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Adjustment of high school seniors and the marital adjustment of their parents in a Southern California city

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Adjustment of high school seniors and the marital adjustment of their parents in a Southern California city

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Content ADJUSTMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS AND THE MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF THEIR PARENTS IN A SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CITY A D i s s e r t a t i o n P re s e n te d t o th e F a c u lty o f th e D epartm ent of S o c io lo g y The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a li f o r n ia In P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree D octor o f P h ilo s o p h y by Aubrey B aer H a r te r June 1930 UMI Number: DP31707 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI DP31707 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 pk.ù. 'so This dissertation, written by Anbrgy Baer Harter i.s under the guidance of h Faculty Committee on Studies, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful fillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y Date May..l5>..lSSû. Committee on Studies ^ Chairman TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED . . 1 The p r o b l e m .............................................................. 1 S ta te m e n t o f th e p ro b lem . 1 Im p o rtan ce o f th e s t u d y ....................................... 1 D e f in i t io n s o f te rm s u s e d .......................... . . . 2 M a r i ta l a d ju stm e n t ................................................ 2 A d j u s t m e n t .................................................................... 4 O rg a n iz a tio n o f re m a in d e r o f t h e s i s . . . . 9 I I . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE O N .MARITAL ADJUSTMENT......................................................................... 6 E a r ly s t u d i e s .................................................................... 6 R ecent s t u d i e s ............................................................... 7 The p r e d i c t i o n and m easurem ent o f m a r i ta l h a p p in e s s ............................................................... 7 The m easurem ent of h a p p in e s s in g e n e r a l . 10 The B u r g e s s - G o ttr e ll and Terman S tu d ie s . . 11 The work of B urg ess and C o t t r e l l . . . . 12 The work of Terman and h i s a s s o c i a t e s . . 23 I I I . METHODS AND MATERIALS U S E D ....................................... 26 M ethods .............................................................. 26 Q u e s tio n n a ire s .......................................................... 26 D i s t r i b u t i o n of q u e s tio n n a ir e s .................... 30 l i i CHAPTER PAGE The m easurem ent of m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t . . . 32 M a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t i t e m s ....................... 33 S c o rin g o f ite m s i n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y • . 37 V a l i d i t y o f p r e s e n t sc o rin g method . . . 38 The m easurem ent o f tem peram ent .................... 40 IV. THE SAMPLE AND SUB-GROUPS .................... 44 S e le c tio n of th e s a m p l e ................................. 44 The p o p u l a t i o n ............................................... 44 The s iz e o f th e s a m p l e ............................. 44 S o c ia l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e sam ple . . . 47 Age o f p a r e n t s ................................................ 47 E d u c a tio n of p a r e n t s ............................................ 47 N a t i o n a l i t y ......................................................... 48 R e l i g i o n .................................................... 48 F am ily s t a t u s ............................................................... 48 S iz e o f f a m i l i e s ........................................... 3 i Number o f m o th e rs w o r k i n g ........................ 3I S ocio-econom ic s t a t u s o f t h e s tu d e n t . . 3I F am ily i n c o m e ..................................................... 32 Home o w n e r s h i p ................................................ 32 O ccu p atio n o f f a t h e r s ....................................... 33 Q u e s tio n n a ire r e t u r n s ................................................. 34 i v CHAPTER PAGE P e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s ............................................ 34 I m p lic a tio n s o f p e rc e n ta g e of r e t u r n s , . 33 E v a lu a tio n of t i e p e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s * 3^ Sub-groups of th e s a m p l e ...................... 38 Need f o r h o m o g e n e i t y ........................... 38 S iz e o f s u b - g r o u p s ............................... 38 V. F IN D IN G S .................................................................. 60 M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t ..................................................... 60 S t a b i l i t y of m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t . . . . 60 R e la tio n s h ip betw een m others? a d ju s tm e n t and f a th e r s ? a d ju s tm e n t t o th e m a rria g e 63 S tu d e n ts? a b i l i t y t o r a t e p a re n ts ? m a r r i a g e ................................................... 68 Temperament o f p a r e n t and c h i l d ........ 7 i P a r e n t - c h i l d resem b lan ce .................................. 73 M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t and tem peram ent . . . . 80 The spouse? s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t and h i s te m p e r a m e n t............................................... 8l The p a r e n t ?s m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t and th e c h ild ? s tem peram ent ............................................ 90 The tem peram ent o f th e h ig h sc h o o l s e n io r and h i s im p re ss io n o f h i s p a re n ts ? m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t ......................'. . . . ^4 V CHAPTER PAGE C h ild re n from b ro k en homes compared in tem peram ent w ith c h il d r e n from unbroken h o m e s .............................................................................. 93 V I. SUM M ARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................................................... 100 S u m m a r y ........................................................................................ 100 The problem and i t s b a c k g r o u n d ........................... 100 The u n iv e rs e and s a m p l e ...................................... 104 The m ethods and m a t e r i a l s u s e d .......................... 106 The f i n d i n g s ................................................................... 107 C o n c l u s i o n s ............................................................. I l l BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................. 113 APPENDIX I ................................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX I I ............................................................................................ 134 APPENDIX I I I ............................................................................................ 140 f APPENDIX IV ................................................................................... 147 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I . The Guilford-Zirnm erm an Temperament S urvey ♦ . 42 I I . E d u c a tio n a l L ev el of P a r e n t s ........................ 30 I I I . F a th e rs ? O c c u p a tio n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . 33 IV. Change in H ap p in ess o f P a r e n t s D uring L i f e tim e o f H igh S chool S e n i o r ......................... 62 V. C o r r e l a ti o n betw een R e p o rts of P a r e n ts and S tu d e n ts on th e P a re n ts ? M e r ita l A djustm ent 69 VI. C o r r e l a ti o n betw een Temperament T r a i t s of P a re n t and A d o l e s c e n t ........................................ 74 V II. M a r ita l A djustm ent and Temperament of S p o u s e s ......................................................................... 81 V I I I . M a r ita l A djustm ent and Temperament o f Spouses ( C o r r e la tio n of s c a le d sc o re s) . . 84 IX . M a r ita l A djustm ent o f P a re n t and Temperament o f C h i l d ..................................................................... .9 3 X. Tem peram ental D if f e r e n c e s betw een S tu d e n ts from Broken Homes and S tu d e n ts from Unbroken Homes .................................................................................. 99 X I. Temperament and M a r ita l A d ju stm en t (as r e l a t e d to t r a i t s ) ............................................. 110 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1* Age D i s t r i b u t i o n of P a r e n t s ....................................... 49 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED S o c i o lo g i s t s and th e g e n e r a l p u b lic a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n th e q u e s tio n o f j u s t how a c h i l d 's p e r s o n a l and s o c i a l a d ju s tm e n ts may be r e l a t e d t o t h e m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t of h i s p a r e n t s , and w hether t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s c lo s e r th a n th e more d i r e c t a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f p a r e n t and c h i l d . I . THE PROBLEM S ta te m e n t o f th e p ro b le m . The p u rp o se o f t h i s stu d y was t o d e te rm in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e a d ju stm e n t o f h ig h sc h o o l s e n io r s and t h e m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t of t h e i r p a r e n t s i n a S o u th ern C a li f o r n ia c i t y . F iv e p o s i t i v e h y - . p o th e s e s were fo rm u la te d ; t h a t th e a d ju s tm e n t o f h ig h s c h o o l s e n io r s i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o (1) th e m a r i t a l ad ju stm e n t of t h e i r p a r e n t s , (2) th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s of t h e i r p a r e n t s , and (3) th e s t u d e n t 's im p re ss io n o f h i s p a r e n t s ' m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t; t h a t (4) th e s t u d e n t 's im p re ss io n o f h i s p a r e n t s ' m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t i s v e ry c lo s e t o c o r r e c t ; and t h a t (3) th e m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t o f e ach p a re n t i s p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith h i s o r h e r own p e r s o n a l i t y . Im p o rtan ce o f th e s tu d y . The stu d y g a in s i t s im p o rta n c e m ain ly from th e l i g h t i t may th ro w on some b a s ic 2 s o c i o lo g i c a l c o n c e p ts . I t i s a s p e c i f i c in q u ir y i n to th e p ro c e s s of s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n a s i t f u n c t i o n s i n th e fa m ily s i t u a t i o n . P e rso n t o p e rso n r e l a t i o n s h i p s and p e rso n t o group r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re s tu d ie d . The p ro c e s s o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d a s tem peram ent r e a c t s w ith tem peram ent in th e p rim a ry group o f th e f a m ily , and a t t i t u d e s th e r e a s s i m il a te d f i n d a p la c e in th e p e r s o n a l i t y . I t i s in t h e s e b ro a d e r im p lic a tio n s t h a t th e h y p o th e se s f in d t h e i r t r u e c o n c e p tu a l framework and have t h e i r r e a l meaning and im por ta n c e a s s o c i o lo g i c a l d a ta . The stu d y i s im p o rta n t a ls o a s an outgrow th o f p re v io u s r e s e a r c h i n th e f i e l d , and may s e rv e t o c o rr o b o ra te o r supplem ent o th e r t h e o r i e s , extend o r l i m i t t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o new p o p u la tio n s . F i n a l l y , t h e r e i s a grow ing demand f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f th e p roblem s t u d i e d . C ourses on m a rria g e and th e fa m ily a re becoming more and more p r e v a le n t i n h ig h s c h o o ls and c o l l e g e s . The q u e s tio n s a r e h ig h ly c o n t r o v e r s i a l , and f a c t u a l in fo rm a tio n i s g r e a t l y needed t o a id th e s tu d e n t in t h i s r e l a t i v e l y new a r e a o f s tu d y . I I . DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t. M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t may be d e fin e d a s a p r o c e s s o f accommodation and c o n f l i c t in an 3 i n tim a te r e l a t i o n s h i p , encom passing deep ro o te d p e r s o n a l i t y n e ed s of husband and w if e . Where t h e s e n e ed s a r e l e f t out o f th e m a rria g e , a d ju s tm e n t i s sh a llo w and b r i n g s l i t t l e s a t i s f a c t i o n , even th o u g h t h e r e be no c o n f l i c t . Where t h e s e n eed s a r e m et, th e r e i s grow th and a s s i m i l a t i o n o f th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s in th e developm ent o f common i n t e r e s t s . From th e s ta n d p o in t o f a s s i m i l a t i o n , a d ju stm e n t i s to be d e fin e d a s th e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e c o u p le in a union i n which th e two p e r s o n a l i t i e s a r e n o t m erely m erged, or subm erged, b u t i n t e r a c t t o complement each o th e r f o r m u tu al s a t i s f a c t i o n and the achievem ent of common o b j e c ti v e s . The em phasis i s upon i n t e r com m unication, i n t e r s t i m u l a t i o n , and p a r t i c i p a t i o n in common a c t i v i t i e s . More sim p ly , w e ll a d ju s te d m a rria g e may be d e fin e d a s one in which t h e p a t t e r n s of b e h a v io r of th e two p e rs o n s a re 2 m u tu a lly s a t i s f y i n g , " More a c c u r a t e l y , how ever, i t may be k e p t in mind t h a t a c o n c e p t cannot be a r b i t r a r i l y d e fin e d i f i t i s r e p r e s e n te d by a sc o re on a s c a l e . The o p e r a tio n a l d e f i n i t i o n , in t h i s c a s e , can be none o th e r th a n t h a t i n h e r e n t in th e ite m s o f th e m easuring d e v ic e u s e d . M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t i s w h atev er i s m easured by th e m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t s c a l e . And th e r e a d e r may b e s t g e t an id e a of w hatever t h i s S, W. B urgess and L , S, C o t t r e l l , J r , , P r e d i c t i n g S uccess o r F a i l u r e in M arriage (New York: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c , , 1 9 3 9 ), P . 10, ^ I b i d , , p , 47, 4 i s by c a r e f u l l y exam ining th e ite m s of t h e s c a l e . (See a p p e n d ix .) These ite m s w i l l be se en t o be community of i n t e r e s t s , la c k of c o n f l i c t , and s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith one a n o th e r and th e m a rr ia g e . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t Lewis M. Terman u sed p r e c i s e l y th e same s c a le w ith v e ry m inor changes to m easure " m a r ita l h a p p in e s s ." A d ju stm e n t. S o c i o lo g i c a l ly , a d ju stm e n t i s in c o n c e iv a b le a p a r t from th e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n . Each s i t u a t i o n i s u n iq u e and a d ju s tm e n t m ust v a ry a c c o rd in g ly i f i t i s dynam ic. I n th e p r e s e n t stu d y no a tte m p t t o m easure such a c t u a l a d ju s tm e n t i s made. The term i s u sed i n i t s psycho l o g i c a l o r a b s t r a c t c o n n o ta tio n and means p o t e n t i a l a d j u s t ment o r p ro b a b le a d ju s tm e n t, a l l t h i n g s b e in g e q u a l. I t s m ain p u rp o se i s t o s e p a r a te o u t th e g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e s and b e h a v io u r p a t t e r n s commonly term ed p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s from th e s p e c i f i c and s i t u a t i o n a l accommodation of one p e rs o n t o a n o th e r i n th e i n s t i t u t i o n o f m a rria g e . I n k e ep in g w ith t h i s id e a t h a t a d ju stm e n t i s r e f l e c t e d i n p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s , a tem peram ent o r t r a i t s c a le was used t o m easure a d ju s tm e n t; th e G u ilf o r d - Zirnmerman Temperament S u rv e y . P e rs o n a l a d ju s tm e n t, e m o tio n a l a d ju s tm e n t, and s o c i a l ad ju stm e n t a r e m easured on t h i s s c a le w ith te n r e l a t e d f a c t o r s . These s p e c i f i c f a c t o r s a re d e fin e d in th e d i s c u s s io n o f th e tem peram ent s c a le i n C hapter I I I . ORGANIZATION OF REMAINDER OF THESIS In th e rem a in d e r o f th e t h e s i s th e l i t e r a t u r e w i l l be review ed f o r s i g n i f i c a n t h y p o th e se s in th e a re a of t h i s stu d y ; th e m a t e r i a l s used w i l l be a n a ly z e d ; th e u n iv e r s e w i l l be d e s c rib e d and th e method of d e r i v i n g th e sample th e re fro m c o n s id e re d ; th e f in d in g s o f t h e stu d y w i l l be p r e s e n te d s t a t i s t i c a l l y ; and the study w i l l be summarized and c o n clu d ed . CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OH MARITAL ADJUSTMENT I . EARLY STUDIES Two e x c e ll e n t and c o n c is e re v ie w s of a l l p e r t i n e n t r e s e a r c h i n th e f i e l d w ere p u b lis h e d i n 1939* One was "M ethodology and R e s u l t s o f R ecent S tu d ie s in M a r ita l Ad- 1 ju s tm e n t," by L. M. Terman and W. B. John son. I n i t were review ed th e p io n e e r s t u d i e s o f D a v is, H a m ilto n , B e rn ard , D ickenson, S a i l e r , W atson, K i r k p a t r i c k , and th e M owrers, and th e l a t e r s t u d i e s of B urg ess and C o t t r e l l , Terman, and K e lly . The problem , p o p u la tio n , m ethodology, i n d i c e s o f m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t, and m ajor f i n d in g s of each s tu d y were sum m arized, and a l l c o n c lu s io n s were compared w ith th o s e o f th e Terman stu d y f o r c o r r o b o r a tio n o r la c k o f i t . Method o f a n a ly z in g d a t a , use o f s t a t i s t i c s or c ase stu d y m a t e r i a l , and r e l i a b i l i t y o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s were a ls o c r i t i c i z e d . The o t h e r re v ie w , p u b lis h e d i n th e same y e a r and c o v e rin g s u b s t a n t i a l l y th e same s t u d i e s , was th e "Review of S tu d ie s o f P r e d i c t i o n o f M a r ita l A djustm ent" i n th e l a s t c h a p te r o f B urgess and C o t t r e l l 's P r e d i c t i n g S u ccess or L. M. Terman and W. B. John son, "M ethodology and R e s u l ts o f R ecent S tu d ie s i n M a r ita l A d ju stm e n t," Am erican S o c io lo g ic a l R eview , 4 :3 0 7 -2 4 , June 1939. 7 F a i l u r e i n M a rria g e . Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t in t h i s r e p o r t was a c h a r t com paring th e f i n d in g s o f th e d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s . N e c e s s a r ily i n th e c h a r t th e v a r io u s s t u d i e s were p la c e d a l l on a p a r w ith re g a rd t o r e l i a b i l i t y of f i n d in g s , and d i f f e r e n c e s o f m ethod, v a l i d i t y , c r i t e r i a , sam ple, and c a r e f u l n e s s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n had t o be ig n o re d . N e v e r th e le s s , th e t a b u l a t i o n p r e s e n te d th e summary f i n d in g s w ith g ra p h ic c l a r i t y . An a n a l y s i s of t h i s c h a r t shows t h a t i n v e s t i g a to r s have found 33 d i f f e r e n t p r e m a r it a l ite m s a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a r i t a l s u c c e s s . Of t h e s e ite m s , I 8 have been r e p o r t e d by two o r more s tu d ie s , w h ile 33 have been found i n o n ly one s tu d y . The f a c t t h a t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e ite m s w ere found t o have some s i g n i f ic a n c e by o n ly one i n v e s t i g a t o r i s due i n o n ly two o r t h r e e i n s t a n c e s t o c o n f l i c t i n g f i n d in g s . I t ' can be a t t r i b u t e d r a t h e r t o th e f a c t t h a t d i f f e r e n t s t u d e n ts s e le c te d d i f f e r e n t p r e m a r it a l i t e m s .% P e rh a p s the c o n f l i c t o f f in d in g s r e p r e s e n te d in th e c h a r t was u n d e r s ta te d in th e l a s t two s e n te n c e s o f t h i s q u o ta tio n . Throughout th e a r t i c l e by Terman and Jo h n so n , where r e f e r e n c e i s made t o f in d in g s and c o n c lu s io n s o f o th e r s t u d i e s , a f r e q u e n t p h ra s e i s " n o t confirm ed by o ur s tu d y ," I I . RECENT STUDIES The p r e d i c ti o n and m easurem ent o f m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s . S ince th e d a te o f th e B urgess and C o t t r e l l and Terman 1 . W. B urgess and L. S. C o t t r e l l , J r . , op. c i t . , PP. 337- 3 9 . 8 s t u d i e s , s e v e r a l l a r g e p r o j e c t s have been under way b u t no r e p o r t s have a s y e t been p u b lis h e d . H arvey J . Locke h a s been w orking on a stu d y w hich he e x p e c ts to have re a d y f o r p u b l ic a t i o n v e ry soon. From two p r e lim in a r y a r t i c l e s t h a t have a p p e a re d , i t may be seen t h a t h i s stu d y h a s two u nique f e a t u r e s , b e in g p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r i n g e n t i n sam pling te c h n iq u e and th e u se of c o n tr o l g ro u p s, and c h o o sin g i t s s u b je c ts from t h e m id d le r a t h e r t h a n th e upper l e v e l s of th e p o p u la t i o n in e d u c a tio n a l and socio -eco n o m ic s t a t u s . ^ Two o th e r s t u d i e s a re o f a l o n g i t u d i n a l n a t u r e . E. L ow ell K e lly hds been a t work on such a p r o j e c t s in c e 1931 • t h a t tim e he in te rv ie w e d and e x te n s i v e l y te s te d some s e v e r a l hundred en gaged c o u p le s who a g re e d t o be p a r t of a l o n g i t u d i n a l stu d y and subm it to f u r t h e r q u e s tio n in g a t p e r i o d i c i n t e r v a l s d u rin g t h e i r m a r ria g e s . So f a r he h a s p u b lis h e d o n ly a few a r t i c l e s on th e p r o j e c t ; he found a c o r r e l a t i o n of about .30 betw een s c o r e s a s p r e d i c te d b e fo re m a rria g e and a d j u s t ment s c o re s d eterm in ed two y e a r s a f t e r m a rria g e , on T erm an's s c a l e . ^Harvey J. L ocke, " P r e d ic tin g M a r ita l A djustm ent by Comparing a D iv o rced and a H ap p ily M a rrie d G roup," Am erican S o c io lo g ic a l R eview , 1 2 :1 8 7 -9 1 , A p r il 1947; and " P r e d ic tin g S u c c ess o r F a i l u r e i n M arriag e: A C om parison of a D ivorced and a H ap p ily M arried G roup," R esearch S t u d ie s , S ta te C o lleg e o f W ashington, 1 3 : 169- 7 4 , I 9 4 7 . 9 P a u l W allin and 1 . W. B urgess have been w o rking on a l o n g it u d i n a l s tu d y w hich i s t o be c a l l e d "One Thousand En gaged C o u p les." They have r e p o r t e d f i n d in g s c o n firm in g t h e i r h y p o th e s e s o f homogamy in p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s and homogamy i n s o c i a l background f a c t o r s . The p e r s o n a l i t y c o r r e l a t e s a r e v e ry s l i g h t i n d e g re e , though s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , a v e ra g in g F e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f . 1 3 .^ The background f a c t o r s were fou n d to c o r r e l a t e a l i t t l e h ig h e r , a v e ra g in g 5 an r o f a b o u t .2 1 . They, t o o , found su p p o rt f o r t h e i r p r e d i c t i o n s c a le in th e c o r r e l a t i o n s o f .4 3 ± .04 f o r men and .41 ± .04 f o r women betw een p r e d i c t i o n s c o r e s b e fo re m a rria g e and s c o r e s f o r a d ju s tm e n t two y e a r s a f t e r m a rria g e . Two o th e r i n t e r e s t i n g developm ents have been under way. One i s th e se a rc h f o r p o s i t i v e a r e a s of m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t to make up f o r a c o n c e n tr a tio n of n e g a tiv e e le m e n ts in th e B urgess and C o t t r e l l and Terman s c a l e s . C h a rle s E. 6 4 B urgess and W a llin , "Homogamy i n P e r s o n a l i t y C har a c t e r i s t i c s , " J o u rn a l Abnormal P sy ch o lo g y , 3 9 : 473- 8I , O c to b e r, 1944. ^B urgess and W a llin , "Homogamy i n S o c ia l C h a ra c te r i s t i c s , " Am erican J o u rn a l o f S o c io lo g y , 49; 1 09 -24, Septem b e r , 1 9 4 3 . ^B urgess and W a llin , " P r e d ic tin g A djustm ent i n M arriag e from A djustm ent i n Engagem ent, " , A m erican J o u r n a l o f S o c io lo g y , 4 9 : 324- 3 0 , J a n u a ry , 1944. 10 Bowerman i n a d o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n p u b lis h e d a t Chicago 1 U n i v e r s i ty , 1949, s p e c i f i c a l l y a tta c k e d t h i s p ro b lem * ' The le a d i n t h i s stu d y was p ic k e d up from the o r i g i n a l s t a t e ment o f th e problem by Terman, h im s e lf . I t sh o u ld be p o in te d o u t , how ever, t h a t a h ig h sc o re i s l e s s a m easure o f th e e x t e n t t o which a sub j e c t i s happy th a n of th e d e g re e o f c e r t a i n t y t h a t he i s n o t unhappy. Our ite m s have probed more f o r symptoms o f u n h a p p in e ss th a n f o r p o s i t i v e s ig n s o f h a p p in e s s . F or in s t a n c e , 32 p o i n t s a re aw arded f o r answ ers t h a t a r e i n e f f e c t n e g a tio n s : la c k o f r e g r e t o ver m a rria g e , la c k o f c o n te m p la tio n o f s e p a r a t io n or d iv o rc e , la c k o f c r i t i c i s m o f th e sp o u se, e t c . . . . W e wculd d o u b tle s s have done b e t t e r to have chosen o r p h ra se d o u r ite m s so a s t o a llo w th e sp o u ses more scope f o r e x p re s s io n s of e n th u s ia sm and d e l i g h t over t h e m a rria g e and o f a f f e c t i o n and p r a i s e f o r th e p a r t n e r . T h is \w)uld p ro b a b ly have p ro v id e d more 't o p ' f o r th e t e s t and have r e s u l t e d i n l e s s jamming of s c o r e s a t th e u pper end o f th e s c a l e b u t would n o toh ave e lim in a te d a l l skewness from t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n . The m easurement o f h a p p in e s s i n g e n e r a l . A second i n t e r e s t i n g developm ent i s th e e x p e rim e n ta l work b e in g done a t Duke U n iv e r s ity on th e E uph orim eter s c a l e s . These p u r p o r t to m easure a p e r s o n 's g e n e r a l h a p p in e ss l e v e l and a l s o h i s at-th e-m o m en t h a p p in e s s i n much th e same manner a s th e 1. Q. t e s t s m easure a p e r s o n 's g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e l e v e l . 7 C h a rle s S. Bowerman, The Measurement o f A reas o f Ad- ju stm e n t i n M a rria g e , 230 p . ,~ D n iv e r s ity of Chicago L i b r a r i e s , 1 9 4 9. 0 Lewis M. Terman, P s y c h o lo g ic a l F a c to r s in M a r ita l H a p p in ess (New York: M cGraw-Hill Book Company, I 9 3 8 ), p . 6 ,4 . 11 A sc o re o f z e ro d e s ig n a te s th e d iv id in g l i n e betw een th e happy and th e unhappy p e rs o n . A sc o re of 100 i s a v e ra g e . An a d v an tag e of t h e s e s c a l e s i s t h a t h a p p in e s s i s e x p re sse d a s so many Suphor u n i t s , and t h i s s t a n d a r d i z a ti o n makes p o s s ib le d i r e c t com parison o f th e f i n d in g s o f d i f f e r e n t s t u d i e s when th e y a re t r a n s l a t e d i n t o th e s e same lu p h o r u n i t s . A second ad v an tag e i s th e d i s t i n c t i o n a llo w a b le betw een a t-th e-m o m en t h a p p in e s s and th e u s u a l l e v e l o r i n - t h e - lo n g - r u n h a p p in e s s . The s c a l e s have b een s ta n d a rd iz e d on some 2,2 00 p e rs o n s from v a r io u s w alk s of l i f e and in d i f f e r e n t g e o g ra p h ic a l a r e a s of th e c o u n tr y . A ccording to th e e x p e rim e n te rs i t h a s f a i r l y h ig h r e l i a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y . I t i s rem a rk ab ly s h o r t and sim ple t o a d m in is te r . I t i s s t i l l in p ro c e s s o f b e in g v a li d a t e d on l a r g e r and l a r g e r g ro u p s, and th e main problem o f c a l i b r a t i n g th e s c a le and s ta n d a r d iz in g th e u n i t h a s n o t been a d e q u a te ly s o lv e d . H o rn e ll H a rt h a s p u b lis h e d two books on t h e s u b je c t; A C hart f o r H a p p in e s s , 1940, w r i t t e n e n t i r e l y about th e developm ent and l o g i c o f th e Duke U n i v e r s i ty e x p e rim e n ts on th e e u p h o rim e te r, and P e r s o n a l i t y and th e F a m ily , 1943, a more com prehensive work t h a t b r in g s t o g e t h e r th e f in d in g s o f many s t u d i e s b u t i s n o t a r e p o r t of r e s e a r c h in i t s e l f . I I I . THE BURGESS-GOTTRELL AND TERMAN STUDIES Two o u ts ta n d in g books need s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n f o r 12 t h e i r im portance t o th e p r e s e n t stu d y ; P r e d i c t i n g S u ecess o r F a i l u r e i n M arriag e by B urgess and C o t t r e l l , and P s y c h o lo g ic a l F a c to r s i n M a r i ta l H a p p in ess by Terman and h i s a s s o c i a t e s a t S ta n f o r d . Not o n ly a r e th e s e t h e two m ajo r fo u n d a tio n s to n e s i n th e f i e l d of m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t, i t s p r e d i c t i o n and m easurem ent, b u t th e s c a le used to m easure m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t in th e p r e s e n t stu d y was ta k e n from th e s e o th e r works w ith r e l a t i v e l y m inor ch an g es. C o n s ta n tly th ro u g h o u t t h i s r e p o r t a l l u s i o n h a s been made t o liiese o th e r two w orks. I t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y to re v ie w th e s e books, a s th e y a r e w e ll known to e v ery s tu d e n t i n th e f i e l d , b u t a word o r two may b e i n o rd e r t o p la c e t h i s stu d y i n r e l a t i o n t o i t s f o s t e r p a r e n t s . The work o f B urgess and C o t t r e l l . The B urgess and C o t t r e l l s tu d y , w ith a l l of i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , i s an o r i g i n a l and p io n e e r in g w ork. I t h as s e v e r a l m ajor w eaknesses in p o in t o f m ethodology, how ever, w hich to p a s s by w ith o u t com ment would be t o g iv e an im p re ssio n o f c o n v in c in g n e ss to th e f i n d in g s and th e v a l i d i t y of th e a d ju s tm e n t s c a le beyond t h a t w hich th e y p r o p e r ly d e s e rv e . And th e s e d is c r e p a n c ie s l i e a t th e h e a r t of th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , w hich u s e s th e same m easurem ent s c a l e . One t h in g must f i r s t be s a id i n fa v o r of th e B urgess and C o t t r e l l a d ju s tm e n t s c a l e ; i t was p ro b a b ly s u p e r io r t o any s in g le s c a le t h a t p re c e d e d i t , and may n o t 13 y e t be s u rp a s s e d by an y o t h e r , Terman borrow ed h e a v ily from i t and c o n s tr u c te d a s c a le v e ry s i m i l a r t o i t . B urgess and C o t t r e l l d e s c rib e d t h e i r sample a s u rb a n , young, n a ti v e b o rn , w h ite , p r o t e s t a n t (73 p e r c e n t ) , w e ll e d u c a te d (36 p e r c e n t w ith c o lle g e o r g ra d u a te t r a i n i n g , more th a n 90 p e r c en t w ith some h ig h sc h o o l t r a i n i n g ) , m id d le c l a s s , w h ite c o l l a r and p r o f e s s i o n a l , m a rrie d from one t o s ix y e a r s , w ith sm all f a m i l i e s (36 p e r c e n t h a v in g no c h il d r e n a t tim e o f s t u d y ) , and r e s i d i n g in I l l i n o i s . T hat th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a d e q u a te ly d e s c rib e d th e sam ple th e r e can be no d o u b t. But t h e im p lic a tio n t h a t n a t u r a l l y f o llo w s , t h a t th e sample a d e q u a te ly r e p r e s e n te d th e group from %hich i t was drawn, o r any group in I l l i n o i s of s i m il a r o b je c tiv e d e s c r i p t i o n , i s r e a l l y q u e s tio n a b le . Sum m arizing, th e y say , A re v ie w o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e sam ple used in t h i s stu d y p o i n ts t o th e g e n e r a l c o n c lu s io n s t h a t i t i s a ro u g h ly homogeneous, young, p re p o n d e r a n t l y n o n - n e u r o tic , m id d le - c la s s , n a tiv e - w h ite Am eri can , u rb an group. W hatever d e g re e of v a l i d i t y th e f i n d in g s of t h i s s tu d y may have, t h e r e f o r e , th e y a r e a p p lic a b le o n ly t o th e s o c i a l s t r a t a from w hich th e sample h a s been draw n. Any a p p l i c a t i o n of th e f i n d in g s t o o th e r g ro u p s should be made w ith g r e a t c a u tio n and i n an e x p lo r a to r y m anner. ^ The s ta te m e n t sounds v e ry c a r e f u l but th e c h o ic e o f w ords i s m is le a d in g , " a p p l i c a b l e o n ly to th e s o c i a l s t r a t a ^B urgess and C o t t r e l l , c i t . , p . 29. 14 from which th e sample h a s been draw n." Sam ple, o r fragm ent? Does sample p r o p e r ly d e s c r ib e # i a t one g e t s when 7000 q u e s tio n n a ir e s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d th ro u g h s t u d e n t s , a few so c i a l a g e n c ie s , and o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d , 400 m ailed to c o u p le s whose d iv o rc e s were r e p o r te d in n ew sp ap ers, 230 p la c e d in a p a rtm e n t m a il b o x es — and 13OO, ( s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n one o u t of f i v e ) a re r e t u r n e d , from which 330 a re s e l e c te d f o r r e s id e n c y in I l l i n o i s and p ro p e r le n g th o f m a rria g e , f i n a l l y le a v in g 326 c o u p le s? Can th e s e 326 c o u p le s th e n f a i r l y be c a l le d a sam ple? Do th e y r e p r e s e n t th e group t h a t th e y seem to b e lo n g t o , or cou ld th e y j u s t a s w e ll be a t y p i c a l members o f t h a t group? U n le ss th e y can be shown to be a c r o s s - s e c t i o n o r m in ia tu r e i n some way o f th e group from v h ic h t h e y w ere drawn, i t i s a b ro a d assu m p tio n t o speak o f them a s a sample and im agine t h a t te n d e n c ie s found i n t h i s s e l e c t group may be g e n e r a liz e d a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e l a r g e r group from w hich th e y were t a k e n . I t i s a s i f one were t o w ander i n t o a l a r g e m arket p la c e , buy a n a s s o r t ment o f f r u i t , examine i t . a n d fin d i t to be a p p le s , p e a r s , and b a n an a s, and th e n draw c o n c lu s io n s ab o u t th e a p p le s , p e a r s , and b an an a s s o ld in t h a t m arket from an a n a l y s i s of th e "sam ple" t h a t he had b o u g h t. I f a llo w a n c e must be made a t e v ery s te p in s t a t i s t i c a l work f o r w ide p o s s ib le v a r i a t i o n betw een th e sam ple and t h e t r u e p o p u la tio n when th e 13 fo rm er i s r i g o r o u s l y chosen t o a s s u re maximum r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , how much allo w an ce must he made f o r g e n e r a l i z i n g from f r a g m ents o f a p o p u la tio n s e l e c t e d on th e b a s is of exp ediency ? The a u th o r s were w e ll aware o f one p o s s ib le d is c re p a n c y b e tw een c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i r group and th e p o p u la tio n i t was supposed t o r e p r e s e n t , b u t once s t a t e d th e y p ro m p tly d i s m issed i t from mind a s in d e te r m in a b le , and d id n o t s q u a re ly fa c e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t where one d e f i n i t e s e l e c t i v e f a c t o r is a t w ork, many s u b t l e d i f f e r e n c e s may be o p e r a t i v e . C o n fin in g t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o the dan g er o f o b ta in in g a s e l e c t group from th e p o in t o f view of p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , B urgess and C o t t r e l l say : I t h a s som etim es been s t a t e d t h a t th e s u b je c ts w ho.respond t o q u e s t io n n a ir e s on p e r s o n a l m a tte r s have c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t w eig h t th e r e s u l t s . Thus i t i s a rg u e d t h a t o n ly p e o p le w ith p e r s o n a l i t y problem s w i l l resp o n d to r e q u e s t s t h a t th e y f i l l o u t such fo rm s. S o - c a lle d norm al p e o p le , i t i s s a i d , ig n o re such r e q u e s t s . I f t h i s be t r u e , t h e r e i s an u n c o n tr o lle d b i a s in t h i s and a l l o th e r s i m i l a r s t u d i e s . Adequate e v id e n c e i s la c k in g to prove or d i s p ro v e t h a t . a p s y c h o lo g ic a l b ia s i s p r e s e n t i n t h i s s t u d y . I f i t were o n ly a q u e s tio n of a s in g le i s o l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e — i f d i f f e r e n c e s d id n o t come i n c l u s t e r s — i t would be a n o th e r m a tte r . But th e p o in t rem ain s t h a t how e v e r p r e c i s e l y a segment o f th e u n iv e rs e i s d e s c rib e d and . p . 2 8 . 16 p la c e d on th e socio -eco n o m ic s c a le a c c o rd in g to ag e, educa t i o n a l l e v e l , and o t h e r background f a c t o r s , i t may s t i l l be a u n iq u e g ro u p , r e p r e s e n tin g no r e a l p o p u la tio n b u t o n ly an im a g in a ry , e x tr a p o la t e d p o p u la tio n . I f i t i s n o t a random sam ple, b u t s e le c te d from th e upper p e r c e n t i l e s of th o s e w ith fa v o ra b le a t t i t u d e s tow ard f i l l i n g o u t q u e s tio n n a ir e s f o r p e r s o n a l , s c i e n t i f i c , o r a b s t r a c t r e a s o n s , i t i s a s l i k e l y a s n o t t o be an a t y p i c a l group even in i t s own popu l a t i o n . George A. Lundberg i s c r i t i c a l o f s t u d i e s w hich, l i k e th e B u rg ess and C o t t r e l l w ork, g e t l e s s th a n tw en ty p e r c e n t q u e s tio n n a ir e r e t u r n s . E x p erien c e w ith m ail q u e s t io n n a ir e s h a s lâiown t h a t c a r e l e s s l y p re p a re d sc h e d u le s d i s t r i b u t e d to th e gen e r a l p u b lic y i e l d from f i v e t o tw e n ty p e r c e n t r e t u r n s . W e have shown a l s o t h a t on acco u n t of th e v a r i a t i o n in th e te n d e n cy t o resp o n d t o q u e s tio n n a ir e s , g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s from such r e s u l t s a r e p r a c t i c a l l y w o r th le s s . I n f a c t , t h e y may be w orse th a n w o r th le s s , b ecau se th e y f r e q u e n t l y c r e a t e th e im p re ssio n among t h e unwary t h a t th e s u b je c t h a s been s tu d ie d " s c i e n t i f i c a l l y " and t h a t th e r e s u l t s have a v a l i d i t y which th e y c l e a r l y do n o t h a v e . Such r e s u l t s a re a c t u a l l y of l i t t l e more con sequence th a n th o s e of th e t r a v e l e r and j o u r n a l i s t who makes a t r i p ab road o r from c o a s t to c o a s t t a l k i n g w ith " l o t s o f p e o p le ," a t a x i d r i v e r h e r e , a g ro c e r t h e r e , and u s u a lly f in d in g t h a t " p u b lic o p in io n " i s p r a c t i c a l l y unanim ously in f a v o r t o f h i s own v i e w p o i n t . ^ A second c r i t i c i s m o f B urgess and C o t t r e l l ' s method o lo g y i s th e second-hand manner by w hich h a l f o f t h e i r d a ta ^^George A. L undberg, S o c ia l R e s e a rc h . (New York: L o n g ren s, G reen and Company, I 9 4 6 ), p . 208 . 17 w ere o b ta in e d . A p p a re n tly o n ly one sc h e d u le was s e n t to each c o u p le . And h ig h ly p e rs o n a l q u e s tio n s were answ ered f o r b o th sp o u ses by j u s t one of them . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e rs ta n d how th e w ife could sp eak f o r th e husband i n some o f th e s e m a t t e r s , o r th e husband sp eak f o r th e w if e , i f he happened to be th e one t h a t f i l l e d o u t and s e n t i n t h e common sc h e d u le . I t i s even more d i f f i c u l t to u n d e rs ta n d how th e i n v e s t i g a t o r s could g iv e th e same w eig h t t o an sw ers about th e h u sb a n d ’ s a t t i t u d e s when he vouched f o r them a s when she vouched f o r them , or v i c e - v e r s a , to a n sw e rs ab o u t th e w i f e ’ s a t t i t u d e s w h eth er r e p o r te d by h e r o r by him . Yet t h i s i s j u s t what was done. The q u e s tio n n a ir e form was so c o n s tr u c te d t h a t one member of a c o u p le c o u ld r e a d i l y f i l l o u t a l l th e ite m s w ith o u t th e a s s i s t a n c e o f th e o t h e r . Of th e 526 q u e s tio n n a ir e s u sed i n t h i s stu d y , 1^3 were f i l l e d o u t by th e husband a lo n e , 317 by t h e w ife a lo n e , 30 b y b o th t o g e t h e r , and I 3 by one o r b o th sp o u se s w ith th e a s s i s t a n c e o f a n in te r v ie w e r . E lev en s c h e d u le s c a r r i e d no sta te m e n t a s t o who f i l l e d them o u t.^ ^ O ther i n v e s t i g a t o r s have f e l t t h a t even s l i g h t de g r e e s o f c o l l a b o r a t i o n , a word or two p a sse d betw een them c a s u a l ly w h ile th e q u e s t io n n a ir e s were b e in g f i l l e d o u t i n d e p e n d e n tly by husband and w ife , tended t o i n v a l i d a t e b o th a d ju s tm e n t s c o r e s . But B urgess and C o t t r e l l c o n s id e r one sc o re to be a d eq u a te f o r both sp o u s e s . Terman found a corre- p . 1 8 . 18 l a t i o n o f .39 betw een th e a d ju s tm e n t sc o re s of sp o u ses when c o l l a b o r a t i o n was r u le d o u t.^ ^ Even t h i s f i g u r e may be e x a g g e ra te d b ecau se of th e w e ig h tin g te c h n iq u e he u se d , p u r p o s e f u l ly w e ig h tin g th e ite m s so as t o b r i n g th e t o t a l s c o re s i n to a s c lo s e c o rre sp o n d e n ce a s p o s s i b l e . W e have in s te a d w eig h ted each o f th e n in e ite m s w ith r e f e r e n c e t o two c r i t e r i a ; ( 1 ) th e av erag e mag n itu d e of i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w ith each o f th e o th e r e i g h t , and (2 ) th e s i z e of th e h u sb a n d -w ife c o r r e l a t i o n f o r the item in q u e stio n . But ta k in g Terman’ s f i g u r e a t i t s f a c e v a lu e , t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n o f .39 means t h a t th e two s c o re s a r e more in d e p e n d e n t o f th a n dependent upon each o t h e r . I t means t h a t th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s o f one spouse can a c c o u n t f o r no more th a n 33 p e r c e n t , o r about o n e - t h i r d , o f th e v a ria n c e i n th e o th e r s p o u s e ’ s m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s . What a s tr a n g e m ix tu re , th e n , m ust be r e p r e s e n te d by B urgess and C o t t r e l l ’ s com posite sc o re a s s ig n e d t o th e co u p le a s a w h o le. T h is score i s n ot th e a v e ra g e of th e s p o u s e s ’ s e p a r a te a d ju s tm e n ts , w hich m ight be l o g i c a l i f th e y a r e to have a s in g le s c o r e , b u t i t i s a sc o re d e riv e d in I 33 c a s e s from th e h u sb a n d ’ s s ta te m e n ts , i n 317 c a s e s from th e w i f e ’s s ta te m e n ts , in 30 c a s e s from one o r b o th w ith th e a s s i s t a n c e o f an in te r v ie w e r , and in 11 ^^Terman, o£. c i t . , p. 3 6 . . p. 56. 19 c a s e s from s ta te m e n ts o f u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n , A t h i r d c r i t i c i s m t h a t may be l e v e le d a t B u rg ess and C o t t r e l l i s th e h ig h ly q u e s tio n a b le manner i n w hich th e y e s t a b l is h e d th e r e l i a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y o f th e ad ju stm en t s c a l e . I t s r e l i a b i l i t y was e s t a b l i s h e d by f i n d i n g a; , , , c lo s e c o rre sp o n d e n ce betw een th e a d ju s tm e n t sc o re computed from 66 p a i r s of s c h e d u le s f i l l e d o u t in d e p e n d e n tly by h u sb an d s and w iv e s. The P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t of-i c o r r e l a t i o n i s f .8 8 4 w ith a s ta n d a rd e r r o r o f , 0 2 7 » J u s t where th e s e 66 p a i r s of s c h e d u le s came from i s n o t c l e a r l y i n d ic a t e d . C e r ta in ly th e y d id n ot come from th e sample o f 326 c o u p le s used i n th e s tu d y , a s th e r e were n o t t h a t many s c h e d u le s in th e sample f i l l e d o u t by b o th sp o u se s. In a n o th e r p la c e th e a u th o r s th e m se lv e s e x p re ssed d o u b ts a s to th e ind ependence se cu re d by t h e i r r e q u e s t s t h a t th e s c h e d u le s be f i l l e d o u t w ith o u t c o ll a b o r a t io n and m ailed in s e p a r a t e l y C o l l a b o r a t i o n would e n t i r e l y v i t i a t e th e t e s t . F i n a l l y , a c o r r e l a t i o n o f . 8 8 , though " t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e l i a b i l i t y i s n o t so h ig h a s one m ight d e s i r e , s e e m s r a t h e r f a r fe tc h e d i n com parison w ith ^^ I b l d . , p . 70 I b i d . , p . 3 8 , fo o tn o te no. 10. l ^ I b i d . , p . 71. 20 f i n d in g s of o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s on t h i s p o i n t . The r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t s c o re b e in g t h u s p r e c a r i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d , i t s v a l i d i t y i s th e n d e te rm in e d by com paring th e sc o re w ith a r a t i n g o f th e m ar r i a g e on a f i v e p o in t s c a le ( v e ry happy — happy — a v e ra g e — unhappy — v e ry unhappy) by one o f th e sp o u se s, th e one t h a t f i l l e d out th e q u e s tio n n a ir e from w hich th e sc o re was o b ta in e d . P a s s in g o v er th e manner i n w hich th e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h i s f i v e - p o i n t r a t i n g s c a le was i t s e l f " e s t a b l i s h e d ," on th e d e g re e of co rre sp o n d e n ce found betw een r a t i n g s o f t h e i r m a rria g e by hu sb ands and w iv e s under c o n d itio n s where "we c o u ld n o t r i g o r o u s l y c o n tr o l th e amount of c o ll a b o r a t io n betw een husband and w ife " ^ ^ — a more f l a g r a n t b en d in g of the r u l e s of l o g ic must be f a c e d . How can a m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t sc o re be v a li d a t e d on th e b a s is o f i t s c o rre s p o n dence w ith h a p p in e s s r a t i n g s when th e e n t i r e a d ju s tm e n t s c a le was o r i g i n a l l y c o n s tr u c te d a c c o rd in g t o no o th e r c r i t e r i a th a n t h i s very same a s s o c i a t i o n o f p roposed ite m s w ith th e h a p p in e s s r a t i n g s c a le ? E very ite m t h a t p ro v ed t o be o u t of l i n e w ith t h i s f i v e - p o i n t - s c a l e r a t i n g was d is c a r d e d , and th o s e in c lu d e d were g iv e n g r e a t e r or l e s s w eight i n th e . p . 3 8 . 21 t o t a l s c o re a c c o rd in g t o t h e i r g r e a t e r or l e s s e r a s s o c i a t i o n w ith th e h a p p in e s s r a t i n g . Would i t n o t b e s u r p r i s i n g , in d e e d , i f a f t e r a l l t h i s c a r e f u l w e ig h tin g o f each ite m to b rin g i t i n t o c lo s e ag reem en t w ith th e r a t i n g a s g iv e n on th e f i v e p o in t s c a l e o f h a p p in e s s a s a c r i t e r i o n , t h a t th e t o t a l s c o re th u s o b ta in e d f o r m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t sho uld i t s e l f prove t o be v e ry in d ep en d en t o f t h i s c r i t e r i o n ? Bur g e ss and C o t t r e l l were n o b b lin d t o the c i r c u l a r n a tu r e o f t h i s r e a s o n in g , b u t th e y n e v e r th e le s s p e r s i s t e d i n i t . A m ost rem ark ab le sequence o f lo g ic and i l l o g i c a p p e a rs s id e by s id e w ith b r i l l i a n t c l a r i t y , and no a tte m p t i s made t o r e c o n c ile them in t h e fo llo w in g " r e a s s u r in g " s ta te m e n t. Does th e sc o re m easure m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t? One v/ay t o answ er t h i s q u e s tio n i s t o see w hether th e s c o re c o rre sp o n d s v e ry c lo s e ly t o , or i s v e ry d i f f e r e n t from , th e way s u b j e c t s r a t e t h e i r h a p p in e s s i n m a rria g e . S in ce th e h a p p in e s s r a t i n g s w ere u sed as a g u id e in a s s ig n in g n u m e ric a l s c o re s to t h e s e l e c te d ques^ t i o n s , i t was t o be e x p e c te d t h a t th e a d ju s tm e n t s c o re s would c o r r e l a t e f a i r l y c l o s e l y w ith th e h a p p in e s s r a t in g s . I t i s r e a s s u r i n g t o f i n d t h a t such a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s . ^ / E v id e n tly B u rg ess and C o t t r e l l were more th a n w i l l i n g t o be r e a s s u r e d . A p o s i t i v e p o in t in fa v o r of B urgess and C o t t r e l l ’ s m ethodology was t h e i r s u p p le m e n ta tio n o f s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s p . 71 22 by c a se s t u d i e s . But t h e i r manner o f m a n ip u la tin g th e s t a t i s t i c a l work t o s u p p o rt c o n s i s t e n t h y p o th e s e s makes t h e i r c a se s t u d i e s , w hich a r e more v u ln e ra b le t o such s u b tle d i r e c t i o n , su s p e c t a l s o . F i n a l l y , i n t h e sta te m e n t o f t h e i r f i n d in g s , B urgess and C o t t r e l l a re n o t c o n te n t to r e p o r t th e ten d e n c y f o r one t h in g to be found a s s o c i a t e d w ith a n o th e r , b u t p re te n d to know th e c a u s a l im p lic a tio n s of tim e seq u en ces and a re th u s le d t o g e n e r a l i z i n g c o n s id e ra b ly beyond t h e i r d a t a . The dogm atic to n e to t h e i r f i n d i n g s a s th e y s t a t e them i n sum mary i s h a r d ly becom ing o f th e r e s e a r c h s o c i o l o g i s t . I n c o n c lu s io n , a r e c a p i t u l a t i o n o f th e f in d in g s of t h i s stu d y shows th e fo llo w in g : 1 . C o n tra ry t o p r e v a i l i n g o p in io n , A m erican w ives make th e m ajor a d ju s tm e n t i n m a rria g e , ^ 2 . A f f e c tio n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n c h ild h o o d , t y p i c a l l y o f th e son f o r th e m other and th e d a u g h te r f o r th e f a t h e r , c o n d itio n th e l o v e - o b je c t c h o ic e of th e a d u l t . 3 . The s o c i a l i z a t i o n of th e p e rs o n , a s i n d ic a t e d by h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n s o c i a l l i f e and s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , i s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r a d ju stm e n t i n m a rria g e . The economic f a c t o r i n i t s e l f i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r a d ju s tm e n t in m a rria g e , s in c e i t i s a p p a r e n tly f u l l y acc o u n te d f o r by th e o th e r f a c t o r s (im p re ss o f c u l t u r a l background, p s y c h o g e n e tic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s o c i a l t y p e , and re s p o n s e p a t t e r n s ) . With th e m a j o r it y o f c o u p le s, problem s o f se x u a l a d ju s tm e n t in m a rria g e a p p ear to be a r e s u l t a n t n o t so much of b i o lo g i c a l f a c t o r s a s of p s y c h o lo g ic a l c h a ra c t e r i s t i c s and of c u l t u r a l c o n d itio n in g o f a t t i t u d e s tow ard se x . 23 P r e d i c t i o n b e fo r e m a rria g e o f m a r i t a l a d j u s t m ent i s f e a s i b l e , and sh o u ld and can be f u r t h e r dev elo p ed th ro u g h s t a t i s t i c a l and c a s e - s tu d y m ethods. In s h o r t , th e o u ts ta n d in g f a c t o r s i n m a r i t a l ad ju stm e n t seem t o b e th o s e of a f f e c t i o n , tem peram ental c o m p a ti b i li t y , and s o c i a l a d a p t a b i l i t y . The b i o l o g i c a l and econom ic f a c t o r s a r e o f l e s s im p o rtan ce and Q-PPear t o be l a r g e l y d e te rm in e d by t h e s e o th e r f a c t o r s . 20 The work o f Terman and h i s a s s o c i a t e s . Terman and h i s a s s o c i a t e s a t S ta n fo rd U n i v e r s i ty made one n o ta b le im provem ent over th e B urgess and C o t t r e l l stu d y : th e y employed an i n t e r e s t i n g te c h n iq u e o f i n s u r i n g anonym ity and a t th e same tim e e x c lu d in g c o l l a b o r a t i o n betw een husband and w ife a s th e y f i l l e d o u t s e p a r a te s c h e d u le s in d i f f e r e n t h a lv e s of a room. Seven h u ndred and n in e ty -tw o c o u p le s com prised th e sam ple f o r t h e main s tu d y , and 341 c o u p le s made up an ex p l o r a t o r y g ro u p . Because of th e manner o f o b t a in in g t h e i r sam ple, th ro u g h s o c i a l c lu b s , m a rria g e c o u n se lin g a g e n c ie s , P .T .A . g ro u p s, and th e l i k e , th e sample " p ro b a b ly c o n ta in e d a r a t h e r l a r g e p r o p o r tio n of p e rs o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n u p l i f t 21 a c t i v i t i e s o r i n m a tte r s o f s e lf-im p ro v e m e n t." The a v e ra g e sc h o o lin g o f th e group was a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s above 20 < I b i d . , p . 43. 21 Terman, op. c i t . , p . 41. 24 th e g e n e r a l a v e ra g e i n C a li f o r n ia (from w hich s t a t e a l l of th e s u b j e c t s cam e). The group was f a i r l y w e l l- t o - d o g e n e r a l l y , th e m a jo r ity b e lo n g in g t o th e p r o f e s s i o n a l and b u s in e s s c l a s s e s . Ho d iv o rc e d c o u p le s were s e c u re d ; th e group was m id d le -a g e d ; and f i v e - s i x t h s o f them r a t e d t h e i r m a rr ia g e s a s above a v e ra g e i n h a p p in e s s . A lthough th e d a ta . . . su g g e st t h a t th e group i s p ro b a b ly on th e whole re a s o n a b ly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of th e m iddle t o u p p e r-m id d le o c c u p a tio n a l, econom ic, and c u l t u r a l l e v e l s of th e u rb an p o p u la tio n in C a li f o r n i a , no c la im can be made t h a t i t i s so in a l l r e s p e c t s . W hether i t i s m a tte r s l i t t l e . The im por t a n t o b je c tiv e was t o se c u re a l a r g e group of su b j e c t s c o v e rin g a r a t h e r wide ran g e a s t o o c c u p a tio n , incom e, e d u c a tio n , a g e , le n g th of m a rria g e , and 22 m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s . T h is o b je c tiv e h a s been a t t a i n e d . From t h i s q u o ta tio n i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t Terman was I a s c a r e l e s s a s B urgess and C o t t r e l l in th e m a tte r of s e c u r in g d a ta on a s p e c i f i c p o p u la tio n . There i s in th e q u o ta t i o n som ething of an im p l i c a ti o n t h a t th e f i n d i n g s , f o r n o t b e in g moored t o a s p e c i f i c p o p u la tio n , m ight have an advan ta g e of u n i v e r s a l i t y . More f r e q u e n t ly such s t u d i e s do n o t r e p r e s e n t any u n iv e r s e . A d e t a i l e d c r i t i c i s m of Terman’ s w ork, i n d i c a t i n g wide and s e r io u s l i m i t a t i o n s i n th e manner o f t r e a t i n g th e 22 I b i d . , p . 4 3 . 23 d a ta and a r r i v i n g a t c o n c lu s io n s , may b e found in H, L. H ol- lin g w o r th ’ s p l a y f u l l y c a u s t i c r e v i e w . T e r m a n ’s c o n s ta n t p re o c c u p a tio n w ith cause and e f f e c t , some o f h i s s t a t i s t i c a l m ethods, h i s a tte m p ts t o f i n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l d e te rm in e rs o f m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s in a stu d y o f c o u p le s a f t e r m a rria g e , and h i s w i l li n g n e s s t o g e n e r a l i z e d o g m a tic a lly on c o r r e l a t i o n s o f a v e ry low o rd e r a re a l l b ro u g h t to q u e s tio n . One tr e m b le s t o t h in k o f th e amount of p ro b a b ly m is gu id ed a d v ic e t h a t w i l l be a d m in is te re d on th e b a s is o f th e s e p r o v i s i o n a l c o n c lu s io n s by p e o p le who m iss th e t o t a l p i c t u r e and p in t h e i r f a i t h to d e t a i l s . The p r e s t i g e of th e a u th o r s h ip and sp o n s o rsh ip w i l l g iv e t h i s volume a h a lo o f a u t h e n t i c i t y t h a t w i l l p u t i t s t e n t a t i v e i n tim a tio n s i n t o th e f i r e s i d e jo u r n a ls a s t h e f i n a l c o n c lu s io n s o f s c ie n c e , and t h a t s c ie n c e w i l l be p sy ch o lo g y , which a lr e a d y h a s a h a rd job d e fe n d in g i t s p r e c a r i o u s s t a t u s . 24 No a tte m p t h a s been made in t h i s c h a p te r t o p r e s e n t th e many p o s i t i v e f in d in g s of th e B urgess and C o t t r e l l and Terman s t u d i e s . R e le v a n t ones have been p r e s e n te d a t o th e r p o i n t s th ro u g h o u t t h i s r e p o r t where th e y can b e s t be b ro u g h t i n t o com parison w ith the f i n d in g s of th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . 23 H. L . H o llin g w o rth , " P s y c h o lo g ic a l F a c to rs i n M a r ita l H a p p in e s s ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 3 6 :1 9 1 -9 7 , S eptem ber, 1939. ^ h b l d . p . 196. CHAPTER I I I METHODS AND MATERIALS USED A stu d y i s no b e t t e r th a n th e m ethods and m a t e r i a l s u sed i n g a th e r in g i t s d a t a . An e f f o r t h a s been made i n t h i s c h a p te r t o s e t f o r t h th e m ethods and d e s c r ib e th e m a t e r i a ls o f t h i s stu d y w ith due re g a rd f o r t h e i r l i m i t a t i o n s , I . METHODS Q u e s tio n n a ir e s . The g a th e r in g o f d a ta was by q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . P a r e n ts and s tu d e n ts each f i l l e d o u t two of them , a m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t q u e s tio n n a ir e and a tem peram ent su rv e y . The tem peram ent su rv ey was o p en ly l a b e le d a s such b ut th e m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t q u e s tio n s , o nly t h i r t e e n o f them i n a l l , were l i s t e d w ith r o u t in e q u e s tio n s o f a g e , se x , n a t i o n a l i t y , and so on, a s " p r e lim in a r y in f o r m a tio n ." The m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t q u e s tio n s answ ered by th e s tu d e n ts were th e v ery same a s th o s e answ ered by th e p a r e n t s , and b o th s e t s o f q u e s tio n s r e f e r r e d to th e m a rria g e o f th e p a r e n t s . Where th e p a r e n ts were a s k e d , " i f you had y o u r l i f e t o l i v e o ver a g a in would you m arry th e same p e rs o n , m arry a d i f f e r e n t p e rs o n o r n o t m arry a t a l l ? " th e s tu d e n ts were a s k e d , " i f y o ur f a t h e r had h i s l i f e t o l i v e over a g a in do you th in k he would m arry th e same p e rs o n , m arry a d i f f e r e n t p e rs o n , or 27 n o t m arry a t a l l ? " and " i f your m other had h e r l i f e t o l i v e over a g a in do you t h in k she would m arry th e same p e rs o n , m arry a d i f f e r e n t p e rs o n , o r n o t m arry a t a l l ? " The tem peram ent su rv e y s f i l l e d o u t by s tu d e n t and p a re n t were i d e n t i c a l . Thus c o r r e l a t i o n s c o u ld be e a s i l y made a s betw een p a r e n t and p a re n t and betw een p a r e n t and s tu d e n t. Each p a re n t had a m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t sc o re and f o u r te e n tem peram ent t r a i t s c o r e s . Each s tu d e n t had an e s tim a te d m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t sc o re f o r th e f a t h e r and one f o r th e m o th e r, and f o u r te e n tem peram ent t r a i t s c o r e s o f h i s own. The p rim ary s t a t i s t i c a l t o o l used in the a n a l y s i s of th e d a ta was th e P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n . T hree l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s method a r e a t once ap p a r e n t . F i r s t , i t i s one sid e d and n o t a l t o g e t h e r a p p r o p r ia te t o g a th e r a l l o f o n e ’ s d a ta by one te c h n iq u e , e s p e c a i l l y when t h i s te c h n iq u e s t r e s s e s q u a n t i t a t i v e m easurem ent and th e s u b je c t h as q u a l i t a t i v e a s p e c ts t h a t th e m easuring d e v ic e i s not s e n s i t i v e enough t o c a p tu r e . F o r exam ple, in answ er t o th e q u e s tio n " i f you had your l i f e to l i v e over a g a in would you m arry th e same p e rso n ?" two women an sw erin g a f f i r m a t i v e l y m ight f e e l q u ite d i f f e r e n t l y , th e one b e in g d e e p ly i n lo v e w ith h e r husband p e rh a p s , and th e o th e r m erely co n v in ced t h a t m a rria g e was a n e c e s s a r y e v i l and t h a t one man was p ro b a b ly a s good a s 28 any o th e r . The case h i s t o r y method m ight have supplem ented th e q u e s tio n n a ir e m ethod. A d i f f i c u l t y n o t e a s i l y overcom e, how ever, i s th e o b je c tiv e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of c ase h i s t o r y m a t e r i a l and i t s p r e p a r a t i o n f o r s t a t i s t i c a l com pariso n. B urgess and C o t t r e l l .h a v e a s e c t i o n o f case h i s t o r i e s i n t h e i r P r e d i c t in g S uccess o r F a i l u r e in .M arriag e which i s supposed t o c o rr o b o r a te t h e i r q u e s tio n n a ir e f i n d in g s ; but th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , i f not a r b i t r a r y , i s so w ith o u t r u l e t h a t i t i s not v e ry c o n v in c in g . The s tu d e n t w i l l have t o a w a it f u r t h e r m e th o d o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e s i n th e sy n c h ro n iz in g o f th e s e two te c h n iq u e s , A second l i m i t a t i o n i s t h e u n s u i t a b i l i t y o f th e P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t of c o r r e l a t i o n f o r th e a n a l y s i s of r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t a r e n o t w h o lly l i n e a r but a re p a r t l y c u r v i l i n e a r a s much of th e s o c i o l o g i s t s m a t e r i a l must b e . The main body o f d a ta may f o llo w a s t r a i g h t l i n e tr e n d ; b u t th e extrem e c a s e s , though a s c lo s e l y r e l a t e d , may f o llo w a curved l i n e t r e n d , o r p e rh a p s even a s t r a i g h t l i n e tr e n d i n th e o p p o s ite d i r e c t i o n . In th e m easurem ent of tem peram ent, f o r ex am p le, th e h ig h e r th e s c o r e on any t r a i t th e b e t t e r up t o a c e r t a i n p o i n t, b u t beyond t h a t p o in t th e im p lic a tio n s f o r b a la n c e d a d ju s tm e n t r a p i d l y d e c lin e and even r e v e r s e th e m se lv e s. I f th e r e i s no c o n s ta n t r e l a t i o n sh ip betw een th e sco re and th e t r a i t m easured th ro u g h o u t th e 29 f u l l ran g e o f th e s c a l e , i t i s n o t l i k e l y t h a t sim p le c o r r e l a t i o n te c h n iq u e s w i l l do j u s t i c e to th e p o s s ib l e a s s o c i a t i o n s betw een t h i s t r a i t and o th e r s . And th e p i c t u r e i s more confused by th e e lu s iv e a c t io n of v a r io u s co m b in atio n s o f t r a i t s i n d i f f e r i n g am ounts in a r e a l s i t u a t i o n , r a t h e r th a n th e mere sum o f th e e f f e c t s o f th e s e t r a i t s c o n sid e re d s e p a r a t e l y . A gain th e s tu d e n t must a w a it developm ent o f f u r t h e r te c h n iq u e s e i t h e r i n s c a le c o n s tr u c tio n or in s t a t i s t i c a l fo rm u la e i f th e a n a l y s i s o f complex r e l a t i o n s h i p s i s t o be b ro u g h t w ith in h i s r e a c h . A t h i r d l i m i t a t i o n i s th e n e c e s s a r i l y s t a t i c n a tu r e o f q u e s tio n n a ir e r e p l i e s and th e consequent c o n fu sio n of th e tim e e le m e n t. There h a s been no stu d y t o d eterm in e w hether m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t o f a c o u p le t h i s y e a r i s th e same a s i t was s e v e r a l y e a r s ago. I f i n Case A, f o r exam ple, no r e l a t io n s h ip i s fo und betw een the m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t o f th e p a r e n t s and c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s of th e se v en te en y e a r o ld s tu d e n t, i t may be t h a t the a d ju stm e n t o f t h i s couple h a s been s t e a d i l y ch anging over a p e rio d o f y e a r s , and i t i s c o n c e iv a b le t h a t th e r e m ight have been v e ry c lo s e a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e s e t r a i t s when the s t u d e n t was a younger c h i l d . To say t h a t no c o r r e l a t i o n i s found d o e s n o t t e l l a dynamic s t o r y . None o f t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s w i l l d i s t o r t th e f in d in g s of th e s tu d y a s lo n g a s th e y a re k e p t i n m ind. 30 Pi S t r i b u tio n of q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . Both q u e s t io n n a ir e s w ere in one e n v e lo p e , th e one la b e le d " P re lim in a ry Info rm a t i o n " and th e o th e r c o r r e c t l y la b e le d w ith i t s f u l l t i t l e ; The Gui I f o r d- Z immerman Temperament S u rv e y . The p r o j e c t was in tro d u c e d a s an a tte m p t t o stu dy th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een p a re n t and c h ild in p e r s o n a l i t y fo rm a tio n . No q u e s tio n s were a sk ed in in te r v ie w . A ll r e p l i e s w ere in answer to w r i t t e n q u e s tio n s , were s e c r e t and anonymous. Completed q u e s tio n n a ir e s were r e i n s e r t e d in l a r g e e n v e lo p e s , s e a le d and mixed in w ith o th e r s e a le d en v e lo p e s . The o n ly mark o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was a number and a l e t t e r , l i k e 1 0 3 6 3 8- r or 8 312- t , chosen by th e f a m ily and unknown to th e i n v e s t i g a t o r , w hich a l l t h r e e p la c e d on t h e i r e n v e lo p e s t o mark them a s b e lo n g in g t o one fa m ily . No tvfo f a m i l i e s , a s was t o be ex p ected , chose th e same number and l e t t e r . I n t h i s way i t was p o s s ib le t o o b ta in r e p l i e s from th e s tu d e n t a t one tim e , t h e m other a t a n o th e r , and th e f a t h e r a t a s t i l l l a t e r d a te i f n e c e s s a ry w ith o u t l o s i n g th e i d e n t i t y of th e fa m ily g ro u p . L e t t e r s s e n t t o th e homes were fo llo w e d up by phone c a l l s i n v i t i n g members o f th e sam ple to th e sc h o o l b u ild in g in th e e v en in g t o f i l l o ut sc h e d u le s and p a rta k e o f r e f r e s h m en ts. T his was d u rin g "open sc h o o l week" when many o f th e p a r e n ts were an x io u s t o g e t out t o th e sch o o l f o r one e v en in g anyway. Over s i x t y p e rc e n t of th e sample tu rn e d 31 o u t. Thus n e a r l y tw) t h i r d s o f th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s w ere com p l e t e d i n groups o f t h i r t y o r f o r t y p e r s o n s . There was no c o ll a b o r a t io n among th e f a m ily members i n th e s e cla ssro o m gro u p s and th e group serv ed l a t e r a s a check i n t h i s re g a rd on t h e ones f i l l e d o ut a t home. Those #10 d id not come to s c h o o l had t o be c o n ta c te d in t h e i r homes. The i n v e s t i g a t o r and s e v e r a l a s s i s t a n t s v i s i t e d and ’phoned th e homes alm ost d a i l y f o r an a p p o in t ment to a cc o m p lish the q u e s tio n n a ir e s . The aim was t o have th e sc h e d u le s com pleted in one s i t t i n g and w ith o u t c o ll a b o r a t io n . I t cannot be s t a te d f o r c e r t a i n j u s t how r i g o r o u s l y th e v a r io u s a s s i s t a n t s c a r r i e d o u t t h e s e p u r p o s e s . The i n v e s t i g a t o r h im s e lf was f o r c e d t o le a v e th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s over n ig h t and p ic k them up th e n e x t day in s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s . T here were f a t h e r s who worked th e "sw ing s h i f t " and c o u ld n o t e a s i l y be c o n ta c te d o th e rw is e . There were m others who w ould n o t g iv e up t h e i r e v e n in g s f o r th e •task b u t who d id n o t mind w orking on th e job a t t h e i r l e i s u r e d u rin g th e d ay . I t was n o t f e l t t h a t uncom prom ising demands could be made upon p a r t i c i p a n t s whose d e s i r e t o c o o p e ra te was a lr e a d y not v e ry c e r t a i n . In th e s e c a s e s th e i n v e s t i g a t o r c o n te n te d h im s e lf w ith im p re ss in g upon th e p e rs o n th e s e r io u s n e s s of th e two i n s t r u c t i o n s r e g a r d in g tim e and c o l l a b o r a t i o n , p o i n ti n g o u t t h a t th e two h o u rs th e y 32 m ight spend on th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s would be p r a c t i c a l l y ?/asted i f th o s e i n s t r u c t i o n s w ere ig n o re d . I t was found l a t e r by th e check j u s t m entioned t h a t th e r e was some c o l l a b o r a t i o n in th e homes in s p i t e of th e s e e f f o r t s t o keep i t a t a minimum. I I . THE MEASUREMENT OF MARITAL ADJUSTMENT I n th e e x p e rim e n ta l s tu d ie s of m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t, 1 2 3 th o s e of B urgess and C o t t r e l l , Terman, and L ocke, o n ly one d e v ic e h a s so f a r been d ev elo p ed f o r i t s m easurem ent. T h is i s th e s c a le o r i g i n a l l y p r e s e n te d by B u rg ess and C o t t r e l l i n P r e d i c t i n g S u c c ess or F a i l u r e in M a rria g e . T h is same s c a le was m o d ifie d o n ly s l i g h t l y by Terman and s l i g h t l y by L ocke. The s c a le u sed i n th e p r e s e n t stu d y was a g a in th e same s c a le w ith m inor a l t e r a t i o n s . A few q u e s tio n s fo u n d in th e o th e r th r e e s t u d i e s to be of l i t t l e s i g n i f ic a n c e were l e f t o u t, and th e w e ig h tin g of th e ite m s was v a r ie d i n one o r two i n s t a n c e s . In C h ap ter I I th e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s s c a l e which could m easure " m a r i ta l a d ju stm e n t" f o r B u rgess and C o t t r e l l and " m a r ita l h a p p in e s s " f o r Terman was s e r i o u s l y q u e s tio n e d . The same u n c e r t a i n t y a p p lie s t o th e sc a le used in th e ^B urg ess and C o t t r e l l , c i t . ? ‘ ^Terman, op. c i t . ^Locke, op. c i t . 33 p r e s e n t s tu d y , as i t i s th e same s c a l e . To d a te , th o u g h , no b e t t e r m ea su rin g d e v ic e i s a v a i l a b l e . M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t i te m s . The item s o f t h e s c a le were o n ly t h i r t e e n in number and were couched in a " P re lim in a ry i' "In fo rm atio n " s h e e t a lo n g w ith backgroun^d q u e s tio n s of a g e , I se x , n a t i o n a l i t y , income, and so o n . They a re l i s t e d h e re s e p a r a t e l y w ith th e w e ig h ts g iv en t o th e v a rio u s answ ers i n d i c a te d in th e b la n k s . T his l i s t i s from th e p a r e n t s ’ q u e s tio n n a i r e , The s t u d e n t ’s q u e s tio n n a ir e was made up o f th e v e ry same item s w ith j u s t th e pronouns changed. I n s te a d o f "do you — ?" th e q u e s tio n was w orded, "does your m o th er — ?" and "d o es your f a t h e r — ?" 1. Do you e v e r w ish you had n o t m a rrie d : f r e q u e n t l y 0 ; o c c a s io n a lly 2 ; r a r e l y 4 ; n e v e r 13 ; 2 . I f you had your l i f e t o l i v e o v e r, do you thin% you would; m arry th e same p e rs o n 13 ; m arry a d i f f e r e n t p e rs o n 1 ; n o t m arry a t a l l 0 3 . Ih e n d isa g re e m e n ts a r i s e , th e y u s u a lly r e s u l t i n : husband g iv in g in 1 ; w ife g iv in g in 1 ; agreem ent by m utual g iv e and ta k e 10 ; n e i t h e r g iv in g in 0 4 . Do you c o n fid e in your m ate; a lm o st n e v er r a r e l y ; i n m ost t h in g s 10 ; in e v e ry t h in g 10 . 3 . In l e i s u r e tim e husband and w ife : b o th p r e f e r to be on th e go 3 ; b o th p r e f e r to s ta y a t home 10 ; one p r e f e r s to be on th e go and th e o th e r t o s ta y a t home 4 6 . Do you and y o u r m ate engage i n o u ts id e i n t e r e s t s t o g e t h e r ; a l l of them 10 ; some of them 10 ; 34 v e ry few o f them 1 ; none of them 0 7 . Do you k i s s y our m ate; e v e ry day 10 ; o cca s i o n a l l y 1 ; alm o st n e v e r 0 8. What t h i n g s does your m ate do t h a t you do n o t l i k e ; n o th in g 7 ; one t h i n g 3 ; two t h in g s 1 ; t h r e e or more 0 9. Check th e p la c e on t h e s c a le l i n e below which b e s t d e s c r i b e s th e degree o f h a p p in e s s , e v e ry th in g c o n s id e re d , of your p r e s e n t m a rria g e . The m id d le p o i n t , "happy" r e p r e s e n t s th e degree of h a p p in e s s w hich most p e o p le g e t from m a rria g e , and th e s c a le ra n g e s on one s id e t o th o s e few who e x p e rie n c e extrem e joy in m a rria g e and on th e o th e r t o th o s e few who a r e v e ry unhappy in 4 m a rria g e . (A) -0______ ( B) — 2 (C ) -9______ (D) - l 6 ______ (E) -22 Very Happy . P e r f e c t l y unhappy happy 10. Check th e number of tim e s you have l e f t your mate o r your m ate h a s l e f t you because of c o n f l i c t s ; (1 ) 10 (2 ) 1 (3) 0 4 K a rl M. W alla ce , " C o n s tr u c tio n s and V a lid a tio n s o f M a r ita l A djustm ent and P r e d i c t i o n S c a le s ," a D o c to ra l d i s s e r t a t i o n , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g eles, 1947, pp. 1 8 0- 8 3 . 33 (4) 0 (3) 0 .....- ( 6 ) 0 (7) 0 , - ( 8 ) 0 l9) 0 (10) _g_ _ _ _ More th a n 10 0 11. How o f te n do you and your mate " g e t on each o t h e r ’ s n e rv e s " ; (1) f r e q u e n t ly 0 ; (2) oc c a s i o n a l l y 6. ; .(3) r a r e l y 8 ; [4) n e v e r 10 12. Check any o f th e fo llo w in g t h i n g s Which you th in k cause s e r io u s d i f f i c u l t i e s in your m a rria g e : a . M ate’ s a tte m p t t o c o n t r o l my spending money ______ . b. O ther d i f f i c u l t i e s o v e r money ______ . c . Mate p a id a t t e n t i o n t o a n o th e r p e rs o n ______ . d . Do n o t have m utual f r i e n d s ______ . e . I l l h e a l t h ______ . f . - I n te rf e re n c e of in -la w s ______ . g. C onstant b ic k e r in g ______ . h . Lack o f m utual a f f e c t i o n (no lo n g e r in lo v e ) ______ . i . S e l f is h n e s s and la c k o f c o o p e ra tio n ___ j . N o n -su p p o rt ______ . y » k. D runkenness ____________. 1. No c o n f l i c t on any of th e above (10 i f one ite m checked) ( 1 i f two ite m s checked) ( 0 i f th r e e or more checked) 15 1 3 . Check ap p ro x im ate e x te n t o f agreem ent o r d i s agreem ent d u rin g m a rria g e betw een you and your mate on th e fo llo w in g ite m s . The exam ples should be c o n sid e re d as o n ly one o f many to p ic s which come u n d er each p o in t. PLEASE PLACE A CHECK OPPOSITE ITEM Check one column f o r each ite m b e low Always ag re e Almost alw ays a g re e Occa s io n a l l y d i s ag re e F r e q u e n t ly d i s a g re e Almost alw ays d i s a g re e Always d i s ag re e H andling fa m ily fin a n c e s ( e .g . I n s ta llm e n t buying) 10 8 6 4 2 0 Amount o f tim e sp e n t to g e th e r 10 8 6 4 2 0 F rie n d s ( e .g . D is lik e o f m a te ' s f r i e n d s ) 10 8 6 4 2 0 In tim a te r e l a t i o n s ( e .g . sex r e l a t i o n s ] 10 8 6 4 2 0 37 Check one column f o r each ite m below Ways o f d e a lin g w ith in -la w s Conven t i o n a l i t y ( e .g . good, r i g h t o r p ro p e r c o n d u c t) Aims, g o a ls , and th in g s b e lie v e d im p o rta n t in l i f e Always a g ree 10 10 10 Almost alw ays a g re e 8 8 8 Occa s io n a l l y d i s - ag ree F r e q u e n t l y d i s a g re e 4 Almost alw ays d i s ag re e Always d i s - a g re e 0 0 S c o rin g of ite m s in t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y . I t may be seen t h a t th e f i r s t e i g h t ite m s of t h i s q u e s tio n n a ir e a re i d e n t i c a l in c o n te n t and in manner o f s c o rin g w ith the ite m s of th e 5 B urgess and C o t t r e l l s c a l e . Item number n in e was ta k e n from 6 W a lla c e ’ s s c a le and s c o r e d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y . Ite m s e le v e n and tw elv e were ta k e n from Locke and scored a s he used them. ^E. ?/. B urgess and L . S . C o t t r e l l , J r . , P r e d i c t i n g S u c c ess o r F a i l u r e in M arriage (New York: P r e n t i c e - H a ll, I n c . , 1939)7 p p . (>4^3 6 K a rl M. W allace, l o c . c i t . 38 Ite m te n was ta k e n from Terman, and th e s c o re s used in t h i s stu d y were th e same a s h i s . Ite m t h i r t e e n was th e same a s B u r g e s s ’ w ith t h r e e o f th e te n q u e s tio n s o m itte d , and th e w e ig h ts were n o t l a t e r e d . B urgess and C o t t r e l l ’ s s c a le con t a i n s seven q u e s tio n s d e sig n e d t o d e te rm in e th e n e u ro tic is m o f th e s u b j e c t s . These d id n o t t o t a l a l t o g e t h e r more th a n any one o th e r ite m i n t h e scale,, b e in g given b u t one p o in t e a c h , and w ere l e f t out of th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . The h ig h e s t p o s s i b l e sc o re on th e B u rg e ss s c a le was 194, and in th e p r e s e n t stu d y 212. V a l i d i t y of p r e s e n t s c o rin g m ethod. T his ju g g lin g o f ite m s and s h o r e s , though n o t e x tre m e , r a i s e s a q u e s tio n . I f a s c a le h a s been v a l i d a t e d w ith one s e t o f w e ig h ts f o r i t s ite m s , i s i t s t i l l v a l i d i f th e s e w e ig h ts a r e changed and a few q u e s tio n s a re added or s u b tr a c te d ? B urgess and C o t t r e l l had an an sw er. They scored t h e i r q u e s t io n n a ir e s w ith w e ig h ts d ete rm in e d by th e a s s o c i a t io n betw een each item and a m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s r a t i n g , and th e n sc o re d them a second tim e w ith th e more r i g o r o u s l y d e te rm in e d w e ig h ts t h a t Terman d e riv e d from h i s sam ple. The two s c o r e s c o r r e l a t e d .904;.OOB. They went f u r t h e r ; th e y w eig h ted th e ite m s a r b i t r a r i l y , and fo u n d t h i s method t o be j u s t a s good. 39 As à m a tte r of f a c t , a n e x p erim e n t was made o f s c o r in g by a s s ig n in g a r b i t r a r y v a lu e s t o the v a rio u s ite m s . The a r b i t r a r y w e ig h tin g o f th e ite m s y ie ld e d s c o re s t h a t c o r r e l a t e d c lo s e ly w ith s c o r e s a r r i v e d a t a f t e r u s in g th e m a r i ta l h a p p in e ss r a t i n g (th e c r i t e r i o n used) a s a g u id e i n a s s ig n in g s c o re v a lu e s . The c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e a d ju stm e n t s c o r e s , w ith a r b i t r a r y w e ig h tin g and e m p ir ic a l w e ig h tin g , was + . 9 6 . ' No amount of v a r i a t i o n , a p p a r e n tly , in th e w e ig h tin g o f th e ite m s o f th e s c a le seem s to change th e r e l i a b i l i t y of th e s c o r e , o r i t s v a l i d i t y . I s t h e s c a l e so c ru d e , th e v a l i d i t y so low , th e a n a l y s i s of th e t h i n g t o be t e s t e d and th e c a tc h in g of i t s symptoms i n th e q u e s tio n n a ir e so f r a g m entary t h a t no amount o f s t a t i s t i c a l c a re in w e ig h tin g th e ite m s can b e t t e r th e score from one d e riv e d by s h e e r con j e c tu r e ? Terman g iv e s a p a r t i a l answ er when excusin g h i s m ethod: "W hile th e s c o rin g scheme i s p e rh a p s n o t th e most v a l i d t h a t m ight have been d e v is e d , we f e e l t h a t th e n a tu r e o f our d a ta does n o t w a rra n t t h e e f f o r t t o d ev elo p a more s e n s i t i v e in s tr u m e n t." ^ P r a c t i c a l l y i t must be d i f f i c u l t to d e te rm in e w hat e f f e c t s p e c i f i c changes w i l l have on th e v a l i d i t y o f a s c a le when th e v a l i d i t y of th e o r i g i n a l s c a le h a s n e v er been W. B u rgess and L. S. C o t t r e l l , J r . , op. c i t . , P . 6 8 . ----- ^Lewis M. Term an, P s y c h o lo g ic a l F a c to r s in M a r ita l H ap p in ess (New York: MeGraw-Hi 11 Book Company, une'."," 1938), p. 37. 40 c l e a r l y a s c e r t a i n e d . Terman found h im s e lf in t h i s p r e d ic a ment and h o n e s tly a d m itte d i t . The i d e a l w e ig h tin g of th e s u b t e s t s of a b a t t e r y i s th e one t h a t w i l l y i e l d th e h ig h e s t m u lt i p le c o r r e l a t i o n betw een t o t a l t e s t sc o re and an in d e p e n d e n tly d eterm in ed c r i t e r i o n o f t h e t r a i t in q u e s tio n . I n th e p r e s e n t in s ta n c e t h i s method could o b v io u s ly n o t be c o n s id e re d , a s no o u ts id e c r i t e r i o n of m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s was a v a i l a b l e . / W hatever m ight have been the e f f e c t s o f t h e s e m inor changes i n s c o r in g on th e co m p arativ e v a l i d i t y o f th e s c a le u sed in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , t h e y were m inim ized by the manner in which th e sc o re s w ere te le s c o p e d down f o r c o r r e l a t i o n p u rp o s e s . The tem peram ent s c o re s ran g ed fro m z e ro t o t h i r t y on most o f th e t r a i t s m easured; hence th e m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t s c o re s w ere d iv id e d by te n so as to ra n g e from z e ro t o tw e n ty , more in k e e p in g w ith the o th e r s w ith which th e y were t o be c o r r e l a t e d th a n in t h e i r o r i g i n a l ra n g e of z e ro t o 212; and l a t e r , a s w i l l be e x p la in e d i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , both t e s t s were s c a le d to e le v e n d i v i s i o n s f o r t h e d e r i v a ti o n of C -s c o re s . I I I . THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT The in s tru m e n t used f o r th e m easurem ent o f tem p era ment was The GuiIford-Zim m erm an Temperament S u rv e y . With h b l d . , p. 56. 41 t h i s t e s t i t was p o s s ib le t o s e c u re s c o re s on te n s e p a ra te t r a i t s ; G eneral A c t i v i t y , R e s t r a i n t , A scendance, S o c ia b i l i t y , E m otional S t a b i l i t y , O b j e c t i v i t y , F r i e n d l i n e s s , T h o u g h tfu ln e s s , P e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , and M a s c u lin ity . These t r a i t s had been i s o l a t e d i n th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e t e s t by f a c t o r - a n a l y s i s m ethods. And t h e i r d e g re e o f i n t e r - c o r - r e l a t i o n was rem ark ab ly low in a l l i n s t a n c e s but two: A scendance and S o c i a b i l i t y c o r r e l a t e d + . 6 1 , and E m otional s t a b i l i t y and O b j e c t i v i t y c o r r e l a t e d t . 6 9 . T his in d ep en d ence o f t h e s e p a r a te s c o r e s was an im p o rta n t c o n s id e r a tio n i n th e ch o ice of t e s t s f o r th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . The i n t e r n a l v a l i d i t y o r f a c t o r i a l v a l i d i t y o f th e s c o r e s i s f a i r l y w e ll a s s u re d by th e fo u n d a tio n of f a c t o r - a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s p lu s th e s u c c e s s iv e ite m - a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s d i r e c te d tow ard i n t e r n a l c o n s is te n c y and u n iq u e n e ss . I t i s b e lie v e d t h a t what each sc o re m easures i s f a i r l y w e ll d e fin e d and t h a t th e sc o re r e p r e s e n ts a confirm ed dim ension of p e r s o n a l i t y and a dep endable d e s c r i p t i v e c a te g o r y . ^ S p e c if i c i n d i c a t i o n o f what i s m easured by each o f th e t e n t r a i t s i s g iv e n in T able 1 o f th e "Manual of I n s t r u c t i o n s and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . " ^ ^ No c l e a r e r d e li n e a t io n o f th e t r a i t s a s m easured could be e ssa y ed th a n t o q u o te t h i s t a b l e v e rb a tim ; J . P . G u ilfo rd and Wayne S. Zimmerman, The G u iIf o rd - Zimmermân Temperament S u rv e y , Manual of I n s tr u e t i o n s and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , p . 6 . ^ h b l d . . pp. 2 -3 42 H i * ai +3 •H n s +3 44 O § •H 03 +3 m A S a 4 0 iH g A 0 f ) «A 0 â O -p 5 25 0 0 •H .1 h rH © > •H I 0 0 ê\ 0 > •H -P •H 0 1 O P M v jD vO ^ K \( \l C V J C \J > > ■P •H •p o 0 0 A ë i cî> © o 0 A 0 -P 0 A 0 X I •ri ' i «0 S 44 >» -P •H rH «0 *H A ^ 0 0 tjO«t4 ^ v4 C Q O -P 0 0 • • • • • î >9 0 • 0 • 0 • •tH • 0 • 0 • 44 • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 •tH A • 0 p • # r 4 0 1 • • - P 0 0 0 • 0 A 0 H • c d 01 •H -p § o «0 44 +3 M O Pî A tiO M A a S •iH «r4 03 p c H AJ Ai E -* C Q I 0 44 g o 01 01 ai 01 01 01 01 > > > t> î> î> > • • • • • • • A • • • • • • • P • • • • A • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • a • • • • • • • A • • • • • • • 0 0} • • • • • • • 0 < D •H • • * • • î > 5 • • • 0 1 0 - P • • 0 • • * 0 1 0 •H • • 0 • 0 > • • © • • 0 0 0 •H • •tH • • 0 0 p - P • •tH 0 0 o i> > o n 4 aj 4> n4 44 v4 +5 44 44 rH O 0 +3 •iH > 0 O 0 0 «0 0 0 A 01 Pî o •H Ph .*» t)D+3 î>» p! o *0 tîO *tH 0 nH A A ^ 0 A 0 0 O 0 0 0 A A M M A +3 o 0 44 o 0 f> o raw 44 bO 0 0 PJ 0 nH t>DiH 0 01 0 0 • H A O A i ^ A * H + 3 •H 0 0 rt Ai A O ’ M 0 •H I +3 0 f i A 44 O 0 01 O A A O -P C D A 0 ? 1 A CO Lf\ i r \ K \ K \ ON c-~ Lf\ OJ C V J C M C M ON NO LT\ KN C M « % C— nO KN C M C M 0 CO nO C M ON c~- L fN LO vC M CO nO LT\H- H" KN K\CO nO N N C T -UN H- KNKN KN C M C M 0 0 y 0 0 • A 1 — 1 t H 0 • 01 0 • • « • • • •rH • 0 0 • p 0 • 0 • • f > > • 0 0 0 • t H0 • 0 • • • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 P • 0 • 44 • p 0 0 0 0 • H 0 A 0 P 0 0 0 • A 1 — 1 0 0 r 0 p • t H P 0 • 0 • A 0 0 0 0 P > P i • A 0 0 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 0 A 0 0 0 • A 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • H P A P 0 © 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 A •A 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 P •rH A > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • A 0 0 •r*l 0 0 P i P © P 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 ©• H 0 • » 0 0 P 0 P r 4 A 0 P p 0 0 0 • A P 0 0 P 0 0 • t H 0 0 P l > P P A• i H 0 • *0 © P 1 — 1 0 0 0 © 0 0 0 0 44 P P P 0 0 0 0 A 00^ P P 0 0 ^ 0 0 0 0 0 P { > » 0 P t A A 0 44 A •A © 0 0 .•— s P P 0 • A 0 0 0 0 > 1 — 1 0 0 0 0 g A 0 0 0 0 P 44 0 0 0 0 0 • A 0 • • 0 0 0 0 P P d ©•A A A 0 P 0 •rH l > 0 • A 0 0 0 0 • H © 0 0 A 0 0 0 P 0 g A •A © P 0 P 4h A 0 0 p P d © 0 © P 0 0 •A 44 0 P 0 0 r t A A 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 A a 0 d 44 P 1 — 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 > A 0 P 0 • AP P 0 1 0 0 • H • fk •rH 0 01 0 •rH P 0 1 — 1 •rH P A 0 0 0 •A 0 0 « 44 A A 0 0 p P •rH 0 0 0 44 a 0 0 © 0 •A d l>> î> 01 1 — 1 A c 0 0 •rH 0 0 P 0 4 4 0 0 1 — 1 0 0 0 01 0 P 0 A 0 C Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P A A A 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 • i H 0 P 0 A 0 1 — 1 6 0 î> i 01 • •» 0 d 0 A 0 0 rH 0 0 4 4 0 0 © PiP 0 0 0 0 0 p P 0 0 44 0 0 a 44 • » 0 0 0 î > > • A • A 44 0 0 0 © A 0 p A 0 •A 0 0 • A 0 0 P P X 0 0 î> p 1 P 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 • t H 0 • » 0 0 •A 0 0P 4h P A 0 î>> 0 P 0 p 0 > 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 5o 0 0 © 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 •rH P 0 0 0 0 A 0 P • P 0 • A 0 0 î > > • A 0 0 P 0 0 0 •» 0 44 0 P 0 0 •A 0 © 0 •A •A 0 • A •A A t H44 i 0 0 l> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • H 0 1 d 0 •rH A • A 0 A 0 0 0 • A p • A 0 0 0 A 0 • A P •A 0 0 î>s P •A P rH 0 t>» 0 0 0 •H 0 •tH •rH w A © •rH 0 0 0 W 0 P P © 0 A d •A A 0 0 A •A A P p 0 P P P P • » •A 44 rH 0 P P •A P © 0 0 P P 000 a 0 1 P p 0 0 • t H 0 • t H 0 0 0 • t H0 0 A •rH © 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 © • •A •rH gp •» © P • A 0 A 0 0 0 A p 0 • A• A 0 > P 1 — i•A 0 0 0 0 i 01 0 01 01 0 0 • t H î> A •H • H 0 • t H P 0 0 0 d > P © 0 0 0 > 0 d 0 ■ P 0 0 0 0P A © p d •rH © rH 0 0 t H 0 0 P i 0 •A > ? P 0 P 0 •A P ,f c > S 1 — 1 p • t Hp P p P 0 44 0 •rH P 0 P 0 P P • A © 0 A P •A • A A 0 •A 0 0 •A 0 •A % •A A 0 © 0 0 A 0 0 A 0 •A • A A P 1 — 1 0 44 0 • A P •A A P 0 0 • i H• t H • i H •rH A A 0 •rH 0 •rH 0 g 0 0 0 g P •A 1 — 1 A A 0 • A A 0 • A P 0 A •rH P •A •A P © P 0 0 0 P P i 44 © 0 •A P , A P P 0 1 — 1 A A 0 P P 0 0 0 p 44 0 0 R 0 • A 0 0 •rH 0 A d >> 0 © 0 0 A 0 0 P t> P 0 r H 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 P i 44 •A 0 i H P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g p 0 © © > X © ©•rH > P > P 0 P 0 0 0 X 0 0 K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © 0 0 •rH 0 0 > l>> A 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 •A A 0 M 03 A A A © A A A < a i A a •rH PR A A A M A A Î P M 03 WC Î3 1 — 1 pq M P p4 0 • M M •A m 0 03 03 H M 03 M Pi M g 0 0 0 P P 0 P 1 — 1 0 0 • t H 0 •rH 0 01 01 w 01 0 01 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 > > > > > > 0 0 > t> > t > }> 0 0 > t> î> > > © > > > p > î> 0 > > > > > > > f> 0 t>> A A A 0 p • 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 • p •rH 0 • p 0 0 • • P • 0 0 A 0 • A • © 4h 1 — 1 0 © P 0 p P 0 0 1 — 1 0 P î>» 0 0 0 • t H • t H 0 0 0 P t H 0 0 C 0 0 0 P •A 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 rH • •A P î>» î> g •A 0 © 0 0 0 •rH 0 P4 0 0 0 0 0 •ri 0 P a P 0 P 0 0 •rH P • P 0 0 A i>s P A 0 0 t H P •A 0 0 0 A 0 •H 1 — 1 P P 0 0 • 0 •rH P 0 0 © 01 P P •A A 0 0 0 P p 0 0 0 >3 A 0 • 0 p 0 01 P 0 P g P A 0 •A 4 4 •A 0 0 0 I — 1 0 f H 0 f - )• H 0 • % 0 A c A A 0 d •A 0 •A H P 0 0 P 0 ü > A > 0 • 0 > P > » 0 0 p g •A 0 0 A P •A M 0 0 0 •fH 0 © •A 0 1 0 0 0 0 P • > • t H 0 p • »0 0 tA © 0 d P •rH 0 0 > 0 0 03 rH 0 t H > P P 0 0 1 P ra X i 0 0 01 6 A 0 • 0 P 0 P •H 0 A 0 P 0 A 0 d A 44 d 0 •A •A 44 0 P i •A 0 0 A 0 •A 0 A p 0 1 — 1 A p A p © 0 0 0 P f fH P 0 44 0 0 0 0 © P P iH 0 0 0 p 0 0 a 0 0 •iH 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 % •rH 0 0 A P • t H 4 4 P p P ««. 0 P >> 0 •A © t H 0 1 0 S ) © 0 P 0 0 P P p p 0 • t H A 0 0 •ri p g 0 0 Q P 0 0 P 1 — 1 0 P P i 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 P A P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g 0 0 0 44 4 4 0 0 0 0 rH 44 0 • A d • A 4 4 0 © 0 0 1 —1 0 P P 0 • t H 0 P 0 • t H 0 P •> p 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 0 44 •A 0 0 rH 44 0 0 P 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 01 • t H 0 A >^0 0 • t H0 d 0 4h 0 0 > > 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 p 0 © © 0 0 P A © 0 A 0 0 0 0 P 0 P •rH 0 0 • t H 0 P 0 P A 0 0 © 0 t H © P •A 0 0 • f H A 0 P •fH •A >>P 0 •A P 1 —1 0 1 P 0 P 0 0 •iH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 — 1 0 • © •rH •A p 0 0 0 44 0 l > 0 0 © P 0 0 • f H P 1 — 1 © p 0 0 0 >> 0 © p 0 0 P 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 t H S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d A > P •A •A 0 44 •A 0 P A 0 P i t H 0 0 0 p •A • A rH 0 •rH 0 •A P 0 1 A P 0 0 0 ra 0 0 «P 0 0 •H 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 P 0 0 •A s t A P 0 P p P • A 0 0 •A 0 0 •A •rH 0 > 0 •fH 0 p 0 0 p 0 01 0 1 * 0 0 A • t H0 0 ♦rH P % ) P •H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •rH 0 0 P P 0 p 0 p 0 > 0 0 t> I — 1 0 0 d © •A 0 0 P •(H A 0 0 f» 0 p © M M P 0 0 4 4 0 0 a * A 0 • t H •rH •H r i P d 0 •A 0 bO 0 A A © w 0 A A 0 A 0 0 A P 0 A P © p 0 p ptH P •f— 1 • t H 0 1 0 © 0 r p 0 0 0 0 4h 0 •rH 0 0 •rH M P p 9 0 •A A A 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 — 1 0 0 rH 0 p 0 0 P 0 © 0 p •ri •rH X P 0 A 0 A 1 — 1 0 0 0 © © A •ri p 0 Q > 0 P 0 © 0 0 • i H P d © 'r-a .fH •A A 0 0 ^ 0 44 01 P •A 0 0 A rH •A 0 P 0 p A 01 p 0 P 0 0 0 © 0 01 0 0 A A 0 0 0 0 •rH 0 0 t> A 0 © P 0 A 0 g 0 P 0 P 0 P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •A 03 A A 03 t 03 A 03 03 A A A A 1 A A A A i M 0 0 A 0 m 1 e n M E 4 1 P4 0 H P i 0 Bi M 1 H Mw « M M i < î i i A ; 1 M 1 i 0 1 i M ) 1 P i i . i 0 f i - p 0 •H 0 fi •0 0 -P 0 0 N I P 44 •H O A 44 O O W 3 0 0 P 0 0 0 O T-f 0 0 O ^ 0 S3 0 © ® 0 0 d 0 0 0 O E4 g 0 0 1 p 0 TDAl W ) 0 rH 1 ----------- I I ------------I , 0 »H 0 ^ A 01 44 o rH 0 0 P 0 O *H P ^ 0 t is A © h 0 ra p 5 g p Eî •tH 4 3 rH 01 g ^ P *1-3 C 0 0 0 0 P î> 0 1 •ri © Î I Û 0 0 0 0 P ra g p 0 0 p *H 0 0 0 , © 44 d o 0 0 II P 0 0 © P P 0 4h •H O © P 0 O P •rH © rH '§ O A © 0 A 0 t > > 0 P l> A •« H ‘« H O 0 0 0 43 0 O 0 0 0 p 0 0 « 4 0 S 0 P > r H 0 O W *H t > > 0 0 0 ^ « iH 0 0 § A • 0 O 0 44 0 4-1 000 0 0 s o 0 1 0 i p •tH © S 0 O 0 5 A O 0 0 A p © P !> A 0 Î5 O P H 0 0 .H 0 A 0 0 A 0 q P ïjO o © 0 0 « o © 0 O P . O f>> F) r4 0 5 m""' P 0 •tH •tH I — I P 0 •rH 6 0 O* 0 • 5 p •iH 0 1 O A 0 A 0 01 ë o 0 0 •tH •iH P P •rH 0 01 (30 O 0 A 0 45 Four o th e r t r a i t s were made up by com bining some of th e te n o r i g i n a l e le m e n ts o f th e t e s t . A scendance and S o c i a b i l i t y were combined to g iv e a sc o re f o r S o c ia l A d ju s t ment ; E m otional s t a b i l i t y and O b j e c t iv i t y w ere combined t o d e s ig n a te E m otional A d ju stm en t; and F r i e n d l i n e s s and P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s were summed t o i n d ic a t e P e r s o n a l A d justm ent. A ll th r e e o f th e s e — E m otional A d ju stm en t, S o c ia l A d ju s t m ent, and P e rs o n a l A d justm ent — were f i n a l l y added t o give a sco re d e s ig n a te d a s T o ta l A d ju stm en t. I t was b e lie v e d t h a t th e s e h y p o t h e t i c a l t r a i t s su g g e ste d by P r o f e s s o r G u ilf o rd , h im s e lf , m ight show a c o r r e l a t i o n w ith m a r i t a l ad ju stm e n t n o t re v e a le d by th e s e p a r a t e , more e le m e n ta l t r a i t s . CHAPTER IV THE SAMPLE AND SUB-GROUPS I n th e a n a l y s i s o f a p a r t i c u l a r group of p e rs o n s th e v a l i d i t y o f th e f i n d i n g s i s dep endent upon th e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s o f th e sam ple, V I . SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE The p o p u la tio n . The u n iv e r s e o f t h i s stu d y was th e s e n i o r s and t h e i r p a r e n t s in a c i t y h ig h sc h o o l of S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , The s e n io r s numbered 458 out o f a t o t a l e n r o llm e n t of ab o u t 1800 in th e s c h o o l. Two hundred f o r t y - seven were g i r l s and 211 were b o y s. The s i z e of th e sa m p le , T h e o r e ti c a l ly i t does n o t m a tte r how la r g e o r how sm a ll a sample i s , b u t o n ly how t r u e a l ik e n e s s i t i s . T h is p r o p o s i t io n was s t r i k i n g l y i l l u s t r a t e d by P r o f e s s o r G u ilfo rd in a p r a c t i c a l exam ple w ith m a th e m a tic a l d e m o n s tra tio n and c o n v in c in g n e s s . He d e m o n stra te d t h a t , g iv en a t r u l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sam ple of 3 8 4 , i f a p o l l showed a m a jo r ity v o te o f 33 p e r c e n t i n f a v o r .o f an i s s u e , th e v o te of th e enormous p o p u la tio n s t h a t p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e n a ti o n a l e l e c t i o n s could be p r e d i c te d w ith odds of I 3 t o 1 , and t h a t w ith a sample of no more th a n 6 6 4 th e odds would be 99 to 1 t h a t th e p o p u la tio n would 43 v o te a s d id t h e sam ple.^ R. A. F is h e r a ls o t e s t i f i e s to th e w o rth o f s t a t i s t i c s d e riv e d from sm a ll sam ples, i f th e a p p r o p r ia te fo rm u la s a r e u se d . I t i s n o t t r u e , a s th e exam ple above shows, t h a t v a l i d c o n c lu s io n s cann ot be drawn from sm a ll sam p les; i f a c c u r a te m ethods a re used in c a l c u l a t i n g th e p r o b a b i l i t y , we th e r e b y make f u l l a llo w an ce f o r th e s i z e of th e sam ple, and sh o u ld be in flu e n c e d in our judgment o n ly by th e v a lu e of th e p r o b a b i l i t y i n d ic a t e d . P r a c t i c a l l y , d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e i f th e su b -g ro u p s a re to o sm a ll to p e rm it d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n betw een s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s and chance r e s u l t s . But i f t h e sample i s to o l a r g e i t may be im p o s s ib le f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o e s t a b l i s h s u f f i c i e n t r a p p o r t w ith th e group to keep i t i n t a c t and in s u r e th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s . As th e p e rc e n ta g e o f r e p l i e s d e c r e a s e s , th e sample l o s e s i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s . I t i s p o s s i b l e , f o r exam ple, t h a t t h i s f a c t o r a s much a s any o th e r — to o l a r g e a sam ple to p e rm it p e r s i s t e n t e f f o r t t o se cu re r e p l i e s from th e "u n d ecid ed " group • — was r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e f a i l u r e o f th e p o l l s t e r s J . P. G u ilfo rd , Fundam ental S t a t i s t i c s i n P sychology and E d u c a tio n (New York; McGraw H i l l Book Company, 1 3 4 2 ), p p. 1 63- 1 6 4 . % . A. F i s h e r , S t a t i s t i c a l Methods f o r R esearch W orkers (London: O liv e r and Boyd, 1336), p . 13'El 46 t o p r e d i c t th e outcome of th e 1348 p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n .^ I n th e p r e s e n t stu d y i t was n e c e s s a r y to o b ta in th e c o o p e ra tio n n o t o nly o f th e s tu d e n ts b u t o f t h e i r p a r e n t s a s w e l l. Each had to f i l l o u t q u e s t io n n a ir e s r e q u i r i n g ab o u t two h o u rs t o c o m p le te . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to o b ta in th e f u l l c o o p e ra tio n of laymen on a s c i e n t i f i c s tu d y . I t i s even more d i f f i c u l t , when q u e s tio n n a ir e s a re of a h ig h ly p e rs o n a l n a t u r e , to co n v in ce p e o p le t h a t t h e i r re s p o n se s w i l l rem ain anonymous, u n i d e n t i f i a b l e by the i n v e s t i g a t o r h im s e lf . I f th e a tte m p t had been made t o o b ta in th e c o o p e r a t i o n of th e e n t i r e c l a s s of 438 s tu d e n ts and t h e i r p a r e n t s , t o t a l i n g tw elv e or t h i r t e e n h u ndred p e rs o n s , i t would n o t have been p o s s ib le t o m a in ta in a s h ig h a p e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s a s w ith a s m a lle r group t h a t r e p r e s e n te d th e c l a s s . In t h i s case each p e rs o n i n th e sample c o u ld be made t o f e e l im p o rta n t t o th e stu d y a s a member o f a s e l e c t group s p e c i a l l y chosen to r e p r e s e n t th e c l a s s . Under th e s e con d i t i o n s of h e ig h te n e d i n d iv i d u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , r e f u s a l s t o c o o p e ra te would p ro b a b ly be a t a minimum. One hundred and f o u r te e n f a m i l i e s were chosen f o r th e ^Thomas L assw e ll and Edward McDonagh, " P r e s i d e n t i a l P o l l s ; One Y ear A f t e r , " S o c io lo g y and S o c ia l R e s e a r c h . 34: lOO-A, F i g . 1 , November-December, 1343. 47 sam ple, e v e ry f o u r t h one on th e a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t . I t may be o b je c te d t h a t such a sample would be unduly w eig h ted w ith c e r t a i n n a t i o n a l i t i e s out of p r o p o r tio n t o t h e i r t o t a l number i n th e o r i g i n a l g ro u p , a s th e s e names te n d t o converge upon s p e c i a l l e t t e r s o f th e a lp h a b e t. The p o p u la tio n was p a r t i c u l a r l y homogeneous i n n a t i o n a l i t y background, how ever, and i t would have been im p o s sib le by a c a r e f u l r e a d in g o f th e a l p h a b e t i c a l l i s t to s e p a r a te out any d i s t i n c t e th n ic group in a c l u s t e r . I t was f e l t t h a t th e e x p e rim e n ta l group of 114 s tu d e n ts and t h e i r p a r e n t s was a v e ry good l i k e n e s s , or c r o s s - s e c t i o n , of t h e e n t i r e c l a s s and c o u ld a d e q u a te ly r e p r e s e n t i t f o r th e p u rp o se s o f th e s tu d y . I I . SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Age o f p a r e n t s . The mean a g e s o f m o th ers and f a t h e r s were f o r t y - f o u r and f o r t y - s i x y e a rs r e s p e c t i v e l y . Most of them were betw een t h i r t y - s e v e n and f i f t y - s i x y e a r s o ld , b ut t h e r e w ere a few a s young as tw e n ty -n in e and a few in t h e i r s i x t i e s . F ig u re 1 g iv e s a c l e a r p i c t u r e o f th e sp re a d and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e s e a g e s . E d u c a tio n o f p a r e n t s . The p a r e n t s w ere w e ll above a v e ra g e i n e d u c a tio n a l s t a t u s f o r t h e i r age g ro u p . As can be seen in T able I I , more th a n s e v e n - te n th s o f th e m others and a b o u t tw o - th ir d s of th e f a t h e r s com pleted h ig h s c h o o l a t 48 l e a s t . Alm ost a t h i r d o f the m others h a d a t l e a s t one y e a r o f c o ll e g e , and a f o u r t h had two y e a r s of c o lle g e o r m ore. N e a rly one h a l f o f th e f a t h e r s had a y e a r or more o f c o ll e g e , a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s had two y e a r s or m ore, and n e a r ly one o u t of e v e ry f i v e g ra d u a te d from c o ll e g e . N a t i o n a l i t y . N a t i o n a l i t y of th e p a r e n t s was n o t c a r e f u l l y d e te rm in e d : th e q u e s tio n n a ir e sim ply asked f o r n a t i o n a l i t y , and most o f th e s u b j e c t s answ ered "A m erican," a s m ig h t have been e x p e c te d . I f th e q u e s tio n had re a d " c o u n try of your f a t h e r 's o r g r a n d f a t h e r 's b i r t h , " n a t i o n a l d e s c e n t could have been r e c o r d e d a d e q u a te ly . Only tw e n ty - f i v e p a r e n t s s p e c i f i e d a n y th in g o th e r th a n A m erican, and th e s e w ere th e u s u a l S c o tc h , I r i s h , E n g li s h , German, S w edish, and so on. T here i s no way of knowing w hether th e s e were born in th e f o r e i g n c o u n tr ie s and t h e o t h e r s were n o t , or w h eth er th e s e j u s t i n t e r p r e t e d th e q u e s tio n d i f f e r e n t l y . R e l i g i o n . The group was p re d o m in a n tly P r o t e s t a n t . E ig h ty -tw o p e r c e n t w ere P r o t e s t a n t , f o u r te e n p e r c e n t were C a th o lic , and f o u r p e r c e n t were Je w ish . F am ily s t a t u s . In s e v e n t y - s i x hom es, or 67 per c e n t o f th e f a m i l i e s , the s tu d e n t w as l i v i n g w ith h i s r e a l p a r e n t s . In t h ir t e e n hom es, or 11.3 p er c e n t o f the f a m i l i e s , one o f th e p a r e n ts was d e c e a s e d . In s e v e n te e n homes, or I 3 43 I p - F a t h e r 's Age 0 - M o th e r's Age Mean Age o f F a th e rs Mean Age o f M others 46 44 F ig u re 1 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PARENTS 30 TABLE I I EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF PARENTS Grade Completed PERCENTAGES Mothers F a th ers 6th 100.0 100,0 7th 96.8 98.8 8th 9 3 .6 9 7 .5 9 th 8 7 .3 78.8 10th 82.1 77.5 nth 75.7 7 3 .8 H. S. 70.5 66.2 C o lle g e 1 y r . 3 1 .5 4 8 .8 C o lle g e 2 y r s . 2 3 .1 38.8 C o lle g e 3 y r s . 1 1 .5 1 8 .8 C o lle g e 4 y r s . 8 .4 18.8 Graduate 1 y r . 4 .2 7 .5 Graduate 2 y r s . 5 .0 Graduate 3 y r s . 1.2 31 p e r c en t o f th e f a m i l i e s , th e p a r e n ts w ere s e p a r a te d or d i v o rc e d . And i n seven homes, o r 6 p e r c e n t o f th e sam ple, th e s tu d e n t was l i v i n g w ith one r e a l and one f o s t e r p a r e n t . S iz e of f a m i l i e s . Though t h e p a r e n t s had been m a rrie d f o r a t l e a s t e ig h te e n y e a r s i n most c a s e s , th e a v e ra g e fa m ily of th e sample had b u t two or t h r e e c h il d r e n ( a r ith m e tic mean was 2 .4 ) . T his was an i n d i c a t i o n o f g e n e r a l l y sm a ll fam i l i e s , a s t h e r e w ere no c h i l d l e s s homes i n th e group to b rin g th e a v e ra g e down. The s i z e of fa m ily was i n k e e p in g w ith th e h ig h e d u c a tio n a l and economic s t a t u s o f th e sam ple. Number o f m o th e rs w o rk in g . In th e unbroken homes one f o u r th of th e m others were w orking a t l e a s t p a r t tim e . In th e group a s a w hole, in c lu d in g broken homes i n w hich m o th ers were th e so le s u p p o r te r s of th e f a m ily , one t h i r d of them w ere w ork ing . When th e s tu d e n ts w ere young c h ild r e n and r e a l l y needed th e f u l l tim e c a re o f a m o th e r, i t i s p ro b a b le t h a t th e p e rc e n ta g e was much lo w er; t h a t many of th e women went t o work a f t e r t h e i r c h il d r e n had grown i n to t h e i r te e n s a t l e a s t , i f in f e r e n c e s may be drawn from th e h ig h income s t a t u s o f th e g ro u p . S o c io - economic s t a t u s o f th e s t u d e n t . As a check on socio-econom ic s t a t u s a s a p o s s ib le f a c t o r in f lu e n c in g th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s of s tu d e n ts , a q u e s tio n was a sk ed t o d e te rm in e 32 th e ra n g e and v a r i e t y o f f e e l i n g s of s e c u r i t y o r i n s e c u r i t y in t h i s a r e a . Nine s tu d e n ts f e l t t h a t th e y had a h ig h e r s t a t u s th a n t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s , t e n f e l t th e y were s l i g h t l y lo w er th a n t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s , and n i n e t y - f o u r f e l t t h a t th e y were a b o u t e q u a l in t h i s r e s p e c t . For e ig h t y - th r e e p e r c en t of th e g ro u p , t h e n , t h i s f a c t o r was a c o n s ta n t; b u t i n th e re m a in in g se v en te en p e r c e n t, i t w as a n e g le c te d v a r i a b l e and may have had a d i s t u r b i n g i n f lu e n c e . F am ily incom e. The sample was p a r t i c u l a r l y unique in re g a r d Jio f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s . The mean m on th ly income f o r th e f a t h e r s was $ 3 1 0 .0 0 . I f th e s a l a r i e s e a rn e d by th e w iv e s o f t h e s e men be co u n ted i n , th e a v e ra g e income i n t h i s group was $3 2 3 .0 0 p e r m onth. And th e o v e r - a l l a v e ra g e , in c lu d in g th o s e f a m i l i e s i n which th e m other was th e s o le wage e a r n e r , was $437.00 a month, or j u s t under $6,000 a y e a r . Though t h i s mean was pushed up by th e dozen o r so v e ry h ig h s a l a r i e s i n th e g ro u p , th e m edian and th e mode w ere a ls o w e ll above norm al a t $423.00 p e r m onth, or $3,100 a y e a r . The ran ge was from $100.00 a month t o $1,300 a m onth. Home o w n e rsh ip . A n o th er i n d i c a t i o n o f h ig h income s t a t u s was th e number o f f a m i l i e s t h a t owned t h e i r own hom es. S i x t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e f a m i l i e s r e p o r t e d home o w n e r s i p . 33 O ccupation of f a t h e r s . The o c c u p a tio n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n was about what one m ight have e x p ec te d i n a group of h ig h e d u c a tio n a l and economic s t a t u s . There were a s many f a t h e r s i n th e p r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a tio n s a s i n th e u n s k i l le d and s l i g h t l y s k i l l e d gro u p s combined. I t may be seen from th e t a b l e t h a t fo llo w s t h a t h a l f o f th e f a t h e r s were i n th e f i r s t t h r e e l e v e l s . Only one p e rso n was c l a s s i f i e d a s un s k i l l e d . TABLE I I I FATHERS' OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION O ccupation Number o f f a t h e r s P e r ce n ta g e P r o f e s s io n a l 7 8 .6 S e m i- p r o f e s s io n a l and m a n a g eria l 3 1 1 .1 C l e r i c a l , s k i l l e d t r a d e s , and r e t a i l b u s in e s s 24 23.6 S e m i- s k ille d , minor c l e r i c a l minor b u s in e s s 32 3 3 .3 S l i g h t l y s k i l l e d 6 7 .3 U n s k i l l e d , urban and r u r a l 1 1 .2 R e tir e d 2 ........... 2 .3 T o ta l 81 1 0 0 .0 34 I I I . QUESTIONNAIRE RETURNS P e r c e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s . Of th e 114 f a m i l i e s o r i g i n a l l y ch osen f o r th e sam p le, o n ly one was l o s t o u t r ig h t . Re p e a ted e f f o r t s t o b rin g t h i s f a m ily in to th e s tu d y w ere o f no a v a i l . Thus I I 3 or n in e t y - n in e per c e n t o f th e f a m i l i e s were r e p r e s e n te d . But in s e v e r a l in s t a n c e s where th e stu d en t and one p a ren t would f i l l ou t q u e s t io n n a ir e s th e rem ain in g p aren t would n o t. These f a m i l i e s were l o s t to the stu d y as in c o m p le te . In one c a s e th e m other was in a s a n ita r iu m . In a n o th e r , th e m other o f s e v e r a l sm a ll c h ild r e n had j u s t come home from the h o s p i t a l w ith a new baby. A t h ir d mother i n s i s t e d t h a t h er p r iv a t e l i f e was h er own and no one had th e r ig h t t o p ry in to i t ; h er daugh t e r and her husband t r i e d to p ersu ad e h er o th e r w ise but co u ld n o t. One f a t h e r was i n th e Navy and on an ex ten d ed c r u is e f o r more than a y e a r . A f a t h e r came t o town from F lo r id a f o r h i s s o n 's g r a d u a tio n , sta y ed two d a y s, was p r e v a i l e d t o ta k e a q u e s tio n n a ir e w ith him, but f a i l e d t o r e tu r n i t . In a few c a s e s th e d iv o r ce d p a ren t l i v i n g away from th e home cou ld not be c o n ta c te d . Both p a r e n ts o f one stu d e n t f l a t l y r e fu s e d to be q u e s tio n e d . There i s a l i m i t to th e amount o f p e r s u a sio n t h a t can be brought to bear on a p e r so n , and th e e f f e c t o f to o much p e r s u a sio n was ev id e n c e d in some q u e s tio n n a ir e s t h a t 33 w ere n ot f i l l e d o u t c o m p le te ly . As t h e r e were no names a tta c h e d t o th e r e p l i e s i t was im p o s sib le t o f o llo w them up and c o r r e c t t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s . A p p a ren tly i t was d i f f i c u l t f o r some o f th e p a r e n ts t o f i l l ou t q u e s t io n n a ir e s o f a h ig h ly p e r s o n a l n a tu r e , anonymous or n o t. They were not so used to t h e s e s t u d ie s a s w ere th e s tu d e n ts . A t o t a l o f e le v e n f a m i l i e s were th u s l e f t o u t, le a v in g 103 com p lete f a m i l i e s to s e r v e a s b a s is fo r th e stu d y — f a m i l i e s w ith one p a ren t d e ce a se d were c o n sid e r e d a s com plete i f r e p l i e s were secu red from th e stu d e n t and th e l i v i n g p a r e n t. T h is was 3 0 .3 P®r cen t o f th e o r i g i n a l sample o f 114 f a m i l i e s . I m p lic a tio n s o f p e r c e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s . The f a m i l i e s o f ev e r y fo u r th member o f th e s e n io r c l a s s were approached and n in e out o f e v e r y ten o f t h e s e co o p era ted f u l l y . One t e n th o f th e c l a s s , th e n , was n ot r e p r e s e n te d in th e s t u d y . To th e e x te n t t h a t t h i s one t e n t h may have been a s e l e c t group w ith som ew hat'unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i t s ab sen ce p ro b a b ly d i s t o r t e d th e s t a t i s t i c s and d istu r b e d th e f i n d i n g s . Whether th e i n c l u s i o n o f t h i s group would have fu r th e r c l a r i f i e d and co rro b o ra ted th e t e n d e n c ie s found in th e r e s t o f th e sample or w hether th e y would have clou d ed th e p ic t u r e and c o n tr a d ic te d t h e o th e r data i s h azardous to g u e s s . I t m ight have w id en ed d i f f e r e n c e s 36 found in some c a s e s and narrow ed them in o t h e r s . Where th e r e s u l t s were h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t i t i s p ro b a b le t h a t th e y would have rem ained f a i r l y s i g n i f i c a n t even i f c o n tr a d ic te d by t h i s unknown d a ta . R e s u lts t h a t were o n ly f a i r l y s i g n i f i c a n t m ight have been found t o b e very s i g n i f i c a n t o r i n s i g n i f i c a n t . And r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t were s t a t i s t i c a l l y u n c e r ta in m ight have proved t o be s i g n i f i c a n t . These p o s s i b l e m o d if ic a tio n s m ust be k e p t in mind when i n t e r p r e t i n g th e f i n d i n g s , even th o u g h i t i s by no means c l e a r t h a t any changes a t a l l would have o c c u rre d . There a r e c e r t a i n i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t th e e le v e n f a m i li e s l o s t to th e s tu d y could n o t have been an a l t o g e t h e r homogeneous g ro up; some w ere s t i l l m a rrie d , some d iv o r c e d , some had been d iv o rc e d and were re m a rrie d ; some were u n c o o p e ra tiv e b u t o th e r s must have found i t d i f f i c u l t t o c o o p e ra te th ro u g h no f a u l t o f t h e i r own, such a s th e m other i n th e s a n ita r iu m , th e f a t h e r away from home i n th e Navy, th e f a t h e r in F l o r i d a , and p e r h ap s t h e m other w ith th e new baby. E valuat i o n o f th e p e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s . The s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t m ust fa c e th e l i m i t a t i o n s o f h i s m a t e r i a l . I f i t i s n o t p o s s ib le u n d er a lm o s t i d e a l c o n d itio n s t o g a in th e f u l l c o o p e ra tio n of more th a n n i n e t y p e r c e n t o f o n e 's sam ple i n a g iv e n s i t u a t i o n , th e n t h i s f a c t in i t s e l f i s an im p o rta n t f i n d i n g . P e r s i s t e n c e beyond a c e r t a i n p o in t may 37 n o t in c r e a s e t h e p e rc e n ta g e o f r e t u r n s where t h e r e i s a p o s i t i v e r e s i s t a n c e t o f i l l i n g o u t p e rs o n a l in fo rm a tio n s c h e d u le s . There a re more s u b tle ways o f r e f u s i n g to c o o p e r a te , i t was d is c o v e r e d , th a n th e sim p le r e j e c t i o n of th e q u e s t io n n a ir e . C ircu m stan ces c o u ld h a r d ly have been more f a v o r a b le f o r th e s tu d y o f t h i s g ro u p . The i n v e s t i g a t o r was a te a c h e r and coach i n t h e s c h o o l, and known by e v e ry member o f th e sam p le. An o u t s i d e r would n o t have had th e e a sy and c o n tin u e d a c c e s s to th e s tu d e n ts , n in e ty - n in e p e r c e n t of whom c o o p e ra te d f u l l y . Nor w ould he have been so w e ll r e c e iv e d tim e a f t e r tim e i n phoning and v i s i t i n g th e same home f o r an opp o rtu n e moment to f i l l out th e q u e s t io n n a ir e s . Many of th e p a r e n ts b e lie v e d t h a t i t was a sc h o o l p r o j e c t and w ere a n x io u s t o do t h i s l a s t t h in g f o r th e sc h o o l b e fo r e t h e i r c h ild r e n g ra d u a te d . D uring "open sc h o o l week" p a r e n t s and s tu d e n ts o f th e sam ple were i n v i t e d t o th e sc h o o l i n th e evenin g t o f i l l o u t q u e s t io n n a ir e s , and over s i x t y p e r c e n t o f them were se c u re d i n the one week, from th e 1 s t t o th e 3t h o f May, 1343. T h is s u r p r i s i n g s u c c e s s m ust have been due i n some m easure to th e f o r t u n a t e tim in g when th e c o n c e rte d e f f o r t s o f s c h o o l, p r e s s , r a d i o , and P .T .A . g ro u p s were b r in g in g p r e s s u r e t o b e a r on p a r e n t s from a l l s i d e s t o p e rsu ad e them t o v i s i t t h e i r s c h o o ls . I t may have been t h i s same tim in g t h a t was r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e im- 38 p r e s s io n t h a t th e s tu d y was a sch o o l p r o j e c t . I t was an u n ex p ected f i n d in g t h a t under c o n d itio n s a s fa v o r a b le as th e s e and i n th e f a c e o f c o n tin u e d e f f o r t on th e p a r t of th e i n v e s t i g a t o r t h a t o n ly n i n e t y p e r c e n t of th e sample c o u ld be induced t o p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y . Under what c irc u m s ta n c e s do i n v e s t i g a t o r s o b ta in b e t t e r th a n n i n e t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of a p r e - s e l e c t e d sam ple? 17. SUB-GROUPS OF THE SAMPLE Need f o r h o m o g en e ity . The sample was found t o be q u i te d i v e r s i f i e d a s t o p a r e n t a l c o n d itio n s . T h is was a v a r i a b l e t h a t had to b e c o n t r o l l e d . I t would have been c o n fu s in g to compare r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een p a r e n t and c h ild i n a group where some of th e c h ild r e n w ere l i v i n g w ith both p a r e n t s and some w ith o n ly one; o r w ith one r e a l p a re n t and a s t e p - p a r e n t ; and i t would have been n e x t t o im p o s s ib le to i n t e r p r e t th e r e s u l t s . S iz e o f s u b -g ro u p s . F o r p u rp o se s o f a n a l y s i s f o u r su b -g ro u p s o f th e sam ple were t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y ; (1 ) th e unbroken home, (2 ) th e home broken by d iv o rc e o r s e p a r a tio n , (3) th e home b ro k en by d e a th of a p a r e n t , and (4) th e home c o n ta in in g one r e a l and one f o s t e r p a r e n t . Of th e 103 f a m i l i e s , se v e n ty belonged to th e f i r s t g ro u p , t h i r t e e n t o 33 th e s e c o n d , t h ir t e e n t o th e t h ir d , and seven to th e l a s t . The f i r s t group o f s e v e n ty f a m i l i e s w ith th e r e a l p a r e n ts l i v i n g t o g e th e r made up s i x t y - e i g h t per c e n t o f th e sam ple and was th e main group upon w hich th e f in d i n g s o f the study were b a se d . In th e attem pt t o tr a c e th e e f f e c t s o f m a r ita l adjustm ent upon c h ild r e n , th e ex tra n eo u s e f f e c t s o f th e broken home had t o be c a r e f u l l y r u le d ou t or h eld c o n s ta n t . C o in c id e n ta lly i t happened t h a t in e x a c t l y h a l f o f t h e s e s e v e n ty f a m i l i e s th e s tu d e n ts were g i r l s and in h a l f th e y were b o y s, making p o s s ib le d i r e c t n u m erica l com parisons betw een th e g i r l s and boys w ith o u t t h e n e c e s s i t y o f c o n v e r tin g to p e r c e n ta g e s . CHAPTER V FINDINGS The f in d in g s o f t h i s s tu d y were d e riv e d from a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a . They a re r e l a t i v e to th e g iv en c o n d itio n s o f th e ex p erim e n t and have no p ro v en v a l i d i t y in any s i t u a t i o n where th e s e s p e c i f i c c o n d itio n s a re n o t m et. I t h as been im p o s sib le t o rev iew a l l o f th e s e c o n tin g e n c ie s (p re s e n te d in th e p re c e d in g c h a p te r s ) i n th e sta te m e n t of each f i n d i n g , b u t th e y a re none th e l e s s im p o r t a n t and may n o t be f o r g o t t e n i f th e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a r e t o be k e p t w ith in th e l i m i t s o f th e d a ta , I . MARITAL ADJUSTMENT S t a b i l i t y of m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t. T here was no way o f d e te rm in in g how s t a b le o r c o n s i s t e n t was th e a d ju s tm e n t o f a couple in m a rria g e . I t had t o be assumed t h a t t h e r e was no g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y o r f i c k l e n e s s in t h i s ite m . But i t was p o s s ib le to d e te rm in e r o u g h ly th e m ajor t r e n d of change in m a r i t a l h a p p in e ss o f t h e p a r e n ts d u rin g th e l i f e tim e o f th e s t u d e n t. In re sp o n se t o th e q u e s tio n : "How has your g e n e r a l h a p p in e ss i n m a rria g e changed s in c e th e tim e your p r e s e n t h ig h sc h o o l s e n io r was a young c h ild ? " th e p a r e n ts were asked t o check one of - th e fo llo w in g 61 an sw e rs; **(1) I t i s ab o u t th e same now a s i t was th e n _____ ; (2) I t i s more s e re n e and s a t i s f a c t o r y th a n i t was th e n ______; (3) I t i s more t r o u b le d and u n s a t i s f y i n g th a n i t was t h e n ______ T ab le IV p r e s e n t s th e s t a t i s t i c s o f th e s e r e s p o n s e s . I t may be seen t h a t i n th e unbroken homes, seven p e r c e n t o f th e p a r e n t s r e p o r te d a d e c re a s e i n h a p p in e ss ov er th e y e a r s s in c e th e c h ild h o o d of th e s tu d e n t, f o r t y - n i n e p e r c e n t r e p o r te d no change, and f o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t r e p o r te d an in c r e a s e in h a p p in e s s d u rin g t h i s p e r i o d . The c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e f i r s t and l a s t o f th e s e p e r c e n ts was 7 . 2 , le a v in g l i t t l e room f o r doubt t h a t th e group showed a s tro n g tr e n d tow ard in c r e a s e d m a r ita l h a p p in e s s w ith th e p a ssa g e of tim e , i f t h e i r m em ories can be t r u s t e d . How a r e t h e s e s t a t i s t i c s t o be i n t e r p r e t e d ? Do th e y r e p r e s e n t r e a l changes? P e rh a p s f a m i l i e s t h a t s ta y t o g e th e r f o r a t l e a s t e ig h te e n y e a r s become b e t t e r and b e t t e r a d ju s te d and l e a r n t o accommodate t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s a s tim e goes on and t h e i r c h ild r e n grow up. Or i s t h i s j u s t a r e f l e c t i o n o f ch an g in g tim e s , from d e p re s s io n d a y s, when f a m i l i e s were h a rd p r e s s e d , t o r e l a t i v e l y good tim e s , when l i f e i s e a s i e r and th e man i s l i k e l y t o be more s u c c e s s fu l? On th e o t h e r h a n d , c o u ld th e s e changes be im aginary ? In t h a t c ase t h e s t a t i s t i c s would m ere ly r e p r e s e n t a te n d e n c y 62 TABLE IV CHANGE IN HAPPINESS OF PARENTS DURING LIFETIME OF HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR H ap p in ess D ecreased M other F a th e r H a p p in ess Stayed Same M other F a th e r H appiness In c re a s e d M other F a th e r Unbroken Homes 6 4 33 43 36 % 31 30 44% Broken Homes 7 26 4 i 17 33 6 % 6 3 21% T o ta ls 1 ? 11 8 s 30 30 42 % -----3 = 1 37 33 39% 63 on th e p a r t of happy f a m i l i e s , a s t h e s e p re d o m in a te ly w ere, t o im agine i n t h e i r co n ten tm en t t h a t th e y w ere becom ing b e t t e r a d ju s te d w ith the p a ssa g e o f tim e . These f i g u r e s a re i n s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t t o c o n c lu s io n s o f B u rg ess and C o t t r e l l , who found t h a t c o u p le s i n t h e i r f i r s t y e a r of m a rrie d l i f e w ere q u ite a b i t h a p p ie r , by p r o p o r tio n , th a n th o s e i n t h e i r f i f t h or s i x t h y e a r s . I t i s p o s s i b l e , in t h e i r s u b j e c t s , t h a t th e honeymoon e f f e c t s may have been r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e . They s u p p le ment t h e i r f i n d in g s by a r e f e r e n c e t o an u n p u b lis h e d stu d y by Lang, on seven th o u sa n d t h r e e h u ndred and n i n e t y - t h r e e c o u p le s m a rrie d from one to s ix te e n y e a r s . They summarize: I t may be concluded from th e f in d in g s p r e s e n te d in t h i s t a b l e t h a t m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s , a t l e a s t a s r e p o r te d by f r i e n d s , te n d s g r a d u a lly t o d e c re a s e and dom estic ^ d is c o n te n t slo w ly t o i n c r e a s e w ith th e number o f y e a r s m a r r ie d . "1 T erm an 's f i n d in g s d is a g r e e i n th e o th e r d i r e c t i o n . He s tu d ie d 732 c o u p le s, ra n g in g from one to tw e n ty -s e v e n y e a r s m a rrie d , w ith a mean m a rria g e le n g th o f 1 1 .4 y e a r s . He found no c o r r e l a t i o n betw een m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s and le n g th o f m a rria g e . The m ost s t r i k i n g t h i n g i n T able 32 i s th e ab sen ce o f any i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e a d ju stm e n t betw een ^B urgess and C o t t r e l l , _o£. c i t . , p . 248. 64 husband and w ife im proves v e ry m a t e r i a l l y a f t e r f i v e y e a rs o f m a rria g e . I f by t h a t tim e a s a t i s f a c t o r y a d ju s tm e n t h a s n o t been a c h ie v e d , i t p ro b a b ly n e v e r w i l l b e .^ I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o e x p la in how B urgess and C o t t r e l l , Terman, and th e p r e s e n t stu d y could be so d iv e rg e n t on t h i s p o i n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y when i t i s remembered t h a t a l l t h r e e s t u d i e s employed p r a c t i c a l l y th e same m easu rin g d e v ic e . One d if f e r e n c e i s a p p a r e n t, how ever. The o th e r s t u d i e s i n f e r r e d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een le n g th o f m a rria g e and h a p p in e s s i n m a rria g e from co m p ariso n s of r e c e n t and lo n g s ta n d in g m a rria g e s t o se e i f new m a rria g e s w ere h a p p ie r th a n o ld o n e s. The p r e s e n t stu d y had one s e t of c o u p le s r a t e t h e i r m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s f o r two d i f f e r e n t p e r io d s of t h e i r m a rria g e . In th e f i r s t method t h e r e i s an o b je c tiv e m easurem ent b u t no r e a l p a ssa g e of tim e . In th e second method t h e r e i s a r e a l p a ssa g e of tim e b u t a r e t r o s p e c t i v e m easurem ent. The f i n d i n g , i f ta k e n a t i t s f a c e v a lu e , h a s i n t e r e s t i n g im p lic a tio n s f o r t h e r e s t o f th e s tu d y . A ll c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere made w ith the p r e s e n t m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t o f th e p a r e n t s , w hich may be d i f f e r e n t from t h e i r a d j u s t ment d u rin g th e s o - c a l l e d fo rm a tiv e and im p re s s io n a b le 2 Terman, cjg. c i t ., p . 178. &3 y e a r s o f th e s tu d e n t. Any c o r r e l a t i o n s found betw een th e m a r i ta l a d ju stm en t o f p a r e n t s and th e tem peram ent o f th e h ig h sc h o o l s e n io r would t h u s u n d e re s tim a te th e maximum a s s o c i a t i o n between the tw o; a t l e a s t , i t must be remembered t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n s may n o t be i n t e r p r e t e d i n any a b s o l u te s e n se , w ith o u t r e g a r d f o r t h i s p o s s ib l e change in th e one v a r i a b l e from t h e tim e i t was p resu m ab ly m ost o p e r a t iv e to th e tim e i t was m easured. I t i s e q u a lly p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e have been t r e n d s o f change i n th e p a r e n t s ' tem peram ents; an d , a c c o rd in g t o g e n e r a l l y a c c e p te d p s y c h o lo g ic a l th e o r y , t h e r e m ight have been a c lo s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een the h i ^ sc h o o l s e n i o r 's p r e s e n t tem peram ent and t h a t of h i s p a r e n ts when h e was a young c h ild th a n i s fo und t o e x i s t betw een th e two a t a l a t e r d a te when th e c h ild i s in a d o le sc e n c e . R e la tio n s h ip betw een m o th e r's a d ju stm e n t and f a t h e r 's a d ju s tm e n t t o th e m a r r ia g e . M a r ita l a d ju s tm e n t can n o t be c o n s id e re d a s a s in g le e n t i t y f o r th e c o u p le a s a w h o le. The s i t u a t i o n i s n o t s in g le in i t s e l f , b ut h a s d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s and m eaning f o r each p a r t i c i p a n t . One i s rem inded o f K urt L e w in 's p o in t of v iew , t h a t each p e rso n l i v e s in h i s own w orld t o some e x t e n t , and t h a t b e h a v io r i s a f u n c tio n n o t o f th e s i t u a t i o n a lo n e b u t a ls o o f th e p e rso n in v o lv e d ; 66 and t h a t th e s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f , t h a t one sees and r e a c t s t o , i s i n t u r n a f u n c tio n o f th e p e rs o n , and t h e r e f o r e d i f f e r e n t f o r each p e rs o n .^ B urgess and C o t t r e l l seemed to e x p e c t som ething l i k e a one t o one r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e w i f e 's a d ju s tm e n t and th e h u s b a n d 's , and v/ere d is a p p o in te d i n t h e i r f i n d i n g o f a c o r r e l a t i o n no g r e a t e r th a n ,8 8 betw een t h e - t w o , B u t , a s was p o in te d o u t e a r l i e r , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o ll a b o r a t io n be tw een husband and w ife , th e e x t e n t o f w hich was unknown, m ight e x p la in th e h ig h d eg ree o f a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e s c o re s , Terman was more i n t e r e s t i n g on t h i s p o i n t . The s c o r e s o f husbands and w iv e s c o r r e l a t e d t o th e ex t e n t o f a p p ro x im a te ly , 6 0 , show ing t h a t th e h a p p in e s s o f one spouse i s t o a s u r p r i s i n g d eg ree in d ep en d en t o f th e h a p p in e ss of th e o th er* T h is f i n d i n g i s new and p e rh a p s r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t . I t s newness i s p ro b a b ly e x p la in e d by th e f a c t t h a t no p r e v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n b a sed upon a la r g e group o f s u b je c ts had se c u re d i t s d a ta by m ethods w hich p re v e n te d c o ll a b o r a t io n betw een husband and w ife i n f i l l i n g out th e in fo rm a tio n s c h e d u le s . I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t in th e s u g g e s tio n i t c a r r i e s t h a t th e degree o f s a t i s f a c t i o n which one f i n d s i n a m a rria g e depends p a r t l y upon o n e 's own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a t t i t u d e s and tem peram ent and so need n o t c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l th e h a p p in e s s o f o n e 's m a r i ta l p a r t n e r . 2 ^K urt Lewin, "B ehavior and Developm ent a s a F u n c tio n of th e T o ta l S i t u a t i o n ," i n M anual o f C h ild P s y c h o lo g y , L eonard C arm ich ael, (ed), pp. 73I f f . ^B urgess and C o t t r e l l , 0£ . c i t ., p. 70 ^Terman, _op. c i t . , p . 3 6 8 . 67 But one canno t be so c o n fid e n t o f t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n when i t i s remembered how th e ite m s o f th e sc h e d u le s were w e ig h te d . W e have . . . w eighted each o f th e n in e ite m s w ith r e f e r e n c e t o two c r i t e r i a : (1 ) th e a v e ra g e m agnitude of i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w ith e ach of th e o th e r e i g h t , an d (2 ) th e s i z e of th e h u sb a n d -w ife c o r r e l a t i o n f o r th e ite m in q u e s tio n . . . A ccount was ta k e n o f th e h u sb a n d -w ife c o r r e l a t i o n on th e ground t h a t t h i s i s a rou gh in d ic a t i o n of r e l i a b i l i t y . ° Would n o t t h i s te c h n iq u e o f w e ig h tin g each ite m a c c o rd in g t o h u sb a n d -w ife c o r r e l a t i o n on t h a t ite m te n d to i n c re a s e th e in te rd e p e n d e n c e of th e t o t a l s c o re s of husband and w ife ? Yet t h i s added in crem en t o f c o r r e l a t i o n would be e n t i r e l y s p u r io u s . The f i n d in g s of th e p r e s e n t stu d y were t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n of m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t sc o re s of husband and w ife in th e group o f s e v e n ty unbroken homes was . 6^ . But t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n was lo w ered c o n s id e r a b ly when th e group was narrow ed down to th e t h i r t y - s e v e n c o u p le s who f i l l e d o ut th e q u e s tio n n a i r e s a t sc h o o l under th e s u r v e i ll a n c e o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r and among #iom i t i s known p o s i t i v e l y t h a t t h e r e was no c o l l a b o r a t i o n . The P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n was th e n found to be *^1 , s i g n i f i c a n t beyond th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l . I t may be o b je c te d t h a t a group o f t h i r t y - s e v e n i s 68 to o sm all t o d e te rm in e p r e c i s e s t a t i s t i c s — and r i g h t l y so; h u t th e y a re none th e l e s s a c c u r a t e . I t can s a f e l y be s a i d , as to m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t s c o re s o f husbands and w ives in a l a r g e p o p u la tio n o f which t h i s t h i r t y - s e v e n may be c o n s id e re d a sam ple, t h a t th e ch an ces a re n in e ty - n in e to one t h a t th e t r u e c o r r e l a t i o n would be found somewhere betw een th e l i m i t s o f .17 and .8 4 . S tu d e n t* s a b i l i t y to r a t e p a re n ts* m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t. One o f th e h y p o th e s e s o f th e stu d y was t h a t th e s tu d e n t could s e rv e a s a f a i r l y a c c u ra te judge o f h i s p a re n ts* m a rria g e . I t was easy t o check t h i s h y p o th e s is a s b o th s tu d e n t and p a re n t f i l l e d out th e same sc h ed u le i n r e g a r d to th e p a re n ts* m a rria g e . O bviously s tu d e n ts o f d iv o rc e d o r s e p a ra te d p a r e n ts co u ld r a t e th e m a rria g e w ith o u t much d i f f i c u l t y , b u t so c o u ld th e n e ig h b o rs o r anyone e l s e knowing th e s e f a m i l i e s . E x clu d in g th e s e and c o u n tin g o nly th e norm al o r unbroken homes, th e P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n f o r th e p a i r s o f r e p o r t s were d e te rm in e d . These have been re c o rd e d in T able 7 . I t was fo u n d , a s may be seen in th e t a b l e , t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e m other*s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t a s she r e p o r te d i t and a s h e r c h ild r e p o r t e d i t was .^ 8 . U sing F is h e r * s f i d u c i a l l i m i t s and S tu d e n t* s d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r sm a ll TABLE V CORRELATION BETWEEN REPORTS OF PARENTS AND STUDENTS.ON THE PARENTS' MARITAL.ADJUSTMENT 69 M a r ita l M a r ita l A djustm ent A djustm ent e s tim a te d by M other F a th e r P a re n ts# A verage N r .0 1 l i m i t s r .0 1 l i m i t s r .0 1 l i m i t s G ir l 55 .5 8 ( . 27- .8 9 .48 (•1 2 -.8 4 ) Boy 55 .56 ( .2 4 - .8 8 ) .^6 ( • 2 4 -.8 8 ) Boys and G ir ls 70 .5 8 ( . 57-.79) ,52 ( . 29-.75) .62 ( . 42- . 8 2) 70 7 sam p les, i t may be s a id t h a t th e ch an ces a re n in e ty - n in e t o one t h a t th e t r u e r f o r t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p was betw een .3 7 und . 7 9 . The c o rresp o n d en ce betw een th e f a t h e r # s a d ju stm e n t a s he r e p o r te d i t and a s h i s c h ild r e p o r te d i t was . 5 2 . T h is a l s o i s " v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t " and th e r e i s o n ly one chance i n a hundred t h a t th e t r u e c o r r e l a t i o n would be o u ts id e th e l i m i t s o f .29 and , 7 5 . When th e a v e ra g e s c o r e s of th e m others and f a t h e r s were compared w ith t h e i r a v e r a g e s a s e s tim a te d by th e s t u d e n ts , th e c o r r e l a t i o n was found to be . 6 2 , or a lm o st s u r e ly betw een .42 and .8 2 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t th e m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t s c o re s a s d e riv e d from th e c h i l d ’s r e p o r t co rresp o n d ed to t h e p a re n ts # own r e p o r t s (w ith an r o f . 6 2 ) a s c l o s e l y a s th e m o th e r’s a d ju s tm e n t sc o re c o rre sp o n d e d to th e f a t h e r ’ s , th e c o r r e l a t i o n o f w hich was .6 ^ . T h is i s a f a i r a s s o c i a t i o n f o r s c o re s c o r r e l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . But i f one i s i n t e r e s t e d in group a v e ra g e s th e a s s o c i a t i o n i s much b e t t e r . I t was found t h a t t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e means of th e p a r e n t s ’ m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t s c o re s and th e a d ju s tm e n t sc o re s a s e s tim a te d by t h e i r c h i l d r e n . The mean s c o re of one hundred f o r t y ' j . p . G u ilf o r d , 0 2 . _oit. , pp. 1 2 9 -3 1 . 71 p a r e n t s ( in th e group o f se v e n ty unbroken homes) was l 6 6 , and th e mean e s tim a te d sc o re o f th e c h ild r e n was 1 6 4 .6 . "fhe d i f f e re n c e of 1 .4 p o i n t s (o n ly .35 tim e s i t s S . 1 .) was i n s i g n i f i c a n t ; t h e r e i s no re a s o n to b e lie v e t h a t th e t r u e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e m eans, e x c lu s iv e of chance f a c t o r s o f sam pling, was n o t a c t u a l l y z e r o . At l e a s t a s f a r a s group a v e ra g e s a r e co n ce rn e d , t h e h y p o th e s is was c l e a r l y s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h a t th e h ig h sch o o l s e n io r c o u ld g iv e an a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e of t h e m a r i ta l a d j u s t ment of h i s p a r e n t s . And i n d i v i d u a l l y th e sc o re he g iv e s them i s l i k e l y t o be a s c lo s e to th e s c o r e s th e y g iv e them s e lv e s a s th e m o th e r’ s sc o re i s t o th e f a t h e r * s s c o r e . In o th e r w ords, one would do no worse in p r e d i c t i n g th e m o th e r’ s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t sc o re fro m th e c h i l d ’ s r e p o r t th a n one would in t r y i n g to p r e d i c t th e m o th e r’ s sc o re from th e f a t h e r ’ s ; and th e f a t h e r ’ s sc o re , l ik e w i s e , may be a s a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c te d from th e c h i l d ’ s r e p o r t a s from th e m o th e r’s s c o r e . I I . TEMPERAMENT OF PARENT AND CHILD The f i r s t q u e s tio n t h a t had to be d e a l t w ith i n th e in q u ir y in to t h e tem p eram ental s i m i l a r i t i e s of a d o le s c e n t and p a r e n t was th e sim p le q u e s tio n ; I s t h e r e a c o rre sp o n dence betw een th e tem peram ents of th e p a r e n t s th em se lv e s? I t h a s a t v a rio u s tim e s been h e ld (1) t h a t o p p o s ite s m arry , 72 (2) t h a t l i k e m a rr ie s l i k e , and ( 3 ) t h a t spo uses te n d t o lo s e t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l i t y , a s tim e goes on, and resem b le each o th e r more and more i n a t t i t u d e and p e r s o n a l i t y . I f th e f i r s t con t e n t i o n were t r u e , th e c h ild might be p u lle d in o p p o s ite d i r e c t i o n s i n i d e n t i f y i n g h im s e lf w ith h i s p a r e n t s . In th e second and t h i r d c a s e s , he m ight g e t a double a c t io n o f i n f lu e n c e in c e r t a i n t r a i t s . I n o rd e r t o d e m o n stra te th e th e o r y of homo- gamy i n p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , B urgess and W allin t e s t e d some th r e e hundred engaged c o u p le s on th e B e rn re u te r P e r s o n a l i t y I n v e n to r y .^ They foun d a s l i g h t , p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s of th e engaged on s e v e r a l t r a i t s , a v e ra g in g a c o e f f i c i e n t of .13 f o r th e s e t r a i t s . The ex p erim en t was an a tte m p t t o e lim in a te p o s s ib le in f lu e n c e s on p e r s o n a l i t y o f th e c o u p le s l i v i n g t o g e t h e r in m a rria g e . Un f o r t u n a t e l y , f o r th e d e c is iv e n e s s o f th e f i n d i n g s , th e y i n t r o duced th e same s o r t of u n c o n tr o lle d v a r i a b le i n th e p o s s ib le e f f e c t s on p e r s o n a l i t y of c o u rts h ip and g o in g t o g e t h e r , a s th e a v e ra g e le n g t h of engagement was t h i r t e e n m o n th s, some c o u p le s b e in g engaged a s lo n g a s f o u r y e a r s . In t h i s stu d y n e i t h e r p o s i t i v e nor n e g a tiv e a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e tem peram ents o f m other and f a t h e r was o E. W. B urgess and P . W a llin , "Homogamy in P e r s o n a l i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , " J o u rn a l Abnormal P s y c h o lo g y , 3 9 ; 473- 8I , O c to b er, 1944. 73 fo u n d . In th e te n t r a i t s i s o l a t e d by The G uilford-Z im m er- man Temperament S u rv e y , j u s t tv/o e x c e p tio n s to t h i s s ta te m e n t o c c u rre d . The p a r e n t s o f th e t h i r t y - f i v e g i r l s from unbroken homes c o r r e l a t e d in t r a i t 0 ( O b je c tiv ity ) w ith an r of .41; and the p a r e n ts of th e t h i r t y - f i v e boys had an r of .42 in t r a i t T (T h o u g h tfu ln e s s ). Both of th e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s j u s t m issed th e .01 l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y . L ess c o n fid e n c e was p la c e d in th e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s th a n m ight o th e rw is e have been th e c a s e , had th e y n o t d is a p p e a re d a l t o g e t h e r when b o th gro u p s o f p a r e n t s were p u t t o g e t h e r , th e boys* and th e g i r l s * , to see i f th e m o th ers resem b led the f a t h e r s in th e l a r g e r g ro u p s. They d e se rv e c o n s id e r a tio n o n ly in th e p o s s i b l e in f lu e n c e t h e s e chance c o r r e l a t i o n s m ight have had on th e c o r r e l a t i o n s found betw een p a r e n t and c h i l d i n th e two t r a i t s , 0 and T. An e x a m in a tio n o f T able 71 w i l l show t h a t no such d o u b le in f lu e n c e was a p p a re n t; i n O b j e c t iv i t y th e g i r l s d i f f e r e d w id e ly in th e e x te n t to which th e y resem b led t h e i r m others (r = .1 1 ) , on th e one hand, and t h e i r f a t h e r s (r = . 5 6 ) ou th e o th e r ; and in T h o u g h tfu ln e ss th e boys d id n o t resem b le e i t h e r p a r e n t . P a r e n t - c h i l d re s e m b la n c e . M other, f a t h e r , and h ig h sc h o o l s e n io r s e p a r a t e l y f i l l e d o u t The G u iIf ord-Z immerman Temperament S u rv e y . The s c o r e s of th e p a r e n ts on th e t e n t r a i t s o f th e survey were c o r r e l a t e d w ith th o s e of th e I — I > E 4 <i5 p 4 k O m B4 M < 3 i PC: E 4 I m E-i I IS . M p q o M S w q H O o C D t i D 1 — 1 m 1 — 1 0 5 O lT N X T N 143 vO fO C M K Û q C M .* m l»* m l** ml •• C D • • m o > o o o o <4 II 5 m A o •H 0 C D C O rn II m t> S o PA l r \ m I I CO I — I U •H ^4 C D X I 4-) cC k TT . s 4 -5 O C D tu O 05 ^4 C D > < 4 A C D X I 4 - 5 0? k 74 ^4 C D X Î 4-5 a C D tx O 05 ^4 C D > ^4 C D X l 4 -5 k ^4 C D X l 4-5 O to 4 -5 •H 05 Ph B 4 CM Olr\ P O « « • CX) O •|lr\ 'o 0 0 m IT N KO r — I rO K O rnl** ‘ b rnpo -(j- C^po owo on •• • s IT N i r w o o n *• • IT N o «I o I T \ Sf?. •w 0 0 v o p o æ •|u> 'rH ' IN- IN-vO o n *• • i> - o > > 4-5 H I »r4 05 > P 4 « H <D 4-5 Ü O C D <3} X!2___ 4-5 (A •H OS P4 4-5 to C D C D Ü § a C D Ü to <U 4 - 5 •H H •H X I 05 •H Ü O CO § H O .H •H X i - P 05 O + 5 a C O j g ___ K * > 4-5 > •H 4-5 Ü C D "1-3 X ) o I •H H ""O (A to C D to •H C D p 4 q fa I rH 0 (H S W) to q to O C D x l q ___ to q r - j O 05 "H q 4-5 O 05 to I—I q C D C D P d 0 4 1>> 4-5 q •H H q Ü to 05 4-5 q C D I to C D q ' A • « N Q ) * H q n ü C D to 4-5 C D 4-5 to t 4 IT N X I O 0 -p • q t o C D I —I t q 1 • ' 05 4-5 A T 5 | C D q C D > C D H q 05 Ü •H A q a •H Ü q C D •H nj to X Î q 4 -5 C D «H b Û X i to q z q ; to C D to H q • A 05 H a C D C D 05 a > to C D C D H I—I A r-4 > > H 05 4-5 o a • to M o z q 05 o H - P A p q q 05 to Ü - • *H q to A A A C D qx! C u O A •H t o ' A O K »5 q to C D A > A q C D A Ü • a A C D O Ü Z g q o to q 05 C D A a A 13 c h i l d . B e sid es th e s e t e n , t h r e e com posite s c o r e s were de r i v e d and c o r r e l a t e d . Ascendance and S o c i a b i l i t y were com b in e d t o g iv e a " S o c ia l A djustm ent" s c o re ; E m otional S ta b i l i t y and O b j e c t i v i t y gave a sc o re f o r "E m o tional A d ju s t m ent; and F r i e n d l i n e s s and P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s w ere p u t t o g e th e r t o r e p r e s e n t " P e rs o n a l A d ju stm en t." These t h r e e new s c o re s were th e n t o t a l e d to g iv e a s c o re t h a t was sup posed t o r e p r e s e n t " T o ta l A d ju stm e n t." I t was c o n c e iv a b le t h a t th e s e new co m b in atio n s m ight show r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een p a r e n t and c h il d t h a t would be o bscured when tem peram ent was so f i n e l y f a c to r e d i n t o the te n e le m e n ta l t r a i t s . T h is e x p e c ta tio n was n o t f u l f i l l e d . The c o r r e l a t i o n s d e riv e d from them were in e v ery case j u s t a v e ra g e s o f th e c o r r e l a t i o n s of t h e i r e le m e n ts . N othing new was le a r n e d from them ; and a f t e r c a r e f u l and la b o r io u s c a l c u l a t i o n s , b o th in t h i s and th e fo llo w in g s e c t i o n s , th e y w ere d is c a rd e d a s s t e r i l e d e f i n i t i o n s , and w i l l n o t be m entioned f u r t h e r in any o f th e t a b l e s of t h i s r e p o r t . I t i s j u s t a s w e ll t h a t th e y p ro v ed u s e l e s s , f o r t h e y w ere somewhat a r t i f i c i a l l y manu f a c t u r e d from r e a l e le m e n ts (as d eterm ined by m ethods of f a c t o r a n a l y s i s in t h e c o n s t r u c t io n of th e t e s t ) . I t m ight have been d i f f i c u l t t o d e fe n d them a s m easurem ents of th e a t t r i b u te s th e y w ere a r b i t r a r i l y d e fin e d t o be. The P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e l a t i o n f o r p a r e n t and c h il d on th e t e n o r i g i n a l t r a i t s o f th e su rv e y a re g iv e n 76 i n T ab le 7 1 . The g i r l * s t r a i t s w ere compared w ith th o s e of h e r m o th e r, h e r f a t h e r , and th e a v e ra g e of th e two p a r e n t s , in th e f i r s t th r e e colum ns. S i m i la r ly th e boy*s t r a i t s were c o r r e l a t e d w ith h i s m o th e r* s, f a t h e r * s , and p a r e n t a l a v e ra g e , i n th e n e x t t h r e e colum ns. Then a l l th e s tu d e n ts t o g e t h e r , boys and g i r l s , w ere com pared, t r a i t f o r t r a i t , w ith t h e i r m o th e rs, f a t h e r s , and th e a v erag e o f th e tw o . A ll c o e f f i c i e n t s were c a l c u l a t e d , but o n ly th o s e t h a t re a c h e d th e f i v e p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l e v e l were e n te r e d i n th e t a b l e . Those t h a t were s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly a t th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l a r e i n o r d in a r y ty p e , w h ile th o s e s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l , o r beyond, a re i n re d ty p e . Where t h e r e a re b la n k sp a c e s i n th e t a b l e th e i n d i c a t i o n i s t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n found was to o sm a ll t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t a l l , could e a s i l y have been z ero ex cep t f o r chance f a c t o r s due to sam p lin g . The im p o rta n t t a b l e s a r e r e p e a te d in the a p p e n d ix , how ever, w ith a l l o f th e c o e f f i c i e n t s e n te r e d . I t was fo u n d , a s may be seen in th e l a s t columns o f th e t a b l e , t h a t th e s tu d e n ts resem b led t h e i r p a r e n ts i n fo u r o f th e te n t r a i t s . Three o f th e s e w ere d e f i n i t e c o r r e l a t i o n s a t th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l , o n ly one chance in a hundred t h a t th e y co u ld have been due t o sam pling e r r o r s , and th e o t h e r was p r o b a b le a t th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l . The t h r e e were E m o tio n al S t a b i l i t y , O b j e c t i v i t y , and P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s ; th e f o u r th was 77 A scendance. The s tu d e n ts ten d e d t o be somewhat l i k e t h e i r m o th e rs, and a ls o l i k e th e a v erag e of th e two p a r e n t s , i n E m otional S t a b i l i t y . The c o r r e l a t i o n was c e r t a i n a t th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l b u t, b e ca u se o f th e sm a ll sam ple (H « 7 0 ), i n d e f i n i t e a s to m ag n itu d e. In th e san p le u se d r was .33» w hich means t h a t th e c h an c es a re n i n e t y - n in e to one t h a t the t r u e r i n a la r g e p o p u la tio n would l i e s one where betw een .03 and .6 1 . In O b j e c t i v i t y th e s t u d e n ts te n d e d t o resem ble t h e i r f a t h e r s ( r = . 3 8 ) and a ls o th e a v erag e of t h e i r m others and f a t h e r s (r = 3 6 ). I n P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s , th o u g h th e y seemed t o ta k e a f t e r n e i t h e r p a r e n t , t h e i r s c o re s ^ o w e d seme t e n dency t o c o r r e l a t e w ith the av erag e s c o r e s o f the p a r e n ts ( r = . 3 2 ) . At th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c e r t a i n t y (19 ch ances t o 1 ) th e s tu d e n ts ten d e d to re s e m b le t h e i r m o th ers (r ? = . 3 0 ) and a ls o t h e i r p a re n ts* a v e ra g e ( r = . 2 9 ) i n th e t r a i t o f A scend ance. In th e o th e r s i x t r a i t s th e y d id n ot show a te n d e n c y t o t a k e a f t e r t h e i r p a r e n t s — i n G en eral A c t i v i t y , R e s t r a i n t , S o c i a b i l i t y , F r i e n d l i n e s s , T h o u g h tfu l n e s s , and M a s c u lin ity — a t l e a s t n o t to an e x te n t ( r = .24) s u f f i c i e n t to be c o n sid e re d s i g n i f i c a n t i n a sam ple o f s e v e n ty . The p i c t u r e became c l e a r e r , and i n one in s ta n c e s u r p r i s i n g , when th e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere b ro k e n up i n t o g i r l - p a re n t and b o y -p a re n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I t became a p p a re n t t h a t 78 th e g i r l resem b led h e r p a r e n t s i n the f o u r t r a i t s m entioned above (A scendance, E m o tional S t a b i l i t y , O b j e c t iv i t y , and P e r s o n a l R e l a t i o n s ) , and th e c h an c es a r e o nly one in a hundred t h a t t h e s e f i n d i n g s co u ld be due to chance. She showed some ten d e n cy a ls o t o re se m b le th e p a re n ts * average i n F r i e n d l i n e s s (r % . 3 3 ) , though a c o r r e l a t i o n t h i s l a r g e could have been found* by chance in one o u t of tw e n ty sam ples of t h i s s i z e . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , th e g i r l seemed t o resem b le h e r f a t h e r i n more t r a i t s t h a n she did h e r m o th er. She d e f i n i t e l y re se m b le d h e r m other in one of th e fo u r t r a i t s . A scendance ( r .3 0 ) , and h e r f a t h e r i n the o th e r t h r e e . E m otional S t a b i l i t y ( r . 3 0 ) , Ob j e c t i v i t y (r . 3 6 ) and P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s (r *44). More s u r p r i s i n g was th e l a c k o f a s s o c i a t io n found b e tw een th e t r a i t s of th e boy and h i s p a r e n t s i n a l l t r a i t s b u t one — and i n t h i s t r a i t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p was n e g a tiv e . There was a n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n of - .3 3 betw een th e E m otional S t a b i l i t y o f th e boy and t h a t o f h i s f a t h e r . In s p i t e o f the sm a ll sam ple (N 3 3 )» t h e r e a r e n in e ty - n in e chances t o one t h a t a n e g a tiv e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e s e t r a i t s d id e x i s t and t h a t i t s t r u e v a lu e , a llo w in g f o r v a r i a b i l i t y of sa m p le s, was n o t l e s s th a n - .1 9 nor g r e a t e r th a n - . 8 7 . T h is was q u ite an unex p e c te d f in d in g and m s checked and re c h e c k e d f o r p o s s ib l e c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r s b e fo re i t was a c c e p te d . But however d i f f i c u l t i t may be t o i n t e r p r e t t h i s f i n d i n g , w hich does n o t f i t i n t o th e p a t t e r n of th e o t h e r s , i t i s even more d i f f i c u l t to ig n o re 19 i t or count i t o f f a s due t o ch an ce. I t was 4 . 3 I tim e s i t s s ta n d a rd e r r o r of .1 2 3 . There i s o n ly one chance i n ab o u t f i f t e e n th o u san d t h a t an r a s l a r g e a s - .3 3 could occur i n a sample o f t h i r t y - f i v e i f t h e r e w ere r e a l l y no c o r r e l a t i o n in th e u n iv e rs e t h a t th e sample r e p r e s e n te d . Why sh o u ld th e boy»s E m o tio n al S t a b i l i t y tend t o v a ry i n v e r s e l y a s t h a t of h i s f a t h e r ? As th e r e s t of th e stu d y threw no l i g h t on t h i s q u e s tio n i t would be sh e e r c o n je c tu r e to h a z a rd an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Two q u e s tio n s may be r a i s e d c o n c e rn in g th e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s e c t i o n . One, i t may be s a id t h a t i f l a r g e r sam ples had been u se d , more o f th e c h il d * s t r a i t s th a n j u s t f i v e o u t o f t e n m ight have been found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith th o s e of h i s p a r e n t s . T h is o b j e c ti o n m ust sta n d and i t may n o t t h e r e f o r e be s a id t h a t t h i s s tu d y h a s found t h a t no c o r r e l a t i o n e x is te d betw een p a re n t and c h ild i n th e o th e r f i v e t r a i t s (G e n era l A c t i v i t y , R e s t r a i n t , S o c i a b i l i t y , Thought f u l n e s s , and M a s c u lin ity ) . To say t h a t no c o r r e l a t i o n was fo u n d , i n t h i s c a s e , i s n o t to say t h a t i t was found t h a t none e x i s t e d . In o rd e r f o r a c o r r e l a t i o n to b e c o n s id e re d a t a l l in a sam ple of t h i r t y - f i v e , a s in th e c a se o f th e boys o r g i r l s ta k e n s e p a r a t e l y , i t s c o e f f i c i e n t would have t o be a t l e a s t .33) und th e n i t would a t t a i n o n ly th e f iv e p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l e v e l . I n th e c ase o f th e s t u d e n t s ta k e n t o g e t h e r . 80 where E was se v e n ty , th e minimum c o e f f i c i e n t c o n s id e re d s i g n i f i c a n t would be .2 4 . I t can be s a i d , how ever, t h a t i f a c o r r e l a t i o n d id e x i s t betw een tem peram ent of p a r e n t and c h i l d in any of th e f i v e t r a i t s where none was r e p o r t e d , i t was to o low t o be d e te c te d in th e p r e s e n t sam ple. A second o b je c tio n t h a t may be r a i s e d i s t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n s a re p a r t l y s p u rio u s becau se p a re n t and c h ild to o k th e same t e s t , The G u ilfo r d - Zimmerman Temperament S u rv e y , and t h a t d i f f e r e n t s e t s o f answ ers t o a s in g le s e t o f q u e s tio n s te n d to have a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e i r own. T h is i s an o b j e c ti o n w orth c o n s id e r in g , b u t i t may n o t s ta n d a s a s e r io u s c r i t i c i s m in t h i s c ase w ith o u t r a i s i n g a d i f f i c u l t q u e s tio n ; why sh o u ld t h i s in f lu e n c e of t e s t - c o r r e l a t i o n be so s tr o n g in th e case o f th e g i r l s , where fo u r c o e f f i c i e n t s were found t o be "v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t " w e ll beyond th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y , y e t rem ain a l t o g e t h e r i n e f f e c t i v e among th e boys? I f i t s in f lu e n c e was n o t a p p a re n t i n th e case o f th e b o ys, p e r h a p s i t was n o t v ery c o n s id e r a b le i n th e c ase o f th e g i r l s . I I I . MARITAL ADJUSTMMT A ND TMPERAMENT Two m ajor q u e s tio n s rem ain t o be c o n sid e re d i n t h i s s e c t i o n . I s a p e rs o n ’ s h a p p in e s s in m a rria g e a f u n c tio n o f h i s p e r s o n a l i ty ? And i s th e c h i l d ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y r e l a t e d t o h i s p a r e n t s ’ h a p p in e ss i n m arriag e ? 81 The spouse * s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t and h is tem peram ent. I n an a tte m p t to d e te rm in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een a p e r s o n ’ s m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t and h i s v a rio u s p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s , product-m om ent c o r r e l a t i o n s were ru n o f f f o r each o f th e te n t r a i t s m easured. These have been l i s t e d i n T able V II. TABLE VII MARITAL ADJUSTMENT AND TEMPERAMENT OF SPOUSES P e a rs o n ia n C o e f f ic ie n ts o f C o r r e la tio n based on raw sc o re s T r a i t s o f Temperament M a r ita l A djustm ent M other (N^yo) F a th e r (N=70) G e n e ra l A c t iv i t y R e s t r a i n t A scendance *3? S o c i a b i l i t y .31 E m o tio n al S t a b i l i t y .40 O b j e c t iv i t y .29 F r i e n d li n e s s .50 T h o u g h tfu ln e ss P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s .41 .30 M a s c u lin ity Red typ e i n d i c a t e s "v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t " c o e f f i c i e n t s , b la c k ty p e i n d i c a t e s " s i g n i f i c a n t " , and b la n k sp aces i n d i c a t e i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s . 82 I t would seem from T ab le VII t h a t th e m o th e r 's a d ju stm e n t to m a rria g e was d e f i n i t e l y a s s o c ia te d w ith teraperam ent in s i x o ut of t e n t r a i t s — A scendance, S ocia b i l i t y , E m otional S t a b i l i t y , O b j e c t i v i t y , F r i e n d l i n e s s , and P e rs o n a l R e la ti o n s . The f a t h e r ' s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t, on th e o th e r h a n d , appeared t o be r e l a t e d t o tem peram ent i n o n ly two t r a i t s o ut o f th e t e n — O b j e c t i v i t y and P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s - - and th e s e were low c o r r e l a t i o n s t h a t m ight have been due to n a t u r a l f l u c t u a t i o n s in sam ples once i n tw enty tim e s . I t was n o t i l l o g i c a l t o f in d t h e woman's p e r s o n a l i t y a p p a r e n tly t i e d i n t o h e r m a rria g e more c lo s e l y th a n was th e man’ s . But th e d i f f e r e n c e m a n ife s t i n T able V II seemed e x tre m e . An a tte m p t t o check t h e s e f i g u r e s b ro u g h t f o r t h d i f f e r e n t f i g u r e s t h a t were more c o n s i s t e n t . Raw s c o re s fo r th e t r a i t s o f tem peram ent and m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t were re p la c e d by s c a le d s c o r e s . The m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t s c o r e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y , needed s c a l i n g t o b r in g them o u t o f extrem e p o s i t i v e skew ness i n to a norm al d i s t r i b u t i o n . As m ost s t a t i s t i c a l fo rm u lae a r e p o s tu la te d on a norm al d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e d a ta , t h i s s c a lin g was d e f i n i t e l y i n d i c a t e d . C -sc a le s^ w ere e a s i l y c o n s tru c te d f o r th e m a r i t a l a d ju s tra e n t s c o r e s . 7see j , p . G u ilf o r d , Fundam ental S t a t i s t i c s in P sy chology and E d u c a tio n , pp. 104-107, f o r c o n s t r u c t io n of C- sc o re s c a l e s . 83 and th o s e f o r th e tem peram ent t r a i t s were a lr e a d y a v a i la b l e and o b ta in a b le from th e p u b lis h e r s o f The GuiIford-Zim m erm an Temperament S urvey. An e r r o r o f unknown m agnitude p ro b a b ly c r e p t i n to th e s c a l i n g of t h e m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t s c o r e s , f o r th e y co u ld n o t be s c a le d on th e b a s i s o f any s ta n d a r d iz e d norm. The norm, ra n g e , and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s bad to be d e riv e d from w ith in th e sam ple i t s e l f . I t was b e t t e r t o s c a le th e s c o re s o f th e se v e n ty unbroken homes r e l a t i v e t o th e s c o re s o f a l l hundred odd f a m i li e s in th e s tu d y , in c lu d in g d iv o rc e d , s e p a r a te d , and re m a rrie d p a r e n t s , th a n t o le a v e them in t h e i r raw form and n o t s c a le them a t a l l . To th e e x te n t t h a t th e norms of th e sample c o in c id e d w ith th o s e of t h e e n t i r e c l a s s , th e a ssu m p tio n s u n d e rly in g t h i s method o f s c a lin g were n o t s e r i o u s ly v i o l a t e d . To th e e x te n t t h a t any sample te n d s to d i f f e r from th e u n iv e rs e of w hich i t i s a p a r t , a c e r t a i n amount o f d i s t o r t i o n could n o t be av o id ed in t h i s m ethod. Once s c a le d , th e s c o r e s were a g a in c o r r e l a t e d to d eterm in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t and tem peram ent o f th e sp o u se s. These f i g u r e s have been p r e se n te d i n T ab le V III, The r e s u l t s o f s c a lin g w ere to uncover a s s o c i a t i o n s betw een m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t and tem peram ent on th e f a t h e r ’ s s id e t h a t were o b scu red i n th e c o r r e l a t i o n s of th e u n se a le d d a ta . Comparing t h i s t a b l e w ith the p re c e d in g o n e, i t may TABLE VIII MARITAL ADJUSTMENT AND TEMPERAMENT OF SPOÜSES (C o r r e la tio n of se a le d s c o r e s) 84 T r a its of Temperament M arital Adjustment C.R. Mother (N-70) F id u c ia l r l i m i t s Father (N=70) F id u c ia l r l i m it s General A c t iv it y .52 .2 9 - .7 5 .33 .0 5 - .6 1 R e str a in t Ascendance .31 .0 2 - .6 0 S o c i a b i l i t y Em otional S t a b i l i t y .40 .1 3 - .6 7 .2 5 .0 2 - .4 8 O b je c tiv ity .5 5 .3 3 - .7 7 .2 9 .0 7 - .5 1 F r ie n d lin e s s .71 .5 5 - .8 7 .43 .1 7 - .6 9 2 .5 T houghtfulness P erso n a l R e la tio n s .52 .2 9 - .7 5 .28 . 06 -.50 M a scu lin ity Very s i g n i f i c a n t fig u r e s in red t y p e , s i g n i f i c a n t f ig u r e s in b la ck ty p e . B lank spaces in d ic a te f ig u r e s did not reach f i v e per cent confidence l e v e l . 8 5 be se e n t h a t th r e e new a s s o c i a t i o n s w ere d is c o v e re d f o r t h e f a t h e r , b e s id e s th e o n es a lr e a d y i n d i c a t e d . O b j e c t iv i t y ap p ea re d t o have a n in e te e n t o one chance o f b e in g r e l a t e d t o th e h u sb a n d ’s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t, a c c o rd in g t o t h i s a n a l y s i s , and G en eral A c t iv i t y and F r i e n d l i n e s s had b e t t e r th a n a n in e ty - n in e to one chance o f b e in g so r e l a t e d . I n the m o th e r’ s case S o c i a b i l i t y l o s t o u t and G eneral A c t i v i t y a p p e a re d w ith a c o r r e l a t i o n of . 3 2 , w ell beyond th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l . The c o r r e l a t i o n s o b ta in e d by s c a lin g t h e d a ta showed more s i m i l a r i t y betw een th e sp o u ses i n th e way t h e i r p e rs o n a l i t i e s w ere t i e d in to t h e i r m a rria g e s , th a n was a p p a re n t a t f i r s t when th e raw s c o re s w ere c o r r e l a t e d . I n f a c t , when th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s were c o m p u t e d , i t was found t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t e d betw een th e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e m other and th o s e of th e f a t h e r i n any b u t one t r a i t . F r ie n d l i n e s s ; and in t h i s t r a i t th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o was 2 . 3 , i n d i c a t in g t h a t chances were abou t e ig h ty to one t h a t th e m o th e r’ s F r i e n d l i n e s s was r e a l l y more c l o s e l y a s s o c ia te d w ith h e r m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t th a n was th e f a t h e r ’ s w ith h i s . In a l l o th e r t r a i t s th e d i f f e r e n c e s c o u ld e a s i l y have been due to See F i s h e r , op. c i t . , pp . 206 f f . , f o r z - s c o r e method o f com puting s i g n i f l e a n ce of d if f e r e n c e betw een two ob serv ed c o r r e l a t i o n s . 86 chance; and i t cannot t h e r e f o r e be s a i d t h a t th e m o th e r’ s m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t was t i e d in w ith h e r p e r s o n a l i t y t o any g r e a t e r e x te n t th a n th e f a t h e r ’ s was w ith h i s , e x c e p t p e rh a p s i n t h i s one t r a i t of F r i e n d l i n e s s . B ut in b o th sp o u ses tem peram ent was found t o be v e ry p ro b a b ly a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a ri t a l a d ju s tm e n t i n f i v e or s i x o f th e t e n t r a i t s t e s t e d : G eneral A c t i v i t y , A scendance, E m otio nal S t a b i l i t y , O b j e c t i v i t y , F r i e n d l i n e s s , and P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t Terman, in a stu d y of 341 cou p l e s , e x p lo r a to r y t o t h e m ain work o f P s y c h o lo g ic a l F a c to r s in M a r ita l H a p p in e s s , was r a t h e r d isc o u ra g e d about th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f i n d in g much r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s and m a r i ta l h a p p in e s s . He u sed th e B e rn re u te r and S tro n g t e s t s , and c o u ld f i n d n o th in g s i g n i f i c a n t beyond a .14 c o r r e l a t i o n betw een h u sb an d ’ s "dom inance" and h i s m a r i t a l h a p p in e ss and a c o r r e l a t i o n of - .2 2 f o r h i s " n e u r o tic t e n dency" and m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s ; and f o r t h e w i f e ’ s m a r i t a l h ap p in e s s a - .1 1 c o r r e l a t i o n w ith " s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y " and a - .1 4 c o r r e l a t i o n w ith " n e u r o tic - te n d e n c y ." In c o n c lu s io n Terman was fo rc e d t o sa y : I n view of a l l th e e v id e n ce w hich we have j u s t r e view ed, one can o n ly say t h a t th e s e a r c h f o r p e rs o n a l i t y t r a i t v a r i a b l e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a r i t a l com pati-- b i l i t y h a s n o t been v e ry s u c c e s s f u l. A lthough some of th e c o r r e l a t i o n s and some o f th e group d if f e r e n c e s a r e la r g e enough to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e l i a b l e , t h e i r m agni tu d e s a r e n o t such a s to a f f o r d a u s e f u l b a s is f o r p r e d i c t i n g th e h a p p in e s s o f a g iv en m a tin g . . . . U n t i l f u r t h e r p r o g r e s s h a s been made in th e m ethods of i s o l a - 87 t i n g and m ea su rin g s i g n i f i c a n t p e r s o n a l i t y v a r i a b l e s , i t seems u n l ik e l y t h a t t h i s appro ach w i l l throw much l i g h t on m a r i t a l c o m p a ti b i li t y . One o f th e re a s o n s f o r th e m eagerness o f Terman’ s f in d in g s may v e ry w e ll have been th e t e s t s he u sed to su p p ly th e " t r a i t s . " With th e B e rn re u te r t e s t he m easured f o u r t r a i t s : Dominance, S e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y , N e u ro tic -te n d e n c y , and M a s c u lin ity . W ith th e S tro n g t e s t he m easured i n t e r e s t s , n o t t r a i t s ; y e t t h e s e he used f o r " t r a i t s " i n h i s s tu d y , and l i s t e d them j u s t t h i s way in e v e ry t a b l e : I n t e r e s t m a tu r ity . O ffic e c l e r k , Y.M.C.A. w o rk er. T ea ch e r, I n su ra n ce salesm an . Lawyer, C h em ist, O.P.A. Sm all wonder t h a t he found v e ry l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een t r a i t s and m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t. Terman was n o t t o be d isc o u ra g e d , how ever, in h i s a tte m p t to f i n d p e r s o n a l i t y c o r r e l a t e s o f m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s . He to o k th e s e same r e s p o n s e s t o th e B e r n re u te r p e r s o n a l i t y in v e n to r y and th e S tro n g o c c u p a tio n a l i n t e r e s t t e s t , se p a r a t e d th e ite m s from t h e t r a i t s th e y were grouped u n d e r, and p ro ceed ed to check each ite m s i n g l y f o r i t s a b i l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h betw een a group o f t h r e e hundred h a p p ily mar r i e d c o u p le s and a group of I 30 u n h a p p ily m a rrie d c o u p le s . Of f i v e hund red f o r t y - f i v e ite m s on a p e r s o n a l i t y t e s t , an o c c u p a tio n a l i n t e r e s t t e s t , and a t e s t o f o p in io n s about ^^Terman, 0£ . c i t . , p . 2 6 . 88 th e i d e a l m a ir ia g e , Terman s e l e c t e d 132 ite m s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d betw een th e happy and unhappy c o u p le s w ith a c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f I .3 or m ore. A c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f I .3 meant t h a t such a d i f f e r e n c e c o u ld occu r by chance once i n s i x or seven tim e s ; b u t Terman d id n o t want to p a s s up any p o s s ib l e p e r s o n a l i t y c o r r e l a t e s , so he used t h e s e a lo n g w ith th e r e s t , b u t he w eighted them w ith o n ly one p o in t in c o n t r a s t to two p o i n t s f o r ite m s w ith c r i t i c a l r a t i o s above 3*0 — u n le s s th e h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t item was deemed e f f e c t o f un happy m a rria g e r a t h e r th a n cause o f unhappy m a rria g e by t h r e e ju d g e s , th e c o l l a b o r a t o r s of th e book — i n w hich case a c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 3 .0 o r 6 .0 would be a r b i t r a r i l y o v e r r u l e d . T here i s no way t o d e te rm in e from our d a ta th e e x a c t e x te n t to w hich th e e x i s t i n g u n h a p p in e ss i n d ic a te d by a g iv en ite m i s a c t u a l l y c au se o r e f f e c t , b u t on th e com posite judgem ent of th e t h r e e p s y c h o lo g i s t s who r a t e d th e ite m s on t h i s p o in t we hav e g iy g n re d u c e d w e ig h ts on a c o n s id e r a b le number o f c a s e s . These I 32 ite m s , w ith a few added l a t e r , w e ig h te d so a s n o t t o c o n tr a d ic t p re c o n c e p tio n s , were u sed t o d e riv e a " p e r s o n a l i ty " s c o r e . A ll ite m s t h a t showed a te n d e n c y t o c o r r e l a t e w ith m a r i ta l h a p p in e s s — w h eth er th e y d e s ig n a te d i n t e r e s t s , a t t i t u d e s , o c c u p a tio n a l l e a n in g s , o p in io n s a s to th e n a tu r e of th e i d e a l m a r ria g e , and so on — were lumped ^ h b l d . , p . 1 1 9 . 89 t o g e t h e r , to g iv e one s c o re ; and t h i s sc o re was c a l le d , fo r con venience p ro b a b ly , th e " p e r s o n a lity " s c o r e . Then, amaz i n g ly , Terman found t h a t p e r s o n a l i t y , th ro u g h t h i s in d e x , c o r r e l a t e d more h ig h ly w ith m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s th a n d id any o th e r s in g le f a c t o r . The c o r r e l a t i o n betw een p e r s o n a l i t y s c o re s and h a p p in e s s sc o re s f o r th e s e s u b je c ts was .47 f o r h u s bands and .46 f o r w iv e s . . . The c o r r e l a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l it y s c o re w ith h a p p in e ss i s h ig h e r th a n th e p a r t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f sex a d ju s tm e n t w ith h a p p in e ss when p e r s o n a l i t y i s h e ld c o n s t a n t . The c o n c lu s io n su g g e ste d i s t h a t th e d eg ree o f s a t i s f a c t i o n which a s u b je c t w i l l f i n d i n h i s m a rria g e depends more upon th e tem p eram en tal p r e d i s p o s i t i o n s th a n upon any o th e r f a c t o r r e v e a le d by o u r d a t a . I * P e rh a p s Terman would have done b e t t e r t o c a l l t h i s com posite sc o re a " m a r ita l h a p p in e s s p r e d i c t i o n in d e x ," w hich i s j u s t what i t was d e sig n ed to be. But to c a l l i t a p e r s o n a l i t y s c o r e , w ith o u t v a l i d a t i n g i t a s a m easurement o f p e r s o n a l i t y by any c r i t e r i a w h a tso e v e r, and from t h i s in d e x draw c o n c lu s io n s ab o u t p e r s o n a l i t y a s a d e te rm in e r of m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s - - a s when he s a y s , " E v id e n tly th e a t t i tu d e s and e m o tio n a l re s p o n s e p a t t e r n s ta p p e d by th e p e rs o n a l i t y ite m s a r e by no means n e g l i g i b l e a s d e te r m in e rs of m a r i t a l h a p p i n e s s , o r a g a in , when i n th e same p a ra g ra p h ^^I b i d . , pp. 120- 1 . l ^ I b i d . , p . 3 6 8 . 9 0 he speak s o f " th e s u b j e c t ’ s tem p eram en tal p r e d i s p o s i t i o n to f i n d h a p p in e ss r a t h e r th a n u n h a p p in e ss i n th e m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , " ^ ^ i s t o g iv e to th e w ords " p e r s o n a lity " and "tem peram ent" a m eaning so s p e c ia l and u n iq u e a s to be m is le a d in g , and t o re n d e r v e ry d i f f i c u l t any a tte m p t to compare h i s f i n d in g s on t h i s p o in t w ith th o s e o f o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s . The p a r e n t ’s m a r i t a l ad.1 u stm ent and th e c h i l d ’ s tem peram ent. The re m a in in g q u e s tio n c e n te re d ab o u t one of th e m ajor h y p o th e s e s o f t h i s study; would a c o u p le ’ s h a p p in e s s i n m a rria g e be r e f l e c t e d i n t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h e i r c h ild ? As i n t h e p re c e d in g p ro b lem , P e a rs o n ia n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n w ere d eterm in ed f o r th e two v a r i a b l e s in th e group o f se v e n ty unbroken homes. The two v a r i a b l e s tu rn e d o u t t o be s u r p r i s i n g l y in d e p e n d e n t o f e a c h o t h e r . Ho a s s o c i a t i o n a t a l l was fo u n d betw een th e p a r e n t s ’ m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n ts and th e b o y ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y . Two t r a i t s in th e g i r l ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y were found to be r e l a t e d t o h e r p a r e n t s ’ h a p p in e s s ; O b j e c t i v i t y c o r r e l a t e d .33 w ith th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s of b o th h e r f a t h e r and h e r m o th er, and R e s t r a i n t c o r r e l a t e d .33 w ith h e r m o th e r’ s h a p p in e ss i n m a rria g e . Even th e s e f i g u r e s were s i g n i f i c a n t o n ly a t th e f i v e p e r 13 h o c . c i t . 91 c e n t l e v e l . From th e p ro d u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e raw s c o re s i t m ight be concluded t h a t t h e r e was v e ry l i t t l e a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e h ig h sc h o o l s e n i o r ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y and h i s p a r e n t s ’ m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t, e x c e p t f o r two t r a i t s i n th e c a s e o f th e g i r l , where odds w ere n in e te e n t o one i n fa v o r o f some r e l a t i o n s h i p , A t a b l e o f th e s e f i n d in g s h a s n o t been in c lu d e d in th e r e p o r t f o r , when th e raw s c o r e s were s c a le d a s b e f o r e , a b ro a d e r a s s o c i a t i o n was found betw een th e two v a r i a b l e s . I n s t e a d o f two t r a i t s o f th e g i r l , t h e r e were f i v e t h a t a p p ea re d to be r e l a t e d to th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s o f h e r p a r e n t s ; .and i n th e b o y ’ s c a s e , where no t r a i t b e fo re was s i g n i f i c a n t , two ap p eared t o be v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a te d w ith p a r e n t a l h a p p in e s s in m a rr ia g e . A ccording t o c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e s c a le d d a t a , a s p r e s e n te d i n T able IX, th e s ta te m e n t of th e p re c e d in g p a ra g ra p h sh o u ld be e n la rg e d , -The g i r l ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y was a p p a r e n tly r e l a t e d to th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s o f h e r m other in R e s t r a i n t , O b j e c t i v i t y , and F r i e n d l i n e s s ; to th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s o f h e r f a t h e r in G eneral A c t iv i t y ; and t o th e a v e ra g e h a p p in e s s o f h e r p a r e n ts in O b j e c t iv i t y and P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s . I n t h e b o y ’ s tem p eram en t, T h o u g h tfu ln e ss and P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s v a rie d d i r e c t l y w ith the m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t o f th e m other; and th e f i r s t o f t h e s e . T h o u g h tfu ln e s s, v a r ie d a ls o w ith the a d - 92 j u s t a e n t of th e f a t h e r . I t may be s a i d , c o n s id e rin g th e boys and g i r l s t o g e t h e r a s a g ro u p , t h a t th e p e r s o n a l i t y o f th e h ig h sc h o o l s e n i o r , a t l e a s t i n h a l f o f t h e t r a i t s m easured, was d e f i n i t e l y coupled w ith th e m a r i ta l h a p p in e s s o f h i s m o ther; and in p ro b a b ly two o f th e t r a i t s , was a l l i e d a ls o w ith th e m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s of h i s f a t h e r . The p r e c i s e e x te n t o f th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s in th e p o p u la tio n a s a whole was d i f f i c u l t t o a s c e r t a i n from a sm a ll sam ple. The f i d u c i a l l i m i t s w ith in which th e t r u e c o r r e l a t i o n p ro b a b ly l a y w ere e a s i l y d e te rm in e d , but th e y w ere f a i r l y w ide a p a r t i n most c a s e s . These l i m i t s w ere n o t r e p e a te d i n T able IZ , a s t h e y may be found i n s e v e r a l o f th e p r e c e d in g t a b l e s w ith s i m i l a r s iz e d c o e f f i c i e n t s and th e same H*s. I t i s a l s o p o s s ib le t h a t th e p a re n ts* m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t m ight have been r e l a t e d to th e s e n io r * s te m p e ra ment in more th a n j u s t h a l f o f th e t e n t r a i t s m easured, f o r i n t h i s s tu d y , b ecau se o f th e sm a ll sam ple, c o r r e l a t i o n s below th e l e v e l of .24 co u ld n o t be r e l i e d on w ith c o n f i d en ce. The p o s i t i v e f in d in g s re p o r te d in t h i s stu d y have been of n e c e s s i t y more c o n s e r v a tiv e th a n co m p lete . Though a g la n c e a t T able IZ m ight le a d one to b e lie v e t h a t th e s tu d e n t* s tem peram ent was more c l o s e l y a l l i e d to th e m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t o f h i s m other th a n i t was t o th e a d - 9^ TABLE IX MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF PARENT AND TEMPERAMENT OF CHILD P e a rs o n ia n C o e f f i c ie n t s o f C o r r e la tio n Based on S c a le d S cores i n th e t r a i t s G i r l ' s tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t o f B o y 's tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t o f S e n i o r 's tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t of o f M other F a th e r P a r e n t s ’ Average Mother F a th e r P a r e n t s ' Average M other F a th e r P a re n ts* Average G e n e ra l A c t i v i t y • i f R e s t r a i n t 36 27 A scendance S o c i a b i l i t y E m o tio n al S t a b i l i t y O b j e c t i v i t y 37 36 27 37 F r i e n d l i n e s s 38 31 T h o u g h tfu ln e s s i o S I 39 28 P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s A S 2 i I E M a s c u lin ity 94 j u s t ment o f h i s f a t h e r , th e d i f f e r e n c e s were a c t u a l l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t in a l l c a se s b u t one. In P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s , such a s t o l e r a n c e of p e o p le r a t h e r th a n f a u l t f i n d i n g and h y p e r c r i t i c a l n e s s , t h e boy*s tem peram ent was p ro b a b ly more c lo s e l y a l l i e d to t h e h a p p in e s s o f h i s m other th a n t o t h a t o f h i s f a t h e r . The c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was 2 .1 , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t chances were b e t t e r t h a n tw e n ty t o one t h a t t h e r e was a r e a l d i f f e r e n c e on t h i s p o in t i n th e p o p u la tio n from which th e sam ple was ta k e n . I n o rd e r n o t t o o v e rlo o k a p o s s i b i l i t y th e d a ta were checked f o r c u r v i l i n e a r i t y . For e v e ry one of th e a s s o c i a t i o n s in T able IX a c o e f f i c i e n t o f c u r v i l i n e a r i t y was d e t e r m ined, and some of th e e ta c o e f f i c i e n t s seemed q u i te l a r g e ; b u t none p ro v ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e P e a rs o n i a n c o e f f i c i e n t s when p u t t o th e t e s t . 'The tem peram ent o f th e h ig h s c h o o l s e n io r and h i s im p re s s io n o f h i s p a r e n t s * m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t. T here i s a q u e s tio n t h a t m ust b e s tu d ie d b e fo r e th e f i n d in g s of th e p r e c e d in g s e c t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t can be ta k e n a t t h e i r fa c e v a lu e . I f t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e betw een the m a r i t a l h ap p i n e s s o f th e p a r e n ts a s th e y r e p o r t i t and a s th e c h i l d r e p o r t s i t , and i f th e c h ild * s tem peram ent v a r i e s w ith th e p a re n ts* h a p p in e s s , w ith w hich p i c t u r e does h i s tem peram ent v a ry m o st, th e p i c t u r e o f a d ju stm e n t t h a t he s e e s o r th e 99 p i c t u r e t h a t h i s p a r e n t s se e? I n th e p re c e d in g s e c t i o n i t was shown to what e x te n t th e c h i l d ’ s tem peram ent was a s s o c i a te d w ith the m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t o f h i s p a r e n t s a s th e y r e p o r te d i t . # ie n t h e c h i l d ’ s tem peram ent was c o r r e l a t e d w ith h i s im p re s s io n s o f h i s p a r e n t s ’ m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t, th e r e l a t i o n s h ip s found were s u r p r i s i n g l y s i m i l a r t o th o s e found when m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t s c o r e s were ta k e n from th e p a r e n t s ’ own r e p o r t s . There was a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n th e f in d in g s o f th e two s e t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s in o n ly f o u r of th e n i n e t y p a i r s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s . With th e e x c e p tio n of th e s e f o u r , th e one s e r i e s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s was a s r e v e a l i n g a s th e o t h e r . The e x c e p tio n s w ere G en eral A c t i v i t y o f th e g i r l a s r e l a t e d t o h e r f a t h e r ’ s a d ju s tm e n t; T h o u g h tfu ln e ss and P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s o f th e boy a s r e l a t e d t o h i s m o th e r’ s a d ju s tm e n t ; and T h o u g h tfu ln e s s o f th e boy, a g a in , a s r e l a t e d to h i s f a t h e r ’ s a d ju s tm e n t. These f o u r were found t o be v e ry s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n s in th e f i r s t in q u ir y ; i n t h e second th e y d id n o t appear a s a s s o c i a t i o n s a t a l l . At l e a s t , i t can n o t be s a i d t h a t th e f i r s t in q u ir y m issed p a r t o f th e s t o r y by n e g le c t i n g th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e p a r e n t s ’ h a p p in e s s , a s se en by th e c h i l d , on th e one hand, and by t h e p a r e n t s , th e m s e lv e s , on th e o t h e r . C h ild re n from b ro k en homes compared i n tem peram ent 96 w ith c h ild r e n from unbroken hom es. The m ost u n ex p ected f i n d i n g o f th e e n t i r e stu d y was a c c i d e n t a l l y d is c o v e r e d . I t was assum ed t h a t c h ild r e n from b roken homes would r a t e lo w er on many o f th e tem peram ent t r a i t s th a n would th o s e from unbroken homes. I t was h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t th e m a r i t a l u n h a p p in e ss o f th e s e homes was th e im p o rta n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g f a c t o r . In an a tte m p t t o check t h i s h y p o th e s is , two gro ups of s t u d e n ts were s e l e c te d from th e sam ple. The f i r s t group came from homes broken by d iv o r c e , s e p a r a t io n , o r d e a th of a p a r e n t . The second group o f s tu d e n ts came from unbroken homes and were m atched, one t o o n e, w ith th e f i r s t group f o r m a r i t a l h a p p in e s s o f th e p a r e n t s . S e v e ra l o f th e f a m i l i e s i n th e f i r s t group had t o be dropped b e c a u se o f i n a b i l i t y to m atch them i n th e second group f o r low ness o f m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t s c o re . In t h i s ex- p o s t f a c t o e x p e rim e n t, i t was found t h a t when th e p a r e n t s ’ m a r i t a l h a p p in e ss was c o n t r o l l e d , r u l e d o u t a s a f a c t o r , th e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e in tem peram ent on any o f th e te n t r a i t s betw een th e s e n i o r s from broken homes and th o s e from unbroken homes. The l o g i c a l s e q u e l, th e n , t o th e e x te n t t h a t n e g a tiv e f i n d i n g s in so sm a ll a sam ple may be r e l i e d upon, was to assum e t h a t any d i f f e r e n c e s i n tem peram ent t h a t m ight be found in th e s e two s e t s o f s e n i o r s would be r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y t o th e m a r i t a l u n h a p p in e ss o f th e b ro k en home r a t h e r th a n t o th e ab sen c e o f one p a re n t from 91 th e fa m ily c o n s t e l l a t i o n . As a f u r t h e r ch eck , how ever, j u s t t o see what th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s in tem peram ent m ight he, a l l th e s t u d e n t s from broken homes were compared a s a group w ith a l l th e s tu d e n ts in th e sample from unbroken homes; b u t t h i s tim e w ith o u t any a tte m p t to m atch t h e two g ro u p s f o r h a p p in e s s of th e p a r e n ts o r any o th e r v a r i a b l e . I t was a t t h i s p o in t t h a t th e s u r p r i s i n g r e s u l t s a p p e a re d . A gain t h e r e was v e ry l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e betw een t h e two g ro u p s. Only in two t r a i t s , F r i e n d l i n e s s and P e r s o n a l R e la ti o n s , d id t h e d i f f e r e n c e exceed tw ic e i t s s ta n d a rd e r r o r ; th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o was 2 .1 f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e in F r i e n d l i n e s s and 2 .^ f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e in P e r s o n a l R e l a t i o n s , a llo w in g c o n fid e n c e in th e two d i f f e r e n c e s a t th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l , though th e second was n o t f a r from th e one p e r c e n t l e v e l . A g la n c e a t T able % r e v e a l s t h a t th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw een th e means o f th e m atched groups a r e v e ry much l i k e th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e means o f th e unmatched g ro u p s, and in th e c a s e of P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l ; th e s m a lle r c r i t i c a l r a t i o s o f th e m atched gro u p s would seem, t h e r e f o r e , t o be due t o th e v e ry sm a ll N’ s of o n ly n in e te e n in th e s e g ro u p s. Though th e g ro u p s were n o t l a r g e enough t o a llo w con f id e n c e in s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s , th e s e f i n d in g s , t h a t th e tem p eram en ts of h ig h s c h o o l s e n io r s from b ro k en homes d id n o t 98 d i f f e r much from th e tem peram ents o f s e n i o r s from un b roken homes, were i n s u b s t a n t i a l agreem ent w ith th e f i n d in g s of a l a r g e r stu d y a s re v ie w e d by Ruth S honle Cavan. A ccording t o s c o r e s on o b j e c ti v e t e s t s , c h il d r e n from unbroken homes were s l i g h t l y h ig h in I . Q . , s o c io economic s t a t u s , home a d ju s tm e n t, sch o o l a d ju s tm e n t, h o n e sty i n sch o o l work, e x a c tn e s s of s ta te m e n ts , a g g r e s s io n , e x tr o v e r s io n , n o n n e u ro tic te n d e n c ie s , a t t e n t i v e n e s s , c o u r te s y , s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e , l e a d e r s h ip , and t r u t h f u l n e s s , and were l e s s s u p e r s t i t i o u s th a n c h ild r e n from b ro k en homes. The L a t in group showed no u n fa v o ra b le r e s u l t s o f b ro k en homes, th e Jew ish group a lm o st n one, w hereas th e c h ild r e n from b ro k en S la v ic homes were g r e a t l y a t a d is a d v a n ta g e a s com p a re d w ith c h ild r e n from unbroken homes. Boys were a f f e c t e d a d v e r s e ly more th a n w ere g i r l s . The book i s recommended a s a n a n t i d o t e f o r th e w id esp read b e l i e f t h a t c h il d r e n from b ro k en homes a re i n e v i t a b l y condemned t o i n f e r i o r p e r s o n a l i t y developm ent. P e rh ap s t h e r e a re more s u b t l e p e rs o n a l i t y t r a i t s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e c h ild r e n from broken and unbroken homes, b u t th o s e t r a i t s t h a t may be m easured by o b j e c ti v e t e s t s show o n ly s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s . 16 R uth Shonle Cavan, re v ie w in g C h a ra c te r and P e r s o n a l i t y o f C h ild re n from Broken Homes, by Mehemiah W a lle n s te in , A m erican J o u rn a l of S o c io lo g y , M arch, 1999» p . 778. 9 9 ^ T C jL E Ü L I G TEMPERAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENTS FROM BROKEN HOM ES AND STUDENTS FROM UNBROKEN HOM ES M a r ita l A djustm ent Held C o n stan t (N 's o f 19 and 19) No V a ria b le s C o n tro lle d (N 's of 70 and 37) T r a i t s mean d i f f e r e n c e C.R. mean d if f e r e n c e C.R. G e n era l A c t i v i t y 2 .2 1 .7 1 .1 1 .0 R e str a in t .47 .36 .6 .62 Ascendance .63 .39 .7 .65 S o c i a b i l i t y 1.3 .56 1.8 1 .2 E m otional S t a b i l i t y 1.3 .61 .5 .38 O b je c tiv it y .37 .21 1 .6 1 .4 F r ie n d lin e s s 1 .2 .63 2.3 2 .1 T houg h t f u ln e s s 1 .3 .92 1 .1 1 .1 P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s 2 .5 1 .8 2 .6 2 .5 M a s c u lin ity 1 .1 .71 .5 .41 The form ula f o r d e te rm in in g th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f d i f f e r e n c e s betw een means o f c o r r e l a t e d d a ta was used to maximize th e C.R, and make i t s a f e r to conclude th e n u l l h y p o th e s is where th e d i f f e r e n c e was i n s i g n i f i c a n t . See J . P. G u ilf o r d , Fundam ental S t a t i s t i c s i n Psychology and E d u c a tio n , pp. 137 f f . CHAPTER VI SUM MARY AND CONCLUSIONS T his f i n a l c h ap ter review s the study b r i e f l y , b rin g s to g e th e r th e fin d in g s , and su g g e sts c o n c lu s io n s . SUM M ARY The problem and i t s background. The study of mar r i a g e and th e fam ily i s r e l a t i v e l y new. R esearch in th e f i e l d d a te s back no more th an two decades t o th e pion eer works of K a th erin e Davis and G. V. Ham ilton. Though in both psychology and s o c io lo g y th e re i s w idespread reco g n i t i o n o f th e im portance of th e study of the fa m ily , th e r e i s very l i t t l e f a c t u a l knowledge in e i t h e r f i e l d t h a t can be r e l i e d upon w ith c o n fid e n c e . Many t h e o r i e s about the problem s of m arriage a re s p e c u la tiv e , and much c o n je c tu re about the causes and e f f e c t s of unhappy m arriag e s i s p assed out l i b e r a l l y in h ig h school and c o lle g e co u rses on th e s u b j e c t . I t would be d i f f i c u l t to f i n d a n o th e r a re a of study in so c io lo g y where s p e c i f i c knowledge i s i n so h ig h a demand by a la r g e p u b lic — a p u b lic growing r a p i d l y in awareness of fam ily d is o r g a n iz a tio n a s a s o c i a l and p e r sonal problem - - and w here, a t th e same tim e , th e answers t o th e s e demands a r e so t e n t a t i v e , based on a few e x p lo ra to ry 101 r e s e a r c h s tu d ie s . The p r e s e n t study was designed to see what answers could he found to one or two of th e s e u n c e rta in q u e s tio n s th ro u g h an o b je c tiv e study of a p a r t i c u l a r group of f a m i l i e s • The s p e c if ic problem was t o determ ine the r e l a t i o n ship 'betw een the p a r e n t s ’ m a r ita l adjustm ent and th e tem perament of t h e i r c h ild in th e s e n io r year a t h ig h sc h o o l. Some evidence and much in f e re n c e has l e d t o the g e n e r a lly accep ted n o tio n t h a t h a p p ily m arried p a r e n ts tend t o have h a p p ily a d ju s te d c h ild r e n and t h a t unhappily m arried p a re n ts ten d to have m alad ju sted c h ild r e n . Dr. Dorothy Baruch a t tempted t o dem onstrate t h i s t h e s i s in an in te n s iv e stu d y of t h i r t y - t h r e e c h ild r e n a t th e n u rs e ry school l e v e l . ^ Both th e Terman and th e Burgess and C o t t r e l l s tu d ie s concluded t h a t h a p p ily m arried co uples tended t o come from h a p p ily m arried p a r e n ts . These w ere, in th e t h r e e s t u d i e s m entioned, assumed to be cau sa l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . J u s t what th e ex act cause and e f f e c t chain was, however, was n o t alw ays c le a r . According to B aruch th e a ll- im p o r ta n t cause of m aladjustm ent in th e c h ild r e n was th e te n s io n t h a t e x is te d on th e p a r e n t a l plane Dorothy W. Baruch, "A Study of R eported Tension in I n t e r p a r e n t a l R e la tio n s h ip s a s C o-E xistent w ith Behavior Adjustm ent in Young C h ild r e n ,” J o u rn a l of E xperim ental E d u c a tio n , December, I 9 2 7 , pp. 1Ü7-205. 102 and was tr a n s m itte d t o th e c h ild re n e i t h e r d i r e c t l y — th e c h ild re n ta k in g over th e te n s io n i n to t h e i r own l i f e s i t u a t i o n s , through i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w ith the p a re n ts , and th en d isc h a rg in g i t onto t h e i r te a c h e r s and playm ates — or i n d i r e c t l y , throug h the in flu e n c e on the c h ild re n of the d is tu rb e d p e r s o n a l i t i e s of th e p a r e n ts . I n e i t h e r case , th e c h ild presumably reg ain ed h i s s e r e n i t y and p le a s a n t d i s p o s i t i o n w ith th e d i s p e l l i n g of th e t e n s io n and p a tc h in g up of a f f a i r s between th e p a r e n t s . According t o Burgess and C o t t r e l l and Terman, th e h a p p ily m arried were a p p a re n tly in t h a t s t a t e because th ey had b e t t e r a d ju s te d p e r s o n a l i t i e s to s t a r t w ith , and i t was th e s e p e r s o n a l i t i e s t h a t b red w e ll a d ju s te d p e r s o n a l i t i e s in t h e i r c h ild r e n , which p red isp o sed th e c h il d r e n , in t h e i r t u r n , to consummate happy m a rria g e s. But C o t t r e l l a l s o fav o red a n o th e r th e o ry , s o c i o lo g i c a l ly re p h ra se d from th e l i t e r a t u r e of p sy c h o a n a ly sis, acc o rd in g to which the hap p in e s s or unhappiness of a m arriag e depended upon th e c o n f l i c t or accommodation t h a t ensued between th e r o l e s o f husband and w ife played by each spouse and expected of th e o t h e r , according t o p a t t e r n s experienced in childho od.^ These t h e o r i e s about th e dependence of th e c h i l d ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y upon th e p a r e n t s ’ m a r i t a l h ap piness w ere, in ^L. S. C o t t r e l l , "Roles and M a r ita l A dju stm en t,” P u b l i c a t i o n American S o c io lo g ic a l S o c ie ty , 1933, 27; 107- 1 1 5 . 105 th e Burgess and C o t t r e l l and Terman s t u d i e s , r e a l l y by p ro d u c ts o f works whose major t a s k was th e d ev ising of p r e d i c ti o n s c a l e s . The t h e o r i e s were more or l e s s in f e r r e d from d a ta c o ll e c t e d f o r o th e r p u rp o ses. They may even have been t h e o r i e s a lr e a d y accepted by the a u th o r s from t h e i r study of o th e r d i s c i p l i n e s or o th e r m a t e r i a l , and "read in to " th e new d a ta in the p ro c e ss of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , as W. I . Thomas may have re a d i n to h i s stu d y of "The U nadjusted G i r l , according t o some c r i t i c s , h i s p reco n ceiv ed n o tio n of th e fo u r w ishes a s m o tiv a tin g f o r c e s . To i n f e r hypothe ses from data a lre a d y g ath ered i s one th in g , and to design a se p a ra te experiment f o r the v e r i f i c a t i o n of some of th e s e hypotheses i s a n o th e r th in g . The p r e s e n t study had t h i s l a t t e r aim, t o put to t e s t some of th e s e h y p oth eses. No e f f o r t was made to decide between cause and e f f e c t . The problem s were r e l a t i v e l y simple and c l e a r , and th e hypotheses were oper a t i o n a l l y framed w ith in th e s e l i m i t s . There were s i x major hypotheses to be t e s t e d : t h a t p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s of th e high school s e n io r would tend t o v a ry w ith (l) th e p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s of th e p a r e n t s , (2) th e m a r i t a l adjustm ent of th e p a r e n t s , ( 5 ) and th e s t u d e n t 's im pression of h i s p a r e n t s ’ m a r ita l ad ju stm en t; (4) t h a t the stu d e n t could give a f a i r l y a c c u ra te e s tim a te o f h i s p a r e n t s ' adjustm ent i n m arriage; (5 ) t h a t the spouses would d i f f e r in m a r i ta l 104 h a p p in e ss; and (6) t h a t th e m a r ita l h ap p in ess of each spouse would vary w ith h i s own temperament. C e r ta in ly th e s e h y p o th eses, w ith the e x cep tio n perhaps of th e t h i r d and f o u r t h , were i n no way o r i g i n a l , but were j u s t what should be expected acc o rd in g t o g e n e ra lly accepted b e l i e f . N e v e rth e le s s , i t i s always i n t e r e s t i n g , from a s c i e n t i f i c p o in t of view, to see i f th e expected can be dem onstrated i n a c o n tr o lle d experim ent. The u n iv erse and sam ple. In order to t e s t th e s e hypotheses i t was f i r s t of a l l n e c e ssa ry t o l i m i t the study to a w e ll d e fin e d p o p u la tio n . The f a m ilie s s e l e c te d fo r study were those of th e g ra d u a tin g s e n io rs of a m etro p o l i t a n hig h school in Southern C a lif o r n ia . The community from which th e schoo l drew i t s enro llm en t was in one of the b e t t e r s e c tio n s of th e c i t y . There was, c o n seq u en tly , an undue p ro p o rtio n of p r o f e s s i o n a l and b u sin e ss men among th e p a re n ts of th e s e n io r s . An a n a l y s i s of th e sample re v e a le d a middle or upper m iddle c l a s s group of n a tiv e w h ite, p r e dom inantly p r o t e s t a n t ihaericans. The average age of th e p a r e n ts was in th e low f o r t i e s , though th e y ranged from t h e i r t h i r t i e s to t h e i r s i x t i e s a t th e extrem es. They were f a i r l y w e ll e d u cated , b e t t e r th a n tw o - th ir d s of the p a re n ts having f i n is h e d h ig h sc h o o l, and n e a rly o n e - f i f t h of the f a t h e r s having graduated c o lle g e . Economically th e y were a s ta b le group, e arn in g an average of $6,000 a y e a r, and two 105 out of every th r e e of them owning t h e i r homes. The fam i l i e s were sm a ll, i n keeping w ith t h e i r socio-econom ic s t a t u s , av erag ing on ly two o r three, c h ild r e n each. Two t h i r d s o f th e homes were unbroken. One t h i r d of th e broken homes were d is r u p te d by th e death o f a p a r e n t, th e o th e r s by s e p a r a tio n o r d iv o rc e . The school had an enrollm ent o f 1,800 s tu d e n ts , 458 of which were s e n io r s . The e n t i r e p o p u la tio n of 458 fam i l i e s was not stu d ie d d i r e c t l y . I t was f e l t t h a t the twelve hundred or more p e rso n s involved would make too l a r g e a group from which to o b ta in the best r e s u l t s . The high degree o f confidence in th e i n t e g r i t y of th e i n v e s ti g a t o r t h a t must be gained b e fo re v a li d answ ers w i l l be given to p e rso n a l q u e s tio n s by th r e e members of a fam ily made i t im p erativ e to lim i t th e group in s i z e . I t was f e l t t h a t a t r u e r c r o s s - s e c t i o n of th e p o p u la tio n would be o b tain ed by s e c u rin g every f o u r th fam ily from the g ra d u a tin g l i s t th an would be o b tain ed by t r y i n g t o canvass th e e n t i r e c l a s s , and by i n c r e a s in g th e p e rc e n ta g e of r e f u s a l s decrease th e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e n e s s of the r e s i d u a l group. A l a r g e r sample could be o b ta in e d by the l a t t e r method, but a t r u e r and more r e l i a b l e one by th e form er. Many a fam ily might have r e fused to co operate but f o r th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y th ey had of r e p r e s e n tin g t h r e e o th e rs b e s id e s th em selv es. 106 * Of th e 114 s e n i o r s , made up of ev ery f o u r th one on th e a lp h a b e tic a l l i s t , only one w&s l o s t to th e s tu d y . But i t was not p o s s ib le to re a c h some of th e p a re n ts : one was i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d , one ou t o f s t a t e , one on extended sea d u ty , and a few j u s t u n w illin g to c o o p e ra te , A f r a c t i o n more than n in e ty per c en t of the f a m i li e s were secured com p l e t e l y p lu s fragm ents of th e o th e r nine per c e n t. Of th e one hundred and t h r e e complete f a m i li e s se c u re d , seventy, or about t w o - t h i r d s , were unbroken homes; and th e s e seventy, t h i r t y - f i v e w ith boys g ra d u a tin g and t h i r t y - f i v e w ith g i r l s , made up th e group t h a t provided th e d a ta f o r most of th e f in d in g s o f t h i s stu d y . To reduce th e number of v a r ia b le s and have a homogeneous group, th e o th e r t h i r t y - t h r e e fam i l i e s could not be used in many of th e a n a ly s e s . I t would have been co n fu sin g , f o r example, t o t r y t o d isc o v e r a r e l a t i o n s h i p between temperament of p a re n t and temperament of c h ild in a group o f mixed f a m i l i e s , some w ith r e a l p a r e n ts , some w ith s te p - p a r e n ts , and some w ith only one p a re n t. The methods and m a te r ia ls u s e d . There was only one method of g a th e rin g d a ta , th e q u e s tio n n a ir e . Each p a re n t f i l l e d o u t two q u e s tio n n a ir e s : one f o r a m a r i ta l adjustm ent s c o re , and one f o r temperament t r a i t s c o re s . The f i r s t was a s l i g h t l y m odified Burgess and C o t t r e l l m a r i t a l adjustm ent s c a l e , and th e second was The G u ilfo rd - 107 Zimmerman Temperament Survey. The high school se n io r a ls o f i l l e d out th e s e same two sch ed ules; but in the m a r i t a l adjustm en t q u e stio n s he was answ ering f o r h i s p a r e n t s ’ mar r i a g e r a t h e r th an f o r h i s own, and th e pronouns were a c c o rd in g ly changed. About t w o - t h i r d s o f th e f a m i l i e s completed th e schedules in groups where c o lla b o r a tio n was c a r e f u l l y r u le d o u t. The rem ain ing schedules were f i l l e d out i n th e in d iv id u a l homes in th e p resen ce of an a s s i s t a n t who t r i e d to keep the fa m ily members from c o lla b o r a tin g , but n o t alw ays w ith su c ce ss, a s was l a t e r d isc o v e re d . The t r a i t s c o re s and m a r i t a l adjustm ent sc o re s were c o r r e l a t e d f o r each spouse, a s between sp ou ses, and a s be tween p a re n t and c h il d . A ll comparisons were s t a t i s t i c a l l y p ro ce ssed f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s in support o r r e f u t a t i o n of th e o r i g i n a l hypotheses around which th e study was desig n ed . Because of th e sm a lln ess of th e sample th e f in d in g s had to be s t a te d w ith l e s s p r e c is io n than might o th erw ise have been p o s s ib le , and s l i g h t i n d ic a t i o n s of a tr e n d or tend en cy in t h e d a ta had t o be ignored; but n o th in g was l o s t in c e r t a i n t y where th e f in d in g s were s t a t e d as p o s i t iv e , except t h a t th e sta te m e n ts were n e c e s s a r i l y c o n s e rv a tiv e . The f i n d i n g s . The f i n d in g s of th e study may be grasp ed b e s t a t t h i s p o in t i f s t a t e d summarily. In a stu d y 108 o f th e f a m ilie s of th e g ra d u a tin g c l a s s of a s e n io r high school in a Southern C a lif o r n ia c i t y , i t was found t h a t ; 1. The m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n ts of th e spouses d i f f e r e d so w idely t h a t v a r i a t i o n s i n th e one could account f o r no more th an o n e -fo u rth or o n e -th ir d of t h e v a r i a t i o n s in th e o th e r ; but th e average ad ju stm en ts of th e f a t h e r s and m others were th e same ; 2. The s tu d e n t could give a f a i r e stim a te of h i s p a r e n t s ’ m a r i ta l h a p p in e ss, approxim ating each of t h e i r sc o re s as c lo s e l y a s t h e i r s e p a ra te s c o re s corresponded w ith each o th e r ; and in group a v e ra g e s, th e s tu d e n ts ’ e s tim a te s were th e same a s th e p a r e n ts . 3. The m a r i ta l adjustm ent of th e spouses tended to be a s s o c ia te d w ith t h e i r temperaments in s ix of th e te n t r a i t s measured; and no d if f e r e n c e was found between th e spouses in t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p except in the t r a i t of F rie n d l i n e s s , which was pro b ab ly more c lo s e l y a s s o c ia te d w ith m a r i ta l a d ju stm en t i n th e m other’ s case th a n in th e f a t h e r ’ s . 4 . The s t u d e n ts ’ tem peram ents tended to v a ry , in about h a l f of th e t r a i t s measured, w ith the m a r i ta l a d j u s t ments of t h e i r m others and f a t h e r s ; bu t no more w ith th e ad ju stm ent of th e one p a re n t than w ith t h a t o f th e o t h e r , ex cept in the t r a i t o f P e rso n a l R e la tio n s , which v a rie d more 109 w ith the m o th er’ s adjustm ent th an i t d id w ith th e f a t h e r ’s; and th e ho y’s temperament corresponded w ith th e p a r e n t s ’ m a r ita l adjustm ent as e x te n s iv e ly a s d id th e g i r l ’ s tem perament . 5. Most rem arkably, in fo u r of th e t e n t r a i t s , a p o s i t i v e correspondence tended to e x i s t between the g i r l ’s temperament and t h e temperament o f one or th e o th e r of her p a r e n t s ; whereas no such p o s i t iv e r e l a t i o n s h i p appeared in th e b o y ’ s case , but a n e g a tiv e correspondence tend ed t o c h a r a c te r iz e the r e l a t i o n s h i p between boy and f a t h e r in th e t r a i t of Emotional S t a b i l i t y . 6. The tem peram ents of s tu d e n ts from broken homes showed a tendency t o d i f f e r from th e temperaments of s t u d en ts from unbroken homes in only two of the te n t r a i t s measured ; th e form er group showing a pro b ab le tendency to average h ig h e r in P e r s o n a l R e la tio n s and in F r i e n d l i n e s s , 7. Spouses a p p ra ise d t h e i r m arriag es as having in c re a s e d in h ap p in ess over th e f i f t e e n year p e rio d p re ceding t h i s stu dy, or d u rin g th e l i f e t i m e of t h e i r c h ild g ra d u a tin g from high sc h o o l. 1 1 0 TABLE XI TEMPERAMENT AND MARITAL ADJUSTMENT MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF MOTHER IS RELATED IN THESE TRAITS TO: MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF FATHER IS RELATED : IN THESE TRAITS TO: Her Temperament G i r l ' s Temperament B oy's Temperament His Temperament G i r l ' s Temperament B oy's Î Temperament j G eneral A c t iv ity R e s t r a i n t T h ou ghtfu lness G eneral A c tiv ity G eneral A c tiv ity ; T houghtfulness Ascendance O b j e c tiv ity P erso n a l R e la tio n s Emotional S t a b i l i t y Em otional S t a b i l i t y F r i e n d li n e s s O b je c tiv ity O b j e c t iv i t y F r i e n d lin e s s F r i e n d li n e s s P e rso n a l R e la tio n s P e rso n a l R e la tio n s TEMPERAMENT OF MOTHER IS RELATED IN THESE TRAITS TO: TEMPERAMENT OF FATHER IS RELATED IN THESE TRAITS TO: G i r l ' s Temperament B oy's Temperament G i r l 's Temperament B oy's Temperament Ascendance Em otional S t a b i l i t y Emotional S t a b i l i t y E m otional S t a b i l i t y O b je c tiv ity P e rso n al R e la tio n s (N eg ativ ely ) T r a i t s i n red type are "very s i g n i f i c a n t l y " r e l a t e d to column h e a d in g s 5 those in b lack type " s i g n i f i c a n t l y " so. I l l I I . CONCLUSIONS In c o n clu sio n i t may be s t a t e d t h a t in t h i s e x p lo ra t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n of a sm all sample of f a m i li e s , enough te n d e n c ie s were disco v ered to w arran t a more ex ten siv e stu d y of the same b a sic problem s, w ith perhaps an improved methodology. S e v e ra l i n t e r e s t i n g q u e stio n s rem ain unanswered: 1. How do th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s found in t h i s stu d y , a s between p a r e n t s ’ h ap piness and c h i l d ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y , fo r example, d i f f e r f o r c h ild r e n a t th e ju n io r high sc h o o l, the elem entary sch o o l, or th e p re -s c h o o l l e v e ls ? 2. Are s p e c ia l r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the p a r e n t s ’ h ap p in ess and th e c h i l d ’s p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of d i f f e r e n t fa m ily ty p e s , such a s , th e o n ly -c h iId f a m ily , th e e q u a l i t a r i a n fa m ily , and so on? 3 . Do th e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s vary acc o rd in g to p e r s o n a l i t y ty p e s in the p a re n t or c h ild ? 4 . I f h a t i s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between the g e n e ra l ha p p in e ss of a p e rso n , or h i s h ap p in ess i n o th e r s i t u a t i o n s , and h i s m a r i t a l happiness? 3 . To what e x te n t can th e p re s e n t q u e s tio n n a ire m easuring d e v ic e s p e n e tr a te t h i s type o f r e l a ti o n s h i p ? T his l a s t q u e stio n was w e ll p o in te d up in a r e p o r t of r e s e a r c h by the Gardner Murphys on the d i f f i c u l t y of 112 m easuring p e r s o n a l i t y in the a b s t r a c t . In some c ase s s tu d ie d by L. B. Murphy, when two c h ild r e n i n t e r a c t , each c a l l s f o r t h p o t e n t i a l i t i e s in th e o th e r which were p re v io u s ly n o t known, so t h a t th e m an ifest p e r s o n a l i t i e s a re d i f f e r e n t from imhat th ey were b e f o r e . I t would th e r e f o r e be a m istake to say t h a t ’th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s i n t e r a c t ; ’ i t would be n e a re r th e t r u t h to say t h a t p e r s o n a l i ty i s b e in g re d e fin e d from one s i t u a t i o n t o a n o th e r. Some k in d s of p e r s o n a l i t i e s ap pear only in c e r t a i n k in d s of groups c o n s t it u t e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r work or p la y p u rp o se s. L et th e group s i t u a t i o n d isa p p ea r; th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s which appear in them go out l i k e a c a n d l e . 3 Only f u r t h e r re s e a r c h in t h i s a r e a w i l l t e l l whether more f r u i t f u l r e s u l t s may be o b tain ed by a more rig o ro u s c o n tro l of some o f th e s e v a r i a b le s . ^Gardner Murphy, " P e r s o n a lity and S o c ia l A d ju st m ents," S o c ia l F o r c e s , 13:472-6, May, 1937* BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 A. BOOKS B ossard, J. S. , The S ociology o f C hild Bevelopment. 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" F a c to rs in M a r ita l A djustm ent," American Jo u rn a l o f S o c io lo g y , 4 3: 2 7 0- 8 3 , Septem ber, 1937. "A M ethodological A n a ly sis of Feminism in R e la tio n to M a rita l A djustm ent," American S o c io lo g ic a l Review, 4 : 3 2 3- 3 3 4, January, I 9 3 9 . 119 Koshuk, Ruth P e a rso n , "Problems f o r S o c io lo g ic a l R esearch in P e r s o n a l i t y Development," The Jo u rn a l o f E d u catio n al S o c io lo g y , 10:464-469, June, 1937. Lewis, W. D ., "Dynamics of Human A d ju stm en t," Jo u rn al of S o c ia l P sy ch o lo g y , 28:169-74, August, 1948. Locke, Harvey J . , " P r e d ic tin g M a r ita l Adjustment by Com p a rin g a Divorced and a H appily M arried Group," Amer ic a n S o c io lo g ic a l Review, X II, No. 2, A p r i l , 1947. Locke, Harvey J . , " P r e d ic tin g Success or F a i lu r e in Mar r ia g e : A Comparison of a Divorced and a H appily M arried Group," R esearch S t u d i e s , S ta te College of W ashington, XV, 1947. Locke, Harvey J . , and B i l l C lausner, " M a rita l Adjustment of Divorced P e rso n s in S u b sequent.M arriag es," Sociology and S o c ia l R e se a rc h , 33:97-101, November, 1948. Mowrer, H. R. , "The Study o f M a r ita l Adjustm ent as a Back ground f o r Research in Child B ehavior," Jo u rn a l o f E d u ca tio n a l S o c io lo g y , 10:487-492, August, 1937* Murphy, Gardner, " P e r s o n a li t y and S o c ia l A djustm ents," S o c ia l F o rc e s^ 13:472-6, May, 1937* Popenoe, P a u l, and D. Wicks, " M a rita l H appiness in Two G e n e ra tio n s," M ental Hygiene, 21:218-223, September, 1937. R ichardson, Helen M ., " S tu d ie s of M ental Resemblances Between Husbands and Wives and Between F rie n d s ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 36:104-20, November, 1939. S c h i l l e r , B e lle , "A Q u a n tita tiv e A n a ly sis of &!arriage S e le c tio n in a Small Group," J o u rn a l of S o c ia l P sy c h o lo g y , 3:297-319, January, 1932. Schooley, M ., " P e r s o n a li t y Resemblance Among M arried C ouples," J o u rn a l of Abnormal and S o c ia l Psychology, 3 1 : 3 4 0- 3 4 7 , Septem ber, 1936. S h e f f ie ld , Ada E . , "C ond itio nin g P a t t e r n s in th e Family C i r c l e ," S o c ia l F o r c e s , 333-333, June, 193O. Smith, W illiam C . , "The S te p c h ild ," Arnerican S o c io lo g ic a l Review, 237-242, A p r il, 1943. - 120 Sowers, A lic e , " P a re n t-C h ild R e la tio n s h ip s from th e C h ild ’ s P o in t of View," J o u rn a l of E xperim ental E ducation, 2 0 3- 2 3 1 , December, I 9 3 7 . S ta g n e r, Ross, "The Role of th e P a r e n t in th e Development of Em otional I n s t a b i l i t y , " Ameri can J o u rn a l of O rtho- p s y c h ia tr y , 122-129, January, 1938. S t o u f f e r , 8. A . , and L. M. S pencer, "Recent I n c re a s e s in M arriage and D ivorce," American J o u rn a l of Sociology, 44:331-334, September, 1939. ^ a v is , M, J . , "D irec t vs. an I n d i r e c t Approach in M easuring M a rita l A djustm ent," American S o c io lo g ic a l Review, 1 3 : 3 3 8- 4 1 , October, 1 9 ^ Terman, L. M. , and Paul B u tte n w ie s e r, " P e r s o n a lity F a c to rs in Itflarital C o m p a tib ility ," J o u r n a l ,o f S o c ia l Psychology, 6 : 1 4 3- 1 7 1 , 2 6 7- 2 8 9 , J u n e , 1 9 3 3 . Terman, L. M ., and W. B. Johnson, "Methodology and R e s u lts of Recent S tu d ie s in M a rita l A djustm ent," American S o c io lo g ic a l Review, 4:307-24, dune, 1939. W illoughby, R. R . , "Spousal E stim a tio n of E m o tio n a lity ," Human B io lo g y , 10:417-423, June, 1938. Woodhouse, Chase Going, "A Study of 23O S u c c e ssfu l Fami l i e s , " S o c ia l F o rc es, 311-333, Pune, 1930. AEPENDIZ I THE GUILFORD-ZIMMERMAN TEMPERAMENT SURVEY o DO NOT WRITE IN THIS BOOKLET o INSTRUCTIONS. In t h i s b o o k le t you w i l l fin d a number of s ta te m e n ts. Read each sta te m e n t c a r e f u l l y . I f th e s t a t e ment seems to be t r u e , or i f you agree w ith i t , mark answer ^*Yes” on your answer s h e e t. I f the statem ent i s more f a l s e than t r u e , or i f you d isa g re e w ith i t , mark "No.” I f you cannot decide between "Yes” and "No," you may mark answer " ? ” BUT AVOID DOING THIS IF POSSIBLE. Be sure to answer every item . There are no " r i g h t " or "wrong" answers in the u su a l sense of a high score being n e c e s s a r il y the b e s t . The purpose of t h i s Survey w i l l be served b e s t i f you d e sc rib e y o u r s e lf and s t a t e your o pinions as a c c u ra te ly as p o s s ib le . You may n o tic e t h a t many item s a re s i m il a r . A c tu a lly , no two item s a re e x a c tly a l i k e . N otice th a t th e numbering of item s on the answer sh eet follow s a c ro ss the rows r a t h e r than down the columns. You may tu rn the page and begin w ith the item s now u n le s s th e examiner t e l l s you to w a it. Copyright 1949, S heridan Supply Company, B everly H i l l s , C a lif o r n ia 123 1. You s t a r t to work on a new p r o j e c t w ith a g re a t d e a l of e n t h u s i a s m ............................................................................................ 1 2. You would r a t h e r p lan an a c t i v i t y th an to take p a rt in i t .............................................................................................................. 2 3. You have more than once taken the lea d in o rg an iz in g a p r o j e c t or group of some kind .................................................. 3 4. You l ik e to e n t e r t a i n g u e sts ...................................................... 4 5. Your i n t e r e s t s change q u ick ly from one th in g to a n o th e r ........................................................... 3 6 . When you e a t a meal w ith o th e r s , you are u s u a lly one of th e l a s t to f i n i s h ......................................................................... 6 7. You b e lie v e in the id ea t h a t we should " e a t , d r in k , and be m erry, f o r tomorrow we d ie " ......................................... 7 8 . When you f in d t h a t something you have bought i s d e f e c t i v e , you h e s i t a t e to demand an exchange or a refund ............................................................................................................. 8 9. You f in d i t easy to make new acq u ain tan ces ...................... 9 10. You a re sometimes bubbling over w ith energy and sometimes very s lu g g is h ................................................ 10 11. You a re h a p p ie st when you get involved in some pro j e c t t h a t c a l l s f o r ra p id a c tio n .............................................. 11 12. Other people th in k of you as being very se rio u s minded ............................................................................................................. 12 1 3 . In being thrown by chance w ith a s tr a n g e r , you w ait f o r him to in tro d u c e h im self ................................. 13 14. You l i k e to take p a r t in many s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s ......... 14 1 5 . You sometimes f e e l " j u s t m isera b le " f o r no good reaso n a t a l l ......................................................... 15 1 6 . You a re o f te n so much "on th e go" t h a t sooner or l a t e r you may wear y o u rs e lf out ................................................. I 6 1 7 . You l i k e p a r t i e s you a tte n d to be l i v e l y .......................... 17 1 8 . I f you hold an opinion t h a t i s r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t expressed by a l e c t u r e r , you are l i k e l y to t e l l him about i t e i t h e r during or a f t e r the l e c t u r e . 18 1 9. I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r you j u s t to chat about th in g s in g e n e ra l w ith people ............ 19 20. You give l i t t l e thought to your f a i l u r e s a f t e r they a re p a s t ...................................................... 20 21. You o fte n wonder where o th e rs g et a l l th e excess energy they seem to have .................................................. 21 22. You a re in c lin e d to sto p to th in k th in g s over b e fo re you a c t .......................................................................................................... 22 2 3 . You avoid arguing over a p r ic e w ith a c le rk or s a l e s man ................................................................................................................. 23 24. You would d i s l i k e very much to work alone in some i s o l a t e d p lace ................................................................. i ..................... 24 2 5 . You o f te n f in d i t d i f f i c u l t to go to sle e p a t n ig h t because you keep th in k in g of what happened during the day ................................................ 25 2 6 . You fin d y o u r s e lf h u rry in g to get p lac es even when th e re i s p le n ty of time 26 124 27. You l ik e work t h a t r e q u ir e s c o n sid e ra b le a t t e n t i o n to d e t a i l s ................................................................................................. 27 28. You a re s a t i s f i e d to l e t some one e ls e tak e th e lead in group a c t i v i t i e s ........................................................................... 28 29. You enjoy g e ttin g acqu ain ted w ith people .......................... 29 30. I t tak es a l o t to get you em otionally s t i r r e d up or e x c ite d ............................ 30 31. You work more slow ly and d e l i b e r a t e l y than most people of your sex and age .......................................................... 31 32. You a re a c a r e fr e e i n d i v i d u a l .................... 32 33. When a person does n o t p lay f a i r you h e s i t a t e to say anything about i t to him ................................................... 33 34. I t b o th ers you to have people watch you a t your work 34 35. You have u s u a lly been o p tim is tic about your f u tu r e . 35 3 6 . You l i k e to have p le n ty of time to sto p and r e s t . . . 36 37. You take l i f e very s e r i o u s l y ................... 37 3 8 . You enjoy applying f o r a job in p e r s o n ................... 38 3 9 . You would l i k e to be a h o st or h o ste ss f o r p a r t i e s a t a club ................................................................................................... 39 40. You o f te n f e e l g r o u c h y ................................................................... 40 41. You a re the kind of person who i s "on th e go" a l l th e time ...................................................................................................... 41 42. You o fte n crave excitem ent ...............................'...................... 42 4 3 . The thought of making a speech f r i g h te n s you ................ 43 44. You fin d i t easy to s t a r t c o n v ersa tio n w ith s tr a n g e r s ................ 44 4 5 . You o fte n f e e l g u i l t y w ith out a very good reason f o r i t .................................................................................................................... 45 4 6 . People th in k you a re a very e n e rg e tic person .............. 46 4 7 . You sometimes make quick d e c isio n s t h a t you l a t e r wish you h a d n 't ..................................................................................... 47 4 8 . You fin d i t d i f f i c u l t to ask people f o r money or o th e r d o n a tio n s, even f o r a cause in which you are i n t e r e s t e d ............................................................................... 48 4 9 . You a re so n a t u r a l l y f r i e n d l y t h a t people immedi a t e l y f e e l a t ease w ith you ........................................................ 49 5 0. You daydream a g re a t d e a l ........................................................... 50 5 1. You are quick in your a c tio n s .................................................. 51 5 2 . You have a h a b it of s t a r t i n g th in g s and then lo sin g i n t e r e s t in them .................................................................................. 52 5 3. When you were a c h il d , many of your playm ates n a t u r a l l y expected you to be the le a d e r ........................... 53 5 4. You sometimes avoid s o c i a l c o n ta c ts f o r f e a r of doing or saying th e wrong th in g .............................................. 54 5 5. You have fre q u e n t ups and downs in mood, sometimes w ith and sometimes w ith out apparen t cause ...................... 55 5 6. You always seem to have p le n ty of v ig o r and v i t a l i t y 56 5 7 . I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r you to understand people who get very concerned about th in g s ........................................................ 57 5 8. When a c le r k i n a s t o r e w a its on o th e rs who should come a f t e r you, you c a l l h is a t t e n t i o n to the f a c t . 58 125 59. You would be very unhappy i f you were prevented from making numerous s o c i a l c o n ta c ts ............................................... 59 60. There are times when your f u tu r e looks very dark . . . 60 61. You sometimes wish t h a t people would slow down a b i t and give you a chance to c atch up ......................................... 6 l 62. Many of your f r ie n d s th in k you tak e your work too s e r i o u s l y ................................................................................................... 62 6 3 . You h e s i t a t e to walk in to a m eeting when you know t h a t e very one’s eyes w i l l be upon y o u ................................ 63 6 4 . You l i m i t your f r ie n d s h ip s m ostly to members of your own s e x ........................................................................................................ 64 6 5 . You alm ost always f e e l w ell and stro n g ............................. 65 66. You seem to lac k the d riv e n e c e ssa ry to get as much done as o th e r people do .................................................................... 66 6 7 . You make d e c is io n s on th e spur of th e moment ................ 67 68. You a re r a t h e r good a t b lu f f in g when you fin d your s e l f in d i f f i c u l t y ............................................................................. 68 6 9 . A fte r being in tro d u ced to someone, you j u s t cannot th in k of th in g s to say to make good c o n v ersa tio n . . . 69 7 0 . You f e e l lonesome even when w ith o th e r people ........... 70 7 1 . You are ab le to work fo r u n u su a lly long hours w ith o u t f e e l in g t i r e d ...................................................................... 71 7 2 . You o fte n a c t on th e f i r s t thought t h a t comes in to your head ...............................................................; .................. 72 73. At the scene of an a c c id e n t, you take an a c tiv e p a rt in h e lp in g out ....................................................................................... 73 7 4 . You have d i f f i c u l t y in making new f r ie n d s ..................... 74 7 5. Your mood o fte n changes from happiness to sa d n ess, or v ice v e rs a , w ithou t your knowing w h y ................ 75 7 6 . You t a l k more slow ly th an most people ................................ 7o 7 7 . You l i k e to p lay p r a c t i c a l jokes upon o th e rs ............... 77 7 8. You tak e the lead in p u ttin g l i f e in to a d u ll p a rty . 78 79. You would l i k e to belong to as many clubs and s o c i a l o rg a n iz a tio n s as p o s s ib le ............................................................. 79 8 0 . There a re tim es when your mind seems to work very slow ly and o th e r times when i t works very r a p id ly . . 80 8 1 . You l i k e to do th in g s slow ly and d e l i b e r a t e l y ........... 8 l 8 2 . You a re a happy-go-lucky in d iv id u a l ................................... 82 8 3 . When you a re served s t a l e or i n f e r i o r food i n a r e s t a u r a n t , you say no thing about i t .................................. 83 84. You would r a t h e r apply fo r a job by w ritin g a l e t t e r than by going through w ith a p e rs o n a l in te rv ie w . . . . 84 8 5 . You a re o f te n in low s p i r i t s ..................................................... 85 86. You a re in c lin e d to ru sh from one a c t i v i t y to a n o th er w itho ut pausing enough fo r r e s t .............................................. 86 8 7 . You a re so concerned about the f u tu r e t h a t you do n o t g et as much fun out of the p re s e n t as you m ight. 87 88. When you a re a t t r a c t e d to a person whom you have not met, you make an a c tiv e a ttem p t to get ac quainted even though i t may be q u ite d i f f i c u l t .......... 88 8 9 . You a re in c lin e d to l i m i t your acq uain tan ces to a s e l e c t few ................................................................................................. 89 126 90. You seldom give your p a st m istakes a second thought 90 91. You a re l e s s e n e r g e tic than many people you know . . 91 92. You o fte n sto p to analyze, your thoughts and f e e l in g s .......................................................................................... 92 93. You speak out in m eetings to oppose those who you f e e l sure are w r o n g ................ 93 94. You are so shy i t b o th e rs y o u ................................................. 94 95. You are sometimes bo thered by having a u s e le s s thought come i n to your mind over and o v e r ....................... 95 9 6. You get th in g s done in a h u r r y .............................................. 96 9 7. I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r you to understan d how some people can be so unconcerned about the f u tu r e ............. 97 9 8. You lik e to s e l l th in g s ( t h a t i s , to a c t as a salesman) ................................................................................................. 98 9 9 . You a re o fte n the " l i f e of the p a rty " ............................ 99 100. You f in d daydreaming very enjoyable .................................. 100 101. At work or a t p lay o th e r people f in d i t hard to keep up w ith the pace you s e t ................................................. 101 102. You can l i s t e n to a l e c tu r e w ithout f e e lin g r e s t le s s ............................................................................................................. 102 1 0 3 . You would r a t h e r work f o r a good boss than f o r y o u r s e lf ................................................................................................... 103 104. You can express y o u r s e lf more e a s i l y in speech than i n w r itin g .............................................................................................. 104 1 0 5. You keep in f a i r l y uniform s p i r i t s ....................................... 105 1 0 6. You d i s l i k e to be h u rr ie d i n your work .................... I 06 1 0 7. You sometimes f in d y o u r s e lf "c ro ssin g b rid g es b e fo re you come to them" ............................................................. 107 1 0 8 . You fin d i t somewhat d i f f i c u l t to say "no" to a salesman who t r i e s to s e l l you something you do not r e a l l y want ............................................................................................ IO8 1 0 9. There a re only a few f r i e n d s w ith whom you can r e l a x and have a good time ........................................................ IO9 110. You u s u a lly keep c h e e rfu l i n s p i t e of tro u b le . 110 111. People sometimes t e l l you to "slow down" or "tak e i t easy" ............................................................................................ I l l 112. You are one of those who d rin k or smoke more than th ey know they should .................................................................... 112 1 1 3 . When you th in k you reco gnize someone you see in a p u b lic p la c e , you a sk 'h im whether you have met him b e fo re ........................................................................................................ 113 114. You p r e f e r to work alone ............................................................. 114 1 1 5 . D isappointm ents a f f e c t you so l i t t l e t h a t you seldom th in k about them tw ice ................................................. 115 1 1 6. You a re slow and d e l i b e r a t e in movement........................... I I 6 1 1 7. You lik e w ild enthusiasm , sometimes to a p o in t b o rd erin g on rowdyism, a t a f o o t b a l l or b a s e b a ll game ................................................................... 117 1 1 8. You f e e l s e lf -c o n s c io u s in the presence of im p ortant people ................................................................................ 118 1 1 9. People th in k of you as being a very s o c ia l type of person ...................................... 119 127 120. You have o f t e n l o s t s le e p over your w o rries ................ 120 121. You can tu rn out a la r g e amount o f work in a sh o r t tim e .................................................................................................................. 121 122. You keep a t a ta s k u n t i l i t i s don e, even a f t e r n e a r ly everyone e l s e has g iv e n up ......................................... 122 1 2 3. You can th in k o f a good excu se when you need one , . 123 124. Other p eo p le say th a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t to g e t to know you w e l l ............................................................................................ 124 1 2 5. Your daydreams are o f t e n about th in g s th a t can n ev er come tr u e ....................................................................................... 125 1 2 6 . You o f t e n run u p s t a ir s ta k in g two s te p s a t a tim e , 126 1 2 7. You seldom l e t your r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n t e r f e r e w ith your h avin g a good tim e .................................................................. 127 1 2 8 . You would l i k e to tak e on im portant r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s such as o r g a n iz in g a new b u s in e s s ......................................... 128 1 2 9. You have h e s it a t e d to make or to a c c ep t "dates" b ecau se o f sh y n ess ............................................................................... 129 1 3 0. Your mood i s very e a s i l y in flu e n c e d by p eo p le around you ................................................................................................... I 30 1 3 1 . O thers are o f te n amazed by the amount o f work you tu rn out ................................................................................................... 131 1 3 2. You g e n e r a lly f e e l as though you h a v e n 't a ca re In the world ...................................................................................................... 132 1 3 3. You f in d i t d i f f i c u l t to g et r id o f a salesm an to whom you do n o t care to l i s t e n or g iv e your tim e . . 133 134. You are a l i s t e n e r r a th e r than a t a lk e r in s o c i a l c o n v e r s a tio n s ............................................................................................ 134 1 3 5. You alm ost alw ays f e e l t h a t l i f e i s very much worth l i v i n g ............................................................................................................. 135 1 3 6. I t i r r i t a t e s you to have t o w a it a t a c r o s s in g f o r a lon g f r e i g h t t r a in to p a ss ...................................................... 136 1 3 7 . You u s u a lly say what you f e e l l i k e sa y in g a t th e moment ......................... 137 1 3 8. You l i k e to speak in p u b lic .................................................... I 38 1 3 9. You l i k e to be w ith p e o p le ......................................................... 139 140. You g e n e r a lly keep c o o l and th in k c l e a r l y in ex c i t i n g s i t u a t i o n s ................................................................................. 140 141. Other p eo p le regard you as a l i v e l y in d iv id u a l .... 141 142. When you g e t an g ry , i f you l e t y o u r s e lf go you f e e l b e t t e r ............................................................................................................. 142 1 4 3 . You seek to a v o id a l l tr o u b le w ith o th e r p eo p le . . . 143 144. P eo p le seem to en joy b ein g w ith y o u ............................... . 144 1 4 5. You som etim es f e e l l i s t l e s s and t ir e d fo r no good r e a s o n ................................................... ,.......................................... 145 1 4 6 . I t i s hard to understand why many p eo p le are so slow and g e t so l i t t l e done ........................................................ 146 1 4 7. You are fond o f b e t t in g on h o rse r a c e s and games, w hether you can a ffo r d i t or not ........................................... 147 1 4 8. I f someone you know has been sp r ea d in g untrue and bad s t o r i e s about you , you see him as soon as p o s s i b l e and have a t a lk about i t ................................................. 148 128 149. Shyness keeps you from b ein g as popular as you sh ou ld be ......................................................................... 149 1 5 0. You are g e n e r a lly f r e e from worry about p o s s ib le m isfo r tu n e s ............... 150 1 5 1 . You n e a r ly alw ays r e c e iv e a l l th e c r e d it t h a t i s coming to you f o r t h in g s you do ................................................. 151 1 5 2. You would l i k e to t e l l c e r t a in p eo p le a th in g or two ........................................ 152 1 5 3 . You would r a th e r spend an ev en in g rea d in g a t home than to a tte n d a la r g e p a rty ............................................ 153 1 5 4. You would change a l o t o f th in g s about human n a tu re i f you could have your way about i t ............................... 154 1 5 5. You would l i k e to go h u n tin g w ith a r i f l e f o r w ild game ................................................................................................................... 155 1 5 6 . In group a c t i v i t i e s you g e t your f u l l sh are o f e v e r y th in g ................................................................................................... 156 1 5 7 . In most c a se s i t i s im portant to g e t what you want even i f you have to f i g h t to g e t i t ................................. 157 1 5 8 . You o f t e n tr y to a n a ly z e the m o tiv es o f o th e r s .... 158 1 5 9. Most p u b lic o f f i c e h o ld e r s g e n e r a lly put p u b lic i n t e r e s t s ahead o f t h e i r own ...................................................... 159 1 6 0. The s ig h t o f b lo o d f r ig h t e n s y o u ................................ I 60 1 6 1 . P e o p le t a l k about you behind your b a c k ................. I 6I 1 6 2 . Money i s im p ortan t m o stly b ecau se i t g iv e s i t s owner power ................................................................................................. I 62 1 6 3. I t i s ea sy f o r you to a c t n a t u r a lly w herever you are ..................................................................................................................... I 63 1 6 4 . Most p eo p le are s tu p id .................................................................... 164 1 6 5. You f e e l d e e p ly so rr y f o r a b ir d w ith a broken wing 165 1 6 6 . Other p eo p le o f t e n blame you fo r th in g s you d id n ’t, do ........................................................................................................................ 166 1 6 7 . You h a tè t o l o s e in a c o n t e s t ........................................ I 67 1 6 8 . You l i k e a job th a t r e q u ir e s a t t e n t i o n to many d e t a i l s .......................................................... I 68 1 6 9 . Most p eo p le f u l f i l l t h e i r d u tie s even when n ot b e in g watched ............................................................................................ I 69 1 7 0. You can lo o k a t snakes w ith o u t shuddering .................. 170 1 7 1 . You o f te n become bored when th e s u b je c t o f co n v er s a t io n s h i f t s away from your own e x p e r ie n c e , h o b b ie s, or i n t e r e s t s ....................................................................... I 7I 1 7 2. You h a te to l o s e an argument even when th e i s s u e i s n o t very im portant ............................................................................... 172 1 7 3 . You are u s u a lly to o busy to spend tim e in r e f l e c t i v e thought .............................................................................................. 173 1 7 4. Most p eo p le know what to do w ith o u t b ein g t o ld .... 174 1 7 5 . When a p a r e n t, t e a c h e r , or b oss s c o ld s you , you f e e l l i k e w eeping .................................................................................. 175 1 7 6 . You are touchy about some th in g s ............" ................... 176 1 7 7. You know some one whom you would p a r t i c u l a r l y l i k e t o se e "put in h is (o r h er) p l a c e " ..................................... 177 1 7 8 . You are more i n t e r e s t e d in a t h l e t i c s than in i n t e l l e c t u a l th in g s .................................................................................. 178 129 179. Most p eo p le are p aid as w e ll as th ey shou ld he f o r what th e y c o n tr ib u te to s o c i e t y .................................................. 179 180. The id e a o f f in d in g a bug or worm cra w lin g on you makes you shudder .................................................................................. IBO 181. You o f te n f e e l th a t one o f th e main c h a r a c te r s in a m ovie or a p la y i s . l i k e you .................................................... l 8 l 1 8 2 . You h e s i t a t e t o t e l l p eo p le to mind t h e i r own b u s i n e s s ............... 182 1 8 3 . You make i t a p o l i c y to e v a lu a te your p a st a c t io n s c a r e f u l l y ............ I 83 184. In most p la c e s th e t r a f f i c laws are i n g r e a t need o f improvement ............ 184 1 8 5. You would r a th e r stu d y m athem atics and s c ie n c e than l i t e r a t u r e and m usic .......................................................................... 185 1 8 6. You g e t in t o sc r a p e s which you d id not seek to s t i r up ........................................ 186 1 8 7 . You r e s e n t h avin g f r ie n d s or members o f your fa m ily g iv e you o rd ers .................................................. 187 1 8 8. You are p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y i n c l i n e d , t h a t i s , to p h ilo s o p h iz e about th in g s ................................................................ 188 1 8 9. Most p eo p le keep to th e " s t r a ig h t and narrow path" o n ly b eca u se o f th e f e a r o f b ein g caught ....................... 189 1 9 0 . You e s p e c i a l l y d i s l i k e to g e t your hands d i r t y or g r e a s y ........................................... 190 1 9 1 . You are in c l i n e d to th in k about y o u s e lf much o f the tim e ................................................................................................................... 191 1 9 2 . You have f r e q u e n t ly f e l t l i k e t e l l i n g "nosey" p eo p le to mind t h e i r own b u s in e s s ......................................... 192 1 9 3. You are f r e q u e n tly " l o s t in thought" ........................... 193 1 9 4. Far too many p eo p le t r y to take as much as th ey can and g iv e as l i t t l e as p o s s ib le back to s o c i e t y . 194 1 9 5 * You l i k e to read tr u e s t o r i e s about lo v e and romance ........................................................................................................... 195 1 9 6. You g e t ov er a h u m ilia tin g e x p e r ie n c e v ery q u ic k ly . I 96 1 9 7. In group u n d erta k in g s you alm ost alw ays f e e l th a t your own p la n s are b e s t ........................................................ 197 198. You l i k e to d is c u s s the more s e r io u s q u e stio n s o f l i f e w ith your f r ie n d s ..................................................................... I 98 1 9 9. Most p eo p le to d a y t r y to do an h o n e st d a y ’ s work f o r a d a y ’ s p a y .................... 199 200. You pay l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n to s t y l e s in c lo t h in g .... 200 201. Almost e v e r y th in g th a t happens seems t o have some r e la t io n s h ip to you ............................................................................ 201 202. When p eo p le become b o ssy or d o m in eerin g , you want to do th e o p p o s ite o f e v e r y th in g th e y t e l l you to do ........................................................................................................................ 202 2 0 3. You o f te n would l i k e to know th e u n d e r ly in g rea so n s behind the a c t io n s o f o th e r p eo p le ...................................... 203 204. There are f a r too many u s e l e s s laws which hamper an i n d i v i d u a l ’ s p e r s o n a l freedom ............................................ 204 2 0 5 . You would r a th e r be a f o r e s t ranger than a d r e ss d e s ig n e r ........................................................................................................ 205 150 2 0 6 . C e r ta in p eo p le d e l i b e r a t e l y say or do th in g s to annoy y o u ................................... 206 207. Some p eo p le become so rude th a t you f e e l th e urge to " s i t on them" or to " t e l l them o ff" ............................ 207 208. You som etim es have a p e c u lia r f e e l i n g th a t you are n o t your o ld s e l f .................................................................................. 208 2 0 9 . Most p e o p le who g e t ahead tod ay do so b ecau se th ey have " p u ll" ................................................................................................. 209 210. The sound o f f o u l lan gu age d is g u s t s y o u ......................... 210 211. There are many k in d s o f work th a t you would n ot th in k o f doing b ecau se th ey are n o t good enough f o r y o u .......................................................................................................... 211 212. You g e t in t o f i g h t s or arguments in d e fe n se o f your f r ie n d s or members o f your fa m ily ......... .......................... 212 213 . You en jo y th in k in g out co m p lica ted problem s .................. 213 214. Most p eo p le le a r n q u ic k ly to a v o id making th e same m ista k e tw ic e ............................................................................................ 214 2 1 5. You are o n ly m ild ly d istu r b e d when you se e or hear o f anim als b ein g t r e a te d c r u e lly ............................................ 215 2 1 6 . P e o p le o ffe n d you w ith o u t knowing i t b eca u se you h id e your f e e l i n g s from t h e m ...................................................... 216 2 1 7. You g e t a l o t o f s a t i s f a c t i o n from making o th e r p eo p le do as you want them to ................................................... 217 2 1 8 . You o f te n tak e tim e out ju s t to m e d ita te about t h in g s .............................................................................................................. 218 2 1 9. You have r e c e iv e d about a l l th e rewards in l i f e th a t you d e se r v e .................................................................................... 219 220. You would r a th e r be an i n t e r i o r d e c o r a to r than an a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n g in e e r ..................................................................... 220 221. You have f e l t th a t c e r t a in p erson s are s e c r e t l y tr y in g to g e t th e b e t t e r o f y o u .............................................. 221 222. You are l i k e l y to t a l k back to a policem an or o th er p erson in a u t h o r it y over you i f you f e e l l i k e i t ........................................................................................................................ 222 2 2 3 . You f in d i t v ery i n t e r e s t i n g to w atch p eo p le to see what th ey w i l l do .................................................................................. 223 224. The number o f " tw o-faced " in d iv id u a ls you have known i s a c t u a l l y v ery s m a l l ...................................................... 224 2 2 5 . You f e e l v ery b a d ly i f someone does n o t approve o f what you are w earing .......................................................................... 225 2 2 6. You v ery o f t e n seek th e a d v ic e o f o th e r p eo p le .... 226 2 2 7 . When someone i s n o t p la y in g f a i r , you l i k e to se e him b ea ten a t h is own game ........................................................... 227 2 2 8. You are c o n s ta n t ly a l e r t to ways o f im proving y o u r s e lf ......................................................................................................... 228 2 2 9. Most groups o f p e o p le behave l i k e a bunch o f sh eep , th a t i s , th ey b l i n d ly f o llo w a le a d e r .................................. 229 2 3 0 . You would r a th e r go to an a t h l e t i c ev en t than to a dance ................................................................................. 230 2 3 1 . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to hurt your f e e l i n g s .............................. 231 121 232. Anyone t r y in g to tak e away any o f your la w fu l r i g h t s w i l l have a r e a l f i g h t on h is hands w ith you p e r s o n a l l y ................................................................................................... 232 233. You are in c lin e d to s t e e r c le a r o f co m p lica ted p ro blem s th a t c a l l fo r th in k in g ...................................................... 233 2 3 4. In g e n e r a l, p eop le h ig h er up tend to assume t h e i r sh are o f the d i r t y work, n ot le a v in g i t f o r o th e r s to do ..................................................................................................... 234 2 3 5 . The s ig h t o f ragged or s o i l e d f i n g e r n a i l s i s r e p u ls iv e to you .................................................................................... 235 2 3 6 . There have been tim es when you have been b oth ered by th e id e a th a t someone i s rea d in g your t h o u g h t s .. 236 2 3 7 . I t pays to "turn th e o th er cheek" ra th e r than to s t a r t a f i g h t ............................................................................................ 237 2 3 8. You t r y to se n se what p eo p le are th in k in g about as th ey t a lk to y o u ................................... 238 2 3 9 . You have had your share o f good l u c k ................................. 239 240. You f e e l d e e p ly s o r r y fo r a m is tr e a te d h o rse ............. 240 241. You have been s e r i o u s l y s li g h t e d more than once . . . 241 242. When you r e s e n t th e a c t io n s o f anyone, you prom ptly t e l l him so ................................ 242 2 4 3 . A fte r a c r i t i c a l moment i s o v e r , you u s u a lly th in k o f som ething you sh ou ld have done but d id n ’ t do . . . 243 244. I f you want a th in g done r i g h t , you must do i t y o u r s e lf ................................................................................................... 244 2 4 5. You can han d le a load ed gun w ith o u t f e e l i n g a t a l l j i t t e r y ................................... 245 246. Other p eo p le too o f t e n tak e th e c r e d it f o r th in g s you y o u r s e lf have done ................. 246 2 4 7 . You know or have known some one p e r s o n a lly whom you would l i k e to s e e behind p r is o n bars ........................... 247 248. You are much concerned over th e m orals o f your g e n e r a tio n ................................................................................................... 248 249. Large b u s in e s s c o r p o r a tio n s are a good th in g ............... 249 2 5 0 . You cry r a th e r e a s i l y ........................................................... 250 251. When th in g s go w rong, i t u p s e ts you v ery l i t t l e . . . 251 2 5 2 . You se e to i t th a t p eo p le do n o t ta k e advantage o f you ..................................................................................................................... 252 2 5 3 . You are in c lin e d to ponder over your p a st........................ 253 2 5 4 . Some p e o p le pay more a t t e n t i o n to your comings and g o in g s than th ey sh o u ld .................................................................. 254 2 5 5 . The s ig h t o f la r g e bugs and s p id e r s g iv e s you a "creepy" f e e l i n g .................................................................................... 255 2 5 6. You o f t e n f e e l th a t a speaker i s t a lk in g about you p e r s o n a l l y ......................... 25& 2 5 7 . You are unhappy u n le s s th in g s i n an o r g a n iz a tio n go p r e t t y much as you want them t o ................................ 257 2 5 8. You en jo y a n a ly z in g your own th ou gh ts and f e e l i n g s . 258 2 5 9 . Most p e o p le u se p o l i t e n e s s to cover up what i s r e a l l y " c u t-th r o a t" c o m p e titio n ................................... 259 2 6 0. You would r a th e r be a b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r than a n u rse ................................................................................................................ 26O 152 261. You have days in w hich i t seems th a t e v e r y th in g goes wrong .............................. 261 2 6 2 . You f e e l th e urge to s t i r up some ex cite m e n t when th in g s become d u ll .............................................................................. 262 2 6 3 . You would r a th e r put p lan s in t o a c t io n than to spend tim e working them out ....................................................... 263 2 6 4 . The e d u c a tio n a l system in t h is co u n try i s a l l r ig h t in most ways I ............................................................................... 264 2 6 5 . You f e e l so r r y f o r a f i s h th a t i s caught on a hook. 265 2 6 6. You o f t e n unburden your tr o u b le s to o th e r s .................. 266 2 6 7 . You would l i k e to have enough money or power in ord er to im p ress p e o p le who th in k th ey are b e t t e r than you are .............................................................................................. 267 2 6 8 . You f r e q u e n tly f in d y o u r s e lf in a m e d ita tiv e s t a t e . 268 2 6 9 . P eo p le tod ay have j u s t about as many chances f o r s u c c e s s as in your p a r e n t s ’ day .............................................. 269 2 7 0 . You f e e l s t r o n g ly a g a in s t k is s in g a f r ie n d o f your own se x and age ............................................. 270 2 7 1 . You are too s e n s i t i v e fo r your own good .......................... 271 2 7 2 . You have o f t e n found i t n e c e s s a r y to f i g h t f o r what you b e l i e v e to be r ig h t .................................................................. 272 2 7 3. You o f te n watch o th e r s to s e e what e f f e c t s your words or a c t io n s have upon t h e m .............................. 273 2 7 4 . Most p eo p le are out t o g e t more than th e y g iv e .... 274 2 7 5 . You are w i l l i n g to take a chance a lo n e i n a s i t u a t i o n where th e outcome i s d o u b tfu l ....................................... 275 2 7 6 . P eo p le have c r i t i c i z e d you u n j u s t ly to o th e r s ......... 276 2 7 7 . The o p in io n s o f most p eo p le are w o r th le s s ................... 277 2 7 8. You are i n c lin e d to be i n t r o s p e c t i v e , th a t i s , to a n a ly ze y o u r s e lf ......................... 278 2 7 9 . Alm ost anyone, even though p oor, can g e t a square d e a l in c o u r ts o f law ............... 279 2 8 0 . You would r a th e r be a m iner than a f l o r i s t .............. 280 2 8 1. I t i s d i f f i c u l t fo r you to become i n t e r e s t e d in the problems o f o th e r s when you have so many o f your own ..................................................................................................................... 281 2 8 2 . I t b o th e rs you to have o th e r p eo p le t e l l you what you should do ............................................ 282 2 8 3 . You o f te n wonder about why human l i f e e x i s t s and what i t s fu tu r e i s ............................................................................... 283 2 8 4. Some p eo p le d e l i b e r a t e l y make th in g s hard f o r y o u . . 284 2 8 5 . Odors o f p e r s p ir a t io n d is g u s t y o u ........................................ 285 2 8 6 . C r it ic is m d is t u r b s you v ery l i t t l e ..................................... 286 2 8 7 . I t b o th e rs you to see someone e l s e b u n g lin g a job th a t you know p e r f e c t l y w e ll how to manage .................. 287 2 8 8 . You are i n c lin e d to l i v e in the p r e s e n t , le a v in g th e p a st and th e fu tu r e ou t o f your th o u g h ts ............. 288 2 8 9. Most p eo p le w i l l t e l l a l i e now and th en in ord er to g e t ahead .............................................................................................. 289 2 9 0 . The s ig h t o f an unshaven man d is g u s t s y o u ................... 290 1 5 5 291. When you l o s e som ething you o f t e n b e g in to su s p e c t someone o f e i t h e r h aving ta k en i t or having m is p la c e d i t ...................................................................................................... 291 2 9 2 . There are some p eo p le whose a c t i o n s seem c o n t in u a l l y to i r r i t a t e you ............................................................................... 292 2 9 3 . You l i k e to have tim e t o be a lo n e w ith your th o u g h ts ........................................................................................................ 293 2 9 4 . There are e n t i r e l y to o many em ployees who d eserv e h ig h e r pay than t h e ir b o s s e s ................................................ 294 2 9 5. You l i k e lo v e sc e n e s in a m ovie or p l a y ............................. 295 2 9 6 . There are tim es when i t seems th a t everyone i s a g a in s t you ....................................................................................... 296 2 9 7 . I f anyone s te p s ahead o f you in l i n e , he i s l i k e l y to hear from you about i t ............................................................. 297 2 9 8. You o f t e n wonder why p eo p le behave as th ey do .............. 298 2 9 9. N e arly a l l p e o p le t r y to do th e r ig h t th in g when g iv e n a chance ......................................................................................... 299 3 0 0 . When you become em o tio n a l you come to th e p o in t o f t e a r s .......................................................................................................... 300 BE SURE YOU HAVE ANSWERED EVERY ITEM APPENDIX IX 135 Purpose o f th e Study T h is i s an attem p t to stu d y the r e l a t i o n s h i p th a t may e x i s t betw een a c h i l d ’ s p e r s o n a lit y and th a t o f h is p a r e n ts . I t i s p a rt o f a la r g e r stu d y on th e fa m ily . W e know a g r e a t d e a l about th e s t a r s and th e atom s, but v ery l i t t l e about p e o p le . We can p r e d ic t th e e c l i p s e o f th e moon or th e running o f g ru n io n , and we can guide th e co u rse o f un seen m i s s i l e s ; but w hether th e n a tio n s w i l l go to w ar, or w hether a m arriage w i l l end in d iv o r c e or how t o gu id e th e n e x t g e n e r a tio n to m a tu r ity , we cannot so e a s i l y t e l l . Can we ev er know as much about p eo p le as we know about o th e r th in g s ? W e can i f we go d i r e c t l y to th e p eo p le and have them t e l l us what th e y are r e a l l y l i k e . Only as p er so n s are w i l l i n g to g iv e h o n est and a c c u r a te in fo r m a tio n about t h e ir in d iv id u a l l i v e s , which we cannot g e t in any o th e r way, may we hope some day t o le a r n th e law s o f human n a tu re and g a in an i n s i g h t in to a few o f our problem s o f crim e, p o v e r ty , w ar, fa m ily d is o r g a n iz a t io n , and th e l i k e . Your answers to t h e s e q u e stio n s w i l l r e p r e s e n t a prim ary c o n t r ib u t io n , and your a ccu ra cy w i l l d eterm in e th e v a lu e o f th e stu d y . There i s no p la c e in th e q u e s tio n n a ir e fo r your name. A rep o rt o f th e f in d in g s and c o n c lu sio n s w i l l be se n t to you upon th e c o m p le tio n o f th e su rv ey . 156 P r e lim in a r y In fo rm a tio n (P a r e n ts) 1 Your age 2 Your sex : (1) Male (2) Female 3 Ages o f your c h ild r e n ______ ; Ages o f s t e p - c h ild r e n Ages o f adopted c h ild r e n ; Ages o f guardian c h ild r e n _____. 4 N a t io n a lit y ____________________ . 5 Race: (1) W hite ; (2) C olored ; (3) Other 6 R e lig io n : (1 ) P r o te s ta n t ________; (2) C a th o lic ______ (3) J ew ish ___________ . 7 Your age a t m arriage ________ ■ 8 Your age a t b ir t h o f f i r s t c h ild 9 E n c ir c le ( ) th e h ig h e s t grade you com pleted in s c h o o l: Grade s c h o o l High S ch o o l C o lle g e Graduate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .1 0 11 12 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 pr more 10 Your p r e se n t o c c u p a tio n _______ ; _________; _____________________. 11 P r e se n t m onthly income from your own work 12 P r e se n t m onthly income o f you and your mate combined 13 Do you own your own home ______ ? I f s o , about how much i s i t worth on th e market today ' _________________ ? 14 Do you have any s e r io u s p h y s ic a l han d icap s such as l o s s o f a lim b or an e y e , near d e a f n e s s , e t c , , ____________ ? I f s o , what i s i t s g e n e r a l n a tu re ' ________________ , and about how lon g ago d id i t f i r s t appear ____________ ? 15 Have you had any s e r io u s i l l n e s s over a lon g p e rio d o f tim e such as d i a b e t e s , m igrain e h ea d a ch es, h e a r t t r o u b le , a r t h r i t e s , e t c . (1) y es _____, (2) no . I f so what kind ? 137 l 6 How has your g e n e r a l h a p p in ess in m arriage changed s in c e th e tim e your p r e s e n t h igh s c h o o l s e n io r was a young c h ild ? Check one. (1) I t i s about th e same now as i t was th en ________ (2) I t i s more se r en e and s a t i s f a c t o r y than i t was th en ____________ . (3) I t i s more tr o u b le d and u n s a t is f y in g than i t was th en ____________ . 17 Have you ever been in j a i l ? (1) y es ________ , (2) no _ _ _ I f s o , fo r how many days ___________ _? 18 Do you ever w ish you had n ot m arried: (1) f r e q u e n tly _ _ _ (2 ) O c c a s io n a lly ________; (3) r a r e l y _________(4) n ev er ____ 19 I f you had your l i f e to l i v e o v e r , do you th in k you would; (1) marry th e same p erson ______; (2) marry a d i f f e r e n t p erson ; (3) n o t marry a t a l l ______, 20 When d isa g reem en ts a r i s e , th ey u s u a lly r e s u l t in :___(1)_h us band g iv in g in ______ ; (2) w ife g iv in g in ______ ; (3) a g r e e ment by m utual g iv e and tak e ; (4 )_n e it h e r g iv in g in ______ . 21 Do you c o n fid e in your mate: (1) alm ost n ev er (2) r a r e ly : (3) in most th in g s ; (4) in e v e r y th in g _________ . 22 In l e i s u r e tim e husband and w ife : (1) b oth p r e fe r to be on th e go ; (2) b o th p r e fe r to s t a y a t home ; (3) one p r e fe r s to be on the go and th e o th e r to s ta y a t home ______ . 23 Do you and your mate engage in o u t s id e i n t e r e s t s to g e th e r : (1) a l l o f them ____ : (2) some o f them ______ ; (3) v ery few o f them (4) none o f them_____ 24 Do you k i s s your m ate: (1) ev ery day c a s io n a l l y ______ ; (3) alm ost n ever____ (2) o c - 25 What th in g s does your mate do th a t you do n ot l i k e : (1) n o th in g ; (2) one th in g ______ ; (3) two th in g s ______ ; (4) th r e e or more ________. 26 Check the p la c e on the scale^ l i n e below w hich b e s t d e s c r ib e s th e d egree o f h a p p in e ss , e v e r y th in g c o n s id e r e d , o f your p r e se n t m a rria g e. The m iddle p o in t , "happy" r e p r e s e n ts th e d eg ree o f h a p p in ess which most p eo p le g e t 138 from m a rria g e, and th e s c a le ran ges on one s id e to th o se few who e x p e r ie n c e extrem e jo y in m arriage and on th e o th e r to th o se few who a re v ery unhappy in m arriage: _ 0) (2) (3 ) (4 ) (52 Very unhappy Happy P e r f e c t l y happy 27 Check th e number o f tim es you have l e f t your mate or your mate has l e f t you b eca u se o f c o n f l i c t s : 4» ------- ? 2 . ; 3»----------------4 . ----------; 5» — ; 6 . ; 7 . ______ ; 8 . ; 9 ; 10. ; more than 1 0. _____ . 28 Check any o f th e f o llo w in g t h in g s w hich you th in k cause s e r io u s d i f f i c u l t i e s in your m arriage; 1. M ate’ s attem p t to c o n t r o l my spending money _____ 2. Other d i f f i c u l t i e s over money ______________________ 3 . Mate p a id a t t e n t i o n to a n o th er person 4 . Do n o t have m utual f r ie n d s _____________ 5. I l l h e a lth 6. I n t e r f e r e n c e o f in -la w s 7. C o n sta n t b ic k e r in g 8. Lack o f m utual a f f e c t i o n Tno lo n g e r in lo v e l 9. S e l f i s h n e s s and la c k o f c o o p e r a tio n ______ ___ 10. N on-support _____ ____ ___________ __________________ 11. Drunkenness ______ ____ Or no c o n f l i c t on any o f th e above 29 Check approxim ate e x te n t o f agreem ent or d isagreem en t during m a rria g e betw een you and your mate on th e f o llo w in g ite m s . The exam ples sh o u ld be co n sid e r e d as o n ly one o f many t o p ic s which come under each p o in t . 1 3 9 PLEASE PLACE A CHECK OPPOSITE ITEM Check one column f o r each item below Always agree (1) Alm ost alw ays a g ree (2) Occa s io n a l l y d i s a gree (3) F re quent l y d i s agree (4) Alm ost alw ays d i s a gree (5) Always d i s agree (6 ) H andling fa m ily f in a n c e s ( e . g . In s ta llm e n t buying) Amount o f tim e sp e n t to g e th e r F r ie n d s ( e .g . D is l i k e o f m a te's f r i e n d s ) In tim a te r e la t io n s ( e . g . s e x r e l a t io n s ) Ways o f d e a lin g w ith in -la w s C o n v e n tio n a lity ( e . g . good, r ig h t or proper conduct) A im s, g o a l s , and th in g s b e lie v e d im portant in l i f e . 3 0 . How o f t e n do you and your mate "get on each o t h e r 's n erv es" : (1) f r e q u e n tly ______ ; (2) o c c a s io n a lly _____ (3) r a r e ly ______ ; (4) n e v e r ______ APPENDIX I I I 141 Purpose o f th e Study T h is i s an attem p t to stu d y th e r e l a t io n s h ip th a t may e x i s t betw een a c h i l d ' s p e r s o n a lit y and th a t o f h is p a r e n ts . I t i s p a rt o f a la r g e r stu d y on th e fa m ily . W e know a g r e a t d e a l about the s t a r s and the atom s, b u t v e ry l i t t l e about p e o p le . We can p r e d ic t th e e c l i p s e o f th e moon or th e running o f g ru n io n , and we can guide the c o u rse o f unseen m i s s i l e s ; but w hether the n a tio n s w i l l go to w ar, or w hether a m arriage w i l l end i n d iv o r c e , or how to gu id e th e n ex t g e n e r a tio n to m a tu r ity , we can n o t so e a s i l y t e l l . Can we ev er know as much about p eo p le as we know about o th e r th in g s? W e can i f we go d i r e c t l y to th e p eo p le and have them t e l l us what th e y are r e a l l y l i k e . Only as p erson s a re w i l l i n g to g iv e h o n e st and a c cu r a te in fo r m a tio n about t h e ir in d iv id u a l l i v e s , which we cannot g e t in any o th e r way, may we hope some day to le a r n th e laws o f human n a tu re and g a in an i n s i g h t in t o a few o f our problem s o f crim e, p o v e r ty , w ar, fa m ily d is o r g a n iz a t io n , and th e l i k e . Your answers to th e se q u e s tio n s w i l l r e p r e s e n t a prim ary c o n t r ib u t io n , and your a c c u ra c y w i l l determ in e th e v a lu e o f th e s tu d y . There i s no p la c e in the q u e s tio n n a ir e fo r your name. A r e p o r t o f the f in d in g s and c o n c lu s io n s w i l l be se n t to you upon th e co m p letio n o f the su r v e y . 142 P r e lim in a r y In form ation (S tu d e n ts) 1 Age 2 Sex: (1) Male : (2) Female 3 Ages o f b r o th e r s ; ages o f s te p -b r o th e r s 4 Ages of, s i s t e r s ; ages o f s t e p - s i s t e r s 5 P a r en ts l i v e to g e th e r ____ : (2) are d iv o r c e d _ _ _ (3 ) are sep a ra ted (4) f a th e r d ecea sed (?) mother d ecea sed 6 I f you have checked (2) (3) (4) or (?) in th e p reced in g q u e s t io n , how o ld were you a t the tim e? 7 You l i v e w ith your (ch eck a p p r o p ria te o n e s ): (1) r e a l fa th e r ______ ; (2) r e a l mother ______ ; (3) s t e p - f a t h e r ; (4) s t e p - m o t h e r ; (?) aunt ______ ; (6) u n c le ; (7) adopted mother ; (8) adopted f a th e r ; (9) guardian mother ______ ; (10) guardian f a th e r 8 Does your mother work o u t s id e the home? 9 Race: (1) w h ite ______ ; ( 2 ) c o lo r e d ______ ; (3) o th e r_____ 10 R e lig io n : (1) P r o te s ta n t _____ ( 2 ) C a th o lic __________ ; (3) Jew ish ______ . 11 Name 2 s t r e e t s th a t c r o s s f a i r l y near where you l i v e ______________ _____________ and ___________________________ 12 E n c ir c le th e grade th a t b e s t r e p r e s e n ts the a v erage grade you a c t u a ll y d id g e t in h ig h s c h o o l. A, A -, B , B, B -, C , C, C -, D , D, D -, F 13 Your econom ic and s o c i a l s ta t u s i s (1) about eq u a l to ; (2) b e t t e r than ______ ; (3) s l i g h t l y low er than : (4) d e f i n i t e l y low er than ______ th e econom ic and s o c i a l l e v e l o f most o f your f r ie n d s and a s s o c i a t e s . 14 Do you have any s e r io u s p h y s ic a l handicap such as l o s s o f a lim b or an e y e , n ea r d e a fn e ss e t c , ____________ ? I f so what i s i t s n a tu re ________________ , and about how lon g ago did i t f i r s t appear__________________ ? 14? 15 Have you had any s e r io u s i l l n e s s over a lon g p erio d o f tim e , such as d i a b e t e s , m igrain e h ea d a ch es, h e a rt t r o u b le , e t c . (1) y es ______ , (2) no_______ . I f s o , what k i n d ___________ ? 16 Have you ev er been in ju v e n ile cou rt? (1 ) y es ______ , (2) no . I f s o , how many t im e s .________ ? Or have you ever been in a c o r r e c t io n a l s c h o o l or s im ila r i n s t i t u t i o n : (1) y es . (2) no . I f s o , fo r how many d a y s ________________ ? 17 Has any major c a ta str o p h e occu rred in your l i f e , such as th e d ea th o f a c l o s e f r ie n d or r e l a t i v e , which you f e e l has s t r o n g ly in flu e n c e d your l i f e ? (1) y e s ______ , (2 ) no . I f s o , what wa's i t ____________________________, and about how lon g ago d id i t o c c u r _________ ? 18 Do you suppose your f a th e r ever w ish e s he had not m arried your m other: (1) f r e q u e n tly ; (2)_o c c a s i o n a l l y : (3) r a r e l y ; (4) n ev er . Or your mother ever w ish e s she had n o t m arried your f a th e r : (1 ) f r e q u e n tly ; (2) o c c a s io n a lly ; (3) r a r e ly ; (4) n ev er ______ . 19 I f your p a r e n ts had t h e ir l i v e s to l i v e over a g a in , do you suppose: your mother would want to (1 ) marry th e same man (2 ) marry a d i f f e r e n t man ______ (3) n ot marry a t a l l . your f a t h e r would want to (1) marry th e same women ______ (2) marry a d i f f e r e n t woman ______ (3) n ot marry a t a l l ______ . 20 When d isa g reem en ts a r i s e betw een your p a ren ts do th ey u s u a lly r e s u l t in : (1) f a th e r g iv in g in _______ (2) mother g iv in g in _______ (3) agreem ent by mutual g iv e and ta k e _______ (4 ) n e it h e r g iv in g in _______ 21 How much do you suppose your p a r e n ts c o n fid e in each o th e r : (1) alm ost n ever (2) r a r e ly (3) in most th in g s (4) in e v e r y th in g 144 22 In t h e i r l e i s u r e tim e do your p a r e n ts: (1) b oth p r e fe r to be on th e go ______ ; (2) b oth p r e fe r to s t a y a t home : (3) one p r e fe r s to be on the go and th e o th e r to s ta y a t home 23 Do your p a ren ts engage in o u t s id e I n t e r e s t s to g e th e r ; (1) a l l o f them : (2) some o f them ______ ; (3) very few o f them ______ ; (4; none o f them ______ . 24 Do your p a ren ts g e n e r a lly k i s s : (1 ) ev ery day ______ ; (2) o c c a s io n a lly ______ ; (3) alm ost n ever ______ . 25 How many th in g s do you th in k your mother does th a t your f a th e r does n ot l i k e : (1) n o th in g ; (2) one th in g ; (3) two th in g s ______ ; (4) th r e e or more th in g s . And how many th in g s does your f a th e r do t h a t your mother does not l i k e : (1 ) n o th in g ; (2 ) one th in g ; (3) two th in g s ______ ; (4) th r e e or more th in g s 26 Check any o f the f o llo w in g th in g s which you th in k cause s e r io u s d i f f i c u l t i e s in your p a r e n ts' m arriage: 1. 2 . 3. 4. : : 8^: 9. 10. 11. M ate's attem p t to c o n t r o l spending money Other d i f f i c u l t i e s over money ___________ _ Mate paid a t t e n t i o n t o an other p erson Do n ot have m utual f r ie n d s __ __________ 111 h e a lth I n t e r f e r e n c e o f in -la w s C onstant b ic k e r in g Lack o f m utual a f f e c t i o n (no lo n g e r in lo v e ) S e l f i s h n e s s and la c k o f c o o p e r a tio n __________ N on-support ________________________________________ Drunkenness ■ ________________________________ Or no c o n f l i c t on any o f th e above 27 Check approxim ate e x te n t o f agreem ent or d isa g reem en t d uring m arriage betw een your p a ren ts on th e f o llo w in g ite m s . The exam ples shou ld be c o n sid e r e d as o n ly one o f many t o p ic s w hich come under each p o in t . 14? PLEASE PLACE A CHECK OPPOSITE ITEM Check one column f o r each item below Always agree ( 1 ) , Almost alw ays agree (2) Occa s io n a l l y d i s agree (3) F re qu en t ly d i s a g ree (4) Almost alw ays d i s agree (5) Always d i s agree ( 6 ) H andling fa m ily f in a n c e s (e x . In s ta llm e n t bu yin g) • Amount o f tim e sp en t to g e th e r F r ie n d s (e x . D is l i k e o f m ate’ s f r ie n d s ) In tim a te r e l a t i o n s (e x . s e x r e l a t i o n s ) Ways o f d e a lin g w ith in -la w s C o n v e n tio n a lity (e x . good, r ig h t or proper conduct) A im s, g o a l s , and th in g s b e lie v e d im p o rta n t in l i f e ................. 2 8 . About how o f t e n dp your p a ren ts "get on each o t h e r ’ s n erv es" : ( 1 ) f r e q u e n t ly ______ ; ( 2 ) o c c a s io n a lly ; (3) r a r e l y ______ ; (4) n ever_______ . 2 9 . Check th e p la c e on th e s c a le l i n e below which b e s t d e s c r ib e s th e d eg ree o f h a p p in e ss , e v e r y th in g c o n s id e re d , o f your p a r e n t s ’ m arriage. The m iddle p o in t , "happy" r e p r e s e n ts th e d eg ree o f h a p p in ess w hich most p eo p le g e t from m a rria g e, and th e s c a le ranges on one s id e to th o se few who e x p e r ie n c e extrem e joy in m arriage and on 146 th e o th er to th o se few who are v ery unhappy in m arriage: m ___________________ (2 ) (3) (4) (5 ) Very unhappy Happy P e r f e c t l y happy 3 0 . Check th e number o f tim es your p a ren ts have l e f t each o th e r b ecau se o f c o n f l i c t : 5 2. —; ------ ; 3* ; 4, 5 5* -; 6. ______ ; 7. 5 8 . ; 9. ; 10. ; more than 10 APPENDIX 17 > i B C O © g y •H O O P h © « u .d d Ji +3 © © t > > m s : g Q L T \ K N a © © © A © î P h 0} (4 — O A P Q < D -P .Q © 0 0 © _ a Lf\ <4 K\ II s g ra pS l a A — 3 ë g Q © ■P •H I H Os O J rH rH L T \ X\ V O K N CTs H C V I 1 — 1 o r4 H O o • 1 • • O O K S \J D O NN sO o r<\ O r4 f<\ o KN * 1 r4 < M O C V J o C V I rH K\ 1-4 < M K N C V J vO O C V J U\ H I Os O ao I — 1 K\ L T V so o C V I < — 1 OO H H G O CVJ ir~ C V I os CVJ OO C 7S KV OO 1-4 O o '4- 1 os K N K N « r-» C V I L C \ o H C V I o U\ sO V C \ r<\ K V sO OO o C V I C^ H Os O o vc\ KN KN r4 r-4 • • • • • • © {> > P o P d d r4 «H •H © l>» © j> © "d 1 p A *H d d © *f4 © p P © •H rH d O © o O .H © <4 © © O X» & « <4 m >> r4 P> © «H d r4 o v4 •H p) © p * r 4 t> •H P O © T -3 p o Os| o r4 O L C V O OO H c - 1 - 4 O C V I o H T j- O OO H '4- H L T V C V I O C V I C V I o I c a n O © d © © •H I © P © g s XJ 4-4 P •H d ♦H r4 d o © .© 148 1 4 9 TABLE V I II MARITAL ADJUSTMENT AND TEMPERAMENT OF SPOUSES ( C o r r e la tio n o f s c a le d s c o re s ) T r a i t s of Temperament M a r ita l A d ju stm en t C. R. M other (N = 70) r F a th e r (N = 70) r G eneral A c t i v i t y .33 1 .4 R e s t r a i n t .08 .00 0 . A scendance .31 .11 1 .3 S o c i a b i l i t y .14 - .1 2 0 . Em otional S t a b i l i t y .40 .23 1 .0 O b j e c t iv i t y .29 1 .9 F r i e n d l i n e s s .71 .4 ? 2-5 T h o u g h tfu ln e ss .03 0 .0 1 0 . P e rs o n a l R e la tio n s .32 .28 1 .8 M a s c u lin ity .20 .03 0 . TABLE IX MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF PARENT AND TEMPERAMENT OF CHILD P e a rs o n ia n C o e f f i c ie n t s o f C o r r e la tio n Based on S c a le d S c o re s 1?0 i n th e t r a i t s G ir in s tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t o f Boy*s tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t o f Boys* and G irls* tem peram ent compared w ith m a r i ta l a d ju s tm e n t o f o f M other F a th e r P a re n ts * A verage ~ M other F a th e r P a re n ts* Aver age ^ M other F a th e r P a re n ts * A verage G e n era l A c t i v i t y .09 .3 4 - .1 0 .06 .18 .01 .00 .01 .0 3 R e s t r a i n t .17 .29 .1 9 .00 .16 .27 .0 8 .22 A scendance .02 .1 3 .13 .07 .0? .03 .00 .06 .07 S o c ia b i l i t y - . 1 3 .16 - . 0 ? - . 0 9 - .0 6 .1 3 .10 .06 - .0 8 E m otional S t a b i l i t y .20 .17 .23 .08 - .0 9 .00 .16 .06 .13 O b j e c t iv i t y .37 .2 9 .4 ? .3 0 .24 .2 9 .36 .27 .37 F r ie n d l i n e s s .3 8 .1 3 .30 .27 .04 .1 3 .3 1 .0 8 .21 T hought f u l n e s s .27 - .0 4 .00 .30 .31 .1 3 .3 3 .2 8 .09 P e rs o n a l R e la ti o n s .20 - .0 7 .4? .7 1 .20 - . 0 ? .3 2 .0 ? .09 M a s c u lin ity .1 3 - .0 ? - . 1 4 .3 1 .12 .18 _____ __....... .04 .01 - .0 1 TAHLE X II TEMPERAMENT OF CHILD AND HIS ESTIMATE OF HIS PARENTS' MARITAL ADJUSTMENT P e a rs o n ia n C o e f f i c ie n t s of C o r r e la tio n Based on S caled S c o res 151 i n t h e t r a i t s G ir l* s tem peram ent compared w ith h e r e s tim a te o f m a r i t a l a d ju s tm e n t of Boy*8 tem peram ent compared w ith h i s e s tim a te of m a r i t a l a d ju stm en t o f Boys* and G irls* tem peram ent compared vAth t h e i r e s tim a te s o f m a r i t a l a d ju stm e n t of o f M other F a th e r P a re n ts* A v e rag e • M other F a th e r P a ren ts* Average Mother F athe r P aren ts* Average. G eneral A c t i v i t y v07 . 0 ? .0 8 .17 .20 .17 .1 2 .1 1 .12 R e s t r a i n t .1 2 .1 0 .1 3 - . 2? .1 3 - .1 4 - .0 2 .0 0 .02 A scendance - .1 2 - .1 3 - .0 9 .0 9 .27 .2 1 - .0 6 .0 1 .1 1 S o c ia b i l i t y - . 1? - .1 3 - .1 0 .1 3 .2 1 .13 .00 .04 E m otional S t a b i l i t y .3 4 .33 .33 .14 .19 .14 .29 .28 .29 Obje c t i v i t y .37 .38 .47 .22 .26 .2? .33 .3 4 .36 F r i e n d l i n e s s .3 4 .32 .33 .02 .13 .14 .22 .23 .27 T hought f u l n e s s - .2 ? - .2 6 .22 .04 .00 — .10 - .1 3 - .09 P e r s o n a l R e la ti ons .17 .10 .14 — .01 .06 .06 .10 .0 9 .12 Mascu l i n i t y .03 .00 .0? .0 8 .09 .11 .03 .00 ........................

Abstract (if available)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the adjustment of high school seniors and the marital adjustment of their parents in a Southern California city. Five positive hypotheses were formulated: that the adjustment of high school seniors is directly related to (1) the marital adjustment of their parents, (2) the personalities of their parents, and (3) the student's impression of his parents' marital adjustment; that (4) the student's impression of his parents' marital adjustment is very close to correct; and that (5) the marital adjustment of each parent is positively associated with his or her own personality.; The study gains its importance mainly from the light it may throw on some basic sociological concepts. It is a specific inquiry into the process of social interaction as it functions in the family situation. Person to person relationships and person to group relationships are studied. The process of socialization is illustrated as temperament reacts with temperament in the primary group of the family, and attitudes there assimilated find a place in the personality. It is in these broader implications that the hypotheses find their true conceptual framework and have their real meaning and importance as sociological data.; The study is important also as an outgrowth of previous research in the field, and may serve to corroborate or supplement other theories, extend or limit their application to new populations.; Finally, there is a growing demand for clarification of the problem studied. Courses on marriage and the family are becoming more and more prevalent in high schools and colleges. The questions are highly controversial, and factual information is greatly needed to aid the student in this relatively new area of study.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Harter, Aubrey Baer (author)

Core Title Adjustment of high school seniors and the marital adjustment of their parents in a Southern California city

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Sociology

Degree Conferral Date 1950-06

Publication Date 05/15/1950

Defense Date 05/15/1950

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Age,education,family size,home ownership,Income,marital adjustment,nationality,OAI-PMH Harvest,occupation,parent-child resemblance,parents,Religion,social sciences,socio-economic status,temperament

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Nordskog, John E. (committee chair), McDonogh, Edward C. (committee member), Metfersel, Milton (committee member), Neumeyer, Martin H. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC11256064

Unique identifier UC11256064

Identifier DP31707.pdf (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-m22 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier DP31707

Dmrecord 756813

Document Type Dissertation

Format theses (aat)

Rights Harter, Aubrey Baer

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu