University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Handmade

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Content HANDMADE by Lisa Rau A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS (BROADCAST JOURNALISM) May 2012 Copyright 2012 Lisa Rau ii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………….…………………......iii Handmade Script………………………………………………………………………..…1 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..………10 iii Abstract An independent fashion designer's path isn't as straightforward as portrayed by popular media, such as Bravo's television show Project Runway. After students graduate from design school, they are faced with challenges such as financial burdens, finding outlets for their work and developing a recognizable brand. A 2011 study by the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation titled "The Los Angeles Area Fashion Industry Profile" reported that the Los Angeles apparel industry sells approximately $40 billion of locally made clothing and fashion accessories. Buyers range from mass-market companies like Forever 21, Wet Seal and H&M to independent boutiques and individual customers. Of this $40 billion current revenue stream, independents glean more than $6 billion, despite their avoidance of selling to the mass- market companies. These vendors brand themselves under the umbrella of locally made, locally produced and locally sold fashion. Before 2011, these independent revenue streams were not significant enough to be tracked by the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation. The report cites the 2008 economic downturn as a potential catalyst for this shift. Across the United States today, approximately one-third of all apparel manufacturing jobs are located in Southern California. Of these jobs, 86 percent of California's apparel manufacturing and fashion wholesale activities exist within the Greater Los Angeles Area. These include independent designers who employ their own sewers, patternmakers iv and sales representatives to manufacture and distribute their designs on a local level. This emerging atmosphere greatly differs from the traditional fashion economic model, which dictated that designers would outsource most manufacturing and distribution to global companies. Leading fashion economics authority, the California Fashion Association, launched a public relations campaign in 2011 with the slogan "Driving the Demand for 'LA-Style' Brand" in an effort to highlight the growing desire for local fashion. The 2010-11 Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, noted that the mass-market retail fashion industry timeline is between 18 and 24 months from initial concept to final production for mass market. Small designers have a vastly different experience. The overhead costs required for an independent company to sustain this turnaround are difficult due to the lack of access to wholesale prices and a smaller market of buyers, some of whom are individuals who request custom-tailored garments. The 2010-11 Bureau also notes that while the median annual wage for salaried fashion designers working for mass market companies is $61,160, they do not have any income data for self-employed designers. However, the California Fashion Association noted in a November 14, 2011 press release that "L.A's apparel industry success is driven by design talent," skills which are culled from recent design school graduates, some of whom attempt to launch their career independently. With global cotton and other textile prices raising up to 70 percent, as reported by market research company IBISWorld in 2011, independent designers face greater financial burdens than ever, especially when the scope of their work does not v allow them the luxury of wholesale prices. This story profiles Michelle Rose, an independent clothing designer in Los Angeles. After receiving a bachelor of fine arts in fashion design and working full time for four years in the commercial garment industry, Rose quit her job so that she could focus solely on her own designs. Rose struggles with the balance of artistic vision and financial feasibility on a daily basis, living off of savings and a slow-but-steady flow of online jewelry sales. Rose's story portrays some of the challenges that accompanied her decision, such as the sacrifice of comfort and financial stability of full-time employment. To provide context for Rose's journey, her story is supplemented by expert interviews, including the president of the California Fashion Association, a boutique shop owner who only carries local designers' work, and a Los Angeles independent designer who has been living off of financial gains from his designs since 2007. 1 Handmade Script TRT 14:21 SOT MICHELLE ROSE (probably best to just describe what is seen)hands sewing, clothing label that reads "Michelle Rose," and establishing shots of Rose at sewing machine 1 I don't see something on the market that I want, so I'm gonna make it myself. I actually really want to make unique things. I really want to make things that are not going to be produced more than twenty times, if that. VO NARRATOR Rose moving mannequin form, holding muslin, tearing muslin, beginning to drape muslin on form 2 THIS IS MICHELLE ROSE. SHE'S AN INDEPENDENT CLOTHING AND JEWELRY DESIGNER. SHE WORKS ALONE, HAND- CRAFTING HER PIECES STRAIGHT OUT OF HER BEDROOM. THIS TIME, IT'S A PAIR OF PANTS. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Close-up fingers pinning muslin to form, turning form 3 This is starting completely from scratch because I know it's gonna be a bit out there. And actually pants are kinda hard to drape. Like right there? I forgot to give enough room for the crotch. VO NARRATOR Rose adjusting muslin pant leg, grabbing scissors and cutting along the fabric 4 AFTER STUDYING FASHION DESIGN AT THE SCHOOL OF THE ARTS INSTITUTE IN CHICAGO, ROSE LANDED A WELL-PAYING JOB IN LOS ANGELES'S DOWNTOWN GARMENT DISTRICT, WHERE SHE WORKED FOR NEARLY FOUR YEARS. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose interview Continuation of cutting and draping pant leg sequence Rose drawing lines on form, referring to sketchbook as she draws 5 Coming to L-A, I just really wanted a job. It didn't really matter. I didn't really know what I was getting into. The kind of stores that we would sell to were like Target, K- Mart, JCPenny, Kohls, even like TJ Maxx. I ended up becoming really depressed because I felt like I was spending my time doing something creative, but not utilizing my own ideas. And I would find myself feeling like I was wasting my time. 2 VO NARRATOR Rose at clothing rack pulling out blue striped dress 6 ON THE SIDE, ROSE DESIGNED HER OWN GARMENTS. THEN, SHE BEGAN SELLING INDEPENDENTLY AT CRAFT SHOWS AND THROUGH HER ONLINE STORE ON ETSY- DOT-COM. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Screenshot: "Quit Your Day Job – Etsy.com" (Etsy.com) Rose interview 7 They also have this whole line of articles that they call "Quit Your Day Job," which I started reading like right when I was thinking about quitting my job. What would need to keep me going, would be to average like two sales per day. But there are people who sell twenty things a day, you know? It's possible. It can get there. I'm still not making that many sales. But it's just getting just gradually, gradually better as time goes by. VO NARRATOR Establishing shots of EPIC: Echo Park Independent Co-Op 8 SELLING ONLINE ISN'T THE ONLY WAY ROSE IS TRYING TO MAKE A NAME FOR HERSELF. LOCAL BOUTIQUES HAVE BEGUN CARRYING HER DESIGNS. SOT RHIANON JONES EPIC interior Jones interview CG: Rhianon Jones Owner, EPIC Jones behind counter showing samples of Rose's products in stock 9 Echo Park Independent Co-Op is a store in Echo Park where we feature local, independent designers from the L.A. area. It's more like an art gallery. They're designers and they're designing fashion – I just consider that to be a form of art, which not everyone does. With Michelle, she's so local. She does stop by, and we have so many mutual friends. That's an important part of the community that we're trying to build here. Some friends were like, you should check out her stuff, and we did. We had some hair bows that we sold out of twice to all sorts of interesting people. Lady Gaga's stylist bought one of them SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose interview Rose working on muslin pant leg 10 I used to think that I wanted to have a real production company, and to really manufacture a hundred garments at a time of each style, really distribute that nationwide or worldwide. I'm not so sure I want that anymore. I feel like I really enjoy this kind of personal, small-time thing. These high-volume manufacturers are not looking for the most creative or the most original. They're looking for what's going to sell. 3 VO NARRATOR Establishing shots of California Fashion Association main office President Ilse Metchek walking to her desk 11 BUT SMALL DESIGNERS DO HAVE OPTIONS. THE CALIFORNIA FASHION ASSOCIATION HELPS CONNECT THE LOS ANGELES FASHION INDUSTRY WITH BIG BUYERS AND GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS. PRESIDENT ILSE METCHEK SAYS THAT THEY'RE RESPONDING TO A GROWING DEMAND FOR LOCAL DESIGN. SOT ILSE METCHEK Metchek interview American Apparel "Buy Local" advertisement (AmericanApparel.com) 12 We applaud those retailers who want it made locally. And that's why some of our manufacturers are starting to create that label. Made in L.A. Made in California, and we're very excited about it. VO NARRATOR -Metchek handling news clippings about fashion 13 BUT METCHEK POINTS OUT THAT THE ACTUAL MAKING OF THE GARMENTS RARELY OCCURS LOCALLY. SOT ILSE METCHEK CG: Ilse Metchek President, California Fashion Association Metchek interview Clothing tag that reads: "Designed in LA, made in PRC" 14 Eighty-five percent of what is shipped to Los Angeles comes from somewhere else. It's designed here. And we are working on branding: created in California or created in L.A., made elsewhere. SOT RHIANON JONES Jones interview 15 Made in China, made in India, it's not really what we do here. We really want things to be locally made, locally produced, support the local economy. VO NARRATION Interior of Rose's studio Rose removing muslin fabric to trace pattern on floor 16 THE PRINCETON REVIEW, A COLLEGE AND CAREER CONSULTING COMPANY, ESTIMATES THAT THE ODDS OF BECOMING AN INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS DESIGNER ARE ONE-HUNDRED-SIXTY-THOUSAND TO ONE. BUT ROSE ISN'T AIMING FOR BIG OUTLETS – SHE'S LOOKING TO SELL HER CLOTHES LOCALLY. 4 SOT ILSE METCHEK Metchek interview 17 "We have 14 schools just in this region graduating students who think they're going to be designers. Twice a year. That's an inordinate amount of people who think they have the pulse of the customer. And they don't. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose sharpening pencil and gathering tools to trace pattern pieces on the floor of her bedroom 18 The past couple of years I've been making some clothes that may not look expensive, but they kind of have to be because of the time that goes into it. When people look at them, they're like, "Really? Is that really worth a hundred dollars?" or whatever it is. I know that people look at them that way. VO NARRATOR Establishing shots of interior galleries at LA Fashion Week at ACE Gallery, Los Angeles, CA runway models and press section taking photos 19 HIGH-END FASHION IN LOS ANGELES GETS THE SPOTLIGHT DURING L-A FASHION WEEK, WHEN CLOTHES THAT RETAIL AT THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS HIT THE RUNWAY. UNLIKE THE T-V SHOW PROJECT RUNWAY, WHERE DESIGNERS ARE THRUST INTO THE SPOTLIGHT, MANY OF THE FULL-TIME DESIGNERS HERE HAVE SPENT YEARS DEVELOPING THEIR LABELS INTO A FINANCIALLY SUSTAINABLE ENTERPRISE. SOT GUITA SALEM CG: Guita Salem Owner, S&G Clothing Salem interview Salem being interviewed by press at LA Fashion Week 20 We did a lot of grassroots marketing and building up a network and like a community that supports us. And so you know, it's really about connecting with people. And because you can be the coolest designer in the world, but if nobody really knows about you and you don't have anybody that's gonna come and support you, then it doesn't mean as much, you know? So yeah, we started with the people. Rose grabbing keys, exiting apartment 21 BUT BEFORE A DESIGNER CAN CREATE A NETWORK, THEY NEED TO CREATE THE CLOTHES THEMSELVES. Build the clothes? Or build a clothing line? ‘build’ seems an odd word choice. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose driving to fabric store, establishing shot of Mood (fabric store) 22 I can't put a lot of time into a dress or a pair of pants and then make it out of a crummy fabric and then expect people to compensate me for both my time and the material. 5 NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE AND ILIAN BALFOUR Rose speaking with fabric salesman, checking different fabrics, sample being cut and tagged 23 Rose: I want to have a solid, opaque top, hopefully with a little bit of stretch. Balfour: Like yoke? Rose: Uh-huh, exactly. And then like the bottom I want it to be a sheer. And I'm looking for black for both. Balfour: Okay, let me show you. Ya, that has got a very like woven… Rose: If you could write down the content and the price, that would be great. Let's just do a swatch, but I think these are gonna be great. I just have to see what's out there. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Michelle exiting fabric store, walking across parking lot 24 You never know if you're gonna find the perfect fabric, ever. It could be impossible. It could be something that just doesn't exist. VO NARRATOR Rose driving, Wilshire Blvd street sign, close-up of Rose's face 25 ROSE TRAVELS TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT SHOPS TO FIND A FABRIC THAT FITS HER VISION. NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE AND EMILE BIDO Rose entering second fabric shop and greeting fabric salesman 26 Rose: Emil! Monsiuer! Bido: Monsiuer tre bien! You remember me! She remembers me! You look great. Tre bien? Rose: Wi. SOT MICHELLE ROSE AND EMILE BIDO Rose and salesman searching through fabrics, selecting one fine silk fabric that Rose examines against her leg in the mirror 27 Rose: Yeah, I like this a lot. This is the one I was dreaming of. Bido: I know. This is silk by the way. Italian silk dupioni. Rose: Is that 25 dollars a yard? Bido: I wish. It's actually double that. Rose: Oh! It's 50 dollars a yard! Oh—Wow, I think I'm really in love with this. Bido: Stay in love with it. Rose: I feel a little crazy though. Fifty dollars per yard. Bido: Beauty's not cheap. Rose: Let me check one more time Yeah it's gonna be so beautiful. 6 SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose returning fabric to counter, sample being cut and tagged, Rose exiting store. 28 Okay, let me do this. Before I go ahead and buy it, let me just get a swatch and compare just in case. A viento! NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE Driving actuality interview 29 The challenge right now is that the fabric I like so much is so expensive. That's the only thing holding me back. I do want them to be nice, you know. I do want them to be of good quality. They might just be really expensive, and I don't know if anyone is going to be able to afford them. VO NARRATOR 30 SHE RETURNS TO HER HOME STUDIO TO WEIGH THE DECISION ON WHICH MATERIAL TO USE. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose examining muslin mockup pants, comparing fabric samples and sitting down at her computer to calculate fabric costs. 31 It's not looking good in terms of how much fabric I'm gonna need for it to be 50-dollars-a-yard. This is the linen, which is 20 dollars per yard. This is the silk, which is 50 dollars per yard. And so what I'm gonna have to do is just cost it out and see how much I'm gonna have to charge for these things. It's a little scary, but I can always go down on my margin and charge a little bit less. It would just mean that I'm making less profit per garment. That’s where it gets really tough being a small designer because I can't get wholesale prices. So I could try doing these at 500 retail. That would mean if I sell them wholesale, I only make 40 dollars per pants. SOT ILSE METCHEK Metchek interview 32 So they have to be very careful what price they're charging on their website because if they sell to a local store, and the local store wants a 60 percent margin, they have to discount it to the local store so that the retail price is the same on the web and in the stores, otherwise, the local stores won't buy it. If it's on the website for a hundred dollars, then they have to sell it to the local store for forty. 7 VO NARRATOR Interior of EPIC store, Rhianon Jones in background 33 ROSE BEGAN HER BUSINESS BY DESGINING AND SELLING JEWELRY TO STORES SUCH AS EPIC. NAT SOUND FULL RHIANON JONES Jones actuality interview behind glass showcase with designer jewelry 34 These are sixty, which I think is a steal. And these are forty-five, which is definitely a steal. SOT RHIANON JONES Photograph of Rose's laser-cut jewelry designs taken on consignment at EPIC 35 Her laser-cut pieces, which are really gorgeous but they're kind of expensive, those we'll probably do on consignment. It really depends on how much money we have to spend on each thing per month, our budget for buying stuff. NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE Rose sitting at computer holding both samples 36 Something is telling me that it'll be okay with the linen, but I'm kind of like—I don't know. SOT ILIAN BALFOUR Rose driving again, re- establishing shots of Mood fabric store 37 That's crazy, 50 dollar a yard. Why go to such high expense, especially in today's economy? SOT ILIAN BALFOUR AND MICHELLE ROSE 38 Balfour: If you can get the same thing in a different way with the same local value? Rose: I know, but this is the one that really speaks to me. Balfour: Designers have got to be very careful today because even the rich these days are not splashy as they used to splash. Rose: Well, I'm gonna tell them you know what? I'd really like to get this, but it's way too expensive. I need to get the linen from Mood. 8 NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE Rose proceeding to checkout line 39 Rose: Thank you, you've been so helpful. (unseen) Checkout woman: What is the name? Rose: Michelle Rose NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE Rose actuality interview standing outside Mood fabric store 40 I feel okay. I just have to forget about that 50-dollar silk. It was out of my reach always. It might be the perfect fabric, but it's not the perfect price, so I can't do it. It is pretty close to what I wanted. I just – it breaks my heart that I can't use the silk. VO NARRATOR Rose cutting, sewing and tracing pattern 41 ROSE IS DESGINING THESE PANTS AS PART OF AN EIGHT-PIECE COLLECTION, WHICH SHE HOPES TO PLACE AT EPIC AND OTHER BOUTIQUES. SOT ILSE METCHEK Metchek interview 42 The trick is to be in business. It's not being a one-shot deal. It's taking that statement that you're using from a marketing perspective and moving forward with it with a whole line. SOT GUITA SALEM fashion installation exhibits at LA Fashion Week Salem interview 44 There's a million ways to skin a cat. And there's a million ways to make a business successful. And you're taught—you're tend to be taught, like one version of that in school that's sort of a mainstream sort of angle on how to succeed in the fashion industry, but there's a lot of other ways to do it. We would go to a lot of events of friends that had similar styles of music or we would go to different summer festivals and things like that and connect with people. SOT MICHELLE ROSE black fabric pieces, sewing together lining Rose interview 45 I've been hanging out in the music scene, which is one of my goals: to get my cloths on musicians. But I don't know if anyone's gonna want to buy these pants. Anybody. Or, even if somebody does want to buy them, what if I don't ever reach that customer? What if I just don't have my marketing down so that people who would buy it never see it? SOT ILSE METCHEK Metchek interview 46 The desire to be local is sometimes an indication that you're too insecure in your own self to get out into the world. And you won't be successful. 9 SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose revealing finished pants 47 I think my idea of being successful has changed a lot. I used to—of course with most people probably think that being successful means having a lot of money or having stability at least. To me, being successful means being stable but at the same time being exactly who you are, and not changing who you are to be successful. And being successful is not just about money. It's about realizing your dreams, too. VO NARRATOR Establishing shots of exterior design studio, mannequin forms in window, interior shots with Rose in background 48 TWO MONTHS AFTER FINISHING THE PANTS, ROSE MOVED TO A LIVE-IN DESIGN STUDIO, WHERE SHE IS COMPLETING THE COLLECTION. SOT MICHELLE ROSE Rose opening curtain to workspace, showing pants and new sheer fabric Rose interview Rose showing other garments in collection Rose interview 49 I don't have to cut on the floor anymore! Here are the pants and the top I worked on before. I was not happy with the fabric that I used so I went back and got a different fabric. I did not get the fifty- dollar-per-yard silk, but I did get another silk that will actually be as sheer as I want it to be. This was a much more reasonable price. I believe it was eighteen dollars-a-yard. My plan for this little collection is to show in stores that are going to highlight local designers. I really like the idea of staying local. Right now, I'm still just doing my designs working on this kind of stuff, selling jewelry on Etsy, and I'm still living on savings. So hopefully if this collection gets bought, it might float me a little bit longer. Not sure right now if I'll have to get a part-time job at some point in the future when my savings run out a little bit just to keep me going. But the plan is to keep going with this. If no one buys this summer collection, then I'm gonna start right back, right into working on the fall collection and try that, and see what happens with that. NAT SOUND FULL MICHELLE ROSE Rose smoothing out silk garments on work table 50 (nat sound full) 10 Bibliography Etsy. "Quit Your Day Job." < http://www.etsy.com/blog/en/?s=quit-your-day-job>. Last accessed Nov. 15, 2011. Los Angeles Fashion Week 2012. ACE Gallery. March 2012. Jones, Rhianon. Personal Interview. October 2011. Metchek, Ilse. Personal Interview. November 2011. The Princeton Review. "Career: Fashion Designer." <http://www.princetonreview.com/careers.aspx?cid=63>. Last accessed Mar. 19, 2012. Rose, Michelle. Personal Interviews. October 2011 - March 2012. Salem, Guita. Personal Interview. March 2012.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract An independent fashion designer's path isn't as straightforward as portrayed by popular media, such as Bravo's television show Project Runway. After students graduate from design school, they are faced with challenges such as financial burdens, finding outlets for their work and developing a recognizable brand. ❧ A 2011 study by the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation titled ""The Los Angeles Area Fashion Industry Profile"" reported that the Los Angeles apparel industry sells approximately $40 billion of locally made clothing and fashion accessories. Buyers range from mass-market companies like Forever 21, Wet Seal and H&M to independent boutiques and individual customers. Of this $40 billion current revenue stream, independents glean more than $6 billion, despite their avoidance of selling to the mass-market companies. These vendors brand themselves under the umbrella of locally made, locally produced and locally sold fashion. Before 2011, these independent revenue streams were not significant enough to be tracked by the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation. The report cites the 2008 economic downturn as a potential catalyst for this shift. ❧ Across the United States today, approximately one-third of all apparel manufacturing jobs are located in Southern California. Of these jobs, 86 percent of California's apparel manufacturing and fashion wholesale activities exist within the Greater Los Angeles Area. These include independent designers who employ their own sewers, patternmakers and sales representatives to manufacture and distribute their designs on a local level. This emerging atmosphere greatly differs from the traditional fashion economic model, which dictated that designers would outsource most manufacturing and distribution to global companies. Leading fashion economics authority, the California Fashion Association, launched a public relations campaign in 2011 with the slogan ""Driving the Demand for 'LA-Style' Brand"" in an effort to highlight the growing desire for local fashion. ❧ The 2010-11 Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, noted that the mass-market retail fashion industry timeline is between 18 and 24 months from initial concept to final production for mass market. Small designers have a vastly different experience. The overhead costs required for an independent company to sustain this turnaround are difficult due to the lack of access to wholesale prices and a smaller market of buyers, some of whom are individuals who request custom-tailored garments. The 2010-11 Bureau also notes that while the median annual wage for salaried fashion designers working for mass market companies is $61,160, they do not have any income data for self-employed designers. ❧ However, the California Fashion Association noted in a November 14, 2011 press release that ""L.A's apparel industry success is driven by design talent,"" skills which are culled from recent design school graduates, some of whom attempt to launch their career independently. With global cotton and other textile prices raising up to 70 percent, as reported by market research company IBISWorld in 2011, independent designers face greater financial burdens than ever, especially when the scope of their work does not allow them the luxury of wholesale prices. ❧ This story profiles Michelle Rose, an independent clothing designer in Los Angeles. After receiving a bachelor of fine arts in fashion design and working full time for four years in the commercial garment industry, Rose quit her job so that she could focus solely on her own designs. Rose struggles with the balance of artistic vision and financial feasibility on a daily basis, living off of savings and a slow-but-steady flow of online jewelry sales. ❧ Rose's story portrays some of the challenges that accompanied her decision, such as the sacrifice of comfort and financial stability of full-time employment. To provide context for Rose's journey, her story is supplemented by expert interviews, including the president of the California Fashion Association, a boutique shop owner who only carries local designers' work, and a Los Angeles independent designer who has been living off of financial gains from his designs since 2007.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Rau, Lisa (author)

Core Title Handmade

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Journalism (Broadcast Journalism)

Publication Date 05/02/2012

Defense Date 05/02/2012

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag California Fashion Association,Echo Park Independent Co-Op,entrepreneurship,handmade clothing,independent fashion design,local fashion,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Birman, Daniel H. (committee chair), Cole, K. C. (committee member), Saltzman, Joseph (committee member)

Creator Email raumachine@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c3-25567

Unique identifier UC11288991

Identifier usctheses-c3-25567 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-RauLisa-725.pdf

Dmrecord 25567

Document Type Thesis

Rights Rau, Lisa

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA