University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

A handbook for the student formation of a junior toastmasters club in secondary schools.

(USC Thesis Other)

A handbook for the student formation of a junior toastmasters club in secondary schools.

PDF

Download

Open document

Flip pages

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content A HANDBOOK FOR THE STUDENT FORMATION OF
JUNIOR TOASTMASTERS CLUB IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
A P r o j e c t
P r e s e n t e d t o
th e F a c u l t y o f th e S cho ol of E d u c a tio n
The U n i v e r s i t y of S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t
of th e R e q u irem en ts f o r th e D egree
M a ste r o f S c ie n c e i n E d u c a tio n
by
W arren T heron Peace
J u l y 19I#
UMI Num ber: E P46012
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is d e p en d en t upon the quality of the copy subm itted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not sen d a com plete m anuscript
and th ere a re m issing p ag es, th e s e will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved,
a note will indicate the deletion.
Published by P roQ uest LLC (2014). Copyright in the D issertation held by the Author.
Dissertation Publishing
UMI E P46012
Microform Edition © P roQ uest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United S ta te s C ode
P ro Q uest LLC.
789 E ast E isenhow er Parkw ay
P.O . Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346
This project report, written under the direction
of the candidate’s adviser and approved by him,
has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty
of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science in Education.
D ate
Adviser
Dean
PREFACE TO THE TEACHER
i i
Your f i r s t r e a c t i o n upon s e e in g t h i s book may be t o
q u i c k l y p u t i t back on th e s h e l f . I f n o t , th e n you p r o b a b ly
tu r n e d th e p a g e s and r e a d th e c o n t e n t s . Chances a r e t h a t
t h i s is th e l a s t p a r t o f th e handbook t h a t you a r e r e a d i n g .
L ike many o t h e r t h i n g s i n t h i s w o rld th e c a r t comes b e f o r e
th e h o r s e . Take e d u c a ti o n , f o r e x am p le. A m e ric a ’ s s e c o n d a ry
s c h o o ls a n n u a l ly t u r n o u t th o u sa n d s upon th o u sa n d s of s t u
d e n t s , who would be th ro w n i n t o u t t e r p a n ic i f t h e y were
a sk e d t o t e l l an y a u d ie n c e why th e y t h in k th e A m erican way
o f l i f e d e s e r v e s p r e s e r v a t i o n o r why th e y have p ic k e d th e
p a r t i c u l a r v o c a t io n t o w h ich th e y a s p i r e .
I f e d u c a ti o n i s r e a l l y th e c o n n e c tin g l i n k betw een
th e i n d i v i d u a l and th e s o c i e t y of w h ic h he i s a p a r t , i t
lo o k s as i f we do n o t have much e d u c a t i o n . We n e ed t o work
much h a r d e r c o n n e c tin g t h a t i n d i v i d u a l t o h i s s o c i a l e n v i
ronm ent r a t h e r t h a n s p e n d in g a l l o f our e n e rg y c o n n e c tin g
him t o y e s t e r d a y s s o c i e t y and to m o rro w 's s c i e n c e . T hat i s
where t h i s c lu b comes i n .
A J u n i o r T o a s tm a s te r s c lu b s t r i v e s to b r i d g e a p a r t
o f t h e gap b y d e v e lo p in g l e a d e r s h i p and e d u c a ti o n by means
o f p u b l i c s p e a k in g . E very bod y i s c o n s c io u s of th e wisdom
i n l e a r n i n g how to speak w e ll i n p u b l i c . A c t u a l l y th e
way we sp e ak i s th e way we c o n n e c t o u r s e l v e s t o o u r s o c i e t y .
i i i
H e r e in l i e s t h e c h i e f v a lu e o f a J u n i o r T o a s t m a s t e r 's Club on
y o u r campus. The m ost obvious change i n s t u d e n t b e h a v io r
r e s u l t i n g from a c t i v i t y i n t h i s c lu b w i l l be b e t t e r a r t i c
u l a t i o n . T here c o u ld be no b e t t e r p r o v in g g rou nds f o r the
n a t u r a l develop m en t of l e a d e r s h i p a b i l i t y th a n an a c t i v e
mem bership i n t h i s c lu b .
T h is i s a s t u d e n t ' s handbook i n th e f u l l e s t s e n s e of
th e w ord. The p ro b lem s c o n s i d e r e d a r e r e a l s t u d e n t p ro b le m s,
g a r n e r e d fro m h ig h sc h o o l and c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s i n p u b l i c
s p e a k in g c l a s s e s a t John C. Frem ont High School i n Los
A n g e le s, and The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a i n Los
A n g e le s, as w e ll as from random s t u d e n t group s i n b o th o f
th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . The a n sw ers a re s u p p l i e d , i n p a r t , by
th e a u t h o r 's p a s t e x p e r ie n c e i n su c h a c lu b , and, i n p a r t ,
by members of a d u l t T o a s t m a s t e r 's C lu b s.
T his handbook was w r i t t e n f o r th e p u rp o se of p u t t i n g
i n t o th e hands o f s t u d e n t s a g u id e t o h e lp them fo rm su c h a
c lu b , and t o a s s i s t them i n c o n d u c tin g i t th ro u g h th e s c h o o l
s e m e s te r .
The c lu b i s lo a d e d w ith s i g n i f i c a n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f '
g r e a t u s e f u l n e s s t o th e s c h o o l a s w e ll as t o t h e s t u d e n t .
The a d m i n i s t r a t o r w i l l be i n t e r e s t e d i n th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r
u s i n g t h i s c lu b i n th e s c h o o l 's p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s p rogram .
The p a r e n t w i l l be i n t e r e s t e d i n th e w e a l t h o f s o c i a l ex
p e r i e n c e in v o lv e d i n th e a c t i v i t i e s o f J u n i o r T o a s t m a s t e r 's .
iv .
As lo n g as th e c lu b re m a in s s t u d e n t - c e n t e r e d , i t s
v a lu e i s u n l i m i t e d . I t s scope i s a s wide as t h e im a g in a tio n s
o f i t s m embers.
I f you d e s i r e to use th e name J u n i o r T o a s tm a s te r s you
- w i l l have t o c o n t a c t an a d u lt T o a s tm a s te r s grou p and ask
them to s p o n s o r you, o r w r i t e to T o a s tm a s te r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l ,
S a n ta Ana, C a l i f o r n i a , f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s . Such s p o n s o r
s h ip w ould be tre m e n d o u s ly h e l p f u l and w ould add g r e a t
s t r e n g t h to y o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n .
W arren T. Peace
PREFACE TO THE STUDENT
I s sc h o o l th e same o ld s t u f f day i n and day out?
Does y o u r sc h o o l l i f e n e ed a s h o t i n th e arm? Are you
f i r e d w i t h a m b itio n to do so m eth in g b ig b u t you d o n ’t know
j u s t what i t i s ?
I f y o u r answ er i s ’’y e s ” t o any o f t h e s e q u e s t io n s
you have come a c r o s s th e r i g h t book f o r you. You a r e i n
v i t e d to d ip i n t o th e s e p ag es and u se them f o r what t h e y
a r e w o rth .
Don’ t l e t th e p h ra s e ’’p u b l i c - s p e a k i n g " s c a r e you o f f .
T his i s n o t a c o u r s e of s t u d y . You m ig h t s a y t h a t some
p e o p le have what i t ta k e s t o be a good s p e a k e r , and o t h e r s
( i n c l u d in g you) j u s t d o n 't have " i t . " D o n 't k i d y o u r s e l f 1
Look a t o u r f r i e n d "H onest Abe" L in c o ln . He had a h ig h
squ eaky v o ic e and an awkward m anner, b u t he s u re d id p a ck
a w a llo p w i t h what he s a i d . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , he made
q u i t e an im p r e s s io n on a l o t of p e o p le i n t h i s w o rld and
s t i l l does a s f a r a s t h a t g o e s .
Now we d o n 't p ro m ise t o make a n "H onest Abe" out of
you, b u t we c an g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e re w a rd s you w i l l g e t from
b e in g a member o f a r e a l l y sh a rp o u t f i t l i k e t h i s J u n i o r
T o a s t m a s t e r 's Club w i l l be so g r a t i f y i n g t h a t you had b e t t e r
g e t on t h e band-w agon r i g h t now. D o n 't be l e f t b e h in d !
W arren T. Peace
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
PART I . "MEETING COME TO ORDER”
HOW TO BE OFF TO A GOOD START
1 . SUPER SALESMEN: How t o p u t t h i s c lu b o v e r to
th e s c h o o l ................................................................................... 2
2 . FRAMING FINESSE: How to s e t up th e o r g a n i z a t i o n
o f a T o a s t m a s t e r ’s Club on y o ur campus . . . . . 7
3. EXECUTIVE EXPERTS: How t o s e r v e th e c lu b as
an o f f i c e r ......................... l 6
i^_. LEGAL LEG-WORK: How t o c a re f o r t h e c l u b ’s
b u s i n e s s .............................. 21
PART I I . "MR. PRESIDENT"
HOW TO KEEP THE BALL ROLLING
5 . CONVENIENT CONVENTIONS: How to p r e s e n t good
m e e t i n g s ......................... 26
6 . VISITORS VIEWS: How t o o r i e n t th e g u e s t s
p r e s e n t ............................................................. 32
7. CLUB CAPERS: How t o p l a n f o r s o c i a l m e e tin g s * . • 37
PART I I I . "LADIES AND GENTLE MEN,r
HOW TO BE A GOOD PUBLIC SPEAKER
8 . CONFIDENT CONSIDERATIONS: How to overcome
s ta g e f r i g h t ................................................................ l± 2
9 . PUBLIC PERCEPTION: How to choose and d e v e lo p
s u b j e c t s f o r p u b l i c p r e s e n t a t i o n . . . . . . . . lj.8
10. SPEAKER SUPERLATIVE: ' How to sp eak w e ll b e f o r e
an a u d i e n c e ................................................................................... 56
11. GALLOPING GAVELS: How t o be a good t o a s t m a s t e r . 6 l
12. ANALYTICAL ANNOTATIONS: How t o c r i t i c i z e
e f f e c t i v e l y ................................................... 67
CHAPTER
vii
PAGE
PART IV. "THE MEETING IS ADJOURNED”
HOW TO RETAIN THE BENEFITS OF THIS CLUB
1 3 . CAMPUS CONTRIBUTIONS: How t o make T o a s tm a s te r 's
th e m ost b e n e f i c i a l clu b on th e campus . . . . . 72
lip. PERSONALITY PLUS: How t o become th e b e s t member
in the c l u b . . .............................. 76
1 5 . CONCLUSIVE CONSIDERATIONS: How t o c i n c h th e
s u c c e s s o f t h i s c l u b ................................................................... 80
1
PART I . "MEETING GOME TO ORDER"
HOW TO BE OFF TO A GOOD START
Are you a l i t t l e h a z y on what t h i s c lu b i s a l l ab o u t?
Do you wonder I f you m ig h t be a s q u a re peg t r y i n g to f i t
i n t o a ro u n d h o le ? I f you f e e l l i k e t h i s , d o n ’ t l e t I t
throw you. The P r e s i d e n t of t h e U n ite d S t a t e s once f e l t
th e same way. Read t h i s p a r t and y o u ' l l know more a b o u t
how to be o f f to a good s t a r t th a n t h e n e x t f e l l o w .
Who knows? You may be t h e one t o s a y ,
"MEETING COME TO ORDER"
CHAPTER 1 . SUPER SALESMEN
HOW TO PUT THIS CLUB OVER TO THE SCHOOL
2
One of t h e b e s t p a y in g b u s i n e s s e s i n th e U n ite d
S t a t e s to d a y i s a d v e r t i s i n g . M i l li o n s upon m i l l i o n s o f
d o l l a r s a r e s p e n t e v e r y y e a r to p e r s u a d e p e o p le to do some
th in g t h e y d id n o t i n t e n d t o do. We a l l know t h a t p e o p le
a re more c a r e f u l ab o u t th e c o n t e n t s o f t h e i r p o c k e t books
th a n a n y th in g e l s e . T here m ust be a r e a s o n f o r a l l of t h i s
money t o be i n v e s t e d m e re ly to t e l l p e o p le t h a t " i t f l o a t s . "
T here i s a v e ry good r e a s o n . The r e a s o n i s t h a t a d v e r t i s i n g
does w ork. Any group t h a t does n o t a d v e r t i s e i s b e h in d th e
tim e s i n t h i s day and a g e . Good a d v e r t i s i n g can make y o u r
c lu b s u c c e s s f u l o v e r n i g h t . There i s no more a d e q u a te
means o f g e t t i n g r e c r u i t s o f th e r i g h t c a l i b r e f o r t h i s
o r g a n i z a t i o n . I f you a ro u s e t h e i r c u r i o s i t y th e y w i l l come
f l o c k i n g t o you. You w i l l g e t much more c o o p e r a t i o n o u t of
a campus t h a t i s w e l l in fo rm e d th a n you would from a campus
t h a t knows l i t t l e and c a r e s l e s s a b o u t t h i s T o a s t m a s t e r f s
c lu b . You d o n 't have t o spend m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s . You a re
y o u r c l u b 's b e s t means o f a d v e r t is e m e n t . G et a n u c le u s o f
p e o p le who a r e r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d t o g e t h e r and p l a n a c o u rs e
o f a c t i o n t h a t w i l l l e a d t o th e f o r m a tio n o f a J u n i o r
T o a s t m a s t e r 's c lu b i n y o u r s c h o o l . Remember, i f you s t a r t
w ith a bang, you a r e more l i k e l y to sh o o t f o r th e to p i
3
1 . How t o s e t t h e whole campus i n t e r e s t e d . You a re
c e r t a i n to have a t l e a s t one f r i e n d on th e campus, d o n 't you?
W ell, lo o k him up and t e l l him a l l t h a t you know a b o u t t h i s
t e r r i f i c new. c lu b . Maybe you have t e n , o r te n tim e s t e n
f r i e n d s . So much th e b e t t e r t T e l l e a c h of them th e same
s t o r y . At t h i s r a t e t h e campus w i l l be b u z z in g by tom orrow .
l i t t l e k i d s down th e s t r e e t s e l l lem onade. They u s u a l l y
have l i t t l e o t h e r th a n a p i t c h e r o f lem onade and some p a p e r
cups s i t t i n g on a wooden box, b u t t h e r e i s alw ays a b ig
in g i t . Many i s th e p e r s o n who w a lk s a b lo c k o u t o f h i s way
to buy a g l a s s o f t h a t lem onade. Any one o f you can do th e
same t h i n g . Make some p o s t e r s , th e t r i c k i e r th e b e t t e r , to
p l a c e i n s t r a t e g i c s p o ts a ro u n d t h e campus.
ad to s t i m u l a t e f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t on th e p a r t o f th e s t u d e n t
body.
2 . How t o in fo rm an i n t e r e s t e d campus. Now t h a t you
have th e s t u d e n t body a t l e a s t c u r i o u s , you n e ed t o ta k e
a d v a n ta g e of t h a t c u r i o s i t y and s u p p ly them w i t h th e i n f o r
m a tio n t h a t w i l l s e l l them on th e c lu b . You a re bound t o
have some p r e t t y s h a rp s p e a k e r s i n y o u r m i d s t . Send them to
t a l k a b o u t th e c lu b to some o f the o t h e r s t u d e n t g ro u p s l i k e
th e s e r v i c e c l u b s , s t u d e n t c o u n c i l , g irlte le a g u e and b o y 's
Do you w ant t o see some good a d v e r t i s i n g ? W atch th e
You c a n n o t m iss s e e -
The s t u d e n t p a p e r i s alw ays w e l l r e a d . Run a c l e v e r
forum* Make s u r e t h a t th e s p e a k e r h a s a c l e a r i d e a of w hat
th e m ain f u n c t i o n s a n d g o a ls o f th e c lu b a r e b e c a u se t h e s e
p e o p le a re v e r y a p t t o ask some p e r t i n e n t q u e s t io n s t h a t may
r e q u i r e a good deal, of i n s i g h t t o an sw e r.
P ro b a b ly th e b e s t way th e la u n c h a p ro g ram d e s ig n e d t o
l e t th e campus know a b o u t t h i s c lu b w ould be t o p u t on an
a b b r e v i a t e d d e m o n s tr a tio n m ee tin g a t an a sse m b ly . T h is w i l l
have t o be a w e ll p la n n e d and w e l l e x e c u te d p ro gram and w i l l
r e q u i r e a l o t o f w ork. The end r e s u l t s ’ o f t h i s p ro gram w i l l
make i t more t h a n w o rth th e e f f o r t s s p e n t i n e x e c u tin g s u c h
a s u p e r p ro m o tio n jo b .
Then have some fu n by s e t t i n g up an i n f o r m a t i o n b o o th
made o u t o f two by tw os and c re p e p a p e r . S e t i t up i n the
m id d le of th e q u a d ra n g le and man i t d u r in g n u t r i t i o n and
lu n c h h o u rs w i t h b o t h f e l l o w s and g i r l s as in f o r m a n ts and
a t t r a c t i o n s .
F i n a l l y , make u se o f t h e ' p r e s s . S c h o o l p a p e r s a r e
alw ays lo o k in g f o r good copy. Run a s e r i e s o f i n f o r m a ti v e
a r t i c l e s on t h e p u rp o s e s and a c t i v i t i e s o f a J u n i o r T o a s t
m a s t e r ’ s c l u b .
By now t h e campus i s s u r e to be w e ll in fo rm e d .
3 . How t o s e l l t h i s c lu b t o th e s t u d e n t b o d y . Why
do you th in k sa le sm e n a re g i v e n l a r g e e xp en se a c c o u n ts ? I t
i s p r i m a r i l y f o r th e p u rp o se o f show ing t h e c u sto m e r a good
5
tim e a t t h e exp en se of the company so t h a t a l l h i s t h i n k i n g
i n c o n n e c tio n w i t h t h e o u t f i t a r e p l e a s a n t d e t a i l s r a t h e r
t h a n p r i c e l i s t s and h i g h - p r e s s u r e . You can l e a r n a l o t
a b o u t good a d v e r t i s i n g h e r e . Why n o t do the same th in g ?
S ponsor a s c h o o l wide ’’c o m in g -o u t p a r t y ” f o r t h e c lu b i n th e
gym o r Home K eeping bungalow . A f r i e n d l y and h o s p i t a b l e
g e s t u r e l i k e t h i s c a n n o t f a i l to r e s u l t i n wide a c c la im to
y o u r c lu b as a m o st h o s p i t a b l e o u t f i t .
Then be s u r e to ask a f r i e n d to come as y o u r g u e s t
t o a r e g u l a r m e e tin g o r a s o c i a l . E v ery su c h c o n t a c t i n e v i t
a b ly r e s u l t s i n e x te n d e d p u b l i c i t y . The g r a p e v in e n e v e r f a i l s I
ll. How t o s e l l p a r e n t s and t e a c h e r s on t h i s c l u b .
These a re th e p e o p le t h a t we a r e m ost l i k e l y t o f o r g e t i n
o u r p la n n in g , b u t t h e i r s u p p o r t and a p p ro v a l a re more im
p o r t a n t to t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e c lu b th a n many o f us r e a l i z e .
I t w ould be a s u p e r i d e a t o m im eograph a whole r a f t
o f in f o r m a ti v e l e t t e r s and p r e s e n t one t o e v e r y t e a c h e r i n
th e sc h o o l and se n d one to t h e p a r e n t s o f e v e r y p r e s e n t and
p r o s p e c t i v e member. T h is would be a g e s t u r e o f i n t e r e s t and
c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t th e y would a p p r e c i a t e . I t would a l s o be
w ise to se n d a s h a r p s p e a k e r t o th e P .T .A . to d i s c u s s th e
p u rp o s e s and a c t i v i t i e s o f th e c lu b .
N ever e x c lu d e y ou r p a r e n t s o r te a c h e r s from any o f
y o u r g e t t o g e t h e r s b e c a u se i t i s im p o r ta n t f o r them to f e e l
t h a t th e y a r e , o r a t l e a s t t h a t t h e i r i n t e r e s t I s , im p o r ta n t
t o t h e club* A f t e r a l l th ey a re p e o p le and th ey l i k e to f e e l
j u s t as im p o r ta n t as you do.
A g ain, why n o t make u se o f t h e ex pense a c c o u n t i d e a
and s p o n s o r an a f t e r - s c h o o l t e a i n h o n o r o f th e f a c u l t y ?
P u t on y o u r b e s t c l o t h e s and y o u r b e s t m anners and show them
j u s t how a d u l t and r e s p o n s i b l e you can be a t su c h a f f a i r s .
They a r e s u r e t o be p l e a s a n t l y s u r p r i s e d .
I f you a r e s o ld on th e i d e a s o f t h i s c h a p t e r enough
t o p u t them i n t o a c t i o n , t h e n th e whole campus c a n ’ t h e lp
b u t to be s o l d on th e c lu b I
CHAPTER 2 . FRAMING FINESSE
HOW TO SET UP THE ORGANIZATION OF A TOASTMASTER’S CLUB
ON YOUR CAMPUS
T here i s so m e th in g s t r o n g , p erm an en t and. -unshakable
a b o u t a n o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h a s o l i d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l b a ck g ro u n d .
These o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e j u s t as d e p en d e n t upon a so u n d ly
c o n s t r u c t e d fram ework as th e t a l l e s t o f b u i l d i n g s . The
t r o u b l e w i t h tum ble-w eeds i s t h a t t h e i r r o o t s a re to o
f l i m s y f o r t h e p l a n t to s t a n d a g u s t o f w in d .
None of us w ould s t a r t on a t r i p w i t h o u t a map t o
p o i n t us t o our g o a l . I f you know where you a r e g o in g , you
a re more a p t to g e t t h e r e . Because o u r f o r e b e a r s were so
s k i l l f u l l i n p l o t t i n g t h e c o u rs e o f t h i s n a t i o n , we f i n d
t h a t th e v e ry docum ents s ig n e d a t i t s i n c e p t i o n a r e a s tim e
l y t h i s m in u te as th e y were a t t h a t moment. The v e ry b a s i s
o f o u r g r e a t n e s s l i e s embodied i n a p i e c e o f p a p e r c a l l e d
th e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . I t i s a b o u t as s o l i d
a s any fram ew ork can b e . There i s g r e a t wisdom i n th e o ld
a d ag e , a s t i t c h i n tim e s a v e s n i n e .
So, i f you w ant a s t r o n g e r o r g a n i z a t i o n , g r e a t e r
a c h ie v e m e n ts , more p a r t i c i p a t i o n , and few er f l o p s , r e a d
t h e s e p ag es w e l l . They w i l l be a b i g h e lp t o you i n s e t t i n g
up th e s t r u c t u r e upon w hich t h i s c lu b s h a l l s t a n d o r f a l l .
1 . How t o s t a r t o r g a n i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . B e fo re you
can do a n y th in g , you m ust have th e a c t i v e s u p p o r t o f enough
p e o p le t o a c t u a l l y s t a r t a c lu b o f t h i s n a t u r e . S in c e you
want i t to be a s t u d e n t c e n t e r e d and s t u d e n t g o v e rn e d o u t f i t
you w i l l n eed t o se e k s t u d e n t r a t h e r t h a n f a c u l t y a s s i s t a n c e .
So s t a r t by ru n n in g a s t a t e m e n t i n the d a i l y b u l l e t i n a s k in g
everybo dy who i s r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n becoming an a c t i v e
member to m eet a f t e r s c h o o l i n a d e s i g n a t e d room. From t h i s
g ro u p e l e c t a ch airm a n , who w i l l p r e s i d e u n t i l p erm anent
o f f i c e r s a r e e l e c t e d , arid' a s e c r e t a r y t o r e c o r d a l l o f th e
s u b s e q u e n t b u s in e s s .'
I n m ost s c h o o ls t h e r e i s a c lu b c o o r d i n a t o r whose
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i t i s to k e ep i n to u c h w i t h a l l o f th e c lu b s
and t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s to keep e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r d e t a i l s r u n
n in g sm o o th ly . He o r she i s u s u a l l y c h o sen f o r r e a s o n s of
t h e i r c o o p e r a t i v e n e s s , s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t , and f r i e n d l i n e s s
i n o r d e r to r e a l l y g iv e a s s i s t a n c e t o th e s e s t u d e n t a c t i v
i t i e s . I f t h e r e i s no su c h p e rs o n i n y o u r s c h o o l, th e n th e
p r i n c i p a l o r v ic e p r i n c i p a l s would be g l a d t o h e lp you w ith
y o u r b e g in n in g e f f o r t s i n fo u n d in g t h e J u n i o r T o a s t m a s t e r ’s
c lu b on y o u r campus. From one of t h e s e you s h o u ld e n l i s t
th e c o o p e r a t i o n o f members o f th e s t u d e n t c o u n c i l ( p o s s i b l y
have a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e from them a t t h i s m e e tin g ) , o b t a i n a
l i s t of p r o s p e c t i v e s p o n s o r s , have a s t a te m e n t o f s c h o o l
r e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e rn in g th e f o r m a t io n and s t a t u s o f a l l new
c lu b s , and a c h a r t e r from T o a s t m a s t e r ’ s I n t e r n a t i o n a l and
9
p e rh a p s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e from t h a t g ro u p .. You may s e t up a
r o l l of c h a r t e r members a t t h i s tim e , or you may w a i t f o r a
c e r t a i n p r e s c r i b e d num ber a s th e c a s e may b e .
The m o s t , im p o r ta n t p a r t of t h i s m e e tin g i s t o a p p o in t,
c o m m ittees t o do the l e g work in v o lv e d a t t h i s i n i t i a l s ta g e
of th e game. The f i r s t com m ittee sh o u ld be a p p o in te d v e ry
c a r e f u l l y t o work out a t e n t a t i v e c o n s t i t u t i o n . Members of
t h i s com m ittee s h o u ld be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of e a c h g ra d e l e v e l
i n th e c h a r t e r g ro u p , and s h o u ld have th e p ro p o s e d con
s t i t u t i o n w orked o u t by th e n e x t m e e tin g . A n o th e r com m ittee
s h o u ld be a p p o in te d t o i n t e r v i e w p r o s p e c t i v e s p o n s o r s con
c e r n in g t h e i r i n t e r e s t , a v a ila b le tim e , p a s t e x p e r ie n c e and
w i l l i n g n e s s to .p io n e e r . F i n a l l y , a com m ittee s h o u ld be a p
p o i n t e d t o s t a r t w orking on p u b l i c i t y .
The l a s t i te m o f t h i s f i r s t m e e tin g s h o u ld be the
s e t t i n g of a tim e and a p l a c e f o r th e n e x t m e e tin g .
2 . How t o s e t up th e c o n s t i t u t i o n . I f any one s t e p
i n th e p r o c e s s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i s m ost i m p o r ta n t, t h i s i s i t .
A c o n s t i t u t i o n i s an e x tr e m e ly im p o r ta n t p a r t of any o r g a n i z a
t i o n and i s n o t e a s i l y a l t e r e d . I t w ould be w ise t o se e k
th e a s s i s t a n c e of y o u r f a v o r i t e G iv ic s t e a c h e r i n a c t u a l l y
fra m in g i t i n t o w o rd s. Have y o ur own w r i t t e n o u t b e f o r e you
a sk him to h e lp you. The b e s t m odel, of c o u rs e i s our
n a t i o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n . O th e r m o d els, more i n k e e p in g w i t h
10
th e s i z e and sco p e of the c l u b , may be o b t a i n e d from an a d u l t
T o a s t m a s t e r 's c lu b o r from a n o th e r s c h o o l c l u b . J u s t make
s u r e t h a t yours i s a copy of no o t h e r c o n s t i t u t i o n , b u t one
e n t i r e l y of y o u r own m ak in g . I t w i l l mean more i f you
s t a t e y o u r own p u r p o s e s . They may lo o k som ething l i k e t h i s :
(a) To h e lp s t u d e n t s become b e t t e r p u b l i c s p e a k e r s . (b) To
h e lp s t u d e n t s c o n d u ct th e m se lv e s b e t t e r i n a l l k in d s o f
p u b l i c e x p e r i e n c e s . (c) To make a r e a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e
c l u b - l i f e of t h e s t u d e n t body and th e s c h o o l . (d) To make
e v e ry m e e tin g a v a l u a b l e e x p e r ie n c e to e v e r y p e rs o n i n
a t t e n d a n c e .
I n c o r p o r a t e t h i s l i s t of p u rp o s e s i n t h e pream ble of
y o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n , th e n c o n s t r u c t th e body o f i t a ro u n d
t h e s e g o a ls w i t h a s e c t i o n d e v o te d t o e a c h o f th e f o l l o w i n g !
(a) Membership and e l i g i b i l i t y f o r m em bership . (b) P la c e ,
tim e and f r e q u e n c y of m e e tin g s . P e n a l t i e s f o r a b s e n c e . (c)
O rder o f m e e tin g s . (d) O f f i c e r s and d u t i e s . (e) V o tin g
p r o c e d u r e s . ( f ) S o c i a l m e e ti n g s . (g) F in a n c e s . .
3« How t o s e l e c t th e b e s t s p o n s o r . T h is i s a b o u t
th e n e x t m ost i m p o r t a n t s t e p . I t may be i n y o u r s c h o o l t h a t
th e b e s t s p o n s o r a v a i l a b l e i s a s s i g n e d t o you, and chances
a r e t h a t he or she i s th e one you would have c h o se n h a d you
been th e ones t o c h o o se . I t i s a b e t t e r e x p e r ie n c e f o r you,
tho u g h , i f you do have some s a y - s o a b o u t th e c h o ic e o f a
sp o n s o r f o r your c lu b .
11
You m ig h t w e ll b e g i n by h e a r i n g th e r e p o r t s o f the
s p o n s o r i n t e r v i e w i n g com m ittee and d i s c u s s th e s e q u e s t i o n s :
Did he o r she seem i n t e r e s t e d ? Does he have t h e tim e?
What p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e h a s he h a d w i t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f
t h i s n a tu r e ? A f t e r you have d e te rm in e d th e e x t e n t o f h i s
i n t e r e s t , a b i l i t y and e x p e r i e n c e , f i n d out how w e ll he i s
l i k e d by b o t h s t u d e n t s and- th e f a c u l t y , by d i s c u s s i o n and
by o b s e r v a t i o n . As soon a s p o s s i b l e , p r e f e r a b l y a t th e
n e x t m e e tin g , e l e c t th e s p o n s o r by b a l l o t , upon th e nom ina
t i o n o f th e i n t e r v i e w i n g co m m ittee, b e ca u se no one p e rs o n
can be of so much a s s i s t a n c e t o you a t t h i s s t a g e o f y o ur
d e v e lo p m e n t•
it-. How to l i m i t m em bersh ip. I t i s a c in c h t h a t you
w i l l have a l o t more p e o p le i n t e r e s t e d i n j o i n i n g th a n you
can ta k e i n t o th e m em bership b e c a u se too many p e o p le on th e
r o s t e r w i l l n o t a llo w f o r enough p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o keep
e v e r y member on h i s o r h e r t o e s . I n o r d e r t o be f a i r ,
t h e r e f o r e , you s h o u ld s e t d e f i n i t e l i m i t a t i o n s and ad here
to them i n s p i t e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t may be in v o lv e d
w i t h c h an g in g s t e a d i e s and b r o k e n en gag em en ts.
You s h o u ld have e v e r y g ra d e l e v e l r e p r e s e n t e d b y an
e q u a l number o f s t u d e n t s . Freshm en sh o u ld be c a l l e d a s s o c i
a t e members, who may o r may n o t ta k e p a r t i n th e pro g ram .
I f th e y do n o t , i t may be p o s s i b l e t o i n c r e a s e th e t o t a l
12
m em bership. T ry t o m a i n t a i n an e q u a l b a la n c e o f t h e s e x e s .
T his alw ay s somehow adds harmony to a c lu b c r e a t e d i n no
o t h e r way.
I t i s e x tr e m e ly im p o r ta n t t o have enough members to
make the c lu b an a c t i v e i n f l u e n c e on t h e campus, b u t few
enough t o a llo w e v e r y member a p a r t o f th e pro g ram a t l e a s t
once a m onth. A good way t o f i g u r e t h i s o u t s c i e n t i f i c a l l y
i s to ta k e th e number of p e rs o n s on th e p ro g ra m - - s a y , th e
t o a s t m a s t e r , f i v e s p e a k e r s and a c r i t i c , w hich i s se v e n
p e o p le , tim es th e f o u r w e e k ly m e e tin g s , m aking a t o t a l of
t w e n t y - e i g h t p o s s i b l e members. Then d i v i d e t h a t by th e
number o f g ra d e l e v e l s i n your s c h o o l and you w ould have
a p p ro x im a te ly th e number o f p o s s i b l e members from eac h c l a s s .
Then, i f the a s s o c i a t e members do n o t t a k e p a r t , add a n o t h e r
c l a s s e q u i v a l e n t to t h e t o t a l m em bership.
5* How to s e t up e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s . Re
q u ire m e n ts w i l l v a ry tre m e n d o u s ly from one sc h o o l t o a n o th e r .
The f i r s t and m o st im p o r ta n t r e q u ir e m e n t o f any member s h o u ld
be r e a l i n t e r e s t and e n th u s ia s m . A ll o t h e r s a r e s e c o n d a r y .
F o llo w a l l of t h e s c h o o l r e g u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g c lu b e l i g i b i l i t y .
I f t h e r e i s a s e r v i c e p o i n t sy stem a t y o u r s c h o o l, by a l l
means make u se of i t . Chances a r e t h a t s e r v i c e p e o p le would
make e x c e l l e n t members. R e q u ire a v erag e o r b e t t e r t h a n
a v e ra g e s c h o l a r s h i p - o t h e r w i s e t h e y p r o b a b ly w o u l d n 't have
tim e f o r t h i s club* G ive c r e d i t f o r a t h l e t i c and o t h e r
e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s . T ry t o be o b j e c t i v e and su b
j e c t i v e . No member s h o u ld be a c c e p t e d b e c a u se he i s someones
f r i e n d . A ll new members s h o u ld be s p o n s o re d .
6 . How t o e l e c t th e f i r s t o f f i c e r s . A f t e r you have
e s t a b l i s h e d a c h a r t e r m em bership, and f i l l e d y o u r q u o ta of
p o s s i b l e members, th e o r i g i n a l ch airm an sh o u ld l e a d you i n
th e f i r s t e l e c t i o n of perm anent o f f i c e r s f o r the s e m e s te r .
You s h o u ld f o l lo w p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r o c e d u r e a s o u t l i n e d i n
R o b e r t 's ’’R ules o f O r d e r .” Have e a c h n o m in a to r sp e ak i n
f a v o r o f h i s c a n d i d a t e . Vote f o r e a c h o f f i c e by b a l l o t
b e f o r e g o in g t o th e n e x t . E l e c t a p r e s i d e n t , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t ,
r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y , c o r r e s p o n d in g s e c r e t a r y , p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n ,
t r e a s u r e r , and m a s t e r - a t - a r m s . The gram m arian and tim e
k e e p e r are n o t o f f i c e r s , and change from m e e tin g to m e e tin g .
E v ery s e m e s te r from now on, t h e r e sh o u ld be an a p p o in te d and
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n o m in a tin g co m m ittee , whose d u ty i s to lo o k
o v e r th e m em bership and recommend n o m in a tio n s a t th e tim e o f
e l e c t i o n a lo n g w ith n o m in a tio n s from th e f l o o r .
7« How t o d e c id e when and w here t o m e e t . I t i s q u i t e
p o s s i b l e t h a t y o u r s c h o o l does n o t a ll o w n i g h t m e e tin g s .
D o n 't w o rry a b o u t t h a t . There i s u s u a l l y a good r e a s o n . I f
r e g u l a t i o n s a llo w on campus m e e tin g s i n th e e v e n in g , t h i s i s
th e b e s t tim e f o r many r e a s o n s . Around se v e n i n th e e v e n in g
i s u s u a l l y th e m ost c o n v e n ie n t tim e f o r th e m ost p e o p le . Any
1 4 -
day t h a t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o b o t h you and y o u r p a r e n t s w i l l do.
I t i s w o rth t a k i n g a d a te n i g h t l i k e F r i d a y , i f i t g iv e s you
th e p r i v i l e g e o f m e e tin g i n th e e v e n in g . The p s y c h o l o g ic a l
f a c t o r of g o in g to th e t r o u b l e o f g e t t i n g s p r u c e d up and
t a k i n g an e x t r a t r i p to campus makes i t a b i g g e r and more
i m p o r t a n t a f f a i r th a n j u s t a n o th e r c lu b m e e tin g .
I f you m eet a t noon, you a re more l i k e a r e a l t o a s t
m a s te r , t a l k i n g to p e o p le munching c e l e r y and a p p le s i s a
d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n t h a n t a l k i n g to p e o p le who h av e n o th in g
t o do b u t l i s t e n t o y ou r words o f w i t and wisdom.
A f t e r s c h o o l i s n o t v e ry good b e c a u s e i t c o n f l i c t s
w i t h o t h e r e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s l i k e band, a t h l e t i c
p r a c t i c e , G.A.A. e v e n ts and th e l i k e . S t e e r c l e a r o f a f t e r
noon m e e tin g s i f p o s s i b l e .
F in d th e g e n e r a l c o n se n su s o f o p in io n and v o te on th e
b e s t tim e o f day f o r th e r e g u l a r w eekly m e e tin g s as w e l l as
f o r th e b e s t day o f th e week. A f t e r th e s e a r e s e t , a p p o in t
a com m ittee to f i n d th e b e s t p la c e a v a i l a b l e . U s u a lly th e
p u b l i c s p e a k in g room i s b e s t . The o n ly n e c e s s i t i e s a r e
c h a i r s and a s p e a k e r s t a b l e l a r g e enough t o accommodate
s i x p e o p le on one s i d e . I t i s b e s t n o t' to u se a r e g u l a r
c la s s ro o m w ith d e s k s . I f no o t h e r p l a c e can be fo u n d , t h e
band bungalow o r th e G i r l s League Bungalow make good m e e tin g
p l a c e s .
Don’ t f o r g e t t h a t an o c c a s io n a l change o f m e e tin g
p l a c e i s l i k e a s h o t i n t h e arm i f i t d o e s n 't become th e
r u l e r a t h e r th a n th e e x c e p t i o n . Big h o u se s or o ld b a rn s
a r e s u p e r f o r s p e c i a l m e e tin g s .
D is c u s s th e s e m a t t e r s w ith y o u r s p o n s o r o r c lu b eo
o r d i n a t o r . I f you g e t th e go s i g n , v o te f o r a p erm anent
tim e and p l a c e of m e e tin g , and make a rra n g e m e n ts f o r the
s p e c i a l a f f a i r s e ls e w h e r e .
16
CHAPTER 3• EXECUTIVE EXPERTS
. HOW TO SERVE THE CLUB AS AN OFFICER
Any g iv e n s e t o f o f f i c e r s can make o r b re a k a c lu b .
T h is i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f a b e g in n in g c lu b l i k e t h i s one.
The d i f f e r e n c e b etw een a m aker an d a b r e a k e r i n t h i s i n
s t a n c e l i e s i n th e m eaning o f one w o r d - - a m b itio n . W ebster
d e f i n e s t h i s word a s , "an e a g e r d e s i r e f o r s u p e r i o r i t y , an
i n o r d i n a t e d e s i r e to s u c c e e d ." I f an o f f i c e r h a s r e a l
a m b itio n f o r h i s c lu b , he w i l l be a n o f f i c e r p a r e x c e l l e n c e .
I f you a r e an o f f i c e r , d o n 't f o r g e t t h a t you were e l e c t e d
by y o u r f r i e n d s a s a p e r s o n th e y t r u s t and have c o n fid e n c e
i n . T h is i s a r e a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , and one t h a t i s w e ll
w o rth t h e e f f o r t in v o lv e d b e c a u s e o f t h e s o c i a l e s te e m t h a t
w i l l be y o u rs f o r doing a good jo b .
Being an o f f i c e r i n a r e a l l y sh a rp o r g a n i z a t i o n l i k e
T o a s tm a s te rs i s q u i t e an h o n o r and one w o rth y o f y ou r v e ry
b e s t e f f o r t s . One o f th e g r e a t e s t s a t i s f a c t i o n s you w i l l
e v e r have w i l l come t o you when you c a n p o i n t t o t h i s club
w i t h p r i d e and sa y t h a t you had a p a r t i n l e a d i n g i t th ro u g h •
a l l th e s t a g e s o f i t s c h ild h o o d i n t o th e s t a t u s o f ' a f u l l
f l e d g e d and f l o w e r i n g a d u l t .
Some p e o p le s a y t h a t l e a d e r s a re b o rn , n o t made. This
h a s b e en d i s p r o v e d tim e and tim e a g a in . W hether you a re an
o f f i c e r now o r n o t i s n o t i m p o r t a n t . I t i s what you s h a l l
17
be t h a t c o u n t s . Any p e r s o n who i s f i r e d w ith a m b itio n s h o u ld
r e a d t h i s c h a p t e r w e l l .
1 . How to be a good p r e s i d e n t . I t i s your d u ty to
t i e t o g e t h e r th e many a c t i v i t i e s and f u n c t i o n s o f t h i s c lu b
i n t o a compact b u n d le o f o r d e r to be p r e s e n t e d to th e e n t i r e
m em bership a t e a c h m e e tin g . I t is y o u r d u ty to i n s p i r e th e
members to do t h e i r v e ry b e s t to c o o p e r a te and work f o r th e
advancem ent of t h i s c lu b .
I t i s y o u r d u ty to be t r u l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f y o u r
c o n s t i t u e n c y . I t i s y o u r d u ty to be th e d i r e c t o r , (n o t th e
d i c t a t o r ) o f the o t h e r o f f i c e r s , u n i t e d t o g e t h e r i n th e
c o o p e r a t i v e t a s k o f l e a d i n g t h i s c lu b th r o u g h an e f f e c t i v e
and b e n e f i c i a l s e r i e s of e v e n ts d u r in g th e s e m e s te r. I t i s
y our d u ty t o p r e s i d e a t e a c h m e e tin g , t o more o r l e s s d i r e c t
th e program from i t s prom pt b e g in n in g to i t s d e c i s i v e e n d in g
and t o s e e t h a t a l l i n b etw een i s c o n d u c te d i n th e b e s t man
n e r p o s s i b l e . I t i s y o u r d u t y to e x h i b i t unbounded e n th u s ia s m
f o r t h i s c lu b , g e n u in e i n t e r e s t and c o u r t e s y to w a rd a l l o f
i t s members and show e x p a n s iv e f r i e n d l i n e s s to a l l p e o p le .
I t i s y o u r d u ty ' t o be hum ble. The B ib le sa y s ^Whosoever w i l l
be g r e a t among you, l e t him be your m i n i s t e r ; and w hosoever
w i l l be c h i e f among you, l e t him be y o u r s e r v a n t.'*
2 . How t o be a good v ic e p r e s i d e n t . T his o f f i c e i s
p r o b a b l y more work and more fu n t h a n any o f th e o t h e r o f f i c e s .
18
As v ic e p r e s i d e n t , you s h o u ld be i n c h a rg e of the welcoming
com m ittee and the s o c i a l c o m m itte e . I n t h e a b sen ce of th e
p r e s i d e n t you assume h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . The welcom ing
com m ittee t r i e s t o make e v e ry p e r s o n a t e v e r y m e e tin g f e e l
as welcome and a t home a s p o s s i b l e . The s o c i a l com m ittee
h as th e com plete r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l o f th e d e t a i l s and
a rra n g e m e n ts a s o u t li n e d i n c h a p t e r s e v e n . Your c h i e f c h a r
a c t e r i s t i c s h o u ld be t h a t o f g r e a t f r i e n d l i n e s s . N ever
m eet a s t r a n g e r and you w i l l be on th e r i g h t p a t h .
3 . How t o be a good s e c r e t a r y . A lre a d y you have
need o f a good d e a l of c o rre s p o n d e n c e . That i s why t h e r e
a r e two s e c r e t a r i e s , one c o r r e s p o n d in g and one r e c o r d i n g .
N e e d le ss to sa y , b o th s h o u ld be a b l e to w r i t e w e l l enough
t o r e a d t h e i r own w r i t i n g . S h o rth a n d w ould be a b ig h e l p
to th e r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y , and t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g s e c r e t a r y
sh o u ld ty p e a l l l e t t e r s . The r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y sh o u ld
make n o t e s on t h e e n t i r e m e e tin g . A ll b u s in e s s s e s s i o n s
s h o u ld be c o v e re d by a c c u r a t e and c o m p le te m in u te s to be
r e a d a t th e f o l l o w i n g s e s s i o n . These a r e r e s p e c t f u l l y su b
m i t t e d by th e r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y .
ll. How to be a good t r e a s u r e r . Yours i s a g r e a t
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , a t l e a s t i n term s of f i n a n c i a l m a t t e r s ,
b e c a u se e v e r y c e n t t h a t i s a p p r o p r i a t e d to T o a s tm a s te rs
m ust go t h r o u g h y o u r h a n d s . I t i s your d u ty to c o l l e c t
19
dues when t h e y a r e due and to rem ind th o se t h a t a r e i n e v i t a b l y
o v e r - d u e . The m a s t e r - a t - a r m s s h o u ld t u r n i n a l l p e n a l t y
f e e s . E v e ry ite m r e g a r d l e s s of i t s s i z e , i f i t i s j u s t a
p en ny m ust be e n t e r e d i n t o a p e rm a n en t bo ok. E v e ry club
e x p e n d itu r e s h o u ld l i k e w i s e be e n t e r e d i n t o th e book. I t
i s no e a sy t a s k to k eep th e book b a la n c e d , so g r e a t c a re
m ust be ta k e n t o omit n o t h in g . I f y o u r fu n d s a r e l a r g e
enough f o r a c h e c k in g a c c o u n t, a l l checks s h o u ld have two
s i g n a t u r e s , y o u rs and th e s p o n s o rs . Money d e l e g a t e d f o r
su c h t h in g s a s s o c i a l a f f a i r s s h o u ld be a d m i n i s t e r e d b y th e
s o c i a l c h airm an who g i v e s you an i te m iz e d l i s t o f e x p e n d i
t u r e s f o r p erm an en t r e c o r d i n g .
5 . How to be a good p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n . You a re th e
c o n s u l t a n t i n c a s e o f any em ergency in v o lv e d i n th e i n t r i c a c i e s
o f p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r o c e d u r e . You s h o u ld be w e ll r e a d i n th e
m a t t e r . Your b e s t r e c o u r s e , tho u g h , i s to a lw ay s have a ~
copy o f t h e now famous R o b e r ts , ’’R ules o f O rd e r” w i t h i n
e a s y r e a c h a t e v e r y m e e tin g .
6. How t o be a good m a s t e r - a t - a r m s . Yours i s a
d i f f i c u l t jo b i n t h a t you have t o h a n d le th e p ro b le m c a s e s .
You may n o t e v e n f u n c t i o n i n one c lu b and be v e ry a c t i v e i n
a n o t h e r . Most c lu b s have r u l e s , w r i t t e n and u n w r i t t e n con
c e r n i n g f i n e s f o r m is - c o n d u c t, e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g th e sp e a k
in g p ro g ram . O f f i c i a l l y you a re d e s i g n a t e d t o keep as much
20
peace and q u i e t . a s p o s s i b l e d u r in g e v e r y m e e tin g , to c o l l e c t
a l l f i n e s , c o u n t th e b a l l o t s , and p r o c l a im a l l o f f i c i a l
n o t i c e s .
7* ■ How t o be a good com m ittee member* E v ery member
o f th e c lu b s h o u ld be a s s i g n e d t o a co m m ittee . T here i s
no more e x c e l l e n t way t o g e t a l a r g e amount of work done
w ith s o l i t t l e work r e q u i r e d o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l . The s o c i a l
com m ittee u s u a l l y has th e m ost t o do as w e ll a s th e m ost f u n .
The pro g ram com m ittee h as th e l a r g e s t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . They
sh o u ld m eet a t l e a s t once a month to p l a n t h e m e e tin g s a
m onth i n advance i n a v e r y d e t a i l e d way.
The key n o te of e v e r y com m ittee m e e tin g s h o u ld be
c o o p e r a t i o n . You c a n n o t h e lp b u t be a good com m ittee member
i f you a r e c o o p e r a t i v e to th e f u l l e s t e x t e n t .
CHAPTER if. LEGAL LEG-WORK
HOW TO CARE FOR THE CLUB'S BUSINESS
I t i s f a i r l y e a s y t o s p o t a r e a l l y s h a rp and e f f i c i e n t
c lu b . Go to one o f t h e i r b u s i n e s s m e e tin g s . I f I t i s s h o r t
and snap p y ; i f e a c h i te m i s h a n d le d c l e a r l y and w ith d i s
p a tc h ; i f t h e r e i s a minimum o f h a ra n g u in g a n d a maximum of
c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h a good d eal o f p la n n in g i n e v id e n c e , you
have come a c r o s s a clu b o f r e a l a c c o m p lish m en t. By p l a n n i n g
ah ead you save tim e , c o n s e rv e e n e r g y , i n c r e a s e e f f i c i e n c y ,
and g e n e r a l l y r u n on a sm ooth c o u r s e .
I t i s v e ry e a s y f o r h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s t o p r a c t i c e
th e manana p h ilo s o p h y o f d o in g tomorrow what s h o u ld have
been done y e s t e r d a y . P r o c r a s t i n a t i o n i s in d e e d t h e t h i e f
o f t im e . A b i r d i n the hand i s w o rth many i n th e b u s h .
H aste does make w a s te . A penny sa v ed i s r e a l l y more th a n
a penny e a r n e d . I f you d o n 't b e l i e v e i t , t r y i t l I f you
t r y i t you c a n n o t h e lp b u t s u c c e e d i n becom ing t h e m ost
e f f i c i e n t c lu b on t h e campus.
1 . How to h a n d le b u s i n e s s d e t a i l s m ost e f f i c i e n t l y .
T here a r e so many d e t a i l s to c a r e f o r i n t h i s c lu b , t h a t I t
w i l l be a s a f e g u a r d to have d e f i n i t e p e rs o n s r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r e v e r y s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y of t h e c l u b . These s h o u ld n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y be l i m i t e d t o th e o f f i c e r s a lth o u g h t h e y w i l l
n a t u r a l l y b e a r th e m ain l o a d of su ch d e t a i l s .
22
I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o have e v e r y member p r e s e n t as w e ll
as h a v in g them p r e v i o u s l y in fo rm e d upon m a t t e r s o f c lu b
b u s i n e s s . T h is i3 one of t h e b a s i c t e n e t s o f a d e m o c ra tic
g o v e rn m e n t.
The p r e s i d e n t s h o u ld make a rra n g e m e n ts f o r a c u r t ,
c l e a r and c o n c is e h a n d li n g of a l l m a t t e r s on th e agenda,
p e rh a p s ev en to t h e p o i n t o f h a v in g s t e e r i n g com m ittee m eet
in g s b e f o r e e a c h b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n .
By a l l m eans, h a n d le m ost of t h e b u s i n e s s by means of
th e c o m m ittee s r a t h e r t h a n h a s h in g o v e r e v e r y m in u te d e t a i l
a t a r e g u l a r m e e tin g .
2. How t o a p p o in t c o m m itte e s . T h is i s v e r y im p o r ta n t
to the s u c c e s s of t h e c lu b b e c a u se a sm a rt gro u p g e t s m ost
o f i t s work done by u s in g c o m m itte e s . C e r t a i n p e o p le a re
n a t u r a l s f o r - c e r t a i n j o b s . A v e r y shy p e rs o n m ig h t do v e ry
w e ll on th e program co m m ittee, b u t w ould p r o b a b l y be a
co m p lete dud on t h e w elcom ing c o m m itte e .
E v ery c o -e d c lu b h as a dumb b u t b e a u t i f u l a c t i n g g i r l
i n i t s m id s t. She would p r o b a b ly d r i v e a s t e e r i n g com m ittee
mad b u t be a r e a l s p a r k l e to t h e s o c i a l c o m m itte e . Always
t r y to d e l e g a t e members i n t o a p h a se o f work t h a t e s p e c i a l l y
i n t e r e s t s them .
Form a com m ittee f o r e v e r y ta s k t h a t i s to o l a r g e f o r
one p e r s o n to h a n d le . I t i s n e i t h e r f a i r to th e p e rs o n n o r
23
th e c lu b to g iv e Mm o r h e r so much to do t h a t i t c a n n o t be
done w e l l . I t would a l s o be w e ll to have th e e x e c u ti v e com
m i t t e e , w hich i s made up o f a l l th e o f f i c e r s , have th e f i n a l
word i n d e l e g a t i n g s p e c i f i c d u t i e s as w e ll a s the r i g h t to
s e t t l e a l l c o n f l i c t i n g m a t t e r s . I n a l l o f y o u r com m ittee
work, make use o f d e m o c r a tic p r o c e d u r e .
3 . How t o co n d u ct a b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n . You s h o u ld
n o t have a b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n a t e v e ry m e e tin g u n l e s s y ou r
s p e c i f i c n e ed s r e q u i r e i t . A m o n th ly m e e tin g i s u s u a l l y
m ost a d e q u a te . I t s h o u ld o c c u r r e g u l a r l y so t h a t th e
p ro gram com m ittee can p l a n a b r i e f e r sp e a k in g p ro g ram on
t h a t day e v e ry m onth. The b u s i n e s s m e e tin g s h o u ld o c c u r
as a sm a ll p a r t o f t h e r e g u l a r s e s s i o n b e f o r e th e t o a s t m a s t e r
t a k e s o v e r.
The p r e s i d e n t l e a d s a c c o r d in g to p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r o
c e d u r e . Here i s a t y p i c a l o r d e r f o r a b u s in e s s m e e tin g :
(a) C a l l f o r a r e a d i n g of th e m in u te s b y th e s e c r e t a r y . (b)
Adopt o r r e c t i f y th e m in u te s as r e a d . (c) C a ll f o r r e p o r t s
and recom m endations from t h e co m m ittees a t w ork. (d) Act
upon o ld and u n f i n i s h e d b u s i n e s s , (e) C a ll f o r and a c t upon
o r i n i t i a t e new b u s i n e s s . ( f ) C a ll f o r a m o tio n t o a d jo u rn
th e b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n . I t I s a good i d e a f o r the p r e s i d e n t
to c a l l a m e e tin g of t h e s t e e r i n g o r e x e c u ti v e com m ittee
b e f o r e th e b u s i n e s s to make s u re t h a t th e o f f i c e r s and k ey
members a r e w e ll in fo rm e d , e s p e c i a l l y when m a t t e r s more
2k
i m p o r t a n t th a n r o u t i n e b u s i n e s s m ust be c o n s i d e r e d . He
sh o u ld p r e p a r e h i s agenda w ith t h e i r h e lp a t t h i s tim e,
k e e p in g i t a s t e r s e as p o s s i b l e .
The s e c r e t a r y s h o u ld keep a c c u r a t e 'a n d com plete m in u te s
o f t h e m e e tin g i n a p erm anent bo o k .
Above a l l , do n o t d rag o u t the b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n . Keep
i t a s b r i e f a s p o s s i b l e .
Ij.. How t o c a re f o r c lu b f i n a n c e s . F i r s t you m ust
a b id e by s c h o o l r e g u l a t i o n s . Most s c h o o l c lu b s a r e su p
p o r t e d by w eek ly or m o n th ly dues and some even by sc h o o l
a p p r o p r i a t i o n s . I t i s v e r y im p o r ta n t t h a t you d e m o c r a t i c a l l y
d e te rm in e th e amount and th e f r e q u e n c y of dues e v e ry s e m e s te r
t o keep a b r e a s t of th e t i m e s . I f you w ish t o have i n i t i a t i o n
d u e s, th e s e s h o u ld re m a in f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t and s h o u ld i n
c lu d e th e p r i c e o f a p i n o r s w e a te r o r w h a te v e r i n s i g n i a you
u s e . Many s c h o o ls do n o t a llo w s w e a te r s . I f any o f the
members c a n n o t a f f o r d them n e i t h e r s h o u ld you.
A d e f i n i t e p r i c e sh o u ld be s e t on a l l s o c i a l e v e n t s .
I t may be s e t t o break, even or a l i t t l e above a c t u a l c o s t ;
The l a t t e r i s n o t o n ly a good way to keep i n d i v i d u a l s from
h a v in g t o pay f o r th e t a x o r t i p s a t b a n q u e ts , b u t i t i s
a l s o a good way t o b u i l d up th e t r e a s u r y .
Above a l l be v e ry c a r e f u l w ith d e l e g a t e d f u n d s . The
t r e a s u r e r s h o u ld h a n d le a l l c lu b f i n a n c e s , k e e p in g a p e rm a n en t
and b a la n c e d boo k.
25
PART I I . "MR. PRESIDENT"
HOW TO KEEP THE BALL ROLLING
E verybody l i k e s t o have f u n . W h e t h e r .i t s a . cool
p lu n g e on a h o t day o r a tob o g g an i n th e snow, you, want
to be t h e r e . E verybody l i k e s to have f r i e n d s ; th e y add
t o th e p l e a s u r e of b e in g a l i v e . E verybody l i k e s to have
p r e s t i g e ; i t shows y o u r r e a l w o rth . These a r e t h r e e of
th e im p o r ta n t p a r t s o f y o u r l i f e . You can add to a l l o f
them by h e l p i n g th e b a l l t o r o l l . D on’ t be b a s h f u l . Do
y o u r p a r t . W henever you g e t a b r a i n s t o r m , speak up and
s a y ,
"MR. PRESIDENT"
26
CHAPTER 5» CONVENIENT CONVENTIONS
HOW TO PRESENT GOOD MEETINGS
The v i t a l i t y o f any o r g a n i z a t i o n may b e e a s i l y m eas
ured. b y th e q u a l i t y of t h e r e g u l a r m e e tin g . The c lu b w i t h a
h i g h m o rale i s i n e v i t a b l y the c lu b t h a t h o ld s i n t e r e s t i n g
m e e ti n g s . Good program s a re alw ays m arked by g r e a t e r con
g e n i a l i t y and e n th u s ia s m among th e members. A tte n d a n c e
p ro b lem s d i s a p p e a r . S ta n d in g room o n ly becom es a r e p e a t
p e rfo rm a n c e when t h e m e e tin g s a r e a l i v e . Even th e d e a d
b e a t s p e r k up t o a good program .
I t i s o bvio u s th e n t h a t i f we a r e t o have a good
T o a s t m a s t e r 's C lub, we m ust make e v e r y m e e tin g a huge s u c
c e s s . A ll i t t a k e s i s l o t s o f r e a l i n t e r e s t and lo a d s o f
e n th u s ia s m . You have t h a t , you say? Goodi Here a r e some
s u g g e s t i o n s to h e l p you p l a n ahead.
1 . How t o p r o v i d e a f r i e n d l y a tm o s p h e r e . The f i r s t
f a c t o r t o w h ic h p e o p le r e a c t upon e n t e r i n g a room i s th e
room i t s e l f . I f i t h a s g r a y c o n c r e te w a l ls and cem ent f l o o r s ,
th e y a re apt. to f e e l c o ld and a l i e n . I f t h e only, f u r n i s h i n g s
a r e wooden c h a i r s and t a b l e s th e y a re a p t t o f e e l l o s t and
u n c o m f o r ta b le . The f i r s t t h i n g you s h o u ld do i s to make
th e p l a c e i n w h ich you m eet a s a t t r a c t i v e an d p l e a s i n g t o
th e eye a s p o s s i b l e . Com fort i s of s e c o n d a ry im p o r ta n c e .
I t i s am azing what a few f lo w e r s can do to a s p e a k e r s t a b l e .
27
I t i s e q u a l l y amazing what one p i c t u r e can d o f o r a l a r g e
a r e a o f w a i l s p a c e . I f w orse comes t o w o rs e , the dime s t o r e
may be a s o u r c e f o r a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f c o l o r f u l e n v ir o n
m e n ta l im p ro v e m e n ts. ■
J u s t as i m p o r t a n t t o the s u c c e s s of t h e m e e tin g , i f
n o t more s o , i s t h e s o c i a l e n v iro n m en t o f e v e ry member and
v i s i t o r p r e s e n t . No p e r s o n s h o u ld e n t e r the room w ith o u t a
(
g r e e t i n g . The b e s t " s m i l e r s " i n th e c lu b a s w e ll a s th e
" h a i l - f e l l o w - w e l l - m e t " members s h o u ld b e d e l e g a t e d a s a
welcom ing co m m ittee to g r e e t a l l members, g u e s t s and new
comers a t t h e d oo r. I t m ig h t e v en be w e l l t o p e n a l i z e a l l
s o u r p u s s e s w i t h an im prom ptu s p e e c h on "Why I am n o t s m ilin g
t o n i g h t , " o r "Why I am su c h a n u n f r i e n d l y c u ss anyhow."
2 . How t o make th e p ro gram ru n s m o o th ly . I f any
t h i n g w i l l le a v e a "good t a s t e i n th e m outh" i t i s a sm ooth
p e rfo rm a n c e . T here i s g r e a t a p p e a l t o a f l a w l e s s pro g ram .
N e e d le ss t o s a y t h i s in v o lv e s p l a n n i n g . Good p l a n n in g i s
f u n . A good program chairm an w i l l see t o t h a t . By a l l
means have a p ro g ram ch airm an as h e a d o f t h e p ro g ram com
m i t t e e . T h is d e l e g a t e s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b u t makes i t e a s y f o r
e v eryo ne in v o lv e d . T h is co m m ittee s h o u l d p la n e v e r y d e t a i l
o f a m e e tin g c a r e f u l l y i n a d v a n c e , and h av e s p e c i f i c i n f o r
m a tio n to g iv e to th o s e on the p ro g ram a t l e a s t a week
b e f o r e h a n d .
28
I t i s . o f t e n c o n v e n ie n t t o f o llo w some s o r t o f s e t
r o u t in e * I t g i v e s s t a b i l i t y to th e p rogram as w e l l as con
f i d e n c e t o t h e m em bership. I t s h o u ld n o t be as b in d in g as
a r i t u a l , b u t i t s h o u ld be p r e d i c t a b l e enough to make i t a
c o n v e n ie n t fram ew ork upon w hich to b u i l d a s o l i d p ro g ram .
You w^ill do everybody a f a v o r i f you always b e g in on tim e .
P u n c t u a l i t y i s a v i r t u e . The com m ittee s h o u ld p l a n tim e
a s c a r e f u l l y as th e s p e a k e r s p l a n t h e i r t o p i c s . A p e rs o n
w i t h a sw e e p -se c o n d -h a n d e d w a tc h sh o u ld be d e l e g a t e d as
tim e k e e p e r t o in fo rm th e s p e a k e r s when t h e i r tim e i s up.
(Some more s u b t l e c lu b s m e re ly s e t a lo u d a la rm c lo c k f o r
th e tim e a l l o t t e d to e a c h s p e a k e r . )
F r e q u e n t l y , you may f i n d t h a t th e same members a re
r e p e a t e d o f f e n d e r s o f th e r u l e s of c o u r t e s y . A f i n e way
t o d is c o u r a g e s u c h bad h a b i t s i s to have th e m a s t e r - a t - a r m s
e x t r a c t a n i c k e l f o r e a c h o f f e n s e com m itted.
3 . How t o f i n d a good r o u t i n e t o f o l l o w . T h is sounds
as i f i t d e s e r v e s a sim p le an sw e r. I t d o e s , b u t you m ust
f i n d i t f o r y o ur c l u b , b e c a u se e v e r y c lu b has i t s own p e r
s o n a l i t y . You m ig h t t r y o u t t h i s s u g g e s t e d r o u t i n e ; (a)
S a l u t e t o th e f l a g , (b) I n v o c a t i o n , (c) R o ll c a l l , (d) Read
in g o f th e m in u te s , (e ) C a l l f o r o ld or u n f i n i s h e d b u s i n e s s ,
( f ) C a ll f o r new b u s i n e s s , (g) I n t r o d u c t i o n of th e T o a s t
m a s te r f o r th e e v e n in g , (h) P r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e s p e a k e r s and
c r i t i c i s m s , ( i ) R e tu rn o f th e g a v e l t o the p r e s i d e n t , ( j )
Vote f o r the b e s t s p e a k e r , (k) P r e s e n t a t i o n o f the cup, (1)
C lo s in g re m a rk s , (m) A djourn th e m e e tin g .
The b e s t p ro c e d u r e w i l l come a s a r e s u l t o f e x p e r i
m e n t a t i o n , Try th e above and o t h e r r o u t i n e s . V i s i t a d u l t
T o a s tm a s te r g r o u p s . Read books l i k e R o b e r t 's "R ules o f
O r d e r . ” Then, when you have fo u n d t h e b e s t r o u t i n e f o r y o u r
c lu b , make i t th e framework o f e v e r y m e e tin g .
ij.. How to make th e m e e tin g s i n t e r e s t i n g . A gain,
c a r e f u l p l a n n in g i s n e c e s s a r y , e s p e c i a l l y on t h e p a r t o f th e
p r e s i d e n t . He s h o u ld have a c l e a r and c l e v e r ag enda. A
good p r e s i d e n t can p u t j u s t th e r i g h t amount o f s p i c e i n t o
th e program t o make i t a l i v e , e v en i f th e b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n
i s lo n g o r t h e s p e a k e rs d u l l . What c o u n ts h e r e i s a t r i c k y
agend a t o s p a r k l e up th e r o u t i n e . T here i s no b e t t e r p r e
v e n t i v e f o r a la g g i n g p rogram . I t i s i m p o r t a n t to k e ep up
a good p a c e . I t i s a ls o i m p o r t a n t to e n c o u ra g e new i d e a s
on t h e p a r t of a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s , e s p e c i a l l y th e T o a s tm a s te r .
" N o v e lty i s th e s p i c e o f l i f e , " as w e ll as th e l i f e ' s b lo o d
o f e v e r y m e e tin g . Vary t h e p ro g ram c o n te n t a t e v e r y m e e tin g .
You m ig h t have a l l o f th e s p e e c h e s p i v o t i n g a ro u n d a c e n t r a l
theme one n i g h t . The n e x t tim e have a l l random t o p i c s , o r
a l l humorous s p e e c h e s . P ro v id e some s p ic e w ith an o c c a s i o n a l
im prom ptu s p e e c h . O b ta in s e v e r a l g u e s t s p e a k e r s o f no mean
30
a b i l i t y i f t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e d u r in g th e s e m e s te r . (Be
s u r e t h a t he i s aware of the tim e l i m i t as w e l l a s th e
a u t h o r i t y of t h e tim e k e e p e r . ) I t i s a l s o a good i d e a to
hav e t h e s p e e c h e s of d i f f e r e n t tim e l e n g t h so t h a t e v e ry
member o f the c lu b h a s an o p p o r t u n i t y to g iv e sp e e c h e s of
d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h from one t o t e n m in u te s . N ever a llo w th e
s p e a k in g p ro g ram to l a s t o v e r an h o u r, i n c l u d i n g a l l
c r i t i c i s m s from th e f l o o r and fro m th e c r i t i c .
5« How t o p r e s i d e . I t I s a good t h i n g t o know how
to c o n d u c t a m e e tin g r e g a r d l e s s o f y o u r p r e s e n t s t a t u s .
T here a r e two e s s e n t i a l s n e c e s s a r y f o r th e s u c c e s s of any
m e e tin g . They a re p l a n n i n g and o r d e r . I f t h e m e e tin g i s
w e ll p la n n e d and c o n d u c te d i n an o r d e r l y f a s h i o n , i t w i l l
be a s u c c e s s .
F i r s t , c o n t a c t th e p ro g ram chairm an c o n c e rn in g any
s p e c i a l e v e n t o r d e v i a t i o n o f pro g ram . F in d o u t what com
m i t t e e r e p o r t s n e e d t o be g iv e n and who th e t o a s t m a s t e r
w i l l b e . A f t e r you have d i s c u s s e d th e program w i t h th e
t o a s t m a s t e r , c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e th e a g e n d a .
At th e m e e tin g , i f i t i s f e a s i b l e , o b t a i n th e names
of a l l the v i s i t o r s . C a ll th e m e e tin g to o r d e r r i g h t on th e
d o t of the m e e tin g t im e . D i r e c t th e p le d g e o f a l l e g i a n c e .
I n t r o d u c e a l l o f th e g u e s ts p r e s e n t . Then i f t h e r e i s to
be a b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n , c o n d u c t t h a t as o u t l i n e d i n c h a p t e r
t h r e e . A f t e r th e b u s i n e s s s e s s i o n , i n tr o d u c e th e t o a s t m a s t e r
f o r the e v e n in g upon th e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e g a v e l . At th e
c lo s e o f the s p e a k in g p rogram , r e c e i v e th e g a v e l and v o te by
b a l l o t on th e b e s t s p e a k e r o f th e e v e n in g . C a ll f o r th e
p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e cup by l a s t w eek’ s w in n e r. B rin g l a s t
m in u te n o t i c e s and announcem ents and a d jo u r n th e m e e tin g .
32
CHAPTER 6. VISITORS VIEWS
HOW TO ORIENT THE QUESTS PRESENT
P ro b a b ly th e m o st p l e a s a n t o c c a s io n s i n y o u r l i f e
o c c u r r e d i n an a tm o sp h e re of f r i e n d l i n e s s . T here i s some
t h i n g a b o u t a s i n c e r e h an d sh ak e and a g e n u in e ly f r i e n d l y
s m ile t h a t makes you g l a d t o be a ro u n d . I f t h e r e i s any
th in g t h a t w i l l make y o u r c lu b a p o p u l a r c lu b , t h i s i s i t
r o l l e d up i n t o one w ord: f r i e n d l i n e s s . The B ib le s a y s ,
"A man t h a t h a t h f r i e n d s m ust shew h i m s e l f f r i e n d l y . " T his
i s t r u e i n a l l o f l i f e as w e l l as i n c lu b l i f e . I f v i s i t o r s
a re w o rth s p o n s o r in g , t h e n t h e y a re c e r t a i n l y w o rth y of th e
b e s t a t t e n t i o n you can g iv e them . Remember, the b e s t c lu b
i s th e m ost p o p u l a r c lu b and th e m ost p o p u l a r c lu b i s th e
s h a r p e s t c lu b and t h e s h a r p e s t c lu b i s alw ays th e m ost
f r i e n d ly c l u b •
1 . How t o ch oose v i s i t o r s . T h is sounds l i k e a s i l l y
q u e s t i o n , b u t you w ould be s u r p r i s e d a t some o f th e s i l l y
s i t u a t i o n s t h a t m ig h t a r i s e from a s k in g a p e r s o n to be
y o u r g u e s t j u s t b e c a u se he i s a "good J o e . " F i r s t o f a l l ,
e v e r y g u e s t s h o u ld be s p o n s o r e d . T h a t means t h a t a member
has a sk e d him t o be h i s o r h e r g u e s t and t h a t he o r she i s
i n t e r e s t e d i n becoming a f u t u r e member. Of c o u rs e s p e c i a l
g u e s t s l i k e f a c u l t y members o r p a r e n t s n e ed n o t f i l l th e s e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . A p e r s o n s h o u ld n o t be e l i g i b l e f o r member-
33
s h ip u n t i l he h as b e e n a s p o n s o r e d g u e s t f o r a t l e a s t t h r e e
r e g u l a r m e e tin g s .
I t w o u l d n 't be a bad i d e a f o r t h e p r e s t i g e o f t h e c lu b
to g e t a few " w h e e ls ” i n t o th e m em bership e a r l y i n t h e game,
b u t d o n 't se e k o n ly th e im p o r ta n t p e o p le . A f t e r a l l , you
w i l l p r o b a b ly make y o u r own s e t o f "w h e els" a f t e r you g e t
s t a r t e d . Look f o r th e p e rs o n w ith l o t s of e n th u s ia s m and
s c h o o l s p i r i t who i s a t l e a s t i n t e r e s t e d i n th e a c t i v i t i e s
o f a T o a s t m a s t e r 's C lub. Do n o t l i m i t y o u r s e l f t o sc h o o l
o f f i c e r s e i t h e r . T ry to h i t a happy b a la n c e of a t h l e t e s ,
q u iz k i d s , m a le s and f e m a le s . N ever beg a p e r s o n t o j o i n ,
t h e r e i s no n eed f o r i t .
You sh o u ld ta k e i t upon y o u r s e l f t o s p o n s o r a t l e a s t
one g u e s t e v e r y s e m e s te r . These a r e u s u a l l y drawn from y o u r
own c i r c l e of f r i e n d s , b u t j u s t once t r y g o in g a f i e l d . Look
a ro u n d i n y o u r c l a s s e s o r o t h e r e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r g e t - t o g e t h e r s
f o r a p e r s o n who lo o k s and a c t s s h a r p enough to be an a s s e t
t o t h e c lu b and a sk him o r h e r t o be y o u r g u e s t a t t h e n e x t
m e e tin g . T his i s n o t o n ly a h e a l t h y way to g e t members, b u t
i t i s a l s o a good way t o keep c l i q u e s from fo rm in g . I t i s ,
i n c i d e n t a l l y , an e x c e l l e n t way t o make new f r i e n d s and
p o s s i b l y new d a t e s .
2 . How t o make v i s i t o r s g l a d t h e y came. F i r s t , we
s h o u ld a l l i n d i c a t e to th e v i s i t o r t h e f a c t t h a t we a re
3k-
s i n c e r e l y g l a d t h a t he too k th e t r o u b l e t o come, and t h a t we
a re I n t e r e s t e d enough i n him t o l e a r n h i s name, and th e n t o
remember i t . N o th in g i n f l a t e s th e ego any more th a n to h a v e
a s t r a n g e r remember y o u r name.
I t m ig h t be w e ll to f i n d o u t which o f th e members he
knows and t h e n have them s i t w ith him d u r in g th e m e e tin g .
T his alw ays s e t s a p e r s o n more a t e a s e and a u t o m a t i c a l l y
makes c o n v e r s a t i o n e a s i e r . A ll p u b l i c I n t r o d u c t i o n s a r e
a l i t t l e b i t e m b a rr a s s in g t o th e one who i s b e in g i n t r o
duced, so t h e p r e s i d e n t s h o u ld do t h i s as q u i c k l y and as
u n o b t r u s i v e l y a s p o s s i b l e . I n s t e a d o f h a v in g th e v i s i t o r
s t a n d (as i f to s a y a few w o rd s) l e t him g r u n t o r r a i s e h i s
h a n d .
The m ain t h i n g i s f o r you, the members, t o remember
how you f e l t (and p r o b a b l y s t i l l do) w henever you were a
v i s i t o r and on p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n .
3 . How t o be a f r i e n d i n d e e d . Be c a r e f u l to s p r e a d
y o u r s u n s h in e e v e n l y . N ever, u n d e r any c ir c u m s ta n c e s l e t
i t be s a i d of any T o a s tm a s te r t h a t he o r she I s a sn o b . Be
f r i e n d l y w ith e v ery b o d y , r e g a r d l e s s of r a c e , c o l o r and
c r e e d . T h is i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t , f o r i t i s much e a s i e r t o
l o s e a good r e p u t a t i o n th a n i t i s to g a in one.
C a rry y o u r f r i e n d l i n e s s w i t h you onto th e campus and
i n t o t h e c la s s ro o m e v ery d a y . Go o u t of, y o u r way t o sp e a k
35
t o th e v i s i t o r s you re c o g n iz e e v en i f you c a n n o t remember
t h e i r nam es. B oth of you w i l l be th e h a p p i e r f o r y o u r
e f f o r t s .
One s u re way t o le a v e a good im p r e s s io n on a g u e s t
i s t o sa y so m e th in g c o m p lim e n ta ry . Make s u r e i t i s a r e a l
com plim ent b e f o r e you open y o ur mouth th o u g h . N o th in g w i l l
f a l l any f l a t t e r t h a n an i n s i n c e r e co m p lim en t. Look f o r th e
good p o i n t s i n e v e r y p e r s o n t h a t you m e e t. I f you w i l l
alw ays do t h i s , l i f e w i l l be a l o t more p l e a s a n t , and you
w i l l have many more f r i e n d s th a n you e v e r dream ed p o s s i b l e .
ij.. How t o h e lp newcomers to l e a r n th e r o p e s . A f t e r
you h ave shown them y o u r f r i e n d s h i p and i n t e r e s t you may be
o f i n v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e to th e newcomer. He or she may
wonder what to w ear t o th e m e e tin g s b u t may be too b a s h f u l
to i n q u i r e . You can e a s i l y s to p t h e i r f e a r s and add to t h e i r
s e l f a s s u r a n c e a t the m ee tin g by m e re ly s u g g e s t i n g what you
p l a n to w ear, o r c a s u a l l y m e n tio n how m o st o f th e members
d r e s s a t su c h o c c a s i o n s . You can do so much good by a l i t t l e
s u b t l e p ro b in g i n t o su c h m a t t e r s . V o lu n te e r su c h in fo rm a
t i o n as what m ost o f th e p e o p le do b e f o r e or a f t e r the m e e t
in g , th e u s u a l p r o c e d u r e of th e m e e tin g s , how th e r o l l i s
c a l l e d or how v i s i t o r s a r e i n t r o d u c e d . I f you have any
m im eographed or d u p l i c a t e d m a t e r i a l a b o u t th e c lu b , th e n
s e e t h a t t h e y have i t . A copy of th e c o n s t i t u t i o n would
36
be a m ost i n f o r m a t i v e so u rc e of i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t th e c lu b .
I t would be a n e x c e l l e n t id e a t o b r i n g y o u r g u e s t
t o a s o c i a l m e e tin g f i r s t , o r a t l e a s t b e f o r e he comes up
f o r m em bership. Most p e o p le do b e t t e r i n s o c i a l s u rro u n d in g s
th a n i n an y o t h e r a tm o sp h e re . B oth th e v i s i t o r and the c lu b
members show o f f t o th e b e s t a d v a n ta g e w ith t h e i r h a i r
down.
Be c a r e f u l n o t t o o v e r-d o y o u r s p o n s o r s h ip to th e
p o i n t o f a c t i n g l i k e you know i t a l l . The g r e a t e s t p e o p le
i n t h i s w o rld a r e u s u a l l y th e m ost hum ble. So, b e h e l p
f u l , h o n e s t , h ap p y , h o s p i t a b l e , an d hum ble.
37
CHAPTER 7. CLUB CAPERS
HOW TO PLAN SOCIAL MEETINGS
I f you w ant y o u r c lu b t o have l o t s of s p a r k l e and
l i f e you had b e t t e r p l a n t o have some p a r t i e s . I f you
want y o u r c lu b t o g e t a s u p e r r e p u t a t i o n , be s u re t o i n
v i t e y o u r f r i e n d s t o t h e s e p a r t i e s . I f you w ant to have
l o t s o f fun, you g iv e y o u r f u l l s u p p o r t to th e s o c i a l com
m i t t e e . I f you w ant th e s e p a r t i e s t o be huge s u c c e s s e s ,
r o l l up y o u r s l e e v e s and g e t to w ork. I f you w ant to
d e v e lo p p o i s e and c o n f i d e n c e , v o l u n t e e r t o h e lp make a r r a n g e
m ents f o r o f f campus a c t i v i t i e s . I f you want b e t t e r h e a l t h ,
h e lp p l a n some s u p e r o u td o o r a f f a i r s . I f you want a good
t u r n o u t, a c t t h e p a r t of p u b l i c i t y a g e n t .
I f you want t o e l i m i n a t e a l o t of d i f f i c u l t i e s i n
p e rfo rm in g th e above a c t i v i t i e s , r e a d t h i s c h a p t e r .
1 . How to f i n d t h e m ost s a t i s f a c t o r y s o c i a l a c t i v i t y .
You s h o u ld p l a n t o have a s o c i a l m e e tin g once e v e r y m onth,
p r e f e r a b l y on th e same d a y - - l i k e th e t h i r d S a tu rd a y of e v e r y
s c h o o l m onth. W ith t h i s i n m ind, se n d s l i p s o f p a p e r a ro u n d
th e c lu b upon w h ic h e v e r y member s t a t e s h i s f i r s t , seco nd ,
and t h i r d c h o ic e o f ty p e s o f s o c i a l a c t i v i t y l i k e : swimming,
s k a t i n g and b e a c h p a r t y o r s p e c t a t o r s p o r t s , m u s ic a ls and
p l a y s . S o r t t h e s e s l i p s and c o u n t th e c a t e g o r i e s . Then
choo se th o s e a c t i v i t i e s d e s i r e d b y th e l a r g e s t num ber.
W ith t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s i n m ind, th e s o c i a l com m ittee
s h o u ld ta k e o v e r. You w i l l n e e d t o p la n f o r a d i f f e r e n t
s o c i a l enviro nm ent a t e a c h p a r t y a s w e l l as a c o m p le te ly
d i f f e r e n t ty p e o f a c t i v i t y . N a t u r a l l y , you m u st be ap
p r o p r i a t e . Don’ t p la n t o go swimming a t th e b e a c h i n
December. A n o th e r i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s the m a t t e r of
c o n v e n ie n c e . T h is ch an g e s c o n s i d e r a b l y w ith e v e r y c lu b . Do
m o st of y o u r members have a c c e s s t o c a rs ? I f n o t , a s t r e e t
c a r r i d e w i t h a gang i s l o a d s o f f u n . A good r u l e t o f o l lo w
i s t o be c o n s e r v a t i v e i n e v e r y t h i n g you d o . D on’ t p l a n to
have a b a n q u e t a t C i r o ’s u n l e s s you know f o r a f a c t t h a t
e v e ry p e r s o n i n th e c lu b can a f f o r d i t . The co m m ittee sh o u ld
t r y t o keep an open mind on what k in d o f p a r t i e s t o h a v e .
Too many s o c i a l com m ittees ta k e to th e l e a s t l i n e o f
r e s i s t a n c e and p l a n d a n c e s - - n o th i n g m ore. A h o r s e b a c k r i d e
to an open f i r e d b a rb e c u e i n th e h i l l s can be a v e ry s a t i s
f y in g e v e n t . Even a p i c n i c b i c y c l e t r i p s can be lo a d s o f
fu n on b r i g h t s u n s h in y d a y s . A b r e a k f a s t m e e tin g i s ev en an
i n t e r e s t i n g e x p e r i e n c e f o r th e s e a s o n e d T o a s tm a s te r .
Be su re to have a t l e a s t two T o a s tm a s te r b a n q u e ts a
s e m e s te r . One i n i t i a t i o n d i n n e r a t w hich t h o s e b e in g
i n i t i a t e d s p e a k , and one s e n i o r b a n q u e t a t w hich th o s e who
a r e g r a d u a t i n g s p e a k .
I t i s a l s o w ise t o make one o r two of th e r e g u l a r
m e e tin g s i n t o s o c i a l a f f a i r s b y h o ld in g them i n a r e s t a u r a n t
39
i n s t e a d o f on th e campus.
2 . How t o f i n d out th e r i g h t tim e f o r th e a f f a i r .
Vote t o f i n d th e tim e a g r e e a b le t o m o st b y c o u n tin g hands..
W eek-end days o r n i g h t s are u s u a l l y b e s t on a l l a c c o u n ts .
I t makes p a r e n t s h a p p i e r , and the freed o m of unencum bered
days makes f o r much more e n th u s ia s m . F in d o u t a b o u t t h e
a v a i l a b i l i t y of c h a p e ro n e s (some p a r e n t s a re more f u n th a n
t h e i r k i d s ) from th e members p r e s e n t . O b ta in th e a p p r o v a l
o f th e s p o n s o r and w ho ev er e l s e may have a v o ic e i n the
m a t t e r . At th e f o l lo w in g m e e tin g v o te on the t im e . An o f
f i c i a l n o t i c e s h o u ld be made a t e v e r y m e e tin g c o n c e rn in g
th e p r o g r e s s of the n e x t s o c i a l .
3 . How t o f i n d th e b e s t p l a c e t o m e e t . Of c o u rs e ,
th e ty p e of a c t i v i t y ch o sen i s th e c r i t e r i o n f o r th e p l a c e
t o g o . Make a l i s t o f a l l th e a v a i l a b l e s p o ts f o r th e s o c i a l
d e c id e d upon and d e t e m i n e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t r a n s p o r t a
t i o n . I t m ight be a good i d e a to s u r v e y t h e c lu b f o r s u g
g e s t e d m e e tin g p l a c e s . Who knows, somebody m ig h t have a r i c h
u n c le w i t h a swimming p o o l o r a y a c h t? Always make y o u r
c h o ic e f o r th e sa k e o f c o n v e n ie n c e r a t h e r t h a n d e s i r a b i l i t y ,
u n l e s s a rra n g e m e n ts c a n be made t o s a t i s f y b o th .
Make a l l a rra n g e m e n ts w e ll ah ead o f t im e . F i n a n c i a l
m a t t e r s sh o u ld be c o m p le te ly t a k e n c a re o f b e f o r e hand u n l e s s
i t i s a p e r s o n by p e r s o n a f f a i r , and th e n i t would be w e ll
t o s e t t l e i t b e f o r e h a n d . Look i n t o e v e ry p h a se o f t h e
s h i n d i g . F o r i n s t a n c e , many b e a c h p a r t i e s have f a i l e d t o
g e t a f i r e p e r m i t .
It.. How t o a s s u r e a good tim e f o r a l l . I t i s w ise
to s p r e a d o u t th e work b y g i v in g e v e r y p e r s o n so m e th in g t o
do. T h is a l s o makes e a c h p e r s o n f e e l more a p a r t of th e
e v e n t and adds to t h e i r t o t a l en jo y m en t.
Always p r o v id e so m e th in g to e a t o r d r i n k . Our c u l t u r e
demands some s o r t of r e f r e s h m e n t a s th e earm ark of s o c i a l
a c t i v i t y . I t I s am azing how w e ll some o f th e g i r l s c an
cook. Why n o t make u s e o f some of t h i s l o c a l t a l e n t .
W hile on th e s u b j e c t , why n o t ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f l o c a l
t a l e n t to p r o v i d e e n t e r t a i n m e n t l i k e : a s k i t or humorous
s p e e c h a t a p a r t y , a s t o r y t e l l e r on a hay r i d e , w a te r games
a t the p o o l , a n a t u r a l i s t on a h i k e , a u k e l e l e a t th e b e a c h ,
and a q u a r t e t a t a b a n q u e t. Such t a l e n t c o u ld n o t h e lp b u t
l i v e n any e v e n t .
D o n 't f o r g e t to i n v i t e y o u r p r o s p e c t i v e m embers. Give
them a chance t o see you w i t h y o u r h a i r down.
Above a l l , go w ith th e e x p e c t a t i o n o f h a v in g a good
tim e so -th a t i f you d o n 't i t w i l l n o t b e y o u r f a u l t .
kl
PART I I I . "LADIES AND GENTLEMEN"
HOW TO BE A GOOD PUBLIC SPEAKER
"The tim e h a s come th e w a lru s s a i d , t o sp eak of
many t h i n g s , ” and you as a T o a s tm a s te r w i l l wonder w hat
t h i n g s , how t o sa y them and how to s t o p y o u r k n e e s from
k n o c k in g a b o o g ie b e a t t o t h e rhythm o f y o u r f a l t e r i n g
p u l s e and th e tu n e o f y o u r w a v erin g v o i c e . You d o n f t
c a r e what t h e w a lru s s a i d , a l l you want i s a g l a s s of
w a te r and a l a r g e h o le to c raw l i n t o .
I f t h i s i s t r u e o f you, l e t y o u r e y e b a l l s w ander,
o v e r th e f o l lo w in g p a r t and you w i l l have no qualm s when
you s t e p up t o sa y ,
"LADIES AND GENTLEMEN”
CHAPTER 8. CONFIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
HOW TO OVERCOME STAGE FRIGHT
Have you e v e r s e e n a p e r f e c t l y c a p a b le I n d i v i d u a l
w i t h g r e a t p h y s i c a l s ta m in a and a v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t mind
n e a r l y go t o p i e c e s m e re ly b e c a u se he was s t a n d i n g i n f r o n t
o f an a u d ie n ce ? T h is may even be a d e s c r i p t i o n o f you u n d e r
s i m i l a r c ir c u m s ta n c e s . S ta g e f r i g h t c a n be one of th e m ost
e x c r u c i a t i n g m a la d ie s of y o u r whole l i f e o r i t may be t u r n e d
i n t o c h a n n e ls of v e ry c o n s t r u c t i v e a i d t o you a s a p u b l i c
s p e a k e r . E x p e rim e n ts a r e b e in g made now a t th e U n i v e r s i t y
o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a i n an a t t e m p t to s c i e n t i f i c a l l y
d ia g n o s e s t a g e f r i g h t and t o d e te rm in e t o w hat e x t e n t i t
can be c o n s t r u c t i v e l y u s e d . C o n s t r u c t i v e l y u s e d l you s a y .
Many s p e a k e r s w ould be a b s o l u t e duds were i t n o t f o r the
f a c t t h a t t h e y a re s c a r e d to d e a th b e f o r e t h e y s t a r t to
sp e a k . P ro b a b ly th e f i n e s t example o f a n o b le s p e a k e r who
u s e d s t a g e f r i g h t t o a d v a n ta g e was th e l a t e P r e s i d e n t o f th e
U n ite d S t a t e s , F r a n k l i n D. R o o s e v e lt.
S e l f - c o n f i d e n c e , c o m p le te p o i s e , v o ic e c o n t r o l ,
n a t u r a l n e s s a re a l l s i g n s of a good s p e a k e r , and n o t s i g n s
o f s t a g e f r i g h t to m ost p e o p l e . Do n o t be to o s u r e . You
may have a l l o f t h e s e . I t i s l i k e h a v in g y ou r cake and
e a t i n g i t to o .
1 . How t o i d e n t i f y s t a g e f r i g h t . I t i s b e s t t o
43
i d e n t i f y s t a g e f r i g h t by exam inin g y o u r s e l f j u s t b e f o r e i t
i s y o u r t u r n to sp e a k i n p u b l i c . Many symptoms a re ob viou s
and o b s e rv a b le i n o t h e r s , h ow ev er. The f i r s t ch an ges a r e
i n t e r n a l . The h e a r t b e a t s more r a p i d l y , th e palm s of th e
hand p e r s p i r e o r p e rh a p s t h e whole body b re a k s o u t i n a c o ld
s w e a t. The d i g i t s may become shaky and the t h r o a t t i g h t e n s
u p . By t h i s tim e th e symptoms a re o bvio u s t o th e m ost
c a s u a l o b s e r v e r . T h is i s when you w ant a h o le to f a l l i n t o .
Now i s th e tim e t o t a k e s t o c k o f y o u r s e l f . Ask y o u r s e l f ,
’’Why am I so s c a r e d ? 1 1 You may o r may n o t be a b le to p u t
your f i n g e r on i t b u t t h i s i s e s s e n t i a l l y why: T here are
p e o p le o u t t h e r e and you a r e a f r a i d t h a t you w i l l do some
t h i n g t h a t w i l l make you seem f o o l i s h and one t o be la u g h e d
a t o r p i t i e d . The whole t r o u b l e i s t h a t you a r e w o r r ie d
a b o u t you and w hat t h e y t h i n k a b o u t you. Your t r o u b l e i s ,
you, y o u r s e l f and you.
2. How t o g e t r i d of the symptoms o f s t a g e f r i g h t .
The f i r s t s t e p i s to g e t l o s t b r o t h e r ! F o r g e t y o u r s e l f and
t h in k o f w hat i t i s t h a t you a re up t h e r e f o r . I f i t i s j u s t
to se e y o u r s e l f b e f o r e th e p u b l i c ey e, y o u ’d b e t t e r s t e p
down. I f i t i s j u s t to h e a r y o u r s e l f r a t t l e , y o u 'd b e t t e r
s t e p down. I f i t i s b e c a u s e you w ant to im p re ss th e a u d ie n c e
w ith your a b i l i t y o r wisdom, you w i l l im p re ss them a l l r i g h t
and a g a i n y o u ’d b e t t e r s t e p down. But i f t h e r e i s som eth in g
t h a t you w ant to t e l l th e a u d ie n c e , and you w ant th e a u d ie n c e
to g e t th e p o i n t , t h e n by a l l means t h i n k of what you a r e
t r y i n g t o do. That i s th e im p o r ta n t t h i n g . T e l l them what
you want them t o know j u s t as c l e a r l y and as d i r e c t l y as you
p o s s i b l y c a n . I f you can l o s e y o u r s e l f i n t h e c o n t e n t s o f
y o u r sp e e c h you have won h a l f th e b a t t l e .
S to p l e t t i n g y our lu n g s breakdow n y o u r m o ra le . Take
deep b r e a t h s and f i l l y o u r lu n g s w i t h oxygen. Don’ t o ver
do t h i s and t a k e too much, b e cau se i t m ig h t make you a c t
a l i t t l e ty p s y . J u s t make s u r e you a r e n ’t b r e a t h i n g s h o r t
s h a llo w b r e a t h s .
Then t r y l e t t i n g a l l of y o u r m u sc le s s a g . You can
do t h i s w ith o u t b e in g o b v io u s . Very s lo w ly m uscle by m uscle
r e l a x u n t i l you f e e l l i k e a sa c k o f w et f l o u r . A b i g yawn
w i l l do wonders to a t i g h t e n e d up t h r o a t . A ll o f th e s e
t h in g s can be done on th e s p e a k e r s p l a t f o r m .
I t m ig h t be w e l l , i f you a r e a l l t e n se d up an h o u r
o r so a h e a d of tim e to do so m e th in g s t r e n u o u s l i k e ru n
aro u n d th e b lo c k o r do tw e n ty p u s h - u p s . And i f you have th e
tim e a h o t b a t h w i l l s o o th e the n e r v e s im m e asu ra b ly . Most
i m p o r t a n t o f a l l , th o u g h i s th e a d v ic e : g e t l o s t b r o t h e r i
3 . How to d e v elo p p o i s e and s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e . The
p e rs o n who has p o i s e and s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e b e f o r e and a u d ie n c e
can be d e s c r i b e d b y one w o r d - n a t u r a l . There i s a trem endous
e f f e c t i n s e e in g a p e r f e c t l y n a t u r a l a c t i n g p e r s o n i n a
p o s i t i o n t h a t no human b e in g s f i n d n a t u r a l . He h as an e x
tr e m e l y g r a t i f y i n g e f f e c t upon h i s a u d ie n c e . They f e e l a t
e a s e and c o m f o r ta b le i n r e s p o n s e t o h i s e v e r y rem ark and
g e s t u r e . ' T his i s e x c e l l e n t u n l e s s he p u ts them t o s l e e p .
(More of t h i s l a t e r . ) T here i s one t h i n g t h a t w i l l d e v e lo p
s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e more th a n a n y th in g e l s e . T hat i s to have
a v e ry good i d e a o f w h at you a r e g o in g t o s a y . Not t o be
s u r e you have m em orized y o u r s p e e c h , b u t t h a t you have a
v e r y good i d e a of what you a re g o in g t o s a y . G et t h e m ain
p o i n t s of y o u r s p e e c h f i r m l y im bedded i n y our mind and know
them . I f n e c e s s a r y memorize th e s e m ain i d e a s i n t h e i r o r d e r ,
so t h a t you have a s o l i d fram ew ork on w hich t o hang y o u r
s u p p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l s . Then s a y y o u r sp e e c h out lo u d tim e
and tim e a g a i n . You may a l t e r I t e v e r y tim e . I f you have
done t h i s , and n o t m em orized a s you go a lo n g , your s p e e c h
w i l l f i t i n much more n a t u r a l l y and you w i l l have th e s e l f -
c o n fid e n c e t h a t comes fro m h a v in g a v e ry good i d e a o f what
you a re g o in g to s a y . I f you know j u s t e x a c t l y what you a re
g o in g t o s a y you w i l l sound s t i f f and i t w i l l n o t r i n g t r u e
when you d e l i v e r i t . A n o th e r b ad p o i n t i n m em orizing i s t h a t
i f you g e t o f f the t r a c k , t h a t ’s a l l b r o t h e r . You h a d j u s t
as w e l l be a d i e s e l e n g in e i n d e s e r t s a n d . Why n o t tak e a
n i c e w ide r o a d t h a t h a s many la n e s ?
I4 .. How t o ta k e a d v a n ta g e of y o u r s ta g e f r i g h t .
Remember t h a t n a t u r e h a s p u t you t o g e t h e r so t h a t you j u s t
n a t u r a l l y ta k e c a re o f y o u r s e l f . You b l i n k when so m e th in g
t h r e a t e n s y o u r e y e s . You p e r s p i r e when you n e e d t o c ool
o f f . I n j u s t s u c h a m anner y o u r h e a r t b e a t s f a s t e r when
you ru n a r a c e . So n a t u r e p u ts us on o u r t o e s when we g e t
s c a r e d o r e x c i t e d . Famous a c t o r s have s a i d t h a t th e y would
le a v e th e s ta g e on t h e day t h a t th e y f a i l e d t o be s c a r e d
b e c a u s e t h a t i s what s p a r k s them i n t o wide awake a c t i n g .
The a d r e n a l i n p o u re d i n t o ou r v e in s s h a r p e n s o u r p e r c e p t i o n ,
makes us b e t t e r e q u ip p e d to h a n d le t h e job o f sn a p p in g th e
a u d ie n c e out of t h e i r l e t h a r g y (w hich i s t h e t r u e c o n d i t i o n
of a lm o s t a l l a u d ie n c e s ) and i n t o a s t a t e o f t e n s i o n , or
s u s p e n s e , o r l a u g h t e r , o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o r , b e s t o f a l l
a c t i o n . B e lie v e me, i t i s f a r b e t t e r to be s c a r e d t h a n t o
be s l e e p y .
Make u s e o f th e e x c e s s bounce a n d e n e rg y t h a t you
have t o l i v e n up your t a l k and s t i m u l a t e i n t e r e s t from y o u r
a u d ie n c e . Make u se of g e s t u r e s , d o n ’t be a bump on a l o g ,
move arou nd l e t them know you a r e a l i v e . By g e s t u r e s I
d o n ’ t mean w ild and m e a n in g le s s m o tio n s th r o u g h th e a i r .
Make e v e r y movement c o tin t. I f you have ch o sen a s u b j e c t
t h a t you a re i n t e r e s t e d i n enough t o l o s e y o u r s e l f i n i t
th e g e s t u r e s w i l l come a lm o st n a t u r a l l y .
I t i s som etim es v e r y e f f e c t i v e and s a l u t a r y to s t a r t
w i t h a joke or humorous s t a t e m e n t . I f i t i s r e l e v a n t t o th e
r e s t o f 'the s p e e c h , i t w i l l make t h e a u d ie n c e l i k e you
b e c a u s e you made them la u g h and f e e l good and i t g i v e s you
an o p p o r t u n i t y to v i v i d l y e x p lo d e some of y o u r p e n t up energy*
Two t h in g s you m ust remember c o n c e rn in g t h e m a t t e r of
s t a g e f r i g h t : ; One .i s t o f o r g e t y o u r s e l f and t h in k a b o u t
w hat you a r e s a y i n g . The o t h e r i s t o th a n k y o u r lu c k y s t a r s
f o r th e a d r e n a l i n i n y o u r b l o o d a n d make u se o f i t .
lj.8
CHAPTER 9« PUBLIC PERCEPTION
HOW TO CHOOSE AND DEVELOP SUBJECTS FOR PUBLIC PRESENTATION
We have a l l h a d th e e x p e r ie n c e o f h e a r i n g a s p e a k e r
who was v e r y s k i l l e d i n th e way he s a i d t h i n g s , whose
g e s t u r e s were p e r f e c t , who had h i s a u d ie n c e i n t h e palm o f
h i s h a n d - - f o r a s e c o n d . Then came th e f a i n t n o t i o n t h a t he
was f l o u n d e r i n g a b o u t . Then you became r e s t l e s s , a n d b y the
tim e he s a t down you w ere s u r e t h a t he was j u s t a bag of
w in d . T his h appened b e c a u se he d i d n o t m easure th e a p p ro
p r i a t e n e s s o f h i s s p e e c h t o the o c c a s io n o r th e a u d ie n c e . He
d i d n o t n a rro w h i s s u b j e c t o r p u t o v e r one p o i n t i n s t e a d o f
many, and he spoke to o lo n g . A ll o f t h e s e c o u ld have been
p r e v e n t e d h ad he s to p p e d t o a n a ly z e th e s i t u a t i o n f o r j u s t a
m in u te o r tw o.
I f you a d a p t y o u r s p e e c h to th e s i t u a t i o n you w i l l be
g r e a t l y rew ard e d i n t e r n s of b e t t e r s p e e c h e s , and the s a t i s
f a c t i o n and s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e t h a t comes from knowing t h a t your
s p e e c h ’’f i t s . ” I f t h e whole sp e a k in g program h as b e e n so
p la n n e d , th e c lu b i t s e l f w i l l b a s k i n th e r e f l e c t e d g l o r y of
a r i c h , t a s t y and a p p r o p r i a t e e v e n in g o f e x c e l l e n t t o p i c s .
1 . How t o cho o se a s u b j e c t . T h a t ’ s sim p le you say?
Don’ t k i d y o u r s e l f . T h is i s t h e m ost d i f f i c u l t p a r t of
p u b l i c s p e a k in g . I f you go t o th e p a in s of v e r y c a r e f u l l y
c h o o sin g y o u r s u b j e c t , t h e r e s t o f i t w i l l come v e ry e a s i l y
4 - 9
b e c a u se th e s u b j e c t you have c h o se n i s a ’’n a t u r a l ” and seems
t o f i t i n such a re m a rk a b le way t h a t you c o u ld s p e a k on i t
im p ro m ptly i f n e c e s s a r y . T h is s h o u ld be y o u r g o a l .
F i r s t you w i l l n e e d t o c o n s i d e r th e a u d ie n c e . What
m o ti v a te s them? What i s i t t h a t t h e y l i v e f o r more th a n
any th in g e l s e ? T h is may be d e te rm in e d by many f a c t o r s su c h
as a g e , se x , and s t a t u s i n l i f e . For i n s t a n c e , you know t h a t
a l l T o a s t m a s t e r ’ s f a l l b e tw ee n th e ag es o f a p p r o x im a te ly
f i f t e e n and e i g h t e e n , t h a t th e y a r e a l l s t u d e n t s , and t h a t
th e y a re a l l p r e t t y much i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e same t h i n g s you
a r e . You know t h a t g i r l s a re i n t e r e s t e d i n boys and t h a t
boys a r e m i l d l y i n t e r e s t e d i n g i r l s . I f you choose a s u b j e c t
l i k e ”How t o make e v e r y d a te a huge s u c c e s s ” you w ould
p r o b a b ly have a good s u b j e c t f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . Your
a u d ie n c e i s v i t a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n th e t o p i c ; th e y hope to
p i c k up some new i d e a s ; and a t t e n t i o n w i l l b e v e r y good
u n l e s s you d i s a p p o i n t them a t t h e b e g in n i n g . A n o th er r e a s o n
t h a t makes t h i s a good t o p i c i s t h a t you a re i n t e r e s t e d i n
th e s u b j e c t y o u r s e l f .
What i f you had to sp e a k b e f o r e t h e P .T .A ., though?
Would t h i s sp e e c h b e a p p r o p r i a t e ? No, on two a c c o u n ts . One
i s t h a t i t would no l o n g e r s u i t t h e a u d ie n c e . The o t h e r i s
t h a t i s w ou ld no l o n g e r s u i t th e o c c a s io n . Even th e same
a u d ie n c e c hanges f o r d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s . The above t o p i c
would be good f o r s t u d e n t s I n g e n e r a l , b u t would I t be
50
a p p r o p r i a t e a t a b a n q u e t when e v e r y body t h e r e was w i t h a
d a te ? No. An e n t e r t a i n i n g sp e e c h would be b e t t e r a t t h i s
o c c a s io n t h a n a s p e e c h to in fo rm .
A n o th e r common e r r o r i n c h o o sin g a to p ic i s t h a t th e
s p e a k e r does n o t c o n s i d e r th e tim e e le m e n t. You c a n n o t
d i s c u s s , f o r i n s t a n c e , th e l i f e of Abraham L in c o ln i n two
m in u te s . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , you c o u l d n 't do a good job
o f i t i n two h o u r s . By th e same to k e n , i t w ould be s i l l y
t o ta k e te n m in u te s to p u l l a p u n .
Along t h i s same l i n e , you s h o u ld be c a r e f u l n o t t o
choose a b ro a d s u b j e c t t h a t c o v e rs many i t e m s . You m ust
c o n c e n t r a t e on one o f two p o i n t s . T ry t o r e a l l y p u t o v e r a
co u p le o f p o i n t s s o l i d l y r a t h e r t h a n t o amble from one t o
a n o t h e r . N o th in g i s more d i s a p p o i n t i n g , c o n s c i o u s l y and un
c o n s c i o u s l y , t o an a u d ie n c e th a n a p o i n t l e s s , p u r p o s e l e s s
s p e e c h . I f you d o n 't have a n y th in g t o sa y , d o n 't s a y i t .
I t I s e a s y to r e c o g n i z e a bag of w in d .
2. How to a n a ly z e th e a u d ie n c e and o c c a s i o n . T here
a r e many f a c t o r s to c o n s i d e r when p la n n in g a s p e e c h , a l l o f
them i m p o r t a n t and a l l of them i n s e p a r a b l e . The l a s t
s e c t i o n m e n tio n e d a g e , s e x , and s t a t u s I n l i f e . Most
a u d ie n c e s a r e a m ix tu r e o f a l l o f t h e s e . Even i n T o a s t m a s t e r 's
you have a m ix tu r e o f s m a ll d e g r e e . You m ust t h in k i n te r m s
o f m a j o r i t i e s . S m a lle r f a c t o r s l i k e g e o g r a p h i c a l b a c k
51
g ro u n d , r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n s , p o l i t i c a l p r e f e r e n c e s and
ec.onomic b a c k g ro u n d and v o c a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s a r e l i k e w i s e
a l l im p o r ta n t i n f l u e n c e s upon th e t h i n k i n g o f p e o p le . I f
you s p e a k s o u t h of th e Mason and D ixon L in e , you a r e p r e t t y
s u r e to have th e same r e s u l t s t a l k i n g a b o u t th e m i s i n t e r p r e t a
t i o n s of H e r b e r t Hoover as you w ould to s p e a k o f t h e s u c c e s s
o f th e New D e a le r s i n M aine.
The s i z e of the au d ie n ce i s a n o th e r v e r y i m p o r t a n t
i te m . I f y o u r sp e ec h demands th e u se o f g e s t u r e s , you
h a d b e t t e r p l a n them c a r e f u l l y . A w ig g le o f t h e f i n g e r
may be a d r o l l movement t o a s m a ll a u d ie n c e , w h i l e a l a r g e
a u d ie n c e w o u l d n 't even s e e i t . One o f th e s i l l i e s t s i g h t s
you can e v e r s e e i s a d r a m a tic o r a t o r u s in g l a r g e arm sweep
in g g e s t u r e s on a s m a ll a u d ie n c e .
I t i s a ls o im p o r t a n t t o know w here you a re g o in g t o
s p e a k . I f i t i s o u td o o r s , w i l l t h e r e be a c o v e rin g o f any
s o r t . W ill i t be i n th e coo l sh ade of a g ro v e o f sycam ores
o r w i l l i t be i n th e b l i s t e r i n g h o t sun w ith th e a u d ie n c e
s i t t i n g on u n c o m fo rta b le b l e a c h e r s . I f i t i s th e l a t t e r ,
you h ad b e t t e r be b r i e f and t o th e p o i n t . Make i t as c o o l
and sw e e t as p o s s i b l e .
3 . How to f i t th e s u b j e c t t o th e a u d i e n c e . E v ery
s p e e c h s h o u ld be g iv e n f o r a d e f i n i t e p u r p o s e . B e fo re you
do a n y th in g e l s e , s i t down and d e c id e what you w ant to do
52
to or f o r t h e a u d ie n c e . Do you want t o i n t e r e s t or e n t e r t a i n
them? Do you p l a n to in fo rm them? Do you w ant to g e t them
a l l f i r e d up a b o u t som eth ing ? Do you hope to change t h e i r
m inds? P la n y o u r s p e e c h t o do so m e th in g t o the a u d ie n c e .
N ever t a l k t o h e a r y o u r s e l f r a t t l e . Have a p u rp o s e !
I f you p la n t o do som ethin g t o th e a u d ie n c e you w i l l
n e e d t o a f f e c t them somehow. The b e s t way t o do t h i s i s to
be p e r s o n a l and d i r e c t . B u ild a g ro u n d o f common i n t e r e s t .
R e la te w h a te v e r you a re t a l k i n g a b o u t t o t h e i r own p e r s o n a l
problem s or e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t i e s . G et them t o se e th e m se lv e s
i n th e l i g h t o f what you a re s a y i n g . A good way to do t h i s
i s t o s p r i n k l e y o u r sp e e c h w ith q u e s t i o n s d i r e c t e d t o th e
a u d ie n c e . A pply im m ediate and l o c a l s i t u a t i o n s . F o r i n
s t a n c e , i n a T o a s t m a s t e r ’ s m e e tin g you m ig h t make u se o f a
l o c a l e x p e r ie n c e l i k e , "Tomorrow we a l l r e c e i v e g ra d e s on
o u r r e p o r t c a r d s , t h i n k now how you would f e e l i f e v e r y
g ra d e on t h a t c a rd lo o k e d l i k e th e s i x t h l e t t e r o f th e
a l p h a b e t ? " Maybe th e Chamber o f Commerce w i l l a sk y o u r
c lu b t o b r i n g a s p e a k in g p rog ram to one o f t h e i r m e e ti n g s .
T h e re , you m ig h t s a y so m eth in g l i k e , "Our c i t y r e c e n t l y h e l d
an e l e c t i o n . What would you t h i n k i f I s a i d t h a t a l l of
th e c i t i e s ’ o f f i c e s b o u g h t t h e i r s u c c e s s a t th e p o l l s ? " I
d a re say th e y w ould s i t up and l i s t e n t o t h e r e s t o f y o u r
s p e e c h .
A humorous a n e c d o te i s a s u p e r way o f t y i n g th e
53
a u d ie n c e to y o u r s p e e c h i f i t i s v e ry r e l e v a n t to th e p l a c e
and o c c a s i o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e h ead o f a gro u p t h a t had
j u s t f i n i s h e d a f i n e p i e c e o f work was b e in g h o n o re d . He
s a i d , * * I f e e l l i k e th e f l e a t h a t w h is p e re d i n t o th e e le p h a n t s
e a r a f t e r t h e y c r o s s e d th e b r i d g e - - ’ Boy we s u r e shook t h a t
one, d i d n ’ t w e ? '"
Above a l l e l s e , remember t h a t you a re t a l k i n g t o t h a t
a u d ie n c e f o r a p u r p o s e . Do e v e r y t h in g t o and f o r t h a t
a u d ie n c e you can to have t h a t a u d ie n c e re s p o n d t o y o u r
sp e e c h i n o r d e r t o f u l f i l l th e p u r p o s e .
The a u d ie n c e i s i m p o r t a n t - - n o t you.
Jj. How t o f i n d m a t e r i a l s . R eal l i f e s i t u a t i o n s are
f a r s u p e r i o r t o a n y th in g you w i l l f i n d i n any book. F i r s t
o f a l l lo o k i n t o y o u r own e x p e r i e n c e s f o r i n f o r m a ti o n
b e f o r e you go t o th e l i b r a r y . P e r i o d i c a l s a re u s u a l l y
b e t t e r and more v i v i d th a n b o o k s . C o n s u lt th e R eaders G uide
t o P e r i o d i c a l L i t e r a t u r e f o r a w e a l t h o f i n f o r m a t i o n on m ost
any t o p i c . R a d io , t e l e v i s i o n and the m ovies s e r v e as good
models' o f l i v e l y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r s p e e c h e s . A lso t a l k to
p e o p l e , - - s h o r t p e o p le , t h i n p e o p le , i n t e l l i g e n t p e o p le ,
s t u d e n t s , a u t h o r i t i e s , c h a r a c t e r s . P eo p le a re th e m ost
i n t e r e s t i n g c r e a t u r e s on th e f a c e of th e g l o b e . I f y o u r
i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e rn s p e o p le i t i s more a p t t o be a l i v e .
Your v e r y l a s t r e s o r t s h o u ld be t o books and e n c y c lo p e d ia s .
51 * .
Chances a r e , i f t h e l a t t e r a r e y o u r o n ly s o u r c e s , y o u r
s p e e c h w i l l be d u l l and l i f e l e s s .
5« How t o p r e p a r e th e s p e e c h . A f t e r you have
a n a ly z e d th e s i t u a t i o n , fo u n d y o u r tim e l i m i t a t i o n , and
ch o sen th e t o p i c , you a re re a d y to d e c id e what you w ant to
do w i t h i t . I s i t g o in g to be f o r p u r p o s e s of e n t e r t a i n i n g
th e a u d ie n c e , humorous or s a t i r i c a l ? Do you w ant t o in fo rm
them o r p e rs u a d e them . A f t e r t h e p u rp o s e I s d e f i n i t e l y
e s t a b l i s h e d , you w i l l p r o b a b ly have t o n a rro w y o u r t o p i c
down t o one o r two p o i n t s . W rite th e s e down i n o u t l i n e
form a s th e c o n c l u s i o n . Then go b a ck to th e i n t r o d u c t i o n
and p u t i n an a t t e n t i o n - g e t t e r , l i k e a jo k e o r a s t a r t l i n g
s ta te m e n t o r a q u e s t i o n , a l l p e r t i n e n t to th e t o p i c . Then
make th e body b u i l d up t o th e l o g i c a l c o n c lu s io n a l r e a d y
down on p a p e r . T his p r o c e d u re w i l l keep you from w an d erin g
a l l o v e r and s a y in g v e ry l i t t l e t h a t r e l a t e s t o th e s u b j e c t ,
w hich i s so m e th in g t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l p o o r s p e a k e r s d o .
There a r e many form s of s u p p o r t t h a t you may f i l l i n t o t h i s
o u t l i n e , s u c h a s : i l l u s t r a t i o n s , d e t a i l s o r f u r t h e r ex
p l a n a t i o n s , humorous i n c i d e n t s , f i g u r e s and q u o t a t i o n s . A ll
o f th e s e a r e t h e e m b e llis h m e n ts t h a t add i n t e r e s t and l i f e
to t h e r e a l m eat o f t h e sp e e c h w hich you have em bodied i n t o
th e o u t l i n e .
Many p r o f e s s i o n a l s p e a k e r s have a r e g u l a r r e p e r t o r y
o f s to c k s p e e c h e s w h ich th e y change o n ly s l i g h t l y from one
a u d ie n c e to th e n e x t, and y e t t h e y a re s u c c e s s f u l . T h is i s
b e c a u se th e y keep th e same fram ework o r o u t l i n e and p u t up
th e same m ain i d e a s so t h a t i t does have a r e a l s t o r y to
t e l l , b u t t h e y make th e e m b e llis h m e n ts p e r t i n e n t to t h e i r
a u d ie n c e . When you g e t t o th e p l a c e w here you can do t h i s ,
you w i l l know v e ry w e l l how to choose and d e v elo p s u b j e c t s
f o r p u b l i c p r e s e n t a t i o n .
56
CHAPTER 10. SPEAKER SUPERLATIVE
HOW TO SPEAK WELL BEFORE OTHERS
Think a b o u t a l l o f th e p e o p le you know who have t h a t
i n t a n g i b l e so m e th in g c a l l e d p r e s t i g e . Chances a r e t h a t you
t h i n k o f them i n th e p o s i t i o n o f a p u b l i c s p e a k e r . Any
famous p e rs o n on th e f a c e o f th e g lo b e c an p a c k th e house
b e c a u se p e o p le t h in k t h a t he m ust have so m e th in g to s a y . By
th e same to k e n p u b l i c s p e a k e r s who a r e s u c c e s s f u l assume th e
e arm ark s o f one who i s a p e r s o n o f no mean a b i l i t y , r e g a r d
l e s s of what he does f o r a l i v i n g . His s t a t u s i n l i f e
assum es h e i g h t .
I t i s v e ry t r u e t h a t you can g e t a lo n g m ost anywhere
i f you a r e a b le t o s p e a k w e ll b e f o r e an a u d ie n c e . You w i l l
be i n g r e a t demand i n b o th s o c i a l and b u s i n e s s c i r c l e s . You
w i l l have g r e a t e r s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e and a s e n s e of r e a l
p e r s o n a l a ch iev e m e n t a t t h e c o n c lu s io n o f e v e r y t a l k you
make i n p u b l i c .
In t h e l i g h t o f th e s e re w a r d s , and by v i r t u e o f y ou r
m em bership i n J u n i o r T o a s tm a s te r s you may w e ll be p ro u d of
w hat you have done t h u s f a r and sh o u ld c o n tin u e w i t h g r e a t e r
d e t e r m i n a t i o n th a n e v e r i n y our e f f o r t s t o sp eak w e ll b e f o r e
o t h e r s .
1 . How t o im prove y o u r p r e s e n t s p e a k in g a b i l i t y .
ffRome was n o t b u i l t i n a d a y ." You have b e en s p e a k in g f o r
57
a p p ro x im a te ly f i f t e e n y e a r s . You have p r o b a b ly g iv e n i t
l i t t l e th o u g h t i n a l l o f t h a t tim e* S i t down r i g h t now
and a n a l y z e y our own e v e ry d a y s p e e c h . Can you a c t u a l l y
sa y what you mean o r do you have t o h a l f - s a y i t ? Does y o u r
p o i n t r e a c h home, o r does i t f a l l f l a t ? Do you u se a l o t o f
s la n g p ro p s o r do you sp e a k w ith o u t u s i n g words l i k e ’’gism os"'
and " w h a t c h c a l l i t s ? ” I s y o u r v o c a b u la r y a d e q u a te f o r what
you n e ed t o s a y ? Do you h a v e any an n o y in g h a b i t s l i k e
" a n d -u h ? ”"
D o n 't t r u s t y o u r own judgm ents e n t i r e l y on t h i s
m a t t e r . Ask your f r i e n d s th e s e same q u e s t io n s and p r e p a r e
y o u r s e l f f o r a sh o c k . Then, i n o r d e r to c o r r e c t th e s e
e r r o r s , have y o u r f a m ily and f r i e n d s t r y to c a t c h you m aking
an e r r o r . W atch y our e v e r y day s p e e c h . By im p ro v in g h e re
you do y o u r s e l f more good th a n you r e a l i z e and you p ave y o u r
way t o g r e a t e r s u c c e s s as a p u b l i c s p e a k e r .
2 . How to sm ooth o u t d i f f i c u l t i e s in v o lv e d i n p u b l i c
s p e a k i n g . E x p e r ie n c e i s th e b e s t t e a c h e r . T here i s no deny
in g t h a t f a c t . The b e s t way f o r you t o d e v e lo p s k i l l i s t o
speak i n p u b l i c as o f t e n as you c a n . T here a r e o t h e r t h i n g s
t h a t s e r v e a s f a i r s u b s t i t u t e s , h o w ever. I t i s good p r a c t i c e
to r e a d a lo u d . Sound o u t y o u r words c a r e f u l l y . T h is w i l l
g iv e y o u r v o ic e q u a l i t y and im prove y o u r p r o n u n c i a t i o n no
end. You m ig h t e x p e rim e n t w i t h th e p i t c h of y o u r v o i c e .
58
Go down th e s c a l e as f a r as you c a n . Then come up two n o t e s
and sa y a s e n t e n c e a t t h a t l e v e l i n a m onotone. Then add
norm al i n f l e c t i o n t o i t b u t keep i t a t a p p r o x im a te ly t h a t
l e v e l . C o n s u lt y o u r f r i e n d s o r f a m i l y on th e m a t t e r b e c a u se
th e y can h e a r you b e t t e r th a n you c a n h e a r y o u r s e l f . A
lo w e r p i t c h f r e q u e n t l y im prov es th e sound o f many v o i c e s .
The o n ly p l a c e t o p r a c t i c e i s b e f o r e a m i r r o r . Keep
th e a u d ie n c e i n m ind, and s t a n d as f a r from th e m i r r o r as
p o s s i b l e , b e c a u se t h e y w i l l b e some d i s t a n c e away, and
p r a c t i c e j u s t a s you p l a n t o sp e a k b e f o r e them . I t i s
e s p e c i a l l y w ise t o p r a c t i c e u s i n g g e s t u r e s . Do n o t p l a n a
c e r t a i n g e s t u r e f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s p o t i n t h e sp e e c h , how ever,
b e c a u se a f r a c t i o n o f a se c o n d o f f i n e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n can
p r o v id e some of' the b e s t la u g h s you e v e r h e a r d . T ry i t and
you w i l l s e e what I mean. Your m i r r o r i s y o u r b e s t c r i t i c
when you a r e p r a c t i c i n g a s p e e c h . Don’ t o v e rlo o k th e
im p o rta n c e o f y o u r f a c i a l e x p r e s s i o n e i t h e r . T hat p a n of
y o u rs i s a dead g iv e away. Use i t j u d i c i o u s l y , b u t u s e i t .
A d ead pan s p e a k e r i s u s u a l l y a dud.
3 . How t o be an e f f e c t i v e s p e a k e r . I f you a re w is e ,
you have c h o sen a s p e e c h t h a t h a s some i n t e r e s t o r a p p e a l t o
th e a u d ie n c e . The f i r s t h u r d le i s o v e r, th e n . You m ust
rem em ber, how ever, t h a t a l l a u d ie n c e s a r e i n a s t a t e o f
l e t h a r g y and i n no c o n d i t i o n to do a n y t h i n g . T h e ir whole
m e n ta l and p h y s i c a l a t t i t u d e i s one of com plete i n a c t i v i t y .
E v e r y th in g you sa y a t f i r s t m u st b e v e ry c l e a r , v e ry i n t e r
e s t i n g and v e ry p e r s o n a l . Make y o u r p o i n t s c l e a r by fra m in g
them i n s h o r t sim p le s e n t e n c e s . Make them i n t e r e s t i n g by
u s in g i l l u s t r a t i o n s and exam ples t h a t a r e a p t t o be a p p e a lin g
to th e p a r t i c u l a r g ro up you a r e a d d r e s s i n g . Make them use
t h e i r eyes a s w e ll as t h e i r e a r s . Say, ’’T h at t r o u t was t h i s - -
l o n g ” i n s t e a d o f, ’’T hat t r o u t was t w e n t y - f o u r in c h e s l o n g . ”
Be p e r s o n a l by t a l k i n g and lo o k in g d i r e c t l y t o them . Use
th e se co n d p e r s o n p ro n o u n . D o n 't s t a r e a t t h e b ack w a l l
o r th e f l o o r o r th e c e i l i n g . N ever lo o k o u t th e windows
b e c a u se t h e i r e y es a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o l lo w y o u r s . I f you lo o k
a t them, th e y w i l l lo o k a t you. I f you a r e a b s o rb e d i n what
you a re s a y in g , t h e y a r e more a p t t o be a b so rb e d i n i t t o o .
I f you d o n ’ t b e l i e v e t h a t a u d ie n c e s i m i t a t e th e s p e a k e r ,
w a tch a n a u d ie n c e c l o s e l y a t y o u r n e x t o p p o r t u n i t y . I f th e
s p e a k e r h as a f r o g i n h i s t h r o a t , th e a u d ie n c e w i l l cough
and c l e a r up t h e i r t h r o a t s more th a n h e . I f a f l y i s c r o s s i n g
h i s f o r e h e a d , th e y w i l l b r u s h an im a g in a ry f l y o f f t h e i r s .
T h is c an be u s e d t o g r e a t a d v a n ta g e o r d i s a d v a n a t a g e . I f
you a r e f i d g e t y and r a t t l e y our change, or l e a n a l l o v e r
th e r o s tr u m , th e y w i.ll be d i s t r a c t e d . But i f you a re v i t a l l y
c o n c e rn e d w ith th e e f f e c t y o u r s p e e c h i s h a v in g upon them ,
t h e y w i l l re s p o n d by b e in g j u s t as i n t e r e s t e d i n th e c o n t e n t s
o f th e s p e e c h .
6o
i}.* How t o keep from b e in g a f l o p . T here a r e a b o u t
as many d o n 't s t o p u b l i c s p e a k in g as t h e r e a r e dues to a
u n io n . D o n 't l i s t e n to th e e lo q u e n c e of y o u r own d e l i v e r y .
Speak c l e a r l y b u t d o n 't o v e r-d o i t . Be n o t " i n t o x i c a t e d
w ith th e e x u b eran c e o f y o u r own v e r b o s i t y . ” S h o r t words
p u t th e p o i n t o v e r b e t t e r t h a n lo n g o n e s. D o n 't a c t l i k e
you know i t a l l . P erh ap s you do, b u t d o n 't l e t th e a u d ie n c e
t h i n k so . D o n 't mumble i n your b e a r d . Speak u p l D o n 't
be a s t i c k i n t h e mud. A ct a l i v e , u se g e s t u r e s , do a l i t t l e
em oting i f n e c e s s a r y . N ever s t a r t t a l k i n g w i t h o u t f i r s t
do in g a g r e a t d e a l of t h i n k i n g .
CHAPTER 11. GALLOPING GAVELS
HOW TO BE A GOOD TOASTMASTER
6l
What i s t h e u se o f h a v in g a c lu b i f i t does n o t do
what i t i s su p p o sed t o do? IFhat we want from a T o a s t m a s t e r ’ s
c lu b more t h a n a n y th in g e l s e a r e sm ooth and e f f i c i e n t
t o a s t m a s t e r s . The t o a s t m a s t e r s e t s th e p ace and q u a l i t y o f
the e n t i r e s p e a k in g p ro g ram . I f he h as s p a r k l e and o r i g i n
a l i t y th e c h a n c e s a r e t h a t he i n s p i r e s th e s p e a k e r s t o do
t h e i r b e s t . A good t o a s t m a s t e r p u ts b o t h s p e a k e rs and
l i s t e n e r s e i t h e r a t e a s e or o n to th e edge of t h e i r s e a t s
b y th e way he h a n d le s th e p ro g ra m and i n t r o d u c t i o n s .
I t i s a trem endous s a t i s f a c t i o n t o th e t o a s t m a s t e r
when th e program r u n s l i k e clockw ork w i t h j u s t t h e r i g h t
a u d ie n c e r e a c t i o n and, i f h e ’ s s m a rt, he em erges from e v e r y
p r e s i d i n g e x p e r i e n c e a l o t s h a r p e r p e r s o n th a n he was a t th e
b e g in n in g o f th e e v e n in g . I f you w ant t o be an a s s e t t o any
g ro u p , l e a r n how to h a n d le p e o p le and become a good
to a s t m a s t e r i
1 . How t o p r e p a r e f o r an e v e n in g a s t o a s t m a s t e r . You
m ust remember t h a t y o u rs i s a l a r g e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The
s u c c e s s of th e p rog ram a s a w hole i s i n your h a n d s . I t i s
t r u e t h a t th e m eat of the p rogram i s p r o v i d e d by th e s p e a k e r s ,
b u t you m ust s e r v e i t up. We have a l l e a t e n a t r e s t a u r a n t s
where th e fo o d t a s t e d f a r b e t t e r b e ca u se i t was s e r v e d i n
su c h a f l a w l e s s m anner. T his sh o u ld be y o u r g o a l .
62
Now l e t ’ s a n a ly z e th e s i t u a t i o n . Where i s t h i s
m e e tin g t o be h e ld ? I f i t i s i n th e r e g u l a r m e e tin g p l a c e ,
so much th e w orse b e c a u s e i t w i l l b e h a r d e r to. s t i m u l a t e th e
i n t e r e s t o f th e a u d ie n c e th a n i t w ould i n new and d i f f e r e n t
s u r r o u n d i n g s . We w i l l n e ed to t i e th e o c c a s io n up w ith th e
sp e e c h e s i f p o s s i b l e i n o r d e r t o g iv e a u n i t y t o t h e p ro g ram .
Then we n eed t o d e te rm in e .the e x a c t p u rp o se of t h i s p ro g ram .
What i n f o r m a t i o n h a s t h e pro g ram com m ittee g iv e n you? Here
a r e some s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t m ig h t w e ll come from t h a t com
m i t t e e :
a . S p e c i a l Theme. Have a l l o f th e s p e a k e r s d e a l w ith
many p h a s e s o f t h e same s u b j e c t . F o r i n s t a n c e : ’’The Atom
Bomb," ’’The H i s t o r y o f Atomic R ese arch ,* ’ ’’Atoms a r e Funny
P e o p l e , ” ’’The F u tu r e of Atomic E n erg y i n C i v i l i a n L i f e ” and
’’The Atom and I . ”
b . E n t e r t a i n m e n t . On t h i s p a r t i c u l a r n i g h t d e v o te
a l l o f th e s p e e c h e s to humorous o r v i t a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g n a r
r a t i v e type s p e e c h e s c a l c u l a t e d t o e n t e r t a i n e v ery o n e p r e s e n t .
c . I n f o r m a t io n . T h is s o r t o f p ro gram w o u ld a d a p t
i t s e l f b e a u t i f u l l y to e l e c t i o n - t i m e m e e tin g s . They n eed n o t
be l e c t u r e program s b u t e a c h s p e e c h s h o u ld be aim ed p r i m a r i l y
t o p u t t i n g a c r o s s a c e r t a i n amount o f im p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n .
d . Random T o p ic s . T his i s th e u s u a l p r o c e d u r e i n
w hich a s p e a k e r i s t o l d t o p r e p a r e a two m in u te o r a f i v e
m in u te s p e e c h . T his makes i t p r e t t y tou gh on th e t o a s t m a s t e r
63
b e c a u se he i s su p p o se d t o t i e them t o g e t h e r t o g iv e th e
program some s o r t of u n i t y . I t can be c l e v e r l y done thou gh
i f you u se t h e o l e ’ n o g g in . F o r i n s t a n c e , t r y t o make a l l
o f y o u r s t a t e m e n t s rhyme w h ile i n t r o d u c i n g o r commenting on
th e s p e a k e r . You m ig h t even t r y y o u r hand a t p o e t r y . W rite
o u t y o u r whole agenda e n t i r e l y i n v e r s e , and you w i l l r e a l l y
have so m eth in g n o v e l.
The n e x t i m p o r t a n t s t e p , a f t e r you have d e te rm in e d
th e p u rp o se o f the p ro g ram , i s t o know who i s s p e a k in g .
T h at means know enough a b o u t t h e p e rs o n t o have so m e th in g
p e r t i n e n t to s a y when you i n t r o d u c e th e s p e a k e r s . Then be
s u r e t h a t you know the t i t l e of e a c h s p e e c h - - n o t th e c o n t e n t - -
j u s t th e t i t l e . F i n a l l y you s h o u ld know th e tim e l i m i t a t i o n
on e v e r y p a r t o f t h e sp e a k in g p ro g ram so t h a t you c an judge
th e p a c e a c c o r d i n g l y .
N ext make a t e n t a t i v e s c h e d u le w h ic h i s lo o s e enough
to a d a p t i t s e l f t o th e m e e tin g p r o p e r , and p r e p a r e y o u r own
rem arks to p a r a l l e l t h e s c h e d u l e . In a r r a n g i n g th e p rogram ,
a llo w f o r a l o g i c a l o r d e r i f t h e r e i s a c e n t r a l them e. P la c e
th e s p e e c h e s to p r o v id e f o r v a r i e t y by s t a g g e r i n g th e hum orous,
i n f o r m a t i v e , s e r i o u s and e n t e r t a i n i n g s p e e c h e s . S t a r t w ith
th e l o n g e r sp e e c h e s u n l e s s th e l o n g e s t s p e e c h i s a p t to be
th e m ost i m p o r t a n t o r s p e c t a c u l a r .
I t i s v e ry im p o r ta n t t o t r y t o k eep a l l o f t h e con
d i t i o n s o f th e a c t u a l m e e tin g i n m ind w h ile m aking p r e p a r a -
. 64
t i o n s f o r th e p ro g ra m . T h is makes f o r a t r u e r and more
v i t a l ag en d a .
2 . How t o c o n d u ct th e program . You s h o u ld be a b le
t o choose t h e b e s t o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o n a c c o r d in g t o th e
s p e a k e r s , th e ty p e of p ro gram and th e norm al c lu b r o u t i n e .
I n t h i s day and age w i t h r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n , and moving p i c t u r e s
a t o u r f i n g e r t i p s we have a l l had some e x p e r ie n c e w i t h v e r y
e x c e l l e n t program s w hich may w e ll s e r v e as m odels f o r our
own m e e tin g s . I n c a s e you n e e d one, h e re I s a s u g g e s te d
o u t l i n e :
a . A ccept th e g a v e l from the p r e s i d e n t .
b . B rin g a b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n f o r th e e n t i r e p ro g ram .
c . I n tr o d u c e th e s p e a k e r s i n o r d e r .
d . Have a b r i e f s t a te m e n t o f th a n k s a f t e r eac h p e r s o n .
e . C a ll f o r th e c r i t i c s r e p o r t .
f . C a l l f o r c r i t i c i s m s from th e f l o o r .
g . P r e s e n t a c o n c lu d in g s t a t e m e n t .
h . R e l i n q u i s h th e g a v e l t o th e p r e s i d e n t .
An e x c e l l e n t way t o prim e y o u r s e l f f o r y ou r n e x t
m ee tin g as t o a s t m a s t e r i s to c a r e f u l l y l i s t e n t o r a d i o
m a s te r s o f c e r e m o n ie s . A nalyze t h e i r a c t i o n s and make use
o f what you f i n d th e n e x t tim e you p r e s i d e .
3* How t o o b t a i n th e i n t e r e s t of th e a u d i e n c e . T h is
i s y o u r m ain f u n c t i o n as t o a s t m a s t e r . You n e e d t o snap th e
a t t e n t i o n of th e a u d ie n c e t o th e s p e a k e r s t a b l e from t h e v e ry
b e g in n in g . A nything t h a t w i l l a ro u s e th e i n t e r e s t o f th e
group i s l e g i t i m a t e as lo n g as i t i s i n good t a s t e . You may
w e ll c ra c k a jo k e . I f i t i s p e r t i n e n t t o som eth ing on th e
program i t i s v e r y a p t t o s t i r up i n t e r e s t . U s u a l l y th o u g h ,
a joke r i g h t o f f t h e b a t I s so m e th in g t h a t w i l l make p e o p le
la u g h O .K ., b u t w i l l a l s o s e t them more a t e a s e . You need
to c au se some s o r t o f t e n s i o n to awaken them o u t o f t h e i r
'’ho-hum 1 1 a t t i t u d e . U n le ss th e a u d ie n c e I s p r e t t y su re t h a t
so m eth ing even f u n n i e r i s coming up, I t i s n o t to o good an
id e a to s t a r t w i t h a jo k e . A n o th e r d a n g e r i s t h a t you w i l l
have them l i s t e n i n g f o r y o u r jo k e s r a t h e r th a n t o t h e
s p e a k e r s 1s p e e c h e s w h ic h i s one s i g n o f a p o o r t o a s t m a s t e r .
A v e ry good te c h n iq u e i s to a s k a s u r p r i s i n g q u e s t i o n
o f t h e a u d ie n c e a t l a r g e or to a s to o g e a t t h e back o f the
room. A s t a r t l i n g s t a t e m e n t may be e f f e c t i v e - - a n y t h i n g t o
g e t them o u t of t h e doldrum s of com placency i s what you a re
aim in g f o r . Then l o a d y o u r s e l f up w i t h c l e v e r I l l u s t r a t i o n s
and sp e ak w i t h e n th u s ia s m . N ever make a d ra b s ta te m e n t
w h ile you a re w orkin g on th e p ro b lem o f i n t e r e s t i n g th e
a u d i e n c e .
Ip. How to c o n d u ct y o u r s e l f as a t o a s t m a s t e r . The
m ost d i f f i c u l t t h in g f o r you to do w i l l be t o remember t h a t
th e t o a s t m a s t e r n eeds to p o i n t up t h e s p e a k e r and t o h id e
h i m s e l f as much a s p o s s i b l e . H is f u n c t i o n i s t o t i e th e
program t o g e t h e r , c a r r y th e a u d i e n c e s ’ a t t e n t i o n o v e r from
one s p e a k e r t o t h e n e x t , a t t r a c t i n t e r e s t t o e v e ry s p e a k e r
and make a l l p a r t s o f t h e sp e a k in g p ro g ram ru n sm o o th ly
t o t h e end. Many a m e e tin g h a s b een r u i n e d b e c a u se t h e t o a s t
m a s te r w anted a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n f o r h i m s e l f . D o n 't e v e r
l e t t h i s h ap pen t o you! T ry to show s i n c e r i t y , i n t e r e s t ,
e n e rg y and f r i e n d l i n e s s f i r s t to t h e s p e a k e r s and th en t o
th e a u d ie n c e . N ever be ru d e t o a s p e a k e r . You had j u s t
as w e l l be ru d e to t h e a u d ie n c e . I n e v e r y t h in g t h a t you do,
a tte m p t t o c r e a t e a d e s i r e t o h e a r th e s p e a k e r . Make th e
a u d ie n c e l i k e t h e s p e a k e r by p o i n t i n g o u t some c l e v e r o r
humorous p e r s o n a l t r a i t . (A f i l e o f i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t s on
a l l of th e members i s a v e r y handy t h i n g t o have aro u n d
a t s u c h a t i m e . ) C a ll a t t e n t i o n to th e t i t l e o f th e sp e e c h ,
th e tim e a l l o t t e d and p e rh a p s a word a b o u t i t s a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s .
Be c a r e f u l n o t t o g iv e away the m a i n 'p o i n t o f h i s s p e e c h .
Many a p o l i t i c a l a d d r e s s h a s b een s p o i l e d t h a t way. And
above a l l , do n o t g iv e a sp e e c h o f y o u r ow n--be b r i e f !
67
CHAPTER 12 . ANALYTICAL ANNOTATIONS
HOW TO CRITICIZE EFFECTIVELY
B e lie v e i t o r n o t , th e r e a s o n you ta k e t e s t s i n a l l
o f y o u r c l a s s e s i s so t h a t you c a n s e e w here you n e ed t o
im prove t h e m o st. F r e q u e n t l y i t s e r v e s the p u r p o s e and
f r e q u e n t l y i t does n o t . But i t b r i n g s up an i m p o r t a n t ite m .
E veryb ody l i k e s to know how w e ll he i s d o in g i n th e o p in io n
o f a n o th e r p e r s o n . T h is i s t r u e i n e v e r y w alk o f l i f e . We
n e ed t o ch eck o u r s e l v e s a s w e ll as to be ch eck ed b y o t h e r s .
T here w ould be no im provem ent w ith o u t some s o r t of e v a l u a t i o n ,
j u s t a s t h e r e would be no ad vancem ent i n th e w o rld of s c i e n c e
w i t h o u t any a n a l y s i s o f p a s t a c h ie v e m e n t.
The whole to n e of t h e c l u b ’ s a b i l i t y i s r a i s e d by
c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f e v e ry s p e e c h g iv e n . B e t t e r sp e e c h e s
i n e v i t a b l y r e s u l t . I n th e p r o c e s s o f lo o k in g f o r t h e good
and b ad p o i n t s i n a n o th e r p e r s o n ’s s p e e c h , you become more
aw are of y o u r own w e a k n e ss e s . Thus, you become a more
c a p a b le s p e a k e r . A n o th e r a d v a n ta g e l i e s i n th e f o r m a t io n
o f th e " c r i t i c a l h a b i t " by w hich you become a 'm o re a t t e n t i v e
l i s t e n e r . A good l i s t e n e r makes more f r i e n d s on th e campus
and more A’ s i n th e c la s s ro o m th a n anyone e l s e .
1 . How to f i n d a b a s i s f o r c r i t i c i s m . The answ er
t o t h i s pro b lem i s th e an sw er t o m ost any p ro b le m . F in d i t
f o r y o u r s e l f . T hat i s , be o r i g i n a l and f o r m u la te y o u r own
68
s t a n d a r d s . A f t e r a few r e v i s i o n s and a f f i r m a t i o n s you w i l l
/
f i n d t h a t a l l t h e e x p e r t s a g re e w i t h you. T here a re a l o t
o f m odels t o judge from . E v e ry tim e you t u r n th e s w it c h on
y our r a d i o you h e a r a good s p e a k e r , riot alw ays a good s p e e c h ,
b u t a t l e a s t a good s p e a k e r . Then l i s t e n to th e rem arks
made by c r i t i c s and d e te r m in e w here th e y m is s e d th e b o a t .
I t m ig h t ta k e a l o t o f r e a l n e r v e , b u t t r y to a n a ly z e y o u r
own sp e e c h e s b e f o r e and a f t e r you g iv e them . The change w i l l
amaze you. You may a l s o f i n d i t h e l p f u l t o r e a d books on
p u b l i c sp e a k in g i n the l i b r a r y .
2 . How t o be a good l i s t e n e r . T h is i s more im p o r ta n t
th a n you may t h i n k . A good s p e a k e r m ust be a good l i s t e n e r .
I f you h a v e n ’ t th e c o u r t e s y to g iv e c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to th e
sp e e c h e s of o t h e r p e o p le , t h e c h a n c e s a r e t h a t t h e y w i l l
r e t u r n th e f a v o r . T h is i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f y o u r f e llo w
c lu b m embers. So a c t a l e r t and be a t t e n t i v e . N oth ing can
be more d i s a p p o i n t i n g to a s p e a k e r t h a n a d e a d -p a n a u d ie n c e .
A good l i s t e n e r k eeps an open and a t o l e r a n t m ind. H is i d e a s
a r e s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n i f th e y n e e d r e v i s i n g . He i s n o t a
r e s p e c t o r of p e r s o n s . E v e ry man h a s a good d e a l o f w o rth i f
you w i l l ta k e th e t r o u b l e t o lo o k f o r i t . I t i s m ost o f t e n
w o rth th e e f f o r t .
You may ta k e n o t e s v e ry p r o f i t a b l y . I t a id s i n f i x
in g a t h i n g on y o u r m ind. Sometimes t h i s c a u s e s more d i s
t r a c t i o n and in c o n v e n ie n c e th a n i t i s w o rth , e s p e c i a l l y
69
d u r in g a m e e tin g , u n l e s s you a r e t h e c r i t i c f o r th e e v e n in g .
Then you s h o u ld by a l l means ta k e n o t e s .
You s h o u ld alw ays be c o u r t e o u s . T h is i s a c a r d i n a l
r u l e f o r a l l T o a s tm a s te r s .’ Do n o t t a l k t o y o u r n e ig h b o r , ;
u n l e s s th e p l a c e i s b u r n in g d o w n --th e n w h isp e r t h e in fo r m a -
t i on.
3 . How to e v a l u a t e th e s p e e c h . The p h r a s e c r i t i c i s m
does n o t mean t o f i n d f a u l t . I t means t o make p e r t i n e n t
re m a rk s , b o t h good and b a d . There a re t h r e e d i s t i n c t ite m s
to c o n s i d e r . The c r i t i c s h o u ld t r y t o keep them s e p a r a t e
i n h i s a n a l y s i s . The f i r s t i s the s p e e c h i t s e l f . D id th e
i n t r o d u c t i o n im m e d ia te ly g e t y o u r a t t e n t i o n ? Was the body
o f t h e s p e e c h w e ll o r g a n iz e d ? D id t h e s p e a k e r make h i s
p o i n t c l e a r ? Was th e c o n c l u s i o n p e r t i n e n t and c o n c lu s iv e ?
The second ite m t o c o n s i d e r i s th e s p e a k e r . I s he d r e s s e d
a p p r o p r i a t e l y ? I s h i s v o ic e w e ll c o n t r o l l e d ? P le a s in g ?
Loud enough? D id he k e ep good eye. c o n t a c t w i t h th e a u d ie n c e ?
Were h i s g e s t u r e s e f f e c t i v e a n d n a t u r a l ? The t h i r d con
s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e s p e e c h and d e l i v e r y as a w h o le . Was th e
a u d ie n c e i n t e r e s t e d ? D id he k e ep t h e i r a t t e n t i o n th ro u g h o u t?
Was t h e r e any r e s p o n s e c a l l e d f o r and was i t a b v io u s ? Of
what q u a l i t y i s th e e n t i r e speech?
ij-. How t o g iv e c r i t i c i s m e f f e c t i v e l y . I t i s v e ry
e a s y to so u n d l i k e you know i t a l l when you a r e t h e c r i t i c .
70
G uard a g a i n s t t h i s * A d m in is te r a d v e rs e c r i t i c i s m i n sm a ll
d o ses and t h e n s u g a r c o a t e a c h dose by f i r s t e n c o u ra g in g the
s p e a k e r w ith th e good p o i n t s of h i s s p e e c h . Be t r u t h f u l
i n e v e r y t h i n g you s a y . An -undue com plim ent w i l l sound
s a r c a s t i c .
A
L e t th e s p e a k e r know t h a t h i s p ro b lem s a r e o f enough
i n t e r e s t t o you f o r you t o be d i r e c t and p e r s o n a l i n y o ur
c r i t i c i s m of h i s s p e e c h . Be c o n s t r u c t i v e by o f f e r i n g sugges'
t i o n s f o r im provem ent.
N ever be s a r c a s t i c ! I t i s n o t o n ly i n p o o r t a s t e ,
b u t I t may do p erm an en t harm t o the f u t u r e a b i l i t y o f a
b e g in n in g p u b l i c s p e a k e r .
Above a l l e l s e , be c o n c e rn e d w i t h t h e good y our
f e l l o w member may r e c e i v e from y o u r c r i t i c i s m o f h i s s p e e c h .
71
PART IV.. "THE MEETING IS ADJOURNED"
HOW TO RETAIN THE BENEFITS OF THIS CLUB
You have ad vanced from t h e s t a t u s of a m arb le to
t h a t o f a ta c k and you p r o b a b ly f e e l p r e t t y good a b o u t i t
t o o . W ell you may. You have p o u re d f r i e n d l i n e s s i n t o th e
c lu b and r e c e i v e d f r i e n d s o u t o f the c l u b . You have w orked
h a r d and r e c e i v e d g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n from y o u r e f f o r t s .
T h is c lu b w i l l p r o b a b ly be th e r i c h e s t s o u r c e o f p r i d e and
p l e a s u r e i n a l l o f y o u r s c h o o l c a r e e r . I f th e so u n d o f
"A uld Lang Syne" makes you s a d , t h e n r e a d th e n e x t s e c t i o n
and you w i l l have no r e g r e t s when you h e a r ,
"THE MEETING IS ADJOURNED"
72
CHAPTER 13. CAMPUS CONTRIBUTIONS
HOW TO MAKE TOASTMASTERS THE MOST BENEFICIAL
CLUB ON YOUR CAMPUS
The s c h o o l w i l l have v e ry l i t t l e i n t e r e s t i n y o u r
c lu b u n l e s s i t p ro v e s i t s e l f t o be a h e l p f u l and c o n s t r u c t i v e
i n f l u e n c e upon th e w hole l i f e o f th e campus. A c lu b t h a t
c a r e s a b o u t i t s own p r o g r e s s , i t s own members, a n d i t s own
s e l f s u f f i c i e n c y and f o r g e t s t h e r e s t o f th e w o rld i s n o t a
v e ry b e n e f i c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . I t had j u s t as w e ll c lo s e
i t s d o o rs b e f o r e th e y a r e c lo s e d f o r i t .
Your c lu b can be of g r e a t e r u se on y o u r campus th a n
any o t h e r c lu b b e c a u se o f i t s g e n e r a l n a t u r e . Your i n
f l u e n c e may w e ll r e a c h o u t s i d e o f th e campus i n t o th e com
m u n ity . You c an h e lp c r e a t e a more e f f e c t i v e s t u d e n t body.
You can h e lp t o d e v e lo p b e t t e r c i t i z e n s h i p by p u b l i c l y view
in g su c h s o re s p o t s a s c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e s and s t u d e n t
g o v e rn m e n t. You can h e l p t o im prove th e s c h o o l ’ s p u b l i c
r e l a t i o n s b y g o in g i n t o th e community. The more t h e s c h o o l
and t h e community g e t t o g e t h e r , th e b e t t e r o f f b o t h w i l l b e .
By c o n t r i b u t i n g to the s c h o o l you w i l l a u t o m a t i c a l l y
b o o s t th e c lu b i n t o a p o s i t i o n o f h i g h e r s t a n d in g and w i l l
r e c e i v e f o r y o u r s e l f the s a t i s f a c t i o n o f knowing you have
done a n o b le jo b .
73
1 . How t o b e o f s e r v i c e * T here i s alw ays a n eed f o r
p u b l i c s p e a k in g on any campus. P r i n c i p a l s n eed s p e a k e r s f o r
P .T .A . m e e tin g s , and f o r s c h o o l a s s e m b l i e s . Somehow, i f an
i d e a comes from a n o t h e r s t u d e n t i t t a k e s h o ld b e t t e r ' t h a n i f
i t h ad come from a t e a c h e r o r a d m i n i s t r a t o r .
T here a r e c o n t e s t s g a l o r e t h a t w ould b r i n g r e c o g n i t i o n
to t h e s c h o o l i f y ou r c lu b to o k an i n t e r e s t i n them. Town
m e e tin g s o f t e n n e e d th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a s t u d e n t . T here
a r e fo rum s and ro u n d t a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s o v e r m a t t e r s o f e d u c -
c a t i o n t h a t c o u ld c e r t a i n l y u se th e v o ic e and v ie w p o in t o f
th e s t u d e n t . T here a r e d e b a te s t o e n t e r , p a n e l d i s c u s s i o n s
to s u p p o r t , bond i s s u e s and p u b l i c h e a l t h d i s c u s s i o n s .
S e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and a p p e a ls l i k e t h e Community C h est
and Y.M.C.A. a re c o n s t a n t l y i n g r e a t n e e d o f s p e a k e r s . O f f e r
yo ur s e r v i c e s t o th e March o f Dimes, I n f a n t i l e P a r a l y s i s and
C ancer d r i v e s and p r e p a r e f o r a m o st e n t h u s i a s t i c r e s p o n s e .
You w i l l do g r e a t s e r v i c e t o b o t h th e s c h o o l an d th e com
m u n ity t o p i c k up t h e g a u n t l e t , r o l l up y o u r s l e e v e s , and
p r e p a r e t o be a r e a l c o n s t r u c t i v e i n f l u e n c e on y o u r campus.
2. How t o h e lp th e s t u d e n t body . A gain you can be of
i n v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e . E v e ry S ep tem b er, d u rin g th e f i r s t
few days of s c h o o l t h e r e a r e a l o t o f m i s e r a b l e , unhappy
s t r a n g e r s , t h a t l i t e r a l l y do n o t know t h e i r way a ro u n d . S e t
up an i n f o r m a t i o n b o o th an d have th e o l d e r members a s s i s t
th e g r e e n e r segm ent of th e s t u d e n t body to f e e l more a t home.
E v e ry day a t noon d u r in g t h i s p e r i o d , you c o u ld have s e v e r a l
s p e a k e r s t a l k on t h e m ost i n t e r e s t i n g and m ost im p o r ta n t
p a r t s o f y o u r s c h o o l ’ s h i s t o r y , campus, c lu b l i f e , f a c u l t y ,
and a t h l e t i c r e c o r d s . You w ould p r o b a b ly p a ck th e h o u s e .
I n c i d e n t a l l y , t h i s i s a l l good p u b l i c i t y .
You m ig h t i n i t i a t e days o r weeks t h a t a r e s e t a s id e
t o o b se rv e a p a r t i c u l a r e v e n t l i k e a "keep th e campus c le a n "
week o r a " b r in g an a p p le f o r the t e a c h e r " d a y . I f you use
y o u r i m a g i n a t io n you can add l o t s o f s p a r k l e t o th e s c h o o l
l i f e o f e v e r y member o f the s t u d e n t body.
3» How t o p l a n a c t i v i t i e s . A f t e r you have fo u n d th e
f u n c t i o n th a t you a re g o in g to be a p a r t o f , c o n f e r w ith th e
group i n v o lv e d . F o r i n s t a n c e , se e t h e p r i n c i p a l , th e m u sic ,
d r a m a tic o r a t h l e t i c d e p a rtm e n ts o r t e a c h e r s t o f i n d o u t th e
d e t a i l s . You may a l s o n e ed t o c o n f e r w ith th e o t h e r s t u d e n t
g ro u p s l i k e th e s e r v i c e c l u b s , th e b o y ’s forum o r the s t u d e n t
c o u n c i l f o r a s s i s t a n c e .
Then p r e p a r e a m a ste r, c a l e n d a r o f e v e n ts and seek a
v o l u n t e e r t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e a c h o f t h e s e e v e n t s . Check
and r e c h e c k w e ll i n advance of th e d a t e s s e t as to p r o g r e s s
and p r e p a r a t i o n . I t m ig h t a l s o be w e ll to k eep a m onth t o
m onth l i s t o f v o l u n t e e r s who w i l l o f f e r to sp eak i n c a s e th e
c lu b i s c a l l e d upon. Be s u r e , a l s o , t o have th e s c h o o l 's
s a n c t i o n i f you a r e to sp eak o f f campus t o a s p e c i a l g ro u p .
Always m eet y o u r o b l i g a t i o n s . Keep a l t e r n a t e s i n
c a se o f an em ergency. T ry to keep y o u r good r e p u t a t i o n f o r
c o n s i s t e n c y and p ro m p tn e s s .
ll. How t o do a good j o b . F in d o u t e x a c t l y what you
a r e su p p o sed t o do i f you a re h e l p i n g a n o th e r p e rs o n o r
g ro u p , and do j u s t t h a t . Do n o t t r y to s t e a l th e show.
Leave y o u r s e l f o u t o f t h e a c t a s much a s p o s s i b l e . Remember
t h a t you r e p r e s e n t th e s c h o o l more t h a n t h e c lu b to o u t s i d e r s
so be c a r e f u l what you s a y .
I f you a re s p e a k in g on a c o n t r o v e r s i a l o r p o l i t i c a l
s u b j e c t , p r e s e n t a l l o f th e p e r t i n e n t ite m s w i t h i n th e scope
o f y our s p e e c h , a n d be u n b ia s e d i n y our s o u r c e s o f in f o r m a
t i o n . Be s u r e t o q u o te y o u r a u t h o r i t y w henever p o s s i b l e .
Always go i n t o a c t i o n w e l l p r e p a r e d . Have a good b a ck g ro u n d
o f i n f o r m a t i o n a t y o u r d i s p o s a l .
I f you a r e s p e a k in g b e f o r e an a d u l t g ro u p , do n o t
a p o lo g iz e f o r y our a g e . They p r o b a b ly a sk e d t h a t you be
t h e r e . Be s i n c e r e , f r a n k , h o n e s t , and f r i e n d l y , and i f th e
o c c a s io n a llo w s i t , have a good tim e .
76
CHAPTER lij.. PERSONALITY PLUS
HOW TO BECOME THE BEST MEMBER IN YOUR CLUB
There i s a man by t h e name o f D ale C a rn e g ie who h a s
made a l o t o f money b e c a u s e he w ro te a book e n t i t l e d "How
To Win F r ie n d s and I n f l u e n c e P e o p l e ." I t i s a v e r y p o p u l a r
and i l l u m i n a t i n g l i t t l e volum e. I t s phenom enal s u c c e s s
p o i n t s up th e f a c t t h a t p e o p le r e a l l y do want to be p o p u l a r .
One o f th e b ig a d v a n ta g e s o f b e in g a member o f t h i s
c lu b l i e s i n t h e g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y you w i l l have f o r m aking
new f r i e n d s . The w ide ra n g e o f a c t i v i t i e s in v o lv e d i n your
m em bership w i l l make you more c a p a b le o f w in n in g f r i e n d s and
i n f l u e n c i n g p e o p l e . You w i l l be p ro u d t o keep th e s o c i a l
c o n t a c t o f t h i s c lu b f o r th e r e s t of y o u r l i f e . A s e m e s te r
i n t h i s c lu b i s b e t t e r t h a n a whole c o u rs e on how to win
f r i e n d s and i n f l u e n c e p e o p le , b e c a u se i t p u t s you i n t o th e
m id s t of a gang of k i d s t h a t make you f r i e n d l y r e g a r d l e s s
, o f y o u r n a t u r a l b e n t i n th e m a t t e r . So, i f you w ant to
h e l p y o u r s e l f t o a h a n d f u l l o f s h a r p n e s s , r e a d t h i s c h a p t e r .
1 . How t o become a c q u a in t e d and w e ll e s t a b l i s h e d .
Remember, "He who would have f r i e n d s m ust show h i m s e l f
f r i e n d l y . " The f i r s t t h in g t o do i s t o craw l o f f any of th e
h i g h h o r s e s you m ig h t own and throw them away. I f you n e v e r
sp eak t o p e o p le u n l e s s th e y make t h e f i r s t move, you w i l l
soon h av e t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f b e in g a sn o b . T alk t o p e o p le
77
w h e th e r you know them o r n o t . Form al I n t r o d u c t i o n s are
r a t h e r p a s s e i n th e m odern w o rld o f w hich you a re a p a r t .
J u s t once t r y w a lk in g down th e h a l l w i t h a s m ile on y o u r
f a c e f o r e v e ry p e r s o n you m e e t. I t w i l l amaze you how
f r i e n d l y m ost p e o p le a r e .
Even i f you a r e a v e ry b a s h f u l p e r s o n t h e r e i s no
c ause f o r you to be a w a l l f l o w e r . The r e a s o n you a r e a f r a i d
t o g e t i n and m ix w ith the crowd i s j u s t t h a t you a re t h i n k
in g so much o f y o u r s e l f and what th e y w i l l t h in k a b o u t you
t h a t you make y o u r s e l f m is e r a b le and o t h e r p e o p le u n c o m fo rt
a b le by o ra w lin g i n t o y o u r s h e l l and s a y in g ” 1 want t o be
a l o n e ” i n t r u e G-arbo s t y l e . I t i s alw ays good a d v ic e to
f o r g e t y o u r s e l f and become i n t e r e s t e d i n th e p e o p le aro u n d
you.
D o n 't t a l k a b o u t y o u r s e l f o r what you have done, b u t
a sk p e o p le t o t a l k a b o u t th e m s e lv e s and w hat t h e y have d o n e .
They w i l l alw ays have a warm s p o t i n t h e i r h e a r t s f o r you
i f you do t h i s . I n t h e i r m inds you w i l l b e one of t h e m ost
b r i l l i a n t c o n v e r s a t i o n a l i s t s t h e y have e v e r m et.
A good way to make an i m p r e s s io n on any g ro u p i s t o
do so m eth in g f o r t h e g ro u p . You m ig h t c o n c e iv e and prom ote
an i d e a f o r p u b l i c i t y o r add some i n n o v a t i o n t o th e pro g ram .
Your f i r s t p u b l i c a c t s h o u ld be y o u r b e s t b r a i n c h i l d .
2 . How t o c o n t r i b u t e t o th e c l u b . Make y o u r s e l f th e
78
b e s t p ro m o te r th e c lu b h a s . R e a l l y be a b o o s t e r . F o rg e t
i t s f a u l t s , i f i t h a s an y , and s i n g i t s p r a i s e s w henever
you g e t a n o p p o r t u n i t y .
C o o p e ra te w ith a l l y o u r m ig h t w henever you a r e a sk e d
to s e r v e on a com m ittee or to be an o f f i c e r . You were
p r o b a b ly ch o sen f o r a p u rp o se so a c c e p t y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
g l a d l y .
When i t i s y o u r t u r n t o s p e a k , d o n ' t t a k e y ou r p a r t
o f th e p ro g ram l i g h t l y . P r e p a re y o u r s e l f as w e ll as you
p o s s i b l y can . S p are no e f f o r t s i n a tt e m p t in g to w in the
cup f o r th e b e s t s p e a k e r o f th e e v e n in g .
Many a c lu b h a s had th e v e r y h e a r t c u t o u t of i t
b e ca u se o f p e t t y d i f f i c u l t i e s among the m embers. I f you a r e
one t o h o ld p r e j u d i c e s , one who does n o t know how to f o r g i v e
and t o f o r g e t , th e n you had b e t t e r back o u t e a r l y i n th e
game.
One of t h e b a s i c t e n e t s o f a J u n i o r T o a s t m a s t e r 's Club
s h o u ld be a co m p lete a b se n c e of i n t o l e r a n c e . Race, c o l o r
a n d 'c r e e d sh o u ld make no d i f f e r e n c e i n th e a c c e p t a b i l i t y of
g u e s t s o r c a n d i d a t e s f o r m em bership.
R efuse t o become a p a r t o f any c l i q u e . S p re ad y o u r
s u n s h in e i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s .
Be su re to a t t e n d e v e r y m e e tin g . And be t h e r e on
tim e . N o th in g can p u t a dampener on an o th e r w is e e x c e l l e n t
m e e tin g any q u i c k e r th a n t o have th e s t r a g g l e r s f i l e i n one
by one. I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o speak a m id st t h e n o i s e and con
f u s i o n o f p e o p le c lim b in g over one a n o t h e r w ith c h a i r s
s c r a p i n g th e f l o o r and e p i t a p h s f l y i n g a c r o s s th e room.
So be on tim e .
Be th e b e s t s t u d e n t you can b e . S t r e s s th e im p o rta n c e
o f making good g r a d e s . A s c h o l a s t i c r e p u t a t i o n means more
to y o u r p r e s t i g e th a n a m i l l i o n w o rd s.
3 . How to keep th e c lu b from b e in g a f l o p . You a r e
a l l o f th e T o a s t m a s t e r 's Club to some p e o p le b e c a u s e you a re
th e o n ly member th e y know. T h is i s q u i t e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
So, exam ine y o u r s e l f and sa y " T h e r e ’l l be some changes m ade."
A n o th e r o l d i e w ent " A c c e n tu a te th e p o s i t i v e and
e l i m i n a t e t h e n e g a t i v e . " T h is i s a l s o good a d v ic e because
a c t i o n i s demanded of e v e r y member of a s h a r p c lu b .
E v e ry clu b h a s a c e r t a i n amount o f dead-w ood. F i r s t
make s u r e t h a t you d o n ’ t f i l l t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n y o u r s e l f , and
th e n go a b o u t t r y i n g to h e lp th e dead-wood you know. An
e n c o u ra g in g word i s p r e t t y good m e d ic in e f o r m o st any i l l .
I t m ig h t be w ise to i n v e s t i g a t e and f i n d o u t i f th e p e r s o n
h a s so m e th in g r e a l l y w o rth w h ile to do i n th e c l u b . T h is i s
o f t e n j u s t th e t h i n g t o p e r k up e n th u s ia s m .
The m ost im p o r ta n t t h in g i n t h i s c h a p t e r , th o u g h , i s
to f o r g e t y o u r s e l f an d h e lp th o s e a ro u n d you t o be g l a d th e y
a r e a l i v e . T his l e a d s t o s u c c e s s and h a p p in e s s more th a n any
o t h e r tilin g you can do i n l i f e .
80
CHAPTER 15. CONCLUSIVE CONSIDERATIONS
HOW TO CINCH THE SUCCESS OF THIS CLUB
I f you have b e e n p r o p e r l y m o tiv a te d b y w hat you
have r e a d th u s f a r , you a r e c h a f i n g a t th e b i t and r a r i n g
to g o . You w ant to d ig i n and p ro d u c e some o f t h e s e r e w a r d s .
W e ll, h e r e i s your l a s t o p p o r t u n i t y to a c t u a l l y do som ething
t h a t w i l l l e a d you to t h e hap py c o n c l u s i o n o f becoming a
t o p - n o t c h member i n a t o p - n o t c h c lu b on y o u r campus.
I t m ig h t be a good i d e a t o h av e e a c h member ta k e
one o r two of t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s and have him work them
th ro u g h to c o m p le tio n . I f you do a l l o f them you may r e s t
a s s u r e d t h a t you w i l l have one of th e b e s t J u n i o r T o a s t
m a s t e r ’ s C lubs i n th e l a n d .
1 . . G e t a n u c le u s of I n t e r e s t e d p e o p le t o g e t h e r and p l a n
a c o u rs e o f a c t i o n t h a t w i l l l e a d to th e f o r m a tio n
o f a T o a s t m a s t e r 's Club i n y o u r s c h o o l . (C h a p te r 2 . )
2 . V i s i t an a d u l t T o a s t m a s t e r ’s c lu b and e n l i s t t h e i r
s u p p o r t . (C h a p te r 2 . )
3* In fo rm a l l o f t h e sc h o o l a g e n c ie s and c lu b s of th e
scope and p u rp o s e o f th e new c l u b . (C h a p te r 1 . )
Ij.. Ask t h e p u b l i c sp e a k in g t e a c h e r i n y o u r s c h o o l t o h e lp
p u b l i c i z e an d a d v is e y o u r b e g in n in g e f f o r t s . (C h a p te r 1 . )
5 . Make th e c lu b o f f i c i a l by r a t i f y i n g i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n
and by o b t a i n i n g o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n from s c h o o l
a u t h o r i t i e s . (C h a p te r 2 . )
6 . E l e c t a s p o n s o r . (C h a p te r 2 . )
7* Have a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f T o a s t m a s t e r 's I n t e r n a t i o n a l
i n s t a l l th e o f f i c e r s a n d s p o n s o r a t an i n s t a l l a t i o n
b a n q u e t. (C h a p te r 3»)
8 . P la n a com plete m e e tin g from th e b e g in n in g tap o f th e
g a v e l to th e l a s t ta p o f th e g a v e l on p a p e r and su b m it
i t t o th e p ro g ram c h a irm a n . (C h a p te r 5*)
9« P r e s e n t w r i t t e n s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im provem ent o f p r o c e d u r e
to t h e p rogram c h a irm a n . (C h a p te r £ . )
10* Be a n a c t i v e m e m b e r - - p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e pro g ram when
e v e r a s k e d - - d o n 't c o m p la in , i n s t e a d make c h a n g e s .
(C h a p te r 5 » )
1 1 . P re p a r e an a g en d a o f a l l the b u s i n e s s n eed s o f t h e
c lu b and d e a l w ith them a t th e n e x t m e e tin g . (C h a p te r 3«)
12 . Form a ways and means co m m ittee to f i n d b e t t e r ways t o
c a re f o r b u s i n e s s ite m s w i t h d i s p a t c h . (C h a p te r I 4. . )
13* Be a b le t o q u o te from R o b e rts ’’R ules o f O rd e r” when
e v e r th e n eed a r i s e s . (C h a p te r 3*)
llq. V i s i t an o r g a n i z a t i o n l i k e th e Chamber o f Commerce t o
see how t h e y h a n d le b u s i n e s s m a t t e r s and copy t h e i r
b e s t p r o c e d u r e . (C h a p te r l\.,)
1 5 . Make arran gem en ts to have a T o a stm a s te r ’ s p a r t y i n
y o u r own back y a r d . G et some o f th e members t o g e t h e r
and f i x t h e p l a c e up f o r a gay o ld t im e . (C h a p te r 7 . )
82
16. O f f e r y o u r s e r v i c e to th e s o c i a l c h airm a n t o h e lp w i t h
a p a r t i c u l a r p h ase of th e n e x t p a r t y l i k e d e c o r a t i o n s
o r r e f r e s h m e n t s . (C h a p te r 7 « )
17* 'A ssum e y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y as i f you w ere th e p u b l i c i t y
a g e n t f o r e v e r y c lu b s o c i a l e v e n t . (C h a p te r 7 « )
1 8 . W rite o u t a T o a s t m a s t e r 's a g en d a e n t i r e l y i n v e r s e .
(C h a p te r 1 1 .)
19* Keep a f i l e of i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t s on e v e r y member o f the
c lu b and u se i t i n a sp e e c h on th e T o a s t m a s t e r 's a re
fu n n y p e o p le or su b m it i t f o r t h e u s e o f a l l p r e s i d i n g
T o a s tm a s te r s . (C h a p te rs 9* an< i 11.-)
2 0 . P r e p a r e an e x te m p o ran eo u s s p e e c h and d e l i v e r i t .
( C h a p te r 1 0 .)
2 1 . W rite up o u t l i n e s f o r s e v e r a l s p e e c h e s t h a t you m ight
be c a l l e d upon to d e l i v e r . (C h a p te rs 8 . and 9*)
2 2 . Help c o a c h y o u r f r i e n d s i n t h e i r s p e a k i n g . (C h a p te rs
8 . , 1 0 . and 1 1 . )
2 3 . Make a rra n g e m e n ts f o r a c r i t i c a l p ro g ram where e v e r y
p e r s o n i n th e a u d ie n c e w i l l be th e c r i t i c . Have them
w r i t e t h e i r rem arks a n d g iv e them to t h e s p e a k e r s on
s e p a r a t e s l i p s of p a p e r . (C h a p te r 1 2 .)
2ip. Make up a check l i s t o f p o i n t s to be c o n s i d e r e d i n th e
a n a l y t i c a l c r i t i c i s m o f any s p e e c h and m im eograph t h e s e
t o be u se d b y th e c r i t i c f o r e a c h s p e a k e r . (C h a p te r 1 2 .)
83
25* Draw up and m im eograph a l i s t o f t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r
a good and a n o t so good member and d i s t r i b u t e them
among t h e e n t i r e m em bership* (C h a p te r 1I4.• )
26* F in d some t a s k t h a t n e ed s t o be done t o im prove t h e
c lu b and do i t . (C h a p te r lij.*}
27* Take a new member u nder y o u r wing and h e lp him t o
become a b e t t e r T o a s tm a s te r . (C h a p te rs 6. an d 1I 4 . . )
2 8 . O rg a n iz e a " s e r v e y o u r c i t y week” a t s c h o o l . Have th e
Mayor o r some o t h e r l o c a l d i g n i t a r y speak a t an a sse m b ly
on "What a s t u d e n t c an do f o r h i s com m unity." (C h a p te r
13 * >
29* A s s i s t t h e p r i n c i p a l i n a d v e r t i s i n g a n open h o u se a s a
means o f g e t t i n g th e community i n t o t h e s c h o o l .
(C h a p te rs 1. and 1 3 •)
30* Work o u t a p rogram f o r a "Keep Kampus K lean" d r i v e .
( C h a p te r 13*)
31* T ry t o i n t e r e s t a l l o f th e younger p e o p le you know i n t o
j o i n i n g th e c l u b . (C h a p te rs 1 . , 6 . and lip. )
3 2 . Loan t h i s book to p e o p le who a re a p t t o make good u se
o f i t . (C h a p te rs 1 - 1 5 .)
3 3 . Take h o ld of th e s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a t i s r i g h t l y y o u rs
f o r h a v in g done s u c h a f i n e job i n o r g a n i z in g th e b e s t
c lu b on y o u r cam pus. (C h a p te rs 1 - 1 5 .)
Of c o u rs e t h i s d o e s n ’ t t e l l th e w hole s t o r y . I n t r u t h ,
th e h a l f h a s n o t b een t o l d . There a re a l o t o f t h i n g s u n s a i d
t h a t you can s a y b e t t e r . The r e s t i s up t o you.
of S o u th e rn California US,r® fV

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

A handbook for beginning and intermediate stringed instrument players in junior high school.

PDF

A handbook for the use of board members and all school employees of the Crane Elementary School.

PDF

A handbook for the sponsors of student councils in secondary schools.

PDF

A library handbook for the students of Madison Junior High School.

PDF

A handbook for school club sponsors.

PDF

A handbook for the students of Van Owen Junior High School

PDF

A handbook for the students of Corona Junior High School.

PDF

A guide for equipping a boys' corrective physical education room in a Los Angeles Junior High School.

PDF

A handbook for the sponsor of a girls' service organization in a junior high school.

PDF

A handbook for student teachers of science at Emerson Junior High School.

PDF

A handbook for the music students of Paramount Junior High School.

PDF

A handbook for counseling physically handicapped students in secondary schools.

PDF

A handbook for students of Audubon Junior High School.

PDF

A student handbook for Edison Junior High School.

PDF

The legal requirements for the proper administration of student body funds in Los Angeles County.

PDF

A handbook for students of Stevenson Junior High School

PDF

A handbook for junior high school girls' vice principals.

PDF

A course of study for driver instruction in high school.

PDF

A guide to professional data for certificated personnel of the Whittier Union High School District

PDF

A plan for the improvement of library facilities for the Buena Park School District.

Asset Metadata

Creator Peace, Warren Theron (author)

Core Title A handbook for the student formation of a junior toastmasters club in secondary schools.

School School of Education

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag education, administration,OAI-PMH Harvest

Format masters theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c24-22139

Unique identifier UC11270978

Identifier EP46012.pdf (filename),usctheses-c24-22139 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP46012.pdf

Dmrecord 22139

Document Type Thesis

Format masters theses (aat)

Rights Peace, Warren Theron

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA