University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

(USC Thesis Other)

A Suggested Journalism Curriculum For California Junior Colleges

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Content 71 - 12,400
•iARGOSI.M;, A rth u r, ln sn -
A G ucnE hT hi JOAi'iAiii:- cuiyicyn:' mu
c a iifo i;::ia c o l iic f ".
U n iv e rsity of Southern C a lif o r n ia , I f. , 1971
F lu c a tio n , liy h e r
University Microfilms, A X ER O X Com pany, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Copyright © by
ARTHUR MARGOS IAN
1971
THIS DISSERATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
A SUGGESTED JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
FOR CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
A D i s s e r t a t i o n
P r e s e n te d to
th e F a c u lty o f th e School o f E d u c a tio n
U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f
th e R equirem ents f o r th e Degree
D o c to r of E d u c a tio n
by
A rth u r M argosian
F ebruary 1971
This dissertation, written under the direction
of the Chairman of the candidate’s Guidance
Committee and approved by all members of the
Committee, has been presented to and accepted
by the Faculty of the School of Education in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Education.
Datc February 1971___________ __
Guidance Com m its
Dean
Chairman
ACKNOW LEDGM ENTS
I w ish t o e x p re s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n t o my w ife ,
Mabel, f o r h e r lo n g h ours of t y p i n g and t o h e r and th e r e s t
of th e fa m ily f o r t h e i r p a t i e n c e d u r in g t h e p a s t t h r e e
y e a r s . I a l s o want t o th a n k my chairm an,
D r. L e s l i e W ilbur, and th e o t h e r members o f th e com m ittee,
D r. L io n e l D eS ilva and D r. C liv e G ra fto n , n o t only f o r
t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l h e lp b u t f o r t h e i r encouragem ent and
g u id an ce d u r in g my d o c t o r a l s t u d i e s a t th e U n i v e r s i t y .
Guidance such as t h e i r s makes g r a d u a te work e n jo y a b le as
w e ll a s most w orthw hile e d u c a t i o n a l l y .
I am a l s o in d e b te d t o Mr. W ill Sims, e x e c u tiv e
s e c r e t a r y of th e J o u rn a lis m A s s o c ia tio n o f J u n i o r C o lle g e s ,
and Mr. Tom Hennion, chairm an o f th e C a l i f o r n i a Newspaper
P u b l i s h e r s A s s o c ia tio n Newspaper P e rs o n n e l R ec ru itm en t,
E d u c a tio n and S c h o la r s h ip Com m ittee, f o r t h e i r c o o p e r a tio n
i n th e c o m p ila tio n o f l i s t s f o r and th e d e s ig n o f th e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e s used in t h i s s tu d y .
ii
TABLE O F CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................... v
LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................................................................................... v i
C h ap ter
I . AN INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1
The Problem
D e f i n i t i o n of Terms Used
O rg a n iz a tio n of D i s s e r t a t i o n
I I . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.............................................. 11
H is to r y of C o lle g e J o u rn a lis m
J u n i o r C o lle g e J o u rn a lis m
Summary
I I I . RESEARCH PROCEDURE ............................................................. 6 l
IV. 1969-70 JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM
CURRICULUM................................................................................. 73
J o u rn a lis m Course O f f e r in g s
J o u rn a lis m M ajors
G eneral E d u c a tio n R equirem ents
G eneral E d u c a tio n f o r M ajors
Summary
V. FUNCTIONS OF AND THE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE, ACCORDING TO
JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS ......................................... 92
Placem ent of S tu d e n ts
J o u rn a lis m M ajors
J o u r n a lis m C ourse R equirem ents
J o u r n a lis m C u rricu lu m , In G eneral
Summary
lii
C h ap ter
V I. FUNCTIONS OF AND THE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE, ACCORDING TO WEEKLY
AND DAILY NEWSPAPER EDITORS ...............................
Weekly Newspapers
D a ily Newspapers
Summary
V I I . SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A SUGGESTED CURRICULUM .........................................
B r ie f Review o f th e I n v e s t i g a t i o n
Review o f 1969-70 B u l l e t i n s
F u n c tio n s o f J u n i o r C o lleg e J o u rn a lis m
Course R equirem ents and C u r r i c u l a r
P ro ce d u re s
C o n clu sio n s
Re c ommend a t i ons
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................
APPENDICES ...........................................................................................
A. JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS QUESTIONNAIRE:
NAMES, LETTERS, FORMS
B. NEWSPAPER EDITORS QUESTIONNAIRE: NAMES,
LETTERS, FORM
C. PARTICIPATING JUNIOR COLLEGES AND
NEWSPAPERS
D. EXAMPLES OF TWO-YEAR CAREER AND TRANSFER
PROGRAMS
111
142
170
177
iv
LIST OF TABLES
T able Page
1 . J o u r n a lis m C ourses O ffe re d in C a l i f o r n i a
J u n i o r Colic ? e s .................................................................. 75
2 . Maximum U n its i n J o u rn a lis m a t C a l i f o r n i a
J u n i o r C o lle g e s .................................................................. 76
3. J o u r n a lis m Course O f f e r in g s
C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o lle g e s 1969-70 . . . . 79
4 . F u n c tio n s of J o u rn a lis m Ranked in O rder of
Im portance as P e rc e iv ed by J o u rn a lis m
I n s t r u c t o r s i n 1970 ........................................................ 96
5 . F u n c tio n s of J o u rn a lis m Ranked i n O rder o f
Im p o rtan ce as P e rc e iv ed by Weekly
Newspaper E d i t o r s ............................................................. 11^
6 . F u n c tio n s o f J o u rn a lis m Ranked in O rder of
Im portance as P e rc e iv ed by D a ily
Newspaper E d i t o r s ........................................................ . 125
7. Com parison of P e r c e p tio n s o f F u n c tio n s of
J u n i o r C o lle g e J o u rn a lis m ......................................... 1^6
8. Com parison of J o u rn a lis m Course R equirem ents,
L i s te d i n Rank O rder, as L is te d in
B u l l e t i n s and as P e rc e iv e d by I n s t r u c t o r s
and Weekly and D a lly E d i t o r s ............... 150
9 . Com parison of G eneral E d u c a tio n C ourses
P r e s c r ib e d by a M a jo r ity of C o lle g e s and
E d i t o r s , as G eneral E d u c a tio n Should Be
i n J u n i o r C o l l e g e .................................................. 152
v
LIST O F FIGURES
F ig u re Page
1. Model J o u rn a lis m C u rric u lu m f o r
C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o lle g e s ......................................... 164
v i
CHAPTER I
AN INTRODUCTION
I n 1963 D r. R obert M. H u tc h in s, an outspoken c r i t i c
o f u n d e rg ra d u a te Jo u rn a lism e d u c a tio n , s a i d :
I f you ta k e a l l th e r a d io and t e l e v i s i o n
s t a t i o n s o f t h i s c o u n try , i f you ta k e th e news
p a p e rs and m agazines and r o l l them up t o g e th e r ,
and a sk y o u r s e l f what th e in f l u e n c e s o f th e s e
i n s t i t u t i o n s i s upon th e American c h a r a c t e r as
opposed t o th e e d u c a tio n a l system , I t h i n k you
would adm it th e mass media have c a r r i e d th e
f i e l d . (64:1 0 )
S e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r , Dean L. H ulteng of th e U niver
s i t y of Oregon School o f J o u rn a lism s a id t h a t once th e
av erag e c i t i z e n le a v e s th e sch o o l system he o b ta in s most of
h i s in f o r m a tio n and id e a s from one o f th e mass media.
And t h a t means t h a t th e s e m edia, by fu n c
t i o n i n g as g a te k e e p e r s c o n t r o l l i n g th e flow of
news and id e a s t h a t come t o u s , d eterm in e what
we know about th e world . . . and th u s a l s o
d e term in e many of th e b a se s on which we reach
p o i n t s o f view o r a r r i v e a t p ro b lem s. ( 5 3 s2)
About 100 y e a r s ago p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a tio n in
J o u rn a lism came i n t o b e in g i n th e U nited S t a t e s in resp o n se
t o a s o c i a l n eed . D r. D ePorest O 'D e ll, i n h i s c l a s s i c , The
H is to r y of J o u rn a lis m E d u c a tio n i n th e U nited S t a t e s , w rote
t h a t J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n s t a r t e d " a s a r e s u l t of th e
t h i r t y - n i n e y e a r c o n f l i c t betw een th e American s o c i a l o r d e r
1
and th e Penny P r e s s ." The Penny P r e s s , which was i n t r o
duced i n t o th e U nited S t a t e s i n th e 1830*s, proved h ig h ly
p o p u la r w ith th e American p e o p le by d e v o tin g most of i t s
columns t o th e s t a p l e s o f th e t a b l o i d s — sex and crim e— and
p a y in g l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n t o th e s o c i a l i s s u e s o f th e day
(10:1).
And y e t i t was t o be th e l e a d e r s h i p p ro v id e d by sev
e r a l prom inent e d u c a to r s , P r e s i d e n t s Andrew Dickson W hite,
N ic h o las Murray B u t l e r and C h a rle s W. E l i o t , and th e f i n a n
c i a l s u p p o rt and l e a d e r s h i p p ro v id e d by Joseph P u l i t z e r ,
p u b l i s h e r - e d i t o r of th e S t . L ouis P o s t- D is p a tc h and New
York W orld, t h a t would g iv e Im petus to t h e r e a l s t a r t of
p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n ( 1 0 :2 7 ) .
More th a n f i f t y y e a r s have p assed s in c e th e d e d i
c a t i o n of th e Columbia U n i v e r s i t y School of J o u rn a lis m , and
more t h a n f i f t y y e a r s have w itn e s s e d th e s t r u g g l e of j o u r
n a lis m e d u c a tio n t o g a in f u l l a c c e p ta n c e and academic
r e c o g n i t i o n in h ig h e r e d u c a tio n . The s t r i v i n g f i r s t found
th e e d u c a to r s w orking d i l i g e n t l y t o overcome th e stu b b o rn
o p p o s itio n of th e p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s t s — th e e d i t o r s —
and th e n , and now, th e e d u c a to r s have had to c o n v in ce t h e i r
own c o lle a g u e s who a re opposed to p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a tio n of
th e academic worth of J o u rn a lis m as a t r u e d i s c i p l i n e .
And in th e p a s t tw e n ty y e a r s th e b a t t l e s have raged
w i t h i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n r e g a r d i n g th e l i b e r a l a r t s c o u r s e s
v e r s u s th e s o - c a l l e d t e c h n i c a l or " t o o l " c o u r s e s , th e
f u n c t i o n s and c u r r i c u l a o f c o l l e g i a t e jo u r n a lis m and th e
f u n c t i o n s of jo u r n a lis m and th e r o l e of jo u r n a lis m i n th e
newcomer— th e J u n io r c o l l e g e . S e v e r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s and a
number of a r t i c l e s in p r o f e s s i o n a l j o u r n a l s have approached
th e t o p i c s o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e J u n io r c o l l e g e s
and th e f o u r - y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s in th e developm ent of a
c u rric u lu m , of th e f u n c t i o n s of J o u rn a lism in th e j u n i o r
c o l l e g e , and o f th e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a t u s o f jo u r n a lis m
i n s t r u c t o r s in th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . The p r o f e s s i o n a l
j u n i o r c o lle g e end J o u rn a lism J o u r n a ls s in c e th e e a r l y
1 9 3 0 's have c a r r i e d a r t i c l e s r e l a t i v e to j u n i o r c o lle g e
Jo u rn a lism e d u c a tio n .
Hox^ever, no r e s e a r c h has developed a com plete two-
y e a r jo u rn a lis m c u rric u lu m s u i t a b l e f o r th e t r a n s f e r or
n o n - t r a n s f e r s tu d e n t in th e ju n i o r c o l l e g e s , n o r has any
r e s e a r c h e r conducted a stu d y of j u n i o r c o l l e g e jo u r n a lis m
programs in th e e n t i r e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a . C a l i f o r n i a i s
acclaim ed as a l e a d e r i n J u n io r c o lle g e jo u r n a lis m educa
t i o n in th e U nited S t a t e s . R ese arch e rs have asked b o th
f o u r - y e a r and tw o -y e a r jo u r n a lis m i n s t r u c t o r s and s tu d e n t s
t o r e a c t t o su g g este d f u n c tio n s of J o u rn a lism and to
c o u rs e s o f f e r e d by s e l e c t e d C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
Emphasis and co n cern have u s u a l l y been fo cu sed on th e
t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n of th e c u rric u lu m w ith th e j u n i o r c o lle g e
e d u c a to r s showing deep c o n c e rn f o r th e a c c e p t a b i l i t y or
n o n - a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f u n i t s ta k e n I n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s by th e
f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s .
A n a t i o n a l su rvey conducted in 1966 by
D r. L e s t e r G. Benz of th e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa School of
J o u rn a lis m concluded t h a t " J u n i o r c o l l e g e jo u r n a lis m i s
d r i f t i n g a i m le s s ly w ith l i t t l e i n d i c a t i o n t h a t many of th e
s c h o o ls have p lan n ed program s to meet s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s "
(1 7 :1 2 1 ) . S e v e r a l y e a r s e a r l i e r , D r. E s t h e r D av is, in an
u n p u b lish e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n a t USC, d eveloped a l i s t
of f u n c t i o n s o f J o u rn a lism in S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r
c o l l e g e s , and w ro te :
S in c e th e e d u c a tio n a l f u n c t i o n s of j u n i o r
c o lle g e J o u rn a lism in S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a have
been i n v e s t i g a t e d in t h i s s tu d y , a n o th e r su rv ey
based on th e s e f u n c t i o n s should be made t o
d e v elo p s p e c i f i c c u r r i c u l a r recom m endations o f
e d u c a to r s f o r r e a l i z i n g th e s e f u n c t i o n s more
e f f i c i e n t l y . (47:198)
And i n 1 9 6 3, a C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o lleg e jo u r n a lis m
p r o f e s s o r w rote a d e s c r i p t i v e d i s s e r t a t i o n o f th e j u n i o r
c o lle g e jo u r n a lis m c u rric u lu m i n tw e lv e N o rth e rn C a l i f o r n i a
c o l l e g e s i n which he summarized th e c o u rs e s o f f e r e d in
t r a n s f e r a n d /o r o c c u p a tio n a l program s. He a l s o d e s c r ib e d
th e f u n c t i o n s and th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f J u n io r c o lle g e j o u r
n a lis m program s as p e rc e iv e d by i n s t r u c t o r s , s tu d e n t s and
p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s t s i n th e c o l l e g e s and i n t h e a r e a s
serv ed by th e J u n i o r c o l l e g e s (5 2 ) .
J u n i o r C o lle g e jo u r n a lis m i n s t r u c t o r E dgar G. Eaton,
s p e a k in g a t th e 1969 A s s o c ia tio n f o r E d u c a tio n i n Jo u rn alism
5
(AEJ) c o n v en tio n in B e rk e le y , s a i d , " J u n i o r c o l l e g e s can
p la y an im p o rta n t r o l e i n jo u r n a lis m in th e 7 0' s , b u t we
must be p re p a red to work t o g e t h e r toward h ig h s ta n d a r d s f o r
t e r m i n a l program s, and communicate e f f e c t i v e l y th e
v a r i a b l e s Involved i n t r a n s f e r r i n g c o u rs e s . . ." (^9*5)*
The f a n t a s t i c grow th of J u n i o r c o l l e g e s in C a l i
f o r n i a h as been accompanied by an in c r e a s e in th e number of
and e n ro llm e n t i n jo u r n a lis m c o u r s e s . In 196?, however, o f
th e e ig h ty -o n e p u b lic C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r c o l l e g e s o n ly s i x
t e e n had o c c u p a tio n a l o r v o c a t i o n a l program s in J o u rn a lis m .
R eco g n izin g th e f a c t t h a t th e m a j o r i t y of th e s t u d e n t s who
e n r o l l i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s do n o t t r a n s f e r t o a f o u r - y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n , jo u r n a lis m e d u c a to r s need t o examine t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e programs t o see i f th e y a r e m eetin g th e need s of
s t u d e n t s i n t h e i r c o l l e g e s .
The Problem
S ta te m e n t of th e P ro b lem . — The purpose of t h i s study
was as f o llo w s : To d e v e lo p a s u g g e ste d jo u rn a lis m c u r r i c
ulum f o r C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s based upon th e fu n c
t i o n s o r p u rp o se s o f jo u r n a lis m program s as developed in
e a r l i e r d i s s e r t a t i o n s and as s u b s t a n t i a t e d o r r e v is e d by
t h i s stu d y and upon o t h e r f i n d i n g s of t h i s r e s e a r c h .
Q u estio n s used as g u id e s i n t h i s s tu d y w ere:
1 . What a re th e f u n c t i o n s o f th e jo u r n a lis m p ro
grams i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n 1 9 6 9?
6
2. What do th e c o u rse o f f e r i n g s and c u r r i c u l a i n
J o u rn a lism a s d e s c r ib e d i n th e 1969 b u l l e t i n s have i n
common?
3. What a r e th e t r e n d s in g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a n d /o r
l i b e r a l a r t s r e q u ire m e n ts o f t r a n s f e r and o c c u p a tio n a l
Jo u rn a lism m ajors?
b, What do th e J u n i o r c o lle g e J o u rn a lism i n s t r u c
t o r s p e rc e iv e as an optimum c u rric u lu m f o r t r a n s f e r a n d /o r
c a r e e r ( o c c u p a tio n a l) programs?
5 . What do th e i n s t r u c t o r s ’ p e r c e p t i o n s have i n
common? And how do th e p r e s e n t co u rse o f f e r i n g s and p ro
grams compare w ith what th e consensus p e r c e iv e s a s an
optimum program f o r c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) and t r a n s f e r
s tu d e n ts ?
6. What p e r c e n ta g e of J o u rn a lism m ajo rs who
s t a r t e d J u n io r c o l l e g e J o u rn a lism program s in th e f a l l
s e m e s te r of 1968 p la n to t r a n s f e r t o f o u r - y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s
i n th e f a l l o f 1970? And what p e rc e n ta g e e x p ec t to ta k e
Jobs im m ed iately a f t e r c o m p le tin g c o lle g e i n th e summer of
1970 o r in th e f a l l o f 1970? What p e rc e n ta g e have dropped
o u t of Jo u rn alism ?
7. What do th e p r o f e s s i o n a l new spaper men p e r c e iv e
as th e f u n c t i o n s o f J u n io r c o lle g e J o u rn a lism , and what do
th e e d i t o r s p e r c e iv e as an optimum c u rric u lu m f o r th e two-
y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s ?
7
8. What a r e th e a c t u a l c u r r e n t need s o f C a l i f o r n i a
d a l l y new spapers f o r g r a d u a te s o f C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r
c o l l e g e s ? Of C a l i f o r n i a weekly new spapers f o r J u n io r
c o l l e g e g ra d u a te s ?
9. What p e r c e n ta g e o f th e f u l l - t i m e s t a f f needs of
C a l i f o r n i a d a i l y and w eekly new spapers was s u p p lie d by
C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r c o l l e g e s ? By C a l i f o r n i a c o l l e g e s and
u n i v e r s i t i e s ?
10. What a r e th e a t t i t u d e s o f i n s t r u c t o r s and
e d i t o r s tow ards c a r e e r program s in J u n io r c o lle g e J o u r n a l
ism e d u c a tio n ?
D e l i m i t a t i o n o f P ro b lem . — 1. The stu d y was l im it e d
to C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r c o l l e g e s who o f f e r e d J o u rn a lism p ro
grams in 1969-70 and who a re l i s t e d i n th e 1969-70 l i s t i n g
o f th e J o u rn a lis m A s s o c ia tio n o f J u n io r C o lle g e s , a s t a t e
wide J o u rn a lis m o r g a n i z a t i o n whose e x e c u tiv e s e c r e t a r y i s
i n Modesto, C a l i f o r n i a .
2. Only member new spapers o f th e C a l i f o r n i a News
p a p e r P u b l i s h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n (CNPA) were c o n sid e re d in th e
s e l e c t i o n o f new spapers f o r th e s u rv e y s.
3. The s tu d y was l i m i t e d t o th o s e J o u rn a lism
i n s t r u c t o r s who have been t e a c h in g J u n io r c o lle g e J o u r n a l
ism a t l e a s t t h r e e y e a r s a t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e i n s t i t u t i o n s .
I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Job o p p o r t u n i t i e s was
r e s t r i c t e d t o C a l i f o r n i a d a i l y and weekly n e w sp a p ers. Job
o p p o r t u n i t i e s in o t h e r j o u r n a l i s t i c a r e a s , such as r a d i o ,
t e l e v i s i o n , m agazines, th e s p e c i a l i z e d p r e s s , a d v e r t i s i n g
and p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , were n o t examined i n t h i s s tu d y .
5 . The s tu d y d id n o t fo cu s on th e r o l e of th e
s tu d e n t new spaper i n th e J u n io r c o lle g e J o u rn a lism program .
6 . The stu d y d id n o t c o n s id e r th e r o l e of th e
J o u rn a lism i n s t r u c t o r as a d v is e r o f th e s tu d e n t new spaper,
n o r d id i t i n v e s t i g a t e th e te a c h in g load o f th e i n s t r u c t o r .
7. The stu d y c o n sid e re d o n ly th o s e c o u r s e s l i s t e d
u n d e r Jo u rn a lism o r mass communications i n th e 1969-70
b u l l e t i n s o f e ig h ty - s e v e n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
8. The review o f l i t e r a t u r e was l i m i t e d t o th o s e
books, p e r i o d i c a l s , r e p o r t s and u n p u b lis h e d works found i n
th e USC School o f E d u c a tio n and Doheny l i b r a r i e s , th e UCLA
l i b r a r y , th e Fresno S t a t e C ollege D epartm ent of J o u rn a lism
l i b r a r y and th e a u t h o r ’ s p e rs o n a l l i b r a r y .
L i m i t a t i o n s . — Major l i m i t a t i o n s i n th e stu d y w ere:
1. The sm all number of p r e v io u s s t u d i e s d e a li n g
w ith th e t o t a l J u n io r c o lle g e jo u rn a lis m c u rric u lu m in
C a l i f o r n i a ' s tw o -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s .
2. The l a c k o f p re v io u s a c q u a in ta n c e — on th e
p e r s o n a l l e v e l — w ith a number of th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and
t h e i r jo u r n a lis m f a c u l t i e s and program s.
3. The tu r n o v e r of f a c u l t y in th e J u n io r c o l l e g e s
which l i m i t e d th e number of Jo u rn a lism f a c u l t y who were
a b le t o com plete q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .
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4-. The tim in g of th e Cambodian c r i s i s and th e
r e s u l t a n t drop in a tte n d a n c e i n jo u r n a lis m c l a s s e s a t a
number of th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and th e u n u su al p r e s s u r e s
p la ce d upon th e r e s p e c t i v e J o u rn a lism I n s t r u c t o r s who
p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h i s s tu d y .
5 . The weak c o n d itio n of th e job market f o r a l l
g r a d u a te s of jo u r n a lis m program s — j u n i o r and f o u r - y e a r
c o l l e g e — in June of 1970 and th e r e s u l t i n g p e s s i m i s t i c
a t t i t u d e re g a r d in g f u t u r e jo b o p p o r t u n i t i e s on th e p a r t of
c e r t a i n e d i t o r s .
D e f i n i t i o n of Terms Used
C u rric u lu m . — In t h i s study in c lu d e s th e g e n e r a l
e d u c a tio n a n d /o r l i b e r a l a r t s c o u rs e s as w ell as jo u r n a lis m
c o u r s e s .
2 . J o u rn a lis m I n s t r u c t o r . — That p erso n a ss ig n e d to
te a c h Jo u rn a lism and p u b l i c a t i o n s c o u rs e s in th e j u n i o r
c o l l e g e .
3. C a re e r Program . — The tw o -y e a r program d e sig n e d
to p re p a re a s tu d e n t f o r employment on a new spaper immedi
a t e l y fo llo w in g s u c c e s s f u l c o m p le tio n of th e re q u ire m e n ts
as d eterm in ed by th e i n d i v i d u a l c o l l e g e . The term i s used
in te r c h a n g e a b ly w ith o ld e r e x p r e s s i o n s , such a s T erm inal
Program, T e c h n ic a l Program o r O c c u p a tio n a l Program.
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T r a n s f e r Program . — The tw o -y e a r program
d e sig n e d t o p re p a re a s tu d e n t f o r t r a n s f e r t o a f o u r - y e a r
c o lle g e o r u n i v e r s i t y upon s u c c e s s f u l c o m p le tio n o f s t u d i e s
a t th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e .
O rganization o f D is s e r ta tio n
The next chapter co n ta in s a review o f the l i t e r a
ture on Journalism ed u cation In the United S ta te s w ith a
stron g emphasis on Junior c o lle g e Journalism ed u ca tio n .
C h a p te r I I I d e s c r i b e s th e r e s e a r c h p ro c e d u re
u t i l i z e d In th e s tu d y . C h a p te r IV r e p o r t s th e s tu d y of th e
J u n io r c o lle g e J o u rn a lism c u rric u lu m and th e l i b e r a l a r t s
a n d /o r g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n re q u ire m e n ts a s l i s t e d In th e
1969-70 b u l l e t i n s . And C h a p te rs V and VI I n c lu d e th e
f i n d i n g s d e riv e d from th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s s e n t to th e j u n i o r
c o lle g e J o u rn a lism I n s t r u c t o r s and t o weekly and d a l l y
new spaper e d i t o r s . C h a p te r VII c o n ta i n s th e summary,
c o n c lu s io n s , recom m endations and th e su g g e ste d c u rric u lu m ,
based on th e f i n d i n g s o f th e s tu d y .
CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The jo u rn a lis m c u rric u lu m a t th e J u n io r c o lle g e
l e v e l can n o t be s tu d ie d w ith o u t exam ining th e developm ent
of jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n in th e U nited S t a t e s a t a l l l e v e l s
of h ig h e r e d u c a tio n . As a p a r t of th e review of l i t e r a
t u r e , t h i s w i l l p ro v id e a background f o r th e s tu d y .
HISTORY OF COLLEGE JOURNALISM
The new spaper man must be q u a l i f i e d f o r h is
h ig h e r p r o f e s s i o n , f i r s t , by ample In fo rm a tio n ,
much o f which i s a lr e a d y In c lu d e d i n c o l l e g i a t e
c o u rs e s as h i s t o r y , geography, p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e ,
i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , econom ics, and p a r t i c
u l a r l y th e stu d y of th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e ; second,
by a c q u i r i n g much s p e c i a l in f o r m a tio n t h a t i s a t
p r e s e n t not ta u g h t o u ts id e th e new spaper o f f i c e s .
T h is knowledge must be a n a ly z e d , c l a s s i f i e d and
s y s te m a tiz e d , so t h a t i t may be conveyed by o r a l
i n s t r u c t i o n , p r e f e r a b l y by new spaper men them
s e l v e s , as none o th e r s a re l i k e l y t o know th o se
t h i n g s , a t l e a s t in th e b e g in n in g .
There i s much more to l e a r n th a n t h e r e used
t o be, because th e b u s in e s s has become so g r e a t ,
so complex, and so s p e c i a l i z e d in s e p a r a te
d e p a r tm e n ts , in r e c e n t y e a r s . . . . A ll t h i s i s
done w e ll i f th e men who do i t a re p r o p e rly
q u a l i f i e d , and n o t o th e r w is e . The r e p o r t e r w ith
whom o r i g i n a t e s th e f i r s t a cco u n t o f what has
happened must be a t r a i n e d and a c c u r a te o b s e r v e r,
w ith th e c a p a c ity t o w r i t e a c l e a r account of
what he s e e s o r h e a r s , and w ith th e p r a c t i c e d
i n t e l l i g e n c e t h a t alm ost i n s t i n c t i v e l y s e iz e s
th e c r i t i c a l a c t o r word. He i s th e w o rld ’ s
w itn e s s f o r th e h i s t o r y of g r e a t o c c a s io n s . He
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12
i s n o t b o rn . He must be made. In h is b e s t phase
he i s th e r a r e p ro d u c t of e x p e r ie n c e ; b u t every
p a r t of h i s f u n c tio n can be t a u g h t , and i s ta u g h t
today in hard and p a i n f u l and w a s te f u l ways in th e
a c t u a l perform ance of d u ty . Some few y e a r s s p e n t
in s t u d i e s d e riv e d from th e e x p e rie n c e of o th e r s
would be g r e a t l y h e l p f u l to him; and the same i s
t r u e of a l l th e men th ro u g h whose hands h i s news
r e p o r t must p a ss b e f o r e i t f i g u r e s i n th e g r a c e f u l
and e f f e c t i v e ’make-up* in which i t re a c h e s at
l e a s t th e eye o f th e r e a d e r .
I s i t n o t p l a i n t h a t th e J o u r n a l i s t n eed s,
more th a n most men, t o be t r a i n e d in th e b e s t
methods o f a s c e r t a i n i n g th e t r u t h ? To know th e
f a c t s about contem porary l i f e , to d i s c o v e r and t o
re c o rd what i s happening of p u b lic im portance i s
th e f i r s t d u ty of the j o u r n a l i s t ; ig n o ra n c e of
th e f a c t s and i n d i f f e r e n c e t o t r u t h i s the
commonest, as w e ll as th e s u r e s t , s ig n of incom
p e te n c e in the J o u r n a l i s t . S u r e ly th e r e i s need
of s p e c i a l s c h o o lin g on t h i s p o i n t , and th e
p r i n c i p l e l i e s a t the v ery fo u n d a tio n of th e
s u c c e s s f u l and h o n o rab le p r a c t i c e of jo u rn a lis m .
(1 0 : 1 0 3 )
In commenting on th e need f o r a sch o o l o f j o u r n a l
ism , D r. George W. Hosraer, above, a llu d e d to s e v e r a l of th e
h a r s h r e a l i t i e s faced by e d u c a t o r s — and l a t e r newsmen
tu rn e d e d u c a t o r s — when th e y a tte m p te d to in tro d u c e c o u rs e s
and programs in jo u r n a lis m in th e l a t t e r p a r t of th e
n i n e t e e n t h and th e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s .
H i s t o r i c a l l y sp e a k in g , th e f i r s t d is c u s s io n o f th e
i d e a f o r t r a i n i n g e d i t o r s in th e U nited S t a t e s took p la c e
i n March of 1789, when John Ward Fenno of The G azette of
t h e U nited S t a t e s s t a f f c a l l e d th e new spapers of t h a t day
t h e "most b a se , f a l s e , s e r v i l e , and v e n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s t h a t
e v e r p o l l u t e d society** and su g g este d t h a t the e v i l might be
13
removed by th e ap p o in tm en ts of c o lle g e t r a i n e d e d i t o r s
( 1 0: 1).
However, I t was G eneral R obert E. Lee, th e n p r e s i
d e n t of W ashington C o lle g e , who shocked h is c o lle a g u e s and
th e e d i t o r s of h i s day when he asked h i s board o f t r u s t e e s
to p ro v id e f o r i n s t r u c t i o n i n new spaper te c h n i q u e s . Lee
f e l t t h a t jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n would serv e as a r e h a b i l i
t a t i n g f a c t o r throughoiit th e s t r i c k e n South ( 1 0 :5 ) .
P r e s i d e n t Lee proposed to form a p r a c t i c a l and
t h e o r e t i c a l sch o o l of jo u r n a lis m w ith f i f t y f r e e s c h o l a r
s h ip s t o — as he s a i d — " f u r n i s h th e e r a w ith t r a i n e d le a d e r s
o f p u b lic o p in io n ." T y p o g rap h ic a l u n io n s were asked in
A ugust of 1869 t o nom inate c a n d id a te s o v er f i f t e e n y e a r s
o ld f o r s c h o l a r s h i p s t h a t were t o be good f o r a term of two
y e a r s — th e c a n d id a te s coming from th e sm all c o u n try week
l i e s , which were owned and o p e ra te d by p r a c t i c a l p r i n t e r s .
The men u s u a l l y conducted a j o b - p r i n t i n g b u s in e s s as w e ll,
and th e program ’ s aim was t o t r a i n a p r i n t e r t o be an
e d i t o r , r a t h e r th a n t o q u a l i f y th e p r o s p e c tiv e e d i t o r i n
th e a r t of p r i n t i n g ( 1 0 : 1 5 ) .
Much p u b l i c i t y was g iv e n to th e s t a r t in jo u rn a lis m
e d u c a tio n , b u t th e program n e v e r g o t o f f the ground.
P r e s i d e n t Lee d ie d on O ctober 12, I 8 7 0. J o u rn a lism h i s t o
r i a n O’D e ll c r e d i t e d L ee’ s work as th e s t a r t i n g p o in t i n the
a c t u a l developm ent o f American jo u rn a lis m e d u c a tio n . His
14
i d e a s were c a r r i e d to o t h e r p a r t s of th e U nited S t a t e s
( 1 0 :1 7 ) .
A f t e r 1870 magazine and new spaper e d i t o r s d i s
cussed p la n s f o r e d u c a tin g new spaper w o rk ers, and in 1872,
th e f i r s t jo u rn a lis m te x tb o o k , H in ts to Young E d i t o r s , was
p u b lis h e d anonymously. Many e d i t o r s were h ig h ly c r i t i c a l
o f th e i d e a o f jo u rn a lism e d u c a tio n . F r e d e r ic Hudson,
m anaging e d i t o r of The New York T r ib u n e , th o ro u g h ly con
demned th e i d e a . ,fSuch an e s ta b lis h m e n t as The New York
He r a i d . o r T r ib u n e , or Times i s th e t r u e c o lle g e f o r news
p a p e r s t u d e n t s , ” Hudson s a i d . " P r o f e s s o r James Gordon
B en n e tt o r P r o f e s s o r Horace G reeley could tu r n out more
r e a l g en u in e j o u r n a l i s t s in one y e a r th a n th e H arvards,
th e Y a les, and the Dartm ouths c o u ld produce in a g e n e ra
t i o n . " And E. L. Godkin, e d i t o r o f The N a tio n , agreed
w h o le h e a r te d ly (1 0 :2 0 ).
The h a rs h , c o n tin u o u s c r i t i c i s m s by th e major
e d i t o r s of th e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y d id n o t sto p
i n n o v a to r P r e s id e n t Andrew D ickson White of C o rn e ll U n iv er
s i t y , who wanted to o f f e r c l a s s e s i n new spaper t r a i n i n g as
p a r t o f th e c o lle g e c o u rs e . P r e s i d e n t W hite, a p r a g m a tis t,
b e lie v e d in th e n e w sp a p er's v alu e t o s o c i e t y and was
w i l l i n g to lend h is aid to th e jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n move
m ent. He proposed to tak e th e body of th e program from th e
c o u r s e s in L i t e r a t u r e , th e A rts and P h ilo so p h y , g iv in g
s p e c i a l prom inence to s t u d i e s in h i s t o r y and th e v a r io u s
modern la n g u a g e s . He added p r a c t i c a l i n s t r u c t i o n , b u t on
th e u s u a l b a s i s o f l a b o r a t o r y p r a c t i c e , in c o u rs e s of
s c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u c t i o n in th e U n i v e r s i t y P r i n t i n g O f f ic e ,
and he planned to c a l l in p r o f e s s i o n a l newsmen t o p r e s e n t
l e c t u r e s "on J o u rn a lism p r o p e r ." He wanted to add t o th e
b a c c a l a u r e a t e d eg ree in L i t e r a t u r e , A rts o r P h ilo so p h y , a
C e r t i f i c a t e in J o u rn a lism , which would show what th e
s tu d e n t had accom plished i n jo u r n a lis m . The c o u rs e s were
d e s c r ib e d in th e 1875-76 C o r n e ll b u l l e t i n (1 0 :2 4 ) .
A lthough W h ite 's id e a s were copied by o t h e r i n s t i
t u t i o n s , th e only co u rse o f f e r e d a t C o rn e ll was ta u g h t by
s p e c i a l l e c t u r e r s . Economic p r e s s u r e s and W h ite 's i n v o l v e
ment i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s were g iv e n as p ro b a b le
r e a s o n s f o r h i s i n a b i l i t y t o c a r r y o u t th e p r o p o s a l. O 'D ell
d e s c r ib e d W h ite 's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n as
" p r o v id in g a d d i t i o n a l im petus t o th e program a t a tim e when
i t was b e in g a tta c k e d on a l l s i d e s by e d i t o r s and laymen"
( 1 0 : 2 8 ) . E d i t o r s , i n c lu d in g th e i n f l u e n t i a l Henry W atterson
o f th e L o u i s v i l l e C o u r i e r - J o u r n a l , c o n tin u e d to a t t a c k th e
i d e a o f t r a i n i n g new spaper men. W atterso n s a id t h a t t h e r e
was b u t one sch o o l of jo u r n a lis m and t h a t was th e w e ll-
conducted new spaper o f f i c e ( 1 0 : 3 2 ) .
The f i r s t a tte m p t a t a s y s te m a tic p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
th e grow th and developm ent of Am erican jo u rn a lis m fo llo w ed
i n 1878, when E n g lis h P r o f e s s o r David McAnally ta u g h t a
c o u rse i n h i s t o r y of J o u rn a lism a t th e U n iv e r s ity of
16
M is s o u ri, and s i x y e a r s l a t e r he added a c o u rs e in
M a te r ia ls o f J o u r n a lis m . McAnally a id e d th e movement by
c a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n to r e p o r t i n g methods a s p ro c e d u re s of
v a lu e f o r u s e i n h is c o u rse i n p o l i t i c a l economy and by
le n d in g h i s academic c r e d i b i l i t y t o J o u rn a lism ( 1 0 :3 8 ) .
P ro b ab ly th e f i r s t o f th e p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s t s
t o a id the cause of J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n , Eugene M. Gamp,
th e n o f The P e n n s y lv a n ia T im es, a d d re ss e d th e Alumni
A s s o c i a t i o n of th e Wharton S chool o f B u sin e s s ( U n i v e r s i t y
o f P e n n sy lv a n ia ) in March o f 1888 on th e t o p i c :
" J o u r n a l i s t s , Born o r Made." He c r i t i c i z e d h i s f e l l o w
e d i t o r s f o r copying th e a c t i o n s o f o ld - t im e d o c t o r s ,
la w y ers and e n g in e e r s in s a y in g t h a t th e o n ly p l a c e t o
l e a r n a n y th in g about th e making of a n ew spaper i s th e news
p a p e r o f f i c e i t s e l f . He s a id th e o l d e r c l a s s e s o f J o u r
n a l i s t s , w ith u n a n im ity , n o t only a t t a c k e d th e id e a b u t
a tta c k e d c o lle g e men th e m selv e s and ta u n te d them w ith th e
ch arg e of l m p r a c t l c a l l t y . Camp c h a lle n g e d J o u r n a l i s t s t o
respond t o h i s comments. Jo sep h P u l i t z e r r e p l i e d t h a t he
saw no re a so n why a c h a i r o f J o u rn a lism , f i l l e d by a man of
r e a l t a l e n t and c h a r a c t e r , could n o t be made b e n e f i c i a l .
He s a i d he knew t h a t i t was th e h a b i t o f new spaper men to
r i d i c u l e th e id e a , b u t t h a t he th o u g h t w e ll o f i t ( 1 0 : ^ 2 ) .
A change i n th e a t t i t u d e o f e d i t o r s a t th e m e e tin g
was b e s t r e p r e s e n te d by W atterso n , who s t a t e d t h a t a " s c h o o l
o f s p e c i a l i n s t r u c t i o n in new spaper work i s f e a s i b l e and
17
d e s i r a b l e , and, i f p r o p e r l y o rg a n iz ed and conducted would
be a d v a n ta g e o u s." The "new" W atterso n c a l l e d f o r i n s t r u c
t i o n in th e p r e p a r in g of copy f o r p u b l i c a t i o n , em bracing
th e a r t of c o n d e n s a tio n , and f o r m oral t r a i n i n g i n th e
o b l i g a t i o n s o f t r u t h f u l n e s s and decency ( 1 0 :4 4 ) .
Camp summed up th e e d i t o r s ' p r e s e n t a t i o n s , n o t i n g
t h a t th e l e a d i n g J o u r n a l i s t s a d m itte d t h a t th e e d u c a t i o n a l
f o u n d a tio n f o r th e t r a d e could be l a i d in c o l l e g e , i f only
i t c o u ld be c o r r e c t l y u n d e rta k e n and " j u d i c i o u s l y c a r r i e d
o u t ." Camp c a l l e d f o r a jo u r n a lis m c u rric u lu m which would
n o t d i f f e r g r e a t l y from th e I n s t r u c t i o n g iv e n i n th e
r e g u l a r c o lle g e c o u r s e . He asked f o r c l a s s e s in p o l i t i c a l
economy, c o n s t i t u t i o n a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e law, co m p arativ e
p o l i t i c s , t a x a t i o n , money, a n c ie n t h i s t o r y , and th e p o l i t i
c a l , i n d u s t r i a l and s o c i a l h i s t o r y o f th e U nited S t a t e s .
" I n a d d i t i o n t o th e s e th e i n s t r u c t o r in J o u rn a lism should
give a co u rse of l e c t u r e s upon th e f o llo w in g s u b j e c t s :
What news i s . The v a lu e of new s. The c o l l e c t i o n and d i s
p o s i t i o n of new s," he s a id (10:4-5) •
The f i r s t com plete academ ic p r e s e n t a t i o n of j o u r
n a lis m t o a s tu d e n t body in an u n i v e r s i t y o r c o lle g e
s t a r t e d in 1893 a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia — prompted
by Camp's t a l k . D ir e c te d by P r o f e s s o r Jo sep h P. Johnson,
th e u n i v e r s i t y o f f e r e d s t u d e n t s th e f i r s t co m p lete,
com prehensive J o u rn a lism c u r r ic u lu m — which became a model
f o r J o u rn a lis m d e p a rtm e n ts i n t o th e 1 9 3 0 's . Johnson ta u g h t
th r e e o f th e c o u r s e s : (1) Law o f L i b e l , B u sin e ss Manage
ment, T y p o g ra p h ic a l Union, C ost and Revenue, A d v e r tis in g ,
Method o f C r i t i c i s m ; (2) A rt and H is to r y of Newspaper
Making; and (3) Newspaper P r a c t i c e , E x e r c is e s in R e p o rtin g ,
E d i tin g o f C o n v e r s a tio n s , e t c . Johnson was Joined by
s e v e r a l o t h e r p r o f e s s o r s in an i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y approach
t o C u rre n t T o p ic s , L e c tu re s on Live I s s u e s i n th e U nited
S t a t e s and F o re ig n C o u n tr ie s , and p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s t s
were b ro u g h t in f o r a p u b lic l e c t u r e s c o u r s e . Johnson
l a t e r became dean o f th e sch o o l o f commerce a t New York
U n i v e r s i t y , where he helped e s t a b l i s h a d ep artm en t of
Jo u rn a lism in 1912 (1 0 :4 8 ) .
One of th e f i r s t West C oast i n s t i t u t i o n s t o o f f e r
J o u rn a lism was th e U n iv e r s ity of Oregon, which o f f e r e d a
course w i t h i n th e E n g lis h d ep artm en t i n 1902 (10:53)*
The n e x t y e a r , th e most s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t in th e
f i r s t f i f t y y e a r s i n th e h i s t o r y o f American Jo u rn a lism
e d u c a tio n to o k p la c e w ith th e announcement o f th e Joseph
P u l i t z e r endowment t o Columbia U n i v e r s i t y f o r th e e s t a b
lish m e n t of t h e School o f J o u rn a lism on August 16, 1903*
The d o n a tio n in c lu d e d funds to c o n s t r u c t a b u i l d i n g f o r th e
f i r s t t r u l y p r o f e s s i o n a l sch o o l of J o u rn a lism in th e U nited
S t a t e s . The announcement s a id " th e U n i v e r s i t y w i l l e s t a b
l i s h and conduct a School f o r J o u rn a lis m which w i l l hold
toward th e U n i v e r s i t y a r e l a t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f th e
o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o ls , as th e Law S c h o o l, th e School of
19
M edicine, and th e School of Mines; and l i k e them w i l l be
n a t i o n a l in scope" ( 1 0 :6 0 ) . The m ajo r s u b j e c t s o f th e
c u rric u lu m were t o b e : Newspaper A d m in is tr a tio n ; Newspaper
M anufacture; The Law of J o u rn a lism ; E t h i c s of J o u rn a lis m ;
H is to r y of J o u rn a lis m ; and The L i t e r a r y Form of Newspapers.
The U n i v e r s i t y a l s o agreed t o r e i n f o r c e e x i s t i n g departm ents
o f i n s t r u c t i o n f o r th e b e n e f i t o f s tu d e n t s o f Jo u rn a lism
(1 0 :6 1 ) .
Most new spapers and m agazines were p o s i t i v e in
t h e i r r e a c t i o n s to th e new s c h o o l, b u t some c o n tin u e d to
s n ip e a t th e id e a of Jo u rn a lism e d u c a tio n . In answ ering
th e c r i t i c s , P u l i t z e r , w r i t i n g i n th e March 1904 i s s u e of
N orth American Review, s a id t h a t J o u rn a lism was a p r o
f e s s i o n f o r which one should be e d u c a te d . He c lo s e d h i s
a r t i c l e w ith th e c o n te n t io n t h a t " i n no p r o f e s s i o n i s th e
a r t of w r i t i n g more im p o rtan t th a n in Jo u rn alism " and th e n
urg ed th e e s ta b lis h m e n t of a d d i t i o n a l s c h o o ls of J o u rn a lism
so t h a t new spaper w r i t e r s m ight be t r a i n e d a d e q u a te ly in
many d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s ( 1 0 :6 4 ) .
P u l i t z e r was sure he was making i t p o s s i b l e f o r
J o u rn a lis m t o r i s e t o th e l e v e l o f th e o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n s
th ro u g h th e medium of form al e d u c a tio n . His deep re g a rd
f o r p u b lic s e r v ic e le d him t o a d v is e Columbia t o em phasize
e d i t o r i a l l e a d e r s h i p and th e c o l l e c t i o n and th e d is s e m in a
t i o n o f news a s a p u b lic s e r v i c e i n i t s c u rric u lu m and n o t
a d v e r t i s i n g and th e b u s in e s s s id e o f th e new spaper.
20
P r e s i d e n t C h a r le s W. E l i o t of H arvard, who was a p p o in te d by
P u l i t z e r t o serv e on th e a d v is o r y board f o r th e new school
and who c o n tr ib u te d many of th e id e a s in c lu d e d in th e
proposed c u rric u lu m , a t Columbia, had su g g ested t h a t
c o u rs e s be o f f e r e d in th e b u s in e s s and a d v e r t i s i n g f i e l d s ,
and he recommended t h a t th e y be given p r i o r i t y o v er news
e d i t o r i a l c o u rs e s ( 1 0 :6 6 ) .
The f i r s t dean o f the Columbia school was
Dr. T a lc o tt W illiam s, who had served as e d ito r of The
P h ila d e lp h ia Press and as an e d i t o r ia l w r ite r f o r The
S p r in g fie ld R epublican. P u litz e r d ied b efore the new
sch ool opened in 1912. Included on Columbia’ s fa c u lt y were
noted h is t o r ia n , C harles A. Beard; Dr. F red erick P. Keppel,
dean of Columbia C o lle g e ; and Robert McAlarney of The New
York Tribune (10:67)*
At about the same time in th e midwest,
D r. F rank W. S c o tt o rg a n iz ed th e f i r s t f o u r - y e a r c u rric u lu m
f o r jo u r n a lis m and w ith i t th e u n i v e r s i t y d a i l y newspaper
which p ro v id ed p r a c t i c a l e x p e r ie n c e . Dr. S c o tt demanded
t h a t th e jo u r n a lis m s tu d e n t be e f f e c t i v e l y schooled i n the
f i e l d of e t h i c s as a m ajo r f a c t o r i n new spaper p r o d u c tio n .
J o u rn a lism , he s a i d , was " a p r o f e s s i o n , a p u b lic s e r v ic e ,
and a b u s in e s s " (1 0 :6 8 ) .
A n o th er fo rm er e d i t o r , Dr. W illa rd G. B le y e r
s t a r t e d th e jo u rn a lis m program a t th e U n iv e r s ity of
W isconsin in 1905 u s in g th e b a s i c s o f P u l i t z e r ’ s c u rric u lu m
21
d e s i g n . B le y e r, who had been e d i t o r of th e U n iv e r s ity of
W isconsin P r e s s B u l l e t i n and who had serv ed on the s t a f f s
of The Milwaukee S e n t i n e l and The Madison Dall.v T r ib u n e ,
s u p p o rte d th e need f o r s tr o n g l o c a l , s t a t e and n a t i o n a l
s o c i e t i e s in jo u r n a lis m who would work t o f o s t e r e d u c a tio n
in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r th e p r o f e s s i o n of J o u rn a lis m . B le y e r
c r i t i c i z e d p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s t s f o r t h e i r i n d l f f e r e n c e ,
n o t t o say t h e i r h o s t i l i t y , to w ard s p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a tio n .
He commended th e u n i v e r s i t y t e a c h e r s f o r t h e i r p e r s i s t e n c e
in c a r r y i n g on t h e i r work o f d e v e lo p in g and im proving J o u r
n a lis m e d u c a tio n . B le y e r r e c e iv e d s t r o n g s u p p o rt from h i s
p r e s i d e n t , D r. C h a r le s Van H ise, who was d e s i r o u s t h a t th e
p r e s s i n W isconsin be improved by th e employment of more
th o r o u g h ly t r a i n e d new spaper p e r s o n n e l .
B le y e r s t r e s s e d th e im p o rtan ce of a s tr o n g s o c i a l
s c ie n c e background f o r J o u r n a l i s t s . T r a in i n g i n J o u rn a lism
was n o t p ro v id e d f o r s tu d e n t s u n t i l th e y had com pleted p r e
l i m i n a r y p r e p a r a t i o n i n th e s o c i a l s c ie n c e s and l i t e r a t u r e .
He was c r i t i c a l of th e " lo o s e e l e c t i v e " system and s a id he
fa v o re d a " w e ll o rg a n iz ed f o u r - y e a r c o u rs e o f stu d y i n
p r e p a r a t i o n f o r Jo u rn a lism i n which r e q u i r e d and e l e c t i v e
c o u r s e s i n h i s t o r y , econom ics, government and p o l i t i c s ,
s o c io l o g y , p sy ch o lo g y , s c ie n c e and l i t e r a t u r e a re b e in g
p u rsu ed a t th e same tim e t h a t s t u d e n t s a r e t a k i n g c o u rs e s in
j o u r n a l i s m ." He s a id th e program would g iv e purpose and
d i r e c t i o n t o th e s t u d e n t 's work and show him what th e s e
22
o t h e r s t u d i e s meant in r e l a t i o n t o th e l i f e and work of th e
world ( 1 0 : 70- 7 1).
Recognized a s one of th e l e a d e r s in J o u rn a lism
e d u c a tio n to d a y , th e U n i v e r s i t y o f M isso u ri S chool of
J o u rn a lis m , u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n of D r. W alter W illiam s, was
th e f i r s t t o u t i l i z e E l i o t » s p l a n . The d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e
o f th e new sch o o l was th e employment o f th e l a b o r a t o r y
method— g iv in g a c t u a l t r a i n i n g i n new spaper-m aking.
G eneral a ssig n m e n ts were g iv e n , e d i t o r i a l s were w r i t t e n ,
t e l e g r a p h i c copy was e d i t e d , exchanges were r e a d , and every
d ep artm en t was conducted as i n th e o f f i c e of a l a r g e d a i l y
new spaper. The c o u rse o f s tu d y , which would In c lu d e th e
t r a d i t i o n a l c o u rs e s such a s E n g lis h c o m p o sitio n , h i s t o r y ,
s o c io lo g y , psy ch o lo g y , p h ilo s o p h y , l o g i c , governm ent,
f i n a n c e , e t c . , would c o v e r f o u r y e a r s and would l e a d t o a
b a c h e lo r o f s c ie n c e d e g re e i n J o u rn a lis m . D i f f e r i n g from
Columbia, M issouri o f f e r e d c o u rs e s i n a d v e r t i s i n g and th e
b u s in e s s s id e o f th e new spaper— as su g g este d by E l i o t
(1 0 :9 1 ).
D uring th e e a r l y h i s t o r y of J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n ,
sind on i n t o th e t w e n t i e t h c e n tu r y , one could w itn e s s th e
c o n tin u in g s t r i f e betw een th e c o l l e g e s and th e w orking p r o
f e s s i o n a l s over th e v a lu e o f e d u c a tio n f o r jo u r n a lis m .
However, J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n f l o u r i s h e d . As o f 193^
th e r e were ^55 c o l l e g i a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r i n g jo u r n a lis m
23
i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e U nited S t a t e s , and th e r e were 812
t e a c h e r s of Jo u rn a lism ( 1 0 :9 5 ) .
In 1935 a g ra d u a te s tu d e n t a t USC conducted a
survey of "The S t a t u s of J o u r n a lis m in H igher E d u c a tio n ."
She found t h a t n o n - J o u m a l i s t i c s u b j e c t s occupied a p la c e
o f im p o rtan ce in t r a i n i n g new spaper men and women. The
d a t a c o n t r a d i c t e d one of th e "new" argum ents of p r o f e s
s i o n a l newsmen a g a i n s t J o u rn a lis m e d u c a tio n : t h a t th e
c u l t u r a l o r l i b e r a l a r t s c o u r s e s were s u f f e r i n g becau se of
th e em phasis on J o u rn a lism s u b j e c t s .
T h is s o - c a l l e d l a b e l i n g of jo u r n a lis m program s as
" t e c h n i c a l " o r " v o c a tio n a l" h as c o n tin u e d u n t i l th e p r e s e n t
tim e ; b u t now th e f i g h t i n g c o n tin u e s w i t h i n th e t e a c h in g
p r o f e s s i o n as w e ll. Among th e n o n - j o u r n a l i s t i c c o u rs e s
r e q u ir e d in th e e a r l y 1930*s were s o c io lo g y , c o m p arativ e
l i t e r a t u r e , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , h i s t o r y , econom ics, compo
s i t i o n , p h ilo s o p h y , s c ie n c e , p sy ch o lo g y , f o r e ig n lan g u ag e
and m ath em atics
The s tu d y of th e b u l l e t i n s of s i x t y - e i g h t randomly
s e l e c t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t jo u r n a lis m
c o u rs e s o f f e r e d most f r e q u e n t l y i n 193^ were news w r i t i n g
and r e p o r t i n g , copy e d i t i n g and make-up, h i s t o r y o f J o u r
n a lis m , p r e s s law, e d i t o r i a l w r i t i n g and i n t r o d u c t i o n t o
jo u r n a lis m (5 ^* 2 9) .
I n h i s 1931 t e x t on E d u c a tio n f o r Newspaper L i f e .
A lle n S i n c l a i r W ill w ro te:
24
What le a d i n g and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e new spaper men
w ish and have wished I s t h a t s ch o o ls of J o u rn a lism
s h a l l give t h e i r s t u d e n t s f i r s t of a l l a sound
l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n of th e b e s t c o l l e g i a t e g ra d e ,
a l l t h a t th e a v erag e man o r woman can a s s i m i l a t e
. . . . In terw o v en w ith t h i s g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n o r
based upon i t , th e y d e s i r e . . . t h a t any i n s t i t u
t i o n which u n d e r ta k e s to te a c h J o u rn a lism s h a l l
give i t s s t u d e n t s a c t u a l , v ig o ro u s p r a c t i c e in th e
ru d im en ts of t h a t h ig h ly c o m p lic ate d o c c u p a tio n ,
u n d e r com petent guidance s u f f i c i e n t t o e n a b le them
t o p erfo rm s a t i s f a c t o r i l y th e t a s k s t o which th e y
w i l l be a s s ig n e d d u rin g th e e a r l y s ta g e s of t h e i r
s e r v ic e on th e s t a f f s o f new spapers. (13:11)
Also in 1931, C h a r le s E. R ogers' book, J o u r n a l i s t i c
V o c a tio n s , echoed W i l l 's c a l l f o r sound g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n
background s a y in g t h a t i t im p lie d " f a m i l i a r i t y w ith th e
a r t s and s c ie n c e s which c o n s t i t u t e th e f o u n d a tio n o f con
tem porary c i v i l i z a t i o n . " However, Rogers s a id an ad v an tag e
t o be gain ed by a c q u i r i n g t r a i n i n g in a f i r s t - c l a s s sch o o l
o r d ep artm en t of J o u rn a lis m was th e p r o f e s s i o n a l p o i n t of
view t h e r e ; th e s tu d e n t was assumed t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n
Jo u rn a lism as a means o f s e r v in g a wide u s e f u l n e s s t o
s o c i e t y w h ile g a in in g competency i n th e c r a f t o f w r i t i n g
(1 1: 321).
While th e c o n tr o v e r s y raged on p a p e r r e g a r d in g th e
" t e c h n i c a l " v e r s u s l i b e r a l a r t s c o u rses i n th e c u rric u lu m
i n th e 1930*s and 1940' s (and now), s t u d i e s s i m i l a r t o th e
survey quoted above in d i c a t e d t h a t J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n was
indeed s t r e s s i n g th e l i b e r a l a r t s background f o r i t s s t u
d e n t s . R obert W. Jo n es i n 194? o f f e r e d a summary of
c u r r i c u l a r t r e n d s i n J o u rn a lism . He s a id c o u rs e s in
25
J o u rn a lism had tended from th e f i r s t t o p la c e much em phasis
upon th e n e c e s s i t y f o r th e j o u r n a l i s t t o a c q u ir e background
in th e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , in c lu d in g h i s t o r y , s o c io lo g y ,
p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , and econom ics. Jo n es said th e most
common jo u r n a lis m c o u rs e s were n e w s w ritin g , c o p y re ad in g ,
r e p o r t i n g , e d i t o r i a l w r i t i n g , h i s t o r y of jo u r n a lis m ,
f e a t u r e - a r t i c l e w r i t i n g , law of jo u r n a lis m and b u s in e s s
management (8 :5 9 1 -5 2 0 ).
W ritin g f o r UNESCO, R obert W. Desmond found t h a t i t
was common p r a c t i c e in a c o n s id e r a b le number o f c o u n t r i e s
to p e r m it s tu d e n t s in a f o u r - y e a r u n i v e r s i t y t o d ev o te th e
f i r s t and most or a l l of the second y e a r t o g e n e r a l educa
t i o n s u b j e c t s . In h is book, P r o f e s s i o n a l T r a in in g of
J o u r n a l i s t s . he s t a t e d t h a t from 75 to 80 p e r cen t of a
jo u r n a lis m s t u d e n t 's tim e in th e U nited S t a t e s was devoted
to g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n . He s a i d ;
T h is le a v e s 20 t o 25 p e r cen t of h is tim e f o r
p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u rn a lism s tu d y — and many o f the
c o u rs e s in t h i s c a te g o ry a re in no sense voca
t i o n a l , b e in g concerned w ith h i s t o r i c a l and s o c i o
l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f mass com m unications. T his
c irc u m sta n c e should be n o te d , b ecau se i t sometimes
i s m is r e p r e s e n te d o r m isunderstood by th o s e who
b e l i e v e o r s u g g e s t th a t a J o u rn a lis m s t u d e n t i s
concerned alm ost e x c l u s i v e l y w ith r a t h e r voca
t i o n a l - t y p e c o u r s e s . T h is i s n o t th e c a s e , or
sh o u ld n o t b e . (4 :2 3 ) ( i t a l i c s mine)
A form er d i r e c t o r of th e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa
School of J o u rn a lism and now one o f th e e x p e r t s in mass
com m unication, Dr. W ilbur Schramm, w rote in The J o u r n a l of
26
G eneral E d u c a tio n t h a t th e p e r io d of p r o b a tio n was o v e r f o r
th e s c h o o ls o f jo u r n a lis m . He sa id t h a t many new spaper men
who had n e v e r been t o s c h o o ls o f jo u r n a lis m and some edu
c a t o r s who had n e v e r been t o a new spaper e x p re sse d doubt
t h a t a sch o o l could p re p a re a young man f o r a new spaper
Job, and t h i s doubt was e x p re ss e d i n s c o r n f u l and b i t i n g
language M which I s s t i l l quoted In some q u a r t e r s as th e
g e n e r a l o p in io n of th e w orking p r e s s . " Schramm s a id th e
sch o o ls had proved t h e i r case w ith t h e i r lo n g re c o rd of
w orking s u c c e s s ; t h e i r g r a d u a te s th e n h eld key p o s i t i o n s
in p r a c t i c a l l y e v ery f i e l d of mass c o m m u n icatio n s. He
noted t h a t n in e out of every t e n n ew spapers p r e f e r r e d to
h i r e jo u r n a lis m g r a d u a te s " i f th e y can g e t them" ( 3 7 *9 1)•
By 19^0, even w ith th e a d v e r t of th e d e p r e s s io n ,
th e number o f c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s o f f e r i n g jo u rn a lis m
had in c r e a s e d t o 5^2 w ith 103 of th e program s l e a d i n g to
d e g re e s ( 2 9 :1 5 8 ) .
Dr. Dwight B e n te l, now chairm an e m e r itu s of th e San
Jose S t a t e C o lle g e D epartm ent o f J o u rn a lis m , ag reed w ith
Schramm in h i s 1950 s tu d y , " O c c u p a tio n a l T r a in i n g f o r
J o u rn a lis m in th e C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o lle g e s ," i n which he
w ro te: "Form er a n t a g o n i s t i c a t t i t u d e s of e d i t o r s toward
c o lle g e t r a i n i n g i n J o u rn a lism i s d is a p p e a r in g , and t h e r e
no l o n g e r i s v a l i d i t y t o a n o t i o n t h a t t h i s t r a i n i n g does
n o t have w id esp read su p p o rt in th e new spaper i n d u s t r y
i t s e l f " ( ^ 6 : 1 - 2 ) .
27
More th a n f i v e y e a r s l a t e r , George C. B ig g e rs ,
p r e s i d e n t o f the American Newspaper P u b li s h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ,
su p p o rte d th o s e who b e lie v e d in th e v a lu e of c o lle g e edu
c a t i o n f o r th e new spaper man. W ritin g i n P r a c t i c a l
E n g l i s h . B ig g ers s a i d , "A c o lle g e e d u c a tio n i s a lm o st p r e
r e q u i s i t e t o a new spaper c a r e e r th e s e d a y s . Most o f th e
young p eo p le now e n t e r i n g th e work a re g r a d u a te s of s c h o o ls
o f jo u r n a lis m ." B ig g e rs d id n o t e , however, t h a t some news
p a p e r e x e c u tiv e s a t t h a t tim e — 1955— c o n sid e re d a l i b e r a l
a r t s e d u c a tio n " j u s t as good" ( l 8 s2 9 ) .
R e a c tin g t o one of th e a g e -o ld j o u r n a l i s t i c b a t t l e
grounds of th e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 's , E a r l J . McGrath, e x e c u tiv e
o f f i c e r o f th e I n s t i t u t e of H ig h e r E d u c a tio n a t Columbia,
n o te d t h a t a r d e n t s u p p o r te r s o f th e l i b e r a l a r t s c u r r i c u
lum had e x p lo ite d th e c r i t i c i s m s o f la y c i t i z e n s r e g a r d in g
th e i n t r o d u c t i o n of " i n t e l l e c t u a l l y l e s s demanding, t e c h n i
c a l s u b je c t m a t t e r . " McGrath s a id th e l i b e r a l a r t s
s u p p o r te r s had Jumped on th e a n t i - t e c h n i c a l bandwagon by
d e c r y in g th e i n c r e a s i n g prom inence of p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o ls
and c u r r i c u l a in American h i g h e r e d u c a tio n , among them
s c h o o ls o f jo u r n a lis m . He s t a t e d t h a t , i n v a ry in g p r o
p o r t i o n s , a l l u n d e rg ra d u a te e d u c a tio n th e n in c lu d e d b o th
g e n e r a l , l i b e r a l and s p e c i a l i z e d e d u c a tio n (3 1 : 1 0 2) .
McGrath s t a t e d t h a t jo u r n a lis m was d i s t i n c t i v e
among u n d e rg ra d u a te s c h o o ls i n th e g o a ls i t d id s e t f o r i t s
s t u d e n t s — t h a t jo u r n a lis m s c h o o ls a s a group p ro v id e d a
28
p r e p a r a t i o n t h a t was e n v ia b le among u n d e rg ra d u a te c u r r i c u l a
w ith a v o c a t i o n a l p u rp o s e . He s a id :
The p a t t e r n o f ap p ro x im a te ly 25 p e r c e n t p r o
f e s s i o n a l and 75 p e r c e n t l i b e r a l a r t s s t u d i e s
favored by th e American C ou n cil on E d u c a tio n f o r
J o u rn a lis m includes* a l a r g e r u n i t of n o n p r o f e s
s i o n a l s u b j e c t m a t t e r th a n any o t h e r u n d e r
g ra d u a te p r o f e s s i o n a l c u rric u lu m . The E n g in e e rin g
C ouncil f o r P r o f e s s i o n a l Development, th e American
A s s o c ia tio n o f C o l l e g i a t e S ch o o ls o f B u s in e s s , and
the N a tio n a l League f o r N u rsin g , f o r exam ple,
recommend only 20, 40 and 50 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y
of n o n p r o f e s s i o n a l s u b j e c t s . (31:105)
He in d i c a t e d t h a t t e a c h e r s o f jo u r n a lis m stan d out
i n t h e i r commitment t o th e i d e a l of b road e d u c a tio n — w ith a
s t r e s s on th e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s — a commitment d a t i n g back to
th e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y (3 1 :1 0 5 ).
In a I960 s tu d y o f th e l i b e r a l a r t s c o n te n t of th e
Jo u rn a lism c u r r i c u l a , P aul D r e s s e l examined tw elv e r e p r e
s e n t a t i v e s ch o o ls and found a number i n which th e r e q u ire d
c o u rs e s in jo u r n a lis m exceeded th e recommended 25 p e r c e n t.
He d is c o v e re d f i v e s c h o o ls i n which s t u d e n t s who made
s k i l l f u l u se o f e l e c t i v e s could c o n c e n tr a te from 35 to 51
p e r cen t o f t h e i r f o u r - y e a r c a r e e r s i n p r o f e s s i o n a l sub
j e c t s . D r e s s e l d id n o t e , however, t h a t many c o u rs e s l i s t e d
u n d e r sch o o ls o f jo u r n a lis m must be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as educa
t i o n n o t t r a i n i n g . Examples were I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Con
tem porary A f f a i r s , The P r e s s and S o c ie ty and The H is to r y of
J o u rn a lis m ( 5 ) .
An e a r l i e r stu d y of c u rric u lu m a t c o l l e g e s a c c re d
i t e d in a g r i c u l t u r a l jo u rn a lis m found t h a t 26.5 p e r c e n t of
th e s t u d e n t 's tim e was devoted t o jo u rn a lis m i f he was
m a jo rin g in jo u r n a lis m . In an u n p u b lish e d m a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s
a t S ta n fo r d U n i v e r s i t y , R obert E. Kennedy s a id 14.5 p e r
c e n t of th e n o n - j o u r n a l i s t i c c o u rs e s were in s o c i a l s c ie n c e
7 p e r c e n t in E n g lis h ; 6.25 p e r c e n t in p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e ; 5
p e r c e n t in l i f e s c ie n c e ; 11 p e r c e n t in g e n e r a l e l e c t i v e s ,
and 27 p e r c e n t in a g r i c u l t u r e . Given th e c h o ic e , e d i t o r s
o f new spapers and a g r i c u l t u r a l m agazines and news d i r e c t o r s
o f ra d io s t a t i o n s s a id 25 p e r c e n t of th e c o u rs e s should be
i n jo u r n a lis m ; 25 p e r c e n t i n E n g lis h ; 15 p e r cen t in
s o c i a l s c ie n c e ; 7 p e r c e n t each in l i f e s c ie n c e , p h y s ic a l
s c ie n c e and a g r i c u l t u r e (55*63-64, 1 2 6 ).
Commenting on th e 75-25 p e r c e n t d i v i s i o n ,
J . Douglas Perry, then chairman of the Temple U n iv e r sity
Department of Communications, sa id ;
Many sch o o ls have accepted the p r in c ip le th at
25 per cent o f the stu d en ts work in c o lle g e should
be in jou rn alism . Even i f the c u ltu r a l and pro
f e s s i o n a l imponderables th a t I have pointed to
could be id e n t if ie d and seg reg a ted — and I don’ t
th in k th ey can be— I would have no way o f knowing
whether the 75-25 r a t io rep r e se n ts the r ig h t
d i v i s i o n . These numbers were not ordained by
e it h e r sacred or s c i e n t i f i c a u th o r ity . They are
only handy fig u r e s somebody p u lled from a grabbag.
Maybe th ey are too high, maybe th ey are too low,
maybe they are Just r ig h t . ( 3 3 *9 2 )
P e r r y had q u e stio n e d w h eth er c o u rs e s la b e l e d as
g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a u t o m a t i c a l l y made them g e n e r a l educa
t i o n . He s a id th e I n s t r u c t o r ’ s approach t o h i s c o u rs e , th e
r i c h n e s s of h i s background, and h i s a b i l i t y t o te a c h a re
30
im p o rta n t f a c t o r s in d e te r m in in g w hether o r n o t a co u rse
was a l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n o f f e r i n g . P e rr y s a id t h a t ” a
co u rse i n plum bing could be a c u l t u r a l e x p e rie n c e i n th e
hands of a g r e a t t e a c h e r . . . . ” (33*87) *
Three y e a r s l a t e r , C. Thomas D uffy, a form er e d i t o r
of th e E a s t S t . L ouis J o u r n a l and th e n p r o f e s s o r of J o u r
n a lis m a t th e U n i v e r s i t y of M is s o u ri, w r i t i n g in th e May
1963 i s s u e of Q u i l l , r e a c te d t o the q u e s ti o n : "To ta k e o r
n o t t o ta k e th e ’ i n t e l l e c t u a l ’ road t o J o u rn a lis m ? ” Duffy
c a l l e d upon a l l j o u r n a l i s t s , p r o f e s s o r s and newsmen t o sto p
t h e i r r i d i c u l o u s d e b a ti n g — b u t t o c o n tin u e r a t i o n a l d e b a te .
He s a id :
In s h o r t , I am an an g ry , old-young man who has
l o s t h i s p a t i e n c e w ith th e p r o p h e ts o f doom who,
p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , r a r e l y have been exposed t o a
jo u r n a lis m s c h o o l, or a c a d e m ic a lly , a re so f r i g h t
ened by p r o f e s s i o n a l c r i t i c i s m th e y r u s h — p a n ic
s t r i c k e n — t o s u g g est t h a t we t e a r down o v e rn ig h t
th e s t r u c t u r e which has g iv en t h i s n a t i o n th e o u t
s ta n d in g p r e s s i n world h i s t o r y . ( 2 3 : 1^)
The e x - e d i t o r re q u e s te d th e p r o f e s s i o n t o drop th e
w orn-out c o n c e s s io n t h a t t h e r e a r e two f i e l d s o f J o u r n a l
ism: th e p r o f e s s i o n a l and academ ic. R a th e r he asked t h a t
th e d e b a te be g iv e n some l o g i c a l d i r e c t i o n , some u n i t y o f
th o u g h t. D uffy s a i d , t h a t based on h i s e x p e rie n c e a t
M iss o u ri, th e young man who c l u t c h e s h i s diplom a to him on
g r a d u a tio n day ” f e e l s r a t h e r l i k e som ething squeezed
th ro u g h a w r in g e r . He has behind him 120 c r e d i t h ours
earned i n a to u g h , f o u r - y e a r c u r r ic u lu m . Only a f o u r t h of
th o s e h ours a re in th e s o - c a l l e d ’ s k i l l s * of J o u rn a lis m ."
He concluded t h a t many o f th e " s k i l l s " c o u rs e s r e p r e s e n t
b e t t e r a r t s and s c ie n c e th a n much t h a t i s la b e l e d as such
( 2 3: 16).
In 1966, d e s c r i b i n g th e p r o f e s s i o n a l - l i b e r a l a r t s
co u rse o f f e r i n g s , John T ebbel of th e S a tu rd a y Review
r e p o r te d on a new p r o p o s a l t h a t the " lo n g - s a c r e d " d i v i s i o n
of 75 per cen t l i b e r a l a r t s and 25 p e r c e n t jo u r n a lis m in
u n d e rg ra d u a te jo u r n a lis m m ajors was u nder p r e s s u r e from
l i b e r a l a r t s a ca d e m ician s t o be pared down to 15 p e r c e n t
jo u r n a lis m . Tebbel s t u d ie d th e c a t a l o g s of e ig h ty - o n e
i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h ig h e r l e a r n i n g , in c l u d i n g n e a r l y a l l of
th e m ajor u n i v e r s i t i e s , a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of th e s m a l le r
c o l l e g e s , and a c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f th o s e i n betw een. He
found t h a t jo u r n a lis m re q u ire m e n ts ranged from about 20 p e r
c e n t t o about 30 p e r c e n t w ith most sch o o ls f a l l i n g some
where n e a r 25 p e r c e n t . He th u s n o te d t h a t th e 25 p e r c e n t
f i g u r e was s t i l l i n t a c t ( ^ 2 :4 8 ) .
Tebbel a l s o r e f l e c t e d on w h eth er com m unications
r e s e a r c h i s making any in r o a d s i n t o the p r o f e s s i o n a l o r i e n
t a t i o n o f th e u n d e rg ra d u a te s c h o o ls . He s a id t h a t " i t has
a heavy fo o t in th e d oor" w ith a co u rse i n mass communica
t i o n s and s o c i e t y b e in g o f f e r e d by s ix ty - tw o i n s t i t u t i o n s
and w ith c o u rs es in com m unications r e s e a r c h b e in g o f f e r e d
to u n d e r g r a d u a te s . T e b b e l 's r e f e r e n c e was t o a new b a t t l e
ground between th e com m unicologist and th e p r o f e s s i o n a l
32
j o u r n a l i s t in e d u c a tio n . He found exam ples of b a c h e l o r 's
programs a t S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity , B oston U n i v e r s i t y and
M ichigan S t a t e U n iv e r s ity " h e a v ily i n f i l t r a t e d " by th e
com m unicologists ( 4 2 :4 8 ) . M ichigan S t a t e o f f e r e d an u n d e r
g ra d u a te m ajor in com m unications r e s e a r c h . He s a i d ,
"O b v io u sly , th e makers of th e s e c u r r i c u l a do n o t b e l i e v e
t h a t i t i s as im p o rta n t f o r s t u d e n t s to l e a r n how t o convey
what i s goin g on in th e w orld, as i t i s to i n t e r p r e t
s o c i o l o g i c a l l y and p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y what i s b e in g conveyed"
(4 2 :4 9 ) .
Tebbel re p o r te d t h e r e was c o n s ta n t p r e s s u r e in many
u n i v e r s i t y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t o move J o u rn a lism o n to the
g ra d u a te sch o o l and t h a t t h e r e was f i e r c e d e b a te among edu
c a t o r s as t o th e r a t i o n a l beh in d such a move. The two p r o
p o s a ls have s t i r r e d th e n e s t s o f th e p r o f e s s i o n a l newsmen
who a re s u s p ic io u s of b o th t r e n d s . T ebbel found t h a t
t h i r t y - f o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r m a ste r of a r t s o r m a ste r of
s c ie n c e d e g re e s i n J o u rn a lism or mass com m unications, only
f o u r t e e n in p r o f e s s i o n a l work. The G raduate School of
J o u rn a lis m a t Columbia (th e f i r s t founded i n 1935) rem ains
th e bulw ark of p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m among th e g ra d u a te s c h o o ls ,
a c c o rd in g t o T e b b e l. I t s b u l l e t i n a s s e r t s t h a t n e i t h e r th e
" t r a d e school" n o r th e communicology approach d o m in ates th e
s c h o o l 's a c t i v i t i e s , b u t in p r a c t i c e i t i s in te n d e d to
produce a c t i v e j o u r n a l i s t s — n o t r e s e a r c h e r s . Of th e
f o u r te e n d o c t o r a l programs in mass com m unications a n a ly z e d ,
tw elve were in mass com m unications r e s e a r c h . Tebbel s a id
33
no one could q u a r r e l w ith t h i s a t th e d o c t o r a l l e v e l , b u t
he found t h a t th e U n i v e r s i t y of S o u th e rn I l l i n o i s has a
p r o f e s s i o n a l l y o r ie n te d d o c t o r a l program , and M isso u ri has
a combined p ro f e s s io n a l- c o m m u n ic a tio n program le a d i n g to
th e Ph.D. (4 2 :5 0 ).
In 1968, th e p r e s i d e n t of A s s o c ia tio n f o r E d u c a tio n
in J o u rn a lism (AEJ), Dr. Robert L. Jo n es of th e U n iv e r s ity
o f M innesota, s a id :
The e t e r n a l problem of how t o b a la n c e g e n e r a l
v s. s p e c i a l i z e d p r e p a r a t i o n f o r o u r s tu d e n t s w i l l
c o n tin u e t o be v e x in g . H a rn essin g th e c ra fts m e n ,
th e p h ilo s o p h e r and th e e m p ir ic a l r e s e a r c h e r i n t o
one t r o i k a w i l l be no e a s i e r th a n i t i s to d a y .
(27:735)
P r e s i d e n t Jo n es s a id jo u r n a lis m d e p artm en ts o r
sch o o ls w i l l have t o review and no doubt expand t h e i r r o l e
i n p ro v id in g i n s t r u c t i o n t o g e n e r a l o r l i b e r a l a r t s s t u
d e n t s . "We need to help d ev elo p sound p la n s f o r and
b e t t e r l i a i s o n w ith th e f e e d e r u n i t s t o c o lle g e s and u n i
v e r s i t i e s — th e J u n i o r c o lle g e s . . . ," he s t a t e d (2 7 : 7 3 5).
Adding t o new demands on jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n ,
W illiam C. S ex to n , e d i t o r o f P u b l i s h e r s - H a l l S y n d ic a te , in
an a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d , "E d u catio n f o r J o u rn a lis m . . . th e
second c e n t u r y , " s a id t h a t the p r o f e s s i o n needs c o n tin u in g
e d u c a tio n as i t n ev er d id b e f o r e — p r e f e r a b l y th ro u g h
e x te n s io n c o u r s e s . And t o f u r t h e r c o m p lic a te th e t a s k of
p r o v id i n g ad eq u ate g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n , l i b e r a l a r t s and p ro
f e s s i o n a l e d u c a tio n in f o u r y e a r s , S ex to n c a l l e d upon th e
34-
c o l l e g e s to o f f e r a new re q u ire m e n t la b e le d " s p e c i a l i z a
t i o n " — a f o u r t h e d u c a tio n which e q u ip s th e new spaper man
t o d e a l as an eq u al w ith p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n a s i n g l e f i e l d
such as p u b lic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , m ed icin e, space te c h n o lo g y ,
u rb a n p la n n in g , e d u c a tio n o r h e a l t h (38:14— 1 6 ).
And a l s o i n 1969* th e U n iv e r s ity of Iowa S ch o o l of
J o u rn a lis m in tro d u c e d i t s "Showcase School" i n which i t
hoped t o ed u cate t h e most e f f e c t i v e and r e s p o n s i b l e com
m u n ic a to rs p o s s i b l e . An i n t e g r a l p a r t of the program would
be a " s im u la te d media community" which would in c lu d e mass
media s im u la tio n s and s u p p o r tin g c o u rse s spanning th e f i r s t
t h r e e y e a r s o f u n d e rg ra d u a te e d u c a tio n and c o n s t i t u t i n g the
core o f jo u rn a lis m e d u c a tio n . A new f e a t u r e would be a
" f r e e l a n c e " approach t o l e a r n i n g th e b a s i c w r i t i n g and com
m u n ic a tio n s s k i l l s — th e t r a d i t i o n a l h e a r t of u n d e rg ra d u a te
jo u r n a lis m . D r. Malcolm MacLean, th e d i r e c t o r o f th e
s c h o o l, sa id one o f i t s o b j e c t i v e s would be t o in tr o d u c e
te c h n iq u e s o f r e s e a r c h a t an e a r l y p o in t of t h e s t u d e n t ’ s
c a r e e r . He would a l s o r e q u i r e t h a t s tu d e n ts have a double
m ajo r, jo u rn a lis m and p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , f o r exam ple, to
b e t t e r p re p a re them f o r th e jo b of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n th e
p r o f e s s i o n a l world ( 2 8 : 9 ) .
As th e 1 9 6 0 's ended t h e new id e a s were in tr o d u c e d ,
but a t th e same tim e some o f th e "o ld " problem s have been
c a r r i e d over i n t o the 1 9 7 0 's . E a r l i e r t h i s y e a r , an Ohio
S t a t e U n iv e r s ity survey showed t h a t jo u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n
35
was b e in g o f f e r e d a t 1,1^7 i n s t i t u t i o n s in th e f a l l of
1969 i in c l u d i n g programs a t ^18 J u n io r c o l l e g e s . The f i r s t
hundred y e a r s o f J o u rn a lism e d u c a tio n had p a r t i a l l y o v e r
come th e i n f i g h t i n g in th e p r o f e s s i o n (^5)»
J u n i o r C o lleg e J o u rn a lis m
P r e s i d e n t W illiam Snyder o f th e th e n Los Angeles
J u n i o r C o lle g e made one of th e f i r s t r e f e r e n c e s to J u n io r
c o lle g e J o u rn a lism in an a r t i c l e in th e second is s u e of
The J u n io r C o lle g e J o u r n a l . November, 1930. He d e s c rib e d
th e s i x t e e n p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u rs e s which would f e a t u r e
I n s t r u c t i o n in th e academic and m ech an ical p h ases o f th e
v a r io u s f i e l d s . Snyder, a l e a d e r f o r e x p a n s io n of occu
p a t i o n a l program s in th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , w rote t h a t th e
jo u r n a lis m c u rric u lu m would p re p a re s t u d e n t s f o r p o s i t i o n s
on th e s t a f f s of a l l ty p e s o f l o c a l and suburban news
s h e e t s , tr a d e J o u r n a ls , weekly and sem i-w eekly new spapers,
shopping g u id e s , e t c .
Snyder quoted a 1918 a r t i c l e by Dean A le x is Lange
i n which th e n oted e d u c a to r s a id th e main f u n c tio n of th e
j u n i o r c o lle g e was to a s s i s t t h e non-academ ic h ig h school
g r a d u a te s who u n t i l t h a t tim e had n o t been p ro v id ed f o r .
Snyder s a id th e p ro p e r developm ent o f c o u r s e s , which would
o b v io u s ly d i f f e r from th e l o w e r - d i v i s i o n fo u n d a tio n c o u rs e s
of th e u n i v e r s i t y , would be one of th e g r e a t e s t problem s
f a c i n g th e j u n i o r c o lle g e I n s t r u c t o r ( ^ 0 : 8 0 ) .
Two y e a r s l a t e r , an I n s t r u c t o r In jo u r n a lis m a t
Yuba County J u n i o r C o lle g e , Laurence Cam pbell, s a id t h a t
J o u rn a lism c o u rs e s i n J u n i o r c o l l e g e s were u n s ta n d a r d iz e d
and t h a t u n a n im ity c o n c e rn in g th e d e s i r a b i l i t y of J u n io r
c o lle g e J o u rn a lis m was n o t t o be e x p ected i n th e n e a r
f u t u r e . He n o ted t h a t s p e c i a l i z e d c o u rs e s were o f f e r e d in
r e p o r t i n g , e d i t i n g , e d i t o r i a l w r i t i n g , p u b l i c i t y p roblem s,
a d v e r t i s i n g and th e community new spaper. Campbell s t r e s s e d
t h a t th e jo u r n a lis m program should become "an i n t e g r a l p a r t
o f th e c u l t u r a l , t e r m i n a l , guidance and p r e p a r a t o r y c u r r i c
u l a t h a t a r e th e o u tg ro w th of t h i s new i n s t i t u t i o n ’ s b a s ic
f u n c t i o n s ” ( 2 0 :7 2 7 ) . (Some f o r t y y e a r s l a t e r th e s e fu n c
t i o n s a r e s t i l l b e in g d is c u s s e d in th e l i t e r a t u r e . )
In 1933 Campbell reported on a n a tio n a l survey of
se v e n ty -fo u r ju n io r c o l l e g e s , th ir ty -n in e p u b lic and th irty -
f iv e p r iv a te i n s t i t u t i o n s . Of s ix t y - e ig h t c o lle g e s r e s
ponding, fo r ty had no Journalism programs. S ev era l
c o lle g e s sa id th ere was no demand fo r th e program, f iv e
reported th ere were no q u a lifie d in s tr u c to r s and s ix
d eclared journalism to be too v o c a tio n a l in n a tu r e. He
found th a t Journalism co u rses were more p rev a len t in
C a lifo r n ia , and he noted th a t on the w hole, "educators,
heads of sc h o o ls and departments o f journalism and some
newspaper men did not oppose journalism te a c h in g in the
ju n io r c o lle g e p ro v id in g th a t the course was n ot voca
t io n a l." I n s t it u t io n s o f fe r in g more than f iv e co u rses
were C a lifo r n ia p ublic ju n io r c o lle g e s w ith en ro llm en ts
exceed in g 500 stu d en ts. Ten of the departments of Journal
ism responding to a q u estio n n a ire approved of ju n io r
c o ll e g e s o f fe r in g Journalism , and f iv e of the fo u r -y e a r
sc h o o ls which disapproved o ffe r e d Journalism in t h e ir lower-
d i v i s i o n programs, according to Campbell. He recommended
th a t the average Junior c o lle g e o f fe r in g a course in Jour
n alism "should probably make the aim o f the course
c u ltu r a l w ith the v o c a tio n a l a sp e c ts included as in c id e n ta l
f e a tu r e s o f the course" (2 1 :3 7 7 -3 8 0 ).
A lso in 1933* E th el McCandless, exam ining th e aims
o f the t h ir t y - th r e e C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e s g iv in g
in s t r u c t io n in Journalism , concluded th a t only one con
sid ered i t s course v o c a tio n a l, but in a c t u a lit y many of the
aims l i s t e d in her m a ster's t h e s is were v o c a tio n a l. She
found l i t t l e d iffe r e n c e between the aims of Journalism in
the ju n io r c o lle g e and the u n iv e r s it y . Among th e p r in c ip a l
o b j e c tiv e s o f Junior c o lle g e journalism were: (1) To
e s t a b lis h f o r the student as n e a r ly as p o s s ib le the a c tu a l
working co n d itio n s of newspaper p r a c tic e ; (2) To teach the
stu d en t to g ath er, w r ite , and p u b lish the news, em phasizing
h on esty and accuracy in the assem bling of the f a c t s ; (3) To
d evelop in the stu d en ts the power o f o b serv a tio n ; (4) To
g iv e the student an understanding of the newspaper as an
i n s t i t u t i o n and an organ of democracy; (5) To teach the
stu d en t to read newspapers w ith i n t e llig e n c e and
38
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n ; (6) To d e v elo p an i n t e r e s t i n m a tte r s
r e l a t i n g t o th e w e lfa re of t h e i n d i v i d u a l and th e
community ( 5 7 :1 9 - 2 0 ) .
Four y e a r s l a t e r , i n an u n p u b lish e d m a s t e r 's t h e s i s
a t USC, H arry B. Frishm an a l s o concluded t h a t th e v oca
t i o n a l a s p e c t was one o f th e m inor aims o f J u n i o r c o lle g e
Jo u rn a lism i n s t r u c t i o n . He found t h a t l e s s th a n 17 p e r
c e n t of th e i n s t r u c t o r s c o n sid e re d p r e - p r o f e s s i o n a l Jo u r
n a lis m a s an aim of t h e i r c l a s s e s . He a n t i c i p a t e d , however,
t h a t consumer Jo u rn a lism would become a m ajo r f u n c t i o n o f
Jo u rn a lism in th e J u n io r c o l l e g e . Frishm an c i t e d
C h ilto n R. Bush, th e n d i r e c t o r o f th e I n s t i t u t e f o r J o u r
n a l i s t i c S t u d i e s a t S ta n f o r d , as an a u t h o r i t y on th e aims
o f J u n io r c o l l e g e J o u rn a lis m . Bush had s a id t h a t an u n d e r
s ta n d i n g of th e new spaper as a s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n , and
m o tiv a tio n f o r E n g lis h co m p o sitio n should be th e aim s.
"The c o u rs e should n e v e r a tte m p t t o be p r o f e s s i o n a l , i . e . ,
t o t r a i n men and women f o r new spaper w ork," Bush s a i d .
'•Only a f o u r - y e a r e d u c a tio n i n s o c i a l s c ie n c e and J o u r n a l
i s t i c and l i t e r a r y s t u d i e s can a ch ie v e t h i s end (50:^3»
9 3 -9 7 ).
An i n s t r u c t o r in J o u rn a lism a t Pasadena J u n i o r
C o lle g e , w r i t i n g i n The J u n i o r C o lleg e J o u r n a l in 1938,
concluded t h a t th e c u l t u r a l and v o c a t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s of
J u n io r c o l l e g e J o u rn a lis m c o u ld b o th be f u l f i l l e d a t th e
same tim e . He o b je c t e d , however, t o c o l l e g e s making
37
were C a lifo r n ia p u b lic Junior c o l l e g e s w ith en rollm ents
exceeding 500 s tu d e n ts. Ten of the departm ents o f Journal
ism responding to a q u estio n n a ire approved o f Junior
c o lle g e s o f f e r in g Journalism , and f i v e of th e fo u r-y ea r
sch o o ls which disapproved o ffered Journalism in t h e i r low er-
d lv ls lo n programs, according to Campbell. He recommended
that the average Junior c o lle g e o f f e r in g a course in Jour
nalism "should probably make th e aim o f the course
c u ltu r a l with the v o c a tio n a l a s p e c ts in clu d ed as in c id e n ta l
fe a tu r e s o f th e course" (2 1 :3 7 7 -3 8 0 ).
A lso in 1933* E th el McCandless, exam ining th e aims
o f the t h ir t y - t h r e e C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e s g iv in g
in s tr u c tio n in Journalism , concluded th a t on ly one con
sid ered I t s cou rse v o c a tio n a l, but in a c t u a lit y many of the
alms l i s t e d in her m a ster's t h e s is were v o c a t io n a l. She
found l i t t l e d iff e r e n c e between the aims o f Journalism in
the Junior c o lle g e and the u n iv e r s it y . Among the p r in c ip a l
o b je c tiv e s o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism were: (1) To
e s t a b lis h f o r the stu d en t as n e a r ly a s p o s s ib le th e a ctu a l
working co n d itio n s o f newspaper p r a c tic e ; (2) To te a ch the
student to g a th er, w r ite , and p u b lish the news, em phasizing
honesty and accuracy in the assem b lin g of th e f a c t s ; (3) To
develop in the stu d en ts the power of o b serv a tio n ; (4 ) To
giv e the stu d en t an understanding of th e newspaper as an
i n s t i t u t i o n and an organ of democracy; (5) To teach the
student to read newspapers with i n t e l l i g e n c e and
38
d isc r im in a tio n ; (6 ) To d evelop an in t e r e s t in m atters
r e l a t in g to the w elfa re o f th e in d iv id u a l and the
community (5 7 :1 9 -2 0 ).
Pour years l a t e r , in an unpublished m a ster's t h e s i s
at USC, Harry B. Frishman a ls o concluded th a t the voca
t io n a l a sp ect was one o f th e minor aims o f Junior c o lle g e
Journalism in s t r u c t io n . He found th a t l e s s than 17 per
cen t o f the in s tr u c to r s con sid ered p r e -p r o fe s s io n a l Jour
n a lism as an aim o f t h e ir c l a s s e s . He a n tic ip a te d , however,
th a t consumer Journalism would become a major fu n c tio n o f
Journalism in the Junior c o l l e g e . Frishman c ite d
C h ilto n H. Bush, th en d ir e c t o r o f the I n s t it u t e fo r Jour
n a l i s t i c S tu d ie s a t S tan ford , as an a u th o r ity on th e aims
o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism . Bush had sa id th at an under
sta n d in g o f th e newspaper as a s o c ia l i n s t i t u t i o n , and
m o tiv a tio n f o r E n g lish com position should be the aim s.
"The course should never attem pt t o be p r o f e s s io n a l, i . e . ,
t o t r a in men and women f o r newspaper work," Bush s a id .
"Only a fo u r-y ea r ed u cation in s o c ia l sc ie n c e and Journal
i s t i c and l i t e r a r y s tu d ie s can ach ieve t h is end (5 0 :4 3 ,
9 3 -9 7 ).
An in s t r u c t o r in Journalism at Pasadena Junior
C o lle g e , w r itin g in The Junior C o lleg e Journal in 1938,
concluded th a t the c u ltu r a l and v o c a tio n a l fu n c tio n s o f
Junior c o lle g e Journalism could both be f u l f i l l e d a t the
same tim e. He o b je c te d , however, to c o lle g e s making
39
p ro m ises t o s t u d e n t s o f u n r e a l i s t i c v o c a t i o n a l o p p o r tu n i
t i e s upon co m p letio n of a tw o -y e a r program . He n o te d t h a t
s t u d e n t s should be t o l d t h a t v o c a t i o n a l i n s t r u c t i o n i s n o t
th e p rim ary f u n c t i o n o f th e J o u rn a lis m c o u r s e s , and t h a t
th e y should r e c o g n iz e th e " v a lu e in s o c i a l background . . .
t h e most v a lu a b l e p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g t h a t a J o u r n a l i s t
c a n r e c e iv e " ( 2 6 :1 2 2 -1 2 6 ).
R u s s e ll A. McCormac, d i r e c t o r of J o u r n a l i s t i c
a c t i v i t i e s a t W right J u n i o r C o lle g e i n C hicago, agreed w ith
th e Pasadena p r o f e s s o r . He s a i d t h a t i t i s an a cc e p ted
f a c t t h a t the J o u rn a lis m c o u rs e should n o t be o f a te r m i n a l
n a t u r e , b u t t h a t i t would be f a l l a c i o u s t o i n s i s t t h a t
J o u rn a lism in th e J u n i o r c o l l e g e should be w holly c u l t u r a l
w ith a l l v o c a t i o n a l em phasis c a r e f u l l y e x c lu d e d — r e c o g n iz in g
t h a t as many as s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r cen t of th e s t u d e n t s con
cluded t h e i r form al e d u c a tio n a t th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e .
B e sid e s th e c u l t u r a l and v o c a t i o n a l f u n c t i o n , McCormac
l i s t e d as p u rp o s e s , t o p r o v id e a c o lle g e p a p e r and t o p r o
v id e le a d e r s h i p i n c o lle g e custom s, b o th new and e s t a b
l i s h e d . "The f i n a l f u n c t i o n o f Jo u rn a lism in th e j u n i o r
c o l l e g e , " he s a i d , " i s t o p ro v id e a p u b lic r e l a t i o n s
medium" (3 0 :2 6 0 -2 6 2 ).
A nother J u n io r c o l l e g e J o u rn a lism i n s t r u c t o r ,
C h a r le s M. R odecker, w rote i n 195^ t h a t i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e
J u n io r c o lle g e should s t a y a t t h e e lem en ta ry l e v e l , g iv in g
th e p r e - J o u r n a lis m m ajor an i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o v a r io u s
40
phases of the f i e l d , and p ro v id in g him with a background
fo r more advanced in s t r u c t io n in the u n iv e r s it y or c o l l e g e .
Rodecker said a l l Journalism c la s s e s should carry f u l l
u n iv e r s it y tr a n s fe r c r e d it , w ith emphasis upon the p re
p r o fe s s io n a l, not a term in a l study approach (3 5 * 2 9 8 -3 0 2 ).
A greeing w ith an e a r l i e r study by B e n te l o f San
Jose S ta te , but w ish in g to base h is fin d in g s on th e a t t i
tudes of ju n io r c o lle g e p r o fe s s o r s — and not th e s e n io r
c o lle g e educators* v iew s— Gordon Greb sent q u e stio n n a ir e s
to a l l Junior c o l l e g e s in C a lifo r n ia in 195^ a sk in g them to
l i s t the goal o f the Journalism program at t h e ir s c h o o ls .
The Junior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s agreed w ith t h e ir se n io r
c o lle g e a s s o c ia t e s in th a t n e ith e r group favored an emphasis
on v o c a tio n a l tr a in in g at the freshman-sophomore l e v e l .
The m a jo rity o f the Junior c o lle g e In s tr u c to r s
favored a program p rep arin g stu d en ts to t r a n s f e r t o the
fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s . Other purposes named in order of
p r io r it y were: to acquaint the non-major w ith the mass
media, la b eled a s consumer ed u ca tio n by some; to p u b lish
the newspaper; t o m otivate stu d en ts in le a r n in g E n g lish ;
and l a s t l y , to prepare stu d e n ts f o r o c c u p a tio n s. Those who
favored occu p a tio n a l tr a in in g sa id th ey f e l t r e sp o n sib le to
th o se stu d e n ts, who, a f t e r two yea rs o f c o lle g e , found i t
im p o ssib le to con tin u e t h e ir e d u ca tio n . Pasadena C ity
C o lleg e in s tr u c to r , W illiam P. B u t t le r , blamed newspaper
e d ito r s and p u b lish e r s fo r encouraging h is tw o-year stu d en ts
41
to take Jobs im m ediately a f t e r com pleting t h e ir Junior
c o lle g e work. C. P. Plummer o f Ventura C o lle g e , who sa id
he prepared h is stu d en ts to tr a n s fe r , said **In com p etition
w ith the graduates o f fo u r-y ea r sc h o o ls , tw o-year sch o o ls
fin d placement d i f f i c u l t . 1 * Some in s tr u c to r s sa id i t was
im p o ssib le fo r the student to o b ta in a broad l i b e r a l back
ground in two y e a r s, and o th er s sta te d th a t they could not
match the s t a f f and f a c i l i t i e s at the u n iv e r s ity or c o lle g e
l e v e l (2 5 :3 5 4 -3 5 5 ).
S t a t i s t i c a l l y , Greb found C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e
in s tr u c to r s were two to one a g a in st tea ch in g o ccu p a tio n a l
Journalism ; 49 per cen t o f the stu d en ts ex p e c tin g to gradu
ate th a t June planned to continue Journalism a t a h igh er
in s t i t u t i o n ; 39 per cent expected to e n te r some o th er pro
f e s s io n — e it h e r d i r e c t l y or a f t e r more c o lle g e work; and 12
per cent hoped t o fin d Jobs in Journalism im m ediately.
Greb c a lle d fo r ed u cation of e d it o r s , p o in tin g out the
dangers of h ir in g f le d g lin g s b efo re they were ready
(2 5 :3 5 6 ).
C a llin g on th e Junior c o lle g e s and s e n io r c o lle g e s
t o In te g r a te t h e ir te a c h in g , B e n te l, in th e November 27,
1954, iss u e o f E d ito r and P u b lish e r , sa id th a t whether the
sc h o o ls and departments of Journalism approved or n o t, the
Junior c o lle g e s were and would be g iv in g Introd u ctory
Journalism in s t r u c t io n . He noted th a t the overcrowding at
the se n io r i n s t i t u t i o n s n e c e s s it a te d th a t work done in th e
42
f i r s t two y e a r s— in the ju n io r c o l l e g e —not be rep ea ted .
B en tel said l i t t l e had been done to r e c o n c ile the work at
the two l e v e l s or to c o r r e la te th e in s tr u c tio n . "Most
Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s are ach in g and eager to model
t h e ir cou rses to the g r e a te s t advantage o f tr a n s fe r s t u
d en ts of the se n io r c o lle g e s ," he s a id . " It behooves th e
sc h o o ls and departments o f journalism to s ta r t g iv in g them
some help (1 6 :2 8 ).
B en tel* s cry was heeded se v e r a l years l a t e r , when a
sta tew id e committee o f fo u r-y ea r and tw o-year c o lle g e
in s tr u c to r s met in an attem pt to iro n out tr a n sfe r prob
lem s. The m eeting, d escrib ed by Jean Stephens o f Sacra
mento C ity C o lle g e , concluded w ith an agreement th a t an
in tro d u cto ry course in mass communications and a two-
sem ester course in n ew sw riting and rep o rtin g would be
a ccep ta b le to many o f the fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s . Miss
Stephens noted th at th e s i x t y - s i x ju n io r c o lle g e s provided
78 per cen t of the lo w e r -d iv is io n in s tr u c tio n in
C a lifo r n ia , and th at both l e v e l s saw the need fo r
a r t ic u la t io n (4 1 :1 4 7 ).
The fo llo w in g year, a s im ila r a r t ic u la t io n commit
te e agreed th a t not more than tw elv e u n its should be tr a n s
fe r a b le fo r Journalism c r e d it from any ju n io r c o lle g e to any
s t a t e c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y ; th a t each i n s t i t u t i o n should
make a v a ila b le to Junior c o lle g e s a l i s t of i t s low er-
d iv is io n co u rses; th a t Junior c o lle g e Journalism cou rses
^3
which p a r a lle l lo w e r -d iv is io n courses o f the s t a t e c o lle g e s
or u n iv e r s it ie s in C a lifo r n ia s h a ll be accepted w ith no
l o s s of c r e d it by the c o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s , and th at
courses which might be tra n sfe r r e d included news w r itin g ,
In tro d u ctio n to Journalism , photography, and typography
(52:6- 7).
S ev era l yea rs e a r l i e r , in the most thorough study
to th at d ate of Junior c o lle g e Journalism curriculum ,
vetera n educator Dr. E sth er D avis had c a lle d fo r fu r th e r
study of the a r t ic u la t io n problem. Her unpublished d i s
s e r ta t io n , completed in 1956 at USC, focused on a t t it u d e s
and opinions o f the Southern C a lifo r n ia Junior c o l le g e s ,
fo u r-year c o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s in the area s serv ed ,
the Junior c o lle g e stu d e n ts, in s t r u c t o r s , and ad m in istra
to r s and newspaper e d i t o r s . Mrs. D avis' g o a ls were to help
determine the e d u ca tio n a l fu n c tio n s o f Journalism in the
Southern C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e s and to d evelop educa
t io n a lly sound recommendations fo r the Journalism c u r r ic u la
in those c o lle g e s (^ 7 :1 ).
Among Mrs. D a v is' fin d in g s were: 1 . Ranked in the
order of t h e ir im portance, the fu n ctio n s of Junior c o lle g e
Journalism were: (a) g en era l education (b) t r a n s f e r (Pre
p r o fe s s io n a l) and (c) te r m in a l. A sm all percentage f e l t
Journalism con trib u ted to the e sta b lish e d Junior c o lle g e
fu n ctio n s o f guidance and ad u lt ed u cation , and to s e r v ic e
t o the c o lle g e .
44
2 . G rad u ates of J u n io r c o lle g e te r m i n a l program s
would be a b le t o f in d Jobs on e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s of S o u th e rn
C a l i f o r n i a n ew sp ap ers, a c c o rd in g to t h e i r e d i t o r s ; tw o -y e a r
c o l l e g e s had s u p p lie d 14.27 of th e 24.26 p e rs o n s f u r n is h e d
each y e a r by c o l l e g i a t e I n s t i t u t i o n s t o f i l l th e 160.73
Jobs a v a i l a b l e a n n u a lly from 195 2 t o 1954.
3 . S tu d e n ts who p lan n ed t o work in th e e d i t o r i a l
d ep artm en t o f a new spaper were a d v ise d t o com plete f o u r
y e a r s of e d u c a tio n .
4 . Junior c o lle g e Journalism should be Improved to
meet o ccu p a tio n a l requirem ents by o f fe r in g cou rses in news
paper law and in the fundam entals o f w r itin g — e s p e c ia lly
E n glish grammar, pun ctu ation , usage and s p e llin g , and by
r e q u irin g th a t Journalism majors work on the c o lle g e
newspaper.
5 . Only one of th e fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s
surveyed planned s p e c i f i c a l l y to f a c i l i t a t e a r t ic u la t io n
fo r Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts (4 7 :1 8 2 -1 8 8 ).
In th e a re a of c u rric u lu m , Mrs. D avis concluded
t h a t seven of th e tw e n ty - f o u r J u n io r c o l l e g e s had t e r m i n a l -
v o c a t i o n a l program s. A ll o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u ir e d t e r
m in a l m ajo rs t o ta k e n e w sw ritin g , c o p y re a d in g and make-up,
w h ile a m a j o r i t y re q u ir e d c l a s s e s in f e a t u r e w r i t i n g ,
p h o to g rap h y , p ro o f r e a d in g , p u b lic r e l a t i o n s , and in g e n e r a l
e d u c a tio n , E n g lis h c o m p o sitio n . A ll c o l l e g e s r e q u ir e d
t e r m i n a l s t u d e n t s t o ta k e h i s t o r y , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e and
* * 5
p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n , and a m a jo r ity req u ired c o u r se s in
s o c io lo g y , l i t e r a t u r e and p sy ch o lo g y ( 4 7 :1 4 1 ) .
T ra n sfer stu d e n ts were req u ired t o ta k e n e w sw r ltin g
and h is t o r y c o u r se s by a l l tw e n ty -fo u r c o l l e g e s . J o u rn a l
ism co u r se s p r e sc r ib e d by more than o n e -h a lf o f th e i n s t i
t u t io n s were cop yread ln g and h e a d lin e w r it in g , fe a tu r e
w r it in g , and page m ake-up. G eneral e d u c a tio n a n d /o r lib e r a l
a r t s cou rse req u irem en ts In clu d ed eco n o m ics, E n g lis h compo
s i t i o n , fo r e ig n la n g u a g e, l i t e r a t u r e , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e ,
p sy c h o lo g y , s c ie n c e , sp eech and s o c io lo g y . F ou rteen
c o l l e g e s req u ired th a t a l l jo u rn a lism m ajors work on th e
c o lle g e newspaper o r do e q u iv a le n t work on a n o th er
new spaper (4 7 :1 4 5 )>
In te rm s o f c o u rs e o f f e r i n g s , Los A n g e le s C i t y
C o lle g e l i s t e d tw e lv e d i f f e r e n t c o u r s e s i n J o u r n a lis m ; E a s t
Los A n g e le s , n i n e ; Los A n g e le s V a lle y , e i g h t ; and P a s a d e n a ,
s i x . O th e rs o f f e r e d from one t o f i v e c o u r s e s d u r i n g th e
f a l l te rm o f 195^ ( 4 7 :1 4 9 ).
More than o n e -h a lf o f th e new spaper e d it o r s recom
mended th a t n e w sw rltin g , ty p in g , co p yread ln g and h e a d lin e
w r it in g , E n g lish grammar and E n g lish c o m p o sitio n be req u ired
o f a l l Journalism m a jo rs. A ll but ty p in g were p r e sc r ib e d
by th e m a jo rity o f th e J u n io r c o lle g e s s tu d ie d ( 4 7 :1 8 9 ).
Mrs. D avis urged a stu d y o f th e rea so n s u n d e r ly in g
th e la r g e dropout betw een th e f i r s t and second se m e ste r s o f
c o l l e g e , o f th e o p p o r tu n itie s f o r women g r a d u a te s, and o f
4-6
th e o p p o r tu n itie s fo r employment In o th e r J o u r n a lis t ic
f i e l d s . She urged th a t cu rricu lu m d ir e c t o r s and Jou rn alism
I n s tr u c to r s in each Ju n ior c o lle g e p la n c a r e f u lly seq u en ces
o f co u r se s f o r te r m in a l and t r a n s f e r m ajors and th a t s tu
d e n ts p la n n in g t o work on new spapers be urged t o m ajor in
Jou rn alism (4 -7 :1 9 7 -1 9 8 ).
In 1 9 6 3 , th e second m ajor stu d y o f Jou rn alism cu r
riculum in th e J u n io r c o lle g e s was com pleted by
D r. John G othberg a t S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s it y . A more lim ite d
stu d y , G othberg*s examined th e c u r r ic u la a t tw e lv e Ju n ior
c o lle g e s in N orthern C a lif o r n ia . He s o l i c i t e d o p in io n s
from f a c u lt y a t fo u r c o lle g e s a n d /o r u n i v e r s i t i e s , Ju n ior
c o lle g e f a c u lt y , J u n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts , t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts
a t th e fo u r s e n io r i n s t i t u t i o n s , and e d it o r s o f new spapers
and in d u s t r ia l p u b lic a tio n s in th e Bay A rea. He compared
Ju n ior c o lle g e te r m in a l and t r a n s f e r programs in th e
c o lle g e s w ith th e n eed s and req u irem en ts as Judged by s tu
d e n ts , em ployers and c o lle g e Jou rn alism in s t r u c t o r s ( 5 2 :1 6 ) .
He p r e sen ted an in te n s iv e stu d y o f th e c u r r ic u la a t
Contra C o sta , D ia b lo V a lle y , F o o t h i l l , H a r tn e ll, C o lle g e o f
Marin, M onterey P e n in su la , P e r a lta , San F r a n c is c o , San J o s e ,
C o lle g e o f San M ateo, S an ta Hose and V a lle j o ( 5 2 : 1 9 ) .
Among G othberg*s f in d in g s w ere: 1 . O n e-h a lf o f th e
fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e and u n iv e r s it y Jou rn alism p r o fe s s o r s and
a m a jo r ity o f th e J u n io r c o lle g e t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts f e l t th a t
th e prim ary purpose o f Journalism e d u ca tio n in th e Ju n ior
^7
c o lle g e should be t o extend g e n e r a l and l i b e r a l a r t s
e d u c a tio n .
2 . A m a jo r ity o f th e ju n io r c o lle g e I n s tr u c to r s
f e l t th a t d e v e lo p in g an a p p r e c ia tio n o f th e v a lu e o f th e
mass m edia— a g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n o b j e c t iv e — was th e p r in c i
p a l f u n c tio n .
3 . A lthough in s t r u c t o r s , e d it o r s and t r a n s f e r s tu
d e n ts fa v o red g e n e r a l ed u c a tio n a s th e m ajor fu n c tio n , th e
Ju n io r c o lle g e stu d e n ts co n sid e r e d th e developm ent o f
j o u r n a li s t i c s k i l l s a s th e prim ary g o a l. Alm ost o n e -h a lf
o f th e t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts in d ic a te d th a t th e prim ary reason
f o r t h e ir e n r o llin g in ju n io r c o lle g e jo u rn a lism was to
d e v e lo p s k i l l s .
4 . About o n e -h a lf o f th e ju n io r c o lle g e stu d e n ts
ob served th a t th e jo u rn a lism program was a c h ie v in g i t s
g r e a t e s t s u c c e ss in d e v e lo p in g j o u r n a li s t i c s k i l l s .
5 . E ig h ty -fo u r p er c e n t o f th e in d u s t r ia l and
new spaper e d it o r s saw no p a r t ic u la r need f o r a te r m in a l
program in ju n io r c o l l e g e s .
6 . None o f th e tw elv e c o l l e g e s o ffe r e d ter m in a l
program s.
7 . A ll J u n io r c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s encouraged t h e ir
s tu d e n ts to co n tin u e t o stu d y Jou rn alism a t a fo u r -y e a r
s c h o o l.
8 . A lthough em ployers and in s t r u c t o r s d id n ot
recommend tw o -y ea r te rm in a l program s, a sm a ll number o f
48
e d it o r s f e l t th a t tw o -y ea r c o lle g e gra d u a tes co u ld o b ta in
work on new spaper s t a f f s and th a t some r e p o r tin g a s s ig n
ments cou ld be f i l l e d by J o u r n a lis ts w ith some t e c h n ic a l
t r a in in g . C ontra C osta C o lle g e had p la ced f i f t e e n stu d e n ts
a n n u a lly in J o u r n a lis t ic f i e l d s .
9 . J u n io r c o lle g e stu d e n ts should be c a u tio n e d n ot
t o a ccep t j o u r n a li s t i c Jobs im m ed iately a f t e r J u n io r
c o l l e g e .
10 . Jou rn alism c o u r se s in Ju n ior c o l l e g e should be
g e n e r a l in n a tu r e , and s p e c ia liz e d co u r ses such as e d it in g ,
fe a tu r e w r itin g and m echanics o f p u b lis h in g sh ou ld be
d e fe r r e d to th e upper d i v i s i o n or grad u ate l e v e l .
1 1 . One o f th e p r in c ip a l rea so n s f o r em phasis on
te c h n iq u e s in th e ju n io r c o lle g e was th a t th e Jou rn alism
departm ent was r e s p o n s ib le f o r producing c o l l e g e
p u b lic a t io n s .
12 . D u p lic a tin g Mrs. D a v is' fin d in g s e d it o r s
s ta te d th a t J u n io r c o lle g e Journalism stu d e n ts needed more
work in E n g lish grammar and w r itte n e x p r e s s io n . E d ito r s
id e n t if ie d s o c ia l s c ie n c e s a s an a rea m e r itin g g r e a te r
em phasis in th e cu rricu lu m .
1 3 . I f J u n io r c o lle g e s had te r m in a l program s, new s-
w r itin g would be a must in th e cu rricu lu m .
1 4 . There was c o n sid e r a b le d isagreem en t betw een
e d it o r s and in s t r u c t o r s reg a rd in g th e need f o r a mass com
m u n ication s o r in tr o d u c tio n t o Journalism c o u r s e .
49
1 5 . There was an ob viou s need f o r b e t t e r a r t ic u
la t i o n betw een th e Ju n ior c o lle g e s and th e fo u r -y e a r
I n s t i t u t i o n s .
1 6 . The r e p o r te r o f th e fu tu r e sh ou ld be exposed
t o ev er y known d i s c i p l i n e . There shou ld be In crea sed
o f f e r in g s in s o c i a l s c ie n c e , l i t e r a t u r e and E n g lish compo
s i t i o n (5 2 :1 4 1 -1 5 1 ).
A lso in 1 9 6 3 , D r. W alter W ilcox, th e n chairm an of
th e UCLA Departm ent o f Jou rn alism , w rote:
The n o tio n o f p r o fe s s io n a lis m , th e m ystiq ue o f
h ig h e r e d u c a tio n , the o p p o sitio n e f f o r t s o f a l l
en tren ch ed s e n io r Journalism u n i t s , a l l n o tw ith
sta n d in g , th e n a tu re o f Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism
in s t r u c t io n w i l l be determ ined by s tr e n g th s and
w eak n esses o f th e fo llo w in g p r o p o s itio n : 'F or
some stu d e n ts and f o r some p u b lic a tio n s a te rm in a l
J u n io r c o lle g e Journalism program i s v a lid ; f o r
o th e r stu d e n ts and f o r o th er p u b lic a tio n s i t i s
in a d eq u a te.* (4 3 :6 9 )
W ilcox had noted th a t th e b a s ic problem was n ot
w hether Jou rn alism should be o ffe r e d in th e Ju n ior c o lle g e ,
but what kind o f Jou rn alism — te rm in a l o r p r e p a r a to r y , or
both ( 4 3 : 6 8 ) .
In 1966, DeW itt C. R eddick, th en p r e s id e n t o f AEJ,
w r o te :
J u n io r c o lle g e Journalism w i l l p la y an in c r e a s
in g ly im p ortan t r o le in th e e d u c a tio n a l program .
More c a r e f u l th o u g h t, and some ex p e rim en tin g , w i l l
be n e c e s sa r y t o determ in e how to li n k to g e th e r th e
Jou rn alism e d u c a tio n encountered by p r o s p e c tiv e
p r o f e s s io n a ls in h ig h s c h o o l, Ju n ior c o l l e g e ,
s e n io r c o lle g e and a yea r o f grad u ate s tu d y .
(3 4 :1 0 5 )
50
B enz’ s n a t i o n a l s tu d y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e jo u r n a lis m
i n 1966 showed t h a t 244 o f th e 438 c o l l e g e s r e s p o n d in g
o f f e r e d a t l e a s t one c o u rs e i n J o u r n a lis m . He found a p r o
l i f e r a t i o n o f c o u rs e t i t l e s f o r i n t r o d u c t i o n t o mass com
m u n ic a tio n s c o u r s e s , b e g in n in g n e w s w r ltin g c l a s s e s , and
c o p y r e a d ln g and e d i t i n g c o u r s e s . Benz r e p o r t e d th e c o u r s e s
l i s t e d m ost f r e q u e n t l y w e re: J o u r n a lis m I - I I ; N ewspaper
S t a f f ; B e g in n in g N e w s w rltin g ; B e g in n in g R e p o r tin g ; M agazine
a n d / o r Y earbook s t a f f , and C o p y re a d in g and E d i t i n g ( 1 7 :1 1 9 ) .
He a ls o found th a t an em phasis on p r a c t ic a l or
t e c h n ic a l jo u rn a lism in J u n io r c o lle g e s was in d ic a te d in
th e number o f c o lle g e s o f f e r in g t e c h n ic a lly - o r ie n t e d
c o u r s e s . And he s ta te d th a t one o f th e problem s f a c in g th e
fo u r -y e a r Journalism sc h o o l was th e m a tter o f a c c e p tin g
Jou rn alism c r e d it s f o r t r a n s f e r from a Ju n ior c o l l e g e . The
s t i c k i e s t p o in t in th e problem hinged on th e q u e stio n o f
c r e d it earned f o r work on sc h o o l p u b lic a t io n s . Of 719
c o u r se s l i s t e d by c o l l e g e s , 468 were rep o rted a s se r v in g as
la b o r a to r ie s f o r sc h o o l p u b lic a t io n s . S u p p o rtin g o th e r
c o lle g e p r o f e s s o r s , he urged fo u r -y e a r p r o f e s s io n a l s c h o o ls
or d ep artm en ts to d ev elo p "a w e ll-o r g a n iz e d program t o pro
v id e h e lp in t h i s area" (1 7 :1 2 1 -1 2 2 ).
A su rv e y o f s i x t y - n i n e C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r c o l l e g e s
in 1967 r e v e a le d t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f i n s t r u c t o r s ra n k e d
t r a n s f e r e d u c a tio n f o r a J o u r n a lis m m a jo r and t e r m i n a l edu
c a t i o n and t r a i n i n g a s th e f i r s t and seco n d m ost im p o rta n t
51
fu n c tio n s o f ju n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism . Other fu n c tio n s
l i s t e d were t o produce stu d en t p u b lic a tio n s and t o t r a in
s tu d e n ts in com m unications s k i l l s (6 0 :4 -).
In th e same su rv ey , f i f t y - e i g h t c o l l e g e s rep orted
o f f e r in g co u rses in n ew sw rltin g and r e p o r tin g ; t h ir t y - t h r e e
in in tr o d u c tio n t o Jou rn alism and mass com m unication, and
n in e te e n in e d it in g , co p yread ln g and make-up. About 60
p er c en t of th e c o l l e g e s had new spaper s t a f f c o u r s e s , w h ile
s ix t e e n combined a l l o f t h e ir stu d en t p u b lic a tio n s in one
p r o d u ctio n c l a s s . Three o f th e c o lle g e s o ffe r e d off-cam p u s
in te r n s h ip program s, and tw e n ty -se v e n l i s t e d a v a r ie t y o f
c o u r se s in p u b lic r e la t io n s and p u b lic it y ( 6 0 : 2 ) .
A j o in t su rv ey conducted by the C a lif o r n ia News
p ap er P u b lish e r s A s s o c ia tio n and th e Jou rn alism A s s o c ia tio n
o f J u n io r C o lle g e s (JAJC) in 1 9 6 7 -6 8 in d ic a te d th a t C a li
f o r n ia e d ito r s would h ir e ju n io r c o lle g e g ra d u a tes but th a t
th e y p referred t o h ir e g rad u ates w ith fo u r y e a r s o f c o l l e g e .
The e d it o r s sa id th e y wanted fu tu r e em ployees t o have gen
e r a l ed u ca tio n a s w e ll as tr a in in g in J o u rn a lism . Of th e
153 e d it o r s a n d /o r p u b lis h e r s resp on din g t o the su r v e y , 98
r e p re se n te d w e e k lie s . The w eekly e d ito r s ex p ressed a w i l l
in g n e ss t o h ir e ju n io r c o lle g e grad u ates f o r a v a r ie t y o f
e d i t o r i a l and a d v e r t is in g p o s i t i o n s . The p u b lis h e r s
fa v o red a cu rricu lu m f o r term in a l stu d e n ts th a t would
approxim ate th a t f o r tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts: t e n t o tw elv e
u n it s o f jo u rn a lism w ith th e rem aining f if t y - t w o to
52
f i f t y - f o u r u n it s in g e n e r a l ed u c a tio n c o u r s e s , in c lu d in g
E n g lis h , s c ie n c e and h is t o r y w ith em phasis on a c l a s s in
l o c a l governm ent (3 9 : 1 6 ) .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , th e e d it o r s s a id th e y would have 259
e d i t o r i a l p o s it io n s open to Ju n ior c o l l e g e g ra d u a tes in th e
n e x t two y e a r s (1 9 6 8 and 1 9 6 9 )» 120 on w eekly and 139 on
d a lly n ew sp a p ers. Most o f th e Job o p p o r tu n itie s were
rep orted in sm a ll N orthern C a lifo r n ia c i t i e s and in m etro
p o lit a n a r e a s in Southern C a lif o r n ia . An a d d itio n a l
s e v e n t y - s ix p o s it io n s would be open f o r p h o to g ra p h ers,
t h ir t y - n in e on d a ily n ew sp apers. E d ito r s a d v ised stu d e n ts
to g e t e x p e r ie n c e on stu d en t p u b lic a tio n s and t o work on
new spapers d u rin g the summer (3 9 :1 6 ) .
Members o f th e CNPA Committee on R ecru itm en t, Edu
c a tio n and S c h o la r sh ip , a f t e r a c c e p tin g th e stu d y , agreed
w ith a recom m endation by W ill Sim s, e x e c u tiv e s e c r e ta r y o f
JAJC, th a t g e n e r a lly sp ea k in g , " te r m in a l-v o c a tio n a l pro
grams should be c r e a te d by Junior c o l l e g e s o n ly i f th e r e
are s p e c ia l lo c a l c o n d itio n s w a rra n tin g such programs . . .
Thus a s in g le program in most J u n io r c o l l e g e s w i l l meet not
o n ly th e n eed s o f th e stu d e n ts who p la n t o t r a n s f e r , but
a ls o th e n eed s o f th o se who fin d th e y cannot t r a n s f e r fo r
some reason" ( 3 9 :1 6 ) .
An u n p u b lish ed m aster’ s t h e s i s by Robert Punk (now
a G avilan C o lle g e I n s tr u c to r ) a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f Oregon
in l a t e 1967 rep o rted th a t f i f t e e n o f C a lif o r n ia ’ s p u b lic
53
J u n io r c o l l e g e s had ter m in a l programs in J o u rn a lism , two in
N orthern and t h ir t e e n in S outhern C a lif o r n ia . In h is su r
vey o f te r m in a l Journalism g ra d u a tes from C a lif o r n ia ju n io r
c o l l e g e s , Punk r e c e iv e d th e names o f o n ly t h ir t y ter m in a l
jo u r n a lism gra d u a tes o f th e c l a s s o f 19 6 6 . More th an 80
p er cen t o f ju n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism in s t r u c t o r s sa id
th e y were r e lu c ta n t t o encourage s tu d e n ts t o e n r o ll in
te r m in a l program s, and th ey urged th o se in te r m in a l pro
grams t o change t h e ir g o a l and t o p la n t o t r a n s f e r t o a
fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n . Only te n o f th e te r m in a l program
g ra d u a tes a c t u a lly t r ie d t o g e t Jobs in Jou rn alism ; f iv e
had tr a n s fe r r e d t o fo u r -y e a r s c h o o ls . Of th e te n , n in e got
J o b s, one as a managing e d it o r o f a m e tr o p o lita n w eek ly .
A m a jo r ity o f th e te r m in a l g ra d u a tes s a id th a t th e tw o -y ea r
jo u r n a lism program gave them s u f f i c i e n t background f o r a
c a r e e r in Jou rn alism ; how ever, 35 p er c e n t o f th e grad u ates
s a id th ey found i t n e c e s sa r y t o re tu rn t o c o lle g e f o r
a d d itio n a l form al e d u c a tio n (5 1 * 4 8 ).
In a fo llo w -u p o f B en z's n a t io n a l stu d y , W . J . B e ll
o f th e American S o c ie ty o f J o u rn a lism S ch o o l A d m in istra
t o r s ' (ASJSA) J u n io r C o lle g e R e la tio n s C om m ittee, conducted
a su rvey in 1969< Of 350 c o lle g e s resp o n d in g , 244 rep orted
h a v in g some s o r t o f Jou rn alism program . Only t h ir t y - s e v e n
sa id th ey had te r m in a l program s, a lth o u g h e ig h t o th e r s
n oted th a t t h e ir stu d e n ts o fte n go d i r e c t l y in t o m edia work
f o llo w in g ju n io r c o lle g e g ra d u a tio n ( 4 5 : 3 ) .
5*
Of th e 235 c o l l e g e s l i s t i n g t r a n s f e r program s,
tw e n ty -e ig h t s a id th e y o ffe r e d more th an s i x c r e d it
c o u r s e s , w h ile 14-6 o ffe r e d th r e e c o u r se s or fe w e r . Sub
s t a n t ia t in g e a r l i e r s t u d ie s , th e m ost fr e q u e n tly l i s t e d
c o u r se s were I n tr o d u c tio n to Mass Com m unications and
R eportlng-N ew s W r itin g . E d itin g was o ffe r e d by s lx t y - o n e
c o l l e g e s , and more than o n e -h a lf gave c r e d it f o r w orking on
p u b lic a t io n s . More than 85 p er c e n t o f th e c o lle g e s sa id
th a t stu d e n ts p la n n in g t o t r a n s f e r were p erm itted t o ta k e
fo u r or few er c o u r se s In J o u rn a lism , w h ile o n ly 7 .2 p er
ce n t p erm itted s tu d e n ts t o ta k e s i x or more c o u r se s
(* 5 * 2 ).
C o lle g e s w ith te r m in a l program s l i s t e d R ep ortin g
and I n tr o d u c tio n t o Mass Com m unications as most fr e q u e n tly
o f f e r e d , w ith E d itin g and P hotography, th ir d and f o u r th .
O ther Jou rn alism c o u r se s were A d v e r tis in g , P u b lic R ela
t io n s , Jou rn alism H is to r y , Typography, P r in tin g , Community
J o u rn a lism , T e c h n ic a l W ritin g , M agazine W ritin g and S p o rts
R ep o rtin g . B e ll s a id th a t P e n n sy lv a n ia S ta te U n iv e r s ity
had announced th a t I t would sp o n so r te r m in a l programs a t
one o r more o f i t s a s s o c ia t e d Ju n ior c o l l e g e s in Septem ber
o f 1969 t o a l l e v i a t e manpower s h o r ta g e s in news and a d ver
t i s i n g dep artm en ts o f sm a lle r P e n n sy lv a n ia new spapers
In h is summary, B e ll n oted t h a t most s c h o o ls
co n sid ere d p rep a rin g s tu d e n ts t o t r a n s f e r to a s e n io r
c o lle g e a s t h e ir prim ary f u n c tio n , but th a t th e r e was
55
c o n tin u in g c o n fu sio n and d isagreem en t among th e J u n io r
c o lle g e s co n cern in g t r a n s f e r o f c r e d it s in Jou rn alism to
th e s e n io r i n s t i t u t i o n s . Some com plained th a t s e n io r
c o lle g e s would n o t a c c e p t t h e ir c r e d it s in Jou rn alism or
w i l l a cc e p t them o n ly a s e l e c t i v e s . He found l i t t l e
d iff e r e n c e betw een th e t r a n s f e r and te r m in a l program s a t
s c h o o ls o f f e r in g th e l a t t e r ( 4 5 : 6 ) .
S p ea k in g on th e t o p ic , "Junior C o lle g e Jou rn alism
in th e 7 0 's" a t th e 1969 AEJ co n v en tio n in B e r k e le y ,
Edgar E. E aton n o ted th e c o n tin u in g co n cern o v er th e
em ergence o f te r m in a l program s, but s a id "we must a ls o be
concerned about a n o th er problem — one t h a t has b een w ith u s
as lo n g a s we have had Jou rn alism e d u c a tio n in th e tw o -y ea r
s c h o o l. That i s co u rse t r a n s f e r a b ilit y " ( 4 9 : 5 ) .
E aton p r e d ic te d th a t news m edia would c a l l upon th e
Ju n ior c o lle g e t o p ro v id e more t r a in in g th an th e y have in
th e p a s t, b eca u se "many new spapers— e s p e c i a l l y community
w e e k lie s and tr a d e J o u rn a ls— are not a t t r a c t in g enough o f
g rad u ates o f th e fo u r -y e a r program s, and th e y are tu r n in g
t o th e tw o -y ea r s c h o o ls in hopes o f r e c e iv in g r e l i e f fo r
t h e ir s t a f f i n g p rob lem s." He n o ted , a l s o , th a t some
members o f th e m edia were l e v e l i n g c r i t i c i s m s a t th e fo u r -
y ea r s c h o o ls f o r t h e ir sw itch in em phasis t o mass communi
c a tio n s and f o r t h e ir f a il u r e t o prepare g ra d u a tes w ith
adequate s k i l l s f o r r e p o r tin g (4 9 :1 ) .
56
In a mimeographed handout, e n c lo se d w ith th e
n a t io n a l J u n io r C o lle g e Jou rn alism A s s o c ia tio n (JCJA)
sp r in g 1970 r e p o r t to members, Gerald A. Leone o f th e S ta te
U n iv e r s ity A g r ic u ltu r a l & T e c h n ic a l C o lle g e (New Y ork),
con clu d ed th a t "W hile th e fo u r -y e a r J-program s flo u n d e r and
undergo change and d is o r g a n iz a tio n , th e J u n io r c o lle g e pro
grams appear s o lid and here t o s ta y ." Leone d e sc r ib e d an
a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s and s c ie n c e d eg ree in jo u r n a lism which
was c r e a te d a f t e r two p r e ss a s s o c ia t io n s r eq u e sted th a t the
S ta te U n iv e r s ity s t a r t a tw o -y ea r program f o r t r a in in g s tu
d e n ts a t th e r e p o r te r and cop yread er l e v e l . The d egree
program req u ired th a t n e a r ly o n e - h a lf o f th e s ix t y - f o u r
u n it s p r e sc r ib e d fo r g r a d u a tio n be in jo u r n a lism , In c lu d in g
fo u r c o u r se s in n ew sw rltin g and r e p o r tin g , two in p h oto
graphy, one in th e mass media and two in a d v e r t is in g and
th e g ra p h ic a r t s ( 5 6 : 1 ) .
And in an A p r il 1970 rep o r t on th e problem s o f
J u n io r c o lle g e t r a n s f e r c r e d it , Joe M iln er ob served th a t
most s c h o o ls and departm ents o f Jou rn alism b e lo n g in g t o
ASJSA would a cc ep t n in e hours o f Jou rn alism c r e d it from the
J u n ior c o lle g e s w ith tw e lv e u n it s b e in g th e maximum
a c c e p te d . Only fo u r o f th e t h ir t y - f o u r s c h o o ls in c lu d e d in
M iln er*s survey would a cce p t e q u iv a le n t "upper d iv is io n "
t r a n s f e r c o u r se s from ju n io r c o l l e g e s . " I f th e Ju n ior
c o lle g e t r a n s f e r has more than th e maximum jo u rn a lism
c o u r se s allow ed by the s p e c i f i c c o lle g e d ep artm en t, th e
57
e x tr a c o u r se s are u s u a lly counted toward g en er a l e l e c
t i v e s , " M ilner s a id . F if t e e n s c h o o ls sa id ASJSA should
attem p t t o e s t a b lis h some ty p e o f minimum p o lic y co n cern in g
ju n io r c o lle g e t r a n s f e r c r e d it ( 5 8 : 1 ) .
Summary
The li t e r a t u r e on Journalism ed u c a tio n has more
th a n doubled s in c e Mrs. D avis and G oth b erg's d is s e r t a t i o n s ,
e s p e c i a ll y in th e a rea o f Ju n ior c o lle g e J o u rn a lism . In
i t s e a r ly d ays Jou rn alism e d u c a tio n wore a v o c a t io n a l and
t e c h n ic a l l a b e l , but s t r e s s e d th e im portance o f th e b ro a d ly
ed u cated stu d en t in lit e r a t u r e and th e s o c ia l s c ie n c e s .
The li t e r a t u r e rep o rted th a t th e r e have been and
c o n tin u e t o be d e b a te s o v er key is s u e s in jo u r n a lism edu
c a t io n , s t a r t in g w ith th e i n i t i a l q u e stio n in g o f th e v a lu e
o f Jou rn alism ed u c a tio n or t r a in in g o f p e r so n n e l f o r th e
new spapers and coming down to th e c u rren t day o f d eb ate
o v e r th e com m unication r e se a r c h approach v e r su s th e pro
f e s s i o n a l sc h o o l co n cep t and w hether o r n ot Jou rn alism
e d u c a tio n should be r e s t r ic t e d t o th e grad u ate l e v e l . The
e a r ly q u e stio n in g by e d it o r s and some a cad em ician s o f th e
v a lu e o f Jou rn alism e d u c a tio n h as gone through a d r a s t ic
change— now fin d in g e d it o r s and p u b lis h e r s , in d iv id u a lly
o r in grou p s, a sk in g f o r programs to t r a in r e p o r te r s and
o th e r e d i t o r i a l s t a f f w ork ers. I t sh ou ld be n oted th a t
u n iv e r s it y p r e s id e n ts and o th e r e d u c a to r s—n o t J o u r n a lis t s —
58
were th e i n i t i a t o r s o f th e co n cep ts o f jo u r n a lism
e d u c a tio n .
A w id e -a n g le lo o k a t the ed u c a tio n h is t o r y
in d ic a te s :
F i r s t , th a t th e e a r ly cu rricu lu m based on a str o n g
lit e r a t u r e and a r t s background w ith added p r a c t ic a l
in s t r u c t io n in jo u r n a lism by s t a f f who had p r o f e s s io n a l
backgrounds has n o t changed s ig n i f i c a n t l y a t th e m a jo r ity
o f c o l l e g e s . S e v e r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , i . e . , S ta n fo rd and
M ichigan S t a t e , have moved t o th e mass com m unications,
b e h a v io r ls t and s c ie n c e -o r ie n t e d approach.
Second, t h a t th e e a r ly o p p o sitio n o f p r o f e s s io n a l
e d it o r s , a lth o u g h a s n oted above a s h avin g ta k en an oppo
s i t e v ie w p o in t, s t i l l may be found in th e l i t e r a t u r e —
e s p e c ia lly now when exam ining th e ju n io r c o lle g e
cu rricu lu m .
T h ird , th a t B le y e r 's e a r ly p le a f o r s tr e n g th in th e
s o c ia l s c ie n c e s c o n tin u e s t o be found today among e d u ca to rs
and p r a c t ic in g newsmen. The argument th a t th e co u rse o f
stu d y in s c h o o ls or d epartm ents o f jo u rn a lism i s to o wte c h
n ic a l" and s t r e s s e s th e ’•to o l* c o u r se s has b een co u n tered
s e v e r a l tim e s in form al and in fo rm a l r e se a r c h .
F ou rth , t h a t th e 193^ fin d in g which i d e n t i f i e d
among th e most fr e q u e n t co u rse o f f e i i n g s th o se in n ew s-
w r itin g and r e p o r tin g , copy e d it in g and make-up and th e
59
in tr o d u c tio n t o jo u rn a lism has been d u p lic a te d in some o f
th e most r e c e n t r e s e a r c h .
F if t h , th a t th e a d m in is tr a tiv e p r e s s u r e s t o reduce
th e Jou rn alism c o u r se s from about 25 to 15 p er c e n t o f th e
g ra d u a tio n req u irem en ts and t o move p r o f e s s io n a l Jou rn alism
in t o th e grad u ate sc h o o l have been fou gh t and w i l l co n tin u e
t o be fo u g h t by a team o f p r o fe s s io n a l Jou rn alism ed u ca to rs
and e d it o r s .
S ix t h , th a t th e T e b b e l- id e n tif ie d tren d tow ards
mass com m unications and r e se a r c h in th e u n d ergrad u ate
s c h o o ls w i l l p r e se n t a m ajor d e b a tin g p o in t in th e 1970*s .
S e v e n th , th a t a m ajor d is c u s s io n t o p ic in th e
1 9 5 0 's was and w i l l be in t h i s decade th e problem o f Ju n ior
c o lle g e s tu d e n ts in g a in in g c r e d it f o r Jou rn alism c o u r se s
when th e y t r a n s f e r t o th e fo u r -y e a r s c h o o ls .
E ig h th , th a t in Ju n ior c o lle g e J o u rn a lism , th e
major fu n c tio n a s p e r c e iv e d by I n s t r u c to r s , e d it o r s and
stu d e n ts h as been g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n , but has been ch an gin g
to th e p r e p a r a tio n f o r c o lle g e or tr a n s fe r f u n c t io n . That
o th e r fu n c tio n s l i s t e d in c lu d e d term in a l or v o c a tio n a l
(la b e le d in t h i s stu d y a s c a r e e r ); p r e p a r a tio n o f th e
c o lle g e new spaper; a c q u a in tin g th e non-m ajor w ith th e mass
m edia; s e r v ic e t o th e c o lle g e ; and t r a in in g in J o u r n a lis t ic
s k i l l s .
N in th , t h a t th e a r t ic u la t io n betw een th e Ju n ior
c o lle g e and th e fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n has been in c o n s is t e n t ,
6o
bu t has been assumed as a m ajor p r o je c t by th e fo u r -y e a r
l e v e l p r o f e s s io n a l grou p s.
T enth, th a t a lth o u g h th e te r m in a l or c a r e e r fu n c
t io n has n ot been p e r c e iv e d a s a m ajor purpose by most
grou p s, the J u n ior c o lle g e s have i n i t i a t e d such programs
t o meet the demands o f media in t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e c i t i e s or
a r e a s . C a lifo r n ia and o th e r s t u d ie s in d ic a te t h a t Jobs
a re a v a ila b le t o J u n io r c o lle g e g r a d u a te s. And m ajor
c a r e e r programs have s ta r te d in P e n n sy lv a n ia and New York.
E le v e n th , th a t t r a n s f e r and te r m in a l stu d e n ts in
th e J u n io r c o l l e g e s have been req u ired t o ta k e b a s ic
c o u r se s in n ew sw r ltin g and r e p o r tin g , e d it in g and cop y-
r ea d in g and new spaper p r o d u c tio n , and g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n
c o u r se s in h is t o r y , E n g lish co m p o sitio n and l i t e r a t u r e , and
o th e r s o c ia l s c ie n c e s .
T w e lfth , th a t new spaper e d ito r s have agreed th a t
ju n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts need more in s t r u c t io n in E n g lish
grammar and w r itte n e x p r e s sio n and in ty p in g .
And l a s t , th a t th e fo rm a tio n o f th e n a tio n a l JCJA
sh ou ld le a d ju n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism e d u c a tio n t o fu r th e r
s e lf-e x a m in a tio n and more co n tin u o u s l i a i s o n w ith th e
s e n io r c o l l e g e s .
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH PROCEDURE
C hapter I I in clu d ed a rev iew o f th e li t e r a t u r e and
form al r e se a r c h on th e J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism c u r r ic u
lum . The rev iew showed th a t th e r e were two p r in c ip a l
s tu d ie s r e la t in g t o th e t o p ic o f th e J u n io r c o lle g e Jour
n a lism cu rricu lu m f o r th e tw o -y ea r c o l l e g e .
The s te p s o f th e s ta te w id e stu d y were a s fo llo w s :
The i n i t i a l s te p was t o sea rc h out any p o s s ib le
stu d y on th e to p ic in th e v a r io u s l i s t s o f d is s e r t a t io n
a b s t r a c t s and in th e p a st and cu rren t l i s t i n g s p u b lish ed
by th e Am erican A s s o c ia tio n o f J u n io r C o lle g e s , th e
A s s o c ia t io n f o r E d u cation in J o u rn a lism and Phi D e lta
Kappa, and in th e d is s e r t a t io n l i b r a r i e s o f USC, UCLA and
F resno S t a te C o lle g e . A lso checked w ere th e p u b lic a tio n
l i s t i n g s a v a ila b le a t th e E d u ca tio n a l R esearch In form ation
C en ter (ERIC) on th e Ju n ior c o lle g e a t UCLA. No stu d y was
found on th e s p e c i f i c t o p ic , but in fo r m a tio n gain ed from
th e two d is s e r t a t io n s and o th e r r e p o r ts review ed in th e
l a s t ch a p te r was t o be b a s ic in th e d e te r m in a tio n o f p ro
cedure f o r t h i s s tu d y . The to p ic was d is c u s s e d w ith Ju n ior
c o lle g e Jou rn alism in s t r u c t o r s , c o lle g e and u n iv e r s it y
61
62
p r o fe s s o r s and new spaper e d it o r s , and th ey were unanimous
in su p p o rtin g th e need f o r such a stu d y . Two p r o f e s s io n a l
g ro u p s, the C a lifo r n ia Newspaper P u b lish e r s A s s o c ia tio n
(CNPA) and th e J o u rn a lism A s s o c ia t io n o f J u n io r C o lle g e s
(JAJC) o ffe r e d t o a s s i s t in th e developm ent and e x e c u tio n
o f th e stu d y and t o w r ite endorsem ent l e t t e r s i f a ques
tio n n a ir e were used in th e r e s e a r c h .
The purpose o f th e stu d y was d e fin e d and q u e s tio n s
were d evelop ed a s g u id e s f o r th e r e s e a r c h . A fte r th e
r ev ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e , e s p e c i a ll y th e d i s s e r t a t i o n s and
th e o th e r form al s t u d ie s , th e q u e s tio n s were r e v is e d and in
some c a s e s e lim in a te d . The n e x t s te p was to stu d y th e
p r e s e n t Journalism cu rricu lu m o f th e e ig h ty -s e v e n Ju n ior
c o l l e g e s , which were l i s t e d in th e 1969-70 JAJC D ir e c t o r y .
Only f i v e Ju n ior c o l l e g e s , Napa— w hich dropped i t s J o u rn a l
ism cu rricu lu m s e v e r a l y e a r s ago— and th e C o lle g e o f A la
meda, C o lle g e o f th e C anyons, F e a th e r H lver C o lle g e , and
West Los A n geles C o lle g e were ex clu d ed from th e JAJC l i s t ,
and none o f th e se had Jou rn alism programs d u rin g 1 9 6 9 -7 0 .
L e tte r s were se n t t o Jou rn alism in s t r u c t o r s a t th e
e ig h ty -s e v e n c o lle g e s and t o th e p r e s id e n ts o f th e new
c o l l e g e s to o b ta in c o p ie s o f th e 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s . A
fo llo w -u p l e t t e r was s e n t t o th e Journalism a d v is e r s , and a
t h ir d , in d iv id u a lly -ty p e d l e t t e r was sen t to p r e s id e n ts o f
th o se c o lle g e s which had n o t resp on d ed .
63
A fte r c o m p le tio n o f th e stu d y o f th e p r o f e s s io n a l
Jou rn alism and g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n c u r r ic u la , th e f i r s t ques
tio n n a ir e was d ev elo p ed based on th e fin d in g s in th e two
d is s e r t a t io n s and o th e r su rv ey s and th e in fo r m a tio n gain ed
from th e 1 9 6 9 -7 0 b u l l e t i n s .
The q u e stio n n a ir e was s e le c te d b ecau se th e i n t e r
view tech n iq u e would have b een im p r a c tic a l w ith th e la r g e
number and w idespread lo c a t io n s o f c o lle g e s and new spapers
to be Included in th e stu d y (1 :3 * 0 . However, s e v e r a l o f
th e Junior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s who had b een asked t o r e a c t
t o th e i n i t i a l q u e stio n n a ir e were in te r v ie w e d t o o b ta in
d e t a ile d comments on i t s c o n te n t and fo rm a t.
C opies o f the i n i t i a l q u e stio n n a ir e and a c o v er
l e t t e r e x p la in in g th e purpose o f th e stu d y were se n t t o
e ig h t v e te r a n Jou rn alism I n s t r u c t o r s . Those s e le c t e d t o
make th e Judgments w ere ch osen b ecau se th e y w ere i d e n t if ie d
as b ein g among th e b e s t inform ed on Journalism in C a lif o r
n i a ' s Ju n ior c o l l e g e s , th ey were m ost a f fe c t e d by th e
Junior c o lle g e s ' in c lu d in g Jou rn alism in t h e ir c u r r ic u la ,
and th ey w ould, f o r th e most p a r t, p la n an a c t iv e r o le in
d eterm in in g Jou rn alism c u r r ic u la in C a lifo r n ia Junior
c o lle g e s in th e f u t u r e . The method o f c o n s u lt a t io n o f
a u t h o r it ie s had been u sed in th e tw o p r ev io u s d is s e r t a t io n s ;
how ever, th e number o f a u t h o r it ie s was In crea sed and th e
a rea th ey r ep resen ted was extended t o th e e n t ir e s t a t e to
6k
g e t a b r o a d e r b a s e f o r t h i s s t u d y . Names o f th e j u n i o r
c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t o r s have b e e n In c lu d e d i n t h e A p p en d ix .
R e a c tio n s r e c e iv e d from s e v e n o f th e i n s t r u c t o r s
w ere s t u d i e d , and ch an g es w ere made i n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e ,
i n c l u d i n g th e d e l e t i o n and a d d i t i o n of q u e s t i o n s and th e
r e v i s i o n s o f v ag u e o r m is le a d in g q u e s t i o n s . At t h e i r sug
g e s t i o n a d i t t o e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was added f o r g a t h e r i n g
in f o r m a t io n on s t u d e n t p la n s f o r f a l l 19 7 0 .
A seco n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was d r a f t e d f o r th e e d i t o r s ,
a g a in b a se d on q u e s t i o n s a sk e d and i n f o r m a t i o n i n p r i o r
fo r m a l and in f o r m a l s t u d i e s . Much o f t h e in f o r m a t io n d up
l i c a t e d t h a t in th e i n s t r u c t o r s ' q u e s t i o n n a i r e . A gain
s e v e r a l a u t h o r i t i e s w ere s e l e c t e d t o r e a c t t o th e i n i t i a l
q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . T h e ir s e l e c t i o n was b a se d n o t o n ly on
t h e i r y e a r s o f e x p e r ie n c e i n p r o f e s s i o n a l n e w sp a p er w ork,
b u t b e c a u s e of t h e i r commitment t o and know ledge o f J o u r
n a lis m e d u c a t i o n in g e n e r a l and o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e J o u r n a l
ism p ro g ra m s , i n p a r t i c u l a r . The s i x s e l e c t e d w ere e d i t o r s
o r s t a f f members o f C a l i f o r n i a d a i l y and w eek ly n e w sp a p e rs.
P o u r w ere members o f t h e CNPA N ew spaper P e r s o n n e l R e c r u i t
m en t, E d u c a tio n and S c h o la r s h ip C o m m ittee, tw o o f whom had
a tte n d e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s ; a f i f t h was a p a s t p r e s i d e n t of
t h e Los A n g e les P r o f e s s i o n a l C h a p te r o f Sigm a D e l t a Chi and
a member o f th e Los A n g e les V a lle y C o lle g e J o u r n a lis m
A d v is o ry C o m m ittee; and th e s i x t h , now an e d i t o r o f a sm a ll
d a i l y , was an e d i t o r and J o u r n a lis m s t u d e n t i n a J u n io r
c o lle g e and a product o f a s t a t e c o lle g e Journalism
d ep a rtm en t.
Pour o f th e p r o fe s s io n a l J o u r n a lis t s r ea c te d to th e
q u e s tio n n a ir e ; s e v e r a l su g g ested ch an ges to make I t more
m ean in gfu l t o th e d a lly and w eekly new spaper e d it o r s , to
d e le t e p o r tio n s th a t e d it o r s would n o t have th e proper back
ground t o answ er. The e d ito r s* names are In clu d ed In th e
A ppendix.
The r e v is e d q u e stio n n a ir e s f o r th e e d it o r s and th e
J u n io r c o lle g e I n s tr u c to r s were p r in te d a lo n g w ith c o p ie s
o f endorsem ent l e t t e r s from th e chairm an o f th e CNPA News
p ap er P erso n n el R ecru itm en t, E d u cation and S c h o la rsh ip
C om m ittee, and th e e x e c u tiv e s e c r e ta r y o f JAJC; and two
c o v e r l e t t e r s e x p la in in g th e p u rp o ses and need f o r the
s tu d y .
The Ju n ior c o lle g e q u e stio n n a ir e was s e n t t o Jour
n a lism in s t r u c t o r s a t f i f t y - t h r e e c o l l e g e s , a l l o f whom had
ta u g h t J u n io r c o lle g e Journalism fo r a minimum o f th ree
y e a r s . The f a c to r s o f tu rn over In th e te a c h in g ranks o f
J u n io r c o lle g e Journalism and th e need fo r adeq u ate back
ground f o r an sw erin g q u e stio n s r e g a r d in g what th e fu nc
t io n s and co n te n t o f Junior c o lle g e Jou rn alism curriculum
sh ou ld be were th e b a s is f o r th e l i m i t a t i o n . A ls o , the
need fo r exp osu re t o the Ju n ior c o lle g e stu d e n t was
c o n sid e re d b a s ic t o t h is stu d y .
66
I t was f e l t th a t th e f i f t y - t h r e e c o l l e g e s , rep r e
s e n tin g more th an o n e -h a lf o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r in g
J o u rn a lism , would be a p p ro p ria te f o r th e stu d y . Of th e
f i f t y - t h r e e c o l l e g e s , t h ir t y - n in e o r ?b p e r c en t com pleted
th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s . The r e sp o n d e n ts w ere r e p r e s e n ta tiv e
o f the n o rth er n and so u th ern J u n io r c o lle g e members o f
JAJC. E ig h te e n o f th e tw e n ty -th r e e , or 78 per c e n t , o f
th e N orth ern C a lifo r n ia group resp on d ed , w h ile tw en ty -o n e
o f th e t h i r t y , or 70 p er c e n t , o f S ou th ern C a lifo r n ia
c o l l e g e s retu rn ed q u e s tio n n a ir e s .
The l i s t o f d a ily and w eek ly e d it o r s was ta k en from
t h e 1969 CNPA Newspaper D ir e c to r y . A ll o f th e d a i l y new s
p a p e rs, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th o s e w ith c ir c u la t io n s o f
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r more, were m ailed q u e s t io n n a ir e s .
R obert Groundwater, manager o f t r a in in g and developm ent fo r
The Los A n g e les T im es, who had r e c e n t ly com pleted a
n a t io n a l stu d y o f r e c r u itm e n t, and s e v e r a l o th e r p r o f e s
s io n a l newsmen and Jou rn alism ed u c a to r s n o ted th a t n o t o n ly
had la r g e , m e tr o p o lita n new spapers n o t h ir e d d i r e c t l y from
t h e J u n io r c o l l e g e s , but n e ith e r had th ey h ired g ra d u a tes
d i r e c t l y from th e fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s . The CNPA su rv ey
o f 1967- 6 8 , n oted th a t most h ir in g o f c o lle g e g ra d u a tes was
b e in g done by suburban or sm a lle r d a i l i e s and th e w eekly
new spapers (3 9 * 1 6 ). Weekly new spapers in clu d ed were random-
sampled from th e 1969 l i s t i n g ; e v e r y f i f t h paper o f th e 216
w e e k lie s was t o be s e le c t e d , but a number o f th e p ap ers were
67
owned by th e same p u b lis h e r s , and th e f i n a l sam ple was
f o r t y . The w eek ly p r e s s , in most in s ta n c e s s t a f f e d by
o n ly one t o th r e e p e r s o n s, was d e sc r ib e d in th e CNPA stu d y
a s b e in g h ig h ly p rob ab le em ployers o f Ju n ior c o lle g e grad
u a t e s . Of th e w e e k lie s su rv ey ed , more than 90 p er cen t
had c ir c u la t io n s o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 o r fe w er .
The q u e s tio n n a ir e , co v er and endorsem ent l e t t e r s
and stam ped, r e tu r n e n v e lo p e s were m ailed t o th e 142 d a ily
and w eek ly n ew sp ap ers, a s th e y were t o th e J u n io r c o lle g e
in s t r u c t o r s . F o llo w -u p l e t t e r s , in d iv id u a lly ty p e d , were
m ailed t o d a ily and w eek ly newspaper e d it o r s who had n o t
responded by th e fo u r th week in May.
R e p lie s were r e c e iv e d from s e v e n ty , o r alm ost 70
p er c e n t, of th e d a ily n ew sp ap ers, and from tw e n ty -th r e e ,
o r 57 p er c e n t, o f th e w eek ly n ew sp ap ers.
Both q u e s tio n n a ir e s were d e sig n ed t o s o l i c i t th e
Ju n ior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s * and th e e d it o r s ' p e r c e p tio n s o f
th e fu n c tio n s o f th e Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism program and
o f v a r io u s a s p e c ts o f th e Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism
cu rricu lu m i t s e l f a s th ey th ou gh t M i t should be" and n o t as
i t was a t th e tim e .
t
S p e c i f i c a l l y , th e q u e stio n n a ir e t o th e e d it o r s
sought In fo rm a tio n , o p in io n s an d /or a t t it u d e s re g a rd in g th e
fo llo w in g :
68
1 . The p a s t , cu rren t and fu tu r e p e r so n n e l needs
o f th e e d i t o r i a l departm ent o f th e p aper and th e so u r ce s o f
s t a f f h ir e d in 1 9 6 9 .
2 . The ra n k in g in o rd er o f p r i o r i t y o f f i v e fu n c
t io n s o f Jou rn alism a s d eriv ed from two p r io r d is s e r t a t io n s
and o th e r l i t e r a t u r e .
3 . The ch eck in g or l i s t i n g o f c o u r s e s in Jou rn al
ism w hich should be e s s e n t i a l o r e l e c t i v e s in J u n io r c o l
le g e Jou rn alism program s. A gain th e l i s t i n g s were d eriv ed
from th e l i t e r a t u r e and from th e stu d y o f the 1969-70
b u l l e t i n s .
The c h e ck in g or l i s t i n g o f g e n e r a l o r l i b e r a l
ed u c a tio n c o u r se s w hich should be tak en by Ju n ior c o lle g e
s tu d e n ts . L ite r a tu r e on s e n io r and J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn al
ism e d u c a tio n was used a s b a s is f o r c o m p ilin g th e l i s t i n g .
5 . The need f o r o c c u p a tio n a l (c a r e e r ) Journalism
programs in J u n io r c o lle g e (term "occupational'* was used
f i r s t , b eca u se e d it o r s r e a c tin g to i n i t i a l q u e stio n n a ir e
noted th a t th e t i t l e "career" would be c o n fu s in g i f l i s t e d
by i t s e l f ) .
6 . The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f Ju n ior c o lle g e gra d u a tes
b ein g h ir e d , and, i f s o , a t th e same s a la r y , by t h e ir
n ew sp ap ers.
7 . The need fo r a summer in te r n program fo r Ju n ior
c o lle g e J o u r n a lis t s .
69
8 . The id e a l p re p a r a tio n fo r a c a r e e r in J o u rn a l
ism and th e id e a l major a stu d e n t shou ld tak e (rep ea ted
from e a r l i e r s t u d i e s ) .
9 . The s u g g e stio n th a t th e J u n io r c o lle g e jo u r n a l
ism program should copy th a t o f th e s e n io r c o l l e g e ’ s f i r s t
two y e a r s .
1 0 . The t a le n t s or t r a i t s sough t in p r o s p e c tiv e
J o u r n a lis t s — t o u p -d a te fin d in g s o f e a r l i e r stu d y .
1 1 . The f e a s i b i l i t y o f s e r v ic e o f e d ito r s on a d v is
ory groups t o J u n io r o r s e n io r Jou rn alism d ep a rtm en ts.
1 2 . The q u e stio n o f when J u n io r c o lle g e stu d e n ts
shou ld b e g in ta k in g Journalism c o u r s e s .
1 3 . Whether o r n ot J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism s tu
d e n ts p la n n in g to t r a n s f e r and th o se p la n n in g t o seek
im m ediate employment should ta k e th e same Journalism
c o u r s e s .
And, as in th e q u e stio n n a ir e f o r in s t r u c t o r s ,
e d it o r s were in v ite d t o comment on any a s p e c t o f th e Jour
n a lism cu rricu lu m in th e Ju n ior c o l l e g e .
The q u e stio n n a ir e to th e J u n io r c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s
sou gh t in fo r m a tio n , o p in io n s a n d /o r a t t it u d e s reg a rd in g th e
f o llo w in g :
1 . D em ographics— te a c h in g and p r o f e s s io n a l back
ground o f th e in s t r u c t o r .
70
2. The c o l l e g e ' s jo u rn a lism program; did i t o f f e r
t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) program s, and i f so how
many jo u rn a lism c o u r se s were req u ired in e a c h .
3 . The en ro llm e n t in Jou rn alism in 1968 and e s t i
m ates o f what numbers o f stu d e n ts were s t i l l in th e pro
gram; would be tr a n s f e r r in g t o a fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e ;
p la n n in g t o m ajor in Jou rn alism a t th e fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e ;
lo o k in g f o r im m ediate employment in Jou rn alism ; or
r e tu r n in g to Ju n ior c o lle g e in th e f a l l o f 19 7 0 .
4 . I f d a ta were a v a ila b le , th e numbers o f th e
1969 g ra d u a tin g c l a s s who tr a n s fe r r e d , took jo b s in news
p a p e rs, took jo b s in r e la te d f i e l d s , en tered th e Armed
F o r c e s, rem ained in J u n io r c o l l e g e , or o th e r .
5 . The ran k in g in ord er o f p r io r it y o f th e f iv e
f u n c tio n s o f Jou rn alism .
6 . The ran k in g in ord er o f p r io r it y o f Jou rn alism
co u rse req u irem en ts f o r J u n io r c o lle g e stu d e n ts p la n n in g
t o (a ) t r a n s f e r and (b) s e e k im m ediate employment in
J o u rn a lism .
7 . The ch eck in g or l i s t i n g o f c o u r se s in g e n e r a l
o r l i b e r a l a r t s ed u c a tio n recommended fo r Jou rn alism s tu
d e n ts p la n n in g t o (a ) t r a n s f e r and (b ) seek Immediate
employment in Jou rn alism .
8 . The need fo r c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) programs in
Jou rn alism in ju n io r c o l l e g e .
71
9 . The s u g g e s tio n th a t th e Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn al
ism program should copy th a t o f th e s e n io r c o lle g e * s f i r s t
two y e a r s .
1 0 . Whether o r n ot a d v is e r s should l i m i t t r a n s f e r
a n d /or c a r e e r stu d e n ts t o tw elv e u n it s o f Jou rn alism cou rse
work.
1 1 . The s u g g e s tio n th a t th e r e should be a s in g l e -
tra ck Jou rn alism cu rricu lu m in the Ju n ior c o lle g e f o r
t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r s tu d e n t s .
1 2 . The need f o r a permanent a r t ic u la t io n com m ittee
a t th e s t a t e l e v e l betw een th e Ju n ior and s e n io r c o l l e g e s .
1 3 . The b e l i e f th a t Ju n ior c o lle g e J ou rn alism
c o u r se s shou ld be a ccep ted by fo u r -y e a r s c h o o ls w ith o u t
r e q u ir in g th e t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts to ta k e s p e c ia l
ex a m in a tio n s.
1 4 . The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f th e id e a l p r e p a r a tio n f o r
a ca r e e r in J o u rn a lism .
1 5 . The v iew th a t Ju n ior c o lle g e s sh ou ld become
le a d e r s , n ot c o n tin u e a s f o llo w e r s , in th e r e v is io n o f
Journalism cu rricu lu m f o r lo w e r -d iv is io n t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts .
1 6 . The s u g g e s tio n th a t cu rricu lu m making and
r e v is in g in J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism should be done by
Journalism f a c u lt y .
1 7 . The need f o r J u n ior c o lle g e s to aim f o r s im i
l a r i t y o f o f f e r in g s sta te w id e in t h e ir Jou rn alism
c u r r ic u la .
72
1 8 . The a p p ro p ria te tim e f o r t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts to
b eg in ta k in g jo u rn a lism c o u r s e s .
1 9 . The f e a s i b i l i t y o f exp an d in g Journalism pro
grams t o prepare stu d e n ts fo r c a r e e r s in r a d i o - t e l e v i s io n ,
p u b lic r e l a t i o n s or m agazin es.
2 0 . The need fo r a summer in te r n program fo r
J u n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts .
A fte r th e q u e stio n n a ir e s had been s tu d ie d , th e d ata
w ere a n a ly zed and c a te g o r iz e d . The d a ta were computed in to
sim p le p e r ce n ta g e d is t r ib u t io n s and were compared w ith
in fo r m a tio n g a th ered from th e 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s and w ith
th e fin d in g s o f the e a r l i e r d i s s e r t a t i o n s , when a p p lic a b le .
C hanges, s i m i l a r i t i e s an d /or tr e n d s in a t t it u d e s o f e d ito r s
and J u n io r c o lle g e s were i d e n t i f i e d . And based upon th e
f in d in g s , c o n c lu s io n s and recom m endations were d evelop ed
in c lu d in g th e su g g e ste d Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism
c u r ricu lu m .
The d a ta w i l l be p resen ted in C hapter V, fo llo w in g
th e d e s c r ip t io n o f fin d in g s from th e stu d y o f th e b u lle t in s
o f th e e ig h ty -s e v e n c o lle g e s in th e n ex t c h a p te r .
CHAPTER IV
1 969-70 JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
T h is c h a p te r sum m arizes th e fin d in g s o f a stu d y o f
th e e ig h ty -s e v e n C a lifo r n ia J u n io r c o lle g e b u l l e t i n s fo r
1 9 6 9 -7 0 — s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e i r o f f e r in g s in Jou rn alism and
t h e i r g e n e ra l e d u c a tio n p a tte r n s fo r Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts .
In some in s ta n c e s th e fin d in g s were compared w ith th o se o f
o th e r s t u d ie s .
J ou rn alism C ourse O ffe r in g s
Of th e e ig h ty - s e v e n c o l l e g e s s tu d ie d , f i f t y - n i n e
were observed t o have m ajors or m a jo r-ty p e programs in
J o u rn a lism . Alm ost a l l , or f i f t y - e i g h t — l i s t e d m ajors f o r
t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts — in many in s ta n c e s a c t u a lly l i s t i n g th e
c o u r s e s recommended by a n e ig h b o r in g s t a t e c o lle g e o r u n i
v e r s i t y . I t should be n oted th a t Mrs. D avis found tw e n ty -
fo u r o f th e t h ir t y Ju n ior c o lle g e s had Jou rn alism o f f e r in g s
in 1956 in S outhern C a lif o r n ia , and th a t in 1970 a l l f o r t y -
sev en o f th e c o lle g e s had Jou rn alism o f f e r in g s . A ll but
one o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s s tu d ie d s ta te w id e in 1969 had
form al o f f e r in g s in Jou rn alism ; Colum bia J u n io r C o lle g e , a
new i n s t i t u t i o n , p u b lish ed a c o lle g e new spaper and had
Join ed JAJC.
73
74
Gothberg found no te rm in a l (c a r e e r ) program s in
1963 w h ile Mrs. D avis rep o rted sev en in S ou th ern C a lifo r n ia
s e v e r a l y e a r s e a r l i e r . The review o f b u l l e t i n s t h i s y ea r
In d ic a te d th a t s ix t e e n c a r e e r or o c c u p a tio n a l program s were
o f fe r e d , t h ir t e e n in th e sou th and th r e e in th e n o r th ,
alm ost d o u b lin g th e t o t a l in Southern C a lifo r n ia a lo n e .
The average number o f u n it s in jo u r n a lism o ffe r e d
was 2 4 .8 p er c o l l e g e . N orthern C a lifo r n ia c o l l e g e s a v er
aged 2 3 .8 u n i t s , w h ile th e Southern C a lifo r n ia c o lle g e s
averaged 2 5 .4 u n it s in J ou rn alism . ( I t shou ld be s tr e s s e d
th a t a l l o f th e s e t o t a l s , and th e fo llo w in g t o t a l s , r e f l e c t
what was l i s t e d in th e b u l l e t i n s and n o t n e c e s s a r ily what
was b ein g o ffe r e d d u rin g 1969-70 in th e s p e c i f i c .junior
c o l l e g e s . ) The number o f c o u r se s o ffe r e d a t th e v a r io u s
i n s t i t u t i o n s r e f le c t e d a s li g h t in c r e a s e o v er th e t o t a l s
rep o rted in S m ith 's 1967 stu d y ( 6 0 ) . Two Los A n g eles area
J u n io r c o lle g e s l i s t i n g se v e n te e n and s ix t e e n c o u r se s le d
in th e number o f Jou rn alism c o u r se s o ffe r e d ; b o th c o l l e g e s
o ffe r e d t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r program s. A nother Southern
C a lifo r n ia sc h o o l l i s t e d t h ir t e e n c o u r s e s, and a N orthern
C a lifo r n ia c o lle g e o ffe r e d e le v e n . The a v erage number o f
c o u r se s l i s t e d was f i v e . Twelve c o lle g e s o ffe r e d e ig h t or
more c o u r s e s . (T ab le 1 . ) In 1967 Sm ith rep o rted t h a t a
S ou th ern C a lif o r n ia sc h o o l had s ix t e e n c l a s s e s , sev en had
e ig h t or more c o u r se s and th e average number o f c o u r se s
o ffe r e d by s ix t y - e i g h t c o lle g e s was 4 .9 ( 6 0 ) . Mrs. D avis
75
s ta te d t h a t fo u r Los A n g eles area c o lle g e s o ffe r e d s ix or
more c o u r se s in Jou rn alism , and th a t th e o th e r twenty-
c o l l e g e s , l i s t e d b etw een .o n e and f iv e d i f f e r e n t s u b je c ts
d u rin g th e f a l l o f 195^ . The average p er c o lle g e was fo u r
c o u r se s in Jou rn alism (^ 7 :1 ^ 3 ).
TABLE 1
JOURNALISM COURSES OFFERED IN
CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number o f C ourses Number o f C o lle g e s
17
1
16 1
13
1
11 1
10
9
2
8 2
7 9
6 11
5 13
20
3
12
2 8
1 1
F iv e o f C a lif o r n ia ’ s Ju n ior c o l l e g e s o ffe r e d f i f t y
o r more u n it s in Jou rn alism ; one le d w ith f i f t y - n i n e u n it s
w ith a n o th er Los A n g eles a rea c o lle g e second w ith f i f t y -
e ig h t . Three N orthern C a lifo r n ia s c h o o ls a ls o l i s t e d more
th an f i f t y u n it s o f co u rse work. However, a lm o st o n e -h a lf
o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s l i s t e d n in e te e n u n it s or few er in
J o u rn a lism . (T ab le 2.)
76
TABLE 2
M A X IM U M UNITS IN JOURNALISM A T
CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
U n its A v a ila b le Number o f S c h o o ls
50 or more
5
40 -4 9 1
3 0 -3 9 17
20 -2 9
26
1 0 -1 9 33
1-9 5
One o f th e c r it i c i s m s o f J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism
rep ea ted in th e l i t e r a t u r e was reg a rd in g th e number o f
u n it s o ffe r e d in p u b lic a tio n s work (new spaper, yearbook or
m a g a zin e s), and th e problem s r e s u lt in g when stu d e n ts tr a n s
fe r r e d t o fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s . The 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s
in d ic a te d th a t 49 p e r c e n t o f th e u n it s o ffe r e d in Jour
n a lism sta te w id e were in p u b lic a t io n s , o r an a v erage o f
1 2 .2 u n it s p er c o l l e g e . The range in p ro d u ctio n c o u r se s
o ffe r e d was from none a t two S outhern C a lifo r n ia s c h o o ls to
tw e n ty -se v e n a t a Los A n g eles J u n ior c o l l e g e . A Southern
C a lifo r n ia c o lle g e and s e v e r a l o th e r c o lle g e s have com
b in ed le c t u r e s on new spaper th e o r y and th e new spaper
p ro d u ctio n in t o one c o u r s e . S e v e n ty -e ig h t c o lle g e s gave
c r e d it f o r c o u r se s in new spaper p r o d u c tio n , t h ir t y - t h r e e in
m agazine p r o d u c tio n , and tw en ty-tw o in yearbook p u b lic a
t i o n . C o lle g e s n o t o f f e r in g m ajor program s in Jou rn alism
77
l i s t e d 5 2.2 p er c e n t o f t h e ir c o u r se s in p u b lic a tio n s work.
In h i s n a tio n a l stu d y , Benz found t h a t 65 p er c e n t o f th e
c o u r s e s l i s t e d by ju n io r c o lle g e s w ere f o r la b o r a to r ie s o f
s c h o o l p u b lic a tio n s (1 7 :1 1 9 ). In h i s 1969 stu d y , B e ll
found th a t alm ost o n e -h a lf o f th e J u n io r c o l l e g e s
n a t io n a lly o f f e r c r e d it fo r p u b lic a tio n s work.
R e in fo r c in g fin d in g s i n o th e r form al s tu d ie s su r
v ey ed , the co u rse in b e g in n in g n ew sw ritin g or r e p o r tin g and
n ew sw ritin g was th e most common c o u r se l i s t e d in th e
1969-70 b u l l e t i n s w ith e ig h ty -o n e c o l l e g e s , or 93 p er c e n t,
o f th e I n s t it u t io n s o f f e r in g th e c o u r s e . More th an on e-
h a lf o f the c o lle g e s l i s t e d i t as a o n e -se m e ste r , th r e e -
u n it c la s s and a n o th er o n e -th ir d o ffe r e d i t as a tw o-
se m e ste r c o u r se .
The second most common co u rse was new spaper pro
d u c tio n , p re se n te d by s e v e n ty -e ig h t c o l l e g e s , or 89 .7 p er
c e n t, o f th e s c h o o ls , w ith f i f t y - s i x o f f e r in g i t a s a tw o -
y e a r c l a s s . O ther c o u r s e s, l i s t e d i n ord er o f th e h ig h e s t
freq u en cy by c o l l e g e s , w ere: in tr o d u c tio n t o mass communi
c a t io n s or in tr o d u c tio n t o J o u rn a lism , at f o r ty - n in e c o l
le g e s ; m agazine s t a f f , t h ir t y - t h r e e ; advanced n ew sw ritin g ,
t w e n ty -th r e e ; yearbook p r o d u c tio n , tw en ty -tw o ; and e d it in g
or co p y rea d in g and make-up, tw en ty -o n e; p h oto Jou rn alism or
news photography, n in e te e n ; e d i t o r i a l and fe a tu r e w r itin g ,
s ix t e e n ; m agazine a r t i c l e w r itin g , e le v e n ; independent
stu d y in Jou rn alism , te n ; b a s ic photography, n in e; p u b lic
r e l a t i o n s fu n d am en tals, news in t e r p r e t a t io n , p u b lic r e la
t io n s workshop and news bureau, sev en ea c h . And a t fo u r o r
few er c o l l e g e s , co u rses were l i s t e d in p u b lic r e la t io n s
m ethods, I n d u s tr ia l p u b lic a tio n s w orkshops, a d v e r tis in g
s t a f f , m ech an ics o f p u b lic a tio n o r typ ograp h y, a d v e r tis in g
and c o p y w r itin g , p u b lic it y and p rom otion , m agazine e d it in g
and d e s ig n , s p o r ts w r it in g , p r e s s photo bureau , e d i t o r ia l
board , e d i t o r i a l t r a in in g , t e l e v i s i o n and r a d io news
r e p o r tin g , t e l e v i s i o n p r o d u c tio n , new spaper p ro d u ctio n
c r i t i c i s m , h is t o r y and e t h ic s o f J o u rn a lism , m echanics o f
e x p r e s s io n , t e c h n o lo g ic a l w r it in g , t e c h n ic a l w r itin g , and
in tr o d u c tio n t o B lack e x p e r ie n c e — a o n e -se m e ste r cou rse a t
a N orthern C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior c o l l e g e .
B e l l ' s n a tio n a l stu d y in 1969* as n oted in C hapter
I I , showed r e p o r tin g or n e w sw r itin g , th e most freq u en t
co u rse o f f e r e d ; and f o llo w in g in ord er o f freq u en cy , in t r o
d u c tio n t o mass com m unications, p h otograph y, e d it in g and
advanced r e p o r tin g . The o rd er was th e same f o r tr a n s fe r
and " term in al" program s. B e ll had a s e p a r a te r e fe r e n c e f o r
p u b lic a t io n s or p ro d u ctio n s c l a s s e s (4 5 * 3 ).
Benz n o ted th a t a problem in making cu rricu lu m
s t u d ie s u s in g b u l l e t i n s was the v a r ie t y o f co u rse t i t l e s —
a p p ly in g t o tw o -y ea r and fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e program s. The
J u n io r c o lle g e s in C a lifo r n ia p r e se n te d a v a r ie t y o f
t i t l e s : Twenty d if f e r e n t t i t l e s f o r th e In tr o d u c tio n to
mass m edia; n in e te e n t i t l e s fo r th e m ost freq u en t cou rse
I d e n t if ie d by Gothberg and Mrs. D avis and in t h i s stu d y —
n e w sw ritin g and r e p o r tin g ; and to p p in g th e l i s t w ith
t h ir t y - s e v e n d if f e r e n t t i t l e s , th e new spaper p u b lic a tio n s
c o u r s e . As an exam ple, the in tr o d u c tio n t o mass media
co u rse was la b e le d as In tr o d u c tio n t o J o u rn a lism , e ig h te e n
tim e s ; In tr o d u c tio n t o Mass C om m unications, fo u r te e n ; and
a ls o a s Survey o f Jou rn a lism , E lem entary J o u rn a lism , Jour
n a lism T heory, Jou rn alism and S o c ie t y , Contemporary Jour
n a lism , Modern Jou rn alism and th e Mass M edia, I n d iv id u a l
and th e Mass M edia, The News, In tr o d u c tio n t o Mass M edia,
and Com munications M edia. (T ab le 3»)
TABLE 3
JOURNALISM COURSE OFFERINGS
CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES 1969-70
Number o f T i t l e s L is t in g s
Newspaper P ro d u ctio n
37
86
B eg in n in g R ep ortin g
17
81
I n t r o , t o Mass Communications 20 56
P r e ss Photography
17 33
E d itin g 18 29
M agazine P rod u ction 11 29
Advanced R ep ortin g
7 25
P u b lic R e la tio n s
19
21
M agazine W ritin g
7
16
Yearbook P rod u ction 6 14
Independent Study 8 8
E d it o r ia l & F eatu re W ritin g
5
6
E d it o r ia l S t a f f T ra in in g
5
6
I n te r n s h ip (Newspaper) 4
5
H isto r y & E th ic s o f Journalism 1 1
M isc e lla n e o u s
15 15
80
J ou rn alism Majors
Tw enty-tw o c o lle g e s l i s t e d req u irem en ts f o r tr a n s
f e r m ajors In Jou rn alism , and fo u r te e n o ffe r e d d e s c r ip t io n s
o f c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) program s. O ther b u l l e t i n s con
ta in e d b r i e f sta te m e n ts r e l a t i v e t o th e b a s ic Journalism
req u irem en ts a t fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s or t o th e n e c e s s it y
f o r ch eck in g th e t r a n s f e r s c h o o l b e fo r e s e le c t in g c o u r se s
in J o u rn a lism .
A ll tw en ty-tw o c o l l e g e s req u ired a cou rse in
r e p o r tin g and n ew sw r itin g ; t h ir t e e n a o n e-y ea r c o u r s e , and
e ig h t a o n e -se m e ste r , t h r e e - u n it c l a s s .
O ther co u r se s req u ired by th e c o lle g e s fo r th e
t r a n s f e r m ajor and th e number o f i n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u ir in g
them w ere: in tr o d u c tio n t o mass com m unications, tw e lv e —
a l l o n e -se m e ste r c o u r s e s; new spaper s t a f f , e le v e n — seven
f o r one y e a r and th r e e f o r two y e a r s; b eg in n in g p h otog
raphy, n in e — two o r th r e e u n it s ; e d it in g and co p y rea d in g ,
sev en — f i v e fo r th r e e u n it s and two f o r s ix ; and advanced
r e p o r tin g and m agazine s t a f f , two c o lle g e s ea ch .
A ll o f th e s c h o o ls l i s t e d t o t a l jo u rn a lism u n it s
r eq u ired w ith the range from th r e e t o tw e n ty -s ix se m este r
u n it s ; f i f t e e n o f th e c o l l e g e s req u ired te n u n its or more
o f Jou rn alism out o f th e t o t a l a s s o c ia t e o f a r ts d egree
requirem ent o f from s ix t y t o s e v e n ty u n i t s .
Pour o f th e c o l l e g e s l i s t e d a b i l i t y t o typ e or th e
ta k in g o f a ty p in g co u rse a s a req u irem en t, and one
81
req u ired a s e m e s te r 's c o u r s e , Honors P r o je c t . Recommended
e l e c t i v e s In clu d ed fe a tu r e w r it in g , advanced p h otograph y,
a d v e r t is in g , advanced new spaper p ro d u c tio n , and copy
p re p a r a tio n and p r o o fr e a d in g .
The I n s t it u t io n s w hich d e sc r ib e d c a r e e r or occupa
t io n a l Jou rn alism program s o ffe r e d o n ly a few v a r ia t io n s
from the t r a n s f e r program s. The most s ig n if ic a n t was th e
average o f th e t o t a l Jou rn alism u n it s req u ired : 2 1 .8 u n it s
p er c o l l e g e , e ig h t more than req u ired o f th e t r a n s f e r
m ajor. The range o f Jou rn alism req u irem en ts was from
tw e lv e t o t h ir t y u n it s w ith f i v e c o lle g e s r e q u ir in g tw e n ty -
fo u r or more u n i t s .
A gain , th e co u rse In n ew sw ritin g and r e p o r tin g was
req u ired a t a l l c o l l e g e s , sev en o n e-y ea r and se v e n o n e-
sem e ste r c o u r s e s . However, th e newspaper s t a f f p ro d u ctio n
c o u r se s were req u ired a t t h ir t e e n o f th e fo u r te e n s c h o o ls ,
w h ile few er than o n e -h a lf o f th e c o lle g e s req u ired th e
c o u rse o f t r a n s f e r m a jo rs.
O ther c o u r se s req u ired o f c a r e e r m ajors and the
number o f I n s t it u t io n s were a s fo llo w s : b eg in n in g p h otog
raphy, n in e — sev en o n e -se m e ste r c o u r s e s; photo J o u rn a lism ,
sev en — a l l o n e -se m e ste r , tw o - or th r e e -u n it c l a s s e s ;
advanced r e p o r tin g , fo u r — a l l one sem ester ; and m agazine
s t a f f , th r e e (tw o were a lt e r n a t e s w ith new spaper)— two o n e-
y ea r and one tw o -y ea r c o u r s e s .
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S u g g ested Jou rn alism e l e c t i v e s in clu d ed a d v e r t is in g
by th r e e c o lle g e s ; e d i t o r i a l and fe a tu r e a r t i c l e w r it in g
and p u b lic r e la t io n s by tw o; and news typography, m agazine
e d i t i n g , m echanics o f e x p r e s s io n , in d ep en d en t stu d y ,
I n te r n s h ip , r a d io and t e l e v i s i o n p u b lic a f f a i r s , r a d io and
t e l e v i s i o n c o n t in u it y w r itin g and t e l e v i s i o n s c r ip t
w r it in g . At l e a s t one c o lle g e req u ired an in te r n s h ip
d u rin g th e sc h o o l y ea r o r summer o f i t s c a r e e r m a jo rs. And
e ig h t o f th e c o lle g e s l i s t e d ty p in g as a recommended
co u r se ; two o f them req u ired a minimum speed o r a c o u r s e .
G eneral E d u ca tio n R equirem ents
In Mrs. D a v is' stu d y o f the S outhern C a lif o r n ia
J u n io r c o l l e g e s , E n g lish co m p o sitio n was req u ired or
su g g e sted by 9 5 .8 3 p er c e n t o f th e c o l l e g e s . In 1969-70
a l l e ig h ty -s e v e n c o l l e g e s req u ired or recommended a t h r e e -
or f o u r -u n it co u rse in E n g lish c o m p o sitio n . Speech o r o r a l
E n g lish was a recommended e l e c t i v e or req u ired a t e ig h t y -
fo u r o f th e tw o -y ea r I n s t it u t io n s ; in s e v e r a l in s t a n c e s
c o lle g e s p erm itted stu d e n ts to ch oose betw een sp eech and
E n g lish l i t e r a t u r e or o th e r E n g lis h c o u r s e s . The c o l l e g e s
seemed t o be fo llo w in g th e recom m endations o f new spaper and
in d u s t r ia l p u b lic a tio n s e d it o r s who recommended E n g lis h
co m p o sitio n c o u r se s most fr e q u e n tly as th e g e n e r a l educa
t io n co u rse which should be req u ired ( 4 7 :9 8 ) .
83
At th e same tim e s e v e n ty -e ig h t c o l l e g e s t h i s yea r
recommended a s an e l e c t i v e , o r o ffe r e d a s an o p tio n a l
c l a s s , th e b a s ic E n g lish lit e r a t u r e c o u r se . One Orange
County c o lle g e p r e sc r ib e d t h a t stu d e n ts ta k e a tw o -sem ester
lit e r a t u r e c o u rse as a g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n req u irem en t. The
c o lle g e s com plied w ith th e s t a t e req u irem en t, w ith a l l
i n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u ir in g c o u r s e s in U nited S t a t e s h is t o r y
a n d /o r governm ent. F if t y - n in e Ju n ior c o l l e g e s allo w ed s tu
d e n ts t o e l e c t from com b in ation s o f h is t o r y and government
c o u r s e s; much f l e x i b i l i t y in co u rse arrangem ents was a v a il
a b le t o the s tu d e n ts , and tw o, t h r e e , fo u r and up t o tw elv e
u n it s were l i s t e d h is t o r y and government fo r g e n e r a l educa
t io n . One N orthern C a lifo r n ia c o lle g e req u ired i t s s tu
d e n ts to ta k e a C a lifo r n ia governm ent c l a s s . Mrs. D a v is'
stu d y showed th a t a l l o f th e S outhern C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior
c o lle g e s in 1956 req u ired h is t o r y a s a g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n
cou rse (^ 7 :1 ^ 3 )•
In th e s c ie n c e s o n ly fo u r te e n o f th e e ig h ty -s e v e n
Ju n ior c o lle g e s d id n ot l i s t e i t h e r a b i o l o g i c a l o r p h y si
c a l s c ie n c e in t h e ir g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n r e q u ir e m e n ts. At
t h ir t y - s e v e n o f th e c o l l e g e s , stu d e n ts were a llo w ed to
e l e c t one co u rse from th e b i o l o g i c a l or p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s
to be t ie d in c l o s e ly w ith th e g e n e ra l e d u c a tio n r e q u ir e
ments a t t h e ir ch osen fo u r -y e a r c o l l e g e s . E ig h te e n c o l
le g e s req u ired th a t stu d e n ts e l e c t from s i x t o te n u n it s o f
s c ie n c e . Three n o rth ern c o lle g e s req u ired fo u r u n it s each
84
o f b i o l o g i c a l and p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e , and one so u th ern sc h o o l
p r e sc r ib e d e ig h t u n it s each in b i o l o g i c a l and p h y s ic a l
s c ie n c e s . S c ie n c e s were n o t p r e sc r ib e d as fr e q u e n tly in
e it h e r p r e v io u s d is s e r t a t io n on cu rricu lu m .
P sy ch o lo g y was l i s t e d in th e g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n
p a tte r n by f i f t y - t w o , or 5 9 .8 p er c e n t , o f th e c o l l e g e s .
T h ir t y -e ig h t l i s t e d i t as a recommended e l e c t i v e , w h ile
fo u r te e n req u ired a tw o -, th r e e - o r fo u r -u n it b a s ic co u rse
in p sy c h o lo g y . In m athem atics l i s t i n g s , f i f t y - t h r e e c o l
le g e s o ffe r e d th e o p tio n o f a p a s s in g grade on an exam ina
t io n or a c o u r se ; t h ir t y - f o u r made no r e fe r e n c e t o math as
a g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n req u irem en t.
And in f i f t y - s e v e n b u l l e t i n s , no r e fe r e n c e was made
t o fo r e ig n lan gu age as an e l e c t i v e o r req u irem en t. Two
req u ired fo r e ig n la n g u a g e s, w ith e ig h t u n it s a t a Southern
C a lifo r n ia c o l l e g e , and fo u r te e n recommended up t o e ig h t
u n it s fo r t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts . A gain, t r a n s f e r o r ie n te d s tu
d e n ts were urged to examine th e fo r e ig n lan gu age r e q u ir e
m ents o f th e c o lle g e o r u n iv e r s it y .
A ll o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s req u ired a tw o -u n it cou rse
in h e a lth e d u c a tio n , h ygien e o r h e a lth s c ie n c e , and v a r ia
t io n s o f 1 /2 , 3 /4 or 1 u n it f o r fo u r se m e ste r s o f p h y s ic a l
e d u ca tio n a s w e ll a s th e co u r se s in Am erican h is t o r y and
governm ent p a t te r n s . As a g ra d u a tio n req u irem en t f o r th e
a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s d e g r e e , th e i n s t i t u t i o n s — a l l but f i v e —
l i s t e d e it h e r tw en ty u n it s o r t h ir t y q u a rter hours in a
35
m ajor f i e l d . A C en tra l C a lifo r n ia s c h o o l l i s t e d a t h i r t y -
se m e ste r -h o u r requirem ent in a m ajor f i e l d .
As noted e a r l i e r , many c o lle g e s se n t Jou rn alism
m ajors t o th e fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s ' c a t a lo g s — even t o
check on th e Jou rn alism m a jo r's req u irem en t. Only s ix
c o lle g e s f a il e d to l i s t s p e c i f i c t r a n s f e r req u irem en ts fo r
th e s t a t e c o l l e g e s , th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a lifo r n ia or p r iv a te
u n i v e r s i t i e s . The m a jo r ity l i s t e d a minimum o f th e n e ig h
b o rin g s t a t e c o lle g e and U n iv e r s ity o f C a lifo r n ia r e q u ir e
m ents o f t r a n s f e r s . And i f p r iv a te c o lle g e s or
u n i v e r s i t i e s were n earb y, extrem e ca re was g iv e n in l i s t i n g
t h e ir r eq u ire m en ts. In some b u l l e t i n s , th e s e s e c t io n s were
lo n g and a lm o st d isp r o p o r tio n a te w ith o th e r n e c e s sa r y
d ep artm en ts o f th e b u l l e t i n .
S ix ty - n in e c o lle g e s recommended e l e c t i v e s in th e
f in e a r t s and h u m a n ities; e ig h te e n urged stu d e n ts t o ta k e
a tw o -, t h r e e - or fo u r -u n it c o u r se ; f i v e to e l e c t s i x u n it s
and one t o ch oose n in e u n it s in th e a r e a . Three co u r se s
were req u ired a t two c o l l e g e s , two a t one i n s t i t u t i o n , and
one a t n in e s c h o o ls . S ix u n it s in p h ilo so p h y were p r e
sc r ib e d a t one c o l l e g e .
And s i x t y - f i v e Junior c o lle g e s recommended e l e c
t i v e s o r req u ired co u r se s in th e s o c i a l s c ie n c e s . Two
req u ired s i x u n it s o f econ om ics, one th r e e u n it s o f p o l i t i
c a l s c ie n c e in a d d itio n to th e s t a t e req u irem en t, one s ix
u n it s and one th r e e u n its in any a rea o f s o c ia l s c ie n c e .
86
F orty o th e r c o lle g e s recommended e l e c t i v e s ra n g in g from
th r e e t o tw e lv e u n it s In th e s o c ia l s c ie n c e s .
The 1969-?0 b u l l e t i n s r e f le c t e d th e C a lifo r n ia
S ta te C o lle g e s ' new r e g u la tio n g iv in g th e Ju n ior c o lle g e
th e o p p o rtu n ity t o s e t up g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n p a t te r n s . Many
o f th e c o lle g e s s e le c t e d a p a tte r n s im ila r t o th e n e ig h
b o rin g s t a t e c o l l e g e s .
G eneral E d u cation f o r Majors
The tw en ty-tw o I n s t it u t io n s which o ffe r e d t r a n s f e r
programs and th e fo u r te e n c o lle g e s w hich l i s t e d c a r e e r or
o c c u p a tio n a l programs p r e sc r ib e d g e n e r a l e d u ca tio n a n d /o r
l i b e r a l a r t s req u irem en ts f o r Jou rn alism m a jo rs. Examples
o f th e m ajors are In th e A ppendix.
For th e t r a n s f e r m ajor, tw en ty -o n e o f th e tw en ty -
two c o l l e g e s l i s t e d a th r e e -u n it requirem ent In l i t e r a t u r e ,
w h ile o n ly e ig h te e n s c h o o ls req u ired a co u rse In E n g lish
c o m p o sitio n . One l i s t e d E n g lish c o m p o sitio n a s a recom
mended e l e c t i v e . In th e a rea s o f th e s t a t e req u irem en ts,
tw en ty c o lle g e s req u ired th e tw o -u n it h y g ien e or h e a lth
e d u c a tio n c l a s s ; e ig h te e n l i s t e d p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , p r i
m a rily American I n s t it u t io n s ; and e ig h te e n p r e sc r ib e d
c o u r se s in American h is t o r y . Three c o lle g e s req u ired a
co u rse in com parative governm ent, and one i n s t i t u t i o n
l i s t e d a B lack s t u d ie s cou rse in government as an o p tio n .
E ig h t s c h o o ls req u ired s ix u n it s In h is t o r y , one p r e sc r ib e d
a co u rse in th e p o l i t i c a l and s o c ia l h is t o r y o f th e U nited
S t a t e s , and one o ffe r e d a c h o ic e o f two c o u r se s in B lack
s tu d ie s in th e a r ea o f h is t o r y .
Econom ics R equired by M a jo r ity . — S i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
f i f t e e n c o l l e g e s , or 6 8 .1 p er c e n t, req u ired c o u r se s in
econom ics w ith n in e r e q u ir in g a t l e a s t s i x u n i t s . E d ito r s
quoted in th e l i t e r a t u r e ranked econom ics a s h ig h ly
recommended f o r Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts . P sy ch o lo g y a ls o was
req u ired by f i f t e e n s c h o o ls . In th e s c ie n c e s , e ig h t c o l
le g e s req u ired t h r e e - , fo u r - o r f i v e - u n i t c o u r s e s in
b io lo g ic a l s c ie n c e s ; s i x i n s t i t u t i o n s l i s t e d a p h y s ic a l
s c ie n c e co u rse as a req u irem en t, and th r e e o th e r c o lle g e s
allow ed a s e le c t i o n from s c ie n c e , n a tu r a l a n d /o r th e
p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s .
S o c io lo g y C ourse P r e s c r ib e d . — Alm ost o n e -th ir d o f
th e c o l l e g e s , s e v e n , req u ired s o c io lo g y in t h e i r g e n e r a l
e d u c a tio n l i s t i n g f o r m ajors, one fo r s i x u n it s and fo u r a t
th r e e u n i t s , and one l i s t e d one c o u r s e . Tw elve c o lle g e s
req u ired p h ilo so p h y c o u r s e s , in c lu d in g sev en w ith a tw o-
se m e ste r , s ix - u n i t c o u r s e , w h ile f iv e req u ired a t h r e e - u n it
c o u r s e .
Jou rn alism m ajors were p r e sc r ib e d t o ta k e fo r e ig n
lan gu age a t n in e c o l l e g e s ; s ix t e e n u n it s were req u ired a t
fo u r o f th e s c h o o ls . Two sem ester s o r s ix u n it s o f
W estern C i v i l i z a t i o n were p r e sc r ib e d a t te n c o l l e g e s , and
88
th re e t o s i x u n it s o f a d d itio n a l E n g lish or Am erican l i t e r
atu re were req u ired a t e le v e n i n s t i t u t i o n s .
F in e A rts R eq u irem en ts. —T h ir te e n c o l l e g e s p re
sc r ib e d th a t stu d e n ts s e l e c t from a l i s t o f f in e a r t s ,
m usic and c r e a t iv e a r t s c o u r s e s , in g e n e r a l, and o th e r s
recommended a d d itio n a l e l e c t i v e s in p sy c h o lo g y , drama, th e
h u m a n itie s, c r e a t iv e w r itin g , a n th ro p o lo g y and d is c u s s io n
( s p e e c h ).
C areer M ajors: C o m p o sitio n . —C areer or occupa
t io n a l m ajor program s p r e sc r ib e d th a t s tu d e n ts ta k e E n g lish
c o m p o sitio n — t r a n s f e r or n o n -tr a n s fe r c o u r s e s — a t t h ir t e e n
o f th e fo u r te e n i n s t i t u t i o n s . The in tr o d u c to r y lit e r a t u r e
c la s s was req u ired a t ten i n s t i t u t i o n s , w ith one c o lle g e
o f f e r in g an a lt e r n a t iv e cou rse in m ajor American w r it e r s .
U n ited S t a t e s h is t o r y was req u ired a t e le v e n c o l
l e g e s , and p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e — p r im a r ily American govern
ment— was p r e sc r ib e d a t e ig h t s c h o o ls ; fo u r o f th e c o lle g e s
p erm itted stu d e n ts t o e l e c t from h is t o r y or governm ent.
H ea lth e d u c a tio n — th e o th er s t a t e req u irem en t— was l i s t e d
as req u ired by te n o f th e c o l l e g e s . O ther major r e q u ir e
m ents o f c a r e e r Jou rn alism m ajors were p sy c h o lo g y , p re
sc r ib e d a t e ig h t c o l l e g e s ; sp eech a t sev en ; eco n o m ics,
in c lu d in g a co u rse in In tr o d u c tio n to American Economy, a t
s ix ; and s o c io lo g y , th r ee o n e-y ea r and th r e e o n e -sem e ste r
c o u r s e s , s ix c o l l e g e s . S c ie n c e req u irem en ts were lim ite d
89
t o b i o l o g i c a l s c ie n c e a t one c o lle g e and p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s
a t two s c h o o ls . However, th re e i n s t i t u t i o n s req u ired th r e e
or th r e e t o s ix u n it s o f e l e c t i v e s in n a tu r a l s c ie n c e ,
p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e or s c ie n c e . T h ir te e n o f th e c o lle g e s
recommended e l e c t i v e s in th e a r t s , th e h u m a n ities, s o c ia l
s c ie n c e s and b u s in e s s .
Broad. L ib e r a l A rts R eq u irem en ts. — S i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
b oth th e t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r or o c c u p a tio n a l m ajors were
req u ired t o ta k e c o u r se s r e f l e c t i n g a broad, l i b e r a l a r t s
background— a program recommended f o r Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts
s in c e th e b e g in n in g o f Journalism e d u c a tio n .
Summary
A ccording t o th e 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s , f i f t y - n i n e
C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior c o lle g e s have m ajors o r m ajor-typ e pro
grams in J o u rn a lism . F if t y - e ig h t l i s t e d m ajors in J o u rn a l
ism f o r t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts , and s ix t e e n o ffe r e d c a r e e r
program s in J o u rn a lism . The tren d o v er th e t h ir t e e n - y e a r
p e r io d s in c e Mrs. D a v is' d is s e r t a t io n seemed t o be f o r a
g r a d u a l, c o n tin u a l developm ent o f c a r e e r program s.
C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior c o lle g e s were o f f e r in g more d i f
f e r e n t Jou rn alism c o u r se s and more u n it s in J o u rn a lism .
The in c r e a s e in t o t a l number o f c o u r se s was s l i g h t , but
th e v a r ie t y o f c o u r se s o ffe r e d has in c r e a s e d . C red it f o r
p u b lic a tio n s work was on th e in c r e a s e in C a lifo r n ia , but
when compared w ith J u n ior c o lle g e s n a t io n a lly , the
90
C a lifo r n ia I n s t it u t io n s were b elow a v er a g e . The number o f
c o u r se s and amount o f c r e d it f o r c o u r se s f o r yearbook
c la s s e s have dropped, but th e number o f m agazine p ro d u ctio n
c o u r se s has I n c r e a se d . F ou rteen c o lle g e s have combined a l l
o f th e p u b lic a tio n s In to s in g le p ro d u ctio n la b o r a to r y
c o u r s e s , and a few c o lle g e s o ffe r e d combined th e o r y and
la b o r a to r y new spaper work In one c l a s s .
The tw en ty -tw o c o lle g e s l i s t i n g t r a n s f e r m ajors In
Journalism a l l req u ired a cou rse In n e w sw r itin g . O ther
c l a s s e s p r e sc r ib e d by a m a jo r ity o f th e s c h o o ls Included
In tr o d u c tio n t o mass com m unications and th e new spaper pro
d u c tio n c o u r s e . T o ta l Jou rn alism cou rse req u irem en ts
ranged from th r e e t o tw e n ty -s ix u n it s I n c lu d in g c l a s s e s In
Independent stu d y , e d it in g , b e g in n in g photography and photo
Jou rn alism .
C areer Jou rn alism m ajors a t a l l fo u r te e n I n s t i t u
t io n s o f f e r in g such programs a ls o were req u ired to ta k e
n ew sw ritin g ; how ever, v a r y in g from the t r a n s f e r program,
c a r e e r m ajors were p r e sc r ib e d t o tak e new spaper s t a f f p ro
d u c tio n , b e g in n in g photography, photo Jou rn alism and
e d it in g a t a m a jo r ity o f th e c o l l e g e s . A lso th e average
p e r I n s t it u t io n o f t o t a l Jou rn alism u n it s req u ired o f th e
c a r e e r major was 2 1 .8 u n i t s , s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r than th e
1 3 .1 u n it s req u ired o f th e t r a n s f e r m a jo rs.
G eneral e d u c a tio n req u irem en ts a t th e e ig h ty -s e v e n
c o l l e g e s Inclu d ed E n g lish co m p o sitio n a t e i g h t y - f i v e o f
91
th e c o l l e g e s ; sp eech a t e ig h ty -fo u r s c h o o ls , b a s ic E n g lish
l i t e r a t u r e a t s e v e n ty -e ig h t c o l l e g e s , and th e s t a t e
req u ired h is t o r y a n d /o r governm ent a t a l l I n s t i t u t i o n s .
L iste d by a m a jo r ity o f th e I n s t it u t io n s were g e n e r a l edu
c a tio n c o u r s e s In th e b i o l o g i c a l or p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s ,
p sy c h o lo g y and h y g ien e and p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n — th e l a t t e r
two In clu d ed th e s t a t e req u irem en ts f o r th e a s s o c ia t e o f
a r t s d e g r e e . Many c o lle g e s r e fe r r e d stu d e n ts t o fo u r -y e a r
I n s t it u t io n b u l l e t i n s fo r s p e c i f i c req u irem en ts In g e n e r a l
e d u c a tio n . And m ost Junior c o l l e g e s p r e s c r ib e d tw en ty t o
t h ir t y u n it s In a m ajor as a gra d u a tio n req u irem en t.
The m a jo r ity o f the I n s t it u t io n s l i s t i n g t r a n s f e r
m ajors In J ou rn alism req u ired c o u r se s In E n g lis h com posi
t io n , I n tr o d u c tio n t o l i t e r a t u r e , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e ,
h y g ie n e , Am erican h is t o r y , p h ilo so p h y , eco n o m ics, p sy c h o l
ogy, and s i x a d d itio n a l u n it s In l i t e r a t u r e — r e f l e c t i n g a
broad background In g e n e r a l o r l i b e r a l a r t s e d u c a tio n .
C areer m ajors a t a m a jo rity o f th e fo u r te e n c o l
le g e s were req u ired t o tak e E n g lish c o m p o sitio n , I n tr o
d u c tio n t o l i t e r a t u r e , Am erican h is t o r y , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e
(p r im a r ily American govern m en t), h y g ie n e , p sy c h o lo g y and
sp eech — a g a in r e p r e s e n tin g a broad background in g e n e r a l o r
l i b e r a l a r t s e d u c a tio n .
N e ith e r th e t r a n s f e r or ca re e r m ajors in Jou rn alism
were req u ired t o ta k e e it h e r th e b i o l o g i c a l or p h y s ic a l
s c ie n c e s in J u n io r c o l l e g e .
CHAPTER V
FUNCTIONS OF AND THE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
O F THE JUNIOR COLLEGE, ACCORDING T O
JUNIOR CO LLEG E INSTRUCTORS
C hapter IV summarized th e way th e 1969-70 b u lle t in s
o f th e e ig h ty -s e v e n C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior c o l l e g e s " sa id i t
was* r e g a r d in g ju n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism cu rricu lu m ;
fin d in g s rep o rted in t h i s ch a p te r d e s c r ib e what Journalism
in s t r u c t o r s a t t h ir t y - n in e o f th e c o lle g e s s a id " th e fu n c
t io n s o f and th e cu rricu lu m should b e." The in s t r u c t o r s
c o l l e c t i v e l y had sp en t 290 y e a r s a t t h e ir i n s t i t u t i o n s , or
an a v era g e o f 7 .4 y e a r s p er p r o f e s s o r . The t o t a l y ears o f
te a c h in g e x p e r ie n c e a t th e c o lle g e l e v e l ranged from th ree
t o tw e n ty -th r e e . The I n s tr u c to r s h eld m aster*s d eg rees
from tw e n ty -th r e e d if f e r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s w ith th e e x c e p tio n
o f th r e e who were co m p le tin g req u irem en ts f o r th e m aster o f
a r ts d eg re e in mass com m unications. One in s t r u c t o r held an
Ed.D. d eg ree in e d u c a tio n a l a d m in is tr a tio n from USC. A
l i s t i n g o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n s g r a n tin g th e d e g r e e s and the
d e g r ee s gran ted appears in th e A ppendix.
Placem ent o f S tu d en ts
The c o lle g e s in d ic a te d th a t 2 ,1 4 4 s tu d e n ts were
e n r o lle d in th e jo u rn a lism programs in th e f a l l o f 1968.
92
93
One o f th e con cern s ex p ressed in Mrs. D a v is' stu d y
r e fe r r e d to th e d ro p -o u t problem in th e Junior c o l l e g e s .
L ite r a tu r e on th e Ju n ior c o lle g e s t r e s s e s th a t some tw o-
th ir d s o f th o se who e n r o ll in t r a n s f e r programs in t h e i r
freshm an y e a r s , in f a c t , do n o t t r a n s f e r ( 1 2 ) .
The la c k o f f i l e s , and in one c o lle g e th e b u rn in g
o f f i l e s , and th e la c k o f s t a f f t o m ain tain r e co rd s on
stu d e n ts r e s t r ic t e d th e r esp o n se s and, no d ou b t, r e s t r ic t e d
th e accu racy o f th e re sp o n se s t o th e q u e stio n a sk in g th a t
th e in s t r u c t o r s l i s t d a ta reg a rd in g th e whereabout o f s tu
d e n ts who s ta r te d in t h e ir Jou rn alism programs in th e f a l l
o f 1968. I t was noted in a n a ly z in g th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s th a t
a few seemed to rep o rt on " t o t a ls o f m ajor"— r a th e r than
t o t a l s o f Journalism stu d e n ts a s was r e q u e ste d .
N e ith e r o f th e e a r ly d is s e r t a t io n s approached t h i s
problem , and th e problem s d e sc r ib e d above did n o t m arkedly
li m i t th e v a lu e o f th e fo llo w in g d a ta : F i r s t , o f th e more
than 2 ,0 0 0 who s t a r t e d , an e stim a te d 837 were in th e p ro
gram in th e sp r in g o f 1970, o f whom 37 p er cen t were
ex p ected t o t r a n s f e r t o a fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n in th e f a l l
o f 1970. T w o-th ird s o f th e t r a n s f e r s were ex p ected to
m ajor in Jou rn alism . More than 40 p er cen t o f th e stu d e n ts
s a id th ey would re tu rn t o t h e ir Junior c o lle g e s in th e f a l l
o f 1970.
Second, o n ly 8 p er c e n t o f th e s tu d e n ts planned to
seek imm ediate employment in p r o f e s s io n a l Jou rn alism in
94
June o f 19 7 0 . T w en ty-fou r o f th e c o lle g e s rep o rted th a t
none o f t h e ir s tu d e n ts would be se e k in g Immediate
em ploym ent.
A nother attem p t to check placem ent o f Ju n ior
c o lle g e Jou rn alism g r a d u a te s— th o se who were supposed to
graduate In 1969— r e s u lte d In se v e n te e n c o l l e g e s o r l e s s
than o n e -h a lf o f th e t o t a l , r e p o r tin g d a ta . Of th e 226
Jou rn alism g ra d u a tes I d e n t if ie d , 4 0 .8 p er cen t tr a n sfe r r e d
t o fo u r -y e a r I n s t i t u t i o n s ; 1 0 .9 p er cen t to o k Jobs w ith
new spapers; 4 .0 p er cen t took work In r e la t e d f i e l d s ; 9 .8
p er cen t e n tered th e armed f o r c e s , and 3 0 .5 p e r c e n t
returned t o t h e i r J u n io r c o l l e g e s .
The c o l l e g e s rep o rted th a t en ro llm e n t in Jou rn alism
c la s s e s In th e s p r in g o f 1970 co n tin u ed h ig h w ith 2 ,7 1 8
stu d e n ts sig n ed up f o r c o u r se s and w ith 564 d e c la r e d as
Jou rn alism m a jo rs.
Jou rn alism Majors
T w e n ty -fiv e o f th e in s t r u c t o r s rep o rted th a t t h e ir
I n s t it u t io n s had Jou rn alism m ajors, and t h ir t y - s e v e n s ta te d
th a t th e y o ffe r e d t r a n s f e r programs in J o u rn a lism . Those
o f f e r in g t r a n s f e r program s req u ired an a v erage o f alm ost
th r e e c o u r se s in J o u rn a lism . F ourteen c o l l e g e s req u ired
fo u r or more c o u r s e s w ith th r e e p r e s c r ib in g s i x or more
c la s s e s in J o u rn a lism .
95
Twelve I n s t r u c t o r s s t a t e d t h a t t h e i r c o l l e g e s
o f f e r e d c a r e e r ( o c c u p a tio n a l) m ajo rs In jo u r n a lis m — th e
t o t a l was s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h a t th e 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s noted
only s i x t e e n such program s in t h e e n t i r e s t a t e . At l e a s t
one of th e c o lle g e i n s t r u c t o r s u p d ated th e c a r e e r program
in f o r m a tio n in h i s i n s t i t u t i o n ’ s b u l l e t i n . An average of
5 .2 c o u rs e s i n J o u rn a lism was r e q u ir e d of c a r e e r m ajo rs a t
th e tw elve c o l l e g e s , two more th a n th e re q u ire m e n t f o r
t r a n s f e r m a jo rs . Nine of th e i n s t i t u t i o n s r e q u ir e d f i v e o r
more c o u rs e s in J o u rn a lis m . The a s s o c i a t e of a r t s d egree
re q u ire m e n t of tw en ty u n i t s i n a m ajor f i e l d no doubt
a f f e c t e d th e number of c o u rse s r e q u ir e d of m a jo rs.
F u n c tio n s of J o u r n a l i s m . — The placem ent of j u n i o r
c o lle g e jo u r n a lis m s tu d e n t s was r e f l e c t e d in th e i n s t r u c
t o r s ' a t t i t u d e s toward th e f u n c t i o n s o r p u rp o se s of th e
jo u r n a lis m c u rric u lu m .
Asked t o rank f i v e l i s t e d f u n c t i o n s o f Jo u rn a lism
as th e y th o u g h t th e y should be in o r d e r of p r i o r i t y , th e
i n s t r u c t o r s ranked p r e p a r a t i o n t o t r a n s f e r to a f o u r - y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n , f i r s t ; g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n , or to give s tu d e n t s
a b a s ic u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e r o l e o f th e mass media,
second; t r a i n i n g of s tu d e n t s i n s k i l l s n e c e s s a r y to p u b l i s h
a c o lle g e new spaper, t h i r d ; improvement of th e s t u d e n t s '
g e n e r a l w r i t i n g s k i l l , f o u r t h ; and c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) o r
th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f s tu d e n t s t o ta k e a Job im m ediately a f t e r
g r a d u a tio n , f i f t h . (T able k.)
TABLE 4
FUNCTIONS OF JOURNALISM R A N K E D IN O R D ER O B ' IM PORTANCE
AS PERCEIVED BY JOURNALISM INSTRUCTORS IN 1?70
JC by S k ills
Code fo r T ran s General W ritin g
Number P u b lic a tio n s f e r E ducation C areer S k ill
1 2 4 1 5 3
2 4
5
1 2
3
3
4- 1 2
3 5
4 1 5
4 2
3
5 4 X 2 5 3
6 4 1 2 5 3
7 1
3
2
5
4
8
5
1 2 4
3
9
4 1 2
3 5
10 3 2 3
5 4
11
3
1 2
5
4
12
5
1 2 4
3
13
4 1
3 1 2
14 2 1 4
5 3
15 2 3 1 4
. 5 . _
16
3
1 2
5
4
1? 5 1 4 2
3
18
-
1
-
1
19 2
5 1 3
4
20 2 1 2 1 2
21
3 1 2 4
5
22 2 4 1 5 3
23 1
3
4
5
2
24
5
1 2 4
3
3
2 1 5
4
Z6 1 1 1 2 1
2? 2
5 1 4
3
28
5
1
3
2 4
29 1
5
2 4
3
30 2 1 4 3 5
31 5 3
2 5 1
32 4 1 2
3 5
33
-
1 - - -
34 3
1 4
5
2
-- 35 5
2 3 4 3 .
'i t
3
1 2
5
4
37 3
2 1 5
4
38 4 1 2
5 3
_ .39 2 1 3 5
4
T o ta l 112
77
60 142*
125
Mean 3.0 2.0 2.17
3.79 3.38
Rank 3 . 2
- -5
4
Note:
T h is ta b le should be read as fo llo w s: The Jo u r
nalism I n s tr u c to r In c o lle g e #1 ranked th e fu n c tio n s of
Jo u rn alism as he p erceiv ed th ey should be In o rd e r of
im p o rtan ce. He ranked G eneral E ducation #1.
97
E lev e n of th e t h i r t y - n i n e I n s t r u c t o r s who have
ta u g h t f o r t e n o r more y e a r s (ro u g h ly s i n c e th e tim e of
Mrs. Davis* stu d y ) gave th e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n even a
s t r o n g e r f i r s t , w ith g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a g a in in second
p la c e , b u t th e y moved th e improvement o f w r i t i n g s k i l l s to
t h i r d ; th e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r c o lle g e p u b l i c a t i o n s and th e
c a r e e r f u n c t i o n s were t i e d f o r f o u r t h .
T w e n ty -fo u r i n s t r u c t o r s ranked th e t r a n s f e r fu n c
t i o n a s most im p o rta n t w ith a w eighted a v erag e o f 2 .0 , and
s e v e n te e n la b e l e d g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n as t h e most im p o rta n t
w ith an a v e ra g e o f 2 .1 3 . S ix o f th e e le v e n v e t e r a n
i n s t r u c t o r s ranked th e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n f i r s t i n im por
ta n c e , and f i v e l i s t e d g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a s th e most
im p o r ta n t p u rp o s e .
I n M rs. D a v is ' s tu d y , the tw e n ty - f o u r jo u r n a lis m
i n s t r u c t o r s s a id t h a t th e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n "should** ran k
as th e most im p o r ta n t f u n c tio n f o r J u n io r c o lle g e j o u r n a l
ism, b u t t h a t g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n was th e f u n c t i o n th e n b e in g
s e r v e d . G en eral e d u c a tio n was l i s t e d as what th e second
most im p o r ta n t f u n c tio n should be w ith th e " te r m in a l"
( c a r e e r ) p u rp o s e , t h i r d . The o t h e r f u n c t i o n s , g u id an ce and
a d u l t e d u c a tio n , were ta k e n from th e f i v e p u rp o se s of
j u n i o r c o l l e g e e d u c a tio n — th e b a s i s o f M rs. D a v is ' stu d y o f
f u n c tio n s (4 7 :1 0 3 . 1 1 0 -1 1 1 ).
Two-year and f o u r - y e a r c o lle g e f a c u l t y and e d i t o r s
in G o th b e rg 's s tu d y in 1963 s a id th e most im p o rta n t
98
fu n c tio n should be th e p r o v id in g o f g e n e r a l and l i b e r a l
e d u c a tio n . The Ju n ior c o lle g e f a c u lt y ranked the d ev e lo p
ment o f J o u r n a lis t ic s k i l l s , secon d ; a n oth er g e n e r a l educa
t io n ty p e p u rp ose, th ir d ; c a r e e r e x p lo r a tio n , fo u r th ; and
th e te a c h in g o f grammar and s p e ll i n g (w r itin g s k i l l s ) ,
f i f t h (5 2 :6 1 ) .
A c tu a lly , both s tu d ie s r e la te d th e t r a n s f e r
fu n c tio n — u sin g d if f e r e n t term s— as one o f th e p r in c ip a l
fu n c tio n s , which was supported by th e d a ta in t h i s stu d y .
However, a lth o u g h r a tin g th e c a r e e r fu n c tio n as o f l e a s t
im p ortan ce, r e p e a tin g th e p e r c e p tio n s o f in s t r u c t o r s in th e
two p r e v io u s s t u d ie s , 5 9 .5 p er c e n t, or tw en ty -n in e o f th e
in s t r u c t o r s resp o n d in g in 1970 sa id th a t th e Ju n ior c o lle g e
should o f f e r a tw o -y ea r c a r e e r (o c c u p a tio n a l) program in
J o u rn a lism . J u n io r c o lle g e f a c u lt y in G oth b erg's stu d y
p la ced str o n g em phasis on th e need to te a c h Journalism
s k i l l s a s a p r in c ip a l o b j e c tiv e o f th e Ju n ior c o lle g e
Jou rn alism program ( 5 2 :5 8 ) .
Jou rn alism Course R equirem ents
N ew sw rltln g Most Im p o rta n t. — In t h is stu d y , asked
to l i s t in p r io r it y o rd er, th e Jou rn alism co u rse s th a t
should be req u ired o f Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts , th e Journalism
in s t r u c t o r s s e le c t e d a co u rse in b eg in n in g n ew sw ritin g as
th e most im p ortan t, w ith th e in tr o d u c to r y co u rse in mass
com m unications seco n d . N ew sw ritin g was l i s t e d as o f
99
g r e a te s t importance fo r stu d en ts planning to tr a n s fe r and
th ose plan n ing to take immediate employment in the 1963
stu d y. And a l l tw en ty -fo u r i n s t i t u t i o n s in th e Southern
C a lifo r n ia study in 1956 recommended n ew sw ritin g fo r tr a n s
f e r and term in al m ajors. The Gothberg study a ls o supported
In tro d u ctio n to mass communications (or Journalism ) as the
second most Important co u rse.
Other c o u r se s, l i s t e d in order of t h e ir preferen ce
by the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s in 1970, were: for
tr a n s fe r m ajors, advanced n ew sw riting; newspaper production
s t a f f — one year; e d it in g and make-up; newspaper production
s t a f f — tw o-year requirem ent; In tro d u ctio n to photography
and news photography. D if fe r in g s l i g h t l y from th ese
fin d in g s was the 1963 survey, which ranked the c o lle g e news
paper p rod u ction la b o ra to ry , th ird in im portance; e d itin g ,
fou rth ; and photo Journalism , f i f t h (5 2 :7 6 ). In the 1956
study the m ajority o f the Junior c o lle g e s added only copy-
read in g and h ea d lin e w r itin g and magazine w r itin g to the
n ew sw riting requirem ent fo r tr a n s fe r stu d en ts (4 7 :1 4 3 ).
Career Major Requirem ents. —C areer (term in al)
majors should be required to tak e, in order of p r io r it y ,
cou rses in b egin n in g new sw riting, in tr o d u c tio n to mass
communication, newspaper production s t a f f — one year,
advanced n ew sw ritin g, e d itin g and make-up, newspaper pro
d u ctio n s t a f f — two years and in tr o d u c tio n to photography,
100
according to t h is stu d y . The 1963 study would s h i f t the
order o f th e f i r s t two cou rses and add a course In law and
e t h ic s of the p ress (5 2 :1 2 2 ).
S im ila r it ie s in suggested curriculum fo r majors
were a ls o ev id en t in g en era l ed u cation requirem ents as
d esig n a ted by Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s in 1970.
Recommended fo r Journalism stu d e n ts, in order o f t h e ir
frequency o f l i s t i n g by the t h ir t y - n in e in s t r u c t o r s , were:
f o r tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts, United S ta te s C o n stitu tio n and
Government, S ta te and Local Government, S o c io lo g y , Econo
m ics, Psychology, H isto ry of the United S ta te s , E n g lish
Com position, In trod u ction to L ite r a tu r e , H istory of C i v i l i
z a tio n , The World Environment ( e c o lo g ic a l approach), P h ysi
c a l S c ie n c e s , Art A p p recia tio n , and Anthropology, a l l
recommended by a m ajority of th e in s t r u c t o r s . For career
stu d e n ts, S o c io lo g y , United S t a te s C o n stitu tio n and Govern
ment, S ta te and Local Government, United S ta te s H isto ry ,
In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu r e , E n g lish Com position, Economics
and Psychology, a ls o recommended by more than o n e -h a lf o f
the c o l l e g e s . Required by a m ajority o f the Junior c o l
le g e s in Mrs. D a v is’ survey, were cou rses in econom ics,
E n g lish com position, h e a lth , h is t o r y , lit e r a t u r e , p h y sic a l
ed u ca tio n , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e and psychology (^ 7 :1 5 9 ). And,
a ls o r ep o rtin g s im ila r g en era l education requirem ents, the
1963 d is s e r t a t io n l i s t e d the co u rses in the fo llo w in g order
o f t h e ir most frequent l i s t i n g s : E n glish com position,
101
p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , h is to r y , li t e r a t u r e , s o c io lo g y , p sy ch o l
ogy, and p h ilo so p h y . The most fr e q u e n tly suggested general
ed u cation co u rses by the Junior c o lle g e I n s tr u c to r s in t h is
study were very s im ila r to th o se l i s t e d most fre q u e n tly as
general ed u cation requirem ents in the 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s .
Journalism Curriculum. In General
As noted e a r l i e r , 5 9 .5 per cen t of th e Junior c o l
le g e In str u c to r s in d ica ted th a t th e Junior c o lle g e should
o f f e r a tw o-year ca reer program in Journalism , a s i g n i f i
cant change in a t t it u d e from e a r l i e r s tu d ie s , in which most
in s tr u c to r s were opposed to tr a in in g stu d en ts f o r immediate
employment in Journalism . However, th e e le v e n veteran
in s t r u c t o r s , when responding to th e same q u estio n , voted in
a m ajority fo r the career program— but to a l e s s e r degree
with 5^.5 per cen t approving.
A ttitu d e s Regarding Career Programs. — Only 17.1 per
cent of the e n tir e group o f Journalism in s tr u c to r s wanted
to lim it tw o-year career stu d en ts to tw elve u n its o f Jour
nalism c o u r s e s. And y et 6 5 .8 per cen t o f the in s tr u c to r s
sa id they would fa v o r a s in g le - tr a c k Journalism curriculum
in the Junior c o l l e g e s in which the tw o-year ca r e e r and the
tr a n sfe r stu d en ts would take the same c o u r se s.
One Northern C a lifo r n ia in s tr u c to r sa id :
I doubt th at curriculum and course requirem ents
should be th e same fo r th o se t r a n s fe r -c a r e e r
orien ted JC 's and tr a n s fe r -c a r e e r JC*s (m ost, but
102
not a l l , con cen trated In the LA area I b e lie v e )
. . . . I fir m ly b e lie v e th a t I f journalism as a
p r o fe ssio n I s to meet i t s g o a ls , J -ed u ca to rs must
th in k in terms o f maximum ed u ca tio n , not tw o-year
career programs. Perhaps the community c o lle g e -
concept I s to blame f o r the d iffe r e n c e o f opinion
th at e x i s t s in J -ed u ca tio n c i r c l e s . I f the com
munity my JC se rv e s had a r e a l need fo r p a r tly
trained^and sem i-educated • J o u r n a lis ts ,* then
. . . /w e / would probably o f f e r a ca reer
program . . . .
Adding h is comments on the ca reer curriculum ,
another veteran in s tr u c to r s a id , "The answers above r e f l e c t
my th in k in g fo r the l a s t d ecade. M y view s about the
term in al program are undergoing se r io u s r e v ie w ." And
another Northern C a lifo r n ia a d v ise r noted th a t her i n s t i t u
t io n did not la b e l i t s Journalism program a ca reer program,
but th a t "a J -stu d e n t from the 1968 c la s s and one from 1967
are working fo r papers in the area as rep o rter,"
R e s tr ic t T ransfer Students* U n its . — In the area of
the tr a n s fe r curriculum , however, the m ajority o f the
th ir ty -n in e in s t r u c t o r s agreed the ju n ior c o lle g e Journal
ism a d v ise r should lim it stu d en ts planning to tr a n s fe r to
tw elve u n its of jou rn alism . Seventy-tw o per cen t of the
v etera n in s tr u c to r s supported th e r e s t r i c t i o n o f u n its in
Journalism . However, 55*9 per cen t of the in s tr u c to r s
opposed the su g g e stio n th a t the Junior c o lle g e Journalism
program should copy th a t of th e lo w e r -d lv is io n program of
th e se n io r c o l l e g e . A ll o f the v etera n in s tr u c to r s and
89.5 per cent o f the e n t ir e group supported th e move f o r a
103
permanent a r t ic u la t io n committee a t the S ta te l e v e l between
the Junior c o lle g e s and fo u r-y ea r I n s t i t u t i o n s . And 83.3
per cen t o f the c o lle g e s f e l t th a t fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s
should a ccep t the ju n io r c o lle g e Journalism c r e d it s w ithout
r e q u ir in g the Junior c o lle g e t r a n s f e r to take s p e c ia l
exam ination s.
Commenting on the a r t ic u la t io n problem, a Los
A ngeles ju n io r c o lle g e in s tr u c to r sa id :
I f each fo u r -y ea r c o lle g e would a ccep t tw elve
u n its of lower d iv is io n tr a n s fe r journalism
c o u r se s, r e la t io n s between the Junior c o lle g e and
the fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e would be improved. I t
appears to me th a t the f i r s t step toward an under
sta n d in g should be a se r io u s e v a lu a tio n o f the
o b j e c tiv e s o f the lower d iv is io n and o f the upper
d i v i s i o n .
Other ju n io r c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s agreed th a t
se r io u s a t te n t io n needs to be g iv en to the a r t ic u la t io n
problem s. A r e p r e se n ta tiv e comment by a Northern C a li
fo r n ia in s t r u c t o r fo llo w s:
I fa v o r a complete overhaul o f the a r t ic u la
t io n agreement developed in th e e a r ly 1960*s,
e s p e c i a ll y as i t r e la t e s to the s t a t e c o lle g e s ,
where most o f my stu d en ts t r a n s f e r . I th in k our
stu d en ts should have much more f l e x i b i l i t y in
ta k in g Journalism courses fo r e l e c t i v e c r e d it ,
w ith th e understanding th a t th ey w i l l not have to
repeat cou rses fo r major c r e d it at s t a t e c o l l e g e s .
The Curriculum: A F acu lty R e s p o n s ib ilit y . —The
in s tr u c to r s unanimously agreed th a t curriculum making and
r e v is in g in Junior c o lle g e journalism should be done by the
Journalism f a c u lt y . E ighty per cen t supported the statem ent
104
th a t, " Id e a lly , fo r tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts, Junior c o lle g e s
should o f f e r the same lo w e r -d iv is io n co u rses as fo u r -y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n s ." And 8 5 .7 per cent o f the in s tr u c to r s s a id ,
y e s , the Junior c o lle g e s should aim fo r a s im ila r it y of
o f fe r in g s sta tew id e in t h e ir Journalism c u r r ic u la .
J u n i o r C o lle g e s S hould L e a d . — H owever, i n a s l i g h t
r e v e r s a l , th e m a j o r i t y o f th e i n s t r u c t o r s d id n o t s u p p o r t
th e s u g g e s tio n t h a t t h e i r J o u r n a lis m p ro g ram sh o u ld copy
t h a t o f th e l o w e r - d i v i s i o n p ro g ram o f t h e f o u r - y e a r i n s t i
t u t i o n ; 8 6 .8 p e r c e n t o f th e c o l l e g e s a g re e d t h a t J u n i o r
c o l l e g e s sh o u ld become l e a d e r s , n o t c o n tin u e a s f o l l o w e r s ,
i n t h e r e v i s i o n o f J o u r n a lis m c u r r ic u lu m f o r l o w e r - d i v i s i o n
t r a n s f e r s t u d e n t s .
Almost a l l , or 9 4 .9 per c e n t, of the in s tr u c to r s
sa id tr a n s fe r stu d en ts should be advised to s ta r t talcing
journalism cou rses during t h e ir freshman year of ju n io r
c o lle g e ; b eing c o n s is t e n t , 8 6 .1 per cent opposed the
s u g g e stio n that tr a n s fe r stu d en ts be advised to postpone
p r o fe s s io n a l Journalism cou rses u n t i l t h e ir ju n io r year of
c o l l e g e . Gothberg reported th a t 75 per cen t o f the ju n io r
c o lle g e fa c u lty favored the freshman and sophomore years as
the s t a r t in g p o in ts f o r s p e c ia liz e d in s tr u c tio n in
journalism (5 2 :7 3 ) .
A fo rm e r u n i v e r s i t y i n s t r u c t o r , now te a c h i n g i n a
S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r c o l l e g e , s a id t h e f o u r - y e a r
105
c o lle g e s were d isco u ra g in g se r io u s media stu d en ts by
d e la y in g newspaper, magazine or broadcast production
co u rses u n t i l the Junior and s e n io r y e a r s, thus not
a llo w in g stu d en ts to take th e se co u rses and ob tain tr a n s fe r
c r e d it . He s a id , " P r o fe s s io n a lly -o r ie n te d cou rses were
b ein g pushed in high sc h o o ls by fo u r-y e a r s t a f f s , but when
a ju n io r c o lle g e wants to push fo r p r o fe s s io n a l development
in Prosh and Sophomore years the fo u r -y e a r tea ch ers say
'naughty, naughty' t h a t ' s v o c a tio n a l journalism . . . ."
Urged to Major in Jou rn alism . — T w enty-eight
in s t r u c t o r s , or 7 1 .8 per c e n t, sa id th ey would a d v ise s tu
d en ts p rep arin g f o r a ca reer on a newspaper to graduate
from a fo u r -y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n w ith a major in Journalism ,
w h ile t h ir t e e n of th e group said th ey would a d v ise stu d en ts
to com plete a t l e a s t two years o f form al ed u cation in Jour
n a lism . In Mrs. D avis' study, f i f t e e n of th e tw en ty -fo u r,
or 6 2 .5 per c e n t, of the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s and
tw enty-one of tw en ty-fou r curriculum d ir e c t o r s , or 87.5 per
c e n t, agreed th a t a Journalism major rep resen ted "prepara
tio n d e s ir a b le fo r work in the e d i t o r i a l department o f a
newspaper." Twenty-two in s t r u c t o r s , or 9 5 .7 per c e n t, sa id
they would a d v ise c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y graduation fo r
t h e ir stu d e n ts, and only one, or 4 .3 per c e n t, sa id he
would a d v ise ju n io r c o lle g e graduation as p rep aration fo r
work on a newspaper (4 7 :1 5 6 -1 5 7 ). Gothberg found th a t
106
t h ir t e e n of the s ix t e e n ju n io r c o lle g e I n s tr u c to r s , or 81
per c en t, said they cou n seled stu d en ts to go on f o r a
b ach elor o f a r ts or sc ie n c e degree, w h ile one in s t r u c t o r ,
or 6 .3 per c e n t, urged h is stu d en ts t o get a Job a f t e r
ju n io r c o lle g e (5 2 :?2 ).
T h irty o f the in s t r u c t o r s , or 79 per c e n t, saw a
need fo r a summer in te r n program fo r ju n io r c o lle g e Jour
n alism stu d e n ts, and t h ir t y - t h r e e , or 84.6 per c e n t, o f the
in s tr u c to r s supported the su g g e stio n th at ju n io r c o lle g e s
should broaden t h e ir o f fe r in g s to Include programs le a d in g
t o ca reers on p u b lic r e l a t io n s , r a d io , t e l e v i s i o n or
magazine s t a f f s .
In making g en era l comments on the curriculum , a
number of the ju n io r c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s looked upon the
Junior c o lle g e as th e b e s t i n s t i t u t i o n fo r exp erim en tation
in jou rn alism , although a t l e a s t one questioned the a v a i l
a b i l i t y of funds fo r d oin g such in n o v a tiv e work in jo u rn a l
ism ed u ca tio n . A Southern C a lifo r n ia journalism in s t r u c
to r wrote: " . . . the JC appears to be the b e st t r i a l
run show case. I t a ls o seems more f l e x i b l e to sw ing w ith
the te c h n o lo g ic a l advances o f communication in to new
media . . . ." However, one in s tr u c to r pointed out th a t
the ju n io r c o lle g e was r e s t r ic t e d in i t s Journalism
o f fe r in g s by th e fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n ’ s w illin g n e s s to
accep t tr a n s fe r c o u r se s.
107
Summary
The t h ir t y - n in e s e le c te d in s t r u c t o r s , r ep resen tin g
290 years o f journalism tea ch in g exp erien ce a t the ju n io r
c o lle g e l e v e l , reported th at t h ir ty -s e v e n of t h e ir i n s t i t u
t io n s o ffe r e d tr a n s fe r programs in Journalism , in clu d in g
tw e n ty -fiv e d esign ated as m ajors. I n s t it u t io n s o f fe r in g
tr a n s fe r programs required an average of almost three
co u rses in jou rn alism w ith th ree o f the c o lle g e s p rescrib in g
s ix or more c la s s e s in Journalism .
Twelve in s tr u c to r s sta ted t h e ir s c h o o ls had career
programs—more than o n e-h a lf o f the t o t a l l i s t e d in the
1969-70 b u l l e t i n s , as d escribed in Chapter IV. The ca reer
programs required an average o f 5*2 co u rses in Journalism .
The c o lle g e s reported th at o f th e 2,144 stu d en ts
e n r o lle d in journalism programs in the f a l l o f 1968, an
estim ated 837 were s t i l l in the program in th e sp rin g o f
1970. Of th a t t o t a l , 37 per cent were expected to tr a n s fe r
t o a fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e in the f a l l of 1970, and 8 per cent
were plan n ing to o b ta in work in Journalism in June o f 1970.
Tw o-thirds o f the tr a n s fe r s were expected to major in jou r
n a lism . Of the c la s s o f 1969— th ose who were expected to
graduate—4-0.8 per cent tra n sferred to fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u
t io n s ; 10.9 per cen t took Jobs w ith new spapers, and 4-0.3
p er cent entered th e Armed Forces or returned to th e ir
Junior c o l l e g e s .
108
Asked to rank ju n io r c o lle g e journalism fu n c tio n s
as they thought th ey should b e, the in s tr u c to r s l i s t e d
tr a n s fe r , f i r s t in im portance; gen eral ed u ca tio n , second;
tr a in in g in s k i l l s n ecessa ry to produce c o lle g e p u o lic a -
t io n s , th ir d ; improvement of the s tu d e n ts ’ gen eral w r itin g
s k i l l , fou rth ; and ca reer, f i f t h . The rankings c lo s e ly
approximated th o se of the 1963 curriculum study in Northern
C a lifo r n ia , where the Junior c o lle g e Journalism in s tr u c to r s
sa id gen eral ed u cation was probably the major fu n c tio n but
th a t tr a n s fe r should have been the p r in c ip a l fu n c tio n . The
ranking a ls o agreed w ith the fin d in g s of Mrs. D avis in 1956
in her study of tw en ty -fo u r Southern C a lifo r n ia s c h o o ls .
The study rein fo rced view s expressed in the l i t e r a t u r e th a t
the ju n io r c o lle g e Journalism p r o fe sso r h old s the tr a n sfe r
fu n c tio n as the most s i g n i f i c a n t .
Although r e le g a te d to f i f t h in im portance, the
ca reer fu n c tio n was strengthened in another s e c t io n of the
survey which showed th a t 5 9 .5 per cent of the in s tr u c to r s
f e l t th a t the Junior c o lle g e s should o f f e r ca r e e r programs
in jou rn alism .
Journalism co u rses, p referred by the in s tr u c to r s in
order of p r io r it y , were b egin n in g n ew sw ritin g, required by
a l l in s tr u c to r s ; In tro d u ctio n to mass communications, news
paper production s t a f f — one year; e d itin g and make-up;
newspaper production s t a f f — tw o-year requirem ent; in t r o
d u ctio n to photography and news photography. For the career
109
m ajors, in s tr u c to r s said they would p r e fe r c o u rses, again
in p r io r it y order, in beginning n ew sw ritin g, in tro d u ctio n
to mass communication, newspaper production s t a f f — one year,
advanced n ew sw ritin g, e d itin g and make-up, newspaper pro
d u ctio n s t a f f — tw o-year requirem ent, and in tro d u ctio n to
photography. The two e a r l i e r s tu d ie s had only s li g h t
v a r ia t io n s in th e recommended cou rses in Journalism .
General education or l i b e r a l a r ts p a ttern s sug
g e ste d by the I n s tr u c to r s fe a tu r e d , in order o f the h ig h est
frequency s e le c te d : fo r tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts— United S ta te s
C o n s titu tio n and Government; S ta te and Local Government;
S o c io lo g y ; Economics; Psychology; H isto ry o f the United
S t a t e s ; E n g lish Composition; In tro d u ctio n to L itera tu re and
H isto ry o f C i v i l i z a t i o n . And fo r ca reer stu d e n ts—
S o c io lo g y , f i r s t ; United S t a te s C o n stitu tio n and Government;
H isto r y of the United S ta te s ; In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu re ;
E n g lish Com position; Economics; and P sychology. A ll o f the
c o u r ses l i s t e d were recommended in the g en era l education
p a tte r n by more than o n e -h a lf o f the c o l l e g e s . A major
course s h ifte d downward in p r io r it y s in c e the two e a r lie r
s tu d ie s was E n g lish C om position. The co u rses l i s t e d f i r s t
r e f le c t e d the s t a t e ' s b a sic requirem ents fo r graduation,
a l s o .
In g en era l comments on curriculum , the m ajority o f
th e In str u c to r s (1) Preferred a s in g le - tr a c k curriculum fo r
t r a n s f e r and ca reer stu d en ts; (2) Opposed r e s t r i c t i n g two-
110
year ca reer stu d en ts to tw elve u n its o f Journalism ; (3)
Supported lim it in g tr a n s fe r stu d en ts to tw elve u n it s ; (4)
A ll approved of form ing a s t a t e - l e v e l permanent a r t ic u la
tio n committee w ith the se n io r c o lle g e s ; (5) Agreed u nani
mously th a t curriculum making and r e v is in g should be the
r e s p o n s ib ilit y of the Journalism In str u c to r ; (6) Supported
the aim fo r a s im ila r it y of o f fe r in g s sta tew id e in t h e ir
journalism c u r r ic u la ; (7) Agreed th a t ju n io r c o lle g e s
should become le a d e r s , not con tin u e as fo llo w e r s , in the
r e v is io n of Journalism curriculum ; (8) Stated th a t stu d en ts
should s t a r t ta k in g Journalism cou rses during t h e ir f r e s h
man year; (9) Opposed the s u g g e stio n th a t stu d en ts be
advised to postpone Journalism cou rses u n t i l t h e ir ju n io r
year o f c o lle g e ; (10) S ta ted th at they would a d v ise
stu d en ts to tr a n sfe r t o a fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n and t o
major in journalism ; (11) Evinced the need fo r a broadening
of the curriculum to in clu d e p rep aration fo r ca reers in
ra d io , t e l e v i s i o n , p u b lic r e la t io n s and magazines; and
(12) Approved the id ea o f a summer in te r n program fo r
ju n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts.
CHAPTER VI
FUNCTIONS OF AND THE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE, ACCORDING TO
WEEKLY AND DAILY NEWSPAPER EDITORS
In Chapter V, the fu n c tio n s o f and the curriculum
o f the Junior c o lle g e Journalism program were presented as
they were p erceiv ed by the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r in
1970* In t h i s ch ap ter, the fu n c tio n s o f and th e curriculum
o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism are p resen ted as th ey should
be— as perceived in 1970 f i r s t by weekly e d ito r s and second
by d a ily e d it o r s .
As ex p la in ed in the d e lim it a tio n o f the problem of
t h i s stu d y, only one of the many o ccu p a tio n a l areas open
t o the Journalism graduate was Included in t h is study:
th a t o f work on th e e d i t o r ia l s t a f f s of newspapers. Data
were c o lle c t e d through the use of q u e stio n n a ire s to a
sample of th e weekly newspapers and to a l l o f th e d a ily
newspapers w ith c ir c u la t io n s under 100,000 as l i s t e d in th e
1969 CNPA Newspaper D ir e c to r y . Tw enty-three of the f o r ty
w e e k lie s and sev en ty of the 102 d a i l i e s r e p lie d . Only
Mrs. D avis' form al study contained d ata on the weekly
newspapers.
I l l
112
W eekly N ew spapers
Those r e s p o n d in g in c lu d e d f o u r t e e n e d i t o r s , sev e n
e d i t o r s - a n d - p u b l i s h e r s , one a s s i s t a n t e d i t o r and one a d v e r
t i s i n g m an ag er. The J o u r n a l i s t s had s e rv e d an a v e r a g e o f
e l e v e n y e a r s , o r a t o t a l o f 259 y e a r s , on t h e C a l i f o r n i a
w e e k l i e s .
The newspapers had e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s averagin g 5 .8
p ersons and had hired tw e n ty -e ig h t f u ll- t im e s t a f f In 1968
and tw e n ty -fiv e new s t a f f in 1969. Of the tw e n ty -fiv e
h ired in 1969, ten came from o th er newspaper s t a f f s , s ix
from c o lle g e s or u n i v e r s i t i e s , th ree d ir e c t l y from Junior
c o l le g e s , and s ix from oth er so u r c e s. The e d ito r s e s t i
mated th at they would h ir e t h ir t y - t h r e e p ersons in 1970 .
One o f th e p r o f e s s i o n a l s , th e a s s i s t a n t e d i t o r o f a
p a p e r w ith f i f t y - o n e s t a f f m em bers, s a id t h a t h i s two
a s s i s t a n t c i t y e d i t o r s w ere J u n i o r c o l l e g e g r a d u a te s and
t h a t th e to p r e p o r t e r on th e s c h o o l b o a rd b e a t was a J u n i o r
c o l l e g e p r o d u c t . Two S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r s s t a t e d
t h a t th e y h ir e d J u n i o r c o l l e g e J o u r n a lis m s t u d e n t s on a
p a r t - t i m e b a s i s d u r i n g th e acad em ic y e a r . And s e v e r a l e d i
t o r s s t a t e d t h a t t h e i r s t a f f s w ere so s m a ll— two o r t h r e e
men— t h a t th e y had l i t t l e n e ed f o r J u n i o r c o l l e g e o r
c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s .
T w enty-one w e e k l i e s , w ith e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s t o t a l i n g
f i f t y - t h r e e , r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y h i r e d tw e n t y - s i x p e r s o n s
d u r i n g t h e t h r e e - y e a r p e r i o d , 1952 to 195^. And M rs. D av is,
113
in her 1956 in v e s t ig a t io n , then computed th a t from the
sample o f tw en ty-on e, th e t o t a l needs of th e 309 w eek lies
in Southern C a lifo r n ia a t the time would be more than 375
over th e th r e e -y e a r period (4 7 :1 2 6 -1 3 0 ). E xtending the
same form ula to the w eek lies in t h is study, the annual need
was about 330 in 1970. Mrs. Davis a ls o found th a t the
Southern C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e s graduated about s ix t y -
f iv e stu d en ts per year during the same th r e e -y e a r p eriod ,
and th a t 14 .2 7 Junior c o lle g e graduates per year Joined the
s t a f f s of weekly and d a ily newspapers (4 7 :1 3 8 -1 3 9 ).
Functions o f Junior C ollege Jou rn alism . — O n the
su b ject of th e fu n c tio n s o f Junior c o lle g e jou rn alism edu
c a tio n , the weekly e d ito r s p erceived the t r a n s f e r fu n ctio n
as th at which should be the most important fu n c tio n ,
a g reein g w ith the Junior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s . Second in
the ranking o f fu n c tio n s , however, was ca reer and the
Improvement o f w r itin g s k i l l s was t h ir d — th e ranking of
career bein g s i g n i f i c a n t l y d iffe r e n t from th e in str u c to r s*
p e r c e p tio n s. General ed u cation was ranked fo u r th w ith
t r a in in g of stu d e n ts fo r p u b lic a tio n s f i f t h . The rankings
o f the f i r s t th ree were very c lo s e w ith the average fo r
tr a n s fe r computed a t 2 .5 and th e averages f o r ca reer a t
2.67 and improvement of w r itin g s k i l l s at 2 . 7 . (Table 5 .)
The e d it o r o f a la rg e weekly in Ventura County
w r o te :
112
W eekly N ew spapers
Those responding Included fo u r te e n e d it o r s , seven
e d ito r s -a n d -p u b lls h e r s , one a s s is t a n t e d it o r and one adver
t i s i n g manager. The J o u r n a lists had served an average o f
ele v en y e a r s, or a t o t a l o f 259 y e a r s, on th e C a lifo r n ia
w e e k lie s .
The newspapers had e d i t o r ia l s t a f f s averaging 5*8
persons and had hired tw en ty -eig h t f u ll- t im e s t a f f In 1968
and tw e n ty -fiv e new s t a f f In 1969# Of th e tw e n ty -fiv e
hired In 1969, ten came from oth er newspaper s t a f f s , s ix
from c o lle g e s or u n i v e r s i t i e s , th ree d i r e c t l y from Junior
c o lle g e s , and s ix from o th er so u r c e s. The e d ito r s e s t i
mated th at th ey would h ir e t h ir t y - t h r e e p erson s in 1970.
One o f the p r o f e s s io n a ls , the a s s i s t a n t e d ito r of a
paper w ith f i f t y - o n e s t a f f members, said th a t h is two
a s s is t a n t c i t y e d ito r s were Junior c o lle g e graduates and
th a t the top re p o r te r on the sch ool board b eat was a Junior
c o lle g e prod u ct. Two Southern C a lifo r n ia e d ito r s sta ted
th at they hired Junior c o lle g e Journalism stu d en ts on a
p a rt-tim e b a s is during the academic y e a r. And se v e r a l e d i
to r s sta te d th a t t h e ir s t a f f s were so sm a ll— two or th ree
men— th at they had l i t t l e need f o r Junior c o lle g e or
c o lle g e grad u ates.
Twenty-one w e e k lie s , w ith e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s t o t a l i n g
f i f t y - t h r e e , reported th at they hired tw e n ty -s ix persons
during the th r e e -y e a r p erio d , 1952 to 195^» And Mrs. Davis,
113
in her 1956 in v e s t ig a t io n , then computed th a t from the
sample o f tw en ty-on e, th e t o t a l needs o f the 309 w e e k lie s
in Southern C a lifo r n ia a t the tim e would be more than 375
over th e th r e e -y e a r period (4 7 :1 2 6 -1 3 0 ). Extending the
same form ula to th e w e e k lie s in t h i s stu d y, the annual need
was about 330 in 1970. Mrs. D avis a ls o found th a t the
Southern C a lifo r n ia Junior c o lle g e s graduated about s ix t y -
f iv e stu d en ts per year during th e same th r e e -y e a r p erio d ,
and th a t 14.27 Junior c o lle g e graduates per year Joined the
s t a f f s o f weekly and d a ily newspapers (4 7 :1 3 8 -1 3 9 )•
F unctions o f Ju n ior C o lleg e Jou rn alism . — On the
su b jec t o f th e fu n c tio n s o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism edu
c a tio n , the weekly e d ito r s p erceived the t r a n s f e r fu n c tio n
as th a t which should be the most important fu n c tio n ,
a g reein g w ith the Junior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s . Second in
the ranking of fu n c tio n s , however, was ca reer and the
improvement of w r itin g s k i l l s was th ir d — the ranking of
ca reer b ein g s i g n i f i c a n t l y d if f e r e n t from the in str u c to r s*
p e r c e p tio n s. General ed u cation was ranked fo u rth w ith
tr a in in g of stu d en ts fo r p u b lic a tio n s f i f t h . The rankings
o f th e f i r s t th ree were very c lo s e w ith the average fo r
t r a n s f e r computed a t 2 .5 and the averages f o r ca reer a t
2.67 and improvement o f w r itin g s k i l l s at 2 .7 . (Table 5 .)
The e d ito r o f a la r g e weekly in Ventura County
w r o te :
114
TABLE 5
FUNCTIONS OF JOURNALISM RANKED IN ORDER OF IM PORTANCE
AS PERCEIVED BY W EEK LY NEW SPAPER EDITORS
Newspaper S k i l l s
by Code fo r P u b li Trans General W riting
Number c a tio n s f e r Education C areer S k i l l
1
5
2
3
1 4
2
5
2
3
1 4
3 3
2 4
5
1
4 1
3 5
2 4
5 5
2 4
3
1
b
5
2 1
3
7
-
1
- - -
8
5
4 1 2
3
9
— — -
1
-
10 1 4 2
3
5
11 4
3 5
2 1
12 4
3
2
5
1
13 3
2 1
5
4
14 2 1
3 5
4
15 4
5 3
1 2
16
5
1 4
3
2
17 3 5
l 4 2
18
5
1 4 2
3
19 5
1
3
2 4
20
— — — — —
21
3 3
1 2 1
22
— — 2
3
1
23 5
1 2
3
4
T otal
73 50 55 56 54
Mean 3 .8 4
2 .5 2.75 2,67 2 .7
Rank
5
l 4 2
3
N o te :
T his t a b le should be read as fo llo w s : the news
paper e d ito r in newspaper #1 ranked the fu n c tio n s o f Jour
n alism as he p erceived they should be in order of
im portance. He ranked Career as # 1 .
115
I don’ t happen to b e lie v e th a t everyone— even
j o u r n a li s t s — must go through fou r years of c o l
le g e to be q u a lifie d as a r e p o r te r . A lso , I f
ju n io r c o lle g e s can provide th e typ e o f tr a in in g
th a t could prepare stu d en ts fo r Jobs, the s tu
d e n ts w i l l have q u a lifie d f o r A ^ tr a in in g o f
stu d e n ts fo r p u b lic a t io n s / and E ^/Tmgrovement of
w r itin g s k i l l s / and perhaps even C ^general
e d u c a t io n ^
And the e d ito r of f iv e Los A ngeles newspapers, w ith
a combined c ir c u la tio n o f 153*105* noted th a t th e la s t man
he h ired had been relea sed from th e Navy but th a t he had a
Junior c o lle g e background. He sa id he preferred a fo u r -
year J-S ch ool graduate, but th a t the "economic f a c t s o f
l i f e probably w i l l make JC products lo o k more and more
in te r e s tin g ."
In her 1956 study, Mrs. D avis found th at the func
t io n o f c o lle g e Journalism was assumed to be o ccu p a tio n a l—
by e d it o r s — and included term in a l and tr a n s fe r In t h e ir
d e f i n i t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n a l. T h eir co n cep tio n of occupa
t io n a l t r a in in g , in most c a s e s , r e ferred t o p rep aration o f
th e graduate fo r employment in th e e d i t o r i a l department of
a newspaper. Only one e d ito r Included gen eral ed u cation as
a fu n c tio n o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism (4 7 :1 6 0 ).
Newswrltlng Most Important C ourse. — In t h i s study
every weekly e d ito r agreed w ith th e Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c
t o r s th a t begin n in g n ew sw rltlng should be th e most Impor
ta n t jou rn alism requirement fo r Journalism stu d en ts in
Junior c o l l e g e . Advanced n ew sw ritin g and e d it in g and
116
make-up were rated second and t h ir d , and oth er co u rses
recommended by a m a jo rity of the e d ito r s were: I n tr o
d u ctio n to photography, news photography (photo Journal
ism ), In tro d u ctio n t o mass communications and newspaper
production s t a f f f o r one y e a r . Recommended as e l e c t i v e s
f o r Journalism stu d en ts were the yearbook and magazine
production s t a f f s , in te r p r e tin g th e news, and rad io and
t e l e v i s i o n news w r itin g .
In 1956 Mrs. Davis asked e d ito r s to s e le c t from
among tw e n ty -fiv e co u rses th o se th ey would req u ire o f a
Journalism major, and n ew sw riting was recommended most
o fte n by 9 3 . ^ per cent of the p r o f e s s io n a ls . The only
two o th er Journalism cou rses recommended by the m ajority of
e d ito r s were ty p in g and copyreading and h ea d lin e w r itin g .
A m ajority a l s o recommended th a t stu d en ts work on the
c o lle g e newspaper (^7*172).
Asked to check th ose gen eral education co u rses they
would recommend f o r Journalism stu d e n ts, the m a jo rity of
th e tw en ty-th ree weekly e d ito r s advised the fo llo w in g
c o u r se s, in order o f the h ig h e st frequency s e le c te d :
United S ta te s C o n s titu tio n and Government; S ta te and Local
Government; H isto ry of the United S t a t e s ; Current Events;
World H isto ry ; E n g lish Com position; Economics; Geography
and S o c io lo g y . No d if f e r e n t ia t io n was made between cou rses
f o r tr a n s fe r and ca reer m ajors.
117
The e d ito r o f th ree Southern C a lifo r n ia w e e k lie s
sa id th a t li b e r a l a r ts and/or th e hum anities are in v a lu a b le
in newspaper work, because o f th e d i v e r s it y of assignm ents
which are given to th e young r e p o r te r .
S e v era l oth er weekly e d it o r s , in c lu d in g the e d ito r
o f a la r g e number o f newspapers in the Los A ngeles area ,
agreed th a t the wider the background o f co u rses the s t u
dent could tak e, the b e t te r r e p o r te r he would make fo r h is
newspaper. One Ventura County e d ito r noted th a t any and
a l l o f th e gen eral ed u cation co u rses would have to be
win te n s ifie d " to g iv e stu d en ts adequate depth in a tw o-year
p e r io d .
General ed u cation cou rses recommended as r eq u ire
ments by th e m ajority of e d ito r s in Mrs. Davis* study were
E n g lish grammar and E n g lish com p osition . The e d ito r s
s tr e s se d the importance o f accurate s p e llin g and appropri
a te language usage (4 7 :1 8 9 ).
Nine o f the current weekly e d it o r s , or 4 7 .4 per
c e n t, recommended th a t stu d en ts graduate w ith a major in
Journalism from a fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n , and s i x , or 31*6
per c e n t, said th at journalism graduates should com plete at
l e a s t two years of Journalism ed u cation in a Junior c o l l e g e .
Mrs. Davis* study showed th at 4 7 .6 2 per cen t of the weekly
e d ito r s p referred the c o lle g e graduate, and 5 2 .3 8 per cen t
favored th e Junior c o lle g e graduate (4 7 :1 6 6 ).
118
“Real Need" fo r Career Programs. — On the su b je c t of
ca reer programs, 83.3 per cent of the current J o u r n a lists
agreed th at th ere I s a r e a l need fo r a ca reer program In
Journalism In the Junior c o l l e g e . E ighteen o f n in e te e n
e d ito r s said th at the Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts should s ta r t
ta k in g Journalism co u rses in t h e ir freshmen yea r, and a
m ajority said th a t the Junior c o lle g e program should not
copy th a t of the f i r s t two yea rs of a se n io r c o l l e g e . By a
sm all margin o f n in e to e ig h t , the e d ito r s opposed th e
su g g estio n th a t stu d en ts planning t o tr a n s fe r and th o se
p lan n ing to o b ta in work im m ediately should take the same
Journalism and l i b e r a l a r t s c o u r s e s. At the same time
8 3 .^ per cent supported the statem ent th at newspaper work
req u ires a broad acquaintance w ith every known d i s c i p l i n e
and area of man’ s knowledge.
E ighty per cent o f the e d ito r s sa id th at t h e i r
papers would h ir e graduates o f Junior c o lle g e s w ith a s so
c i a t e of a r ts d e g r e es, and 55*6 per cent sa id th a t gradu
a te s of Junior c o lle g e s having sim ila r a b i l i t y as fo u r-y ea r
c o lle g e graduates would be paid the same s t a r t in g s a la r y .
Mrs. D avis found th at ^7.62 per cen t o f the e d ito r s
would pay the Junior c o lle g e graduate w ith "two y ea rs of
newspaper experience" th e same s a la r y , but 28 .5 7 p er cent
would pay the Junior c o lle g e graduate w ith the exp erien ce
more (^ 7:168).
119
And In o th e r areas regarding the Junior c o lle g e
journalism curriculum , 80 per cent of the current e d ito r s
f e l t th ere was a need fo r a summer in te r n program fo r
Junior c o lle g e stu d e n ts; 100 p er cent sa id newspaper
e d ito r s should serve on a d v iso ry groups to c o lle g e or
Junior c o lle g e Journalism departments in t h e ir r e s p e c tiv e
areas; and 6 3 .6 per cen t said journalism would be the b e s t
major, w ith E n g lish second, fo r Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts
preparing f o r a c a r e e r on a newspaper.
As guidance t o curriculum makers in Journalism , the
e d ito r s were asked t o number in p r io r it y order t r a i t s an
e d ito r sought in a p r o sp e c tiv e em ployee. The t r a i t s were
taken p rim a r ily from Mrs. Davis* stu d y, but one was changed
and th ree were added (4 7 :1 7 5 ). The weekly e d ito r s in the
e a r l i e r study and t h i s study agreed th a t accu rate rep o rtin g
was the most im portant t r a i t th o se seek in g ca reers in
journalism should p o s s e s s . However, where promptness and
d ep e n d a b ility were rated second in the 1956 study, the
e d ito r s in t h i s survey f e l t sound judgment should be second
in im portance. Other t r a i t s l i s t e d in p r io r it y order by
weekly e d ito r s in t h i s study, and t h e ir corresponding
ranking in Mrs. Davis* d is s e r t a t io n were: th ir d , a b i l i t y
to w rite c l e a r l y — f i f t h ; fo u r th , d e p e n d a b ility — second;
f i f t h , c u r io s it y — replaced r e s o u r c e fu ln e ss, as suggested by
e d ito r s in p r e - t e s t ; s ix t h , promptness— second; seven th ,
t h ir s t fo r knowledge— not l i s t e d ; e ig h th , a b i l i t y to get
120
alon g w ith o th e r s— th ir d ; n in th , w illin g n e s s to work lo n g
hours—not l i s t e d ; and te n th , lo y a lt y to p r o fe s s io n —
seven th , or l a s t in both (4 7 :1 7 8 ).
E d ito rs Support Ju n ior C o lleg e Jou rn alism . — Asked
to comment on any a sp ect o f the Junior c o lle g e Journalism
curriculum , se v e r a l e d ito r s o ffe r e d sta te m e n ts. The
e d ito r and p u b lish e r o f a Northern C a lifo r n ia weekly and a
p a st p r e sid e n t o f the C a lifo r n ia Newspaper P u b lish ers
A s so c ia tio n wrote:
I am in te r e s te d in th e Junior c o lle g e approach
because I th in k the community c o lle g e i s goin g to
be an in c r e a s in g source o f a t l e a s t s e m i-s k ille d
h e lp , and we have, in f a c t , been d ev elo p in g a
p a tte r n along t h i s l i n e f o r se v e r a l years . . . .
With community c o lle g e s b ein g nearby, we can now
use stu d en ts on a p a r t-tim e b a sis a l l through the
year and h o p e fu lly , th ey w i l l become f u ll- t im e
em ployees upon graduation fo r a couple of years or
s o .
Speaking f o r a new, s in g le - tr a c k curriculum , a
Southern C a lifo r n ia e d ito r sa id :
Presuming we are d is c u s s in g JC Journalism th a t
prepares a stu d en t to e it h e r work or go on to
c o l l e g e — or both— a ren ’ t we faced w ith the need
fo r a 'major' in Journalism th at in c lu d e s the
l i b e r a l a r ts approach as w e ll as the theory and
p r a c tic e of Journalism? In oth er words, a con
densed package o f ed u ca tio n , a com p letely revamped
program.
There i s another advantage to an i n t e n s if ie d
JC program, even fo r th o se planning to atten d fo u r -
year c o l l e g e s — i f they get a h ea lth y dose o f the
s a l t s in the b eg in n in g , th ey should have an id ea
o f whether they can take i t or n o t.
121
And, con clu d in g h is q u estio n n a ire a f t e r commenting
s e v e r a l tim es In I t s va rio u s s e c t io n s , a Los A ngeles
e d ito r wrote:
C a lifo r n ia JC’ s have dual purposes— to t r a in
both term in a l and tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts. P o te n tia l
tr a n s fe r stu d e n ts should con cen trate on l i b e r a l
a r ts background, p lu s survey and w r itin g c o u r se s,
such as b eg in n in g r e p o r tin g , w h ile term inal s t u
dents should be advised to go much h ea v ier on the
te c h n ic a l o n e s. I always q u estion p o t e n tia l
employees on co u rses and su b jec t m atter covered
when in te r v ie w in g recen t g rad u ates.
D a lly N ew spapers
The e d ito r s o f the sev en ty d a ily new spapers, having
a combined c ir c u la t io n o f 1 , 5 3 1 *029 * represented 70 per
cent of the d a ily e d ito r s q u eried . Responding were seven
p u b lls h e r -e d ito r s , th ir ty -o n e e d ito r s , tw en ty -th ree
managing e d it o r s , th ree c i t y e d it o r s , two e x e c u tiv e e d ito r s ,
and one each a s s is t a n t e d ito r , Sunday e d it o r , gen eral
manager and a s s i s t a n t g en era l manager. The data c o lle c t e d
represented th e view s of working e d ito r s or p u b lish e r s ,
p rim arily of suburban d a i l i e s — which have been id e n t if ie d
as the most r a p id ly growing segment of and as the most
a c t iv e employer in the newspaper in d u stry (67).
The sev en ty newspapers had 1,372 f u ll- t im e e d it o r ia l
s t a f f members in 1970, or an average of 1 9 .6 per newspaper.
F u ll-tim e e d i t o r i a l s t a f f hired in 1968 to ta le d 195* an
average of 2 .9 per p u b lic a tio n . And f u ll- t im e e d i t o r i a l
s t a f f hired in 1969 was alm ost 20 per cent h ig h er a t 2 3 0 ,
122
or an average o f 3*3 men per newspaper. Of the t o t a l , the
e d ito r s reported 100 were hired from o th er newspapers;
f if t y - s e v e n from oth er sources in c lu d in g the Copley
T raining Department, th e CNPA C o n fid e n tia l L is t , oth er
b u s in e s s e s , the p a p er's n o n -e d ito r ia l s t a f f s , Armed F o rces,
and a s t a t e news a s s o c ia t io n ; f i f t y - s i x from c o lle g e s or
u n i v e r s i t i e s ; seven d ir e c t l y from ju n io r c o lle g e s ; and
e ig h t from oth er media. The e d ito r s estim ated 1970 needs
at 140 f u ll- t im e e d i t o r ia l s t a f f — a c o n sid era b le drop from
1969 r e f l e c t i n g th e "hard times" fo r newspapers n a t io n a lly .
F if t e e n e d ito r s estim ated no need f o r e d i t o r i a l s t a f f , and
three made no attem pt to estim a te needs f o r 1970.
A s ig n i f i c a n t number o f the d a ily e d it o r s , esp e
c i a l l y th o se in sm a ller communities or in suburban a rea s,
commented on the need fo r to d a y 's newspaper to look
in c r e a s in g ly to th e ju n io r c o lle g e s fo r sou rces o f s t a f f .
The e d ito r o f a Northern C a lifo r n ia newspaper w rote: "For
a sm all community d a ily , Junior c o lle g e graduates must be
considered fo r some p o s it io n s ." Another e d ito r in the
Southern San Joaquin V a lle y , h im self a recen t product o f a
Junior c o lle g e and s t a t e c o lle g e Journalism program, said he
needed someone in the newsroom now and th a t he hoped to work
out a tr a in in g program w ith the lo c a l Junior c o l l e g e . A
few e d ito r s sa id t h e ir newspapers tra in ed t h e ir own
r e p o r te r s.
123
The elev en d a ily newspapers included in the 1956
survey employed 358 p ersons and reported having h ired 194
e d i t o r i a l s t a f f members from 1952 to 195^• Mrs. D avis
estim ated th at a l l of the d a i l i e s in th e area, based on th e
above sample, would have hired 311.6^ persons a n n u a lly . Of
th e t o t a l Junior c o lle g e Journalism graduates in the
Southern C a lifo r n ia area in 1954, 39*08 per cent t r a n s
ferred to s e n io r c o lle g e s ; 21.84 per cen t were employed on
newspapers; and 16.09 per cen t went in t o the Armed F o r ces.
The Junior c o lle g e s averaged an estim a ted 24.46 stu d en ts
an n u ally who were employed by newspapers (4 7 :1 3 6 -1 3 8 ).
G othberg's study in d ic a te d th a t tw enty-one Junior
c o lle g e stu d en ts were placed on newspapers as r e p o r te r s,
and an a d d itio n a l tw en ty -th ree stu d en ts were placed in a
v a r ie t y of o th er e d i t o r ia l and b u sin e ss p o s it io n s . He a ls o
sa id th a t f o r ty -fo u r stu d en ts were b ein g hired part tim e.
No l i s t i n g o f Job o p p o r tu n itie s was o ffe r e d by e d it o r s .
However, s e v e r a l reported th a t th ey did h ire Junior c o lle g e
stu d en ts and o th ers w ith l e s s than fou r years o f c o lle g e
ed u cation (5 2 :115 , 119 ) .
Transfer Function FIRST. — In the ranking of fu n c
t io n s o f Junior c o lle g e Journalism , the seven ty d a ily
e d ito r s ranked the tr a n s fe r purpose f i r s t , as did th e
w e e k lie s . The average o f the rankings f o r tr a n s fe r , how
e v er , was only s l i g h t l y under th at fo r the improvement of
124
w r itin g s k i l l s . (T ab le 6 .) The fu n c tio n s o f g e n e r a l edu
c a t io n , c a r e e r and th e t r a in in g o f stu d e n ts fo r p u b lic a
t io n s , were ra ted t h ir d , fo u r th and f i f t h , r e s p e c t iv e ly .
In Mrs. D a v is ’ stu d y ( a s noted e a r lie r ) th e e d it o r s p er
c e iv e d o n ly two f u n c tio n s — te r m in a l (c a r e e r ) and t r a n s f e r
and d id n o t rank them ( 4 7 :1 6 0 ).
In 1963 e d i t o r s , in c lu d in g tw e n ty -th r e e d a lly
e d it o r s and tw en ty-tw o e d it o r s o f in d u s t r ia l tra d e p u b lic a
t io n s , favored g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a s th e p r in c ip a l o b j e c t iv e
o f Ju n ior c o lle g e Journalism e d u c a tio n , w ith a combined
g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n — t r a n s f e r fu n c tio n , secon d ; developm ent
o f w r itin g s k i l l s , t h ir d ; c a r e e r e x p lo r a tio n , fo u r th ; and
te a c h in g o f grammar and s p e ll i n g , f i f t h (5 2 :5 3 )» The
t e c h n ic a l or o c c u p a tio n a l fu n c tio n a s such was n o t among
th e f iv e fu n c tio n s on th e check l i s t fo r th e e d it o r s .
N ew sw rltln g Most E s s e n t i a l . A greein g w ith th e
w eekly e d ito r s and the Jou rn alism in s t r u c t o r s in t h i s stu d y
and w ith th e e d ito r s in both p r io r d i s s e r t a t i o n s , 9 8 .6 p er
c e n t, or s ix t y - e ig h t o f s ix t y - n in e e d i t o r s , l i s t e d b e g in
n in g n ew sw rltln g as th e most e s s e n t i a l Journalism co u rse
f o r Journalism s tu d e n ts — making no d i s t i n c t i o n betw een
t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r s tu d e n ts . The o th e r e d it o r l i s t e d the
co u rse as an e l e c t i v e . Other Journalism co u r se s checked a s
e s s e n t i a l fo r Jou rn alism stu d e n ts by a m a jo r ity o f e d it o r s ,
and In ord er o f th e h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c ie s , w ere:
125
TABLE 6
FUNCTIONS O F JOURNALISM RANK ED IN O RDER O F IM PORTANCE
AS PERCEIVED BY DAILY NEW SPAPER EDITORS
Newspaper S k i l l s
by Code f o r P u b li T rans G eneral W ritin g
Number c a tio n s f e r E ducation C areer S k i l l
1 4 1
3 5
2
2 1
— -
2
-
3
—
3
2
-
1
4 1
— 2
—
3
5
3
4 1 5 2
0 4 2
3
1
7 5 3
1 2 4
8
3
1
5
4 2
9
4
3
1
3
2
10
5 4 3 1 2
11 4 1 2
3
12
3
2 1
5
4
13
4 1 5 3
2
14
5
2 4
3
1
15 4
5
2
_ 3
1
16
5 3
1 4 2
17
- — — — —
18
5
1 4 2
3
19 5
1 2
3
4
20
— —
3 1 2
21
$
2
3
1 4
22 4 1
5 3
2
23 1 2
—
3
24 2 2 2 1 1
25 2 4 5 1 3
26 4
5
1 2
3
27 4 1 2
5 3
28
5 3
1 4 2
29
4 2
5 3
1
30 2 4
5 1
_ 3
31
-
1 2
—
3
32 1 1 1 1 1
33 5 1 2 4
3
34
- —
3 1 2
3 1 2
_ 5
4
36
3 5
4 1 2
37
- — - — —
38
3
4
5
1 2
39
—
2
— _
1
40 4 1 3 5
2
TABLE 6— Continued
126
Newspaper S k i l l s
by Code f o r P u b li Trans G eneral W ritin g
Number c a tio n s f e r E ducation C areer S k i l l
41 1 1
42
—
1 1 1 1
43 3
2 1 4
5
44
3
1
3 3
1
45 1 2
3
—
46
5
1 4 2
3
4 7 3
- l
—
2
48 4 1
3 5
2
49
5
4
3 1 2
50 5 2
3
1 4
51 3
1 4
5
2
52
—
1
- — —
53 5
4 l 2
3
54
5
1 4
3
2
55 4
5
1
3
2
56 4 1 2
5 3
57
-
1
3
- 2
58
5
2 4
3
1
59
2 1
3 5
4
60 4 3 2
5 1
61
3
1 2
5
4
62 4 1 2 1
3
63 5
1
3
2 4
64
5
4
3
2 1
65
5
3 2 4 1
66 4 1 2
5 3
67 4 2
3 5
1
68 4 1
3 5
2
69
— — —
1 1
70
5
1 4 2
3
T o ta l 218 134
165 170 150
Mean 3 .7 6 2 .2 2 .6
2 .9 5 2 .3 1
Rank
5
1
3
4 2
Note s
T h is t a b le should be read as f o llo w s : th e news
paper e d it o r in new spaper #1 ranked th e fu n c tio n s o f Jour
n a lism as he p e r c e iv e d th e y should be in ord er o f impor
ta n c e . He ranked T ra n sfer as # 1 .
127
in tr o d u c tio n t o mass com m unications, advanced n e w sw ritin g ,
e d i t i n g and make-up and new spaper p r o d u ctio n s t a f f — one
y e a r . A v ery c lo s e s ix t h was news photography o r photo
J o u rn a lism . Recommended as e l e c t i v e s by tw en ty or more
e d it o r s were c o u r se s in yearbook p r o d u c tio n , e d i t o r ia l
w r it in g and typ ograp h y. And two e d it o r s w rote in ty p in g
and one s p e ll i n g as "must" c o u r s e s .
G othberg rep orted th a t n ew sw ritin g was ranked o f
g r e a t im portance by 8 2 .2 p er c e n t o f th e e d i t o r s . V arying
from th e o th e r s t u d ie s , he found e d it o r s ran k in g law and
e t h ic s o f th e p r e s s and m agazine w r it in g as t ie d f o r
second in Im portance, w ith I n tr o d u c tio n to Jou rn alism (mass
com m u n ication s-typ e c o u r s e ), t h ir d , and m echanics o f pub
l i s h i n g fo u r th . Only sev en o f th e resp o n d e n ts in h is
stu d y f e l t th a t th e c o lle g e new spaper la b o r a to r y was o f
g r e a t im portance (5 2 :1 2 2 ). One o f th e recom m endations o f
G othberg*s paper was th a t s p e c ia liz e d Jou rn alism co u r se s
such a s e d i t o r i a l a n d /o r m agazine a r t i c l e w r itin g be l e f t
t o th e upper d i v i s i o n o f th e s e n io r c o l l e g e s . In 1956
Mrs. D a v is noted th a t n ew sw ritin g was recommended by 9 3 * ^
p er c e n t o f th e e d it o r s —no breakdown was p resen ted betw een
w eek ly and d a ily e d it o r s . The o n ly o th e r co u rse recom
mended by a m a jo r ity o f th e e d it o r s was co p y rea d in g and
h e a d lin e w r it in g .
Only one e d it o r in t h i s stu d y s a id he saw n o th in g
in th e l i s t o f Journalism c o u r se s w hich he would c o n s id e r
128
e s s e n t i a l to be taken in th e J u n io r c o l l e g e . He s a id th e
two c o u r se s "which m ight be w orth w h ile were in tr o d u c tio n t o
mass communi c a t io n s and n e w sw r itin g ." G othberg found only-
lim it e d support among e d it o r s reg a rd in g th e need f o r a
co u rse in mass com m unications.
G eneral E d u cation R eq u irem en ts. — The b a s ic g en er a l
e d u c a tio n req u irem en ts f o r th e a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s d eg ree
a g a in r e c e iv e d s ig n i f i c a n t sup p ort a s m usts f o r Jou rn alism
m ajors; a cc o r d in g t o s i x t y - f i v e o f th e s e v e n ty e d it o r s , th e
U n ited S t a t e s C o n s titu tio n and Government should be ranked
f i r s t in im p ortan ce. O ther c o u r se s recommended by th e
m a jo r ity o f th e e d it o r s fo r th e g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n p a tte r n
f o r Jou rn alism m ajors and in o rd er o f h ig h e s t freq u en cy
w ere: S t a te and L ocal Government ( s e le c t e d by s ix t y - t h r e e
e d i t o r s ) ; H isto r y o f th e U nited S t a t e s ; E conom ics; C urrent
E v e n ts; E n g lish C om p osition; World H isto r y ; Geography;
H isto r y o f C a lifo r n ia ; S o c io lo g y ; and I n tr o d u c tio n to
L it e r a t u r e . Current E ven ts was n o t ranked v ery h ig h by th e
Ju n ior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s . C ou rses w r itte n in by e d it o r s
in clu d ed a cco u n tin g and fo r e ig n la n g u a g e.
Only two c o u r s e s — E n g lish c o m p o sitio n and E n g lish
grammar—were recommended by a m a jo r ity o f e d ito r s as
g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n req u irem en ts in Mrs. D a v is' stu d y
( 4 7 :1 8 9 ) . Bay Area e d it o r s ra ted p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e a s th e
most im portant g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n co u rse f o r jo u rn a lism
129
s tu d e n ts In th e 1963 s tu d y . O ther co u r se s l i s t e d by a
s ig n i f i c a n t number o f e d it o r s were E n g lish c o m p o sitio n ,
h is t o r y , l i t e r a t u r e , s o c io lo g y and p sy c h o lo g y . The e d it o r s
s tr e s s e d s o c ia l s c ie n c e c o u r se s in recommending g e n e r a l
ed u c a tio n req u irem en ts ( 5 2 :9 8 ) . The e d it o r s added eco n o
m ics to th e l i s t when asked s p e c i f i c a l l y about g e n e r a l
e d u ca tio n c o u r se s f o r te r m in a l stu d e n ts (5 2 : 129 ) .
D a ily e d it o r s in t h i s stu d y agreed w ith th e w eekly
j o u r n a lis t s in su p p o rtin g a broad, l i b e r a l a r t s program
f o r Journalism m ajors. One e d it o r , r e a c tin g to a l i s t i n g
o f tw e n ty -fiv e g e n e r a l ed u c a tio n c o u r s e s , w rote: "There
i s n o th in g on th e l i s t th a t would n ot p r o f it a newsman a t
some tim e." A S outhern C a lifo r n ia e d it o r c a lle d fo r a
"good grounding in c i v i c s , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , h is t o r y and
E n g lish ." An e d it o r o f an Orange County d a ily s a id th a t he
f e l t th a t th e ta x supported J u n io r c o lle g e cou ld n o t te a c h
"an h o n est h is t o r y c o u r se ." And a N orthern C a lifo r n ia
e d it o r w rote th a t s tu d e n ts w ith a bent f o r m usic and th e
a r t s m ight fin d i t t o t h e ir advantage t o ta k e such c o u r se s
in ju n io r c o l l e g e .
Need f o r C areer Program. — A lthough r a tin g th e ca reer
program— p r e p a r a tio n fo r Immediate employment— fo u r th , th e
d a ily e d it o r s sa id th e r e i s a r e a l need f o r a c a r e e r o r
o c c u p a tio n a l program in Jou rn alism in th e Ju n ior c o l l e g e .
S e v e n ty -s ix p er cen t o f th e e d it o r s , or f if t y - o n e o f th e
130
s ix t y - s e v e n , sa id th ey supported th e c a r e e r program . At
th e same tim e , 77 p er cen t o f th e e d it o r s sa id th e y would
h ir e g ra d u a tes o f ju n io r c o lle g e s w ith a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s
d e g r e e s , and a s ig n i f i c a n t 63 p er c e n t rep orted th ey would
pay to J u n io r c o lle g e g ra d u a tes w ith s im ila r a b i l i t y th e
same s a l a r i e s a s th o se o f fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e g r a d u a te s.
A greein g w ith th e w eekly e d i t o r s , 6 l p er c e n t o f th e d a lly
e d it o r s opposed th e su g g e stio n th a t Ju n ior c o lle g e J o u rn a l
ism stu d e n ts in th e c a r e e r and t r a n s f e r programs should
ta k e th e same c o u r s e s, and 51*6 p er cen t s a id i t would n o t
be id e a l f o r th e J u n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism program t o copy
th e lo w e r - d iv is io n o f f e r in g s o f th e s e n io r c o l l e g e s .
S u p p o rtin g a broad, g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n program, 8 2 .3
p er c e n t o f th e e d ito r s s a id th a t new spaper work req u ired
a broad a cq u a in ta n ce w ith ev ery known d i s c i p l i n e in c o lle g e .
As noted e a r l i e r , Mrs. D a v is a ls o found th a t d a ily
and w eek ly e d it o r s would pay th e J u n io r c o lle g e grad u ate
w ith an a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s d eg ree and two y e a r s e x p e r ie n c e
th e same s a la r y as a c o lle g e grad u ate and th a t more than
o n e -fo u r th o f th e e d ito r s would pay th e ju n io r c o lle g e s t u
den t w ith th e ex p e r ie n c e more s a la r y (^ 7 :1 6 8 ).
Recommended M ajor. —Asked what gu idance should be
g iv e n stu d e n ts se e k in g e d i t o r i a l p o s it io n s on n ew sp apers,
more than o n e -h a lf o f th e e d it o r s recommended th a t stu d e n ts
should com plete a b a c h e lo r 's d eg ree w ith a m ajor in
131
Jou rn alism , w h ile an a d d itio n a l o n e -th ir d su g g e sted th a t
th ey shou ld take a minimum o f two y e a r ’ s work in Jou rn alism
in a J u n io r c o l l e g e . Only f i f t e e n e d it o r s would a d v ise
s tu d e n ts t o major in a f i e l d o th e r than J o u rn a lism . The
m ajor in Journalism was recommended by t h ir t y - s e v e n
e d it o r s .
Gothberg in d ic a te d th a t 50 p er c e n t o f th e new s
paper e d ito r s recommended Jou rn alism as th e b e s t major w ith
g e n e r a l ed u ca tio n seco n d , and E n g lis h th ir d fo r th o se p re
p a rin g f o r a c a r e e r in Jou rn alism ( 5 2 :1 3 3 ). Mrs. D avis
found th a t w h ile 3 6 .3 6 per c e n t o f th e d a i l i e s recommended
a m ajor in Jou rn alism , 5 ^ .5 5 p er c e n t v o ted a g a in st such a
m ajor. However, 63.64- per c e n t o f th e e d it o r s recommended
th a t stu d e n ts graduate from a c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y , w h ile
o n ly 9 .0 p er cen t su g g e sted o b ta in in g a Junior c o lle g e
d eg ree a s th e optimum (4 -7 :1 6 2 ).
S ta r t a s Freshman. — A ls o in th e a r ea o f gu id an ce
fo r Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts , th e d a ily e d it o r s again gave
str o n g support t o th e w eekly e d i t o r ’ s a t t it u d e on when to
s t a r t ta k in g Jou rn alism c o u r s e s , as 8 5 .7 p er cen t recom
mended th a t th e Ju n ior c o lle g e stu d e n t b eg in ta k in g p ro
f e s s i o n a l Journalism c o u r se s in h is freshm an y e a r . Only
one o f th e sev en ty recommended th a t stu d e n ts w a it u n t i l
t r a n s f e r r in g to a fo u r -y e a r s c h o o l. Gothberg noted th e
c o n s id e r a tio n o f when in s t r u c t io n in p r o fe s s io n a l ed u ca tio n
132
in Journalism should s t a r t and p o in te d out th a t in 1962 th e
U n iv e r s ity o f C olorado had moved t o o f f e r no p r o f e s s io n a l
c o u r se s u n t i l th e Ju n ior y e a r . He h in ted th a t J u n io r and
fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e s m ight " d e fe r s p e c ia liz e d Jou rn alism
in s t r u c t io n u n t i l th e s tu d e n ts a t t a i n t h e ir J u n ior
y ea r . . . (5 2 s 135)* E d ito r s w ere n ot asked t o respond
t o th e id e a , how ever.
In o th e r a r e a s o f th e cu rricu lu m , 93*7 p er c e n t of
th e e d ito r s sup p orted th e id e a th a t newspaper e d it o r s
should se rv e on a d v iso r y groups f o r Ju n ior and s e n io r
c o lle g e Journalism d ep a rtm en ts, and 77*8 per cen t agreed
th a t th er e i s a need fo r a summer in te r n program f o r
Ju n ior c o lle g e s tu d e n ts . However, a Southern C a lifo r n ia
e d it o r a d v ised th a t i t would be b e t t e r to have p a r t-tim e
in te r n programs d u rin g th e sc h o o l months because o f th e
la r g e number o f a p p lic a n ts f o r summer Jobs— ten f o r ev ery
p o s it io n open.
T r a its D e s ir e d . — And a s fu r th e r guidance t o c u r ricu
lum in n o v a to rs or r e v i s i o n i s t s , th e e d ito r s r e a c te d to the
l i s t o f t r a i t s and t a le n t s sought in a r e p o r te r . Ranked
most im portant by th e p r o f e s s io n a l J o u r n a lis ts was a ccu ra te
r e p o r tin g — th e same t r a i t as s e le c t e d by th e w eek ly e d ito r s
and by th e e d ito r s i n th e 1956 stu d y (^ 7 * 1 7 8 ). Sound Judg
ment was ranked a c lo s e second to a ccu ra cy , and dependa
b i l i t y and a b i l i t y t o w r ite c l e a r l y were t ie d f o r th ir d by
133
th e e d i t o r s . O th e r t r a i t s o r t a l e n t s and t h e i r r a n k in g s
w e re: c u r i o s i t y , f o u r t h ; t h i r s t f o r k n o w led g e, f i f t h ;
a b i l i t y t o g e t a lo n g w ith o t h e r s , s i x t h ; p ro m p tn e s s ,
s e v e n th ; l o y a l t y t o th e p r o f e s s i o n , e i g h t h ; and w i l l i n g n e s s
t o w ork lo n g h o u r s , n i n t h . L o y a lty t o th e p r o f e s s i o n
ra n k e d one s t e p h i g h e r th a n i n th e s u rv e y o f w eekly
e d i t o r s * a t t i t u d e s and i n M rs. D avis* o r i g i n a l s u rv e y
(4 7 :1 7 8 ).
A lso a sk e d t o comment on any a s p e c t o f th e J u n i o r
c o l l e g e J o u r n a lis m c u r r ic u lu m , t h e d a i l y e d i t o r s o f f e r e d a
w ide ra n g e o f v ie w s .
A m anaging e d i t o r o f a N o rth e rn C a l i f o r n i a d a i l y
s a i d :
S tu d e n ts t a k i n g a t e r m i n a l c o u r s e in J o u r n a l
ism a t a J u n i o r C o lle g e m ust t a k e J o u r n a lis m
c o u r s e s e ac h y e a r in o r d e r t o g e t t h e e x p e r ie n c e
t h e y w i l l n e e d . I f g o in g on t o a f o u r - y e a r c o l
l e g e , th e y w i l l need t o t a k e t h e a l l i e d s u b j e c t s
t h e y w i l l n eed t o t r a n s f e r t o t h e c o l l e g e o f t h e i r
c h o i c e . U s u a lly th e f i r s t two y e a r s o f a J s t u
d e n t i n a f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e i s ^ s i o 7 ta k e n up w ith
r e q u i r e d s u b j e c t s and l i t t l e , i f a n y , J o u r n a lis m
c l a s s e s . E x p o s ito r y w r i t i n g and s p e l l i n g sh o u ld
be S t r e s s e d h e a v i l y i n th e r e q u i r e d E n g l is h
c l a s s e s .
H o ld in g on t o th e v ie w o f e d i t o r s o f t h e l a t e n i n e
t e e n t h and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s , a n o t h e r N o rth e rn
C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r s a i d , **I t h i n k a good l i b e r a l a r t s b a c k
g ro u n d , p l u s a b r i g h t and i n q u i r i n g m ind, i s b e t t e r th a n a
J o u r n a lis m m a jo r, and I d o u b t t h a t J u n i o r c o l l e g e i s th e
p l a c e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a lis m tra in in g .* *
134
A lso r e f l e c t i n g a l a c k o f know ledge of th e p r o
f e s s i o n a l s t a t u s o f J u n i o r c o l l e g e j o u r n a lis m , th e e d i t o r
o f a Bay A rea n ew sp ap er s a id he found t h a t most J u n i o r
c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t o r s d id n o t have a d e q u a te back g ro u n d t o
t e a c h jo u r n a l i s m . He added t h a t th e J o u r n a lis m t e a c h i n g
a s s ig n m e n t i n J u n i o r c o l l e g e was an e x t r a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
beyond th e I n s t r u c t o r ' s m a jo r f i e l d o f w ork.
A s i g n i f i c a n t num ber o f th e d a i l y e d i t o r s s t r o n g l y
s u p p o rte d t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e J o u r n a lis m p ro g ram s, w h ile a
few w ere c r i t i c a l o f w hat th e y term ed th e " t r a d e s c h o o l"
a p p ro a c h i n some o f th e J u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
C a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n t o c h an g e s i n jo u r n a lis m c u r r i c u
lum i n t h e s e n i o r c o l l e g e s , a n a t i o n a l l y known e x e c u tiv e o f
a S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a n e w sp a p er w r o te :
I am c o n ce rn e d a b o u t w hat seem s t o be th e
t r e n d i n b o th t h e u n i v e r s i t y and S t a t e C o lle g e s
t o d eem p h asize J o u r n a lis m a t th e u n d e r g r a d u a te
l e v e l and move to w ard g r a d u a te p ro g ram s in j o u r
n a lis m o r c o m m u n ic a tio n s. I t h i n k t h i s tr e n d
c an be o f f s e t by s t r o n g e r J o u r n a lis m p ro g ram s i n
t h e J u n i o r c o l l e g e s , ( i t a l i c s mlne^
A C e n t r a l C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r r e p o r t e d t h a t he t a k e s
h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a te s e ac h y e a r , w orks w ith them d u r i n g th e
summer and h a s them a t t e n d th e com m unity c o l l e g e . The s t u
d e n t s a r e em ployed p a r t tim e w h ile a t t e n d i n g c o l l e g e . The
e d i t o r fa v o r e d s t u d e n t s t a k i n g p r a c t i c a l c o u r s e s i n n ew s-
w r i t i n g , r e p o r t i n g and t y p i n g i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e . He
s t r e s s e d t h a t c o u r s e s i n l o c a l governm ent would be e s p e
c i a l l y h e l p f u l , n o t i n g t h a t many o f t h e r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s o f
135
c o l l e g e s c o u ld d e b a te n a t i o n a l form s o f governm ent I n
A f r i c a and E u ro p e, b u t t h a t th e y knew l i t t l e a b o u t p la n n in g
co m m issio n s and r e g i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s .
D i f f e r i n g from th e m a j o r i t y view o f th e e d i t o r s , a
T u la r e C ounty m anaging e d i t o r a d v is e d th e t e r m i n a l s tu d e n t
t o ta k e a l l th e J o u r n a lis m he can g e t i n two y e a r s .
O pposing t h e “ t r a d e s c h o o l" a p p ro a c h i n J o u r n a lis m ,
a N o r th e r n C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r s a id th o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n J o u r
n a lis m sh o u ld be e n c o u ra g e d t o t a k e g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n
c o u r s e s , w ith a s m a t t e r i n g o f " i n d o c t r i n a t i o n - t y p e " j o u r
n a lis m c o u r s e s t o w het t h e i r a p p e t i t e and m a in ta in t h e i r
i n t e r e s t w h ile i n J u n i o r c o l l e g e . He u rg e d t h a t s t u d e n t s
J o in a J u n i o r c o l l e g e p u b l i c a t i o n s t a f f and t h a t th e y s e e k
summer w ork on a s m a ll n e w sp a p e r. A n o th e r N o rth e rn
C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r , who ta u g h t i n a j u n i o r c o l l e g e , c r i t i
c iz e d t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f o r s p e n d in g to o much tim e in
p u t t i n g o u t th e s c h o o l n e w sp a p e r. He u rg e d J u n i o r c o l l e g e s
t o em p h asize c o u r s e s on w r i t i n g and r e p o r t i n g s k i l l s and t o
le a v e e d i t i n g and o t h e r advanced c o u r s e s t o th e f o u r - y e a r
s c h o o ls o r t o o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g .
P r a i s i n g t h e p r o d u c ts o f t h e J u n io r c o l l e g e , a
N o rth e rn C a l i f o r n i a e d i t o r w ro te t h a t he had e x p e r ie n c e
w ith M odesto J u n i o r C o lle g e g r a d u a t e s . " I have t r i e d t h r e e
o f t h e i r s t u d e n t s , " he s a i d , "and a l l have b een e x c e l l e n t ,
c o m p a ra b le , a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , w ith s t u d e n t s fro m f o u r -
y e a r c o l l e g e s . "
136
And a d d in g h i s a p p r o v a l o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e J o u r
n a lis m p ro g ram , th e m anaging e d i t o r o f a V e n tu ra C ounty
n e w sp a p e r w r o te :
J u n i o r c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a r e f o r t u n a t e beyond
t h e i r own r e a l i z a t i o n . . . .
. . . . I t i s p o s s i b l e a t a J u n i o r c o l l e g e ,
a s i t i s a t t h e co m m ercial t r a d e and b u s i n e s s
s c h o o ls t o ta k e a more c o n c e n tr a te d c o u r s e . I t
i s p o s s i b l e t o g e t a s much ( p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a
n e w sp a p er Jo b ) a t a tw o - y e a r c o l l e g e a s one
would g e t a t f o u r o r ev en s i x y e a r s o f a u n i v e r
s i t y .
I* v e com pared th e p ro g ra m s . T h e re i s more
r e p u t a t i o n w ith th e b i g f o u r - y e a r p l a n t s , b u t a
s t u d e n t who w a n ts t o work can b e t t e r p r e p a r e him
s e l f a t a J u n i o r c o l l e g e o r a t r a d e - b u s i n e s s
s c h o o l f o r a n e w sp a p er J o b .
The a n t i - e d u c a t i o n f o r J o u r n a lis m a p p ro a c h was
s t i l l e v i d e n t in a num ber o f th e comments made by d a i l y
n e w sp a p e r e d i t o r s , b u t th e m a j o r i t y s u p p o rte d J u n i o r c o l
le g e J o u r n a lis m e d u c a tio n a s n o te d i n th e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s
c h a p t e r .
Summary
P u b l i s h e r s and e d i t o r s o f th e t w e n t y - t h r e e w eekly
and s e v e n ty d a i l y n e w sp a p e rs i n C a l i f o r n i a r e p o r t e d th e y
had e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s t o t a l i n g a lm o s t 1 ,5 0 0 f u l l - t i m e
e m p lo y e e s . The a v e ra g e e d i t o r i a l s t a f f o f th e w e e k lie s was
5 . 8 p e r s o n s , w h ile th e d a i l y n e w sp a p e rs a v e r a g e d 1 9 .6 on
t h e i r s t a f f s . The w eek ly n e w sp a p e rs r e p o r te d h i r i n g
tw e n t y - e i g h t f u l l - t i m e p e r s o n s f o r t h e i r e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s
i n 1968 and t w e n t y - f i v e new s t a f f i n 19 6 9 . And th e d a i l i e s
h i r e d 195 i n 1968 and 230 i n 1 9 6 9 .
137
S ou rces o f S t a f f . — The w e e k lie s h ire d te n o f t h e ir
1969 new s t a f f from o th e r n ew sp ap ers, s ix from c o lle g e s and
u n i v e r s i t i e s , th r e e d i r e c t l y from ju n io r c o l l e g e s , and s i x
from o th e r s o u r c e s. The se v e n ty d a i l i e s employed 100 from
o th e r new spapers, f i f t y - s i x from c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s ,
sev en d i r e c t l y from J u n io r c o l l e g e s , and f i f t y - s e v e n from
o th e r s o u r c e s . About 24 p er c e n t o f th e w eek ly and d a ily
e d i t o r i a l s t a f f h ir e d came from c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s ,
w h ile 12 p er cen t o f th e w eek ly and 3 p er cen t o f th e d a ily
s t a f f members were h ired d i r e c t l y from th e ju n io r c o l l e g e .
The e d ito r s estim a ted t h e ir 1970 n eed s f o r f u l l
tim e s t a f f a t 173, in c lu d in g 140 f o r d a i l y and 33 f o r
w eek ly n ew sp ap ers. The b ig g e s t em ployer o f e d i t o r i a l s t a f f
in th e 1970*s was ex p ected to be th e suburban d a i l y . One
d a i l y e d it o r sa id th e J u n io r c o lle g e g ra d u a tes must be
c o n sid e r e d fo r some p o s it io n s on th e sm a ll community d a i l y .
Both th e e d it o r s o f w eek ly and d a ily new spapers agreed th a t
th e t r a n s f e r fu n c tio n shou ld be th e most im portant aim o f
J u n io r c o lle g e J o u rn a lism . However, w hereas th e w eekly
e d it o r s p er ce iv e d th e c a r e e r fu n c tio n as seco n d , th e d a ily
e d it o r s ra ted th e improvement o f w r itin g s k i l l s , second and
th e c a r e e r fu n c tio n fo u r th . W hile th e d a ily e d it o r s ra ted
g e n e r a l ed u c a tio n th ir d in im p ortan ce, th e w eek ly le a d e r s
f e l t i t should be fo u r th — f o llo w in g th e improvement o f
w r it in g s k i l l s . Both groups agreed th a t th e fu n c tio n o f
138
t r a in in g stu d e n ts in s k i l l s f o r p u b lic a tio n s work shou ld be
o f l e a s t im p ortan ce.
The d a ily and w eek ly e d it o r s a g a in agreed on th e
s e l e c t i o n of th e b eg in n in g n ew sw ritin g co u rse a s the most
e s s e n t i a l requirem ent f o r Jou rn alism s tu d e n ts in Ju n ior
c o l l e g e . However, where th e w eek ly e d it o r s ra ted advanced
n ew sw ritin g and e d it in g and make-up c o u r s e s second and
t h ir d , th e d a lly J o u r n a lis ts ch o se in tr o d u c tio n to mass
com m unications as more im p ortan t than an advanced new s-
w r itin g c l a s s — ran k in g th e l a t t e r th ir d in im p ortan ce. The
o n ly o th e r c o u r se , o f a t o t a l o f fo u r , recommended by th e
m a jo r ity o f th e d a i l i e s was new spaper p ro d u ctio n s t a f f fo r
one y e a r . A m a jo rity o f th e w eek ly e d it o r s f e l t th a t
c o u r se s in in tr o d u c tio n t o p h otograp h y, p hoto Journalism
and new spaper p ro d u ctio n s t a f f f o r one y e a r , or a t o t a l o f
se v e n , a ls o should be e s s e n t i a l f o r th e Jou rn alism m ajor.
G eneral E d u cation R eq u irem en ts. — G eneral e d u c a tio n
req u irem en ts f o r th e a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s d e g r e e — c o u r se s in
th e U nited S t a te s C o n s titu tio n and Government and S ta te and
L ocal Government— were p e r c e iv e d by b oth th e d a ily and
w eek ly new spaper e d it o r s a s th e most im p ortan t g e n e r a l edu
c a t io n c l a s s e s th a t should be recommended f o r Jou rn alism
m a jo rs. O ther g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n c o u r se s recommended by th e
m a jo r ity o f w eek ly e d it o r s in clu d ed H isto r y o f th e U nited
S t a t e s , C urrent E v e n ts, World H is to r y , E n g lish C om p osition ,
139
E conom ics, Geography and S o c io lo g y . C lo s e ly ap p roxim atin g
th e w eekly e d ito r s* c h o ic e s , th e d a ily e d it o r s recommended
H isto r y o f th e U n ited S t a t e s , Econom ics, C urrent E v e n ts,
E n g lis h C om p osition, World H isto r y , Geography, H isto r y o f
C a lif o r n ia , S o c io lo g y , and I n tr o d u c tio n t o L it e r a t u r e .
Only th e H isto r y o f C a lif o r n ia and I n tr o d u c tio n t o L it e r a
tu r e c la s s e s were added t o th e g en era l e d u ca tio n p a tte r n
su g g e ste d by th e w e e k lie s . D if f e r e n t ia t io n s were n o t made
betw een req u irem en ts f o r t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r m a jo rs.
Agree on C areer Program s. — R e a ctin g t o q u e s tio n s
reg a r d in g th e c a r e e r program s in Jou rn alism , 8 3 .3 p er cen t
o f th e w eekly e d it o r s and 76 p er cen t o f th e d a ily e d it o r s
agreed th a t th e r e i s a r e a l need fo r a c a r e e r or occu p a
t io n a l program in .junior c o lle g e .jou rn alism . The two
groups o f e d i t o r s , 80 per c e n t o f th e w eek ly and 77 p er cent
o f th e d a ily e d it o r s , agreed th a t t h e ir p ap ers would h ir e
g ra d u a tes o f J u n io r c o l l e g e s w ith a s s o c ia t e o f a r t s
d e g r e e s , and 55*6 p er c e n t o f th e w eekly and 63 p er c en t o f
th e d a ily e d it o r s agreed th a t th ey would pay th e same
s a l a r i e s to J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn alism g ra d u a tes w ith s im ila r
a b i l i t y as fo u r -y e a r c o l l e g e g r a d u a te s. The m a jo r ity o f
th e w eekly and d a ily e d it o r s opposed th e id e a th a t Ju n ior
c o l l e g e tr a n s fe r and c a r e e r program stu d e n ts should ta k e
th e same c o u r s e s .
140
In th e a rea o f g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n , more than 80 p er
c en t o f w eek ly and d a ily e d it o r s s ta te d th a t new spaper work
req u ired a broad a cq u a in ta n ce w ith ev ery known d i s c i p l i n e
in c o l l e g e .
C o u n selin g M ajors. — In th e c o u n se lin g o f stu d e n ts
f o r p r e p a r a tio n f o r employment on e d i t o r i a l s t a f f s o f news
p a p er s, 4 7 .4 p er c e n t o f th e w eekly e d it o r s s a id th e y would
recommend th a t s tu d e n ts should graduate from a fo u r -y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n w ith a m ajor in Jou rn alism , and 31*6 p er cen t
o f th e w eek ly e d it o r s s a id th a t Jou rn alism g ra d u a tes should
com p lete a t l e a s t a tw o -y ea r program in Ju n ior c o lle g e
J o u rn a lism . More th an 50 p er cen t o f th e d a ily e d it o r s ,
how ever, s a id th e y would recommend th a t stu d e n ts com p lete
a t l e a s t a fo u r -y e a r program w ith a major in Jou rn a lism ,
w h ile about o n e -th ir d sa id th ey would recommend th a t s tu
d e n ts sh ou ld ta k e a minimum o f a tw o -y ea r program in
Ju n ior c o l l e g e .
As t o th e a p p r o p r ia te l e v e l f o r ta k in g p r o f e s s io n a l
c o u r se s in jo u r n a lism , 9 4 .7 p er cen t o f th e w eekly e d it o r s
and 8 5 .7 p er c e n t o f th e d a ily e d ito r s sup p orted th e con
ce p t th a t s tu d e n ts should s t a r t ta k in g th e c o u r se s d u rin g
t h e ir freshm an y e a r . Only one d a ily e d it o r s a id th e y
should w a it u n t i l t h e ir J u n io r yea r in a s e n io r c o l l e g e .
In th e a re a o f th e e d i t o r s 1 s e r v in g on p r o f e s s io n a l
a d v iso r y com m ittees to Jou rn alism d ep artm en ts, 100 p er cen t
141
o f th e w eek ly and 93*7 p er c e n t o f th e d a lly e d i t o r s —
alm ost unanim ous— s a id th a t new spaper e d it o r s sh ou ld serv e
in a d v iso r y c a p a c it ie s to both tw o -y ea r and fo u r -y e a r c o l
l e g e s . A s ig n i f i c a n t m a jo r ity o f w eek ly and d a ily e d ito r s
a ls o agreed on th e need fo r a summer in te r n program fo r
ju n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts .
O ffe r in g a d d itio n a l gu id an ce to cu rricu lu m commit
t e e s , th e e d it o r s , in ran k in g d e s ir e d t r a i t s or t a le n t s o f
p r o s p e c tiv e e d i t o r i a l em p loyees, agreed th a t th e m ost impor
ta n t t r a i t was a c c u r a te r e p o r tin g , th a t sound judgment was
second in im portance and th a t a b i l i t y t o w r ite c l e a r l y was
n e x t . However, d a ily e d ito r s f e l t th a t d e p e n d a b ility should
be t ie d w ith th e a b i l i t y t o w r ite c le a r ly as th e th ir d
t r a i t . The w eekly e d it o r s p la ced d e p e n d a b ility fo u r th .
A fte r a b i l i t y t o w r ite c le a r l y , th e d a ily e d it o r s
ranked th e f o llo w in g in ord er o f im p ortan ce: c u r i o s i t y ,
t h i r s t f o r know ledge, a b i l i t y t o g e t a lo n g w ith o th e r s ,
prom ptness, l o y a l t y t o p r o fe s s io n and w illin g n e s s t o work
lo n g h o u rs. And th e w eek ly e d it o r s , a f t e r d e p e n d a b ility ,
ranked c u r i o s i t y , p rom ptness, t h i r s t fo r know ledge, a b i l i t y
t o g e t a lo n g w ith o th e r s , w illin g n e s s t o work lo n g hours
and l o y a lt y t o p r o f e s s io n a s d e s ir a b le t r a i t s .
The e d it o r s o f b oth w eekly and d a ily new spapers
made a s ig n i f i c a n t s h i f t by su p p o rtin g ca r e e r program s— n ot
th e same a t t it u d e a s th a t rep orted in th e 1956 and 1963
s t u d i e s .
CHAPTER V II
SU M M A R Y , CONCLUSIONS, AND RECO M M ENDATIO NS
A SUGGESTED CURRICULUM
The purpose o f t h i s ch a p ter was to summarize th e
prob lem s, p ro ced u res and fin d in g s o f th e stu d y , and from
th e summary t o draw c o n c lu s io n s and t o su g g e st a J o u rn a l
ism cu rricu lu m and make o th e r recom m endations.
B r ie f Review o f th e I n v e s t ig a t io n
The stu d y was concerned w ith J ou rn alism e d u c a tio n
in th e C a lifo r n ia J u n io r c o l l e g e s , th e n a t io n ’ s le a d e r s in
Ju n io r c o lle g e e d u c a tio n , and was d ir e c te d toward d e te r
m in in g th e e d u c a tio n a l fu n c tio n s o f J u n io r c o lle g e Jou rn al
ism and th en s u g g e s tin g a cu rricu lu m f o r C a lif o r n ia ’ s
Ju n ior c o l l e g e s .
Purpose o f th e S tu d y . —The p urpose o f t h is stu d y
was t o d ev elo p a su g g e sted Journalism cu rricu lu m f o r
C a lifo r n ia Ju n ior c o lle g e s based upon p u rp o ses a s d evelop ed
in o th e r d is s e r t a t io n s and a s d ev ise d f o r t h i s
i n v e s t ig a t io n .
Procedures U sed . —A fte r a stu d y o f l i t e r a t u r e and
th e b u l l e t i n s o f e ig h ty -s e v e n C a lifo r n ia J u n io r c o l l e g e s , a
142
w
q u e stio n n a ir e was d ev elo p ed w ith th e a s s is t a n c e o f a
s e le c t e d group o f Ju n ior c o lle g e Jou rn alism p r o fe s s o r s and
d a l l y and w eekly new spaper e d i t o r s . The q u e stio n n a ir e s
w ere m ailed t o f i f t y - t h r e e J u n io r c o lle g e jo u rn a lism p ro
f e s s o r s and t o 142 w eekly and d a lly new spaper e d it o r s t o
g a th e r d a ta on b oth th e fu n c tio n s o f Jou rn alism and th e
ju n io r c o lle g e jo u rn a lism cu rricu lu m i t s e l f . The g o a l was
t o o b ta in th e in s tr u c to r s * and e d ito r s * p e r c e p tio n s o f what
th e fu n c tio n s and Jou rn alism cu rricu lu m should be in th e
J u n io r c o l l e g e s .
Review o f 1 9 6 9 -7 0 B u lle t in s
F i f t y - e i g h t o f th e e ig h ty - s e v e n ju n io r c o lle g e s
su rveyed had m ajors or m a jo r-ty p e program s in jo u r n a lism .
F if t y - s e v e n c o lle g e s had programs aimed a t t r a n s f e r s tu
d e n t s , and s ix t e e n had e s ta b lis h e d c u r r ic u la fo r c a r e e r
s tu d e n ts in J o u rn a lism . The o f f e r in g s in jo u rn a lism
r e f le c t e d an in c r e a s e in v a r ie t y and in th e t o t a l number o f
u n i t s . C re d it f o r p u b lic a tio n s c o u r se s was on th e in c r e a s e
in C a lif o r n ia , a ls o , but was s t i l l b elow th e average o f
J u n io r c o lle g e programs n a t io n a l l y . F ou rteen c o lle g e s have
combined a l l p u b lic a tio n s in to s in g le la b o r a to r y p ro d u ctio n
c o u r s e s , and a few c o lle g e s o ffe r e d combined th e o r y and
la b o r a to r y new spaper work in one c l a s s . A cou rse in new s-
w r it in g was th e o n ly c l a s s req u ired by a l l tw en ty-tw o c o l
le g e s o f f e r in g t r a n s f e r m ajors in Jou rn alism , and th e two
]M
o th e r c o u rses req u ired by a m a jo r ity were In tr o d u c tio n to
mass com m unications and new spaper p ro d u ctio n s t a f f . T o ta l
Jou rn alism o f f e r in g s ranged from th r e e t o tw e n ty -s ix u n i t s .
C areer m ajors a t a l l fo u r te e n i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r in g
such programs a ls o were req u ired t o take n ew sw rltin g . And
a m a jo r ity o f th e c o lle g e s req u ired the stu d e n ts t o ta k e
c o u r se s in new spaper s t a f f p r o d u c tio n , b eg in n in g p h o to g
raphy, photo jo u rn a lism , and e d i t i n g . C areer m ajors w ere
req u ired to tak e an average o f 2 1 .8 u n its in jo u r n a lism ,
e ig h t u n it s , or about two c o u r s e s , more than th e t r a n s f e r
m a jo rs, who were req u ired t o tak e an average o f 13*1 u n it s
in Jou rn alism .
G eneral e d u ca tio n req u irem en ts l i s t e d Inclu d ed th e
s t a t e p re scr ib ed h is t o r y and governm ent a t a l l i n s t i t u
t io n s , E n g lish co m p o sitio n a t 9 5 .8 p er c e n t of th e s c h o o ls ;
and sp e ech , in tr o d u c tio n to l i t e r a t u r e , b i o l o g i c a l or
p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s , p sy c h o lo g y , and h y g ien e at a m a jo r ity o f
th e c o l l e g e s . Most c o lle g e s p r escr ib ed tw enty t o t h ir t y
u n it s in a major f i e l d a s a g ra d u a tio n req u irem en t.
C o lle g e s d e s c r ib in g t r a n s f e r m ajors required
E n g lish co m p o sitio n , in tr o d u c tio n t o l i t e r a t u r e , p o l i t i c a l
s c ie n c e , h y g ie n e , U nited S t a t e s h is t o r y , p h ilo so p h y , econ o
m ic s, and p sy c h o lo g y , and an a d d itio n a l s i x u n its o f l i t e r a
tu r e — r e v e a lin g a broad l i b e r a l a r t s program fo r jo u rn a lism
m a jo rs. C areer m ajors a ls o were req u ired t o take E n g lis h
c o m p o sitio n , and in tr o d u c tio n to l i t e r a t u r e , U nited S t a t e s
14-5
h i s t o r y , p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , h y g ie n e , p s y c h o lo g y , and
s p e e c h — a g a in r e q u i r i n g a b ro a d l i b e r a l a r t s b ack g ro u n d of
th e c a r e e r m a jo r.
F u n c tio n s o f J u n i o r C o lle g e J o u r n a lis m
F iv e f u n c t i o n s o f jo u r n a l i s m , a s d e v e lo p e d from
e a r l i e r d i s s e r t a t i o n s and I n f o rm a l s u r v e y s and s t u d i e s ,
were p r e s e n t e d to t h e J u n i o r c o l l e g e I n s t r u c t o r s and t o
th e d a l l y and w eekly n e w sp a p er e d i t o r s . The t h r e e g ro u p s
were a sk e d t o ra n k I n p r i o r i t y o r d e r th e f u n c t i o n s of
J o u r n a lis m I n th e J u n i o r c o l l e g e , a s th e y p e r c e iv e d th em .
The J u n i o r c o l l e g e I n s t r u c t o r s and t h e e d i t o r s o f d a l l y
and w eek ly n e w sp a p e rs a g re e d t h a t t h e most Im p o r ta n t
f u n c t i o n was t r a n s f e r — t o e n a b le s t u d e n t s t o c o m p le te
l o w e r - d i v i s l o n re q u ir e m e n ts f o r t r a n s f e r t o c o l l e g e o r
u n i v e r s i t y . C om puting th e a v e r a g e s o f th e t h r e e g ro u p s ,
g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n , w ith s t r o n g s u p p o r t from th e I n s t r u c
t o r s , was ra n k e d se c o n d , w h ile th e Im provem ent o f th e s t u
d e n t s ' w r i t i n g s k i l l s was c o n s id e r e d th e t h i r d m ost
s i g n i f i c a n t , w ith t h e c a r e e r f u n c t i o n f o u r t h and th e
t r a i n i n g of s t u d e n t s i n s k i l l s f o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e c o l
le g e p a p e r , m agazine o r y e a rb o o k , a d i s t a n t f i f t h , a s
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le ? . N e i t h e r group o f e d i t o r s , h o w ev er,
ran k ed g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n s e c o n d ; th e w e e k lie s s e l e c t e d t h e
c a r e e r f u n c t i o n , and th e e d i t o r s f a v o re d t h e im provem ent o f
g e n e r a l w r i t i n g s k i l l s .
146
TABLE 7
COMPARISON OP PERCEPTIONS OP FUNCTIONS O P
JUNIOR CO LLEG E JOURNALISM
S k i l l s
f o r P u b li
c a t io n s T ra n sfer
G eneral
E d u ca tio n C areer
W ritin g
S k i l l s
J r . C o lle g e
I n s tr u c to r s 3 ( 3 .0 0 ) 1 (2 .0 ) 2 ( 2 .1 7 ) 5 ( 3 .7 9 ) 4 ( 3 .3 8 )
Weekly
E d ito r s 5 ( 3 .8 4 )
1 ( 2 .5 ) 4 ( 2 .7 5 ) 2 (2 .6 7 ) 3 ( 2 .7 0 )
D a ily
E d ito r s 5 ( 3 .7 6 ) 1 ( 2 .2 )
3 ( 2 .6 3 ) 4 ( 2 .9 5 )
2 ( 2 . 3 1 )
A verages o f
P la c in g and
Rankings
5 ( 3 .5 3 )
1 ( 2 . 2 3 ) 2 ( 2 . 5 2 )
4 (3 .1 3 ) 3 (2 .7 9 )
N ote:
T h is t a b le should be read as f o llo w s : The t r a n s f e r
f u n c tio n was r a te d f i r s t by th e th r e e g ro u p s, w ith an
av era g e ran k in g o f 2 .2 3 by th e i n s t r u c t o r s , w eekly and
d a lly e d i t o r s .
The J u n io r c o lle g e jo u rn a lism in s t r u c t o r s have con
tin u e d t h e ir str o n g support f o r th e t r a n s f e r fu n c tio n , and
th e e d it o r s a ls o ranked i t f i r s t . However, th e in s t r u c t o r s
seemed out o f tou ch w ith th e e d it o r s in th e r a tin g o f th e
c a r e e r fu n c tio n , e s p e c i a ll y w ith th e e d it o r s o f sm a lle r
p u b lic a t io n s . Where th e in s t r u c t o r s ranked i t l a s t in
im p o rta n ce, th e w eek ly e d ito r s ra ted th e c a r e e r program
secon d and th e d a i l y e d ito r s p la c e d i t fo u r th . However, i t
was a p p a ren t, from g e n e r a l comments made by in s t r u c t o r s and
w
th e number o f c a r e e r programs b e in g o f fe r e d , th a t th e r e had
been a change In a t t it u d e toward what was la b e le d th e t e r
m in al or o c c u p a tio n a l fu n c tio n In th e I 9 6 0 ' s .
C urrent Jou rn alism Program s. — R e f le c t in g th e p er
c e p tio n s o f th e I n s t r u c to r s , th e 1 9 6 9 -7 0 J u n io r c o lle g e
Jou rn alism programs fo cu sed on th e t r a n s f e r fu n c tio n . The
b u l l e t i n s d e sc r ib e d f i f t y - e i g h t t r a n s f e r programs and s i x
te e n c a r e e r program s, w h ile th e I n s tr u c to r s rep o rted th a t
t h e i r t h ir t y - n in e I n s t it u t io n s o ffe r e d t h ir t y - s e v e n tr a n s
f e r o r ie n te d and tw e lv e c a r e e r -o r ie n te d program s. The
t r a n s f e r program req u irem en ts averaged about th r e e c o u r se s
In Jou rn alism , and th e c a r e e r programs p r e sc r ib e d an a v er
age o f 5 .2 co u rses In J o u rn a lism .
E n ro llm en ts and P la ce m e n ts. The I n s tr u c to r s
rep o rted th a t o f th e 2,1*J4 stu d e n ts who e n r o lle d In Journal
ism In th e f a l l o f 1968 , 837 were s t i l l In th e program In
th e sp r in g o f 1 9 7 0 . Of th a t t o t a l , 37 p er c e n t were
ex p ected to tr a n s fe r t o fo u r -y e a r c o l l e g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s
In th e f a l l o f 1970 , and 8 p er c e n t were p la n n in g t o o b ta in
work In Jou rn alism In June o f 19 7 0 . More than * J - 0 p er cen t
ex p ected t o r e tu rn t o t h e ir J u n io r c o l l e g e s . T w o -th ird s o f
th e t r a n s f e r s were ex p ected t o m ajor In J ou rn alism . The
I n s t r u c to r s a ls o r e p o r te d — a lth o u g h lim ite d by a la c k o f
r eco rd s and a sh o rta g e o f s t a f f to m a in ta in r e c o r d s— th a t
* 1 - 0 .8 p er cen t o f 226 members o f th e c l a s s o f 1969 , th o se
148
who were ex p ected to g ra d u a te , tr a n sfe r r e d t o fo u r -y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n s ; 1 0 .9 per c e n t to o k Jobs w ith n ew sp apers, and
4 0 .3 p er c e n t en tered th e Armed F o rces or retu rn ed t o t h e ir
J u n ior c o lle g e s fo r a d d itio n a l s tu d y . The r e s u lt s showed
th a t th e Jou rn alism program s were s im ila r t o o th e r pro
grams in th e C a lifo r n ia J u n io r c o lle g e s in term s o f w it
n e s s in g a s iz a b le drop in t r a n s f e r s tu d e n ts d u rin g t h e ir
two y e a r s o f stu d y .
The w eekly e d it o r s rep o rted h ir in g tw e n ty -e ig h t
new f u ll - t i m e s t a f f in 1968 and tw e n ty -fiv e in 1969*
in c lu d in g — in 1969 — th r e e d i r e c t l y from J u n io r c o l l e g e s ,
s ix from fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s , ten from o th e r
new spapers and s ix from o th e r s o u r c e s , one o f whom had
p r e v io u s ly a tten d ed a J u n io r c o l l e g e . The se v e n ty d a i l i e s
h ired 195 In 1968 and 230 in 1 9 6 9 . Of th e 1969 t o t a l ,
seven were h ired d i r e c t l y ou t o f Ju n ior c o l l e g e , f i f t y - s i x
from fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s , 100 from o th e r n ew sp apers,
f i f t y - s e v e n from o th e r s o u r c e s , and te n from o th e r m edia.
E xpressed in p e r c e n ta g e s, about 24 p er cen t o f th e e d i
t o r i a l s t a f f f o r w eekly and d a i l y new spaper s t a f f s came
from fo u r -y e a r c o l l e g e s , w h ile 12 p er cen t o f th e w eekly
and 3 p er c e n t o f d a lly s t a f f members were h ired d i r e c t l y
from Ju n ior c o l l e g e s . The d a ily e d it o r s estim a ted t h e ir
1970 f u ll- t im e needs f o r f u ll - t i m e s t a f f a t 140, and th e
w e e k lie s s e t t h e ir t o t a l n eed s a t t h ir t y - t h r e e . (The drop
from p r io r y e a r s r e f le c t e d th e Job s it u a t io n n a t io n a lly in
1^9
1 9 7 0 .) I f th e p e r c e n ta g e s o f so u r c e s o f s t a f f f o r 1969
were to be c a r r ie d th ro u g h , about s i x p erso n s would have
b een h ired d i r e c t l y from Ju n ior c o l l e g e s by th e new spapers
In t h i s stu d y In 1 9 7 0 .
C ourse R equirem ents and C u r r ic u la r P roced u res
J ou rn alism R eq u irem en ts. — The stu d y o f b u l l e t i n s
n oted th a t C a lif o r n ia 's J u n io r c o lle g e s were o f f e r in g more
u n it s and more v a r ie d c o u r se s In Jou rn alism th an e v er
b e fo r e — changes e v id e n t were th e com b in ation o f new spaper,
yearbook a n d /o r m agazine p ro d u ctio n c o u r se s I n to a
m u ltip le p u b lic a tio n la b o r a to r y c l a s s .
The tw en ty -tw o c o lle g e s l i s t i n g t r a n s f e r m ajors In
t h e ir b u l l e t i n s , and th e fo u r te e n s c h o o ls l i s t i n g c a r e e r
m ajors were unanimous In t h e ir recommending n ew sw rltin g as
a req u ired c o u r s e . (T ab le 8 .) The co u rse was a ls o recom
mended as req u ired by a l l o f th e Ju n ior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s
and a l l o f th e d a lly and w eek ly e d i t o r s . O ther Jou rn alism
c o u r se s p r e sc r ib e d by a m a jo r ity o f c o lle g e s in t h e ir 1969 -
70 b u l l e t i n s were in tr o d u c tio n t o mass com m unications and
new spaper p ro d u ctio n s t a f f . The m a jo r ity o f J u n io r c o lle g e
in s t r u c t o r s a ls o p r e fe r r e d co u r se s in in tr o d u c tio n t o mass
com m unications and new spaper p ro d u ctio n s t a f f f o r one y ea r
in th a t o rd er, but added c l a s s e s in advanced n e w sw r ltin g ,
and e d it in g and make-up f o r both t h e ir t r a n s f e r and c a r e e r
s tu d e n t s .
150
TABLE 8
COMPARISON O P JOURNALISM COURSE REQUIREMENTS, LISTED
IN R A N K ORDER, AS LISTED IN BULLETINS AND AS
PERCEIVED BY INSTRUCTORS AND W E E K L Y AND
DAILY EDITORS
1 9 6 9 -7 0 a
B u lle t in s
JCb
I n s tr u c to r s
W eekly0
E d ito r s
D a ily 0
E d ito r s
B egin n in g
N ew sw rlting 1 1 1 1
I n t r o , t o
Mass Comm. 2 2
5T 2
Newspaper
P rod u ction
S ta ff-O n e
Year
3 3
k
Advanced
N ew sw ritin g 4 2
3
E d itin g and
Make-up 5 3
I n t r o , t o
Photography 5T
Photo
Jou rn alism 6
aRanking r e f l e c t s the h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c ie s o f the
l i s t i n g o f Jou rn alism co u rses by a m a jo r ity o f th e e ig h t y -
sev en J u n io r c o l l e g e s .
^Ranking in d ic a te s p r io r it y ord er o f c o u r se s
su g g e sted a s req u irem en ts by th e m a jo rity o f J u n io r c o lle g e
in s t r u c t o r s .
c Ranking r e f l e c t s th e h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c ie s o f Jour
n a lism c o u r se s th a t should be req u ired o f Jou rn alism
m ajors, as named by w eekly and d a ily new spaper e d i t o r s .
151
And c o n s is t e n t w ith the p a tte r n , the m a jo rity of
d a ily and weekly e d ito r s agreed th a t a d d itio n a l co u rses
should be required in advanced n ew sw rltin g, in tr o d u c tio n
to mass communications and newspaper p rod u ction s t a f f fo r
one y ea r. The m a jo rity of d a ily e d ito r s l i s t e d on ly fou r
required c o u r s e s, but the weekly e d ito r s sa id seven
cou rses would be e s s e n t i a l — adding e d it in g and make-up,
in tr o d u c tio n to photography and photo Journalism co u rses
f o r the Journalism major. The weekly e d it o r s , th u s, would
req u ire even one more course than the Junior c o lle g e
I n s tr u c to r s .
General Education Requirem ents. — According t o the
1969-70 b u l l e t i n s , a l l o f the e ig h ty -s e v e n c o lle g e s recom
mended th e s t a t e requirem ents in United S t a t e s h is t o r y and
government, and 9 5 .8 per cen t of the i n s t i t u t i o n s required
E n g lish co m p o sitio n . A la rg e m ajority a ls o p rescrib ed
speech and In tro d u ctio n to lit e r a t u r e co u rses in t h e ir
gen eral ed u ca tio n p a tte r n s . Other co u rses required by a
m ajority o f the c o lle g e s were b io lo g ic a l or p h y sic a l
s c ie n c e s , p sych ology, and hygiene and p h y s ic a l ed u ca tio n .
Those c o lle g e s l i s t i n g Journalism t r a n s f e r and ca reer
majors required a d d itio n a l gen eral ed u cation co u rses in
p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e and l i t e r a t u r e , and c l a s s e s in p hilosophy
and econom ics. (Table 9 .) Given the c h o ic e , in s tr u c to r s
in Junior c o lle g e Journalism s e le c te d th o se co u rses alread y
152
TABLE 9
COMPARISON OP GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES PRESCRIBED BY A MAJORITY OP COLLEGES
AN D EDITORS, AS GENERAL EDUCATION SHOULD BE IN JUNIOR COLLEGE
1969-70a
JCb
In stru cto rs
Weekly0 D ally0
B u lle tin s
T ransfer (Career)
E d itors E d itors
US C o n stitu tio n
A Government IT IT (2 T) IT IT
S ta te A Local
Government IT IT (2T) IT IT
United S ta te s
H istory IT 5 (3 )
2 2
E n glish
Composition 2 6 (5 ) 5 5
Speech
3 - - - -
Introd u ction to
L itera tu re < f 7 (<0
- 10
B io lo g ic a l or
P hysical S olenoes
5
- - - -
Psychology 6 k (7 )
- -
Hygiene and
P h y sica l Ed. 7
• • - -
P hilosophy 8 - - - -
Eoonomlcs
9 3 (6) 6
3
S o o lology - 2
(1)
8
9
World H istory
-
8 - if 6
Current Events - - - 3 if
Geography - - - 7 7
H is t, o f C a lif. - - - - 8
“ L is tin g r e f lo o t s ra n k in g o f h ig h e s t fre q u e n c ie s o f th e c o u rse s l i s t e d a s g e n e ra l
e d u c a tio n re q u ire m e n ts.
^ I n s tr u c to r s ranged c a r e e r and tr a n s f e r s s e p a r a te ly ; l i s t i n g was v e ry s im ila r In
b u l l e t i n s ; n o t marked by e d it o r s who said th e y saw no reaso n f o r two l i s t i n g s In p re
lim in a ry resp o n se to q u e s tio n n a ire .
cWeekly and d a lly e d i t o r s ' ra n k in g s, by h ig h e s t f r e q u e n c ie s , a s recommended by
th e e d i t o r s .
*Cheeked b u t n o t ranked by I n s tr u c t o r s ( s t a t e re q u ire m e n ts ).
“Not recommended by m a jo rity o f re s p o n d e n ts.
153
l i s t e d in th e b u l l e t i n , and added s e v e r a l. In the order of
h ig h e st frequency of s e le c t i o n , in s tr u c to r s recommended:
United S t a te s C o n stitu tio n and Government, S ta te and Local
Government, S o c io lo g y , Economics, Psychology, United S ta te s
H isto r y , E n g lish Com position, In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu r e ,
and World H isto ry — fo r t r a n s f e r m ajors; and S o c io lo g y ,
f i r s t , United S ta te s C o n s titu tio n and Government, S ta te
and Local Government, United S t a te s H isto ry , In tro d u ctio n
to L ite r a tu r e , E n g lish C om position, Economics, and
Psychology— f o r career m ajors.
A greeing w ith the above f in d in g s , e d ito r s o f both
d a ily and weekly newspapers sa id th a t the cou rses in United
S t a te s C o n stitu tio n and Government and S ta te and Local
Government should be required of a l l Journalism m ajors.
Other g en era l education co u rses recommended by the m ajority
o f weekly e d it o r s , in order o f h ig h e st frequency chosen,
Included United S ta te s H isto r y , Current E vents, World
H isto r y , E n g lish Com position, Economics, Geography and
S o c io lo g y . The m ajority of th e d a lly e d ito r s would req u ire
the fo llo w in g a d d itio n a l g en era l ed u cation co u rses, in
order o f the h ig h e st frequency s e le c te d : United S ta te s
H isto r y , Economics, Current E ven ts, E n g lish Com position,
World H isto ry , Geography, H isto ry of C a lifo r n ia , S o c io lo g y
and In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu r e — H isto ry of C a lifo r n ia and
In tro d u ctio n t o L itera tu re th e on ly co u rses added t o the
w eek lies* recommendations.
15^
Career Programs. — Although r a tin g the career
fu n c tio n l e a s t im portant, of f iv e su g g e sted , a m ajority of
Junior c o lle g e Journalism in s t r u c t o r s , or 59*5 per c e n t,
f e l t th a t there i s a r e a l need fo r a career program in
ju n io r c o lle g e jou rn alism , and 8 3 .3 per cen t o f the weekly
and 7 6 .0 per cent of the d a lly e d ito r s added stro n g support
to the need fo r such a program. A g rea t m ajority o f the
two groups of e d ito r s said th a t t h e ir papers would h ir e
graduates of Junior c o lle g e s w ith a s s o c ia t e of a r ts
d eg r e e s, and a m a jo rity of the p r o fe s s io n a l j o u r n a lis ts
said th a t they would pay th e same s a la r ie s to Junior c o l
le g e graduates w ith s im ila r a b i l i t y as fo u r-y ea r c o lle g e
grad u ates.
A m ajority of the ju n io r c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s
(8 2 .9 per cen t) opposed the su g g e stio n th a t ca reer stu d en ts
be lim ite d to tw elve u n its o f c r e d it in p r o fe s s io n a l jou r
n a lism , and 6 5 .8 per cent of the in s tr u c to r s favored a
s in g le - t r a c k journalism curriculum in which the tw o-year
ca reer and tr a n s fe r stu d en ts would take the same c o u r se s.
D a ily and weekly e d ito r s opposed the id ea th a t Junior c o l
le g e tr a n s fe r and ca reer stu d en ts should take the same
g e n era l ed u cation and Journalism c o u r s e s. A lso in the area
of gen eral ed u ca tio n , more than 80 per cent o f the d a ily
and weekly e d ito r s sta te d th at newspaper work required a
broad acquaintance w ith every known d i s c i p l i n e — a statem ent
str o n g ly supported by in s t r u c t o r s .
154
Career Programs. —Although r a tin g the career
fu n c tio n l e a s t im portant, of f iv e su g g ested , a m ajority of
ju n io r c o lle g e journalism in s t r u c t o r s , or 5 9 .5 per c e n t,
f e l t that th ere i s a r e a l need fo r a ca reer program in
ju n io r c o lle g e journalism , and 83.3 per cen t o f the weekly
and 76.0 per cent of the d a lly e d ito r s added stron g support
to th e need fo r such a program. A great m ajority of the
two groups of e d ito r s said th a t t h e ir papers would h ir e
graduates o f ju n io r c o lle g e s with a s s o c ia te of a r ts
d eg rees, and a m ajority of the p r o fe s s io n a l j o u r n a lis ts
said th at they would pay the same s a la r ie s to Junior c o l
le g e graduates w ith s im ila r a b i l i t y as fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e
g ra d u a tes.
A m ajority of the ju n io r c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s
(8 2 .9 per cen t) opposed the su g g e stio n th a t career stu d en ts
be lim ite d to tw elve u n its o f c r e d it in p r o fe s s io n a l jour
n alism , and 6 5 .8 per cent of the in s tr u c to r s favored a
s in g le - tr a c k journalism curriculum in which the tw o-year
ca reer and tr a n sfe r stu d en ts would take the same c o u rses.
D a ily and weekly e d ito r s opposed the id ea th at Junior c o l
leg e tr a n s fe r and ca reer stu d en ts should take the same
gen eral ed u cation and journalism c o u r se s. A lso in the area
of gen eral ed u cation , more than 80 per cen t of the d a lly
and weekly e d ito r s sta ted th a t newspaper work required a
broad acquaintance w ith every known d i s c i p l i n e — a statem ent
str o n g ly supported by in s t r u c t o r s .
155
T ransfer C u r r ic u la . —A ll groups favored a stro n g
tr a n s fe r program In jou rn alism In the ju n io r c o l l e g e s . In
the co u n se lin g o f stu d e n ts, 7 1 .b per cent of th e In str u c
t o r s , more than 50 per cen t of th e d a lly e d ito r s and ^7.4
per cent of the weekly e d ito r s said th ey would recommend
th a t stu d en ts graduate from a fo u r-y ea r I n s t it u t io n w ith a
major In Journalism , w h ile about 33 per cent o f the d a lly
and 3 1 .6 per cent of the weekly e d ito r s said th ey would
suggest that stu d en ts take a t l e a s t a tw o-year program in
ju n ior c o lle g e jou rn alism in order to prepare fo r work on
newspapers.
Almost a l l , or 9^ .9 per c e n t, of the ju n io r
c o lle g e In str u c to r s supported the concept of s ta r t in g pro
f e s s io n a l course work in journalism In the freshman year
of ju n io r c o lle g e , and, c o n s is t e n t ly , opposed by a wide
margin the Idea th a t t r a n s f e r stu d en ts be advised to wait
u n t i l t h e ir Junior year b efo re ta k in g p r o fe s s io n a l jo u rn a l
ism . Almost 90 per cen t o f the e d ito r s agreed th a t s tu
d en ts should s t a r t ta k in g jou rn alism cou rses during t h e ir
freshman year— on ly one e d ito r said th ey should be advised
to w ait u n t i l t h e ir Junior y ea r.
T ran sfer stu d en ts should be r e s tr ic t e d to tw elve
u n its o f p r o fe s s io n a l jou rn alism , according to the m ajority
of Junior c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s . And 80 per cent o f the
in s tr u c to r s supported the concept th at the ju n io r c o lle g e
156
Journalism curriculum should copy th at of the f i r s t two
years o f the se n io r c o lle g e .
However, the m ajority of weekly and d a ily
e d ito r s opposed the id ea o f th e ju n ior c o lle g e copying the
lo w e r -d iv is lo n program of th e se n io r c o l l e g e . The in s t r u c
to r s a ls o agreed th a t they should aim fo r a s im ila r it y of
o f fe r in g s sta tew id e in t h e ir journalism c u r r ic u la ,
*
And 83.3 per cent of the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c
to r s sa id th a t t h e ir journalism courses should be accepted
by fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n s w ithout r eq u irin g the stu d en t to
take s p e c ia l exam inations or t e s t s of h is w r itin g . A ll of
the in s tr u c to r s approved the form ation o f a permanent
s t a t e - l e v e l a r t ic u la t io n committee with th e se n io r
c o l l e g e s .
Curriculum in G eneral. —A t o t a l o f 86.8 per cent
o f th e Junior c o lle g e I n s tr u c to r s supported the concept
th a t Junior c o lle g e s should become le a d e r s , not continue as
f o llo w e r s , in the r e v is io n of journalism curriculum fo r
lo w e r -d iv is io n t r a n s f e r stu d e n ts. And the in s tr u c to r s
unanimously agreed th a t curriculum making and r e v is in g in
ju n io r c o lle g e jou rn alism should be done by the journalism
f a c u lt y .
A s ig n i f i c a n t m ajority of the d a ily and weekly
e d ito r s and 79 per cen t o f the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s
supported the esta b lish m en t o f a summer in te r n program fo r
157
Junior c o lle g e stu d e n ts. And 84-.3 per cent of the in s tr u c
to r s favored the broadening o f the Journalism curriculum to
in clu d e cou rses preparing stu d en ts fo r ca re e r s in p u b lic
r e la t io n s , r a d io - t e le v is io n and m agazines.
A ll o f the weekly and 93*7 per cent o f the d a ily
e d ito r s agreed th at newspaper e d ito r s should serve on
ad visory groups fo r Junior c o lle g e journalism programs in
t h e ir r e s p e c tiv e a r e a s.
And l a s t , o ffe r in g advice to ju n io r c o lle g e
journalism curriculum r e v i s i o n i s t s , the e d ito r s o ffered
th a t the most important t r a i t or t a le n t sought a f t e r in
e d i t o r ia l employees was accurate rep o rtin g w ith sound
Judgment a c lo s e second and the a b i l i t y to w r ite c le a r ly
t h ir d . D a ily e d ito r s f e l t th a t d ep e n d a b ility was e q u a lly
as important as the a b i l i t y to w rite c le a r ly , w h ile the
weekly e d ito r s ranked d e p e n d a b ility fo u r th . The weekly and
d a lly e d ito r s l i s t e d w illin g n e s s to work lon g hours and
lo y a lt y to the p r o fe ss io n as the l e a s t important of ten
suggested t r a i t s .
C onclusions
1. The fu n c tio n s o f ju n io r c o lle g e journalism
as determined by t h is in v e s t ig a t io n were ranked in the
fo llo w in g order o f importance: (1) tr a n s fe r , (2) general
ed u ca tio n , (3) Improvement of stu d en ts' w r itin g s k i l l s ,
(4) career and (5) tr a in in g of stu d en ts in s k i l l s fo r
158
c o lle g e p u b lic a tio n s . T ransfer had overtaken gen eral edu
c a tio n in Junior c o lle g e Journalism in the la s t decade,
and the ca re e r fu n c tio n was becoming more accep ta b le to
the in s tr u c to r s o f Journalism and to e d it o r s . Weekly
e d ito r s ranked the ca reer fu n c tio n second only to t r a n s f e r .
2 . There was a need fo r a t r a n s f e r program in
Journalism at most Junior c o ll e g e s in 1969-70, and as the
C a lifo r n ia S ta te C o lleg e and p r iv a te u n iv e r s it y and c o l
le g e Journalism departments s h if t e d t h e ir emphases t o the
upper d i v i s i o n , a d d itio n a l p ressu re was expected to be
ap p lied t o Junior c o lle g e s to e s t a b lis h or stren g th en
Journalism c u r r ic u la .
3 . C a lifo r n ia weekly and d a ily newspapers, as
rep resen ted by the sev en ty d a ily and tw en ty -th ree w e e k lie s
in t h is stu d y, needed q u a lifie d graduates from the Junior
c o l l e g e s . The weekly and d a ily newspapers hired 223 f u l l
time e d i t o r ia l s t a f f in 1968 and 255 s t a f f members in 1 9 6 9 .
Of the 1969 t o t a l ten were hired d i r e c t l y from Junior c o l
l e g e s . At the same tim e, the newspapers estim ated t h e ir
1970 needs at 173 f u ll- t im e s t a f f . The th ir t y - n in e Junior
c o lle g e s reported th a t s i x t y - s i x stu d en ts would be applying
f o r Journalism p o s it io n s in June o f 1970. I f extended to
th e more than 200 oth er newspapers, the r e s u lt s of the
study would have shown even a g r e a te r need fo r the career
program in Junior c o lle g e Journalism . The in s tr u c to r s and
d a ily and weekly e d it o r s , and o b v io u sly the s ix te e n Junior
159
c o lle g e s d escribed In t h i s stu d y, f e l t th ere was a r e a l
need fo r a ca reer journalism program.
4 . Of the 2,144 stu d en ts who were en ro lled in
ju n io r c o lle g e journalism programs in 1968, only 8 3 7 , or 39
per c e n t, remained in the program in the sp rin g of 1 9 7 0 .
And on ly 14.5 per cent of the o r ig in a l t o t a l , or 311 s t u
d e n ts, expected to tr a n s fe r to a fo u r -y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n in
the f a l l of 1970. S i x t y - s ix stu d e n ts, or 8 per cent o f
th o se e n r o lle d in sp rin g o f 1970, were expected to take
job s on newspaper s t a f f s in June of 19?0. The sm all number
o f Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts in ca reer programs in 1969-70
r e f le c t e d the in flu e n c e o f the tr a n s fe r o r ie n ta tio n o f the
la r g e m ajority of Junior c o lle g e journalism in s t r u c t o r s .
5 . Three journalism co u rses were I d e n tifie d as
"must'* cou rses in Junior c o lle g e b u lle t in s and by ju n io r
c o lle g e in s t r u c t o r s . The co u rses: b egin n in g new sw rlting,
in tr o d u c tio n to mass communications and newspaper produc
t io n s t a f f fo r one y ea r. The I n s tr u c to r s , however, would
have added advanced new sw rlting and e d itin g and make-up as
required c o u r se s.
6 . Weekly and d a ily e d ito r s would agree th at
b egin n in g n ew sw rlting should be required o f a l l journalism
m ajors; weekly e d ito r s would have added e d it in g and make-up,
in tr o d u c tio n to photography and photo Journalism to the
d a ily e d ito r s ' recommendations of In tro d u ctio n to mass
160
communications, advanced new sw rlting and newspaper produc
tio n s t a f f f o r one yea r.
7. United S ta te s government and s t a t e and lo c a l
government, as w e ll as E n g lish com p osition , United S ta te s
h is t o r y , in tr o d u c tio n to l i t e r a t u r e , econom ics, s o c io lo g y ,
current e v e n ts, p sych ology, and geography were recommended
courses for th e g en era l ed u cation p a ttern fo r Journalism
stu d en ts by a t l e a s t two of the sources examined in t h i s
stu d y . L i t t l e d iffe r e n c e would be found in terms o f typ es
of general ed u cation courses f o r ca reer or o ccu p a tio n a l
s tu d e n ts. E d ito rs o f weekly and d a ily newspapers would
s t r e s s g en era l ed u cation cou rses in the s o c ia l s c ie n c e s and
lit e r a t u r e f o r Journalism stu d e n ts.
8. I f d a ily and weekly newspaper e d ito r s p a r t i c i
p a tin g in t h i s study had been asked to com pile a suggested
curriculum f o r journalism based on a consensus from the
q u e stio n n a ir e s, the fo llo w in g would have been l i s t e d :
a . Required cou rses in journalism :
(1) Journalism News R eporting and News-
w r itin g , one-year course (th ree u n its
per se m e ste r ).
(2) In tro d u ctio n to Mass Communications,
one sem ester (th ree u n i t s ) .
(3) Newspaper production s t a f f , one year
(one u n it per se m e ste r ).
161
b . A d d itio n a l but o p tio n a l courses In e d itin g
and make-up, one sem ester, three u n its ; in tro d u ctio n to
photography or photo Journalism, one sem ester, two to
th ree u n i t s .
c . General Education Requirements:
United S ta te s H isto ry and Government, one
year (th ree u n its p er sem ester); E n glish Com position, one
sem ester (th r e e u n i t s ) ; Economics, one sem ester (th ree
u n it s ) ; S o c io lo g y , one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; Current
Events, one sem ester (th ree u n i t s ) ; In trod u ction to L ite r a
tu re, one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; Geography, one sem ester
(th ree u n its ) ; S ta te and Local Government, one sem ester
(th ree u n i t s ) ; and H istory of C i v i l i z a t i o n or World
H isto ry , one year (th r e e u n its p er sem ester ).
d . S ta te Requirements: P h ysical education and
h ea lth sc ie n c e (fo u r u n i t s ) .
e . S cien ce e l e c t i v e s , fou r to e ig h t u n its ;
stu d en ts advised to check c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y , i f they
planned to t r a n s f e r .
f . Four to e ig h t u n it s of e l e c t i v e s from a d d i
t io n a l co u rses in l i t e r a t u r e , p o l i t i c a l sc ie n c e and the
a r t s , and/or from Journalism cou rses in (b) above.
9 . Given th e op p ortun ity— based on a consensus o f
d ata from b u lle t in s and q u e stio n n a ir e s— Junior c o lle g e
in s tr u c to r s would recommend the fo llo w in g as a suggested
162
curriculum fo r tw o-year c o lle g e Journalism (See Appendix
fo r two examples of current c u r r ic u la ) :
a . Journalism Requirements: (1) Beginning
N ew sw rlting, one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; (2) Advanced News-
w r itin g , one sem ester (th r e e u n i t s ) ; (3) In trod u ction to
Mass Communications, one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; (4) News
paper Production S t a f f fo r one year (one u n it per
sem ester ); and (5) E d itin g and Make-up, one sem ester (th ree
u n i t s ) .
b . General Education Requirements: United
S ta te s H isto ry and Government, one year (th ree u n its per
sem ester); S ta te and Local Government, one sem ester (two
u n i t s ) ; S o c io lo g y , one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; Economics,
one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ; Psychology, one sem ester (th ree
u n i t s ) ; E n glish C om position, one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ;
In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu r e , one sem ester (th ree u n it s ) ;
World H isto ry , one sem ester (th ree u n i t s ) ; and the s ta t e
requirem ents of p h y sic a l ed u cation and h e a lth sc ie n c e (fo u r
u n i t s ) .
c . E le c t iv e s : Students would be advised to
s e le c t from four to e ig h t u n its in b io lo g ic a l and p h y sic a l
s c ie n c e s ; fou r to e ig h t u n its in fo r e ig n language or a d d i
t io n a l courses in the s o c ia l s c ie n c e s and hum anities; and
fou r t o e ig h t u n its in the a r t s . Journalism e le c t i v e s
would be a v a ila b le in photography and magazine production
s t a f f . I n str u c to r s would ca u tio n stu d en ts planning to
163
tr a n s fe r to check the b u l l e t i n of the fo u r-y ea r c o lle g e or
u n iv e r s it y to i d e n t if y i t s requirem ents.
10. A s in g le - tr a c k system of journalism and gen eral
ed u cation co u rses— s e n s it iv e to the purposes of Junior c o l
le g e Journalism — i s suggested fo r use by C a lifo r n ia Junior
c o l l e g e s . (See Figure 1 .) The program would be resp o n siv e
to the needs o f more stu d e n ts, in c lu d in g th o se in the
ju n io r c o lle g e s who con tin u e t o drop out a f t e r the f i r s t
sem ester and end of the f i r s t year and at the end of the
th ir d term. The suggested curriculum would require Jour
n alism educators in ju n io r c o lle g e t o do as P u litz e r
suggested fo u r -y e a r c o lle g e p r o fe sso r s do, more than s ix t y
years ago—b u ild a gen eral ed u cation program fo r the Jour
n a l i s t , and when p o s s ib le to have c e r ta in departm ents,
i . e . , p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e , e s t a b lis h s p e c ia l yet broad
cou rses fo r j o u r n a lis t s . A lso the f ir s t - s e m e s t e r course
would s a t i s f y a g en era l ed u cation requirement and would not
have to be counted towards the Journalism major u n i t s .
The proposed curriculum would have the support of
in s tr u c to r s and e d ito r s fo r i t s breadth in gen eral educa
t io n and fo r i t s s e le c t io n of journalism c o u r se s. The
ca reer Student who a f t e r a year changed h is p lans to the
tr a n s fe r major would not be p e n a liz e d , sin c e he would have
taken the same program in h is freshman y ea r.
16^
FIRST YEAR
F a ll Sem ester
U nits
Jou m . 1 I n tr o , to Mass Communications
3
J o u m . 9A P u b lic a tio n s Laboratory
1
H.Ed. 1 Man S t His Environment ( i n c l .
P o llu t io n , N a r c o tic s, and
A lcohol)
2
Eng. 1 Com position (Fund. & W riting)
3
H istory
15
Problems o f American S o c ie ty
3
P o l . S c l . 1 US C o n st.—Current Problems
3
PE 10A E le c t . R ecreation S p orts (PW)
_ £
15
(Student forced to drop out could work as copy boy or cub
rep o rter on sm all d a lly or w eek ly. Students would be
advised to return to c o lle g e as soon as p o s s i b l e .)
Spring Sem ester
U nits
Jou m . 2 I n tr o , to R eporting
3
J o u m . 9B P u b lic a tio n s Laboratory
h
Jou m .
17
P u b lic a tio n s Photography
3
Speech 1 Oral E xp ression (In clu d in g
s t r e s s on in te r v ie w )
3
P o l.S c l.
5
S ta te & Local Government 2
Psych. 1 I n tr o , to Psychology
3
PE 10B E le c t . R ecreation S p orts (PW)
_ 1
15
(Again, stu d en t could be copy boy, p o s s ib le rep o rter on
sm all weekly or a photographer’ s a s s i s t a n t .)
Summer
In te r n sh ip , p r e fe r a b ly on newspaper, fo r no c r e d it .
F ig . 1— Model Journalism Curriculum f o r
C a lifo r n ia Junior C o lle g e s
165
SECOND YEAH
Journ.
3
Journ. 9C
S o c i o l . 1A
Econ. 1
P o l.S c l. 10
E le c t iv e s
PE 10C
P a ll Sem ester
R eporting of P u b lic A ffa ir s
P u b lic a tio n s Laboratory
Problems o f S o c ie ty
(ra ce, c l a s s , e th n ic s)
In tr o , to Economics
P o l i t i c s and Government
E le c t . R ecreation Sports (PW)
U n its
3
ft
3
3
3
3
15*
(Could work as r e p o r te r , photo a s s i s t a n t , or p u b lic ity
w r i t e r . )
Journ. 9D
Psych. 10
Econ.
E le c tiv e s '1
PE
Spring Sem ester
P u b lic a tio n s Laboratory
(on & off-cam pus work)
B eh avioral Psychology
(o r g a n iz a tio n a l behavior)
Econ. Problems o f 1970*s
10D E le c t . R ecreation Sports (PW )
U nits
3
9
E le c t iv e s in second year could be s e le c te d from fo r e ig n
language; journalism cou rses in a d v e r tis in g or rad io and
t e l e v i s i o n news; American li t e r a t u r e ; or from the s c ie n c e s .
T ransfer stu d en ts would be advised to check b u l l e t i n s at
s e n io r c o lle g e s or u n i v e r s i t i e s fo r t h e ir gen eral ed u cation
req u irem en ts.
P ig . 1 — Continued
166
Re c ommend a t 1ons
1. The d eterm in ation of Journalism curriculum in
C a lifo r n ia Junior c o ll e g e s should be undertaken by the
journalism in s tr u c to r s in the tw o-year c o l l e g e s . C o lleg es
o f adequate s iz e to f in a n c ia lly support programs should
have a minimum program of th ree b a sic cou rses: (a) News-
w r itin g and R eporting, (b) In tro d u ctio n to Mass Communica
t io n s — which should be Included in each c o l l e g e ’ s gen eral
education program, and (c) Newspaper Production S t a f f fo r
one y ea r. The l a t t e r could be part o f the course r e q u ire
ments fo r the y e a r -lo n g freshman w r itin g co u rse.
2. As noted by Reid, in a d o cto ra l d is s e r t a t io n at
USC in 1966, the ju n io r c o lle g e s should continue to b u ild
t h e ir programs in response to the t o t a l needs o f the
communities th ey serve (5 9 :7 0 ^ ). The ju n io r c o lle g e Jour
n alism curriculum should respond to the needs in th e area
of in d iv id u a l Junior c o lle g e s fo r ca reer programs in jou r
n a lism . Journalism in s tr u c to r s should work w ith the sm all
d a ily and weekly e d ito r s in t h e ir areas to fin d out
s p e c if i c needs and to e s t a b lis h a permanent r e la tio n s h ip
w ith the p r o fe s s io n a l j o u r n a lis t s , who would work in an
ad visory ca p a c ity on curriculum .
3 . A permanent, working, s t a t e - l e v e l a r t ic u la t io n
com mittee, comprised o f r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f the tw o-year
c o lle g e s , the fo u r -y e a r p u b lic and p riv a te i n s t i t u t i o n s ,
and the p r o fe ss io n a l j o u r n a lis t s , should be formed as soon
167
as p o s s ib le . A tr a n s fe r program should be worked out to
stop the d iscrim in a to ry p r a c tic e s a g a in st the ju n io r c o l
le g e s tu d e n ts. Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts should have t h e ir
journalism courses accepted by fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n s
w ithout having to pass s p e c ia l exam in ation s.
4 . Journalism stu d en ts should be a d v ised , f i r s t ,
to complete a minimum of a b a c h elo r ’ s degree w ith a major
in journalism ; and second, to complete two years of ju n io r
c o lle g e journalism as a minimum fo r th ose who could not
c o n tin u e .
5 . Junior c o lle g e journalism curriculum r e v is io n
should be carried out by the journalism f a c u lt y , and the
ju n io r c o lle g e f a c u lt y should lead ra th er than fo llo w
o th er i n s t i t u t i o n s when improving the curriculum .
6 . P r o fe ssio n a l Journalism co u rses should s ta r t
in the freshman year o f ju n io r c o lle g e and not be p o s t
poned to the ju n ior year of the fo u r-y ea r s c h o o ls .
7. Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r s should i n i t i a t e a
s in g le - t r a c k concept in journalism curriculum fo r both
t r a n s f e r and career stu d e n ts.
8. T ransfer stu d en ts should be lim ite d to tw elve
u n it s o f p r o fe s s io n a l journalism in Junior c o l l e g e — ca reer
stu d en ts should not be s im ila r ly r e s t r i c t e d .
9 . A summer in te r n program should be e s ta b lish e d
f o r ju n io r c o lle g e journalism s tu d e n ts.
168
10. Newspaper e d ito r s should serve on the ad visory
com mittees fo r ju n io r c o lle g e journalism programs in t h e ir
r e s p e c tiv e a r e a s.
11. In-d ep th, fo llo w -u p stu d ie s o f ju n io r c o lle g e
journalism graduates at c o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s and/or on
newspaper s t a f f s should be made in order to ev a lu a te the
e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f the journalism curriculum . (However,
b efo re th e se s tu d ie s could be carried ou t, a more adequate
f i l i n g system would be needed a t the Junior c o l l e g e s , and
more time would have to be giv en fo r s t a f f or student help
to e s t a b lis h and/or m aintain such f i l e s . )
12. A study o f the Junior c o lle g e stu d en ts who drop
out a f t e r t h e ir f i r s t through the th ird sem esters in jou r
n a lism should be conducted to determine i f the current
curriculum should be changed to encourage more of the s tu
d en ts to com plete at l e a s t th e two years and h o p e fu lly fou r
y ears o f c o l l e g e . (Again, as noted in 11 the f i l i n g system
a t some Junior c o l l e g e s would be inadequate as o f now fo r
such a stu d y .) T his study might be done w ith a lim ite d
number of ju n io r c o l l e g e s .
13• A survey of the needs o f the radio and t e l e
v is io n newsrooms, the p u b lic r e la t io n s departm ents— both
in corp oration s and c o n s u lta n ts — and magazine s t a f f s should
be conducted to fin d out what t h e ir needs are fo r q u a lifie d
j o u r n a lis t s , and what ro le could be played by th e
C a lifo r n ia ju n io r c o lle g e i f needs are e s ta b lis h e d .
169
14. The growing number of women in the ju n io r
c o lle g e programs n e c e s s it a t e s a d e t a ile d , s p e c i f i c study
o f o p p o r tu n itie s f o r women on newspaper s t a f f s and in th e
r e la ted f i e l d s .
1 5 . A study should be done to fin d out the r o le of
the Junior c o lle g e in s tr u c to r in the form u lation o f jou r
nalism curriculum in C a lifo r n ia ju n io r c o l l e g e s .
16. A study should be done a lso o f th e p o s s i b i l i t y
o f combining th e newspaper production c la s s e s in to the
formal cou rses as was bein g done by some c o lle g e s mentioned
in t h is stu d y.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
170
171
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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a p p e n d i c e s
177
APPENDIX A
JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS QUESTIONNAIRE:
NAMES, LETTERS, FO R M S
178
JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS PARTICIPATING IN
EVALUATION O P PRELIMINARY QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Tom D r is c o ll
Chabot C o lleg e
Hayward
2. Leo Garapedian
Los A ngeles V a lle y C ollege
Van Nuys
3. C la ir Gurwell
T aft C ollege
T aft
B i l l Kamrath
El Camino C o lleg e
El Camino
5 . Tom Kramer
Los A ngeles C ity C o lleg e
Los A ngeles
6 . Warren Mack
De Anza C o lleg e
C upertino
7 . W ill Sims
Modesto Junior C o lleg e
Modesto
180
COVER LETTER TO JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS
JOURNALISM
ASSOCIATION OP JUNIOR COLLEGES
Wilbur Sim s, E xecutive S ecreta ry
Modesto Junior C o lle g e , Modesto, C a lifo r n ia 95350
May 1, 1970
TO: Junior c o lle g e Journalism I n str u c to r s
PROM : W ill Sims
RE: Enclosed q u estio n n a ire
Ladies and gentlemen:
Art Margosian i s former Journalism in s tr u c to r at Fresno
C ity C o lleg e and i s c u r r e n tly on the f a c u lt y at Fresno
S ta te C o lle g e; he i s a good fr ie n d o f Junior c o lle g e
Journalism ed u ca tio n . He i s c u r r en tly in volved in a
d o c to r a l research p r o je c t d e a lin g w ith Junior c o lle g e
Journalism programs.
The r e s u lt s of A r t’ s study could be very v a lu a b le to
a l l of us; the valu e w i l l be d ir e c t ly r e la te d to the
degree o f p a r t ic ip a t io n by Junior c o lle g e Journalism
in s tr u c to r s responding to the q u e stio n n a ir e .
I urge th a t each Junior c o lle g e Journalism in s tr u c to r
promptly aid Art in h is research by com pleting and
retu rn in g the q u estio n n a ire to d a y .
181
COVER LETTER TO JUNIOR COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS
May 4 , 1970
Dear :
Attached Is a q u estion n aire which w i l l provide the "heart''
of my d o c to r a l study here a t USC on the Junior C ollege
Journalism Curriculum In C a lif o r n ia 's P u b lic Junior
C o lle g e s .
The q u estio n n a ire i s being sen t to 5^ oth er Junior c o lle g e
Journalism p r o fe sso r s who have had a minimum of th ree years
o f te a c h in g exp erien ce at t h e ir current i n s t i t u t i o n s . M y
g o a l: to fin d out what the p r o fe ss o r s would l ik e to see
happen in Junior c o lle g e Journalism ed u ca tio n .
Upon com pletion of the stu d y, I w ill submit fin d in g s to
JAJC and to n a tio n a l and s t a t e p r o fe s s io n a l and academic
J o u rn a ls. I have alread y completed a study of the o f f e r
in g s of the some 90 p u b lic Junior c o lle g e s as l i s t e d I n '
t h e ir 1969-70 b u l l e t i n s . A fte r g e t tin g and an alyzin g
resp on ses to the q u e stio n n a ir e s, I hope t o come up w ith a
suggested Journalism curriculum fo r Junior c o l l e g e s .
S ev era l Junior c o lle g e Journalism p r o fe ss o r s have been most
h e lp fu l In going over the i n i t i a l copy o f t h is q u estio n
n a ir e , and I hope you w i l l fin d the tim e to complete the
forms and m ail them in the en closed envelope w ith in one
week.
Your comments on a l l su b je c ts covered w i l l be g r e a tly
a p p re c ia te d . I hope you w i l l be able to u t i l i z e the
a ttach ed d itto e d q u estio n n a ire to c o l l e c t data to answer
q u e stio n 6 of Part I I . T his i s a very important part of
th e stu d y, and upon the a d v ice of a Junior c o lle g e p r o fe s
s o r , the suggested q u estio n n a ire i s in clu d ed . Most of us
in Journalism ed u cation do not seem to have the s t a f f or
the tim e to m aintain adequate records on our stu d en ts; I
hope the form w i l l help you.
Thank you very much fo r your co o p era tio n .
S in c e r e ly ,
Arthur Margosian
V i s it i n g P rofessor
182
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM PROFESSORS QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I . G eneral I n f o r m a t i o n . (T h is in f o r m a tio n w i l l be
k e p t c o n f i d e n t i a l — f o r dem ographics o n l y .)
1. Name
2. C o lle g e a d d re s s
3. Years T e ach in g a t p r e s e n t c o l l e g e
4 . Years p r i o r t e a c h in g e x p e r ie n c e :
a . C o lle g e _______ b . Secondary School
5 . T o t a l y e a r s e x p e r ie n c e in p r o f e s s i o n a l j o u r
n a lis m ( i n c l u d i n g new spaper, r a d i o , TV, PR,
m agazine) ,_ _ _ _ _
6. D egrees h e ld , m ajor f i e l d , I n s t i t u t i o n
a . U ndergraduate
b . G raduate
PART I I . Data on Journalism Program.
(I n s tr u c tio n s : P lace a.n X in sp aces where
in d ic a te d . You may wish to use en clo sed
d i t t o to o b ta in answers f o r # 6 .)
1. C o lleg e o f f e r s Journalism m a j o r ...___ Yes No
2 . C ollege has tr a n s fe r program
in jo u rn a lism .................................................. Yes No
3. Number o f Journalism cou rses __ 1 2
required o f tr a n s fe r s t u d e n t s ..__4 5 6 or
more
4 . C ollege has tw o-year career (o ccu p a tio n a l)
program in jo u rn a lism ............................. Yes __No
5 . I f c o lle g e has ca reer program, number
o f co u rses re q u ire d .............................. 1 2 3
4 5 6 or more
6 . Number o f stu d en ts en ro lled in
journalism program F a ll 1968......................... _ _ _ _ _
a . Estim ated number s t i l l in program,
Spring 1970.........................................................______
b. Estim ated number who exp ect to tr a n s fe r
to a fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n F a ll 1970
c . Estim ated number who w i l l major in
jou rn alism upon tr a n sfe r t o a fo u r -
year i n s t i t u t i o n ............................
d . Estim ated number who plan to g et a
Job in p r o fe s s io n a l journalism immedi
a t e ly upon graduation in June 1 9 7 0 ._______
e . Estim ated number who w i l l be back in
Ju n ior C o lleg e in September 1 9 7 0 . .._______
7. T o ta l en rollm en t, I n s t it u t io n , Spring 1970___
183
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM PROFESSORS QUESTIONNAIRE
8. Enrollm ent, Journalism c l a s s e s , Spring
1970..................................................................................... ............
9 . Number o f Journalism m ajors, Spring 1970
10. IF STATISTICS ARB AVAILABLE AT YOUR COLLEGE,
p le a se answer; i f n o t, mark NA (not a v a ila b le )
Of your 1969 sophomores,
How many tr a n sfe r r e d to fo u r-y ea r
i n s t i t u t i o n s .................................................................. ............
Took Jobs on n ew sp a p e rs. ................................
Took Jobs in r e la te d f i e l d s ......................................... .
Entered the Armed F o r c e s.....................................
Remained in Ju n ior C o lle g e ................................
O ther.................................................
COM M ENTS: You are in v ite d to comment on any o f
th e above q u e stio n s.
PART I I I . Views on Journalism Curriculum . (In a l l
in sta n c e s the q u e stio n asks what Y O U would l i k e
to have done or o ffe r e d in Junior C o lleg e
J o u r n a lism .)
1 . Number in order of p r io r it y (1, 2, 3» e t c . )
the fu n c tio n s o f Journalism in the Junior
c o lle g e as you p e r c e iv e them.
a . To tr a in stu d en ts in s k i l l s n e ce ssa r y
to p u b lish c o lle g e paper, magazine or
yearbook.
b . To enable stu d en ts to com plete low er
d iv is io n requirem ents fo r t r a n s f e r to
c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y . (T ransfer)
c . To g iv e stu d en ts b a sic understanding
of the r o le o f the mass media
( Gene r a l Educ at i on) .
d . To prepare stu d en ts to take a Job
im m ediately a f t e r grad u ation . (Career
or O ccu p a tio n a l).
e . To improve the stu d en ts gen eral
w r itin g s k i l l .
2 . Which of the fo llo w in g Journalism cou rses
SHOULD BE REQUIRED of Journalism stu d en ts (in
order of p r io r it y ) to accom plish th e o b jec
t i v e s . You may or may not wish to l i s t
d if f e r e n t cou rses fo r tr a n s fe r and career
s tu d e n ts. Mark w ith E th ose which might be
e l e c t i v e s .
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM PROFESSORS QUESTIONNAIRE
T ransfer Career
a . In trod u ction to Mass Communications
(In tro d u ctio n to Journalism , survey
c o u r se )
— — — _ k. Beginning News W riting (B a sic Report
in g or In tro d u ctio n to Reporting)
_________ _______ c . Advanced News W riting
____________ d . E d itin g and Make-up
______ e » Newspaper Production S t a f f — One Year
_____________ ____ f . Newspaper Production S t a f f —Two Years
— — ——. — S. Magazine S t a f f
_____________ h . Yearbook S t a f f
____________ _______ 1 . Magazine Feature W riting
__________ ______ J . E d ito r ia l W riting
_____________ k . News Photography (Photo Journalism )
___________ 1 . In tro d u ctio n to Photography (b a sic
Photography)
___________ m. I n te r p r e tin g the News
___________ n . In tro d u ctio n to P u b lic R ela tio n s
(B asic P u b lic R e la tio n s or Funda
m entals o f P u b lic R e la tio n s)
o . H isto ry and E th ics o f Journalism
___________ p . In tro d u ctio n to A d v e r tisin g
___________ q. Radio and T e le v is io n News W riting
r . Typography
3 . Which of th e f o ll o w i n g c o u r s e s would you
recommend stu d en ts take in th e Junior c o lle g e
to h elp them a t ta in th e broad l i b e r a l a r ts
background suggested by p r o fe s s io n a l Journal
i s t s and Journalism e d u c a to r s.
T ransfer Career
_______________ ____ a . US C o n s titu tio n and Government
_____________________ b . S ta te and Local Government
______________ ____ c . H isto ry of the United S ta te s
d . H isto ry of B lacks in America
— — — _ _ e * H isto ry of C a lifo r n ia
________ _______ f . H istory of C i v i l i z a t i o n
_________ ______ g . Current Events
_________ ____ h. In tro d u ctio n to L ite r a tu r e
_________ i . Contemporary American L ite r a tu r e
(L ite r a tu r e o f P r o te st)
J. E n glish L iter a tu r e
_________ ____ k. E n glish Composition
_________ 1 . Philosophy
m. Logic
n. B iology (General B io lo g y )
185
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM PROFESSORS QUESTIONNAIRE
T r a n s f e r C a re e r
___________ _______ o. P h y sica l S c ie n c e s (Chem istry,
P h y sics)
_____________ _______ p . The World Environm ent ( E c o lo g ic a l
approach)
_________ _______ q. Geography
_________ _______ r . Geology (In tr o d u c tio n to Geology or
P h y sica l Geology)
____________ _______ s . S o c io lo g y (S o c ia l Issu e s)
_________ _______ t . Anthropology
_______ u » Economics
_________ _______ v . Art A p p reciation
_________ _______ w. Music A p p reciation
__________ _______ x . Psychology
____________ ________ y . h e a lth Problems: A lco h o l, N a rco tics
and P o llu tio n
____________ _______ z . Speech
4 . COM M ENTS: You are in v ite d to comment on
f u n c tio n s , Journalism c o u r se s, or the l i b e r a l
a r ts c o u r se s.
PART IV. Opinions on Ju n ior C o lleg e Journalism .
1. The Junior C o lleg e should o f f e r a two-
year Career (O ccupational) Program in
Jou rn alism Yes No
2 . The Junior C o lle g e journalism program
should copy th a t o f the low er d iv is io n
program o f the fo u r -y ea r
i n s t i t u t i o n Yes No
3 . The Junior C o lleg e Journalism a d v ise r
should lim i t tr a n s fe r stu d en ts to 12
u n its o f jo u rn a lism ..................................... Yes No
4 . The Junior C o lleg e journalism a d v ise r
should l i m i t tw o-year ca reer stu d en ts
to 12 u n its of jo u rn a lism ...................... Yes No
5 . I would fa v o r a s in g le track Journalism
curriculum in the JC where the tr a n s fe r
and tw o-year ca reer stu d en ts would take
the same c o u r s e s ........................... Yes No
6 . The Junior C o lle g e s and fo u r-y ea r
I n s t it u t io n s should form a Permanent
A r tic u la tio n Committee at th e S ta te
L e v e l.................................................. Yes No
186
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM PROFESSORS QUESTIONNAIRE
7 . Ju n ior C o lleg e Journalism cou rses should
be accepted by the fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n s
w ithout req u irin g the ju n io r c o lle g e
tr a n s fe r to take s p e c ia l exam inations or
t e s t of h is w r it in g ..........................................Yes _No
8 . Students preparing fo r a ca reer on a
newspaper should be urged to
a . Major in Journalism ...........................................
b. Major in a f i e l d oth er than
jo u rn a lism ................................................................ _ _
c . Complete at l e a s t two years o f
formal ed u cation in jo u rn a lism ...............
d . Graduate from a fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n
w ith a major in Journalism .........................
9 . Ju n ior C o lleg es should become le a d e r s ,
not continue as fo llo w e r s , in the
r e v is io n of Journalism curriculum fo r
lower d iv is io n tr a n s fe r s t u d e n t s ... Yes No
10. Curriculum making and r e v is in g in Junior
C o lleg e Journalism should be done by the
journalism f a c u l t y Yes No
11. I d e a lly , fo r tr a n s fe r stu d en ts ju n io r
c o lle g e s should o f f e r the same low er
d i v i s i o n Journalism cou rses as fo u r -y e a r
I n s t i t u t i o n s Yes __No
12. J u n i o r C o lle g e s should aim f o r a s i m i l a r i t y
o f o f f e r i n g s s ta te w id e in t h e i r J o u rn a lis m
c u r r i c u l u m Yes __jNo
13. T ran sfer stu d en ts should be advised to
s t a r t ta k in g Journalism co u rses during
t h e ir freshman y ea r o f Junior
c o l l e g e Yes No
1*4-. T ran sfer stu d en ts should be advised to
postpone ta k in g p r o fe s s io n a l journalism
co u rses u n t i l t h e ir Junior year o f
c o l l e g e . . . . . Yes No
15. Ju n ior c o lle g e s should broaden t h e ir
o f fe r in g s to in clu d e programs le a d in g
t o ca reers in PR, radio-TV,
m agazine Yes __No
16. There i s a need f o r a summer in te r n
program fo r ju n io r c o lle g e stu d en ts Yes No
PART V. COM M ENTS: You are welcome t o comment on any
a sp ect of the Journalism curriculum in the Junior
c o lle g e or on i t s r e la tio n s h ip to the fo u r -y e a r
i n s t i t u t i o n s ’ curriculum . (Continue on back i f
n e c e s s a r y .)
SUGGESTED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION
TO ANSW ER QUESTION 6 IN PART II
Question 6 w i l l fu rn ish some v i t a l data fo r t h i s stu d y.
At the su g g e stio n o f a veteran Junior c o lle g e Journalism
p r o fe ss o r , the fo llo w in g i s a l i s t of q u estio n s you may
wish to ask stu d en ts who are in t h e ir second year o f Junior
c o lle g e work.
(THIS INFORMATION IS SO VITAL TO M Y STUDY THAT I W O U L D BE
HAPPY TO TABULATE THE DATA FR O M DITTOED QUESTIONNAIRES IF
Y O U CHOOSE TO HAVE STUDENTS FILL TH EM OUT.)
Sample q u e stio n s:
1 . When did you e n r o ll in Junior c o lle g e ?
2 . What i s your major in Junior c o lle g e ?
3 . Next September (1 9 7 0 ), which of the fo llo w in g
DO YO U EXPECT TO DO?
a . T ransfer to a fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n and
major in Journalism ..........................................................
b . T ran sfer to a fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n and
major in a f i e l d oth er than Journalism __________
c . Continue my ed u cation here in Junior
c o l l e g e ............................................................... __________
d . Go to work on a new spaper...............................................
e . Get a Job in a r e la te d f i e l d ......................................
f . Have no p l a n s . . .....................
g . Other_______________________________________________________
Thank you very much.
APPENDIX B
NEW SPAPER EDITORS QUESTIONNAIRE:
NAMES, LETTERS, FO R M
188
NEWSPAPERMEN PARTICIPATING IN EVALUATION
OF PRELIMINARY QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Robert Groundwater
T ra in in g & Development Manager
Los A ngeles Times
Los A ngeles
2 . Tom Hennion
E d ito r
T ulare A dvance-R egister
Tulare
3. Haig Keropian
A sso cia te E d ito r
Van Nu.vs News
Van Nuys
if. Dennis McCall
E d ito r
T aft Midway D r i l l e r
Kn -----------------
COVER LETTER TO EDITORS
190
CALIFORNIA NEW SPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
98^1 A irport Blvd.
Los A ngeles 900^-5
TO ALL EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:
At the req u est of the CNPA Newspaper P ersonnel Recruitm ent,
Education and S ch olarsh ip com m ittee, P r o fe sso r Arthur
M argosian, U n iv e r sity of Southern C a lifo r n ia , i s c u rren tly
doing a study on th e journalism curriculum bein g o ffered
by C a lif o r n ia ’ s 92 ju n io r c o l l e g e s .
Purpose o f the study i s to determ ine the p resen t curriculum
b ein g o ffe r e d , how i t could be improved and sta n d a rd ized ,
both f o r newspaper employment and f o r co n tin u a tio n o f
Journalism s tu d ie s at the fo u r year c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i
t i e s . On com pletion of th e stu d y, a copy o f the published
rep ort w i l l be sen t to each member p u b lish e r .
R esu lts of t h is study could be to the advantage o f your
newspaper. Your coop eration in f i l l i n g out th e en closed
q u e stio n n a ir e , which p oses q u e stio n s p e r tin e n t to the
stu d y, i s s in c e r e ly req u ested .
Thanks to you a l l from the N-PRES com m ittee.
S in c e r e ly ,
Tom R. Hennion, Chairman
CNPA N-PRES Committee
E d ito r , Tulare A dvance-R egister
191
COVER LETTER TO EDITORS
May Ut 1970
TO THE EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS OP CALIFORNIA NEWSPAPERS:
At no oth er time in the h is to r y of Journalism Education
has th ere been a g r e a te r need to study the Journalism cu r
riculum of C a lifo r n ia ’ s P u b lic Junior or Community Col
l e g e s . T his year 80 per cent o f the lower d iv is io n s tu
d en ts in C a lifo r n ia c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t i e s are a tte n d in g
th e some 90 Junior c o l l e g e s .
By 1975 the JC’ s w i l l e n r o ll 85 per cent of th e stu d e n ts,
and the time may be near when alm ost a l l stu d en ts may com
p le t e t h e ir f i r s t two years o f h ig h er ed u cation in
C a lifo r n ia ’ s Junior c o l l e g e s . The goal o f my study i s to
come up with a suggested Journalism curriculum fo r the
C a lifo r n ia P u b lic Junior C o lle g e .
T his i s where I need your a s s is t a n c e . I would a p p recia te
i t very much i f you or another member of your e d i t o r ia l
s t a f f would com plete th e attach ed q u e stio n n a ire , and then
return i t in the en closed envelope w ith in one week.
Your coop eration i s n ecessa ry i f the r e s u lt s o f t h i s study
are to be o f any va lu e t o Junior c o lle g e s and newspapers.
S e v era l e d ito r s have a lrea d y gone over the q u estio n n a ire
and have made h e lp fu l comments t o improve i t .
The study i s a part o f my d o c to r a l work here a t USC, and
the r e s u lt s w i l l be reported in academic and p r o fe s s io n a l
Journals n a t io n a lly and in C a lifo r n ia .
Thank you very much fo r your co o p era tio n .
S i n c e r e l y ,
A r th u r M argosian
V i s i t i n g P r o f e s s o r of
J o u rn a lis m
NEWSPAPER EDITORS* QUESTIONNAIRE
JUNIOR COLLEGE JOURNALISM CURRICULUM
192
PART I . General In form ation .
1 . Name of Newspaper__________________________________
2. E d i t o r ____________________________________________
3 . Name of Persoji com pleting q u e stio n n a ir e ________
4 . P o s itio n _________________
5 . Number of years on Newspaper s t a f f ______________
PART I I . P ersonnel Needs o f Newspaper E d ito r ia l Department.
1 . T o ta l current number o f f u ll- t im e
employees in e d i t o r i a l departm ent ...................
2. Number o f f u ll- t im e e d i t o r ia l employees
hired in 1 9 6 8..............................................................................
3 . Number o f f u ll- t im e e d i t o r ia l employees
hired in 1 9 6 9 ..............................................................................
4 . Estim ated f u ll- t im e e d i t o r ia l s t a f f needs
t h i s year (fo r replacem ent and/or new
p o s i t i o n s ) ..................................................................
5 . Sources o f e d it o r ia l s t a f f hired in 1 9 6 9 .
(In d ic a te number hired in appropriate s p a c e s.)
a . C o lleg e or U n iv e r sity d. Junior C o lleg e
b . Other Newspaper e . Other media
c . Other Source_____________________________________
COM M ENTS: You may wish to comment on s p e c if ic
needs or personnel problems o f your
newspaper.
PART I I I . Views on Journalism Curriculum .
(Check th o se answers which in d ic a te what you
f e e l SHOULD be o ffered or done in the ju n ior
c o l l e g e .)
1. F un ction s: Number in order of p r io r it y (1, 2,
3, e t c . ) your p ercep tio n of fu n c tio n s of
Journalism e^ acation in the ju n ior c o lle g e .
a . To tr. .n stu d en ts in s k i l l s n ecessary
to p u b lish c o lle g e paper, magazine or
yearbook.
b. To enable stu d en ts to com plete lower
d iv is io n requirem ents fo r tr a n s fe r to
c o lle g e or u n iv e r s it y (T r a n s fe r ).
c . To g iv e stu d en ts b a sic understanding
o f r o le of mass media in s o c ie t y
(General E d u cation ).
193
NEWSPAPER EDITORS* QUESTIONNAIRE
d . To prepare stu d en ts to take a Job
im m ediately a f t e r graduation (Career
or O ccu p a tio n a l).
e . To improve the stu d en ts gen eral
w r itin g s k i l l .
2 . Courses: Check the cou rses which you f e e l are
e s s e n t i a l fo r Journalism stu d en ts to accom
p l i s h the o b je c tiv e s o f Junior C o lleg e Jour
n a lism . Add cou rses i f d e s ir e d . Mark w ith an
E th o se which might be o ffered as e l e c t i v e s .
a . In tro d u ctio n to Mass Communications
(In tro d u ctio n to Journalism , survey
course)
b. Beginning News W riting (B asic Report
in g or In trod u ction to R eporting)
c . Advanced News W riting (R eporting of
P ublic A ffa ir s )
d. E d itin g and Make-up
e . Newspaper Production S t a f f — One Year
f . Newspaper Production S t a f f —Two Years
g . Yearbook Production S t a f f
h. Magazine S t a ff
i . Magazine Feature W riting
J. E d ito r ia l W riting
k. News Photography (Photo Journalism )
1 . In trod u ction to Photography (B asic
Photography)
m. In te r p r e tin g the News
n . In tro d u ctio n to P u b lic R ela tio n s
(B asic P ublic R e la tio n s or Funda
m entals of P ublic R e la tio n s)
o . H isto ry and E th ics o f Journalism
p. In trod u ction to A d v e r tisin g
q. Radio and T e le v is io n News W riting
r . Typography
3. L ib era l (G eneral) Education: Check cou rses
you would recommend stu d en ts take in Junior
c o lle g e to help them a t ta in th e broad li b e r a l
a r ts background suggested by p r o fe s s io n a l
J o u r n a lists and journalism ed u ca to rs.
a . US C o n stitu tio n and Government
b . S ta te and Local Government
c . H isto ry o f the United S ta te s
d . H istory o f Blacks in America
e . H istory o f C a lifo r n ia
19^
NEWSPAPER EDITORS* QUESTIONNAIRE
f . World H istory
g . Current Events
h. In trod u ction to L iter a tu r e
i . Contemporary American L itera tu re
j . E nglish L itera tu re
k. E n glish Composition
1. Philosophy
m. Logic
n . B iology
o . P h y sica l S c ie n c e s (Chem istry, P h ysics)
p . Geography
q. Geology
r . S o cio lo g y
s . Anthropology
t . Economics
u . A rt A p p r e c ia tio n
v . Music A p p reciation
w. Psychology
x . Health Problems: A lco h o l, N arcotics
and P o llu tio n
y . Speech
COM M ENTS: You are in v ite d to comment on the
journalism and/or l i b e r a l a r ts c o u r se s.
PART IV. Opinions o f Journalism E d u cation .
Mark the appropriate box or boxes w ith an X.
1 . There i s a r e a l need fo r an O ccupational
(Career) Program in Journalism in the
Junior C o l l e g e . . . . ............................... Yes No
2 . Graduates of ju n io r c o lle g e s w ith AA
d egrees in Journalism would be hired
by my paper......................................... Yes No
3 . Graduates of ju n ior c o lle g e s w ith sim ila r
a b i l i t y as graduates o f fo u r-y ea r c o lle g e s
would be paid the same s ta r t in g
s a la r y ....................................................................... Yes No
4 . There i s a need fo r a summer in te r n
program fo r ju n io r c o lle g e s tu d e n ts . _Yes No
5 . I d e a lly , the JC Journalism Program
should copy th a t of the f i r s t two
years o f the fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n . . Yes No
6 . Students preparing f o r a ca reer on a newspaper
should be advised to
a . Major in Jou rn alism ......................................................
195
NEWSPAPER EDITORS' QUESTIONNAIRE
b. Major in a f ie ld oth er than journalism
c . Complete at le a s t two yea rs o f formal
ed u cation in journalism in a ju n io r
c o l l e g e ...................................................................................
d . Graduate from a fo u r-y ea r i n s t i t u t i o n
w ith a major in jo u rn a lism .....................................
e . Stop h is formal education a f t e r
graduating from high schoo1 ......................... _____
7. I b e lie v e th o se seek in g ca reers in newspaper
journalism should p o sse ss th e fo llo w in g t r a i t s
or t a l e n t s , in order o f importance (1, 2, 3»
e t c .)
a . Sound judgment
___ b . A c cu ra te r e p o r t i n g
c . Prom ptness
___ d . D e p e n d a b ility
e . C u r i o s i t y
___f .
L o y a lty t o p r o f e s s i o n
____S.
A b i l i t y t o w r i t e c l e a r l y and i n
j o u r n a l i s t i c s t y l e
h. A b i l i t y t o g e t a lo n g w ith o th e r s
i . T h i r s t f o r knowledge
___ j .
W illin g n e s s t o work lo n g hours
8. Newspaper e d ito r s should serv e on ad visory
groups f o r c o lle g e or ju n io r c o lle g e
journalism departments in t h e ir r e s p e c tiv e
a r e a s ............................................................................ Yes __No
9. Newspaper work req u ires a broad
acquaintance w ith every known d is c i p l i n e
and area o f man's knowledge ............. Yes No
10. The b e st major fo r a Junior C o lleg e student
preparing fo r a career on a newspaper i s :
a . Journalism d . S o c ia l S cien ce
b . E n glish e . General Education
c . S cien ce
11. Junior C o lleg e stu d en ts should begin ta k in g
journalism cou rses in t h e ir
a. Freshman Year
b. Sophomore Year
c . Not at a l l —S ta r t in fo u r-y ea r c o lle g e
12. Junior C o lleg e journalism stu d en ts p lanning to
tr a n s fe r and th o se planning to s ta r t work
im m ediately upon com pletion of JC work should
take the same journalism and li b e r a l a r ts
c o u r s e s ....................................................................... Yes No
PART V. CO M M ENTS: You are welcome to comment on any
a sp ect of the journalism curriculum in
th e ju n io r c o lle g e .
APPENDIX G
PARTICIPATING JUNIOR COLLEGES AND NEWSPAPERS
196
197
CODE NUMBERS FOR JUNIOR COLLEGES
PARTICIPATING IN 1970 STUDY
Code No. Junior C o lleg e C ity
1 American River C ollege
Sacramento
2 B a k e rsfie ld C ollege
B a k e r sfie ld
3
Chabot C o lleg e
Hayward
4 Chaffey C o lleg e A lta Loma
5
C o lleg e o f the D esert Palm D esert
6 C ollege of San Mateo
San Mateo
7
C ollege o f the Sequoias V is a lia
8 C o lleg e o f the S isk iy o u s Weed
9
C uesta C o lleg e
San Luis Obispo
10 Contra C osta C ollege San Pablo
11 De Anza C o lleg e
Cupertino
12 East Los A ngeles C ollege Los Angeles
13
El Camino C ollege El Camino
14 F o o th ill C o lleg e Los A lto s
15
Fresno C ity C ollege Fresno
16 F u lle r to n Junior C ollege
F u lle r to n
17
Glendale C ollege Glendale
18 Los A ngeles C ity C ollege Los A ngeles
19
Los A ngeles Harbor C ollege Los Angeles
20 Los A ngeles V a lley C ollege Van Nuys
21 Merced C o lleg e Merced
22 M erritt C o lleg e Oakland
23 Mira C osta C ollege
Oceanside
24 Modesto Ju n ior C ollege Modesto
25
Monterey P enin su la C ollege
Monterey
26 Mt. San Antonio C ollege Walnut
27 Ohlone C o lleg e
Fremont
28 Orange Coast C ollege C osta Mesa
29 Palomar C o lleg e San Marcos
30 Rio Hondo C o lleg e W h ittier
31
Sacramento C ity C ollege Sacramento
32 San Diego C ity C ollege San Diego
33
San Jose C ity C o lleg e San Jose
34 Santa Barbara C ity C ollege Santa Barbara
35
Santa Monica C ity C ollege Santa Monica
36 Southw estern C ollege Chula V ista
37
T aft C o lleg e T aft
38 West V a lle y C ollege Campbell
39
H a rtn ell C o lleg e S a lin a s
198
NUM BER OF DEGREES FR O M JUNIOR COLLEGES, COLLEGES
& UNIVERSITIES ATTENDED BY JUNIOR COLLEGE
JOURNALISM INSTRUCTORS PARTICIPATING
IN THIS STUDY
Degrees
INSTITUTION AA BA BS
BJ
BAJ
BSJ
M A
M J
M A J
M S J
M E d EdD
Arizona S ta te U n iv e r sity 1
Brigham Young U n iv e r sity 1
Cal S ta te at Los A ngeles 1 1
Cal S ta te at Long Beach 1
Columbia U n iv e r sity i 1
Fresno S ta te C o lleg e
3
1
Loyola U n iv e r sity
M acAlester C ollege
i!
Marquette U n iv e r sity 1
Northwestern U n iv e r sity 1 1
Ohio U n iv e r sity 1
R o llin s C o lleg e ( F la .) l
Sacramento S ta te C ollege 1
San Fernando V a lley S t . C ol. 1
San F ran cisco S ta te C o lleg e 1
San Jose S ta te C o lleg e 2 2 1
Stanford U n iv e r sity 3
1
So. I l l i n o i s U n iv e r sity 1
U niv. of C a lif.-B e r k e le y 2 1 2
Univ. of C a lif.-L o s A ngeles 1 1 1
Univ. of C a lif.- S a n t a Barbara 1
Univ. o f Chicago 1
U n iv e r s ity of Denver 2 2
U n iv e r sity of Houston 1 1
U n iv e r s ity of I l l i n o i s 1 1
U n iv e r sity of M issouri 4
U n iv e r s ity of New Hampshire 1 1
U n iv e r s ity of Oregon 2 2
U n iv e r sity of Redlands 1 1
U n iv e r s ity of Southern C a lif . 2 1 4 1
U n iv e r s ity o f S o. C arolina 1
U n iv e r s ity of W isconsin 1
W h ittier C ollege 2
Ju n ior C o lle g e s:
Modesto Junior C ollege 1
Santa Ana C o lleg e 1
TOTAL
2 20 1
15 14 11 10 1
199
CODE NUM BERS FOR W EEK LY NEWSPAPERS
PARTICIPATING IN 1970 STUDY
Code No. Newspaper C ity
1 Cupertino C ourier Cupert ino
2 Simi V a lley E n terp rise-S u n and Sim i V a lle y
News
3
V a lle y Independent R id gecrest
4 The Sonoma Index-Trlbune Sonoma
5
Los A lto s News Sunnyvale
6 The C how chilla News C how chilla
7
P alos Verdes P en in su la News P a lo s Verdes
P en in su la
8 Novato Advance Novato
9
Manteca B u lle t in Manteca
10 Mount Sh asta Herald Mount Shasta
11 Lindsay G azette Lindsay
12 Coast D isp atch E n c in ita s
13
A reata Union A reata
14 Chatsworth Corral Canoga Park
15
The Dixon Tribune Dixon
16 King C ity R u stler King C ity
17
The Sun-Reporter San F ra n cisco
18 Southwest Wave Los A ngeles
19
Van Nuys News Van Nuys
20 Orland U n it-R e g iste r Orland
21 B erkeley Post B erkeley
22 Weed Press Weed
23 The Advance-Star Burlingame
200
CODE NUM BERS FOR DAILY NEWSPAPERS
PARTICIPATING IN 1970 STUDY
Code No. Newspaper C ity
1 Alameda Times S ta r Alameda
2 Anaheim B u lle t in Anaheim
3
Antioch C a lifo r n ia Ledger Antioch
4 The B a k e r sfie ld C a lifo r n ia n B a k ersfie ld
5
D esert D ispatch Barstow
6 Burbank D a ily Review Burbank
7
Chico E n terp rise Record Chico
8 Concord T ran scrip t Concord
9
Corona D a ily Independent Corona
10 Orange Coast D a ily P ilo t Costa Mesa
11 San G abriel V a lley Tribune Covina
12 Im perial V a lley P ress El Centro
13
D a lly Times-Advocate Escondido
14 The News R eg ister Fremont
15
Grass V alley-N evada C ity Union Grass V a lle y
16 The Hanford S e n tin e l Hanford
17
The D a ily Review Hayward
18 D a ily News Indio
19
D a ily S ta r-P ro g ress La Habra
20 D a lly L edger-G azette Lancaster
21 Herald & News Livermore
22 Lodi N ew s-Sentinel Lodi
23
Lompoc Record Lompoc
24 Madera D a ily Tribune Madera
25
Appeal-Democ rat
M arysville
26 D a ily News Post Monrovia
27
Monterey P enin su la Herald Monterey
28 Napa R e g iste r Napa
29
O ro v ille M ercury-R egister O ro v ille
30 The P ress-C ou rier Oxnard
31
D esert Sun
Palm Springs
32
Palo A lto Times Palo A lto
33
Pasadena Star-News
Pasadena
34 The D a ily Press
Paso Robles
35
The Argus-Courier Petaluma
36 P r o g r e ss-B u lle tin Pomona
37
P o r te r v ille Evening Recorder P o r te r v ille
38 D a ily News
Red B lu ff
39
Redding R ecord-Searchlight Redding
40 Redlands D a ily F a c ts
Redlands
(Continued)
201
CODE NUMBERS FOR DAILY NEWSPAPERS
PARTICIPATING IN 1970 STUDY
(Continued)
Code No. Newspaper C it£
41 Redwood C ity Tribune Redwood C ity
42 R iversid e P r ess-E n ter p r ise R iversid e
43 Press-T ribune R o s e v ille
44 Sacramento Union Sacramento
45 S a lin a s C a lifo r n ia n S a lin a s
46 The Sun-Telegram San Bernardino
47 D ally Sun-Post San Clemente
48 San Leandro Morning News San Leandro
49 Tele gram-T r i bune San Luis Obispo
50 San Mateo Times San Mateo
51
The N ew s-P ilo t San Pedro
52 Independent-Journal San R afael
53
Santa Barbara News-Press Santa Barbara
54 Santa Cruz S e n tin e l Santa Cruz
55
Santa Paula D a ily C hronicle Santa Paula
56 Santa Rosa P ress Democrat Santa Rosa
57
The S tock ton Record Stock ton
58 Sunnyvale Standard Sunnyvale
59
D a ily Midway D r ille r T aft
60 Thousand Oaks News-Chronicle Thousand Oaks
61 South Bay D a ily Breeze Torrance
62 Tulare A dvance-R egister Tulare
63
Turlock D a ily Journal Turlock
64 Morning Times-Herald V a lle jo
65
Ventura County S tar-F ree Press Ventura
66 V is a lia T lm es-D elta V is a lia
67
Contra Costa Times Walnut Creek
68 R eg ister-P a ja ro n ia n W atson ville
69
The D a ily News W h ittier
70 S isk iy o u D a ily News Yreka
APPENDIX D
EXAM PLES O P TW O-YEAR CAREER AND TRANSFER PRO G R AM S
202
203
EXAM PLE OP TW O-YEAR CAREER PR O G R A M IN JOURNALISM
LOS ANGELES CITY COLLEGE
LOS ANGELES
JOURNALISM
The Journalism curriculum , a tw o-year open-end
program, i s arranged so th at the graduate i s prepared
e it h e r to work in the f i e l d or, with a d d itio n a l course
work, to tr a n s fe r to the u n iv e r s it y or the s ta t e c o lle g e .
Journalism majors are o ffered cou rses d esigned to
t r a in them fo r p o s it io n s on both d a ily and weekly news
papers, on m agazines, trade Jou rn als, house organs, and
consumer p u b lic a tio n s . They a ls o are prepared t o work in
the f i e l d s of p u b lic r e la t io n s and fr e e la n c in g . The
C a lifo r n ia P u b lish ers approve of courses o ffe r ed here as
shown by the employment records o f over 400 g ra d u a tes.
A ll stu d en ts whose ty p in g s k i l l i s l e s s than 35
words per minute must Include S e c r e ta r ia l Sci. 1 in t h e ir
program.
A tw o-year curriculum i s o u tlin ed below . Courses
p rin ted in CAPS are required fo r the AA degree w ith a major
in Journalism .
FIRST YEAR
U nits U nits
JOURNALISM 1 ....................
JOURNALISM 2 .................... ..3
JOURNALISM 5 .................... JOURNALISM 1 7 ..................
JOURNALISM 1 6 .................. JOURNALISM 1 8 .................. . .2
JOURNALISM 4 1 .................. . . .4 JOURNALISM 1 9 ..................
S e c r e ta r ia l Sci. 1 . . . .. .2 ENGLISH 1 ........................... . .3
HEALTH 1 0 ...................... . . .2 Foreign Language. . . . * . .4
PE ACTIVITY......................
t e f
PE ACTIVITY......................
• 4 4
15s
SECOND Y EA R
U nits
Unit!
JOURNALISM 1 ? .................. Journalism 1 8 ..................
JOURNALISM 1 8 .................. Journalism 1 9.................
JOURNALISM 1 9 .................. . . .1
US HIST. & G O V ER NM EN T
ENGLISH 2 or SPEECH 1
• • • 3 REQUIREMENT..................
US HIST. & G O V ER NM EN T
Natural S c ie n c e ............. . .3
REQUIREMENT..................
Psychology 1 . . . ............. ..3
Natural S c ie n c e .............
S o c ia l S c ie n c e ...............
JOURNALISM 2 1 .................. PE ACTIVITY......................
*
PE ACTIVITY......................
• - a
T !t
lo g
Suggested E le c t iv e : Journalism 4 1 / ( 6 5 :81)
204
EXAM PLE O F TW O-YEAR TRANSFER PRO G R AM IN JOURNALISM
M O NTEREY PENINSULA COLLEGE
M ONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
Major— JOURNALISM— Reporting and E d itin g
Leading to an A sso cia te in Arts degree and t r a n s f e r to a
C a lifo r n ia S ta te C o lle g e .
FRESHM AN YEAR
P h y sica l Education h h
Journalism 262a ; 262b 3 3
J o u m . 102; C reative A rts 3 3
E n glish 101/B I. S t . 101 3
E n g lish 102/B I. S t . 102 - 3
Hist. 117/113
B l. S t . 157/158 3
P o l. Sci. 1 0 1 /B I. S t . 161
Life Sci.; E le c tiv e 3
H ealth 104
15 l
SO PH O M O RE YEAR
P h y sica l Education
1
2 k
Journ. 120; Phys. Sci.
3 3
L ite r a tu r e
3 3
H isto ry 104; Soc. 101
3 3
Economics 101; E le c tiv e
3 3
P h il. 106; Psych. 101
15 s 1h
(6 6 :4 2 )

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Asset Metadata

Creator Margosian, Arthur (author)

Core Title A Suggested Journalism Curriculum For California Junior Colleges

Degree Doctor of Education

Degree Program Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag education, higher,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Wilbur, Leslie (committee chair), DeSilva, Lionel (committee member), Grafton, Clive L. (committee member), Pullias, Earl Vivon (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-457784

Unique identifier UC11362059

Identifier 7112400.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-457784 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 7112400.pdf

Dmrecord 457784

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Margosian, Arthur

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

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