ig h
A s te r o id H ig h
P o ig n a n c y H ig h
In f le x ib ilit y L o w
S p o tte r L o w
P o r th o le L o w
M e n to r H ig h
F lu o r id e L o w
T s a r L o w
W ris tb a n d L o w
C o m e b a c k L o w
W o rd E x p e c ta n c y
L o g b o o k L o w
P la c e r H ig h
A d h e s io n H ig h
A n c e s tre s s L o w
L o g a n b e r r y L o w
N o n ag e H ig h
F lo w e r p o t H ig h
P ro te g e L o w
S ad d leb ag H ig h
G ra y h o u n d L o w
B io lo g is t H ig h
C a rn a tio n H ig h
L o n g b o w L o w
B ra g g in g L o w
A q u a m a rin e L o w
U r in e H ig h
W r in g e r H ig h
Syne H ig h
Q u ir k H ig h
B a s a ltic L o w
S tr a in e r L o w
V ille in H ig h
A lim o n y L o w
A f f ir m a t io n H ig h
A P P E N D IX B
M E A S U R E M E N T S O F P U P IL L A R Y R E S P O N S E S
55
A P P E N D IX B
M E A S U R E M E N T S O F P U P IL L A R Y R E S P O N S E S
S u b je c t I
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
_ ,. S tim u lu s P e r io d
B a s e lin e -------------------------------------------
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a
Im b r ic a t e 11 12 11 13 11 12
C o r s e le t 11 11 11 11 13 11
G a ite r 13 11 12 13 13 12
R a ja h 12 12 11 11 12 12
C a ttle m a n 12 12 11 11 13 12
P o s y 11 12 11 13 12 12
C o n c la v e 12 12 12 12 12 12
D r e s s m a k in g 12 12 13 12 13 12
S tr a in e r 11 13 12 11 13 12
E c h n id n a 11 14 14 14 15 14
S y p h illis 11 14 13 13 14 14
T s a r 12 13 13 12 12 12
E s c a llo p 14 14 15 13 15 14
D o u g h b o y 14 13 13 14 13 13
C o lo s s u s 12 13 14 14 14 14
P o ly p 12 14 13 14
— 14
14
F u n g i
12
15 15 14 14 14
56
57
B a s e lin e
M e a n
F i r s t T e n
S tim u lu s
-S e c o n d
P e r io d
W o rd 25 30 35 40 M e a n
P o ly g a m y 10 11 13 13 12 12
A n tic y c lo n e 12 13 13 14 14 14
W r a p p e r 12 13 12 13 12 12
S u p p o s ito ry 12 12 13 12 13 12
C ilia 12 12 13 13 14 13
S p o rts m a n s h ip 12 12 14 13 14 13
C o r s a ir 13 13 13 14 12 13
S h o v e le r 11 13 13 13 14 13
B o y c o tt 12 14 14 13 13 14
T e s t e r 13 13 12 11 12 12
D ir ig ib le 12 13 14 12 12 13
S te rn n e s s 14 14 14 14 13 14
B y s ta n d e r 12 13 14 14 12 13
P a n c r e a s 14 . 13 13 13 13 13
L im b o 13 14 14 15 14 14
S m a rtw e e d 13
. 13
13 13 14 13
D im n e s s 13 12 14 15 13 13
P r o to c o l 12 12 12 13 13 13
C lie n te le 12 13 13 14 12 13
P o ig n a n c y 12 14 14
F i r e b r i c k - -
O ffs c o u rin g - -
F in c h
B u n t 14 15 15 15 15 15
G la d ia to r 13 14 14 14 13 14
T o r m e n to r 13 13 14 15 14 14
W o rd
B a s e lin e
M e a n 25
F i r s t T e n
S tim u lu s
30
-S e c o n d
P e r io d
35 40
58
M e a n
Snag 12 13 12 14 14 13
C a lib r a t e 13 14 13 14 13 13
M in s t r e ls y 12 13 15 14 13 14
C an o n 13 14 1 3 : 13 14 13
M a r a s c h in o 13 15 15 11 14 14
S avo y 11 12 11 13 12 12
Subj e c t I
N o S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
P a lla d iu m 13 13 13 13 13 13
Q u ir k 12 12 13 13 12 12
S p o tte r 13 13 13 13 14 13
Syne 12 13 12 14 13 13
F r a m e r 12 12 13 14 13 13
M o to r m a n 12 12 11 13 13 12
Is la n d e r 11 13 12 12 12 12
C a c h e 10 12 13 13 13 13
D e r iv a t iv e 11 13 12 13 13 13
G r id d le 12 12 12 11 12 12
N ix 11 12 12 12 13 12
P a r a l le l is m 11 12 11 12 13 12
A c c o la d e 10 12 12 11 14 12
W a s s a ile r 11 12 14 14 14 14
S cio n 10 13 13 14 13 13
H o y d e n 11 13 12 14 13 13
A q u a m a r in e 12 11 12 11 14 12
W o rd
B a s e lin e
M e a n
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
25 30 35 40
59
M e a n
B o w ie 13 11 11 12 14 12
Y e s t e r m o r n 11 12 12 13 14 13
U n d e r v e s t 12 12 13 13 14 13
C ong r e s s w o m a n 10 12 12 14 14 13
A n c illa r y 13 14 13 14 14 14
Q u in s y 12 12 12 12 13 12
M o n a s tic is m 12 12 12 12 13 12
In s t a b ilit y 12 12 12 13 13 12
B y r o a d 11 12 11 12 13 12
O nus 10 11 13 10 13 12
S axophone 12 13 12 13 14 13
C e lla r a g e 12 13 13 12 12 13
S tra tu s 12 12 12 11 12 12
P ty a lin 11 11 12 13 13 12
Sacque 12 13 13 13 14 13
Skee 12 12 13 13 12 12
In ta g lin 12 12 12 12 14 13
V e n d e tta 11 12 12 10 12 11
A s p ir a t o r 12 12 12 12 13 12
Ir r u p t io n 11 13 12 12 12 12
S ta g n a tio n 12 12 13 12 13 13
N o n a g e 11 12 12 13 14 13
B r a in s ic k 11 12 12 12 12 12
T r e e n a il 11 12 12 12 13 12
D y e s ta ff 12 11 12 12 13 12
In c is o r 11 12 11 11 13 12
E x tr a v a g a n z a 10 11 10 11 11 11
W o rd
B a s e lin e
M e a n _25
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
30 35 40
60
M e a n
E n ta b la tu r e 11 11 13 12 14 12
C h a n c e l 12 10 12 12 12 12
R u p e e 11 11 11 11 10 11
V e lu m 11 13 13 12 12 12
S o rc e r e s s 12 13 12 12 13 13
P e n n a n t 11 13 13 12 12 12
Subj ect I I
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
H u m a n k in d 23 23 22 23 23 23
P o r t r a it u r e 23 21 21 21 20 21
T e e 20 22 21 21 22 21
P o o rh o u s e 20 22 24 22 23 23
C o m m is s a r y 20 22 23 21 20 21
P e n th o u s e
19 20 21 21 22 21
G a rd e n ia 20 21 22 22 22 22
S c h o la s tic is m 21 21 22 22 21 22
Sou 20 21 22 20 22 21
F le c k 18 22 23 26 26 24
M a g n a n im ity 20 20 20 21 21 20
E v ild o e r 23 21 20 18
D im n e s s 24 19 19 20 20 19
D y e r 20 20
19 19 20 20
C u r a to r 20 20
19 19 21 20
A ff ir m a t io n 21 19 21 19 20 20
A n n a lis t 15 18 17 17 18 18
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd
jo a s e iin e
M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a
A n th o lo g y 17 14 15 15 15 15
H y d ro p h o b ia 20
P a lla d iu m 19 17 16 16 17 16
A v e n g e r - - 18 14 15 15 15
B a c k a c h e 15 17 17 17 17
H o o c h
14 16 18 18 15 17
P la c e r 19
16 17 19 20 18
B a s a ltic 16 17 18 18 17
T s a r 18 17 18 17 19 18
E c h n id n a 14 16 15 16 16 16
W it t ic is m 16 17 17 17 15 16
M e n to r 17 16 15 14 15 15
A n c illa r y 19
15 20 20 19
18
S uet 17 18 19 18 19 19
S c ru p u lo s ity 18 16 17 18 19
17
M u s ta n g 21 18 19 19 19 19
C a n o e is t 16 18 16 17 17 17
Skee 18 15 17 17 17 16
C a r ic a t u r is t - - 14 17 15 15 15
B a s e m a n 18 18 20 17 18
S e c re tiv e n e s s
16 17 15 17
__
F o ld e r o l 18 17 19 19
20 19
N o d d y 14 15 15 16 15
E a r th in e s s
17 18 18 18 17 18
N ix 14 16 16 16 16 16
Iro n s to n e 16 17 17 16 16 17
D is u lfid e 16 16 18 17 16 17
62
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
P ty a lin
F le s h p o t 18 16 17 17 18 17
S trin g p ie c e 18 15 17 17 16 16
D y e s ta ff 18 15 17 18 15 16
A u d ib ilit y 18 18 18 18 17 18
L o g a n b e r r y 20 18 16 18 19 18
S u b je c t I I
N o S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
P e s s im is m 18 19 18 17 19 18
D r e s s m a k in g 11
19 18 19 18 19
Syne 18
19 19 19 20 19
F le d g e - - 19 - - 20 - -
B o y c o tt - - 18 17 18
B r ic k la y e r
In d iv id u a lis m 17 17 17
P o ly g a m y 18 16 19 19
18 18
W r a p p e r 17 16 18 19 19 18
E x u b e ra n c e 16 16 15 17 17 16
C y s t 17 16 17 16 16 16
S a d d le r 17 16 16 16 15 16
M id g e 17 16 15 16 17 16
In t r ic a c y 17 16 16 17 16 16
A u g e r 17 18 15 14 15 15
Io d o fo r m - - 16 17 17 17 17
A n c e s tre s s 17 15 16 16 15 16
63
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 _30 35 40 M e a n
G la d ia to r 19 16 19
15 15 16
T o r m e n to r 18 16 17 15 16 16
M in s t r e ls y 17 17 17 18 16 17
S p o tte r
T e n d e r lo in 14 15 17 17 18 17
A llit e r a t iv e 16 16 16 15 16 16
O b v io u s n e s s - - 17 17 - - - -
G ra n d a u n t 16 15 19
17 19 17
F in c h - -
W a te r fo w l 16 18 18 18 19 18
Is o th e r m 16 16 17 19 18 18
F u n g i 16 17 18 19
17 18
D is c r e te 18 16 16 17 17 16
M a r t in e t - - 17 18 17 18 18
S avoy 16 16 16 18 18 17
W a v e r e r 14 16 17 17 16 17
P u s s y fo o t 16 18 18 18 17 18
Saxophone 19
18 18 19 20 19
Sol 16 17 18 18 21 18
V e n d e tta 16 ' 16 16 17 18 17
Is la n d e r 17 16 17 17 17 17
P e n ite n c e - -
E p ith a la m iu m 16 18 17 17 16 17
L e v u lo s e
P o s s e 15 16 16 17 17 17
In f le x ib ilit y 15 17 18 17 17 17
L i l t 16 16 18 18 18 17
W o rd
B a s e lin e
M e a n
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
25 30 35 40
6 4
M e a n
M a ll 17 16 15
19 18 17
D e fe c tio n 16 17 18 16 17 17
O c c u p ie r 18
19 19 22 19 20
N e w s p r in t 17 18 17 18 20 18
N o g g in 18 17 16 18 17 17
C a n a rd
19 18 18 17 17 18
Sub j 3Ct I I I
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
W a if 16 18 20 23 21 20
C a ta m o u n t
19 22 23 24 22 23
W a v e r e r 18 20 21 21 19 19
C a r ic a t u r is t 17
19 18
19 18
19
B illb o a r d 17
19 20 19 19 19
C a ttle m a n 17
19 20 19 19 19
V e g e ta r ia n 18 20 18 19 18 18
M in iv e r 17
19 19 20 18
19
M it t 18 19 19 20 19 19
A u g e r 15 18 18 20 18 18
H obo 17 16
19 20 19 19
Syne 15 21 20 20 20 20
P o s s e
19 18 21 22 21 21
W ild w o o d
19 18 21 22 21 20
C a rn a tio n 18 21 22 21 19 21
C o m m is s a r y 17 16 20 18 19 18
A c c liv it y 17 19 19 20 18
19
65
B a s e lin e
W o rd M e a n
A s p ir a t o r 21
S u rto u t 22
F a r r o w 21
D y e s ta ff 19
B a s s o 17
S ta g n a tio n 21
C o n c is e n e s s 18
B u n t 18
N o n ag e
W a v ie r
F u r l
A d e q u a c y
P a n c r e a s
A n n a lis t 15
C ilia 16
T u rn b u c k le 16
In c id e n c e 16
B o y c o tt 17
A m b u s c a d e 15
B e e fy 19
B o w ie 15
M e a n n e s s 13
S u p p o s ito ry
B e r e a v e m e n t 16
G r id d le 17
Prater 15
F i r s t T e n
S tim u lu s
-S e c o n d
P e r io d
25 30 35_ 40 M e a
19 22 23 20 21
19 20 20 20 20
22 22 23 22 22
22 22 21 19 21
19 20 20 20 20
22 23 20 17 20
22 22 23 20 22
21 23 25 24 23
_ _
18 17 18 16 17
17 16 17 16 16
18
19 21 17
19
13
19 18
- -
17 18 19 15 17
21 20 15 17 18
12
19 18 15 16
16 15 15 15 15
18 16 18 16 17
66
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30_ 35 40 M e a n
in f le x ib ilit y 16 17 18 18
19 18
A s te r o id 16 18 18 21 18 19
H a llm a r k 21 18
19 20 18
19
P ip k in 17 20 22 21 21 21
F la t w o r m
19
18
19 20 18
19
A d e q u a c y
19
17
19 20 16 18
B ra g g in g 18 19 20 19 17
19
S u b je c t I I I
No S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
B a r te n d e r 18 18 19 19 18 18
B e e fs te a k 17 20 21 19
17
19
M e n s u r a tio n 18 19 20 19 18
19
L o g a n b e r r y
A u d ib ility
B lo o m e r 19 19 20 20 17
19
F le c k 17 18 18 21 20 19
T y p o g ra p h y 17 19 20 20 17
19
U n d e r v e s t 12 17
19 19
16 17
Q u ir k 16 18 21 22 20 20
A fte r m a th 18 20 20 21 19 20
P o s y 16 19 22 21 19 20
D e fe c tio n
19 21 24 22 21 22
S a s s a fra s 18 16 18 19 19 18
F lo w e r p o t 16 20 21 20 20 20
Sol 20 18 19 21 21 20
67
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
C o n v e rtib le 20 20 20 19 20 20
C o m e b a c k 19 19 23 22 20 21
B a s e m a n 18 22 22 21 18 21
B lu r b 19 19 23 22 22 21
F r a n k f u r t e r 22 22 24 22 23 23
In c o n g r u ity 20 24 23
19 21 22
S c ru p u lo s ity 21 24 24 25 24 24
P h a g o c y te 23 22 23 21 23 22
B a s s o 19 20 21 21 19 20
B r a in s ic k 16 15 12 14 14 14
H u m a n k in d - - - -
H a n d c u ff 14 14
__
L e g a te 12 13 13 15 16 14
B e e fs te a k 14 15 15 14 17 15
W e lt 14 15 17 14 16 15
B y s ta n d e r 15 17 15 16 17 17
B e n z e n e 18 17 14 14 15 15
N o d d y 14 15 17 19 17 17
F r a m e r 17 18 19 20 20 19
W a s s a ile r 15 17 18 17 18 18
A c o n ite 17 16 18 19 17 17
B a c k a c h e 17 18 21 19 17 19
B a n d o le e r 17 15 15 18 17 18
H o o c h 14 15 16 18 16 16
B u f f e r 17 17 18 18 16 18
B r ic k la y e r 14 14 - - - -
N e w e l 16 16 17 18 18 17
68
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
B a s e lin e
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
S cio n 18 16 16 18 16 16
N ix 15 18 - - - -
H u m id o r
19 19
22 21 18 20
O x a lis 20 21 19 20 18 21
Ic e m a n 15 17 17 20 19 18
B y ro a d 17 17 20 20 20 19
P o tio n 20 17 20 - -
S u b je c t IV
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
In c o n g r u ity 14 16 14 17 16 16
C a n o e is t - -
Is othe r m 16 14 14 15 15 14
W it t ic is m 15 15 16 18 15 16
In d iv id u a lis m 17 17 17 18 18 17
A n tic y c lo n e 16 16 16 16 16 16
E s c a llo p 14
19 17 20 16 18
R a tio n a lity 19 18 17 18 18 18
Sou 18 17 18 20 17 18
H o y d e n 17 16 17 16 16 16
O s c illa t o r
19 19 19
17 18 18
Suet 17 17 19 20 17 18
F in c h 19 19 18 19 17 18
Ig n o m in y 17
19 18 19 18 19
C ris p n e s s
P a n c r e a s
69
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
D y s e n te r y 18 16 18 17 16 17
In ta g lin
A c c o la d e 17 17 18 18 17 17
P r e f r o n t a l 16 17 16 17 16 17
Onus 15 16 15 18 15 16
In c o m p e te n c e 18 16 18
19 16 17
H obo 16 17 17 18 18 18
L i l t - -
O r a to r io 17 18 18 18 18 18
W ild w o o d - -
C lie n te le 16 18 18
19
15 17
E x e g e s is 15 17 15 17 15 16
S le ig h in g 13
T o r m e n to r - -
E n fila d e 15 15 17 15 14 15
R o u n d w o rm
- -
S ad d leb a g
- -
B y ro a d 18 16 15 14 15 15
M a g n a n im ity - - - -
O v u le
- -
A d e q u a c y 14- 13 13 13 13 13
A s p h y x ia te
T r e e n a il 15 17 16 16 14 16
R a ja h
T e d iu m 14 14 15 15 13 14
S u b s tra tu m 15 14 14 16 14 16
A n th o lo g y 14 14 15 15 15 15
70
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
E c h n id n a
B e a tific a tio n 15 14 15 17 15 15
P ty a lin 16 13 16 16 14 15
R a d io g ra m 16 16 17 16 16 16
T e n d e r lo in 17 15 16 15 16 15
M o n a s tic is m 15 16 16 16 17 16
A u d ib ility - 17 15 17 15 17 16
S u b je c t IV
No S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
D ir ig ib le 18 18 16 16 15 16
A n ilin e 18 16 16 17 18 17
C o r s e le t 15 16 17 17 17 17
B a n n o c k 14 15 14 14 14 14
Syph.il lis 15 14 15 16 16 15
A la c r it y 17 17 17 18 17 17
H e a th e n d o m - -
N ix - -
A s s e v e r a te
In c is o r
N o n ag e 18 20 19 19
17 19
E x u b e ra n c e 16 18 17 19 16 18
In t r ic a c y 17 13 15 16 16 15
P o ly g a m y 18 16 17 17 15 16
O b ju rg a tio n 18 17 17 18 17 17
H u m id o r 16 16 17 17 15 16
71
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25
12.
35 40 M e a n
C a ttle m a n 14 16 15 16 16 16
A s te r o id 14 14 13 15 16 14
L a c to s e 14 15 16 16 15 16
A r a c h n id 15 15 15 16 15 15
T in f o il 16 16 16 15 16 16
W a in s c o tin g - -
A s p ir a t o r - -
A d h e s io n 16 15 17 17 16 16
E x p e d ie n c y 15 14 15 16 15 15
P la c e r 16 15 15 16 15 15
N o g g in 16 15 15 16 15 15
A d e q u a c y 16 16 16 17 15 16
Io n 15 14 14 16 15 15
Ir r u p t io n 15 17 17 16 17 17
A c c liv it y - - - -
V in d ic a tio n - -
W e lt 15 15 16 16 14 15
V e lu m 18 16 16 16 16 16
P o o rh o u s e 16 17 17 17 17 17
S m a rtw e e d - - - -
D e r iv a t io n - - - -
H a ir d r e s s e r
U n d e r v e s t - -
F la r e u p 15 15 15 15 14 15
T e a m w o r k - -
Iro n s to n e 16 15 15 16 16 15
A m b u s c a d e 16 16 15 16 15 16
72
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd
u a s e u u e
M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
A llit e r a t iv e 16 15 15 17 17 16
In d o le n c e
P e r p e tu a to r 16 16 16 16 15 16
A s p h y x ia te 16 15 15 17 16 16
Im b r ic a t e 16 16 15 17 16 16
F le c k - -
P a r a d ig m 16 16 16 14 16 16
A v e n g e r
S u b je c t V
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
17 18 17 18 19 18
H a n d c u ff 17 16 15 17 17 16
P r o fe s s o r s h ip 16 18 15 17 16 16
H a ir d r e s s e r 16 14 15 15 16 15
S u b s tra tu m 17 16 16 18 18 17
F u n g i 16 20 20 18 17
19
C o lo s s u s 16 17 17 17 15 17
D y e s ta ff 16 17 15 18 16 16
B a c k a c h e 15 17 17
19 18 18
M o o n r is e 16 16 16 18 18 17
R a ja h 17 18 19 20 17 18
C a ttle m a n 17 16 18 18 17 17
G a ite r 19 19 20 21 17
19
C o n ife r 17 17 17 19 18 18
C a n e b ra k e 15 16 17 18 20 18
A n n a lis t 17 17 17 18 16 17
F irst Ten-Second
. S tim u lu s P e r io d
B a s e lin e ------------------------------------------
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
O c c u p ie r 15 15 17 16 15 16
G la d ia to r 15 16 15 17 18 16
S c h o la s tic is m 16 18 17
19
17 18
S a s s a fra s 15 15 - -
A m b u s c a d e 18 20 20 19 20 20
D ir ig ib le 17 18 20 18 21 19
A u d ib ilit y 19 19 20 20 19 19
P r a e f e c t 15
O r a t o r io 18 17 18 19 18 18
P ty a lin 15 18 16 15 16 16
S cio n 17 17 15 18 17 17
N e e d le s s n e s s 16 14 17 14 16 16
P e r p e tu a to r 16 16 17 18 16 17
W a if 17 16 20 20 16 18
H e a th e n d o m 18 18 17 18 18 18
P o ig n a n c y 15 14 15 15 13 14
In f le x ib ilit y 16 16 17 16 16 16
S p o tte r 17 18 17 18 14 17
P o r th o le 17 18 18 18 17 18
M e n to r 14 15 14 16 14 15
F lu o r id e 18 16 18 18 16 17
T s a r 17 16 17 18 15 18
W r is tb a n d 15 15 16 15 14 15
C o m e b a c k 14 15 16 16 15 15
F lo w e r p o t 14 16 15 15 14 15
P ro te g e 15 17 18 18 17 18
S a d d le b a g 18 16 15 16 16 16
74
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 3(3 35 40 M e a n
G ra y h o u n d 17 15 19
17 20 18
B io lo g is t 19 16 17 16 17 17
C a rn a tio n 18 17 18 19 19 18
L o n g b o w 15 14 17 16 15 15
B ra g g in g 18 16 18 19 20 18
A q u a m a r in e
S u b je c t V
,
N o S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
B lu r b 15 16 19 20 19 19
Sou 13 17 16 18 17 17
J o llit y 16 17 17 18 16 17
P r e p o s itio n 17 15 13 12 15 14
V in d ic a tio n 16 17 17 18 17 17
M e anne s s 15 16 16 18 15 16
L im b o 16 15 17 18 15 16
F le c k 13 18 17 17 15 17
N ix 17 18 15 18 16 17
A d ju d ic a tio n 14 16 17 18 15 16
F i r e b r ic k 18 18 17 19 19 18
B r ic k la y e r 16 16 19 18 20 18
D im n e s s 16 20 19
18 19 19
W a te r fo w l 16 17 18 18 16 17
B lo o m e r 14 15 17 18 16 17
C a lib r a t e 16 17 18 17 14 16
D e r iv a t io n 15 17 18 17 17 17
75
F i r s t T e n -S e c o n d
B a s e lin e
S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
S a d d le r 18 18 18 20 18 18
S avo y 13 18 19 21 18 19
S y m p o s iu m 17 19 19 18 21 19
P u s s y fo o t - -
Io n - -
B y s ta n d e r - -
Ig n itio n
A s p ir a t o r
W a s s a ile r 14 17 15 20 17 17
M in s t r e ls y 16 17 17 16 16 17
H a r m le s sne s s 15 18 17 17 16 17
F a r r o w 18 15 16 18 16 16
L o c u tio n
H u m id o r 18 14 15 15 17 15
B e n z e n e 18 16 15 15 17 16
R up ee 16 15 16 18 16 16
D is s e m in a tio n 14 14 17 16 18 16
A s te r o id 18 14 15 16 15 15
L o g b o o k 15 17 19 18 16 18
P la c e r 15 16 18 17 16 17
A d h e s io n 16 16 18 16 16 16
A n c e s tr e s s 16
L o g a n b e r r y 16 17 16 16 17 17
N o n ag e 16 16 16 16 16 16
U r in e 17 15 17 15 14 15
W r in g e r 16 17 15 15 15 16
Syne 13 16 18 16 15 16
F irst Ten-Second
_ S tim u lu s P e r io d
B a s e lin e -------------------------------------------
W o rd M e a n 25 30 35 40 M e a n
Q u ir k 14 16 16 15 14 15
B a s a ltic 15 14 15 18 17 16
S tr a in e r 20 16 14 16 15 15
V ille in 15 14 16 17 16 16
A lim o n y 16 17 17 16 16 16
A f f ir m a t io n 18 18 18 17 16 17
A P P E N D IX C
S T U T T E R IN G E X P E C T A N C Y R A T IN G S H E E T ( E ^
77
A P P E N D IX C
S T U T T E R IN G E X P E C T A N C Y R A T IN G S H E E T ( E ^
D IR E C T IO N S : C I R C L E T H E W O R D O R W O R D S W H IC H M O S T D E S C R IB E S T H E
F R E Q U E N C Y W IT H W H IC H Y O U W O U L D E X P E C T T O S T U T T E R O N
T H E L E F T .
1. H U M A N K IN D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2. P E S S IM IS M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3. C O R S E L E T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4. F R A N K F U R T E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5. G A IT E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6. C A T T L E M A N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7. M E A N N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8. P O S Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9. P O R T H O L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
10. S Y P H IL L IS A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
11. C O N C L A V E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
12. F R A M E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
13. S Y N E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
14. T E E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
15. D R E S S M A K IN G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 . T E D IU M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
17 . A L A C R I T Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
18. W H E T S T O N E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
19 . D O U G H B O Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
20 . P O R T R A IT U R E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 . IG N O M IN Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 . S T E R N N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 . F U R L A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 . C A R N A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
25 . C H A N C E L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 . T O P S A IL A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
78
79
2 7 . C O L O S S U S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 . F L E D G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 . C O M M IS S A R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 . P O L Y G A M Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 . O R A T O R IO A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 . B E E F S T E A K A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 . B A R T E N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 . W R A P P E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 . C O R S A IR A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 . P R O T E G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 . O V U L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 . P O O R H O U S E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 . G A R D E N IA A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 0 . S N A G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 1 . P O L Y P A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 2 . A M B U S C A D E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 3 . R A J A H A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 4 . B IO L O G IS T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 5 . A F T E R M A T H A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 6 . A C O N IT E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 7 . B O Y C O T T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 8 . T E S T E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
4 9 . S P O R T S M A N S H IP A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 0 . S T R A IN E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 1 . B R IC K L A Y E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 2 . C I L I A A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 3 . C Y S T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 4 . S O U A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 5 . D IR IG I B L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 6 . H O B O A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 7 . W A IF A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 8 . F L E C K A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
5 9 . M ID G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 0 . B L O O M E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 1 . I N C ID E N C E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 2 . S O R C E R E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
80
6 3 . B Y S T A N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 4 . P A N C R E A S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 5 . E V IL D O E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 6 . D Y S E N T E R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 7 . M A C A R O O N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 8 . A N IL I N E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
6 9 . Z O O L O G Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 0 . P U B L IC A N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 1 . D IM N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 2 . B IL L B O A R D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 3 . V I L L E I N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 4 . IN D IV ID U A L IS M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 5 . R U P E E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 6 . M I T T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 7 . S A S S A F R A S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 8 . P E N T H O U S E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
7 9 . D Y E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 0 . V E G E T A R IA N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 1 . IN C O M P E T E N C E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 2 . D E R IV A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 3 . N A K E D N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 4 . B A N N O C K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 5 . P E R P E T R A T O R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 6 . E X P E D IE N C Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 7 . E X U B E R A N C E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 8 . P R O T O C O L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
8 9 . IN D O L E N C E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 0 . C U R A T O R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 1 . A U G E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 2 . W IN D O W A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 3 . I N S T A B IL IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 4 . S C IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 5 . F L O W E R P O T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 6 . A N N A L IS T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 7 . F A R R O W A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
9 8 . C L I E N T E L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
81
9 9 . P O IG N A N C Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 0 . B U N T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 01. G L A D IA T O R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 2 . S U B S T R A T U M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 3 . T O R M E N T O R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 4 . A D H E S IO N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 5 . P E N K N IF E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 6 . M IN S T R E L S Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 7 . C A N O N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
10 8 . M A R A S C H IN O A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 0 9 . P E N N A N T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 10. P A L L A D IU M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 1 . A V E N G E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 2 . B E E F S T E A K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 3 . B O T A N IS T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 4 . F IN C H A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 5 . C O N C E R T O A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 6 . S C H O L A S T IC IS M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 7 . S U N D IA L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 8 . W A T E R F O W L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 1 9 . C O C K A D E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 0 . F U N G I A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 1 . P A R A B O L A A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 2 . P L A C E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 23. S A V O Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 4 . T S A R ' A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 5 . S A X O P H O N E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 6 . C U T W O R M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 7 . L E G A T E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 8 . Q U IR K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 2 9 . W R IN G E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 0 . S O L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 1 . S Y M P O S IU M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 2 . J O L L I T Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 3 . W IT T IC IS M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 4 . E Y S T A N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
82
1 3 5 . C O N IF E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 6 . M O T O R M A N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 7 . O U T L A Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 8 . IN C IS O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 3 9 . E N U N C IA T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 0 . C A V A L C A D E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 1 . R E T A L IA T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 2 . C O N V E R T IB L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 3 . A S T E R O ID A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 4 . C O N T O R T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 5 . S L E IG H IN G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 6 . IR R U P T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly . F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 7 . P R O F E S S O R S H IP A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 8 . R E V E R IE A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 4 9 . IS L A N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 0 . C A C H E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 1 . P R E P O S IT IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 2 . S A D D L E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 3 . T E A M W O R K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 4 . IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 5 . D E R IV A T I V E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 6 . G R ID D L E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 7 . M A G N A N IM IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 8 . S T A G N A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 5 9 . P E N IT E N C E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 0 . V IN D IC A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 1 . M E N T O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 2 . F L E C K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 3 . IN C O N G R U IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 4 . B U F F E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 5 . S C H IS M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 6 . P A R A L L E L IS M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 7 . IN T R IC A C Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 8 . P O T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 6 9 . B E N Z E N E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 0 . S A D D L E B A G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
83
1 7 1 . A C C O L A D E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 2 . P O S S E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 3 . B E R E A V E M E N T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 4 . A F F IR M A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 5 . V E G E T A R IA N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 6 . U R IN E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 7 . H A IR D R E S S E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 8 . D IS S E M IN A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 7 9 . S U E T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 0 . A L IM O N Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 1 . L I L T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 2 . C O M E B A C K A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 3 . M A L L A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 4 . A N T H O L O G Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 5 . W E L T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 6 . L IM B O A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 7 . P I P P I N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 8 . H Y D R O P H O B IA A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 8 9 . F A N T A IL A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 0 . S C IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 1 . H A N D C U F F A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 2 . IN S IG N IA A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 3 . D E G E N E R A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 4 . D E F E C T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 5 . T IN F O I L A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 6 . IG N IT IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 7 . B A R E F A C E D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 8 . O X A L IS A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
1 9 9 . L O C U T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 0 . W A S S A IL E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 1 . B E E F Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 2 . IN T E R R O G A T O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 3 . M IN U T E M A N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 4 . R A T IO N A L IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 5 . F L A T W O R M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 6 . M E L O D E O N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
84
2 0 7 . P H A G O C Y T E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 8 . A S P IR A T O R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 0 9 . IO D O F O R M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 0 . H O Y D E N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 1 . A N C E S T R E S S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 2 . A Q U A M A R IN E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 3 . B O W IE A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 4 . Y E S T E R M O R N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 5 . B A C K A C H E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 6 . S O B R IQ U E T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 7 . O N U S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 8 . L O N G B O W A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 1 9 . S P O T T E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 0 . P A R A D IG M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 1 . M A T C H M A K E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 2 . S T R A T U S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 3 . T E L E P H O N Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 4 . F IR E B R IC K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 5 . B L U R B A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 6 . M O N O D Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 7 . C A N E B R A K E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 8 . R E N A S C E N C E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 2 9 . T E N D E R L O IN A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 0 . S C R U P U L O S IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 1 . A L L I T E R A T I V E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 2 . L O G B O O K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 3 . A C C L I V I T Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 4 . H A L L M A R K A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 5 . U N D E R V E S T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 6 . A R A C H N ID A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 7 . C O N G R E S S W O M A N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 8 . F L U O R ID E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 3 9 . I M B R IC A T E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 0 . S H O V E L E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 1 . N E E D L E S S N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 2 . E S C A L L O P A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
85
2 4 3 . Q U IN S Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 4 . O B V IO U S N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 5 . T E M P O R A L IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 6 . G R A N D A U N T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 7 . B E A T IF IC A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 8 . C O N C IS E N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 4 9 . O S C IL L A T O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 0 . G A B Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 1 . M U S T A N G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 2 . H A R M L E S S N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 3 . L IT E R A T I A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 4 . O F F S C O U R IN G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 5 . B A S S O A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 6 . H O O C H A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 7 . M A N R O P E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 8 . T E L U R IU M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 5 9 . B A S A L T IC A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 0 . A D E Q U A C Y A lw ays V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 1 . N E U R A L G IA A lw a y s V e r y F r e q e u n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 2 . IS O T H E R M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 3 . T U S S A H A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 4 . E C H ID N A A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
26 5 . P A C K S A D D L E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 6 . A N T IC Y C L O N E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 7 . N E S C IE N C E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 8 . M IN T A G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 6 9 . L IF E G U A R D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 0 . O C C U P IE R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 1 . A D J U D IC A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 2 . H U M ID O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 3 . D IS C R E T E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 4 . M A R T IN E T A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 5 . A N C IL L A R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 6 . W A V E R E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 7 . A S P H Y X IA T E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 7 8 . M O O N R IS E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
86
2 7 9 . A S S E V E R A T E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 0 . P E N T A T H L O N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 1 . E X T R A V A G A N Z A A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 2 . N E W S P R IN T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 3 . E N T A B L A T U R E A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 4 . IC E M A N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 5 . C O R IA N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 6 . C R IS P N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 7 . M A IN S H E E T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 8 . R E V E R S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 8 9 .
M O N A S T IC .IS M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 0 . W A IN S C O T IN G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 1 . G A S T R O N O M Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 2 . M IN U E N D A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 3 . S Y E N IT E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 4 . P R A E F E C T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 5 . IS O B A R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 6 . P U S S Y F O O T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 7 . B A S T A R D Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 8 . V E L U M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
2 9 9 . A M A T E U R IS M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 0 . L A C T O S E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 1 . M O N K E Y S H IN E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 2 . S H O V E L E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 3 . S C R U P U L O S IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 4 . S E A L E G S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 5 . V E N D E T T A A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 6 . A T E L IE R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 7 . B R A G G IN G A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 8 . G R A Y H O U N D A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 0 9 . S K E E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 0 . F L A R E U P A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 1 . E N F IL A D E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 2 . T Y P O G R A P H Y A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 3 . H Y P E R B O L A A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 4 . B A R M A ID A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
87
3 1 5 . N O G G IN A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 6 . A S P H Y X IA T E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 1 7 . T A N K A G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
318. V IR A G O A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
319. T E M P E R A A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 0 . C H A P L A IN C Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
321. C A L L IO P S IS A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 2 . W R IS T B A N D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
323. B L A C K L IS T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 4 . A L U M N A E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 5 . M IN IV E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 6 . R O U N D W O R M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 7 . N IX A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
328. B Y R O A D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 2 9 . C A N O E IS T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 0 . E P IT H A L A M IU M A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 1 . C O N C IS E N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
33 2 . T E S T A A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 3 . L E V U L O S E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 4 . C A R IC A T U R IS T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 5 . P IP K IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 6 . F L U X IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 7 . B A S E M A N A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 8 . P R A T E R A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 3 9 . S E C R E T IV E N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 0 . F O L D E R O L A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 1 . W A V IE R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 2 . B A N D O L E E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 3 . R A D IO G R A M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 4 . B A S S O A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 5 . N O D D Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 6 . E A R T H IN E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 7 . P R E F R O N T A L A lw a y s V e r y F re q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 8 . F O R M A L IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 4 9 . I N F L E X I B I L I T Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 0 . S P O T T E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
88
3 5 1 . P IE T IS M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 2 . S M U G N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 3 . C A T A M O U N T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 4 . S E M P S T R E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 5 . D IS U L F ID E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 6 . IR O N S T O N E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 7 . P T Y A L IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 8 . H E A T H E N D O M A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 5 9 . N O N A G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 0 . W A V E R E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 1 . W H O L E N E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 2 . A D E Q U A C Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 3 . C O R IA N D E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 4 . S A C Q U E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 5 . N E W E L A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F re q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 6 . C A L IB R A T E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 7 . S U P P O S IT O R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 8 . C A N A R D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 6 9 . O C C U P IE R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 0 . T E N D E R L O IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 1 . S U R T O U T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
37 2 . F L E S H P O T A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
373. D E P IC T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 4 . C E L L A R A G E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
37 5 . IN T E R S P A C E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 6 . S T R IN G P IE C E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 7 . D E P IL A T O R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 8 . A U D IB IL IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 7 9 . B R A IN S IC K A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 0 . L O E S S A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 1 . D R U M L IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 2 . O B J U R G A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 3 . W IL D W O O D A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 4 . S M A R T W E E K A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 5 . M E N S U R A T IO N A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 6 . L O G A N B E R R Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
89
3 8 7 . M A N R O P E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 8 . E X E G E S IS A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 8 9 . N E G O T IA T O R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 0 . P O U L T E R E R A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 1 . S P IR A C L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 2 . T R E E N A IL A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 3 . D Y E S T A F F A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 4 . I N T A G L IN A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 5 . T U R N B U C K L E A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
3 9 b . C O N D U C T IV IT Y A lw a y s V e r y F r e q u e n tly F r e q u e n tly R a r e ly N e v e r
A P P E N D IX D
S C H E M A T IC O F E Q U IP M E N T
90
L A M P M IR R O R
S C R E E N '
P R O J E C T O R
M O T O R
C A M E R A
o o
T A P E R E C O R D E R
S c h e m a tic o f E q u ip m e n t
A P P E N D IX E
M E A N S A N D S T A N D A R D D E V IA T IO N S A R R A N G E D
A C C O R D IN G T O S U B J E C T
92
A P P E N D IX E
M E A N S A N D S T A N D A R D D E V IA T IO N S A R R A N G E D
A C C O R D IN G T O S U B J E C T
N o -S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
S u b je c t I
Judged H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 26)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
Judg ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 24)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd s S tu tte re d (N = 23)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d (N = 27)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
M e a n
11. 4
12. 4
11. 5
12. 3
11.3
12. 8
11.5
12. 4
S ta n d a rd
D e v ia tio n
0 . 79
0 . 57
0 . 81
0 . 71
0 . 70
0 . 73
0 . 87
0 . 7 4
P u p il
R esp o n se
D ila tio n
D ila tio n
D ila tio n
D ila tio n
S u b je c t I I
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 17)
B a s e lin e 15.9 1.69
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 17. 1 1.11
Judged L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 22)
B a s e lin e 17.1 1.05
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 17. 2 0. 99
D ila tio n
D ila tio n
93
9 4
M e a n
S ta n d a rd
D e v ia tio n
P u p il
R e s p o n s e
W o rd s S tu tte re d (N = 35)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 7
17. 2
1. 55
1 . 06 D ila tio n
W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d (N = 3)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
15. 6
17. 7
0 . 48
0 . 65 D ila t io n
S u b je c t I I I
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N =
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 10-S eco n d S tim u lu s
2 0 )
P e r io d
17. 2
18. 3
2. 25
2. 45 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N =
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s
2 2 )
P e r io d
17. 1
18. 9
2 . 59
2. 13 D ila tio n
W o rd s S tu tte re d (N = 21)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 6
19. 0
1. 85
2 . 39 D ila tio n
W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d (N = 22)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 0
18. 5
2. 74
2 . 16 D ila tio n
S u b je c t IV
Ju d g e d H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N =
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s
17)
P e r io d
16. 3
1 6. 2
0. 95
1. 05 C o n s tr ic tio r
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N =
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s
18)
P e r io d
15. 6
15. 7
1 . 28
0 . 9 4 D ila tio n
W o rd s S tu tte re d (N = 15)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 3
16. 1
1 .1 1
0 . 95 C o n s tric tio n
T 5
S ta n d a rd P u p il
M e a n D e v ia tio n R e s p o n s e
W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d (N = 20)
B a s e lin e 15. 7 1. 17
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 16. 5 1. 27 D ila t io n
S u b je c t V
Ju d g e d H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 23)
B a s e lin e 16.0 1. 58
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 16. 9 1. 15 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 20)
B a s e lin e 15. 8 1. 55
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 16. 6 1. 14 D ila tio n
W o rd s S tu tte re d (N = 27)
B a s e lin e 16. 0 0 . 77
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 16. 4 1. 30 D ila tio n
W o rd s N o t S tu tte re d (N = 16)
B a s e lin e 15. 4 1. 69
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 17. 3 0 . 92 D ila t io n
S ig n a lin g C o n d itio n
S u b je c t I
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 24)
B a s e lin e 12.4 0 . 89
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 12.4 0. 84 N o C h an g e
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 21)
B a s e lin e 1 2 . 0 0. 95
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 13. 0 1 . 08 D ila tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r (N =30)
B a s e lin e 12. 3 0. 97
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d 12. 9 0. 95 D ila t io n
96
M e a n
S ta n d a rd
D e v ia tio n
P u p il
R e s p o n s e
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y /N o S tu tte r ( N = l l )
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
11.9
1 2. 9
0 . 90
0. 94 D ila tio n
S u b je c t I I
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 18)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
18. 2
18. 5
2 . 39
2 . 39 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 22)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
18. 8
18. 7
2. 30
2. 47 C o n s tric tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r (N = 3 7 )
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
18. 6
18. 6
2. 30
2. 35 N o change
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y /N o S tu tte r (N = 3)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 3
1 8. 3
2 . 49
2. 05 D ila t io n
S u b je c t I I I
Ju d g e d H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 19)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 8
19. 6
1. 45
2 . 06 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 21)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 6
19. 0
2. 03
0 . 98 D ila t io n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r (N = 18)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
18. 0
19. 4
1. 47
2 . 59 D ila tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y /N o S tu tte r (N = 27)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
17. 6
19. 2
1. 92
1 . 18 D ila tio n
97
M e a n
S ta n d a rd
D e v ia tio n
P u p il
R e s p o n s e
S u b je c t IV
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 21)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 0
16. 2
1. 43
1. 41 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 15)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 5
16. 5
1. 49
1. 24 No change
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r (N = 13)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 0
15. 8
1. 28
1. 55 C o n s tric tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y /N o S tu tte r (N = 22)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 3
16. 6
1. 56
1. 13 D ila tio n
S u b je c t V
Ju d g ed H ig h E x p e c ta n c y (N = 22)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 4
16. 7
1. 24
1. 23 D ila tio n
Ju d g ed L o w E x p e c ta n c y (N = 24)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
1 6. 6
17. 3
1. 37
1. 35 D ila tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y to S tu tte r (N = 26)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 6
16. 9
1. 30
1. 31 D ila tio n
S ig n a le d E x p e c ta n c y /N o S tu tte r (N = 20)
B a s e lin e
F i r s t 1 0 -S e c o n d S tim u lu s P e r io d
16. 5
17. 3
1. 31
1. 21 D ila tio n

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Frequency Of Stuttering As A Function Of Connotative Word Meaning

PDF

Listener Identification Of 'Stuttering' And 'Stutterer' As A Function Of Variation In Speech Patterns

PDF

Autonomic correlates of stuttering, fluency, and threat-of-shock

PDF

Effect Of Types Of Rehearsal On Frequency Of Stuttering

PDF

Word Familiarity And Frequency Of Stuttering

PDF

Stuttering and time perspective

PDF

Speech And Language Characteristics Of Children With Developmental Dyslexia

PDF

An Experimental Study Of The Effects Of Fluency Feedback And Stuttering Feedback On The Subsequent Frequency Of Stuttering Utterance Duration, And Latency Of Response

PDF

An Analysis And Comparison Of The Figure-Ground And Visual Closure Abilities Of Two Preschool Groups Of Children With A Deprived Or Advantaged Language Background

PDF

An Investigation Of Physiological Measures In Relation To The Moment Of Stuttering In A Group Of Adult Males

PDF

The Effects Of Separating Production From Perceptual Judgment Of Articulation In Children With Articulatory Defects

PDF

Changes In The Intensity Of An Overt Response Before, During, And After Instances Of Stuttering

PDF

Effect Of Selected Combinations Of Stimuli On Communicative Responses Of Children With Downs Syndrome

PDF

The Discrimination Of Directionality And Its Relation To Laterality And Measures Associated With Language Proficiency

PDF

The Effects Of Stuttering On Systolic Blood Pressure

PDF

Differential Effects Of Contingent Positive And Negative Listener Response On The Percentage Of Syllable Disfluency Of Preschool Boys

PDF

Auditory Verbal And Visual Manual Sign Decoding Of Verbal And Nonverbal Autistic Children: A Study Of Cross-Modality Versus Within-Modality Processing

PDF

A Normative Study Of Oral Sensation And Perception: Two-Point Discrimination, Form Identification, Tactile Pattern Recognition, And Mandibular Kinesthesia

PDF

A Study Of The Influence Of Wife-As-Therapist On Language Progress With Adult Male Dysphasics

PDF

Effects Of Deglutition And Speech Training On Dental Overjet

Asset Metadata

Creator Craven, Duane Charles (author)

Core Title An Investigation Of Pupillary Response Preceding Expectancy And Stuttering

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Communicative Disorders

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag health sciences, speech pathology,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Advisor Perkins, William H. (committee chair), Haney, Russell (committee member), Rigney, Joseph W. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-484681

Unique identifier UC11362383

Identifier 7221663.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-484681 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 7221663

Dmrecord 484681

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Craven, Duane Charles

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA