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A Factor Analysis Of Some Hypothesized Abilities Of Six-Year-Old Children

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A Factor Analysis Of Some Hypothesized Abilities Of Six-Year-Old Children

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Content This dissertation
has been microfilmed
exactly as received
Mic 60-4467
ORPET, R ussel Everett. A FACTCfR ANALYSES
OF SOME HYPOTHESIZED ABILITIES OF SUL-
YEAR-OLD CHILDREN.
University of Southern California
E d .D ., 1060
Education, psychology
University M icrofilm s, In c., Ann Arbor, Michigan
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SOME HYPOTHESIZED ABILITIES
I
OF SIX-YEAR~OLD CHILDREN
b y /
I
R u s s e l E v e r e s t O rp et
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE
FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
R e q u i r e m e n t s . f o r t h e D egree
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
J u n e 1960
This dissertation, written under the direction
of the Chairman of the candidate’s Guidance
C om m ittee and a p p ro v ed by all m em bers of the
C o m m ittee, has been presented to and accepted
by the Faculty of the School of Education in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
d '(jree of D o c to r of Education.
Date.......................June.,...1.96Q
D ean
Guidance C o m m itte
Chairman
\
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKN O '.'/ LE D G M E N T S ........................................................................................ i i
LIST OF TA BLES............................................................................................. v
LIST OF F I G U R E S ........................................................................................ v i i i
C h a p te r
I . THE P R O B L E M ............................................................................. 1
S ta te m e n t o f th e Problem
A b i l i t i e s H y p o th e s iz e d
I m p o rta n c e of t h e S tu d y
D e l i m i t a t i o n s o f th e S tu d y
D e f i n i t i o n s of Terms
D esign of t h e S tu d y
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e R e p o r t
I I . REVIIhV OF LITERATURE . . . . * .................................. 7
The S t r u c t u r e of A b i l i t y
A C om prehensive Contempora.ry Theory
The Developm ent and I n d i v i d u a t i o n
of A b i l i t i e s
P r e v io u s F a c t o r S t u d i e s
I I I . THE HYPOTHESES AND THE TEST BATTERY . . . 44
The -Hypotheses
The T e s t B a t t e r y
D e s c r i p t i o n of Each T e s t
IY. TITS SAMPLE AND T E S T IN G ................................................... 77
The Sample
T e s t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
V. STATISTICAL TREATMENT AND
INTERPRETATION OF THE F A C T O R S ...................... 87
D i s t r i b u t i o n s of S c o re s
R e l i a b i l i t i e s
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s
E x t r a c t i o n of F a c t o r s
The R o t a t i o n s
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of F a c t o r s
R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f F a c t o r s w i t h Those
Found i n P r e v io u s S t u d i e s
Chapter Page
V I. SUMMARY AND D ISC U SSIO N .................................................. 124
Summary
D i s c u s s i o n o f R e s u l t s
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 133
APPENDIX................................................................................................................ 143
iv
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le . Page
1. G u i l f o r d ’s M a t r i x o f t h e P sychoniotor
F a c t o r s ............................................................................................... 12
2 . G u i l f o r d ' s M a t r i x o f Memory F a c t o r s ....... 14
3. G u i l f o r d ' s M a t r i x o f C o g n i t i v e F a c t o r s . . . . 16
4. G u i l f o r d ' s M a t r i x o f C o n v e r g e n t - T h i n k i n g
F a c t o x ' s ................................................................... 17
5. G u i l f o r d ' s M a t r i x o f D i v e r g e n t - T h i n k i n g
F a c t o r s ............................................................................................... 18
6. G u i l f o r d ' s M a t r i x o f E v a l u a t i v e F a c t o r s . . . 19
7. K e l l e y ' s C o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x f o r 107
C h i l d r e n Ages 3 - 1 - Y e a rs to 6-1 Y e a rs . . . . 36
8. K e l l e y ' s F i n a l F a c t o r V a lu e s f o r t h e
P o p u l a t i o n of 107 K i n d e r g a r t e n C h i l d r e n
a t C lo se o f 4 8 t h S u c c e s s i v e A p p r o x im a tio n . 37
9 . I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among t h e PMA 5-7 T e s t s
(263 Grade I C h i l d r e n ) .................................................. 39
10. I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among t h e PMA 7 -1 1 T e s ts
(45 7 C h i l d r e n ) . . ' ............................................................. 40
11. I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among th e PMA 11-17 T e s t s
(500 Grade X S t u d e n t s ) .................................................. 41
12. Summary o f I n f o r m a t i o n C o n c e rn in g t h e
T e s t A u t h o r s .......................................... 54
13. O rd er of A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e T e s t B a t t e r y . 55
14. The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f T e s t C o n t e n t A c c o r d in g
to G u i l f o r d ' s T h e o r e t i c a l S t r u c t u r e of
A p t i t u d e s ......................................................................................... 56
15. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Sample by C h r o n o l o g i c a l
A g e .......................................................................................................... 79
1 6. P e r c e n t a g e o f t h e Sample b y P a t e r n a l
O c c u p a tio n a s Compared w i t h 1950
U n ite d S t a t e s Census D ata ............................................. 80
Table Page
17. T e s t B e h a v io r R a tin g S c a le F requency
D i s t r i b u t i o n , Means, and S ta n d a rd
D e v i a t i o n s ............................... 85
18. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Sample
oil T e s t 1, Bead S t r i n g i n g ........................................... 88
19. Frequency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Sample
on T e s t 2, Line Drawing . ' ............................. 89
20. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Sample
on T e st 3, C i r c l e D o t t i n g ........................................... 90
21. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n of th e Sample
on T e st 4, I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s ................... 91
22. Frequency D i s t r i b u t i o n of the Sample
on T e st 5, I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s ................... 92
23. Frequency D i s t r i b u t i o n of the Sample
on T e st 6, P a c i f i c P a t t e r n Copying . . . . 93
24. Frequency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Sample
on T e st 7, P a c i f i c P i c t u r e V o c a b u la ry . . . 94
25. Frequency D i s t r i b u t i o n of th e Sample
on T e st 8, Ammons F u l l Range
P i c t u r e V o c a b u la ry ........................................................... 95
26. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e Sample
on T e st 9, Monroe Language
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ................................................................. 96
27. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e Sample
on T e st 10, I PAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ........................... 97
28. F req u en cy D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Sample
on T e st 11, Raven P r o g r e s s i v e
M a t r i c e s ...................................................................................... 98
29. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n of the Sample
on T e st 12, P a c i f i c P a t t e r n Copying . . . . 99
30. F req u en cy D i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e Sample
on T e st 13, D i g i t S p a n ................................................. 109
31. S u b t e s t Means anrl S ta n d a r d D e v ia tio n s . . . . 101
32. E s t i m a t e s of R e l i a b i l i t y ..................................................... 104
vi
Table Page
33. The C o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x ......................................................... 106
3 4 . C o r r e l a t i o n s and C o e f f i c i e n t s o f
A l i e n a t i o n Between T e s t S c o re s
And S e x ........................................................................................ 107
35. C o r r e l a t i o n s and C o e f f i c i e n t s o f A l i e n a t i o n
Between T e s t S c o re s and P a t e r n a l
O c c u p a t i o n ............................................................................. 110
36. C e n t r o i d F a c t o r L oadings and C o m m u n a litie s . I l l
37. R o t a t e d F a c t o r M a t r i x (Vg) in Terras of
C o r r e l a t i o n s on t h e R e f e r e n c e V e c t o r s . . 112
38. I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of t h e R e f e r e n c e
V e c t o r s ........................................................................................ 115
39. F a c t o r s I d e n t i f i e d Compared w ith F a c t o r s
R e p o rte d i n P r e v io u s S t u d i e s ............................ 122
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re
1.
Page
T h e o r e t i c a l model f o r th e c o m p le te
" S t r u c t u r e o f I n t e l l e c t " ....................................... 21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
; The work r e p o r t e d h e r e i n was c a r r i e d out as p a r t
;of th e P o p u l a t i o n Movement S tu d y a t P a c i f i c S t a t e H o s p i t a l
jl would l i k e to acknow ledge t h e i n v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e p r o
v i d e d by Dr. I-Iarvey Dingman and h i s s t a f f .
The h y p o t h e s e s d e v e lo p e d f o r t h i s s t u d y were f o r
m u la te d j o i n t l y by D r. Dingman, Dr. C. Edward M eyers, and
th e w r i t e r . The t e s t b a t t e r y was a s se m b le d by Dr. Meyers
and t h e a u t h o r . The p ro c e ssin g , of th e d a t a computed a t
W estern D ata P r o c e s s i n g was done by Mr. R ic h a r d Eyman.
Dr. Dingman, Mr. Eyman, and th e auth.or d i d t h e com puta
t i o n a l work i n v o l v e d in th e r o t a t i o n of t h e a x e s .
The s t u d y c o u ld n o t have b een c o n d u c te d w i t h o u t
th e e x c e l l e n t c o o p e r a t i o n and a c t i v e s u p p o r t t h a t was p r o
v i d e d by the Rosemead E le m e n ta r y S chool D i s t r i c t . A
s p e c i a l d e b t - o f g r a t i t u d e i s e x t e n d e d to th e k i n d e r g a r t e n
t e a c h e r s , th e g o v e r n in g b o a rd , th e d i s t r i c t s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
and t h e d i s t r i c t p s y c h o l o g i s t , Mr. A r t h u r A t t w e l l , who
d e v o te d many h o u rs to th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t
t e r y .
The p a p e r i s d e d i c a t e d to my w i f e , E v e ly n .
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e P ro b le m
In th e e a r l y a t t e m p t s to m easu re m e n ta l a b i l i t y ,
t h e s u b j e c t was com pared w i t h o t h e r s of t h e same age and
h i s p e r fo r m a n c e was su m m arized by a s i n g l e s c o r e . No
q u e s t i o n s w e re r a i s e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e of r e l a
t i v e l y u n c o r r e l a t e d a b i l i t i e s . R a t h e r , v a r i o u s u n l i k e
ite m s w ere p o o le d t o y i e l d a s i n g l e s c o r e . The B i n e t t y p e
t e s t s a r e th e p r o t o t y p e s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h t o a s s e s s m e n t
w here t h e m a jo r c o n c e r n was t o d e v i s e a p r a c t i c a l , e a s i l y
u n d e r s t o o d in d e x o f t h e c h i l d ' s r e l a t i v e a b i l i t y as com
p a r e d w i t h o t h e r c h i l d r e n o f t h e same a g e . The i n t e r n a l
c o n s i s t e n c y c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f ite m s was su ch
t h a t t h e s p e c tru m of a b i l i t i e s a s s e s s e d by th e t e s t was
r e d u c e d . A g e - p r o g r e s s i o n as a seco n d c r i t e r i o n , t o g e t h e r
w i t h t h e f i r s t , r e s u l t e d i n u n l i k e s p e c t r a a t d i f f e r e n t
a g e s .
P r i o r t o f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c t e c h n i q u e s , i n t r o d u c e d by
Spearm an and d e v e lo p e d by T h u r s t o n e , no a d e q u a t e p r o c e d u r e
f o r i d e n t i f y i n g and m e a s u r in g d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s was
a v a i l a b l e . S in c e t h a t tim e , t h e u s e o f a s i n g l e s c o r e t o
d e s c r i b e t h e a b i l i t y o f a c h i l d has been q u e s t i o n e d by
p s y c h o l o g i s t s and e d u c a t o r s (1 0 1 , 10, 8 6 : 3 5 8 ) . R e p r e
s e n t a t i v e of t h i s p o i n t o f v ie w a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g comments
by B a y le y :
! I see 110 r e a s o n why vve s h o u ld c o n t i n u e t o t h i n k o f
| i n t e l l i g e n c e as an i n t e g r a t e d ( o r s im p l e ) e n t i t y o r
i c a p a c i t y w hich grows t h r o u g h o u t c h i l d h o o d by s t e a d y
| a c c r e t i o n s . . . . I n t e l l i g e n c e a p p e a r s to me, r a t h e r ,
| to be a dynamic s u c c e s s i o n of d e v e l o p i n g f u n c t i o n s w ith
| t h e more ad v an ced and com plex f u n c t i o n s i n th e h i e r -
| a r c h y d e p e n d in g upon t h e p r i o r m a t u r i n g o f e a r l i e r
s i m p l e r o n e s . . . . I f i n t e l l i g e n c e i s a com plex of
j s e p a r a t e l y tim ed, d e v e l o p i n g f u n c t i o n s , th e n to u n d e r
s ta n d i t s n a t u r e we must t r y to a n a l y z e i t i n t o i t s
component p a r t s . ( 1 0 :8 1 3 - 1 4 )
i
C o n s i d e r a b l e u se has been made d u r i n g th e p a s t two
d e c a d e s o f th e f a c t o r i a l t e c h n i q u e in s t u d y i n g th e o r g a n i
z a t i o n of a b i l i t i e s a t t h e a d o l e s c e n t and a d u l t l e v e l s
( 3 6 , 5 0 ) . I n d u s t r y , th e armed f o r c e s , th e U.S. Employment
' *
S e r v i c e , and t h e V e t e r a n ’s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n have r e c o g n i z e d
th e need f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t y t e s t s f o r v o c a t i o n a l
g u id a n c e and p la c e m e n t pur? o s e s . In A m erican h i g h s c h o o ls ,
d i f f e r e n t i a l e d u c a t i o n a l a p t i t u d e t e s t s such as th e D i f f e r
e n t i a l A p t i t u d e T e s t s (12) and t h e Mu1 1 1p 1 e A p t i t u d e T e s ts
(81) a r e b e in g i n c r e a s i n g l y u s e d f o r g u i d a n c e p u r p o s e s .
A s i m i l a r s y s t e m a t i c r e s e a r c h e f f o r t has n o t b een
d e v o te d to t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e n a t u r e o f a b i l i t y a t
y o u n g e r age l e v e l s . To th e w r i t e r ' s know ledge, t h e r e have
been no r e p l i c a t e d f a c t o r s t u d i e s a t t h e f i v e - t o - s e v e n
y e a r l e v e l s . Only one m u l t i f a c t o r t e s t (97) i s p r e s e n t l y
a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e a t t h i s l e v e l , and a c c o r d i n g to Super
th e SRA PMA t e s t s a r e , " n o t s u i t a b l e f o r u s e " f o r g u id a n c e
p u r p o s e s ( 8 7 : 9 0 ) .
I t seems a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t p s y c h o l o g i s t s and e d u c a
t o r s s h o u ld be c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e com ponents t h a t c o m p ris e
a b i l i t y a t th e c r u c i a l age where the c h i l d i s f i r s t ex
posed t o formal l e a r n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s in t h e s c h o o l s e t t i n g
j i . e . , l e a r n i n g to re a d , w r i t e , e t c . Y/ith r e g a r d to a b i l -
i''
jity , e d u c a t i o n a l p s y c h o l o g i s t s should be i n t e r e s t e d i n
(d eterm in in g w h e th e r th e s c o r e s of v a r i o u s m easures of
l a b i l i t y a r e a t t r i b u t e d to a g e n e r a l a b i l i t y f a c t o r o r to a
i
jcom bination of s e v e r a l a b i l i t i e s .
I
S ta te m e n t of th e Problem
The p r e s e n t s tu d y r e p r e s e n t s an a t t e m p t to e x p l o r e
the s t r u c t u r e of a b i l i t y of a group of s i x y e a r o ld c h i l
dren th ro u g h : ( l ) th e developm ent of measurem ents p r e
sumed to a s s e s s d i f f e r e n t a b i l i t i e s ; (2) a d m i n i s t e r i n g th e
t e s t b a t t e r y to a sample p o p u l a t i o n ; and (d) a n a l y z i n g th e
o b ta in e d i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x . The p rim ary p u rp o se of
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n th e n i s to con d u ct an e x p l o r a t o r y s tu d y
to d e te rm in e w h e th e r m e a su ra b le d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a b i l i t i e s
can be i d e n t i f i e d a t th e s i x y e a r age l e v e l .
A b i l i t i e s H y p o th e s iz e d
The purpose can be r e s t a t e d in terms o f t h e s p e
c i f i c a b i l i t i e s t h i s r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s i z e d . The g e n e r a l
h y p o t h e s i s of th e s tu d y was t h a t , w ith c o r r e c t p l a n n in g ,
t e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n , and t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s ,
d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s can be i d e n t i f i e d . S p e c i f i c a l l y ,
th e f o ll o w i n g a b i l i t i e s were h y p o t h e s i z e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t
i
s tu d y : h a n d -e y e psychom otor, v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l speed,
p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c , and r e a s o n i n g . The h y p o t h e s e s a r e d i s -
icussed i n more d e t a i l i n C h a p t e r I I I .
Im p o rta n c e o f th e Study
| I n c r e a s e d know ledge c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e of
l a b i l i t i e s o f c h i l d r e n a t th e c r u c i a l s i x y e a r l e v e l s h o u ld
1
j
' f a c i l i t a t e th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f improved a s s e s s m e n t i n s t r u -
i
i
im e n ts. I f th e r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t a b i l i t i e s a t t h i s
l e v e l a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , t h i s f i n d i n g would
have p r a c t i c a l e d u c a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . However i f i t i s
found t h a t r e l a t i v e l y u n c o r r e l a t e d , s e p a r a t e l y m e a s u ra b le
a b i l i t i e s e x i s t a t th e l c i n d e r g a r t e n - f i r s t g ra d e l e v e l , i t
would be p o s s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t e f f i c i e n t m easurem ent
i n s t r u m e n t s f o r s e l e c t e d t r a i t s . Such a t e s t b a t t e r y
would p r o v id e a d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e c h i l d in terms of
d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s r a t h e r t h a n g e n e r a l m e n ta l a b i l i t y .
D e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e S tu d y
The scope o f the s t u d y was l i m i t e d to 100 s i x y e a r
o ld u r b a n , w h i t e , m o n o lin g u a l c h i l d r e n s e l e c t e d from th e
t e n k i n d e r g a r t e n c l a s s e s o f one s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . The i n
v e s t i g a t i o n was a l s o l i m i t e d to th e foui' s e l e c t e d h y p o t h e
s i z e d a b i l i t i e s p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d . No o t h e r a b i l i t y
f a c t o r s were i n t e n t i o n a l l y s o u g h t out of t h e dozens of
i p o t e n t i a l T y a v a i l a b l e . However an a u d i t o r y memory sp an
t e s t was used as a r e f e r e n c e t e s t .
...._.......' •............. 5
D e f i n i t i o n s o f Terms
i
| A b i l i t y . — The p r e s e n t p e rfo rm a n c e of an i n d i v i d u a l
who a p p l i e s h i m s e l f to th e t a s k t h a t i s i n d i c a t i v e o f what
he i s c u r r e n t l y a b l e t o do. A b i l i t y i s a d e m o n s t r a b l e
jcom petcncy r e s u l t i n g from th e grow th o f t h e c h i l d i n h i s
i
| e n v i r o n m e n t . In c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n to the te rm a p t i t u d e ,
i p r e d i c t i o n o f f u t u r e p e rfo rm a n c e ( h y p o t h e t i c a l p o t e n t i a l
I
!to a c q u i r e a l a t e r p a t t e r n of b e h a v i o r ) i s n o t i m p l i e d in
t h e term a b i l i t y ( 5 7 : 5 9 ) . The terra a b i l i t y c o n n o te s " th e
e x i s t e n c e of a g ro u p or c a t e g o r y o f p e r fo r m a n c e s which
c o r r e l a t e h i g h l y w ith one a n o t h e r and w hich a r e r e l a t i v e l y
d i s t i n c t , i . e . , g iv e low c o r r e l a t i o n s w ith o t h e r p ^ r f o r m -
:an ces ( 1 0 5 : 4 ) . "
T e s t . — A t e s t i s a " s y s t e m a t i c p r o c e d u r e f o r com
p a r i n g t h e b e h a v i o r o f two o r more p e rso n s ( 2 9 : 2 7 ) . "
' L a n g u a g e . — Language i s d e f i n e d as th e sy m b o lic
e x p r e s s i o n o f m eanings w hich c o n s i s t s o f : R e c e p t iv e
s k i l l s w hich i n v o l v e th e a b i l i t y to d i s c r i m i n a t e and com
prehend a u d i t o r y and v i s u a l s t i m u l i . E x p r e s s i v e s k i l l s
which r e q u i r e th e a b i l i t y t o e x p r e s s m e n ta l c o n t e n t
th ro u g h o r a l , g e s t u r a l , o r w r i t t e n means.
S i x - y e a r - o l d c h i l d . — F o r th e pu rp o se o f t h i s
s tu d y , t h e term s i x - y e a r - o l d c h i l d r e f e r s t o a c h i l d b e
tween th e ages of s i x t y - n i n e th ro u g h s e v e n t y - f i v e m onths,
computed to th e n e a r e s t month.
Design of the Study
The d e s i g n o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o l l o w s t h e p r o
c e d u r e f o r f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s recommended by
G u i l f o r d ( 5 1 : 5 3 1 - 3 3 ) :
1. The dom ain o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n was s e l e c t e d .
2 . The h y p o t h e s e s were d e v e l o p e d .
3 . R e l a t i v e l y u n i v o c a l t e s t s s u i t a b l e f o r u s e
w i t h s i x y e a r o l d c h i l d r e n were s e l e c t e d o r
cons t r u e t e d .
4-. The e x p e r i m e n t a l g ro u p was s e l e c t e d .
5 . The s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a was p e r
form ed i n c l u d i n g th e e x t r a c t i o n and r o t a t i o n
of t h e f a c t o r s .
6. The r o t a t e d f a c t o r s were i n t e r p r e t e d .
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f th e R e p o r t
— C h a p t e r I I i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e v i e w o f t h e
l i t e r a t u r e w hich p e r t a i n s to t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . C h a p t e r
I I I d e s c r i b e s t h e h y p o t h e s e s p o s t u l a t e d f o r t h i s s t u d y
and a d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y . The d e s c r i p t i o n o f
th e sa m p le and Lhe t e s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n
C h a p t e r IV. C h a p t e r V p r e s e n t s a l l o f t h e s t a t i s t i c s
p e r t i n e n t t o t h e s t u d y and p r o v i d e s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
t h e f a c t o r s . C h a p t e r VI p r e s e n t s a summary and d i s c u s s i o n
o f th e f i n d i n g s .
CHAPTER II
- f
i
! REVIEW OF LITERATURE
I
t
i
i T his c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s t h e m ajor c o n c e p t u a l f r a m e -
jworlcs and e x p e r i m e n t a l p a p e rs c o n c e r n i n g t h e n a t u r e and
d e v e lo p m e n t o f a b i l i t i e s .
; The S t r u c t u r e o f A b i l i t y
F o u r m a jo r t h e o r i e s c o n c e r n i n g th e n a t u r e o f i n
t e l l i g e n c e have b e e n p r o p o s e d . Extrem e v i e w p o i n t s a r e
h e ld by Spearman and T h o r n d ik e . T h u rs to n e and K e l l e y have
p r e s e n t e d t h e o r i e s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e i n t e r m e d i a t e b e tw e e n
th e Spearman and T h o rn d ik e t h e o r i e s ( 6 8 : 3 - 6 , 1 0 5 : 1 1 - 2 4 ) .
S p e a rm a n ’s two f a c t o r th e o r y
I n t e l l e c t u a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e made up o f two com
p o n e n ts , a s i n g l e g e n e r a l f a c t o r (g) w hich i s common to
a l l i n t e l l e c t u a l a c t i v i t i e s , and s p e c i f i c f a c t o r s (s)
w hich a r e un iq u e to each a c t i v i t y . S in c e t h e "s" f a c t o r s
a r e s p e c i f i c to e a c h a c t i v i t y , th e o b j e c t i v e o f p s y c h o
l o g i c a l t e s t s s h o u ld be t o m easure "g n ( 3 : 3 2 3 - 2 5 ) . The
B i n e t - t y p e s c a l e s a r e b a s e d on th e a s s u m p tio n of a "g"
I
f a c t o r . F a c t o r a n a l y s i s of t h e 1937 r e v i s i o n of th e B in e t
s c a l e i n d i c a t e d h i g h s a t u r a t i o n of th e s u b t e s t s w ith the
f i r s t f a c t o r l o a d i n g , p re su m a b ly "g" ( 7 0 ) .
T h o rn d ik e
i
T h o rn d ik e c o m p l e t e l y r e j e c t e d ”g" i n f a v o r o f t h e
" ' 8
t h e o r y t h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e i s an i n f i n i t e a r r a y o f s p e c i f i c
m e n ta l o p e r a t i o n s . T h o r n d i k e ’s CAVD t e s t was d e s i g n e d to
m easu re f o u r s p e c i f i c m e n ta l a b i l i t i e s v i z . c o m p l e t i o n s ,
a r i t h m e t i c , v o c a b u l a r y , and d i r e c t i o n s ( 0 8 : 4 - 5 ) .
| Truman K e l l e y ' s m u l t i p l e - f a c t o r t h e o r y
A c c o rd in g to K e l l e y , t h e r e was o n l y p o o r e v i d e n c e
j f o r t h e "g" f a c t o r . He a t t r i b u t e d t h e g e n e r a l a b i l i t y
f a c t o r to t h e v e r b a l n a t u r e o f th e t e s t s em ployed by
Spearm an and to th e h e t e r o g e n i e t y of t h e s u b j e c t s . K e l l e y
m a i n t a i n e d t h a t a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll number o f d i f f e r e n t i a l
i n d e p e n d e n t a b i l i t i e s e x i s t e d w hich c o u ld be i s o l a t e d i n
t h e i r p u re form .
T h u r s t o n e ' s m u l t i p l e - f a c t o r t h e o r y
T h u r s t o u e ' s t h e o r e t i c a l p o s i t i o n i s i n t e r m e d i a t e
b e tw e e n t h a t o f Spearman and K e l l e y . T h u r s to n e a c c e p t e d
th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a " g ” f a c t o r ; how ever,
he does n o t lo o k 'upon i t as an a b i l i t y t h a t i s common to
a l l i n t e l l e c t u a l a c t i v i t i e s . He e x p e c t e d t o f in d a number
o f r e l a t i v e l y d i s t i n c t f a c t o r s . U n lik e K e l l e y , T h u r s to n e
d i d n o t e x p e c t t h e g ro u p f a c t o r s to be c o m p l e t e l y i n d e
p e n d e n t o f o n e - a n o t h e r .
A C o m p reh en siv e C o n te m p o ra ry T heory
The most c o m p r e h e n s iv e t h e o r y c o n c e r n i n g th e d i
m e n s i o n s o f a p t i t u d e t o a p p e a r t o d a t e i s t h a t p r o p o s e d by
i
LGu.ilfjjrd . (50 :3 4 2 -4 0 6 ) . G u i l f o r d o r g a n i z e s t h e d im e n s io n s
Jof a p t i t u d e i n t o t h r e e m a jo r a r e a s — p e r c e p t u a l , p s y c h o -
m otor, and i n t e l l e c t u a l ( 5 0 : 3 4 3 ) .
P e r c e p t u a l d im e n sio n s
The p e r c e p t u a l a b i l i t i e s a re c o n f i n e d to f a c t o r s
I such as s e n s o r y a c u i t y and a t t e n t i o n . The more com plex
I p e r c e p t u a l f u n c t i o n s , e . g . , th e p e r c e p t i o n of fo rm s,
; p a t t e r n s , and r e l a t i o n s betw een forms a r e c l a s s i f i e d w i t h
t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l d i m e n s i o n s .
D im ensions of s e n s i t i v i t y . — V i s u a '1 - s e n s i t i v i t y ,
a u d i t o r y - s e n s i t i v i t y , a n d i t o r y - d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , k i n e s -
t h e t i c - s e n s i t i v i t y , and f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e m i
c i r c u l a r c a n a l have been p a r t i a l l y e x p l o r e d by f a c t o r
a n a l y s i s ( 5 0 : 3 4 3 - 4 7 ) .
An a t t e n t i o n f a c t o r . — This f a c t o r has been i s o
l a t e d by t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r s . A t t e n t i o n
a p p e a r s t o i n v o l v e a l e r t n e s s i n making q u ic k a d a p t a t i o n s
to ch a n g in g s t i m u l i i n a p r e s c r i b e d manner ( 5 0 : 3 4 7 ) .
O th e r p e r c e p t u a l f a c t o r s . — G u i l f o r d c o n s i d e r s th e
p e r c e p t u a l domain to be r e l a t i v e l y u n e x p l o r e d . L i t t l e as
y e t has been done in t h e t a c t u a l , o l f a c t o r y , o r g u s t a t o r y
a r e a s . Much re m a in s to be done a l s o in th e a r e a s of
v i s u a l and a u d i t o r y p e r c e p t i o n ( 5 0 : 3 4 8 ) .
P sychom otor d im e n s io n s
G u i l f o r d c l a s s i f i e s psy ch o m o to r a b i l i t i e s a c c o r d -
in g to th e ty p e o f a b i l i t y t h a t i s r e q u i r e d and t h e p a r t
10
o f t h e body i n v o l v e d .
Kind o f a b i l i t y i n v o l v e d . — The c l a s s e s o f p s y c h o
m otor a b i l i t i e s a r e as f o l l o w s : ( l ) S t r e n g t h f a c t o r s such
as g e n e r a l s t r e n g t h , t r u n k s t r e n g t h , and linib s t r e n g t h .
(2) I m p u ls io n f a c t o r s , i . e . , t h e r a t e of i n i t i a t i o n o f a
g iv en movement. I m p u ls io n f a c t o r s which have been i s o
l a t e d f a l l u n d e r th e g e n e r a l h e a d in g s o f g e n e r a l r e a c t i o n
tim e , lim b t h r u s t , t a p p i n g , and a r t i c u l a t i o n sp e e d . (3)
Motor sp e e d f a c t o r s , d e f i n e d as t h e r a t e o f movement a f t e r
th e movement has been i n i t i a t e d . Examples a r e arm speed*
hand s p e e d , anti f i n g e r s p e e d . (4) S t a t i c p r e c i s i o n f a c
t o r s d e f i n e d as t h e p r e c i s i o n in h o ld in .”: a g iv e n p o s i t i o n .
S t a t i c b a l a n c e and arm s t e a d i n e s s a r e f a c t o r s t h a t have
b een i d e n t i f i e d . (5) D y n a m i c - p r e c i s i o n f a c t o r s w hich i n
v o lv e body b a l a n c e in m otion, arm a im in g , and hand a im in g .
A ll of t h e s e r e q u i r e p r e c i s i o n in movements. (6) C o o r d i
n a t i o n f a c t o r s which r e q u i r e t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of p a t t e r n s
o f m u sc le s in c o m b in a tio n o r in s e q u e n c e . F a c t o r s which
have been i s o l a t e d a r e g r o s s body c o o r d i n a t i o n , hand d e x
t e r i t y , and f i n g e r d e s t e r i t y . (?) F l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s
i n t e r p r e t e d as th e d e g re e o f l o o s e n e s s of th e j o i n t s which
g o v ern s th e e x t e n t of movement. Two f l e x i b i l i t y f a c t o r s
ihave b e e n i d e n t i f i e d v i z . t r u n k f l e x i b i l i t y and l e g
f l e x i b i l i t y ( 5 0 : 3 5 0 - 5 6 ) .
P a r t o f body i n v o l v e d . — The psychoraotor a b i l i t i e s
a r e a l s o c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e p a r t of the body i n
v o l v e d . G u i l f o r d h a s g ro u p ed t h e p a r t s of t h e body u n d e r
f i v e h e a d i n g s : ( l ) g r o s s body, i . e . , th o s e a b i l i t i e s i n
v o l v i n g th e whole body or a l a r g e p o r t i o n of t h e body, (2)
jtrunlc, (3) lim b s , i . e . , l e g s and a rm s, (4) hand, and ( 5 )
j f i n g e r . The m a t r i x of i d e n t i f i e d psy ch o m o to r a b i l i t i e s
( c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to th e k in d o f a b i l i t y and t h e p a r t
of th e body i n v o lv e d i s p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 1.
I n t e l l e c t u a l d im e n s io n s
A c c o rd in g to G u i l f o r d ’s t h e o r y , th e i n t e l l e c t i s
d i v i d e d i n t o two m ajor dom ains, memory and t h i n k i n g .
T h in k in g f a c t o r s a r e f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e d i n t o c o g n i t i v e ,
p r o d u c t i v e , and e v a l u a t i v e a b i l i t i e s . P r o d u c t i v e t h i n k i n g
i s s u b d iv i d e d i n t o c o n v e r g e n t p r o d u c t i o n and d i v e r g e n t
p r o d u c t i o n ( 5 0 : 3 5 9 ) . The f i v e m ajor c a t e g o r i e s of i n
t e l l e c t u a l f a c t o r s a r e : memory, c o g n i t i o n , c o n v e r g e n t
p r o d u c t i o n , d i v e r g e n t p r o d u c t i o n , and e v a l u a t i o n .
The i n t e l l e c t u a l f a c t o r s a r e a l s o c l a s s i f i e d a c
c o r d i n g t o th e " k in d s o f m a t e r i a l or c o n t e n t upon w hich the
f u n c t i o n s of memory and t h i n k i n g o p e r a t e ( 5 0 : 3 6 0 ) . " The
t h r e e t y p e s o f c o n t e n t are f i g u r a l , s y m b o lic , and s e m a n ti c .
F i g u r a l c o n t e n t is i n f o r m a t i o n p e r c e i v e d o r r e c a l l e d i n
I t s c o n c r e t e form, e . g . , t h e s i z e , s h a p e , or c o l o r o f an
o b j e c t . Sym bolic c o n t e n t i s a b s t r a c t i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t has
ino s i g n i f i c a n c e p e r s e , i . e . , l e t t e r s , num bers, and
m u s ic a l n o t e s . S em an tic c o n t e n t i s i n f o r m a t i o n " i n th e
TABLE 1
GUILFORD'S MATRIX OF THE PSYCHGIOTQR FACTORS
P a rt of
Body-
Involved
Type o f A b ility
S tre n g th In p u lsio n Speed S ta tic P re c isio n Dynamic P re c isio n C oordination F l e x i b i l i ty
Gross G eneral
s tre n g th
G eneral
re a c tio n
tim e
S ta tic balance Dynamic balance G ross body
c o o rd in a tio n
Trunk
Limbs
Hand
Trunk
s tre n g th
Limb
s tre n g th
Limb
th r u s t
Tapping
Arm
speed
Arm ste a d in e ss Arm Aiming
Hand Aiming Hand
d e x te rity
Trunk
f l e x i b i l i t y
Leg
f l e x i b i l i t y
F in g er F inger
speed F in g er
d e x te r ity
' 13
form o f m eanings o r a b s t r a c t i d e a s . ” S e m a n tic a b i l i t i e s
a r e p r o m in e n t where t h e m eanings o f w ords must be known by
I
! th e s u b j e c t ( 5 0 : 3 6 0 - 6 1 ) .
I
j F i n a l l y , t h e i n t e l l e c t i s c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to
|th e k in d o f p r o d u c t t h a t i s in v o l v e d r e s u l t i n g from t h e
j
s u b j e c t s ' t r e a t m e n t o f th e i n f o r m a t i o n . The p r o d u c ts a r e
■ c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to th e k in d of t h i n g remembered in
|t h e c a s e of memory f a c t o r s . C o g n i t i v e f a c t o r p r o d u c t s a r e
d i v i d e d i n t o u n i t s , c l a s s e s , r e l a t i o n s , s y s t e m s , and im
p l i c a t i o n s . C o n v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g p r o d u c t s a r e c a l l e d nam es,
c o r r e l a t e s , s y s te m s , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , and u n iq u e i m p l i c a
t i o n s . D i v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g p r o d u c t s a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o
u n i t s , c l a s s e s , c o r r e l a t e s , s y s te m s , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , and
i m p l i c a t i o n s . E v a l u a t i v e - t h i n k i n g p r o d u c t s c l a s s i f i e d as
t o th e ty p e o f d e c i s i o n a r e : i d e n t i t y of e le m e n t s , l o g i c
a l r e l a t i o n s , s y s t e m i c c o n s i s t e n c y , and g o a l s a t i s f a c t i o n
( 5 0 : 3 6 0 - 3 9 0 ) .
Memory f a c t o r s . — Memory f a c t o r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d
a c c o r d i n g to th e k in d of c o n t e n t v i z . f i g u r a l , s y m b o lic ,
and s e m a n t i c ; and t h e k i n d o f t h i n g rem em bered, i . e . , s u b
s t a n c e , a s s o c i a t i o n s , and s y s t e m s . The m a t r i x of th e
p r e s e n t l y know n i s o l a t e d memory f a c t o r s i s p r e s e n t e d i n
T a b le 2 ( 5 0 : 3 6 1 - 6 5 ) .
C o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s . — C o g n i t i o n is t h e p o s s e s s i o n ,
d i s c o v e r y , r e d i s c o v e r y , o r r e c o g n i t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n .
I
The c o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s a re d i v i d e d i n t o a t h r e e by f i v e
TABLE 2
GUILFORD'S MATRIX OF MEMORY FACTORS
Kind o f Thing
I
Kind of C ontent
Remembered
F ig u ra l Symbolic Semantic
Substance V isu al memory
A uditory memory
Memory span Memory fo r id eas
A sso ciatio n s Rote memory M eaningful memory
Systems S p a tia l o rd er Temporal o rd er
'— ....................... - ................................. ' 15
'm a trix a c c o r d i n g to th e k in d o f c o n t e n t ( f i g u r a l , sy m b o l
i c , and s e m a n ti c ) and t h e k i n d of t h i n g known ( u n i t s ,
c l a s s e s , r e l a t i o n s , s y s te m s , and i m p l i c a t i o n s ) . The
m a t r i x o f p r e s e n t l y i s o l a t e d c o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s i s p r e s e n t - '
led in T a b le 3 ( 5 0 : 3 6 5 - 7 6 ) .
C o n v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g f a c t o r s . — C o n v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g
i
j i s t h e a b i l i t y to pro d u ce th e one c o n v e n t i o n a l l y a c c e p t e d
r e s p o n s e from t h e g iv e n i n f o r m a t i o n . These, f a c t o r s a re
c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to th e k in d o f c o n t e n t ( f i g u r a l , sym
b o l i c , and s e m a n tic ) and t h e kind of t h i n k produced
(names, c o r r e l a t e s , s y s t e m s , . t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , and. u n iq u e
i m p l i c a t i o n s ) . T a b le 4 p r e s e n t s th e m a t r i x of c o n v e r g e n t -
t h i n k i n g f a c t o r s ( 5 0 : 3 7 6 - 8 1 ) .
D i v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g f a c t o r s . — D i v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g is
th e a b i l i t y to pro d u ce a v a r i e t y o f a c c e p t a b l e r e s p o n s e s
from th e same given i n f o r m a t i o n . The m a t r i x of p r e s e n t l y
known d i v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g f a c t o r s c l a s s i f i e d by c o n t e n t and
p ro d u c t a p p e a r s in T a b le 5 ( 5 0 : 3 8 1 - 9 0 ) .
E v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r s . — E v a l u a t i o n i s t h e a b i l i t y to
a r r i v e a t a ju d g m e n t c o n c e r n i n g t h e " s u i t a b i l i t y , a c c e p t
a b i l i t y , g o o d n e ss, or c o r r e c t n e s s " o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n term s
o f c r i t e r i a o f i d e n t i t y , l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , c o n s i s t e n c y ,
or g o a l s a t i s f a c t i o n . The m a t r i x o f e v a l u a t i v e f a c t o r s
a c c o r d i n g to c o n t e n t and ty p e of d e c i s i o n i s shown in
T a b le 6 ( 5 0 : 3 9 0 - 3 9 5 ) .
TABLE 3
GUILFORD'S MATRIX OF COGNITIVE FACTORS
Kind o f Thing Kind o f C ontent
Known
F ig u ra l Symbolic Sem antic
U nits V isu al c o g n itio n
A uditory c o g n itio n
Symbolic co g n itio n V erbal comprehension
C lasses F ig u ra l c la s s if ic a tio n Sem antic c la s s i f ic a t io n
R ela tio n s E duction of f ig u r a l
r e la tio n s
Eduction o f symbolic
r e la tio n s
E duction o f sem antic
r e la tio n s
Systems S p a tia l o rie n ta tio n E duction o f symbolic
p a tte rn s
G eneral reaso n in g
Im p lic a tio n s P e rc e p tu a l f o re s ig h t C onceptual fo re s ig h t
TABLE U
GUILFORD1S MATRIX OF CONVERGENT-THINKING FACTORS
Kind o f Thing Kind o f C ontent
Produced
F ig u ra l Symbolic Semantic
Names O bject naming Concept naming
C o rre la te s E duction of symbolic
c o rre la te s
Eduction o f sem antic
c o rre la te s
Systems O rdering
T ra n sfo r- V is u a liz a tio n Symbolic r e d e f in itio n Sem antic r e d e f in itio n
m ations
Unique Symbol s u b s titu tio n N um erical f a c i l i t y
im p lic a tio n s
TABUS 5
GUILFORD'S M ATRIX OF DIVERGENT-THINKING FACTORS
Kind, of Thing Kind of Content
Produced
F ig u ral Symbolic Semantic
Units Word fluency Id e a tio n a l fluency
Classes F ig u ral spontaneous
f l e x i b i l i t y
i
Semantic spontaneous
f l e x i b i l i t y
C orrelates A ssociational fluency
Systems Expressional fluency
T ransfor
mations
F ig u ral adaptive
f l e x i b i l i t y
Symbolic adaptive
f l e x i b i l i t y
O rig in a lity
Im plications Elaboration E laboration
I
TABLE 6
GUILFORD'S MATRIX OF EVALUATIVE FACTORS
Type of Kind of Content
Decision
F ig u ral Symbolic Semantic
Id e n tity of
u n its
F ig u ral id e n tific a tio n Symbolic id e n tif ic a tio n
Logical
re la tio n s
Symbol m anipulation Logical evaluation
Systemic
consistency
E x p e rie n tia l evaluation
Judgment
Goal
s a tis f a c tio n
S e n s itiv ity to problems
/
< X >
- 20
G u i l f o r d ' s g e n e r a l t h e o r y o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e
i n t e l l e c t . — As i n d i c a t e d in t h e p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n , i n
t e l l i g e n c e i s d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g to th e m a jo r k in d of i n -
I t e l l e c t u a l p r o c e s s i n v o l v e d ( o p e r a t i o n s ) , t h e ty p e o f i n
f o r m a t i o n w hich t h e memory o r t h i n k i n g a b i l i t i e s o p e r a t e
( c o n t e n t ) , and th e r e s u l t s of th e s u b j e c t s 1 t r e a t m e n t o f
i
|the i n f o r m a t i o n ( p r o d u c t s ) .
The o p e r a t i o n s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o memory, c o g n i t i o n ,
c o n v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g , d i v e r g e n t - t h i n k i n g , and e v a l u a t i o n .
The c o n t e n t s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o f i g u r a l , s y m b o lic , and s e
m a n tic k i n d s o f c o n t e n t . The t y p e s of p r o d u c t s f o r th e
f i v e m a jo r o p e r a t i o n s v a r i e d w ith th e o p e r a t i o n ; how ever,
th e y g e n e r a l l y can he c l a s s i f i e d i n t o p ro d u c t c a t e g o r i e s
of u n i t s , c l a s s e s , r e l a t i o n s , s y s te m s , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s ,
and i m p l i c a t i o n s .
By com b in in g th e t h r e e d im e n s io n s in t o a t h r e e
d im e n s i o n a l f i g u r e , as i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e 1, th e t h e o
r e t i c a l model f o r G u i l f o r d ’s s t r u c t u r e of human i n t e l l i
gence can be g r a p h i c a l l y sum m arized.
The Development and I n d i v i d u a t i o n o f A b i l i t i e s
L i t t l e a g re e m e n t e x i s t s c u r r e n t l y c o n c e r n i n g th e
o r g a n i z a t i o n o f i n t e l l i g e n c e . The two m a jo r c o n te m p o ra ry
t h e o r i e s a r e S p e a rm a n 's Two F a c t o r t h e o r y and T h u r s t o n e 's
M u l t i p l e F a c t o r t h e o r y . The m a jo r d i f f e r e n c e b etw een
t h e s e t h e o r e t i c a l p o s i t i o n s l i e s in th e r e l a t i v e em p h asis
t h a t i s p l a c e d upon th e "g" f a c t o r as opposed to a n u m b er
21
to
H
U
D
Q
O
«
D ,
Unite
Classes
R elations
S y stem s
T ransform ations
Im plications
Figure 1
T heoretical m odel for the com plete "Structure of Intellect'
D epartm ent of P sych ology
P r o je c t on Aptitudes of High L evel P ersonn el
U n iv ersity of Southern California
N ovem ber 1,1958
'' ' 22
o f r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t group f a c t o r s . However b o t h
s c h o o ls o f t h o u g h t te n d t o f a v o r th e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t th e
a b i l i t i e s of o l d e r s u b j e c t s ten d to be more d i f f e r e n t i a t
e d . C o n v e r s e ly th e a b i l i t i e s o f y o u n g e r s u b j e c t s have th e
|te n d e n c y to be l e s s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o r more g e n e r a l i z e d .
I Spearman p r e s e n t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a b i l i t i e s of
i o l d e r c h i l d r e n and a d u l t s te n d to he more s p e c i a l i z e d th a n
I
i th ey a re in y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n . The "g" f a c t o r th u s p l a y s a
more d om inant r o l e a t the y o u n g e r ago l e v e l s ( 8 3 : 2 1 7 ) .
A s i m i l a r t h e s i s i s p o s t u l a t e d by C u rt when he
s t a t e s ,
B i o l o g i c a l , n e u r o l o g i c a l , and s t a t i s t i c a l e v id e n c e
a l l a p p e a r s s t r o n g l y to s u p p o r t t h e view t h a t w i t h i n
c r e a s i n g age i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y t e n d s to become more
and more s p e c i a l i z e d . Thus the g e n e r a l f a c t o r a c -
c o u n ts f o r a d i s t i n c t l y s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e
t o t a l amount of v a r i a t i o n , w h ile g ro u p f a c t o r s p l a y an
i n c r e a s i n g l y p re d o m in a n t r o l e . ( 1 7 :8 8 )
G a r r e t t p ro p o se d a t h e o r y o f i n t e l l e c t u a l grow th
i n which he h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t as age i n c r e a s e s th e o r g a n i
z a t i o n of i n t e l l i g e n c e c h an g es from a f a i r l y u n i f i e d g en
e r a l a b i l i t y to a lo o se ly ' o r g a n i z e d group of a b i l i t i e s .
He c o n s i d e r s "g" o f p rim ary im p o rta n c e d u r i n g th e e l e
m e n ta ry s c h o o l y e a r s and to be l e s s i m p o r t a n t a t th e h ig h
s c h o o l and c o l l e g e l e v e l . The i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s a r e
- t h a t e d u c a t o r s s h o u ld use t e s t s t h a t m easure g e n e r a l
‘m e n ta l a b i l i t y d u r i n g th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l y e a r s . Gar
r e t t s u g g e s t s t h a t no a t t e m p t s h o u ld be made to " f r a c t i o n
a t e " th e IQ i n t o i t s com ponents b e f o r e h ig h s c h o o l o r
23
c o l l e g e . At t h i s l a t t e r tim e he f e e l s t h a t i t i s p r a c
t i c a l and u s e f u l t o m easure i n d e p e n d e n t a b i l i t i e s d i f f e r -
j e n t i a l l y ( 3 9 ) .
G u i l f o r d , a c o n te m p o ra ry m u l t i p l e f a c t o r t h e o r i s t
s t a t e s t h a t :
; I t can be p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e of th e i n
t e l l e c t u a l f a c t o r s f o r c h i l d r e n w i l l be found s i m p l e r
I t h a n t h a t f o r a d u l t s . I t can a l s o be h y p o t h e s i z e d
t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e f o r g e n e r a l l y s u p e r i o r a d u l t s w i l l
be found more com plex th a n f o r g e n e r a l l y i n f e r i o r
| a d u l t s . (4 9 :2 8 7 )
In l a t e r w r i t i n g s , G u i l f o r d comments t h a t one r e a s o n f o r
th e i n t . e r c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een d i f f e r e n t k in d s of t e s t s to
be l a r g e r f o r y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n m ight be t h a t :
When c h i l d r e n a re young th e y a r e d e v e l o p i n g i n a l l
a b i l i t i e s more r a p i d l y t h a n when th e y a re o l d e r . Even
i n a g ro u p w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y n arrow age ra n g e , e v e r y
a b i l i t y i s r e l a t e d to age and hence a b i l i t i e s seem to
be r e l a t e d to one a n o t h e r . This m ight i n p a r t be
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e h i g h e r i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of t e s t s
f o r y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n .
He f u r t h e r s t a t e s t h a t t h e o b v io u s t e s t f o r t h e h y p o t h e s i s
't h a t as age i n c r e a s e s i n t e l l i g e n c e c h an g es i n i t s o r g a n i
z a t i o n from a r e l a t i v e l y u n i f i e d to a l o o s e l y o r g a n i z e d
group of a b i l i t i e s , i s t o :
A nalyze th e same t e s t s a t d i f f e r e n t age l e v e l s ,
each g ro u p b e i n g v e r y homogeneous as to a g e . Such
a n a l y s e s have b e e n done, b u t t h e y have n o t b een s u f
f i c i e n t l y s y s t e m a t i c o r c o m p re h e n siv e to y i e l d a d e
p e n d a b le answ er to the q u e s t i o n . Some o f them g iv e
th e t h e o r y s u p p o r t by s.bow ing a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n
t h e number o f f a c t o r s and a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n c o r
r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n f a c t o r s . . . . One more r e c e n t
s t u d y shows p r a c t i c a l l y no change and a n o t h e r even
show s a d e c r e a s e i n n u m b er o f f a c t o r s 'w ith a g e . We
| a r e t h e r e f o r e l e f t v e r y much in t h e d a r k a s to t h e
i m e r i t s o f th e G a r r e t t t h e o r y . ( 5 0 :4 0 4 - 5 )
A n a s t a s i r e c e n t l y re v ie w e d t h e r e s e a r c h r e l a t i n g
to th e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n h y p o t h e s e s and c o n c lu d e d t h a t th e
r e s u l t s o f v a r i o u s s t u d i e s l e a d s to w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g con
c l u s i o n s .
! In some t h e d e g r e e o r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f s p e c i a l i
z a t i o n o f a b i l i t i e s seems to re m a in r e m a rk a b ly u n ifo r m
w i t h a g e ; i n o t h e r s , a b i l i t i e s a p p e a r to become more
g e n e r a l i z e d , t h e o l d e r th e i n d i v i d u a l ; and i n s t i l l
o t h e r s , a t r e n d tow ard d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s e v i d e n t up
to a c e r t a i n a g e , f o ll o w e d by a r e v e r s e t r e n d tow ard
g r e a t e r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t h e r e a f t e r . (3 :3 5 8 )
R e s e a r c h i n d i c a t i n g i n c r e a s i n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
" 5”
.w ith m a t u r a t i o n . — Three groups of n i n e , tw e lv e ; and f i f
te e n y e a r o ld c h i l d r e n were a d m i n i s t e r e d a b a t t e r y o f t e n
m e n ta l t e s t s . S ix o f t h e t e s t s were d e s ig n e d to m easure
th e a b i l i t y of th e s u b j e c t t o - re p ro d u c e v i s u a l l y p r e s e n t e d
s t i m u l i (memory t e s t s ) . The r e m a i n in g f o u r t e s t s were
c o n s t r u c t e d to m easure th e non-memory f u n c t i o n s , i . e . ,
speed o f r e s p o n s e , v e r b a l , n u m e r i c a l , and s p a t i a l a b i l i
t i e s . Four f a c t o r s emerged from th e t e n t e s t s . Only t h e
f i r s t f a c t o r was l a r g e enough t o a c c o u n t f o r a p p r e c i a b l e
v a r i a n c e of th e b a t t e r y . The f i r s t f a c t o r c o n s i s t e n t l y
d e c r e a s e d in s i z e as age i n c r e a s e d from n in e to f i f t e e n .
The f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t a t t h e y o u n g e r age l e v e l s , "g"
is a more p o w e rfu l f a c t o r ( 4 1 ) .
Asch a d m i n i s t e r e d a b a t t e r y o f e i g h t t e s t s t o a
group of s e v e n t y - n i n e b o y s and e i g h t y - t w o g i r l s . The b a t
t e r y was g iv e n to t h e same s u b j e c t s a t age n in e and t h r e e
y e a r s l c i t e r a t age t w e l v e . The r e s u l t s were t h a t th e
f i r s t f a c t o r ( i n t e r p r e t e d as " g " ) was s u b s t a n t i a l l y l a r g e
a t b o th age l e v e l s ; how ever, i t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r
i
a t age n i n e . The m edian c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t b e tw e e n
th e t e s t s a t age n i n e was .56 f o r t h e boys and .59 f o r th e
i g i r l s . By age tw e lv e the m edian c o r r e l a t i o n betw een t e s t s
idropped to .41 f o r t h e boys and .51 f o r th e g i r l s , b o t h of
jwbich w ere s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( 5 ) .
C la r k a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e Chicago P rim a ry H e n t a 1
A b i l i t i e s T e s t to t h r e e g ro u p s o f c h i l d r e n , age e l e v e n ,
t h i r t e e n , and f i f t e e n , of a p p r o x i m a t e l y th e same IQ. She
found a d e c l i n e in t h e a v e r a g e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of t h e
s i x rMA s u b t e s t s , from .49 to .39, as age i n c r e a s e d ( 2 6 ) .
R e s e a rc h i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ol' a b i l i t i e s w ith m a t u r a t i o n . — C u r t i s p r o
posed to i n v e s t i g a t e G a r r e t t ' s h y p o t h e s i s . He u s e d a
g ro u p o f n in e y e a r old and a group of tw e lv e y e a r old
c h i l d r e n . C u r t i s h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t " g ” would c o n t r i b u t e
l e s s to th e v a r i a n c e of th e t e s t b a t t e r y a t age tw e lv e
th a n a t age n i n e . He found, on th e c o n t r a r y t h a t t h e r e
was an i n c r e a s e i n th e "g" f a c t o r and a d e c r e a s e i n g ro u p
f a c t o r s w i t h an i n c r e a s e in age ( 3 1 ) .
R e i c h a r d a d m i n i s t e r e d a b a t t e r y o f e i g h t t e s t s
( t h r e e v e r b a l , two n u m e r i c a l , two memory, and one s p a t i a l
i r e l a t i o n s h i p s ) to t h r e e g ro u p s o f c h i l d r e n , ag ed n i n e ,
tw e lv e , and f i f t e e n . The a v e r a g e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s i n
c r e a s e d from age n in e to age tw e lv e and d e c r e a s e d from
26
tw e lv e t o f i f t e e n . She i n t e r p r e t e d th e r e s u l t s t o i n d i
c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s an i n c r e a s e i n th e i n t e g r a t i o n of raen-
i
j t a l a b i l i t y which r e a c h e s i t s maximum a t age t w e l v e .
'R eichard i n t e r p r e t e d t h e d e c r e a s e in th e t e s t i n t e r c o r r e -
!
j l a t i o n s from age tw e l v e to f i f t e e n as b e i n g , "Due to th e
[ c r y s t a l l i z i n g o u t o f th e g ro u p f a c t o r s ( 7 8 : 2 8 ) . "
B a’ l i n s k i made a. c r o s s s e c t i o n a l s t u d y of th e
changes in t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of i n t e l l i g e n c e o v e r t h e y e a r s
j
Ifroiu n in e to s i x t y . The age l e v e l s s t u d i e d were n i n e ,
tw e lv e , f i f t e e n , t w e n t y - f i v e , t w e n t y - f i v e t o t w e n t y - n i n e ,
t h i r t y - f i v e t o f o r t y - f o u r , and f i f t y to f i f t y - n i n e . A ll
Igroups w ere a d m i n i s t e r e d th e heclis 1 er-B e.1 1 evue . The s u b
t e s t s were th e n c o r r e l a t e d a t each o f th e age l e v e l s .
F a c t o r l o a d i n g s were s e c u re d u s i n g T h u r s t o n e ' s c e n t r o i d
m e th o d . The f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d a t each of th e age l e v e l s
w ere: ( l ) "g" and v e r b a l a t age n i n e ; (2) v e r b a l , p e r
form ance, and s e e i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s ' in s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s a t
age t w e l v e ; (o) v e r b a l , per "ormance, and a f a c t o r w hich
c o u ld n o t be i n t e r p r e t e d m e a n i n g f u l l y a t age f i f t e e n ; (4)
v e r b a l , p e r fo r m a n c e , memory, and r e s t r i c t i o n in s o l u t i o n
a t ag es t w e n t y - f i v e to t w e n t y - n i n e ; (5) v e r b a l , p e r f o r m
ance, and me"mory a t ag es t h i r t y - f i v e to f o r t y - f o u r , and
(6) "g" p e r fo r m a n c e , and r e a s o n i n g a t a g e s f i f t y to
! f i f t y - n i n e .
The most c o n s i s t e n t f a c t o r s were v e r b a l and p e r
f o r m a n c e . The same f a c t o r s d id n o t a p p e a r a t each a g e .
27
Meraory a p p e a re d , o n ly i n th e t w e n t y - f i v e to t w e n t y - n i n e and
th e t h i r t y - f i v e t o f o r t y - f o u r y e a r old g r o u p s . The "g"
fa c tq g r^ w a s found o n ly in th e n in e and f i f t y to f i f t y - n i n e
* * -
y e a r o ld g r o u p s .
f
l
' B alinslci c o n c lu d e d t h a t m ental t r a i t s undergo r e -
!o r g a n i z a t i o n o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s . The same s u h t e s t s of
j
; the V.echs 1 e r - B e 11 evue a p p e a r to measure d i f f e r e n t a b i l i -
!
; t i e s a t d i f f e r e n t age l e v e l s ( 8 ) .
1 Chen and Chow a d m i n i s t e r e d a b a t t e r y of t e s t s to
t h r e e g ro u p s of C h in e se C h i l d r e n . They i d e n t i f i e d f o u r
f a c t o r s fo r^_ th e p rim a ry s c h o o l group: " g , " V, N, and S.
Three f a c t o r s were i d e n t i f i e d f o r the j u n i o r high s c h o o l
aged group, "g," V, and N. Two f a c t o r s were i d e n t i f i e d in
th e h ig h s c h o o l g ro u p , " g," and S. They co n clu d ed t h a t
m ental f u n c t i o n s te n d to i n t e g r a t e as t h e e d u c a t i o n a l
l e v e l i n c r e a s e s and s u g g e s t t h a t t r a n s f e r o f t r a i n i n g may
he th e p r i n c i p a l c a u s a t i v e f a c t o r ( 2 4 : 1 9 8 ) . The f i n d i n g s
of t h i s s tu d y th e n a r e in d i r e c t o p p o s i t i o n to the h y p o th
e s i s p ro p o sed by G a r r e t t t h a t t h e r e is an i n c r e a s e i n t h e
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of m ental a b i l i t i e s accom panying m a tu ra -
t i o n .
The i n c o n s i s t e n t f i n d i n g s o f t h e above s t u d i e s
may r e s u l t i n p a r t from the l a c k of c o n s i s t e n t c o n t r o l of
t e s t ty p e s employed.
P r e v io u s F a c t o r S t u d i e s
I
A d o l e s c e n t and a d u l t l e v e l
A c o n s i d e r a b l e number of a b i l i t y f a c t o r s h a v e b een
i -
i d e n t i f i e d and r e p l i c a t e d w hich have b e e n b a s e d on a d o l e s -
jcent and a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n s . In a c o m p re h e n siv e r e v i e w of
j f a c t o r - a n a l v t i c s t u d i e s t h a t had been a t t e m p t e d th r o u g h
I
jl952, F re n c h l i s t s t w e n t y - e i g h t a p t i t u d e and a c h ie v e m e n t
f a c t o r s w hich he c o n s i d e r s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h a t th e y h a v e
b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n a t l e a s t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t a n a l y s e s . lie
l i s t s t w e n t y - e i g h t a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r s which a r e c o n s i d e r e d
t e n t a t i v e i n t h a t t h e y have been i d e n t i f i e d i n o n ly one o r
two a n a l y s e s ( 3 5 ) . D e s c r i p t i o n s o f th e f a c t o r s and th e
t e s t s t h a t were used i n i d e n t i f y i n g them a p p e a r in F r e n c h 's
monograph ( 3 6 ) .
Over o n e - h a l f of G u i l f o r d ' s h y p o t h e s i z e d a p t i t u d e s
h a v e b een i d e n t i f i e d th r o u g h f a c t o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o d a t e .
G u i l f o r d h y p o t h e s i z e s t h i r t y - f i v e psy ch o m o to r f a c t o r s of
which e i g h t e e n have been i s o l a t e d ; n i n e memory f a c t o r s of
w hich s e v e n have been i d e n t i f i e d ; f i f t e e n c o g n i t i v e of
w hich t h i r t e e n have b een i d e n t i f i e d ; f i f t e e n c o n v e r g e n t -
p r o d u e t i o n f a c t o r s of which t e n have b e e n i s o l a t e d ; e i g h t
e e n d i v e r g e n t - p r o d u c t i o n f a c t o r s o f w hich e l e v e n h a v e b een
i d e n t i f i e d ; and tw e lv e e v a l u a t i v e t h i n k i n g f a c t o r s o f
w hich s i x h a v e b een i d e n t i f i e d ( 5 0 : 3 5 7 - 3 9 0 ) .
P r e l i t e r a t e l e v e l
I There i s a d e a r t h o f s t u d i e s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e
I 29
jth a t h a v e been c o n c e r n e d w ith i n v e s t i g a t i o n of d i f f e r e n
c i a l a b i l i t i e s o f p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n . P o s s i b l e r e a s o n s
i
|f o r t h i s a p p a r e n t l a c k of e x p e r i m e n t a l e f f o r t a r e ( l ) l a c k
f
I
jof a v a i l a b l e s u i t a b l e t e s t m a t e r i a l s f o r use w i t h p r e l i t -
; e r a t e c h i l d r e n , and (2) the n e c e s s i t y f o r i n d i v i d u a l o r
ism all g ro u p t e s t i n g .
i A t o t a l o f f i v e f a c t o r i a l s t u d i e s a t p r e l i t e r a t e
i
were fo u n d i n th e l i t e r a t u r e . Three o f t h e s t u d i e s were
a n a l y s e s o f a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g d a t a and two s t u d i e s w ere
d e s ig n e d to i d e n t i f y d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s .
R i c h a r d s and K elson (79) f a c t o r - a n a l y z e d t h e Ge-
s e l l it e m s a t s i x , tw e l v e , and e i g h t e e n m o n th s. T h e ir
s tu d y i s th e p i o n e e r a t t e m p t to f a c t o r - a n a l y z e th e t e s t
r e s u l t s o f i n f a n t t e s t s . U sing e i g h t y c h i l d r e n a t each
age l e v e l w i t h a p r o x i m a t e l y f o r t y p e r c e n t o f t h e same
c h i l d r e n in each g ro u p , t h e y f a c t o r - a n a l y z e d t h e t e t r a -
c h o r i c r ' s u s in g b o th T o u r s t o n e ' s m u l t i p l e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s
and t h e S p e a r u i n -IT o lz in g e r b i f a c t o r m ethod.
The m u l t i p l e f a c t o r - a n a l y s i s e v id e n c e d two f a c t o r s
a t s i x m onths, t h r e e f a c t o r s a t tw e lv e m onths, and two
f a c t o r s a t e i g h t e e n m onths. However, th e e x a m i n a t i o n of
th e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e a r e o n ly two
;f a c t o r s o f im p o rta n c e a t e ach age l e v e l .
The f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d a t th e s i x month l e v e l were
" a l e r t n e s s " and " m o t o r ." H o st o f th e ite m s a t th e s i x
I months l e v e l r e q u i r e d a m otor r e s p o n s e . T his may e x p l a i n
j " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
jth e p r e s e n c e o f "m otor" in a l l o f t h e s i x m o n th s t e s t s .
|The a l e r t n e s s f a c t o r was p r e s e n t p r i n c i p a l l y in t h o s e
I
I t e s t s t h a t i n v o l v e d e i t h e r d i s t a n c e r e c e p t i o n or p l a y f u l -
|n e s s .
i
j Three f a c t o r s were i d e n t i f i e d a t th e tw e lv e months
! l e v e l . However, f a c t o r I I I c o n t r i b u t e d l i t t l e t o t h e
; com m unalitv above t h a t c o n t r i b u t e d by th e f i r s t two f a c t
o r s . F a c t o r I I I was i n t e r p r e t e d as a s t a t i s t i c a l a r t i f a c t .
The f i r s t two f a c t o r s were l a b e l " a l e r t n e s s - l a n g u a g e " and
" m o t o r ."
The e i g h t e e n months a n a l y s i s p roduced com m onali
t i e s t h a t w ere c o n s i d e r a b ] e h i g h e r than t h e tw e lv e months
d a t a b u t low er th an th e s i x months d a t a . The r o t a t e d
l o a d i n g s s u g g e s te d two f a c t o r s , " a l e r t n e s s - l a n g u a g e " and
" m o t o r ."
The b i f a c t o r a n a l y s i s method d i s c r i m i n a t e d more
f a c t o r s and a l s o a c c o u n te d f o r more v a r i a n c e . Four f a c t
o rs were i d e n t i f i e d a t s i x m onths, f o u r a t tw e lv e m onths,
and e i g h t a t e i g h t e e n m o n th s . The s i x month f a c t o r s were
i n t e r p r e t e d as " g , " m otor, and two a l e r t n e s s f a c t o r s . The
tw e lv e months f a c t o r s were " g , " g r o s s m otor, f i n e m o to r,
and l a n g u a g e . The e i g h t e e n months f a c t o r s were i n t e r
p r e t e d as " g ," la n g u a g e , m a n i p u l a t o r y , two a l e r t n e s s
f a c t o r s , and t h r e e f a c t o r s t h a t c o u ld n o t be i n t e r p r e t e d
m e a n i n g f u l l y .
R ic h a r d s and N elso n c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e a p p e a r
31
to be two f a c t o r s p r e s e n t from s i x months o n . The two_
f a c t o r i a l a p p r o a c h e s d i d n o t y i e l d r e s u l t s t h a t a g r e e d
c o m p l e t e l y ; how ever, t h e y t h o u g h t t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
w e re n o t m arked.
McNemar f a c t o r - a n a l y z e d th e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n d a t a
o f th e 1937 r e v i s i o n o f t h e S t a n f o r d - B i n e t i n o r d e r to d e
te r m in e w h e th e r t h e ite m s e l e c t i o n was done c a r e f u l l y
enough t o i n s u r e t h a t th e t e s t would be p r i m a r i l y a m e a s
u re o f one common c e n t r a l f a c t o r a t the d i f f e r e n t age
l e v e l s .
In v iew of th e c r i t e r i a used f o r t h e r e t e n t i o n o r
r e j e c t i o n o f i t e m s , one need n o t be s u r p r i s e d i f i t i s
found t h a t a g e n e r a l f a c t o r r u n s th ro u g h t h e it e m s a t
a g iv e n l e v e l . I f such a common f a c t o r i s d i s c o v e r e d ,
and f u r t h e r , i f no g ro u p f a c t o r s a r e fo u n d , i t d o es
n o t f o llo w t h a t t h e r e s u l t s le n d s u p p o r t to a two
f a c t o r t h e o r y o f i n t e l l i g e n c e . (7 0 :1 0 0 )
S e p a r a t e f a c t o r - a n a l y s e s w ere p e rfo rm e d a t e a c h of
f o u r t e e n d i f f e r e n t age l e v e l s from two th r o u g h e i g h t e e n
y e a r s . The ite m s g e n e r a l l y te n d e d to be s a t u r a t e d w i t h a
common f a c t o r . The a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of
t h e p r e s e n c e of group f a c t o r s . However, t h e s a m p lin g
e r r o r s w ere so l a r g e t h a t no m e a n in g fu l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
t h e s e f a c t o r s was p o s s i b l e .
B a y le y in r e f e r r i n g t o t h e R i c h a r d s - N e I s o n and
McNemar s t u d i e s s t a t e d t h a t , "These s t u d i e s o n ly s c r a t c h
t h e s u r f a c e o f what needs to be done to g a i n r e a l u n d e r
s t a n d i n g o f th e n a t u r e of th e e a r l y m e n ta l p r o c e s s e s
( 1 0 : 8 1 0 ) . "
H o f s t a e t t e r , u t i l i z i n g t h e "T" t e c h n i q u e f a c t o r i a l
d e s i g n , f a c t o r - a n a l y z e d B a y l e y 's i n t e r a g e c o r r e l a t i o n s o f
th e C a l i f o r n i a Growth S tu d y . T hree f a c t o r s w e re fo u n d ,
e ach o f which was p re d o m in a n t a t a d i f f e r e n t age l e v e l .
S e n s o r i - m o t o r a l e r t n e s s ( f a c t o r I) was most h e a v i l y lo a d e d
up to th e age o f tw e n t y m onths. I t c o n t r i b u t e d l i t t l e to
ithe v a r i a n c e a f t e r f o r t y m o n th s. F a c t o r I I was t e n t a t i v e -
I
:ly labeled, " p e r s i s t e n c e " and was p re d o m in a n t from tw e n ty
I
11o f o r t y m onths. The t h i r d f a c t o r a p p e a r e d to r e q u i r e th e
:m a n ip u la tio n of sym bols ( a b s t r a c t b e h a v i o r ) , o r t h e a b i l i
t y to p la n , i . e . , a n t i c i p a t e f u t u r e a c t i o n i n th e p r e s e n t .
;This f a c t o r had s i m i l a r i t i e s to "g" b u t ’’o f s t a e t t e r f e l t
t h a t t h i s was due t o th e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a ( 5 9 : 1 5 9 -
63) .
i l o f s t a e t t e r c o n c lu d e d t h a t :
'The term an i n t e l l i g e n t c h i l d seems t o r e f e r to a
l i v e l y ( a l e r t ) i n f a n t a t f i r s t and to a r a t h e r s t u b
b o rn c h i l d a t an age of t h r e e b e f o r e i t a c q u i r e s th e
c o n n o t a t i o n s w hich p r e d o m in a te a l l th ro u g h the s c h o o l
ag e .
The f a c t o r s were l a b e l e d : s e n s o r y - m o t o r a l e r t n e s s , p e r
s i s t e n c e , and m a n i p u l a t i o n of sym bols ( 5 9 : 1 6 3 ) .
The U i c h a r d s - x e l s o n , McNemar, and H o f s t a e t t e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o u ld h a v e y i e l d e d no more f a c t o r i a l r e
s u l t s th a n what t h e d a t a from t h e t e s t s u sed had to o f f e r .
The d a t a e x i s t e d f o r p r i o r r e a s o n s . The n e x t two s t u d i e s ,
Ihowever, were d e s ig n e d f o r f a c t o r i a l e x p l o r a t i o n .
t
The p i o n e e r s tu d y o f d i f f e r e n t i a l m e n ta l a b i l i t i e s
j o f p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n was p u b l i s h e d by T rum an K e l l e y
j (63) . He had a l r e a d y found, t h a t th e m e n ta l a b i l i t i e s o f
j s e v e n th and t h i r d g ra d e c h i l d r e n were v e r y s i m i l a r . In
i
i o r d e r to e x p l o r e t h e a b i l i t i e s of 3ro u n g e r c h i l d r e n , K e l l e y
jd e v is e d e i g h t i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r use w i t h
i K i n d e r g a r t e n c h i l d r e n . The t e s t s were i n d i v i d u a l l y a d -
I m i n i s t e r e d to 1 '7 c h i l d r e n b e tw e e n th e a g e s of t h r e e y e a r s
! s i x months to s i x ’ / e a r s t h r e e m o n th s. A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n
:of th c t o s t s f o l i o w s :
Memory f o r m ean in g fu l f o r m s . — A row o f s e v e n g e o
m e t r i c forms were shown to th e c h i l d . The e x a m in e r
. tou ch ed c ■ - r t a i n forms in a s t a n d a r d o r d e r . The row was
then c o v e re d and a seco n d row o f forms was e x p o se d . The
c h i l d was r e p a i r e d to p o i n t to t h e sane forms in th e same
o rd r-r t h a t t h e ex a m in e r h a d . ... ■
C o n t r o l o f m e a n in g f u l v is u a l, images . — T h e s a in c
m a t e r i a l s were u se d as in t h e p r e c e d i n g t e s t ; how ever, th e
p ro c e d u re was v a r i e d . The s u b j e c t had an o p p o r t u n i t y to
examine t h e forms in th e f i r s t row th e n c o v e re d h i s eyes
w h ile th e e x a m in e r removed t h e p r e s c r i b e d f o rm s . The
c h i l d t h e n loolced a t th e r e m a i n i n g form s b r i e f l y . The
f i r s t rowr was c o v e re d and t h e s e c o n d r o r o f forms was e x
p o sed . The c h i l d ' s t a s k was to p o i n t t o th e forms which
had. been rem oved. K e l l e y t h o u g h t t h a t t h i s t e s t i n v o l v e d
more th a n memory.
Memory f o r m e a n in g le s s f o r m s . — The same p r o c e d u r e
| 34
jwas u s e d as i n t h e "Memory f o r M e a n in g fu l F orm s." The
ite m s v a r i e d i n t h a t th e form s u sed w ere r e l a t i v e l y am
b ig u o u s .
| C o n t r o l of m e a n i n g l e s s v i s u a l memory i m a g e s . — The
i
i m a t e r i a l of th e "M emory f o r M e a n in g le s s Forms" t e s t and
;th e p r o c e d u r e o f th e " C o n t r o l o f M e a n in g fu l V i s u a l Memory
i
•Images" was u t i l i z e d .
Memory f o r m e a n in g f u l v e r b a l m a t e r i a l and 'memory
f o r m e a n in g le s s v e r b a l m a t e r i a l . — In b o th t e s t s a s e r i e s
of e i t h e r m e a n in g f u l words o r n o n s e n se s y l l a b l e s were p r e
s e n t e d o r a l l y by t h e ex a m in e r w i t h i n s t r u c t io n s t h a t t h e
's u b j e c t s h o u ld r e p e a t v e r b a l m a t e r i a l f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e
s e n t a t i o n . Due to a high c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e two
t e s t s , t h e y were combined i n t o a s i n g l e t e s t which was
c a l l e d "Memory f o r V e rb a l M a t e r i a l . "
D iv id e d forms t e s t . — The c h i l d was shown a g e o
m e t r i c form su c h as an e q u i l a t e r a l t r i a n g l e f o r f i v e
s e c o n d s . lie was a s k e d to f i n d two p i e c e s t h a t when p u t
t o g e t h e r would make th e t r i a n g l e .
Knox cube t e s t . — Four b l a c k cu b es s e p a r a t e d w i t h
e q u a l s p a c e s w ere ta p p e d w i t h a f i f t h cube by th e e x a m in e r
i n a p r e s c r i b e d o r d e r . The c h i l d ' s t a s k was to t a p t h e
cubes in th e same s e r i a l o r d e r .
U sing a method w hich i s no l o n g e r u t i l i z e d , K e l l e y
o b t a i n e d s i x f a c t o r s v/hich he l a b e l e d m a t u r i t y - h e t e r o g e n -
| i e t y , v e r b a l , memory, s p a t i a l num ber one, s p a t i a l n u m b er
- .................................................... ' " " ........................................... ' .........' ............ 35
tw o , an d c o n t r o l o f m e a n i n g l e s s c o n t e x t . The c o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s and f i n a l f a c t o r l o a d i n g s a p p e a r in T ab les- 7
I
|and 8.
I In c o m p arin g trie f i n d i n g s o f t h e p r e l i t e r a t e age
igroup w i t h th e f a c t o r s found in o l d e r p o p u l a t i o n s , K e l l e y
!
: c o n c lu d e d t h a t w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of " c o n t r o l of m e a n in g -
! l e s s c o n t e n t , " t h e f a c t o r s were th e s a m e ,a s t h o s e found i n
: th e o l d e r p o p u l a t i o n s . The f o l l o w i n g t r a i t s a p p e a r e d to
;be p r e s e n t d u r i n g e a r l y c h i l d h o o d : ( l ) f a c i l i t y w i t h v e r
b a l m a t e r i a l , (2) m a n i p u l a t i o n o f s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,
(3) memory, and p o s s i b l y (4) s e n s i n g and r e t e n t i o n of g eo
m e t r i c f o r m s . he p o s t u l a t e d t h a t a number f a c t o r was
p r o b a b l y a l s o p r e s e n t b u t t h e tim e r e q u i r e d f o r t e s t a d
m i n i s t r a t i o n d id n o t p e r m it t h e i r i n e l u s i o n in th e b a t t e r y .
By p r e s e n t s t a n d a r d s , K e l l e y ' s s t u d y was r a t h e r
c ru d e i n t h a t o n ly s e v e n t e s t s were used i n th e b a t t e r y in
w hich s i x f a c t o r s were i d e n t i f i e d . G u i l f o r d s u g g e s t s a
minimum of t h r e e t e s t s f o r e a c h h y p o t h e s i z e d a b i l i t y . An
o t h e r a p p a r e n t w eakness of K e l l e y ' s p i o n e e r e f f o r t , i n
term s o f t o d a y ' s s t a n d a r d s , was t h e r e l a t i v e l y wide ra n g e
o f c h r o n o l o g i c a l ages i n c l u d e d i n th e s a m p le .
The r e m a in in g f a c t o r s t u d y o f d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i
t i e s a t t h e p r e l i t e r a t e l e v e l was done b y -^th e T h u r s to n e s
as a downward e x t e n s i o n of t h e i r t e s t s f o r e l e m e n t a r y and
h ig h s c h o o l c h i l d r e n (97, 9 8 ) . This s t u d y r e s u l t e d in an
e d i t i o n o f th e PMA t e s t s f o r f i v e to se v e n y e a r o l d
36
TABLE 7
KELLEY'S CORRELATION M ATRIX FOR 107 CHILDREN
AGES 3 i YEARS TO 6 | YEARS
T est 1 2
3 6 5
6
7
1 635
2
5)4? 565
3
668 567 733
6 U97 335 603 600
5 650
36 7 1+22 265 876
6
663
Ul2 600 311* 226 669
7 576 668 526 623 666 612 516
TABLE 8
KELLEY'S FINAL FA C T O R V ALU ES FOR THE POPULATION O F 107 K IN D ER G A R TEN CH ILDREN
A T CLOSE OF I 48T K SUCCESSIVE APPROXIM ATION
I
Test
Factors
M aturity,
H eterogeneity Verbal Memory S p a tia l No. 1 S p a tia l No. 2
Control of
Meaningless Content
1 79
i
1
13
2 71 27 -18
3 62 18 27 50
k 63 15
h2
5 h9 61 50
6 52 58
1
ro
XT'
7
62 36
13
CO 1
-a
c h i l d r e n ( 9 9 ) . F iv e f a c t o r s were i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e f i v e
t o se v e n y e a r o ld l e v e l . The f a c t o r s were c a l l e d V e r b a l
Com prehension, P e r c e p t u a l Speed, Q u a n t i t a t i v e , M otor, and
'Space. The f a c t o r a n a l y s i s has n o t been p u b lis h e d to
j d a t e ; how ever, tire s u b t e s t i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x i s p r o
v i d e d in th e t e c h n i c a l su p p le m e n t to the t e s t manual (1 0 0 ).
jThe i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i c e s a t t h e p rim a ry , e l e m e n t a r y ,
i
'and i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l s a re r e p r o d u c e d in T a b le s 9 - 1 1 .
The median s u b t e s t i n t e r c o r r e ' l n t i o n s a t t h e t h r e e
age l e v e l s a r c .604- f o r th e f i r s t grade c h i l d r e n , .374 f o r
t h e s e v e n to e le v e n y e a r g ro u p , and .222 f o r th e t e n t h
grade s t u d e n t s . Thus i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e a b i l i t i e s o f th e
f i v e to s even y e a r g ro u p a re n o t as c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d
as th o s e a m o n g -e ld e r c h i l d r e n and a d o l e s c e n t s .
A s t u d y of d i f f e r e n t i a l la n g u a g e a b i l i t i e s
The " D i f f e r e n t i a l Language F a c i l i t y T e s t s " was
d e v is e d by S i e v e r s (82) to m easure v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f
la n g u a g e in p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . The t h e o r e t i c a l fram ew ork
f o r tin* t o s t b a t t e r y was O sgood's c o m m u n icatio n t h e o r y
( 7 5 ) .
A c c o rd in g t o O sgood's t h e o r y o f co m m u n ic a tio n ,
la n g u a g e f a c i l i t i e s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o : ( l )
l e v e l s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , (2) p r o c e s s e s , and (3) c h a n n e l s o f
t r a n s m i s s i o n . L iev els o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a r e d i v i d e d i n t o
t h r e e t y p e s , s e m a n ti c , g r a m m a tic a l, and i n t e g r a t i o n a l .
P r o c e s s e s a r e e i t h e r d e c o d in g , a s s o c i a t i o n , o r e n c o d in g .
39
TABLE 9
INTERCORRELATIONS A IO M G T H E P M A 5-7 TESTS (263 G R A D E I CHILDREN)
V P
Q
M o s
Verbal
P erceptual Speed
653
Q u an titativ e 727
611
Motor 518 573 589
Space 602 663 607 5m
40
TABLE 10
INTERCORRELATIGNS A M O N G THE PM A 7 -1 1 TESTS (1*57 CHILDREN)
V w Vp.... V S R w Rf R P N
Vw
Vp 616
V 922 871*
s 175 257 235
R w 690 1*71 658 260
Rf 31*0 372
393 UU7
U 63
R 618
1*99
628
l*ol* 883 822
P 27U 320 327 373 37U 392 1 * 1 4 7
N 280 11*8 21*6 096
32U 203 320 350
41
TABLE 11
IN TERCOR RELATIONS A M O N G THE PM A 11-17 TESTS (500 GRA D E X STUDENTS)
N V S W
Verbal 168
Space 097
178
Word Fluency 2U8 290 120
*
Reasoning 207 326 238
273 -
"....' 42
The c h a n n e l s o f t r a n s m i s s i o n a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s p e r c e p t u o -
jmotor o r a u d i t o r y - v o c a l . Thus on t h e b a s i s o f t h i s th e o ry ,
| t h e r e a r e e i g h t e e n la n g u a g e f a c i l i t i e s . For a more d e
r a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n o f th e t h e o r y , th e r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d
‘to Osgood anci S ebeok, P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i e s (75) .
S in c e t h e l a n g u a g e f a c i l i t i e s c o u l d n o t be m e a s u r-
jed in i s o l a t i o n , th e f i n a l t e s t b a t t e r y c o n t a i n e d e l e v e n
i s u h t e s t s , each o f w hich i n v o l v e d s e v e r a l o f t h e t h e o r e t i c
a l a b i l i t i e s . The e l e v e n s u b t e s t s w ere: ( l ) " L a b e li n g "
( o b j e c t s a r c p i c t u r e s ) , (2) " O b j e c t A s s o c i a t i o n , " (3)
"word A s s o c i a t i o n , " (4) " M u t i l a t e d f i c t u r e s , " (5) " G e s tu r e
Sequence H a t c h i n g , " (fi) " V i s u a l For::: T r a c i n g , " (?) "S peech
Sound M im ic ry ," ( s ) "G ram m a tica l Nonsense M i m i c r y , " (9)
" G e s t u r a l C o n v e r s a t i o n , " (10) " P i c t u r e S c r i e s D e s c r i p
t i o n , " and (11) "Vocal C lo z e " ( 8 2 ) .
The t e s t s w ere a d m i n i s t e r e d to a group of 228 p r e
s c h o o l c h ild r e n , betw een t h e a g e s o f two y e a r s z e r o months .
th ro u g h f i v e y e a r s e l e v e n m o n th s . C o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e
s u b t e s t s were com puted w i t h age h e ld c o n s t a n t . The c o r r e
l a t i o n m a t r i x was n o t f a c t o r - a n a l y z e d . I n s p e c t i o n o f t h e
i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s r e v e a l s a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f low
p o s i t i v e r ’s b etw een .01 -.2 9 . I t i s a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g to
n o te t h a t t h e s u b t e s t s te n d e d t o c o r r e l a t e o n ly s l i g h t l y
w ith t h e t o t a l t e s t s c o r e . Thus t h e p r e s e n c e o f d i f f e r e n
t i a l l a n g u a g e a b i l i t i e s a p p e a r s t o be s u p p o r t e d by S i e v -
e r ' s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
43
The l i t e r a t u r e show s l i t t l e s y s t e m a t i c c o n c e r n
w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r e o f th e a b i l i t i e s o f p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l
d r e n . T h is was c l e a r l y e v id e n c e d by th e f a c t t h a t o n ly
f i v e f a c t o r s t u d i e s were fo u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t
d e a l t w i t h t h i s p ro b le m . The R i c h a r d s and N elso n s tu d y
found two f a c t o r s , a l e r t n e s s and m otor a t s i x , tw e l v e , and
e i g h t e e n m o n th s. McNemar's s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e ite m
s e l e c t i o n f o r th e 1937 S t a n f o r d - B i n e t was such t h a t th e
t e s t was p r i m a r i l y a t e s t of a s i n g l e f a c t o r . H o f s t a e t t e r
found t h r e e f a c t o r s which he c a l l e d s e n s o r i - m o t o r a l e r t
n e s s (p re d o m in a n t up to tw e n th m o n th s), p e r s i s t e n c e ( p r e
dom inant from tw e n ty to f o r t y months) and m a n i p u l a t i o n of
symbols (p re d o m in a n t a f t e r f o r t y m o n th s ) .
Of th e two f a c t o r s t u d i e s which h a v e been d one to
e l i c i t d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s , o n ly K e l l e y ' s has been pub
l i s h e d . N e i t h e r s tu d y has been r e p l i c a t e d . The f a c t o r
l i t e r a t u r e d o e s , how ever, i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m easurem ent of
d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s of p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n i s p o s s i b l e .
F u r t h e r e v id e n c e in s u p p o r t of d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s i n
p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n was p r o v id e d by t h e S i e v e r s s t u d y .
CHAPTER I I I
| * THE HYPOTHESES AND THE TEST BATTERY
!
! This c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s t h e h y p o t h e s e s t h a t w ere
'f o r m u la te d f o r th e s tu d y and. • a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t e s t
‘b a t t e r y . The l a t t e r i n c l u d e s th e c r i t e r i a used i n th e
i
[ s e l e c t i o n of s r t b t e s t s , th e co ;,s t r a c t i o n of th e t e s t b a t -
jte ry , and. a d e s c r i p t i o n of e a c h of t h e t h i r t e e n s u b t e s t s .
The H y p o th eses
F o r m u la tio n
The h y p o t h e s i z e d f a c t o r s in t h i s s t u d y wore d e
v e lo p e d from t h e s e s o u r c e s : ( l ) F a c t o r - a n a l y s e s on a d o
l e s c e n t and a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n s . (2) The l i m i t e d nu m b er o f
p u b l i s h e d f a c t o r s t u d i e s on c h i l d r e n . (3) C h ild d e v e l o p
ment l i t e r a t u r e re a e rd ir u r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t and i n d i v i d u a -
' — > i
t i o n of a h i 1i t i e s . -
A b i l i t y h y p o th e s e s p o s tu la te d , f o r t h i s s t u d y
S in c e th e p r e s e n t s tu d y was e x p l o r a t o r y in n a t u r e ,
i t was d e te r m in e d t h a t t h e domain to bo i n v e s t i g a t e d
s h o u ld be b r o a d . I t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s
would be f orthcor.iing .
The m a j o r ’h y p o t h e s i s exam ined i n t h i s s tu d y was
t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s can be i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e s i x
y e a r l e v e l . F our a b i l i t i e s were h y p o t h e s i z e d : ( l ) h a n d -
ieye p sy ch o m o to r, (2) v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l sp e e d ,
45
(3) p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c , and (4) r e a s o n i n g . These were s e
l e c t e d b e c a u s e t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y e x i s t a t h i g h e r
age l e v e l s and b e c a u s e th e y a l l l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e t o edu
c a t i o n a l d e v e lo p m e n t.
The m ajor h y p o t h e s i s : d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s can
be i d e n t i f i e d i n s i x - y e a r - o l d c h i l d r e n . — The e x i s t e n c e of
d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s i s w e ll e s t a b l i s h e d a t th e a d o l e s
c e n t and a d u l t a g e s . However, as t h e re v ie w o f t h e l i t
e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e d , t h e r e i s a d e a r t h o f r e s e a r c h t h a t has
e x p lo r e d th e s t r u c t u r e o f a b i l i t y a t t h e k i n d e r g a r t e n -
p rim a ry and p r e s c h o o l a g e s .
The R i c h a r d s - N e l s o n (79) and H o f s t a e t t e r (59)
s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s ta p p e d d i f f e r
e n t i a l f a c t o r s d u r in g t h e e a r l y c h i ld h o o d y e a r s . K e l l e y
(63) found e v id e n c e f o r s i x f a c t o r s i n a group o f k i n d e r
g a r t e n c h i l d r e n . The T h u r s to n e s i d e n t i f i e d f i v e f a c t o r s
a t t h e f i v e to sev en y e a r l e v e l . The S i e v e r s s tu d y was
i n d i c a t i v e of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t i a l la n g u a g e a b i l i t i e s i n
p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . Vhile t h e above s t u d i e s were f a r from
c o n c l u s i v e , t h e y a r e s u g g e s t i v e t h a t group f a c t o r s c a n be
i d e n t i f i e d a t th e s i x y e a r l e v e l .
H and-eye p s y c h o m o to r . — This h y p o t h e s i z e d a b i l i t y
r e q u i r e d t h a t th e s u b j e c t r e s p o n d w i t h r a p i d , s k i l l f u l ,
and c o o r d i n a t e d h a n d - e y e movements. Psychom otor f a c t o r s
which a r e c o n s i d e r e d e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e a d u l t and
46
a d o l e s c e n t l e v e l a r e : a im in g , f i n g e r d e x t e r i t y , manual
d e x t e r i t y , and psychoraotor c o o r d i n a t i o n ( 3 5 ) .
R ic h a r d s and N e lso n (79) i d e n t i f i e d a m o to r f a c t o r
a t th e s i x , t w e l v e , and e i g h t e e n months l e v e l . H o f s t a e t -
t e r ' s (59) d a t a i n d i c a t e d a s e n s o r i - m o t o r a l e r t n e s s f a c t o r
t o he t h e p rim a ry s o u r c e o f v a r i a n c e up t o tw e n ty months
o f a g e ; how ever, i t a c c o u n t e d f o r l i t t l e v a r i a n c e a f t e r
f o r t y m o n th s. T h u r s to n e and T h u r s to n e (99) i d e n t i f i e d a
motor f a c t o r a t th e f i v e t o s e v e n y e a r l e v e l w hich t h e y
i n t e r p r e t e d as t h e a b i l i t y to c o o r d i n a t e hand and eye
m ovem ents.
V i s u o p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d . — V i s u o p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d
r e p r e s e n t s the a b i l i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l to v i s u a l l y
e v a l u a t e f i g u r a l i d e n t i t y t h r o u g h t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o f
l i k e n e s s e s and d i f f e r e n c e s . I t i n v o l v e s th e a b i l i t y of
th e s u b j e c t t o f i n d i n a mass o f d i s t r a c t i n g s t i m u l i , a
g iv en c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h a t i s b o r n e i n mind d u r i n g t h e
s e a r c h .
The p e r c e p t u a l sp e e d f a c t o r i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d
a t th e a d u l t and a d o l e s c e n t l e v e l s (36, 5 0 ) . P e r c e p t u a l
speed has a l s o b een i d e n t i f i e d by th e T h u r s to n e s a t t h e
f i v e t o s e v e n y e a r l e v e l ( 9 9 ) .
P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c . — P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y i n
v o l v e s t h e r e c e p t i v e and e x p r e s s i v e la n g u a g e c o m m u n icatio n
a b i l i t y of t h e s u b j e c t . T h e re a r e i n d i c a t i o n s from
S i e v e r s 1 i n v e s t i g a t i o n (82) t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s
jare p r e s e n t in tlie la n g u a g e dom ain. The p r e s e n t s t u d y
ip ro p o ses o n ly to d e t e r m in e w h e th e r m easu res t h a t r e q u i r e
i
I th e s u b j e c t to u t i l i z e e x p r e s s i v e o r r e c e p t i v e la n g u a g e
jcoi’iiiiunication s k i l l s w i l l emerge as r e l a t i v e l y d i s t i n c t
l a b i l i t i e s fro;.: th e o t h e r h y p o t h e s i z e d f a c t o r s .
At t h e a d u l t l e v e l , f a c t o r s t ha t a r e c o n c e rn e d
'w ith t h e p r o d u c t i o n of la n g u a g e , v i z . "word f l u e n c y , "
" i d e a t i o n a l f l u e n c y , " and " f l u e n c y of e x p r e s s i o n " a p p e a r
to be q u i t e d i s t i n c t from f a c t o r s such; as " v e r b a l com pre
h e n s io n " w i c h r e q u i r e s th e co m p reh en sio n o f la n g u a g e (36:
2 4 5 ) . T here were i n d i c a t i o n s from th e S i e v e r s * s t u d y t h a t
u i f - f e r e n t i a 1 a b i l i t i e s were p r e s e n t in. th e la n g u a g e domain
a t th e ; r e s c h o o l l e v e l . The p r e s e n t s t u d y , however, does
n o t p ro p o se to i n v e s t i g a t e d i f f e r e n t i a l 1a n ru a g e a b i l i t i e s .
T his would a p p e a r to be a p r e g n a n t domain f o r f u t u r e r e
s e a r c h .
In th e R i c h a r d s and K elso n s tu d y (79) la n g u a g e
emerged as an i m p o r t a n t s o u rc e o f v a r i a n c e d u r i n g t h e
seco n d y e a r o f l i f e . The f a c t o r was named " a l e r t n e s s -
la n g u a g e " and was r e l a t i v e l y d i s t i n c t from "m otor" a b i l
i t y .
H o f s t a e t t e r 1s " M a n i p u l a t i o n o f Symbols" f a c t o r
was th e p re d o m in a n t f a c t o r a f t e r f o r t y to f o r t y - e i g h t
m onths, which c o i n c i d e n t a l l y i s th e a p p r o x im a te age when
c h i l d r e n become f a i r l y s h i l l e d in v e r b a l la n g u a g e e x p r e s
s i v e s k i l l s .
48
K e l l e y i d e n t i f i e d " f a c i l i t y w i t h v e r b a l m a t e r i a l ”
as a t r a i t w h ich was p r e s e n t in e a r l y c h i l d h o o d ( 6 3 ) .
T h u r s to n e fo u n d a " v e r b a l m eaning" f a c t o r to be p r e s e n t i n
f i v e t o s e v e n - y e a r - o l d c h i l d r e n . He d e f i n e d t h i s a s "The
a b i l i t y t o u n d e r s t a n d i d e a s e x p r e s s e d i n words ( 9 9 : 3 ) . "
R e a s o n i n g . — R e a s o n in g i s d e f i n e d a s t h e a b i l i t y t o
p e r c e i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ; to a r r i v e a t r u l e s , p r i n c i p l e s , o r
g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s common to a s e r i e s o f o b j e c t s ; and t o a n a
l y z e and s y n t h e s i z e . Minimum la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y was r e
q u i r e d i n th e t a s k s t h a t w ere p r e s e n t e d t o th e s u b j e c t s .
F a c t o r s w h ich F re n c h c o n s i d e r e d e s t a b l i s h e d a t th e
a d u l t l e v e l a r e " i n d u c t i o n " and " d e d u c t i o n ( 3 6 ) . " The
T h u r s t o n e s have i d e n t i f i e d " i n d u c t i o n " and " d e d u c t i o n " a t
t h e s e v e n t o e l e v e n y e a r l e v e l ( 9 7 ) . The l i t e r a t u r e d id
n o t r e v e a l e v i d e n c e t h a t a r e a s o n i n g t y p e o f f a c t o r has
b een i s o l a t e d a t t h e p r e l i t e r a t e l e v e l w i t h t h e _ p o s s i b l e
e x c e p t i o n o f th e " q u a n t i t a t i v e " f a c t o r i d e n t i f i e d by th e
T h u r s t o n e s a t t h e f i v e t o s e v e n - y e a r - a g e l e v e l . A c c o rd in g
to T h u r s t o n e , t h e "Q" f a c t o r d i v i d e s i n t o n u m e r i c a l (N)
and r e a s o n i n g (R) a t t h e o l d e r ag es (100) .
The T e s t B a t t e r y
C r i t e r i a
The p r im a r y c r i t e r i o n in th e s e l e c t i o n of t e s t s
f o r t h e b a t t e r y w ere t h e h y p o t h e s e s t h a t were d e v e l o p e d
c o n c e r n i n g t h e n a t u r e of p r e l i t e r a t e a b i l i t i e s of s i x - y e a r
o ld c h i l d r e n .
In a d d i t i o n to th e h y p o t h e s e s , s e v e r a l o t h e r c r i
t e r i a were r e q u i r e d b e c a u se of the b e h a v i o r a l c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c s o f s i r y e a r old o h ild x 'c n . In g e n e r a l , s i x y e a r
o ld c h i l d r e n a re n o t e a s i l y a b s o rb e d in an e x t e r n a l l y im
posed t u s h . They have a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t a t t e n t i o n span,
a r e e a s i l y d i s t r a c t e d by e x tr a n e o u s s t i m u l i , and t i r e
e a s i l y (G9 : 6 9 - 7 ! ) . The f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a were u t i l i z e d :
1. The a t i o n tlo n span r e q u i r e d sh o u ld be r e l a
t i v e l y b r i e f •and th e t e s t m a t e r i a l s should be v a r i e d s u f
f i c i e n t l y to maintn'i n th e c h i l d 1 s l e v e l of i n t e r e s t and
m o t i v a t i o n .
2 . Oral d i r e c t ions s h o u ld he b r i e f and s h o u ld be
su p p le m e n te d th ro u g h th e u t i l i z a t i o n of o t h e r s e n s o r y
m o d a l i t i o n .
3 . f e s t in a t e r i a .1 s an d d i r e c t i o n s s ion! cl b e
s i m p l e . Young c h i l d r e n a r e a b l e to p e r c e i v e only a few
s t i m u l i a t one t i m e . M a t e r i a l t h a t i s to o complex may
lead to c o n f u s i o n and r e s u l t in evoicing n e g a t i v i s m , i n
du cin g g u e s s i n g r e s p o n s e s , o r in l o s i n g r a p p o r t ( 6 : 1 5 ) .
1. T e st item s s h o u ld be s e l e c t e d t h a t m inim ize
th e e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i e n t i a l b a c k g r o u n d s . Common
o b j e c t s and words t h a t a r e found in t h e e n v iro n m e n t of
most c h i l d r e n a t t h i s age l e v e l sh o u ld be u t i l i z e d .
I d e a l l y , t h e d i f f i c u l t y l e v e l o f t h e t a s k s h o u ld n o t be
'i n f l u e n c e d by d i f f e r e n t e n v ir o n m e n ta l b a c k g ro u n d s ( 6 : 1 5 ) .
5. The r a n g e of d i f f i c u l t y w i t h i n each o f t h e
S 50
j s u b t e s t s s h o u ld be s u f f i c i e n t to produce a d i s t r i b u t i o n
jof s c o r e s t h a t a p p ro a c h e s n o r m a l i t y .
i
I
i C r i t e r i a c o n c e r n in g t e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a -
I tio n , and s c o r i n g were as f o l l o w s :
1. The t e s t s sh o u ld be s u i t a b l e f o r i n d i v i d u a l
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . F or t h e s i x - y e a r s t a g e in d e v e lo p m e n t,
c a r e s h o u ld be e x e r c i s e d to s e c u r e a c c u r a c y o f o b s e r v a tio n ,
s t a n d a r d i z e d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , and f l e x i b i l i t y i n
o r d e r to tube i n t o a c c o u n t p o s s i b l e e x t r a n e o u s f a c t o r s .
A ll o f th e above r e q u i r e s i n d i v i d u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n by a
s k i l I f u'l exam in er .
2. The tim e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t o t a l t e s t b a t t e r y
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u ld n o t exceed one h o u r . The u t i l i z a
t i o n o f r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t s u b t e s t s w ith s u f f i c i e n t r e l i a
b i l i t y w i l l c o n s e rv e lime and p e rm it a w i d e r v a r i e t y of
t e s t s t h a t can be in c l u d e d in the b a t t e i - y .
3. D i f f e r e n t k in d s of m a t e r i a l s sh o u ld be u sed to
t e s t each h y p o t h e s e s . A minimum o f t h r e e s u b t e s t s s h o u ld
be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r e a c h h y p o t h e s i s e d a b i l i t y . This w i l l
i n s u r e - t h a t th e r o t a t i o n s a r e o v e r d e t e r m i n e d ( 5 1 : 5 3 1 - 3 3 ) .
4 . The s u b t e s t s s h o u ld be as u n i v o c a l as
p o s s i b l e ( 5 1 : 5 3 1 - 3 3 ) . An a t t e m p t s h o u ld be made to co n
s t r u c t each s u b t e s t so t h a t i t i s a m easure of th e
h y p o t h e s i z e d a b i l i t y . The p rim a ry s o u rc e o f v a r i a n c e
w i t h i n each o f th e s u b t e s t s s h o u ld r e s u l t from th e p a r
t i c u l a r a b i l i t y t h a t t h e s u b t e s t i s a t t e m p t i n g to e l i c i t .
51
5 . The m a t e r i a l s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e b a t t e r y s h o u l d
be o f s u c h a n a t u r e t h a t t h e y a r e r e a d i l y o b t a i n a b l e o r
can be d u p l i c a t e d f o r p u r p o s e s o f r e p l i c a t i o n .
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t e s t b a t t e r y
U sing t h e above c r i t e r i a , t h i r t e e n t e s t s w ere s e
l e c t e d , r e v i s e d , o r c o n s t r u c t e d by two members of t h e
r e s e a r c h g ro u p . Of th e t h i r t e e n t e s t s , t h r e e were s e l e c t
ed from e x i s t i n g i n s t r u m e n t s and u sed i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l
form, s i x were s e l e c t e d from a v a i l a b l e p u b l i s h e d t e s t s
b u t were r e v i s e d i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e , and f o u r
were o r i g i n a l t e s t s c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h e p u rp o se of t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
An i n t e n s i v e re v ie w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e was made to
i d e n t i f y c u r r e n t l y e x i s t i n g t e s t m a t e r i a l s s u i t a b l e f o r
th e p u r p o s e s o f t h e s t u d y . Few were fo u n d t h a t were a p
p r o p r i a t e f o r u se w i t h s i x - y e a r - o l d c h i l d r e n and a d e q u a t e
l y met th e c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d .
- - T e s t s t h a t a p p e a r e d t o have p ro m ise f o r i n c o r p o r a
t i o n in th e b a t t e r y were r e v ie w e d and c r i t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d
a g a i n s t t h e c r i t e r i a . I n s t r u m e n t s t h a t seemed to have
p o t e n t i a l u t i l i t y w ere t r i e d i n d i v i d u a l l y on s e l e c t e d k i n
d e r g a r t e n c h i l d r e n from th e Pomona U n i f i e d S chool D i s t r i c t .
The i n s t r u m e n t was i n d i v i d u a l l y a d m i n i s t e r e d t o s e l e c t e d
c h i l d r e n and was o b s e r v e d by t h e member o f th e r e s e a r c h
g ro u p r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b a t t e r y .
Im m e d ia te ly upon c o m p l e t i o n of th e p r e t e s t i n g , t h e
' ......................................." ■ ' ..................................' ' ....................... ■ - ■ ................. ' ' 52
*
i n s t r u m e n t was d i s c u s s e d and r e e v a l u a t e d . Through t h i s
i
;p ro c e d u re , c u r r e n t l y e x i s t i n g t e s t s were s e l e c t e d f o r
( p o s s i b l e i n c l u s i o n in th e b a t t e r y , e i t h e r i n t h e i r o r i g i n -
lal form , or w ith r e v i s i o n s t h a t in th e o p i n i o n of th e i n -
i v e s t i g a t o r s made them more a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i n d i v i d u a l
iadmi r > i s t r a t i o n t o s i x y e a r old c h i l d r e n .
F iv e t e s t s were th e n c o n s t r u c t e d i n o r d e r t o com
p l e t e t h e y>ro posed t e s t b a t t e r y so t ha t t h e r e w ere t h r e e /
‘t e s t s f o r each h y p o t h e s i z e d a b i l i t y . However, o n ly f o u r
of t h e s e were I n c l u d e d i n th e b a t t e r y a d m i n i s t e r e d to t h e
sample p o p u l a t i o n . The s e a r c h of t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v e a l e d
s u g g e s t i o n s and i d e a s f o r p o s s i b l e t e s t i t e m s . The f i r s t
■ draft of th e s u b t e s t was p r e p a r e d and s u b m i t t e d to two
members o f t h e r e s e a r c h group f o r t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n .
Changes deemed n e c e s s a r y by t h i s g ro u p wore made. The
s u b t e s t ’ was th e n a d m i n i s t e r e d to a sm all g ro u p of k i n d e r
g a r t e n c h i l d r e n . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was o b s e rv e d by one
member of t h e r e s e a r c h g r o u p . F u r t h e r r e v i s i o n s w ere t h e n
made and a t r i a l form of t h e s u b t e s t was p r e p a r e d .
A s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e was f o llo w e d f o r each o f th e
s u b t e s t s c o n s t r u c t e d . when t h e a p a r e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s had
been, m in i ,:ized by t h e above p r o c e d u re , th e p r e l i m i n a r y
form o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y , manual of d i r e c t i o n s , and s c o r
in g c r i t e r i a were p r e p a r e d . A g ro u p of tw e lv e k i n d e r
g a r t e n c h i l d r e n s e l e c t e d to have a p p r o x i m a t e l y the same
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as th e p o p u l a t i o n f o r whom th e t e s t was
................. '...” ......................................................... 53
i n t e n d e d was a d m i n i s t e r e d th e p r e l i m i n a r y form of t h e t e s t
b a t t e r y . T h is was o b s e r v e d as b e f o r e and r e v i s i o n s were
made a c c o r d i n g ] y , i . e . , o m i t t i n g c e r t a i n t e s t s , r e v i s i n g
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , r e v i s i n g t h e ite m o r d e r , or
o m i t t i n g o r r e v i s i n g i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s . The t e s t a u t h o r s
a r e sum m arized i n T a b le 12.
D e s c r i p t i o n o f Each T e s t
A ll t e s t s t h a t w ere i n c l u d e d in th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
a r e d e s c r i b e d below . They a r e a r r a n g e d in th e o r d e r of
th e h y p o t h e s e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r d e r . The
o r d e r t h a t t h e t e s t s were a d m i n i s t e r e d i s p r o v id e d in
T a b le 13. For each t e s t th e f o i l owing is r e p o r t e d when
a p p r o p r i a t e : ( l ) A d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e t e s t i n c l u d i n g t h e
n a t u r e o f th e taslc i n v o l v e d , m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d , w o rk in g
tim e , number o f p r a c t i c e i t e m s , and t h e number of t e s t
i t e m s . (2) The p r e d i c t e d f a c t o r c o n t e n t o f th e t e s t .
(3) A d e s c r i n t i o n o f th e t e s t i n te rm s of G u i l f o r d ' s t h e o
r e t i c a l m odel. T a b le 14 a t t h e end of t h i s c h a p t e r p r o
v i d e s a summary o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t c o n t e n t
a c c o r d i n g to G u i l f o r d ' s t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e . (4) The
p r o c e d u r e f o ll o w e d in a d m i n i s t e r i n g and s c o r i n g t h e t e s t .
Bead S t r i n g i n g . — The s u b j e c t (3) was r e q u i r e d to
i n s e r t a o n e - i n c h p l a s t i c s h o e s t r i n g t i p t h r o u g h t h e h o l e
of a s t a n d a r d s q u a r e 7 /1 6 " d i a m e t e r B i n e t b e a d . The ma
t e r i a l s n e c e s s a r y were one 19" s h o e l a c e w i t h a one i n c h
p l a s t i c t i p , e i g h t e e n s q u a r e B i n e t b e a d s , and a s t o p w a t c h .
54
TABLE 12
SU M M A R Y O F IN FO R M A TIO N C O NCERNING T H E TEST A U T H O R S
T est . Author
1 .
Bead S trin g in g a
2 . Line Drawing L. and T. Thurstone
3 .
C ir c le D otting a
U.
I d e n tic a l P ictu res L„ and T. Thurstone
5.
I d e n tic a l F igu res L. and T. Thurstone
6 . P a c ific P ercep tu al Speed a
7.
P a c if ic P ictu re Vocabulary a
8. Ammons F.R .P.V . Ammons
9 . Monroe Language C la s s if ic a t io n M . Monroe
1 0 . IPAT C la s s if ic a t io n R. B. C a t t e ll
11. Raven P ro g ressiv e M atrices (A and Ab) J . C. Raven
12. P a c if ic Pattern Copying a
13 .
D ig it Span Ter man and M er r ill
aAdapted fo r t h is study by C. Edward Meyers and R u ssel E.
O rpet.
T A B LE 13
O RD ER OF ADMINISTRATION OF TEE TEST BATTERY
1. Bead S trin g in g
2. Line Drawing
3 . I d e n tic a l P ic tu re s
h. I d e n tic a l F ig u re s
5. P a c if ic P e rc e p tu a l Speed
6 . P a c if ic P ic tu re V ocabulary
7. Ammons F.R.P.V.
8. Monroe Language C la s s if ic a tio n
9 . D ig it Span
10. IPAT C la s s if ic a tio n
11. Raven P ro g re ssiv e M atrices
12. P a c if ic P a tte rn Copying
13. C irc le D otting
TABLE li+
THE CLASSIFICATION OF TEST CONTENT ACCORD ING TO GUILFORD'S
THEORETICAL STRUCTURE OF APTITUDES
T est
1 . Bead S trin g in g
2 o Line Drawing
3 . C irc le D otting
Uo I d e n tic a l P ic tu re s
5 > . I d e n tic a l F ig u res
6 0 P a c ific P e rc e p tu a l Speed
7. P a c ific P ic tu re V ocabulary
8. Ammons F.R.P.V .
9 . Monroe language C la s s if ic a tio n
10o IPAT C la s s if ic a tio n •
11. Raven P ro g ressiv e M atrices
12. P a c if ic P a tte rn Copying
13. D ig it Span
G u ilfo rd 's C la s s if ic a tio n
c o o rd in a tio n -fin g e r
dynamic p re c isio n -h a n d , speed-hand, and sp e e d -fin g e r
dynamic p re c isio n -h a n d , speed-hand, and sp e e d -fin g e r
e v a lu a tiv e - f ig u r a l- id e n tity of elem ents
e v a lu a tiv e - f ig u r a l- id e n tity of elem ents
e v a lu a tiv e - f ig u r a l- id e n tity o f elem ents
convergent th in k in g -fig u ra l-n a m e s
C o g n itiv e -se m a n tic -u n its
d iv e rg e n t th in k in g -se m a n tic -u n its
c o g n itiv e -f ig u r a l-o la s s e s
c o g n itiv e -f ig u r a l r e la tio n s
m em ory-sym bolic-substance
v \
05
57
T h e s h o e s t r i n g had a one in c h p l a s t i c t i p and a k n o t t i e d
t w e l v e in c h e s from t h e end o f t h e t i p . The w o rk in g tim e
J
was 60 s e c o n d s .
i - '
! The t e s t was d e s i g n e d a s a m easure o f h a n d - e y e
:psy c h o m o to r a b i l i t y . The t e s t r e q u i r e d t h a t S r e s p o n d
i
jw ith r a p i d , s k i l l f u l , and c o o r d i n a t e d h a n d - e y e m ovements.
I In G u i l f o r d ’s s t r u c t u r e o f p sv ch o m o to r a b i l i t i e s t h e ty p e
! of a b i l i t y i s c o o r d i n a t i o n ; t h e p r im a r y p a r t o f t h e body
i
i n v o l v e d i s t h e f i n g e r s . This f a c t o r a t th e a d u l t l e v e l
i s r e f e r r e d t o as ’’f i n g e r d e x t e r i t y " i n t h e p sy c h o m o to r
d o m a in .
The p r o c e d u r e in a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t e s t was as
f o l l o w s : The beads and s h o e l a c e were p l a c e d b e f o r e th e
s u b j e c t . The e x a m in e r p ick ed t h e s t r i n g up and demon
s t r a t e d p u t t i n g t h r e e bead s on the s h o e l a c e . D uring th e
d e m o n s t r a t i o n he s a i d , "See w hat I am d o i n g . " The exam in
e r removed t h e bead s from th e l a c e and p la c e d them w i t h
t h e r e m a in in g b e a d s b e i n g s u r e t h a t th e y were bunched
c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r w i t h i n e a s y r e a c h o f th e s u b j e c t . He
h a n d e d th e s u b j e c t th e s h o e l a c e w ith one hand and c o v e r e d
t h e b e a d s w i t h h i s o t h e r hand and s a i d , "Now I w ant you to
do i t . Put them on as q u i c k l y as you c a n . " The e x a m in e r
removed h i s h a n d from th e bead s and r e p e a t e d , " P u t them on
as q u i c k l y as you c a n — se e how- m any you c a n g e t o n . " The
e x a m in e r b e g a n t i m i n g w hen s u b j e c t had t h e l a c e i n one
h a n d and t o u c h e d t h e f i r s t b e a d w i t h h i s o t h e r h a n d . At
th e end o f s i x t y s e c o n d s t h e e x a m in e r c o u n te d t h e n u m b e r
i
!o f bead s on th e s t r i n g . A b ead was c o u n te d as 011 th e
!
i
s t r i n g i f t h e t i p o f th e s h o e l a c e had p a s s e d th ro u g h th e
b e a d .
i
The number of beads 011 t h e s h o e s t r i n g a t th e end
s
|of s i x t y s e c o n d s was t h e s c o r e . I f - t h e s u b j e c t s u c c e e d e d
|in p u t t i n g a l l o f t h e b e a d s on t h e l a c e b e f o r e t h e tim e
l i m i t , t h e number o f beads and t h e number of se c o n d s was
r e c o r d e d in p a r e n t h e s e s , e . g . , 18 ( 5 6 " ) . His s c o re was
th e n o b t a i n e d by p r o r a t i n g .
Line Drawi n g . — The Lin e Drawing t e s t was th e m otor
s u b t e s t o f t h e T h u r s t o n e s ’ Prim a r y Men t a l A b i l i t i es b a t
t e r y f o r ages f i v e to s e v e n . The t e s t r e q u i r e d t h a t th e
s u b j e c t c o n n e c t a p a i r of d o t s sp a c e d a p a r t w ith a
v e r t i c a l l i n e . The m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d w ere SKA PMA ( 5 -7 )
t e s t b o o k l e t p a g e 18, s h a r p e n e d p r im a r y p e n c i l , e r a s e r ,
and s t o p w a tc h . The w o rk in g tim e was 60 s e c o n d s . There
were e i g h t e e n ite m s d e m o n s t r a t e d by t h e ex a m in e r, e i g h t e e n
p r a c t i c e it e m s , and e i g h t y t e s t i t e m s .
Li n e Drawing r e q u i r e d t h a t th e s u b j e c t r e s p o n d
w ith a c c u r a t e , s k i l l f u l , and c o o r d i n a t e d h a n d - e y e move
m e n ts. T his t a s k a p p e a r e d t o c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e f a c t o r
i d e n t i f i e d a t th e a d u l t l e v e l as " a i m i n g ," i . e . , p sy c h o
m otor sp eed w i t h p r e c i s i o n . In o r d e r f o r t h e c h i l d to
r e c e i v e c r e d i t f o r th e r e s p o n s e i t was n e c e s s a r y t h a t b o t h
d o ts be to u c h e d by th e p e n c i l l i n e . The p r e c i s e s c o r i n g
......... ' ................... 59
c r i t e r i a a r e d i s c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l b e lo w . M a n u a l d e x -
i t e r i t y , f i n g e r d e x t e r i t y , t a p p i n g , and s t e a d i n e s s may a l s o
|b e i n v o l v e d in t h i s t a s k . In G u i l f o r d ’s m a t r i x of p s y c h o -
i
m o to r a b i l i t i e s , " L in e Drawing" a p p e a r s t o t h e a u t h o r t o
i
|be c l a s s i f i e d a s dynam ic p r e c i s i o n - h a n d , s o e e d - h a n d , and
i s p e e d - f i n g e r .
The p r o c e d u r e i n a d m i n i s t e r i n g th e t e s t was as
f o l l o w s : The e x a m in e r p o i n t e d w i t h t h e p e n c i l t o t h e
f i r s t f o u r ite m s w hich had a l r e a d y b een c o m p l e t e d and s a id ,
"Someone has made some l i n e s f o r u s . We’r e g o in g to f i n
i s h th e row. We draw l i n e s from th e t o p d o t s t o t h e b o t
tom d o t s l i k e t h i s . " E x a m in er d e m o n s t r a t e d by d o in g th e
f i r s t row o f p r a c t i c e d o ts w h ile t h e s u b j e c t o b s e r v e d .
D u rin g t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n th e e x a m in e r s a i d , ’’D raw l i n e s
from th e t o p d o t s to t h e b o tto m d o t s — be s u r e t o h i t b o t h
d o t s — do them as q u i c k l y as you c a n . " lie t h e n h anded t h e
s u b j e c t t h e p e n c i l and s a i d , "Now you t r y i t . " The s u b
j e c t was a llo w e d t o c o m p le te t h e se c o n d p r a c t i c e row . I f
S d i d n o t com prehend t a s k , E r e p e a t e d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s .
A f t e r th e p r a c t i c e row was c o m p le te d , E s a i d , "Now do
t h e s e ( p o i n t i n g to t h e f i r s t row of t e s t i t e m s ) . Keep
w o rk in g u n t i l I t e l l you t o s t o p . " The e x a m in e r o b s e r v e d
t h e c h i l d to e n s u r e t h a t lie c o n t i n u e d w o rk in g d u r i n g t h e
tim e l i m i t . Tim ing b eg an when th e s u b j e c t ’s p e n c i l
to u c h e d t h e p a p e r .
The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e was t h e number o f p a i r s o f
60
d o t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h a v e r t i c a l l i t r e . I f the l i n e d i d n o t
c o n n e c t b o th t h e t o p and b o tto m d o t s i t was n o t c r e d i t e d .
C i r c l e D o t t i n g . — The s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d to r a p
i d l y make one d o t w i t h a p r i m a r y p e n c i l i n s i d e a 3 / 8 ”
c i r c l e . The m a t e r i a l s used f o r t h e t e s t were pages 4 and
5 o f th e MacQuarry T e s t f o r M e c h a n ic a l A p t i t u d e , a p r im a r y
p e n c i l , and a s t o p w a tc h . Twenty d e m o n s t r a t i o n i t e m s ,
tw e n ty p r a c t i c q _ .i t e r n s , and s e v e n t y t e s t ite m s were u s e d .
The ite m s were a r r a n g e d i n rows o f t e n e a c h .
The t e s t a p p e a r e d t o be m easure o f psychom otor
a b i l i t y t h a t r e q u i r e d h a n d - e y e c o o r d i n a t i o n . R ap id ,
s k i l l f u l , a c c u r a t e , and c o o r d i n a t e d h a n d -e y e movements
were n e c e s s a r y . In th e psychoinotor a p t i t u d e m a t r i x p r o
posed by G u i l f o r d , th e t e s t seems to be a m easure o f dy
namic p r e c i s i o n - h a n d , s p e e d - h a n d , and s p e e d - f i n g e r . F a c t
o rs w hich have been i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e a d u l t l e v e l a r e
"hand a i m i n g ," "hand s p e e d , " and " f i n g e r s p e e d ." At t h e
a d u l t l e v e l , S i s r e q u i r e d to make t h r e e d o t s in each
c i r c l e .
In a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t e s t , th e e x a m in e r p l a c e d th e
t e s t book b e f o r e th e c h i l d and s a i d , " T h is i s th e v e r y
l a s t game. See t h e s e l i t t l e b a l l s o r c i r c l e s ( p o i n t i n g ) .
I w ant you to to u c h i n s i d e t h e b a l l w i t h y o u r p e n c i l l i k e
t h i s (e x a m in e r d e m o n s t r a t e d by d o in g t h e f i r s t two ro w s of
th e p r a c t i c e p a g e ) . Now you t r y i t . Be c a r e f u l to to u c h
i n s i d e t h e b a l l and do i t j u s t as f a s t as you c a n . " The
61
e x a m in e r h anded t h e s u b j e c t th e p e n c i l and a llo w e d him t o
c o m p le te t h e two r e m a i n in g ro w s o f c i r c l e s on t h e p r a c t i c e
p a g e . W hen t h e p r a c t i c e p a g e was c o m p le te d , t h e ex a m in e r
s a i d , " T h a t ’s t h e i d e a . Now do as many o f t h e s e as you
can ( p o i n t i n g to th e t e s t ite m s on page 5 ) . " Timing b egan
w hen_..tbe s u b j e c t ' s p e n c i l to u c h e d t h e p a g e . In a few i n
s t a n c e s i t was n e c e s s a r y t o rem ind t h e c h i l d to keep w ork
in g o r to do them as q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e .
The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e was th e number o f c i r c l e s in
which marks had been p l a c e d . C r e d i t was n o t g iv en to
marks t h a t were not i n s i d e t h e c i r c l e . In i n s t a n c e s where
th e c h i l d made e l o n g a t e d marks i t was n o t c r e d i t e d i f t h e
m ajor x)0rt i o n of th e mark was on th e o u t s i d e of th e c i r c l e .
S u b j e c t s who f i n i s h e d t h e t e s t b e f o r e th e tim e l i m i t had
t h e i r s c o r e s p r o r a t e d .
I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s . — I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s i s t h e
f i r s t h a l f o f t h e p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d t e s t o f t h e SRA PMA
(5 -7 ) b a t t e r y . The t e s t r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e s u b j e c t v i s u a l
l y p e r c e i v e and mark w ith h i s p e n c i l a p i c t u r e of a common
o b j e c t . He th e n a t t e m p t e d to f i n d an i d e n t i c a l p i c t u r e
t h a t was gro u p ed w ith t h r e e o t h e r s i m i l a r p i c t u r e s . The
m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d f o r th e t e s t were th e SRA PMA ( 5 -7 )
t e s t b o o k l e t , pages 9 - 1 1 , p r im a r y p e n c i l , and e i g h t in c h
by two in c h s t r i p o f m a n i l a c a r d b o a r d t h a t was u se d as a
m a rk e r, an e r a s e r , and a s t o p w a tc h . The w orking tim e was
90 s e c o n d s . There were f i v e p r a c t i c e ite m s and f o u r t e e n
62
t e s t i t e m s .
The I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s T e s t r j q u i r e d t h a t t h e s u b
j e c t m ake a q u i c k and a c c u r a t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of l i k e n e s s
es and d i f f e r e n c e s among v i s u a l l y p e r c e i v e d f i g u r e s . I t
1
j r e q u i r e d t h e a b i l i t y t o f i n d i n a mass of d i s t r a c t i n g
; s t i m u l i a g iv e n c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h a t was b o r n e i n mind d u r -
iing t h e s e a r c h . P e r c e p t u a l sn c e d has been i d e n t i f i e d in
j
j c h i l d r e n , a d o l e s c e n t s , and a d u l t s . G u i l f o r d r e f e r s to
i
i t h i s f a c t o r as th e a b i l i t y to i d e n t i f y a g iv e n f i g u r e
among s i m i l a r f i g u r e s and c l a s s i f i e s i t as e v a l u a t i v e -
! f i g u r a l - i d e n t i t y of e le m e n ts ( 5 0 : 3 9 0 ) .
The p r o c e d u re in a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t e s t was as
f o l l o w s : With t h e t e s t b o o k l e t open to page n i n e , t h e
- e x a m i n e r p la c e d t h e m arker u n d e r t h e f i r s t row of p i c t u r e s
and s a i d , " In a l i t t l e box a l l by i t s e l f i s a C h r is tm a s
t r e e . P u t a mark on i t ( i f n e c e s s a r y t h e s u b j e c t was
shown h o w ) . Now lo o k a t t h e t r e e s in t h e b i g box ( t h e ex
am in e r p o i n t e d to th e t r e e s i n t h e b i g b o x ) . Only one i s
e x a c t l y l i k e t h i s one ( p o i n t i n g ) . When you f i n d i t p u t a
m ark on i t . " I f s u b j e c t marked th e wrong one or more
t h a n one, th e ex a m in e r c o n t i n u e d th e e x p l a n a t i o n , as
above, u n t i l t h e s u b j e c t was a b l e to m a rk th e c o r r e c t t r e e .
The m arker was th e n p l a c e d u n d e r th e n e x t row o f
p i c t u r e s and t h e e x a m in e r s a i d , "M ark t h e f lo w e r i n th e
l i t t l e box (p a u se d w h ile s u b j e c t r e s p o n d e d ) . L ook a t t h e
iflo w e rs i n t h e b i g b o x . P ut a m a rk on t h e one t h a t i s
i .......... ■ .................................... 63
i
!
j j u s t lilce t h i s one ( p o i n t i n g ) . " H elp was p r o v i d e d as
j n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e c h i l d t o com prehend t h e t a s k .
i
I The m a rk e r was t h e n removed and t h e e x a m in e r s a i d ,
-"Mark t h e k i t e in t h e l i t t l e h o x — now lo o k a t t h e k i t e s i n
-the b i g b ox. Mark t h e k i t e t h a t is j u s t l i k e t h e one in
t h e l i t t l e b o x ." When th e s u b j e c t c o m p le te d t h i s t h e e x
a m in e r s a i d , "Now do t h e r e s t o f th e page by y o u r s e l f . "
The s u b j e c t was a l l o w e d t o c o m p le te th e r e m a i n i n g two
p r a c t i c e ite m s w i t h t h e e x a m in e r p r o v i d i n g o n l y h e l p t h a t
w as n e c e s s a r y .
The b o o k l e t was t h e n opened so t h a t pag es 10 and
11 w ere v i s i b l e . The e x a m in e r s a i d , "Now l e t ’s do t h e s e .
W ork c a r e f u l l y and do them as q u i c k l y a s you c a n . " The
s u b j e c t was o b s e rv e d t o i n s u r e t h a t he c o n t i n u e d vvojrlcing
d u r i n g t h e tim e l i m i t . With a few c h i l d r e n i t was n e c e s
s a r y t o prod them by such comments a s, "Keep w o r k i n g , "
"go a h e a d , " "do t h e n e x t o n e , " e t c .
Timing b e g a n when th e s u b j e c t ' s p e n c i l to u c h e d th e
p a p e r to mark th e f i r s t t e s t i t e m . The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e
was t h e number of ite m s c o r r e c t l y m arked. C h i l d r e n who
c o m p le te d a l l ite m s b e f o r e t h e t i m e l i m i t had t h e i r s c o r e
p r o r a t e d a c c o r d i n g l y .
I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s . — I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s i s t h e s e c
ond h a l f o f th e P e r c e p t u a l Speed t e s t of t h e SRA PMA b a t
t e r y . The t e s t ite m s d i f f e r from t h e p r e v i o u s I d e n t i c a l
P i c t u r e s t e s t i n t h a t t h e ite m s t e n d to b e l e s s c o n c r e t e
and more d i f f i c u l t i n t h a t f i n e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n of l i k e
n e s s e s and d i f f e r e n c e s w ere r e q u i r e d . The w o rk in g tim e
i
was 120 s e c o n d s and t h e r e were s i x t e e n t e s t i t e m s . The
■ r a tio n a le and p r e d i c t e d f a c t o r c o n t e n t o f t h i s t e s t i s
i h a s i c a l l y th e same as t h e p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d t e s t .
'^ le I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d im m e d i-
j a t e l y f o l l o w i n g th e s u b j e c t ' s c o m p l e t i o n of I d e n t i c a l P i c
t u r e s . At t h a t tim e t h e exam iner’ opened t h e t e s t b o o k l e t
to pages 12 and 13 and s a i d , "Now do t h e s e — remember,
f i r s t mark t h i s one ( p o i n t i n g ) th e n the one t h a t lo o k s e x
a c t l y l i k e i t . " Tim ing and s c o r i n g p r o c e d u re were th e
same as in th e p r e v io u s t e s t .
P a c i f i c P e r c e p t u a l Sp e e d . — The t a s k i n v o lv e d i s
s i m i l a r to th e two p r e c e d i n g p e r c e p t u a l speed t e s t s . The
two p r im a r y t a s k d i f f e r e n c e s were t h a t th e ite m s te n d e d to
be d ra w in g s o f r e l a t i v e l y a b s t r a c t f i g u r e s t h a t r e q u i r e d
r e l a t i v e l y g ro s s v i s u a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s of l i k e n e s s e s and
d i f f e r e n c e s . The t e s t c o n s i s t e d of e i g h t e e n ite m s w i t h a
tim e l i m i t of s i x t y s e c o n d s .
As i n th e c a s e o f t h e p r e c e d i n g t e s t s of p e r c e p t u
a l s p e e d , th e " P a c i f i c P e r c e p t u a l Speed" t e s t was t e n t a
t i v e l y c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o G u i l f o r d ' s t h e o r e t i c a l
s t r u c t u r e as e v a l u a t i v e - f i g u r a l - i d e n t i t y o f e l e m e n t s .
The " P a c i f i c P e r c e p t u a l Speed" t e s t was a d m i n i s
t e r e d * immed i a t e l y a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s .
At t h a t tim e th e " P a c i f i c P e r c e p t u a l Speed" t e s t was p la c e d
b e f o r e t h e c h i l d and t h e e x a m in e r s a i d , "Now l e t ' s do
| t h e s e — mark t h i s ( p o i n t i n g ) , t h e n t h e one t h a t lo o lc s l i k e
j i t . " The t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f t h r e e p a g e s o f s i x ite m s e a c h .
!The e x a m in e r t u r n e d t h e pages f o r t h e c h i l d i n o r d e r to
a v o id i n t r o d u c i n g p o ~ s s ib le e x t r a n e o u s v a r i a b l e s . Timing
and s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s were t h e same as f o r th e p r e c e d i n g
p e r c e p t u a l speed t e s t s .
P a c i f i c P i c t u r e V o c a b u l a r y . — In t h i s t e s t th e s u b
j e c t was r e q u i r e d v e r b a l l y to i d e n t i f y p i c t u r e s o f common
o b j e c t s o r a c t i o n s . The m a t e r i a l s u t i l i z e d were e i g h t e e n
s e l e c t e d t h r e e by f i v e in ch c o l o r i l l u s t r a t i o n s from th e
B ry n g e ls o n Speech Improvem ent Cards ( 1 4 ) . The t e s t was
d e s ig n e d as a power t e s t w ith 110 tim e l i m i t . F i f t y - t w o
t e s t ite m s were c o n s t r u c t e d and u t i l i z e d .
The t e s t was an a t t e m p t to m easure one a s p e c t o f
p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y , e x p r e s s i v e v o c a b u l a r y . The
a b i l i t y b e i n g m easured by th e " P a c i f i c P i c t u r e V o c a b u la ry "
t e s t has s i m i l a r i t i e s to f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d a t th e a d u l t
l e v e l such as o b j e c t nam ing. A c c o rd in g t o G u i l f o r d ' s
t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e , t h i s t e s t a p p e a r s to be c o n v e r g e n t
t hi n k i n g - f i gur a 1 - n ame s .
T e s t words were e l i c i t e d from th e s u b j e c t by th e
e x a m in e r a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s su c h as "What i s t h i s ? " "IV hat
i s th e boy d o in g ? " "W hat a r e t h e s e c a l l e d ? " and p o i n t i n g
to t h e d e s i r e d o b j e c t o r a c t i o n d e p i c t e d . The e x a m in e r
; a v o id e d g i v i n g any v e r b a l o r b e h a v i o r a l c l u e s . R e sp o n se s
j 66
j
jjudged to be b o r d e r l i n e w ere q u e r i e d n e u t r a l l y , e . g . , i f
i
:th e s u b j e c t r e s p o n d e d t h a t trie h a n d le o f t h e ham m er w as
I
jwood, t h e e x a m i n e r ’ s r e s p o n s e w as, "Yes, i t i s m ade o u t o f
iwood— b u t what do we c a l l t h i s p a r t o f t h e hammer?"
W hen a r e s p o n s e was q u e s t i o n e d , th e l e t t e r (Q) was
r e c o r d e d w i t h th e s u b j e c t ' s r e s p o n s e f o l l o w i n g . I f th e
I
;s u b j e c t ' s r e s p o n s e was t h e same as one o f t h e keyed r e
s p o n se s i t was c r e d i t e d . A l l o t h e r r e s p o n s e s w ere r e c o r d
ed v e r b a t i m . The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e was t h e number of c o r
r e c t ite m s on th e b a s i s of tire s c o r i n g c r i t e r i a i n d i c a t e d
on th e answ er s h e e t . A copy o f th e answ er s h e e t i s p r e
s e n t e d in th e A p p en d ix .
Ammons F u l l Range P i c t u r e V o c a b u l a r y . — T his t e s t
r e q u i r e d t h e s u b j e c t to p o i n t t o one of f o u r p i c t u r e s t h a t
was m ost l i k e t h e word s a i d by th e e x a m in e r . The t e s t
c o n s i s t e d o f s i x t e e n p l a t e s and t h e form A answ er s h e e t .
Each p l a t e had f o u r b la c k and w h i t e i l l u s t r a t i o n s . The
number of t e s t item s v a r i e d w i t h th e s u b j e c t . The ite m s
were a r r a n g e d in o r d e r of d i f f i c u l t y f o r e a c h p l a t e . The
c r i t e r i o n ado p ted f o r s t o p p i n g was when t h e s u b j e c t m iss e d
twro c o n s e c u t i v e i t e m s . This v a r i e d s l i g h t l y from th e s u g
g e s te d c r i t e r i a f o r s t o p p i n g by Ammons ( 2 ) . There was no
tim e l i m i t . Most s u b j e c t s c o m p le te d t h e t e s t in f i v e to
e i g h t m i n u t e s .
The t e s t was s e l e c t e d as a m easu re o f p s y c h o -
l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y . The i n s t r u m e n t r e q u i r e d t h e s u b j e c t
" " ".......................................................... ' .................' * ............................................................ 67
t o com prehend a u d i t o r y la n g u a g e c o m m u n ic a tio n . I t was a
| t e s t o f v e r b a l c o m p re h e n sio n and r e q u i r e d th e s u b j e c t to
jh av e know ledge o f t h e m eanings o f t h e s p e c i f i c words s a i d
jby t h e e x a m in e r . G u i l f o r d c l a s s i f i e s t h i s a b i l i t y i n
ia d u lts as c o g n i t i v e - s e m a n t i c - u n i t s ( 5 0 : 3 6 5 ) .
In th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e t e s t t h e f i r s t p l a t e
;of t h e s e r i e s was exposed and t h e e x a m in e r s a i d , "Now I am
g o in g t o show you some o t h e r p i c t u r e s b u t t h i s tim e I am
g o in g to s a y a word and. you p o i n t to t h e p i c t u r e t h a t i s
most l i k e t h e word t h a t I s a y . " The e x a m in e r t h e n p r o
nounced th e f i r s t word, " P i e . " I f th e s u b j e c t p o i n t e d to
t h e c o r r e c t p i c t u r e , th e e x a m in e r p r o c e e d e d to t h e n e x t
w ord. At t h i s p o i n t t h e s u b j e c t was c a u t i o n e d , "Be s u r e
and lo o k a t a l l f o u r p i c t u r e s b e f o r e you p o i n t . " T e s t i n g
p r o c e e d e d f o r e a c h p l a t e u n t i l t h e c h i l d m issed two c o n
s e c u t i v e i t e m s .
I f th e s u b j e c t f a i l e d t o p o i n t to th e c o r r e c t p i c
t u r e f o r th e i’i r s t t e s t word t h e e x a m in e r a g a i n e x p l a i n e d
th e t a s k and, i f n e c e s s a r y , u s e d a few v e r y s im p l e a p p r o
p r i a t e sam ple ite m s n o t used in th e t e s t .
Vdien i n t h e o p i n i o n o f th e ex a m in e r th e c h i l d was
g u e s s i n g , t h e ite m was r e t u r n e d to a f t e r t h e l a s t p l a t e
had been a d m i n i s t e r e d . I f t h e c h i l d a g a i n p o i n t e d to th e
c o r r e c t p i c t u r e , he was g i v e n c r e d i t . I f he p o i n t e d t o a
d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e , t h e ite m was n o t c r e d i t e d . H is I c o r e
was t h e t o t a l number o f c r e d i t e d i t e m s .
j .......... ■ ......: ■ ..................... 68 .
| Mo n r o e Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . — The s u b j e c t was
iasked t o nam e a s m any w ords a s he c o u ld t h i n k o f w i t h i n a
i
; s p e c i f i c a l l y d e f i n e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . The t e s t c o n s i s t e d
|o f one p r a c t i c e ite m , w hich was n o t p a r t o f t h e o r i g i n a l
j
i t e s t d e v i s e d by Monroe, and t h e t h r e e Monroe ite m s ( 7 3 ) .
Each q u e s t i o n had a t h i r t y s e c o n d tim e l i m i t , w hich n e c e s
s i t a t e d a s t o p w a t c h .
T h is t e s t was p r e d i c t e d t o be a m easure o f p s y c h o -
l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y s i m i l a r t o i d e a t i o n a l f l u e n c y ( t h e
^ a b i l i t y to produce i d e a s w i t h t h e e m p h a sis upon q u a l i t y ) .
In G u i l f o r d ' s t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f a b i l i t y , i d e a t i o n a l
f l u e n c y i s c l a s s i f i e d as d i v e r g e n t t h i n k i n g - s e m a n t i c -
u n i t s .
The t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p ro c e d u re was a s f o l l o w s :
For p r a c t i c e , th e e x a m in e r s a i d , " T e l l me as many b o y 's
names a s you can t h i n k of a s q u i c k l y as you c a n . '1 Female
s u b j e c t s w ere a sk e d to name g i r l ' s names. R e s u l t s o f t h i s
p r a c t i c e ite m were n o t s c o r e d . A f t e r th e s u b j e c t named
f o u r to f i v e names, th e e x a m in e r s a i d , "T h a t was v e r y
good— now nam e a s many d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f a n im a ls a s you
can t h i n k of as q u i c k l y as you c a n . " The e x a m in e r t a l l i e d
th e number o f d i f f e r e n t a n i m a l s nam ed d u r i n g t h e t h i r t y
second tim e l i m i t . I f t h e c h i l d s to p p e d b e f o r e th e tim e
l i m i t he was a sk e d t o name some more a n i m a l s . The sam e
p r o c e d u r e was f o llo w e d f o r t h e two r e m a i n in g i t e m s ,
; "T hings to e a t " and " T o y s ." The c h i l d ' s s c o r e was t h e
""....................... 69
I t o t a l number o f c r e d i t e d r e s p o n s e s .
IPAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . — The s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d to
p e r c e i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n e a c h , and d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
itwo c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f o b j e c t s , and t h e n to s o r t a d d i t i o n -
i
|a l p i c t u r e s o f o b j e c t s i n t o one o f th e two c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
I
The t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f t h i r t e e n l a r g e c a r d s and f i f t y - t w o
•Ismail c a r d s . Each l a r g e c a r d had two p a i r s o f s m a l l p i c
t u r e s gro u p ed t o g e t h e r a t t h e t o p o f th e c a r d . Below e a c h
of t h e s m a l l e r p i c t u r e s were s p a c e s f o r two o t h e r p i c t u r e s
to be p l a c e d . The s u b j e c t ' s t a s k was to d e te r m in e th e
b a s i s upon which th e two to p p i c t u r e s w ere g ro u p e d and
th e n d e c i d e which k in d of ite m each o f t h e s n a i l p i c t u r e s
w e re . He t h e n p l a c e d each p i c t u r e in one of t h e f o u r
s p a c e s p r o v i d e d . The t e s t was c o m p ris e d of one sam ple
ite m and tw e lv e t e s t ite m s ( 2 2 ) .
The t e s t was a m easure of i he c h i l d ' s a b i l i t y to
p e r c e i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een c l a s s e s o f o b j e c t s and to
a r r i v e a t t h e p r i n c i p l e common to th e s e r i e s of o b j e c t s .
The t e s t i s p r i m a r i l y a. m easure o f i n d u c t i o n w i t h
la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y m in im iz e d . G u i l f o r d a v o id s t h e u se of
th e te rm i n d u c t i o n Mid r e f e r s t o t h i s a b i l i t y as t h e edu
c a t i o n of a r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een o b j e c t s by r e a s o n of
t h e i r f i g u r a l p r o p e r t i e s . He c l a s s i f i e s t h i s a b i l i t y as
c o g n i t i v e - f i g u r a l - r e l a t i o n s (50 : 3 6 5 - 7 0 ) .
The e x a m in e r p l a c e d t h e l a r g e d e m o n s t r a t i o n c a r d
b e f o r e t h e s u b j e c t and s a i d , "Look. On t h i s b i g c a r d a r e
70
[ s ix l i t t l e c a r d s , and th ev a r e of two k i n d s — t h i s k i n d
| ( p o i n t i n g ) and t h a t k i n d ( p o i n t i n g ) . H ere ( p l a c i n g t h e
i
I f o u r s m a ll accom panying d e m o n s t r a t i o n c a r d s ra n d o m ly b e -
i
jn eath t h e l a r g e c a r d ) a r e some more l i t t l e c a r d s . I f t h e y
ja re o f tl'A s k in d ( p o i n t i n g t o th e c r o s s e s ) t h e y m ust go in
jth e s p a c e h e r e ( p o i n t i n g to t h e c r o s s e s ) . Each goes w i t h
' i t s own k i n d . See t h i s goes h e r e , and t h a t one t h e r e
( p l a c i n g c a rd s s lo w ly i n p o s i t i o n ) . Now you p l a c e t h e
l a s t o n e . Good! These a r e a l l z e r o e s o r l i t t l e b a l l s and
t h e s e a r e a l l c r o s s e s . "
The ex am in er th e n removed th e d e m o n s t r a t i o n c a r d ,
p la c e d c a rd one b e f o r e the s u b j e c t and s a i d , "You can do
t h i s one a l o n e . See t h e r e i s t h i s k in d and t h a t k in d
( p o i n t i n g ) . " A f t e r t h e s u b j e c t had tim e to s t u d y t h e two
s o r t s , t h e l o u r s m a ll c a r d s were p la c e d b e n e a t h th e l a r g e
c a r d . I f t h e s u b j e c t a r r a n g e d t h e c a r d s c o r r e c t l y , t h e
e x a m in e r s a i d , " T h a t ' s r i g h t , t h e s e a r e a l l b i r d s and
t h e s e a r e a l l a n i m a l s . " I f he was n o t a b l e to do i t c o r
r e c t l y , th e e x am in er p r o v id e d a s s i s t a n c e as n e c e s s a r y , b u t
t h e ite m was n o t c r e d i t e d .
' For t h e r e m a i n in g t e s t ite m s , t h e e x a m in e r p l a c e d
t h e l a r g e c a r d b e f o r e t h e s u b j e c t and s a i d , "See, t h e r e ' s
t h i s k i n d and t h a t k in d ( p o i n t i n g ) . " A few s e c o n d s w ere
a llo w e d f o r t h e s u b j e c t to s t u d y th e s o r t b e f o r e t h e f o u r
s m a ll c a r d s w e re s p r e a d u n d e r n e a t h . No f u r t h e r h e l p was
; p r o v id e d by th e e x a m in e r .
71
The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e was th e n u m b e r o f l a r g e c a r d s
s o l v e d . To be c r e d i t e d , a l l f o u r of t h e s m a l l e r c a r d s
must h a v e b een c o r r e c t .
R a v e n P r o g r e s s i v e M a t r i c e s . — The s u b l e c t was r e -
— — — . . I . — ■ ■ ■ . . . ' ■ h i . m u — —
q u i r e d to s e l e c t t h e one p i e c e from s i x a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t
would c o m p le te a g i v e n p a t t e r n . S e t A r e q u i r e d th e com
p l e t i o n of th e p a t t e r n i n v o l v i n g th e p e r c e p t i o n of s i m i
l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o r th e c o m p l e t i o n o f a p a t t e r n
i n v o l v i n g th e p e r c e p t i o n of s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s
o r th e c o m p le tio n of a p a t t e r n showing p r o g r e s s i v e c h a n g e s .
S e t Ah r e q u i r e d p a t t e r n c o m p l e t i o n i n v o l v i n g the a p p r e h e n
s i o n o f a s e r i e s of t h r e e f i g u r e s to he c o m p le te d by a
f o u r t h p a r t ( 7 7 : 3 0 ) . The t e s t had t w e n t y - f o u r i t e m s .
The t e s t was a m easure of the c h i l d ' s a b i l i t y to
p e r c e i v e and d i s c o v e r r e l a t i o n s ’ 1 '!.ins common t o a g iv e n p a t
t e r n . T his a b i l i t y a t t h e a d u l t l e v e l has been i d e n t i f i e d
as t h e " e d u c t i o n of f i g u r a l r e l a t i o n s , " i . e . , a b i l i t y to
d i s c o v e r r e l a t i o n s b etw een o b j e c t s by r e a s o n o f t h e i r
f i g u r a l p r o p e r t i e s ( 5 0 : 3 7 0 ) . The a b i l i t y is c l a s s i f i e d
as c o g n i t i v e - f i g u r a 1- r e l a t i o n s .
The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p ro c e d u re f o r S e t A was a s
f o l l o w s : V /ith t h e t e s t hook open to t h e f i r s t i l l u s t r a
t i o n , th e ex a m in e r s a i d , "L o o k a t t h i s ( p o i n t i n g to th e
l a r g e u p p e r f i g u r e ) . You see i t i s a p a t t e r n w ith a p i e c e
c u t o u t o f i t ( p o i n t i n g ) . Each of t h e s e p i e c e s ( p o i n t i n g
to e ach i n t u r n from l e f t to r i g h t ) i s t h e r i g h t s h a p e to
j f i t t h e sp a c e ( p o i n t i n g ) h u t o n l y one i s t h e r i g h t p a t t e r n .
iOnly one i s r i g h t . P o i n t to t h e p i e c e t h a t came o u t o f
h e re ( p o i n t i n g ) . "
I f t h e s u b j e c t p o i n t e d t o th e c o r r e c t p i e c e , th e
1
[examiner p ro c e e d e d to th e n e x t i t e m . I f h i s r e s p o n s e was
i n c o r r e c t , th e e x p l a n a t i o n was c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e c h i l d
[was a b l e to s o l v e th e problem as i n d i c a t e d by h i s p o i n t i n g
t o th e c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e . The ite m was n o t c r e d i t e d i f
lie d i d n o t s o lv e t h e problem i n d e p e n d e n t l y . For t h e r e
m ain in g ite m s i n S e t A, th e e x a m in e r s a i d , "Now p o i n t to
th e p i e c e t h a t came o u t o f t h i s p a t t e r n ( p o i n t i n g ) . "
T hroughout th e t e s t , t h e e x a m in e r i n s u r e d t h a t th e
< »
s u b j e c t lo o k e d c a r e f u l l y a t t h e p a t t e r n . I f t h e s u b j e c t
w anted t o change h i s c h o i c e , h i s f i n a l r e s p o n s e was r e
c o r d e d . T e s t i n g was d i s c o n t i n u e d w i t h f o u r c o n s e c u t i v e
f a i l u r e s .
S e t Ab was a d m i n i s t e r e d a s f o l l o w s : The e x a m in e r
p o i n t e d i n a l e f t to r i g h t s e q u e n c e t o each, o f th e t h r e e
f i g u r e s i n th e p a t t e r n and th e s p a c e to be f i l l e d and s a i d ,
"You see how i t g o e s, t h a t ( p o i n t i n g to t o p l e f t f i g u r e ) ;
t h a t ( p o i n t i n g t o to p r i g h t f i g u r e ) ; t h a t ( p o i n t i n g to
lo w e r l e f t f i g u r e ) ; what w i l l t h i s one be ( p o i n t i n g to th e
sp a c e t o be f i l l e d -at t h e lo w e r r i g h t ) ? P o i n t to th e
r i g h t one t o go’ h e r e ( p o i n t i n g ) . ' Be c a r e f u l , lo o k a t e ach
one ( p o i n t i n g to e a c h o f th e s i x a l t e r n a t i v e s e l e c t i o n s ) .
Only one i s r i g h t . "
j I f th e s u b j e c t ' s r e s p o n s e was c o r r e c t , t h e exainin-
jer p r o c e e d e d to p a t t e r n Ah 2. The e x a m in e r p o i n t e d i n
1
jtu rn t o e a c h of th e t h r e e f i g u r e s and t h e s p a c e to be
!
j f i l l e d and s a i d , " P o i n t to t h e r i g h t one t o go h e r e . " The
i
jsame p ro c e d u re was u se d f o r t h e r e m a in in g p ro b le m s .
! I f th e s u b j e c t f a i l e d ite m Ab 1, t h e e x a m in e r c o n
t i n u e d th e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s item u n t i l he was a b l e to
ido i t c o r r e c t l y . C r e d i t was n o t g i v e n u n l e s s th e s u b j e c t
’was a b l e to p ass t h e ite m i n d e p e n d e n t l y . T e s t i n g was d i s
c o n t i n u e d when th e s u b j e c t f a i l e d f o u r c o n s e c u t i v e i t e m s .
S c o r in g : Ite m s A 1 and Ab 1 were c o u n te d c o r r e c t
i f th e s u b j e c t was a b l e to s o l v e th e problem w i t h o u t th e
d i r e c t g u id a n c e o f th e e x a m in e r. However, i f t h e e x a m in e r
had to show t h e c h i l d t h e c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e , i t was marked
wrong. The s c o r e was t h e t o t a l number of c o r r e c t r e s p o n
s e s f o r s e t s A and A b.
P a c i f i c P a t t e r n C o p y in g . — The t e s t r e q u i r e d th e
s u b j e c t to r e p r o d u c e a s e r i e s o f v i s u a l l y p r e s e n t e d d e
s i g n s . A ll o f th e d e s i g n s were composed of s t r a i g h t l i n e s .
Each ite m had a c o m p le te d d e s i g n and a r e c t a n g u l a r m a t r i x
o f s m a ll c i r c l e s . The c h i l d ’s t a s k was to a n a l y z e t h e
f i n i s h e d d e s i g n v i s u a l l y and t h e n t o r e p r o d u c e or s y n t h e
s i z e t h i s d e s i g n i n t h e sp a c e p r o v id e d to th e r i g h t o f th e
c o m p le te d f i g u r e . The t e s t was a power t e s t w ith no tim e
; l i m i t . The m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d were a p r im a r y p e n c i l ,
e r a s e r , and th e " P a c i f i c P a t t e r n Copying" t e s t b o o k l e t .
" 74
There were f i v e p r a c t i c e and tw e n ty t e s t i t e m s . A copy of
|th e t e s t i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a p p e n d i x .
| The t e s t was d e s ig n e d a s a m easure o f a n a l y t i c -
| s y n t h e t i c a b i l i t y . The p r i n c i p l e t a s k p r e s e n t e d to th e
|
s u b je c t- was t h e a n a l y s i s and s y n t h e s i s of a s e r i e s o f d e -
|
i s i g n s . O th e r a b i l i t i e s may a l s o be i n v o l v e d , how ever.
i
iThe d e g r e e t h a t t h e t a s k i s a p e r c e p t u a l - m o t o r t a s k i s n o t
i p r e s e n t l v known; how ever, a t t e m p t s were made to m in im iz e
t h e s e as s o u rc e s o f v a r i a n c e i n b o t h the c o n s t r u c t i o n and
s c o r i n g o f th e d e s i g n s . In th e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e t e s t ,
t h e p r o v i s i o n o f t h e s m a ll c i r c l e s s e r v e d to d e e m p h a siz e
p e r c e p t u a l - m o t o r a b i l i t i e s . The s c o r i n g c r i t e r i a were
a l s o d e v e lo p e d to d e e m n h a siz e p e r c e p t u a l - m o t o r a b i l i t i e s .
The p r e d i c t e d m ajor f a c t o r c o n t e n t was r e a s o n i n g .
The t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e was as f o l l o w s :
The t e s t b o o k l e t was p l a c e d b e f o r e th e s u b j e c t w i t h th e
f i r s t p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e e x p o s e d . The ex a m in e r s a i d , "The
t e a c h e r made t h i s one ( p o i n t i n g t o th e c o m p le te d d e s i g n ) .
Make y o u rs ( p o i n t i n g to th e .-pace w ith t h e s m a ll c i r c l e s
t o th e r i g h t o f th e f i n i s h e d d e s i g n ) lo o k l i k e t h i s one
( a g a i n p o i n t i n g to t h e f i n i s h e d d e s i g n ) . "
The e x am in er p r o c e e d e d to th e r e m a in in g p r a c t i c e
e x e r c i s e s and i n s u r e d t h a t th e c h i l d c o m p le te d c o r r e c t l y
a l l f i v e p r a c t i c e item s.- I f he f a i l e d a n y o f th e p r a c t i c e
i t e m s , t h e e x a m in e r to o k t h e f o l l o w i n g s t e p s i n th e o r d e r
p r e s e n t e d u n t i l t h e ite m was c o r r e c t .
I The p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w e d by t h e e x a m in e r when th e
i
s u b j e c t f a i l e d a p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e was : F i r s t , th e ex
am in er a sk e d th e s u b j e c t , "Does y o u rs l o o k l i k e t h i s one?"
| I f t h e s u b j e c t c o r r e c t e d t h e ite m , th e y p ro c e e d e d to t h e
i
'n e x t o n e. Second, i f th e s u b j e c t d id n o t c o r r e c t t h e item,
t h e e x a m in e r p o i n t e d o u t to t h e s u b j e c t t h e d i f f e r e n c e
ibetwocn t h e model and t h e s u b j e c t ' s r e s p o n s e . The c h i l d
;was th e n a llo w e d to c o r r e c t h i s d e s i g n . T h ir d , i f t h e
s u b j e c t was s t i l l u n a b l e t o c o r r e c t t h e ite m , th e e x a m in e r
c o p ie d th e d e s i g n c o r r e c t l y . The s u b j e c t was a l l o w e d to
o b s e rv e t h e s i m i l a r i t y betw een th e model and th e exam in
e r ' s p r o d u c t . The e x a m in e r e r a s e d h i s d e s i g n and a llo w e d
th e s u b j e c t to a t t e m p t i t a g a i n .
Upon th e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e s , th e
exam in er tu r n e d to page two o f th e t e s t and s a i d , "Now you
do t h e s e by y o u r s e l f . Make y o u rs ( p o i n t i n g ) l i k e t h e
t e a c h e r ' s ."
In the e v e n t t h e c h i l d drew a d d i t i o n a l l i n e s i n
th e model r a t h e r t h a n c o p y in g the d e s i g n i n th e a p p r o p r i
a t e s p a c e , th e e x a m in e r e r a s e d t h i s and c a u t i o n e d him to
make h i s lo o k litre t h i s one ( p o i n t i n g ) . Beyond t h i s no
a d d i t i o n a l h e l p was p r o v id e d f o r th e t e s t i t e m s .
In s c o r i n g th e t e s t , f i v e p o s s i b l e t y p e s of e r r o r s
were i d e n t i f i e d : ( l ) f i g u r e r e v e r s a l such as "b" to " d ,"
(2) f i g u r e r o t a t i o n such as "Z" t o " N , " (3) l a c k of p r e
c i s i o n , i . e . , m i s s i n g two o r more p o s i t i o n s on th e m a t r i x ,
(4) s i z e to o l a r g e o r to o s m a l l , and (5) m inor o m is s io n s
o r a d d i t i o n s .
F i g u r e s t h a t had none o f t h e above e r r o r s w ere
c r e d i t e d w i t h t h r e e p o i n t s . F i g u r e s t h a t had one o f th e
e r r o r s r e c e i v e d two p o i n t s . I f two e r r o r s were d e t e c t e d ,
one p o i n t was c r e d i t e d . When t h r e e or more e r r o r s were
p r e s e n t t h e f i g u r e r e c e i v e d no p o i n t s .
D i g i t S p a n . — The s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d to r e p e a t a
s e r i e s of d i g i t s p ro n o u n c e d by th e e x a m in e r . The t e s t was
s e l e c t e d from th e S t a n f o r d - B i n e t (SO) as a m easure o f im
m e d ia te a u d i t o r y memory and r e q u i r e d th e c h i l d to r e c a l l
im m e d ia te ly a s e r i e s of numbers in t h e i r c o r r e c t o r d e r
a f t e r a s i n g l e e p o s u r c . G u i l f o r d r e f e r s to t h i s a b i l i t y
as memory scan and c l a s s i f i e d i t as m e m o ry -s y ra b o lic -su b -
s t a n c e ( 5 0 : 3 6 2 - 6 3 ) . The t e s t i s u se d i n t h e p r e s e n t b a t
t e r y as a r e f e r e n c e t e s t .
In a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t e s t , th e e x a m in e r s a i d , "Now
I am g o in g to s a y some numbers and when I am t h r o u g h , I
want you to sa y them j u s t th e way I do. L i s t e n c a r e f u l l y
and g e t them j u s t r i g h t ( 8 9 : 8 9 ) . " The d i g i t s were p r o
nounced d i s t i n c t l y a t th e r a t e of one p e r s e c o n d . T e s t i n g
c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e c h i l d m is s e d t h r e e s e t s a t a p a r t i c u
l a r l e v e l . The s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e was t h e h i g h e s t number o f
d i g i t s r e p e a t e d c o r r e c t l y .
CHAPTER IV
THE SAMPLE AND TESTING
T his c h a p t e r d e s c r i b e s th e p r o c e d u re s employed i n
th e s e l e c t i o n o f th e e x p e r i m e n t a l g ro u p . The s u b j e c t s a re
d e s c r i b e d in terms of t h e i r c h r o n o l o g i c a l age and t h e i r
f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n . The t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b e h a v i o r of
th e s u b j e c t s , and i r r e g u l a r i t i e s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d .
The Sample
The e x p e r im e n ta l group c o n s i s t e d o f 100 k i n d e r
g a r t e n c h i l d r e n from th e Rosemead, C a l i f o r n i a E le m e n ta ry
School D i s t r i c t . The s u b j e c t s were s e l e c t e d from ten
k i n d e r g a r t e n c l a s s e s in the f o u r Rosemead E le m e n ta ry
S c h o o l s . Only th o s e c h i l d r e n who were between th e ag es of
s i x t y - n i n e to s e v e n t y - f i v e months were in c l u d e d i n th e
e x p e r im e n ta l group. B i l i n g u a l c h i l d r e n were n o t i n c l u d e d
in th e s a m p le .
Pr o c e d u re in s e l e c t i o n of e x p e r im e n ta l group
The f i r s t f i v e boys and f i v e g i r l s i n th e s c h o o l
r e g i s t e r s f o r each of the te n c l a s s e s whose c h r o n o l o g i c a l
ages were betw een s i x t y - n i n e to s e v e n t y - f i v e months were
s e l e c t e d as s u b j e c t s . I f one of t h e s e c h i l d r e n was a b s e n t
on th e t e s t i n g d a t e , th e n e x t c h i l d l i s t e d in th e s c h o o l
r e g i s t e r , who met th e age c r i t e r i o n , was in c l u d e d i n th e
e x p e r i m e n t a l g ro u p .
C h r o n o l o g i c a l age
j As i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , th e c h r o n o l o g i c a l age
l
Jrange o f th e e x p e r i m e n t a l g ro u p was s i x t y - n i n e to s e v e n t y -
j
jfive m o n th s. The mean age was 7 2 .1 6 months and t h e s t a n d
a r d d e v i a t i o n was 2 .0 4 m onths. The f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n
of c h r o n o l o g i c a l ag es i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 15.
0c c u p a t i o n o f t h e f a t h e r
The o c c u p a t i o n o f th e f a t h e r o r f a t h e r s u b s t i t u t e
was o b t a i n e d from t h e s u b j e c t ' s c u m u l a t i v e f o l d e r and
e n t e r e d on t h e t e s t summary s h e e t . The o c c u p a t i o n s were
r a t e d on Ho11 i n g s h e a d ' s se v e n c l a s s s c a l e ( 6 0 : a p p e n d i x ) .
The o c c u p a t i o n s were th e n c l a s s i f i e d i n t o one of t h r e e
s t a t u s t y p e s : ( l ) w h i t e c o l l a r , (2) s k i l l e d and s e m i
s k i l l e d , and (3) u n s k i l l e d ’ w o r k e r s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s of
o c c u p a t i o n s o f t h e sam ple com pared w i t h p e r c e n t a g e s in th e
1950 U n ite d S t a t e s u r b a n -m a le c e n s u s d a t a (193) a r e p r e
s e n t e d i n T able 16.
I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e sam p le i s b i a s e d in th e
d i r e c t i o n o f b e i n g u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e u n s k i l l e d
o c c u p a t i o n s and s l i g h t l y o v e r r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e w h i t e
c o l l a r and s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s .
D e s c r i p t i o n of tlie c_ommunity
Rosemead, C a l i f o r n i a i s a f o u r - s q u a r e m ile commu
n i t y l o c a t e d e l e v e n m ile s e a s t o f downtown Los A n g e l e s .
The p o p u l a t i o n o f Rosemead i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 , 0 0 0 . The
79
TABLE 1 5
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SA M RLE B Y CHRONOLOGICAL A G E
Age in Monthsa Frequency
69 11
70 15
71 13
72 ..................................................... 20
73 ..................................................... 11
7U .............................................................. 9
75................................................................ 21
N=100, M =72.l6, S.D.=2.Oh
aThe age o f th e c h ile 5 , was computed to ohe n e a r e s t month as o f
the d a te o f t e s t i n g .
80
TABLE 16
PERCEN TAG E OF T H E SA M PL E BY PATERNAL O CCUPATIO N AS C O M P A R E D
W ITH 1950 UNITED STATES CENSUS D A T A
C la s s if ic a t io n
o f O ccupation3-
Percentage in
U nited S ta te s
Census Data,
Urban-Male
Percentage
in Sample
White C o lla r 37 h2
S k ille d and
S e m i-sk ille d
51 57
U n sk illed 8 1
Not Reported 2 0
aThe occu pation s were rated on th e H ollin gsh ead r a tin g sca le
(6 0 :Appendix 2 ) . H ollin gsh ead c la s s e s 1 , 2, 3 , and U were d efin ed as
w hite c o lla r . C la sses 5 and 6 were d efin ed as s k ille d and semi
s k i l l e d w orkers. C lass 7 was d efin ed as u n s k ille d .
' 81
e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t has f o u r e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s
( k i n d e r g a r t e n t h r o u g h g ra d e s i x ) and one i n t e r m e d i a t e
s c h o o l ( g r a d e s s e v e n and e i g h t ) . The d i s t r i c t has an
ja v e ra g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 ,4 0 0 p u p i l s .
| Rosemead i s c o n s i d e r e d a "bedroom com m unity" of
|L o s A n g e le s , s i n c e many of i n h a b i t a n t s commute t o work i n
|Los A n g e l e s . Only l i g h t i n d u s t r y i s p r e s e n t in t h e commu-
I
i n i t y . On t h e b a s i s of i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d fro m th e d i s
t r i c t s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , th e d i s t r i c t p s y c h o l o g i s t , and th e
r e p o r t e d f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n s o f th e sa m p le , Rosemead i s
p r e d o m i n a n t l y w h i t e - u r b a n , u p p e r lo w e r to m id d le c l a s s in
s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s .
T e s t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
The c o o p e r a t i o n and s u p p o r t o f t h e t e s t i n g p ro g ram
was s e c u r e d from t h e d i s t r i c t s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and th e f o u r
b u i l d i n g p r i n c i p a l s . The b u i l d i n g p r i n c i p a l i n t r o d u c e d
t h e e x a m in e r to th e k i n d e r g a r t e n t e a c h e r s and t h e p u r p o s e
o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n was e x p l a i n e d to e ach o f t h e t e a c h e r s .
On t h e i n i t i a l t e s t i n g d a t e f o r each k i n d e r g a r t e n
c l a s s , th e t e a c h e r i n t r o d u c e d t h e e x a m in e r t o th e c h i l d r e n
and i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e e x a m in e r had some games t h a t sh e
t h o u g h t t h e c h i l d r e n would e n j o y . She f u r t h e r s a i d t h a t
some of t h e c h i l d r e n wliould h a v e a c h a n c e t o p l a y th e
games b u t t h a t o n ly one c h i l d c o u l d do them a t a t i m e .
The t e a c h e r t h e n a s k e d t h e c h i l d r e n t h a t would l i k e to do
I t h e games t o r a i s e t h e i r h a n d s . She s e l e c t e d one c h i l d
- 82
from t h e p r e v i o u s l y p r e p a r e d l i s t o f names of c h i l d r e n who
'met t h e c r i t e r i a f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e s a m p l e . Upon com-
j p l e t i o n o f t e s t i n g th e f i r s t c h i l d , t h e t e a c h e r a s k e d one
|
jof t h e o t h e r p r e v i o u s l y s e l e c t e d c h i l d r e n i f th e y would
ililce to have a ch an ce to p l a y t h e s c h o o l gam es.
There w ere a few i n s t a n c e s whore th e c h i l d was
I r e l u c t a n t to accompany t h e e x a m in e r to th e t e s t i n g room.
I n t h i s c a s e , t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t e d one o f th e o t h e r c h i l
d r e n from th e l i s t . Those c h i l d r e n who i n i t i a l l y b a l k e d
were g iv e n a n o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t y a f t e r s e v e r a l o t h e r c h i l
d r e n had been t e s t e d . Y/ithout e x c e p t i o n t h e y th e n a c
c e p t e d t h e i n v i t a t i o n to " p l a y th e gam es."
S e v e r a l ch.11 Iren, who had j u s t c o m p le te d t e s t i n g ,
were o v e r h e a r d by the e x a m in e r o r t e a c h e r t e l l i n g o t h e r
c h i l d r e n a b o u t how much fu n th e y h a d . T h is may have b e e n
one of to e f a c t o r s t h a t f a v o r a b l y i n f l u e n c e d t h o s e c h i l
d r e n who m a n i f e s t e d i n i t i a l r e l u c t a n c e .
The p l a c e o f t e s t i n g was g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .
However, i t v a r i e d w i t h th e lim e of t h e day and th e i n d i
v i d u a l s c h o o l . At one s c h o o l, e i t h e r th e s t a g e o f th e
a u d i t o r i u m o r an empty k i n d e r g a r t e n c l a s s r o o m was u s e d ,
d e p e n d in g upon w h e th e r i t was m orning o r a f t e r n o o n , s i n c e
th e c l a s s r o o m was u t i l i z e d d u r i n g th e m o rn in g . In t h e r e
m a in in g s c h o o l s , e i t h e r an empty c l a s s r o o m or t h e k i n d e r
g a r t e n t e a c h e r ’s workroom was u s e d as a t e s t i n g room.
In a l l i n s t a n c e s , a s m a ll k i n d e r g a r t e n t a b l e and
.......... 83
c h a i r was p r o v id e d f o r t h e c h i l d . The t e s t m a t e r i a l s w ere
p l a c e d on a s e p a r a t e t a h l e t o th e r i g h t of the e x a m in e r i n
such a way t h a t t h e y would n o t d i s t r a c t t h e c h i l d fro m t h e
(ta sk a t h a n d . T h is a l s o p e r m i t t e d c o n v e n i e n t a r ra n g e m e n t
i
|of t e s t m a t e r i a l s so t h a t maximum e f f i c i e n c y would be
g a in e d i n t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
A l l o f th e t e s t s were a d m i n i s t e r e d by two s c h o o l
■ p s y c h o lo g is ts , b o t h o f whom had had s e v e r a l y e a r s ' e x p e r i
ence t e s t i n g e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . The w r i t e r ad
m i n i s t e r e d s e v e n t y - t h r e e of t h e t e s t s and th e d i s t r i c t
s c h o o l p s y c h o l o g i s t a d m i n i s t e r e d t w e n t y - s e v e n .
To e n s u r e t h a t s t a n d a r d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
would be employed by b o t h e x a m in e r s , t h e follow ing, was
done: ( l ) A d e t a i l e d manual o f d i r e c t i o n s f o r a d m i n i s t e r
ing t h e t e s t batter;,* was p r e p a r e d . (2) The second exam in
e r ( d i s t r i c t p s y c h o l o g i s t ) o b s e rv e d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f
two c o m p le te t e s t b a t t e r i e s by the f i r s t ex a m in e r ( w r i t e r ) .
(3) The f i r s t two t e s t s n o t a d m i n i s t e r e d by th e w r i t e r
were o b s e rv e d to d e t e c t any d i f f e r e n c e s i n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
p r o c e d u r e b etw een t h e two e x a m i n e r s . ( 4 ) Both e x a m in e rs
w e r e j i b s e r v e d a d m i n i s t e r i n g one t e s t by a member o f th e
r e s e a r c h g ro u p .
The tim e r e q u i r e d t o a d m i n i s t e r t h e c o m p le te b a t
t e r y v a r i e d from f i f t y to s e v e n t y m i n u t e s . The a v e r a g e
tim e f o r a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e e n t i r e b a t t e r y was a p p r o x i m a t e
l y s i x t y - f i v e m in u te s f o r t h e i n i t i a l t e s t s . A f t e r th e
| '........................ ' ............................... 84
|
e x a m in e rs became more f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e t e s t m a t e r i a l s and
i
th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y r o s e so
t h a t i n most c a s e s th e c o m p le te b a t t e r y c o u l d be a d m i n i s -
I
t e r eel in l e s s t h a n one h o u r .
•Beha v i o r jr f su b j e c t s
The i n v e s t i g a t o r s o r i g i n a l l y a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e
c o m p le te t e s t b a t t e r y would have t o be a d m i n i s t e r e d i n two
p a r t s w ith an i n t e r v e n i n g r e s t p e r i o d . This was n o t n e c e s
s a r y w i t h th e l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f s u b j e c t s who e x h i b i t e d no
n o t i c e a b l e l o s s of i n t e r e s t o r m o t i v a t i o n . Ten c h i l d r e n ,
how ever, r e q u i r e d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y
i n two p a r t s . One c h i l d r e q u i r e d two i n t e r v e n i n g r e s t
p e r i o d s be Tore t e s t i n g co u ld be c o m p l e t e d .
In g e n e r a l , t h e t e s t b a t t e r y seemed to be a p p e a l
in g to Idie s u b j e c t s as e v id e n c e d by t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n
g iv e n to th e e x a m in e r s , a p p a r e n t i n t e r e s t , and e f f o r t d i s
p l a y e d . R a p p o rt was r e a d i l y e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h most c h i l
d r e n .
I m m e d ia te ly upon th e c o m p l e t i o n of the t e s t b a t
t e r y , t h e ex a m in e r f i l l e d o u t a n i n e - p o i n t s u b j e c t i v e
. r a t i n g s c a l e d e a l i n g w ith t e n a s p e c t s of th e s u b j e c t s '
b e h a v i o r d u r i n g t e s t i n g . A copy of th e r a t i n g s c a l e
a p p e a r s i n t h e a p p e n d i x . The f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s ,
means, and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s f o r e ach o f th e s u b j e c t i v e
l y r a t e d a s p e c t s of b e h a v i o r a r e sum m arized i n T a b le 17.
TABLE 17
TEST BEH A VIO R RATING SCALE FR E Q U E N C Y DISTRIBUTION, MEANS, A N D STA N D A R D DEVIATIONS
Behavior
Behavior R atin g3
1 2
3 5 5
6 7
8
9 Mean S.D .
Amount o f Motor A c tiv ity 0 0
15
22
25 20 15 k 1 5.12 1.1*51
Performance Rate 0
3
n 21 18 2h
18 2
3
5 .2 6 1.580
Manual D e x te r ity 1 0
9 u
20
23
26
5
2 5.6 2
1.529
Amount o f Speech 0 5
21 12
Ik 19 2k
6 0
5.19 1.733
A tten tio n 0 1 n 16 22 10
33 5
0 5.58
1.51*1
A n xiety 0 0 8 18
15
16
23
l l
5
5 .8 1 1 .6 5 6
S e l f Confidence 0 0 10
17 23 17 20
9
k 5 .63 1.618
E ffo r t D isp layed 0 0 6 16 30 19
18
9 2 5 .6 2
1.51*1
C ooperation 0 1
5
6
25 18 3k 10 2
6 o05 1 .5 2 5
I n te r e s t 0 0
3 15 33
20
19
8 2
5 .6 9 1.356
^ e f e r to th e copy o f th e "Behavior R ating Scale" in th e Appendix,,
00
o i
i .............. 86
i
!
jI r r e g u l a r i t i e s
' The p l a c e o f t e s t i n ' , v a r i e d w i t h e ach s c h o o l ,
jllo w e v e r, th e e x a m in e rs do n o t t h i n k t h a t t h e t e s t r e s u l t s
Iwere i n f l u e n c e d hy t h e m inor d i f f e r e n c e s i n p h y s i c a l e n
v i r o n m e n t t h a t were p r e s e n t .
The t e s t i n g was, i n a few i n s t a n c e s , i n t e r r u p t e d
:by m o v ies, th e t e a c h e r n e e d in g m a t e r i a l from th e t e s t i n g
room, o r r e c e s s . However, in no i n s t a n c e d id t h e e x a m in e r
f e e l t h a t any of t h e s u b t e s t s were s p o i l e d by t h e a b o v e .
The d i g i t span t e s t was in most c a s e s a d m i n i s t e r e d as th e
n i n t h t e s t in th e b a t t e r y . However, i f t h e r e was any e x
t r a n e o u s n o i s e t h a t in the ju d g m e n t of t h e e x a m in e r would
h a v e . i n t e r f e r e d w i t h t h e c h i l d ’s p e rfo rm a n c e on t h i s s u b
t e s t , i t was a d m i n i s t e r e d a t a l a t e r t i m e .
CHAPTER V
STATISTICAL TREATMENT AND INTERPRETATION
OF THE FACTORS
A ll o f t h e s t a t i s t i c s t h a t a r e p e r t i n e n t to t h e
s tu d y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s of
s c o r e s , e s t i m a t e s of r e l i a b i l i t y , i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s , c e n
t r o i d f a c t o r l o a d i n g s , and o b l i q u e l y r o t a t e d f a c t o r l o a d
in g s a r e p r o v i d e d . F i n a l l y , t h e f a c t o r s a re i n t e r p r e t e d ,
compared w i t h t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d f a c t o r s , and com pared w i t h
th e f i n d i n g s o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s .
D i s t r i b u t i o n s of S c o re s
The f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s were o b t a i n e d f o r each
o f the t e s t s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s a p p e a r e d t o be r e l a t i v e l y
s y m m e tric a l and u n i m o d a l . The Ammons F .R .P .V . t e s t was
p o s i t i v e l y skewed. A ll of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s , how ever,
seem t o meet s u f f i c i e n t l y th e c r i t e r i o n of a norm al d i s
t r i b u t i o n to j u s t i f y t h e c o m p u ta tio n of P e a r s o n c o r r e l a
t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r each of th e s u b
j e c t s a r e r e p r o d u c e d i n T a b le s 1 8 - 3 0 .
The means, s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , and P e a rso n p ro d
u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were e l e c t r o n i c a l l y
computed w ith r a w - s c o r e f o r m u l a e a t W e ste rn D a ta P r o c e s s
in g C e n t e r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a . The m ean s a n d s t a n d
a rd d e v i a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 3 1 .
88
TABLE 18
Flffi-iUENCY DISTRIBUTION O B T H E S/tfEPlE
O N TEST 1 , F .E i'iD STRINOING
Number o f Beads ii 'requency
1
7 .......................................................................... 1
B ........................................................................ 3
• • e o o o • e • o •
12
lO . . .
17
15
13
20
7 1
N=loo, t.t=13c63, S.D. =3.33
89
TABLE 19
m & '^KQ Y i'lSTitIPUTION 0 - TNI 3A!!PLE O N TEST 2 , LINE D R A W IN G
Item s C o rre c t Frequency
8-10 . . . . 2
11-13 1
. . ........................................................ 3
17-19 ............................................................. . B
20-22 . 10
2 3 - 2 3 ..................................................................... 13
26-28 18
' 9-31 ..................... 8
32-3U ...................................... 11
33-37 16
38— Uo ..................... 3
61-83 3
I j j 2 .
6 * * * * » O « O 0 * « « O O 0 -L
• • c o o * o » » « e « o * 0 O
1
T -t_ 1 * * '-r n - - , 7 . •
' • y • . * . . . « I*,.,'
90
TABLE 20
•R E viU E N C Y DISTRIBUTION 0? TH- SA M PLE O N TEST 3 , CIRCLE DOTTING
Item s C orrect Frequency
2 1 - 2 5 1
26-30 2
3 1 - 3 5 2
/ I ' v J
.1-
I
• = " 1 "O
1 1
P J - A B ........................................................................ J >
-r. - i‘ -I'' V
j © . •• y o-^ • o —
91
TABLE 21
FREQ U EN CY DISTRIBUTION OF TH E SAM PLE O N TEST U, IDENTICAL PICTURES
Item s C o rrect Frequency
^ ........................................................................................ 7
5 o > * o o o * * o o * o s 3
6 8
7 o * o o * o o o * * © o * 20
8 • o . • . . 13
9 o 0 • . ........................ . c 17
10 o * « o o o o » o o o o o 13
11 o***oooo*»*o* 8
12 *oo*oo«***«oo li
13 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S
li-i * 0 * o 0 * * 0 « 0 0 * * 1
13 ooooo«o***o«* 0
16 *o**««*oooo*o 0
17 * o o * * o o * o * * * o 1
N2100, M=55o96, S.D .=12ol0
92
TABLE 22
FREQ U EN CY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAM PLE O N TEST 5> IDENTICAL FIGURES
Item s C o rre c t Frequency
2 1
3 3
h ........................................................... 5
5 10
6 m
7 10
8 . 13
9 15
10 . 12
11............................................................. . 9
12 U
13 . . . ................................ 2
lb ........................................................... 2
N=100, M=7.9 5 , S.D .=2,62
93
TABLE 23
FREQ U EN CY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAM PLE O N TEST 6 ,
PACIFIC PATTERN COPYING
Item s C o rre ct Frequency
h ........................................................... 2
5 8
6 8
7 7
8 10
9 15
10 9
11 h
12 17
13 8
m ............................................................. 5
15 2
16 2
17 0
18 3
N-100, M=9.S8, S.D .=3.26
94
TABLE 2k
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TH E SAM PLE O N TEST 1,
PACIFIC PICTURE V O C A B U LA R Y
Item s C o rrec t Frequency
2U-25 1
26-27 U
28-29 7
30-31 9
32-33 1U
3U-35 13
36-37 11
38-39 9
U2-U3 . . . . > 1 .............................. 6
6
U6-U7 2
U8-U9 1
N«100, M=35.79, S.D.=5o22
95
TABLE 2$
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAM PLE O N TEST 8,
A M M O N S FULL R A N G E PICTURE V O C A B U LA R Y
Item s C o rrect Frequency
18-19 3
20-21 6
22-23 . ............................................. 11
2li-25 21
26-27 18
28-29 18
30-31 9
32-33 10
3U-35 1
36-37 0
38-39 2
UO-Ul .................................................. 0
h2-k3 1
N=100, M = 2 6 . 9U3 S.D.44o28
9 6
TABLE 26
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SA M PLE O N TEST 9 ,
M O N R O E L A N G U A G E CLASSIFICATION
Item s C o rre ct Frequency
6 -7 2
8-9 2
1 0 - 1 1 ...................................................... U
1 2 - 1 3 1U
l i i - 1 5 ........................................................ 1?
1 6 - 1 7 ...................................................... 18
1 8 - 1 9 ...................................................... 12
2 0 - 2 1 1£
22-23 5
2 U - 2 ? ...................................................... 5
26-27 6
28-29 1
3 0 - 3 1 .......................... 0
32-33 1
N=100, M=17J+0, S.D.=lu9U
97
TABLE 27
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAM PLE O N TEST 10,
IPAT CLASSIFICATION
Item s c o r r e c t Frequency
1 1
2 U
3 7
b ........................................................... 13
5 18
6 28
7 16
8 8
9 k
10 . . . 1
N=100, M=5.62, S .D .=1.76
9 8
TABLE 28
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAM PLE O N TEST 11,
R A V EN PROGRESSIVE MATRICES
Item s C o rrec t Frequency
6 1
7 5
8 9
9 10
10 19
11 13
12 1U
13 9
I k ................................................................. 5
15 7
16 3
17 2
18 1
19 1
20 1
N=100, M=11.35, S .D .= 2 .8 l
TABLE 29
99
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE O N TEST 12,
PACIFIC PATTERN COPYING
Items Correct Frequency-
6-8 1
9 - 1 1 3
1 2 - l U b -
1 5 - 1 7 ........................................................ 8
1 8 - 2 0 12
2 1 - 2 3 8
2U- 2 6 ....................................................... 9
27-29 9
30-32 8
33-35 6
36-38 10
3 9 - i l l 8
U 2 - U 8 ....................................................... 5
U5-ii7 ..................................... 3
1 + 8 - 5 0 ........................................................ 2
5 1 - 5 3 ....................................................... 2
5 1 - 5 6 ....................................................... 2
N=100, M =29.06, S.D .=11.30
100
TABLE 30
FR EQ U EN C Y DISTRIBUTION O F 'i ’ H E SALi'TE O N ‘ O H iU : r E J T 13, DIGIT 3P/uJ
Number o f D ig its C orrect Frequency
3 17
h ....................................................................... ) - ! 2
5 37
6 h
N=100, M=lt.28, S .D .e .7 9
101
TABLE 3 1
SUBTEST M EA N S A N D STANDARD DEVIATIONS
Test M SD
1. Bead. Stringing
13.63 3 .3 5
2 a Line Drawing 28.17
7 .9 5
3 .
Circle Dotting . 55'.96 1 2 .1 0
h.
Identical Pictures 8 .5 0
2.1+9
5 .
Identical Figures
7 .9 5 2.6 2
o. Facific Perceptual Speed 9 .8 8 3 .2 6
7.
Pacific Picture Vocabulary
3 5 .7 9 5 .2 2
8. Ammons F.R.P.V.
26.91*
U.28
9 .
Monroe Language Classification 17.U0
bm9h
1 0 . IPAT Classification 5.62 1 .7 6
1 1 . Raven Progressive Matrices
EL.35 2 .8 1
12. Pacific Pattern Copying
2 9 .0 6 11.3 0
1 3 .
Digit Span U.28
.79
R e l i a b i l i t i e s
The r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f th e t e s t s w h ic h d i d n o t have
tim e l i m i t s were e s t i m a t e d by e i t h e r K u d e r - R i c h a r d s o n
f o rm u la tw e n ty - o n e o r a s p l i t h a l f m ethod. The t e s t s f o r
which b o th K u d e r -R ic h a rd s o n and Spearman-Brown e s t i m a t e s
of r e l i a b i l i t y w ere c a l c u l a t e d w ere t e s t s 7, 9, 11, and
12. K u d e r - R i c h a r d s o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were computed f o r t e s t s
8 and 10 and a Spearman-Brown e s t i m a t e was c a l c u l a t e d f o r
t e s t 9.
The r e m a i n in g t e s t s i n t h e b a t t e r y were s p e e d e d ;
c o n s e q u e n t l y , a s a t i s f a c t o r y e s t i m a t e o f r e l i a b i l i t y c o u ld
n o t be d e te r m in e d by e i t h e r t h e s p l i t h a l f method o r from
th e u s e o f K u d e r - R ic h a r d s o n f o r m u l a e . G u l l i k s e n (54) and
Cronbach and W a r rin g to n (30) have p r e s e n t e d methods f o r
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e l i a b i l i t i e s of sp eed ed t e s t s . However,
th e t e s t s i n th e b a t t e r y a p p e a r e d n o t t o a d e q u a t e l y meet
t h e c r i t e r i a f o r th e u se of t h e s e f o r m u l a e . S a t i s f a c t o r y
e s t i m a t e s c o u ld have been d e t e r m in e d by th e u se of p a r a l
l e l fo rm s. The r e s e a r c h g ro u p d e c i d e d t h a t t h e tim e r e
q u i r e d f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f p a r a l l e l
forms p r o h i b i t e d t h i s . The com raunality was ta lc e n a s a
c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f r e l i a b i l i t y . A c c o rd in g t o T h u r-
s t o n e , "The co m m u n ality of a t e s t i s a lw a y s s m a l l e r t h a n
t h e r e l i a b i l i t y e x c e p t i n t h e l i m i t i n g c a s e where th e s p e
c i f i c f a c t o r i s a b s e n t , i n w hich c a s e t h e coinm unality and
th e r e l i a b i l i t y a r e e q u a l ( 9 3 : 8 4 ) . "
103
The e s t i m a t e s o f r e l i a b i l i t y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
fra'ble 3 2 . A low K u d e r - R ic h a r d s o n r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
i
j o f .25 was c a l c u l a t e d f o r th e Eavon P r o g r e s s i v e M a t r i c e s .
T h is i s c o n s i d e r a b l y lo w er t h a n th e t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l
i t y o f .6 r e p o r t e d by Raven ( 7 7 : 1 6 ) ; th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n
;of .66 c o r r e c t e d by th e S p e a r mnn-B rown f o r m u la b e tw e e n th e
Raven A and A b; and th e o b t a i n e d c o m m u n ality o f .6 3 .
The Ammons F u l l Range P i c t u r e V o c a b u la ry t e s t has
a d i s c o u r a g i n g l y low K u d e r-IIic h a rd s o n e s t i m a t e w hich i s
c o n s i d e r a b l y lo w e r t h a n th e r e l i a b i l i t y r e p o r t e d by Am
mons (2) and i s a l s o lo w e r t h a n th e o b t a i n e d c o m m u n ality
o f th e t e s t . In b o th th e Raven and Ammons t e s t s , t h e
K u d e r - R ic h a r d s o n r e s u l t s a p p e a r to be u n d e r e s t i m a t e s of
r e l i a b i l i t y .
The llonroe Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e s t h as a low7
I , * ' — - - . . . . . . . . . . . - ■■
c o m m u n ality o f .3 9 . However, th e mean o f th e Z s c o r e s f o r
th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e t h r e e p a r t s o f th e t e s t ,
w hich a p p e a r to be p a r a l l e l form s of the same t e s t , i n d i
c a t e s a s a t i s f a c t o r y Spearm an-Brown r e l i a b i l i t y o f .6 2 .
The D i g i t Span t e s t a n d t h e IPAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
t e s t have r e l a t i v e l y low c o m m u n a litie s o f .31 and .42 r e
s p e c t i v e l y . The f a c t o r i a l c o m p o s itio n o f t h e s e t e s t s may
c o n s e q u e n t l y be o b s c u r e d . The e l e v e n r e m a in in g t e s t s
a p p e a r to have s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m m u n a litie s o r S pearm an-.
Brown e s t i m a t e s of r e l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e p u rp o se o f t h i s
r e s e a r c h .
104
TABLE 32
ESTIMATES OF R ELIA BILITY
T est h2 r(KR 21) r(SB)
1 . Bead S trin g in g .56 a • • •
2 . Line Drawing .7 1 a 0 • •
3 .
C ir c le D o ttin g .71 a
• • •
lie I d e n tic a l P ictu re s .68 a
• • •
5o I d e n tic a l F igu res
.73
a
0 0 •
6 . P a c ific P ercep tu a l Speed .68 , a
• • •
7 . P a c ific P ictu re Vocabulary
.73
„60 .8 2 e
8 . Ammons F .R .P .V . .68
.39 0 0 •
9 .
Monroe Language C la s s if ic a t io n
.39 0 0
C
.62
10. IPAT C la s s if ic a t io n .1+2 .1+2
o • o
11. Raven P ro g ressiv e M atrices
.63 .25 .6 6 d
12. P a c ific P attern Copying .70 .9 1 .90®
13.
D ig it Span
.3 1
b
• • o
aHighly speeded te s ts .
| kpower te s t but did not meet c rite ria for Kuder-Richardson
t formula 21.
cBased on mean of Z's for three intercorrelations of the three
parts of to ta l te s t.
^Based on the intercorrelation between Raven A and Ab.
eBased on the odd-even intercorrelation.
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i ons
P e a rs o n p r o d u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s
w ere e l e c t r o n i c a l l y com puted a t W estern D ata P r o c e s s in g
C e n te r . S e v e ra l P e a rs o n r ' s were a l s o computed, in d e p e n d
e n t l y by band c a l c u l a t o r s . In each i n s t a n c e , th e hand
c a l c u l a t e d c o e f f i c i e n t s were w i t h i n two h u n d re d th s o f
th o se computed e l e c t r o n i c a l l y . The c o m p lete i n t e r c o r r e l a
t i o n m a t r ix a p p e a rs in T able 33.
Sex d i f f e r e n c e s
P re v io u s r e s e a r c h has i n d i c a t e d s e x d i f f e r e n c e s in
a b i l i t i e s b etw een boys and g i r l s . The r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e d
t h a t fe m a le s ten d e d to be s u p e r i o r in f i n e m otor s h i l l s ,
p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d , v e r b a l f lu e n c y , and o t h e r t a s k s i n v o l v
in g th e m echanics o f la n g u a g e . Males te n d e d to e x c e l in
t a s k s i n v o l v i n g sp e ed and c o o r d i n a t i o n o f g r o s s b o d i l y
movements, s p a t i a l a p t i t u d e s , m e c h a n ic a l c o m p re h e n sio n ,
and a r i t h m e t i c r e a s o n i n g . In aud itor}" memory s k i l l s such
as d i g i t sp an , s e x d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n e g l i g i b l e and in c o n
s i s t e n t (3 :4 7 0 -4 7 4 , 2 0 : 5 7 7 - 5 8 4 ) .
Thus, on t h e b a s i s o f th e abo ve, one would e x p e c t
to f i n d th e g i r l s e x c e l l i n g th e boys in th e f o l lo w in g
a b i l i t i e s : ( l ) h a n d -e y e p sycho m oto r, (2) v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l
sp e ed , and (3) p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c .
The c o r r e l a t i o n s and c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a l i e n a t i o n
b etw een sex and t e s t s c o r e s a re p r e s e n t e d in T ab le 34.
N e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t th e d i r e c t i o n of th e
TABLE 33
THE CORRELATION MATRIX
Test 1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8
?
10 11 12
1.
Bead Stringing
2 . Line Drawing 509
3 .
Circle Dotting 398 675
5 .
Identical Pictures 301 531
366
5.
Identical Figures 306 551 361 667
6 . Pacific Perceptual Speed 350
553 396 673 6hh
7 .
Pacific Picture Vocabulary 356 358 Ip6
389 U91 369
8 . Anuiions F.R.P.V. 311 1U6 081
L23 502
37 h 628
9 .
Monroe Language Classification 083 252 305 358
U13 323 319
320
10. IPAT Classification 327 182 038 260
25U 262 550 502 158
11. Ravens Progressive Matrices 370
273
138
379 503 329 570
351 235 378
12. Pacific Pattern Copying 522 518 289 U 06 506
539 562 356 223 376
633
13.
Digit Span 26U
231 291 302 368
351 261 213 260
279 228
387
107
TABLE 3k
CORRELATIONS A N D COEFFICIENTS OF ALIENATION BETW EEN
TEST SCORES A N D SEX
Test r k E
1.
Bead Stringing
- 2 U a
9 7 0 8
3%
2 . Line Drawing
-3Ub 9 h o b 6%
3 .
Circle Dotting - l ; 6 b
8 8 7 9 11%
I), e Identical Pictures
- 0 3 9 9 8 7 0 %
5 o
Identical Figures
0 3 9 9 9 5
0 %
6 . Pacific Perceptual Speed -12 9 9 2 8
1%
7 .
Pacific Picture Vocabulary 0 8 9 9 6 8 0%
8c Ammons F.R.P.V.
0 9 9 9 5 8 0%
9.
Monroe Language Classification 01
9 9 9 9 0%
1 0 . IPAT Classification -12 9 9 2 8 1%
11* Raven Progressive Matrices
0 5 9 9 8 7 0 %
12. Pacific Pattern Copying
0 3 9 9 9 5 0%
13.
Digit Span - 2 5 a 9682
3%
aAn r of .203 is significant a t the 5% level when df=98.
bAn r of .26U is significant a t the 1% level when df=9 8.
Q
A negative correlation signifies that the mean te s t perfor
mance of the females excelled the males.
I '............................................................................................................... 108
i
I
j r e l a t i o n s h i p i s i n f a v o r o f t h e f e m a l e s . I t i s i n t e r e s t
i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e were no t e s t s i n w hich t h e boys
i
jperform ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n th e g i r l s .
S i g n i f i c a n t (5 p e r c e n t l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e ) or
v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t ( l p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e ) d i f f e r
ences f a v o r i n g th e f e m a le s o c c u re d i n f o u r of th e t h i r t e e n
j t e s t s , v i z . , th e t h r e e h a n d -e y e p sy ch o m o to r t e s t s and th e
memory t e s t . The p e r c e p t u a l sp e e d t e s t s , p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c
t e s t s , and t h e r e a s o n i n g t e s t s a p p e a r e d t o have no s i g
n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to s e x .
S o c io -e c o n o m ic d i f f e r e n c e s
D i f f e r e n c e s f a v o r i n g h i g h e r s o c io - e c o n o m ic s t a t u s
groups as i n d i c a t e d by p a t e r n a l o c c u p a t i o n , ha.ve b een r e
l a t e d to i n t e l l e c t u a l and l i n g u i s t i c d e v e lo p m e n t. " In
g e n e r a l , t h e r e seems to be a d i f f e r e n c e o f a b o u t 20 p o i n t s
b etw een th e mean IQ ’s of t h e c h i l d r e n o f p r o f e s s i o n a l men
and t h o s e of the c h i l d r e n of u n s k i l l e d l a b o r e r s ( 3 : 5 1 7 ) . "
D i f f e r e n c e s f a v o r i n g th e h i g h e r s t a t u s g ro u p s i n l i n g u i s t
ic d e v e lo p m e n t have a l s o been found c o n s i s t e n t l y (2 0 :
5 8 6 - 5 8 7 ).
TljJ^H rghurst and D re e se found s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a
t i o n s b e tw e e n s o c i a l s t a t u s and th e PMA s u b t e s t s a d m i n i s
t e r e d t o a group o f t h i r t e e n - y e a r o l d b o y s . The s u b t e s t s
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s o c i a l s t a t u s as f o l l o w s : V = .42,
R = .2 3 , M = .2 1 , W = .30, N = .3 2 , and S = .2 5 . The
c o r r e l a t i o n s te n d e d t o be h i g h e s t i n a b i l i t i e s f a v o r i n g
r '............. 109
t h e h i g h e r s t a t u s e n v ir o n m e n t ( 5 8 : 2 4 1 - 2 4 7 ) .
i
; The c o r r e l a t i o n s and c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a l i e n a t i o n
i
!a p p e a r i n T a h le 3 5. N e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t
| t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s in f a v o r o f t h e h i g h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l
: l e v e l s . I f i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t a l l o f t h e d i f f e r -
; en c e s f a v o r t h e h i g h e r s t a t u s g r o u p s . how ever, o n ly s i x
o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e a t a . s i g n i f i c a n t o r v e r y s i g n i f i
c a n t l e v e l . They a r e : the t h r e e p e r c e p t u a l sp eed t e s t s ,
one la n g u a g e t e s t ( " P a c i f i c ; i c t u r e V o c a b u l a r y " ) , th e
" 1’a11 eru 0 o p y in g " t e s t , ar.d Pi; i t Span .
E x t r a c t i o n of F a c t o r s
S ix f a c t o r s were e x t r a c t e d from t', e c o r r e l a t i o n
m a t r i x by the c o m p le te c e n t r o i d method d e s c r i b e d by T h u r-
s to n e ( 9 3 : 1 6 1 - 7 0 ) . The h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
w i t h i n a column was u sed as fhe e s t i m a t e d C o m m u n a lity ' f o r
each t e s t . E x t r a c t i o n of f a c t o r s was t e r m i n a t e d when th e
d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e e s t i m a t e d com m unality and t h e com
puted com m unality f o r e ach ite m was l e s s th a n .0 1 . The
c e n t r o i d f a c t o r l o a d i n g s and c o m m u n a li!ie s a r e p r o v id e d
i n T able 36.
The R o t a t i o n s
The r e f e r e n c e a x e s w ere r o t a t e d o b l i q u e l y u s i n g
th e method d e s c r i b e d by T h u r s to n e ( 9 3 : 1 9 4 - 2 1 6 ) . The
r o t a t e d f a c t o r l o a d i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 3 7.
TABLE 35
110
CORRELATIONS A N D COEFFICIENTS OF ALIENATION B ETW EEN TEST-
SCORES A N D PATERNAL OCCUPATION
T e st r k E
1 .
Bead S trin g in g - 0 6 9982 0$
2 . Line Drawing -15 9887
1%
3.
C irc le D otting -12 9928
1%
U.
I d e n tic a l P ic tu re s
-33b 9UkO
6%
5.
I d e n tic a l F ig u res -22a
9755 2%
6 . P a c ific P e rc e p tu a l Speed
O
C \ J
1
9798 2%
7 .
P a c ific P ic tu re V ocabulary
-29b 9570 b%
8o Ammons F.R .P.V . -16
9871 1%
9 .
Monroe Language C la s s if ic a tio n
-17 98 5U 1%
10 o IPAT C la s s if ic a tio n -12 9928 1/0
11 o Raven P ro g re ssiv e M atrices -18
9837
2%
12 o P a c if ic P a tte rn Copying -21a
9777 2%
13.
D ig it Span
-23a 9732 3%
a
An r of .203 i s s ig n if ic a n t a t th e 5% le v e l when df=98.
An r of .26U i s s ig n if ic a n t a t th e 1# le v e l when d f=98.
N egative c o rre la tio n s s ig n if y t h a t h ig h er o c c u p a tio n a l s ta tu s
of th e f a th e r i s a s so c ia te d w ith h ig h er sc o re s in th e c h ild re n . The
o c c u p a tio n a l s ta tu s was determ ined by ran k in g th e p a te r n a l o ccu p atio n s
on th e H ollingshead seven c la s s r a tin g s c a le (6 0 :Appendix 2 ),
TABLE 36
CENTROID FA CTO R LOADINGS AID C O i-M J!'I aLITIES
T est I I I I l l r v V VI h 2
1 . Bead S trin g in g 566 118 338 1 3 1 - 1 2 5 2 78
.559
2. Line Drawing 630 -277 3 6 1 + 2 29 - 2 1 7 -0 8 7 .713
3.
C irc le D otting 5 23 -1+69 1+ 03 2 2 7 - 0 3 0 - 0 5 0
. 7 1 1
U o I d e n tic a l P ic tu re s 708 -258
-2L9
-1 5 2
-1 3 7 1 0 7
.680
5o I d e n tic a l F ig u res 770 -1 7 2
-209 - 2 0 1 -1 3 8
-071+ .731
6 0
P a c ific P e rc e p tu a l Speed 707 -275
-161+ -161; -101
1 9 1
. 6 7 6
7 .
P a c ific P ic tu re V ocabulary 692 3 92 -160
H+3
-108
- 2 0 9 .731+
8 . Ammons F.R.P.Vo
59k
2 70 -1|20 2 5 1 + - 0 9 6 0 8 7 . 6 8 3
9o Monroe Language C la s s if ic a tio n
1 + 5 9 -1 9 7
- 2 0 6 100 ■ 172
-21+7 . 3 9 3
1 0 O I.P .A .T . C la s s if ic a tio n 1 + 7 8
357 -0 1 + 1 + 0i+l 176
177 . 1 + 2 2
llo
Raven P ro g re ssiv e M atrices
631 3 k9
056 -22? -086
-215
. 6 2 8
1 2 . P a c if ic P a tte rn Copying 710 231 227 -276 -0)^2 - 0 9 6 .6 9 6
13.
D ig it Span
1+ 79 -051 035 - 0 6 0 270 0 5 0 .312
TABLE 37
ROTATED FACTOR M ATRIX (Vo) BJ TERM S OF CORRELATIONS
O N THE REFERENCE V ECTORS
T est A B C D E F
1 . Bead S trin g in g -1077 170U
kirn -1017 -0 7 2 6
-23 1 9
2 . Line Drawing 0289 -13 1 1 5807 0931 - 120I 4 . 2178
3 .
C irc le D o ttin g 0366
-21) 1 3 h95h -0152
0995 2660
it.
I d e n tic a l P ic tu re s h912 -ohoo
-0 1 3 7 0U31 0008
0325
5 . '
I d e n tic a l F igures 1 x 2 3 1 130L -0217 12U8 -0u20
1815
6 . P a c ific P e rc e p tu a l Speed him -0003 0030
- 0 6 I* U OU96 -0 1 2 0
7.
P a c ific P ic tu re Vocabulary -1352 1886
121*5 U933 -16 9 5 -0017
8 0 Ammons F.R .P.V . O J 4I 8 -0607 2273 i;593 -0895 -2909
9 .
Monroe Language C la s s if ic a tio n -127li -1 3 7 1 -0708 3250 2117 255U
1 0 . IPAT C la s s if ic a tio n -1852 2927 -0583 08U6
lii9U -2 8 0 5
TABLE 3 7 - C o n tin u e d
T est A B c D E F
11o Raven P ro g ressiv e M atrices ~0k6h U783
0 1 8 8 1532 — II4.68 1506
12. P a c ific P a tte rn Copying -l[i03
5201 08 53 -037U -0580 1U 16
13 0 D ig it Span -0063 161U -0898
-0293
3128 0292
aSince th e o b je c t o f t h i s re se a rc h was e x p lo ra to ry and was n o t concerned w ith p re d ic tio n s fo r
p a r tic u la r in d iv id u a ls , th e lo ad in g s a re p resen ted in term s of th e c o rre la tio n s on th e re fe re n c e v e c to rs .
i— 1
M
W
114
I n s p e c t i o n o f th e m a t r i x i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e
}
im oderate to h ig h l o a d i n g s on t h e f i r s t f o u r f a c t o r s , one
m o d e ra te l o a d i n g on t h e f i f t h f a c t o r , and no s i g n i f i c a n t
i
i
lo a d i n g s on th e s i x t h f a c t o r . In g e n e r a l , the t e s t s i n
the b a t t e r y seem t o he r e l a t i v e l y u n i v o c a l w ith th e e x
c e p t i o n o f T e s t 9, Monroe Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ; and
I
|T e st 10 IFAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ; T e s t s 9, 10, and 13, D i g i t
S p a n , a r e t h e o n ly t e s t s in t h e b a t t e r y t h a t a r e not l o a d
ed as h ig h a s .41 or. any o f t h e s i x f a c t o r s . This p r o b
a b ly r e s u l t s in p a r t from th e r e l a t i v e l y low r e l i a b i l i t i e s
of t h e s e t e s t s .
The c o r r e l a t i o n s among th e s im p le a x e s ( c o s i n e s of
th e a n g u l a r s e p a r a t i o n s of th e a x e s ) a p p e a r i n T a b le 38.
The h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e b e tw e e n f a c t o r s 0 and S, and
b etw een 3 and D. I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e s e f a c t o r s d e p a r t
c o n s i d e r a b l y fro::; o r t h o g o n a l i t y i n th e o b liq u e - s o l u t i o n .
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of F a c t o r s
For p u r p o s e s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , l o a d i n g s of
.25 o r l e s s a r e r e g a r d e d as i n s i g n i f i c a n t , l o a d i n g s of .26
to .30 as low, l o a d i n g s of .30 to .45 as m o d e ra te , and .46
and above as h i g h . This i s an a r b i t r a r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
t h a t i s a d o p te d to f a c i l i t a t e t h e d i s c u s s i o n of th e r e
s u l t s . These c r i t e r i a c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l re c o m m e n d a tio n s by
F r u c h t e r ( 3 8 : 1 5 1 ) . In th e d i s c u s s i o n t h a t f o l l o w s , l o a d
in g s t h a t a r e r e g a r d e d as i n s i g n i f i c a n t ( . 2 0 or l e s s ) a r e
115
TABLE 38
INTERCOM DELATIONS OF THE PIiFEBEM CE VECTORS
A
B C D E F
A
B -2225
G -2261 - 3 3 5
D -278)4 -Ii20l; 1U60
E
-2289 0632 -5297 -1883
F 0810
01ii5 01U2 2020 -0150
n o t i n d i c a t e d ; h o w ever, t h e y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e c o m p le te
r o t a t e d m a t r i x p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r .
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of e ach f a c t o r
F a c t o r A. — T e s t s 4 and 6 had h ig h l o a d i n g s on t h i s
f a c t o r and T e s t 5 was lo a d e d m o d e r a t e l y . The l o a d i n g s
were as f o l l o w s :
4 . I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s .491
5. I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s .424
6. P a c i f i c P e r c e p t u a l Speed .475
A l l t h r e e t e s t s were timed t e s t s w hich r e q u i r e d th e s u b
j e c t to make q u i c k and a c c u r a t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s of l i k e
n e s s e s and d i f f e r e n c e s among v i s u a l l y p e r c e i v e d f i g u r e s .
The t h r e e t e s t s a l l in v o l v e d th e r a p i d m a tc h in g o f v i s u a l
p e r c e p t u a l d e t a i l . F a c t o r A i s i d e n t i f i e d as v i s u o p e r -
c e p t u a l s p e e d .
F a c t o r 3 . — F a c t o r 3 has one t e s t m o d e r a t e l y l o a d e d
on i t and two t e s t s had h ig h l o a d i n g s .
10. IPAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .293
11. Raven P r o g r e s s i v e M a t r i c e s .478
12. P a t t e r n Copying .520
T e s t 10 r e q u i r e d t h e s u b j e c t t o in d u c e the r e l a t i o n s h i p
betw een a s e r i e s of o b j e c t s v i s u a l l y p e r c e i v e d . T e s t 11
was a m easure of th e s u b j e c t ’s a b i l i t y to in d u c e th e r e
l a t i o n s h i p s common t o a g i v e n f i g u r a l p a t t e r n . T e s t 12
was c o n s t r u c t e d as a m easure of a n a l y t i c - s y n t h e t i c r e a s o n
in g a b i l i t y . The t h r e e t e s t s a l l seem t o i n v o l v e
117
c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t y w i t h la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y n o t i n v o l v e d .
f
jF a c to r B i s i d e n t i f i e d as " r e a s o n i n g . "
' I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t even th o u g h T e s t s
i
110, 11, and 12 a l l r e q u i r e d v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n a b i l i t y , th e
l o a d in g s on F a c t o r A ( v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d ) were a l l
i n s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g s .
F a c t o r C. — T e s t s 2 and. 3 h a v e h ig h l o a d i n g s on
t h i s f a c t o r and T e s t 1 i s lo a d e d m o d e r a t e l y .
1. Bead S t r i n g i n g .414
2. L in e Drawing .5 8 1
3. C i r c l e D o t t i n g .4 9 5
T e s t 1 r e q u i r e d t h e s u b j e c t to i n s e r t a s h o e s t r i n g
th ro u g h a s e r i e s of s m a ll b e a d s . The t e s t i s p r i m a r i l y a
f i n g e r d e x t e r i t y t e s t . In T e s t 2, th e c h i l d c o n n e c te d
p a i r s of d o t s w ith a v e r t i c a l l i n e . The t e s t a p p e a r s to
be p r i m a r i l y a m easure of "aim in g " a b i l i t y . T e st 3
r e q u i r e d t h e s u b j e c t t o make one p e n c i l d o t in a s e r i e s of
s m a ll c i r c l e s . The p rim a ry a b i l i t y r e q u i r e d seems to be
" a i m i n g ." "Tapping" a b i l i t y to a l e s s e r d e g r e e i s p r o b
a b ly a l s o r e q u i r e d . A ll t h r e e t e s t s have in common h a n d -
eye psychom otor a b i l i t y i n w hich r a p i d , s k i l l f u l , and co
o r d i n a t e d movements a r e r e q u i r e d . Thus, F a c t o r C i s
i d e n t i f i e d as " h a n d -e y e p s y c h o m o to r."
F a c t o r D. — T e s ts 7 and 8 h a v e high lo a d i n g s on
F a c t o r D and T e st 9 i s lo a d e d m o d e r a t e l y .
; “ ' 118
| 7. P a c i f i c P i c t u r e V ocabulary .493
8. Ammons F .E .P .V . .4 5 9
i
! 9. Monroe Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .325
! T e st 7 r e q u i r e d th e c h i l d to i d e n t i f y p i c t u r e s
i
| v e r b a l l y of common o b j e c t s o r a c t i o n s . The t e s t was an
a tte m p t to measure one a s p e c t o f p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y
e x p r e s s i v e v o c a b u l a r y . In T e st 8, th e s u b j e c t p o in te d to
th e p i c t u r e t h a t was most l i k e th e word s a i d by th e exam
i n e r . The t e s t i s a measure o f p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y
which r e q u i r e d auc'iing a b i l i t y . T est 9 r e q u i r e d th e ex
aminee to name as many words a s he could t h i n k of w i t h i n
a s p e c i f i e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . The t e s t is a measure of
p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y s i m i l a r to " i d e a t i o n a l f l u e n c y . "
A ll t h r e e of th e t e s t s have in common the re q u ire m e n t of
p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y . The f a c t o r i s i d e n t i f i e d as
" p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c ."
F a c to r E . — One t e s t has a m oderate lo a d in g on
F a c to r E (T e st 13) and one t e s t has a low lo a d in g (T e s t 9).
9. M onroe Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .2 1 2
13. D i g i t Span .3 1 3
As m entioned p r e v i o u s l y , T e st 9 is a p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c
t e s t where t h e s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d t o name a s many words
as he could t h i n k o f i n a s p e c i f i c a l l y d e f i n e d c l a s s i f i c a
t i o n . This t a s k ap p ears to in v o lv e i d e a t i o n a l f l u e n c y and
th e a b i l i t y to remember m ean in g fu l a s s o c i a t i o n s . T e st 13
r e q u i r e d t h e c h i l d t o r e p e a t im m ediately a s e r i e s o f
d i g i t s i n t h e i r c o r r e c t o r d e r a f t e r a s i n g l e a u d i t o r y e x
p o s u r e . The t e s t i s a m easure o f im m ed iate a u d i t o r y mem-
jo ry s p a n . T e s t s 9 and 13 a p p a r e n t l y b o th r e q u i r e m em ory
j a b i l i t y . However, s i n c e o n ly two t e s t s were lo a d e d on
F a c t o r E and b o t h l o a d i n g s w ere r e l a t i v e l y low, t h e f a c t o r
c a n n o t be p r e s e n t l y i n t e r p r e t e d w ith any d e g r e e o f c o n f i
d e n c e . F a c t o r E i s t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as " a u d i t o r y
memory."
F a c t o r P . — F a c t o r F h as t h r e e low n e g a t i v e l o a d
in g s and t h r e e low p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g s .
1. B i n e t Beads - . 2 3 2
8. Amin on s F .R .F .V . - . 2 9 1
10. IPAT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - . 2 8 0
2. Line Drawing .218
3. D o t t i n g .266
9. Monroe Language C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .255
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t a l l o f t h e above t e s t s are
e i t h e r h a n d -e y e p sy c h o m o to r t e s t s or p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c
t e s t s . Two o f th e m otor t e s t s ( T e s t s 2 and 3) h a v e low
p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g s and one m o to r t e s t (Test- l ) has a low
n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g . T e s t s 2 and 3 a r e b o t h " a im in g " t e s t s ;
how ever, t h e n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g on T e s t 1 i s d i f f i c u l t to
i n t e r p r e t m e a n i n g f u l l y .
The r e m a i n i n g t h r e e t e s t s a r e P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c .
Two o f them h a v e low n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g s ( T e s t s 8 and 10)
and T e s t 9 has a low p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g . A p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y
I ..................................................................... ■ - 1 2 0
I
i
jm e a n in g fu l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of F a c t o r E i s n o t a p p a r e n t .
Com parison o f I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w i t h H y p o th e s e s
I
Four f a c t o r s were h y p o t h e s i z e d : v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l
sp e e d , r e a s o n i n g ( w i th la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y m in im iz e d ) , h a n d -
:eye p s y c h o m o to r , and p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c . S ix f a c t o r s were
i d e n t i f i e d in th e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s . They were i n t e r p r e t e d
as f o l l o w s :
A. V i s u o p e r c e p t u a l Speed
3. R e a so n in g
C. H and-eye P sy c h o m o to r
D. P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c
E. T e n t a t i v e l y i n t e r p r e t e d as A u d i t o r y Memory
Span
F. A r e s i d u a l f a c t o r (no i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
poss i h l e )
A ll f o u r o f t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d - f a c t o r s were i d e n t i
f i e d as h y p o t h e s i z e d . F a c t o r E was t e n t a t i v e l y i n t e r p r e t
ed as a u d i t o r y memory s p a n i n t h a t i t was m o d e r a t e l y l o a d
ed on t h e D i g i t Span t e s t w h ic h was used as a r e f e r e n c e
t e s t i n t h e b a t t e r y . The p r e s e n c e o f t h i s f a c t o r was n o t
h y p o t h e s i z e d b e c a u s e o n ly one memory ty p e t e s t ( D i g i t
Span) was u s e d . The s i x t h f a c t o r was n o t h y p o t h e s i z e d and
does n o t T e n d i t s e l f to a p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y m e a n in g f u l
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
s
-h,
j ' “ ...................... 121
R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f F a c t o r s w i t h Those
Found, i n P r e v io u s S t u d i e s
A co m p a riso n o f t h e fa c to x 's i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e
p r e s e n t reseax-ch w i t h t h e a b i l i t y f a c t o r s d e f i n e d i n
p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s a t th e f i v e t o s e v e n y e a r l e v e l i s sum
m a riz e d in T a b le 3 9. As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e t a b l e , v i s u o -
!p e r c e p t u a l speed ( F a c t o r A), p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c ( F a c t o r D ),
h a n d -e y e psvchoraotor ( F a c t o r C), and a u d i t o r y memory sp an
( F a c t o r E) f a c t o r s p a r a l l e l f a c t o r s found i n p r e v i o u s
s t u d i e s . F a c t o r B ( r e a s o n i n g , w i t h la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y
m in im ized ) has n o t been i d e n t i f i e d i n p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d
s t u d i e s a t the p r e s c h o o l o r p r im a r y aged c h i l d r e n . How
e v e r , as i n d i c a t e d i n th e r e v i e w o f th e 1 i t e i - a t u r e , T h u r-
s t o n e ’s " q u a n t i t a t i v e " f a c t o r may be r e l a t e d to " r e a s o n
i n g . " R ea so n in g i s c o n s i d e r e d by F ren ch t o be an e s t a b
l i s h e d f a c t o r a t th e a d o l e s c e n t and a d u l t l e v e l s ( 3 5 ) .
TABLE 39
FACTORS IDENTIFIED C O M PA R E D WITH FACTORS REPORTED
It-J PREVIOUS STUDIES
F a cto rs I d e n tif ie d
in P re se n t Study
H o fs ta e tte r
3 y e a rs and up
McNemar
5-6 y ears
K elley
3a-6|- y ears
L0 and T. T hurstone
5-7 y e a rs______
A. V isu o p ercep tu al Speed
D„ P sy c h o lin g u istic
C. Hand-eye Psychomotor
M anipulation
o f Symbols
H e r II
A Numeration
F acto r
M a tu rity -
h e te ro g e n e ity
S p a tia l No. 1
S p a tia l No. 2
P e rc e p tu a l Speed
Space
V erbal
Motor
Q u a n tita tiv e
M
to
to
TABLE 3 9 - C o n t i n u e d
F a c to rs I d e n tif ie d H o fs ta e tte r McNemar K elley L„ and T. Thurstone
in P re se n t Study 3 y ears and up 5-6 years y ears 5-7 y ears
E0 A uditory Memory Span V erbal0
Memory
C o n tro l of
M eaningless
C ontent
B, Reasoning Q u a n tita tiv e
aF ac to rs w ith ap p aren t s im i l a r i t ie s a re alig n ed h o riz o n ta lly .
^According to T hurstone, th e " q u a n titiv e " fa c to r which they id e n tif ie d a t th e 5-7 y e a r le v e l
su b d iv id es in to two f a c to rs a t o ld e r age l e v e l s, viz.^ "number" and "re aso n in g ."
°L abeled "v erb al" by K elley b u t t e s t s were two a u d ito ry memory span ta s k s .
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
The c o n c l u d i n g c h a p t e r sum m arizes t h e p ro b le m , th e
p l a n o f the s tu d y , and th e f i n d i n g s . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s
c u s se d and s u g g e s t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h a r e made.
Summary
The pi'oblem
The p rim a ry p u rp o se o f _ t h e s t u d y was to d e t e r m i n e
w h e th e r m e a s u ra b le d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s c o u ld he i d e n t i
f i e d i n s i x y e a r o l d c h i l d r e n . Four s p e c i f i c a b i l i t i e s
were h y p o t h e s i z e d : Band-eye p sy c h o m o to r, v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l
sp e e d , p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c , and r e a s o n i n g .
The p l a n of th e s tu d y
Review of th e l i t e r a t u r e . — The c h i l d d e v e lo p m e n t
and f a c t o r a n a l y t i c l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g th e d e v e lo p m e n t
and i n d i v i d u a t i o n of a b i l i t i e s was r e v ie w e d . The l i t e r a
t u r e showed l i t t l e s y s t e m a t i c c o n c e r n w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r e
of a b i l i t i e s of p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n . Only f i v e f a c t o r
s t u d i e s were found t h a t d e a l t w i t h t h i s p ro b le m . The
R ic h a r d s and N elson s t u d y (79) found two f a c t o r s a t s i x ,
t w e lv e , and e i g h t e e n months w hich th e y i d e n t i f i e d as
’’a l e r t n e s s " and " m o t o r . ” McNemar's f a c t o r a n a l y s e s (70)
of th e 1 9 3 7 S t a n f o r d - B i n e t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e t e s t was
p r i m a r i l y a m easure o f a s i n g l e f a c t o r . I l o f s t a e t t e r (59)
! 125
|
j
!found a " s e n s o r i - m o t o r " f a c t o r w hich was p re d o m in a n t up to
;tw e n ty m o n t h sy a " p e r s i s t e n c e " f a c t o r w hich p re d o m in a te d
j
! from tw e n ty to f o r t y m onths; and a " m a n i p u l a t i o n of sym
b o ls " f a c t o r w h ich was p re d o m in a n t a f t e r f o r t y m o n th s.
The above th .r-w s t u d i e s w ere c o n d u c te d on d a t a
'■which e x i s t e d f o r p r i o r r e a s o n s and w ere n o t d e s ig n e d to
e l i c i t d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s . The c r i t e r i a used f o r item
s e l e c t i o n s e r v e d t o r e d u c e t h e s p e c t r a of a b i l i t i e s m eas
u r e d . Only K e l l e y ' s and t h e T h u r s t o n e s ' s t u d i e s were d e
s ig n e d f o r f a c t o r i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n in which d i f f e r e n t i a l
a b i l i t i e s were soiiirht.
\
The p i o n e e r J 'a c tu r s tu d y of d i f f e r e n t i a l m e n ta l
a b i l i t i e s o f p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n was c o n d u c te d by Truman
K e l l e y (03) . U t i l i z i n g a b a t t e r y o f se v e n t e s t s on a
g roup of 107 c h i l d r e n between t h e ages of t h r e e }re a r s s i x
months air' s i x y e a r s t h r e e m onths, K e l l e y o b t a i n e d s i x
f a c t o r s . The f a c t o r s were i n t e r p r e t e d as " n i a t u r i t y -
h e t e r o g e n i e t y , " " v e r b a l " ( l a b e l e d v e r b a l by K e l l e y but th e
t a s k s w ere two a u d i t o r y memory sp an l i s t s ) , "m em ory,”
" s p a t i a l number o n e ," " s p a t i a l number tw o ," and " c o n t r o l
of m e a n in g le s s c o n t e n t . "
The T h u r s t o n e s ' i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w hich r e s u l t e d in
th e SRA PMA 5-7 t e s t b a t t e r y ( 9 9 ) , d e f i n e d f i v e f a c t o r s a t
t h e f i v e t o s e v e n y e a r age l e v e l . The f a c t o r s were c a l l e d
" v e r b a l c o m p r e h e n s i o n ," " p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d , " " q u a n t i t a t i v e , "
" m o to r ," and " s p a c e . "
, - - - -- 126
i
t
| H y p o th e s e s d e v e l o p e d . — The h y p o t h e s e s f o r m u l a t e d
f o r t h i s s t u d y w ere d e v e lo p e d from the c h i l d d e v e lo p m e n t
f
j l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e v e lo p m e n t and i n d i v i d u a t i o n of
l a b i l i t i e s , p r e v i o u s f a c t o r s t u d i o s a t t h e a d o l e s c e n t and
l a d u l t l e v e l , and th e l i m i t e d number o f p u b l i s h e d f a c t o r
s t u d i e s or c h i l d r e n . The m ajo r h y p o t h e s i s examined i n
t h i s s t u d y was t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l a b i l i t i e s can be d e f i n e d
in s i x y e a r old c h i l d r e n . Four a b i l i t i e s were h y p o t h e
s i z e d : (l.) H and-eye nsychoraotor, which r e q u i r e d t h e sub
j e c t to r e s p o n d w i t h rapid., s k i l l f u l , and c o o r d i n a t e d
h a n d -e y e movements. (2) V i s u o p e r c e p t u a l speed w hich r e p
r e s e n t e d th e a b i l i t y of th e i n d i v i d u a l v i s u a l l y to e v a l u
a t e f i g u r n l i d e n t i t y th ro u g h t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n of l i k e
n e s s e s and d i f f e r e n c e s . (3) P s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c w hich i n
v o l v e s r e c e p t i v e and e x p r e s s i v e la n g u a g e co m m u n ic a tio n
a b i l i t y . (4) R e a s o n in g w hich was d e f i n e d as the a b i l i t y
to p e r c e i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ; to a r r i v e a t r u l e s , p r i n c i p l e s ,
o r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s common to a s e r i e s of o b j e c t s ; a n d to
a n a l y z e and s y n t h e s i z e . Minimum la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y was
involvoti in t h e r e a s o n i n g t a s k s t h a t were p r e s e n t e d to th e
subj e c t s .
The t e s t b a t t e r y . — The p rim a ry c r i t e r i o n f o r the
s e l e c t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t of t e s t s f o r t h e b a t t e r y w ere
t h e h y p o t h e s e s t h a t w ere d e v e l o p e d . T h i r t e e n t e s t s w ere
s e l e c t e d and a d a p t e d , o r c o n s t r u c t e d and a s s e m b le d i n t o a
t e s t b a t t e r y . T h ree t e s t s w ere u t i l i z e d f o r e ach o f th e
i ........................... ' 127
|
I
jfour h y p o t h e s i z e d a b i l i t i e s and one a u d i t o r y memory sp a n
I
I t e s t was u se d f o r r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s .
| The b a t t e r y of t e s t s was i n d i v i d u a l l y a d m i n i s t e r e d
ito a g ro u p of 100 k i n d e r g a r t e n c h i l d r e n . The s u b j e c t s
jwere b etw een th e a g e s of s i x t y - n i n e to s e v e n t y - f i v e months.
The mean age ;v as 7 2 .1 6 months and t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n
iwas 2 .0 4 m onths. The sample was b i a s e d in the d i r e c t i o n
o f b e in g u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e u n s k i l l e d p a t e r n a l o c c u
p a t i o n s and s l i g h t l y o v e r r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e w h i t e c o l l a r
and s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s .
S t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f the r e s u l t s . — The means
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , P e a rso n p r o d u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s , and c e n t r o i d f a c t o r l o a d i n g s were e l e c t r o n
i c a l l y co m p u ted . 1C u d e r-I? ic h n rd s o n e s t i m a t e s of r e l i a b i l
i t y w ere c a l c u l a t e d I'or f i v e o f t h e s u b t e s t s . The r e m a i n
ing s u b t e s t s d id n o t le n d th e m s e l v e s t o e i t h e r th e K-R
fo rm u la e or a s p l i t h a l f m e th o d . The co m m u n ality was u sed
as p. c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f r e l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e s e t e s t s .
The f i n d i n g s
S ix f a c t o r s were e x t r a c t e d from t h e c o r r e l a t i o n
m a t r i x u s i n g t h e c o m p lete c e n t r o i d method d e s c r i b e d by
T h u r s t o n e . The r e f e r e n c e axes were r o t a t e d o b l i q u e l y by
T h u r s t o n e 's method ( 9 3 ) . The f i r s t f o u r f a c t o r s t h a t
emerged were i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e a b i l i t i e s t h a t w ere
h y p o t h e s i z e d : F a c t o r A, v i s u o p e r c e p t u a l s p e e d ; F a c t o r B,
r e a s o n i n g w ith la n g u a g e f a c i l i t y m in im iz e d ; F a c t o r C,
- “ 128
h a n d - e y e p s y c h o m o to r ; and F a c t o r D, p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c . The
I f i f t h f a c t o r , F a c t o r E, was t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as
i
j a u d i t o r y memory. The f i n a l f a c t o r , F a c t o r F, c o u l d n o t he
1
j i n t e r p r e t e d m e a n i n g f u l l y .
i
i
S i g n i f i c a n t or v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s b e
tw een s e x and a b i l i t y f a v o r i n g t h e g i r l s were fo u n d in
'.four o f th e a b i l i t y t e s t s . The mean p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e
g i r l s was s u p e r i o r to th e boys on t h e Line Drawing and
" C i r c l e D o t t i n g " t e s t s a t a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ( l p e r
c e n t l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e ) . Doth t e s t s a r e p a p e r and
p e n c i l , h a n d -e y e p sy c h o m o to r t e s t s r e q u i r i n g f i n g e r d e x
t e r i t y and v i s w a ! - m o t o r c o o r d i n a t i o n . The g i r l s ' p e r f o r m
ance was s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r (5 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i
dence) on th e r e m a i n in g p s y c h o m o to r t e s t , "Bead S t r i n g
i n g . " Thus, a b i l i t y d i f f e r e n c e s fa v o rin g , t h e g i r l s w ere
found on a l l t h r e e p sy c h o m o to r t e s t s . A s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e f a v o r i n g t h e g i r l s was a l s o found on t h e a u d i -
t o r y :nemory span t e s t , D i g i t Span .
A b i l i t y d i f f e r e n c e s , as i n d i c a t e d by t e s t p e r
fo rm an ce, were a l s o found to be r e l a t e d to p a t e r n a l o c c u
p a t i o n . The mean p e rfo rm a n c e of t h e h i g h e r s o c io - e c o n o m ic
s t a t u s grow ps was h i g h e r t h e n trie p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h e lo w e r
, s t a t u s groups on a l l s u b t e s t s of th e b a t t e r y . However,
th e d i f f e r e n c e s w ere a t a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l on o n l y
two of t h e s u b t e s t s , I d e n t i c a l P i c t u r e s and " P a c i f i c
P i c t u r e V o c a b u l a r y ." S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere fo u n d
129
on t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b t e s t s : I d e n t i c a l F i g u r e s , " P a c i f i c
P e r c e p t u a l S p e e d ," " P a c i f i c P a t t e r n C o p y in g ," and D i g i t
S p a n . Thus, i t a p p e a r s 1 h a t s o e io - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s i s
r e l a t e d t o p e r c e p t u a l sp e e d , e x p r e s s i v e la n g u a g e a b i l i t y ,
| a u d i t o r y memory spa:;, and a n a l y t i c - s y n t h e t i c r e a s o n i n g
l a b i l i t y .
D i s c u s s i o n o f R e s u l t s
S in c e t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t i n g
movement, e d u c a t o r s and p s y c h o l o g i s t s have a c c e p t e d a
s i n g l e number sue!) as an IQ, as b e in g d e s c r i p t i v e o f t h e
c h i l d ' s a b i l i t y . The s i m p l i c i t y of such an a p p r o a c h is
a p p e a l i n g . The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t
a b i l i t i e s of young c h i l d r e n a r e m u l t i p l e r a t h e r th a n u n i
t a r y . To know t h e a b i l i t y o f a c h i l d , th e t e a c h e r a p p a r
e n t l y n e e d s n o re th a n a s i n g l e s c o r e .
R e l a t i v e l y u n c o r r e l a t e d , s e p a r a t e l y m e a s u ra b le
a b i l i t i e s wore i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e c r u c i a l age when c h i l d r e n
a r e f i r s t n o r m a ll y exposed to fo rm a l l e a r n i n g a c t i v i t i e s .
This s t u d y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s e l e c t i o n o f
t e s t m a t e r i a l s , c a r e f u l t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and t h e
u t i l i z a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l t o o l s such as f a c t o r a n a l y s i s ,
t h e s t r u c t u r e of a b i l i t y o f p r e l i t e r a t e c h i l d r e n can be
e x p l o r e d .
A f t e r th e d i f f e r e n t i a b l e components o f a b i l i t y
have been i d e n t i f i e d , th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f im proved a s s e s s
ment i n s t r u m e n t s t h a t d e s c r i b e th e c h i l d i n te rm s of
..■ ... ' • ' ....... 130
s e l e c t e d a b i l i t i e s s h o u ld be p o s s i b l e . Such a s s e s s m e n t
I to o ls may be u s e f u l i n p r e d i c t i n g s c h o o l s u c c e s s o r a d -
i
J ju s tm e n t, d i a g n o s i n g o t h e r w i s e u n e x p l a i n e d p e r p l e x i t i e s
(such as r e a d i n g f a i l u r e , and i n d e s c r i b i n g the p r o g r e s s o f
jnormal and h a n d ic a p p e d c h i l d r e n . I t would a l s o f a c i l i t a t e
‘th e s t u d y of th e d e v e lo p m e n t and i n d i v i d u a t i o n of a b i l i
t i e s and th e e x t e n t t o which d i f f e r e n t a b i l i t i e s a r e
a f f e c t e d by t r a i n i n g .
The p r e s e n t s t u d y o v e r l o o k e d many p o s s i b l e a b i l i t y
domains which a r e w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e a d o l e s c e n t o r
a d u l t l e v e l s , e . g . , q u a n t i t a t i v e and s p a t i a l . The d e v e lo p
ment and i n d i v i d u a t i o n of a b i l i t i e s co u ld be e x p l o r e d by
downward o r upward e x t e n s i o n s o f th e t o s t b a t t e r y u s e d i n
t h i s r e s e a r c h .. A l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y o f the p r e s e n t g ro u p
of 100 c h i l d r e n used m ight a l s o s e r v e t o be e n l i g h t e n i n g
c o n c e r n i n g th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f the a b i l i t y f a c t o r s i d e n t i
f i e d i n t h i s s t u d y . F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s s h o u ld a l s o
e x p l o r e t h e e x t e n t to w hich th e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s a r e i n f l u
enced by t r a i n i n g . G u i l f o r d s u g g e s t s t h a t th e b e s t p o
s i t i o n f o r e d u c a t o r s to ta k e a t th e p r e s e n t tim e is t h a t
p o s s i b l y e v e r y i n t e l l e c t u a l f a c t o r can be d e v e lo p e d to
some e x t e n t by l e a r n i n g ( 5 3 : 4 7 8 ) .
R e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t
th e a b i l i t y f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d s h o u ld be e x p l o r e d i n d e
p e n d e n t l y . F or ex am p le, t h e p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c domain should,
be f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d to d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r t h e r e c e p t i v e
j- ......-...... 131
and e x p r e s s i v e s k i l l s a r e r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t . T h is
jdomain m ight a l s o he a n a ly z e d t o a s c e r t a i n w h e th e r d i f f e r
j e n t i a l c h a n n e l d i f f e r e n c e s can he i d e n t i f i e d , i . e . , a u d i -
:to ry , v i s u a l , and k i n e s t h e t i c .
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136
40.
4 1 .
42.
4 3.
44.
45.
4-6.
4 7.
48.
4 9.
50.
51.
52.
378.
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TbT T
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1 3 7
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59 .
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
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APPENDIX
TEST BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION GUIDE
Name_______________________________ D ate________________________________ _
The r a t i n g s c a l e s h o u ld be c o m p le te d by th e examin
e r to w a rd s th e end o f t e s t b a t t e r y , e . g . , w h ile th e s u b
j e c t i s w o rk in g on t h e l a s t s u b t e s t , v i z . , " P a t t e r n Copy
i n g . " Item s a r e r a t e d o n ly unon t h e o n s e rv e d b e h a v i o r of
t h e s u b j e c t d u r i n g t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e t e s t b a t t e r y .
A n in e p o i n t s c a l e i s u sed t h a t s h o u l d a p p r o x im a te a norm
a l d i s t r i b u t i o n w ith a mean of 5, 1, and 9 r e p r e s e n t i n g
extrem e s c o r e s ( s e e p e r c e n t a g e s i n ite m A ) .
A. AMOUNT OP MOTOR ACTIVITY
(4%)— 1 a lm o s t m o t i o n l e s s
y H —
(1 2 ^ — 3 i n f r e q u e n t movement
(1 7 # —
(2 0 # — 5 a v e r a g e
( 17#—
(1 2 # — 7 f r e q u e n t movement
(7 ? c ) —
( 4 # ) — 9 extrem e movement
B. PERFORMANCE RATE
- 1 e x t r e m e l y slow
— 3 s 1 ow
— 5 a v e r a g e
— 7 r a p i d
— 9
MANUAL
— 1
e x t r e m e l y
DEXTERITY
e x t r e m e l y
r a p i d
aw Invar d
— 3 awkward
— 5 a v e r a g e
— 7 s k i l l f u l
— 9
AMOUNT
— 1
e x t r e m e l y s k i l l f u l
OP SPEECH
mute ( p r a c t i c a l l y )
— 3 q u i e t
— 5 a v e r a g e
— 7 t a l k a t i v e
144
— 9 l o q u a c io u s
E. ATTENTION
— 1 a lm o st i m p o s s i b l e to g e t and h o ld
— 3 e a s i l y d i s t r a c t e d
— 5 m o d e r a te ly a t t e n t i v e
— 7 r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d by e x t e r n a l s t i m u l a t i o n
— 9 o b l i v i o u s to e x t e r n a l s t i m u l i
F. ANXIETY
— 1 e x tr e m e ly i l l a t ease
— 3 r a t h e r a n x io u s and p o o r ly p o ise d
— 5 av erag e s o c i a l c o n f id e n c e
— 7 b e t t e r t h a n a v e ra g e s o c i a l c o n f i d e n c e
— 9 c o m p l e t e l y a t e a s e
d. SELF CONFIDENCE
— 1 p a i n f u l u n c e r t a i n t y
— 3 i n c l i n e d to d i s t r u s t own a b i l i t y
— 5 somewhat c o n f i d e n t
— 7 r a t h e r self c o n f i d e n t and a s s u r e d
— 9 e x tr e m e ly s e l f c o n f i d e n t
H. EFFORT DISPLAYED
— 1 l a c k a d a i s i c a l , i n d i f f e r e n t
— 3 works p e r f u n c t o r i l y
— 5 s t r i v e s fo r su c c e ss
— 7 works d i l i g e n t l y
— 9 expends maximum e f f o r t
I . COOPERATION GIVEN TO EXAMINER
— 1 n e g a t i v i s t i c and u n c o o p e r a t i v e
— 3 somewhat n e g a t i v i s t i c
— 5 g e n e r a l l y good
— 7 c o o p e r a t e s r e a d i l y
145
— 9 c o o p e r a t e s e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y
J . INTEREST
— 1 c o m p l e t e l y u n i n t e r e s t e d
— 3 la c k of i n t e r e s t shown
— 5 a d e q u a te amount of i n t e r e s t shown
— 7 d e f i n i t e l y i n t e r e s t e d
— 9 e n t h u s i a s t i c
I
PACIFIC PERCEPTUAL SPEED
X
0
X
0 0
•
0
•
0 0
o
X
O A
oo
o
o
0
°o 0 0
O
X
O 1 = 1
X
0
X o A
147
A A
0
X
41
7 r A - H - o
O
□
- A
- • -
0
1 I
b X
X O A X
0 0
A
0
®
o o
X
A
O
*
o
A
© O
n
A Q
PACIFIC PICTURE VOCABULARY
Name_
Date'
Date
Age_
o f Birth_
o f te s t_ J
Sex
S c h o o l_
Teacher Grade
F a t h e r ’s occu pation_
Item s m issed Score
123 HAMM ER
"NAILS J
"BOARD__
" handle
" head
127 TREE
TRUNK_
“ branch
"LEAVES'
’no o th e r )
b r a d s )
^wood, lumber)
(no o th e r )
,no o th e r )
'no o th e r )
k no o th e r )
lim b)
’f o l i a g e )
61 W IIAT IS THE BOY DOING?
MIRROR
"IMAGE “
124
63
__________(b ru sh in g or comb-
in g h i s h a i r — no o t h e r )
_______________________ (no o th e r )
___________________________ ( c r e d i t o n ly image or r e -
f l e c t i o n - q u e s t i o n " h i m s e l f 1 or "his arm" by
a s k in g , "W HAT D O W E CALL W HAT YOU SEE IN THE
MIRROR")
UMBRELLA (p a r a s o l)
( r a i n c o a t , j a c k e t )
(w a lk in g or runn ing
COAT_____________________ ___
"W H AT IS THE GIRL DOING?_______________
in r a in , storm , snow, e t c . )
CLOCK___________________________ (no o t h e r s , do not c r e d i t
80
31
141
106
_W HAT IS A CLOCK USED F0R?_
i n d i c a t i n g tim e)
NUMBERS .
"HANDS
"ROOF
w atch)
(g e n e r a l id e a o f
LADDER
"W ALL
f i g u r e s )
no o th e r )
.no o t h e r , q u e s t io n "top of
house")
CHIMNEY________________________ (no o th e r , q u e s t io n " f i r e
p la c e " )
_________________________ (no o th e r )
_________________________ ( f e n c e — q u e s t io n "brick"
by s a y in g , YES, THESE ARE BRICKS, BUT W HAT
DO W E CALL THIS)
WATCH ( w r is t w atch— do not c r e d
i t c lo c k )
BAND_____________________________( s t r a p — do not c r e d i t b e l t )
"BUCKLE__________________________(no o th e r )
’THERMOMETER_________ __________(no o t h e r — do n ot c r e d i t
tem p eratu re)
_W HAT IS IT USED FOR__________( c r e d i t g e n e r a l id e a o f
i n d i c a t i n g tem p eratu re)
150
110,
93
78
75.
74
44
140
62'
11
CALENDAR__
"W H AT IS IT
o f
GATE
USED F0R?_
In d icatin g "
(no o th e r )
_______ ( c r e d i t g e n e r a l id e a
month)
do not c r e d i t
W ALK____
“FLOWERS
PICKETS
BANANAS___
"PINEAPPLE
"PEARS
GRAPES__
"W H AT ARE ALL OF
m otion
FLY
SCREEN
"WATER_
“ W HAT
day, week, or
______ (no o th e r ,
door)
______ (s id e w a lk , path)
______ ( c r e d i t names o f s p e c i f i c
f lo w e r s )
______ (no o t h e r — q u e s tio n
"hoards”
’no o th e r
no o th e r
4 no o th e r
no o th e r
THEM CALLED-pointing w ith sw eeping
( c r e d i t f r u i t and no o th e r )
_____________ (no o th e r, q u e s t io n " in
s e c t ” )
_____________ ( n e t t i n g - q u e s t i o n "wire")
FLAG____
“POLE____
“PITCHER
“ BACON
“ EGG_____
“ YOLK
BASKET__
"CELERY__
“what are
IS THE WATER DOING-motioning w ith p e n c i l_____
( s q u i r t , sp o u t, sp ray, e j e c t )
"no o th e r)
p o s t, s t a f f , stan dard)
no o th e r )
no
no
no
no
no
other]
o th e r .
other]
o th er
oth e r,
q u e s t io n "food")
ALL OF THESE CALLED-motioning w ith
p e n c i l (fo o d , v e g e t a b l e s , th in g s to e a t)
The numbers to the l e f t o f each item r e p r e s e n t s th e
coded number o f the B ry n g elso n , Speech Improvement
Cards, S e t B .
PACIFIC PATTERN COPYING
O
o
o
o o o
o
0
1
■ o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o o o
o o O E
ot
o o o o
152
0— 0
O
O O
O O O
o o o
O o o
O O o
o o o
o o o
O O o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o— o— o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
I
o o o
o o o
o o o
O O o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
153
o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
154
O O O
O O O
o o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
o o o
o o o
O o o
O o o
o o o

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

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Asset Metadata

Creator Orpet, Russel Everett (author)

Core Title A Factor Analysis Of Some Hypothesized Abilities Of Six-Year-Old Children

Degree Doctor of Education

Degree Program Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag education, educational psychology,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Meyers, Charles Edward (committee chair), Brown, Charles M. (committee member), Lefever, David Welty (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c18-73575

Unique identifier UC11357918

Identifier 6004467.pdf (filename),usctheses-c18-73575 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 6004467.pdf

Dmrecord 73575

Document Type Dissertation

Rights Orpet, Russel Everett

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA