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Ucr Diminution As A Function Of Isi

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Ucr Diminution As A Function Of Isi

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Content UCR DIMINUTION AS A FUNCTION OF I S I
by
Anne M cC all S c h e ll
A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n te d t o t h e
FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
R e q u ire m e n ts f o r t h e D e g re e
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(P s y c h o lo g y )
A u g u st 1970
71-7739
SCHELL, Anne McCall, 1942-
UCR DIMINUTION AS A FUNCTION OF ISI.
University of Southern California, Ph.D.,
1970
Psychology, experimental
University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, M ichigan
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7
This dissertation, written by
Anne McCall Schell
under the direction of h.BX.. Dissertation C o m
mittee, and a p p ro v e d by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by T h e G r a d u
ate School, in partial fulfillment of require
ments of the degree of
D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y
Dean
D a te A u g u st 1970
DISSERTATION C O m ilT '
' C h a irm a n
ACKNOW LEDGM ENTS
I w ish t o e x p r e s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n to t h e m em bers
o f my d i s s e r t a t i o n c o m m itte e , D r, G ary G a l b r a i t h an d D r.
R o b e r t S m ith , f o r t h e i r v e r y h e l p f u l i n s t r u c t i o n an d s u g
g e s t i o n s i n t h e c o m p le tio n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n r e s e a r c h .
I owe a s p e c i a l d e b t o f g r a t i t u d e t o D r. W illia m W.
G r in g s , who p r o v id e d t h e t r a i n i n g , e n c o u ra g e m e n t, l a b o r a
t o r y s p a c e a n d e q u ip m e n t, a n d f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e t h a t
w ere e s s e n t i a l t o t h e p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h i s s t u d y .
F i n a l l y , I w o u ld l i k e t o th a n k my h u sb a n d G eo rg e
f o r h i s e n c o u ra g e m e n t, u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d l i m i t l e s s
p a t i e n c e th r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f my g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s .
li
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................
P ag e
ii
L IST OF
LIST OF
C h a p te r
I .
I I .
I I I .
IV .
L IST OF
TABLES.................................................................................................
FIGURES............................................................................................
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 1
UCR D im in u tio n a n d R e c o v e r y .................................... 1
P r e v io u s R e s e a rc h ............................................................. 2
T h e o r e ti c a l A p p ro a c h e ................................................... 22
E f f e c t s o f I n t e r s t i m u l u s I n t e r v a l ..................... 28
M ETHOD................................................................................................. 35
S u b j e c t s ....................................................................................... 35
A p p a r a t u s .................................................................................. 35
D e s ig n a n d P r o c e d u r e ........................................................ 36
P r e l i m i n a r y P r o c e d u r e s .............................................. 36
S hock T r i a l s a n d R e s p o n s iv ity
D e te r m in a tio n ............................................................. 37
A ssig n m e n t o f S s t o G ro u p s .................................... 38
E x p e r im e n ta l G ro u p s ................................................... 38
A d a p t a t i o n ............................................................................. 39
A c q u i s i t i o n ........................................................................ 39
R e c o v e ry ............................................................................. 4-0
R ESU LTS............................................................................................ 4-3
I n i t i a l S hock T r i a l s ........................................................ 44-
A d a p t a t i o n .................................................................................. 44
A c q u l s i t i o n ............................................................................. 4-9
C o n d itio n e d R e s p o n s e s .............................................. 4-9
F IR s............................................................................................ 51
S IR s ............................................................................................ 57
U n c o n d itio n e d R e s p o n s e s ......................................... 60
R e c o v e ry ....................................................................................... 72
DISCUSSION....................................................................................... 79
REFERENCES....................................................................................... 91
iii
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le P ag e
1 . Mean GSR P u r ity; L a s t Two I n i t i a l Shock
T r i a l s , I n / a c U n i t s ........................................... 45
2 . Mean GSR D u rin g A d a p ta ti o n , I n j'& c U n its . . 47
3 . Mean V a lu e s D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n o f Log B ase
Conduc t a n c e , an d F IR , S IR , a n d UCR i n
V AC U n i t s ......................................................................... 52
4 . V a lu e s o f q r S t a t i s t i c f o r D u n c a n 's R ange
T e s t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e s Among G ro u p s i n Mean
FIR D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n .......................................... 55
5 . A n a ly s is o f C o v a r ia n c e f o r F IR D u rin g
A c q u i s i t i o n .................................................................... 56
6 . V a lu e s o f q r S t a t i s t i c f o r D u n c a n 's R ange
T e s t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e s Among G roups i n
Mean A d ju s te d FIR D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n . . . . 58
7 . V a lu e s o f q r S t a t i s t i c f o r D u n c a n 's R ange
T e s t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e s Among G ro u p s i n
Mean UCR D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n ........................... 63
8 . A n a ly s is o f C o v a r ia n c e f o r UCR D u rin g
A c q u i s i t i o n .................................................................... 64
9 . V a lu e s o f q r S t a t i s t i c f o r D u n c a n 's R ange
T e s t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e s Among G ro u p s i n
Mean A d ju s te d UCR D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n . . . . 65
1 0 . M eans O ver R e in f o r c e d A c q u i s i t i o n T r i a l s o f
UCR, B asel i n e D e f l e c t i o n M e a s u re , a n d
UCR» i n V ^ c U n i t s ................................................... .... . 70
1 1 . Mean GSR D u rin g R e c o v e ry , i n V a c U n its . . . 73
1 2 . UCR R e c o v e ry M e a su re s i n V a c U n its a n d t -
S t a t i s t i c V a lu e s f o r Mean UCR on F i r s t
F o u r R e c o v e ry T r i a l s v s . L a s t F o u r R e
i n f o r c e d A c q u i s i t i o n T r i a l s .................................... 75
iv
L i s t o f T a b le s - - C o n tin u e d
T a b le P ag e
1 3 . V a lu e s o f q r S t a t i s t i c f o r D u n c a n 's R ange
T e s t s f o r D i f f e r e n c e s Among G ro u p s i n
Mean UCR R ec o v e ry M e a s u r e ........................................... 76
14-. UCR' R e c o v e ry M e a su re s i n V A c U n its a n d t -
S t a t i s t i c V a lu e s f o r Mean UCR on F i r s t
F o u r R e c o v e ry T r i a l s v s . L a s t F o u r R e
i n f o r c e d A c q u i s i t i o n T r i a l s ..................................... 78
v
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u r e P a g e
1 . E x p e r im e n ta l P r o c e d u r e .................................................. ^1
2 . Mean GSR t o CS D u rin g A d a p ta ti o n , T r i a l
by T r i a l ............................................................................... ^8
3 . Mean F IR on T e s t T r i a l s D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n . , 5^
Mean SIR on T e s t T r i a l s D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n . . 59
5 . Mean UCR D u rin g A c q u i s i t i o n , O ver B lo c k s o f
T h re e R e in f o r c e d T r i a l s ............................................ 6 l
6 . C o n f ig u r a tio n o f F IR s an d U C R s .............................. 68
v i
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
UCR D im in u tio n an d R e c o v e ry
E x p e r im e n te r s w o rk in g w ith c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g
p a r a d ig m s , p r i m a r i l y w ith hum an s u b j e c t s , h a v e becom e i n
c r e a s i n g l y a w a re t h a t p a i r i n g a p r e v i o u s l y n e u t r a l c o n d i
t i o n e d s t i m u l u s (CS) w ith a s t r o n g r e s p o n s e - e l i c i t i n g u n
c o n d itio n e d s t i m u l u s (UCS) r e s u l t s i n c h a n g e s i n t h e r e
s p o n s e s t o b o th s t i m u l i . T y p i c a l l y , t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e
u n c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s ( t h e UCR) i s s m a l l e r i f t h e UCS i s
p r e c e d e d by a CS th a n i f i t i s n o t . T h is f a l l i n g - o f f o f
t h e UCR when t h e UCS i s cued h a s b e e n te rm e d "UCR d im in u
t i o n . " F u r th e r m o r e , w hen s u b j e c t s who h a v e p r e v i o u s l y
r e c e i v e d t h e UCS a lw a y s p r e c e d e d by t h e CS a r e g iv e n p r e
s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e UCS a l o n e , t h e s i z e o f t h e UCR g e n e r a l l y
I n c r e a s e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a phenom enon r e f e r r e d t o a s "UCR
r e c o v e r y ."
The phenom ena o f UCR d im i n u t i o n a n d r e c o v e r y h a v e
come u n d e r I n c r e a s e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n r e c e n t y e a r s , a n d a r e
o f p a r t i c u l a r I n t e r e s t t o t h o s e i n v e s t i g a t o r s c o n c e rn e d
w ith i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s e s i n v o lv e d i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n
in g a n d w ith t h e a d a p t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f c l a s s i c a l c o n d i
t i o n i n g i t s e l f .
P r e v io u s R e s e a rc h
2
The f i r s t m e n tio n o f t h e UCH d im in u tio n a n d r e c o v e r y
p r o c e s s e s w as a n I n c i d e n t a l r e p o r t I n a s tu d y by K im b le and
D u fo rt (1 9 5 6 ) o f t h e e f f e c t s o f I n t e r p o l a t e d UCS p r e s e n t a
t i o n s on e y e l i d c o n d i t i o n i n g . I n t h a t s tu d y t h e s u b j e c t s
r e c e iv e d tw e n ty c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s (CS-UCS p r e s e n t a t i o n s ) ,
th e n tw e n ty p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e UCS a l o n e , t h e n tw e n ty
m ore c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s . The a u t h o r s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e
m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCH d im in is h e d o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f t h e
f i r s t tw e n ty t r i a l s , i n c r e a s e d a b r u p t l y w ith t h e o n s e t o f
th e U C S -alo n e t r i a l s , an d d e o r e a s e d a g a i n d u r in g t h e l a s t
tw e n ty c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s . I n t e r f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e CR
and t h e UCR was n o t h e ld r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e re d u c e d UCR,
s i n c e t h o s e s u b j e c t s sh o w in g t h e g r e a t e s t r e d u c t i o n s w ere
p o o r c o n d i t i o n e r s who p ro d u c e d few CRs.
A m ore th o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h i s phenom enon
was c o n d u c te d by K im b le a n d O s t ( 1 9 6 1 ) . They p r e s e n t e d
human s u b j e c t s I n a n e y e l i d c o n d i t i o n i n g e x p e r im e n t w ith
f i v e U C S -alo n e t r i a l s , f o llo w e d by f i f t y CS-UCS c o n d i t i o n
in g t r i a l s , f o llo w e d by t e n m ore U C S -alo n e t r i a l s . T h e ir
f o u r e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p s r e c e i v e d i n t e r s t l m u l u s i n t e r v a l s
o f 0 .2 5 # 0 .5 0 , 1 . 0 , o r 2 .0 s e c . d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g .
M easu rem en ts o f UCR a m p litu d e w e re made o n ly o n t r i a l s on
w h ich no CR o c c u r r e d , d u e t o t h e te n d e n c y o f t h e CR an d
th e UCR t o m erge when a CR was p r e s e n t .
The m ean UCR d u r in g t h e l a s t t e n U C S -alo n e t r i a l s
w as fo u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r th a n t h e mean UCR
d u r in g t h e l a s t f i v e c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s o n w h ic h no CR
o c c u r r e d . H ow ever, th e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e am o u n t o f t h e
i n c r e a s e among t h e I S I g ro u p s d i d n o t r e a c h s i g n i f i c a n c e .
T he a u t h o r s t h e n s e l e c t e d f i v e s u b j e c t s who h a d shown
m ark ed UCR r e d u c t i o n d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g an d g a v e them
f u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t . T h e se S s r e c e i v e d tw e n ty c o n d i t i o n i n g
t r i a l s w ith a 0 .5 s e c . I S I , f i v e U C S -alo n e t r i a l s , and
th e n t e n c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s a t e a c h o f t h e p r e v i o u s l y
u s e d I S I s ( 0 .2 5 , 0 .5 0 , 1 . 0 , a n d 2 .0 s e c . ) i n random o r d e r .
A r e d u c t i o n i n UCR m a g n itu d e i n g o in g fro m t h e U C S -alo n e
t r i a l s t o t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s to o k p la c e a t a l l v a l u e s
o f t h e I S I , b e in g g r e a t e s t f o r t h e I S I o f 0 .5 0 s e c . The
d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e m ean am o u n ts o f r e d u c t i o n f o r th e
v a r i o u s I S I s w ere now s i g n i f i c a n t , a f a c t a t t r i b u t e d by
t h e a u t h o r s t o t h e g r e a t e r p r e c i s i o n o f t h e w l t h i n - s u b j e c t s
d e s i g n .
The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e o b s e r v e d r e d u c t i o n i n UCR
a m p litu d e d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g c o u ld b e d u e t o some s o r t o f
b a s i c r e f l e x a c t i o n i n p a i r e d s t i m u l u s s i t u a t i o n s w as d i s
c o u n te d by K im b le a n d O s t . T hey p o in te d o u t t h a t o n ly
a b o u t o n e - h a l f o f t h e i r S s h ad d e m o n s tr a te d t h e phenom enon,
an d a n e f f e c t o c c u r r i n g a t th e l e v e l o f a r e f l e x w ould
p re s u m a b ly b e m ore d e p e n d a b le . T he e x p l a n a t i o n t h a t t h e
re d u c e d UCRs r e f l e c t e d a v o l u n t a r y w ith h o ld in g o f t h e UCR
by t h e s u b j e c t w as a l s o r e j e c t e d , t h e a u t h o r s r e a s o n in g
t h a t su c h a n i n h i b i t i o n w o u ld b e e x p e c te d t o o c c u r s u d
d e n ly , a f t e r o n ly a few c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s . I n f a c t , a n
e x a m in a tio n o f i n d i v i d u a l r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e
d u c t i o n d e v e lo p e d g r a d u a l l y .
K im b le an d O s t c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e re d u c e d UCR
m a g n itu d e d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g an d t h e l a r g e r UCR m a g n itu d e
on s u b s e q u e n t U C S -a lo n e t r i a l s r e f l e c t e d t h e a c t i o n o f a n
I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s u n d e r c o n t r o l o f t h e c o n d itio n e d
s t i m u l u s . The am ount o f i n h i b i t i o n e v i d e n t l y v a r i e d w ith
t h e I S I i n t h e sam e way t h a t c o n d i t i o n i n g d i d , b e in g
g r e a t e s t w ith a n I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . T hey w ere t h e r e f o r e i n
c l i n e d t o v ie w t h e p r o c e s s a s a fo rm o f c o n d itio n e d i n
h i b i t i o n . The s u g g e s t i o n was made t h a t P a v lo v ia n i n h i b i
t i o n o f d e l a y , a p r o c e s s p r e v e n t i n g t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e
CR u n t i l j u s t b e f o r e t h e o n s e t o f t h e UCS, m ig h t c o n tin u e
t o o p e r a t e d u r in g t h e UCS t o i n h i b i t t h e UCR.
D im in u tio n o f t h e u n c o n d itio n e d g a l v a n i c s k in r e
s p o n s e was f i r s t r e p o r t e d by L ykk en ( 1 9 5 9 ) . He t h e o r i z e d
t h a t o n e d e te r m in a n t o f t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e t o a
n o x io u s s tim u lu s s u c h a s a sh o c k was t h e e x t e n t t o w h ich
t h e s u b j e c t c o u ld p r e d i c t t h e s t i m u l u s a n d h e n c e p r e p a r e
f o r i t . He s u g g e s te d t h a t t h e p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e f o r a
n o x io u s s tim u lu s I n v o lv e d s e n s o r y s u p p r e s s i o n , " e i t h e r a s
5
t h e r e s u l t o f r a i s i n g s e l e c t i v e l y t h e t h r e s h o l d f o r t h e
p a r t i c u l a r s tim u lu s o r by r e d u c in g t h e ’ a d m i t t a n c e 1 o r
a m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r o f t h e a f f e r e n t s y ste m I n v o lv e d . . ."
T h is h y p o t h e t i c a l p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e h e te rm e d " p r e c e p -
t i o n . "
T he s u b j e c t s i n L y k k e n 's e x p e r im e n t (h um ans) r e
c e iv e d b lo c k s o f t e n t r i a l s e a c h u n d e r tw o c o n d i t i o n s . I n
o n e c o n d i t i o n (A) a sh o c k UCS was p r e s e n t e d a l o n e , an d i n
t h e o t h e r c o n d i t i o n (B) i t w as p r e c e d e d by a to n e 5*0 s e c .
i n d u r a t i o n . S s r e c e i v e d tw o b lo c k s o f t e n t r i a l s u n d e r
e a c h c o n d i t i o n i n t h e o r d e r ABBA o r BAAB. T he p r e d i c t i o n
t h a t m ean UCR m a g n itu d e w ould b e g r e a t e r i n c o n d i t i o n A
t h a n i n c o n d i t i o n B w as c o n f ir m e d .
I n a s e c o n d e x p e r im e n t L ykk en (1 9 6 2 ) r e a s o n e d t h a t
t h e d e g r e e o f p r e c e p t i o n t a k i n g p l a c e when a UCS i s p r e
c e d e d by a w a rn in g s i g n a l s h o u ld v a r y w ith t h e l e n g t h o f
t h e i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l ( I S I ) . He p r e d i c t e d t h a t l o n g e r
i n t e r v a l s , on t h e o r d e r o f 10 s e c . , w ould b e l e s s e f f e c t i v e
t h a n s h o r t e r i n t e r v a l s b e c a u s e t h e e x a c t tim e o f o c c u r r e n c e
o f t h e UCS c o u ld n o t b e p r e d i c t e d a s a c c u r a t e l y w ith a lo n g
i n t e r v a l . Too s h o r t a n i n t e r v a l , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w o u ld
n o t p r o v id e a d e q u a te tim e f o r t h e p r e c e p t l o n r e s p o n s e t o
d e v e lo p . T he d e g r e e t o w h ic h t h e p r e c e p t l o n r e s p o n s e h a d
d e v e lo p e d w o u ld b e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCR
i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a w a rn in g s i g n a l a s o p p o se d t o t h e c a s e
when no w a rn in g s i g n a l o c c u r r e d .
I n t h e s tu d y d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f r a t s w e re g iv e n
f o r t y CS-UCS t r i a l s w ith a n I S I o f 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , o r
1 0 .0 s e c . i n te r m ix e d w ith f o r t y U C S -a lo n e t r i a l s , an d t h e i r
GSRs t o t h e s h o c k UCS w ere r e c o r d e d . P r e c e p t l o n s c o r e s
w ere o b ta in e d by t a k i n g t h e r a t i o o f t h e UCR on t h e CS-UCS
t r i a l s t o t h e UCR on t h e U C S -alo n e t r i a l s . T he mean UCR
on t h e CS-UCS t r i a l s w as s m a l l e r t h a n t h e m ean UCR on t h e
U C S -alo n e t r i a l s i n a l l g r o u p s , t h e r a t i o s b e in g a b o u t .^ 7
f o r t h e 1 .0 s e c . I S I g r o u p , a b o u t .6 5 f o r t h e 0 .5 an d 2 .0
s e c . g r o u p s , a n d a b o u t .8 5 f o r t h e 5*0 a n d 1 0 .0 s e c .
g r o u p s . As i n t h e e a r l i e r s t u d y , t h e v a r i a n c e i n UCR
m a g n itu d e was much l e s s f o r t h e cu ed UCSs t h a n f o r t h e u n
c u ed UCSs. A lth o u g h no s i g n i f i c a n c e t e s t s w e re p e r f o r m e d ,
a n d t h e r e w e re o n ly f i v e S s i n e a c h g r o u p , L y k k en * s h y p o
t h e s i s r e l a t i n g am ount o f p r e c e p t l o n an d UCR d im in u ti o n
t o I S I l e n g t h r e c e i v e d t e n t a t i v e s u p p o r t .
F o llo w in g t h e o r i g i n a l s t u d i e s by K im b le and h i s
c o - w o r k e r s w ith t h e e y e l i d r e s p o n s e an d by L y k k en w ith t h e
GSR, a s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s o f UCR d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y o f
t h e human GSR w ere p e rfo rm e d by H. D. Kimmel a n d h i s
a s s o c i a t e s . Kimmel an d P e n n y p a c k e r ( 1 9 6 2 ) , i n a s tu d y o f
UCR d im in u ti o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e num b er o f r e i n f o r c e
m e n ts r e c e i v e d , w e re t h e f i r s t t o a c t u a l l y u s e t h e s p e c i f i c
te rm M UCR d im i n u t i o n 1 1 f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n i n UCR m a g n itu d e
7
b r o u g h t a b o u t by p r e c e d in g t h e UCS w ith a CS.
T h e i r s u b j e c t s r e c e i v e d e i t h e r f o u r , e i g h t , o r
s i x t e e n p a i r i n g s o f a 1 ,0 s e c . to n e CS an d a sh o c k UCS,
fo llo w e d by tw o p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e UCS a l o n e . The
h y p o t h e s i s w as t h a t t h e am ount o f d im in u ti o n o f t h e UCH
d u r in g t h e CS-UCS p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d t h e am ount o f UCR
r e c o v e r y i n g o in g fro m t h e CS-UCS t r i a l s t o t h e U C S -alo n e
t r i a l s w ould v a r y p o s i t i v e l y w ith t h e num ber o f CS-UCS
t r i a l s ( r e i n f o r c e m e n t s ) g i v e n .
The am ount o f d im in u ti o n t a k i n g p l a c e i n e a c h g ro u p
w as a s s e s s e d by c o m p arin g t h e a v e r a g e UCR a m p litu d e on t h e
f i r s t tw o CS-UCS t r i a l s t o t h e a v e r a g e UCR a m p litu d e on
t h e l a s t tw o CS-UCS t r i a l s ( a p r o c e d u r e t h a t u n f o r t u n a t e l y
d o e s n o t d i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e e n UCR d im in u tio n a s a r e s u l t o f
t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e CS a n d s im p le h a b i t u a t i o n o f t h e r e
s p o n s e t o t h e U CS). The o v e r a l l r e d u c t i o n i n UCR a m p li
tu d e w as s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e g ro u p s
w ere n o t . The UCR r e c o v e r y d a t a y i e l d e d a c l e a r e r p i c
t u r e , r e c o v e r y b e in g m e a su re d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n UCR
a m p litu d e b e tw e e n t h e l a s t two CS-UCS t r i a l s an d t h e two
s u b s e q u e n t U C S -alo n e t r i a l s . The o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e i n UCR
a m p litu d e p ro d u c e d by o m is s io n o f t h e CS w as s i g n i f i c a n t ,
an d t h e l i n e a r co m p o n en t o f t h e t r e n d i n t h e am ount o f
UCR r e c o v e r y o v e r t h e lo g a r i t h m o f t h e num ber o f r e i n
fo r c e m e n ts w as s i g n i f i c a n t . R ec o v e ry i n c r e a s e d a s a
8
l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f t h e l o g a r i t h m o f t h e num ber o f CS-UCS
p r e s e n t a t i o n s ? .
T h e se r e s u l t s w ere s e e n by Kimmel an d P e n n y p a c k e r
a s i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f a h i g h l y a d a p t i v e i n h i b i t o r y
p r o c e s s u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e CS, on e w h ich r e d u c e d u n
n e c e s s a r y e m o tio n a l r e s p o n d in g t o t h e UCS. The p o s i t i v e
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s i n h i b i t i o n , a s
d e te r m in e d fro m t h e r e c o v e r y d a t a , a n d t h e num ber o f r e
in f o r c e m e n ts g iv e n l e d t h e a u t h o r s t o c o n c lu d e t h a t i t w as
a n a s s o c i a t i v e p r o c e s s ; h e n c e t h e te r m , " c o n d i tio n e d
d im in u ti o n o f t h e UCR."
B a x te r (1 9 6 6 ) r e a s o n e d t h a t i f UCR d im in u ti o n r e
s u l t e d fro m a c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s u n d e r CS
c o n t r o l , th e n t h a t i n h i b i t i o n , an d h e n c e t h e am ount o f
d im in u ti o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t r e c o v e r y , s h o u ld b e g r e a t e r i f
t h e CS re m a in e d p r e s e n t th r o u g h o u t t h e i n t e r s t i m u l u s
i n t e r v a l ( a d e la y c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m ) th a n i f i t w e re
p r e s e n t o n ly d u r in g t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e I S I ( a t r a c e
c o n d i t i o n i n g p a r a d ig m ) .
H is f o u r e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p s o f human S s r e c e i v e d
e i t h e r a d e l a y c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m w ith a 5 .0 s e c . to n e
CS ( t h e D e la y - P a ir e d g r o u p ) , a t r a c e c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m
w ith a 5*0 s e c . I S I b u t a to n e CS o n ly 1 .0 s e c . i n d u r a
t i o n ( t h e T r a c e - P a i r e d g r o u p ) , u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f
t h e 5 .0 s e c . to n e an d t h e sh o c k UCS ( t h e D e la y - U n p a ire d
g r o u p ) , o r u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e 1 .0 s e c . to n e and
t h e UCS ( t h e T r a c e - U n p a ir e d g r o u p ) . T he d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e
was t h e GSR. Each S r e c e i v e d s i x t e e n a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s
o f e i t h e r p a i r e d o r u n p a i r e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS an d
UCS, d e p e n d in g o n h i s p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p . He th e n r e c e i v e d
f o u r U C S -alo n e r e c o v e r y t r i a l s .
B a x te r fo u n d t h a t g r e a t e r c o n d i t i o n i n g , m e a su re d
a s a d i f f e r e n c e I n m a g n itu d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e CS I n
t h e P a i r e d v s . t h e U n p a ire d g r o u p s , to o k p l a c e i n t h e D e
l a y - P a i r e d g ro u p t h a n i n t h e T r a c e - P a i r e d g r o u p . UCR
d im in u ti o n was m e a su re d i n te r m s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCR d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n i n t h e P a i r e d
g ro u p s a s o p p o s e d t o t h e U n p a ire d g r o u p s ; t h e d i f f e r e n c e
i n UCR m a g n itu d e b e tw e e n t h e D e la y - P a ir e d a n d t h e D e la y -
U n p a ire d g r o u p s w as g r e a t e r th a n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
t h e T r a c e - P a i r e d a n d t h e T r a c e - U n p a ir e d g r o u p s , w ith t h e
UCRs f o r S s i n t h e P a i r e d g ro u p s b e in g s m a l l e r i n b o th
c a s e s . B o th P a i r e d g ro u p s show ed s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s
i n UCR m a g n itu d e i n g o in g fro m t h e a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s t o
t h e U C S -a lo n e r e c o v e r y t r i a l s , t h e i n c r e a s e b e in g s i g
n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r f o r t h e D e la y - P a ir e d g ro u p t h a n f o r t h e
T r a c e - P a i r e d g r o u p . B o th UCR d im in u ti o n and s u b s e q u e n t
UCR r e c o v e r y a p p e a r e d t o h a v e o c c u r r e d t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t
i n t h e g ro u p r e c e i v i n g a d e la y c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m th a n
i n t h e g ro u p r e c e i v i n g a t r a c e c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m , a s
10
h ad b e e n p r e d i c t e d .
M orrow (1 9 6 6 ) c i t e d n u m ero u s s i m i l a r i t i e s b e tw e e n
t h e i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s r e s u l t i n g i n UCR d im in u ti o n a n d
t h e c o n d itio n e d e x c i t a t o r y p r o c e s s m a n if e s t e d by t h e c o n
d i t i o n e d r e s p o n s e . B o th a p p e a r e d t o b e s t r o n g e s t a t a n
I S I o f 0 . 5 s e c . (K im b le a n d O s t ) , b o th i n c r e a s e d w ith t h e
num ber o f CS-UCS p a i r i n g s (Kimm el an d P e n n y p a c k e r ) , an d
b o th a p p e a r e d t o b e s t r o n g e r i n a d e la y c o n d i t i o n i n g
p a ra d ig m th a n i n a t r a c e p a ra d ig m ( B a x t e r ) . H is e x p e r i
m en t w as a n a t t e m p t t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r t h e i n h i b i t o r y
p r o c e s s e x t i n g u i s h e d a s a r e s u l t o f n o n r e i n f o r c e d p r e
s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS i n t h e sam e way a s d o e s t h e e x c i t a
t o r y p r o c e s s .
The s u b j e c t s i n M orrow *s e x p e r im e n t r e c e i v e d e i t h e r
s i x t e e n p a i r e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS ( a l i g h t ) an d t h e
UCS ( a sh o c k ) w ith a n I S I o f 5 .0 s e c . , o r s i x t e e n u n
p a i r e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s . F o llo w in g t h e o r i g i n a l t r a i n i n g
e a c h o f t h e tw o m ain g ro u p s w as d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s u b
g ro u p s w hose m em bers r e c e i v e d t h r e e , s i x , o r tw e lv e n o n
r e i n f o r c e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS. A l l § s t h e n r e c e i v e d
o n e p a i r e d CS-UCS t e s t t r i a l . I t w as p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e
g r o u p s o r i g i n a l l y r e c e i v i n g CS-UCS p a i r i n g s w ould show
g r e a t e r r e c o v e r y o f t h e UCR on t h e f i n a l CS-UCS t e s t t r i a l
th a n t h e g ro u p s o r i g i n a l l y r e c e i v i n g u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a
t i o n s o f t h e s t i m u l i , s i n c e t h e I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s d e v e lo p
11
in g d u r in g t h e o r i g i n a l t r a i n i n g i n t h e fo r m e r g ro u p s
w ould b e w eak en ed by t h e e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s . A g r e a t e r
num ber o f e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s w o u ld l e a d t o g r e a t e r r e c o v e r y .
F o r e a c h S t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e m ean m a g n i
tu d e o f t h e f i n a l tw o UCRs p r i o r t o e x t i n c t i o n a n d t h e
m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCR on t h e CS-UCS t e s t t r i a l w as c o m p u te d .
T he p r e d i c t i o n t h a t t h e UCRs o f t h e S s o r i g i n a l l y r e c e i v
in g CS-UCS p a i r i n g s w ould show a g r e a t e r g a i n i n m a g n itu d e
a f t e r e x t i n c t i o n t h a n t h o s e o f t h e S s o r i g i n a l l y r e c e i v i n g
t h e u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS an d UCS was c o n f ir m e d .
H o w ev er, t h e am o u n t o f r e c o v e r y show n w as n o t r e l a t e d t o
t h e num ber o f e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s r e c e i v e d . M orrow s u g
g e s t e d t h a t f o r t h e £ s r e c e i v i n g CS-UCS p a i r i n g s t h e
c h a n g e i n t h e s t i m u l u s s i t u a t i o n p ro d u c e d by t h e o m is s io n
o f t h e UCS d u r i n g e x t i n c t i o n q u i c k l y p ro d u c e d a d i s i n -
h i b i t i n g e f f e c t w h ich w as c o m p le te a f t e r t h r e e e x t i n c t i o n
t r i a l s an d w h ich d i s r u p t e d t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e UCR.
F o llo w in g t h e s tu d y by M orrow p o i n t i n g o u t s i m i
l a r i t i e s i n t h e i n f l u e n c e e x e r t e d by s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s on
b o th t h e e x c i t a t o r y an d i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d i n
c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g , a f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f o n e o f
t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , CS d u r a t i o n , w as c o n d u c te d by E . Kimmel
( 1 9 6 7 ) . I n a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e w ork d o n e b y B a x t e r , s h e
g a v e s u b j e c t s p a i r e d o r u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a l i g h t
CS a n d a sh o c k UCS, u s in g a 5*0 s e c . I S I f o r a l l S s r e -
12
c e l v i n g CS-UCS p a i r i n g s . D i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f S s r e c e i v e d
l i g h t s o f 1 . 0 , 3 . 0 , o r 5«0 s e c . d u r a t i o n . H er h y p o t h e s i s
w as t h a t t h e e x c i t a t o r y a n d i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s e s I n v o lv e d
i n c o n d i t i o n i n g a r e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e CS an d w ould
b e s t r o n g e r i f t h e CS re m a in e d p h y s i c a l l y p r e s e n t d u r in g
t h e I S I . T hus i t w as p r e d i c t e d t h a t CR m a g n itu d e i n t h e
c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s w o u ld I n c r e a s e a n d UCR m a g n itu d e w ould
d e c r e a s e a s CS d u r a t i o n I n c r e a s e d .
E ach S r e c e i v e d s i x t e e n p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e p a i r e d
CS a n d UCS o r u n p a ir e d CS a n d UCS d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n ,
f o llo w e d by tw o U C S -a lo n e t e s t t r i a l s . I n o r d e r t o d e t e r
m in e t h e e f f e c t s o f CS-UCS p a i r i n g an d CS d u r a t i o n o n t h e
p e r c e iv e d i n t e n s i t y o f th e UCS, t h e g w as a s k e d t o ju d g e
t h e I n t e n s i t y o f e a c h UCS by r o t a t i n g a l e v e r a n am o u n t
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o h i s s u b j e c t i v e im p r e s s i o n o f t h e I n t e n s i t y
o f t h e s h o c k .
The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t S s i n t h e CS-UCS p a i r e d
g ro u p s p ro d u c e d l a r g e r CRs t h a n S s i n t h e u n p a ir e d g r o u p s ,
a n d t h a t t h e d e g r e e t o w h ich t h e p a i r e d an d u n p a ir e d
g ro u p s d i v e r g e d a s c o n d i t i o n i n g p r o g r e s s e d I n c r e a s e d a s a
f u n c t i o n o f CS d u r a t i o n . T he UCRs o f t h e co m b in ed p a i r e d
g ro u p s w e re s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e im p a ir e d g ro u p s
d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g t h e e x p e c te d d e v e lo p m e n t o f
UCR d i m i n u t i o n . H ow ever, CS d u r a t i o n d i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
l y a f f e c t UCR m a g n itu d e i n e i t h e r t h e p a i r e d o r t h e u n
p a i r e d g r o u p s , n o r d i d i t a f f e c t t h e am ount o f UCR r e
c o v e ry t a k i n g p l a c e w hen t h e CS w as o m itte d o n t h e t e s t
t r i a l s . S in c e t h e o b s e r v e d d im in u ti o n w as g r e a t e s t f o r
t h e 5*0 s e o . CS d u r a t i o n g r o u p , Kimmel c o n c lu d e d t h a t
m a r g in a l s u p p o r t f o r h e r h y p o t h e s i s h a d b e e n o b t a i n e d .
H ow ever, s i n c e n e i t h e r t h e m ain e f f e c t o f CS d u r a t i o n n o r
an y o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s i n v o l v i n g i t w e re s i g n i f i c a n t w ith
r e s p e c t t o UCR m a g n itu d e , t h e s u p p o r t m u st b e c o n s id e r e d
v e r y m a r g in a l in d e e d . I t seem s m ore r e a s o n a b l e t o c o n
c lu d e fro m t h e s e d a t a t h a t CS d u r a t i o n e x e r t e d a n e f f e c t
u p o n t h e e x c i t a t o r y , C R -p ro d u c in g p r o c e s s b u t n o t u p o n t h e
i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s I n v o lv e d i n UCR d i m i n u t i o n .
T he ju d g e m e n t o f UCS i n t e n s i t y d a t a p r e s e n t a c o n
f u s i n g p i c t u r e . I n t h e 1 .0 a n d 3 .0 s e c . CS d u r a t i o n
g r o u p s , t h e p a i r e d g ro u p s ju d g e d t h e UCS t o b e o f a lo w e r
i n t e n s i t y t h a n d i d t h e u n p a ir e d g r o u p s . H ow ever, t h i s
r e l a t i o n w as r e v e r s e d i n t h e 5 .0 s e c . CS d u r a t i o n g r o u p s .
F u r th e r m o r e , t h e ju d g e d i n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS, w h ich h a d
d ro p p e d o f f i n a l l g ro u p s d u r in g t h e s i x t e e n a c q u i s i t i o n
t r i a l s , c o n tin u e d t o d ro p i n t h e p a i r e d g ro u p s w hen t h e
UCS w as p r e s e n t e d a l o n e . T hus w h ile t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e
UCR show ed a s i g n i f i c a n t r e c o v e r y o n t h e t e s t t r i a l s i n
t h e CS-UCS p a i r e d g r o u p s , t h e ju d g e d i n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS
show ed a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e . Kimmel s u g g e s te d t h a t 2>s
i n t h e p a i r e d g r o u p s m ig h t g r a d u a l l y h a v e b e g u n t o ju d g e
a c o m b in a tio n o f t h e i r own p e r c e i v e d r e a c t i o n t o th e CS
a n d t h e UCS i t s e l f , t h u s b r i n g i n g a b o u t t h e f a l l i n t h e
i n t e n s i t y Ju d g em en t when t h e CS an d t h e CR w ere a b s e n t .
Some c o r r o b o r a t i o n was g iv e n t h i s h y p o t h e s i s by t h e UCS
Ju dgem ent d a t a o f a n a d d i t i o n a l g ro u p o f £ s r e c e i v i n g a
0 .5 s e c , I S I . H ie s e S s w ould h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e UCS b e
f o r e a n y e m o tio n a l r e s p o n s e t o t h e CS h ad h a d tim e to
d e v e lo p . T h e ir UCS i n t e n s i t y Ju d g em e n ts w e re s l i g h t l y
lo w e r th a n t h o s e o f t h e §_s r e c e i v i n g th e 5* 0 s e c . I S I
d u r in g t h e a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s , an d t h e i r Ju d g e m e n ts show ed
a n i n c r e a s e d u r i n g t h e U C S -a lo n e t e s t t r i a l s i n s t e a d o f a
s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e . R e g r e t t a b l y , t h e UCR d a t a o f t h i s
g ro u p w ere n o t p r e s e n t e d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e w ork o f H . D. Kimmel a n d h i s
a s s o c i a t e s , a s e c o n d g ro u p o f s t u d i e s o f UCR d im in u ti o n
was p e rfo rm e d by G rin g s an d h i s c o - w o r k e r s . T he e x p la n a
t i o n o f d im in u ti o n a d v a n c e d i n t h e s e e x p e r im e n ts was i n
k e e p in g w ith t h a t o f L y k k e n - - th a t t h e re d u c e d UCR i n t h e
c o n d i t i o n i n g s i t u a t i o n w as d u e t o a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t
a d o p te d by S d u r in g t h e CS d u e t o h i s e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t
t h e UCS w ould f o ll o w t h e CS a t a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t i m e .
P e e k e an d G rin g s (1 9 6 8 ) r e a s o n e d t h a t s i n c e t h e
a b i l i t y o f S t o p r e d i c t t h e e x a c t tim e o f UCS o n s e t w o u ld
b e im p a ir e d by v a r y in g t h e I S I d u r i n g t r a i n i n g , th e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f UCR d im in u ti o n w ould a l s o b e im p a ir e d .
15
S u b j e c t s i n t h e i r t h r e e e x p e r im e n ta l g ro u p s r e c e i v e d t e n
a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a d s c o n s i s t i n g o f t o n e C S -sh o ck UCS p a i r i n g s
w ith a c o n s t a n t I S I o f 5*5 s e c . (g r o u p C ) , CS-UCS p a i r i n g s
w ith a n I S I o f . 6 , 2 . 0 , 3 .0 t 5.5* 9 . 0 , o r 1 1 .0 s e c . , t h e
m ean I S I b e in g 5*5 s e c . (g ro u p V ), o r ran d o m p r e s e n t a t i o n s
o f t h e CS an d UCS (g r o u p R ).
UCR d a t a w ere c o l l e c t e d o n ly o n t h o s e t r i a l s f o r
w h ic h t h e CS d u r a t i o n w as 5.5 s e c . i n a l l g ro u p s ( t r i a d s
1 , 7 , an d 1 0 ) . T he mean UCR i n e a c h o f t h e t h r e e
g r o u p s w as fo u n d t o d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y fro m t h a t o f e a c h
o t h e r g r o u p , t h e UCRs o f g ro u p R b e in g l a r g e s t , t h o s e o f
g ro u p C b e in g s m a l l e s t , an d t h o s e o f g ro u p V o c c u p y in g a n
i n t e r m e d i a t e p o s i t i o n . The v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e I S I i n
g ro u p V h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e t a r d e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
d i m i n u t i o n i n t h a t g r o u p .
F u r t h e r e v id e n c e t h a t UCR d im i n u t i o n r e s u l t s from
a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t a d o p te d by S was d e r i v e d fro m t h e e f
f e c t s o f t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s g iv e n S b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r s .
F e e k e a n d G rin g s a ssu m e d t h a t an y meauis o f i n c r e a s i n g
S 's a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t a c c u r a t e l y t h e tim e o f UCS o n s e t
s h o u ld I n c r e a s e t h e am o u n t o f UCR r e d u c t i o n . A c c o r d in g ly ,
t h e i r S s w ere In fo rm e d a t t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e a c q u i s i t i o n
t r i a l s e r i e s a b o u t t h e te m p o r a l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e CSs
a n d UCSs t h a t th e y w e re a b o u t t o r e c e i v e . T hey w e re th u s
g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e lo p p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e s
16
f o r t h e UCS d u r i n g th e f i r s t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e CS I n
g ro u p s C an d V. The £ s i n g ro u p C h a d t h e g r e a t e s t a d
v a n t a g e , s i n c e th e y w ere g iv e n a d v a n c e i n f o r m a t i o n n o t
o n ly t h a t t h e UCS w ould f o ll o w t h e CS b u t a l s o t h a t t h e
CS w o u ld b e e x a c t l y 5*5 s e c . i n d u r a t i o n . A s i g n i f i c a n t
d e c r e a s e I n UCR m a g n itu d e i n g o in g fro m a n im m e d ia te ly
p r e c e d in g U C S -alo n e t r i a l to t h e f i r s t a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l
was o b s e r v e d i n g ro u p C, b u t n o t i n e i t h e r g ro u p V o r
g ro u p R.
P e e k e a n d G rin g s c o n c lu d e d t h a t i n t h e CS-UCS p a i r e d
g ro u p s d im in u ti o n r e s u l t e d fro m S 's e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a s e t
to r e c e i v e t h e UCS, a s e t t h a t c o u ld b e made s t r o n g e r by
a d v a n c e I n f o r m a tio n a b o u t s t i m u l u s r e l a t i o n s an d w e a k e r by
r e d u c in g S ’ s a b i l i t y to p r e d i c t t h e e x a c t tim e o f UCS o n
s e t by v a r y in g t h e I S I .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e P e e k e a n d G rin g s e x p e r im e n t l e d
t o t h e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t so lo n g a s t h e I S I re m a in s c o n
s t a n t , th e am o u n t o f UCR d im in u ti o n t a k i n g p l a c e i n a CS-
UCS p a i r e d g ro u p s h o u ld b e in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e d u r a t i o n o f
t h e CS, so lo n g a s i t i s c l e a r l y p e r c e p t i b l e . A hum an
s u b j e c t 's e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e c o n s t a n t tim e b e tw e e n CS o n s e t
and UCS o n s e t sh o u ld n o t b e d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e c o n t i n u i n g
p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e o f t h e CS. T h is i m p l i e s t h a t t h e UCR
d im in u ti o n t a k i n g p la c e w ith a t r a c e c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m
s h o u ld n o t b e i n f e r i o r t o t h a t d e v e lo p in g i n a d e l a y c o n
17
d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m . H ow ever, t h i s h a d b e e n t h e f i n d i n g o f
t h e p r e v i o u s e x p e r im e n t by B a x te r ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
G rin g s and S c h e l l ( 1969 b) p o in te d o u t c e r t a i n i r
r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e b e h a v io r o f t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p s i n t h e
B a x te r e x p e r im e n t an d a tte m p te d t o r e p l i c a t e h i s r e s u l t s .
As i n t h e o r i g i n a l s tu d y , tw o CS-UCS p a i r e d g ro u p s r e
c e iv e d a 5*0 s e c . I S I , o n e g ro u p ( d e la y ) r e c e i v i n g a CS
5 .0 s e c . i n d u r a t i o n a n d t h e o t h e r ( t r a c e ) r e c e i v i n g a CS
1 .0 s e c . i n d u r a t i o n . Two CS-UCS u n p a ir e d c o n t r o l g ro u p s
r e c e i v e d random p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e sh o c k UCS a n d a 5*0
s e c . o r 1 .0 s e c . l i g h t CS, r e s p e c t i v e l y . A l l Ss r e c e i v e d
s i x t e e n a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s w hose n a t u r e v a r i e d a s d e s c r i b e d
a b o v e , fo llo w e d by f o u r r e c o v e r y t r i a l s on w h ich t h e UCS
was p r e s e n t e d a l o n e .
The mean a c q u i s i t i o n UCR o f e a c h o f t h e p a i r e d
g ro u p s w as s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f i t s u n p a ir e d c o n t r o l g r o u p ,
i n d i c a t i n g t h e e x p e c te d d e v e lo p m e n t o f UCR d im i n u t i o n .
H ow ever, t h e e f f e c t o f CS l e n g t h w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , n o r
w ere an y o f i t s i n t e r a c t i o n s . B o th o f t h e p a i r e d g ro u p s
show ed s i g n i f i c a n t r e c o v e r y o f UCR m a g n itu d e i n g o in g fro m
a c q u i s i t i o n t o t h e U C S -alo n e r e c o v e r y t r i a l s ; t h e d i f f e r
e n c e i n am ount o f r e c o v e r y b e tw e e n t h e d e l a y - p a i r e d a n d t h e
t r a c e - p a i r e d g ro u p w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I n f a c t , t h e
t r a c e - p a i r e d g ro u p a c t u a l l y d e v e lo p e d s m a l l e r a c q u i s i t i o n
UCRs th a n t h e d e l a y - p a i r e d g r o u p , a l th o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t -
18
l y s o . T h u s , t h e d e la y p a ra d ig m d id n o t r e s u l t I n m ore
d im in u ti o n an d r e c o v e r y t h a n t h e t r a c e p a ra d ig m . T h e se
r e s u l t s , ta k e n t o g e t h e r w ith t h o s e o f E . K im m el, seem t o
I n d i c a t e t h a t B a x t e r 's f i n d i n g may n o t b e r e p l i c a b l e , and
t h a t UCR d im in u ti o n i s n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e c o n t i n u i n g
p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e o f t h e CS th r o u g h o u t t h e I S I .
T he p ro b le m o f p e r c e p t i o n s o f UCS I n t e n s i t y d u r in g
t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f UCR d im i n u t i o n , f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t e d by
E. K im m el, i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o e x p e r im e n te r s
h o ld in g a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d i m i n u t i o n .
L ykk en i n p a r t i c u l a r f e l t t h a t t h e s e p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e s
in v o lv e d t h e a f f e r e n t s y ste m o f t h e UCS, an d t h a t t h e
s e n s o r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e UCS w as i n h i b i t e d . T h is
l e a d s t o t h e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t t h e UCS w i l l b e p e r c e iv e d
a s l e s s i n t e n s e w hen i t i s p r e c e d e d by t h e CS th a n w hen i t
i s p r e s e n t e d a l o n e .
G r in g s a n d S c h e l l ( 1 9 6 8 ) , i n a n u n p u b lis h e d e x p e r i
m e n t, a tte m p te d t o c l a r i f y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n UCR
m a g n itu d e an d p e r c e p t i o n s o f UCS i n t e n s i t y d u r in g t h e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f UCR d i m i n u t i o n . T hey f e l t t h a t o n e p o s s i b l e
r e a s o n f o r t h e p u z z l i n g UCS i n t e n s i t y Ju d g em en t d a t a o b
t a i n e d by E . Kimmel h a d b e e n t h e m eth o d u s e d i n t h a t s tu d y
f o r r a t i n g t h e UCS. S w as r e q u i r e d t o r a t e t h e i n t e n s i t y
o f e a c h sh o c k im m e d ia te ly a f t e r i t s o c c u r r e n c e by m oving
a l e v e r f r e e t o r o t a t e th r o u g h 180 d e g r e e s a n am ount t h a t
19
w as p r o p o r t i o n a l t o £ * s s u b j e c t i v e im p r e s s io n o f t h e
s h o c k 's i n t e n s i t y . S w as t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e d t o fo rm a n
e q u iv a l e n c e b e tw e e n a p h y s i c a l s e n s a t i o n a n d t h e am ount
o f d i s t a n c e t h a t t h e l e v e r was m oved. He h ad t o m ake a n
a b s t r a c t i o n o f sh o c k I n t e n s i t y i n te r m s o f d is ta n c e * an d
t h e n t r y t o m a in ta in t h a t s c a l e o v e r r e p e a t e d p r e s e n t a
t i o n s o f t h e s h o c k . I n t h e G rin g s a n d S c h e l l s tu d y a m ore
d i r e c t m ethod o f r a t i n g t h e I n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS w as em
p lo y e d , i n t h e h o p e o f o b t a i n i n g c l e a r e r r e s u l t s .
S u b j e c t s r e c e i v e d tw e n ty p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a l i g h t
CS a n d a w h ite n o i s e UCS, w ith a n I S I o f 5*0 s e c . The
d u r a t i o n o f t h e CS w as 5*0 s e c . an d t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e
UCS w as 2 .0 s e c . , a t a l o u d n e s s o f 1 00 d b . H a lf o f t h e
S s r e c e i v e d p a i r e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS an d UCS an d
h a l f r e c e i v e d im p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s . §a i n t h e CS-UCS
p a i r e d g ro u p r e c e i v e d tw o a d d i t i o n a l U C S -alo n e r e c o v e r y
t r i a l s a t t h e end o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g s e r i e s .
T he UCS w as d e l i v e r e d t o S th r o u g h o n e e a rp h o n e o f
a s t e r e o h e a d s e t . T he i n p u t t o t h e o t h e r e a rp h o n e w as a
1 ,0 0 0 H erz to n e e h o s e i n t e n s i t y c o u ld be a d j u s t e d by S
fro m 0 t o 115 db* by t h e u s e o f a p o t e n t i o m e t e r d i a l o n a
t a b l e i n f r o n t o f h im . On f i v e t r i a l s d u r in g t h e tw e n ty
t r i a l a c q u i s i t i o n s e r i e s ( t r i a l s o n e , s i x , t e n , f i f t e e n ,
a n d n i n e t e e n ) , a s so o n a s t h e UCS h a d g o n e o f f , S a d j u s t e d
t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e to n e u n t i l he th o u g h t t h a t i t w as a s
20
lo u d a s t h e UCS h a d b e e n . S s I n t h e p a i r e d g ro u p a l s o
m ato h ed t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS a n d t h e to n e on t h e f i r s t
r e c o v e r y t r i a l . An o u t p u t fro m t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r t o t h e
r e c o r d i n g e q u ip m e n t m ade p o s s i b l e a d i r e c t r e a d i n g o f t h e
v o l t a g e o v e r t h e e a rp h o n e t h a t s h a d s e t i n a d j u s t i n g t h e
t o n e .
The UCRs o f t h e p a i r e d g ro u p w ere l a r g e r th a n t h o s e
o f t h e u n p a ir e d g ro u p e a r l y i n a c q u i s i t i o n ; h o w e v e r, o v e r
t h e c o u r s e o f t h e tw e n ty a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s th e y d im in is h e d
u n t i l a t t h e end o f t h e s e r i e s th e y w ere s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e
o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p , w hose UCRs show ed l i t t l e o v e r a l l
c h a n g e fro m t h e e a r l i e s t t r i a l s t o t h e l a s t . T he i n t e r
a c t i o n b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t ( p a i r e d v s . u n p a ir e d g ro u p ) a n d
t r i a l s w as s i g n i f i c a n t . F o r t h e S s i n t h e p a i r e d g ro u p
t h e UCR g iv e n on t h e f i r s t U C S -alo n e r e c o v e r y t r i a l was
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h e m ean UCR on t h e l a s t f o u r
a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s . T h u s, t h e e x p e c te d p r o c e s s e s o f UCR
d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y e v i d e n t l y to o k p l a c e .
S in c e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e to n e c h o s e n t o m atch
t h e UCS v a r i e d w id e ly b e tw e e n S s , f o r e a c h t r i a l o n w h ich
t h e UCS w as r a t e d a r a t i o w as com p u ted o f t h e v o l t a g e
l e v e l a c r o s s t h e e a r p h o n e f o r t h a t t r i a l t o t h e v o l t a g e
l e v e l c h o s e n on t h e f i r s t a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l . T h is r a t i o
w as r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e UCS i n t e n s i t y r a t i n g ; i t w as r e
f l e c t i v e o f a n y d im i n u t i o n , h a b i t u a t i o n , o r s e n s i t i z a t i o n
21
p r o c e s s e s t h a t may h av e b e e n a t w o rk , b u t I t d i d n o t show
t h e l a r g e , a p p a r e n t l y random b e tw e e n - ^ d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t
a p p e a r e d I n t h e u n o o n v e r te d r a t i n g s o f t h e UCS. The UCS
I n t e n s i t y r a t i n g s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e S s I n t h e
p a i r e d g ro u p w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r t h a n th o s e o f t h e
S s I n t h e u n p a ir e d g r o u p , I n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e n o i s e d id
n o t seem a s lo u d t o t h o s e £ s f o r whom I t w as p r e c e d e d by
t h e CS. A UCR d im in u ti o n r a t i o w as co m p u ted f o r e a c h S
a s t h e r a t i o o f t h e UCR o n t h e l a s t a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l to
t h e UCR on t h e se c o n d a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l , a n d t h i s d im in u
t i o n r a t i o w as fo u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y p o s i t i v e l y c o r
r e l a t e d w ith t h e l a s t UCS I n t e n s i t y r a t i n g d u r in g a c q u i s i
t i o n (w h ic h w as a l s o a r a t i o ) f o r t h e Ss I n t h e p a i r e d
g r o u p . Thus l a r g e d e c r e m e n ts I n UCR m a g n itu d e w ere a s s o
c i a t e d w ith l a r g e r e d u c t i o n s I n t h e p e r c e iv e d I n t e n s i t y o f
t h e UCS d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e tw e e n UCR m a g n itu d e a n d t h e UCS i n t e n s i t y r a t i n g t h a t
p r e v a i l e d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n d i d n o t c o n tin u e d u r in g t h e
U C S -alo n e r e c o v e r y t r i a l s . A lth o u g h th e m a g n itu d e o f t h e
UCR i n t h e p a i r e d g ro u p I n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y o n t h e
f i r s t r e c o v e r y t r i a l , t h e UCS I n t e n s i t y r a t i n g d e c l i n e d
s l i g h t l y . T h is f i n d i n g i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f E.
K im m el, a lth o u g h t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e tw e e n t h e UCR an d
t h e UCS i n t e n s i t y r a t i n g d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n was b e t t e r
22
t h a n i n t h a t e a r l i e r s t u d y . B e c a u se o f t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y
b e tw e e n UCB m a g n itu d e a n d t h e r a t i n g o f t h e UCS i n t e n s i t y
d u r in g t h e r e c o v e r y t r i a l s , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n UCR
d im in u ti o n a n d t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e UCS re m a in s u n c l e a r .
The e v id e n c e a t t h i s p o i n t o n ly s u g g e s t s t h a t d u r in g
a c q u i s i t i o n i n a CS-UCS p a i r e d g r o u p , d im in u ti o n o f t h e
UCR i s a c c o m p a n ie d by a d e o r e a s e i n t h e s u b j e c t i v e i n
t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS.
T h e o r e t i c a l A p p ro a c h e s
As i s e v i d e n t fro m t h e p r e c e d in g r e v ie w o f t h e
l i t e r a t u r e , t h e r e a r e a t p r e s e n t tw o b a s i c c o n c e p t u a l i z a
t i o n s o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s w h ich i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
UCR d im in u tio n i n t h e p a i r e d CS-UCS s i t u a t i o n . One v ie w
p o i n t , d e v e lo p e d by G. A . K im b le and H. D. K im m el, i s t h a t
UCR d im in u ti o n r e s u l t s fro m i n h i b i t i o n c o n d itio n e d t o t h e
CS a s a r e s u l t o f CS-UCS p a i r i n g s (K im b le , 1 9 6 8 ; K im m el,
1 9 6 5 , 1 9 6 6 ) . T h is c o n d itio n e d o r a s s o c i a t i v e i n h i b i t i o n
o f t h e UCR i n c r e a s e s i n c r e m e n t a l l y w ith e a c h CS-UCS p a i r
i n g , much a s sH r i s s a i d t o do i n H u l l 's t h e o r y , an d
r e p r e s e n t s t h e a c t i o n o f a r a t h e r s im p le p r o c e s s o f a s s o
c i a t i o n b e tw e e n th e CS a n d UCS, s i m i l a r t o t h e s im p le
a s s o c i a t i v e p r o c e s s s e e n a s u n d e r ly in g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f
t h e CR.
I n s u p p o r t o f t h i s v ie w p o in t Kimmel ( 1 9 6 6 ) c i t e s
23
f o u r l i n e s o f e v id e n c e w h ic h I n d i c a t e s i m i l a r i t i e s b e tw e e n
t h e p r o c e s s e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r CR p r o d u c t i o n a n d UCR
d i m i n u t i o n . F i r s t , d im i n u t i o n a p p e a r s a s a r e s u l t o f
CS-UCS p a i r i n g s , a n d t h e am ount o f UCR r e c o v e r y t a k i n g
p l a c e when t h e UCS I s s u b s e q u e n tly p r e s e n t e d a l o n e I s a
n e g a t i v e l y a c c e l e r a t e d f u n c t i o n o f t h e num ber o f p r i o r
CS-UCS t r i a l s (K im m el a n d P e n n y p a c k e r, 1 9 6 2 ) . T hus t h e
I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s m e d ia tin g UCR d im i n u t i o n I s a f f e c t e d
I n t h e same way by CS-UCS p a i r i n g s a s I s t h e e x c i t a t o r y
p r o c e s s u s u a l l y s e e n a s m e d ia tin g CR f o r m a tio n (K im b le ,
1 9 6 1 ) . S e c o n d , t h e I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
d im in u ti o n I s e x t i n g u i s h e d by n o n r e i n f o r c e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s
o f t h e CS, J u s t a s t h e CR I s e x t i n g u i s h e d (M orrow , 1 9 6 6 ) .
T h i r d , th e c o n d i t i o n e d I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s I s u n d e r t h e
c o n t r o l o f t h e CS a n d t h e r e f o r e I s s t r o n g e r when t h e CS
r e m a in s p h y s i c a l l y p r e s e n t d u r in g t h e l n t e r s t l m u l u s
I n t e r v a l . T he s tu d y c i t e d I n s u p p o r t o f t h i s p o i n t I s
t h a t o f B a x te r ( 1 9 6 6 ) , I n w h ich b e t t e r c o n d i t i o n i n g an d
g r e a t e r UCR d im in u ti o n w e re fo u n d u s in g a d e l a y c o n d i t i o n
in g p a ra d ig m t h a n a t r a c e c o n d i t i o n i n g p a ra d ig m . F i n a l l y ,
Kimmel a d v a n c e s t h e o r i g i n a l a rg u m e n t f a v o r i n g a c o n d i
t i o n e d I n h i b i t i o n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d im in u ti o n d e v e lo p e d
by K im b le a n d O st ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; t h a t i s , t h a t UCR d im in u ti o n i s
a f f e c t e d I n t h e sam e way a s t h e CR by t h e v a r i a b l e o f
l n t e r s t l m u l u s I n t e r v a l l e n g t h . K im b le a n d O s t fo u n d UCR
24
d im in u ti o n o f t h e e y e l i d r e s p o n s e t o b e g r e a t e s t w ith a n
I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . , t h e v a lu e u s u a l l y fo u n d t o p ro d u c e b e s t
c o n d i t i o n i n g (K im b le , 1 9 6 1 ) . Kimmel a l s o m e n tio n s an u n
p u b l i s h e d e x p e r im e n t by Kimmel a n d P e n n y p a c k e r w ith t h e
GSR i n w h ic h t h e am ount o f UCR r e c o v e r y o c c u r r i n g on UCS-
a lo n e t r i a l s a f t e r CS-UCS p a i r i n g s fo llo w e d t h e c o n v e n
t i o n a l i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l f u n c t i o n . (T he m a g n itu d e
o f t h e CR i n s im p le c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e GSR h a s
g e n e r a l l y b e e n fo u n d t o b e o p tim a l a t a n I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . ,
a s co m p ared w ith l o n g e r o r s h o r t e r I S l s . W h ite an d
S c h lo s b e r g , 1 9 5 2 ; B ie rb a u m , 1 9 5 8 ; P r o k a s y , F a w c e tt, a n d
H a l l , 1 9 6 2 ) . T hus t h e r e l a t i v e l y s im p le a s s o c i a t i v e
p r o c e s s e s o f e x c i t a t i o n a n d i n h i b i t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r CR
p r o d u c t i o n a n d UCR d im in u ti o n a r e b o th s e e n a s b e in g
s t r o n g e s t a t t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I . T h e se s e v e r a l s i m i l a r i t i e s
b e tw e e n t h e I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s in v o lv e d i n UCR d im in u ti o n
fluid t h e e x c i t a t o r y p r o c e s s in v o lv e d i n CR p r o d u c t i o n l e d
Kimmel a n d o t h e r s t o c o n c lu d e t h a t i t c o u ld m o st f r u i t
f u l l y b e v ie w ed a s a fo rm o f c o n d i t i o n e d i n h i b i t i o n .
A d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h t o t h e phenom ena o f UCR
d im in u ti o n suid r e c o v e r y h a s b e e n t h a t ta k e n by L ykk en
(1959# 1 9 6 2 ) a n d G rin g s a n d h i s c o - w o r k e r s . T h e se e x p e r i
m e n te r s v ie w d im i n u t i o n a s a r i s i n g fro m t h e f a c t t h a t i n
c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e s u b j e c t c a n p r e d i c t t h e tim e o f
o n s e t o f t h e UCS a n d c a n madce p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e s t o
25
r e c e i v e I t . As t h e s u b j e c t com es t o e x p e c t t h e UCS a t a
p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t I n tim e a f t e r CS o n s e t , h e a d o p ts a
p r e p a r a t o r y s e t d u r in g t h e CS w h ich a c t s t o r e d u c e t h e
UCR. L y k k en t h e o r i z e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t h a t t h e s e p r e p a r a t o r y
r e s p o n s e s I n v o lv e t h e UCS a f f e r e n t s y s te m , so t h a t when
t h e CS p r o v id e s a w a rn in g o f UCS o n s e t t h e s e n s o r y r e p r e
s e n t a t i o n o f t h e UCS I s a t t e n u a t e d . He te rm e d t h i s
p r o c e s s " p r e c e p t i o n . ” T he p r e p a r a t o r y s e t c o n c e p t u a l i z a
t i o n o f d im in u ti o n m ig h t b e te rm e d a m ore c o g n i t i v e i n t e r
p r e t a t i o n o f t h e phenom enon th a n i s t h e c o n d itio n e d i n
h i b i t i o n a p p r o a c h .
S e v e r a l o f t h e l i n e s o f e v id e n c e c i t e d by Kimmel a s
s u p p o r tin g t h e c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t i o n h y p o t h e s i s a r e a l s o
c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t v ie w p o in t. I n c r e a s i n g
t h e num ber o f t r a i n i n g t r i a l s (Kimm el an d P e n n y p a c k e r)
s h o u ld i n c r e a s e S * s e x p e c ta n c y t h a t t h e UCS w i l l f o l l o w
a t a p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t i n tim e a f t e r th e CS, an d h e n c e
s t r e n g t h e n h i s p r e p a r a t o r y s e t ; an d e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s
( M orrow) s h o u ld w eak en S 's e x p e c ta n c y a n d s e t an d h e n c e
r e d u c e d im in u ti o n .
O th e r l i n e s o f e v id e n c e s u p p o r tin g t h e c o n d itio n e d
i n h i b i t i o n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a r e i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e
p r e p a r a t o r y s e t h y p o t h e s i s . As w as m e n tio n e d , t h i s
h y p o t h e s i s l e a d s t o t h e p r e d i c t i o n t h a t t h e d u r a t i o n o f
t h e CS i n a CS-UCS p a i r e d s i t u a t i o n w i l l n o t a f f e c t t h e
am ount o f d im in u ti o n o c c u r r i n g , w h e re a s t h e c o n d itio n e d
i n h i b i t i o n h y p o t h e s i s l e a d s t o t h e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t m ore
d im in u ti o n w i l l o c c u r i n a d e la y t h a n i n a t r a c e p a ra d ig m ,
B a x te r (1 9 6 6 ) b e in g c i t e d a s a n e x a m p le . H ow ever, t h e
r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d i e s by E . Kimmel ( 196?) a n d G rin g s an d
S c h e l l ( 1969b ) c o n t r a d i c t t h e r e s u l t s o f B a x te r a n d s u p
p o r t t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t v ie w p o in t. N e i t h e r o f t h e s e
s t u d i e s fo u n d t h e d e l a y p a ra d ig m t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e r i o r t o t h e t r a c e p a ra d ig m i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f UCH
d im in u ti o n ; i n f a c t , G rin g s a n d S c h e l l fo u n d a s l i g h t
d i f f e r e n c e i n f a v o r o f t h e t r a c e p a ra d ig m . The w e ig h t o f
t h e e v id e n c e o n t h i s i s s u e seem s t o l i e p r e s e n t l y w ith
t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t h y p o t h e s i s . W ith r e s p e c t t o t h e r o l e
o f i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l l e n g t h , t h o s e t a k i n g t h e p r e
p a r a t o r y s e t a p p ro a c h c a n p o i n t t o t h e s tu d y by L y k k en
( 1 9 6 2 ) i n w h ic h g r e a t e r d im in u ti o n o f t h e u n c o n d itio n e d
GSR was fo u n d a t a n I S I o f 1 .0 s e c . t h a n a t 0 .5 s e c .
T hus t h e r e i s some e v id e n c e t h a t t h e I S I g e n e r a l l y c o n
s i d e r e d m o st f a v o r a b l e f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o n d i t i o n i n g
may n o t b e t h a t m o st f a v o r a b l e t o t h e p r o c e s s in v o lv e d i n
UCR d i m i n u t i o n , w h ic h c o u ld p re s u m a b ly b e t t e r b e c h a r a c
t e r i z e d i n te r m s o f s e t . (A m ore d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f
t h e e v id e n c e a n d p r e d i c t i o n s c o n c e r n in g t h e r o l e o f I S I
l e n g t h i n UCR d im in u ti o n i s c o n ta i n e d i n t h e f o ll o w i n g
s e c t i o n . )
27
The p r e p a r a t o r y s e t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d im in u ti o n i s
a l s o s u p p o r te d by t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e P e e k e a n d G rin g s
(1 9 6 8 ) s t u d y . The c o n d i t i o n e d i n h i b i t i o n h y p o th e s i s
y i e l d s no r e a d y e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e f i n d i n g t h a t S s r e
c e i v i n g a v a r i a b l e I S I w ith a m ean v a lu e o f 5*5 s e c .
s h o u ld n o t show a s much UCB d im in u ti o n a s Ss r e c e i v i n g a
c o n s t a n t I S I o f t h e sam e l e n g t h . H o w ev er, t h i s f i n d i n g
i s q u i t e c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t a p p r o a c h ,
s i n c e v a r y in g t h e I S I t h e o r e t i c a l l y r e d u c e s S 's a b i l i t y
t o make e x a c t p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e tim e o f UCS o n s e t .
The f i n d i n g s o f P e e k e a n d G rin g s c o n c e r n in g t h e f a c i l i
t a t i n g e f f e c t o f i n s t r u c t i o n s a b o u t s t i m u l u s r e l a t i o n s o n
UCR d im in u ti o n a l s o s u p p o r t t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t h y p o t h e s i s ,
b u t a r e d i f f i c u l t t o r e c o n c i l e w ith t h e c o n d itio n e d i n
h i b i t i o n v ie w p o in t, i n w h ich d im in u ti o n i s s e e n a s r e
s u l t i n g o n ly fro m CS-UCS p a i r i n g s . F i n a l l y , t h e e v id e n c e
o f E . Kimmel an d G rin g s an d S c h e l l t h a t d im in u ti o n o f t h e
UCR may b e a c c o m p a n ie d by r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e s u b j e c t i v e
i n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS f i t s i n m o st r e a d i l y w ith t h e p r e
p a r a t o r y s e t e x p l a n a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y w ith L y k k e n 's p r e c e p -
t i o n t h e o r y . I t w ould b e s t r o n g l y a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i f
d im in u ti o n o f t h e UCR w e re d u e t o a n a t t e n u a t i o n o f t h e
a f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e UCS a s p a r t o f a p r e p a r a
t o r y r e s p o n s e , t h e n t h e s u b j e c t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e UCS
w ould b e a t t e n u a t e d a l s o .
I n sum m ary, o f t h e tw o c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n s o f UCR
d im in u tio n t h a t h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d , th e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t
a p p ro a c h seem s a t t h i s tim e t o h a v e g r e a t e r e x p l a n a t o r y
v a lu e t h a n t h e c o n d itio n e d I n h i b i t i o n a p p r o a c h . M ost o f
t h e u n c o n t r a d i c t e d d a t a c i t e d i n s u p p o r t o f t h e c o n d itio n e d
i n h i b i t i o n h y p o t h e s i s a r e a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w ith a s e t o r
e x p e c ta n c y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d im in u ti o n , a n d t h i s a p p ro a o h
c a n a l s o accom m odate t h e e f f e c t s t h a t I n s t r u c t i o n a l a n d
e x p e c ta n c y v a r i a b l e s h a v e b e e n shown to e x e r t o n UCR
d im in u ti o n an d r e c o v e r y .
E f f e c t s o f l n t e r s t l m u l u s I n t e r v a l
The e f f e c t s o f su c h b a s i c s tim u lu s p a r a m e te r s a s
CS i n t e n s i t y , CS d u r a t i o n , UCS i n t e n s i t y , an d i n t e r
s tim u lu s i n t e r v a l l e n g t h on t h e e x c i t a t o r y p r o c e s s e s i n
v o lv e d i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g h a v e b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y
i n v e s t i g a t e d . N um erous s t u d i e s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e
v a r i a b l e s on CR m a g n itu d e a n d p r o b a b i l i t y h a v e b e e n p e r
fo rm e d . H ow ever, t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e p a r a m e te r s on UCR
d im in u ti o n a r e s t i l l l a r g e l y unknow n. ( R e s u l t s o b ta in e d
w ith CS d u r a t i o n h a v e b e e n c o n f l i c t i n g , a s m e n tio n e d .)
The v a r i a b l e o f i n t e r s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l ( I S I ) l e n g t h i s o f
p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t , s i n c e t h e tw o t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p tu
a l i z a t i o n s o f UCR d im in u ti o n and r e c o v e r y l e a d t o d i f f e r e n t
e x p e c t a t i o n s a b o u t t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s p a r a m e t e r . I n d e e d ,
29
p r o p o n e n ts o f b o th t h e c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t i o n h y p o th e s i s
(K im b le a n d O s t , 1 9 6 1 ; K im m el, 1 9 6 6 ) an d t h e p r e p a r a t o r y
s e t o r p r e c e p t i o n h y p o th e s i s (L y k k en , 1 9 6 2 ) c i t e e v id e n c e
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t d im in u ti o n v a r i e s w ith I S I i n s u c h a way
a s to l e n d s u p p o r t t o t h e i r p o s i t i o n . H ow ever, a n a n a l y s i s
o f t h e s e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s d o e s n o t p r o v id e a c l e a r p i c t u r e
o f t h e e f f e c t s o f I S I l e n g t h .
T he K im b le an d O st e x p e r im e n t, a s m e n tio n e d , y i e l d e d
e v id e n c e t h a t t h e a m p litu d e o f t h e e y e l i d UCR d u r in g p a i r e d
CS-UCS p r e s e n t a t i o n s w as l e a s t w hen th e I S I w as 0 ,5 0 s e c ,
i n d u r a t i o n , a s o p p o se d t o i n t e r v a l s o f 0 ,2 5 . 1 , 0 , o r 2 .0
s e c . T h e se d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e m ean UCRs f o r t h e v a r i o u s
I S I s w e re o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t when a w i t h i n - S s d e s i g n was
u s e d , e a c h S r e c e i v i n g t e n t r i a l s w ith e a c h I S I , t h e I S I s
b e in g p r e s e n t e d i n a random o r d e r . T h is f a c t w as a t t r i b
u te d by t h e a u t h o r s t o th e g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e
w i t h l n - S s d e s i g n . H ow ever, i t m u st b e rem em b ered t h a t
p r i o r t o r e c e i v i n g t h e t e n t r i a l s a t e a c h o f t h e f o u r d i f
f e r e n t I S I s , t h e Ss h a d u n d e rg o n e tw e n ty p r e l i m i n a r y c o n
d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s u s in g th e 0 .5 s e c . i n t e r v a l . I t seem s
p o s s i b l e t o c o n c lu d e t h a t t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e w hen t h e I S I
was v a r i e d may h a v e b e e n a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e i r e a r l i e r
t r a i n i n g . Prom t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t v ie w p o in t, s u b j e c t s
f a c e d w ith a n i n a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t th e l e n g t h o f t h e I S I
o n i n d i v i d u a l t r i a l s may h a v e c o n tin u e d t o r e s p o n d a s
30
th o u g h t h e f a m i l i a r I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . w as e x p e c te d . T hus
th e y w o u ld h a v e p r e p a r e d t o r e c e i v e t h e UCS 0 .5 s e c . a f t e r
CS o n s e t . O nly when t h e I S I a c t u a l l y w as 0 .5 s e c . w ould
t h e t r u e I S I a n d t h e I S I in v o lv e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t
h a v e c o r r e s p o n d e d . I t w ould t h e n b e e x p e c te d t h a t t h e
g r e a t e s t d im in u ti o n o f t h e UCR w ould b e o b s e r v e d on t h e
0 .5 s e c . I S I t r i a l s . D i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s m ig h t h a v e b e e n
o b ta in e d i f a d i f f e r e n t I S I h a d b e e n u s e d d u r in g th e
p r e l i m i n a r y t r a i n i n g t r i a l s , o r i f nc p r e l i m i n a r y t r i a l s
h ad b e e n g i v e n .
T he o t h e r e x p e r im e n t d e a l i n g w ith I S I l e n g t h c i t e d
a s s u p p o r t i n g t h e c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t i o n h y p o t h e s i s w as
t h e u n p u b lis h e d e x p e r im e n t by Kimmel a n d P e n n y p a c k e r
(K im m el, 1 9 6 5 ) . The m a r g in a l n a t u r e o f t h e r e s u l t s an d
t h e l a c k o f d e t a i l s a b o u t p r o c e d u r e o r d a t a l i m i t c o n
s i d e r a b l y t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h i s s tu d y i n d e te r m in in g t h e
e f f e c t s o f I S I l e n g t h o n d im in u ti o n o f t h e UCR.
T he s tu d y by L y k k en ( 1 9 6 2 ) , i n w h ic h g r e a t e r d im in u
t i o n w as fo u n d w ith a n I S I o f 1 .0 s e c . t h a n 0 .5 s e c . , c a n
b e c o n s id e r e d s u p p o r t f o r t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t o r p r e c e p t l o n
h y p o t h e s i s f i r s t s u g g e s te d by i t s a u t h o r . H ow ever, i t h a s
s e v e r a l l i m i t a t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e s u b j e c t s w e re r a t s , w h e re
a s a l l o f t h e o t h e r e x p e r im e n ts c i t e d h a v e b e e n w ith hum ans
an d t h e c e n t r a l I n t e r e s t o f t h o s e w o rk in g w ith UCR d im in u
t i o n a n d r e c o v e r y i s i n hum an r e s p o n d in g . The d e g r e e t o
31
w h ich a hum an c a n fo rm a p r e c i s e e x p e c ta n c y a b o u t tim e
r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n s t i m u l i a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p r e p a r a t o r y
s e t h e a d o p ts w o u ld p re s u m a b ly b e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from
t h o s e o f a r a t . S e c o n d , L y k k en u s e d o n ly f o u r S s I n e a c h
o f h i s f i v e e x p e r im e n t a l g r o u p s ; an d t h i r d , no s i g n i f i c a n c e
t e s t s w e re p e rfo rm e d o n t h e m ean p r e c e p t l o n s c o r e s o f t h e
v a r i o u s g r o u p s . O n ly t h e m eans th e m s e lv e s w ere r e p o r t e d .
Prom a n e x a m in a tio n o f t h e s e s t u d i e s o n e m u st c o n
c lu d e t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f I S I l e n g t h o n d im in u ti o n o f t h e
UCR a r e b y no m eans c l e a r . T h e re I s e v id e n c e s u g g e s tin g
t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f d im in u ti o n o c c u r r i n g a s a r e s u l t o f C S-
UCS p a i r i n g s f o ll o w s t h e c o n v e n ti o n a l I S I f u n c t i o n w ith a
maximum a t 0 .5 s e c . . I n s u p p o r t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n e d i n h i b i
t i o n e x p l a n a t i o n o f d i m i n u t i o n . T h e re I s a l s o e v id e n c e
s u g g e s tin g t h a t t h e I S I y i e l d i n g b e s t d im in u ti o n I s l o n g e r
th a n 0 .5 s e c . , a f i n d i n g w h ich s u p p o r t s t h e p r e p a r a t o r y
s e t h y p o t h e s i s a n d I n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e p r o c e s s e s In v o lv e d
i n d im in u ti o n r e q u i r e m ore tim e i n w h ic h t o a c t t h a n do t h e
s im p le a s s o c i a t i o n p r o c e s s e s I n v o lv e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f
CRs a t s h o r t I S I s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s u l t s o f L y k k e n , t h e r e i s o t h e r
e v id e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e I n h i b i t o r y p r o c e s s e s r e s p o n
s i b l e f o r UCR d i m i n u t i o n , a t l e a s t o f t h e GSR, may b e
s t r o n g e r w ith I S I s l o n g e r t h a n 0 .5 s e c . T h is i s p a r t i c u
l a r l y t r u e I f d i m i n u t i o n d o e s r e s u l t fro m a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t
32
a d o p te d by s a s a r e s u l t o f h i s e x p e c ta n c y t h a t t h e UCS
w i l l f o l l o w t h e CS. S e v e r a l e x p e r im e n ts a t t e m p t i n g t o
m a n ip u la te S 's e x p e c t a n c i e s th r o u g h I n s t r u c t i o n s h a v e
fo u n d t h a t s u c h m a n ip u la tio n s e x e r t a g r e a t e r I n f l u e n c e
on r e s p o n d in g a t l o n g e r I S I s .
M andel a n d B r ld g e r ( 1967) p e rfo rm e d a GSR d i s c r i m i
n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g e x p e r im e n t w ith tw o g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s ,
on e r e c e i v i n g a n I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . an d t h e o t h e r a n I S I o f
5 .0 s e c . A f t e r f i f t y a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s , o n e - h a l f o f e a c h
g ro u p w as In fo rm e d t h a t t h e CS w ould no l o n g e r b e f o llo w e d
by t h e UCS. T he sh o ck e l e c t r o d e s w e re rem o v ed a n d S was
a s s u r e d t h a t no m ore s h o c k s w ould b e g i v e n . E ach £ w as
th e n g iv e n tw e n ty e x t i n c t i o n t r i a l s . I n t h e n o n in fo rm e d
g ro u p s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g w as m a in ta in e d
th r o u g h o u t e x t i n c t i o n , t h e 5»0 s e c , I S I g ro u p b e in g
s u p e r i o r t o t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I g r o u p . I n t h e In fo rm e d
g ro u p s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g w as m a in ta in e d
o n ly i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e e x t i n c t i o n s e r i e s , t h e 0 .5
s e c . g ro u p b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e 5*0 s e c .
g r o u p . T he w e a k e n in g o f £ » s e x p e c ta n c y t h a t t h e UCS
w ould f o ll o w t h e CS a f f e c t e d r e s p o n d in g i n t h e lo n g I S I
g ro u p m ore t h a n i n t h e s h o r t I S I g r o u p .
S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e re o b ta in e d by W lokens an d
H a rd in g ( 1 9 6 7 ) . T h e ir S s w e re c o n d i t i o n e d c o n c u r r e n t l y t o
tw o CSs a n d w e re t h e n t o l d w h ic h o n e o f t h e CSs w o u ld no
33
l o n g e r b e f o llo w e d by sh o ck on e i g h t f o ll o w i n g e x t i n c t i o n
t r i a l s . A c t u a l l y n e i t h e r CS w as r e i n f o r c e d d u r in g e x t i n c
t i o n . D i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f £ s w e re t r a i n e d w ith I S I s o f 0 . 5 .
1 . 0 , a n d 2 .0 s e c . D i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n d in g t o t h e tw o CSs
d u r i n g e x t i n c t i o n o c c u r r e d o n ly i n t h e 2 .0 s e c . I S I g r o u p .
T h e se e x p e r im e n ts i n d i c a t e t h a t i n h i b i t o r y s e t s
a d o p te d by £ d u e t o e x p e c t a n c i e s a b o u t r e l a t i o n s b e tw ee n
t h e CS a n d UCS may m ore e f f e c t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e a u to n o m ic
r e s p o n s e s a t lo n g e r l n t e r s t l m u l u s i n t e r v a l s ( 2 . 0 - 5 . 0 s e c . )
th a n a t s h o r t e r o n e s ( 0 .5 s e c . ) . T h e r e f o r e , i f UCR
d im in u ti o n i s d u e t o su ch a s e t , d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y
s h o u ld t a k e p l a c e t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t i n g ro u p s r e c e i v i n g
I S I s l o n g e r th a n 0 .5 s e c .
The p u rp o s e o f t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t was t o
d e te r m in e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n l n t e r s t l m u l u s i n t e r v a l
l e n g t h a n d t h e am ount o f d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y o f t h e
u n c o n d itio n e d GSR i n human s u b j e c t s . B r i e f l y , f o u r d i f
f e r e n t g ro u p s o f S s w ere g iv e n c o n d i t i o n i n g t r i a l s w ith a n
I S I o f 0 .5 * 1 . 5 . 3 . 0 , o r 5 .0 s e c . ; a f i f t h g ro u p s e r v i n g
a s a c o n t r o l g ro u p r e c e i v e d u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e
CS a n d UCS. A l l g ro u p s t h e n r e c e i v e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e
UCS a lo n e f o ll o w i n g t h e s e a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s . UCR d im in u
t i o n w as m e a su re d i n te rm s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n UCR m a g n i
tu d e d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n b e tw e e n t h e v a r i o u s CS-UCS p a i r e d
g ro u p s a n d t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p , a n d UCR r e c o v e r y w as m e a su re d
34
f o r e a c h g ro u p I n te r m s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n UCR m a g n itu d e
b e tw e e n t h e f i n a l a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s a n d t h e U C S -alo n e
r e c o v e r y t r i a l s .
The p r e d i c t i o n g e n e r a t e d by t h e c o n d i t i o n e d I n h i b i
t i o n h y p o t h e s i s o f UCR d im in u ti o n w as t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t
d im in u ti o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t r e c o v e r y w ould b e o b s e r v e d I n
t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I g r o u p , s i n c e t h e s im p le a s s o c i a t i v e
p r o c e s s p re s u m a b ly u n d e r l y i n g d im in u ti o n c o u ld d e v e lo p
m o st s t r o n g l y a t t h a t s h o r t I S I . T he p r e d i c t i o n f o ll o w i n g
fro m t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t h y p o t h e s i s w as t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t
am o u n t o f UCR d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y w ould o c c u r I n a
g ro u p h a v in g a n I S I l o n g e r t h a n 0 .5 s e c . , s i n c e 0 .5 s e o .
i s n o t a d e q u a te tim e f o r £ t o d e v e lo p t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t
o r r e s p o n s e w h ich r e s u l t s I n r e d u c t i o n o f t h e UCR. T hus
t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t, i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o v i d i n g i n t r i n s i
c a l l y v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e e f f e c t s o f I S I l e n g t h
o n UCR d im i n u t i o n , a l s o p r o v i d e s a n I n d i c a t i o n a s t o w h lo h
o f t h e tw o t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n s o f UCR d im in u
t i o n may b e m o st u s e f u l I n e x p l a i n i n g t h e p h enom enon.
CHAPTER I I
METHOD
S u b j e c t s
F i f t y m ale u n d e r g r a d u a te s t u d e n t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y
o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a s e r v e d a s s u b j e c t s . T h i r t y - t h r e e
w ere u n p a id v o l u n t e e r s r e c r u i t e d fro m i n t r o d u c t o r y p s y
c h o lo g y c l a s s e s , a n d t h e r e m a in d e r w e re r e c r u i t e d fro m t h e
cam pus a t l a r g e a n d p a id $ 2 .0 0 f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . The
s e v e n te e n p a i d £ s w ere b a la n c e d among t h e e x p e r im e n ta l
g r o u p s , w ith f o u r p a id S s I n e a c h o f tw o g ro u p s a n d t h r e e
p a id £ s i n e a c h o f th e r e m a in in g t h r e e g r o u p s .
A p p a ra tu s
The c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s (CS) w as a r e d l i g h t p r e
s e n te d by a G r a s o n - S t a d l e r (M odel E ^ 5 8 0 ) m u l t i p l e s tim u lu s
p r o j e c t o r , p la c e d a b o u t t h r e e f e e t fro m t h e s u b j e c t . T he
u n c o n d itio n e d s tim u lu s (UCS) w as a 0 .5 s e c . DC sh o c k fro m
a G ra s s s t i m u l a t o r (M odel S -5) $ d e l i v e r e d t o th e v o l a r
s u r f a c e o f t h e s r i g h t fo r e a r m th r o u g h s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s
1 .8 cm. i n d i a m e t e r , p la c e d a p p r o x im a te ly 5 cm. a p a r t . CS
d u r a t i o n , UCS d u r a t i o n , a n d l n t e r s t l m u l u s i n t e r v a l s w ere
c o n t r o l l e d b y H u n te r 111 C t i m e r s . I n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l s ,
35
36
w h ic h w ere v a r i e d ra n d o m ly b e tw e e n 3 0 , *M )» and 50 s e c , ,
w e re c o n t r o l l e d by a p u n ch ed t a p e f e e d i n g th r o u g h a
G e rb ra n d s p ro g ra m m e r. T he sam e s e q u e n c e o f l n t e r t r i a l
i n t e r v a l s w as u s e d f o r a l l S s .
S k in r e s i s t a n c e w as r e c o r d e d by c o n to u r e d 1 /2 x
5 /8 In c h s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s p la c e d o n t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d
f i n g e r s o f t h e £ ‘ s l e f t h a n d . R e s i s t a n c e v a l u e s p ic k e d up
by t h e e l e c t r o d e s w ere f e d th r o u g h a D a rro w -ty p e W h e a ts to n e
b r i d g e t o a n O f f n e r R ty p e p o ly g r a p h . T he c u r r e n t th r o u g h
S 's f i n g e r s w as ^5 m ic ro a m p e re s . P a p e r s p e e d w as 25 nun,
p e r s e c o n d .
D e s ig n an d P r o c e d u r e
P r e l i m i n a r y P r o c e d u r e s
The e x p e r im e n t w as c o n d u c te d i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f
S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a P s y c h o p h y s io lo g i c a l L a b o r a to r y . T he
s u b j e c t w as s e a t e d i n o n e room w h ile t h e e x p e r im e n te r
o p e r a t e d t h e a p p a r a t u s i n a n a d j o i n i n g ro o m , g c o u ld o b
s e r v e S th r o u g h a on e-w ay w indow b e tw e e n t h e ro o m s.
A f t e r §, h a d a r r i v e d a n d b e e n s e a t e d , m e ta l o b j e c t s
s u c h a s w a tc h e s a n d r i n g s w e re rem o v ed fro m h i s arm a n d
f i n g e r s a n d t h e s k i n o f a l l e l e c t r o d e s i t e s w as c le a n e d
w ith a l c o h o l . NASA fo r m u la e l e c t r o d e p a s t e w as a p p l i e d t o
t h e e l e c t r o d e s b e f o r e th e y w e re p l a c e d o n th e s k i n . S
t h e n r e c e i v e d i n s t r u c t i o n s a b o u t s e t t i n g t h e sh o c k l e v e l
37
t o b e u s e d a n d w as c a u ti o n e d t o a v o id b e h a v io r t h a t m ig h t
h a v e p ro d u c e d m ovem ent o r r e s p i r a t i o n a r t i f a c t s i n t h e
GSH.
F o llo w in g c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e e q u ip m e n t by E , a
s e r i e s o f sh o c k w o rk -u p t r i a l s w as a d m i n i s t e r e d t o S .
V o lta g e s u s e d on t h e s e t r i a l s b e g a n a t 10 v o l t s a n d i n
c r e a s e d i n k t o 6 v o l t in c r e m e n ts u n t i l S i n d i c a t e d by
r a i s i n g h i s h a n d t h a t a p o i n t h a d b e e n r e a c h e d a t w h ich
t h e s h o c k w as s t r o n g l y a n n o y in g , b u t n o t p a i n f u l . £ t h e n
e n t e r e d S * s room a n d v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e sh o o k was In d e e d a t
t h e p r o p e r s u b j e c t i v e l e v e l . 8 w as th e n t o l d t h a t t h e
e x p e r im e n t p r o p e r w o u ld b e g i n . He w as i n s t r u c t e d to
r e l a x , t o w a tc h t h e s c r e e n o f t h e s t i m u l u s p r e s e n t a t i o n
u n i t p r e v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e d f o r t h e l i g h t s , t o t r y n o t t o
m ove, a n d t o t r y n o t t o l e t h i m s e l f becom e d ro w s y .
S hock T r i a l s a n d R e s n o n s lv lty
D e te r m in a tio n
F o llo w in g t h e f i n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s by £ , §, w as g iv e n
t h r e e U C S -alo n e t r i a l s . T he GSR w as r e a d o n t h e l a s t tw o
o f t h e s e t r i a l s a s t h e maximum r e s i s t a n c e c h a n g e w ith a
l a t e n c y b e tw e e n 1 .0 a n d 5*0 s e c . a f t e r UCS o n s e t . The
m ean GSR f o r t h e s e tw o t r i a l s w as c o m p u te d . S t h e n r e
c e iv e d s i x p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a b lu e l i g h t 5*0 s e c . i n d u r a
t i o n fro m t h e s ti m u l u s p r o j e c t o r . T he num ber o f t r i a l s o n
w h ich S g a v e a r e s p o n s e t o t h e b lu e l i g h t t h a t w as e q u a l
38
to o r g r e a t e r th a n 1 / 2 o f t h e m ean r e s p o n s e t o t h e l a s t
tw o sh o c k t r i a l s w as d e te r m in e d . T h is n u m b e r, r a n g in g
fro m z e r o t o s i x , w as S 's GSR r e s p o n s l v i t y s c o r e .
A ssig n m e n t o f S s t o G ro u p s
§ s w e re a s s ig n e d t o o n e o f f i v e g ro u p s o f 10 S s e a c h
u s i n g a ra n d o m iz e d b lo c k s d e s ig n w ith t h e GSR r e s p o n s l v i t y
s c o r e b e in g t h e v a r i a b l e c h a n g in g a c r o s s b l o c k s . GSR
r e s p o n s l v i t y d e f i n e d I n t h i s way h a s b e e n fo u n d I n t h e
p a s t ( S c h e l l a n d G r in g s , I n p r e s s ) t o c o r r e l a t e s i g n i f i
c a n t l y w ith t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e CR d e v e lo p e d d u r in g s u b
s e q u e n t a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s , an d i t w as h o p ed t h a t b a l a n c i n g
t h e g ro u p s I n t h i s m anner w ould r e d u c e e r r o r v a r i a n c e I n
t h e m e a s u re s o f t h e c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e an d p e r h a p s a l s o
i n t h e u n c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e , th u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r e
c i s i o n o f t h e e x p e r im e n t.
£ s sh arin g a common block had r e s p o n s lv ity sco res
d if f e r in g by n ot more than 1 . The r e s p o n s lv ity ranges fo r
th e v a rio u s b lo ck s were: 0-1 (2 b lo c k s ), 1 -2 (2 b lo c k s ),
2-3 (2 b lo c k s ), 3-4 (1 b lo c k ), 4 -5 (1 b lo c k ), said 5-6
(2 b lo c k s ) .
E x p e r im e n ta l G ro u p s
T he f i v e g ro u p s c o n s i s t e d o f f o u r c o n d i t i o n i n g
g ro u p s a n d o n e p s e u d o c o n d itio n in g c o n t r o l g r o u p . T he c o n
d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s v a r i e d w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e l n t e r s t l m u l u s
39
i n t e r v a l ( I S I ) u s e d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n t r a i n i n g . F o r
G roup 1 t h e I S I w as 0 .5 s e c . ; f o r G roup 2 , 1 .5 s e c . ; f o r
G roup 3 , 3*0 s e c . ; a n d f o r G roup 4 , 5*0 s e c . I n e a c h
c a s e a d e l a y p a ra d ig m w as u s e d , w ith t h e CS a n d t h e UCS
t e r m i n a t i n g t o g e t h e r . T he c o n t r o l g ro u p (G ro u p 5) r e
c e iv e d u n p a ir e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS an d t h e UCS. The
d u r a t i o n o f t h e CS i n G roup 5 w as 3*0 s e c .
A d a p ta ti o n
F o llo w in g h i s a s s ig n m e n t t o o n e o f t h e g r o u p s , S
r e c e i v e d a s e r i e s o f s i x a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s on w h ich t h e
CS w as p r e s e n t e d a l o n e . The CS d u r a t i o n d u r in g a d a p t a t i o n
i n e a c h g ro u p w as t h e sam e a s t h a t t o b e u s e d d u r in g
a c q u i s i t i o n . T h u s, f o r G roup 1 CS d u r a t i o n was 1 .0 s e c . ;
f o r G roup 2 , 2 .0 s e c . ; f o r G roup 3» 3*5 s e c . ; f o r G roup 4 ,
5 .5 s e c . ; said f o r G roup 5» 3*0 s e c .
A c q u i s i t i o n
D u rin g a c q u i s i t i o n S s i n t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s
r e c e i v e d tw e n ty p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e CS, s i x t e e n o f w h ich
w e re fo llo w e d by t h e UCS a f t e r t h e I S I v a l u e s p r e v i o u s l y
d e s c r i b e d . T he f o u r n o n r e i n f o r c e d p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e
CS o c c u r r e d o n a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s 5 . 9» 1 5 • a n d 1 9 . T h e se
s e r v e d a s t e s t t r i a l s an d w ere n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e e v a l u a
t i o n o f t h e c o n d i t i o n e d r e s p o n s e i n G roup 1 , w hose I S I was
0 .5 s e c . A lth o u g h p r e v io u s s t u d i e s o f UCR d im in u ti o n h a v e
u s e d a 1 0 0 # r e in f o r c e m e n t p a ra d ig m , i t w as assu m ed t h a t
t h e d e g r e e o f p a r t i a l r e in f o r c e m e n t (8 0 # ) u s e d i n t h e
p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t w ould n o t s e r i o u s l y w eak en t h e phenom e
n o n . S s i n G roup 5 r e c e i v e d tw e n ty p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e
CS a n d s i x t e e n p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e UCS. One o f t h e tw o
s t i m u l i w as p r e s e n t e d a t t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e i n t e r t r i a l
i n t e r v a l o n e a c h t r i a l a n d t h e o t h e r ( i f a n o t h e r w as t o be
p r e s e n t e d ) a p p e a r e d a t 1 /3 # 1 / 2 , o r 2 /3 o f t h e i n t e r v a l .
(An o u t l i n e o f t h e e x p e r im e n t i s shown i n F i g . 1 . )
R ec o v e ry
F o llo w in g t h e a c q u i s i t i o n s e r i e s a l l S s r e c e i v e d a
s e r i e s o f e i g h t r e c o v e r y t r i a l s on w h ich t h e UCS w as p r e
s e n te d a l o n e .
A t t h e c o n c lu s io n o f t h e r e c o v e r y s e r i e s t h e
e l e c t r o d e s w ere rem o v ed fro m S 's h a n d s a n d arm , a n d h e was
g iv e n a b r i e f e x p l a n a t i o n o f th e n a t u r e o f t h e r e s p o n s e s
m e a su re d a n d t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e e x p e r im e n t. He w as th e n
th a n k e d f o r h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n , a s k e d n o t t o d i s c u s s t h e
e x p e r im e n t w ith a n y o n e , a n d d i s m i s s e d .
P ig . 1 — E x p erim en ta l p ro ced u re
P a i r e d G ro u p s
S e n s i t i z a t i o n
1 UCS a lo n e
2 it it
3 it ii
A d a p ta tio n
1 CS a lo n e
2 " "
3 it H
ij, i i ti
£j II II
6 " "
A c q u i s i t i o n
1 CS-UCS
2 "
3 "
4- "
5 CS a lo n e t e s t
6 CS-UCS
7 "
8 '•
9 CS a lo n e t e s t
F o llo w in g IT I
U n p a ire d G roups f o r A l l G roups
( i n s e c . )
S e n s i t i z a t i o n
1 UCS a lo n e ^0 s e c .
2 " " 50
3 ii ii 30
A d a p ta tio n
1 CS a lo n e
2 •• •'
3 ii it
4 ii ••
3 n ti
6 " »
A c q u i s i t i o n ( f i r s t s tim u lu s )
1 UCS * * 0
2 CS 30
3 u cs 30
4 UCS 50
5 CS (n o UCS g iv e n ) 50
6 UCS 40
7 CS 50
8 CS 30
9 CS (n o UCS g iv e n ) * K >
4-0
30
50
4-0
50
30
F ig . 1 — C on tin u ed
F o llo w in g IT I
P a i r e d G roups U n p a ire d G ro u p s f o r A l l G roups
( i n s e c . )
A c q u i s i t i o n A c q u i s i t i o n ( f i r s t s tim u lu s )
10 CS-UCS 10 UCS 50
11 « • i i c s 50
12 " 12 CS 30
13 » 13 ucs
1 4 " i b c s 1 * 0
15 c s a lo n e t e s t 15 CS (n o UCS g iv e n ) 30
16 CS-UCS 16 UCS 30
17 n 17 CS 50
18 » 18 CS 40
19 CS a lo n e t e s t 19 CS (n o UCS g iv e n ) 30
20 CS-UCS 20 UCS 40
R ec o v e ry R ec o v e ry
1
2
3
b
5
6
7
8
UCS a lo n e 1
2
3
b
5
6
7
8
UCS a lo n e 30
40
50
40
50
30
30
t v >
CHAPTER I I I
RESULTS
F o r p u r p o s e s o f d a t a a n a l y s i s , r e s p o n s e s t o t h e CS
an d UCS w e re r e c o r d e d a s t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e c o n d u c ta n c e
c h an g e ( ^ A c ) .
/ Z c = [ 1 0 6 (1 /R * - 1 /R b ) ] 1 /2
w h ere Rb I s th e s k i n r e s i s t a n c e a t r e s p o n s e o n s e t , a n d Ra
I s t h e f o ll o w i n g minimum r e s i s t a n c e a t th e p e a k o f t h e
r e s p o n s e . T h is u n i t w as u s e d b e c a u s e i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
a b e t t e r a p p r o x im a tio n o f th e r e q u i s i t e n o rm a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
th a n i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f A fi.
T he m a tc h in g p r o c e d u r e u s e d t o a s s i g n s u b j e c t s t o
g r o u p s , a s was m e n tio n e d , r e s u l t e d i n a ra n d o m iz e d b lo c k s
e x p e r im e n ta l d e s i g n w ith GSR r e s p o n s i v i t y b e in g t h e v a r i
a b l e c h a n g in g a c r o s s b l o c k s . I t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h i s
p r o c e d u r e w ould i n c r e a s e t h e p o w er o f t h e d e s ig n by p a r -
t i a l i n g o u t t h a t p a r t o f t h e e r r o r v a r i a n c e a t t r i b u t a b l e
t o i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n GSR r e s p o n s i v i t y . I d e a l l y ,
t h e e r r o r v a r i a n c e p ro d u c e d by m a tc h in g S s i n t h i s way an d
t r e a t i n g t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f G roups a s a w i t h i n -
s u b j e c t s v a r i a b l e i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e e r r o r v a r i a n c e o b
t a i n e d b y t r e a t i n g G ro u p s a s a b e tw e e n - s u b je c ts v a r i a b l e .
43
i*4
H ow ever, i n t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t t h i s r e s u l t w as
n o t o b t a i n e d . A n a ly s e s o f v a r i a n c e f o r t h e d a t a o f t h e
a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e e r r o r te rm s o b ta in e d
t r e a t i n g G ro u p s a s a w i t h i n - S s e f f e c t w e re n o t a p p r e c i a b l y
d i f f e r e n t fro m t h o s e o b t a i n e d t r e a t i n g G ro u p s a s a b e tw e e n -
S s e f f e c t . ( F o r t h e UCR d a t a , t h e e r r o r te rm v a lu e s w e re
.1 6 8 0 , b e tw e e n - S s , an d .1 8 8 0 , w i t h i n - S s . ) C o n s e q u e n tly , a
d e c i s i o n was made t o t r e a t G ro u p s a s a b e tw e e n -S s e f f e c t
i n a l l d a t a a n a l y s e s , a n d t o u s e a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e
w h e re a p p r o p r i a t e t o I n c r e a s e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t e s t s
o f g ro u p d i f f e r e n c e s .
I n i t i a l S hock T r i a l s
The UCR on t h e l a s t tw o o f t h e t h r e e i n i t i a l UCS-
a lo n e t r i a l s was c o n v e r te d t o J A c a n d a n a n a l y s i s o f
v a r i a n c e was p e rfo rm e d on t h e d a t a . T he g ro u p s e f f e c t d i d
n o t a p p ro a c h s i g n i f i c a n c e = 0 . ^ 1 ) . T he f i v e g ro u p s
a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n o r i g i n a l l y e q u i v a l e n t w ith r e s p e c t t o
t h e i r r e s p o n s e t o t h e UCS. T he m ean v a l u e s o f J a c f o r
t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 .
A d a p ta tio n
The r e s p o n s e t o t h e CS t h a t w as m e a su re d on e a c h o f
t h e s i x a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s w as t h e l a r g e s t r e s p o n s e w ith a
l a t e n c y b e tw e e n 1 .0 a n d 6 .5 s e c . a f t e r CS o n s e t .
TABLE 1
M EAN GSR DURING LAST TW O IN IT IA L
SHOCK TRIALS, IN ,/ AC UNITS
G roup 1 1 .^ 9 8
G roup 2 1 .7 46
G roup 3 1 .569
G roup 4 1 .5 4 8
G roup 5 1.560
46
T he m ean v a l u e s o f t h e GSR o v e r a l l t r i a l s f o r t h e
v a r i o u s g ro u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d I n T a b le 2 . An a n a l y s i s o f
v a r i a n c e p e rfo rm e d on t h e d a t a r e v e a l e d a n o n s i g n i f i c a n t
g ro u p s e f f e c t ( Pz*,# 1 4 .5 * O .9 5 ) , an d a s i g n i f i c a n t t r i a l s e f
f e c t (F 5 ,2 2 5 ” 6 .4 0 , p < .0 0 1 ) a n d G ro u p s by T r i a l s I n t e r
a c t i o n ( ^ 2 0 ,2 2 5 * 1 * 6 4 , p < . 0 5 ) . I n s p e c t i o n o f P i g . 2
d i s c l o s e s t h a t w h ile t h e r e s p o n s e s o f g ro u p s 3 . 4 , a n d 5
te n d e d t o d e c r e a s e f a i r l y s t e a d i l y o v e r t r i a l s , t h e r e
s p o n s e s o f g ro u p s 1 a n d 2 show ed a d e c r e a s e f o llo w e d by a n
I n c r e a s e .
T he e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s s i g n i f i c a n t I n t e r a c t i o n may
l i e I n t h e f a o t t h a t a l l S s r e c e i v e d s i x p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f
t h e 5*0 s e c . b lu e l i g h t p r i o r t o t h e a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l
s e r i e s on w h ich th e y r e c e i v e d s i x p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e i r
CS. The CS w as a r e d l i g h t f o r a l l S s , so t h a t a l l £a
e x p e r ie n c e d t h e sam e d e g r e e o f s t i m u l u s c h a n g e w ith r e s p e c t
t o c o l o r I n g o in g fro m t h e r e s p o n s l v i t y - d e t e r m l n a t l o n
t r i a l s t o t h e a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s . H ow ever, t h e g s i n t h e
v a r i o u s g ro u p s d i d n o t e x p e r ie n c e t h e sam e d e g r e e o f
s tim u lu s c h a n g e w ith r e s p e c t t o d u r a t i o n . F o r £ s I n
g ro u p 5# who r e c e i v e d a 5*5 s e c . CS, t h e c h a n g e I n d u r a
t i o n was 0 .5 s e c . ; f o r S s I n g ro u p 4 , w ith a 3*0 s e c . CS,
t h e c h a n g e w as 2 .0 s e c . ; f o r g ro u p 3# w ith a 3*5 s e c . CS,
t h e c h a n g e w as 1 .5 s e c . ; f o r g ro u p 2 , w ith a 2 .0 s e c . CS,
t h e c h a n g e w as 3*0 s e c . ; an d f o r g ro u p 1 , w ith a 1 .0 s e c .
TABLE 2
M EAN GSR DURING ADAPTATION,
IN V A O UNITS
G roup 1 0 .8 5 6
G roup 2 0 .9 5 5
G roup 3 0 .6 8 9
G roup 4 0.667
G roup 5 0 .6 6 9
V a
48
1.
1 .
0.
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
5
Trials
Fig. 2. Mean GSR to CS during
adaptation, trial by trial
^9
CS, t h e c h a n g e I n d u r a t i o n was 4-.0 s e c . T he g r e a t e r c h a n g e
I n s tim u lu s d u r a t i o n e x p e r ie n c e d by g ro u p s 1 a n d 2 r e l a t i v e
t o t h e o t h e r g r o u p s may h a v e l e d t o r e l a t i v e l y s lo w e r
h a b i t u a t i o n o f t h e o r i e n t i n g r e s p o n s e i n t h e s e g r o u p s .
A o Q u ls ltlo n
C o n d itio n e d R e s p o n s e s
S in c e UCR d im in u ti o n i s a phenom enon a s s o c i a t e d w ith
c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g , a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e
CS d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n w as m ade i n o r d e r t o d e te r m in e
w h e th e r c o n d i t i o n i n g h a d i n f a c t ta k e n p l a c e i n t h e e x
p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s .
P r e v io u s e x p e r im e n te r s h a v e o b s e r v e d t h a t w hen t h e
I n t e r s t i m u l u s I n t e r v a l i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e
GSR i s lo n g e r th a n t h e minimum r e s p o n s e l a t e n c y , m u l t i p l e
r e s p o n s e s o c c u r . G r ln g s , L o c k h a r t, a n d D am eron (1 9 6 2 )
c l a s s i f i e d r e s p o n s e s f o llo w in g CS o n s e t , b u t p r i o r t o t h e
p o i n t i n tim e a t w h ic h t h e UCR w ould o r d i n a r i l y h a v e
o c c u r r e d , a s f i r s t i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s ( F I R ) . R e sp o n se s
o c c u r r i n g o n t e s t t r i a l s a f t e r t h e p o i n t i n tim e a t w h ich
t h e UCR w ould o r d i n a r i l y h a v e o c c u r r e d w ere te rm e d s e c o n d
I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s ( S I R ) . T h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f r e s p o n s e s
w as l a t e r u s e d by L o o k h a r t and G rln g s ( 1 9 6 ^ ) , a n d Z e ln e r
( 1 9 6 8 ) . I n a l l o f t h e a b o v e s t u d i e s c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n
in g o f b o th f i r s t a n d s e c o n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e s was
50
d e m o n s t r a t e d .
I n t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t t h e I S I w as lo n g enough
t o a llo w t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b o th F IR s an d S IR s i n g ro u p s
2 , 3 , a n d 4 . A c c o r d in g ly , t h e F IR w as m e a su re d I n g ro u p 2
a s t h e l a r g e s t r e s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g on t h e n o n r e i n f o r c e d
t e s t t r i a l s ( t r i a l s f i v e , n i n e , f i f t e e n , a n d n i n e t e e n ) w ith
a l a t e n c y o f 1 ,0 t o 2 .5 s e c . a f t e r CS o n s e t . T he l a t e n c y
I n t e r v a l f o r t h e FIR I n g ro u p 3 w as 1 .0 t o 4 .0 s e c . a f t e r
CS o n s e t , a n d I n g ro u p 4 I t w as 1 .0 t o 6 .0 s e c . a f t e r CS
o n s e t . I n g ro u p 5 ( t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p ) t h e l a t e n c y I n t e r v a l
f o r t h e FIR w as 1 .0 t o 3 .5 s e c . a f t e r CS o n s e t . T h u s, I n
e a c h o f t h e s e g ro u p s t h e l a t e n c y I n t e r v a l o f t h e FIR was
fro m 1 .0 s e c . a f t e r CS o n s e t t o 0 .5 s e c . a f t e r CS o f f s e t .
I n t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s UCS o n s e t p r e c e d e d CS o f f s e t by
0 .5 s e c . on r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l s . F o r a l l t h e s e g r o u p s , t h e
SIR w as m e a su re d a s t h e l a r g e s t r e s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g o n t e s t
t r i a l s w ith a l a t e n c y b e tw e e n 0 .5 a n d 4 .5 s e c . a f t e r CS
o f f s e t .
I n g ro u p 1 , w h ich h a d a n I S I o f 0 . 5 s e c . , o n ly o n e
r e s p o n s e c o u ld b e m e a s u re d . T he CR I n t h i s g ro u p w as
m e a su re d a s t h e l a r g e s t r e s p o n s e w ith a l a t e n c y b e tw e e n
1 .0 a n d 5 .0 s e c . a f t e r CS o n s e t . T h i s r e s p o n s e I s d i f f i
c u l t t o c a t e g o r i z e a s e i t h e r a n FIR o r a n S IR , s i n c e I t
b o th Im m e d ia te ly f o ll o w s CS o n s e t a n d a l s o f o ll o w s t h e
p o i n t I n tim e a t w hloh t h e UCR w o u ld o r d i n a r i l y h a v e
51
o c c u r r e d . H o w ev er, p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m in a tio n o f t h e d a t a
r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e m ean FIR I n g ro u p s 3 . a n d 5 w as l a r g e r
th a n t h e m ean S IR . (S e e T a b le 3 f o r summary d a t a o f t h e
d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s m e a su re d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n . ) T h is
f i n d i n g seem s t o I n d i c a t e t h a t CS o n s e t i s a m ore p o t e n t
e v e n t I n e l i c i t i n g a GSR t h a n I s t h e e l a p s i n g o f t h e I S I
a n d / o r t h e a b s e n c e o f a n e x p e c te d UCS, a t l e a s t w i t h i n t h e
c o n f i n e s o f t h e p r e s e n t e x p e r im e n t. I t t h e r e f o r e seem s
r e a s o n a b l e t o assu m e t h a t I n g ro u p 1 t h e d o m in a n t e v e n t
e l i c i t i n g t h e CR was t h e o n s e t o f t h e CS, an d h e n c e t h e
CR d a t a o f g ro u p 1 w e re a n a ly z e d w ith t h e FIR d a t a o f t h e
o t h e r g r o u p s .3 .
F IR s
An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e p e rfo rm e d on th e FIR d a t a
f o r a l l g ro u p s y i e l d e d a s i g n i f i c a n t g ro u p s e f f e c t
(Fi*t45 * ^ . 6 ? , p < .0 0 5 ) . T he m a g n itu d e o f t h e FIR was
A t t e n t i o n I s o a l l e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e FIR
l a t e n c y I n t e r v a l s u s e d v a r i e d I n l e n g t h fro m g ro u p t o
g r o u p , b e in g 4 s e c . lo n g f o r g ro u p 1 , 1 .5 s e c . f o r g ro u p
2 , 3 .0 s e o . f o r g ro u p 3 » 5»0 s e c . f o r g ro u p 4 , a n d 2 .5
s e c . f o r g ro u p 5» T h e r e f o r e , c o m p a ris o n s among t h e F IR s
o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s s h o u ld b e m ade w ith r e s e r v a
t i o n s . F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e c e n t r a l I n t e r e s t I n t h e s e d a t a
l i e s I n t h e c o m p a ris o n o f e a c h c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p w ith
g ro u p 5 * t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p , a n d o n ly f o r g ro u p i s t h e
l a t e n c y I n t e r v a l o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p much l o n g e r
t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . D e te r m in a tio n o f w h e th e r
o r n o t c o n d i t i o n i n g o c c u r r e d i n g ro u p k c a n b e b a s e d o n
t h e SIR d a t a , f o r w h ic h t h e l a t e n c y i n t e r v a l w as t h e sam e
i n a l l g r o u p s .
52
TABLE 3
M EAN VALUES DURING ACQUISITION OF LOG BASE
CONDUCTANCE, AND F IR . S IR , AND UCR
IN V a c UNITS
Log C
a t CS
O n s e ta
F i r s t
I n t e r v a l
CR
S eco n d
I n t e r v a l
CRb
UCRc
G roup 1 1 .3 5 1 6 1 .6 7 7 2.102
G roup 2
1 .3 4 8 5 1 .2 8 8
0 .6 9 3 1 .4 5 1
G roup 3 1 .3 1 6 2 1 .1 1 7 0 .6 6 3 1 .5 9 7
G roup 4 1 .3 0 4 4 0 .858 0 .5 4 4 1.838
G roup 5 1 .3 4 3 0 0 .5 7 6
0 .2 7 7 1 .8 0 7
MS E r r o r 0 .0 2 0 0 .3 5 4 0.150 0.168
a Mean o v e r a l l a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s .
^ e a n o v e r a c q u i s i t i o n t e s t t r i a l s ( 5 * 9 * 1 5 *
a n d 1 9 ) .
cMean o v e r r e i n f o r c e d a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s ( 2 ,
3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 8 , a n d 20 ) .
a d e c r e a s i n g f u n o t i o n o f t h e I S I . The t r i a l s e f f e c t was
a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t ( * 3,135 = 5 * 9 2 , p < . 001 ) , r e f l e c t i n g a
d e c l i n e i n a v e r a g e d r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e o v e r t r i a l s . The
I n t e r a c t i o n w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( * 3,135 = ■^■•32). Mean
v a l u e s o f t h e FIR f o r t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s a r e p l o t t e d o n a
t r i a l - b y - t r i a l b a s i s i n F i g . 3 .
A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s w as p e rfo rm e d t o
e v a l u a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s . The
r e s u l t s a r e su m m arized I n T a b le The F IR s o f g ro u p 1
( 0 .5 s e c . I S I ) a n d g ro u p 2 ( 1 .5 s e c . I S I ) w ere s i g n i f i
c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f g ro u p 5 ( c o n t r o l ) . The d i f
f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p 3 ( 3.0 s e c . I S I ) a n d g ro u p 5 a p
p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p b
( 5 .0 s e c . I S I ) an d g ro u p 5 d i d n o t a p p ro a c h s i g n i f i c a n c e .
A c o r r e l a t i o n a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t
t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e F IR w i t h i n a g iv e n g ro u p d i s p l a y e d a
h ig h p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e r e
s p o n s e t o t h e CS g iv e n d u r i n g t h e a d a p t a t i o n t r i a l s e r i e s .
The a v e r a g e w i t h ln - g r o u p c o r r e l a t i o n w as .7 2 . I n l i g h t o f
t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n , i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f
t e s t s o f g ro u p d i f f e r e n c e s , a n a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e w as
p e rfo rm e d on t h e FIR d a t a u s in g t h e m ean r e s p o n s e d u r in g
a d a p t a t i o n o f e a c h £ a s t h e c o v a r i a t e . T he r e s u l t s o f t h e
a n a l y s i s a r e su m m arized i n T a b le 5* As i n t h e o r i g i n a l
a n a l y s i s , t h e g ro u p s e f f e c t w as fo u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t
( F / ^ , ^ = 5»91» P < .0 0 1 ) .
V a c
5^
Group 1 •--•
Group 2 0--0
Group 3 A— A
Group 4 A— A
Group 5 X---X
2.0
0.01 ____
1 2 3 4
Test Trials
Fig. 3. Mean FIR on test trials
during acquisition
55
TABLE 1 *
VALUES OF qr STATISTIC FOR DUNCAN'S RANGE TESTS
FOR DIFFERENCES AM ONG GROUPS IN MEAN
FIR DURING ACQUISITION
G 1 g 2
g 3
g 5
2 .0 7 2 .9 8 s 4 .3 6C
5 . 86°
G2
2 .2 9 3 .7 8 b
° 3
2 . 88s
1 .5 0
G5
M eans o f
FIR 1 .6 7 7 1 .2 8 8
1 .1 1 7
0.858 0 .5 7 6
M S e r r o r = 0 .3 5 ^ 0 , d f * ^5
a p < . 1 0 .
b
p < .0 5 .
c
p < .01.
56
TABLE 5
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR FIR
DURING ACQUISITION
S o u rc e DF
Sum o f
S q u a r e s ,
U n a d ju s te d
Sum o f
S q u a re s
Due to
C o v a r ia t e
Sum o f
S q u a r e s ,
R e s id u a ls
DF
Mean
S q u a re
T r e a tm e n t
( B etw een) 4 6 .6 1 4 3
E r r o r
(W ith in ) 45 17.1227
9 .2 6 5 5
7 .8 5 7 2 0.1786
T r e a tm e n t
a n d E r r o r
( T o t a l ) 49 2 3 .7 3 7 0 1 1 .6 5 8 5 1 2 .0 7 8 5
48
D i f f e r e n c e f o r t e s t i n g a d j u s t e d
t r e a t m e n t m eans ....................................
4 .2 2 1 3
4
1 .0 5 5 3
F b'lft = 5 . 91
57
A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s was p e rfo rm e d t o
e v a l u a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s am ong t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s w ith
r e s p e c t t o t h e a d j u s t e d F IB v a l u e s , u s in g a n e r r o r te rm
c o r r e c t e d f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e p r o c e d u r e . The
r e s u l t s a r e su m m arized i n T a b le 6 . The a d j u s t e d FIH s o f
g ro u p s 1 , 2 , a n d 3 w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n th o s e o f
g ro u p 5 ; th o s e o f g ro u p 4 w e re n o t .
S IR s
An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e w as p e rfo rm e d o n t h e SIB
d a t a f o r g ro u p s 2 , 3* a n d 5 . The g ro u p s e f f e c t an d t h e
t r i a l s e f f e c t a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e (F 2,36 = 2.3 9 * P <
.1 0 a n d Fj 1 0 g = 2 .1 5 . P < »10. r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . The i n t e r
a c t i o n w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . Mean v a l u e s o f t h e SIR f o r
t h e s e g ro u p s a r e p l o t t e d on a t r i a l - b y - t r i a l b a s i s i n
F i g .
A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n g ro u p s 2 a n d 5 a n d b e tw e e n g ro u p s 3
a n d 5 w ere s i g n i f i c a n t (q ^ = 3 *3 8 , p < . 0 5 . an d
q ^ = 3 .1 ^ . P < .0 5 . r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . No o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e
among t h e g ro u p s a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e .
I n sum m ary, t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e
d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t g ro u p 1 ( 0 . 5 s e c . I S I ) , g ro u p 2 ( 1 .5
s e c . I S I ) , an d g ro u p 3 ( 3«0 s e c . I S I ) show ed s i g n i f i c a n t
c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e GSR f i r s t i n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e ,
a n d g ro u p s 2 a n d 3 a l s o d e m o n s tr a te d s i g n i f i c a n t c o n d i-
58
TABLE 6
VALUES OF q r STATISTIC FOR DUNCAN»S RANGE TESTS
FOR DIFFERENCES AM ONG GROUPS IN M EAN
ADJUSTED FIR DURING ACQUISITION
Gl
G3
G2 Gif
g 5
Gl
2 .6 7 a
3 .1 9 b i f . 3 6 ° 6 , i f l °
G3 1 .7 0 3 .7 6 b
G2
3 .2 3 b
2 . 0if
G5
A d ju s te d
FIR m eans 1.560 1 .1 8 9 1 .1 1 5 0 .9 5 0 0.666
M S e r r o r = 0 . 1 ? 8 6 , d f = ifif
a p < . 1 0 .
b
p < . 0 5 .
c
p < .01.
V Ac
59
Group 2 O— O
Group 3 A — A
Group 4 ^
Group 5 *--*
o . o ____________________________________________________
1 2 3 4
Test Trials
Fig. 4. Mean SIR on test trials
during acquisition
60
t l o n l n g o f t h e s e c o n d I n t e r v a l r e s p o n s e . C l a s s i c a l c o n d i
t i o n i n g o f n e i t h e r t h e FIR n o r t h e SIR was fo u n d I n g ro u p
^ ( I S I * 5 .0 s e c . ) .
U n c o n d itio n e d R e sp o n se s
T he UCR w as m e a su re d on t h e l a s t f i f t e e n o f t h e
s i x t e e n r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n a s t h e l a r g e s t
r e s p o n s e o c c u r r i n g w ith a l a t e n c y b e tw e e n 1 .0 a n d 5*0 s e c .
a f t e r UCS o n s e t . The UCR d a t a fro m t h e f i r s t a c q u i s i t i o n
t r i a l w e re n o t u s e d b e c a u s e f o r many S s t h e r e s p o n s e t o
t h a t UCS w as a t o n i c I n c r e a s e I n b a s e l e v e l c o n d u c ta n c e
w h ich o f f s e t t h e d e c r e a s e t h a t h a d d e v e lo p e d d u r in g th e
n o n r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l s I n v o lv e d I n r e s p o n s i v i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n
an d t h e a d a p t a t i o n s e r i e s .
The d a t a f o r a l l g ro u p s w e re s u b j e c t e d t o a n
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e w h ich y i e l d e d a s i g n i f i c a n t g ro u p s
e f f e c t (Fq,f/|,5 = 3 .6 3 , p < . 0 5 ) . The t r i a l s e f f e c t was
a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t ( F ^ * 3 .8 ^ , p < . 0 1 ) , b u t t h e G roups
by T r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n w as n o t ( * 56,630 * = 1 * 2 0 , p < . 1 0 ) .
Mean v a l u e s o f t h e UCR a v e r a g e d o v e r b lo c k s o f 3 t r i a l s
f o r t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 5 *
A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s d i s c l o s e d t h a t
w hen t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s w e re co m p ared w ith t h e c o n t r o l
g r o u p , o n ly t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p 2 ( I S I = 1 .5
s e c . ) a n d t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e . The
r e s u l t s o f t h e e n t i r e s e r i e s o f t e s t s a r e su m m arized I n
6 l
Group 1 •— •
Group 2 O--o
Group 3 A— A
Group 4
Group 5 X— X
2.0
I s
1.5
1 .0 _
X--------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5
Blocks of Three Trials
Fig. 5. Mean UCR during acquisition,
over blocks of three reinforced trials
62
T a b le 7 . As c a n b e s e e n , t h e UCRs o f g ro u p 1 ( I S I = 0 .5
s e c .) w ere l a r g e r th a n t h o s e o f t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p an d w ere
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f g ro u p 2 a n d g ro u p 3
( I S I = 3*0 s e c . ) . The UCRs o f g ro u p s 2 a n d 3 a r e s m a l le r
th a n t h o s e o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p , an d t h e UCRs o f g ro u p b
( 5 .0 s e c . I S I ) d i f f e r v e r y l i t t l e fro m t h o s e o f t h e
c o n t r o l s .
The c o r r e l a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a i n d i c a t e d a
p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCR
d u r in g t h e i n i t i a l sh o ck t r i a l s a n d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n .
The a v e r a g e w i t h i n g ro u p c o r r e l a t i o n w as . ^ 6 . T h e r e f o r e ,
i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t e s t s o f g ro u p
d i f f e r e n c e s , a n a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e w as p e rfo rm e d on
t h e a c q u i s i t i o n UCR d a t a u s in g t h e m ean UCR m a g n itu d e on
t h e l a s t tw o i n i t i a l sh o c k t r i a l s f o r e a c h S a s t h e
c o v a r l a t e . T he r e s u l t s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s a r e su m m arized i n
T a b le 8 . As i n t h e o r i g i n a l a n a l y s i s , t h e g ro u p s e f f e c t
was s i g n i f i c a n t (F ^ ^ = 6 . 1 0 , p < . 0 0 1 ) .
A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s w as p e rfo rm e d on
t h e a d j u s t e d UCR d a t a u s in g a n e r r o r te rm c o r r e c t e d f o r
t h e a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e p r o c e d u r e . T he r e s u l t s a r e
su m m arized i n T a b le 9* The a d j u s t e d UCRs o f g ro u p 2 w ere
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e o f g ro u p 5 ( c o n t r o l
g r o u p ) . As i n t h e o r i g i n a l a n a l y s i s , g ro u p 1 r e s p o n d e d a t
a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r r a t e th a n g ro u p 2 a n d g ro u p 3 ; t h e
63
TABLE 7
VALUES OP q r STATISTIC FOR DUNCAN'S RANGE TESTS
FOR DIFFERENCES AM ONG GROUPS IN M EAN
UCR DURING ACQUISITION
G 1 G^
g 5 g 3
g2
°1
2 .2 7 3 . 88b 5.oo c
Gk
1 .8 6 2 . 96s
g 5
2 .8 9 s
g3
1 .1 2
G2
M eans
o f UCR
2 .1 0 1 9 1 .8 3 8 5 1 .8 0 7 3 1 .5 9 7 1 1 .^ 5 1 3
M S e r r o r * 0 . 1680 . d f = ^5
Sp < .10.
b
p < .0 5 .
c
p < . 0 1 .
64
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE FOR UCR
DURING ACQUISITION
S o u rc e DF
Sum o f
S q u a r e s ,
U n a d ju s te d
Sum o f
S q u a re s
Due t o
C o v a r ia t e
Sim o f
S q u a re s
R e s id u a ls
DF
Mean
S q u a re
T re a tm e n t
(B etw een ) 4 2 .4 7 1 1
E r r o r
(W ith in )
45
7 .6 5 1 2 1 .9 3 7 0 5 .7 1 4 2 44
0 .1 2 9 9
T re a tm e n t
a n d E r r o r
( T o ta l ) 49 1 0 .1 2 2 3
1 .2 4 0 4 8.8820 48
D i f f e r e n c e f o r t e s t i n g a d j u s t e d
tr e a tm e n t m eans ............................... 3*1678 4 0 ,7 9 1 9
FU,kk = 6* 1 0
65
TABLE 9
VALUES OF qr STATISTIC FOR DUNCAN * S RANGE TESTS
FOR DIFFERENCES AM ONG GROUPS IN M EAN
ADJUSTED UCR DURING ACQUISITION
G 1 G4
G5 G3
G2
G 1
2 .4 9 a 2 . 80a 4 .6 6 ° 6 . 61°
g4
2 .1 8 4 .1 3 °
g 5
3 . 82b
G3
1 .9 5
G 2
A d ju s te d
m eans 2 .1 4 0 2 1 .8 5 4 5
1 .8 1 7 9 1 .6 0 3 9 1 .3 7 9 5
MS e r r o r = 0 .1 2 9 9 , d f = 44
a p < . 1 0 .
b
p < . 0 5 .
° p < . 0 1 .
66
d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p 1 an d g ro u p 5 a p p ro a c h e d s i g
n i f i c a n c e .
I n sum m ary, o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s o n ly g ro u p 2
( I S I = 1 . 5 s e c . ) d e m o n s tr a te d s i g n i f i c a n t UCR d im in u ti o n
a s m e a su re d d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n . T he UCRs o f g ro u p 3
( I S I = 3 .0 s e c . ) w ere s m a l l e r th a n t h o s e o f t h e c o n t r o l
g r o u p , b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o ; a n d t h e UCRs o f g ro u p 4
( I S I = 5 .0 s e c . ) d i d n o t d i f f e r n o t i c e a b l y fro m t h o s e o f
t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . G roup 1 ( I S I = 0 .5 s e c . ) d e m o n s tr a te d
a s o r t o f UCR e n h a n c e m e n t; t h e UCRs o f t h i s g ro u p w ere
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f g ro u p s 2 an d 3 » i t s
d i f f e r e n c e w ith t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e .
As t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a p r o g r e s s e d , i t becam e
e v id e n t t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s i n t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s w ere n o t
i n t h e sam e s t a t e w ith r e s p e c t t o GSR a c t i v i t y a t t h e tim e
o f UCS a n d UCR o n s e t . I n g ro u p s 2 , 3* a b d 4 , w h e re c o n d i
t i o n e d r e s p o n s e s d e v e lo p e d d u r in g t h e CS, s k i n c o n d u c ta n c e
was o f t e n s t i l l i n a s t a t e o f d e p a r t u r e fro m b a s e l e v e l a t
t h e tim e t h a t t h e UCR b e g a n . T h a t i s , i t w as p o s s i b l e f o r
a CR t o b e s t i l l i n p r o g r e s s w hen t h e UCR b e g a n . T he
d e g r e e o f t h i s s k i n c o n d u c ta n c e l e v e l d e f l e c t i o n seem ed t o
b e a f u n c t i o n o f b o th t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e CR a n d t h e tim e
a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e CR t o d e c a y . S in c e t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e
f i r s t i n t e r v a l CRs d e c r e a s e d w ith i n c r e a s i n g I S I a n d th e
tim e a v a i l a b l e f o r r e t u r n t o p r e - s t i m u l u s l e v e l s i n c r e a s e d ,
6?
i t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t o f g ro u p s 2 , 3. an d ^ t h e b a s e l i n e
d e f l e c t i o n s a t t h e tim e o f UCR o n s e t w ould b e g r e a t e s t i n
g ro u p 2 , o f i n t e r m e d i a t e m a g n itu d e i n g ro u p 3 » an d l e a s t
i n g ro u p S in c e a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n s e s d i d n o t o c c u r
p r i o r t o UCR o n s e t i n g ro u p s 1 an d 5 . t h e s k i n c o n d u c ta n c e
l e v e l a t UCR o n s e t i n t h e s e g ro u p s d id n o t d e v i a t e fro m
b a s e l e v e l v a l u e s . T h e se r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e CR an d t h e
UCR a r e d iag ram m ed i n F i g . 6 , i n s im p lifie d fo rm .
I n o r d e r t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r th e a p p a r e n t d i f f e r
e n c e s i n b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n a t UCR o n s e t among g ro u p s 2 ,
3 , an d 4- w ere s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a su re
w as r e a d on e a c h r e i n f o r c e d a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l f o r e a c h S
i n t h e s e g r o u p s . The b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re was
ta k e n a s :
B a s e lin e d e f l e c t i o n = r 106 ( i / R. - i/ r_)11 /2
m e a su re * - 1 ^ J
w h ere R ]_ i s t h e b a s e l e v e l r e s i s t a n c e a t CR o n s e t an d R£
i s t h e r e s i s t a n c e l e v e l a t UCR o n s e t . The b a s e l i n e d e
f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , l i k e t h e GSR m e a su re u s e d i n t h i s e x
p e r im e n t, i s a m e a s u re o f t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f a c o n d u c ta n c e
d i f f e r e n c e .
T he b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a su re d a t a f o r g ro u p s 2 ,
3 , a n d b w e re s u b j e c t e d t o a n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . The
g ro u p s e f f e c t was s i g n i f i c a n t (F g 27 = 3 * 7 3 . P < • 0 5 ) ; t h e
t r i a l s e f f e c t an d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n w ere n o t (F < 1 . 0 ) . The
e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n v a r i e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
68
base level UCR
J- - - - - 1
CS
UCS ________________________ [ I
Group 1 - Insufficient time for anticipatory
response
UCR
base level
baseline \
deflection
CR
CS
UCS . I I
Group 2 - Anticipatory CR occurs
UCR
base level CP
_
baselinev
deflection
CS
UCS ------------------------ J-I -------------- —-------
Group 4 - Anticipatory CR occurs and partially
recovers
Fig. 6. Configuration of FIRs and UCRs
69
o v e r t h e s e g ro u p s was t h u s c o n f ir m e d . Mean v a l u e s o f th e
b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a su re o f g ro u p s 2 , 3 . a n d 4 a r e p r e
s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 0 .
F o llo w in g th e a n a l y s i s o f t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n
d a t a t h e p o s s i b i l i t y w as c o n s id e r e d t h a t t h e re d u c e d UCR
v a l u e s o f g ro u p s 2 an d 3 m ig h t h a v e b e e n d u e t o t h e s m a l l e r
v a lu e o f Rb i n t h e fo r m u la f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e UCR m a g n i
t u d e m e a su re ( s e e p . ^ 3 ) • T h e r e f o r e , a new m e a s u re o f
t h e UCR w as made w h ich w as b a s e d on t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
t h e maximum c o n d u c ta n c e l e v e l r e a c h e d a t t h e p e a k o f th e
UCR an d t h e b a s e l e v e l c o n d u c ta n c e f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
t r i a l . T h e se UCR' m e a s u re s co m p u te t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e
t o t a l c o n d u c ta n c e c h an g e t a k i n g p la c e d u r in g th e s t i m u l u s
co m p lex c o n t a i n i n g t h e UCS. F o r g ro u p s 1 a n d 5 t h e v a l u e s
o f UCR1 a r e t h e same a s t h e v a l u e s o f UCR a s p r e v i o u s l y
m e a s u re d . F o r g ro u p s 2 , 3* a n d b t h e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e
v a l u e s o f UCR1, t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , a n d th e
UCR a s p r e v i o u s l y m e a su re d i s a s f o ll o w s :
UCR* = [UCR^ + b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u r e ^ ] ^ ^
T he p ro b le m e n c o u n te r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y i n d e
c i d i n g e x a c t l y how t h e UCR s h o u ld be m e a su re d i s s i m i l a r
t o t h e p ro b le m in v o lv e d i n m e a s u rin g m u l t i p l e CRs t r e a t e d
by G rin g s an d L o c k h a r t ( 1965 ) . As th e y p o i n t e d o u t , when
m ore th a n one CR o c c u r s on a g iv e n t r i a l ( a n FIR a n d an
S IR , f o r ex am p le) th e s e c o n d may b e g in b e f o r e th e f i r s t
TABLE 10
MEANS OVER REINFORCED ACQUISITION TRIALS OF UCR,
BASELINE DEFLECTION MEASURE, AND
UCR* IN V a c UNITS
UCR
B a s e lin e
D e f l e c t i o n
M easure
UCR*
G roup 1 2 .1 0 2
- -
2 .1 0 2
G roup 2
1 .^ 5 1 1.311*
2 .0 8 6
G roup 3
1 .5 9 7
1 .0 3 2 2 .0 1 0
G roup A 1 .8 3 8 0 .6 1 3 2 .0 2 1
G roup 5 1 .8 0 7 - -
1 .8 0 7
M S E r r o r 0 .1 6 8
0 .3 3 5
0 .2 6 8
71
h a s f u l l y r e c o v e r e d . The a m p litu d e o f t h e s e c o n d CR c a n
th e n be m e a s u re d e i t h e r fro m c o n d u c ta n c e a t r e s p o n s e o n s e t
t o c o n d u c ta n c e a t r e s p o n s e p e a k ( t h e r e s p o n s e o n s e t m eth o d )
o r fro m c o n d u c ta n c e a t CS o n s e t t o c o n d u c ta n c e a t r e s p o n s e
p e a k ( t h e CS o n s e t m e th o d ) . G rln g s a n d L o c k h a r t ex am in ed
e x i s t i n g d a t a fro m p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s a n d d e te r m in e d t h a t
m e asu re m e n t by t h e r e s p o n s e o n s e t m ethod y i e l d e d a v a lu e
f o r t h e s e c o n d r e s p o n s e t h a t w as l e s s d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e
m a g n itu d e o f t h e f i r s t r e s p o n s e th a n d id m e a su re m e n t by
t h e CS o n s e t m e th o d .
I n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y t h e o r i g i n a l m eth o d u s e d f o r
c o m p u tin g UCR a m p litu d e w as a r e s p o n s e o n s e t m e th o d . T h is
m ethod o f m e a s u rin g t h e UCR was em p lo y ed , a s i t w as i n
p a s t e x p e r im e n ts by G rln g s an d h i s a s s o c i a t e s , i n o r d e r t o
r e d u c e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f UCR a m p litu d e on CR a m p litu d e .
The UCR* m e a su re I s e s s e n t i a l l y a m e a su re o f t h e UCR ta k e n
by a CS o n s e t m e th o d , an d i s u s e f u l i n i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e
n a t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e CR a n d t h e UCR.
T he v a lu e o f UCR’ w as c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h £ f o r
e a c h o f t h e l a s t f i f t e e n o f t h e s i x t e e n r e i n f o r c e d t r i a l s
d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n . T h e se d a t a w ere s u b j e c t e d t o a n
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , w h ic h r e v e a l e d o n ly a s i g n i f i c a n t
t r i a l s e f f e c t ( F ^ 530 * **•72, p < . 0 1 ) . N e i t h e r t h e
g ro u p s e f f e c t (F ^ ^ = 0 .5 2 ) n o r th e G ro u p s x T r i a l s
i n t e r a c t i o n ( F^ = 0 .9 8 ) a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e .
72
Mean v a l u e s o f UCR, t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , an d
UCR' a r e p r e s e n t e d I n T a b le 1 0 ,
From t h e f o r e g o in g a n a l y s e s I t I s c l e a r t h a t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s I n UCR m a g n itu d e b e tw e e n t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s
a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith d i f f e r e n c e s I n t h e s t a t e o f GSR
a c t i v i t y a t t h e tim e o f UCR o n s e t . As t h e I n t e r s t i m u l u s
I n t e r v a l I n c r e a s e s fro m 0 ,5 t o 1 ,5 s e c , t h e d e g r e e o f GSR
b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n a t UCR o n s e t I n c r e a s e s a n d t h e m a g n i
tu d e o f t h e UCR d e c r e a s e s . As t h e I S I I n c r e a s e s b ey o n d
1 , 5 s e c , t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re d e c r e a s e s a g a i n
a n d t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e UCR I n c r e a s e s . Two a l t e r n a t i v e
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h i s r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n o n g o in g a c t i v i t y
a t UCR o n s e t a n d UCR m a g n itu d e w i l l b e t r e a t e d I n t h e
D is c u s s i o n s e c t i o n .
R ec o v e ry
The UCR w as m e a su re d o n e a c h t r i a l o f t h e r e c o v e r y
s e r i e s a s t h e l a r g e s t c o n d u c ta n c e c h a n g e b e g in n in g b e tw e e n
I . 0 a n d 5 .0 s e c . a f t e r UCS o n s e t . The m eans o f t h e r e
c o v e r y UCRs f o r t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d I n T a b le
II.
UCR r e c o v e r y was d e f i n e d I n te r m s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e
I n m ean UCR m a g n itu d e b e tw e e n t h e f i r s t f o u r r e c o v e r y
t r i a l s a n d t h e l a s t f o u r r e i n f o r c e d a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s .
T h is d i f f e r e n c e , t h e UCR r e c o v e r y m e a s u re , w as co m p u ted
TABLE 11
M E A N GSR DURING RECOVERY,
IN V Z c UNITS
G roup 1 2 .1 3 1
G roup 2 1 .9 7 0
G roup 3 1 •8 7 0
G roup ^ 1.967
G roup 5 1 •8 0 ^
7^
f o r e a c h S a n d a s e r i e s o f t - t e s t s w as p e rfo rm e d t o d e t e r
m ine w h e th e r t h e r e c o v e r y m e a s u re s o f t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s
w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t fro m z e r o . T he r e s u l t s o f
t h e s e t e s t s a r e su m m arized i n T a b le 1 2 . The UCR r e c o v e r y
o f g ro u p s 2 , 3 , a n d 4 w as s i g n i f i c a n t ; t h e r e c o v e r y o f
g ro u p s 1 a n d 5 was n o t . T h u s , f o r g ro u p s 2 , 3 . a n d ^ t h e
r e s p o n s e t o t h e UCS p r e c e d e d by t h e CS a t t h e end o f
a c q u i s i t i o n w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r t h a n t h e r e s p o n s e
t o t h e same UCS d e l i v e r e d a lo n e d u r i n g t h e r e c o v e r y t r i a l
s e r i e s .
An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e p e rfo rm e d on t h e UCR r e
c o v e r y m e a su re d a t a r e v e a l e d a s i g n i f i c a n t g ro u p s e f f e c t
(Fjj. Z f5 = 7 .2 3 , p < . 0 1 ) . A s e r i e s o f D u n c a n 's r a n g e t e s t s
d i s c l o s e d t h a t t h e r e c o v e r y m e a s u re s o f g ro u p 2 a n d g ro u p
3 w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n t h o s e o f g ro u p 5 . The
d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p s ^ a n d 5 a p p ro a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e e n t i r e s e r i e s o f t e s t s a r e p r e s e n te d
i n T a b le 1 3 .
The r e c o v e r y t r i a l d a t a w e re s u b j e c t e d t o a n
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . The g ro u p s e f f e c t (Fj|, 45 = 0 .5 5 )
a n d t h e G ro u p s by T r i a l s i n t e r a c t i o n (F28,315 ~ w e re
fo u n d t o b e n o n s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t t h e t r i a l s e f f e c t w as
s i g n i f i c a n t ( F y ^ ^ = 3 . 1 0 , p < . 0 1 ) , r e f l e c t i n g a g e n e r a l
d e c re m e n t i n r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e o v e r t r i a l s . T h u s, t h e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r UCR r e c o v e r y m e a s u re s o f g ro u p s 2 a n d
75
TABLE 12
UCR RECOVERY MEASURES IN J~Zc UNITS AND t-S T A T IST IC
VALUES FOR M EAN UCR ON FIRST FOUR RECOVERY
TRIALS VS. LAST FOUR REINFORCED
ACQUISITION TRIALS
L a s t 4
A c q u i s i t i o n
T r i a l s
F i r s t 4
R ec o v e ry
T r i a l s
R e c o v e ry
M easu re
t( d f = 9 ) P
< * 1
2 .1 8 0 2 .2 1 9 0 .0 3 9
0 .4 6 NS
g 2
1 .4 2 7 2 .0 0 6
0 .5 7 9
4 .7 6 .0 1
g3 1 .4 6 1 1 .9 2 4 0 .4 6 3 4 .3 8 .0 1
G z*
1 .7 2 3
1 .9 9 0 0 .2 6 7
2 .8 1
.05
g 5
1 .8 1 6 1 .8 2 1
0 .005
0 .1 1 NS
76
TABLE 13
VALUES OF qr STATISTIC FOR DUNCAN'S RANGE TESTS
FOR DIFFERENCES AM ONG GROUPS IN M EA N
UCR RECOVERY MEASURE
G2 g 3 g 4 G1
g 5
G2
1 .2 3 3 .3 2 b 5 .7 ^ c
6 .1 0 °
g 3
2 .0 8 4 .5 0 ° 4 .8 6 °
g 4
g 5
M S E r r o r = .0 8 8 3 , d f = 45
2 .4 2 a 2 .7 8 a
.3 9
a p < .1 0 .
bp < .0 5 .
°p < .0 1 .
77
3 com pared, t o g ro u p s 1 and 5 do n o t r e f l e c t a g r e a t e r
r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e d u r in g r e c o v e r y f o r t h e f o r m e r g r o u p s .
R a th e r , th e y r e f l e c t t h e s m a l l e r r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e s I n
t h e s e g ro u p s d u r i n g t h e l a s t a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s .
F o llo w in g th e a n a l y s i s o f t h e UCR' d a t a o f th e
a c q u i s i t i o n s e r i e s , a UCR1 r e o o v e r y m e a su re w as d e f i n e d
i n te rm s o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e m ean UCR m a g n itu d e
o n t h e f i r s t f o u r r e c o v e r y t r i a l s and t h e m ean UCR' m a g n i
tu d e on t h e l a s t f o u r r e i n f o r c e d a c q u i s i t i o n t r i a l s . A
s e r i e s o f t - t e s t s w as p e rfo rm e d t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r t h e s e
r e c o v e r y m e a s u re s f o r t h e v a r i o u s g ro u p s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i
c a n t l y fro m z e r o . The r e s u l t s a r e sum m arized i n T a b le 1*K
A s c an b e s e e n , w hen t h e UCR' r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d e m e a su re
w as u s e d , n o n e o f t h e g ro u p s d e m o n s tr a te d s i g n i f i c a n t r e
c o v e r y i n g o in g fro m t h e c u e d UCSs o f a c q u i s i t i o n to t h e
u n c u e d UCSs o f r e c o v e r y . T h e s e r e s u l t s p a r a l l e l e d t h o s e
o b ta in e d d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n when t h e UCR' d a t a a r e u s e d
a s t h e m a g n itu d e m e a s u re o f t h e u n c o n d itio n e d r e s p o n s e .
78
TABLE 1 4
UCR* RECOVERY MEASURES IN UNITS AND t-STATISTIC
VALUES FOR M E A N UCR O N FIRST FOUR RECOVERY
TRIALS VS. LAST FOUR REINFORCED
ACQUISITION TRIALS
L a s t 4
A c q u i s i t i o n
T r i a l s
F i r s t 4
R eco v ery
T r i a l s
R e c o v e ry
M easu re
t( d f = 9 ) P
°1
2 .1 8 0
2 .2 1 9 0 .0 3 9
0 .4 6 0 NS
G2 .
2 .0 9 3
2.006
- 0 .0 8 7
- 1 .3 7 7
NS
g3 1 .8 8 9 1 .9 2 4
0 .0 3 5
0.287 NS
<*4
1 .9 0 9 1 .9 9 0 0.081 0 .6 4 2 NS
G5
1.816 1.821 0.0 0 5 0 .1 1 1 NS
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
As was a n t i c i p a t e d , t h e le n g t h o f t h e I n t e r s t im u lu s
i n t e r v a l p ro v ed t o h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e m a g n i
tu d e o f b o th th e c o n d it io n e d and t h e u n c o n d itio n e d GSR.
The d a t a f o r t h e f i r s t i n t e r v a l CR i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e g ro u p r e c e i v i n g a n I S I o f 0 .5 s e c . ( g r o u p 1 ) d e v e lo p e d
l a r g e r r e s p o n s e s t h a n t h e g r o u p s r e c e i v i n g I S I s o f 1 .5
(g ro u p 2 ) , 3*0 ( g r o u p 3 ) , o r 5 .0 s e c . ( g r o u p *0 , th e
d i f f e r e n c e b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e c a s e o f g ro u p s 2 an d
h. (S e e T a b le s 3 a n d 6 . ) A lth o u g h no o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e
among t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s was s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e f r e
q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d e f f e c t o f I S I on CR m a g n itu d e w as r e p l i
c a t e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t g ro u p 1 w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y
s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r g r o u p s , an d g ro u p b d e v e lo p e d t h e
s m a l l e s t CRs o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g r o u p s . T he s e c o n d
i n t e r v a l CR, m e a su re d i n c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s 2 , 3 . a n d k
an d i n t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p , w as n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d
by I S I l e n g t h .
An u n a n t i c i p a t e d r e s u l t w as t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e 5*0
s e c . I S I g ro u p t o show c o n d i t i o n i n g . N e i t h e r t h e F IR s n o r
t h e S IR s o f t h i s g ro u p d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y fro m t h o s e
o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . T h is f i n d i n g i s n o t t y p i c a l . The
79
80
5 .0 s e c . I S I i s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n GSR c o n d i t i o n i n g ; i n
d e e d , o f t h e UCR d im in u ti o n s t u d i e s p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d ,
M orrow , B a x te r , P e e k e a n d G r in g s , G rin g s an d S c h e l l , an d
E. Klmmel a l l fo u n d c o n d i t i o n i n g w ith a 5 .0 s e c . I S I .
I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e 5 .0 s e c .
g ro u p i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y t o show s i g n i f i c a n t c o n d i t i o n
in g may b e d u e t o a r e l a t i v e l y lo w e r d r i v e l e v e l a s com
p a re d w ith p a s t s t u d i e s fro m t h e sam e l a b o r a t o r y . I n t h e
P e e k e an d G r i . g s an d t h e G rin g s a n d S c h e l l s t u d i e s t h e
m eth o d s o f r e c o r d i n g th e GSR and o f s e t t i n g sh o c k l e v e l
f o r e a c h £ 5 w e re t h e sam e a s i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y ; th e
p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e sh o c k w e re i d e n t i c a l .
H ow ever, t h e a v e r a g e UCR m a g n itu d e o f t h e CS-UCS u n p a ir e d
c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s d u r in g a c q u i s i t i o n w as 2 .3 ( s q u a r e r o o t
o f c o n d u c ta n c e c h a n g e u n i t s ) i n t h e P e e k e a n d G rin g s s tu d y
and 2 .1 i n t h e G r in g s a n d S c h e ll s t u d y , w h ile i n t h e
p r e s e n t s tu d y i t was o n ly 1 . 8 . The UCS w as n o t a s e f
f e c t i v e i n e v o k in g a UCR i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y , w h ic h p r o
v id e s a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e s e S s may h a v e fo u n d t h e e x
p e r im e n t i n g e n e r a l a n d t h e sh o c k i n p a r t i c u l a r l e s s
s t r e s s f u l t h a n i n p a s t s t u d i e s . They a p p e a r t o h a v e
o b e y ed o n ly to o w e ll £ * s I n s t r u c t i o n s t o r e l a x . A lo w e r
d r i v e l e v e l w ould h a v e a c t e d t o r e d u c e CR m a g n itu d e i n
a l l c o n d i t i o n i n g g r o u p s , b u t o n ly i n t h e 5 .0 I S I g r o u p ,
w h ere t h e CR w as s m a l l e s t , w as t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
81
c o n d i t i o n i n g a n d c o n t r o l g ro u p n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t .
The l e n g t h o f t h e I S I w as fo u n d t o e x e r t a s i g
n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n UCR m a g n itu d e d u r in g c o n d i t i o n i n g an d
on t h e am ount o f UCR re o o v e r y t a k i n g p l a c e . (S e e T a b le s
9 an d 1 3 .) The am o u n t o f d im in u ti o n and r e c o v e r y o b s e r v e d
i n t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g g ro u p s c l e a r l y d i d n o t f o ll o w t h e
c o n v e n ti o n a l I S I f u n c t i o n f o r t h e CR. N ot o n ly w ere
d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y a b s e n t i n t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I g r o u p ,
b u t t h i s g ro u p d i s p l a y e d a n e n h a n c e m e n t o f t h e UCR w h ic h ,
a lth o u g h n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , i s q u i t e e v i d e n t
i n F i g . As t h e I S I w as I n c r e a s e d t o 1 . 5 s e c . , d im in u
t i o n a n d r e c o v e r y I n c r e a s e d t o t h e i r maximum o b s e r v e d
v a l u e s ; f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s o f t h e I S I w ere a s s o c i a t e d w ith
r e d u c e d d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y , t h e 5 .0 s e c . I S I g ro u p
b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r t o t h e 1 . 5 s e c . I S I g r o u p ,
an d t h e 3 .0 s e c . I S I g ro u p o c c u p y in g a n I n t e r m e d i a t e p o s i
t i o n . The a c q u i s i t i o n UCRs a n d t h e UCR r e c o v e r y m e a s u re s
o f t h e 5 .0 s e c . I S I g ro u p d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y
fro m t h o s e o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p .
The f i n d i n g t h a t d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y o f t h e u n
c o n d itio n e d GSR a r e b e t t e r a t I n t e r v a l s lo n g e r t h a n 0 .5
s e c . i s c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e
phenom ena a s b e in g d u e t o a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t a d o p te d by S
d u e t o h i s e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t t h e CS i s a r e l i a b l e p r e
d i c t o r o f t h e UCS. A p p a r e n t ly , a s i s s u g g e s te d by e v i
82
d e n c e fro m e x p e r im e n ts u s i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s t o m a n ip u la te
s e t , 0 .5 s e c . i s n o t lo n g en o u g h t o a llo w su o h a s e t t o
d e v e lo p . T h e se r e s u l t s c o n t r a d i c t t h e c o n d i t i o n e d i n h i b i
t i o n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f UCR d i m i n u t i o n , s i n c e t h i s th e o r y
p r e d i c t s t h a t d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y , r e s u l t i n g fro m a
s im p le a s s o c i a t i v e p r o c e s s , w i l l b e m ax im ized a t a n I S I
o f 0 .5 s e c .
The l o n g e r I S I o f 5*0 s e c . may b e i n f e r i o r t o a n
I S I o f 1 .5 s e c . b e c a u s e S c a n n o t p r e d i c t UCS o n s e t a s
a c c u r a t e l y w ith t h e l o n g e r I n t e r v a l s an d h e n c e h i s s e t i s
l e s s w e ll- d e v e lo p e d a t UCS o n s e t , a s u g g e s t i o n o r i g i n a l l y
m ade by L y k k en ( 1 9 6 2 ) . The l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e I S I b ey o n d
t h e minimum tim e n e c e s s a r y f o r th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a
p r e p a r a t o r y s e t may t h u s b e s e e n a s h a v in g t h e sam e e f f e c t
i n t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n a s i n th e c a s e w h ere a w a rn in g
s i g n a l i s u s e d i n a m o to r r e a c t i o n tim e t a s k . One o f t h e
m o re c o n s i s t e n t f i n d i n g s o f e x p e r im e n ta l p s y c h o lo g y i s
t h a t a w a rn in g o r a l e r t i n g s i g n a l p r i o r t o a r e a c t i o n
s tim u lu s r e d u c e s r e a c t i o n tim e (W oodw orth a n d S c h lo s b e r g ,
1 9 5 * 0 . a n e f f e c t u s u a l l y e x p la i n e d i n te r m s o f S * s r e a d i
n e s s o r s e t t o r e s p o n d (K lem m er, 1 9 5 6 ; D r a z in , 1961 ) .
When t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e w a rn in g s i g n a l i s c o n s t a n t f o r a
g iv e n s fro m t r i a l t o t r i a l , t h e u s u a l f i n d i n g h a s b e e n
t h a t r e a c t i o n tim e s a r e l e a s t w ith d u r a t i o n s o n t h e o r d e r
o f 0 .5 s e c . o r l e s s , a n d t h a t th e y i n c r e a s e m o n o to n ic a lly
83
a s w a rn in g s i g n a l d u r a t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d b ey o n d 0 .5 s e c .
(K lem m er, 1 9 5 0 ; B o tw in ic k an d B r i n l e y , 1 9 6 2 ; Thom pson
a n d B o tw in ic k , 1966 ) . The I n c r e a s e i n r e a c t i o n tim e w ith
l e n g t h o f t h e w a rn in g s i g n a l i s s e e n a s b e in g due t o an
i n c r e a s e i n S 's u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t th e e x a c t tim e o f o c c u r
r e n c e o f t h e r e a c t i o n s t i m u l u s , d u e t o h i s i n a b i l i t y to
e s t i m a t e t h e l o n g e r i n t e r v a l s o f tim e a s a c c u r a t e l y . H is
s e t o r r e a d i n e s s t o re s p o n d t o t h e r e a c t i o n s tim u lu s i s
t h u s n o t a s s t r o n g .
A lth o u g h human s u b j e c t s c a n e v i d e n t l y form a s e t
t o re s p o n d i n a m o to r r e a c t i o n t a s k i n a s h o r t e r p e r io d
o f tim e th a n i s r e q u i r e d f o r th em t o d e v e lo p t h e p r e p a r a
t o r y s e t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r UCR i n h i b i t i o n , i t seem s r e a s o n
a b l e t o e x p e c t t h a t r e d u c in g S 's a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t th e
e x a c t tim e o f UCS o n s e t by i n c r e a s i n g t h e I S I w ould h av e
t h e sam e s e t- w e a k e n in g e f f e c t a s r e d u c in g h i s a b i l i t y to
p r e d i c t t h e o n s e t o f a r e a c t i o n s t i m u l u s by i n c r e a s i n g
t h e w a rn in g s i g n a l d u r a t i o n . T h u s i t w ould b e a n t i c i p a t e d
t h a t i f UCR d im in u ti o n a n d r e c o v e r y r e f l e c t t h e a c t i o n o f
a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t . I n c r e a s i n g t h e I S I b ey o n d t h a t minimum
l e n g t h n e c e s s a r y t o a llo w t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f su ch a s e t
w ould r e s u l t i n w e a k e n in g o f t h e s e t a n d h e n c e i n l e s s
i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e UCR.
I n sum m ary, t h e UCR d a t a d u r i n g a c q u i s i t i o n an d
r e c o v e r y a r e c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f UCR
8^
d im in u ti o n an d r e c o v e r y a s b e in g d u e t o th e d e v e lo p m e n t
d u r i n g t h e CS o f a p r e p a r a t o r y s e t , o n e w h ic h r e q u i r e s
m ore t h a n 0 ,5 s e c , t o d e v e lo p an d w h ic h i s w eakened by t h e
u s e o f a n I S I a s lo n g a s 5*0 s e c .
The a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n CR m a g n itu d e , t h e
b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , an d UCR m a g n itu d e i s n o t i n
c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h i s f o r m u l a t i o n . G r in g s (1 9 6 9 ) h a s c o n
s i d e r e d e l e c t r o d e r m a l r e s p o n s e s d u r i n g t h e I S I a s b e in g
a n t i c i p a t o r y b e h a v io r a cc o m p a n y in g t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e s . I t seem s r e a s o n a b l e t o assu m e t h a t
t h e s e a n t i c i p a t o r y GSRs w i l l i n c r e a s e i n m a g n itu d e a s t h e
p r e p a r a t o r y r e s p o n s e I n c r e a s e s ; t h u s , t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e
a n t i c i p a t o r y CR a n d t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h i t i s s t i l l i n
p r o g r e s s a t UCS o n s e t may b e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e s t r e n g t h o f
t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t d e v e lo p e d by S . I f , a s th e UCR d a t a
i n d i c a t e , t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t i s s t r o n g e r a t 1 .5 s e c .
t h a n a t an y o f t h e o t h e r I S I s e m p lo y e d , t h e n o n e w o u ld e x
p e c t t h a t t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , a m e a su re o f
t h e d e g r e e t o w h ich a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n d in g i s s t i l l i n
p r o g r e s s a t UCR o n s e t , w ould be l a r g e s t f o r t h e 1 .5 s e c .
I S I g r o u p . T h is w as t h e r e s u l t o b t a i n e d . The I S I o f 0 .5
s e c . w as n o t lo n g eno u g h t o a llo w t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f an y
a n t i c i p a t o r y r e s p o n s e s . T h e s e r e s p o n s e s d e v e lo p e d i n t h e
1«5» 3 .0 , an d 5 .0 s e c . I S I g r o u p s , t o t h e l e a s t e x t e n t i n
t h e 5 .0 s e c . g r o u p , a n d h a v e b e e n te rm e d f i r s t i n t e r v a l
85
r e s p o n s e s ( F I R s ) . As c a n b e s e e n i n T a b le 1 0 , t h e
a n t i c i p a t o r y CRs o f t h e 1 . 5 s e c . I S I g ro u p (g r o u p 2) a r e
s t i l l I n p r o g r e s s t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t a t UCR o n s e t th a n
a r e t h o s e o f t h e o t h e r g r o u p s . The m a g n itu d e s o f t h e CR,
t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re , a n d t h e UCR a r e th u s
r e l a t e d b e c a u s e o f a m u tu a l d e p e n d e n c e u p o n a n u n d e r ly in g
p r o c e s s , t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e I n
v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e b a s e l i n e d e f l e c t i o n m e a s u re
a n d t h e UCR, a n o th e r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n I s s u g g e s te d by
t h e r e s u l t s o f G rln g s a n d S c h e l l ( 1 9 6 9 a ) . T hey p o in te d
o u t t h a t e l e c t r o d e r m a l r e s p o n s e s I n c l o s e te m p o r a l
p r o x im ity t o o n e a n o t h e r may i n t e r f e r e w ith o n e a n o t h e r
i n su c h a way t h a t t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e s e c o n d r e s p o n s e
I s p a r t i a l l y d e te r m in e d by t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e
f i r s t r e s p o n s e . T h e ir S s w e re p r e s e n t e d w ith p a i r e d
b u r s t s o f w h ite n o i s e , t h e f i r s t o f w h ic h v a r i e d among
8 0 , 9 0 , a n d 98 d b . i n i n t e n s i t y a n d among 2 , 4-, 5 . 6 , 8 ,
a n d 10 s e c . i n d u r a t i o n , a n d t h e s e c o n d o f w h ich was
a lw a y s 100 d b . i n i n t e n s i t y a n d 2 s e c . i n d u r a t i o n . E ach
S r e c e i v e d a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b in a tio n s o f i n t e n s i t y an d
d u r a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t n o i s e . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t
a s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e f i r s t n o i s e , a n d h e n c e t h e m a g n i
tu d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e f i r s t n o i s e , i n c r e a s e d , t h e
m a g n itu d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e c o n d n o i s e d e c r e a s e d .
86
F u rth erm ore, a s th e d u r a t io n o f th e f i r s t n o is e d e c r e a s e d ,
th e r e b y d e c r e a s in g t h e amount o f r e c o v e r y o f th e r e s p o n s e
t o th e f i r s t n o is e a t th e tim e o f seo o n d n o is e o n s e t , th e
r e s p o n s e t o t h e sec o n d n o i s e d e o r e a s e d . G rln g s and
S o h e ll co n c lu d e d t h a t th e p r o p e r t ie s o f th e r e s p o n s e to
t h e seco n d s tim u lu s had b een p a r t i a l l y d e te r m in e d by th e
p r o p e r t ie s o f th e r e s p o n se t o th e f i r s t s t im u lu s .
When two r e s p o n s e s o c c u r c l o s e t o g e t h e r In tim e ,
t h e r e I s th u s e v id e n c e s u g g e s t in g t h a t th e seco n d r e s p o n s e
I s a tt e n u a te d sim p ly by v i r t u e o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f th e
f i r s t . When th e e le c tr o d e r m a l r e s p o n s e sy stem I s s t i l l
In a p a r t i a l l y r e f r a c t o r y s t a t e f o llo w in g a r e s p o n s e , a
s tim u lu s ca n n o t e l i c i t a GSR a s la r g e a s I t w ould h ave
o t h e r w is e , due t o th e d e p le t e d s t a t e o f some s o r t o f
f i n i t e r e s p o n s e r e s e r v e . The e le c tr o d e r m a l r e s p o n s e
sy ste m a p p ea rs t o b eh a v e In some r e s p e c t s l i k e a c lo s e d
sy stem c o n t a in in g a s e t amount o f r e s p o n s e p o t e n t i a l ; i f
p a r t o f th e p o t e n t i a l h as b een expended In a r e s p o n s e to
t h e f i r s t o f tw o s t i m u l i , and in a d e q u a te tim e I s a llo w e d
f o r r e c o v e r y b e fo r e th e seco n d s t im u lu s , th e n th e r e s p o n s e
t o th e seco n d s tim u lu s w i l l be d im in is h e d .
The Im p o rta n ce o f t h e s e f in d in g s f o r th e UCR
d im in u tio n and r e c o v e r y s i t u a t i o n s I s c o n s id e r a b le , a s
t h e a u th o r s I n d ic a t e d . T hus, p a r t o f t h e d im in u tio n o f
t h e u n c o n d itio n e d GSR th a t I s o b se r v e d in c l a s s i c a l c o n -
87
d i t i o n i n g may b e d u e t o t h i s s o r t o f I n t e r f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
t h e CH and t h e UCR, w ith t h e UCR b e in g a t t e n u a t e d a s a
r e s u l t . T h is a rg u m e n t h a s a l s o b e e n m ade r e c e n t l y by
B a d ia an d D e fra n ( 1 9 7 0 ) , who c o n s id e r e d r e s p o n s e I n t e r
f e r e n c e t o be a b e t t e r e x p l a n a t i o n o f UCR d im in u ti o n th a n
I s t h e c o n d itio n e d i n h i b i t i o n h y p o t h e s i s . I n t h e p r e s e n t
e x p e r im e n t r e s p o n s e i n t e r f e r e n c e w o u ld b e g r e a t e s t i n t h e
1 .5 s e c . I S I g r o u p , s i n c e t h e GSR i s m o st r e f r a c t o r y i n
t h a t g ro u p a t UCR o n s e t . The i n t e r f e r e n c e w ould d e c r e a s e
a s t h e I S I i n c r e a s e d , d u e t o t h e d e c r e a s i n g CR m a g n itu d e s
a n d i n c r e a s i n g tim e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e s y ste m t o r e c o v e r
b e f o r e t h e UCR. No i n t e r f e r e n c e w ould t a k e p l a c e i n t h e
0 .5 s e c . I S I g ro u p o r t h e c o n t r o l g ro u p d u e t o t h e a b s e n c e
o f a n t i c i p a t o r y CRs. T he l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e am ong t h e
v a r i o u s g ro u p s w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e UCR' m a g n itu d e s w ould
b e e x p e c te d I f a n y e x i s t i n g a n t i c i p a t o r y CR a n d t h e UCR
b o th d raw fro m t h e sam e l i m i t e d r e s e r v e o f r e s p o n s e
p o t e n t i a l . T he e x p e c t a t i o n s g e n e r a t e d by t h e a s s u m p tio n
o f CR-UCR I n t e r f e r e n c e c o r r e s p o n d v e r y w e ll t o t h e r e
s u l t s o b t a i n e d .
I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f i n t e r s t i m u l u s I n
t e r v a l l e n g t h on d im in u ti o n an d r e c o v e r y o f t h e u n c o n d i
t i o n e d GSR c a n b e I n t e r p r e t e d a s s u p p o r t i v e o f e i t h e r t h e
p r e p a r a t o r y s e t e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e s e phenom ena o r a CR-
UCR i n t e r f e r e n c e e x p l a n a t i o n . The c e n t r a l d i f f e r e n c e
88
b etw een t h e s e two a p p ro a ch es I s t h a t th e in t e r f e r e n c e
e x p la n a t io n o f d im in u tio n d o e s n o t I n v o lv e any a ssu m p tio n s
a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a p r e p a r a to r y s e t o r any o th e r
p r o c e s s d u r in g th e I S I w hich a c t i v e l y i n h i b i t s th e UCR,
p erh a p s a s a p a r t o r r e s u l t o f th e s u b j e c t 1s e x p e c ta n c y
o f and r e a d in e s s t o r e c e i v e th e UCS. R ath er t h e UCR
d im in u tio n p rod u ced i n c l a s s i c a l c o n d it io n in g w ould be
s e e n a s an a u to m a tic c o n seq u e n c e o f t h e CR, r e s u l t i n g from
a p a r t i a l e x h a u s tio n o f r e s p o n s e p o t e n t i a l . One n eed
o n ly su p p o se th e e x i s t e n c e o f an e x c it a t o r y C R -producing
p r o c e s s , and n eed n o t assum e t h a t any a c t i v e i n h ib it o r y
p r o c e s s e x i s t s .
T h ese two e x p la n a t io n s a r e n o t m u tu a lly e x c lu s i v e
and may b o th be c o r r e c t t o a c e r t a in e x t e n t . I t i s q u it e
f e a s i b l e t h a t UCR d im in u tio n i n p a ir e d CS-UCS s i t u a t i o n s
may r e s u l t b o th from an i n h i b i t i o n o f th e UCR by a p r e p a r a
to r y s e t and from an a t t e n u a t io n o f w h a tev er UCR i s p r o
d u ced due t o d e p le t i o n o f a r e s p o n s e r e s e r v e by th e CR.
The s e p a r a t e a c t io n o f t h e s e two p r o c e s s e s may b e d i s
t in g u is h a b le in f u t u r e e x p e r im e n ts by v a r y in g s s e t to
resp o n d or n o t r esp o n d t o th e UCS in d e p e n d e n tly o f v a r i a
t i o n s i n th e m agn itu d e o f h i s r e s p o n s e t o t h e CS. In such
an ex p erim en t one group o f S s r e c e iv in g p a ir e d and on e
r e c e iv in g u n p a ir e d CS-UCS p r e s e n t a t io n s c o u ld be i n
s t r u c t e d t o t r y to i n h i b i t o r w ith h o ld t h e i r a u to n o m ic o r
89
" e m o tio n a l” r e s p o n s e s t o th e UCS, and c o u ld p erh ap s b e
g iv e n fe e d b a c k a b o u t r e s p o n s e m a g n itu d es so t h a t th e y
c o u ld Judge and t r y t o Im prove t h e i r p e r fo r m a n c e. A n o th er
p a ir e d CS-UCS group and a n o th e r u n p a ir e d CS-UCS group
w ould be g iv e n no i n s t r u c t i o n s . T h ese o p e r a t io n s sh o u ld
r e s u l t i n a s tr o n g e r U C R -ln h ib itin g p r e p a r a to r y s e t d u r in g
t h e CS in th e p a ir e d - i n s t r u c t e d grou p th a n i n th e p a ir e d -
n o n in s tr u c te d g ro u p . H ow ever, i t w ould n o t be e x p e c te d
t h a t t h e CHs o f th e in s t r u c t e d grou p w ould be la r g e r th an
t h o s e o f t h e n o n in s tr u c te d g r o u p . Thus th e CR-UCR i n t e r
f e r e n c e f a c t o r s sh o u ld be th e same in b o th p a ir e d g r o u p s ,
and any g r e a t e r UCR d im in u tio n o b se r v e d in th e p a ir e d -
in s t r u c t e d grou p a s com pared w ith i t s c o n t r o l group c o u ld
be a t t r ib u t e d t o th e s tr o n g e r p r e p a r a to r y s e t .
In any c a s e , i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t th e amount o f UCR
d im in u tio n and r e c o v e r y o f th e GSR ta k in g p la c e in a
c l a s s i c a l c o n d it io n in g s i t u a t i o n d o e s n o t f o ll o w th e
t y p i c a l IS I f u n c t io n f o r th e c o n d it io n e d r e s p o n s e . I n th e
p r e s e n t ex p erim en t d im in u tio n d id n o t ta k e p la c e t o t h e
s l i g h t e s t d e g r e e in th e 0 .5 s e c . I S I g r o u p , w here th e
l a r g e s t CR o c c u r r e d . Any t h e o r e t i c a l e x p la n a t io n o f UCR
d im in u tio n w hich p r e d ic t s t h a t i t w i l l o c c u r t o th e
g r e a t e s t e x t e n t w ith an 0 .5 s e c . I S I , a s t h e c o n d itio n e d
i n h i b i t i o n ap p roach d o e s , i s t h e r e f o r e made l e s s te n a b le
by th e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s .
90
To a c e r t a i n e x t e n t d i m i n u t i o n o f t h e u n c o n d itio n e d
GSR may b e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t fro m d im in u ti o n o f a s k e l e t a l
r e s p o n s e l i k e t h e e y e b li n k . A s h a s b een m e n tio n e d , K im b le
an d O st ( 1 9 6 1 ) , who fo u n d g r e a t e s t d im in u ti o n o f t h e e y e
l i d UCR w ith t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I , a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t d im in u
t i o n was n o t d e p e n d e n t upon t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a CR. In
f a c t , i t w as b e s t i n t h o s e S s who w e re p o o r c o n d i t i o n e r s .
T he s i t u a t i o n w ith th e GSR i s e v i d e n t l y n o t th e sam e;
d im in u ti o n d o e s n o t seem to o c c u r w ith t h e 0 .5 s e c . I S I ,
a n d l a r g e am o u n ts o f d im in u ti o n a r e a p p a r e n t l y a s s o c i a t e d
w ith l a r g e a n t i c i p a t o r y CRs. I t may p ro v e t o be t h e c a s e
t h a t d im in u tio n o f a u to n o m ic a n d s k e l e t a l u n c o n d itio n e d
r e s p o n s e s c a n n o t b e s t b e e x p la in e d w i t h i n t h e sam e c o n
c e p t u a l fra m e w o rk , and t h a t b o th t h e p r e p a r a t o r y s e t a n d
c o n d i t i o n e d i n h i b i t i o n e x p l a n a t i o n s o f d im in u ti o n a r e u s e
f u l w i t h i n c e r t a i n b o u n d s .
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Asset Metadata

Creator Schell, Anne Mccall (author)

Core Title Ucr Diminution As A Function Of Isi

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, experimental

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Grings, William W. (committee chair), Galbraith, Gary C. (committee member), Smith, Robert A. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-450647

Unique identifier UC11362411

Identifier 7107739.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-450647 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 7107739

Dmrecord 450647

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Schell, Anne Mccall

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA