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Content A TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ENGLAND TO THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English The University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Julia Norton McCorkle August 1949 Ix frequently given. In addition to biographies, books dealing particular ly with the “homes and haunts” of authors, usually visited personally, have been useful, such as Constance Hill’s book on Jane Austen with Ellen Hill’s sketches, or Ernest Raymond’s investigation of the BrontS country with numerous photo graphic illustrations. But these latter books served a double purpose, and a consideration of their use verges on the second part of the ;study. For such an author as Hardy, in whose works topography has been of the utmost signifi cance, there are books quite exclusive of any biographical interest. For Dickens, investigators have delved into his own works and biographies written of him and have produced Innumerable books and articles on his travels about England and his use of topography in his writing. An additional source of material was found in volumes of poetry and other works not always directly considered in the biographies and other studies consulted. Obviously, it is impossible to handle this phase as exhaustively as other phases. All-of English literature could be laid under trib ute here. But hints found have been followed up, and It is hoped that the most important associations have not been neglected. The second part of the study has been concerned with the places to be considered. Not until an alphabetical Pk.D. £ '*~o M/51 This dissertation, written by .................JUkIA..mHT.QN.:M.aQD.RKIJe................... under the guidance of h.QV— Faculty Committee | *7 V L> - on Studies, and approved by all its members, has (xp^I been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful- fillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R OF P H IL O S O P H Y Committee on Studies Chairman spy \ VOLUME I A - K TABLE OP CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION.......... . .................. iv ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES.......... xviii A TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OP LITERARY ENGLAND TO THE END OP THE NINETEENTH CENTURY............................... 1 GAZETTEER, MAPS, AND PLANS. ......... 1479 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................... 1480 INTRODUCTION A dictionary of any type of specialized subject has one function to perforin; to make readily available, in con venient arrangement, intelligible and accurate information upon each matter for which it may be consulted. It must be accurate, and it must be reasonably complete. It brings together from many places odd items of information that help in the clarification of a subject. In its pages the seemingly least important entry may be of the greatest importance to the inquirer. Information about the well- known subject is usually easy to come by; information about the little-known may throw light Upon obscurity and provide the needed clue in some investigation. The purpose of this study is to perform such a function in relation to England and her literature; to furnish accur ate information about places in England that have some inter est to the .student of literature or to the general reader because they have in some way impinged upon the life of the writer or because they have found a place in his work, under real or assumed names. The relationship between the geography and topography of England and English literature has always been very close, and much information about it exists. But often that in formation is not readily available; sometimes it is even V erroneous. In many instances the biographical reference Is bewilderingly casual; and, without rather extensive knowledge of the country from which to work, the reader whose curiosi ty has been aroused finds It difficult to take the first step In satisfying the desire for information. For completeness and usefulness the term literature has been broadly interpreted. It has not been limited to belles-lettres, and excellence of performance has not been a criterion. The man whose works cannot stand the tests of great literature may be of interest, he may be mentioned in most histories of literature, and information about him may be sought. The writing man at some periods has been pre dominantly concerned with theology. The impress of the church is very heavy upon the earlier centuries, and bishops and archbishops predominate in the production and dissemi nation of the written word. Critical and informative writing in politics, economics, science, and art, as well as In the field of letters, has won its author inclusion in later periods among ’ ’literary men.” A broad catholicity has pre vailed, therefore, in the selection of writers, and the watchword has been ’ ’ Rather too many than too fewl” The study here undertaken resolved itself into two parts: (1) a determination of the places to be considered and (2) the location of those places (sometimes difficult) and the arrangement of information about them. For the vi first part a study of individual biographies was necessary. Here some general limitations had to be made. The first consideration was the scope and limitation of the subject. It is concerned with the topography of literary England, not of English literature, which would include Prance, Italy, and other countries. Where did the i man live in England? What places did he visit in England? What places did he write about in England? These were the questions to be answered. In a very few instances an exten sion beyond the exact limits of the country has been made for usefulness. Such an instance is Grongar Hill, the loca tion of which is not widely known. It is in Carmarthenshire, in Wales, but it does not betray its Welsh location by any of the usual characteristics of Welsh names. Therefore, it may not unreasonably be looked for in a book on England. No such consideration prevails for places known by the form of the name or general Information about the author to be Scot tish, as Ayr or Alloway, or Melrose Abbey, or Irish, as Dublin or Kilcolman. But for literary England Itself some limitation was necessary. The end of the nineteenth century has been chosen for the downward limit, but the date has not been rigorously observed. A few twentieth century references have been included for completeness, as when the life of some literary figure spans the two centuries, such as that of vii Kipling, or when there is some significant twentieth century connection with a place already being considered, such as Rupert Brooke and Grantehester or Mrs. Angela Thirkell and Trollope’s Barsetshire. A further necessary limitation was the exclusion of London. As the literary center of England at least since the time of Chaucer, it has had some part in the life of al most every man or woman engaged In literary pursuits. The confirmed Lakists visit it and even pay their tribute, as Wordsworth did on an early summer morning, and a shy little North Country girl stays at the Chapter Coffeehouse and em barks on the Thames, and then uses her experience for fic tion, as Charlotte BrontS did In Villette. London and its relations to literature constitute a study in themselves, and they have been so much the subject of study by more than one research student that information about England’s chief city is not too difficult of access. Central London, therefore, has been entirely excluded from this study. But through the centuries the growth of "the great wen" has brought a change to its environs. The octopus tentacles of the great city, groping ever outwards along the radiating highways, have drawn in, one after another, villages that were separate entities until the middle or latter part of the nineteenth century, or even later. They have had a distinct life of their own, and records of their earlier viii literary associations survive as independent of London. Some of these places, therefore, have been included, such as Deptford, Dulwich, Hampstead, and Highgate. For the two parts into which the study resolved it self, two different techniques were used in the gathering of material. For the determination of the places to be con sidered, the biographies of men of letters were consulted. The Dictionary of National Biography, it scarcely needs to be stated, was of inestimable value. For many of the earlier writers and for lesser writers of a later time it furnished all significant material. For later or more considerable figures other biographies and volumes of letters were con sulted. Since indexes vary greatly in Inclusiveness, a perusal of the whole work has often been necessary. Amy Lowell’s biography, John Keats, has an index that lists every mention of a place name; so has the Oxford edition of Boswell’s Life of Johnson. But such completeness is rare. The usual biography indexes only the names of places having the most important connections with the subject’s life, and some biographies index only the names of persons. For some authors admirable biographies have been prepared with special emphasis on their homes, the places that they visited, and the uses that they made of actual geographical places in their work. These books are often well illustrated, and in the following pages references to photographs or prints are Ix frequently given. In addition to biographies, books dealing particular ly with, the ’ ’ homes and haunts” of authors, usually visited personally, have been useful, such as Constance Hill’s book on Jane Austen with Ellen Hill’s sketches, or Ernest Raymond’s investigation of the BrontS country with numerous photo graphic illustrations. But these latter books served a double purpose, and a consideration of their use verges on the second part of the ;study. For such an author as Hardy, in whose works topography has been of the utmost signifi cance, there are books quite exclusive of any biographical interest. For Dickens, investigators have delved into his own works and biographies written of him and have produced innumerable books and articles on his travels about England and his use of topography in his writing. An additional source of material was found in volumes of poetry and other works not always directly considered in the biographies and other studies consulted. Obviously, it is impossible to handle this phase as exhaustively as other phases. All. of English literature could be laid under trib ute here. But hints found have been followed up, and it is hoped that the most important associations have not been neglected. The second part of the study has been concerned with the places to be considered. Not until an alphabetical X arrangement had been made of the material drawn from the various sources did it become apparent which English towns and villages, mountains and streams, were to be included. Sometimes a place of great Interest or beauty has no con nections with literature (at least none found in this study), and hence is excluded. For the places that are included a definite procedure has been followed. For each entry the following information has been supplied: 1. Name of place and its county location, with indi cated pronunciation when needed, if such Information is available, as Congresbury (pron. Goomsbury) or Godmanehester (pron. Gum/sester). 2. An exact Identification or classification, as town, village, episcopal city, seat, Parliamentary borough, mountain, river, or waterfall. For exactness here, reliance has been placed upon Bartholomew’s Survey Gazetteer of the British Isles, a thorough and indispensable reference work. Whenever available, the latest population figures have been given, since the size of a place suggests something of its character. Sometimes a marked change from an earlier period has been pointed out. Considerable assistance in the de termination of this difference has been furnished by Cary's Atlas of 1794. For instance, the development of Bournemouth as a nineteenth century town is made strikingly evident by the absence of even a village at that point on the 1794 map. xi Variations in county borders that affect the place under consideration have been mentioned, as Coleshill, now in Buckinghamshire, formerly in a detached part of Hertford shire. Representation in Parliament before the Reform Act of 1832 has been indicated. 3. An exact location, based on a study of maps. Di rections and map distances (that is, as the crow— or air plane— flies; not road distances, unless so stated) are given from near places and from larger or better known ones. When the place is close to a large and well-known town, only the one relation may be necessary. The aim has been to supply information that will enable one to make some kind of location, no^matter what map he consults. Por instance, if the map has only the larger places, he can get a good idea of general location by measuring the exact distances in the directions given. If it is a more detailed map, this first measurement will bring him into the neighborhood, and he can find on the map the exact place sought. Por this part of the study every place listed has been found on a map, and the actual measurements have been made. In most cases the maps used have been Bartholomews half-inch con toured maps, which have supplied much visual information about the places, in addition to mere measurements. Por the Lake District, Bartholomew’s one-inch contoured map was consulted. Por places close enough to be included in the xii compass of Greater London, such as Enfield and Elstree on the north, Esher and Purley on the south, Chigwell and Bex ley on the east, and Hounslow and Pinner on the west, in formation has been derived from the maps of Bartholomew’s Reference Atlas of Greater London, on the scale of four inches to the mile. Gary’s maps of 1794 have sometimes made identification possible where changes have occurred, in name or through ahsorption of the village or seat into a growing city. 4. General statements about the place or special features of interest. Considerable variety in the entries will be noted. If there are distinctive features of loca tion, these are pointed out, and buildings or objects of interest are named, sometimes with brief description. Often a short sketch of the chief historical events is given. The Information In this part has been gathered from innumerable sources: from guidebooks, from descriptive works, and sometimes from personal acquaintance with the place. No attempt at an exhaustive history or description has been made. The purpose is to suggest the interest of the place and sometimes to supply information not easily accessible elsewhere. 5. Literary associations, usually chronological, un less some connection with a special feature makes consider ation out of the exact time order advisable. Emphasis has xiii been put on literary rather than historical interest, with the result that sometimes a literary figure is named in con nection with some event in what may seem an inverted per spective to one who knows the event chiefly from the histor ical viewpoint. An author’s dates are usually given, some times to serve as exact identification of the person meant and sometimes to indicate at what period of his life— child hood, maturity, or old age— he resided or visited here. Many slight connections have been stated, for such a refer ence may furnish a clue to something more important. It is not enough that the place should be listed; surety cannot follow unless the name also is there. Por instance, biog raphers often use the name of a place with no indication of its general location. Trying to look it up, one finds that there are several places of that name. Even knowing the county does not always help. There are numerous Thorntons in Yorkshire, some with qualifying phrase, Thornton-In- Craven, Thornton-le-Dale. Which Thornton is intended? One writer of a book of the popular type on the BrontSs’ home at Haworth mentions the birthplace erroneously as Thornton- le-Dale. Looking up a place, one may be Interested to find associated with it, even in a casual way, a writer that one had not expected to find there. A few observations drawn from the work as a whole might be made. Certain towns seem to have been magnets for the xiv attraction of literary men and women, and others are sur prisingly free from any literary associations. Second only to London, if the university towns of Gixford and Cambridge are omitted, but a very far second, of course, comes Bath, as was to be expected, and its greatest popularity is in the eighteenth century, as everyone knows. Bristol, too, has served as a magnet, but with a much wider variety of attractions. Belloc has pointed out that it is possible to trace the spread of ideas, in particular of Christianity, by trac ing the lines of the great trunk roads» Similarly, the growth and waning of the popularity of certain towns, in deed the growth of the towns themselves and the change in character that comes upon them, are an index to the social history of the time. During the ascendancy of Bath, the popularity of other inland spas like Hampstead, Tunbridge Wells, Cheltenham, and numerous others shows mankind--and womankind— at the usual game of imitating fashion, even if it must be on a less fashionable level. The family that was not a family of wealth and leisure found some of these spas at the very door of London, adapted to a slimmer budget of money and time, and flocked to them. With the Napoleonic wars restricting the royal family from travel abroad and with the pleasure that the Prince Regent found in sea-bathing, Brighton suddenly eclipsed Bath; and again, imitatively, sea XV bathing resorts that had been only fishing villages, if they existed at all, mushroomed along the coasts. The nineteenth century, too, shows the growth of the great manufacturing centers, and the problems coincident with their growth begin to affect literature. Prom another point of view, it is interesting in the individual entries to note the changing character of the literary associations. The earlier entries are largely mo nastic or episcopal. Then comes the village rectory, the safe and proper retreat for socially protected younger sons. As the nineteenth eentury advances, professional men of letters are far more numerous. The muses no longer shelter within the shadow of the church. These facts are well known, of course, but they are brought into sharp focus as one re views the broad perspective of the study just made. Another observation concerns the use of place in literature, a practice for which England as a nation*, is especially known. Back in Middle English literature we find the author of Piers Plowman definitely locating the dreamer and Chaucer telling us the point that the cavalcade has reached. Even though the eighteenth century may like its landscape manipulated, still there is no lack of concern with it, and we get the decorations of Oakley Park and the heasowes and Bowles’s vicarage and also numerous verses about them. At the turn of the century we find rocks and lakes and xvi waterfalls, mountains and views, inspiring philosophical thoughts and then gradually winning attention for themselves, followed by the poetfs description. Scott in his narrative poems made a use of place that became common in his novels and those of other writers. Fielding in Tom Jones had pic tured Prior Park (not under its true name) and had staged a central incident in the story at Upton-on-Severn (with little description, it is true), but as the nineteenth centu ry advances, increasingly the novel has a true locale or a locale often thinly disguised. Jane Austen suggests her backgrounds rather than mi nutely describing them, but there is a sense of reality be cause she has been a close observer of country houses and country town assembly balls. Sometimes she individualizes the place, as the drafty passage between ballroom and supper room in Emma, identified as the passage at the Angel in Basingstoke, and sometimes she frankly uses an actual place, as in Louisa Musgrove’s famous accident on the Cobb at Lyme Regis. Thackeray describes Brighton and Clapham under their own names and thinly disguises Charterhouse. Clevedon Court is carefully drawn under the name of Castlewood House. Dickens, of course, is the supreme topographical artist, sometimes describing minutely and exactly under the true name, sometimes as exactly but with a fictional name, and sometimes exercising the privilege of the artist and creating xvii his own places, with a fusion of impressions from various sources. In later times Thomas Hardy has become the supreme topographical artist of his own region, following his model so carefully and exactly most of the time that he surprises the observer when he transplants certain properties from other scenes. Trollope's scene is so completely a fusion of impressions from many similar sources that his Barset- shire and Barchester, if not any one county and town, are the ideal southern county and the ideal county and cathe dral town. Meredith’s canvas is narrower than Hardy’s, but much of the charm behind the intellectual play of ideas in his novels comes from the fidelity of drawing of his Surrey and Hampshire scenes. The work presented in this study, a topographical dictionary, is, from its very nature, segmented, but perhaps the user may get a glimpse of the significance of the whole: English place and English literature, inseparable. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES The following abbreviations have frequently been used for words unmistakably clear in the context; abp.: archbishop ac.; acres A.D.: anno Domini affl.: affluence, affluent anon.; anonymous Apr.; April A.-S.: Anglo-Saxon au.: author Aug.: Augus t ave.; avenue b.: born bart.t baronet Beds: Bedfordshire Berks: Berkshire bet.; between bid.: build bldg.: building bit.: built bor.; borough bp.: bishop bro.: bro ther Bucks: Buckinghamshire bur.: burled c.: circa (about) C amb s: C ambr i dgeshire Oapt.; Captain Cath.: Catholic cent.: century ch.: chapter, church chyd.: churchyard C. I.: Channel Islands co.: county Col.: Colonel coll.: college dau.: daughter Dec.: December, Decorated ded.: dedicated dis t.; dis trict div.; division E.: east, eastern eecl.: ecclesiastical ed.; edited, edition, editor educ.: educated, education E.E.: Early English ENE.: east-northeast E.R.: East Riding ESE.t east-southeast estab.: established Feb.: February fl.: floor Fri.: Friday ft.: foot, feet Glos; Gloucestershire gn.; guinea, guineas gr.: grammar ham.: hamlet Hants; Hampshire Herts: Hertfordshire hosp.: hospital Hunts: Huntingdonshire i.e.: id est (that is) I.O.M.: Isle of Man I.G.W.: Isle of Wight isl.: island Jan.: January confl.: confluence, confluent contrib.: contributed junc.: junction d.: died, denarii (pence) kt.: knight £: libra (pound) Lancs: Lancashire Leics: Leicestershire Lieut.: Lieutenant Lines: Lincolnshire m.: mile, miles mar.: marriage, married infr.; manufacture mfrg.: manufac turing mid.: middle Middx: Middlesex mkt.: market mo.: month Mon.: Monday MS.: manuscript MSS.: manus crip ts mt.: mount, mountain mtn.: mountain mun.: municipal N.: north, northern NE.: northeast NNE.: north-northeast NNW.: no r th-nor thw e s t no.: number Northants: Northamptonshire Notts: Nottinghamshire Nov.: November nr.: near N.R.: North Riding N.T.: National Trust NW.r northwest Oct.: October op.cit.: opere citato (in the work cited) opp.: opposite orig.: original, originally Oxon: Oxfordshire p.: page par.: parish pari.: parliament Perp.: Perpendicular pi.: place P.O.: post office pp.: pages pres.: president publ.: published xix q.v.: quod vide (which see) r.: river rd.: road rebldg.: rebuilding reblt.: rebuilt res.: residential rm.: room Rom.: Roman rt.; right ry.; railway s.: shilling, shillings S.: south, southern Salop: Shropshire Sat.: Saturday sch.: school S.E.: southeast Sept.: September apt.: seaport SSE.: south-southeast SSW.: south-southwest at.: street St.: Saint sta.: station Staffs: Staffordshire sub.; suburb, suburban Sim.t Sunday supt.: superintendent SW.: southwest Thur s.: Thurs day trans.: translated, translator Tues.: Tuesday univ.: university unpub1.: unpublishe d urb.: urban val.: valley vil.: village W.; west, western Wilts: Wiltshire wk.: week WNW.: west-northwest Worcs: Worcestershire wr.: written W.R.: West Riding WSW.: west-southwest XX yd.: yard Yorks: Yorkshire yr.: year #: Used before the fictional name of a place. Elevated after a name in lists of members of colleges at Oxford and Cambridge to indicate that no degree was taken. (324): Number in parentheses after classification of place is the population figure. Architectural periods: Dates are not fixed. As used by most authorities, E.E. is approximately 13th cent.; Dec., 14th cent.; Perp., 15th cent. City: Name given only to cathedral towns. Extant buildings: Some revision may be necessary. Wartime damage has been ascertained wherever possible. Lincolnshire: The county has 3 divisions, or "Parts,” each forming an administrative county: Holland, the S.E. part; Kesteven, the S.W* part; Lincoln, the N. part. N.T.: The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was founded in 1895 to act as trustee of properties acquired by the nation for preservation. Parish: Civil parish, the subdivision of a county that con stitutes the unit of local government and levies a separate poor rate* The civil parish, especially in smaller places, often coincides with an original ecclesiastical parish. Many former townships are now civil parishes. Story or floor: In a description of houses in England the 1st floor is the one above the ground floor; a one- storied house has the ground floor and one above it. Yorkshire: The county is divided into 3 Ridings ("thridings” or thirds), East, West, and North, and the Ainsty of York, which surrounds the city. The Ridings meet near York. Each has a Lord-Lieutenant and is a separate administrative -county. A Abbei1 ley, Worcestershire*--Par# (467) and seat, MW. Worcs, 4 m. SW. of Stourport, 10^ MW. of Worcester. Family seat and birthplace of William Walsh (1663-1709), critic and poet, who was visited here in Aug. 1707 by Alexander Pope. Abbots Brony^eg, Staffordshire♦— Par. and town (1516), SE. Staffs, 4f m. ME# of Rugeley, 10 E. of Stafford, 10 NHW. of Lichfield. Noted for the survival of an old custom in its curious Horn Dance, performed on the 1st Monday after Sept. 4 by 12 villagers, 6 of whom carry sets of reindeer antlers, mounted on short poles, which are kept in the par. church when not in use. The other performers are Robin Hood on a hobbyhorse, Maid Marian, an archer, and musicians. The party marches round the countryside, visiting the farms and larger houses.,. and in the evening, performs in the market place. The origin.of the..custom here is said to be the restitution of the hunting .rights- in. the neighboring Needwood Forest, from which the villagers, as serfs, had been barred. --Henry Francis Cary (1772-1844), translator of Dante and friend of. Lamb, was presented, to the vicarage when he took orders in 1796 and lived .here until 1800, during which time a principal publication was his Ode to Kosciusko. He held, the living after he removed to Kingsbury (q.v.). - *Abbot’ s Gernel (Hardy)— See Cerne Abbas, Dorset. Abbotsley, Huntingdonshire.--Par. and vil. (321), S. Hunts, Si m. SE. of St. Neot* s, 11 ME. of Bedford, 14 W. of Cambridge. Robert Grosseteste (d. 1253) had the living here for a time but resigned it in 1231. Abdon, Shropshire.— Par. and vil. (145), S. Salop, 8^- m. ME. of Ludlow. The vil. lies on the E. side of the Clee Hills (q.v.) and is referred to as Abdon under Clee in A. E. Housman’s Last Poems, No. 41. Abingdon, Berkshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (8723), on r. Thames, 6 m. S. of Oxford. An interesting old agri cultural town, which grew up around a powerful Benedictine mitred abbey, said to have been founded in 680 by Cissa, father of Ina, king of Wessex. It was destroyed by the Danes and refounded, and flourished until the dissolution of the monasteries. The surviving portions are the gateway, incor porated in the municipal buildings, and the ruins of the prior’s house and the guest-house. By the Thames are the picturesque almshouses, Christ’s Hospital. The church of St. Nicholas was remodelled in Perp. style from the original Norman. The church of St. Helen, with a fine spire, is unusual for its broad five-aisled nave. In the market-place is a noteworthy 17th cent. Town Hall of classical design. (Photograph in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.j Abingdon was one of the centers where separate early chronicles were kept, according to some authorities* In one version believed to be from A. is a Menologium or poetical calendar.— Aelfric, called Grammaticus (955?- 1022?), was probably a monk here at one time, since he speaks of Aethelwold, the abbot, as his teacher.— Thomas More, as Master of Requests, was In A. in attendance on Henry VIII in the spring of 1518 and addressed from here a letter to the University of Oxford.— Richard Corbet (1582- 1635), dressed in leather jerkin, is said to have sung ballads at A. Cross after becoming a doctor of divinity. — Peter Heylyn bought Lacy's Court, near A., in 1653, to be near the Oxford library after the dispersal of his at Alresford (q.v.) by the Parliamentarians, and was visited here by Thomas Fuller.--Birthplace of Edward Moore (1712- 57), fabulist and dramatist, son of a dissenting minister here.— Richard Graves (1715-1804), poet and novelist, attended A. grammar school. Abinger, Surrey.— Par., vil. (1458), and seat, 3§ m. SW. of Dorking. Samuel Wilberforce (1805-73)? was killed by a fall from his horse, while riding with Lord Granville on the Surrey downs at A. Abingdon Park, Northamptonshire.--NE. of Northampton, of which it is now a part. The mansion known as A. Abbey, which stands in the park, was the residence of Lady Barnard (d. 1670), Shakespeare's granddaughter and last direct descendant (dau. of Susanna Hall). She was bur. in A. church. Abney Park Cemetery— See Stoke Newington, co. London. Acol, Kent.— Par. and vil. (270), in Isle of Thanet, E. Kent, 4 m. SW. of Margate, 11 NE. of Canterbury. Near A. is the long-disused chalk-pit, "full sixty feet deep,” known as ’ ’ The Smuggler’s Leap,” whose ghostly legend is told in the poem of that name In The Ingoldsby Legends by R. H. Barham (1788-1845). Acton, Middlesex.— Mun. bor. and par. (68,670), W. sub. of London, 4^ m. W. of Paddington sta. Now part of the closely built city of London, A. was In the 17th, 18th, and early 19th cent, a pleasant country vil., within easy access of London.--Richard Baxter (1615-91), left the church of England when the Act of Uniformity was passed and retired here, where he remained as long as the act against conventi cles was in force.— George Savile, Marquis of Halifax (1633- 95), settled here after the Revolution to be nearer the court than Rufford (his seat In Notts).— Charles Churchill (1731-64), took a house here for a time, after residence at Richmond.--John G'Keeffe (1747-1833), having become blind, came to reside here c. 1798 and dictated many of his plays in his garden. Addiscombe, Surrey.— E* sub. of Croydon, 3 m. SW. of Becken ham, 9 - J - SSE. of St. Paul*3,London. After retiring from the army, Thackeray's stepfather, Major Carmichael-Smyth, was temporary commanding officer of the East India Company*s Military College at A, from Aug. 1822 to April 1824, and Thackeray spent his vacations from Charterhouse here. Affpuddle, Dorset.*—-Par. and vil. (357), S. Dorset, on r. Piddle, 3m. WSW. of Bere Regis, 8 ENE. of Dorchester, on the edge of Affpuddle Heath, part of Hardy’s ”Egdon Heath.” A. Is the ’ ’ East Egdon” of Hardy’s Return of the Native, in whose church Clym Yeobright and Eustacia Vye were married. Clym’s cottage was in the neighborhood. Aira Force, or Airey F., Cumberland.— In G-owbarrow Park, now N.T., on the W. side of Ullswater. One of the most beautiful waterfalls of the Lake District, estimated as 65 to 80 ft. in height, situated In a deep, winding glen through which Aira Beck flows into Ullswater. It is the scene of Wordsworth’s Somnambulist, the poem having been constructed from a hint supplied by a happening at Lyulph’s Tower (q.v.).— A description of it is given in Coleridge’s notebooks as he saw it with Wordsworth on a walking trip in the Lake District in Nov. 1799.— One of the poems of ”L.E.L.” (Laetitia Elizabeth Landon) is named Airey Force. Aisholt, or Asholt, Somerset.— Par. and ham. (60), W. of do., 3 m. S. of Nether Stowey, 7 W. of Bridgwater. Coleridge considered, early in 1800, taking a house that Poole had found here in a beautiful but remote combe of the Quantocks, but rejected it because the loneliness of the situation seemed unsuited to his family. In the summer of 1807 while staying at Stowey, he visited the Brices at A. Albion.--The earliest name applied to Britain, being a descriptive term in Latin and Greek derived from Old Geltic and meaning literally “white land," with reference to the chalk cliffs of the southern coast. Its first use was in a treatise on the world formerly ascribed to Aristotle, and it was used also by Fliny the Elder in his Natural History. The Celts seem to have had no name for the island. Spenser refers to the white rocks of the southern sea-coast, which the mariner in early times for safetyTs sake made his sea mark and named Albion. (P. , II, x, 6.) Originally used in reference to the whole island, the term was later re stricted to England as a poetic designation, of frequent occurrence in English literature. Albury, Hertfordshire.--Par. and ham. (519), E. Herts, on r. Ash, 4|r m. NW. of Bishop*s Stortford, 10 NE. of Hertford A. Hall, seat, is N. of vil. Christopher Anstey (1724- 1905) mar. Ann Calvert of A. Hall in 1756. Albury, Oxfordshire.— Par. (38), E. Oxon, 3 m. WSW. of Thame, 9 E, of Oxford. Thomas Vaughan (1622-66) d. while staying at the rectory and was bur. here. Albury, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (1172), W. of co., 4m. SE. of Guildford. A. Park, E. of vil., Is a seat of the Duke of Northumberland.— Samuel Horsley (1733-1806) held the 7 rectory from 1774 until his resignation in 1779.— William Cobbett (1762-1855) made his first Rural Ride from ”the high hill on the south of Guildford, . . . down to Chilworth, and up the valley to Albury.”— Thomas Robert Maithus (1766- 1834), born not far away at the Rookery (q.v.), was given a curacy here in 1798.— Martin P. Tupper (1810-89), au, of Froverbial Philosophy, resided here, and his §tephan Langton is the local historical romance. He is bur. in the chyd. of the large Catholic Apostolic Church erected in 1840 in A. Park by Henry Drummond, father-in-law of the 6th Duke of Northumberland.— George Meredith, looking down at A. from Newland's Corner on a walking trip in May 1862, reminded William Hardman, his companion, of Tupper*s residence here. Alcester, Warwickshire.— Par. and mkt.-towtt (2259), at confluence of rs. Alne and Arrow, 7^-m. WNW. of Stratford- on-Avon, 15 SW. of Warwick. The site of Alcester monastery was given by Henry VIII in 1541 to Sir Pulke Greville (d. 1559), who was bur. in Alcester church.— Richard Baxter (1615-91) was preaching here, on 23 Get. 1642, during the Battle of Edgehill. • ftAldbrickham (Hardy)— See Reading, Berk3. Aldbury, Hertfordshire.— Par. and vil. (732), W. Herts, 2-| m. ENE. of Tring, 2l|f W. of Hertford. An attractive village, popular with artists, on the W. edge of wooded Berkhamsted Common, with cottages grouped round a large green and pond. The ’ ’ Clinton Magna” of the novel Bessie Costrell by Mrs. Humphry Ward (1851.-1920), who lived in a house called ’ ’ Stocks.” Mrs. Ward d. at A. and is bur. there. [Photograph of village showing pool and stocks in Fakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] Aldeburgh, or Aldborough, Suffolk.— Mun. bor., par., and spt. (2578), £. Suffolk, 6 m. SE. of Saxmundham, 20 HE. of Ipswich. The town Is on the coast, with the A. Marshes behind it, extending to the wide estuary of the r. Aide 1 m. W. and S. of it. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. In the time of Henry VIII A. was a flourishing town of considerable importance, but repeated encroachments of the sea washed away much of the original town, including the market-place and cross, and reduced It to the status of a small fishing town, as it was when Crabbe wrote The Village. Early in the 19th cent, it began to acquire a new character as a quiet watering-pl. Surviving from the old town washed away by the sea is the 16th cent, half-timbered moot hall, which stands close to the beach. Another bldg. of less age Is the old custom house, at the S. end of the town, nr. the Slaughden quay. Samuel Pepys offered himself as a candidate for A. in 1669, with letters to recommend him from the Duke of York, Lord Sandwich, and Christopher Wren, but the burgesses did not want a man they had never seen.— Birthplace of George Crabbe (1754-1832), son of a schoolmaster who became collec tor of salt duties here. In his youth Crabbe worked in a warehouse on the quay of Slaughden, and later practised medicine and was appointed parish doctor. After a period in London, he took orders and.returned as curate in 1781. The Village (publ. 1783) gives a picture of the hard life of the poor as he had seen it here. * * -The Borough: A Poem in Twenty-four Letters (publ, 1810) describes life in A, The story of Peter Grimes, as told in Letter 22, is the source of Benjamin Britten’s opera Peter Grimes (1946). — After a short stay at A., Bernard Barton (1784-1849), Quaker poet of Woodbridge, printed privately a collection of poems entitled Aldborough, Suffolk, in the Autumn of 1846. — Edward FitzGerald (1809-83), whose home was c, 13 m. away, was a frequent visitor. As a child, he spent his summer holidays at A., and here he "first saw, and first felt, the sea." In Aug. 1855 he drove Carlyle here from Farlingay Hall, and the delighted Carlyle tried to persuade his wife to come to A. for a holiday. In middle life FitzGerald often came over from Woodbridge "to have a Toss on the Sea, and a Smoke with the Sailors," and, when he repeated some verses from Scott’s Pirate (Apr. 1861), was delighted that they pleased the lad with whom he sailed. In 1880, 1881, and 1882 he spent some time. here, and renewed his friendship with Mary Lynn, whom he had known in childhood and who was now living at Tiffany Cottage.— Wilkie Collins wrote No Name (publ. 1882} in a house in A. called Sea View.— George Meredith (1828-1909) rented Alma Cottage here in July and Aug. 1905 and again in the summer of 1906, to enjoy sea air and the society of his friend Edward Clodd. In 1906, when he could go out only in his bath-chair, having broken his leg the preceding autumn, he liked to be wheeled to the ancient quay at Slaughden, where Crabbe had worked. Here he watched the old ferryman. [Photograph of him at A. in Ellis, George Meredith.] Aldershot, Hampshire.— Mun. bor. and par. (38,000), N. Hants, 3 m. NNE. of Farnham, 32 SW. of Waterloo sta., London, with permanent military camp (c. 10 sq. m. in area) estab. in 1854-55. The ''Searchlight Tattoo” in June is noted.— James Thomson (1834-82) was for a time an army schoolmaster here. --A. is "the important military station of Quartershot” mentioned in Hardy*s Jude the Obscure. Alderton, Suffolk.— Coast par. and vil. (426), 6|r m. SE. of Woodbridge, 12 ESE. of Ipswich. Giles Fie tcher, Jr. (1599?- 1623), rector, d. here. Aldingbourne, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (1067), W. Sussex, 4 m. E. of Chichester, 23 W. of Brighton. After he became bp. of Chichester in 1628, Richard Montagu (1577-1641) resided chiefly at A., the summer residence of the bp., which he repaired. In recent years A. House has been a sanatorium. 11 Aldington, Kent.— Par. and vil. (526), E. Kent, 5i| m. WNW. of Hythe, 1 3 - g - SSW. of Canterbury. Erasmus held the living for a brief period in 1511-12.— Ford Madox Hueffer's family lived here at one time.--Joseph Conrad and his family oc cupied a small cottage here when they returned to Kent from Beds. Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (396), N. Northants, 2% m. N. of Thrapston, 4^ SSW. of Oundle, 20J- NE. of Northampton. The vil. consists of 2 adjoining pars., A. St. Peter's to the N. and A. All Saints to the S. [They are marked as individual settlements on early maps.]— Thomas Fuller (1608-61), son of the rector of A. St. Peter’s, was b. in the rectory.— John Dryden (1631-1700) was b. in the thatched rectory of A. All Saints, opposite the church, home of his maternal grandfather, the Rev. Henry Pickering, who had been rector since 1597. Aldworth, or Allder, Berkshire.— Par. and vil. (230), mid. Berks, 9m. NE. of Newbury, 2\ SW. of Streatley. The church is notable for a remarkable group of effigies of the De la Beche family.— Richard Graves (1715-1804), poet and novelist, obtained the curacy here c. 1744, but found the parsonage out of repair and lived at Dunworth in the house of a gentle man farmer, whose youthful daughter he married.— The name of Tennyson's house in Sussex was given it from this vil., in which some of Mrs. Tennyson's Sellwood ancestors had lived, Aldworth H^se, Sussex.— House, 2 m. SE. of Haslemere, 12 SSW. of Guildford, on the E. slope of Blackdown, built by Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-92) in 1868-9, and named from A., Berks (q.v.). Summer and early autumn were usually spent at A. Both Tennyson and Lady Tennyson (1896) d. here. The land, originally called Black-horse Copse, was bought in June, 1867, while the Tennysons were staying at Gray- shott (q.v.). J. T. Knowles, an architect and afterwards editor of the Contemporary Review, designed the house from sketches and plans made by Tennyson and his wife. Tennyson laid the foundation stone on Shakespeare’s birthday, 23 April 1868, in the presence of Knowles, Sir John and Lady Simeon and Louie Simeon, and Mrs. Gilchrist, Mrs. Tennyson being unable to come from Farringford. The cornerstone was inscribed: ’ ’ Prosper thou the work of our hands, O prosper thou our handiwork.” Two summer-houses at A. afforded magnificent views, the E. one, over heather and woodland to the Sussex Weald and, farther off, Leith Hill and the Kentish Downs, and the W. one, the ’ ’ sunset arbour,” to Blackdown or, northward, to the red roofs of Has"lemeLRe with Hindhead beyond. One of Tennyson’s many visitors here was Gen. Hamley, to whom he addressed the Prologue to The Charge of the Heavy Brigade at Balaclava, with lines referring to Hamley’s admiration of Tennyson’s much-loved view: ’ ’ Green 13 Sussex fading into blue, With one gray glimpse of sea.” Alford*— Erroneous form of Holford, Somerset (q.v.), used by Wordsworth, who must have known the name by hearing and not by sight. _ . - Alfoxden, Somerset.--Form of name used by the Wordsworths and their friends for Alfoxton Park (q.v.), 3 m* WNW, of Nether Stowey, a large mansion in a beautiful wooded park on the N. side of the Quantock Hills, which William and Dorothy Wordsworth leased in July 1797 until Midsummer 1798 for & S3 a year, including rates and taxes, to be near Coleridge at Nether Stowey. The house faces S. towards the Quantoeks, one bracken-covered hill rising directly before it, and has from the opp. side a view of the Bristol Channel. Additions have been made since the time of the Wordsworths. The property, sublet to them by a Mr. Bartholomew and ob tained through the good offices of Thomas Poole, belonged to Mrs. St. Albyn, who objected to subletting and, long before the end of their tenancy, notified them that the lease could not be renewed* The frequent visits of John Thelwall and the unconventionality of the household had led to suspicion of the Wordsworths. During the year there was constant intercourse between the households at A* and at Stowey, and Coleridge often stayed here. Lyrical Ballads resulted from the friendship of this year. Many details concerning Wordsworth*s poems written at A. are contained In the later Fenwick notes, and Dorothy's journal written at A. describes the scenery of the district and tells much of their life here. Among visitors at A. were Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, and Cottle.--In Aug. 1809 DeQuineey, a guest of Poole at Stowey, visited A. with the double Intention of • seeing the place for himself and reporting on It to the Wordsworths at Allan Bank. Mr. St. Albyn, to whom he carried a letter from Poole, was away, but DeQuincey went all round the outside and thought it must be little changed.— Words worth revisited A. in May 1841 and noted the loss of a great beech In front of the house and other changes in the park. [Photograph in Hanson, The Life of S. T. Coleridge: The Early Years.] Alfoxton Park, Somerset.— Seat, in the Quantoek Hills at Holford, vil. (160), 5 m. ESE. of Watchet, 34 SW. of Bristol. Proper form of name of house called by the Wordsworths "Alfoxden” (q.v.). - x -Alf reds ton (Hardy)— See Wantage, Berkshire. Alfriston, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (667), E. Sussex, on r. Cuckmere, 3 - % m. NE. of Seaford, 7 - J - SE. of Lewes, 6 NW. of Eastbourne. A quaint vil. which, from its easy proximity to the seacoast towns, has become almost too popular with tourists, as once the same nearness made it a refuge of smugglers. It has a Perp. church, a 14th cent, parsonage (N.T.), the base and shaft of an ancient market-cross, and 2 half-timbered old inns, one of which, the Star, appears in Ainsworth’s Qvingdean Grange. The Star was founded in tine 13th cent,, although the present building is early 16th cent. It has much old carving and other interesting features, including a large carved lion at the left front corner, and the figurehead of a Dutch vessel stranded on the coast more than a hundred years ago. Allan Bank, Grasmere, Westmorland.— House, standing in beautiful grounds, on NW. side of vil., occupied by the Wordsworths in 1808-11. It stands on the NE. flank of Silver How on the way to Easedale, and has a view of Ease- dale and of the mts. of Fairfield (2863 ft.) and Seat Sandal (2415 ft.) to the NE. The house, however, did not equal the charm of its location. It was badly built. The cellars were wet; in windy weather many of the chimneys smoked so badly that they could not be used, and soot and smoke made constant cleaning necessary. The repeated presence of workmen trying to remedy the evils made house keeping for a large family very difficult (regularly 13, with the servants, and 15 at week-ends). Wordsworth even suggested to the landlord, Mr. Crump, that^instead of being charged a high rent he should be paid for occupying the house, Coleridge made A. Bank his headquarters for 2 yrs. from Sept. 1808, his dau. Sara was here occasionally, and Hartley and Derwent, in school at Ambleside, spent week 16 ends and part of their holidays here. DeQuineey stayed here from Sept. 1808 to Feb. 1809 and spent another month here in Nov. 1809, sharing a room with little John, to whom he became devoted, as well as to Catharine. His friendship with John Wilson ("Christopher North") dated from the week’s visit that Wilson made here in the winter of 1808-9.— Dr. Thomas Arnold (1795-1842) took A. Bank for a year in 1853, while he was building Pox How (q.v.), and brought his family here for the summer holidays of 1833 and the winter holidays of 1833-4. Adler, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (386), 2 m. NW. of Langport, 11 ENE. of Taunton. Birthplace of Ralph Cudworth (1617-88), whose father held the rectory from Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge. Allerthorpe, Yorkshire.— Par. and vil. (163), E. R. Yorks, 2 m. SW. of Pocklington, 11 ESE. of York. A. Hall was one of the country-houses of the husband of Mrs. Elizabeth (Robinson) Montagu (1720-1800). She spent much time here in the 1st months after her marriage in Aug. 1742. Allington, Lincolnshire.— Par. and vil. (217), Kesteven, S. Lines, 4m. NW. of Grantham, 21 NNE. of Lincoln. George Crabbe (1754-1832) received the living of this,rectory with that of Muston (q.v.) in 1789, but did not reside here. Allington Castle, Kent.--Seat (with ham. A.), on r. Medway, ii m. NW. of Maidstone, 24 W. of Canterbury. Mainly of the 13th cent., with 11th to 12th cent, survivals and Tudor additions. Purchased in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt for his principal residence, it became the birthplace of his son, Sir Thomas Wyatt (1502?-42), the poet. When Wolsey returned from the continent in 1527, Henry VIII met him at A. Castle; and in 1554 the poet’s son Sir Thomas (1521-54) set out from here on the ill-fated rebellion against Queen Mary’s Spanish marriage, Allonby, Cumberland.— Par., vil., and spt. (660), on A. Bay, 5 m. NE. of Maryport, 22 SW. of Carlisle. Dickens and Wilkie Collins stayed here on Sept. 9 and 10, 1857, the second and third nights after Collins sprained his ankle in the descent of Carrock Pell. The journey is lengthened in The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices, the night intervening before Allonby is reached being spent at a very little village in the moors, identified by Canon Rawnsley as Ireby (q.v.). Alma Cottage (Meredith)--See Suffolk. Almesbury— See Amesbury, Wilts. Alne, Yorkshire.— Par., vil., and seat (453), N.R. Yorks, 11 m. NW. of York. In 1750 Laurence Sterne (1713-68) became entitled to a share of the fees of marriage licenses Issued in the parish, through his appointment as commissary of the peculiar court of Alne and Tollerton (q.v.). Al though the income was small, he made an annual visitation of the parish. 18 Alnwick (pron. Annick), Northumberland.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (6988), N. of co., on r. Ain, 31 m. N. of Newcastle-on-Tyne. The town is entered from the W. by the 15th cent. Hotspur Gate. Adjoining A. on the N. is A. Castle, the historic residence of the Dukes of Northumber land, one of the most imposing examples in England of medieval fortification. The walls, probably early 12th cent., have been repaired and added to, and addition and reconstruction of buildings (some as late as mid-19th cent.) have been extensive. Ranulf de Glanville (d. 1190) was one of the two chief commanders of the English in the victory over the Scots here on 13 July. 1174, and it was to him that the king of the Scots gave himself up as a prisoner.— In Aug. 1471 William Grey, bp. of Ely (d. 1478), was named to head a commission of 15 to hold a diet here to deal with the in fractions of the truce with Scotland.--Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648), wrote a poem at A. on Charles I's expedition to Scotland in 1639, which he joined at York.— The Shelleys and Hogg went through A. on the 2nd day of their post-chaise journey from Edinburgh to York in 1811, and Hogg reports that "Shelley was much struck by the majestic exterior of Alnwick Castle, and diverted by the strange stone figures on the battlements, savouring less of the Middle Ages , than of Sadler’s Wells." — Richard Watson Dixon (1883-1900) was made rural dean in 1884. Alphington, Devon.--Par. and vil. (1053), E. Devon, 2 m. S. of Exeter. In March 1839 Dickens took for his parents a little house, Mile End Cottage, which he came upon in a walk from Exeter along the Plymouth road, and it was his father*s home for many years. Dexter identifies it as It used to be with the description of the house of Mrs. Nickle- by's friends in Devon. [Photograph In Dexter, The England of Dickens.]— After passing the matriculation examination at Exeter Coll., Oxford, in June 1852, William Morris spent the Eong Vacation at A., reading with the Rev. P. B. Guy, his tutor at Walthamstow (q.v.). Alresford, Hanpshire.— Small town (2208), in pars, of New A., with ry. sta., and Old A., 1 m. N., on r. Aire, 7 m. NE. of Winchester.— The house of Peter Heylyn (1600-62) was stripped by the parliamentary committee and his library dispersed.--A tablet in Broad St. marks the birthplace of Mary Russell MItford (1787-1855). Gran^e— See Grange, The, Hants. Alstonfield, Staffordshire.— Par. and vil. (402), 1 m. W. of r. Dove, 2m. S. of Beresford, 18-§- NW. of Derby. The 17th cent, pew of Charles Cotton (1630-87) of Beresford Hall Is shown in the church. A1thorp, Northamptonshire.--Par. (68), 6m. NW. of Northamp- ton. A. Park Is the 3eat of Earl Spencer.— Edmund Spenser dedicated a poem to each of the three daughters of Sir John Spencer of A1thorp, whom he designated as his cousins.— Edward Gibbon (1737-94) visited Earl Spencer here in 1793. Alton, Hampshire.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (7693), N. Hants, 1-J m. NNE. of Ghawton, 9 SW. of Farnham, 42^ SW. of Waterloo sta., London. As the small town nearest Chawton (q.v.), A. was well known to Jane Austen. Several of her letters refer to taking her nieces to the fair at A. Her niece Anna Lefroy came in 1815 to live nr. A. at Wyards Farm (q.v.).— A. was the birthplace of William Pinnock (1782-1843), who lived here as a schoolmaster and then a bookseller, until c. 1811, when he removed his business to Newbury. Alverstoke, Hampshire.— Par., containing Gosport, in S. Hants, on peninsula on W. side of Portsmouth Harbour. Before the development of the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard and the large Gosport Barracks, A., c. Ira. SW., was a seaside village.— In 1740 Nicholas Tindall (1699-1774) was presented to the rectory, which he held with Calbourne, I.0,W.--William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) wrote a short poem called ’ ’ Epitaph on . . . H. Walmesley, Esq., in Alverstoke Church, Hants,’ ’ — Samuel Wilberforce (1805-73) became rector here in 1841, holding a new cure which included the garrison town of Gosport, with the Haslar Naval Hospital and the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard. Alveston, Gloucestershire.— Par. and vil. (703), W. Glos, 9 m. NNE. of Bristol. Robert Veel (1648-74?), poetaster, was born at the family estates here. -^Alvestone (Charlotte Smith)— See Bignor Park, Sussex. Alvingham, Lincolnshire.— Par. and vil. (225), Lindsey, N. Lines, on Louth Canal, 2 - | - m. NE. of Louth, 27 NE. of Lincoln* Birthplace of Barnabe Googe (1540-94), poet, son of Robert, recorder of Lincoln. JmyserleTr, Gloucestershire.— Vil. (600), E. Glos, in the Cotswolds, 2^ m. S. of Stroud, 11 S. of Gloucester. Mrs. Craik (Dinah Mulock) (1826-87), wrote John Halifax, Gentle man here. Ambleside, Westmorland.— Par. and small town (2876), in the Lake District, in the valley of r. Rothay, at foot of Wansfell Pike, f m. N. of head of Windermere, 11^- NW. of Kendal. The modern church of St. Mary (designed by Sir George G. Scott) has a memorial window to Wordsworth. In the church is held, on the last Sat. In July, the rush- bearing festival, at which a.hymn written by Gwen Lloyd is sung. Since A. has always been on the through road travers ing the Lake Dist. and until the 19th cent, was the only town between Kendal and Keswick, it has been visited by everyone who has toured the district. Some of the persons who had homes hero In the 19th cent, were Dr. Thomas Arnold, 22 and afterwards Matthew Arnold, at Pox How (q.v.); W. E. Forster, at Fox Ghyll (q.v.); Isabel Fenwick, to whom Wordsworth dictated the notes to his poems, at Gale House in A.; Anne Clough, sister of the poet, at Eller How at the entrance to Scandale; and Harriet Martineau, nearby at Hie Knoll (q.v.). Thomas Gray (1716-71) walked here from Keswick on Sun., 8 Oct. 1769, expecting to stay that night at A., looked into "the best bed-chamber” of the inn, found It ’ ’dark and damp as a cellar,” and went on to Kendal.— Charles and Mary Lamb visited Coleridge at Greta Hall in Aug. 1802, and Lamb names A. as one of the places seen in the Lake Dist.--In May 1811 John Wilson (1785-1854), ’ ’ Christopher North,” living at Elleray (q.v.), mar. Jane Penny, ’ ’the leading belle of the lake country,” who had come from Liverpool to live at A., nr. her married sister.— Keats and Charles Armitage Brown spent the 2nd night (26 June 1818) of their walking trip to Scotland at the Salutation Inn (still an important inn of A.), having walked here from Bowness for tea on a gray afternoon, marked by a brilliant sunset as they reached A. The next morning Keats saw his 1st waterfall when they walked to Stock Ghyll Force. [Photographs from old engravings of Ambleside and the waterfall in Bushnell, A Walk After John Keats.]— Tennyson and FitzGerald spent a week together here in the spring of 1835 after a 3-wks.’ visit to Spedding at Mirehouse (q.v.). Hartley Coleridge came from Nab Cottage (q.v.) to have dinner with them at their inn. Tennyson was too shy to be persuaded by Spedding, who joined them for the last 2 days, to call upon Wordsworth at Rydal Mount.— Branwell BrontS spent a day with Hartley Coleridge, at A. on his 1st visit to the Lakes.— In Dec. 1850 Charlotte BrontS spent a week here with Miss Martineau at The Knoll and wrote of the benefactions of her hostess to the town. "I believe she almost rules A.,w wrote Miss BrontS. ’ ’ Some of the gentry dislike her, but the lower orders have a great regard for her.1 1 Here at A. she met Matthew Arnold. Arnersham, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (4221), E. Bucks, 15 m. SE. of Aylesbury, 24 NW. of St. Paul’s, London. An old-fashioned town with a wide main street in which the brick market hall (1682) occupies an island. Market hall and almshouses (1657) were built by Sir William Drake, whose seat, Shardeloes Park, is 1 m. W. Before the Reform Act of 1832 A. returned 2 members to Parliament.— Edmund Waller (1606-87), born at Coleshill (q.v.), was baptised at A. He represented the town in Charles I’s 3rd and 4th Parliaments. — Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714), tutor to the Pennington chil dren at Chalfont St. Peter (q.v.), spent some time with them here while their father, a Quaker, was in prison at Aylesbury. He himself was one of the victims on 1 July 1665 and was committed to Aylesbury gaol for a month, when Justice Bennett, on his way to the Sessions at Aylesbury, stopped at Amersham because he had heard that a Quaker funeral was to take place there, and rushed out from his inn upon the pro cession. In his later life Ellwood lived here for many years in retirement at his house, Hunger Hill, where he died.— After the wrecking of his house at Pairhill (q.v.), in the Birmingham riots, Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), spent several months at Missenden (q.v.) and preached again for the first time on 26 September 1791 in a Calvinistic baptist chapel at A.— Henry Curwen (1845-92), editor of The Times of India and au. of some novels on India, lived and d. in the 18th cent, rectory here. Amesbury, Wiltshire.--Par. and town (1530), S. Wilts, on r. Avon (the East Avon), 7^ m. N. of Salisbury. The seat of A. Abbey is W. of the town. The large abbey-church is Norman and E.E. A. Abbey was "the holy house at Almesbury" in which Guenevere sought refuge after the death of Arthur, according to Malory.— In 1177 Bartholomew (d. 1184), bp. of Exeter, having been commissioned to inquire into the state of the nunnery, dismissed the abbess for laxity in morals and reformed .the establishment.--After the Dissolution A. Abbey became a seat, and in the 18th cent, belonged to the Duke of Queensberry, with whose family John Gay (1685- 1732), spent much time here. (Reproduction of engraving of the house, publ, Oct. 1782 in The British Magazine and Review, in Irving, John Gay: Favorite of the Wits.} Axnport, Hampshire,— Par, and vil. (729), N. Hants, 5 m. WSW. of Andover, 13 NE. of Salisbury. It contains A. House. — Richard Poore (d. 1237) gave the manor of A. to the see of Chichester, of which he became bp. In 1214.— In 1606 William Thorne (1568?-1630), Orientalist, was appointed vicar. Ampthill, Bedfordshire.— ITrb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (2270), 7^- m. S. of Bedford. An old-fashioned town in a beautiful district. It has been identified as the "Cowfold” of f , Mark Rutherford” (William Hale White, 1831-1913). A. Castle, bit. in the 15th cent, and destroyed in the 17th., was often visited by Henry VIII and James I for hunting and was the residence of Catherine of Aragon during the divorce proceedings. A memorial cross with an Inscription by Horace Walpole marks the site of the castle in A. Park, M. of the town. A. Park was the family seat of Lord Holland. Both Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Lord Holland (1773- 1840), and Elizabeth Vassall Fox, Lady Holland (1770-1845), are bur. in the church at Millbrook, a vil. that adjoins A. Park on the W. Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832), after leaving his Haileybury Coll. professorship in 1824, resided for some time at A. Park.— E. of A. Park in the grounds of Houghton Hall are the ruins of Houghton House, or H. Towers, 26 bit. c. 1600 for the Countess of Pembroke, Sidney’s sister, by John Thorpe and Inigo Jones. It is one of the claimants to be the original of Bunyan’s "House Beautiful." Ampton, Suffolk.— Par., vil. (110), and seat, W. Suffolk, 5 m. N. of Bury St. Edmunds, 25 j §- NW. of Ipswich.--Jeremy Collier (1650-1726) lived here as rector from 1679-84.. - ^ -Anchorites, The (Ainsworth)--See Kersal Cell, Lancs. - sAnglebury (Hardy)— See Wareham, Dorset. Anne Hathaway*s Cottage— See Shottery, Warwickshire. Annesley (Miss Braddon)— See New Forest, Hants. Anningsley Park, Surrey.— Seat, W. of co., 3 m. SSW. of Chertsey, 8 N. of Guildford.— Home of Thomas Day (1749-89), au. of Sandford and Merton. Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849), when In .school in London, spent some of her holidays here with Day, her father’s great friend. Anstey Hall, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire.--The manor of Christopher Anstey*s mother’s family, the Thompsons, at Trumpington (q.v.), which he inherited, is now called Anstey Hall. In the 19th cent, a wing was added, but the older portions of the house and the gardens are much as they were in the lifetime of Anstey (1724-1805). Antony Houae, Cornwall.— Seat, E. of co., 2m. SW. of Salt&sh. It is N. of Torpoint on the peninsula across the Hamoaze, or estuary of r. Tamar, from Plymouth. The present A. House was bit. in 1721.— Richard Carew (1555-1620), poet and 27 antiquary, the beat-known member of one of the leading families of Cornwall, was b. here, d. here, and was bur. in Antony church. Against the N. wall is a memorial tablet of black marble with a long inscription. The parish of East Antony, in which A. House stood, is now absorbed in the par. of Antony, 2 m. SW. Appleby, Westmorland.— Mun. bor., par., and co. town (1618), on r. Eden, 14 m. SE. of Penrith, 28 m. SE. of Carlisle. A. Castle, an old seat, rebuilt in the 17th cent., with a fine Norman keep, occupies the site of a Roman station. Before the Reform Act of 1832 A. returned 2 members to Parliament.— A. was represented in Pari, by John Lyly (1554? 1606) in 1597, Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) in 1614, and Sir Philip Francis (1740-1818) in 1802 and 1806.— Brougham's speech at A. in March 1818, in the first of three unsuccess ful contests that he waged against the powerful Lowther interests, aroused the indignation of Thomas DeQuincey, who published a 16-page pamphlet called Close Commentary upon a Straggling Speech, a Tory polemic which probably led to his becoming editor of the Westmorland Gazette. Applethwaite, Cumberland. — Vil., W. of co., l - § - m. N. of Keswick. In 1803 Sir George Beaumont, who had not yet met Wordsworth, presented him with a small property at A., less than 2 m. from Greta Hall (q.v.), where Coleridge was then living, so that the poets might resume the familiar inter- 28 course that they had had in. Somerset (see Alfoxden and Nether Stowey). Although-the plan of residence was not carried out, a lifelong friendship, with the Beaumonts en sued. Wordsworth made the property over to Dora when she was a baby. At Applethwaite, near Keswick, a sonnet ad dressed to Beaumont, gives an account of .the gift and plan. In a note Wordsworth says that the property "lies beauti fully upon the banks of a rill that gurgles down the side of Sklddaw, and the orchard and other, parts of the grounds command a magnificent prospect of Derwent Water, and of the mountains of Borrowdale and Newlands." Wordsworth acquired another small piece of land here in 1848 and built a cottage here shortly afterward. On a brass plate within the house is a copy of the sonnet.. (See Rawnsley, Literary Associa tions, of the, English Lakes, I, 84-02, for a full account.] — One of Southeyr s favorite walks from Keswick was here "upon the terrace-road, a little to the north of where the beck flows down to the old dis-used mill." Apple ton, Yorkshire .--Far♦. (109), N. R. Yorks, 2 m. S. of Catterick, 5§ SE. of Richmond. Richard Brathwaite (1588- 1675) d. In a former ham...In iiiis parish called East Appleton. Appleton House (Marvell)--See Nun Appleton, Yorkshire. Appuldur.combe, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Seat, 2% m. NW. of Ventor. The park.lies just beyond the modern vil. of Wroxall. A. has long been the seat of the Worsley family. In 1774 Sir Richard Worsley, historian of the island, erected an obelisk which stands on the top of the down. Monuments of the Worsleys are in the church at Godshill. Arbury Hall, Warwickshire.— Seat, 2j| m. SW. of Nuneaton, 6^- N* of Coventry. It was the seat of Sir Roger Newdigate (1719-1806), founder of the Newdigate prize at Oxford (21 gns.) for English poetry, and was inherited by his nephew, Francis Newdigate, whose agent was Robert Evans. The Evanses settled on the A. estate at South Farm (2m. SW. of the present A. sta.), where Mary Ann (George Eliot, 1819-80) was b. A few months after her birth an older brother took over the farm, and her father removed to Griff House, a "charming red brick ivy-covered house" on another part of the estate, her home until 1841. George Eliot was allowed to read in the library of A. Hall, which appears in Mr. Gilfil*s Love Story as "Cheverel Manor" and is described In detail.— A. Hall was visited in July 1847 by the British Archaeological Association; William Harrison Ainsworth, novelist, was in the party. Arley, Cheshire.--Ham. and seat, 4 - g - m. NE* of Northwich, 20 NE. of Chester. Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton (1804-91), au. of many popular hunting songs and other verses, inherited the family home here, rebuilt A. Hall, and was an ardent foxhunter. He d. here. 30 Armathwaite Hall, Cumberland.--Seat, in the Lake District, 5 - g r m. ENE. of Cockermouth, nr. foot of Bassenthwaite Water. It was the home of a Mr. Spedding, with whom Wordsworth stayed for a time before he went to Halifax in 1794. Arno[j3 Vale, Bristol, Gloucestershire.— Locality in Bristol co. bor. Frederick Augustus Maxse (1833-1900), friend of George Meredith and the original of Nevile Beauchamp in Beauchamp *s Career, was the second son of James Maxse of A.'s V.— The mother of Samuel Butler (1835-1902) was the dau. of Philip John Worsley, a sugar refiner of A.’s V* Arthuret, Cumberland.--Par. (2354), N. of co., on r. Esk, 8 m. N. of Carlisle, 3J- E. of Scottish border. It contains Longtown. In earlier times A. was a vil. just S. of Longtown. Archibald ("Archie") Armstrong (d. 1672), of Scottish parentage, jester at the courts of James I and Charles I, may have been born at A., to which he retired about 1642. The parish register records his burial here 1 April 1672, but there is no existing memorial.--Hugh Todd (1658?-1728) became rector in 1688. Arundel, Sussex.— Mun. bor. and par. (2489), W. Sussex, on r. Arun, 5 m. from its mouth and 10 E. of Chichester. Before the Reform Act of 1832 It returned 2 members to Parliament. Adjoining the town, on a hill, is A. Castle, the chief seat of the Duke of Norfolk, which was bit. in early times to protect the gap in the South Downs made by the r. Arun. 31 Much of the present castle was reblt. after it was laid in ruins by the Parliamentarians in 1643-44, and in recent times it has been remodeled in 13th cent, style. The 12th cent, keep has been restored.— Sir Richard Baker (1568-1645), religious and historical writer, was elected M. P. for A. in 1593.— Roger Boyle (1621-79), Earl of Orrery, but then Baron Broghill, sat for A. in the Convention Pari, and in that of 1661.— George Macdonald (1824-1905), poet and novelist, served his only charge, the Trinity Congregational chapel in Tarrant St., from 1850-53, and wrote here the first draft of the poem Within and Without. Ascot, Berkshire.— Vil. and seat, SE. Berks, 5|r m. SW. of Windsor. The racecourse (2 m. long) on A. Heath is famous for the races of Ascot Week in June.— Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868) d. at a house nr. A. that he had taken for the summer.--Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-82) d. at A. Ashbourne, Derbyshire.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (4850), on r. Henmore, 1^ m. above its influx to r. Dove, 12^- NW. of Derby. In the vicinity are the seats of A. Green and A. Grove. A. Hall, E. of the town, birthplace and home of Miss Hill Boothby (1708-56), friend of Dr. Johnson, is now a hotel. The church of St. Oswald’s is 13th cent, with a lofty spire (212 ft.) and double transepts. There are medieval monuments of the Cokayne family and a dedication- brass (1241) in the vestry. Noteworthy is the pathetic memorial, a marble monument with figure sculptured by Thomas Banks, of little Penelope Boothby (d. 1791). In the mkt.- place the Young Pretender was proclaimed king of Great Britain. An unconventional day-long game of football is played here at Shrovetide along Henmore brook, which runs through the town, sides being determined by residence to N. or S. of the stream. The ball is stuffed with cork, and the goals are water-wheels 3 m. apart. Sir Aston Gokayne (1608-84), member of an old family, long seated at A., was baptised here (b. at Elvaston). He succeeded to the estate upon the death of his mother in 1664.— Samuel Johnson (1709-84) paid several visits here to an old friend, Dr. Taylor, ”a wealthy, well-beneficed clergy man, ” says Boswell, who was here with Johnson twice. He describes as "a mighty civil gentlewoman” the landlady of the Green Man, a fine old inn, which is still the chief inn of A.--Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) came here c. 1791 as a student of Mr. Langley, the vicar, who is presented in Imaginary Conversations as Oldways in a conversation with Izaak Walton and Cotton.— The bells of A. church inspired the poem Those Evening Bell3 by Thomas Moore (1770-1852), who lived In Mayfield Cottage, 1-^ m, W. of A., from June 1813 to March 1817, while he was writing Lalla Rookh. Ashburton, Devon.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (2362), S. Devon, 7 m. NW. of Totnes, 20 NE. of Plymouth. It is 33 one of the Stannary towns (q.v.)* Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament*— A. is on the SE. edge of Dartmoor, at the E. end of one of the two main roads across the moor (Tavistock is the W. terminus). It has a fine old church and a 14th cent, grammar school.— Sir Walter Raleigh was arrested here by his cousin, Sir Lewis Stukeley, upon his return from the unsuccessful Orinoco voyage in 1618.— William Gifford (1756-1826), ed. of the Quarterly Review, was born in A. at the home of his mother’s parents, lived here in childhood while his father was at sea, and attended A. grammar school.— For John Ford see Ilsington. . - Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire.— Urb. dist*, par., and mkt.-town (5892), N. of co., on r. Mease, 16 m. NW. of Leicester. Ashby Castle, bit. c. 1474, is now a pictur esque ruin.. Mary Queen of Scots was brought here twice during her imprisonment. Several scenes In Scott’s Ivanhoe took place here. The “Tournament Field’ * is c. 1 m. N. of the town.— Bishop Joseph Hall (1574-1656) was b. at Bristow Park, A., and attended the grammar school here.— William Lilly (1602-81) was sent to the grammar school here, of which John Brinsley the elder was chief master.— The Words worth family spent some time at Coleorton (q.v.), 3 m. ENE. of A. Ashdown Park, Berkshire,— Seat of the Earl of Craven, W. Berks, 3|r m. NW. of Lambourn, 8 - | - SW. of Wantage, 21 SW. of Oxford. Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751), spent a few days here hunting in October 1714.— James Thomson (1700-48), poet, was here as tutor to Charles Richard Talbot for c. 2 yrs., 1731-33.— Mrs. M. A. Hughes took William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) to see it when he was visiting her at Kingston Lisle (q.v.), a strange expedition of 10 m. over a down road, she wrote Mrs. Southey (Caroline Bowles), and he described the old seat in Vol. II St. Paul. Ashe, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (171), N. Hants, 4^ m. ENE. of Whitchurch, 6^- WSW. of Basingstoke, 12|- NNE. of Win chester. A. Park House, - § m. SE., and A. Warren, 1 - | - N., are seats. In Jane Austen’s letters Ashe sometimes means A. Rectory, - § m. W. of her bro. James’s home, Deane Rectory, and sometimes A. Park, m. N. of her home at Steventon. The wife of the rector, the. Rev. Isaac Peter George Lefroy, was her intimate friend. One of her letters to her sister Cassandra tells of a ball at A. Rectory given as a fare well for the rector’s nephew, Tom Lefroy, with whom Jane says she had a lively flirtation, before his return to Ireland. A. Park belonged to a member of the Portal family but was occupied by the St. John family and at one time by a Mr. Holder, a single middle-aged gentleman with a West Indian fortune. In Jane’s childhood Miss Mitford’s 35 grandfather, Dr. Russell, was rector of A., and her mother, before her marriage, knew the Austen family. Ashford, Kent.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (22,099), on r* Stour, 12 m. SW. of Canterbury. The town has some quaint old houses, and the church, with a fine Perp. tower, contains interesting monuments and brasses.--The anti- Martinis t tract The Returne of Pa3quill (1589) contains a description of a Puritan service at A.— Sir Norton Knatch- bull founded (1632) "a free school for the instruction of children of the inhabitants in Latin and Greek.”-~R. H. Barham (1788-1845), au. of Tbe Ingsoldsby Legends, was curate of A. in 1813-14.--The seat of Alfred Austin (1835- 1913), poet laureate, Swinford Old Manor (q.v.), is 2 m. W. of A. As^ord-^in-the-Water, Derbyshire.--Par. and vil. (695), N. Derby, on r. Wye, 2 ra. NW. of Bakewell. Riding Dora’s pony from Lancaster to Cambridge for her to use on a visit, Wordsworth reaehed here late on 5 Nov. 1830. He wrote Sir W. Rowan Hamilton that he "was a solitary equestrian enter ing the romantic little town of Ashford-in-the-Waters [sic], on the edge of the wilds of Derbyshire, at the close of the day, when guns were beginning to be let off and squibs to be fired on every side,” so that he dismounted and led his horse through the place and rode on to Bakewell (q.v.) for the night. 36 Ashmore, Dorset,— Par. and vil. (192), 4 - | - m. SE. of Shaftes bury. Dr. Simon Forman (1552-1611) was employed here for a time as an usher in a small school. Ash (next Sandwich), Kent.— Par. and vil. (2049), E. Kent, 2% m. W. of Sandwich, 8|r E. of Canterbury. The interesting old church of St. Nicholas has a fine 15th cent, central tower and leaded spire, visible for many miles. [Photograph in Wyhdham, South-Eastern Survey. ] Its monuments include the effigy of a knight of Edward II*s reign and handsome alabaster figures of a 14th cent, knight and lady. There are good brasses.— Matilda Anne (1826-81), younger dau. of James Robinson Planchd (1796-1880) and writer of tales for children, mar. the Rev. Henry S. Maekarness (d. 1868), who became vicar of A. She is bur. beside her husband in A. chyd. Planchd wrote A Corner of Kent, or Some Account of the Parish of Ash-next-Sandwich (1864). Asbridge Park, Hertfordshire.— Former seat, on border of Bucks and Herts (part of Bucks until 1832), 2^- m. N. of Berkhampstead, 9% WNW. of St. Albans. The vast mansion, bit. by Wyatt in 1808-14, is now the Bonar Law Memorial College, and part of the grounds Is owned by the Zoolog ical Society of London. Farts of the beautiful deer park and downland are N.T. property. Ashrldge was founded by Henry Ill’s bro. in 1283 as a monastery of the order of Bonhommes, which became famous for its possession of a drop of Christ’s blood. John Skelton (1460?-1529) was for many years a welcome visitor at A., of which he says, in Crowns of Lawrell, nA pleasanter place than Ashridge is, harde were to finde.” At the dissolution of the monasteries it became a private seat. Princess Elizabeth, accused of complicity in Wyatt’s Rebellion, was arrested here in 1554 by order of Queen Mary. Ashstead, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (3226), mid. of co., 1 - J - m. NE. of Leatherhead, 2 SW. of Epsom, 12 NE. of Guildford. George Macdonald (1824-1905) d. here at the home of his youngest daughter. Ashton Court, Somerset.— Seat, NW. of co., 2m. SW. of Bristol. The collection of several hundred Roman coins made by Thomas Chatterton’s father was afterward here in the museum of Sir John Smith, bart. Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire.— Par., mun. bor. (52,175), and pari, bor., SE. Lancs, 6m. E. of Manchester. It returns 1 member to Parliament. It Is a busy industrial town, en gaged in the manufacture of cottons and silks and in engi neering. The par. church contains old stained glass. Francis Thompson (1859-1807) lived here, where his father practised homeopathy. Ashwell, Hertfordshire.--Par. and vil. (1163), 3 | | - m. NNE. of Baldock, 16 SW. of Cambridge* An unspoilt and attractive ancient vil. in a pleasant countryside of open fields. The 13th or 14th cent, church has a tall square tower with needle spire [photograph in Mais, The Home Counties] and some remarkable graffiti, including one of Old St. Paulfs and a Latin sentence about the visitation of the plague.— In 1241 Robert Grosseteste, bp. of Lincoln (d. 1253), had a quarrel with the abbot of Westminster respecting the right to the church of A.— In 1662 Ralph Cudworth (1617-88) was presented to the rectory of A., which he held with the mastership of Christ1s Coll., Cambridge. Aakham, Westmorland.— Par., vil., and 3eat (437), N. of co., 4m. S. of Penrith. A charming vil. just W. of Lowther Castle, of which Cuthbert Southey (1821-89), who had deter mined when he was 3 to be Archbp. of Canterbury, was vicar when he died. Askrigg, Yorkshire.— Par. and vil. (481), N.R. Yorks, In Wensleydale on r. Ure, 10i| m. W. of Leyburn, 46^- NW. of York. A. has an old market-cross and had, until it was destroyed by fire in recent years, a fine old hall (1678). [Drawing showing cross and hall In Norway, Highways and By ways in Yorkshire.] William and Dorothy Wordsworth spent the night here, 18 Dec, 1799, on a trip from Sockburn (q.v.) to their new home, Dove Cottage, Grasmere,.having walked up the dale that day, after leaving the horses 8 m. beyond Richmond. Aalacton (Cranmer)--See Aslockton, Notts. 39 Aslockton, Nottinghamshire.— Par., seat, and vil. (358), S. Notts, 3 ra. E. of Bingham, 4 W. of Bottesford, 11 W. of Nottingham. Birthplace of Archbp. Thomas Cranmer (1489- 1556), whose family, originally of Lines, had been settled in Notts for some generations. Asterby, Lincolnshire.— Par. and vil. (149), Lindsey, 6 m. N. of Horncastle, 6^ SW. of Louth, 1&§- ENE. of Lincoln. Samuel Parr (1747-1825) held the small rectory (worth only i 36 a yr.) for a time, but had a curate and did not reside at A. Aston, Birmingham, Warwickshire.--Ward, in bor. of Birmingham on NE. side. A. Hall (1618-35), a red-brick Jacobean house in A. Park (49 acres) is the original of Washington Irving*a **Bracebridge Hall.” It is now used as a museum, one room of which has original paneling from the house of Edmund Hector in the G! ld Square, Birmingham, where Dr. Johnson used to visit. Charles I was entertained here before the battle of Edgehill (1642).--Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) began to write stories while he was working at A. in his youth as a doctor*s assistant among the poorer classes. Aston, Yorkshire.— Vil., in par. of Aston cum Aughton (4489), W.R. Yorks, 5 m. SSE. of Rotherham, 7 ESE. of Sheffield. William Mason (1724-97), poet and biographer of Gray, was presented to the rectory in 1754 by Robert D’Arcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, whose chaplain he became. Mason 40 improved the church and bit. a vil. school and a parsonage. He d. here and was bur. in the church (monument).— Thomas Gray visited Mason at A. the last time in the summer of 1770. Astrop, Northamptonshire.— Ham. and seat, S. Northants, 4 m. ESE. of Banbury. A. has a mineral spring, called St. Rumbald's Well. "The Spa" is marked beside A. on old maps. John Locke procured seme medicinal water from A. for Ashley (afterwards 1st Earl of Shaftesbury), who was visiting his son at Oxford in July 1666. Atcham, Shropshire.— Par. and vil. (359), mid. Salop, 4 m. SE. of Shrewsbury. The church contains some 16th cent, glass. Ordericus Vitalis (1075-1143?) was baptised here. Athelney, Somerset.— PI. and ry. sta., S. Somerset, 5 m. WNW. of Langport, 8 NE. of Taunton. In the former Isle of Athelney, at the confluence of rs. Parret and Tone, sur rounded by marshes (now drained), Alfred gathered his forces for the final struggle with the Danes in 878. The scene of the fictitious burned cakes episode is laid here, and Alfred* s jewel (now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford) was found in 1693 in the neighborhood. Atherstone, Warwickshire.--Par. and mkt.-town (5957), N. of co., on Watling Street, 5 m. NW. of Nuneaton, 11^- N. of Coventry. On a trip to A. Hall in April 1845 with the Brays, George Eliot first met Harriet Martineau. Attleborough, Warwickshire.— Vil., N. of co., 1 m. SSE. of Nuneaton, A. Hall is a seat, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-80) was sent to A. after her 5th birthday, to board at a school kept by Miss Lathom. Aubourn, Lincolnshire,— Par, and vil, (212), Kesteven, Lines, 6 m. SW, of Lincoln. A. Hall is a seat, Francis Meres (1565-1647) visited at A. his relative and early benefactor, John Meres, high sheriff of Lines in 1596. Auckland--See Bishop Auckland, Durham. *-Audley Court (Tennyson)— See Torquay. Audley End, Essex.— PI. and seat, NW. Essex, 1 m. W. of Saffron Walden, Since 1784 the property of Lord Braybrooke. It occupies the site of a Benedictine priory (1156). The present house is part of the great house (replacing an earlier Tudor mansion) bit, between 1603 and 1616 at a cost of & 190,000, which had 2 vast quadrangles, the smaller of which is represented in the present house. It was sold to Charles II by the 3rd Earl of Suffolk, but reverted to the family. Unsuccessful alterations were carried out in 1721 by Sir John Vanbrugh. In 1747 it was sold to the Countess of Portsmouth, who had the main quadrangle torn down.— Queen Elizabeth, visiting the Duke of Norfolk here In 1578, was waited on by representatives of Cambridge University, among whom was Gabriel Harvey, who presented his Gratulationes Waldenses, composed for the occasion. He met Sir Philip Sidney here and may have introduced his pupil Edmund Spenser 42 to Sidney and Leicester at that time,— John Evelyn (1620- 1706) visited A. End and described it as "one of the state liest palaces in the Kingdom ... a mixed fabric, twixt antique and modern." Ault Hucknall, Derbyshire.— Par. and vil. (2025), E. Derby, 6 - j g - m. SE. of Chesterfield. The vil. is in the region of the nDukeries1 ' and lies on the N. verge of the park of Hard wick Hall,--Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), au. of Leviathan, is bur. in the beautiful little church, Avebury, Wiltshire.--Par. and vil. (525), N. Wilts, 6 m. W. of Marlborough. The modern vil. of A. stands mostly within A. Circle, a prehistoric monument known, by its un hewn stones, to antedate Stonehenge. It is the largest prehistoric stone circle and foss in the world, although it is less complete than Stonehenge, many of its megaliths having been broken up for bldg. stone. The great circular earthwork is f m. In circumference, and the foss within it was 50 ft. deep. The original purpose was undoubtedly religious.— In 1649 John Aubrey (1626-97) brought to light the megalith!c remains here .--William Morris (1834-96)', who as a schoolboy at Marlborough was intensely interested in archaeology and architecture, wrote home, at 16, of 2 visits that he made to Avebury, the 2nd to check something that he had been told after his visit on the preceding day. A description of the old church at A. is contained in his letter. 43 Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.— Mun, bor., par., and mkt.-town (18,606), 17 m. SSE. of Buckingham. Before the Reform Act of 1832 the town returned 2 members to Parliament. The present A. Division includes more than the town. A. is the co. town of Bucks. It has some interesting old bldgs., including some fine old inns around the large market square, one of which, the King’s Head (1386), was the guesthouse of a monastery. In the square are statues of John Hampden and Lord Beaconsfield. (Photograph of corner of square showing statue of Hampden in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.] The church of St. Mary, which is E.E. with an early crypt (formerly the charnel house) beneath the Lady Chapel and a Norman font, stands in another square In which are the old almshouses with twisted Tudor chimneys, and some Georgian houses. A. is noted for its ducks and dairy produce. Among representatives to Pari, from A. were Thomas Sackville (1536-1608), In 1563J John Lyly (15547-1606), In 1593 and 1601; John Wilkes (1727-97), in 1757 and March 1761 and WInthrop Mackworth Praed (1802-39), in 1837.— Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714), Quaker and friend of Milton, often visited his Quaker friends in A. gaol in 1661 and was him self imprisoned here for a mo. in the summer of 1665 for attending a Quaker funeral at Amersham (q.v.).— John Wilkes was placed here under the charge of a presbyterian minister named Leeson to be prepared for the university. <#• 44 Upon his marriage he acquired an estate here, the Prebendal House and demesne, worth £ 700 a yr.--A. was the town where Little Hell and her grandfather spent the 2nd night of their journey and where they met Codlin and Short in the chyd. repairing the figures, of their Punch, according to Dexter (The England of Dickens], who quotes a passage from Clement K. Shorter1s Highways and Byways in Buckinghamshire on the traditionally free use of A. chyd. as evidence that such action would not have been unusual. Aylesford, Kent.— Par. and vil. (3113), mid. Kent, on r. Medway, .2% m. NW. of Maidstone, 5 - § - S - . of Rochester. An attractive large riverside vil. with brick and half-timbered houses, a notable 6-arched 14th cent, bridge, and a partly Norman church with splendid monuments of the Culpeper and Banks families.— Sir Charles Sedley (1639?-1701) was b. in the house called The Friars, now the property of the Earl of Aylesford, 2 m. W. of A., which incorporates much of an early Carmelite foundation. It belonged at one time to Sir John Banks, whose monument is in A. church. Aynho, Northamptonshire..— Par. and vil. (462), S. Northants, 6 m. SE. of Banbury, 17 N. of Oxford. A "gracious dove- grey" vil. on a hill on the Banbury-Bicester road. Shacker- ley Marmion (160S-39), dramatist, was the son of the owner of the chief portions of the manor of A.--Robert Wild 1609- 79), Puritan poet, was inducted into the living in 1646 by order of the House of Commons. Disturbed by his reputation for irregular wit, his friend Richard Baxter visited him here and was impressed by the devoutness of his sermon. Although Wild was a Royalist, he was ejected in 1662 by the Act of Uniformity because of his presbyterian views, but lived at A. for a year or two, aided by friends. Aysgarth, Yorkshire.--Par. and vil. (290), N.R. Yorks, in Wensleydale on r. Ure, 7 m. WSW. of Leyburn, 8 E. of Hawes, 43 NW. of York. In 1626 Edward Alleyn (1566-1626) bought a property in "Simondstone in A.” and apparently journeyed to visit it in July. Simonstone is a ham. and seat 1 m. N. of Hawes. B Bablock Hy the, Oxfordshire.— Perry (with inn, Chequers, on W. bank) on r. Isis or Thames, 5m. WSW. of Oxford, ll|r by water. Stanton Harcourt (q.v.) lies 1^ m. NW. on one side of the river; Cumnor (q.v.), l|f E. on the other. A ferry, plied by John Cocus, is known here as early as 1279. B. is a beautiful spot, memorable for Arnold's reference in The Scholar Gipsy to the ferry "crossing the stripling Thames at Bablock-hithe." Bacon* s Farm (Joseph Strutt)— See Bramfield, Herts. Baconsthorpe, Norfolk.— Par. and ham. (293), N. of co., 3m. SE. of Holt, 20 NNW. of Norwich. John Baconthorpe (d. 1346), the "Resolute Doctor," took his name from this hamlet. * Bacjbon, Norfolk.— Coast par. and vil. (585), 4 m. NE. of N. Walsham, 18 NNE. of Norfolk. Today B. is largely a bungalow place of summer dwellings, but it has, in a farm yard, the ruins of Bromholm Priory, founded for Cluniac monks in 1113.— Richard Forson (1759-1808) went for a short time to the vil. school at B., where his mother's father was a shoemaker. In 1771-73 he stayed during the week with T. Hewitt, the curate, who, recognizing his unusual promise, had offered to educate him with his own sons. Here Porson began the study of Greek. Badby, Northamptonshire.— Par., vil. (468), and seat, S. 47 Northants, 2 j g m. SSW. of Daventry, 12 W. of Northampton. William Strode (1600-45) was vicar from 1639-42, probably non-resident. Bag Enderby, Lincolnshire.— Vil., Lindsey, E. Lines, 7 m. NE. of Horncastle, ^ m. SE. of Somersby, 23 ia. E. of Lincoln. The fine old church has some good brasses and an interest ing old font with unusual carvings. Tennyson^ father came to Somersby (q.v.) in 1808 as rector of this church and Somersby, incumbent of Benniworth, and vicar of Great Grimsby. Bakewell, Derbyshire.--Urb. dist., par. and mkt.-town (3836), 15 m. SW. of Sheffield, 22 NNW. of Derby. A picturesque little town in beautiful, surroundings on the Derbyshire Wye, here crossed by an old bridge.. The church has a Norman W. doorway, a 14th cent, font, and the elaborate Vernon Chapel, with monuments of Dorothy (d. 1584) and her husband, Sir John Manners, and her father, Sir George Vernon (d. 1568), the "King of the Peak." In the chyd. is a fine Saxon cross. Haddon Hall (q.v.) is 1-f m. SE. and Chatsworth (q.v.) 2^- NE. of B.--Wordsworth spent the night of 5 Nov. 1830 at B. after riding through Ashford-in-the-Water (q.v.). Baldeswelle— See B^de^el^, Norfolk. Baldock, Hertfordshire.— Urb. dist. and par. (4300), NW. Herts, 4f m. NE. of Hitchin, 15 SE. of Bedford. An old town with a wide street of old houses, a large 14th cent. 48 church with some Norman remains, and a Roman burial ground.— John Smith, one-time rector (memorial in the church), as an undergraduate of St. John's Coll., Cambridge, spent c.10,000 hrs. (1819-22) deciphering Pepys' diary before the author's key was found in the library of Magdalene Coll.— A popular ballad of the 18th cent, recorded the fame of a tavern and mill at B. as the home of a rustic Venus. Perclval Stockdale (1736-1811) visited B. on a wager that he could win a kiss and won the wager. A hundred yrs. later, in 1857, Edward FitzGerald visited the tavern and mill and based an essay in Temple Bar, Jan. 1880, on Stockdale's description of his adventure. Balls Park, Hertfordshire.— Seat, 1 m. SE. of Hertford. A house of the mid-17th cent., with a plain exterior but excep tionally interesting wood-paneled rooms with modeled plaster ceilings. Home of Sir John Harrison, father of Anne, Lady Fanshawe (1625-80). B^b^ou^i--See Bjuy^uy|h, Northumberland. Baxnburgh, Northumberland.— Coast par. and vil. (734), with adjoining par. of B. Castle (86), 4j| m. ENE. of Belford, 16 SE. of Berwick upon Tweed. B. was the capital of Bernicia and, at one time, of united Northumbria. The castle stands E. of the vil. on a lofty basaltic crag facing the North Sea. [Photograph in Fakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] It has a magnificent 12th cent. Norman keep 49 and a 14th cent, mansion within the enclosure., The castle, which has been much restored in recent times, houses the Crewe library of 14,000 vols. The church, on the opp. side of the vil., has a good 13th cent, choir. St. Aidan d. in 651 in a small shelter that he had had bit. against the wall of the orig. church.— A sonnet Bamborough Castle (publ. 1789), by William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850), refers to the aid then given to shipwrecked mariners and to the preservation of their vessels by the will of Lord Crewe (1633-1721), bp. of Durhamy. into whose hands the property had come by his marriage with the heiress of the family of Forster, who had owned it.— Scenes in Preston Fight by William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) take place here. Another novel dealing with the Rebellion of 1715 and B. Castle is Dorothy Forster by Sir Walter Besant (1836-1901).— Grace Darling (1815-42), heroine of the Forfarshire rescue in the Farne Islands in 1838, is bur. in B. chyd. Bampton, Devon.— Par. and mkt.-town (1392), NE. of co., 6m. N. of Tiverton, 19 N. of Exeter. The chief fair for Exmoor ponies (last Thurs. in Oct.) is held here. John Jewel (1522- 71), bp. of Salisbury, had part of his education here. Bampton, Oxfordshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (1104), SW. Oxon, 5 ra. SW. of Witney, 12^- WSW. of Oxford. Birthplace of John Philips (1676-1709), poet, whose father was the vicar. --William Morris wrote his dau. of a trip made to B. with Mr. and Mrs. Emery Walker In Sept. 1888, when the party left the boat at Rushey Lock and crossed the fields (c. 2m.). Morris described the church as a very fine one, shockingly restored, and the town as "the queerest left-behind sort of a place." Banbury, Oxfordshire.--Mun. bor. and mkt.-town (19,000), on r. Cherwell, 22 m. N. of Oxford. Before the Reform Act of 1852 it returned 1 member to Parliament. The original Banbury Cross, celebrated in the nursery rhyme, was removed by Pari, in 1646 and was replaced by a new one in 1858, com memorating the marriage of the Princess Royal with the Crown Prince of Prussia. The beautiful medieval church, one of the largest and most magnificent in Oxon, described as "appearing rather like a Cathedral than a common parochial church," was demolished with much labor in 1790 and a new church built. B. has been famous since early times for cheese, cakes, and ale. B. cakes, famous as far back as 1608, are sold in the same shop in Parson's Street, not far from the mkt.-place.— Sir Francis Walsingham was elected M.P. for B. in Jan. 1559 and re-elected Jan. 1563, but sat this time for Lyme Regis.--In Merry Wives of Windsor (1,1) Bardolph calls Slender "you Banbury cheese."— B. is the home of Zeal-of-the-Land Busy in JJbnson's Bartholomew Fair.— Peter Hausted, dramatist, chaplain to the Earl of Northampton, d. in B. Castle during the siege by the Parliamentarians in 51 1645. The castle was demolished In 1648 by order of Pari.— According to Dexter, B. Is the scene of the races to which tittle Nell and her grandfather went In the company of Codlin and Short and the place where they spent the 4th night. The race course is a mile beyond the town. Banwell, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (1416), NW. of co., 3jr m. NW. of Axbridge, 15 SW. of Bristol. B. Castle and B. Abbey are seats. B. has a fine Perp. church. Alfred presented the monastery of B. to Asser (d. 909?), bp. of Sherborne. Banwell Hill, Somerset.— One of the Mendip Hills, beside the vil. of B. On the skirts of B. Hill are two caverns con taining fossil remains. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) wrote Banwell Hill, or Days Departed, a . Lay of the Severn Sea (publ. 1828), an autobiographic poem with numerous references to scenic places in the vicinity of B. Hill. In 1832 Bowles visited B. Cottage, erected nr. the caverns by Bishop G. H. Law, bp. of Bath and Wells, whose domain in cludes B. Hill. - sBarches ter— See Barsetshire . Bardsey, Yorkshire.— Vil., in par. of B. cum Rigton (314), W.R. Yorks, 7 m. NE. of Leeds. Birthplace of William Congreve (1670-1729), dramatist. g -Barford (Mrs. Gaskell).— B. in Mrs. Gaskell’s The Squire’s Story Is probably drawn from Knutsford (q.v.). Barfreston (pron. Barson), Kent.— Par. and vil. (82), E. Kent, 6| r m. NNW. of Dover, 8^- SE. of Canterbury. B. Court is a seat. B. has a small (43 ft. by 15-| ft.) but lovely late Norman church, bit. of Caen stone, with remarkable carvings and eight sundials. Members of the British Archaeological Association, during a week’s meeting at Canterbury in Sept. 1844, visited B. (See Barham Downs). Barham Downs, Kent.— E. of co., 6 m. SE. of Canterbury on the Canterbury-Dover road, 3 m. long. Above Barham sta. is a group of round tumuli in which Jutish burials were found. Robert Bage (1728-1801). is au. of a novel called Barham Downs.--Members of the British Archaeological Association, meeting at Canterbury in Sept. 1844, came to B. Downs for the opening of the barrows. Among those present were R. H. Barham, Thomas Wright, Crofton Croker, and William Harrison Ainsworth, who wrote a full account for his magazine. Barley Wood, Somerset.— Seat, m. ENE. and in par. of Wrington, 1 m. NW. of Cowslip Green, 9 m. SW. of Bristol. The house here, now modernized and enlarged, was the home of Hannah More (1745-1833), who bit. it in 1802, nr. Docke’s birthplace, and who was joined here by her sisters. The urn in memory of Docke, given her by Mrs. Montagu, was brought here from the garden of Cowslip Green (q.v.). In her 80*s she sold B. Wood and moved to Clifton. Among Miss More’s visitors here were Wilberforce, Zachary Macaulay, and other leaders of the ”Clapham sect.” Thomas Babington Macaulay 53 (1800-59), whose mother had been a pupil of the Mores! school at Bristol, often visited here in his childhood and received his 1st books from her.--In 1814, on one of his visits to his mother nr. Wrington, Thomas DeQuincey (1785- 1859) met Mrs. Siddons at B. Wood and heard her recollec tions of Johnson and Garrick. Barnack, Northamptonshire.--Par. and vil. (548), Soke of Peterborough, 3-^ m. SE. of Stamford. The extensive quarries of bldg. stone, for which B. was famous as early as Roman times, are now grass-grown and are known locally as the Hills and Holes. The church, bit. of B. stone, has a fine Saxon tower (c. 1000). B. was the family home of George Whetstone (1544?-87)., George Gascoigne (1539?-77), who d. at Whetstone's house in Stamford, is probably bur. in the family vault at B.--The Rev. Charles Kingsley held the valuable living of B. from 1824 to 1830, until the son of Bp. Marsh could take orders, and his 2nd and 3rd sons, George Henry (1827-92) and Henry (1830-76) were born here. It was the childhood home of Charles Kingsley (1819-75), novelist. Barnard Castle, Durham.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (6000), on r. Tees, on border of Yorks, 15 m. W. of Darling ton, 22 SW. of Durham. Situated on a cliff above the Tees is the ruined 12th cent, castle, the view from which is described in Scott’s Rokeby.— Wordsworth, Coleridge, and 54 Cottle stayed here the 2nd night of their trip to the hakes from Sockburn, 28 Oct. 1799.— Dickens and " ’ Phiias, ” on a trip to explore the schools of Yorks in 1838, stayed 2 nights at the King's Head, a small 18th cent, inn in the mkt.-place, kept by 2 sisters, which is still the chief hotel in B. Castle and proud of its Dickens associations. Although it has been somewhat enlarged, the old part is much the same. Here took place the interview with the prototype of John Browdie, Richard Barnes, attorney in B. Castle, who warned Dickens against sending any child to schools in the neighbor hood. Dickens commended the inn in Newman NogggSts postscript to Nicholas Nickleby, nIf you should go near Barnard Castle, there is good ale at the King's Head.” [Photograph in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.j Dickens met Mr. Humphrey, who kept a watchmaker's shop lower down the street, but it was not until 2 yrs, later that he moved opp. the inn and put a clock above the door. (See Mas ter Humphrey's Clock.), Barn Ehas, Surrey.— Now the grounds of the Ranelagh Club, ■ J - m. NE. of Barnes sta., 5^ m. W. of Vil'aterloo sta., London. It lies across the r. Thames from Fulham Palace and Bishop's Park on the London side. Formerly a manor with mansion house and park. In 1579 Sir Francis Walsingham obtained from the Crown a lease of the manor, which was within easy reach of London by water, and he entertained Queen Elizabeth here in 1585, 1588, and 1589.--Sir Philip Sidney and his 55 bride, W&lsingham's dau. Prances, after their marriage in Sept. 1583, lived here or at Walsingham House, London.— The mansion of B. Elms was occupied in 1663-65 by Abraham Cowley (1618-67), who,, in the essay The Garden (1664), speaks' of himself as ’ ’sticking still in the inn of a hired house and a garden. "— In the 18th cent, another house in the park was occupied by Jacob Tonson (1656?-1736), the publisher, who bit. a room for the meetings of the Kit-Cat Club, of which he was secretary. It included, among others, Addison, Steele, Congreve, Garth, Vanbrugh, Lord Oxford, and Sir Godfrey Kneller, who painted the portraits of the members that hung in the room. John Gay wrote to Swift 20 Mar. 1731 that Lord Oxford, Lord Bathurst, Pope, and he had dined with Jacob Tonson at B. Elms the evening before and had drunk Swift’s health.— William Cobbett (1762-1835) lived for some yrs. at B. Elms, following his favorite pursuit of agriculture. Barnes, Surrey.--Mun. bor. (40,960), on r. Thames, N. of co., 6m. SW. of Waterloo sta., London. Until the 19th cent, it was one of the riverside villages on the way to Kew and Richmond. Matthew Gregory (’ ’ Monk") Lewis (1775- 1818) took a cottage here in 1798.--In the autumn of 1829 William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) and his wife stayed here for a time. Barnet, Hertfordshire.— Urb, dist. and mkt.-town (25,000), 56 lOf m. NNW. of St. Paul’s, London. Known also as High Barnet, and named Chipping Barnet on early maps, an Indica tion of its status as a mkt.-town. Its horse and cattle fair is still held in Sept.— Thomas Thorpe (1570?-1655?), publisher of Shakespeare’s sonnets, was the son of an inn keeper of B.--Qn their return from Ashbourne in Mar. 1776, Johnson and Boswell breakfasted here after a night at St. Albans.--Three days after the birth of Dickens’s eldest dau., Mamie, in Mar. 1838, Dickens and Forster rode out 15 m. on the Great North Road and dined at the Red Lion in B. on their way home. [Photograph in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.] Since Dickens often used the Red Lion for post ing his own horse, it is proposed as the posting house in B. where EjSsttosr Summers on, Ada, and Richard waited for horses to drive to Mr. Jarndyce’s house at St. Albans. Dexter ob jects that the Red Lion (suggested by Matz) was too large and important to be the "small public-house" into which the Artful Dodger, after purchasing bread and ham, took Oliver Twist when he found him at B. on the 7th morning after Oliver’s escape from the undertaker's shop. "Every other house in Barnet was a tavern, large or small," Dickens says, and he gives no clue for identification. Barnsdale, Yorkshire.— Earn., E. div. W.R. Yorks, 7 - § - m. N. of Doncaster. B. Forest was a vast woodland region between Pontefract and Doncaster, probably in ancient times adjoining 57 Sherwood Forest, which occupied roughly the whole west side of Notts, Both were royal domains. Associated with B. Forest is the name of Robin Hood, whose home it was, accord ing to the version given in A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hoode, pr. by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495.--When Henry VIII rode north after his coronation, he was met by the Earl of Northumber land and many others on Barnsdale, a little beyond Robin Hood’s stone, an ancient well 6^- m. NW, of Doncaster, which had attracted to itself the name of the great outlaw. Barnstaple, Devon.— Mun. bor., par., and spt. (CL!4^B&3})j, N. Devon, at head of estuary of r. Taw, 34^ m. NW. of Exeter. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The Taw is crossed here by an old bridge of 16 arches. Queen Anne’s Walk is a colonnade of 1796 with a statue of Queen Anne (1708).— John Jewel (1522-71), bp. of Salisbury, had part of his education in the grammar school, formerly St. Anne’s Chapel.--Sir Richard Fanshawe and Lady Fanshawe came to B. in July 1645 from Bristol, where they were with Prince Charles’s court.— John Gay (1685-1732) was b. here in his father's house at the corner of Joy St.; and the High, known as the Red Cross, and was educated in the grammar school. Aaron Hill and William Fortescue were schoolfellows. One of Gay's masters was Robert Luck, whose miscellaneous poems were publ. in 1736 by Cave and dedicated to Gay’s patron, the Duke of Queens- 58 berry, with the .concluding line, "Who taught your Gay to sing."— Shelley’s Letter to Lord Ellenborough was printed under his personal supervision, without the name of au. or printer, at the shop of a Mr. Syle, printer and bookseller of B., who destroyed all the copies that he had on hand when Shelley's Irish servant, Dan Hill, was arrested for circus lating printed matter without the printer’s name. Hill had been sent in to B. from Lynmouth (q.v.) to distribute Shelley's A Declaration of Rights and The Devil's Walk.-- B. is casually mentioned in A Message from the Sea by Dickens and Wilkie Collins. Barnwell, Cambridgeshire.--Industrial sub., HE. of Cambridge. It grew up in early Norman times around the great Augustin- ian priory of B., which was swept away at the Dissolution. The ruin of one small bldg. starfds nr. the river, just off Abbey Road, and nr. it Is a tiny E.E. church, called the Abbey Church or Little St. Andrew’s, which was bit. by the canons for secular persons attracted to the neighbor hood of the priory.— B. was the birthplace of Ralph of Coggeshall (fl. 1207), chronicler.— Another chronicler, John Warkworth (d. 1500), master of Peterhouse, left a bequest to the priory.--Charles Lloyd (1775-1839) lived here for a time after his elopement in 1799 and made the prosaic landscape of B. the subject of a descriptive poem. Barrow Green Court, Surrey.--Seat, E. of co., f m. NNW. of 59 Qxted, 8J- m. SSE. of Croydon. Formerly called Barrow Green House. Jeremy Bentham took the spacious house as a country residence, and in 1809 and later yrs. James Mill and his family often spent 2 or 3 mos. of the summer here.--George and Harriet Grote had it as a country house in 1859-63. - • t-Barsetshire.— Imaginary co., in the SW. of England, with the imag. cathedral city of Barchester as its capital, created by Anthony Trollope (1815-82) as the scene of a group of novels called The Chronicles of Barsetshire, which comprises The Warden (1855), Barchester Towers (1857), Doctor Thorne (1858), Pramley Parsonage (1861), The Small House at Alling- ton (1864), and The hast Chronicle of Barset (1867). B. serves as background for a few of the other novels, especial ly Claverings. The raw materials out of which Trollope constructed "the new shire" that he "added to the English counties" were gathered in the period (spring 1851 to autumn 1853) that he spent traveling on horseback over the counties of the SW., planning a system of rural postal deliveries. He acquired an intimate knowledge not only of the topography of the district but also of the intricacies of the social structure. The Chronicles present the local problems of co. life in a composite co. for which Trollope drew a map. [Reproduced in Sadieir, Anthony Trollope: A Commentary.] Winchester, where he had been at school, was the chief model for Barchester and Somerset for Barset, but 60 the composition of the co. as a whole is a product of his invention. (For identification of one place used in his composite picture, see Huish Episcopi.) In the past 20 yrs. Mrs. Angela Thirkell has adopted Trollope’s Barset and Barchester, has added some new places, and has produced nearly a score of novels, following his method of reappearance of characters with careful attention to increase of age and other changes. A new map of Barset- shire, based on Trollope’s with Thirkell additions, appears in her latest books. Bartley New Forest, Hampshire.— Seat, nr. Bartley, vil. 3 m. N. of Lyndhurst, 7 W. of Southampton. Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) was brought here from Scotland before he was a yr. old and spent his childhood in the Hew Forest (q.v.). His father rented B. Lodge until 1825. Barton End, Gloucestershire.--Ham. and seat, SE. Glos, 1 m. S. of Nailsworth, 2 m. SW. of Minchinhampton, 13 S. of Gloucester. Sydney Thompson Dobell (1824-74) moved in 1871 to B. End House in a beautiful dist. above the Stroud valley and d. here. Barwell, Leicestershire*—rVil., S. Leics, 2 m. NNE. of Hinckley, 10 SW. of Leicester. Sir Thomas Malory was indicted at Nuneaton for carrying away to B. goods and chattels of Hugh Smythe to the value of B 40, taken at Coventry on 1 Aug. 1450. 61 Barwick In Elmet, Yorkshire.— Par. and vil. (1582), E. div. W.R. Yorks, 7 m. NE. of Leeds. At B. are some mounds, said to be early Norman, including the Hall Tower Hill (30 ft. high; 200 ft. in diameter). Richard Pace (14S2?-1536) was given the rectory In Feb. 1519.--Dr. Timothy Bright (1551?- 1615), inventor of modern shorthand, held the living here (with Methley) from 1595 until his death, and probably resided here. Basford, Nottinghamshire.— Sub. in bor. of Nottingham; for merly a vil. 2m. NW. of town. Thomas Bailey (1785-1856) spent the later yrs. of his life in a mansion that he bought at B. in 1830. He d. here. Philip James Bailey (1816-1902) retired to his father’s house here in 1836 and wrote Festus (publ. 1839). Basingstoke, Hampshire.--Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (14,650), 17^ m. NE. of Winchester, 48 SW. of London by rail. The chief town In N. Hants. Thomas Warton the elder (1688?-1745) was vicar of B. and master of the grammar school, which his 2 sons, Joseph (1722-1800) and Thomas (1728-90), attended. Thomas was b. in B. Joseph was curate to his father during the last year and a half of his father’s life.--Gilbert White (1720-93) was a fellow pupil of Joseph’s at the gr. school.--Jane Austen (1775-18) frequently writes of attending the county balls at B., which were held in the Assembly Rooms once a mo., on a Thursday, during the season. They were frequented by all the well-to-do families of the neighborhood. The Austens lived 6^ m. SW. at Steventon, but Jane often stayed at Manydown, the home of the Bigg-Withers, 3^- m. W. cThe ballroom was behind the Angel in the mkt.- place, the principal inn and posting-house at that time, and was connected with the inn by a long passage that ran above the stables and harness rooms. Guests would traverse this passage to reach the large front parlor of the Angel, where supper was served. The Assembly Rooms in Jane Austen’s novels are evidently drawn from that at B., and such an arrangement as the passage at the Angel is indi cated in Miss Bates’s remarks about the "draughts in the passage” at the "Crown” in Emma.--[See^sketch of ball-room and description of the Angel in Hill, Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends.]--B. is the "Stoke-Barehills” of Hardy’s Jude the Obscure, visited by Sue and Jude. Batcombe Down, Dorset.— Hill, traversed by the road from Evershot to Cerne Abbas, passing above Batcombe, par. and vil. (107), mid-Dorset, 3 m. NW. of Cerne Abbas. A pillar 4 or 5 ft. high of unknown origin, called Batcombe Cross- in-Hand, stands at the summit of B. Down. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles Hardy states that it is from a stratum un known in any local quarry and has roughly carved upon it a human hand. The place is associated with the meeting of Tess, on her way to "Flintcomb Ash" (q.v.), with Alec Stoke 63 D’Urberville, on his way to preach at ’ ’ Abbot's Cernel” (q.v.). Bath, Somerset.--Co. and pari, bor., eity, and par. (70,000), on r. Avon (the Lower A.), l l j j f m. SE. of Bristol, 107 m. W. of Bondon by rail. It returns 1 member to Parliament; until 1832 it returned 2 members. The town is situated in a bowl shaped valley, surrounded by wooded downs, up the slopes of which its bldgs. have spread. fGeneral view in 1804 in Chancellor, Bife in Regency and Early Victorian Times; views of the town and bldgs. at this period and map of 1783 in Barbeau, Bife and Betters At Bath in the XVIIIth Century.] The general character of Bath was determined by the presence of medicinal waters and hot springs, which made it an important Roman settlement, an 18th cent, resort, and later a residential city, favored by retired military officers, clergymen, and elderly ladies. The legendary history of B. traces the discovery of the efficacy of the waters back to Bladud (father of King Bear), who, exiled from the court as a leper and serving as a swineherd, regained his health when he imitated his leprous swine and rolled in the warm mud about the hot mineral spring. The remains of the extensive baths bit. by the Romans c. 44 A.D. In a settlement here called Aquae Solis are the most important relics of the Roman occupation of Britain. A nunnery founded here in 676 was converted into a Bendictine monastery in the 10th cent, by Edgar. Bath was a center of the cloth-trade in the middle 64 ages. The extent of the old walled town, centering about the abbey, is indicated by the names of the streets that follow the line of the old walls (bit. partly of Roman materials and pulled down in the 18th cent.). In the 16th cent, in terest in the waters of Bath began to revive (noted in Boland's Itinerary in 1542), and visits in 1616 by James I’s wife and in 1660 by Charles II and Queen Catherine of Braganza estab. the vogue of the town, which reached its zenith in the 18th cent., after the visit of Queen Anne in 1702, when it developed as a fashionable watering-pl. under the sway of its famous Master of Ceremonies, Beau (Richard) Nash (1674-1762), appointed to the position in 1704. The new town designed and bit. in the Falladian style during that cent., with its spacious parks and residential areas in the NW., owes its peculiar charm to its unity of design and bldg. material. It was largely the work of the 2 John Woods, father and son (d. 1754 and 1782), architects, and the wealthy Ralph Allen (1694-1764) of Prior Park, who exploited the quarries of Bath stone on Combe Down. Queen St., Gay St., and the Circus were bit. by the elder Wr ood, and the Assembly Rooms and the Royal Crescent by the younger. Other and later builders conformed to the general pattern. The population increased in the 18th cent, from 2000 or 3000 when Nash came to.34,163 in 1801. The extension of royal 65 favor to Brighton in the early 19th cent, and the rapid growth of that seacoast town as a fashionable resort, as well as the popularity of Continental spas after the Napole onic wars, accelerated the decline of Bath as a center of fashionj but its new development as a permanent residential town kept It' from decay. Historic bldgs. suffered serious damage in World War II. [Barbeau gives a noteworthy picture of Bath and a detailed account of her society and literary associations in the 18th cent.] If the decayed city described in The Ruin may be identi fied with the old Roman city here, by the reference to the hot baths (1. 39), that A.-S. poem is the 1st literary refer ence to Bath.--The crowning of Edgar in 973 as king of all England was performed at B. on Whitsunday by Dunstan, archbp. of Canterbury, and Oswald, archbp. of York, with all the bps. of England assisting. The event is recorded in the chronicle in a ballad poem, in which the old name of the city, Akemanceaster, and the new name are given.— Adelard (or Aethelard) of Bath, a 12th cent, writer on philosophy, is said to have been a native of the town.— The Wife of Bath in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is described as coming from "beside Bath," presumably from the par. of St. Michael's Without, a suburb just outside the city walls to the N* and traversed by the Bondon rd. It was still noted for Its cloth-making in the late 17th cent. The elder Wood, in his Description of Bath,says that there were no less than 60 broad looms in this par, at the time of the Restoration.— B. was visited by 30 different theatrical companies bet. 1569 and 1612. Among the visitors were Dord Strange’s players, 1592 and 1593; the hord Chamber lain' s ~ , 1597; and the King’s, 1604. Even if Shakespeare did not accompany his fellows, it is not surprising to find reference to the hot springs and baths in sonnets 153 and 154.--John Hales (1584- 1656) was b. in St. James’s par. and went through B. grammar school..--In his play Parliament of hove (1624), Philip Massinger extravagantly called the springs of B. far-famed and compared them to those of Spa.--Sir John Suckling and Sir William Davenant visited B. together in 1637, and Suckling wrote here his tract about Socinianism, according to Aubrey.— William Prynne (1600-69), who had been educ. at the grammar school here, sat for B. in the Convention Pari, and presented an address from the town to Charles II in June 1660, Bathonla Rediviva. He was returned again in May 1661.— Sir Richard Fanshawe was permitted to leave his prison at Whitehall on bail of h 4000 and visit B. for his health in Nov. 1652, was cured of ague here.in Aug. 1658, and was received by Charles II and sworn a privy councillor here in Oct. 1663.— Joseph Glanvill (1636-80), rector of the Abbey Church from 1666, d. here and is bur. in the church (inscription in N. aisle).--Both John Evelyn, a visitor in June 1654, and Samuel Pepys, in June 1668, com mented on the narrow streets. Evelyn bathed in the Cross Bath.— Tom D’Urfey (1653-1723) wrote a licentious comedy called The Bath, or the Western Lass.--John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1647-80), visited B. and wrote in verse Bath Intrigues.— Mrs. Susannah Centlivre (1667?-1723) is said to have made here her 1st appearance as an actress In her comedy Love at a Venture.--Charles Sackvllle, 6th Earl of Dorset (1638-1706), d. at B. In the 18th cent, the tide of travel, especially in search of health, carried most of the men and women of letters in England to Bath at some time. Some of the visi tors publ. their impressions. Some settled at B. or re turned later as permanent residents. Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729) wrote on the multiplicity of doctors in B. In the Tatler, No. 78, in 1709, and gave his impressions of the women gamesters In the Guardian, No. 174, after a visit in 1713.— William Wycherley (1640?-1716) visited B. several times. In 1711 he was the guest of Henry Cromwell.--Joseph Addison (1672-1719), accompanied by Ambrose Philips (1675?- 1749), visited B. for his eyes in Aug. 1711.— The visit of Daniel Defoe in 1711 resulted in a detailed picture in his Tour thro * the Whole Island of Great Britain.— Thomas Parnell (1679-1718), ill after the death of his wife, spent 2 mos. here in 1712 and was here again for his health with Pope in Sept. 1714. Pope enjoyed all the diversions of the town and wrote enthusiastically of B. to the Blount sisters. In 1715 Pope came again with Arbuthnot, Jervas,, and other friends. In 1728 he spent 6 wks. here for his health, in company for at least part of the time with Gay and Arbuthnot, and made another lengthy visit in 1734 with Bolingbroke. . After that he became a friend of Ralph Allen and visited B. nearly every year, often staying with Allen for long periods at Bathampton (q.v.) or later at Prior Park (q.v.) John Gay (1685-1732), here in 1728 while Pope was here, had come with the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough and William Congreve (1670-1729). An internal injury that Congreve received here from the upsetting of his carriage caused his death the following January.— Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773), was a constant visitor, and many of his letters, including some of those to his son, are dated from B.--Edward Cave (1691-1754) took the B. waters for gout in 1736.— Thomas Tickell (1686-1740) d. here.— John Wesley (1703-91) preached here twice in 1739. After that he preached often at the Countess of Huntingdon’s house, and, from 1766, in the chapel that she bit. Walpole, on a 3-mos.’ visit to B., attended one of the course of sermons that he gave there in 1766. Richard Graves’s novel The Spiritual Quixote, a satire against the Methodists, has many scenes laid in B.— William Warburton (1698-1779) preached a sermon at the Abbey Church in 1742. (See Prior Park.)*<— William Cowper (1731-1800) visited B. in 1748 and here composed the verses on a shoe with which his 1st collec tion of poems opens.--Joseph Butler (1692-1752), bp. of Durham, who had been sent here for his health, d. at London derry House in Kingsmead Sq.— William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708-78), a frequent and popular visitor here, repre sented B. in Pari, in 1757 and 1761.— William Shenstone (1714-63) visited B. and his old Oxford friend Graves at Claverton (q.v.).— In a rhymed farewell to B., Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) recalled the many balls that she had led in the Assembly Rooms.— When he was 13, Edward Gibbon (1737-94) was sent to B. for his health. In 1789 he said that he would want to live here if he ever left Lau- ■ sanne. He visited his stepmother here late in 1793.— B. was a favorite resort of Mrs. Elizabeth (Robinson) Montagu (1720-1800), She here met Edward Young (1683-1765), who occasionally visited B. after 1741, in one notable instance restoring his health here in 1757.--While Laurence Sterne (1713-68) was spending a month at B. in Apr. 1765, he had his portrait painted by Gainsborough in a single sitting.-- Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74) visited B. in 1762 and wrote a biography of Nash. In 1771, a guest of Lord Nugent at 11, North Parade, he had the amusing adventure of entering the house next door by mistake and entertaining the Duke and 70 Duchess of Northumberland, whom he took to be visitors of his host.— ’ George Colman, the elder (1732-94), retired to B. for a time after leaving the management of Covent Garden in 1774.— Samuel Johnson (1709-84) visited B. in 1776 with the Thrales, who were often here, and Boswell, who had never seen B., joined them here. Mrs. Thrale (1741-1821) settled at B. after Mr. Thrale*s death and in 1784 mar. Piozzi here. Her address was 8, Gay St. A concert, ball, and supper, attended by nearly 700 persons, given to celebrate her birthday, was the last gala affair held in the Dower Assem bly Rooms, situated on the Walks leading from the Grove to the Parades, which were burnt to the ground in 1820. The Rooms were founded by Beau Nash in 1708. This bldg. was bit. by the elder Wood in 1-729.— After 1750 the B. theatre ranked immediately after the London stage and served as a nursery of actors for it. In 1768 it was made a Theatre Royal, the 1st outside London. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), who lived in his early childhood with his uncle at 6, South Parade, saw his 1st play, As You Like It, here in Nov. 1775, when he was 4 yrs. old, and was deeply impressed. Robert Southey (1774-1843) had the same experience here at the same age in 1778. The great success of Mrs. Sarah Kemble Siddons in the B. theatre in 1778-81 led to her engagement at Drury Lane in Oct. 1782 as Mrs. Siddons from Bath. Her residence here was at 33, The Paragon.— The earliest publ. work of George Ellis (1753-1815) was some mock heroic couplets on Bath, its beauties and amusements (publ. anon. 1777).-- "Mad Jack" Byron became one of the fortune-hunters at B., and his marriage to Miss Gordon of Gight in 1785 took place here, Moore believed.— Thomas Warton (1728-90) visited B. early in 1790 for an attack of gout.--Edmund Burke (1729-97) visited Bath in Sept. 1792 for his wife's health and for his own health from July to Sept. 1796 and from Jan. to May 1797. One of his residences was 11, North Parade. Wilber- force was constantly with him during the last visit.--In 1796 Samuel Taylor Coleridge preached twice one Sunday to very small congregations in the Unitarian chapel.--The uncouth appearance of Richard Porson (1759-1808), who attended a ball at the Assembly Rooms with Dr. Davis of B., shocked King, Master of Ceremonies. The incident is nar rated by the Rev. R. Warren in his Literary Recollections (1830).— In her later years Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749- 1806), poet and novelist, made B. her home for a time. Figures of some literary interest are found among the regular residents of B. in or near the latter half of the 18th cent. David Hartley (1705-57), who had gone to B. in May 1742 for his wife's health, settled there permanently in a "pleasant house in the New Square,1 1 of which he wrote to Lister. He d. at B.— Richard Lovell Edgeworth (1744- 1817) was b. in Pierrepont St.--Thomas Gainsborough (1727- 72 88), the artist, estab. himself here in 1758 and became instantly famous. Many of the famous persons who came to B. sat for portraits, and many of his landscapes represent places near the town. He lived at 24, The Circus until his departure for London in 1774.--Robert Southey was largely brought up here by his mother’s half-sister, Miss Elizabeth Tyler.— Francis Kilvert (1793-1863), antiquary, was b. in Westgate St. and attended B. grammar school. He acquainted himself with the history of his native town and read many papers on its literary associations before the B. Literary Club, of which he was one of the earliest members.— Richard Graves (1715-1804), rector of Claverton, was a familiar figure at B., to which he walked briskly almost every day when he was nearly 90.— Hannah More’s sisters bit. a house in Great Pulteney St. in 1789 when they retired from their school.--Sophia Lee (1750-1824) founded a school for young ladies at Belvidere House with the profits from her successful comedy The Chapter of Accidents. Harriet Lee (1757-1851), her sister, assisted in the school and wrote here The Canterbury Tales (a few by Sophia) and Clara Lennox (1797). William Godwin (1756-1836), visiting B. in March 1798, made the acquaintance of the Lees and tried to persuade Harriet to marry him.--Ann Ward (1764-1823), a resident of B., mar. William Radcliffe here when she was 23.— Both Henry Fielding (1707-54) and his sister Sarah 73 (1710-68) are associated with B., although, their residences were usually outside the city. (See Twerton, Widcombe, and Bathwick,)* The par. register at Charlcombe, where Fielding mar. Miss Cradock of Sailsbury in Nov. 1734, describes him and his bride as of the par. of St. James, Bath. Some verses apparently improvised in the Pump Hoorn are dated 1742. A monument to Sarah Fielding was erected in the Abbey Church by Dr. John Hoadley. Ralph Allen became a friend and patron of Fielding and his sister and is, with Lyttelton, the prototype of Mr. Allworthy in Tom Jones. Amelia is dedi cated to him.— James Leake, the bookseller, bro.-in-law of Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), who visited him here, had a house on the Terrace Walks, in the parlor of which Sheridan is said to have written The Rivals. In the latter half of the 18th cent. Bath society furnished material for verse, drama, and novel. The New Bath Guide by Christopher Anstey (1724-1805), publ. 1766, presented the customs and amusements of the town in a series of 15 letters in verse wr. by members of the Blunderhead family and had an extraordinary and continuing popularity. Anstey visited B. c. 1760 for his health and returned in 1770 as a permanent resident. He purchased one of the houses in the new Royal Crescent and lived here until c. 1792, when he moved to 25, Marlborough Bldgs. No. 5 was identified by Peach as Anstey*s residence and is marked by 74 a tablet, but a recent Investigator says that a Mr. Bathoe lived at No. 5 and Anstey lived at No. 4. He d. at B. and is bur. in the Church of St. Swithin, in the sub. of Walcot. --Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) lived at B. in 1770-72 and found here his future wife, Eliza Linley, dau. of the director of the Bath concerts and a singer of note, and material for his 2 celebrated plays. The scene of The Rivals is B., and the characters are typical persons in B. society. It was enthusiastically received when it played at B. in March 1775, next after London. While the setting for The School for Scandal is not actually B., the play reflects the way of life there, and the 1st sketch for it, The Slanderers, has the sub-title A Pump-Room Scene. When the Upper Assembly Rooms opened in 1771, Sheridan wrote A Panegyric to the Ridotto, satirical verse in imitation of Anstey1s. Samuel Foote’s play The Maid of Bath, produced at the Haymarket in June 1771, is concerned with the Linleys’ attempt to marry the future Mrs. Sheridan to a wealthy Mr. Long, 60 yrs. of age, and opens at the Bear Inn at B. F. Frankfort Moore’s slight novel A Nest of Linnets (1900) tells the same story. Sheridan’s mother, Mrs. Frances Sheridan, wrote an unfinished play, A Journey to Bath, in 1763, which contains the prototype of Mrs. Malaprop. Tobias George Smollett (1721-71) pictures life at Bath in parts of his 3 principal novels. Roderick Random (1748) 75 and Peregrine Pickle (1751) show an early acquaintance with B., which is further evidenced in an essay on the Bath waters, publ. in 1752. Smollett visited B. for his health in the winter of 1766-7 and seems to have found in Anstey’s Guide a suggestion for the scheme of Humphrey Clinker (1771), which pictures B. in 16 letters wr. by the several charac ters during a month's stay.— Fanny Burney (1752-1840) visited B. several yrs. before the publication in 1778 of Evelina, which has some scenes at B., but the 1st recorded visit was made in 1780, when the successful author spent the season here with the Thrales, during which she met Mrs. Byron, wife of the admiral and grandmother of the poet. By this time people of the better classes had begun to withdraw from the public entertainments and to form their own more exclusive society. Miss Burney visited B. again in Aug. 1791, and after her marriage to M. d'Arblay lived here in 1815-18. She d. at B. in 1840. Her 2 residences here were 14, South Parade and 41, Gay St. Both she and M. d'Arblay are bur. at Walcot. Two 19th cent, novelists presented important views of Bath in their works: Jane Austen (1775-1817) at the beginning of the cent., and Charles Dickens (1812-70) at the end of the 1st quarter. B. is the scene in 19 of the 30 chapters of Northanger Abbey and 9 of the 24 of Persuasion. Miss Austen had several times visited her cousins, the Coopers, at B. (letters refer to visits in the winter of 1797-8 and in 1799) before Mr. Austen retired to B. in the spring of 1801. Mr. Cooper was likewise a retired clergy man. Several of Jane's letters before her residence here are dated from Queen Sq., and when they left Steventon in 1801 she and her mother stayed at first with Mrs. Austen's only bro., Mr. heigh-Ferrot, at 1, The Paragon, where he and his wife spent a large part of every year. The Austens had 3 residences here: 4, Sydney PI. (tablet), across the Avon, 1801 to late autumn of 1804; 27, Green Park Bldgs., until after Mr. Austen's death in Jan. 1805; lodgings at 25, Gay St., until removal to Southampton at the end of 1805. Mr. Austen is bur. at Walcot. Northanger Abbey was sold in 1803 to a publisher in B. for £10 and was bought back, still unpubl., after 4 of Miss Austen's novels had been publ. The theatre where Henry Tilney and Catherine Morland met in Mrs. Allen's box (Northanger Abbey) was the old theatre in Orchard St. (new theatre bit. 1809), associ ated with the successes of Mrs. Siddons and The Rivals. The New or Upper Assembly Rooms (bit. by the younger Wood in 1771), where Jane attended a ball soon after her arrival, were nr. The Paragon. At this date balls or concerts were given on alternate evenings at the Upper and at the hower Rooms. York House and the White Hart, in Stall St., facing the Pump Room, were the chief inns and coaching houses of B. 77 the Musgrove family (Persuasion) stayed at the White Hart. [Sketches and further details in Hill, Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends.] Bath in Miss Austen's day was at the height of its prosperity. ’ ’ The description in Pickwick,t f says Barbeau, "marks the extreme limit of its fashionable vogue; indeed, this was, even then, a trifle retrospective.” The Pickwick visit was set in 1827; the book was wr. and publ. in 1836-7. In 1852 Volumnia Deadlock (Bleak House), "lapsing then out of date,” retired to "that dreary city,” "that grass-grown city of the ancients, Bath.” By this date its metamorphosis was complete. Chs. 35-40 of Pickwick Papers present the adventures of the Pickwick party at B., to which they jour neyed at the disastrous conclusion of Mr. Pickwick's law suit. They stayed a night or 2 at the White Hart, kept by Moses Pickwick, who also operated the coach lines that served B. [Copy of an old engraving in Matz, The Inns and Taverns of "Pickwick."] The White Hart was demolished in 1867; the present Grand Pump Room Hotel stands on its site. The effigy of the white hart at its entrance was moved to the White Hart Inn at Widcombe, a sub. of B. The Pickwick party took lodgings in the Royal Crescent (at.Wo. 15 or 16, since only those were let out in lodgings at that time), and there Mr. Winkle had his famous adventure with the sedan chair and the closed door. The Pump Room and the Assembly 78 Rooms were visited by the party during their 4 mos, at B. Matz thinks that the Beaufort Arms was the public house from which the drinks were fetched for the footmen’s ”swarry” over the greengrocer’s shop and not the shop itself as some say. Dickens had visited B. in 1855 when, as a reporter for the Morning Chronicle, he was following Lord John Russell through the country, reporting his speeches. He is said to i have stayed at the Saracen’s Head in Walcot St. In Feb. 1867, when he gave a reading in the Upper Assembly Rooms, he stayed at the Royal York House, where Mr. Winkle had found the coach on the point of starting for Bristol. Royal was added to the name after the visit of Queen (then Princess) Victoria in 1830. At his last visit, Jan. 1869, when he again read here, Dickens stayed at the White Lion Hotel, since demolished. During the lifetime of Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864), he paid frequent visits to him at 35, St. James’s Sq. [photograph in Dexter, The England of Dickens], and here, during a 3-day visit in 1840 with his wife, Maclise, and Forster, he had the idea that resulted in the story of Little Nell. A tablet on the house, un veiled on the 91st anniversary of Dickens’s birth, records the fact. Much of Landor’s life in England was spent at B. He set up an establishment here when his father d, at the end of 1805, and here at a ball in the spring of 1811 he saw a pretty girl, Julia Thuillier, determined at once to 79 marry her, and did so in May. When his marriage had come to an end in Italy, he returned to B. and made it his home in 1858-57. To him it was the Florence of England. Dickens and Forster habitually visited him to observe on the same day (Jan. 30) the anniversary of Landor’s birth and of the execution of Charles I. Edward FitzGerald (1809-83), who visited his sister Andalusia here in 1854, after he had given up Boulge Cottage, met Landor. The association of William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) with B. dates back to 1789, when his 1st collection of sonnets was issued by Richard Cruttwell, a printer here. "Elegiac Stanzas, Written during Sickness at Bath, December 1795," refer to his listening to "the wintry waterfall," the fall of the river, heard from his rooms on the Parade. In April 1839 Wordsworth and his wife, who were staying at 10, George St., dined at the White Hart with Bowles and Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Moore and their son Tom, whom Bowles had driven to B. (from Bremhill and Sloperton Cottage) for a morning concert.— After the sale of Greenhay (q.v.) in Aug. 1796, Thomas De QuinceyTs mother and 3 of her children went into furnished lodgings at 6, Green Park Bldgs. East, just vaca ted by Edmund Burke. After 3 mo s. Thomas came from Man chester and entered the Edward VI grammar school, where he stayed c. 2 yrs. By 1835 Mrs. De Quincey was living at Weston Lea, Bath, where she d. in 1846.— The 1st educ. of Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49) was at B. gr. school.— In Oct. 1813 Lord and Lady Lansdowne took Mme. de StaSl and some other foreign friends, visiting at Bowood, to see Bath.— Harriet Shelley, who had gone from Bracknell to Bath at the end of June 1814 while Shelley was in London trying to arrange his financial affairs, went to London from here at his bidding to hear of his affair with Mary Godwin. In Sept. 1816 Shelley, Mary, and Glare,.; Clairmont estab. them selves here upon their return from Switzerland and received here the news of the suicide at Swansea on Oct. 9 of Fanny Imlay, who had passed through B. without calling at their lodgings, and the news of Harriet's suicide, which reached Shelley here on Dec. 15.--William Harrison Ainsworth (1805- 82) and his bride spent a fortnight of their honeymoon at 7, South Parade in 1826 and had miniatures painted by Freeman. Charmed by Anstey’s Hew Bath Guide, they sent home some nonsense verses in the same metre, reporting their activities. Ainsworth visited B. in Aug. 1877 to gather material for his novel Beau Nash (1879) and stayed at the Grand Pump Room Hotel.--William Beckford (1759-1844), au. of Vathek, lived at 20, Lansdown Crescent in 1822-44.— George Canning (1.770-1827) and his private secretary, Stapleton, visited Lord Liverpool, who was at B. for his health, in Jan. 1827.— Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832), whose health had been Injured by the Indian climate, made 81 several visits to B.— Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), d. nr. B. and is bur. in the Abbey (momsment in the porch).— The Tennysons paid a brief visit to B. on their honeymoon in 1850.— Thackeray gave his lectures on the Georges here in Jan. 1857. Some other references to B. in literature include an anon. Ode on an Evening View of the Crescent at Bath (1773); Amelia Qpie ’ a novel Adelina Mowbray, or the Mother and Daughter (1804), which parallels to some extent the situa tion of Shelley and Harriet Westbrook and was sent by Harriet to Shellley at Cwm Elan in the summer of 1811; Douglas Jerrold’s comedy Beau Nash (1834); some scenes in Bulwer-Lytton’s Paul Clifford and in George Meredith’s Harry Richmond; Booth Tarkington’s Monsieur Beaucaire: A Tale of Bath hife in the 18th Century (1901); and the performance of 2 secret marriages in Hardy's novels, that of Troy in Far from the Madding Crowd and of Viviette and St. Cleeve in Two on a Tower. Swinburne’s Ballad of Bath shows an interest in the natural beauty of the place and in the memory of Landor. The lively city of Beau Nash has vanished; here Bath is the "city lulled asleep by the chime of passing years.” ^at^^ton, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (435), sub. 2 m. NE. of Bath. Hampton Manor, N. of the vil. on the Avon, was a country seat of Ralph Allen, where he was visited by Pope 82 before Prior Park was bit. Batheaston, Somerset.--Par. and vil. (1560), HE. of co., 2 m. NE. of Bath. In the 18th cent., Walpole calls it ’ ’ a large village, with houses for gentry,” on one of the hills. To the right, toward Bath, was the villa of John Miller (after 1778 a baronet) and his wife, in a picturesque gar den on the London road, above the Avon. The villa, with its garden and its views of the r., which here ’ ’ falls in a wide cascade,” the mtns., and the city of Bath, is described in a letter by Horace Walpole, who was a dinner guest in 1766. In 1769 the Millers returned from Italy with an antique marble vase from Frascati (found that year by a laboring man nr. the Tusculanum of Cicero), which, adorned with pink ribbons and myrtles and placed on a pedestal in the bow window, received the poetical contributions con testing for prizes of myrtle wreaths or flowers at the fort nightly literary breakfasts then instituted by Lady Miller and continued until her death in 1781. Much laughed at in London, the Batheaston breakfasts drew, in Walpole’s words, ’ ’ all the flux* of quality at Bath” to contend for the prizes (C. B. Tinker says her guests ’ ’ would have made the reputa tion of any London drawing-room”), and many impressions of the gatherings about the Batheaston vase were written in letters or diaries. Walpole ridiculed "the Parnassus fair” with its "bouts rimes on a buttered muffin” (an actual 83 instance); Mme. D’Arblay commented that, in spite of the opinion of London, "nothing here is more tonish than to visit Lady Miller"; and Mrs. William Hayley, in a detailed account asking her husband to send her some verses to put in the vase, told him that one of the mottoes on the vase was Pope’s "Cursed be the verse, how well so e’er it flow, That tends to make one worthy man my foe." Among regular members of the Batheaston coterie were Christopher Anstey, the Rev. Richard Graves of nearby Claverton, and Anna Seward, who here discovered her poetical bent. Sheridan and Garrick were occasional guests, as were most of the distinguished visitors to Bath. Graves says that he counted more than 50 carriages one morning and that he was here once when 4 duchesses were present. Several vols. of verses contributed to the B. vase were publ. as Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath (Bath, 1775-81), the proceeds going to the Bath Pauper Charity, of which Sir John Miller was president. The mediocre quality of the Batheaston verse .invited the anonymous satire directed against it in several publications. In 1908 Austin Dobson reported that the vase was said to be in a local park. [Small picture of the vase on t » - p. of Barbeau, Life and Letters at Bath in the Eighteenth Century.] Bath Road, The.--Road (106 m.) from London to Bath, passing 34 for a few m. through Middx and Bucks, crossing Berks and Wilts, and ending with a few m. of Somerset. Chief points: Kensington, Hounslow Heath, Maidenhead, Reading, Newbury, Marlborough, Caine, Chippenham, Bath. Perhaps the most famous coaching road in the kingdom, which has been traversed by many of the interesting and the great of real life .and of fiction. Coaches in Dickens's day took 12 hrs. for the journey; the motor car today can do it in 3. [See Roberts, And: So to Bath for literary and other associations with the Bath Road.] Bathwick, Somerset.— Place in Bath co. bor.; formerly a vil. across the Avon from Bath. On B. Hill, m. E., is Sham Castle, an artificial ruin bit. in 1760 by Ralph Allen of Prior Park (q.v.). Sarah Fielding (1710-68) came here from Widcombe, an adjoining vil., in 1757 and lived here until her death (according to Peach).— Francis Kilvert (1793-1863), antiquary and native of Bath, is commemorated by a brass tablet on the wall of St. Mary, B., of which he was once evening lecturer. Batley, Yorkshire.--Mun. bor. and par. (39,800), S. div. W.R. Yorks, li m. N. of Dewsbury, 7 SSW. of Leeds. B. today is a manufacturing town, the center of the heavy woolen dist. of the West Riding and the headquarters of the shoddy: industry, with engineering works and collieries. Before the 19th cent, it was a small vil. Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) 85 entered B. grammar school in 1745. Battle, Sussex.--Par., seat, and mkt.-town (3490), E.- Sussex, 6m. NW. of Hastings. At the end of the main street is the gatehouse (1339) of B. Abbey, which was founded by William the Conqueror in 1066 in fulfilment of a vow made before the Battle of Hastings, or of Senlac as it is also called from the hill SE. of the town where the Saxons were entrenched. The abbey was bit. where Harold had set up his royal standard, and the high altar of the church was erected on the spot where his body was found. The garden with an ancient yew hedge now occupies the site of the church. Ruins of some of the abbey survive. The richly endowed abbey was placed under Benedictine rule, the 1st abbot being appointed in 1076. The church was consecrated to St. Martin in Feb. 1095, in the presence of William Rufus, by Archbp. Anselm, assisted by 7 bps., one of whom was St. Osmund (d. 1099), bp. of Salisbury. At the Dissolution (1538) B. Abbey was given to Sir Anthony Browne, Master of the Horse, who made exten sive additions, most of which are not extant. A school now occupies B. Abbey.— Waee of New Jersey told the story of the Battle of Senlac in his French epic, the Roman de Rou.— The Roll of Battle Abbey, naming Norman families represented in England, was compiled probably in the 14th cent.— The site and the battle are described in the closing chapters of Bulwer Lytton's Harold, Last of the Saxon Kings. 86 Bawdeswell, Norfolk.— Par. and vil. (385), N. of* co., 3 m. SW. of Reepham, 14 NW. of* Norwich. In Chaucer’s time the vil. and the adjoining manor of* Foxley were parts of the Norfolk estates of .the earls of Pembroke. The Reeve in The Canterbury Tales has a house on the heath, surrounded by trees, beside Baldeswelle, and is evidently drawn from a definite original. #B«ygnouth (Thackeray)— See Sidmouth. Devon. Bayon’s Manor, Lincolnshire.— Seat, Lindsey, N. Dines, beside the vil. of Tealby, 3^ m. ENE. of Market Rasen, 16^- NE. of Lincoln. Seat of the Tennyson d’Eyncourt family. The name is derived from the 1st Norman possessor, Odo, bp. of Bayeux, half- bro. of. William the Conqueror. An 11th or 12th cent, forti fied dwelling was replaced (c. 16.th cent.) by a fairly large house, at one time thatched. Part of this is incorporated In the castellated mansion bit. in the 19th cent., with draw bridge and barbican. The 1st Tennyson occupant of B. was the poet’s grandfather, who disinherited his elder son (the poet’s father) at the time of that son’s marriage, In favor of his younger son, Charles, who took the name of d’Eyncourt.--When Bulwer Lytton was trying to recover his seat for Lincoln In 1848, he stayed here with Charles Tennyson d’Eyncourt and made use of his. collection of early English chronicles in writing Harold, which he dedicated to his friend. In the dedicatory letter he refers to the legend that on certain 87 nights the ghost of Eric the Saxon winds his horn at the door, asserting ownership of the land usurped by Odo. Beachy Head, Sussex.— Promontory (alt. 530 ft.), on S. coast, 2 • § ■ m. ESE. of the Seven Sisters, 3 SW. of Eastbourne. Has lighthouse and coastguard sta. A magnificent precipitous chalk headland, one of the white cliffs of Albion. Beachy Head, a long descriptive blank verse poem that gives the name to a posthumous vol. (1807) of verse by Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806), is wr. from the point of view of one stationed on the summit and includes descriptions of the views.--A prose description is given by Richard Jefferies (1848-87) in the essay The Breeze on Beachy Head. Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.- town (6000), S. Bucks, 4|r m. S. of Amersham, 23 WNW. of St. Paul’s, London. A clean, quiet town on the Oxford rd., with a wide high st. and pleasant red brick houses. S. of the town, on the Slough rd., is the large estate of Hall Barn, the family home of Edmund Waller (1606-87) from his early childhood. After he inherited it, he spent a ]arge sum in leveling the hills on the property. It is now the seat of Lord Burnham. The present house was bit. in 1712. An obelisk marks Waller's grave in the par. chyd.--Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714), Quaker friend of Milton, spent a night in detention here when, for no apparent reason, he was ar rested by the watch as a rogue and vagabond when he was walking through the town on his way from Chalfont St. Peter to his home at Crowell.--Edmund Burke (1729-97) had a house called Gregories, which formerly stood NW. of the town in a park. The seat is now called Butler’s Court. Burke enter tained.many of his friends here, one of his frequent visitors being Mrs.. Elizabeth Montagu (1720-1800). George Crabbe (1754 1832), befriended by Burke during his struggle in London, stayed here while he was working on The Village and met Fox here. In 1788 Burke won a lawsuit with Waller of Hall Barn, who claimed some manorial rights over his estate of Gregories Burke is bur. in the par. church.— William Godwin (1756-1836) held his last charge as a minister at B. in 1783.--The wife of Benjamin Disraeli became Viscountess Beaconsfield in 1868, and Disraeli (1804-81) became the Earl of B. in 1876. His home, Hughenden Manor (q.v.), is 6 m. NW. of B. Bealings House, Suffolk.— Seat, E. Suffolk, SE. of Great Bealings, ! - § • m. WSW. of Woodbridge. Home of Major Edward Moor, a retired officer of the Indian army, with whose family the FitzGerald family, while living at Bredfield House in Edward’s childhood, always took Christmas dinner, a return visit to Bredfield being made on New Year’s Day. Beaminster (pron. Bemmins ter) . , Dorset.— Par., mkt.-town (1651), and seat, W. of co., 5|- m. N. of Bridport, 14^ NW. of Dorchester. Called "Bemister" by the natives.--Birth- place of Thomas Sprat (1635-1713), bp. of Rochester and 89 dean of Westminster, whose father was minister of the parish. --William Barnes, the Dorset poet, praises in verse "sweet Be’mi'ster" and its "green and woody hills all round."— B. is the "Emminster" of Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles, "the hill-surrounded town," with a "Tudor church tower of red stone," of which Angel Glare's father was vicar and to which Tess journeyed from "Flintcombe Ash" (q.v.). Beaudesert, Warwickshire.--Par. and vil. (231), adjoining Henley-in-Arden on the E., across the r. Alne, 7^ m. NW. of Stratford-on-Avon. Called "Belser" locally. Birthplace of Richard Jago (1715-81), poet, whose father was rector of B. from 1709-40. Beaulieu (pron. Bewley), Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (1011), S. Hants, 6m. NE. of Lymington, in the New Forest. The vil. of B. and B. Abbey, around which it grew up, are beauti fully placed at the head of the estuary of the B. River, a creek of the Solent. The abbey, a wealthy and powerful Cistercian house, founded by King John (1204), which stood on the E. side of the r., is largely in ruins. The chief survival is the old refectory, which is now the par. church. The Palace House, where the old gatehouse stood, is the residence of Lord Montagu.— A poem by William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850), "Water-Party on Beaulieu River, in the New Forest, June, 1799" (publ. 1803), gives an account of an evening boating party in The Phaedria, a cutter owned by 90 Nathaniel Ogle, son of Dr. Newton Ogle, dean of Winchester. Mrs. Wilmot and the 2nd Mrs. Sheridan, a dau. of the dean, were other guests.--B. is the "Fairly Park" of Meredith’s Rhoda Fleming. Beaumanor, Leicestershire.--Seat, N. Leics, 2|r m. W. of Mount Sorrel, 2|r S. of Loughborough, 7|r NNW. of Leicester. Home of the Curzon-Herrick family, of which Robert Herrick and Swift were connections. Herrick’s uncle lived here, and a collateral descendant of B. Park erected a monument to Herrick’s memory in Dean Prior Church in 1857. Beccles, Suffolk.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (6408), E. Suffolk, on r. Waveney, 8m. W. of Lowestoft, 33 NE. of Ipswich. An attractive town with many good Georgian houses and a church with a fine S. porch and a detached tower, standing high above the river. (Photographs of porch and town from r. in Wallace, East Anglia.] Sailing and angling and a regatta in summer are features of B.--A broadside by Thomas Deloney (1543?-1607?) in the Huth Collection, entitled "A proper newe Sonet declaring the lamentation of Beckles in Suffolke, burnt by fire on S. Andrewe’s eve last past" records the great fire of 1586, which destroyed fourscore houses, with a loss of more than &20,000. Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) made many trips to Beccles and often visited at his sister’s home at Geldestone (q.v.), 2m. away. In later years he often visited William Crowfoot, an old friend and a relative of Crabbe's. Beckenham, Kent.--Mun. bor. and par. (71,500), NW. Kent, 2 m. W. of Bromley,. 8 SSE. of St. Paul's, London. John Cator, the fellow executor of Thrale's estate with Johnson, had a seat here, where he was visited by Johnson and by Boswell, who said that it was one of the finest places at which he ever was a guest.--Practically a part of London today, B. was a small vil. in 1809 when Leigh Hunt and his wife spent the 1st mos. of their married life in a cottage ‘ here.--Near B. was George Grote's family home, Clay Hill (q.v.).— Emily Eden (1797-1869) is bur. in the family vault here. The family seat, Eden Farm (now E. Park), is 1 m. S. of B. Beckhampton, Wiltshire.--Ham., N. Wilts, 6 m. W. of Marl borough. The Waggon and Horses Inn, on the N. side of the road, opp. the great B. Inn, is generally accepted as the original of the inn in which Tom Smart, in the story of the Bagman's uncle (Pickwick Papers, ch. 49), found shelter after crossing Marlborough Downs and had the strange adven ture with the queer chair. The year before Dickens wrote the story he made several trips to Bath as a reporter and probably visited the inn, which is carefully described. (Drawing by Harper (who 1st made the identification) in Matz, The Inns and Taverns of "Pickwidc"; photograph In Dexter, Mr. Pickwick's Pilgrimages.] Beckington, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (727), E. of co., 3 m. 92 NE. of Frome, 3 SE. of Norton St. Philip, SSE. of Bath. Samuel Daniel (1562-1619) owned a farm at B. (described in some records as nr. "Phipps Norton") and was bur. at B. The monument above his grave in the church was erected many years later by his old pupil, Lady Anne Clifford, then the Countess Dowager of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery. f t -Beckley Court (Meredith’s Evan Harrington)— See Fair Oak Dodge, Hants. Bedale, Yorkshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (1064), N.R. Yorks, 7^ m. SW. of Northallerton, 30 NW. of York. The church at B. (mostly 13-14th cent.) has a striking W. tower and a fine chancel. Richard Lumley, father of Elizabeth, whom Laurence Sterne married in 1741, held the rich rectory of B. from 1721 until his death in 1732. Beddington, Surrey.— Par. (22,000), in mun. bor. of B. and Wallington, NE. of co., 1^- m. W. of Croydon. B. Hall, on E. side of B. Park, now an orphan asylum, was the country home of the Carew family. Nicholas Carew bit. a house here in the reign of Edward III. Sir Francis Carew reblt. it in Elizabethan times and twice entertained the queen here. It was famous for its orange trees, described by John Aubrey (1626-97), nr. the end of the 17th cent., as "planted in the open ground, where they have throve to admiration for above a whole century; but are preserved, during the winter season, under a moveable Covert." They did not survive the hard 93 frost of 1739. In the Carew chapel in B. church are many Carew family monuments and brasses.— Thomas Nashe (1567- 1601).resided for a time at Sir George Carew1s house, and was here in 1592 for fear of infection in London.--I*ady Raleigh wished to have Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618) bur. here, but he was bur. at St. Margaret's, Westminster. Bedford, Bedfordshire.--Mun. bor., par., and co. town (45,760), on r. Ouse, 25 m. WSW. of Cambridge, 50^- NNW. of London by road. A pleasant residential town with some manufactures and with noted schools (the original grammar school, now a large public school, and 3 others), supported by Sir William Harpur's endowment of the grammar school in 1566. Only the mound survives of B. Castle, destroyed in 1224. In St. Paul’s Sq. is a statue of John Howard (1726?-90), the prison reformer. The most famous person connected with B. is John Bunyan (1628-88), who came from Elstow (q.v.) to live here c. 1655. After his arrest at Lower Sampsell for unlicensed preaching, Nov. 1660, he was Imprisoned most of the" time until 1672 in the county gaol, which then stood at High St. and Silver St., opp. St. Peter’s Church. Here on St. Peter's Green, facing the site of the gaol, is the bronze statue of Bunyan by Boehm, presented by the Duke of Bedford, In the county gaol Bunyan wrote Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners and other books. He wrote the 1st part of Pilgrim’a Progress in the town gaol on the old bridge across the Ouse, 94 where he was imprisoned for c. 6 raos. in 1675-6 by the borough authorities. [Photograph of the classical bridge replacing it in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.j Prom 1672 until his death he was the minister of the congregation now called the Bunyan Meeting, which met in a barn in an orchard in Mill St., E. of High St. The present bldg. (1850), on the same site, has a few personal relics of Bunyan and a collection of editions of his works and prints. The bronze doors, pre sented by the 9th Duke of Bedford in 1876, have panels by Frederick Thrupp illustrating Pilgrim*s Progress. In the vestibulb is the old prison door of the co. gaol. George Gascoigne (1525?-77), of Cardington, was M.P. for B. in 1557-9.— John Hacket (1592-1670), afterwards bp. of Lichfield, became archdeacon of B. in 1631*— John Pomfret (1667-1702), au. of The Choice, was educ. at B.— David Everard (1797-1875), au. of the religious essay Decapolis, d. here.— Edward FitzGerald (1809-83), on visits to Golding- ton (q.v.), nr. B., was much impressed by the preaching of the Rev. Timothy R. Matthews, a zealous evangelist, whose chapel in Bromham Rd. he visited a no. of times (once on Good Friday, 1844) after hearing him preach in the streets of B. Bedhampton, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (870), S. Hants, 1 m. W. of Havant, 5^- NE. of Portsmouth. The Towers at B. was the home of Charles Wentworth Dilke’s sister, Mrs. Snook, who 95 was visited here in Jan. 1819 by John Keats and Charles Armitage Brown. Here Keats wrote part of The Eve of St. Agnes, begun at Chichester. Keats spent his last night on shore here with Severn in Sept. 1820, when the Maria Crowther was detained in Portsmouth Harbour by adverse winds. [Photograph of The Towers in Lowell, John Keats.3 Beechen Cliff, Somerset.— Steep and finely wooded eminence at Bath on the S. side of the Avon, 360 ft. above the river. It is reached via Holloway or by steps from Lyncombe Hill, and affords the best near view of the city. Jane Axis ten wrote of it as "that noble hill, whose beautiful verdure and hanging coppice render it so striking an object from almost every opening in Bath.” Catherine Morland fHorth- anger Abbey) walked here with the Tilneys while Henry dis coursed on the picturesque in nature. Beech Hill (Ainsworth)— See M^chester, Lancs. Beech Hill Park, Essex.— Seat, 1 - | - m. SE. of Waltham Abbey, ■ § m. NNW. of High Beech (q.v.). Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) and his family came here from Somersby in 1837 and lived here until 1840. Beechwood, Buckinghamshire.— Seat, on S. side of Marlow, 5 m. NW. of Maidenhead. Francis Edward (Frank) Smedley (1718-64), novelist, purchased B. in 1863 as a summer retreat. Belchamp St. Paul, Essex.— Par. and vil. (441), NE. Essex, 96 5 m. WNW. of Sudbury, 23 SE. of Cambridge. Family home of Arthur Golding (1536-1605?), who dedicated his translation of Caesar's Commentaries to Sir William Cecil from here in Oct. 1565 and completed here in 1575 his translation of Beza's Tragedie of Abraham1s Sacrifice. Belchford, Lincolnshire.--Par. and vil., Lindsay, E. Lines, 4 m. NNE. of Horncastle, 20 ENE. of Lincoln. John Dyer (1699?-1758), au. of Grongar Hill, exchanged for B. in 1755 the living of Kirkby-on-Bane, Lincs. Belford, Northumberland.— Par. and mkt.-town (663), N. of co., 1 4 - j g - m. SE. of Berwick. Shelley, Harriet, and Hogg passed the 1st night here on their journey from Edinburgh to York in the autumn of 1811, and the next morning went through Alnwick (q.v.). ■ »Belford. Regis (Miss Mitford)— See Reading, Berks. Bell Inn (Pickwick Papers)--See Berkeley Heath, Glos. Belvoir Castle (pron. Beever), Leicestershire.— Seat of the Dukes of Rutland, NE. Leics, 7 m. WSW. of Grantham. The castle, which stands on a wooded hill, was reblt. by Wyatt in 1816 after a fire. It has one of the finest private picture galleries in England and important collections of tapestry, armor, and miniatures. George Crabbe (1754-1832), who became chaplain to the duke in 1782 at Burke's solici tation, spent much time at B. Castle, where he finished The Village. After his marriage in Dec. 1783, he remained there when the Duke of Rutland went to Ireland as lord-lieutenant early in 1784, and his first child was born at B. Grabbe contributed an account of the natural history of the Vale of B. to the History of Leicestershire. Thomas DeQuincey (1785-1859), staying at Lady Carbery's at Saxton (q.v.) in the autumn of 1800, frequently accompanied Lady Carbery and her guest, Lady Massey, here to dine.— ”L.E.L.M (Laetitia Elizabeth Landon, 1802-38) wrote a poem called "Belvoir Castle: Seat of the Duke of Rutland,” which was probably wr. to accompany an engraving and not from personal knowl edge i * Bernerton, Wiltshire.--Par. (2179), vil., and seat, SE. Wilts, on r. Nadder, 1^ m. WNW. of Salisbury on the road to Wilton. George Herbert (1593-1633) spent the last 3 yrs. of his life here as rector of Fugglestone-cum-Bemerton, leaving Fugglestone (q.v.) to his curate and assuming the care of B., a little 14th cent, chapel of ease, 46 ft. by 18 ft., with a rectory across the way, both of which were in bad condition and which he repaired at heavy expense, inscribing on the parsonage some verses for his successor. The spire of Salisbury Cathedral is visible from the rectory windows. The Country Parson, a prose manual of conduct, was wr. here. Herbert d. at B. and is bur. beneath the altar of his church.— In July 1832 Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) walked from Salisbury through the fields along the stream to B. He 98 sketched in the vil. and was disappointed to find no tablet commemorating Herbert. Benfleet, Essex.— Urb. dist. and par. (16,910), nr. the mouth of the Thames, 6 m. W. of Southend-on-Sea, 27^ E. of . St. Paul1s,London. King Eadgar gave St. Oswald (d. 992) the monastery here for his disciples. Bentley, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (695), N. Hants, 4§ m. NE. of Alton. In the early 19th cent. Bentley Green (shown on old maps) was a hamlet on the Alton side of Bentley. When Jane Austen read Mansfield Park to her brother Henry in March 1814 in a post-chaise on the'way to London, the reading began at Bentley Green, some 6 m. from the beginning of their journey at Chawton (q.v.). Bentley, Staffordshire.— Par. (417), S. Staffs, 2 m. NW. of Walsall, 10 NW. of Birmingham. Contains B. House. A scene of William Harrison Ainsworth's Boscobel takes place at B. House, one of the places at which Charles II stayed after the Battle of Worcester. The house has been entirely reblt., with only the stables of the original place remaining. Bentworth, Hampshire.--Par., vil. (522), and seat, NE. Hants, 3 - j j f m. NW. of Alton, 12|- NE. of Winchester. Birthplace of George Wither (1588-1667), poet and pamphleteer, whose family had been in Hants for 5 generations. Country life and acquaintance with the hunt are evident in his early pastoral verse. In Abuses stript and whipt he refers to ’ 'Bentworth1 s 99 beechy shadows." Benville Lane, Dorset. Road, crossing Toller.Down from Evershot to Beaminster, and passing Benville, ham., 4m. NE. of Beaminster, 25 NW. of Dorchester. Traversed by Tess on her journey from Flintcomb Ash to see Angel Clare's father at ^Emminster” (q.v.). Berden, or Berdon, Essex.--Par., vil. (272), and seat, W. Essex, 6 m. NNW. of Bishop's Stortford, 7 SW. of Saffron Walden. Birthplace of Joseph Mead (1586-1636), Biblical scholar. Bare Regi£> Dorset.--Par. and ancient town (970), S. of co., at the foot of Woodbury Hill (Hardy's "Greenhill"), 6^ m. NW. of Wareham, 10 ENE. of Dorchester. B. Regis is so named from the fact that it was in early days a royal residence. At a later date it was visited at least 6 times by King John. The manor belonged at one time to Simon de Montfort and later, in part, to the abbess of Tarent, her part going at the Dissolution to Robert Turberville, member of an ancient Dorset family, who was already lord of the rest of the manor. The connection of the family with B. Regis ceased when the manor was sold after the death of Thomas Turberville in 1710. The manor-house, which stood a little E. of the church beside the r. Piddle or Trent, no longer exists. The church is noted for its elaborate hammer- beam roof, the gift of Cardinal Morton, and the burial-chapel 100 of the Turbervilles in the S. aisle with the canopied tombs described by Hardy in Tess of the D»Urbervilles. Under the outer wall of this chapel Mrs. Durbeyfield prepared the shelter for her homeless family. B. Regis is the "Kingsbere- sub-Greenhill" of the Wessex novels.--Thomas Bastard (1566- 1608) was vicar of B. Regis. Beresford, Staffordshire.--Ruined seat, on NE. border of Staffs, on r. Dove, 1 m. S. of Hartington, 8 - § - NNW. of Ashbourne, 20 NW. of Derby. Birthplace and inherited estate of Charles Cotton (1630-87), friend and fishing companion of Izaak Walton, who visited him here. Cotton wrote The Planter1 a Manual (publ. 1675) from experience gained in planting his estates here. B. Dale, - J - m. long, is the last and most striking of the glens on the r. Dove above Dovedale proper. At the exit (N.) is the little fishing house bit. by Cotton in 1674, with his own and Walton's initials "twisted in cypher" on a stone over the door. On the larger panels of the wainscoted room were paintings of angling subjects, and there were portraits of Cotton, Walton, and a boy servant. In the 2nd part of The Compleat Angler are descriptions of B. Dale and the Pike Pool with its limestone pillar that Viator describes as the oddest sight he ever saw. Berkeley, Gloucestershire.— P&r. and mkt.-town (790), W. Glos, 16 m. SW. of Gloucester, 18 NNE. of Bristol. B. Castle (SE. of the town), the seat of the Earl of Berkeley, is a 101 well-preserved feudal castle with a circular keep (1155-60), 14th cent, gatehouse, later towers, and moat. Edward II was murdered here in 1327. Scenes of Marlowe’s Edward II take place in the castle.--John Trevisa (1326-1412) was chaplain and vicar of B., in the service of Thomas, 4th Baron Berkeley, and d. here. B. church is a fine E.E. one. Some ancient writing in it, which still survived in 1805, is probably referred to in Trevisa*s Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk when he speaks of "where the Apocalips is wryten in the walles and roof of a chapel both in Latyn and Frensshe." — Dean Swift wrote an epitaph for a monument in the church and also the epitaph on Dickey Pearce, the ’ jester (d. 1728), in the chyd.— Berkeley Castle, a novel, was written by Grantley Berkeley, a younger son of the 5th Earl of B. and the maternal uncle of Frederick Maxse, R.N., Meredith*s friend and the original of Beauchamp in Beauchamp * s Career. B. Castle Is accurately described in Meredith’s novel in his account of the Romfrey family. Berkeley Heath, Gloucestershire*— Open heathland, E. of Berkeley, crossed by the Bristol-Gloucester road. The Bell Inn (formerly a hostelry, later a residence) is c. 1 m. SW. of B* Road sts_- and c* 1 m- Es of B* Tt is a rambling old house, lying back from the main road. [Photograph in Dexter, Mr. Pickwick’s Pilgrimages.j Here, 18 m. from Bristol on their way to Birmingham, Mr. Pickwick, Bob Sawyer, Benjamin UnTversFty of Southern CaFFfbmla USwSfff 102 Allen, and Sam Weller stopped to change horses and had lunch. Its signboard long bore the legend: "Charles Dickens and Party lunched here 1827. B.C. Hooper." Berkhamp3tead, or Great B., Hertfordshire.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (16,000), W. Herts, 10 m. NW. of Watford, 26^ NW. of St. Paul's, London. An ancient town on the old Akeman Street, with an important ruined castle N. of the town. B. was once the home of the kings of Mercia. Here shortly after the Battle of Hastings, Edgar Atheling, Earls Edwin and Morcar, St. Wulfstan, and Aldred, archbp. of York, submitted to William the Conqueror. The extensive earthworks of the castle are of the motte and bailey type, indicating a date soon after the Conquest. Little of the masonry is extant. The important military history of the castle includes its capture in 1216 by Prince Louis of France and the barons. It came into the possession of Edward the Black Prince in 1336 when he was created Duke of Cornwall, and it still belongs to the Duchy. King John of France was imprisoned here after the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. B. has one of the largest churches in Herts, built in cruciform style with a central tower 100 ft. high. The grammar school was founded in 1541 by John Incent, whose timbered house still stands. The school, of brick, has a fine hall with open timber roof.— Richard Field (1561-1616) was educ. at B. grammar school.— William Cowper (1731-1800) was born here in 103 his father's rectory, which was pulled down in the late 19th cent, for the bldg. of a new rectory. There is a memorial window to the poet in the church. His mother, Anne.Donne Cowper, who d. when he was 6, is bur. in the chancel. Berkhamsted— See Berkhampstead, Herts. Berkshire (pron. Barkshir), or Berks.— An inland co., border ing the Thames, which forms its entire N. boundary. It is surrounded (clockwise) by Gxon, Bucks, Surrey, Hants, Wilts, and a few m. of Glos. The co. is largely agricultural, with some manufacturing at Reading. Its 3 divs. return 1 member each to Parliament.--Elias Ashmole (1617-1692) wrote Antiquities of Berkshire, in which he compared the irregular shape of the co. to that of a lute. Thomas Puller (1608-61) compared it to a slipper.--Henry St. John, Viscount Boling- broke (1678-1751), was elected M.P. for B. in 1710.— Henry James Pye (1745-1813) was a member of the B. militia and an active county magistrate, and represented B. in Pari, from 1784-90. Bernack--See Barnack, Northants. Bernewell— See Barnwell, Cambs. Berrymead Priory, Middlesex.— Place in par. of Acton (now a W. sub. of London), 3 m* SW.- of Kensal Green. 7f W. of St. Paul's, London, which has given its name to 2 sts. in Acton, S. of the Uxbridge road. Bulwer-Lytton was living here in the 1830’s, and Ainsworth, Dickens, and Forster, riding from 104 Kensal Lodge (q.v.), would sometimes stop to see him. Berrynarbor, Devon.— Coast par. and vil. (534), N. Devon, 2|r m. E. of Ilfracombe, 8 - § - N. of Barnstaple. Bishop John Jewel (1522-71) was born at Buden (now Bowden), 1 m. S. and in the par. of Berrynarbor. Berwick in Elmet— See Barwick in Elmet, Yorks. Berwick-upon-Tweed (pron. Ber'rik), Northumberland.--Co. of the mun. bor. and town (12,060, with Tweedmouth par.), spt., and par. (7834), on N. side of r. Tweed, at Scottish border. An ancient town, which changed hands frequently in wars between England and Scotland until 1482, when it was finally surrendered to England. For several centuries it was a kind of extra-territorial community with a government of its own, and it appears on Cary's map of 1794 as Berwick Bounds. By the Municipal Reform Act of 1835 the 3 sq. m. in which the town stands became officially the Co. of the Bor. and Town of Berwick upon Tweed, within the larger unit of Northumber land, and is so indicated on current maps. The Tweed is here crossed by the famous Old Bridge of 15 arches (1611-24), nearest.the mouth of the r.; a spacious new bridge with long central span (361-|- ft.), opened in 1928; and a lofty ry. viaduct of 28 arches. [Photograph of the 3 bridges in Rouse, The Qld Towns of England.j There are remains of the earliest walls (time of Edward I; scanty) and of the later Elizabethan walls (begun c. 1558). Only scanty remains of the castle 105 exist. B. is mentioned by Chaucer in the description of the Pardoner, "fro Berwyk unto Ware," the earliest known use of the phrase to imply the whole length of England.— John Knox preached at B. from April 1549 to the end of 1550.— Arthur Golding (1536?-1605?) finished his translation of Ovid*s Metamorphoses during an extended stay at B. in 1567.— James Melville (1556-1614), Scottish reformer and teacher, escaped to B. during trouble with the church authorities in Feb. 1584 and was here again in Nov. He d. here on a journey to Edinburgh.--Charles Dickens (1818-70) and his 2 daughters spent a night here, 26 Sept. 1858, at the Kingfs Arms (still the chief hotel), en route from Newcastle to Edinburgh. He stayed here again and read in the Assembly Rooms attached to the hotel, 25 Nov. 1861. Betchworth, Surrey.--Par. and vil. (1908), on r. Mole, 2 - f - m. W. of Reigate. B. House and B. Old House are seats. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713), often stayed at Sir J. Cropley's house at B. to avoid the smoke of London. [Photograph of old cottages and church in Wyndham, South-Eastern Survey.] T T ■ ? i t o o o 'i q -»■<=,.,+- e; wi TftfQtRf < r \ S U C i i f XV c? 4-1 if*- ~ i a x • v x x * \ ^ vs • u w u v ^ vs xix • «vun • vs jl Ashford, 16j§- SW. of Canterbury. Richard Lovelace (1618-58), cavalier poet, came into possession in 1639 of the manor of B., which his family had held since 1367. 106 Beverley, Yorkshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (14,140), E.R. Yorks, 8^ m. NNW. of Hull. An old town with 2 great churches, B. Minster and St. Mary's. The min ster was originally the church of the monastery founded by John of B. (d. 721), bp. of York, on the site of a chapel of St. John the Evangelist. It was reblt. after its destruc tion by the Danes in 866 and was restored after a bad fire in 1188. Miracles wrought at the tomb of John of B. led to his canonization in 1037, and kings (up to Henry V) rewarded the church when victories had followed pilgrimages to his shrine. The stole of St. Oswald (d. 992), abp. of York, purple and adorned with gold and precious stones, was at B. Minster in the 12th cent.— Alfred of Beverley (fl. 1143), chronicler and priest, was treasurer and sacristan of B. Minster.--Anthony Trollope (1815-82) stood unsuccessfully for B. as a Eiberal in the General Election of 1868. His Autobiography (Gh. 16) gives an account of his fortnight of canvassing here, and his novel Ralph the Heir has, in Sir Thomas Underwood's contesting of "Percycross,1 1 what Sadleir calls "the best election episodes in English fiction and. . . a vivid and humorous interpretation of Trollope's own sufferings as a carpet=bagger." The connection of B- with the Percys (14th cent. Percy tomb and 15th cent. Percy chapel in B. Minster) probably accounts for the name "Peroy- cross.” 107 • ^Bevisham (Meredith, Beauchamp1s Career)— See Southampton, Hants. Bevois, Hampshire.--Vil., S. Hants, on r. Hfechen, 2 m. N. of Southampton. The ham. of B. Mount is 1 m. distant. William Sotheby (1757-1853) purchased a house at B. Mount in March 1780, after his marriage, and settled down to a literary life. Bewsey Hall, Lancashire.--Seat, SW. Lancs, l | j - m. NW. of Warrington, 15 E. of Liverpool. "Rawcliffe Halll ? in Ains worth1 s The Manchester Rebels is intended for Bewsey Hall, formerly the seat of the Butlers, an old moated mansion where tragic incidents similar to those in the novel had occurred. Bexley, Kent.— Mun. bor. and par. (82,000), NW. Kent, on r. Cray, 3 m. I f f . of Dartford, 12 SE. of.St. Paul»s, London. A country village until recent times. William Camden (1551- 1623) purchased the manor of B. and from it gave an endow ment to Oxford for the founding of a history lectureship in 1622.— About 1739 Charles Wesley (1707-88) frequently preached here for Henry Piers, the vicar.— George Grote (1794-1871) and Harriet Lewis were mar. at B. church in March 1820,. without the knowledge of their parents, who, however, condoned the marriage. Bibury, Gloucestershire.--Par. and vil. (534), E. Glos, on r. Coin, 6^ m. NE. of Cirencester. A singularly attractive stone-built Cotswold village in a winding valley, with a notable row of gabled and dormered cottages, called Arling ton Row, and two stone bridges, with the old Swan Inn facing the northern one and the great millhouse beyond. [Photo graphs in Massingham, Cotswold Country and Pakington, English Villages and Hamlets.]— William Morris, who lived near (at Kelmscott, q.v.) and knew B. well, described it as "surely the most beautiful village in England." Biddenden, Kent.--Par. and vil. (1120), S. Kent, 4 m. NW. of Yenterden, 16|r E. of Tunbridge Wells. A pleasant village with a wide main street [photograph in Pakington, English Villages and Hamlets], half-timbered cottages, and a row of black-and-white almshouses. Once a center of cloth- weaving, it has a seven-gabled half-timber building known as the Cloth Hall. The church is 13-15th cent, with a Jacobean pulpit. George Wilde (1610-65), later bp. of Derry, held the rectory from 1640 until it was sequestered by the commonwealth. Bideford (pron. Bid/e-ford), Devon.— Muni bor., par., and spt. (9422), N. Devon, on r. Torridge, 4 m. from the sea, 8 - f - SW. of Barnstaple, of which it is a sub-port. The "little white town" of Kingsley’s Westward Hoi (now mod ernized) is on 2 hills, connected by a bridge of 24 arches (1550; widened in 1925) across the Torridge. [Photograph in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.] The house of Sir Richard Grenville stands in Allholland St. — James Anthony Proude (1818-04) settled at B. early in his married life after a short period in Wales.— Charles Kingsley (1819-75) brought his family here in the spring of 1854 for his wife’s health and here wrote Westward Hot in a room in the Royal Hotel, which is shown to visitors. Westward Ho! (q.v.), a coast vil. 3 m. NW., derives its name from the novel. B. is the setting for parts of the book, which abounds in descrip tions of Devonshire scenery. While here Kingsley got up and taught a drawing class for young men. A statue of him faces the quay.--Tennyson and Woolner were here together in Aug. 1860.— Dickens and Wilkie Collins came to B. on 1 Nov. 1860 to get local color for A Message from the Sea, which they wrote together, and stayed overnight in a hotel that Dickens termed ’ ’ beastly." Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire.— Par. and vil. (1698), 3 - § - m. S. of Alcester, 6^ WSW. of Stratford-on-Avon. The Avon is here crossed by a narrow, 7-arched bridge, near which a Saxon cemetery was discovered in 1924. Relics from it are preserved in the museum at New Place, Stratford. Opposite the church is a gabled stone building, which was once the Falcon Inn, said to have been frequented by Shakespeare and to have been the scene of the carouse that prompted the quatrain in which "Drunken Bidford" is named with 7 other villages. The chair in which he is supposed to have sat has 110 been in the birthplace museum since before the time of Washington Irving, who was much interested in it. Bignell Wood (Conan Doyle)— See New Forest, Hants. Bignor, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (122), W. Sussex, 4 i = r m. S. of Petworth, 9J- NE. of Chichester. B. Park, \ m. NE.,is a seat, B. has the scattered but interesting remains of a Roman villa, which stood beside Stane St., the Roman highway from Chichester to London, and covered 3 or 4 acres. B. Park is situated on an affluent of the r. Arun. The family of Charlotte (Turner) Smith (1749-1806) lived here from about her 10th year, and its beauties, especially its beech woods, appear in many of her novels and poems,which are very auto biographical. It appears as ’ ’ Alvestone,” the Willoughby estate, In Celestina (1781), as the park at ”Moorefly” in Desmond (1792), and as ’ ’ Upwood,” George Belmont*s estate, in The Young Philosopher. A new, large mansion In the Grecian style replaced the simpler house In 1826-29. Bilborow (Marvell)--See Bilbrough, Yorks. Bilbrough, Yorkshire.— Par. and seat (175), E. div. W.R. Yorks, 3 - j g - m. NE. of Tadcaster, 4 - g - NNW. of Nun Appleton, 6 SW. of York. At Nun Appleton (q.v.) Andrew Marvell (1621- 78) wrote some lines ’ 'Upon the Hill and Grove at Bilborow” (Bilbrough). Bilston, Staffordshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (31,430), S. Staffs, m. SE. of Wolverhampton and within its pari, bor., 10 NW. of Birmingham. In the "Black Country,” the iron and steel manufacturing district of S. Staffs, of which Wolverhampton is the "capital."--In 1849 John Henry Newman and Father St. John of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri -at Birmingham volunteered to assist the Catholic priests here during a severe visitation of cholera.— In an article "Fire and Snow" in Household Words, 21 Jan. 1854, Dickens tells of a night ride, after dinner, through the blazing furnace country from Wolverhampton to B., where he took a train to Birmingham.--Sir Henry Newbolt (1862-1938) was b. in St. Mary's vicarage (tablet). Bilton, Warwickshire.— Par. and vil. (8080), 1^- m. SW. of Rugby, 10 ESE. of Coventry. Contains seats of B. Manor House and B. Hall. B. Hall, m. NE. of vil., was the residence of Joseph Addison (1672-1719) from 1711, when he bought it, until his death in 1719 at Holland House, London. A fine walk of Spanish chestnut trees, grown from seeds that he planted, was destroyed c. 80 years later, after his daughter’s death. Bincombe, Dorset.— Par. and vil. (144), S. of co., on r. Wey, 4^ m. S. of Dorchester, 4 NNE. of Weymouth. This tiny, straggling vil., nestling in a hollow in the side of the downs, is the scene of Hardy's short story The Melancholy Hussar, which gives a true account of an actual occurrence, names, ages, and other facts being taken from the burial 112 register of the parish. Bincton, Dorset.--Ham. and seat, 4 - | - m. W. of Wareham. Here are the scanty ruins of B. Abbey, a Cistercian house founded by Roger de Newburgh in 1172. (For details see Wade, Rambles in Dorset.] In one of the empty stone coffins Clare, sleepwalking from Woolbridge House, laid Tess, in Tess of the D1Urbervilles. The abbey is a little more than j g m. from the house, - farther than in Hardy's novel. B. Abbey Mill, at which Clare intended to learn milling, is close by the ruins on the r. Frome. Binfield, Berkshire.— Far. and vil. (1916), E. Berks, in Windsor Forest, 2^ m. NE. of Wokingham, 8|r SW. of Windsor. B. Court, Lodge, Manor, and Park are seats. The father of Alexander Pope (1688-1744) purchased at B. in 1698 a proper ty of c. 14 acres, then called Whitehill House, which was Pope's home from c. 1700 to April 1716. The manor of B. was owned by a Roman Catholic, John Dancastle (d. 1740), whom Pope sometimes visited here after 1716, and there were many Catholics among the neighbors. (See Mapledurham and Whiteknights,) Pope's enjoyment of the outdoor life here is reflected in his letters. Among his visitors here were Nicholas Rowe (1674-1718) in Sept. 1713j Thomas Parnell (1679-1718), with whom he worked on the translation of Homer in the summer of 1714; and John Gay (1685-1732), who spent several days here in June 1715 on his way to Bucklebury.— In 115 the slimmer of 1810 Dorothy Wordsworth visited the family of her uncle, Canon Cookson, who was rector of B. Birchanger, Essex.--Par. and vil. (786), NW. Essex, 2 m. NE. of Bishop’s Stortford. Joseph Spence (1699-1768) in 1728 obtained the small rectory of B., where he delighted in gardening. Birchin||ton, Kent.— Coast par. and vil. (3503), NE. Kent, in the Isle of Thanet, 3 - § - m. WSW. of Margate. One of the places mentioned in The Ingoldsby Legends.— Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82), accompanied by Hall Caine and visited by other friends and his family, spent the last 2 mos. of his life in a bungalow here lent him by John P. Seddon, who later designed the memorial fountain in Cheyne Walk. He d. at B. and is bur. by the church porch, under a Celtic cross designed by Madox Brown, with an epitaph written by W. M. Rossetti. [Photograph in Cary, The Rossettis.] Mrs. Rossetti and Christina remained here 9 wks. during the completion of a stained glass window to his memory, placed in the church at his mother’s expense and executed by, Frederick Shields. - . Birkenhead, Cheshire.--Co. and pari, bor., spt., and par. (143,000), opp. Liverpool, on left bank of the. Mersey. It has extensive docks and is a shipbuilding and machinery manufacturing town. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Although B. is today virtually a part of Liverpool and shares its importance in shipping and industry, it was still a vil. with 110 inhabitants in 1801, and its 1st docks were not opened until 1847. Hie ruins of a Benedictine priory (estab c. 1150) are in Church St.— Charles Reade (1814-84), who had entered into partnership with a violin maker in Soho, advertised in Aug. 1847 that he would be at No. 9 Bridge St. B., with some Cremorne violins and 30 pictures to sell.— Margaret Wilson Gliphant (1828-97) lived at B. and was mar. here in 1852 to her cousin, Francis Wilson Oliphant.— Dickens and Hablot K. Browne (Phiz) went through B. on a journey into N. Wales in Nov. 1838. Dickens crossed to B. for a . change of air and a walk along the shore when he was giving readings in Liverpool in Jan. 1862 and April 1866. Birmingham, Warwickshire.— Pari., mun., and co. bor. (1,055,000), city, and par. (844,299), NW. of co., 88 m. SE. of Liverpool and 113 NW. of Euston sta., London, by rail. Its mun. boundaries were widely extended in 1911 (its suburbs now stretch into Staffs and Worcs), so that in pop. it is 2nd only to London among English cities. On the verge of coal and iron districts, B. is the leading metal-manu- facturing city and the metropolis of the industrial dist. of the Midlands. It has a university and is the see of both an Anglican and a Roman Catholic bp. Each of the 12 divs. returns 1 member to Parliament. B. existed and was a mkt.- town before the Norman Conquest, but it was a small town until the end of the 18th cent. B. has a noted art gallery and museum, which has important collections of English Pre-Raphaelite paintings and drawings, drawings by Blake and Ruskin, Burne-Jones and Morris tapestries, and, in sculpture, Epstein's Joseph Conrad and Rabindranath Tagore. The stained glass windows in the chancel and baptistery of the cathedral are by Sir Edward Burne-Jones (1833-98), b. in Bennett's Hill. Samuel Johnson (1709-84) lived in B. for c. 6 mos. in 1732 as the guest of a former schoolfellow, Edmund Hector, a surgeon, in the house of Mr. Warren, a bookseller, and then took lodgings. At B. he made the acquaintance of Henry Porter and, later, of his widow, whom he mar. at Derby. Johnson and Boswell visited B. together in 1776 and dined, with Hector, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Sampson Lloyd, Quakers. Johnson visited Hector again in 1781 and 1784 in his house in the did Square. (See Aston.)— When he was c. 30 Robert Bage (1728-1801), novelist, who had a m paper manufactory at Elford, engaged a teacher of mathe matics at B. and spent an evening every wk. here.— B. was the birthplace of Charles Lloyd (1775-1839), son of Charles Lloyd, a Quaker banker and philanthropist. In 1796, when Coleridge preached in the Unitarian chapel and canvassed for subscriptions for the Watchman, young Lloyd heard him and was so much impressed that he proposed to live with Coleridge, paying for instruction. At B. occurred Coleridge 116 amusing adventure with the tallow-chandler in his 1st personal canvass.--The great friendship of Lamb and Thomas Manning resulted from their being brought together at B. by . Charles Lloyd in 1799.— Henry Francis Cary (1772-1844) had part of his education here.--Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) came to live at B. in 1780 and was visited by Burke in 1782. He was one of the ministers of the New Meeting here, and when the New Meeting and the Old Meeting were burned by rioters on 14 July 1791 his house at Fairhill, 1 m. from the town, was attacked.--Thomas De C^uincey (1785-1859) separated from Lord Westport at B. on their return from Ireland in Sept. 1800 and found here a letter summoning him to join his sister at Laxton.-— Thomas Campbell (1777-1844) delivered his revised Royal Institution lectures here in 1819.-- Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1834-1903), au. of John Inglesant, was b. here in Great Charles St.--Thomas Adolphus Trollope (1810-92) had a mastership at the King Edward VI Grammar School here, which he left in 1834 to travel with his mother.— Tennyson came to B. in 1847 to take Dr. Gully's water cure at Umberslade Hall, in a pleasant park 10^- m. SSE. nr. Henley-in-Arden.--Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) J -tT-? a ■ ? 4 - o M - i a o D o m r l - i v » o V i T es f * 4 o v i / ^ r* 1 Q A D VXOX UQ W l Hi xu M i i c x n x x i i w j xju w x u x v u x x ix a a v v v ^ v v t x w j .v *■ and heard the music of Handel and Haydn.--Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was here for a short time in 1844 as subeditor to the Pilot, a newspaper that was being estab. as the organ of the complete suffrage movement.— The meeting of the British Association at B. in 1849 was the last one (except Glasgow, 1855) attended by Charles Darwin. — John Henry Newman (1801-90) estab. here in his residence in Alcester St. the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, later removed to Edgbaston (q.v.).--Richard Watson Dixon (1833-1900) and Sir Edward Burne-Jones (1833-98) were schoolfellows under Dr. Gifford at the gr. school--Sir Edwin Arnold (1832-1904) served a short period as the 2nd English master at the school before going out to Pooha.— I_t i j 3 Never Too Late to Mend, novel by Charles Reade (1814-84), was an outgrowth of the trial in Aug. 1855 of William Austin, Governor of B. gaol, for mis treatment of the convicts in his charge.--In Aug. 1852 Thackeray visited B. and Manchester to negotiate about lectures but apparently did not complete arrangements at B. --Harriet Martineau (1802-76) is bur. beside her mother in the B. General Cemetery, at Key Hill, Hockley, 1 m. W. of Central B.--When the exhibition of the Pre-Raphaelite pic tures was opened in the B. Art Gallery in Oct. 1891, William Morris (1834-96) was asked to give an address on the Pre- Raphaelite painters. There are numerous Dickens associations with B* On earlier visits he usually stayed at the Odd Royal Hotel in Temple Row, on later ones at the Hen and Chickens in New St. The 1st record of a visit to B. is in Oct. 1838, when Dickens and Phiz were here on their journey into N. Wales. Before this, however, a detailed description had been given of the arrival of Mr. Fickwiek's party in B. and their progress through the town to the Old Royal. It was in B. in April 1840 that Dickens, his wife, and John Forster had to pawn their gold watches when the excitement of the success of Master Humphrey* s Clock had led them to lengthen their holiday tour by visits to Stratford and Lichfield. Dickens gave his support to the cause of education, literature, and art in various unpaid public appearances. In Feb. 1844 he presided at a meeting at the Town Hall and spoke in support of a fund for the new Polytechnic. In June 1848 his company of strolling players performed in B. at the Theatre Royal in New St. to raise funds for the endowment of Shakespeare's house at Stratford. Dickens played Capt. Bobadil in Every Man in His Humour, the doctor in Animal Magnetism, and Justice Shallow in Merry Wives of Windsor. In May 1852 the players appeared at the Town Hall in connection with the Guild of Literature and Art, playing Lytton1s Not So Bad as We Seem and Dickens's Mr. Nightingale's Diary. In Jan. 1853 at a banquet in honor of literature and art Dickens 1st pro posed to give a public reading in aid of funds for the bldg. of the Birmingham and Midland Institute, and in Dec. 1853 he gave 3 readings of A Christmas Carol and The Cricket on the Hearth for the Institute. In Sept. 1869 at the Town Hall he delivered the inaugural address as president of the Institute, and in Jan. 1870 distributed prizes to students at the Insti tute. He gave paid readings at the Music Hall in Broad St. (later the Prince of Wales Theatre) in Oct. 1858, Oct. 1859, and Dec. 1861, and at the Town Hall in May 1866, Feb. 1867, and April 1869. In addition to the arrival of Mr. Pickwick1 referred to, Pickwick Papers contains other scenes here, in cluding the interview with the elder Mr. Winkle in the Hold red-brick house with three steps before the door” in Easy Row. There are references to B. in Dombey and Son and Master Humphrey * s Clock. . . ' B . was the town where Little Nell and her grandfather were given shelter by the furnace keeper after their journey down the canal, according to Dexter. Birstall, Yorkshire.— Town (7200), S. div. W.R. Yorks, 2 m. NW. and in bor. of Batley, l|f m. N. of Heckmondwike, 2 NNW. of Dewsbury, 7 SW. of Leeds. B. was a vil. in the early 19th cent., while Heckmondwike was already developing into a factory town. The Rydings, a beautiful house in a park at B.,was the,home of Ellen Nussey, the great friend of Charlotte BrontS.(1816-55), who visited her here in Sept. 1852. It is thought by some authorities to have inspired the description of "Thornfield Hall" in Jane Eyre. (See also Norton Conyers.) BrookrOyd, (q.v.) nr. B., was a later home of the Fusseys. Birstall, or the vil. that it then was, is the center of action in Shirley. It Is 120 nBriarfield"; the Elizabethan Oakwell Hall, ^ m. NW., is "Fieldhead,” Shirley's home; the Red House at Gomersal, 1 m. W. is "Briarmains," home of the Yorkes; Hartshead, 3^ m. SW. isnNunnely." Bisham, Berkshire.— Par. and vil. (875), E. Berks, on r. Thames, 3 - g - m. NW. of Maidenhead, 5 - j | ENE. of Henley. B. Abbey, a seat, is a Tudor mansion incorporating the hall of an Augustinian priory. Princess Elizabeth was confined here for 3 yrs. by Queen Mary. Sir Thomas Hoby (1530-66), who d. in Paris, is bur. in the church here. A monument to him and to his half-brother, Sir Philip Hoby (d. 1558), has on it white marble figures representing them in complete armor. The church contains a fine armorial window of enameled glass. Bisham Wood, Berkshire.-'-Woodland surrounding B. Abbey. B. Wood was a favorite resort of Shelley's when he and Mary were living at Marlow in 1817. He often walked here with Peacock, and he spent many mornings writing on a seat on a high prominence in the wood, overlooking the Thames. Much of The Revolt of Islam was wr. here in the summer of 1817. Bishop Auckland, Durham.— Urb. dist., par., and rakt.-town (35,440), S. of co., on eminence nr. confluence of rs. Wear and Gaunless, 9 m. SSW. of Durham. Now a colliery town. It has been a seat of the bps. of Durham since the 12th cent. A. Castle in the park E. of the town is largely early 16th cent., but the beautiful chapel is late 12th cent., recast in the 17th. The small but interesting 7th cent, church of Escomb is 1^ m. W. of the town. Richard de Bury (1281-1345), bp. of Durham, d. at A. Castle, but is bur. in the cathedral at Durham. Middleham, Durham.--Par. and vil. (741), 7 - f - m. SSE. of Durham. Sir Henry Taylor (1800-85), author of Philip van Artevelde, was b. on a farm here.--When the Hutchinsons left Sockburn in the spring of 1800, George took a farm here and Thomas took one at Gallow Hill, Yorks (q.v.). Mary and Sara divided their time between the 2 farms. Coleridge visited here in July 1800, going at times into Durham to read Duns Scotus in the cathedral library. Bishopsbpurne, Kent.— JPsur. and ham. (314), E. Kent, 4 m. SE. of Canterbury, % m. W. of the Dover road. A beautiful vil., below Barham Downs on the Little Stour r., between 2 great parks, Bourne Park and Charlton Place. Richard Hooker (1554? 1500), rector from 1595, d. here and is bur. in the church. A monument, erected in 1635 by Sir William Cowper, 1st bart., has a bust of the scholar upon it and an epitaph, written by Cowper in English heroic couplets, in which the epithet "Judicious” is 1st applied to Hooker.— Oswalds, originally the dower house to Bourne Park, the grounds of which it adjoins, was the home of Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) from 1919. [Photographs in Jessie Conrad, Joseph Conrad and His Circle and Curie, The Last Twelve Years of Joseph Conrad.] He d. here and is bur. in the chyd. [Photograph of grave in Curie, op. cit. ] A porch where the villagers can sit and smoke in the evening was added to the vil. hall nr. .the entrance gates of Oswalds as a memorial to Conrad. It was opened in Oct. 1927. Bishogis jSourt* Isle of Man.— Seat of bp. of Sodor and Man, in par. of Michael, or Kirk Michael, 8 - § - m. SW. of Ramsey. During his occupancy, from 1698 until his death, Bp. Thomas Wilson (1663-1755) reblt. the ruined house and by his example in farming and forestation did much to develop the resources of the island. He died at B. and was bur. at Kirk Michael (q.v.). Bishopsgate, Surrey.— Ham., on NW. border of co., adjacent to Windsor Park, 2 m. N. of Virginia Water, • § • m. W. of Englefield Green, 3 - j j r m. W. of Staines. It lies below the Bishopsgate entrance to the park, not far from the Royal Lodge and Cumberland Lodge. Shelley and Mary Godwin took an old furnished cottage here, down a secluded lane close to the rhododendron walk in the park, from the summer of 1815 to that of 1816. While here Shelley wrote Alastor, which shows the Influence of Windsor forest in its descrip tive passages. Peacock, living at Marlow, paid Shelley a long visit in the winter. Bishop^ Stortford, Hertfordshire.— IJrb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (11,500), E. Herts, on both sides of r. Stort, ll|r m. NE. of Hertford. An old town with traces of the Norman Waytemore Castle, a fine 15th cent, church, an old grammar school, which is now the parish hall, and two ancient inns. The richly carved choir stalls with miseri cords in the old church of St. Michael’s are supposed to have come from old St. Paul’s. The house in which Cecil Rhodes, son of the vicar, was b. is now a Rhodes Museum.— Sir William Temple (1528-99) was sent here to the gr. school in 1643.— Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) was a pupil here.— Charles Merivale (1808-93) mar. the youngest dau. of George Frere of Twyford House, l|r m. S. Bishopstoke, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (2224), 5^- m. NE. of Southampton. Upon the accession of Edward VI in 1547, John Bale (1495-1563), later bp. of Ossory, returned from the continent and was given the rectory here.— B. was the birth place of William Gilbert (1804-90), novelist, father of W. S. Gilbert. Bishopstone, Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (489), N. Wilts, 4^- m. SW. of Salisbury. John Earle (1601?-65) had the rectory here as a benefice in 1639-44. Bishopstrow, Wiltshire.— Par., vil. (208), and seat, SW. Wilts, 1 - f - m. SE. of Warminster, 19 NW. of Salisbury. The scene of a legend that William of Malmesbury tells of the ashen staff carried by Aldhelm (640?-709) on his preaching expeditions, which he made on foot. The vil. name is said to refer to this staff (tree). Bishop thorp e, Yorkshire.— P§.r. and vil. (486), W.R. Yorks, on r. Ouse, 2^ m. S. of York. B. Palace, with a 13th cent, chapel, has been the seat of the abp. of York since 1226. Abp. Edwin Sandys (15167-88} lived in the palace, and his son George (1578-1644) was b. here. Blackbourton, Oxfordshire.--Par. and vil. (633), W. Qxon, 5^ m. SW. of Witney, 14 W. of Oxford. William Strode (1602- 45) was presented to the vicarage in 1638.--Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849) was b. here in the home of her mother’s father and spent her infancy here. Blackburn, Lancashire.— Pari, and co. bor. and par. (111,6000), 9 | j - m. E. of Preston, 21 NW. of Manchester. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Since 1926 it has been the see of a bishop. Birthplace of John Morley, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (1838-1923).--Dickens gave a reading in the Town Hall Assembly Room in April 1867 and in the Exchange Assembly Room on 19 April 1869, the next to last of his provincial readings.--William Hardman, the original of Blackburn Tuckham in Meredith's Beauchamp1s Career was a native of B., and the fictitious name combines his birth place and Meredith's nickname for him: Tuck. Black Country.— Unofficial designation of the iron and steel manufacturing district of S. Staffs, from Wolverhampton to beyond Birmingham. Traversed in Nov. 1838 by Dickens, who 125 wrote to his wife of its appalling misery, and Hablot K. Browne (Phiz), and again in April 1840 by Dickens and his wife and John Forster. Dickens described it in the journey of Little Nell and her grandfather in The Old Curiosity Shop. (Cjh. 44), wr. the following Oct. The keeper of the foundry fire by which they slept (in Birmingham, q.v.) tells them: "The road lies, too, through miles and miles, all lighted up by fires like ours— a strange black road, and one that would frighten you by night." Blackdown, Sussex.— Hill (918 ft.), NW. Sussex, 2 m. S. of Haslemere, 13i§- SW. of Guildford, 16 NNS. of Chichester. On the east slope of B. Tennyson bit. Aldworth (q.v.) in 1868- 69. From B. there are wide views across the Weald, in the N. of Sussex. Tennyson has described it as "Green Sussex, fading into blue, with one gray glimpse of sea."— William Hardman mentions B. in the "most glorious" view that he and George Meredith had from Hindhead (q.v.) on a Sunday morning in May 1862. Blackgang Chine, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Chasm on S. coast, 5 m. W. of Ventnor, 400 ft. in depth and almost bare of vegetation; striking views. The Dickens family, residing at Borichurch in the summer of 1849, occasionally came with friends for dinners here. Bla ckheath, Co. of London.--Sub., Lewisham met. bor., 7 m. SE. of Charing Cross sta. Adjoined on N. by Greenwich Park. 126 B. is now a common 267 acres in area, once an open heath on the Dover rd., notorious for its highwaymen. The gathering of the Kentish rebels under Wa-t Tyler in 1381 and under Jack Cade in 1450 for their march on London took place here. --A great meeting was held on B. in April 1642 to back the Kentish petition in support of the king, which Richard Lovelace had been chosen at the Maidstone assizes to deliver and which he presented to Pari, the next day.--Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) bit. himself 2 houses here, N. of the heath and E. of Greenwich, andfhis name is given to several of the sts. in the dist.— Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773), had a villa here, with an excellent garden in which he delighted.— John Horne Tooke (1736-1812) was usher in a school here.— Henry Duff Traill (1842-1900) was b. at Morden Hill, B.--Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-62) spent some time here for his health in 1859.-- John Stuart Mill (1806-73) lived here after his wife’s death but spent half the year at Avignon to be near her grave.--Philip James Bailey (1816-1902) lived here , for a time in 1885.--Bella Wilfer and John Rokesmith (Onr Mutual Friend) had a cottage at B. after their marriage.--The 1st night of his walk to Dover, after he had been robbed of his box and money, David Copperfield slept at B. beneath a haystack, beside the wall of his old school, Salem House. Blackmoor Vale (also Blackmore).— Broad valley of r. Cale, 127 af:fl, of r. Stour, on borders of Somerset and Dorset, extend ing SE. from lincanfcon, 7 m* W. of Shaftesbury. Birthplace of William Barnes (1801-86), Dorset poet, whose father was a tenant farmer in B. Vale.--Is identified with the Vale of Little Dairies in Hardy's Tess of the D1Urbervilles. Toss’s home was at Marnhull (q.v.) in B. Vale. Blackpool, Lancashire.--Pari, and co. bor., par., and spt. (125,000), N. Lancs, 16^- m. WNW. of Preston. The popular resort of excursionists from the industrial North and Mid lands, the English "Coney Island." At the beginning of the 19th cent. B. was a seaside vil., and its growth has paralleled the industrial growth of England.— Dickens came from Bolton to the Imperial Hotel here for a breath of sea air when he was ill on his last reading tour in April 1869, but was unable to resume the readings.--Spencer Timothy Hall (1812-85) lived here from c. 1880, d. at B., and was bur. in the cemetery here. Blajgdon, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (958), N. of co., at base of the Mendip Hills, 8^ m. NW. of Wells, 10f SW. of Bristol. John Langhorne (1735-79), poet, was rector of B. and friend of Hannah More (1745-1833), who later, in 1795, set up here at the request of the curate, Thomas Bere, the school that aroused the Blagdon controversy.— One of the places described by William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) in Banwell Hill. Blake Hall, Mirfield, Yorkshire.— Seat, W.R. Yorks, - J - m. ENE. of Mirfield, 4& m. NE. of Huddersfield, 2% SW. of Dewsbury, 10 SW. of Leeds. Anne BrontS (1820-49) came here in April 1839 as governess for the children of Mrs. Ingham. Blaksm|j|i. „ Norfolk.— Par. and vil. (662), N. of co., 5|r m. NW. of Holt, NE. of Walsingham, 26 NW. of Norwich. [Photographs in Wallace, East Anglia.] John Baconthorpe (d. 1346) was brought up at the newly founded Carmelite monas tery of B. or Snitterley (the 1st name has survived as the name of the vil.). Ruins of the monastery are extant. Blakesley, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil, (432), 4 - g - m. WNW. of Towcester, 10 SW. of Northampton. B. Hall is a seat, SW. of the vil. and 3 m. E. of Canons Ashby, the family seat of the Drydens. John Dryden (1631-1700) inherited from his father, a younger son, the estate of B. Hall (much burdened), valued at £ 60 a year. - *Blakesmoor (Lamb)— See Blakesware, Herts. Blakesware, Hertfordshire.— Seat, E. Herts, in the par. of Widford, 3 m. NE. of Ware, 6 SW. of Bishop’s Stortford. Charles Lamb’s grandmother, Mary Field, was hausekeeper to the Plumers here and after the death of Mrs. Plumer in 1778 was (until her own death in 1792) in sole charge of the house, the son who hah inherited it living on another estate at Gils ton. Mary Lamb, who had stayed with her grandmother here before the death of Mrs. Plumer, describes the house and probably its mistress in the story of "The Young Mahometan" 129 In Mrs. Leicester1s School. Recollections of Charles Lamb’s visits are given in Blakesmoor in H— shire and in Drearn- Children. In 1799 Lamb revisited B. and wrote a letter to Southey describing the- deserted place. The decaying house was finally pulled down in the laterl820’s or early ’30’s. [Drawing of the house c. 1795 in Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb.1 Mrs. Field is bur. in the chyd. of Widford, nr. the park gates. Blandford Forum, Dorset.--Par., mun. bor., and mkt.-town (3800), E. Dorset, on r. Stour, 16 m. N£. of Dorchester. The Latin designation of B. as a market-town survives officially and is found on earlier maps, but the shortened form Blandford is common today. Although an ancient town, B. is generally Georgian in appearance, as the result of 2 disastrous fires, the 2nd in 1731, which destroyed most of the town, including the church.— The "Shottsford Forum” (q.v.) of Hardy’s Wessex novels. Birthplace of Thomas Bastard (1566-1618), satirist and divine. A later John Bastard in 1760 erected a canopy over the town pump, now a drinking fountain, in gratitude for the town's recovery from the disaster of 1731, in which he had been ”a considerable sharer.”— Spenser speaks of the Stour "That doth his course through Blandford's plains direct."--John Aubrey (1626-97) attended grammar school here and recorded His visits on play days to the shop and furnaces of old Harding (died c. 1643), one of the last glass painters in country towns. Hardyfs Barbara of the House of Grebe uses this historical fact. (See*"*Shottsford.') --Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621-83), sat here as commissioner for giving the , , engagement, , in January 1650.--Edward Gibbon (1737-94), here in the militia, calls the town "pleasant hospitable Blandford."— Madame d’Arblay visited B. in 1791 and pronounced the church "a very pretty edifice" with services "very well performed." Blatherwick, or Blatherwycke, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (71), NE. Northants, 6 m. NW. of Oundle, 8 SW. of Stamford, at gates of B. Park, a seat, with a 54-ac. lake. . Thomas Randolph (1605-35) d. at B. Park while on a visit to William Stafford and was bur. in the family vault in an aisle adjoining the par. church. A marble monument in the church with an English inscription in verse by Peter Hausted was erected later by Christopher, Lord Hutton. Bleadon, Somerset.--Par. and vil. (646), NW. Som., on r. Axe, 3^ m. SSE. of Weston-super-Mare, 19 SW. of Bristol. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) received his earliest instruction in the parsonage at B., the adjacent inland Villas’ S to TTrkVilll (rt „ xt . V. of* wlri r*Vi Vi 1 s f'fi'hVift-p w«s r»«r*+;oT»- w w VI* ' * / / —— — — — —— —• “* — _ ^ w . - - . #Bleak Ikuse (Dickens).— Identification with the original has not been made, although several claimants have been advanced. The situation intended, near and beyond St. 131 Albans (q.v.), Is certain. Blea Tarn, Westmorland.— Lakelet, 5^ m. W. of Ambleside, at 612 ft. elevation, on the pass crossing the W. slope of Lingmoor Pell from Little Langdale to Great Langdale. Blea Tarn Farm, just beyond, is the lonely cottage occupied by the "Solitary” of Wordsworth’s Excursion. Blencathara, or Saddleback, Cumberland.--Mt. (2847 ft.), 4 - | - m. NE. of Keswick. B. is E. of Skiddaw and N. of the vil. of Threlkeld, from which the ascent Is usually made. Wordsworth refers to it in Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle and says in a note that Blencathara "is the old and proper name of the mountain vulgarly called Saddleback." Blenheim Park, Oxfordshire.— Seat of the Duke of Marlborough, mid. Oxon, nr. Woodstock, 8 m. NW. of Oxford. The old royal manor at Woodstock was given in 1704 to John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, as a reward for his victory at Blen heim. B. Palace, In the classical style, bit. by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1728), dramatist and architect, was begun in 1705 and finished in 1722 (after the duke’s death), at a cost of L 300,000, of which L 250,000 was granted by Parliament. Features are the triumphal arch at the main entrance, beyond the church at Woodstock, the lake formed by "Capability" Brown, who dammed the little r. Glyme, the Column of Victory (134 ft.) with trees planted In groups around It to represent the plan of the battle of B., and 132 Pair Rosamund's Well.— George, Lord Lyttelton (1709-73), publ. in 1728, a poem, Blenheim, on the Duke of Marlborough's seat.--Johnson and Boswell drove through the park in a post chaise in March 1776 after a visit at Oxford.--William and Dorothy Wordsworth visited B. on their journey from Bristol to London in Aug. 1798 and were "admitted to the presence- chamber,” Wordsworth wrote Cottle.--In the autumn of 1848 Thackeray went from Oxford with a party of friends, one of whom was Arthur Hugh Clough, to see the park and pictures at B. Bletchingley, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (2190), 3 m. E. of Redhill, 9 S. of Croydon. B. House is a seat. Until the Reform Act of 1832 B. returned 2 members to Parliament. The manor belonged successively to several distinguished families and was at one time the residence of Anne of Cleves. Later it was sold to Sir Robert Clayton, Lord Mayor of London, who is satirized as Ishban in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. The enormous monument in B. church was de signed by Clayton himself. (See Parker, Highways and By ways in Surrey for further details of the ownership of the manor.]— Sir John Cheke (1514-57) represented B. in the Paris, of Nov. 1547 and March 1553«--Thomas Herring (1693- 1757), rector of B., later abp. of Canterbury, condemned Gay's Beggar's Opera in a sermon at Lincoln's Inn and was answered by Swift in the Intelligencer.— Sir Philip Francis (1740-1818) was M. P. in 1790.— William Cobbett(1762-1835) termed B. "the vile rotten borough of Bletchingley." One of the members when it was disfranchised was Lord Palmerston. Bletchley, Buckinghamshire.— Orb. dist. and par. (7500), NE. Bucks, 10§- m. E. of Buckingham. A. E. Housman (1859- 1936) always motored from B., when he came from Cambridge for his annual visit to Percy Withers at Souldern Court (q.v.), 21 m. W. of B. Bletaoe, Bedfordshire.--Par. and vil. (249), on r. Ouse, 6 m. NNW. of Bedford. The Falcon Inn of B. was described enthusiastically by FitzGerald in a letter to Bernard Barton, wr. at the inn in Aug. 1840, when he had walked here from Browne's house at Goldington (q.v.). Blickling, Norfolk.--Par♦, vil. (263), and seat, N. of co., on r. Bure, 1^- m. NW. of Aylsham, 13 NNW. of Norwich. B. Hall (seat of the Marquis of Lothian) is a fine moated Jacobean mansion, the successor to the house in which Anne Bolgfyn( 1507-36) is said to have been born. The W. side was reblt. in the 18th cent, after a fire. According to an old guide-book, B. Hall has a ghost, the father of Anne, who drives forth once a year, with his head under his arm, in a coach drawn by 4 headless horses. (Photograph of B. Hall . in Wallace, East Anglia.}— The MS. of the Blickling Homilies was found here. ■aBloom's End, Dorsetshire.--The home of the Yeobrights, in 134 Hardy’s The Return of the Native, at the W. end of "Egdon Heath.” Authorities agree in identifying it (or at least its location) with a farmhouse not far from Stinsford (”Mellstock”) on the road to Tineleton. It stands on rising ground a little way beyond the crossroads to Higher Bock- hampton and Bower Bockhampton, just past a rush-covered, willow-fringed pond to the left of the rd., called Heedless William’s Pond, mentioned in The Fiddler of the Reels. The belief that one of the willows sprang from the whip-handle of the careless carter who drove off the rd. and was drowned here supplied a hint for.Hardy’s use in A Tragedy of Two Ambitions. The oak-beamed room at the back of the farmhouse fits the account of the mummers’ Christmas play R®turn of the Native. • ^Blunderstone (David Copperfield)--See Blundeston, Suffolk. Blundeston, Suffolk.— Par., vil. (676), and seat, E. Suffolk, 3^- m. NW. of Bowestoft. Thomas Gray (1716-71) was a frequent visitor to B.— The round-towered church has been restored as a memorial to Dickens, who used the vil., as "Blunderstone," for scenes in David Copperfield. Traveling between the vil. and Yarmouth, he saw the name on a direc tion post and took it for its sound. The rectory is consid ered the probable original of the Rookery, since it still has a "rookery” of elms with no rooks and the churchyard and church with the sundial over the porch can be seen from 135 the windows, as In the book. B. Hall, does not satisfy the conditions of situation, although the interior is more similar to the description of the Rookery. (Photographs of the rectory and the church in.Dexter, The England of Dickens.] The Plough Inn Is the vil. ale house from which Mr. Barkis's cart used to start for Yarmouth. The name of the carrier when Dickens visited B. Is said to have been Barker. Blunham, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (603), on r. Ivel nr. Its junction with the Ouse, 6m. E. of Bedford. John Donne (1573-1631) held the rectory of B. for some time with the deanery of St. Paul's, but the living was not a sinecure. Bl^th Hji^* Warwickshire.— Seat and ham. (Blyth), Shustoke par., 1 m. HE. of Coleshill, 9 m. ENE. of Birmingham. The purchased country home of Sir William Dugdale (1605-86), antiquarian, who helped Sir Symon Archer in the collection of material f or a history of Warwickshire and did indepen dent work on the antiquities of the county. He d. at B. Hall. Suffolk.--Par. and vil. (673), E. Suffolk on r. Blyth, 3^- m. WSW. of Southwold, 26 HW. of Ipswich. B. is a decayed port on a tidal river, with a large 15th cent, flint-built par. church, one of the finest in Suffolk, and the ruins of a small religious house. William Morris visited the church in July 1895 for the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings and wrote enthusiastically of its beauty and interest, with much fine woodwork, lovely painted roof, and some good stained glass. He found that he remembered the place perfectly from a visit made 25 yrs. before• Bockhampton (Hardy)--See Hi^^r^^Boc^amgton, Dorset. Booking, Essex.— Vil. and seat, HE. Essex, on r. Blaekwater, ^ m. NNE. of Braintree, 15 m. W. of Colchester. B. Church Street is lj| m. N. of Braintree. The deanery is 1 m. N. of Booking at W. end of B. Church Street. John Still (1543- 1608) was appointed joint dean of B. with Dr. Thomas Watts in Nov. 1572.--John Gauden (1605-62), dean from April 1642 until Nov. 1660, when he became bp. of Exeter, gave & 400 for the schools of this parish. Bodmin, Cornwall.— Mun. bor., par., and co. town (5601), 29 m. WNW. of Plymouth. The 15th cent, church, which has been restored, is the largest old church in Cornwall. John Wolcot (1738-1819), "Peter Pindar," attended school here. Bognor Regis, Sussex.— Urb. dist., par., and watering-pl. (19,890), 5^- m. SE. of Chichester. The surname "Regis" is a 20;th cent, addition due to George V's occupancy of Craig- weil House at Aldwick, 1^ m. W., during his convalescence in 1929.— Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82), in bad health, rented Aldwick Dodge nr. "the roughest bit of beach on the Sussex coast” for several months in the winter of 1875-6. 137 Bohelijmd Fenryn, Cornwall. Bolaa Magna, or Great Bolas, Shropshire.— Par. and vil. (264), N. Salop, on r. Tern, 6 m. WNW. of Newport, 11 ME. of Shrewsbury. Burleigh Villa is 1 m. E. Henry Cecil, later 10th Earl, of Exeter, retired to this vil. in 1791, after he had divorced his wife for misconduct, worked here as a farm servant to Hoggins, who had a mill, and mar. Hogginsr daia. Sarah, the beauty of Bolas. After living 2 yrs. on a small farm here, Cecil inherited his uncle’s title and estate and removed with his wife to Burghley House, Northants (q.v.). Tennyson tells the story in The lord of Burleigh, but makes Cecil a landscape painter. Boldre, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (2395), SW. Hants, in the New Forest, m. N. of Lymington, 10^- SW. of Southampton. B. Grange, a seat, is - f m. NW, of B. William Gilpin (1724- 1804) was presented to the vicarage here in 1777 by William Mitford, historian, his former pupil at Cheam (q.v.). Gilpin promoted the establishment of a new poorhouse, and bit. a par. school.with a house for the master, endowing it with the proceeds of his publications. He d. at his house at Vicar’s Hill., . • § ■ S. of B., and is bur. in the chyd. Bolsover, Derbyshire,--Urb. dist. and par, (10,110), E. Dertoy, 5^ m. E. of Chesterfield. The original Gastie was bit. by William Peveril in the 11th cent. Sir Charles Cavendish reconstructed the Norman keep on the old foundations 138 in 1613-17 and began the palace on the terrace (now ruined). Here in 1634 William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, repeated on a grander scale for Charles I and his queen the enter tainment offered them at Welbeck in 1633, with a 2nd version of Ben JonsonTs antimasque LoveTs Welcome, called bovets Welcome to Bolsover. The two entertainments cost £ » 20,000. Bolbon, or Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire.--Pari, and co. bor., par., and mfr. town (169,400), on r. Croal, S. Lancs, 10^-m. NW. of Manchester. It returns 2 members to Parliament. An ancient town In the moors, one of the oldest seats of the woollen trade and now the chief center of the fine cotton- spinning industry. Richard Arkwtight, a barber in Church Gate, invented the water-frame here in 1768, and Samuel Crompton, a native, invented the spinning-mule, which was brought out in 1779, after being hidden during the machine- breaking riots in a half-timbered house 2m. N. of the town, Hall-i»-the-Wood, now a museum belonging to B. William Harrison Ainsworth1s romance The Leaguer of Lathorn concludes with the execution at B. of James, 7th Earl of Derby (of Lathorn House), who was beheaded opp. the "Man and Scythe" In Church Gate in 1651, after his capture at the Battle of Worcester* He had taken part with Prince Rupert in the sacking of the town in 1644.— Dickens gave his last provin cial reading at B., at the Temperance Hall, 20 April 1869, the rest of the tour being canceled because of illness. Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (501), in SE. of I.O.W., 1 m. E. of Ventnor. Visiting the I.O.W. in the summer of 1836, Thomas Arnold wrote'of B.- as "the most beautiful thing [he] ever saw on the sea-coast on this side of Genoa." John Sterling (1806-44), of whom biographies were wr. by Garlyle and Hare, is bur. in the SW. corner of the chyd. of the tiny old church (now disused) . --James White (1803-62), a clergyman, retired when he inherited 3ome money and lived here until his death. In 1849, his friend Dickens took, for 6 mos., a house of White’s called Winterbourne, which he wrote to his wife was the prettiest place he had ever seen, at home or abroad, but he and his family found the climate too enervating and left in less than 4 mos. While here he worked on David Gopperfield. John Beech and his family had a house here at the same time. Here Dickens put on a conjuring performance for all the children in B., for which John Forster sent him the materials and which, he wrote, "went off in a tumult of wild delight." — Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) spent his boyhood holidays with his family, who lived at East Dene (adjoining B., now a Convent of the Sacred Heart). In 1849 Dickens v/as struck with "the goldenhaired lad of the Swinburnes," whom his own boys played with. Swinburne, who d. at Putney, is bur. in the beautiful chyd. of the new church.— While visiting B. in the autumn of 1853, Tennyson heard of Farring- 140 ford as a possible residence, combining the desired features of beauty and seclusion* Bookham, Great, Surrey*— Par* and vil. (1566), mid-Surrey, 2m. SW. of Leatherhead. Mme. d'Arblay (1752-1840) and her husband lived in 1793-97 in a cottage which they called the Hermitage, nr. B. church, l i | . m. NW. of Norbury Park, home of the hocks. A son was b. here in Dec. 1794. Camilla was wr. in this house.— Jane Austen (1775-1817) sometimes visited at the rectory, for the rector1s wife, Mrs. Cooke, was her cousin and the rector was her godfather. Since Mme. d*Arblay was a good friend of the Cookes, Jane may have met the novelist, whose Camilla she subscribed for. Booton, Norfolk.— Par., vil. (196), and seat, N. of co., 5 m. SW. of Aylsham, 12 NW. of Norwich. The Rev. Whitwell Elwin (1816-1900), younger son of an old Norfolk family (Whitwell Hall is in the neighboring par. of Whitwell), became incumbent of his family's living of B. In 1849 and was the rector until his death. He was responsible for the reconstruction of the par. church. Through editing The Quarterly Review (1853-60) he became a friend of Thackeray, who called him.Dr. Primrose. His fragmentary biography of Thackeray was publ. in The Monthly Review in 1904. Bo Peeg, Sussex.— Former fishing vil. (early 19th cent.), now W. Marina dist. at extreme W. of St. Leonards and Hastings. John Keats came here to this favorite resort of 141 Haydon’s, probably just after finishing Bk. I of Endymlon at Canterbury in early June 1817, and while here met and kissed the "lady at Hastings.” Boreham, Essex.--Par., vil. (1023), and seat, NW. Essex, on r. Ghelmer, 3^-m. NE. of Chelmsford. Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806) wrote verses entitled "Inscription on a stone in the Church Yard at Boreham in Essex.” Boro^gh--See Sout^ark, co. London. Borou^ibridge, Yorkshire.--Par., mkt.-town (807), and seat, E* div. W.R. Yorks, on r. Ure, 10^ m. NE. of Harrogate, 17 NW. of York. The Earl of Lancaster was defeated here by Edward II’s army in 1322. Until the Reform Act of 1832 B. returned 2 members to Parliament.— Richard Steele (1672- 1729) was elected M. P. for B. in Feb. 1715 and was knighted 2 mos. later.--Dickens passed through B. on his journey on the Great North Road to see the Yorkshire schools, and Nicholas Nickleby makes his way to B. when he leaves Dotheboys Hall, and finds shelter and meets Smike in an empty barn beyond the town. Borrowdale, Cumberland.--Valley, W. of co., stretching between high peaks from Glaramara mt. N. to Derwent Water. The lower part of the valley is c. 3 m. S. of Keswick. With its level green floor and contrasting peaks, B. is considered the most beautiful valley in the Lake District. B., which lies NW. of Langdale (q.v.), is referred to in Coleridge’s Christabel. When the 2 echoes of Sir Leoline’s bell have 142 been given back by Langdale Pike, Witch.1 s Lair, and Dungeon Ghyll, The devil mocks the doleful tale With a merry peal from Borrowdale. Wordsworth, in Yew-trees, praised .. . those fraternal Pour of Borrowdale, Joined in one solemn and capacious grove. Bosburj, Herefordshire.— Par., vil. (871), and seat, E. of co. on r. Leddon, 4 m. NNW. of Ledbury. A charming village with many old houses and a church with a separate low tower in the chyd. Edna Lyall (1857-1903) is bur. in the church. Boscastie, Cornwall.— Vil. (1530) and coastguard sta., N. of co., 4 m. NE. of Tintagel, 5 N. of Camelford, 15 W. of Launceston. An attractive small vil. with an interesting landlocked harbor. {Photograph in Fakington, English Vil lages and Hamlets; drawing by New in Windle, The Wessex of Thomas Hardy.] The name is a corruption of Bottreaux Castle, the site of which is marked by a grassy mound. Leland found B. ill kept and spoke disparagingly of what remained of the manor house as far unworthy the name of a castle.— Visited by Southey on an extensive journey through the W. and S. of England in the autumn and winter of 1836.-- B. is the "Castle Boterel" of Hardy*s A Pair of Blue Eyes. Boscobel, Shropshire.— Par . and ham. (11), E. Salop, 5^- m. ENE. of Shifnal, ENE. of Tong (q.v.), 8 NW. of Wolver hampton. B. House was Charles II*s place of refuge after 143 the Battle of Worcester, 3 Sept* 1651* The present "Royal dak" Is grown from an acorn of the tree in which the king spent the day in hiding; Ainsworth* s novel Boscobel Is a romance of, the period, for which he made observations on a visit In June 1871* Bos combe, Wiltshire.— Par. and ham. (81), S. Wilts, 4 m. SE. of Amesbury, 6^ NE. of Salisbury. A pleasant village in the Bourne valley on the border of Hants, with old thatched cottages. [Photograph in Fakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] Richard Hooker (15547-1600) completed about half of the Laws of Scclesia3tical Polity here, having asked in 1591 for a country rectory where he might work upon it. Bosham, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (1558), W. Sussex, 3ir m. WSW. of Chichester. In the quaint fishing vil. is the small church (partly of the time of Edward the Confessor) visited by Harold on his way to Normandy and represented in the Bayeux tapestry. [Photograph in Wyndhara, South-Eastern Survey.] A small.stone coffin found in the church in 1865 is supposed to be that of a young dau. of Canute who, according to tradition, was bur. here.— Herbert of Bosham (fl. 1162-86) says that he was b. here, but there is no evidence for the local tradition that a recess in the S. wall of B. church is the site of his tomb. Boston, Lincolnshire.— Mun. bor., par., and spt. (23,020), Holland, Lines, on r. Witham, 28 m. SE. of Lincoln. The 144 name means "St. Botolph's Town, ” and the church with the famous blunted tower (288 ft.), known as "Bostom Stump," is the church of St. Botolph. The tower, crowned with an octagonal lantern, can be seen from a radius of 20-30 m. [Photograph in Rouse, The Old Towns of England. ] The church, one of the largest parish churches in England, has many interesting features, including fine misericords and a W. chapel restored in 1857 by inhabitants of the New England Boston in memory of John Cotton (1584-1652), vicar, after wards a leading member of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Other bldgs. of interest are the 16th cent, timbered Shod- friars* Hall; the 15th cent. St. Mary*s Guildhall, scene of the trial (for seeking to flee the country) and imprison ment in 1607 of some of those who later became the "Pilgrim Fathers" of America; the grammar school (1567); and Hussey Tower, relic of a Tudor mansion. The town is the head quarters of a deep-sea fishery. B. was visited and described by John Leland (1506?-52). — Birthplace of John Foxe (1517-87).— Michael Drayton (1563- 1631) in. Foly-Qlbion praises the r. Witham, which "leads to lively Botulph,s town."--John Glare (1793-1864), the "Peasant Poet," was entertained by admirers here but could not face a public dinner.--Birthplace of Dr. John Westland (1819-90), dramatic poet.— Jean Ingelow (1820-97), Lines poet, eldest child of a B* banker, was b. in a house in South Square. 145 Her High Tide on the Lincolnshire Coast tells of the flood of 1571 and the alarm given by the bells of Boston, as they played "The Brides of Mavis Enderby."--Birthplace of John Conington (1825-69), translator of Vergilj monument in the church.--Nr. the church is a statue of John Ingram, founder of the Illustrated London News, who was once M.P. for B.-- Thomas William Robertson (1829-71), actor and dramatist, adapted for the Lincoln Circuit Dickens's The Battle of Life and The Haunted Man, and both were played at B. Botley, Berkshire.— Ham., N. Berks, 2 m. W. of Oxford. One of the places to which Anthony A Wood (1652-95) often walked in the afternoon with a friend, for a pot of ale, after a morning of work in his study* Botley, Hampshire.— Far. and vil. (1166), S. Hants, on r. Hamble, 3§ m. SW. of Bishop’s Waltham, 6 E. of Southampton. The vil. Is at the head of Hamble Creek, an inlet of South hampton Water. In the market-house Is a British canoe found here in 1888. William Cobbett (1762-1835) lived here after 1804 and engaged in planting and agriculture on a large scale. Bottisham, Cambridgeshire.--Par., vil. (624), and seat, 6 m. ENE. of Cambridge. Soame Jenyns (1704-87), who publ. (1727) the verse Art of Dancing, dedicated to Sarah Fielding, had considerable property here and was referred to by his friend Christopher Anstey as the "melodious swan of Bottisham." Boughton Malherbe, Kent.--Par. and vil. (366), mid. Kent. 2 m. SSW* of Lenham, 8^ SE. of Maidstone. B. Place or (Hall), now a farmhouse, was the birthplace and home of Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639), who revisited it once a year after he became provost of Eton in 1624. Bough ton under Blean, Kent.— Par. and vil. (1465), N. Kent, 3 m. ESE. of Ospringe, 6 WNW. of Canterbury. Blean Forest (or Wood, as the name is given on Saxton's map, 1575) was an extensive wooded region, much of which still remains, on higher land which the road traversed, climbing to 390 ft. a little more than a mile beyond Boughton (hence "under Blean") and descending gradually to Harbledown and Canter bury. The name Blean survives in the name of par. and ham., 2|- m. NW. of Canterbury. Chi the 4th morning (April 20) Chaucer's pilgrims are overtaken here by the Canon and his Yeoman before they have ridden fully 5m., that is, from Ospringe (q.v.), where they are supposed to have spent the 3rd night. Boulge, Suffolk.— Par. and seat (76), E. Suffolk, 2% m. NW. of Woodbridge, 7 - § - NE. of Ipswich. B. Hall, standing in a park 1 m. W. of Bredfield vil. and less than Im.lR. of Bred- field House (q.v.), was the residence of Edward FitzGerald's family after 1835. It had come to his mother after her father's death in 1818. In 1837-53 FitzGerald (1809-83) occupied a one-story thatched cottage, referred to as "Fitz Gerald's Den," just outside the park gates on the rt.-hand side of the lane, coming from Woodbridge. For a time he returned to B. Hall for the winter. At the cottage he enjoyed gardening and entertaining friends. Spedding, Frederick Tennyson, Donne, and Allen were among his visitors. He gave up the cottage in Nov. 1853, when his eccentric bro. John came into possession of B. Hall,_ and stored his things at Farlingay Hall. (q.v.). FitzGerald is bur* in the chyd. of the par. church, which stands in the park, there being no vil. at B. Although the original rose-tree from Omar's tomb in Persia that was planted over his grave (photograph in Adams, In the Footsteps of Borrow and FitzGerald] is not living, its descendants still bloom here. Bourn, Cambridge.--Par., vil. (623), and seat, SW. Cambs, If m. SE. of Caxton, 7f WSW. of Cambridge. While Nicholas Ferrar (1592-1637) was at Cambridge he often visited here in the home of his favorite sister, who was the wife of a country gentleman named Collet* Bourne, Lincolnshire.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (3889), Kesteven, S. Dines, on the W. edge of the Fens, 9f m. W. of Spalding, 21 SW. of Boston. Hereward the Wake lived here in the 11th cent.--B. is the Brunne of Robert Mannyng (fl. 1288-1338).--Birthplace of Lord Burghley (1520-98). Bournemouth, Hampshire.— Pari, and co. bor., par., and watering-pl. (133,000), SW. Hants, on Poole Bay, 4 m. SW. of Christchurch, 29 SW. of Southampton by road. B. is situated in a valley at the mouth of the little r. Bourne, surrounded by pine-covered hills broken by beautiful "chines.” Although today residential districts to E. and W. of B. make an almost continuous settlement from Poole on the W. to Christchurch on the E-, the development is entire ly of the 19th cent. In Cary’s map of 1794 there is not a vil. or even ham. on the coast between Poole and Christ church and none for several m. inland, and the district is marked Poole Heath. Two chines are indicated: Bourn C. to the E. and Alum C. to the W. Now B. is one of the most fashionable resort and residential towns in England. Thomas Hardy describes it ("Sandbourne” in Teas of the D’ Urbervilles) as "a Mediterranean lounging-place on the English channel.” He refers to the neighboring heath, ”an outlying tract of the enormous Egdon Waste,” and to the recentness of B.’s growth: "Within the space of a mile from its outskirts every irregularity of the soil was prehistoric, every channel an undisturbed British trackway; not a sod having been turned there since the days of the Caesars. Yet the exotic had grown here, suddenly as the prophet’s gourd.” Charles Kingsley (1819-75) came here in Oct. 1848 to rest after a complete breakdown following the writing of Yeast.— Mary Shelley (d. 1851), her father, William Godwin (d. 1836), and her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (d. 1797), are bur. In the graveyard of St. Peter’s church, the remains of the Godwins having been reinterred here in 1851 when old St. Pancras chyd. in London was destroyed for the bldg. of a railway.— The present church of St. Peter is the memorial of John Keble (1792-1866), who d. at B., where he and his wife were wintering for her health.--Sir Henry Taylor (1800-86) spent his last years in a house that he had bought at B., and d. here.--Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) spent 3 yrs. (1884-87j . * his last in Britain) at B., the only place in England that was ever really his home. He and his family lived from Sept. to Nov. 1884 in a lodging on the West Cliff called Wensleydale, and from Nov. to April 1885 rented a furnished house called Bonallie Towers in Branksome Park, a W. sub. of the town. Prom April 1885 to 1887 they lived in a house which his father bought and presented to his dau.-in-law at 61, Alum Chine Rd., Westbourne, which Stevenson named Skerryvore, after the famous lighthouse designed by his uncle Alan (Underwoods, No. 34). The house is a villa of yellow brick with steep gables of blue slate, which fronts away from the road and looks down the ravine. [Drawing by Walter Hale in Hamilton, On the Trail of Stevenson.] Several of the poems in Underwoods (especially Nos. 5, 17, 34, 35, and 36) refer to the home at Skerryvore. B. is referred to in The Wrong Box but not described. An invalid during the period here, Stevenson wrote much, in cluding among other things Kidnapped, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 150 and Markhelm, and the finishing of -Child1 s Garden of Verses. William Ernest Henley collaborated with him here on 3 plays. Here he enjoyed the friendship of Henry James, William Archer, Sir Percy Shelley, and John S. Sargent, who painted 2 portraits of him.— W. E. Gladstone (1809-98), visiting B. about 2 mos. before his death, learned that he was suffering from an incurable disease. B. as "Sandbourne" appears in several of Hardy*s works. It is the place to which Angel Clare came seeking Tess and the scene of the murder of Alec Stoke D,Urberville. Chris topher Julian’s father in The Hand of Ethelberta had been one of the magnates here, and here the son met Picotee Chickerell. Rosa Halborough in A Tragedy of Two Ambitions and Avice in The Well-Beloved were at school here. In Jude the Obscure the Christminster student whose heart Sue Bridehead broke was bur. here. Bourne Park, Kent.--Seat, E. Kent, on Watling St., between Bridge and Bishopsbourne, 3^- m. SE* of Canterbury. According to tradition Julius Caesar gained his 1st decisive victory on British soil in a hollow in the park called Old England's Hole.--Later history records a noted cricket match played here in 1773 between Kent and Surrey.--William Harrison Ainsworth stayed here for a time in Nov. 1844 for hunting and shooting with Lord Albert Conyngham, president of the British Archaeological Association. 151 Boveridge, Dorset*--Ham, and seat, NE. of co., 1^ m. NE* of Cranborne, 15 N* of Bournemouth. Here Georgy Crookhill lost his clothes as told in Hardy's Crusted Characters. Bow, or Stratford-1e-Bow, co. London.— Eccl. dist. (6564) in met. bor. of Poplar, 3^- m. ENE. of St. Paul's. Now in crowded E. London, N. of the docks, B. was a pleasant vil. in Essex, conveniently close to London, until the :rapid development of the city in the 19th cent.--Edward Cave (1691-1754) lived at B. after his marriage.— A cottage at B. belonging to the Cheeryble brothers was let to the Nicklebys "at something under the usual rent." Bowes, Yorkshire.--Par. and vil. (655), N.R. Yorks, 4 m. SW. of Barnard Castle, 5^ W. of Greta Bridge, 18 W. of Darling ton. At the far end of the vil. on the left, going toward Carlisle, is the original of Dotheboys Hall in Nicholas Nickleby, now a residence and much altered. A school was kept here in the early 19th cent, by William Shaw, the original of Squeers. Dickens and Hablot K. Browne (Phiz) visited B. early in Feb. 1838, on a trip to get information about Yorkshire schools, and are said to have interviewed Shaw at the Unicorn Inn after lunching there. The inn, once the most important coaching inn between York and Carlisle, is still in operation. In the chyd. nr. the school is a stone to the memory of George Ashton Taylor, 19, "who died suddenly at Mr. Wm. Shaw's Academy 1822," which gave Dickens 152 the Idea of Smike. Shaw and his son are bur. in the chyd. ■JfBowick (A. Trollope)— See howick. Northants. ^wla^ Pores^, Yorkshire.--An extensive mt. dist., N. div. W.R. Yorks, on r. Hodder, including 3 pars. (28,397 ac., pop. 551), from 6-10 m. NW. of Clitheroe. Birthplace of Sir Samuel Garth (1661-1719), physician and poet. Bowness-on-Windermere, Westmorland.--Par, and vil. (3860), on E. side of E*ake Windermere, T§- m. SW* of Windermere sta., where the newer town has grown up, 7^-WNW. of Kendal. Situated in a beautiful bay, with Belle Isle and smaller islands opp., it is the chief place on the lake. S. of it is Storrs; N. are Rayrigg and Calgarth and Elleray, ^ m. inland. Near the pier is the Church of St* Martin (par. church of Windermere; mainly 15th cent.), with a memorial to Bp. Watson of Calgarth by Flaxman. — John Keats (1795- 1821) and Charles Armi.tage Brown were thrilled by their 1st view of the lake when they walked here after breakfast at Kendal on the 2nd day of their walking trip to Scotland (26 June 1818). At the White hion Inn, after a good bath in the lake, they dined on trout which, Keats wrote, he ^took an oar to fetch from some Box preserves close on one of the little green Islandsfold engraving of Bowness and Windermere and the White Erion in Bushnell, A Walk after John Keats. ] The White Lion, much enlarged, is now the Royal Hotel.— Sir Walter Scott and Eockhart came to B. in Aug. 1825 to spend a Tew days with John Wilson (“Christopher North”) at Ell©ray (q.v.) and to be f6ted with Canning at Storrs (q.v.). Wilson and his guests attended the Sun. morning service at St. Martin*s (21 Aug.). Bowood, Wiltshire.— A seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, N. Wilts, hf m. SW. of Caine, 14 ENE. of Bath. The great house, standing in a magnificent park, is one of the show pieces of Wilts [old print in Jones, The Harp that Once— ]. In the early 19th cent, the 3rd Marquis of Lansdowne (1780- 1863) and the Marchioness made B. a social capital of England. Interested in the fine arts as well as in political questions, Lord Lansdowne entertained here many of the not able persons of Europe and Invited the literary figures in the neighborhood to meet them. These included William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850), rector of Bremhill, 2 m. N. of B. House, and Thomas Moore (1779-1852), living at Sloperton Cottage, 3 m. S. George Crabbe (1754-1832), rector of Trowbridge, 10|f m. SW., was an occasional guest. Coleridge, staying at Caine in 1815, was a dinner guest. Among other visitors were Henry Hallam, Samuel Rogers, Mme. de Stagl (Oct. 1813), and Maria Edgeworth (1818).— Bowles preached a series of sermons (later publ.) in B. chapel on the copies of the cartoons of Raphael presented by William IV to Lansdowne for the chapel. — Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) paid a visit of several weeks to the 1st Marquis of Lansdowne 154 at B., during which he was completing his Introduction.to the Principles of Morals and legislation (publ. 1789). Etienne Dumont, driven from Genoa by political troubles and living here as tutor, made the acquaintance of Bentham here. Box Hill, Surrey.— Hill (590 ft.; 652 ac. N.T.), l| m. HUE. of Dorking. Its name comes from its many box trees. On the summit is a fine view point, with a guide showing the direction and distance of places that may be seen. Juniper Bottom, on N. slope of hill (toward Juniper Hall), is Meredith's ”Happy Valley.” At its foot is Burford Bridge (q.v.), above which is Flint Cottage (q.v.), the home from 1867 of George Meredith (1828-1909).— Jane Austen (1775- 1817), who herself attended picnics at B. Hill, makes it the scene of a picnic in Emma.— Staying at Burford Bridge in Nov. 1817, to finish Endymion, Keats climbed the hill to see the moon (24 hrs. before full), returned to the inn, and”wrote some verses.” Amy Dowell offers an identification of the lines and shows the influence of B. Hill on the descriptions in Endymion. [Old engraving of Box Hill from Norbury Park in Lowell, John Keats.]— William Morris's Socialist League held an outing at B. Hill in June 1886. He wrote to his dau. of its beauty and its famous box-wood at the top, suggesting a visit to be made with her.--As a young man Sir James M. Barrie went down to B. Hill, hoping to get a glimpse of Meredith. He gives an amusing account of sitting 155 on the hillside gazing at Meredith1s window, of* getting a good view when he came to the door, but of fleeing when Meredith began walking down the garden path,--The happy days at Box Hill are pictured in Meredith’s A Faith on Trial, wr, after the death of his wife (1885). In his last years, after he was crippled by a fall, Meredith had a daily drive in his chair, drawn by his donkey “Picnic," up the zigzag path to the summit of B, Hill. It was on such a drive in May that he took the chill which resulted 4 days later in his death, Boxley, Kent.--Par, and vil. (1381), 2 m. NE. of Maidstone. B. House is a seat. B. Abbey, § m, W. of B., founded in 1146, was added at the Dissolution to the large Kentish property of Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503?-42). In the 17th cent. It was the residence of Margaret, widow of Sir Francis Wyatt, a niece of George Sandys (1578-1644), translator of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, who spent his last years here In her home, occupying himself with a series of poetic paraphrases of the scriptures. He d. here and is bur. in the chancel of B. church. Matthew Montagu,'nephew of Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu and publisher of her letters, placed a marble tablet here to his memory in 1848.— Richard Baxter (1615- 91) wrote of his pleasure in seeing at B. Abbey, upon the old stone wall in the garden, a stammer-house with the in scription that here "Mr. G. Sandys, after his travaile over the world, retired himself for his poetry and contem plations . "--In the early 1840’s Alfred Tennyson and his mother and sisters occupied for a time a house belonging to Col* Best in B. parish, not far from the Lushington home, Park House (q*v*)* Boxted, Essex.--Par. and vil. (954), NE. Essex, on r. Stour, 5^ m. N, of Colchester* Contains B. House. Sir Richard Blackmore (1653?-1729), physician and writer, retired here in 1722. He is bur. in B. church. Brabourne, Kent.— Par. (577), E. Kent, 5^ m. E. of Ashford; contains vil. of B., or East B., at foot of B. Downs, B. Lees, 1 - | - m. SW., and the hams, of “ West B. and B. Coomb. Reginald Scot (1538?-99) inherited property at B. and was mar. here in Oct. 1568. *Brac^^i^e Hall^ (W. Irving)— See Aston Hall, Birmingham, Warwickshire • E^ac^^^ll, Cumberland.— Ham. N. of co., 4 m. EHE. of Longtown, on r. Line, 9 NNE. of Carlisle. Evidence supplied by one of the descendants of Richard Mulcaster (1530?-1611) points to the old border tower of B. Castle as his birth place, rather than Carlisle, according to R. H. Quick. Bracknell, Berkshire.— Vil. (2696), SE. Berks, 4 m. E. of Wokingham, 10^- W. of Staines, 10 ESE. of Reading. Shelley and Harriet lived here, at High Elms House, from July to Oct. 1813, to be nr. the Boinville family. Here, according to a tale told Hogg, Shelley went sailing in his landlady*s laundry tubs on the small tributary stream of the Loddon that flowed at the bottom of the garden. Thomas hove Pea cock, who visited them here, _ says that the best spot Shelley had. ever found for sailing paper boats was a large pool, on a heath above B. Early in 1814 when he and Harriet had a furnished house, at Windsor, Shelley spent much time at B. with the Boinvilles. .Another house in B., which they had from March or April to .June,, was the last home that Shelley and Harriet had together. Bradenham, Buckinghamshlre.--Par. , vil. (132), and seat, on Chiltern Hills, !§■ m. N. of West Wycombe, 4 NW* of High Wycombe. A vil.. much loved by Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81), whose father, Isaac, lived in the manor-house from 1829 until his death in 1848 and is bur. in the church. It is the ”Hurstley” of Disraeli*s novels. ^^field Go^^t,. Suffolk.— Par. and vil. (162), W. Suf folk, 5 - § - m. SSE. of Bury St. Edmunds. A. pretty vil. on the road S. from Bury St. Edmunds to Dong Melford, which takes its name from a fire in 1327 when a farm belonging to the abbot of Bury was burned during the riots of the townsmen against the monks. In the immediate vicinity are two other Bradfields, B. St. Clare and B. St. George. Arthur Young (1741-1820), the greatest English writer on agriculture, was born at Bradfield Hall (reblt. mid. 19th cent.), on a 200-acre estate that had belonged to the Youngs since 1672. His father was rector of B. Combust and B. St. Clare. Arthur Young farmed the property, which he inherited in 1785 at his mother's death. He sowed here chicory seed that he brought from Lyons and ultimately grew more than 100 acres of it. Young was internationally known for his writings; the Duke of Bedford once found him at breakfast with pupils from Russia, Poland, France, America, Naples, Sicily, and Portugal.— The Blarneys and Youngs were friends, and Fanny visited here in Sept* 1792. — George Crabbe (1792-1857), the son of the poet, was rec tor here* Jfr*adford, Yorkshire.— Pari, and co. bor. (288,700), city, and par. (232,883), N. div. W. R. Yorks, 9m. W. of Leeds. It returns 4 members to Parliament. B. is a smoky manu facturing town, the chief producer of yarns and woollen fabrics in England. A small town in 1800, it increased in population during the 19th cent, more rapidly than any other town except Middlesbrough, at the mouth of the Tees. B* has good public bldgs* but little of antiquarian interest*— David Hartley (1705-57) was sent to Bradford grammar school (refounded by Charles II. in 1662), where he began a life long friendship with his schoolfellow John Lister, of Shibden Hall, Halifax.— Branwell BrontS had a studio for portrait painting in Fountain St. for a time in 1839, but 159 spent his too-abundant leisure in the bar of the George Hotel with artist friends, among them Francis Leyland, the sculptor, who afterwards wrote a book about the BrontSs.-- Here on a lecture tour in Dec, 1856 Thackeray had to cancel 2 of his 4 lectures on the Georges because of illness.-- Dickens read A Christmas Carol here before c. 3700 people in St, George*s Hall in Dec, 1854, when he gave one of his earliest readings in aid of funds for working men's insti tutes, He gave paid readings here in Oct, 1858, Oct, 1859, and March 1867, Bradgate Park, Leicestershire,--P1, and seat, 5 m. NW. of Leicester. In the park are the ruins of the hall where Lady Jane Grey (1537-54) was b. and where Roger Ascham, as he tells in the Scholemaster, found her reading Plato's Phaedo while all the others of the household had gone hunting, Braintree, Essex.— Mkt.-town (14,000), NE. Essex, on r, Blackwater, 11 m. NNE. of Chelmsford, 15 W. of Colchester. Nicholas Udall.(1505-56) was vicar here in 1530-37, according to E. K. Chambers, and may have been the au. of Placidas alias St. Eustace, performed here in 1534, during the period when funds were being raised for repair of the church.-- Birthplace of Margaret Veley (1843-87), novelist and poet, dau. of a solicitor here. She is bur. in B. cemetery. Bramber, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (255), W. Sussex, on r. 160 Adur, 4 la, NW. of New Shoreham, 9 WNW. of Brighton. B. was once a fortress, guarding the entrance of the creek that led to the harbor of Steyning. Near the vil. are the remains of B. Castle. Before the Reform Act of 1832 B. returned 2 members to Parliament. Sir John Suckling (1609-42) sat for B. when the Bong Pari, was summoned in Nov. 1640. Bramcote, Nottinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (719), 4^- m. SW. of Nottingham. Contains the seat of. B. Hill. Gilbert Wakefield (1756-1801) moved to B. in 1783 with the view of taking private pupils, but had very few. ^^icote, Warwickshire..— Ham., N. of co., 3§ m. SE. of Nuneaton, 7-f NE. of Coventry. Raphael Holinshed (d. 1580?) was, according to his will, steward to Thomas Burdet of B., where Wood says that he died. Bramfield, Hertfordshire.— Par. vil. (221), and seat, 3^-m. NW. of Hertford. Joseph Strutt (1749-1802) lived at Bacon1s Farm, 1 m. SSW. of B., from 1790-95, carrying on his work as an engraver. Here he did the 13 engravings, after designs by Scotland, for Bradford's ed. of Pilgrim*s Progress (1792). He established^a Sunday and evening school at Bramfield. Bradford, Suffolk.— Par., vil. (1473), and seat, E. Suffolk, on r. Gipping, 2^ m. NW. of Ipswich. Home of the Charles- worths, friends of Edward FitzGerald (1809-83). On visits to the dau. Elizabeth and her husband, Edward Cowell, Fitz Gerald read classics with Cowell; and, after a visit in the 161 spring of 1849, when Cowell translated a play of Calderdn for him, he studied Spanish and translated 6 dramas (publ. 1853). Brampton, Huntingdonshire.— Par. and vil. (930), 2 m. SW. of Huntingdon. B. Manor and B. Park are-seats. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) was b. either here or in London. His father returned here in 1661 to a small property left him by his bro. At the time of the London fire (1666), after burying his money temporarily at the house of Sir W. Rider at Bethnal Green, Pepys sent it to his father*s house, to which he came in Oct. 1667 to dig it up. Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire.— Par., vil. (280), and seat, N. of co., on r. Teme, 5 m. E. of Knighton, 9 WSW. of Ludlow. The great park lies SW. of the vil. The manor belonged to the Oxfords. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (1661-1724), founder of the great Harleian library, and friend of Pope and Swift, is bur. here in the church. Branton ( P**on. Bruton), Lincolnshire. — Par • and vil. (515), Kesteven, on r. Brant, 7 m. E. of Newark, 11^- SSW. of Lincoln. William Warburton (1698-1779), lived here with his mother and sisters until his marriage in Sept. 1745. Brantwood, Lancashire.— Villa, N. Lancs, on E. side of Coniston Water, l£ m. S. of head of lake, 6|r SSW. of Ambleside. B. is pleasantly situated, with views across the lake to the Old.Man of Coniston (2633 ft.). It was the home of William James Linton (1812-98), engraver, who had The English Republic printed here for a time under his supervision, but discontinued it in 1855.— Gerald Massey (1828-1907), friend of Linton, lived here for a short time after 1857.--When Linton's 2nd marriage (in 1858), to Miss Eliza Lynn, novelist, terminated in separation in 1871, John Ruskin (1819-1900) acquired B. and made it his home for the rest of his life, concerning himself with enlarge ment of the house and improvement of the grounds. Brat hay, Westmorland and Lancashire.— R., flowing from Bow Fell through Gt. Langdale into Lake Windermere (9 m. )• In Christabel Coleridge says that the warning knell is heard from Bratha Head (headwaters of the Brathay) to Wyndermere (Windermere, q.v.), places to the SW. and SE. of Langdale (q.v.). Brathay, Westmorland.--Vil., on r. Brathay, 1 m. SW. of Ambleside. Charles (1775-1839) and Sophia Lloyd came to live in the old vicarage here in the summer of 1800. Owen Lloyd (1803-41) was b. here. Southey and his wife came here to the Lloyds' when they returned from Portugal in 1801. DeQuincey met the Lloyds when Dorothy Wordsworth and he stopped here after a rainy walk on his 1st visit to the Wordsworths in 1807, and when he came to live at Grasmere they became his close friends. He met John Wilson ("Christopher North") at some dances here in the winter of 1808-09. Brathay Hall, Lancashire*— Seat, in the par* of Hawkshead, 1 m. SW. of Ambleside, across the r, Brathay, which here divides Westmorland and Lancs. B. Hall, in 1804-34 the home of W. T. Harden, once sub-editor of the Caledonian Mercury, was the frequent gathering place of the literary men and women of the dist* around Ambleside and Grasmere. The Thomas Arnolds took the house for the summer of 1832, because their "dear old house at Rydal" was let. Bray, Berkshire .— Far. and vil. (3803), 13. Berks, 1^ m. SE. of Maidenhead. B. Lock, on r. Thames, is 41^ m. from Putney Bridge. The ballad of the Vicar of Bray, usually identified with Simon Aleyn (d* 1588), records the triple change of religion that enabled him to live through the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth.— On a voyage up the Thames from Hammersmith to Kelmscott in Aug* 1880, William Morris’s party dined one day just above B. Lock (Morris having been the cook for the day) and suffered the inconvenience of "wasps about that osier bed." Brede, Sussex.— Par. and vil. (951), E. Sussex, on r. Brede, 5 m. ENE. of Battle, 6 m. N. of. Hastings. B. Place, ^ m. E. of vil., is a seat.--The cradle of Dean Swift is pre served in the 13th cent, church of B.~B. Place was lent to Stephen Crane (1871-1900), American novelist, and his family, with the services of an old retainer, when the Cranes came to England a 2nd time at the end of 1899.. Local servants would not spend the night in the house, which was said to be haunted. Joseph and Jessie Conrad spent a fortnight here with their baby son, Borys, who succeeded in keeping an upright position for the first time on the slope near Crane's study window. Another guest at B. Place was H. G. Wells (1866-1946). Bredfield, Suffolk.-— Par., vil. (326), and seat, E. Suffolk, 2|r m. N. of Woodbridge, 8 NE. of Ipswich. B. House, about halfway between Woodbridge and the vil., was the birthplace and home of Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) until c. 1825. It is a white Jacobean mansion (then called the White House), with large gardens and a fish pond. The house did not belong to the family. When he was an old man living at Little Grange, he sometimes walked here and sat for a while on a bench in a corner of the garden. Bredfield Hall records his thoughts. B. House was badly damaged by blast In the recent war, and the lodge was demolished. FitzGerald always remembered the vil. celebration at B., on 18 June 1816, the 1st anniversary of Waterloo^ to which he went with his parents. After he gave up Boulge Cottage in Nov. 1853, FitzGerald made his home for a time partly at Bredfield vicarage with George Crabbe, son of the poet, and partly at Farlingay Hall (q.v.). Carlyle and he were here for 165 3 days In Aug. 1855. Bredon (pron. Breedon), Worcestershire.--Par. and vil. (984), 3f m. NE. of Tewkesbury, 13 NNE. of Gloucester. B. has a fine Norman and Dec. church and a large 14th cent, tithe barn. Tatwin (d. 734), abp. of Canterbury, was at one time a priest of a monastery here, called Briudun or Bredon. Bredon Hill, Worcestershire.--A rounded hill (961 ft.), 3 m. NE. of the vil. of B. In. Poem 21 in A Shropshire Lad A. 32. Housman speaks of the clear sound in summer, on B. Hill, of the bells rung In near and far steeples "round both the shires." The two shires are Worcs and Glos. This Is the earliest (1891) of the poems of A. E. H. that use place- names, according to his bro. Laurence. Bremhill, Wiltshire.--Par. and vil. (937), N. Wilts, if m. NW. of Caine, 4 E. of Chippenham, 15 ENE. of Bath. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) became vicar of B. in 1804 and generally resided here until Jan. 1845. He gave much atten tion to beautifying the groundsof the vicarage, which Is situated on high land with a view toward the Marlborough Downs, and added a small lake, a fountain, a stone obelisk, trellised arbors, shaded walks, a hermitage, and Shenstonian inscriptions. Moore regretted the loss of native charm, but Coleridge, living at Caine In 1815, called it "a perfect paradise of a place," and Lord Lansdowne wrote, "Your garden Is certainly one of the prettiest spots in the county." An account of the parsonage by Archdeacon Nares was publ. in the Gentleman* s Magazine, Sept, 1814, and another account appeared in Blackwood* s, Aug. 1828. Bowles wrote The Paro chial History of Bremhill, publ. 1828. Bowles and his wife enjoyed the friendship of Lord and Lady Lansdowne, of Bowood, 3m. S. of the vil., and were frequent guests there, and Lord Lansdowne often brought his visitors to see Bowles. Among them were Dugald Stewart, Sir Humphry;/ Davy, Mme. de StaSl, and in 1837 the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State. Thomas Moore, at Sloperton Cottage on the other side of Bowood, was frequently here, and George Crabbe, of Trow bridge, was a visitor. When Robert Southey and his son spent a few days here in Nov. 1836, Moore was invited to meet them. The vicarage was visited also by Rogers, W. Pickering, the publisher, the Sothebys, and Sir George Beaumont.— Robert Francis Kilvert (1840-79), at Langley Burrell, 3 m. NW. of B., writes in.his Diary on Christmas Day, 1874: "This morning we plainly heard the six beautiful fatal bells of Bremhill ringing a Christmas, peal through the frosty air.” Brentford, Middlesex.--Mkt.-town,. including pars, of New B. and Old B., in mun. bor. of B. and Chiswick (62,618), W. Middx, at influx of r. Brent to the Thames, 2m. S. of Ealing, 8 W. of Waterloo sta., London. Now the co. town of Middx. It is across the Thames from Kew Gardens and N. of Syon Park. In the 16th. and 17th cent., it was a favorite resoht of Londoners. The Three Pigeons, partially reconstructed in 1905 and closed in 1916, was a well-known coaching inn, which was kept at one time by John Lowin, an actor in Shakespeare’s company. At one period the stables occupied several acres. The Jolly. Pigeons (not specifically named as at B.) was the country inn frequented by Tony Lumpkin, who sings a song to it in She Stoops to Conquer.--It was in a gown belonging to Mistress Ford’s maid’s aunt, ”the fat woman of Brentford,” that Sir John Falstaff disguised himself In Merry Wives of Windsor.--The mythical 2 kings of B. appear in The Rehearsal. — The Two Queens of Brentford; or. Bayes No Poetaster by Tom D’Urfey (1653-1723) was publ. In 1721.— In The Castie of Indolence James Thomson. (1700-48) compares the impenitent wretches pursued by fiends to a herd of swine driven ”through Brentford town, a town of mud.™ Thomson lived for many yrs. at Richmond, across the Thames.— John Horne Tooke (1736- 1812) held the living of the chapel of ease at New B. in 1760-73 and continued to live in the neighborhood after resigning it.— While he was at Syon House Academy, Shelley got books from Mr. P. Norbury’s circulating library at B., mostly thrillers and Gothic romances.— One of the milestones noted by Oliver Twist when Sikes was taking him to Chertsey for the robbery was at B. • Betty Higden in Our Mutual Friend kept a "minding school” and a mangle at B. The Three Pigeons was the original, of the "Three Magpies," where Mr. Boffin*s carriage was left when Betty was visited. Brent Hall, Essex.— Seat, 4^-m. HE. of Chelmsford, on road from Boreham, at junction of rds. to Great Leighs to the NW. and Little Waltham to the W. Birthplace of Edward Benlowes (1603?—76), poet, son and heir of Andrew Benlowes of B. Hall Bretby, Derbyshire.— Par. and vil. (352), 2\ m. E. of Burton-on-Trent, 9 SSW. of Derby. B. Park, SE. of the vil., formerly the family seat of the Stanhopes, earls of Chester field, is now the property of Derbyshire co. council. On Twelfth Night in 1639 a masque by Sir Aston Cokayne (1608- 84), son of the half-sister of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield, was acted at B. Park. ■^retton (C. BrontS)--See Yorks. • frBriarfield (C. BrontS)— See Birstall, Yorks. ^Briarmains (C. Bront§)--8ee G^ersal, Yorks. Bridekirk, Cumberland.— Par., vil. (117), and seat, W. of SSSSB B SB B SM R aM D B H M I co., 2 m. NNW. of Cockermouth. The church has 11th cent, doorways and a notable font (prob. mid. 12th cent.) with a remarkable mixture of Norse and English decoration. Birth place of Thomas Tickell (1686-1740), poet. Bridge, Kent.— Par. and vil. (699), E. Kent, 3 m. SE. of Canterbury, 1 m. NW. of Bishopsbourne. Jacob Epstein and his wife and dau. were lodged here during the 3 wks. that the artist was at Oswalds, Bishopsbourne, making a bust of 169 Joseph Conrad. Bridgnorth, Shropshire.— Mun. bor. (5141), on r. Severn, 7 m. S. of Coalport, 14^- WSW. of Wolverhampton, 22^ SE. of Shrewsbury. A picturesque town on both sides of r. Severn, with a High Town (rt. bank, W.) and a how Town (1. bank, E.J, connected by bridge, steps, and inclined ry. Only a frag ment of the ancient castle (bit. 1101) survives. In the t s . market-place is the half-timbered town hall on stone arches (1652), through which traffic now passes. There is also a Tudor grammar school. (Photographs of town hall and lower town in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.3--Richard Baxter (1615-91) was assistant minister in 1640 at the Church of St. Leonard (now practically reblt.).--Bp. Thomas Percy (1729-1811). was b* in a half-timbered house (1580) In Cartway St. nr. the bridge and was educ. at the grammar school. Bridgwater, Somerset.--Mun. bor., par., and spt. (18,330), W. of co., on r. Parret, 33^ m. SW. of Bristol. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The town is bit. on both sides of the r., which has a t t boren or tidal wave that passes up the r. twice daily. Bath bricks are made only here, from the clay and sand of the r.--After his father’s death Edward Moore (1712-57) was brought up by his uncle, a schoolmaster of B.--Since B. is only 8^ m. by road E. of Nether Stowey, there are many casual associa tions with Coleridge. After a visit to Poole at Nether Stowey In May 1796, before he was resident there, he returned to Bristol, meditating as he went on the filth of the r. Parret at Bridgwater in comparison with the "dear gutter of Stowey." Having preached at B. on Sun., 4 June 1797, Coleridge breakfasted the next morning at Taunton, and reached Racedown (q.v.) later that day for a memorable visit. At B. in July 1797, after a visit to Wordsworth and Cole ridge, John Thelwall wrotewsome verse expressing his desire to live next door to Coleridge. In May 1798 William and Dorothy Wordsworth and Coleridge stayed overnight here on a walk to Cheddar. Here in 1807 at the home of the Chubbs DeQuineey met Coleridge for the 1st time, having followed him here from Stowey when he called there and found him away. DeQuincey has left an account of the exciting day of con versation and his departure at 10 at night for the walk back t© £S: towey.— Thackeray wrote to FitzGerald in July 1831 from B., where he was studying a German book for a few days. --Alexander William, Kinglake (1809-91) was M. P. for the Bridgwater Division of Somerset from 1857-68. Bridlington, Yorkshire.— Mun. bor., par., mkt.-town, and watering-pl. (SI,720), E.R. Yorks, 31 m. NNJE. of Hull, 43^ ENE. of York. The Old Town of B., 1 m. inland, is included In the par. It is a popular summer resort, with a small harbor at B. Quay, situated on the wide sweep of B. Bay, with Flamborough Head at the N. end. At the old town is 171 the nave of the old priory church, founded for Augustinian canons In the reign of Henry I, early 12th cent. The gate house dates from c. 1388.— William of Newburgh (1136-1201?), historian, was b. at or nr. B.— Robert of Bridlington (fl. 1170), called Robert the Scribe, was a canon regular of B. priory and became the 4th prior about 1160. He died before 1181 and, according to Leland, was bur. In the cloister, before the doors of the chapter house* John Leland (1506?-52) visited B. and saw Robert*s MSS.,chiefly commentaries on the Bible, in the priory library.--George Ripley (d. 1490?), alchemist, was a canon at B. and seems to have been bur. here. What purports to be an early draw ing of his grave is found in Cotton. MS**. Vit. E. X.— Sir John Reresby (1634-89), au. of Travels and Memoirs, was appointed governor of B. in 1678. Charlotte BrontS had her 1st sight of the sea when Ellen Nussey brought her to B. for a 5-wks.f holiday in Sept. 1839. They spent the 1st mo. in a farmhouse nr. Easton (q.v.) and the last week In lodgings here. Charlotte called it ’ ’ Burlington" in one of her letters to Ellen when the trip was being planned. The next summer, writing to Ellen Nussey of a high wind, she said: "I should very much like to know how the great brewing-tub of Bridlington Bay works, and what sort of yeasty froth rises just now on the waves." After Anne’s death at Scarborough in May 1849, Charlotte Bront8 and Ellen Nussey stayed again at Easton. Bridport, Dorset.— Mun. bor., par., and spt. (5909), SW. of co., on r. Brit, 9^ m. SW. of Malden Newton, 15-|- W. of Dorchester. An old town, with a conspicuous town hall and a Perp. church, noted for its manufacture of ropes, nets, and sail cloth, a "Bridport dagger” being a hangman's rope. The saying led Leland into his erroneous statement that "good daggers" were made at B. William Harrison Ainsworth visited it in Aug. 1872, when he was working on Boscobel, to see one of the places connected with Charles II's wander ings. --B. is the "Port Bredy" of Hardy's Wessex stories, described, in Pellow-Townsmen, in which Barnet, one of the heroes, is descended from rope manufacturers. Tess, in Tess of the D* Orbervilles, worked at a neighboring dairy before going to Flintcombe Ash. Briery Close, Westmorland.--Seat, 2 m. SE. of Ambleside, 2 - g - NW. of Windermere, below Wansfell on the road to Troutbeck. In 1850 Charlotte BrontS visited Sir James and Lady Kay-Shuttieworth here and met Mrs. Gaskell, her fellow- guest and future biographer. Brigham, Cumberland.— Par. and vil. (772), W. of co., on r. Derwent, 2\ m. W. of Goekermouth. B. Hill is a seat. George Fox (1624-91), Quaker, preached several times at B.--Words worth often came to B. to visit his son John, who held the living here. In 1833, when he and Henry Crabb Robinson visited him while he was building a parsonage, Wordsworth wrote 2 sonnets here: "To a friend fJohn] on the Banks of the Derwent" and "Nunfs Well, Brigham," named for the religious house that had once stood here. The coming of the railway ruined the original site of the well. Brighstone, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (433), SW. coast, 6 m. SW. of Newport. The first publ. work of Samuel Wilberforce (1805-73), rector of B. from Dec. 1829 until his resignation at the close of 1840, was the Note book of a Country Clergyman, giving his experiences with this parish. Br ighthelms tone• — See Brighton, Sussex. Britton, Sussex.--Pari, and co. bor. (146,500), par., and wateringrpil, * on S. coast, E. Sussex, 8^-m. SW. of Lewes, 50^- S. of London by rail. The bor. returns 2 members to Parliament. B. extends inland more than 3 m. on the slope of the S. Downs and has a 4-m. sea front from Hove on the W. (a separate mun. bor. which forms a continuous town with B.) to Kemp Town on the E. It is solely a resort and residential town, with no harbor and no maritime interests. B. is mentioned in Domesday Book as Brighthelmston or Brithelmeston, and it kept the name Brighthelmston (or with added < s ) until, the 19th cent. It was a fishing vil. until the mid. 18th cent., with the single point of interest that Charles II spent a night here before he escaped to Prance from the little harbor on the estuary of the Adur (6 m. W.), in 1651, B* began to develop as a watering-pl. in the mid. 18th cent., when Dr* Richard Russell of Lewes recommended the bracing sea air for its tonic effects and advised sea bathing. The pop. of B. in 1761 was 472; in 1801, 1,253; in 1831, 7,740. Early visitors were Johnson (1709-84) and the Thrales, who came in the autumn of 1769 and of 1776 for an extended period. The former parish church of St. Nicholas, on the hill_at the W. end of Church St. (bit. in 1380, probably on an earlier foundation, and reblt. in 1853), has a Norman font and a memorial to the Duke of Wellington. A tablet at the chancel end of the N. wall, nr. what was the Thrale pew, records that Dr. Johnson used to worship here. During a long stay in the autumn of 1782 he dined frequently with Philip. Metcalfe and drove to many places with him in his carriage. But Johnson found Bright the lms tone dull and its downs so desolate "that if one had a mind to hang one's self for desperation at being obliged to live there, it would be difficult to find a tree on which to fasten the rope." Fanny Burney and Edward Gibbon were other visitors in the 18th cent. By the end of the 1st decade of the 19th cent. B. had become the most fashionable resort in England as the result of the patronage of George IV (then Prince of Wales), ntfho 1st visited the Duke of Cumberland here in 1783. The Royal Pavilion, bit. for him in the early yrs. of the cent, and added to from time to time until c. 1820, still stands and still provokes comment by Its fantastic Oriental style, whose cupolas and domes led Cobbett to speak of Norfolk turnips and Sydney Smith to make .the classic remark that ”St. Paul's had come to Brighton and pupped.” To Mr. Turveydrop it was ”that fine building.” The Old Steine, or Steyne. (pron. Steen), an open garden space S* of the Pavilion, said to take its name from the stone where the fishermen dried their nets, was the fashionable evening promenade. George IV did not visit B. after 1827, but by that time its popularity was established. Queen Victoria did not care for it, and the bldg. was sold In 1849 to the town of B. for e. £ » 50,000, much less than Its cost. {Photograph of Regency house fronts in the Steine In Rouse, Ihe Old Towns of England; view of the Steine in 1825 by Robert Cruikshank and 2 interiors of the Pavilion (in color) by Joseph Nash in Chancellor, £»ife in. Regency and Early Victorian Times. ] Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806) lived here for a time in the 1790*3 and here wrote Desmond (1792) and a number of poems related to incidents observed here. The setting, with good descriptions, of the 1st book of her poem The Emigrants Is the cliffs E. of B. on an early morning in Nov. 1792.— Jane Austen* s hydia Bennet (Pride and Prejudice) visited B. --Samuel Horsley (1753-1806), on his.way to visit Thurlow at B., heard of his death. He himself d* here les3 than a month later.--Charles and Mary Lamb visited B. with Mrs. Montagu in the summer of 1817 and had lodgings with a view of the sea. Mary wrote Dorothy Wordsworth that she and her bro. liked walking on the Downs, finding them almost as good as the Westmorland mtns. When they went to Prance in June 1822, they sailed from B. for Dieppe.— George Canning (1770-1827) was seriously ill here in Feb. 1827. His residence in B. is commemorated by a tablet on the Royal Crescent Hotel.— John Wilson Groker (1780-1857) often visited George IV at the Pavilion.— Frank Smedley (1818-64), novelist, spent some months here in 1834-5 under the Rev. Charles Millett, a private tutor.--As a young man Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) frequently accompanied his mother to B. while his father was occupied with his mining interests. He and his bride (Lucy Barton) spent a dismal honeymoon at B., selected by Mrs. FitzGerald but considered by him "the hatefullest of all places."--Tennyson and his family were here for a time in the autumn of 1852 when the Twickenham meadows were flooded.--Robert Montgomery (1807-55), au. of Satan, a poem attacked by Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review, is bur. in the Extra-Mural Cemetery of Trinity Chapel.— Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-62) spent some time here when he was 18, recovering from illness that followed his fatherrs death, and came here again after his mother's death in 177 April 1859.--Robert Smith Surtees (1803-64) d. at B.--Thomas Gordon Hake (1809-95), physician and poet, settled at B. and for 5 yrs* was physician to the dispensary.— Amy Levy (1861- 89), poet and novelist, was educ. at B.— Charles Reade (1814-84) brought Mrs. Seymour (then an invalid) here for Christmas in. 1877.— Thomas Hughes (1822-96), au. of Tom Brown*s School Days, d. at B. and is bur. in the cemetery here.— Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) spent the last part of his life here and d. at 5, Fercival Terrace, in Kemp Town (tablet on railings opp.). In the mid. 19th cent, there was something of a literary settlement at B. Also the easy proximity of B. to London, especially after the opening of the railway in 1841, made it popular, for change of air and scene and escape from the demands of daily life in London, with novelists who wanted relaxation at the conclusion of a task or fresh inspiration for a new one. Dickens made repeated short visits (pre ferring quieter places like Broadstairs for longer stays; Thackeray came for longer periods; and Ainsworth, after occasional visits, made it his home for nearly 15 yrs. Horace Smith (1779-1849), co-author of Re jected Addresses, and James Morier (1780?-1849), au. of Haj.ji Baba, lived at B. and became warm friends of Thackeray, who told Laura, the youngest of Smith’s daus., that she was the model for the heroine of Pendennis, upon which he worked here in Oct. and again In Dec. 1848. Thackeray spent a few days here In May 1845; was here again In April 1844 and in Sept. 1845, when he was working on his travel book about the Near East and was visited by Brookfield; and stayed at the Old Ship Inn in Feb. 1846 to work on a new novel, the name of which suddenly came to him in the night. He jumped out of bed and ran 3 times around the room chanting "Vanity Fair I" The novel of that name has scenes at B. After the visits in 1848 to work on Pendennis, he came next in Oct. 1849, after serious Illness, and sat for hours on the chain-pier in a bath-ehair. He was here in the early months of 1852, working on Henry Esmond, and spent a few days here in Sept. 1853, while he was writing The Newcomes, a number of scenes of which are placed at B., which, with Miss Honeymanrs lodging house in Steyne Gardens, is fully described in Ch. 9. Thackeray gave his lectures on the Georges here in Jan. 1857. In Aug. 1857 he was here recuperating from illness, and in Aug. 1858, writing on The Virginians. Dickens was a regular visitor from 1837 until c. 1853. The 1st recorded visit was made in Oct. and early Nov. 1837, when he and his wife spent 10 days at the Old Ship Hotel, in "a beautiful bay-windowed sitting-room, fronting the sea," when he had finished Pickwick and was writing Oliver Twist. In 1841 he was here at the same hotel, having come down on top of the Brighton Era. There are no more recorded 179 visits until 1847, when he and members of his family stayed at 148, King's Rd., next door to the Norfolk Hotel, on the W. side of B., while he was writing Dombey and Son, although the B. scenes had been wr. earlier. At this same address he stayed in March 1850, while he was writing David Copper- field, and here wrote The Child's Dream of a Star from an idea that he had had, traveling down alone in the train. The hotel at which Dickens stayed oftenest (marked by a tablet) is the Bedford Hotel, King's Rd., facing the sea, where Mr. Dombey always stayed, a prominent and fashionable hotel then and now. (Copy of old engraving in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.] He and his wife and Mrs. Macready were here in March 1848, but moved to Junction House, No. 1, Junction Rd., nr. the Old Steine, where they were joined by Macready on Sundays. In Nov. 1848 Dickens was writing at the Bed ford; and he and his wife and the Leeches came to the hotel in Feb. 1849 from lodgings when, after a week's stay, their landlord and his dau. went mad. In 1853 he was again at Junction House for a short time. In March 1857 he and Wilkie Collins were at the Bedford; and in Oct. 1860 he paid a short visit to John Forster, who was staying at B. for his health, and wrote Collins that he "walked six hours and a half on the Downs yesterday and never stopped or sat." Dickens's opinion of B. had been expressed in a letter some yrs. before: "I don't in the abstract approve of Brighton. I couldn^t pass an autumn here; but It is a gay place for a week or so," He continued that he found it a bright change from the agitation that he experienced in writing his books. Dickens read at B. in Nov. 1858, when he ended his 1st tour here, reading twice at the Town Hall and staying at the Bedford with Collins; in Nov. 1861, when he read twice at the Town Hall and once at the Royal Pavilion; and in Oct. and Nov. 1868, when he stayed each time at the Bedford and gave 2 readings each month at the Grand Concert Hall (later Sherry1 s Dancing Hall), nr. the. bottom of West St. There are references to B. in several of his books, but Dombey and Son is most closely associated with the town, much of the action taking place here. Mrs. Pipchin's "infantine boarding house,” to which little Paul was sent, was ”ln a steep by-street.” (Dexter suggests Upper or Dower Rock Gardens as the location.) Dr. Blimber’s school, "a mighty fine house, fronting the sea," was identified by Ainsworth as a school kept at B. in 1839-46 by Dr. Proctor, called Chichester House, at the W. end of C. Terrace. [Photograph in Dexter, The Engl and of Dickens.3 Mrs. Skewton d* and was bur. at B., and here Mr* Toots proposed to Florence. There is no record of the 1st visit of William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) to B., but his anon.verse Letters from Cockney Lands (publ. 1826) includes descriptions of life at B. In Sept. 1827, after the birth of their 1st child, the Ainsworths stayed at 73, Kingfs Rd* He and his daus. were here a great deal in 1845; in Aug. at 38, Brunswick Terrace, in the winter at 25, Oriental PI., and later at 6, Brunswick Sq. while alterations were made at Kensal Manor House. Horace Smith saw much of the Ainsworths, who gave a great many gay parties. In Jan. 1849 Ainsworth and Forster came down to dine with Bulwer-hytton one Sunday and remained in B. over Monday. In the summer of 1853 Ainsworth gave up Kensal Manor House and took a house, which had been occupied by his friend Charles Hervey, at 5, Arundel Terrace, Kemp Town, his home until 1867 (tablet). ^Photograph in Ellis, William Harrison Ainsworth and His Friends. ] It was a nice house, in the usual town style, facing the sea, and was then almost the last house at the E. end of B., close to the Downs, where Ainsworth liked to walk. Thackeray, staying in Marine Sq., brought his 2 young daus. to dine here. Ainsworth's youngest dau., Blanche, was mar. in Aug. 1861 to Capt. Francis Swanson, of the Royal Artillery, at the church of St. Nicholas. A friend of Ainsworth’s at B., to whom he inscribed The Star Chamber, was Mrs. Mostyn (Cecilia Thrale), whose residence at that time (1854) was Sillwood House (later a hotel). Bci^jhtwell, Berkshire.--Par. and vil. (710), N. Berks, 2 m. NW. of Wallingford. Anthony a Wood's statement that John Gauden (1605-62), afterwards bp. of Worcester, was rector of B. has been disproved by examination of the parish registers. Brimmer Hall (Tom D' Ur fey)--See Winchendon, Buckinghamshire. Brinkley, Cambridgeshire.--Par., vil. (242), and seat, SE. Cambs, 5 m. SSW. of Newmarket, 11^ ESE. of Cambridge. Birthplace of Christopher Anstey (1724-1805), poet, whose father was rector of B. Brinsojo, Herefordshire.--Par. and ham. (149), 5 - | - m, NW. of Hereford. B. Court, 1 m. NNE. of vil., a seat, was the home of Thomas Hutchinson and his wife, Mary Monkhouse, in 1824- 46. Dorothy Wordsworth visited them here from Feb. to Sept. 1826, and Mrs. Wordsworth stayed here during the spring and early summer of 1837 while Wordsworth was making his last continental tour with Crabb Robinson.— In his Diary Robert Francis Kilvert (1840-79), a great admirer of Dorothy Words worth* s journals, wrote of paying a visit to B. Court and the sitting-room where "dear Dorothy Wordsworth spent much of her time • ” Bristol, Gloucestershire.--Pari, and co. bor., city, par., and spt. (415,500), on r. Avon, 6 m. from the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth. B. lies mainly in Glos but also partly in Somerset across the Avon, which here separates the 2 counties. It is also a county in itself, with its own assizes. The 5 divs. of the city return 1 member each to Parliament. Until the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. B. has extensive docks both in the city &nd at Avonmouth and Portishead and varied manufactures. The Floating Harbour was formed in 1803-9 by the placing of locks at the ends of a 2-m. stretch of the river and the diversion of the tidal r. to a new channel to the S. of Temple Meads and Redcliffe. B. Bridge, which spans the Floating Harbour, was bit. in 1768 to replace the original bridge of 1247. B. is an ancient town, traditionally founded in the 6th cent. B.C. The 11th cent. Domesday book ranked it next after Ik>ndon, York, and Winchester. The tidal r. made it a noteworthy port from earliest times; it is described by William of Malmesbury in the 12th cent, as full of ships from every part of Europe. It was the center of the trade in English slaves under the Danish kings and in African slaves at a later date, andi; more creditably, had a part in maritime adventure, the Cabots* voyage of discovery of the American mainland in 1497 having its start from B. The city is the seat of a bishopric created by Henry VIII in 1542, after the dissolution of the great Augustinian monastery founded by Robert Fitzharding in 1142, and it has a modern university. The ecel. dist. of Redcliffe, SE. of the city, contains 1 the magnificent Perp. church of St. Mary Redcliffe, which replaces a 13th cent, church (with the retention of the massive tower and the hexagonal N. porch), and is mainly due to the munificence of 2 famous mayors and cloth merchants of 184 B., William Canynges (d. 1396) and his grandson William Canynges the younger (1399?-1474). Canynges1 House, 58, Redcliffe St,, has a 15th cent, hall. St. Mary Redcliffe, described by Queen Elizabeth as "the fairest, the goodliest, and the most famous parish church in England," has several literary associations, the most famous of which, is its connection with Thomas Ghatterton (see below). (Photo graph of town showing cathedral and spire of St. Mary Redcliffe in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.] The W. sub. is Clifton, in the pari, and co. bor. of Bristol. Before the 19th cent. It was a separate vil. and waterihg^pli. with its Hotwells (known since the 16th cent.), but It lies so nr. B. and has always had such a close connec tion with Its more commercial neighbor that visitors to one have often been visitors to the other also. Indeed its springs were often referred to as the Bristol Hotwells. The position of Clifton on the cliffs high above the Avon and above B. won it favor as a residential site when Its springs were sharing the 18th cent, popularity of spas (like Bath, Cheltenham, and Tunbridge Wells), and it developed rapidly In the early 19th cent. (Photograph In Rouse, o£. cit.j Clifton Down and Durdham Down are an extensive plateau (250- 300 ft. above the town), covering c. 500 acres. On the W. is the picturesque wooded gorge of the Avon, with the hanging Leigh Woods and Nightingale. Valley (both N.T.) on the opp. 185 side* The lofty Clifton Suspension Bridge (275 ft* above low-tide; 702 ft. in length bet. the piers, 1352 ft. total length), which crosses the Avon just above Nightingale Valley, was bit. bet. 1831 and 1864; the chains once formed part of the Hungerford Suspension Bridge in London (replaced in 1860-64 by the Charing Cross Railway Bridge). A path near the E. end of the bridge descends to the Hotwells, which now supply the Grand Spa Hotel. (For literary associa tions, see below.) By his eloquent preaching St. Wulfstan (1012?-95) suc ceeded in making the people of B. abandon the slave trade.— John Purvey (13537-1428?) came to B. from Lutterworth after Wyclif's death in 1384 and probably completed here his revision of Wyclif's translation of the Bible, since B. was well known for its sympathy with the new movement.--Thomas Norton (fl. 1436-77), alchemist, whose father was sheriff, mayor, and M. P. for B., lived in the family mansion nr. Castle St., which was sold to the Newton family in 1580, and, altered in 1612 (fine specimen of half-timbered work), became St. Peter's Hospital. In recent yrs. it has been the head office of the Poor Law Guardians, (Photograph In Rouse, op. cit.]— William Tyndale (d. 1536), tutor to the children of Sir John Walsh, of Old Sodbury, sometimes preached here to the crowds that assembled on College Green, N. of the cathedral.— John Northbrooke (fl. 1568-79), au. of an early work attacking plays and other amusements (1577), seems to have been a "minister and preacher of the word of God" at St. Mary Redcliffe, until imprisoned by his bp. for some Puritan act of nonconformity.— Richard Hakluyt (1552?-1616) succeeded to a prebendal stall in the cathedral in 1586 in recognition of his volume Divers Voyages touching the Dis covery of America, presented to the queen In 1584.— James I appointed a company of youths to play at B. under the name of the Youths of Her Majesty's Royal Chamber of Bristol, acting at the instance of the queen in behalf of Samuel Daniel (1562-1619), who was then living nr. B. at Beckington (q.v.).— Joseph Swetnam, au. of The Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence (London, 1617), kept a fencing school at B.— Sir Richard Fanshawe, who had been made secre tary of war to Prince Charles, Lady Fanshawe, and Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon (1609-74), one of his council, were In B. with the prince in the spring of 1645.--Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714) was here with his pupils, the Penning tons, in 1665-6, while their Quaker father was confined in Aylesbury gaol.— Pepys, who visited B. in June 1668, was pleased with the town and described it as "in every respect another London."— That Daniel Defoe (1661?-1731) retired to B. in 1692 to escape his creditors is a tradition, not an established fact. He is said to have met Alexander Selkirk, or at least to have heard his story, at B.— David Hume 187 (1711-76) lived for a few mos. in 1734 at 16, Queen Sq. as a merchant*s clerk.--Joseph Butler (1692-1752), appointed bp. by Walpole in 1738, spent a great deal in improving the bp.'s palace, and used to walk for hours in the garden behind the palace at night. He d. at Bath but is bur. in the lady chapel of Bristol cathedral, with a tablet marking the grave. A monument in the N. transept has an inscription by Southey. The palace was burned in 1831 during the Reform riots, when 2 sides of Queen Sq., the Mansion House, custom-house, and gaol also were burned.--John Wesley (1703-91) did his 1st open-air preaching in April 1739 **from a little eminence in a ground adjoining to the city, to about three thousand people.” Advised by the newly appointed bp. to "go hence,” he answered that he thought he could do the most good here, and in May he laid the foundation in Horse Fair of a room which came to be called the "New Room” and was, in effect, the 1st Methodist chapel.*— Visiting in Nov. 1739, Pope thought B. a very disagreeable city and wrote Martha Blount: ”The streets are as crowded as London, but the best image I can give you of it is, it is as if Wapping and Southwark were ten times as big, or all their people ran into London." — Richard Savage (16987-1743) d. in Newgate prison and is bur. in an unidentified grave in the chyd. of St. Peter*s close by. A tablet has been placed on the S. wall of the church.— William Warburton (1698-1779) was made dean of the 188 cathedral by Pitt In Sept* 1757* Thomas Chatterton (1752-1770) had several residences in B* A posthumous son, he was b. in a sma.ll tenement immediately behind the Pyle (now Pile) St. charity school, of which his father had been master. He was baptised at St. Mary Redcliffe, at the W. end of PyletSt., where his paternal ancestors had been hereditary sextons for nearly 200 yrs. The next yr. his mother moved to a house on Redcliffe Hill, S* of St. Mary’s, and opened a dame’s school and took in sewing, and later moved to a smaller house, up a court, at the back of No. 50. For a short time when he was 5, Ghatterton was a day scholar at the Pyle St. school, and In 1760 was admitted to Colston’s Hospital, the blue- coat school founded by Edward Colston (1656-1726), the city’s greatest benefactor. Apprenticed in July 1767 to John Lambert, an attorney, he lived on St. John’s Steps and then on the 1st floor of No. 37 Corn St., opp. the Exchange. As a child he spent much time with.his uncle, Richard Phillips, the sexton, at St. Mary Redcliffe, where he became familiar with the old records in the muniment room above the N. porch and acquired materials to use In the construction of his Rowley MSS., which he pretended to have found here in an old chest. The old lumber room, looking into a little back garden, that he had for hi3 own under lock and key at the 2nd Redcliffe Hill house Is probably the place in which 189 he learned to prepare his spurious MSS. The opening of the new bridge for foot passengers in Sept. 1768 was followed by an account in Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal of the mayor*s 1st passing over the old bridge in 1248, a supposedly con temporary account furnished by Chatterton. The monument in the NE. angle of the chyd. of St. Mary Redcliffe, showing the boy in the dress of the bluecoat school, was erected in 1840 by public subscription and re-erected in 1857 in its present location. The sisters of Hannah More (1745-1833) set up a board ing school in Trinity St., c. 1757, at which Thomas Babing- ton Macaulay’s mother was a pupil. In 1767-74 the school was at 43, Park St.--Mary, wife of/William Mason (1724-97), d. here in 1767, where she had come to drink the Clifton waters, and is bur. in the N. aisle of the cathedral. The last 3 lines of the inscription by her husband were wr* by Thomas Gray.— In a sonnet William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) refers to the impression made upon him by the peal of bells from the tower of St. Mary Redcliffe when, as a child of 7, traveling with his family to his father’s new living of Uphill and Brean, he heard them as the chaises stopped at the Angel Inn on the afternoon of 8 May 1769. Missed at the time of departure, he was found sitting on the steps of the church, listening.— B. is one of the places visited by Mr. Geoffrey Wildgoose In The Spiritual Q.uixote (1772) by Richard Graves*— Edmund Burke (1729-97) and his kinsman William Burke, traveling together c. 1752, visited B* several times. Burke was M. P. for B. In 1774-80, and his Better to the Sheriffs of Bristol (Nov. 1776) contains a defence of his opposition to the government measures con cerning America. At the S. end of Colston Ave. Is a statue of Burke by Havard Thomas, of which there is a replica in Washington.— Johnson and Boswell, staying at Bath in April 1776, made an excursion to B. to enquire into the authen ticity of the Rowley poems (which had recently been termed an Imposture by several critics), examined some of the MSS. at the home of Mr. Barret, the surgeon, and, unconvinced, were taken up to the muniment room by George Catcot, the pewterer, who thought he could convince them with the sight of f , the very chest Itself.” The inn with which they were ”by no means pleased” is not named.--Thomas Clarkson (1760- 1846) visited B. and Liverpool in 1787 to get lst*haiid information about the slave trade.— John Tobin (1770-1804), au. of The Honeymoon, was sent to B. grammar school, under Dr. Lee.— Mrs. Elizabeth Simpson Xnchbald (1753-1821), 3 mos. after her marriage to Joseph Inehbald, appeared here as Cordelia to his Lear.--After the exposure of his own Shakes pearian forgeries earlier in the year, William Henry Ireland (1777-1835) in the autumn of 1796 visited at B. the scenes connected with Chatterton. 191 At the end of the 18th cent. B. appears frequently In the biographies of the poets of the early Romantic movement, Robert Southey (1774-1843), the son of a linendraper, was b. at 9, Wine St. (house pulled down in 1914), a short distance from the Cross, and attended school here for a time. In his youth he lived with his aunt, Miss Tyler, who ejected him when she heard in Oct. 1794 of the plans that he and Coleridge and Lovell were making here for marriage and emigration to America. Active in the story of these poets for a few years Is Joseph Cottle (1770-1853), a bookseller in B.(in 1791-98), who came to Southey’s rescue when he was put out of his aunt’s house, and paid him B 50 for Joan of Arc (publ. 1796). Cottle’s shop (now pulled down) stood at the Cross at the corner of High St. and Corn St., opp. the present Council House (1827). He and his printer, Biggs, publ. Lyrical Ballads in the summer of 1798, and the Words worths stayed with him for a few days before taking lodgings at Shirehampton (q.v.) while it was going through the press. Coleridge and Southey lived with George Burnett (a Panti- socratic friend) in lodgings at 48 (now 54), College St. in 1795. In summer they separated, and Coleridge lived for a few mos. at 25, College St. (torn down in 1938). The event ful 1st meeting bet. Coleridge and Wordsworth took place in Sept. 1795, when Wordsworth was visiting John Pinney at the home of his father, a B. merchant, at 7, Great George St., Brandon Hill, Clifton. In later years Wordsworth recollect the meeting with Coleridge and Southey as taking place in a Bristol lodging house. There is no exact information about It. Mrs. Pricker, the 3 daus. who mar. Coleridge, Southey, and Lovell, 2 other daus., and a son lived in a house on Redcliffe Hill, to which the Coleridges came when they gave up the cottage at Clevedon (q.v.). Coleridge and Sara Pricker were mar. at St. Mary Redcliffe on Sun. morning, 4 Oct. 1795. Writing to announce his marriage to Poole, Coleridge said, ! l Foor Chatterton's church! The thought gave a tinge of melancholy to the solemn joy whieh I felt, united to the woman whom I love best of all created beings. Southey mar. Edith Frieker secretly in the same church on 14 Nov. 1795 and left immediately for Lisbon with his uncle. Both Southey and Coleridge were in B. many times in later years. Coleridge met Mrs. Coleridge here in summer 1807 after his stay at Malta. In 1813 and 1814 he was here for an extended stay. In Oct. and Nov. 1814, not the 1st time he had lectured here, he gave 6 lectures on Shakespeare and 2 on education. Southey and Landor, mutual admirers, 1st met here in spring 1808. Southey's connec tions with B. are commemorated by a bust of the poet by Bailey at the E. end of the N. aisle of the cathedral. In St. Mark's, or the Lord Mayor's Chapel, a beautiful little Gothic church (c. 1229) on the NE. side of College Green, nr. the cathedral, is some 16th cent. Flemish glass from Fonthill (q.v.).--Harriet Martineau (1802-76) spent 15 mos. here in 1818-19 with her aunt, who kept a school.— Sydney Smith (1771-1845) was given a prebend in B. Cathedral in Jan. 1828.— Anna Maria Porter (1780-1832), on a visit with her sister Jane (1776-1850) to their eldest bro., Dr. William Ogilvie Porter, was seized with typhus fever here and d. at the house of Mrs. Colonel Booth at Montpelier, on the N. side of B. She is bur. in St. Paul's chyd. Jane Porter d. at Dr. Porter*s house in Portland Sq. There is a tablet in the cathedral to the memory of the 2 writers and their brothers.— Walter Bagehot (1826-77) was sent to school at B., where his mother's bro.-in-law, Dr. James Cowles Prichard, au. of The Races of Man, lived.--George Walter Thornbury (1828-76) lived at B. and, at the age of 17, con tributed a series of topographical and antiquarian articles Farley * s Bris tol Journal,. - -William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-63) visited B. in June 1842 on his way to Ireland, and in Dec. 1850 stayed at the White Dion when he came down for the funeral of Harry Hallam at Clevedon (q.v.). The importance of BJ's trade with the West Indies and America in the 17th and 18th cent, appears in The Virginians, which has scenes here. Charles Dickens (1812-70) visited B. in May 1835 as a 194 reporter for the Morning Chronicle and stayed at the Bush Inn, which later housed Mr. Dowler and the fleeing Winkle and Mr. Pickwick and Sam, and where, on a 2nd visit, Mr. Pickwick heard the Bagman* s tale. The Bush, the chief coaching inn of the city and one of the headquarters of Moses Pickwick*s coaching business, stood until 1864 nr. the Guildhall on a site now occupied by Lloyd's Bank. (Copy of old engraving In Matz, The Inns and Taverns of “Pickwick.”] B. struck Mr. Winkle (and Dickens) “as being a shade more dirty than any place he had ever seen.” At the surgery of “Sawyer, late Bockemorf" (not Identified) Mr. Winkle found Bob Sawyer and Ben Allen. Miss Arabella Allen was immured “somewhere near the Downs’ * at Clifton, and here Mr. Pickwick's lantern furnished material for scientific speculation. B. Is referred to in Barnaby Rudge when "Mr. Haredale stood alone in the mail coach office at Bristol” on his way to London. (This is an anachronism, for mail coaches began to run from B. to London In Aug. 1784 and the Gordon riots took place in 1780.) Dickens made his 1st public appearance in B. in Nov. 1851 with his co. of amateur players in Lord Lytton*s play Not So Bad as We Seem at the Victoria Rooms, Clifton, which he described to his wife as the largest room but one in England, holding from 1300 to 1400 people. The bldg^ stands bet. Queens Rd. and Whiteladies Rd. He lodged "high up on the Downs," so 195 that he was "quite out of* the filth of Bristol." Dickens gave readings several times in the Victoria Rms,: 1 in Jan. 1858, and 2 each month in Aug. 1858, May 1866, and Jan. 1869. In 1866, and probably at other times, he stayed at the Downs Hotel.— Frederick Augustus Maxse (1833-1900), admiral and political writer and the prototype of Nevil Beauchamp in Meredith*s Beauchamp * s Career, was the son of James Maxse (d. 1864) of Arno*s Vale, B.— In the N. transept of B. cathedral Is a memorial to "Hugh Conway" (Frederick John Fargus, 1847-85). Clifton has many literary associations. William White head (1715-85) wrote a "Hymn to the Nymph of Bristol Spring" (the Hotwells) in heroic oouplets in 1751.— Gilbert White (1720-93) spent a few weeks at the Hotwells, and Arthur Young (1741-1820) was here in 1763 for his health.— Both Smollett*s Humphrey Clinker and Miss Burney*s Evelina have scenes at the Hotwells, drawn from their authors* personal observation.— Mrs. Ann Yearsley (1756-1806), verse-writer, known as "Lactilla" or as the "Bristol milkwoman" (prottfg^ for a time of Hannah More), was b. at B., where she followed her mother*s occupation of selling milk from door to door. Later she started a circulating library at the Colonnade, at the Hotwells .— William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850), In "Elegy written-iat the Hotwells, Bristol, July 1789," commemorates a school friend, the Rev. Thomas Russell (1762-88), of Winchester and New Coll., Oxford, "author of some ingenious poems,1 1 who d. here. The elegy begins with a description of the place at dawn. Mme. de Sta@l, when a visitor at Bowood (q.v.), translated it into French. On a later visit to Clifton, in Aug. 1836, Bowles wrote a sonnet "Art and Nature: The Bridge between Clifton and heigh Woods.” The bridge had been started 5 yrs. before.— Richard Lovell.Edgeworth (1744- 1817), his third wife and their children, and his dau. Maria (1767-1847) were here in 1791 and 1792 for his son’s health. Anna, Maria’s half-sister, mar. Dr. Thomas Beddoes, who had a Pneumatic Institute at Clifton, and their son, Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49), was b, in Rodney Place. Humphry Davy (1778-1829) was placed in charge of the laboratory here In Oct. 1798 and through Beddoes made the acquaintance of Coleridge and Southey and later of the Words worths, all of whom he visited in the Lake Dist. in 1805.— Charles Burney was ill at C. and unable to be present when his sister Fanny mar. M. d’Arblay in 1793.--In Sonnet 44, "Written at Bristol in the summer of 1794,” Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806), here for the illness of her dau. Augusta, who d. at C. the next spring, praised B. Hotwells for curing the physically ill and inspiring the native genius of Chatterton and Ann Yearsley but questioned their power to help her despair. She incorporated the sonnet in The Banished Man, with scenes here, in which the character Mrs. Benzil is made the author.— In July 1806 Jane Austen, her sister Cassandra, and their mother came from Bath and had lodgings at C.— Thomas DeQuincey (1785-1859), threatened with pulmonary consumption, visited the Hotwells several times. In autumn 1807 he served as escort for Mrs. Coleridge and the children when they returned to Keswick.--Mary Godwin remained at C. In summer 1815 while Shelley went up to London to look for a house.— Sophia (1750-1824) and Harriet Lee (1757-1851) made C. their permanent residence in later life, and both d. here.— On their honeymoon tour in autumn 1826 the Ainsworths visited G., ”'the Mont Pelier of England,’ as the Guide-book salth.”— After the death of her 4 sisters Hannah More (1745-1833) sold Barley Wood (q.v.) in 1828 and made her home at 4, Windsor Terrace, C. At her death here, the residue of her estate after the payment of some legacies went to the new church of St. Philip and St. Jacob in B.— Lady Nairne (Carolina Oliphant Nairne, 1766-1845), Scottish ballad writer, and her son lived for a time with relatives at C. after the death of her husband in 1829.— Charles Kingsley (1819-75) was sent to school at C. in 1831. The B. riots, which he saw in Aug., made him for some years a thorough aristocrat.--Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) spent the winters of 1835-6 and 1836-7 at C., and during the 2nd winter saw Southey, who was on a tour with his son.--In 1849, when Mrs. Brookfield was staying at C. with her sister, Thackeray stopped for a day or two on his way to Devonshire.— The Tennysons visited C. briefly on their honeymoon in summer 1850.— C. College, opp. C. Zoo logical Gardens, founded in 1862, is now one of the great public schools. Prominent for more than 30 yrs. in its development was Thomas Edward Brown (1830-97), the Manx poet, who went to it as 2nd master of the school and head of the modern side in 1864 and remained until his sudden death in 1897 while he was giving an address to the boys. He is bur. at Redland Green, on the NW. side of B. In 1884- 93 he was also curate of St. Barnabas, in B.— John Addington Symonds (1840-93) was b. at 7, Berkeley Sq., B., and lived in his youth at Clifton Hill House in C., now a university hostel for women. In Nov. 1868 he settled near his father at Victoria Sq., C., and gave some lectures at C. Coll.-- From 1866 to 1871 Sydney Thompson Dobell (1824-74), who was living at Noke Place (q.v.), spent much of the winter at C. --Dora Greenwell (1821-82), poet, who spent part of her time at C. after her mother's death in 1871, d. here at her bro.'s house and is bur. in Arno's Vale Cemetery, B.— Thomas Adolphus Trollope (1810-92) d. at C. Bri^Lua (Tatwin)--See Jjredon, Worcs. Brixhjun, Devon.--Urb. dist., par., and spt. f8147), SE. Devon, 6 m. S. of Torquay. A fistiing town noted for its trawlers• The landing of William of Orange here in 1688 is 199 commemorated by a statue. At the pier is the stone on which he stepped from his boat. William Gifford (1756-1826), an orphan, spent a year in a B. coaster when he was about 13.— The bells of All Saints' church commemorate the Rev. Henry Francis Lyte (1793-1847), who wrote ”Abide with me” at Berry Head House. Broad Hinton, Wiltshire.--Par, and vil. (328), N. Wilts, 6 m. SW. of Swindon, 29 N. of Salisbury. Birthplace of John Glanvill (1664?-1735), poet and translator. Broadlands, Romsey, Hampshire.— Seat, S. Hants, m. S. of Romsey, 6^- m. NW. of Southampton. B., the home of Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston (1784-1865), was inherited by William Cowper Temple, whose wife, the former Miss Tolle- mache, was the friend of Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelites. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82) visited B., once in the summer of 1876, when he met Mrs. Sumner, who sat for his unfinished picture, the Domizia Scaligera.— The family of Logan Pearsall Smith (1865-1946) on their 1st visit to Europe in 1872 became great friends of the family here, and B. became almost their home in England. Broadstairs, Kent.— Urb. dist., and par. (with vil. of St. Peter's, 13,230), Isle of Thanet, 2 m. NE. of Ramsgate, 19 ENE. of Canterbury, 74-|\ ESE. of London by road. Its chief literary associations are with Dickens and his family and friends. From 1837, when he and his wife visited the quiet little vil* for their 1st seaside holiday, it was Dickensfs favorite seaside retreat, and he visited it for long periods every summer, except 1844 and 1846, until 1861. Dickens has described it in many places, in his letters and finally in 1861. in ”0ur Watering Place,” publ. in Household Words» The growth of B. is indicated in Dickens’s letters. The place that he described as "one of the freest and fresh est little places in the world,” which was still in 1843 "intensely quiet,” had begun by 1847 to have an annoying fre quency of "vagrant music,” and by 1851 he no longer found here the seclusion necessary for his writing. The places at which he stayed and some of the writing done include the house at No. 12 (now 31), High St. (tablet), 1837, work on Pickwick Papers; 1838, on Nicholas Nlckleby and Oliver Twist; house at No. 40, Albion St. (2 doors from Albion Hotel, then called Ballards, in the High St., and incorporated in it by 1849), 1839, completion of Nicholas Nickleby; June 1840; 1842, Ameri can Notes; 1843 and 1846; Dawn House (tablet), Aug. 1840, work on Old Curiosity Shop, and 1841, on Barnaby Rudge; Chandos Place (prob. No. 1 or 6), June-Oct. 1847; Albion Hotel (tablet), 1849, David Copperfield; Port House, 1850, completion of David Qopperfield, and 1851. Port House (photograph in Dexter, The England of Dickens] is at the top of a hill on the road to the North Foreland Lighthouse and Kingsgate (1^- m. N.). It is now renamed Bleak House, although it has no connection with 201 the book, and on the outer wall there is a tablet with a bronze bust of Dickens, Among visitors here were Lord Carlisle, Charles Knight, and Douglas Jerrold. Guests in earlier yrs. included Forster, Leech, and Mark Lemon. In Sept. 1859, while Wilkie Collins and his bro. were here, Dickens paid his last visit to B. and stayed a few days at the Albion in the rooms* of his old house. Dickens House (tablet), in Nuckell's Place at the W. end of Victoria Parade, was the home of Mary Strong, the original of Betsey Trotwood in David Copperfleld, although it is transferred to Dover in the novel. An association of Ten nyson with B. is Dickens*s reading of the poet all one morning on the seashore in Aug. 1842, of which he wrote to Forster. Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), dispirited by Herbert Spencer's failure to propose, spent a holiday here alone in the summer of 1852. ^oa^tone, Dorset.— Vil. (1537), SE. Dorset, 2 m. S. of Wimborne, 3^- NNW. of Poole. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823- 1913) d. here at his residence, Old Orchard. Broadwater, Sussex.--Vil. (5498), W. Sussex, in bor. and 1^ m. N. of Worthing, 18 E. of Chichester. Richard Jefferies (1848-87) and W. H. Hudson (1841-1922) are bur. in B. Ceme tery (not a chyd.), a few yards W. of the Transitional Norman church. Broadwinsor, Dorset.--Par. and vil. (901), W. of co., 3 m. WNW. of Beaminster, 17-§- NW. of Dorchester. Thomas Fuller 202 (1608-61), presented to the rectory by his uncle, the bp. of Salisbury, held it in 1634-42 and was reinstated at the Restoration. The pulpit used by Puller is in the church, which was reblt. in 1868 but retains its 12th and 13th cent, arcades.--In his cross-country flight Charles II had intended to pass the night here at the Castle Inn (later the George), but made his escape when a party of troopers seeking quarters reached B. scarcely half an hour after the arrival of the prince.— Racedown Farm (q.v.) is in the par. of B. «^ocklebridge (Jane Eyre)— See .TuLnsrtaJLl, Lancs. E&?ockley, Somerset.--Par. (96), NW. of co., 8m. SW. of Bristol. Contains B. Hall and B. Coombe, a rocky, wooded dell in the hills. In Banwell Hill William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) described the beautiful road leading up B. Coombe, the 1st sight of which when he was a small child left an indelible impression upon him.--Coleridge described the same scene in Lines Composed whilst climbing up the left ascent of Brockley Coombe, May, 1795, ending: "Enchanting spotl 0 were my Sara herel" Bromham, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (328), 2% m. WNW. of Bedford. B. Hall and B. House are seats. In the home of the Dyve family here George Gascoigne (1525?-77) was introduced to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, and probably to Arthur, Lord Grey de Wilton, who became his patron. Bromham, Wiltshire.— Far. and vil. (1147), mid. Wilts, 3 i § - m. NW. of Devizes, 25 NW. of Salisbury. Thomas Moore (1779- 1852) lived at Sloperton Cottage (q.v.) nr. Bromham for most of the last 35 yrs. of his life and is bur. in the chyd., where a Celtic c: e* oss marks his grave. A window in his honor was placed in the church by public subscription.— Sir William Francis Patrick Napier (1785-1860) came in 1826 to B. and lived for a time at Battle House (^ m. from Sloperton) while he was writing his History of the Peninsular War. A warm friendship grew up between the Napier and Moore families. Bromley, Kent.— Mun. bor., par., mkt.-town (60,377), and pari. bor. (including Beckenham and Penge), NW. Kent, on r. Ravensbourne, 5^ m. NE. of Croydon, 9 SE, of St. Paul’s, London. B. Palace, formerly the residence of the bp. of Rochester, is now a school. Dr. Thomas Sprat (1635-1713), bp. of Rochester, pulled down the old chapel a t the palace in 1699 and reblt. it and made improvements in the palace. He d. here.— Samuel Johnson’s wife, "Tetty” (d. 1752), is bur. in the nave of the par. church, with an epitaph in which he describes her as ”formosa, culta, ingenlosa, pia.n Boswell suggests that the residence here of Johnson’s friend Hawkesworth probably led him to select B. as her burial- place.— John Hawkesworth (17157-73), miscellaneous writer, lived here for many years, superintending (c. 1757) a 204 prosperous school for young ladies kept by his wife* He is bur. in the church (monument).— Samuel Horsley (1733-1806), bp. of Rochester from 1793, lived at B. Palace. Brompton, Yorkshire.--Par., vil. (598), and seat, N.R. Yorks, 7 m. SW. of Scarborough, 9 ESE. of Pickering, 29 NE. of York. In the little rural church of B., which looks across the .beautiful Vale of Pickering, William Wordsworth and Mary Hutchinson were married on 4 Oct. 1802, while Dorothy waited in the Hutchinson farmhouse at Gallow Hill (q.v.), ^ m. NE. across the fields. Bromsgrove, TRforcestershire.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (23,540), 12 m. NE. of Worcester. B. has a fine Perp. church and some old gabled houses. Charlotte BrontS wrote in 1846 to Miss Wooler, her old schoolmistress, who was staying at B.--Perry Hall, B., became the home of the Hous- man family a few mos. after the birth of A. E. Housman (1859- 1936), and all the other children, including Laurence (1865--), were b. here. It had been bit. by their father’s great-uncle John Adams from the ruins of an ancient house of the same name, a fragment of which still survives. [Photograph in Alfred Edward Housman: Recollections by Katharine E. Symons, e j f c . al. ] A. E. and Laurence Housman, as well as their bros. and other relatives, attended B. School, and A. E. Housman taught there a short time. Brook, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Par., vil. (218), and 205 seat, on SW. coast, 2j g m. WNW. of Brighstone, 7?g SW. of Newport. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) stayed here with the Rev. Collingwood Forster Fenwick, rector of B., who prepared him for Eton. Brookbank Cottage (G. Eliot)— See Shot terrain, Surrey. Brookroyd, Yorkshire.--Locality in Batley mun. bor., W.R. Yorks, nr. Birstall, 6^- m. WNW. of Wakefield,15 SW. of Haworth. Home of Charlotte BrontS*s friend Ellen Nussey, who moved here with her bro. from The Rydings in 1836. Batley, now a town of 39,800 pop., was then a much smaller place than Birstall, by which the location of Brookroyd was then defined. Charlotte BrontS visited here, one visit being made in the early winter of 1852 when Villette was finished. Brookwood, Hampshire.--Seat, N. Hants, 2m. SE. of Hinton Ampner, 4^- SSE. of Alresford, 9 ESE. of Winchester. B. is the later name for Lys Farm (q.v.), residence of Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806), poet and novelist. "Woodfield,1 1 the seat of the Stafford family in her novel Emmeline, al though it is placed in Dorset, has the characteristic setting of B. with its surrounding woodland and downs. Brookwood, Surrey.--Ham., W. Sur., 4 m. SW. of Woking, 5 - § - NNW. of Guildford, 25^- SW. of Waterloo sta., London. Near B. station is a huge necropolis with crematorium. Sir Edwin Arnold (1832-1904) was cremated here, and his ashes were sent to Oxford. Broomhill, or Bromehill, House,.--See Weeting, Norfolk. Brougham, Westmorland.— Par. and vil. (253), on r. Lowther nr. June, with r. Eamont, 1^- m, SE. of Penrith. B. Castle, now in ruins, occupies the site of the Roman station of Brocavum. B. Hall, % m. SE., is the seat of Lord Brougham and Vaux. When William Wordsworth visited Dorothy at Penrith (q.v.) in vacations, they often walked to the ruins of B. Castle (cf. Prelude, VI, 228-32).— B. Hall was the family home of Henry Peter, Lord Brougham (1778-1868), lord chancellor, who, when not in London, made his home here after the death of his father in 1810.— Scott visited B. Castle 1st in 1797. Broughton, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (896), S. Hants, 3 m. SW. of Stockbridge, 15 NW. of Southampton. Birthplace and lifelong home and burial-place of Anne Steele (1717-78), au. of hymns and devotional poems, publ. under the pseudonym "Theodosia.1 1 jy?ou|2|yjon, Lancashire.— See Kersall Cell, Lancs. Broughton-in-Furness, Lancashire♦ --Par. and mkt.-town (1136), N. Lancs, 8 m. NW* of U1verston, 9 SW. of Coniston, 19 WSW. of Kendal. During college days Wordsworth several times paid long visits to a relative here and spent many hours on the banks of the Duddon (q.v.), which becomes an estuary c. 1 m. below the town.— Branwell BrontS was private tutor 207 to the family, of Mr, Postlethwaite here from Jan. to June 1840. ^^bo^ne, Hertfordshire.— Par. and vil. (790), 4^- m. SSE. of Hertford. Contains seat of Broxbournbury, 1 m. NW. of vil. Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst (1536-1608), met King James I here on 2 May 1603, when he came from Scotland. --William Jones, curate and then vicar here, wrote a diary (publ. 1928) covering the years 1774-1821.--Charles Jeremiah Wells (17997-1879), au. of the long dramatic poem Joseph and His Brothers^, retired here in 1835 for the enjoyment of field sports. Brunne— See Bourne, Lincs. Bruton, Somerset.— Par. and mkt.-town (1724), SE. of co., on r. Brue, 10-§- m. SW. of Frome, 11 SE. of Wells. B. has a Perp. church, the Sexey Hospital (1638), an old pack-horse bridge, called "Bruton Bow,” and a grammar school that dates from the 1st half of the 16th cent* Aldhelm (6407-709) bit. a church here.--Richard Doddridge Blackmore (1825-1900) attended the grammar school at B. «Buckbury Fitzpiers (Hardy)--See Okeford Fitzga^e, Dorset. Buckden, Huntingdonshire.— Par. and vil. (998), 3 m. SW. of ssssssssac Huntingdon. B. Palace (1 m. NW.), partially restored, was formerly the residence of the bp. of Lincoln. The name of the town sometimes appears as Bugden in old records. Robert Grosseteste,.bp. of Lincoln, d. here in the episcopal palace 208 in 1253.--Thomas Wilson (1525?-81) seems to have spent some time here at the bp;fs palace with his pupils Henry and Charles Brandon, successively dukes of Suffolk, who came here from Cambridge to escape the "sweating sickness" in July 1551-, and d. during that month.— Laurence Sterne (1713- 68) was ordained deacon at B. in March 1736 and seems to have been a curate here. Buckhurst Park, Sussex.— Seat, E. Sussex, beside vil. of Withyham, 6 m. SW. of Tunbridge Wells, 7 SW. of E. Grinstead. Adjoining is the old seat of the Sackvilles (now Old B. House), which has been restored. The old house was the birthplace and early residence of Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset and Baron Buckhurst (1536-1608), who employed John Thorpe to rebuild the manor-house between 1560 and 1565.— Some of the essays of Richard Jefferies(1848-87) describe B. Park and its neighborhood. Buckingham, Buckinghamshire.— Mun. bor. and par. (3286), on r. Ouse, 17 m. NW. of Aylesbury. An ancient town, men tioned in the A.-S. Chronicle under the year 918 for the visit of King Edward, during which 2 palisaded forts were bit,,one on each side of the r., against Danish incursions. St. Rumbold’s Well here was one of the holy wells of the Middle Ages. The 18th cent, aspect of the present town is due to a disastrous fire in March 1725, in which more than 130 dwellings were destroyed. B. has been superseded by 209 Aylesbury as the co. town of Bucks. Before the Reform Act of 1832 B. returned 2 members to Parliament.— Little Nell and her grandfather in Dickens* Old Curiosity Shop took the route from Aylesbury through Winslow and B. to Banbury and met "Grinder's lot,” the stilt-walkers, c. 1 m. short of Buckingham, according to Dexter's reconstruction of the journey. Buckland, Hampshire.— Ham., S. Hants, in the New Forest, f - m. NW. of Lymington, 1 1 - | - SW. of Southampton. Home of Caroline Bowles (1786-1854), later the 2nd Mrs. Southey, whom Robert Southey (1774-1843) visited whenever he came as far S. as London (from Keswick). Charlotte BrontS's letter (29 Dec. 1836) enclosing some of her poems was forwarded to him here. After the visit he wrote to Caroline Bowles: 1 1 1 sent a dose of cooling admonition to the poor girl whose flighty letter reached me at Buckland.” William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) called upon Miss Bowles here in July 1827, a correspondence having resulted from their interest in the common name. Bucklebury, Berkshire.--Par., vil. (1063), and seat, S. Berks, 6m. NE. of Newbury, 10 WSW. of Reading. Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751), mar. Frances, dau. of Sir Henry Winchcombe of B., a descendant of "Jack of Newbury," and spent much time here after she inherited the property until her death in 1718. John Gay (1685-1732) was a visitor here in 1715. Butte, or Bud.eh.aven, Cornwall.— Coast resort and coast guard sta. (5962), NE. Cornwall, 9 m. WNW. of Holsworthy, 26 SW. of BIdeford. Robert Southey (1774-1843) visited B. on an extensive journey through the W. and S. of England in the autumn and winter of 1836.— Tennyson was at B. in June 1848 when he was considering writing on Arthur. Trying to reach the sea in the dark on his 1st night here, he had a bad fall.— B. is the "Kilkhaven" of Seaboard Parish by George Macdonald (1824-1905). Budleigh, East— See East Budleigh, Devon. Budleigh Salterton, Devon.— Urb. dist., par., watering-pl., and coastguard sta. (2624), E. Devon, at m. of r. Otter, m. E. of Exmouth, 11 SE. of Exeter. On the seashore here (where a town has since grown up) Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?- 1618), who was b. at Hayes Barton (q.v.),c* 2m. Inland, probably listened as a boy to the tales of sailors and learned to understand seafaring life. Here in 1870 Sir John Millais painted his well-known picture nThe Boyhood of Raleigh-”— Thackeray visited B. in the summer of 1831 and drew a sketch of the cottage for FitzGerald [reproduced In Ray'*s edition of the letters].— Thomas Adolphus TTrollope (1810-92) left Rome in 1890 and settled here. - *Budmouth (Hardy)— See Weymouth, Dorset. Bugden (Thomas Wilson)— See Buckden, Hunts. Bjuildwas, Shropshire.— Par. and ham. (263), E. Salop, on 211 r. Severn, 3-^ ra. NNE. of Much Wenlock, 11 SE. of Shrewsbury. Has the picturesque ruins of a Cistercian abbey (1135). A. E. Housman (1859-1936) refers to B. in A Shropshire Lad, No. 28, "The Welsh Marshes." Bungay, Suffolk.— Urb. dist. and par. (3103), E. Suffolk, on r. Waveney, 6 m. W. of Beccles, 14 SSE. of Norwich. Has the ruins of a castle (c. 1280), an old octagonal.market- cross, and two interesting 15th cent; churches. B. Castle was one of the homes of the Bigods, earls of Norfolk. The manor was one of 117 in Norfolk that Roger Bigod was in possession of at the time of the Norman survey, his reward for services at the battle of Hastings. Holinshed quotes a ballad concerning a descendant, Hugh Bigod, in the time of Henry II, and the strong fortification of the castle. — George Crabbe (1754-1832) attended boarding school here. Bunny, Nottinghamshire.— Par., vil., and seat (245), 6g- m. S. of Nottingham. Riding on horseback in the funeral pro cession from Nottingham to Hucknall Torkard were 26 of Lord Rancliffe's tenantry from B. Park, where Byron used to shoot as a young man. &upford, Oxfordshire.--Par. and town (987), on r. Windrush, 10 m. SSW. of Chipping Norton, 16|? WNW. of Oxford. B. Priory is a seat. A quaint little town in the Cotswolds with many interesting old houses and the fine church (partly Norman) of St. John the Baptist, notable for its many chapels. Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland (1610?-43) was probably b. at B. Priory. He Inherited the manor in 1629 from his maternal grandfather, but sold it in 1634 to Lent- hall for c. E » 7000, according to Wood.— William Morris (1834-96) wrote: "The parish church of Burford on the Wind- rush, a sumptuously decorated building, . . . is an epitome of the whole civic life and art of the later Middle Ages.” His indignation at the restoration of the church here, when he visited it in Sept. 1876 on his way from Kelmscott to Broadway, and similar restoration of Lichfield Cathedral was one of the causes of his letter to the Athenaeum next spring, which resulted In the founding of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Burford Bridge, Surrey.— Place, mid. Surrey, at the foot of Box Hill, where the road crosses the r. Mole, If- m. NNE. of Dorking, 21^ SW* of London by road. The inn at B. Bridge was visited by Nelson before he left England for Tr&falgar. — John Keats (1795-1821) came here to finish Endymion and stayed on for a little time after he wrote the concluding lines on 28 Nov. 1817. Jin Drear-Nighted December was wr. here.--Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) and his mother spent the summer of 1878 at the hotel here and enjoyed the friend ship of Meredith at Flint Cottage, and Stevenson stopped here to see Meredith on his return from Davos Platz in April 1882. He writes of the charm of this inn in A Gossip 213 on Romance,--At a meeting of the Omar Khayyam Club at the hotel in July 1895, at which Meredith was £n honored guest, Hardy told of his 1st meeting with Meredith, then a reader for Chapman and Hall, and the encouragement given him, Burghclere, Hampshire.— Par., vil. (802), and seat., N. Hants, 6 - § - m. N. of Whitchurch, 18 N, of Winchester. The old church has been much restored. Richard Field (1561- 1616) lived here as rector after c. 1594. Burghley House, Northamptonshire.— Seat of the Marquis of Exeter, on r. Welland, on S. side of Stamford, 32 m. NE. of Northampton. The house is 1^- m. SE. of the town in an exten sive park. It was designed by John Thorpe for William Cecil, the great Elizabethan Lord Burghley, and is one of the best examples of English Renaissance architecture.--John Bryden (1631-1700) translated the 7th Aeneid here.— John Clare (1793-1864), the "Peasant Poet,” was an under-gardener here for c. 11 mos., but returned to Helpston (q.v.) because of the bad character and the brutality of his associates here. --Tennysonrs poem The Lord of Burleigh tells the story of the 10th Earl of Exeter and his wife, a Shropshire village- maiden, whose portraits by Lawrence hang in B. House. (See Bolas Magna, Salop). Buriton, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (896), N. Hants, 2 m. S. of Petersfield, 14 NNE. of Portsmouth. Edward Gibbon (1737- 94) stayed here in his father's manor-house for some time 214 after his return from Lausanne in 1758, After inheriting the estate,, he sold it in 1772, Burley, Rutland.— Par. and vil. (227), 2 m. NE. of Oakham, 19 ENE. of Leicester. The vil. stands beside the great park of B.-on-the-Hill, a seat. King James I stayed here, at the seat of Sir John Harington, on his way to London in 1603. Samuel Daniel (1562-1619), wanting to be one of the first to congratulate the king on his arrival in England, sent "A Panegyricke Congratulatorie" to him at B. Bmjlington (C. BrontS)— See Bridl^^ton, Yorks. Burneside, Westmorland.--Vil. (1137), with paper-mill, 2 m. NW. of Kendal. Supposed birthplace of Richard Brathwaite (1S99-1673), since his father inherited the paternal estate and came to live here (from Warcop, nr. Appleby), and Brathwaite twice speaks of Kendal as his native place. The estate became his in 1610. Burnham Beeches (Grote)--See East Burnham, Bucks. Burnley, Lancashire.— Pari, and co. bor. and par. (87,310), at the confluence of r. Burn and r* Calder, NE* Lancs., 23 m. ENE. of Preston, 29 N. of Manchester. Edmund Spenser1s family migrated to London from the neighborhood of B. Many traces of the NE. Lancs vocabulary and way of speaking are found in the Shepheardes Calender and other early pieces.— Spencer Timothy Hall (1812-85) came here c. 1870 as a homoeo pathic druggist. Burrington, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (384), HE. of co., 4^ m. NE. of Axbridge, 4 NNE. of Cheddar, 11 SW. of Bristol. S. of the vil. is B. Coombe, a ravine with 4 natural caverns on the N. slope of the Mendip Hills. Here, during a thunderstorm, Augustus Toplady was inspired to write Rock of Ages. Bursledon, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (1203), S. Hants, on W. bank of r. Hamble, 4 m. ESE. of Southampton. NE. of the vil is Ploverfield. After spending the 1st 2 wks. of their honeymoon in 1864 at Pear Tree (q.v.), George Meredith and his 2nd wife, Marie Vulliamy, occupied Ploverfield, the home of his friend Capt. Frederick Maxse, for about a mo. while the family was away. B. is probably the original of ’ ’ Warbeaeh” in Rhoda Fleming, which Meredith was working upon at Ploverfield* Burslem, Staffordshire.--Par. (since 1910) in Stoke-upon- Trent co. bor., on Grand Trunk canal, 2^ m. N. of Stoke- upon-Trent, 18 NNW. of Stafford. The ’ ’ Mother of the Potteries” and the birthplace of Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95). B. is one of the ”Five Towns” of Arnold Bennettrs novels.— John Lockwood Kipling, father of Rudyard, was a modeler and designer of terra cotta in the B. potteries when he met Alice Macdonald, his future wife, at a picnic on the shore of Rudyard Lake (q.v.).— Both Sir Oliver Lodge (1851-1920) and Arnold Bennett (1867-1931) were students in the School 216 of Science and Art connected with the Wedgwood Institute.~ William Morris gave an address in Oct. 1881 at the annual meeting of the School of Science and Art, in which he put emphasis on the pleasure in work as shown by the past. Burton, Cheshire.--Par. and vil. (282), W. of co., on estuary of r. Dee, 8 m. NW. of Chester, Birthplace of Thomas Wilson (1663-1755), bp. of Sodor and Man, who founded and endowed a school here. Burton, Hampshire.•-Ham. (637) and seat, S. Hants, 1 m. NNE. of Bournemouth. Eobert Southey (1774-1843) had a cottage at B. between the 2 journeys to Portugal. Here he composed many of his ballads and English eclogues and wrote a preface to Chatterton's works for the benefit of Chatterton's sister. In Aug. 1797 he was visited here by Charles Lloyd and by Lamb.. Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire♦— Co. bor. and par. (47,090), in SE. Staffs, on r. Trent and Trent and Mersey Canal, 11 m. SW. of Derby, 21 W. of Stafford, 28 NE. of Birmingham. "The metropolis of brewing," for which it has been noted for cen turies. The water used comes from deep wells in the gravel beds above the town. Its age-old connection with.brewing is referred to by A. E. Housman in A Shropshire Lad, No. 62. Burwash, Sussex.--Par., vil. (1942), and seat, E. Sussex, 8m. NW. of Battle, 13 NW. of Hastings, 17 NNE. of Eastbourne. Bateman’s (N.T.), in the valley, f m. SW. of the vil., was 217 the home of Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) after 1902. His autobiography gives an account of the discovery, purchase, and rehabilitation of the old house, the newest end of which was Elizabethan. (Photograph in Kipling, Something of Myself.] The discovery of ancient relics around Bateman's and Burwash, from Neolithic, Roman, and Elizabethan times, and the general atmosphere of antiquity led to the tales in Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies. Rider Haggard was a frequent visitor here. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.— Mian. bor. and par. (16,890), W. Suffolk, on r. Lark, 26 m. E. of Cambridge, 23 NW. of Ipswich. Until the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parlia ment. The church of St. James is now the cathedral church of the diocese of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich, created in 1913. B. is a small and pleasant town, with a number of interesting buildings. Both Dickens and Carlyle described it in the 19th cent, as prosperous and cleanly in appear ance, The town and its abbey were founded by Canute in memory of the martyred St. Edmund (d. 870), the last king of E. Anglia. His shrine was a famous resort of pilgrims and the abbey became one of the wealthiest in England. Only fragmentary remains survive in the Botanic Gardens, entered through the fine Dec. Abbey Gateway (on the E. side of Angel Hill), which is much later (1327-77) than the rest of the abbey. On the W. side of Angel Hill, the broad open 218 space that slopes down to the abbey walls, where the 5-day Bury fair was held, is the Angel Hotel, one of the most important hotels in W. Suffolk, with Dickens associations. The present bldg. (1779) occupies the site of 3 ancient inns, Angel, Castle, and White Bear. {Photographs in Dexter, The England of Dickens and Mr. Pickwick^ Pilgrimages. J Other interesting bldgs. are an early-Norman tower; Moyses Hall (now the museum and library of the Suffolk Archaeologi cal Institute), a late-Norman 12th cent. bldg. in the mkt.- pl., said to have been a Jewfs house; and St. Mary's Church (15th cent.), with a fine open roof and the grave of Mary Tudor (1496-1533), sister of Henry VIII. The Athenaeum, S. of Angel Hill, Is a ballroom bit. In 1804. [Copy of late 18th cent, water color of B. in Bouse, The Old Towns of England.] B. was the birthplace of Jocelin de Brakelond, who evi dently took his name from 2 ancient streets here called Brakelond (now Brackland). He became a member of the con vent In 1173 and was the chaplain of Samson of Tottington, who was made abbot in 1182. Jocelin1s chronicle of the abbey in 1173-1202, publ. by the Camden Society, furnished Carlyle material for Past and Present (1843).--Richard de Bury (1281-1345), bp. of Durham, was b. here.--John hydgate (1370?-1451), was admitted into the Benedictine abbey here when he was c. 15, and he spent the later part of his life here, after c. 1434. In his verse he celebrated miracles wrought at St. Edmund's shrine In 1441 and 1444. A fragment of coarse stone found In the abbey ruins in 1775 bearing the name of Lydgate among some undecipherable words is probably part of his grave stone.— Sir John Denham (1615-69), required by Pari* to be 20 m. or more from London, lived at B* from Jan. 1658 to Sept* 1659.--Sir Thomas Browne (1605- 82), au. of Religio Medici, gave his opinion In a trial for witchcraft here In 1664*--After his release from prison Daniel Defoe (16617-1731) was here for a time in 1704, writing 2 Reviews a wk. and pamphlets.— David Hart ley (1705-57) was a practising physician here for a time. --Arthur Young (1741-1820), agriculturist, enrolled in a yeomanry corps at B. In 1793.— B* was the birthplace and home of Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867), diarist. He was a lifelong friend of Dorothy Wordsworth's intimate friend, Mrs. Thomas Clarkson, wife of the philanthropist, who had been Catherine Buck of B. After the breakdown in her health, the Clarksons left Eusemere (q.v.) In the summer of 1803 and lived for some years at B. Coleridge visited them here in Oct. 1806, a few mos. after his return from Malta. Dorothy Wordsworth spent 6 wks. here with Mr* and Mrs. Clarkson in the summer of 1810, enjoying the friend ship of Mrs. Clarkson's father and bros. and sisters and Crabb Robinson, who acted as her escort when she left B. 220 for a short visit to Dondon and spent his mornings showing her the city.— Thomas Gordon Hake (1809-92) practised in B. from c. 1859 to c. 1853.— Douise de la Ram^e (Quida, 1840-1908) was b. here, the dau.of a Guernsey man whose wife was a Miss Dockwood of B. King Edward Vi's Grammar School at B. has had a dis tinguished history. In the early 19th cent, it was recog nized as one of the finest schools in England, and between 1806 and 1814 the greatest number of winners of all the classical prizes offered at Cambridge came from this school. In 1665 the school moved into bldgs. erected for it In.North- gate St. (now used as a high school for girls), and now is in bldgs. overlooking the Abbey Gardens. Bp. John Gauden (1605-62) was educ. here.--Thomas Shadwell (1642?-92) had one yr. here, after 5 yrs. of schooling at home, and wrote a play Bury Fair (1689).--The Rev. Arthur Kinsman was head of the school when Christopher Anstey (1724-1805) was a pupil in 1733-38 and when Richard Cumberland (1732-1811) was here from the age of 6 to 12, writing English verse and compiling a cento called Shakespeare in the Shades.— In the autumn of 1818 Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) and his 2 bros. were sent to the school in Northgate St., under Dr. Benjamin Heath Malkin, headmaster. FitzGerald was here until May 1826. Contemporaries at the school and later friends were James Spedding, editor of Bacon; William Bodham Donne, 221 descendant of John Donne; John Mitchell Kemble, bro. of Fanny; and William Airy. Donne’s mother was a collateral descendant of Cowper, and it was Donne’s great-aunt, Mrs. Anne Bodham, who made the presentation of his mother's portrait that occasioned Cowper’s verses. FitzGerald was always attached to B. and often visited it, especially while Donne was living there. In 1880 he wrote W. W. Goodwin, Eliot Professor of Greek at Harvard, who was traveling in England, to go to B., "if only to look at the Abbey Gate there. . .from the windows of the Angel Inn just opposite--with a Biscuit and a Pint of Sherry— as I have so often done: nay, did only six weeks ago on returning from Norfolk."— William Harrison Ainsworth (1805- 82) knew the Angel, too, for he has a description of a masked ball a t the Angel Hotel in the time of George II in The Spendthrift (although the bldg. he knew was bit. later). — Dickens (1812-70) stayed at the Angel (traditionally in Rm. 11) when he was in Suffolk reporting the electoral campaign of 1835; and the next year, writing Pickwick, he sent Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller to the Angel in hot pursuit of Mr. Jingle. The pump where Sam had his "halfpenny shower bath" still stands in the yard. A house in Southgate St. Is said to be the original of the red-brick Westgate House, where Mr. Pickwick had his adventure at the girls' school, although there is no positive identiflcation. Dickens read here in Get. 1859 and Get. 1861 (Copperfield this time) and stayed at the Angel. One of the Uncommercial Traveller papers speaks of "the bright little town of Bury St. Edmunds, aJ fitting description. Bush Villa (Doyle House)» Southsea— See Portsmouth, Hants. Butley, Suffolk.— Par. and vil. (507), E.. Suffolk, on r. Butley, 3 m. W. of Orford, 6 ENE. of Woodbridge, 13 ENE.'of Ipswich. Ranulf de Glanville (d. 1190), chief justiciar of England, founded the priory of B. in 1171.— In July 1529 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517?-47), visited the priory with his father, who was negotiating the sale of Staverton Park (c. 3m. away, between Woodbridge and Butley) to the prior. The ruins of the priory are now incorporated in some farm buildings. Buttonsnap (E,amb)--rSee We3tmill, Herts. Buxton, Derbyshire.— Mun. bor., par., watering-pl., and mkt.-town (17,118), 22 m. SE. of Manchester, 30 NW. of Derby. B. is situated In the mountainous region called the Peak District or the Peak of Derby, at the S. end of the Pennine Chain, and is the highest town of its size in the kingdom (c. 1000 ft. above sea level). While visiting here in the autumn of 1790, Joseph Priestley (1738-1804) preached by special request In the assembly room. Byfleet, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (4173), NW. of co., 2\ m. SSW. of Weybridge, 8 NNE. of Guildford. Joseph Spence 223 (1699-1768) had a house here, presented to him in 1749 by Lord Lincoln, his former pupil, but after 1764 he spent part of his time at Durham (q.v.). He was found dead in a canal in the garden here and was bur. in B. church. The inscrip tion on his monument was wr. by Bp. Lowth.--Stephen Duck (1705-56), the peasant poet, held the living of B., procured for him by Joseph Spence.--B. Manor House is said to be the original of "Queen Anne's Farm" in Meredith's Rhoda Fleming. The "Queen Anne's Hill" in the story is in the neighborhood of B. Byron's Pool*— See Cambs. G Cadbury Castle, Somerset,--Remains of a camp of unknown origin (possibly a British hill-fort), 30 acres in area, bet. N.' and S. Cadbury, E. of co., 1^- m. E. of Sparkford, 5 WSW. of Wincanton, 13 SSE. of Wells. Also called Camalet. It is one of the claimants to be the Camelot of Arthurian legend. Cadiand, Hampshire.— Seat, S. Hants, in the New Forest, on Southampton Water, 4 m. NE. of Beaulieu. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) visited C., which was then the seat of Henry Drummond, and described its surroundings and its view of Southampton and the Isle of Wight in a poem called "Cadland, Southampton River." > Norfolk.— Seat, In par. of C. next Yarmouth, 1 m. W. of vil. of G.-on-Sea, 3^- m. NNW. of Yarmouth. It contains the ruins of the castle bit. by Sir John Fastolfe (1378?-1459) and later owned by the Pastons, who wrote here many of the Paston letters. The chief remnant is a brick circular tower. £albourn®* Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (670), 5 m. WSW. of Newport. Nicholas Udall (1505-56) was pre sented to the rectory of C. in March 1553 but presumably was not resident.--Nicholas Tindal (1687-1774) was presented to the rectory (with that of Alverstoke, Hants) in 1740 but probably was not resident.--One of Tennyson’s favorite drives from Parringford in his later years was to C. Calgarth, Westmorland.— Seat, in the hake Dist., on E. side of Windermere, 3 m. SSE. of Ambleaide. How the Ethel Hedley Hospital for crippled children. It was the home of hr. Richard Watson (1737-1816), bp. of hlandaff, a leading personage in the society, of the region. He welcomed Scott when he visited the hakes in 1805, and was occasionally host to DeQuincey and John Wilson. Cj&n®, Wiltshire.— Mun. bor. and par. (5760), N. Wilts, 5^- m. SE. of Chippenham, 16 ENE. of Bath. Caine White Horse and hansdowne Monument are 3^ m. SSE. of the town. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. Joseph Priestley (1733-180.4) lived here from 1772-80 -In a house provided by hord hansdowne and served as his librarian or literary companion at Bowood, lj? m. SW.— Upon leaving school, Bryan Waller Procter (1787-1874) was articled to Mr. Atherton, a solicitor at C.— Coleridge lived here with the John Morgans from the latter part of 1814 to April 1816 and found Bowles at Brerahill (q.v.) t t a source of con stant gratification.”— The hambs spent a mo. with the Morgans in the summer of 1816, shortly after Coleridge, had left.— In Feb. 1830 hord hansdowne gave Macaulay (1800-59) his 1st seat in Pari, as member for C., having been 226 impressed by his articles on Mill in the Edinburgh Review, He represented G. again in Oct. 1830. Calthorpe— See Catthorpe, Leics. Camberwell, co. London.— Pari* and met. bor. and par. (205,100), 2j£ m. S. of London Bridge. In the early 19th cent. C. was still a country vil. in Surrey, conveniently near to London. How it is part of the extremely congested South London.--John Donne (1573-1631) took lodgings in the spring of 1605 at C., where Mrs. Donne’s sister Jane and her husband, Sir Thomas Grymes, had a house, and here his son George was b. in May.— Robert Browning (1812-89) was b. in Southampton Way in a house no longer extant. His intimate friend Alfred Domett (1811-87) was b. at 188, Camberwell Grove, c. ^ m. SW. In Browning St. (formerly York St.), off Walworth Rd., in the chapel of the Indepen dent congregation in which Browning was baptised (now called Browning Hall), the Browning Settlement, founded in 1895, has its headquarters. A collection of Browning relics is kept here. In 1906 a tablet was placed in the gallery nr. the place where the Brownings used to sit.— Benjamin Jowett (1817-93) was b. at C.— For a short time John Ruskin (1819-1900) attended a day school here kept by the Rev. Thomas Dale.--Thomas Hood (1799-1845) came to live here in 1840.— In Oct. 1845 Thackeray’s wife, whose mind was affected, was put in the care of a Mrs. Bakewell here.— 227 [Beckham Is so close to Camberwell on the E. that the names seem to be used with little distinction in some biographies.] Cambo, Northumberland.— Par. (89), S. of co., 1 m. S. of Scot’s Gap ry. sta., 3|r m. N. of Capheaton, 10 W. of Morpeth. While staying at Capheaton (q.v.), Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) was prepared for Oxford by John Wilkin son, perpetual curate of Cambo, who gave the verdict that he was too clever and would never study. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire.— -Pari, and mun. bor. and co. town (77,000), on the r. Cam, 57 m. N. of London by rail. An early name of the r. was Grants (now usually applied to the 2 branches above the town), and the town was Grantebrycge, from which the present name was derived, giving its name in turn to the river. Cambridge returns 1 member to Parlia ment; C. Univ. returns 2 members. The chief interest in C. is the University, which comprises 17 colleges and 1 hall (Selwyn Coll., belonging to the Church of England). There are several theological schools and two women’s colleges, Girton (estab. at Hitchin in 1869; moved to C. in 1873) and Newnhsm (1875), not affiliated with the Univ. Women do not have the privileges of matriculation and degrees as at Oxford, but they may attend Univ. and coll. lectures and receive titular degrees by diploma. [An excellent concise statement of the univ. system of Cambridge and Oxford may be found in Findlay Muirhead, England (The Blue Guides).] 228 The special beauty of C. is the view of the colleges across the tree-shaded, stretch of land along the Cam called "The Backs." These are the lawns, meadows, and gardens, with the bldgs. beyond, of St. John’s, Trinity, Trinity Hall, Clare, King's, and Queen's. In the following summaries of the colleges the chronological lists of members with some literary connections are not exhaustive, and not all asso ciations with the coll. or the Univ. are given. The asterisk (■») following a name indicates definitely that no degree was taken in that coll.; its absence should not be taken, however, as assurance that a degree was conferred* Christ's College, founded in 1505 by I»ady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII. It absorbed and expanded an earlier school of grammar called God's House. William Stevenson, a fellow, is supposed to have been the author of Gammer Gurton* 3 Needle, publ. in 1575 as acted at Christ's Coll. The coll. books of 1559- 60 carry the record that 5s. was "spent at Mr. Stevenson's plaie." Ralph Cudworth (1617-88) was elected master in Oct. 1654. He d. here and is bur. in. the chapel. John Milton (1608-74), most famous member of the coll., hada lst-floor room on the 1st stair on the^N. side of the 1st - court. At Cambridge Milton wrote the hymn On the Morning of Christ's Nativity and probably (according to Tillyard) L'Allegro and II Penseroso. The mulberry tree In the 229 beautiful gardens fcradltionally^assQciated with Hilton;.id5 said to be probably the last survivor of a number bought in 1609 when James I was trying to introduce the culture of the mulberry into England* Members: John Leland, Nicholas Grimald, William Stevenson, Barnabe Googe* (also Oxford),. John Still (also fellow 1562-72), Walter Travers, Gabriel Harvey, Joseph Mead (also fellow 1613-38; bur., in chapel), Francis John Milton, Edward King ("Lycidas”), John Cleveland, Henry More (also fellow 1639-87;: bur* in chapel), William Paley, Robert Merry*, Charles Darwin (a plaque modeled by T. Woolner, made by Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, marks his rooms), Charles Stuart Calverley (also fellow), Sir John Robert Seeley, Sir Walter Besant. Clare College, founded in 1326 as University Hall and refounded in 1338 by Lady Elizabeth de Clare (dau. of Gilbert de Clare, the "Red Earl” mentioned in Marmlon)* Tradition identifies it with the ”Solere Hall” of Chaucer*s "Reeve*s Tale.” The Latin comedy Ignoramus, by George Ruggle (fellow 1598-1620), was performed here in March 1615 for James I, who returned in May for a 2nd performance. Ralph Cudworth was appointed by the Parliamentarians master of the coll. In 1645. Members: Hugh Latimer, Robert Greene (migrated from St. John’s; M. A. here), Nicholas Ferrar (also fellow), John Tillotson (also fellow), John Mason, William Whiston, James Hervey, William Whitehead (also fellow 1742-45). 250 Corpus Christl College, founded in 1352 by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin. Connected by a brick gallery with St. Benet*s (Benedict1s) Church, which served as its chapel, it was once familiarly called Benet Coll. (now Corpus). The Old Court, adjoining St. Bene^s, NE. of the frontcourt, is the earliest extant example in ISngland of a complete medieval academic quadrangle. Abp. Parker, master in 1544-52, bequeathed the coll. an impor tant collection of early MSS. Members; John Sadler, Christopher Marlowe, John Fletcher, Thomas Tenison. Downing College, founded in 1800, with proceeds of estates devised by Sir_ George Downing (d. 1749), of Gam- lingay, Cambs. Emmanuel College, founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mild- may on the site of a 13th cent. Dominican priory, whose bldgs., now largely replaced, were incorporated in the new coll. It became the center of the Puritan movement in England, and many of the later Pilgrim Fathers were educ. here. Members; Joseph Hall, John Harvard, William San- croft, Ralph Cudworth (also fellow), Sir William Temple- * * , William Law (also fellow), Thomas Percy (D. D. 1770; other degrees Oxford), Samuel Parr. Gonville and Calus College (pron. Keys), usually called Caius Coll., founded by Edmund Gonville in 1348 and re founded by Dr. Caius in 1557. Pre-eminently the medical 231 coll. of the univ. Thomas Legge (1535-1607), Latin drama tist, regius prof. of civil law, was appointed master of C. Coll., June 1573 was vice-chancellor of the univ. 1587-8 and 1592-3, and is bur. in C. Coll. chapel, where there is an effigy and an inscription. Members: Jeremy Taylor, Thomas Shadwell , Jeremy Collier, John Hookham Prere (also fellow 1793-1618), James Elroy Flecker. Jesus College, founded in 1496 by John Alcock, bp. of Ely, on the site of the Benedictine nunnery of St. Radegund, which was then suppressed. Some of the conventual bldgs. survive, and the E.E. chapel, restored in the 19th cent., has glass from the firm of William Morris. Joseph Beaumont, appointed master in 1662, restored Jesus Coll. chapel at his own expense; after 1 yr. he went to Feterhouse. Members: Abp. Thomas Cranmer (fellow), John Bale, Thomas Legge (fellow), Pulke GrevllILe, 1st Baron Brooke, Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, Sir Richard Fanshawe, Roger North , David Hartley (also fellow 1727-30), Laurence Sterne, John Hall Stevenson , Gilbert Wakefield (also fallow 1776-9), Thomas Robert Mai thus (also fellow), Samuel Tfiy lor Coleridge*'. King * s College, one of the largest and finest of the colleges, was founded by Henry VI in 1440 in connection with Eton College. The interior of the beautiful chapel (1446- 1515), the crowning glory of the university, has been called ”a Sursum Corda done into stone.” It has 25 magnificent 232 stained glass windows, all of the 16th cent* except the W. window, which is modern. (For detailed study of the windows see Conybeare, Highways, and Byways in Cambridge and Ely, or h Concise Guide to the Town and University of Cambridge, publ. by Bowes & Bowes.] The beauty of the interior com bined with the glory of the organ music inspired three sonnets by Wordsworth and some descriptive verse by Tenny son, And thunder-music, rolling, shakes The prophets blazoned on the panes, and it is probably referred to in MiltonTs II Fenseroso (his own college had no organ). Sir John Cheke was provost in 1548-53. Members: Edward Hall, Thomas Wilson, Richard Mulcaster4 * (migrated to Oxford), Sir Francis Walsingham*, Thomas Preston (also fellow 1556-81), Giles Fletcher the elder (also fellow), Sir John Harington, Richard Montagu, Phineas Fletcher (also fellow 1611-16), Edmund Waller**, John Pearson, Sir William Temple, Sir Robert and Horace Walpole, Christopher Anstey (also fellow 1746-54), William Johnson Cory, Rupert Brooke. Magdalene College (pron. Maudlen), founded by Lord Audley in 1542 on the site of a Benedictine hostel, belong ing before the Dissolution to Crowland Abbey, called Bucking ham Coll. from its 1st special benefactor, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. It is the only coll. on the left bank 233 of tlie Gam. The special treasure of the coll. is the Pepysian Library, which contains the books bequeathed to it by Samuel Pepys, arranged just as he had them in the original 12 oak presses with glass doors. The "College Window” in the writings of A. C. Benson (1862-1925), master of the coll., was in the ground floor of the Pepysian Library range on the N. side, overlooking the garden. Mem bers: Abp. Thomas Cranmer, Edmund Grindal, Samuel Pepys, Charles Kingsley, Charles Stewart Parnell. Pembroke College, founded in 1347 by the Countess of Pembroke, widow of Amory de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, and dau. of Guy, Count of Chatillon and St. Paul. At 1st, it was commonly called Marie Valence Hall. For a long time one of the smaller colleges, it has been greatly extended in recent years. The chapel, bit. by Wren in 1663-4, was lengthened in 1881. Pembroke has been called the "Collegium Episcopale,” from the number of bishops it has produced, which include Ridley, Grindal, Whitgift, and Andrews^. All but Grindal served as master of the coll. Dr. John Young, master, afterwards bp. of Rochester,is "the faithful Roffy" of the Shepheardes Calender. Gabriel Harvey and William Mason were elected fellow from other colleges. Members: Edmund Spenser (who praises "my mother Cambridge,” F.G£. IV, xi, 34), Edward Kirke (Spenser's friend), Richard Harvey, Sir John Hayward, Francis Meres, Richard Brathwaite, Richard 234 Grashaw, Thomas Stanley, Thomas Gray, Christopher Smart (also fellow 1745-7), William Pitt the younger, Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (a member of the Apostles* Club). Peterhouse, common name of St. Peter*s College, founded by Hugh of Balsham, bp. of Ely, in 1281. It is the oldest coll. in Cambridge and was modeled upon Merton Coll., Oxford. The Hall, altered in the 19th cent, but largely the original hall of 1286, has stained glass by Madox Brown, Burne-Jones, and William Morris. The chapel was bit. by Dr. Matthew Wren, bp. of Ely, master here 1625-34, an uncle of Sir Christopher Wren. It inspired many of the poems of Richard Crashaw, who was a fellow from 1637 until expelled in 1643 for refusing to take the oath demanded by the Par liamentary commissioners. John Warkworth, master from 1473 until his death in 1500, was a great benefactor of the coll. and made it his residuary legatee. John Whitgift, a fellow 1555-67, was appointed Lady Margaret prof. of divinity in the univ. in 1563. Members: Card. Beaufort, Joseph Beau mont (also fellow; master 1663; d. here and is bur, in coll. chapel), Sir Samuel Garth, Thomas Gray, Charles Babbage. Gray occupied rooms, facing St. Mary’s the Less, identifiable by the iron bars that he placed there with a rope ladder attached for use in case of fire. Induced to descend one night by a false alarm and, according to the story, being plunged into a vat of water placed there by his friends, 235 Gray migrated to Pembroke. Queens * College, founded in 1448 by Andrew Dokett, under the patronage of Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV. It Includes some ancient red-brick cloisters, which belonged until 1538 to the Carmelite nuns, originally housed at Newnham. The Erasmus Tower Is a small turret above the rooms occupied by Erasmus, who taught Greek in this coll. in 1510-13. Members: John Whitgift, Thomas Hughes (also fellow), Thomas Puller, John Pearson, John Pomfret. St. Catharine's College (formerly Catherine Hall), founded in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke and reblt. in 1634-1754. Edwin Sandys, abp. of York, was master in 1547. Member: James Shirley (migrated from Oxford). St. John1s College, founded In 1511 by Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII, who had planned and endowed it before her death in 1509, and whose plans were carried out by her friend, Bp. Fisher. It replaced the Hospital of St. John, founded In 1135 as a semi-monastic almshouse. In the fine panelled hall are portraits of Lady Margaret, Bp. Fisher, and Wordsworth, whose rooms were in the SW. staircase of the 1st court, above the kitchen. In 1893 those rooms, which had been used for some years for storage, were added to the kitchen for additional height. In the glass of the upper window on the left In the S. wall of the kitchen are the words: ’ ’ William Wordsworth, 1787-91. My abiding-place, a nook obscure.. The Prelude.” St. John's has 3 courts on the rt. bank of the Gam, connected by the covered so-called Bridge of Sighs with New Court (1827-31) across the Cam. The 2nd court, of Elizabethan brickwork (1598-1602), erected by Lady Mary Cavendish, Countess of Shrewsbury, was praised by Ruskin as the most perfect in the University. John Still (1543?-1608) was master in 1574-77; William Whitaker (1548- 95), from 1586 until his death here. Thomas Legge (1535- 1607) was the au. of the Latin tragedy of Richard III, per formed in the hall here in 1579, with Palmer, afterwards dean of Peterborough, as Richard and Nathaniel Knox, eldest son of John Knox, as Hastings. John Cleveland (elected fellow 1634), lived here 9 yrs. and won the approval of Charles I with an oration addressed to him on his visit in 1641. Members: Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir John Cheke, Roger AJschSam1* (also Greek reader at St. John's), Edwin Sandys, Lord Burghley, Sir Thomas Hoby, Arthur Hall , William Painter’ * ’ , Thomas Drant (also fellow), Abraham Enaunc:®., William Webbe, Robert Greene, Henry Constable, Thomas Nashe (who praised It as ’ ’the sweetest nurse of knowledge In all that university"), Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (who presented a valuable collection of books and Illumina ted MSS. to the new library being bit. by Dr. John Williams), George Ruggle’ * (migrated to Trinity), Samuel Purchas, Robert 237 Herrick* (migrated to Trinity Hall), John Gauden, Edward Benlowes, Robert Wild, John Hall, Edward Stillingfleet, Richard Bentley, Matthew Prior (also fellow), Ambrose Philips (also fellow 1699-1708)., William Mason, Charles Churchill, Erasmus Darwin, John Horne Tooke, William Wilber- force, Thomas Clarkson, William Wordsworth, John Herman Merivale ‘, Patrick BrontS, Lord Palmerston, Henry Kirke White' (d. in his college rooms; bur. in All Saints' church), Charles Merivale (also fellow), Alfred Domett**, J. J. Syl vester, William Barnes, Samuel Butler, Thomas Ashe. Sidney Sussex College, estab. under the will of Lady Prances Sidney, Countess of Sussex (d. 1589), on the site of a Franciscan convent. One of the smaller colleges. Thomas Puller was a fellow 1629-37. Members: Thomas May, Oliver Cromwell (portrait in the hall), Thomas Rymer**, John Gay (cousin of the poet; also fellow 1724-32 and Hebrew, Greek, and eccl. hist, lecturer), Thomas Twining (also fellow). Trinity College, the largest coll., estab. in 1546 by Henry VIII by the amalgamation, of 9 existing institutions, 2 halls (Michaelhouse, founded in 1323 by Henry de Stanton, and King’s Hall, founded In 1336 by Edward III) and 7 hostels. Notable features are the old or Great Court, which dates back to the mastership in 1593-1615 of Dr. Thomas Nevile, who removed some of the huddle of old bldgs., remains of the suppressed colleges and hostels, and fashioned this largest coll, court, with, its beautiful central fountain; the Hall, bit, by Nevile in 1608, copied from the Hall of the Middle Temple in London; Nevile*s or Cloister Court, also bit. by Nevile, 1610-12; and the library, bit. by Wren in 1676-95, with bookcases carved by Grinling Gibbons. Among important relics here are MSS. of works of Milton, Byron, Thackeray, and Tennyson; busts of Newton, Bacon, and Tennyson; relics of Newton; and a statue of Lord Byron by Thorvaldsen, intended for Westminster Abbey. The fine avenue of limes in the college grounds, across the Cam, leading to the New Court, was traversed by Tennyson (In Memoriam) when he revisited Cambridge to view the rooms once occupied by Arthur Hallam, the W. set on the 1st floor, central staircase (letter G), S. side of the New Court. Tennyson did not ’ ’ keep” in coll., but had lodgings in Rose Crescent and then opp. the Bull Hotel in Trumpington St. In the Great Court Macaulay had ground-floor rooms next the chapel, and Thackeray (like Henry Esmond) had ground-floor rooms on the N. side of the Great Gateway, above which Newton had had rooms. Byron’s rooms are said to have been in Nevile*s Court, on the 1st floor of the central staircase on the N. side, next the library. The N. cloister in this court is noted for its.echo, utilized by Newton in his 1st measurement of the velocity of sound and referred to in Tennyson's Princess, "our cloisters echoed frosty feet." The clock in the N. tower of the King's Gate- 239 way In Trinity St., which, strikes the hour twice, on 2 different bells, is mentioned by Wordsworth (Prelude), whose rooms at St. John1 s were not many yards away. He also writes of the antechapel with its famous statue of Newton by Roubiliac. As the largest coll. Trinity has had associated with it many men of greater or lesser pretensions to literary importance. Masters of Trinity have included Abp. Whitgift in 1567-77, followed by John Still In 1577, John Pearson, Isaac Barrow, Richard Bentley (who d. here In 1742 and is bur. In the chapel), and William Whewell (who bit. the 2 courts across Trinity St. c. 1860). John Sadler, transla tor of Flavius, and John Dee were among the original fel lows at the foundation. William Alabaster (1567-1640), whose Latin tragedy Roxana was acted in the Hall, held a fellow- ship. Members: George Gascoigne , Thomas Legge, William Whitaker (also fellow), Timothy Bright, Philemon Holland (also fellow), Anthony Wingfield (also fellow and public orator for the Univ., 1581), Francis Bacon , the Earl of Essex, John Udall, Sir Henry Spelman, John Donne**, Walter Hawkesworth (also fellow), George Ruggle, Samuel Brooke (also master 1629-31; bur. without monument or epitaph in the chapel), Giles Fletcher the younger, John Hacket (also fellow), George Herbert (also fellow and public orator 1619- 27), Sir Aston Cokayne, Sir John Suckling^, Thomas Randolph (also fellow), Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley (also fellow), John Dryden, Sir Isaac Newton (also fellow), Conyers Middle ton (also fellow 1706-10), John Byrom (also fellow; while here he contrib. some papers to the Spectator), Richard Cumberland (also fellow), Thomas James Mathias, Richard Forson (also fellow and regius prof. of Greek; bur. In the antechapel at the foot of Newton*s statue), Lord Byron, Alfred Lyall, Connop Thirlwall, Thomas Babington Macaulay (also fellow; when 1st here shared lodgings in Jesus Lane with Henry Sykes Thornton), Winthrop Maekworth Praed, Edward Bulwer-Lytton (migrated to Trinity Hall), Richard Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton; a member of the Apostles), Edward FitzGerald (who lodged at a Mrs. Perry’s, 19, King’s Parade; plaque), William Makepeace Thackeray, James Spedding, W. B. Donne, Arthur Henry Hallam, Charles and Alfred Tenny son, Alexander William KInglake, Sir Arthur Helps, Tom Taylor (also fellow), James Fayn. Trinity Hall (the only coll. that retains the name of Hall), founded in 1350 by William Bateman, bp. of Norwich, especially for the education of clergy, but since early times given to the study of law. The library (early 17th cent.) has some original bookcases and chained books of an earlier period. Stephen Gardiner (1483?-1555) was master of T. Hall. Gabriel Harvey was elected fellow in 1578. Thomas Preston, who became master in 1584, d. here in 1598 241 and is bur, in th© chapel, where his full-length effigy on a brass nr, the altar shows him in the habit of a Cambridge doctor of laws. Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (1822-88) held a junior tutorship in 1845-7 and was elected master in 1877. Members: Thomas Tusser*'1, Raphael Holinshed,„ Robert Herrick, Lord Chesterfield^, Samuel Horsley, William Hayley^J Edward Bulwer-Lytton, P. D. Maurice, John Sterling, Sir Leslie Stephen, St. Mary*s the Great, the oldest bldg., other than the colleges, directly connected with the Univ., is the University Church, in which a sermon is preached each Sun. afternoon in term and in which, in earlier times, degrees were granted and plays given. The bell of St. Mary’s sounds curfew each night with as many strokes as the day of the month. The bldg., late Ferp., 1478-1514, was restored in the 19th cent. The Senate House, bit. by James Gibbs in 1722-30, is the scene of the chief public functions of the Univ., serv ing much the same purpose as the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. The Fitzwilliam Museum, bit. in 1837-47 by George Basevi and C. R. Cockerell, to house the collections of Viscount Fitzwilliam, bequeathed to the Univ. in 1816, is a general museum and picture gallery. Many additions have been made to the original collections, and there are interesting MSS., including Rupert Brooke’s Grantchester. 242 The new University Library, a handsome bldg. with central tower, across the Cam beyond the New Court of Clare Coll., was bit. in 1931-4 with the aid of extensive grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and was opened in the summer of 1934. The old library has reverted to its earlier use to house administrative offices. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, -which has no connec tion with the Univ., is of great interest. It Is one of the many round churches that were bit. In the days of the Crusades, 4 of which are extant, although the Temple Church in London, the largest and most important, was seriously damaged in Nazi raids. The circular part probably dates from c. 1130; the 15th cent, chancel was largely reblt. in 1841. Other literary associations begin with Robert Mannyng of Brunne (fl. 1288-1338), who speaks of being at C., al though it may have been only a visit to the Gilbertine house here.--Sir John Cheke (1514-57) was b. in the par. of St. Mary the Great, "over against the Market Cross.n— Miles Coverdale (1488-1568), after taking priest1s orders at Norwich in 1514, entered the convent of the Austin friars In C. and studied philosophy and theology.— William Tyndale (d. 1536) came here after receiving his M.A. at Oxford in 1515 and remained until 1521.— In Sept. 1541 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517?-47), succeeded Thomas Cromwell as Steward of the Univ.— Queen Elizabeth made one visit to the Univ., in 1564.--Sir Thomas North (1535?- 1601?), who is thought to have been educ. at Peterhouse, was presented with the freedom of the city in 1568.— The Earl of Essex (1566-1601) succeeded Lord Burghley as Chan cellor of the Univ. in Aug. 1598.--English language plays produced at C. have references to the chronic feud bet. Univ. and town. A definite contribution to it was Club Law, acted in Clare Hall in 1599-1600 in the presence of the mayor and other civic dignitaries and their wives, whom it ridiculed. Most important of Univ. plays were the three called the Parnassus trilogy, dealing with Univ. life and acted in St. John’s Coll., which have been dated 1598, 1601, and 1602. They have references, not too com plimentary, to Shakespeare. In the 3rd play these are evidently inspired by the recent visit of the Lord Cham berlain’s company-to C.— Jeremy Taylor (1613-67), the son of a barber, was b. here and baptised in Holy Trinity Church, of which his father and grandfather were church wardens. He was probably b. at a house known as the Black Bear,opp. the church; his father did not live until after 1621 in the Wrestlers Inn in Petty Cury, which tradition calls his birthplace.--Francis Bacon sat for C. Univ. in Pari, in 1614.--Samuel Brooke (d. 1632) wrote 3 Latin plays, which were performed before James I on his visit to the Univ. in 1614.--George Wither (1588-1667) visited C. in April 1625 in a vain effort to find a printer for The Psalms of David, translated into Lyrick Verse. — Thomas Puller (1608- 61) was appointed by Corpus in 1650 to the perpetual curacy of St. Benet’s but resigned it in 1633.— Peter Hausted (d. 1645) wrote for the visit of Charles I in March 1632 a comedy The Royal Friends, which was not very successful, and a Latin play, which was presented at Queen*s Coll.— The Guardian, a comedy by Abraham Cowley (1618-67), acted at Trinity for Prince Charles in March 1641, was rewr. after the Restoration as Cutter of Coleman-Street.--Sir Richard Fanshawe (1608-66) was elected M. P. for the Univ. in March 1661.— Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was elected as a Whig to represent the Univ. in the Convention Pari, in 1689.— William Whitehead (1715-85), poet laureate, was b. here and baptised at St. Botolph’s. His father was a baker in this par., serving Pembroke Coll.--William Warburton (1698-1779) was given the M. A. degree in 1728 when George II visited the Univ.— Richard Cumberland (1732-1811) was b. and spent much of his infancy in the master’s lodge at Trinity, his mother being Dr. Bentley’s dau. Joanna, of whom John Byrom had wr. in the Spectator when she was 11 yrs. old.— Dr. Conyers Middleton (1683-1750), who resigned as Woodwardian prof. in 1734 upon his 2nd marriage, had a house here 245 adjoining Caius, which Gray found the only agreeable place for conversation in Cambridge. Mrs, Elizabeth Robinson Montagu (1720-1800), Mrs. Middleton’s granddau., often visited here in her youth.— Christopher Anstey (1724-1805) was sheriff of C. in 1771. Charles hamb (1775-1834) seems to have visited C. 5 times, the last three accompanied by Mary. The 1st visit was probably made while Coleridge was at Jesus Coll., be fore the end of 1794. In Jan. 1801 he visited Thomas Manning in his rooms over a barber’s in St. Mary’s Passage, now No. 3 (modernized). In Aug. 1815 Charles and Mary spent a week-end here, and Mary wrote a detailed account to Sara Hutchinson. She liked all the colleges, especially St. John’s (Wordsworth’s coll.), and was wonderfully impressed by the service at King’s Coll. Chapel. On the next visit, Aug. 1819, they had lodgings at Mr. Bays’s, hatter, at 11, King’s Parade, Trumpington St., now one of a block of 3 houses with rooms for undergraduates. Charles’s sonnet entitled ’ ’ Written at Cambridge,” and dated 15 Aug. 1819, appeared in the Examiner a fortnight later. During the month’s visit in July and Aug. next year, in lodgings In \ Trumpington St. (address unknown), they met the little girl Emma Isolo, who became their adopted dau. after the death of her father in 1823. They also met the Mrs. Smith, an enormously fat woman, who was the original of the Widow Blackett at Oxford, described in The Gentle Giantess. Here Lamb wrote the essay Oxford in the Vacation, pretending to be writing from his rooms "facing the Bodleian." Crabb Robinson, on circuit here, joined them in a rubber.--Dorothy Wordsworth was met here by Mr. Clarkson and stayed overnight before proceeding to Bury St. Edmunds (q.v.) in summer 1810. She was awe-stricken with the venerable appearance of the gateway of St. John’s when the coach stopped there to set down the Professor of Arabic (who she afterwards learned was a Cockermouth man). She wrote William, "Thy freshman’s days came into my mind and I could have burst into tears." Next day with Mr. Clarkson she visited Trinity Chapel to see the statue of Newton which had impressed William. She continued, "The silent face gave me feelings that I am sure were sub lime, though dear Mr. Clarkson did now and then disturb me by pointing out the wrinkles in the silk stockings, the buckles etc. etc., all which etceteras are in truth worthy of admiration." She was charmed with the walks, found out "William's ashtree" (Prelude, VI, 90-109), and visited King's Chapel.— Thackeray (1811-63) and FitzGerald (1809-83) met during the autumn or Michaelmas term 1829 in the rooms of William Williams of Corpus, FitzGerald's private tutor, and became great friends. During the 4 yrs. after he left the Univ. FitzGerald often returned, sometimes for whole terms, renting his old rooms in King’s Parade when they were available. After a 2-day visit in the summer of 1881, the 1st in 50 yrs., he revised Euphranor (scene: C. in his coll. days) for a 3rd edition.--Walter Savage Landor’s introduc tion to Julius Hare, who traveled back to Italy with him, took place at C. in 1832.--Thackeray accompanied Brookfield to C. in March 1849 on an inspection tour of schools, and they dined in hall at Trini.ty. At the Bull Inn, In Trump ington St., they were recognized by Jenny Dind^ agent and given tickets to her concert, which they found so dull that they left at the 1st intermission. Thackeray gave his lec tures on the English Humourists here in Nov. 1851 and on the Georges In April 1857.— William Harrison Ainsworth spent a few days here in Dec. 1855 and dined daily with the mas ter and fellows of Trinity Hall.--The last public speech of Macaulay (1800-59) was made here in May 1858, acknowl edging^. the honor of his election the preceding autumn.-- Dickens (1812-70) read in the Guildhall In Oct. 1859 (2 readings), March 1867, and March 1869. Charles Darnay In S l Tale of Two Cities is mentioned as reading French with undergraduates here, and there are other casual references in DickensTs works.— Charles Kingsley (1819-75), who was appointed prof. of mod. hist, in May 1860, had a house here for 3 yrs., but after 1863 came twice a yr. from Eversley (q.v.) to deliver his lectures.--George Meredith (1828-1909), in Norwich to put his son in school In Oct. 1862, accompanied the Rev. Augustus Jessopp, headmaster of King Edward VI*s Grammar School, on a brief visit to St. John’s, but his 1st real view of univ. life came in 1864 when he visited Henry Mayers Hyndman of Trinity Coll. dur ing May Newmarket week and stayed with him in his rooms in Rose St.— Amy Levy (1861-89), poet and novelist, attended Newnham Coll. Xantippe and Other Poem3 was printed at C. in 1881.— In May 1885 a bust of Thomas Gray (1716-71) was unveiled at G., with Lord Houghton (1809-85) taking part in the ceremony.— George Henry Kingsley (1827-92), bro. of Charles and Henry, d. at his residence here, 7, Mortimer Rd.— A. E. Housman (1859-1936), prof. of Latin from 1911, lived all but the last few mos. of his life up 44 stone steps In Whewell’s Court, from which he moved, when the stairs became too great a strain, to ground-fl. quarters opening on the Great Court, Trinity. He d. in the Nursing Home at C. For his funeral services in Trinity Coll. Chapel he had wr. a hymn, choosing for its music a melody by Melchior Vulpius, harmonized by Bach. Camden Place, Kent.--Seat, NW. Kent, ^ *&. W. of Chisle- hurst, 9^ m. SE. of London Bridge. Now the headquarters of a golf club, it was once the summer residence of William Camden (1551-1623), the antiquary, usho spent his last years here and d. here. The Emperor Napoleon III and the Empress Eugenie resided at C. PI., and N. died here in 1873* 249 Came— See Winterbourne Came, Dorset. Clamelford, Cornwall. --Par. and mkt.-town (2,082), E. of co., on r. Camel, 17^- m. W. of Launceston, 12 N. of Bodmin. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. It is no longer regarded as the Camelot of King Arthur*.--James Macpherson (1736-96) was elected M. P. for C. in 1780, 1784, and 1790 and held the seat until his death.— Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Lord Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), was M. P. in 1810-12.--Tennyson made his 1st visit to C. in June 1848. Camelot.— Unidentified place in Arthurian legend where King Arthur held his court. [For various claimants and discus sion of the unreliability of folk memory as a source of geo graphic identification see E. K. Chambers, Arthur of Britain.] Camilla Lacey, Surrey.— Seat, mid. Surrey, l|r m. N. of Dorking, 1 m. W. of Juniper Hall, nr. Burford Bridge. Cottage bit. by Madame d'Arblay with the proceeds of Camilla, on land at West Humble Street leased to her by her friend Mr. Lock of Norbury Park (q.v.). Callers before the cottage was completely furnished were Mr. and Mrs. Barbauld, who were visiting at Dorking. The house burned, with many Burney relics, In 1919. Campton, Bedfordshire.— Par., vil. (396), and seat, SE. Beds, on r. Ivel, 6 m. SW. of Biggleswade, 9 SE. of Bedford. Many Roman and A.-S. remains have been found at C. Robert 250 Bloomfield (1766-1823), au. of The Farmer * s Boy, is bur. here. Canford Manor, Dorset.--Former seat, now a school, SE. Dorset, on r. Stour, in par. of Canford Magna (2247), 2 m. SE. of Wimborne Minster, 5 NNE. of Poole. A modern house, occupying the site of an old manor house of the ancient earls of Salisbury, of which it contains some fragments. It is the original of "Chene Manor," the house of Barbara* s father in Hardy*s Barbara of the House of Grebe. Camiock, Staffordshire.— Urb. dist. and par. (34,588), S. Staffs, 7|f m. NNW. of Walsall, 9 SSE. of Stafford. On the edge of C. Chase, a rieh coal dist., once the hunting forest of the Mercian kings. Shortly after the birth of Henry Francis Cary (1772-1844) at Gibraltar, his father, an army officer, settled at C. as a cotan try gentleman. Canons Ashby, Northamptonshire.— Par., vil. (59), and seat, S. Northants, 7^- m. S. of Daventry, 12^ SW. of Northampton. The 16th cent, seat of the Drydens.— Job Throckmorton (1545- 1601) came here from Haseley to be nr. the Puritan minister John ®0d when he was suffering from consumption shortly before 1600. Canons Park, Middlesex.— Seat, N. Middx, 1 m. NW. of Edge- ware, Tl'rm. NW. of St. Paul's, London. The ostentatious seat bit. c. 1712 at a cost of c. A 250,000 by James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos (d. 1744), is satirized by 251 Pope in his 4th Moral Essay, "On the Use of Riches.” The duke was the patron of Handel, who composed the oratorio of Esther here and whose little organ is in the church of St. Lawrence at Little Stanmore or Whitchurch on the S. edge of the park. The name Canons recalls the fact that the property belonged to the priory of St. Bartholomew before the Dissolution. Canterbury, Kent.--Archiepiscopal city, co. bor., and par. (25,950), on r. Stour, 16 m. NW. of Dover, 55 ESE. of London by road. The Archbishop of C. is the primate of all England. C. is a garrison town and the mkt.-town of an important agricultural dist. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The Roman city Durovernum, at the convergence of military roads from the ports, renamed Cant- warabyrig (bor. of the men of Kent) by the Saxons, became the capital of Ethelbert and his Christian Frankish queen, Bertha. St. Augustine and his fellow-missionaries were received here in 597, and the king and many of his subjects were baptised. St. Martin’s Church, in which Queen Bertha worshipped, has remains of Roman brickwork, and Bede says that there was a Christian church here in Roman times. The ancient font, partly of Saxon work, is believed to be the one in which Ethelbert was baptised. (Photograph in Wyndham, South-Eastern Survey.] St. Augustine founded a Benedictine abbey, St. Peter’s, later called by the founder’s name. Remnants of later bldgs. survive In the present St. Augus tine^ Goll. (founded In 1844 for the training of mission aries). Upon his return to England as bp. of the English, St. Augustine founded a 2nd monastery and ehurch (Christ Church) on the site of a ruined Roman basilica. Under I»an- franc, the 1st Norman abp. (1070-89), this church, reblt. after a fire in 1067 that destroyed nearly the whole city, became the cathedral. The important rebldg. under successive abps. is summarized in many guidebooks and architectural treatises. The church of St. Augustinefs priory was the burial-pl. of the kings and early abps. and was not eclipsed by the rival Christ Church until the murder of Abp. Thomas Becket in 1170 and his canonisation in 1172 made his tomb in the cathedral a national and international shrine. The massive West Gate (reblt. in 1380), through which travelers from hondon and the west entered the city, is the only survivor of the 7 city-gates, which, with the walls of the ancient town, were almost intact at the beginning of the 19th cent. A short distance outside the gate, on the rt., is a brick archway, which was the entrance to Roper House, the home of St. Thomas More's favorite dau., Margaret Roper. The Roper vault in St. Dunstan*s Church, across the rd. on the 1., is believed to contain the head of More (1478-1535), which was given to his dau. after 14 days1 exposure on 253 London Bridge* Some of the persons associated with the priory of St. Augustine were Benedict Biscop (6287-90), abbot in 669-71; his successor, Hadrian, a teacher who came to England with Theodore in 668; Reginald of Canterbury (fl. 1112), Latin poet, a monk; and William Thorne (fl. 1397), a monk, who wrote an important history of the abbots of St, A.’s from its foundation to 1397. Associated with Christ Church priory were Osbern (fl. 1090), monk and hagiographer, who was brought up here and became sub-prior and precentor under Lanfranc; Eadmer (d. 11247), monk, friend and biog rapher of Abp. Anselm; St. Anselm, who was admitted a member of the house on a visit to England; Gervase of Canterbury (d. 1210?), monk and chronicler, who was present at the burial of Becket; Nigel Wireker (fl. 1190), monk and Latin poet, au. of the satire Speculum Stultorum, called Daun Burnel the Asse in the "Nonnes Preestes Tale”; Bene dict, later abbot of Peterborough (d. 1193), who became prior in 1175 and left MSS. relating to Becket; Sir John Fortescue (13947-1476?) and his wife, admitted to the fraternity of the convent of Christ Ch. in 1447; and William Tilly of Selling (d. 1494), monk, who became prior in Sept. 1472 after a period at Oxford and is said to have had Linacre as a pupil here. Among the abps. were St. Augustine (d. 604); Theodore (6027-90), a native of Tarsus, who came 254 to C. in 668; Tatwin (d. 734), abp. from 731 (these 3 bur. at St. Augustine's); St. Duns tan (924-88), abp. from c. 960; Lanfranc (1005?-89), abp. from 1070; St. Anselm (1033-1109), abp. from 1093; Theobald (d. 1161), abp. from 1139; Baldwin (d. 1190), abp. from 1184; Thomas Bradwardine (12907-1349), who d. at Lambeth of the plague a few mos. after he was consecrated abp.; Thomas,Cranmer (1489-1556), abp. from 1533; Matthew Parker (1504-75), abp. from 1559; John Whit- gift (15307-1604), abp. from 1583, who with his private fortune restored much of the earlier feudal magnificence of the primacy; William Laud (1573-1645), abp. from 1633; and John Tillotson (1630-94), prebendary and dean of the cathe dral, and abp. from 1691. A description of the cathedral and an account of its many historical associations cannot be attempted here. One event, however, is of more than historical interest. Enacted within the precincts of the cathedral, the murder of Abp. Thomas Becket on 29 Dec. 1170 became, a favorite theme of art. It inspired miniatures and wall-paintings (as at Pickering, Yorks), and in modern times 3 dramas, George Darley's Thomas J t Becket (1840), Tennyson's Becket (1884), and T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral (1935), the last - of which was 1st produced in the chapter house, the room from which Becket went to his death in the cathedral a few feet away. The NW. transept, in which he is supposed to have struggled with his assailants and fallen, is now called the Martyrdom, The original tomb of the abp, was in the crypt (here Henry II was scourged as a barefoot penitent in 1174), but the famous shrine, visited for 3 centuries, until it was plundered on Henry VIII's orders in 1538, stood from 1220 In the Trinity Chapel, bit, in honor of St. Thomas at the E. end of the cathedral, behind the high altar. Of the shrine nothing now remains, except the stones around It worn by the feet of pilgrims. In the 14th cent, the tomb of the Black Prince (d. 1376) was placed on the S. side of the chapel, and in 1413, on the N. side, the tomb of Henry IV, the only king bur. in the cathedral. The shrine of St. Thomas was adorned with gold and jewels of tremendous value. Erasmus, who visited C. in 1513, only 25 yrs. before Its destruction, and described the scene at the uncovering of the shrine for pilgrims, says that gold was the least valuable portion and that some of the jewels exceeded the size of a goose's egg. Enormous gifts of money we^e made to the cathedral by the pilgrims, and much was spent upon Its rebldg. and adornment. The amount realized by Henry from the dismantling of this one church and priory is thought to have been not less than 3 million pounds of present money. The work that has given greatest literary fame to Canterbury has no scenes within the city itself. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales tells of a typical pilgrimage wthe holy 256 blisful martir for to soke," but th© nearest point named is the little town called "Bobbe-up-and-doun, under the Blee," usually taken to mean Harbledown, 1 m. W. of C. The street by which the pilgrims would have approached the cathedral is Mercery Lane, where they could buy leaden "ampulles" of water from Becket*s Well in the crypt of the cathedral, leaden medallions of St. Thomas, and other memorials. Several such medallions and the mould from which others were cast are preserved today in the British Museum, London. The entrance gateway is later than Chaucer1s time, as it was finished in 1517. John of Salisbury (d. 1180), who was with the abp. when the murderers appeared and went into the cathedral with him, wrote a life of his master.— Herbert of Bosham (fl. 1162- 86), who had been fcith the abp. until sent on an errand to the French king 2 days before Becket*s death, also wrote a life of the abp.— Robert of Cricklade, chancellor of Oxford (1159) and prior of St. Frideswide’s, who made many pilgrim ages to C., where he heard tales of the miracles wrought at Becket*s tomb, wrote a Latin life of the abp., known only through frequent references in the Icelandic Thomas Saga.— A later connection with the cathedral is that of Bp. John Bale (1495-1563), who returned from the continent upon the accession of Elizabeth and accepted a prebend here. He d. at C.— Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-81), later dean of Westminster, a canon here in 1851-6, wrote Memorials of Canterbury. The King's School, installed here by Henry VIII as a grammar school, occupies the site of 7th cent, monastic bldgs. beside the oldest of the monastery gates, W. side of the Green Cotart. The beautiful Norman staircase (1151-67) originally led to the Great North Hall, where common way farers visiting the shrine lodged, bringing their own bedding and utensils. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93), William Harvey (1578-1657), Robert Boyle (1627-91), Edward, 1st Lord Thurlow (1731-1806), and Walter Pater (1839-94) were pupils here. School and cathedral precincts and other parts of C. were damaged in Nazi raids. An early chronicle was kept at C.— Giraldus Cambrensis {11467-1220?) was entertained here by the abp. when he re turned in 1180 from studying on the continent.--Thomas Linacre (14607-1524), was b. at C., according to Caius, and had his 1st educ. here, probably at the school of Christ Church priory.— Alexander Barclay (14757-1552) became a mem ber of the Franciscan order at C. Some of the 13th cent, bldgs. survive down by the r. Stour, and a house above them in Stour St. called Grey Friars was occupied by Richard Lovelace, who inherited the property in 1639.— Stephen Gosson (1554-1624) was b. at C. and baptised at St. George’s. Christopher Marlowe, the son of a shoemaker, was b. in a 258 house still standing (with a modern front) in St. George's St., and was baptised in the church, on the opp. side of the st. A memorial stands in the pleasure-grounds of the Dane John.— At St. Mildred's Izaak Walton (1595-1683) mar. his 1st wife, Rachel Floud.--A recent biographer says that Wood was mistaken in saying that Davenant was arrested at C. when he was attempting flight in 1641 and that the arrest was made at Fawersham.— Daniel Defoe (1661?-1731) publ. in 1706 A True Relation of the Apparition of one Mrs. Veal, the next Day after her Death, to one Mrs. Bargrave at Canter bury, the 8th of September 1705, which is the actual story told by a real Mrs. Bargrave of C.— Jane Austen (1775-1817) occasionally visited Mrs. Thomas Knight, who, after her husband’s death in 1794, came from Godmersham (q.v.) to live here in a house called White Friars.— R. H. Barham (1788- 1845) was b. at C.— Sir William Francis Patrick Napier (1785- 1860) as a youth joined a military troop stationed here.— Robert Bloomfield (1766-1823) visited C. on a short tour in 1814.--Hoping that at C. the remembrance of Chaucer would set him forward like a billiard ball in his work on the 1st book of Endymion, John Keats (1795-1821) came from Margate with his bro. Tom and spent the latter part of May 1817 here.— William Morris (1834-96), who as a child of 8 visited C. with his father, was deeply impressed by the beauty of the Gothic architecture of the cathedral.--William Harrison 259 Ainsworth (1805-82) visited C. on the way to the continent in the summer of 1826 and described it as "an antique and respectable town on a par with Chester, which it somewhat resembles." An old fellow-pupil, Plummer, took his party through the cathedral. In Sept. 1844 he attended a week’s meeting of the British Archaeological Society here and wrote of it for his magazine. Among others present were Lord Albert Conyngham, pres., Barham, Pettigrew, Thomas Wright, and Crofton Croker. The meeting included visits to Dover, Barfreston, and Barham Downs (q.v.).--On his way to the continent in July 1848, Thackeray stopped at C. to visit his bro.-in-law, Arthur Shawe, whose regiment was quartered here.— Much of the action of David Copperfield takes place at C., which Dickens seems to have known very well, but there is no record of a visit before the book was wr. in 1849. An old house at 71, St. Dunstan’s St. has the characteristics of Mr. Wickfield’s house, although Dickens said that there were "several that would do" for the original. The King’s School is supposed to have suggest ed. Dr. Strong's school, which was'nr. the cathedral, and the house at 1, Lady Wooton’s Green is said to stand for Dr. Strong’s house. A house (now demolished) in North Lane, not far from St. Dunstan’s St., is thought to have been Uriah Heap’s house. The little Sun Inn, nr. the cathedral, has been Identified as the Inn where the MicawnheKns stayed. The Identity of ’ ’the county inn” at which Mr. Dick put up on his fortnightly visits to David is uncertain. The Royal Fountain Hotel in St. Margaret’s St. is said to be the original, since it was referred to as the county inn in coaching days; Tyrrell, however, says that the County Inn (extant) is meant and offers the evidence that the word is written with a capital In Dickens’s MS., although it was printed with a small letter. Another suggestion is the Fleur de Lys. The Fountain is a famous old inn. The ambassa dor of the Emperor of Germany stayed here (in an earlier bldg.) in Sept. 1299, when he was In C. for the marriage of Edward I, and considered it the finest inn In Europe. Dickens stayed here when he read at the theatre in C. in Nov. 1861; and when he brought American visitors to C. in June 1869, driving in carriages with 4 horses and with postilions in red coats and topboots, the carriages and horses were put up at the Fountain, and the party had tea here before returning to Gad’s Hill.— The funeral service for Sir Alfred Comyn (1835-1911) was held in the cathedral, and he was bur. at Harbledown. Canvey Island, Essex.— Urb. dist. and par. (7000), encircled by r. Thames, S. Essex, 4^- m. SW. of Rayleigh, 6 W. of Southend. The final scenes of the chase and capture of Magwitchh in Great Expectations took place here at the Lobster Smack Inn (called the "Ship”), according to 261 Colonel Gadd. Capel House, Kent.— House, with 60 ac. of woodland, at Orle** stone, in E. Kent, 5m. S. of Ashford, occupied by Joseph Conrad and his family from June 1910 to 1919. Among fre quent week-end visitors were Edward Garnett, Richard Curie, and Hugh Walpole. Lord Northcliffe often arrived for lunch with baskets of fruit. (Photograph in Jessie Conrad's Joseph Conrad and His Circle.] Capheaton, Northumberland.— Par. and vil. (171), S. of co., 11 m. SW. of Morpeth. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837- 1909) paid many long visits in his boyhood to his paternal grandfather, Sir John Edward Swinburne, bart. (d. 1860), at C. Hall. Prom 1857 to 1860, when visiting here, he was a member of the literary circle of Lady Trevelyan and Miss Capel Lofft at Wallington, 2| m. N. of C. Hall. When he left Oxford without a degree in Nov. 1859, he came to C. Cardington, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (377), 3 m. SE. of Bedford. George Gascoigne (1525?-77) was the eldest son of Sir John Gascoigne, of C. House.— John Howard (1726-90), philanthropist and prison reformer, spent his childhood at his father's house at C. When he returned to C. in later life, he reblt. every cottage on his estate and encouraged cottage weaving. Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.--Par. and vil. (4767), 1 m. SW. of Newport, beside ancient C. Castle. Endymion was probably started while Keats was lodging in April 1817 at a Mrs. Cooke's, New Village, C., in a room from which he could see the castle. He had settled here with the plan of writ ing it, but after about a week loneliness drove him to Margate, where he was joined by Tom. * Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.--On a hill % m. from the vil. of C., and 1^- m. SW. of Newport. Founded in early Norman times on the site of a Roman fort, C. Castle was always an important fortress and has much of interest. From the top of the Norman keep a superb view is obtained. Keats, staying at C., wrote: "I have not seen many specimens of Ruins— I don1t think however I shall ever see one to surpass Carisbrooke Castle.”--Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton (1573-1624), was appointed captain of the I. 0. W. and C. Castle after his release from imprison ment in the Tower for his part in Essex's rebellion. — Charles I was confined here (1647-48). On the king's birthday, 19 Nov. 1648, James TJssher (1581-1656), abp. of Armagh, preached a sermon here before Charles, urging the doctrine of divine right. Carlisle, Cumberland.— City, pari, and mun. bor., par., and co. town (60,220), on r. Eden, 60 m. W. of Newcastle. It has been the see of a bp. since 1133. The bor. returns 1 member to Parliament. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. It is an ancient town but modern in 263 aspect and is important as a ry. center. The cathedral, which was also the church of an Augustinian monastery, is small but has some interesting features. The late-Dec. E. window is especially fine. Below it is a monument to Arch deacon Paley (1743-1305), au. of Evidences of Christianity, who is bur. in the N. aisle. The castle, now used as barracks, has a massive Norman keep. Kinmont Willie (William Armstrong), hero of the ballad of that name in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, was rescued from the dungeon by the ”bold Buccleuch” in 1596. As "merrie Car- lisle** the town appears in many Border ballads. Ainsworth1 s The Manchester Rebels tells of the siege of C., garrisoned by the Manchester Regiment, and the surrender to the Young Pretender in the rebellion of 1745. When it was retaken a few weeks later, Scottish prisoners were confined in the castle keep, one of whom was Fergus Maclvor, in Scott's Waverley. About 1104 Godric (1065?-1170), hermit of Finchale (q.v.), settled at C., where he seems to have had kinsmen.— Richard Mulcaster (1530?-1611) has been considered a native of G., but see Brackenhill Castle.— Edwin Sandys (1516?-88), later abp. of York, received a prebend at C. in 1552.— In 1600 William Camden and Robert Cotton traveled as far N, as C. to survey the northern counties.— James Ussher (1581-1656), abp. of Armagh, was granted the bishopric of C. by Charles I In 1642, because of the destruction of his Irish property in the rebellion of 1641.— Hugh Todd (1658?-1728) became a prebend of C. In 1685. He left in MS. ”An Account of the City and Diocese of Carlisle” (1689), which has been publ. by the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeo logical Society.--William Gilpin (1724-1804) went to* school here.— Thomas Percy (1729-1811), later bp. of Dromore, be came dean of C. in 1778.--Bernard Barton (1784-1849) was b. here of Quaker parents.— Charles Lloyd (1775-1839) publ. a vol. of poems here in 1795.--Scott and Miss Charpentier were mar. in the cathedral In 1797. Prior to the marriage Miss C. stayed in a house in the NW. corner of the mkt.- place.— Keats and Charles Armitage Brown reached C. in June 1818 after walking 114 m. from Lancaster in 6 days, and took coach from here the next day for Dumfries.--Samuel Hinds (1793-1872) became dean of C. in Sept. 1848. Dickens and Wilkie Collins set out from C. on 7 Sept. 1857 for a tour of Cumberland whicn furnished material for The Lazy.Tour. _of. Two Idle Apprentices, . and r eturned 11 Sept., having climbed Carrock Fell (q.v.), where Collins sprained his ankle. They stayed at ”a capital inn,” next to the sta., the County Hotel, managed by Benjamin Bodmin Breach. Dickens gave 2 readings in C., in Dec. 1861, at the Athenaeum Hall in Lowther St., later the Gretna Tavern. --Richard Watson Dixon (1833-1900) was 2nd master at C. 265 high school in 1863-68 and minor canon and honorary librar ian of the cathedral, 1868-75* In 1874 he was made an honorary canon. Carlton, Cambridgeshire.— Vil., in par. of C. cum Willingham (254), SE. Cambs, 7 m. S. of Newmarket. Sir Thomas Elyot (1490?-1546) bought the manor of C. from Cromwell in 1540 and lived here until his death. He was bur. in C. church, but his monument was later destroyed. Carrock Fell, Cumberland.— Mt. peak (2174 ft.), Skiddaw group, W. of co., 4 ra. SE. of Caldbeck, 12 S. of Carlisle. Having noted C. Pell in the Beauties of England and Wales, Dickens determined to climb it and set out with Wilkie Collins in Sept. 1857. Accompanied by Mr. Porter, landlord of the inn at Hesket Newmarket, who later confessed that he hadn’t been on C. Pell for 20 yrs., they climbed In a pouring rain, lost their way, and tried to descend by following the watercourse, with the result of a badly sprained ankle for Collins. The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Ap prentices, which Dickens and Collins wrote together, nar rates their adventures. Carswell House, Berkshire.—-Seat, N. Berks, 1 m. W. of Buck- land, 3 NE. of Paringdon. George Sandys (1578-1644) often stayed at C., the residence of Sir Francis Wenman, his niece’s husband. Cassington, Oxfordshire.--Par. and vil. (293), 5m. NW. of 266 Oxford. Richard Corbet (1582-1635) was for some yrs. vicar here.— Jasper Mayne (1604-72), of Christ Church, Oxford, held the college living of C. from 1639 until he was ejected by Pari, in 1648. He was restored to it in 1660. - sCasterbridge (Hardy)--See Dorchester, Dorset. - SC as tie Bo terel (Hardy)— See Boscastle, Cornwall. Gastie Cornet, Guernsey.— Port, on rocky islet, St. Peter Port Harbour, Guernsey. Begun in the 13th cent, but much altered. The residence of the governor until 1672. Sir Peter Osborne (1584-1653), father of Dorothy, Lady Temple, was the Royalist defender of the fort. Castle Dotti^yjaton, Leicestershire.--Par. and town (2736), N. of co., 11 m. SW. of Nottingham, i t village in Wordsworth’s time. W. wrote his poem Gipsies (1807) after seeing gipsies here on his way to and from Derby when he was staying at Coleorton (q.v.). Castle Howard, Yorkshire.— Seat of the Earl of Carlisle, N.R. Yorks, 4|f m. SW. of Maiton, 14 NE. of York. This man sion, one of the finest examples of the Corinthian renais sance in England, bit. for the Earl of Carlisle, seems to be the 1st known architectural work of Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726), dramatist and architect. Bit. upon the site of the old castle of Hinderskelf, it was begun in 1701, and the main bldg. was completed in 1714.— Sydney Smith (1771- 1845), rector (1808-28) of Poston (q.v.), 4m. from C. H., 267 was very intimate with the 5th and 6th Earls of Carlisle. Castie Rising, Norfolk.— Par., vil. (236), and seat, N5V. Norfolk, 4 m. NE. of King’s Lynn. An interesting vil. with < a massive Norman castle (c. 1175), surrounded by earthworks which may be partly British and partly Roman, and a Jacobean Bede House, whose Inmates wear their original costume of scarlet cloaks and witch-hats on Sundays and holidays. Be fore the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parlia ment. Among its representatives were Sir Henry Spelman (15647-1641), in Sept. 1597; Sir Robert Cotton (1571-1631), in Charles I’s 3rd Pari., March 1628; and Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), in Nov. 1673. Castle Rushen— See Cas tietown, Isle of Man. Castletown, Isle of Man.--Spt. and coastguard sta. (1898), in S. of Isl., on Castletown Bay and on Silver Burn, 9 m. SW. of Douglas. Was once the capital of the island. Castle Rushen Is said to have been founded by Godred the Dane in 947, and the bldg. is probably 13th cent. It has been used as the island gaol and as the seat of the legislature. King William’s College (founded 1643), on the E. side of the town, is the chief school on the isl. Thomas Wilson (1663-1755), bp. of Sodor and Man, encouraged the building of new churches on the I.O.M. The C. Chapel (1698) was the 1st. In 1706 he estab. a public library here. As a result of the damp ness of Castle Rushen, where the bp. and his vicars-general 268 were imprisoned for 2 mos. in the summer of 1722 In a con flict with the governor of the isl., Wilson’s right hand was permanently crippled.— Dean Frederic William Farrar (1831-1903). and Thomas Edward Brown (1830-97), the Manx poet, were educated at King William’s College. • S frCastlewood (Henry Esmond)— See Clevedon Court, Somerset. Catchfrench, Cornwall.— Seat, 4^- m. SE. of Liskeard, 3 WNW. of St. Germans. C. was the seat of John Glanvill (1664?- 1735), who d. here, a bachelor and very wealthy. Catfield, Norfolk.— Par. and vil. (485), E. Norfolk, bet. HIckling and Barton Broads, 12^- m. NW. of Yarmouth. Con tains C. Hall. The par. of the Rev. Roger Donne, uncle of William Cowper, who visited it often In his youth. Two of the poems wr. to ’ ’ Delia," his cousin Theodora Cowper, were wr. here, one dated July 1752. Catherine Hill— See Winchester, Hampshire. Catshill, or Chadshill, Worcestershire.--Eccl. dist. and vil. (2924), NE. Worcs, 1 - f - m. N. and in par. of Bromsgrove, 11 SW. of Birmingham. The maternal grandfather of A. E. and Laurence Housman was the Is t incumbent when the parochial dist. of C., which includes Fockbury, was formed and the church bit. in 1838. The chestnut trees planted at Perry Hall when each Housman child was b. were transplanted to the chyd. here when the family moved to Fockbury. Alfred’s, nearest to the family graves In the SW. corner, has sprouted 269 again after being cut down to a stump. The Housman children were baptised in this church. Here, in his Oxford days, A.E.H. occasionally read the lessons when his father was absent. Cattawade, Suffolk.— Ham., E. Suffolk, 1 m. SW. of Brantham, 8 - § - m. SW. of Ipswich. After service at the court as a musician to Lord Paget, Thomas Tusser (1524?-80) mar. and settled down (c. 1553) as a farmer at C., where he intro duced the culture of barley into England and wrote his Hundreth good pointes of husbandrle (publ. 1557). Catterick, Yorkshire.--Par. and vil. (564), N.R. Yorks, on r. Swale, 5m. SE. of Richmond. On the site of the Roman Cataractonium, with some remains. Richard Brathwaite (1588?- 1673) was lord of the manor of C. and lived here in his later life. He is bur. on the N. side of the chancel of the par. church. Catthorge, Leicestershire.--Par. and vil. (130), S. Leics, on border of co. and on r. Avon, 4^- m. S. of Lutterworth, 3^ NE. of Rugby, 13^ E. of Coventry. Contains C. Towers. John Dyer (1700?-58) was vicar of C. in 1741-51. Cavershmn, Oxfordshire.— Now a sub. of Reading, Berks, on the N. (Gxon) bank of the Thames, containing the seats of C. Park and C. Grove; earlier a village beside extensive C. Park. Edwin Sandys (1516?-88), later abp. of York, was vicar of C. in 1548. Caverswall, Staffordshire,— Par. and vil. (5390), N. Staffs, 2 m. IS. of Dongton, 5 SE. of Stoke-on-Trent. Contains C. Castle, bit. in 1643 by Matthew Cradock, 1st governor of the Massachusetts Company. Birthplace of Robert Williams Buchanan (1841-1901), poet and novelist, whose father was at that time an itinerant lecturer in support of Robert Owen’s socialist scheme. Cerne Abbas, Dorset.— Par. and mkt.-vil. (511), mid. Dorset, at the head of the valley of r. Cerne, 7 m. N. of Dorchester, 10 S.of Sherborne. It is closely hemmed in by the downs. Cut in the chalk of a hillside to the NE. is the Cerne Giant (N.T.), a figure 180 ft. long. The decline in importance of the vil., which began with the destruction of its abbey, has increased since 1800, and its relative importance is now much less than that of its neighbors. ^Photograph in Paking- ton, English Villages and Hamlets.] When the abbey was founded (987) by Aethelmaer, ealdorman of Devonshire, on the site of a hermitage set up by Aedwold, bro. of Edward the Martyr, Aelfric was brought from Winchester as its 1st abbot.--In 1471, on hearing of the disastrous battle of Barnet, Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, and Prince Edward came here from Weymouth where they had landed from Prance.—*In March 1594 a special commission was directed to pursue here the investigation into the alleged heresies of Raleigh (who lived at Sherborne) and others.— : Willobie his 271 Avisa (1594) is concerned with an innkeeper's wife in the country about C. Abbas.— The abbey house, bit. by Abbot Vanne (1470), was at one time the residence of Denzil, Lord Holies (1599-1680).--C. is the ’ ’ Abbot's Cernel” of Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and other stories. Chagford, Devon.— Par. and mkt.-town (1715), S. Devon, nr. r. Teign, 3 m. WNW. of Moreton Hampstead, 14 WSW. of Exeter. C. House is a seat. C., on the NE. edge of Dartmoor, is one of the four old Stannary towns of Devon. Sidney Godolphin (1610-43), with the Royalist forces, was shot and killed in a skirmish at G., a vil. which Clarendon says would other wise have remained unknown. Ghilfont St. Chiles,* Buckinghamshire.--Par. and vil. (2074), S. Bucks, 3 m. SE. of Amersham, 2 NNW. of C. St. Peter, 22 WNW. of St. Paul's, London. Milton lived here in 1665-6 while the plague was raging in London, in a cottage hired for him in June by Thomas Ellwood. Here, having read Para dise Lost in. MS.,Ellwood asked him what he had to say of ’ ’ Paradise Pound,” and Milton began Paradise Regained. The house, with a few relics of Milton, is shown to visitors. Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (4183), S., Bucks, 5 m. SE. of Amersham, 2 SSE. of G. St. Giles, 21 WNW. of St. Paul's, London. The interest of Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714) in the religion of the Quakers was aroused when he visited Isaac Pennington at the Grange (E. of vil.) 272 and attended a meeting at a neighboring farmhouse (Jordan’s Farm), late in 1659. He became tutor to the Pennington children here. Cttu|lk, Kent.— Par. and vil. (517), N. Kent, on r. Thames, r j § - m* SE. of Gravesend. The vil. is now bypassed by the main Gravesend-RoChester rd. Charles Dickens (1812-70) spent his honeymoon here in 1856 in a cottage on the N. side of the rd., now marked with 2 tablets. (Photograph in Dexter, Mr. Pickwick1s Pilgrimages.] Some early chapters of Pickwick were wr. here. His later home, Gad’s Hill (q.v.), is 2^ m. SE. The forge at C. is "the undoubted original” (Gadd) of Joe Gargery’s forge, where Pip lived with his mar. sister, in Great Expectations, although its location is changed to the marsh country. O. Mullender, the black smith at C., was well known to Dickens. Newton (Hardy)— See Maiden Newton, Dorset. Chapel Stile, Westmorland.--Ham., t s NW. of Elterwater (vil., 3 m. W. of Ambleside), in Great Langdale valley. Owen Lloyd (1803-41), incumbent of the chapel for 12 yrs., is bur. in the chyd. beneath a yew tree that he had planted, with an epitaph by Wordsworth on the gravestone (Epitaph in the Chapel-yard of Langdale). Ch|u?horough, Dorset.— Ham. (54), E. of co., 6 m. W. of Wim- borne Minster. C. House, in an extensive park, was reblt. in 1720. In a bldg. in the park "the bloodless revolution" 273 of 1688 is said to have been 1st planned in 1686. On a wooded hill is a tower, bit. in 1790 and reblt. in 1839 after it had been destroyed by lightning. C. is in general the "Welland House" of Hardy's Two on a Tower, and the conspicuous tower in the park is the "Rings Hill Speer" of Swithin St. Cleeve's study of the stars, although features of other places have entered into both. Charlcombe, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (149), NE. of co., 1^- m. N. of Bath. Henry Fielding (1707-54) was mar. here in Nov. 1734, in the Church of St. Mary, to Charlotte Cradock of Salisbury, his 1st wife, the original of Sophia Western in Tom Jones and probably of Amelia Booth in Amelia.— Sarah Fielding (1710-68), novelist and sister of Henry, was bur. in the chancel of St. Mary’s. Charlecote, Warwickshire.— Par. and vil. (199), S. of co., on r. Avon, 4 m. ENE. of Stratford-on-Avon. C. Park, W. of the vil., was in Shakespeare’s time the seat of Sir Thomas Lucy and the scene of the unauthenticated tale of the poet’s deer poaching. The park is one of the finest in the co., with an elaborate gatehouse and a red brick Elizabethan mansion (now modernized) beside the Avon. (Photograph in Russell, Shakespeare’s Country.J Interest in the story drew both Sir Walter Scott and Washington Irving to C.— John Foxe (1516-87), upon resigning his fellowship at Magdalen Coll., Oxford, found temporary employment here as 274 tutor in the Lucy household and was mar. in C. church to Agne3 Randall, of Coventry.— When the British Archaeological Society visited the house in July 1847, William Harrison Ainsworth was in the group. Charles, Devon.--Par. and vil. (206), N. Devon, on r. Bray, 6 m. NW. of South Molton, 9 E. of Barnstaple. R. D. Black- more (1825-1900) spent his boyhood in the rectory of C., a few miles SW. of Exmoor Forest. Charlton, Wiltshire.— Par* and vil. (423), N. Wilts, 2 m. NE. of Malmesbury, 20 NE. of Bath. Contains C. Park, seat of the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, whom Dryden often visited. Having come with his family in the summer of 1665 to escape the plague, he wrote here Annus Mirabilis (publ. Feb. 1667), and here, during this stay, his eldest son was born.— Samuel Rogers and his sister and William Lisle Bowles and his wife visited Lord Suffolk together here, when the Rogerses were staying at Bowood (q.v.). Charmouth, Dorset.— Par., vil., and watering-pl. (668), SW. Dorset, at mouth of r. Char, 2 m. NE. of Lyme Regis, 5 - § - SE. of Axminster. It is divided from Lyme by a steep hill. C. is associated with Charles II*s escape to France in 1651, and the inn (now a private residence) at which he stayed as Lord Iffilmot1s groom is marked by a tablet.— The walk to C. was a favorite of Jane Austen’s when she was staying at Lyme Regis. She writes of "its sweet retired bay backed by 275 dark cliff’ s, where fragments of low rock among the sands make it the happiest spot for watching the flow of the tide, for sitting in unwearied contemplation.1 1 Chartley Castle, Staffordshire.— Ruined castle, 6-^ m. HE. of Stafford, which was the seat of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, and the childhood home of Robert, 2nd Earl (1567-1601). •* Sir Philip Sidney probably 1st met Penelope Devereaux, a girl of 12 or 13, in July 1576 when he accompanied Queen Elizabeth and her court here after the festivities at Kenil worth. During the absence of Essex from England, Elizabeth had Mapy^Queen of Scots confined here from Jan. to Sept. 1586, while the correspondence in the Babington plot was carried in the casks of the brewer at Burton who furnished C. with ale. C. Hall replaces the moated mansion (13th cent.) in which she was confined. - : *Chasetown (Hardy)— See Cranborne, Dorset. Chatcull, Staffordshire.— PI. and seat, W. Staffs, 4^ m. NW. of Eccleshall, 10^- NW. of Stafford. George Henry Lewes (1817-78) in 1840 mar. Agnes, dau. of Swynfen Stevens Jervis of C., in whose family he is believed to have been a tutor. Chatham, Kent.— Mun. bor., par., and spt. (44,970), on rt. bank of r. Medway, 8m. N. of Maidstone, 33 ESE. of London by road. The bor. is continuous with Rochester on the W. In DickensTs The Seven Poor Travellers Richard Doubledick remarks, "If anybody present knows to a nicety where Rochester ends and Chatham, begins, it is more than I do." C. is one of the chief naval arsenals of Britain and was described by Defoe as the most considerable arsenal in the world. It has been used since the time of Henry VIII for naval purposes and by the time of Charles II had become the chief naval sta. Samuel Pepys (1633-1705) was often here inspecting ships and dockyards and stores, and recorded such visits and their circumstances in his Diary. The Royal Dock yard, founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, now covers an area of more than 500 acres and extends along the Medway for 3 m.— Nicholas Tindal (1687-1774) was appointed chaplain In ordinary at C. in 1732.--William Falconer (1732-69), poet, au. of The Shipwreck (1762), and purser of the Glory frigate, wrote the Demagogue in 1764 in the captain’s cabin, which was fitted up as a study for him while the Glory was laid up in ordinary here.--Much of the 1st literary education of William Cobbett (1762-1835), farmer’s son, was self-acquired while he was at C. depot after enlisting In a line regiment.— Thackeray’s 1st sight of his mother when she came home from India in his 9th yr. was at C., where he was taken to greet her the morning after the ship docked. Charles Dickens (1812-70) came to C. when he was 4 and lived here until 1823. He lived in 1817-21 at No. 11 (then No. 2), Ordnance Terrace (tablet) and in.1821-23 at No. 18, St. Mary's PI., The Brook, a street opening off Military Rd. His 1st school was nr. Ordnance Terrace, but the pleasant playing field of his memory was swallowed up by the sta. when the ry. came. He writes of this in Dullborough, in The Uncommercial Traveller. His next school was kept by William Giles, a young minister in charge of the Baptist chapel next door to the house in St. Mary’s PI., and he re mained here for a time when the family moved to London. The church and its chyd. are referred to in A Child’s Bream of a Star. There are scenes at Chatham in Pickwick Papers, in one of which, at Chatham Lines, the Pickwickians meet Mr. Wardle and his family, and in David Copperfield, where David sleeps on a grass-grown battery beside Port Pitt the 2nd night of his walk to Dover and where next day he sells his coat. The inn at which Charles Darnay in Tale of Two Cities was seen is probably the Mitre in the High St., which is described in The Holly Tree Inn. Dickens was often here in his childhood, for the family of the innkeeper, John Tribe, and the Dickens family were great friends. Dickens gave several readings in aid of the Mechanics’ Institute (bit. 1858), which stood opp. the Mitre. In the paper on ”Chatham Dockyard” in The Uncommercial Traveller Dickens gives an interesting sketch of himself as a boy here. A man and a boy that Dickens and Leech saw at C. ’ . were the originals of Gaffer Hexam and his son in Our Mutual Friend. [For further details of Chatham and Dickens, see Dexter, 278 The Kent of Dickens.] Chat Moss, Lancashire.— Peat-bog, in S. Lancs, 7 m. W. of Manchester, with an area of 12 sq. m. and a depth of 30 ft. in placesj now largely reclaimed. The ry. line was carried across it in 1829 by George Stephenson, who constructed a floating embankment of compressed turf. William Harrison Ainsworth gives a spirited description in Guy Fawkes (1841) of the flight of the fugitives over the vast and dangerous marsh. Chats worth House, Derbyshire.--Seat of the Duke of Devon shire, on r. Derwent, 2|r m. NE. of Bakewell, 12-§- SW. of Sheffield. The vast Palladian mansion in the extensive park is called the ’ ’ Palace of the Peak.” C. has been a seat of the Cavendish family since its purchase by Sir William Cavendish (d. 1557), 2nd husband of Bess of Hardwick. The house begun by him on the site of the old manor-house and completed by his widow was the one in which Mary Queen of Scots spent much of the time of her captivity, in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury, 4th husband of Bess. Queen Mary's Bower, rising from a moat nr. the Derwent, and the Stand, a hilltop tower from which in Elizabethan times the ladies watched the hunting, are the only relics of the 16th cent. C. A poem by Charles Cotton gives some idea of this earlier house. The present mansion, designed by William Talman, was bit. by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire (1640-1707), 279 bet. 1687 and 1706. The N. wing was bit. in 1820-40. The house is a veritable museum of art, collected through the centuries by the owners, and there are formal gardens. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) lived at C. for many years as private tutor and secretary of William Cavendish, afterwards the 2nd Earl of Devonshire, and later as tutor of his son, the 3rd Earl. He probably wrote much of The Heviathan here. Jasper Mayne (1604-72), ejected from his Christ Church living,at Pyrton, Oxon, in 1656, took refuge here, and he and Hobbes often engaged in religious disputation.— The figures in the niches of the bridge that crosses the Derwent nr. Queen Mary’s Bower were made by Theophilus Cibber, father of the poet laureate.--While he was staying with Dr. Taylor at Ashbourne in Sept. 1784, Samuel Johnson (1709-84) visited C. one day (the 1st time he had seen it when the owners were at home) and dined with the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire but refused an invitation to stay.— Riding Dora’s pony from Lancaster to Cambridge in Nov. 1830, Wordsworth turned aside to view C. The resulting sonnet emphasizes the contrast of the ’ ’ stately mansion” ”To house and home in many a craggy rent Of the wild Peak.” • ftChatteris (Pendennis)— See Exeter, Devon. Chav/ton, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (762), 1 m. S. of Alton, 15 m. NE. of Winchester. Contains C. House. From 1809 until her death Jane Austen (1775-1817) lived at C. with hep mother and her sister Cassandra in a cottage (tablet) provided rent Tree by her bro. Edward Knight, who had in herited the manor of C. from his cousin and adopted father and made C. House his occasional home. The large red-brick cottage (whitewashed or painted in the Austens* day) stands at the S. end of the vil., on the rt.-hand side of the way, where the Winchester rd. branches off from the Gosport rd. Originally bit. for an inn, it had been occupied by a steward and was now renovated and received additional plant ing for the Austens. Jane's letters tell of the pleasant garden and its fruits and flowers. C. House, an Elizabethan mansion, stands in a park across the Gosport rd., with its entrance gate a short distance S. of the cottage. The church much altered, is a few yards up the drive. [Drawing of the church In Austen-Leigh, Memoir of Jane Austen.] Persuasion, wr. at C., evidently pictures the relationship bet. cottage and mansion in the Intercourse between Mary Musgrove and her sisters-in-law. Mansfield Park and Emma were wr. here, and her earlier novels were publ* after she came here to live. [Sketches of C. Cottage and C. House In Hill, Jane Austenj Her Homes and Her Friends. J Cheadle, Staffordshire.--Mkt.-town and par. (6178), N. Staffs 13 m. NNE. of Stafford. It has a Rom. Cath. church (1846) by A. W. Pugin.--Dickens and Hablot K. Browne stayed one night here in Nov. 1838 on a trip into N. Wales.— John Henry Newman (1801-90) was here for a time at St, Wilfrid’s Coll., after his return from Rome in 1847, Cheam, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (7849), NE. Surrey, 3 m. NE. of Epsom, 11 SSW. of Waterloo sta., London. John Hacket (1592- 1670), later bp. of Coventry and Lichfield, received the living of C. in 1624, the same year that he received St. Andrew's, Holborn, and he spent the summers here in Surrey, In 1645 he was permitted to retain C. when the living of St. A.’s was sequestered.--Richard Clover (1712-85), poet, was educ. here.--William Gilpin (1724-1804) took a school here (c. 1748) and remained nearly 30 yrs., going In the long vacations on the sketching trips satirized by William Combe’s Dr. Syntax. Among his pupils, who averaged 80 in number, were Henry Addington (Lord Sidmouth), and the 1st Lord Redes- dale and his brother, Colonel William Mitford, the histor ian.— Sydney Smith (1771-1845) was mar. here in July 1800 to Catherine Amelia Pybus.--Edward Augustus Freeman (1823- 92), historian, attended a school here in 1837, kept by the Rev. W. Browne.— George Walter Thornbury (1828-76) was educ. here by the rector, Barton Bouchier, the husband of his father’s sister Mary. Checkendon, Oxfordshire.— Par., vil. (422), and seat, SE. Gxon, 7 m. W. of Henley-on-Thames, 8 NW. of Reading. Samuel Wilberforce (1805-73) took deacon’s orders in Dec. 1828 and was curate in charge of C. for c. 16 mos. 282 Cheddar, Somerset,--Par. and vil', (2007), N, of co., 1^ m. ESE. of Axbridge, 14-§- SW. of Bristol. The large vil. is at the foot of C. Gorge, a narrow pass, 2 m. long. A steep road ascends bet. perpendicular limestone cliffs in which there are some notable stalactite caves.--Hannah More and her sisters set up a school at C. in 1789 after a. visit that they made from Cowslip Green with Wilberforee, who was shocked by the general ignorance and lack of religious in struction.— William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) refers to C. Cliffs as in the neighborhood in his poem Banwell Hill.— Coleridge and Southey stayed one night at C. on a walking trip from Bath to Nether Stowey in Aug. 1794.— In May 1798 William and Dorothy Wordsworth and Coleridge made an expedi tion of several days to see the caves at G. and spent the 1st night at Bridgwater and the 2nd at Cross, a vil. 2 j = ? m. W. of the foot of C. Gorge.— Tennyson visited C. in Aug. 1854 and saw for the 1st time a stalactite cavern. Chelmsford, Essex.— Mun. bor., mkt.-town, par., and co. town (33,000), 21 m. SW. of Colchester, 28 NE. of St. Paul’s, London. An old town, much modernized. It became the see of a bp. in 1914. John Dee (1527-1608) had part of his education here.--Philemon Holland (1552-1637), translator, was b. here and educ. at the grammar school.— George Gascoigne (1525?-77) began his 1st poem in the spring of 1562, while riding from C. to London.— Nicholas Tindal (1687-1774) was master of the gr. school in 1731-32*--Joseph Strutt (1749-1802) was b, nr. C. (see Springfield, Essex) and was educ. at the gr. school.— When Dickens was sent by the Morning Chronicle on a journey into Essex and Suffolk alone in a gig in 1833 or 1834, C; was the end of his 1st stage. Later Mr. Pickwick followed the same route. The Black Boy at C., where the elder Weller picked up Job Trotter and Jingle, has been identified as the Crown or New Inn, a busy posting house at that time. Formerly the old town house of the de Veres, Earls of Oxford, whose princi pal seat, Castle Hedingham, is 19 m. NNE. of C., it became an inn in the 17th cent. It was replaced in 1857 by a modern public-house with the old signboard. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.— Pari. bor. (with Charlton Kings, 52,809), mun. bor., par., and watering-pl. (52,000), E. Glos, 7 - j g - m. NE. of Gloucester. The bor. returns 1 mem ber to Parliament. C. lies at the base of the Cotswold Hills, on the W. The discovery of mineral springs here in 1716 turned attention to the town, and after the visit of George III in 1788 it rapidly became a fashionable inland resort. It was developed largely by Lord Sherborne, with John Papworth as architect, and the town has fine Regency terraces and a shaded Promenade leading S. from the High St. (Cruikshank drawing (1825) in Chancellor, Life in Regency and Early Victorian Times; photograph in Rouse, The 284 Old Towns of England. ] In the past cent. It has become an educational center, with Cheltenham Coll. (founded 1843), a leading public school, and C. Ladies' Coll. The grammar school (founded by Richard Fate in 1586) is in a modern bldg. in the High St. Early in his stage experience John Philip Kemble (1757- 1823) gave a lecture here on eloquence, and in 1774 Mrs. Sarah Kemble Siddons (1755-1831) and her husband played here, the actress by her art conquering an aristocratic party that had come to sneer.— Lord Byron (1788-1824) visited C. in slimmer 1812, where he saw the Oxfords and met the Italian opera singer whom he mentions in his letters.— Robert Stephen Hawker (1803-75) came to C. gr. sch* for his later education.— Birthplace of James Payn (1830-98), novelist.--Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832), whose health had suffered from the climate of India, paid several visits to the spa.--John Davison (1777-1834), theological writer, visiting C. for his health, d. here.— William Harrison Ains worth (1805-82) and his bride visited C. in Nov, 1826 on their honeymoon, en route from Chepstow to Malvern, and Ainsworth visited it again in 1844.— William Edward Hart- pole Lecky (1838-1903), sent to school here in 1852, en dured the uncongenial life for 3 yrs.— C. or the surrounding dist. was the home of Sydney Thompson Dobell (1824-74), poet and critic, for most of his life after his father, a wine 285 merchant, moved here in 1836. Humorous lines on Cheltenham Coll. refer to his lack of any connection with school or university, his education having been directed by tutors. An invitation to Charlotte BrontS in March 1851 to visit his home, so that he could talk over Wuthering Heights (which he had been the 1st to appreciate) and hear about its wonderful author, could not be accepted. Alfred Tennyson (1809-92), accompanied by his mother and sisters, spent much of 1844 and 1845 at Bellevue House, St. James's Sq. He tried hydropathy at C., under Dr. Jephson, after the breakdown in health caused by the fail ure of the wood-carving business in which he had invested most of his money. He writes of it as Ma handsome town of thirty-five thousand inhabitants” in "one of the prettiest countries in Great Britain,° much of which he explored on foot with Alan Ker.—-William Charles Macready (1793-1873), the actor, spent his last yrs. (from the end of 1859) in retirement at C., at No. 6, Wellington Sq. Dickens gave a number of readings here and always went to see him. He gave 2 readings in Oct. 1859 (before Macready's residence at C.) at the Music Hall, Royal Old Wells, and readings in the Assembly Rooms (since demolished) in Jan. 1862, March 1866, April 1867, and Jan. 1869. His last reading here was the Sikes and Nancy scene from Oliver Twist, especially for Macready. C. is only briefly mentioned in 2 novels, 286 Nicholas Nickleby and Little Dorrit. Chefvey, Somerset.--Eccl. par. and ham. (46), 1 m. N. of Brockley, 8^ SW. of Bristol. One of Hannah More's antagon ists in the Blagdon controversy was the rector of C., the Rev. William Shaw, who wrote an abusive pamphlet about her in 1802, under the pseudonym of the Rev. Archibald Macsar- casm. *€hene Manor (Hardy)— See Canford Manor, Dorset. Chepstow, Monmouthshire.--Urb. dist., par., mkt.-town, and river port (4130), on r. Wye, 12 m. S. of Monmouth, 15 ENE. of Newport. The ruined castle (11th cent., extensively reblt. in the 14th) is strikingly situated on a rocky cliff washed by the Wye. Henry Marten (1602-80), the regicide, was imprisoned in the drum tower of C. Castle for 20 yrs. In an early poem (publ. 1865) William James Linton (1812- 98) wrote of his own political aspirations in a meditation which he assigned to Marten.— Jeremy Taylor (1613-67) was a prisoner at C. Castle during the Civil War.— William and Dorothy Wordsworth visited C. and returned by boat to Tin- tern Abbey on their walking trip along the Wye in summer 1798.--William Harrison Ainsworth and his bride visited C. in Nov. 1826 during their honeymoon, having come by water from Clifton. Cherbury, or Chirbury, Shropshire.— Far. and vil. (1102), on SW. border of co., 3 m. NE. of Montgomery, 18 SW. of 287 Shrewsbury. Edward Herbert (1583-1648) took the name Lord of Cherbury from an estate of his here when he was created baron in 1629. ^^riton, Kent.— Vil., E. Kent, 2 m. WNW. of Folkestone, 7 SW. of Dover. Odo of Cheriton (d. 1247), fabulist and preacher, had the custody of the church here. Legal records contain references to a Magister G! do at C., and the author is always called magister, except in 1 Harleian MS.— James Brome (d. 1719), au. of 2 books of travel, held the rectory here from June 1676. Cherry Green (Lamb)--See Westmill, Herts. Chertsjyr, Surrey.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (22,500), N. of co., on r. Thames, 3-i m. S. of Staines, 18 SW. of Waterloo sta., London. C. grew up around the Benedictine Chertsey Abbey, until the Dissolution one of the greatest religious houses in Britain, founded in the 7th cent., destroyed by the Danes in the 9th, and reblt. several times. Only the most scanty ruins remain.--Richard de Bury (1281- 1345) was consecrated bp. of Durham here in 1333 in the presence of King Edward III and Queen Philippa, the king of the Scots, and all the magnates S. of the Trent.— Henry VI, murdered in the Tower, was bur. in C. Abbey, the body being conveyed there by water, according to the chronicles. In Shakespeare’s Richard III Anne, in a London St., directs the bearers: ’ ’ Toward Chertsey with your holy load.”-- 288 Abraham Cowley (1618-67) removed from Barn Elms to the "Porch House" at C. In April 1665 and spent the last 2 yrs. of his life "stretched at ease in Chertsey's silent bowers." The house, renamed "Cowley House," stands on the W. side of Guildford St., S. of the main st., nr. the sta. The porch was removed in 1786 by Alderman Clarke, the occupant.--St. Ann's Hill, seat, on the hill of that name (220 ft.), 1 m. NW. of C., was the home of Charles James Fox (1749-1806), whose love of his country life here is told by Samuel Rogers in Table Talk.— Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) lived with his widowed mother and her father at C. and was educ. at a school kept by Mr. Wicks at Englefield Green, 4 - § - m. NW. of C., on the SE. edge of Windsor Great Park.— Albert Richard Smith (1816-60), b. at C., dramatized a legend of the famous curfew bell (still rung in winter) In Blanche Heriot: a Legend of the Chertsey Church, in which the heroine climbed the tower and held the clapper of the bell to prevent the signal for the death of her lover at the hands of the York ists on C. Mead. Clifford Harrison tells the same story in a poem The Legend of Chertsey. [See Parker, Highways and Byways in Surrey.]--The home of the Maylies, where the robbery took place in Oliver Twist, was at C. Although there is no evidence that Dickens ever visited it, Pyrcroft House, an 18th cent, red-brick house standing in a lane at the end of Pyrcroft St. and reached through Guildford St., 289 which turns off to the left of the town as in the story, is generally considered to be the scene of the robbery. The pantry window through which Oliver Twist was supposed to have been pushed has been lent to Dickens House, Doughty St., London. Cherwell, The.— R., Northants and Oxon, which flows into r. Thames in the vicinity of Oxford. Is often called the , ! Char.” William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850), in a sonnet, re calls wandering along the stream at many hours of the day. Cherwell Edge, Oxford (J. A. Froude)— See Oxford, Oxon. Cheselbourne, Dorset.— Par. and vil. (179), 8 m. NE. of Dorchester. Home of Dick Swiveller's aunt, Rebecca Swiveller, spinster, whose bequest of an annuity of £ 150 enabled Dick to marry the Marchioness and live in comfort in a cottage in Hampstead (Old Curiosity Shop)» Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.— Urb. dist. and par. (18,000), 6% m. SSE. of Hertford, 14 NNE. of St. Paul’s, London. C. Park is a seat. C. Great House, on the Cuffley rd. (much modernized; owned by the Freemasons), was the home of Cardinal Wolsey. The Old Temple Bar was bought by Sir Henry Meux in 1888 and set up as one of the gateways of his house, Theobald’s Park, 1 - | - m. SW. of C. The house is now owned by the Middx County Council.— Roger Ascham (1515-68) was tutor to the Princess Elizabeth for 2 yrs. at the home of Sir Anthony Denny at C. — John Tillotson (1630-94), after- wards abp. of Canterbury, became curate here in 1661 to Thomas Hacket, vicar. During his curacy he lived with Sir Thomas Dacres "at the great house near the church” and later, with Edward Stillingfleet (1635-99), rented it as a summer residence.— John Mason (1706-63) came to C. in July 1746 as minister of a ‘ congregation at Carbuckle Street (or Cross brook), C., formed by a union in 1733 of presbyterians and independents. Here he trained students for the ministry. He d. here and is bur. in the par. church. Chesington--3ee Chessington, Surrey. • frChesney Wold (Bleak House)— See Rockingham Castle, Northants. Chessington, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (630), N. of co., 2% m. NW. of Epsom, 5 NNE. of Leatherhead. C. Hall, a seat, was the home of Samuel ("Daddy”) Crisp (d. 1783), to which he had retired from London. It lies off the road, among fields and pastures, with its church, to the E., approached by an avenue of trees. C. was almost a 2nd home to the Burneys. Of It Fanny says, "In this long-loved rural abode the Bur neys and happiness seemed to make a stand.” The original house had been bit. In Henry VIII*s time by a member of the t Hatton family, whose portraits still hung in the long hall. The house was reblt. in the early 19th cent, upon the old plan. At C. Hall Dr. Burney wrote a large part of his History of Music in a small room that Crisp called the "Conjuring Closet." At C. in 1778 Fanny received the news 291 of the phenomenal success of Evelina and, to the surprise of Crisp, who did not know of the writing, danced round the mulberry tree on the lawn, as she had in her childhood. Much of the writing of Evelina and of Cecilia was done in the "Conjuring Closet” or in a rustic arbor on the Mount, a hillock on the edge of the garden commanding a wide view, including the trees of Norbury Park on the S. horizon. Miss Burney came here in the summer of 1793 to consider the pro posal of M. d'Arblay, who followed in a few days for a visit. Crisp is bur. in the chyd., with an epitaph by Dr. Burney. Chester, Cheshire.— Co. bor., city and co. in itself, and par. (47,863), on the rt. bank of r. Dee, 16 m. S. of Liver pool, 35 SW. of Manchester. The co. town of Cheshire. The City of Chester Pari. Division, including Hoole, returns 1 member to Parliament. C. has more of the appearance of a medieval town than any other town in England. It is the only one that has its walls intact, and it has ancient timbered houses and the famous "rows" or continuous pass ages along the houses above the street level. The existing walls follow the line of the Roman walls, except on the S., where they were extended to include the castle, but they are not o.lder than the 14th cent., with probably Norman foundations. Henry James wrote a good description of them. The only ancient part of the castle (founded c. 1070) is the 13th cent* Caesar*s Tower. The cathedral, on the site of a Benedictine abbey, was restored in the 19th cent, by Sir Gilbert Scott and Sir Arthur Blomfield.— St. Anselm (1033- 1109) was summoned here by the Earl of Chester in 1092 to assist him in the work of substituting monks for canons in the minster of St. Werburgh.--Ranulph Higden (d. 1364), au. of Polychronicon, took monastic vows here in 1299 and, ac cording to tradition, was the au. of the original Chester cycle of mystery plays, the earliest known English cycle, presented here 1st in 1328. Near the door of the S. choir aisle of the cathedral is a tomb thought to be that of Hig den.— Charles Cotton (1630-87), ordered to Ireland after receiving a captain* s commission in the army, passed through C. and was invited to supper by the mayor.— Thomas Parnell (1679-1718) d. here on his way back to Ireland after a visit in London and is bur. in Holy Trinity Church.--On one of his journeys to Ireland Dean Swift (1667?-1745) stayed at the ancient Yacht Inn in Watergate St. at the corner of Nicholas St.— Thomas De Quineey’s mother purchased in Oct. 1801 a house called the Priory, which was bit. above a 13th cent, vaulted chamber (containing 4 Saxon crosses), part of the ruins of the priests' houses of St. John's Church, above the Dee, outside the E. walls of the city. DesQuincey came here when he ran away from the Manchester school in July 1802, and reached C. under a sunset that reminded him of 293 lines in Wordsworth’s Ruth.— Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-61) and his elder bro. Charles were at school here in 1828-9, while their parents were in Charleston, S. C.--Thackeray visited C. in June 1842 on the way to Ireland to gather material for a book.--Dickens and Hablot K. Browne (Phiz) spent a week-end here in Nov. 1838 on a journey into N. Wales. Dickens read here at the Music Hall, in Northgate St. (later a cinema), in Aug. 1858, Jan. 1862, and Jan. 1867, when he "read in a snowstorm and a fall of ice,1 ' the worst weather he ever saw. He stayed at the Queen Hotel, where he wrote his dau. that, between the large E. windows and the large doors opp. In his rooms, he felt as if he "were something to eat in a pantry.” His putting on of the Turkish fez of Charles Dolby, his manager, to protect him self from the draught, led to his nickname of the "Chief." He visited C. in a private capacity on his last reading tour in April 1869 and had a bad attack here.— Charles Kingsley (1819-75), appointed a canon of the cathedral in 1869, lived here from May 1870 to 1873, when he became a canon of West minster. He started a botany class, which developed into the Chester Natural History Society, gave some lectures (publ. in 1872 as Town Geology), and acted as guide to botanical and geological excursions into the country.-- Thomas Hughes (1822-96), appointed a judge of the county court in July 1882, came to live at C. and bit. a house, which he named after his birthplace, Uffington. — On Mis way to speak at a hiberal meeting here in June 1892, W. B. Glad stone (1809-98) was struck in the eye with a hard piece of gingerbread, which caused serious injury, but he declined to prosecute, although the woman thrower was known. In Aug. 1895, concerned with the Armenian massacres, he ad dressed he**© a public meeting of protest. Chesterfield, Derbyshire.--Mun. bor. and par. (65,200), 12 m. S. of Sheffield, 23 N. of Derby. A manufacturing town, which has a fine par. church (c. 1350), with a curiously twisted spire (230 ft.), caused by warping of the timbers. The beginning of Rookwood and a ballad entitled The Coffin were suggested by an incident that William Harrison Ains worth (1805-82) observed at the opening of a vault while he was walking one evening in the cemetery adjoining the church, during a visit here to Mrs. James Touchet, the widow of a cousin, in Aug. 1831. He began the novel at once. Chester-le-S tree t, Durham.-— TJrb. dist. and par. (17,100), 5 t § - m. N. of Durham. A dirty colliery town on the site of an old Roman station. The church is noted for its spire (156 ft.) and its anchorite’s cell. The see of Bernicia, founded at Dindisfarne by St. Aidan in 635, was removed when the Dane3 took D. in 875, and was re-established here in 883 on land given by Guthred, Christian king of the Danes, who believed that he had been helped by St. Cuthbert. The saint's body, which the monks had carried with them in their flight from Lindisfarne, rested here until the see was removed to Dur ham in 995.--Aldred, who is believed to have been the writer of the glosses in the Northumbrian dialect in the Latin Lindisfarne Gospels, was bp. in 957-68 and must have made the glosses here. Chesterton, Cambridgeshire.--Far. (11,611), on r. Cam, in bor, and NE. sub. of Cambridge. Chesterton Rd. rims NE. past the garden of Magdalene Coll. to C., on the left bank of the r., 1^- m. from Great St. Mary’s Church. A favorite resort, in the early 19th cent., of Cambridge undergraduates, who came to the Three Tuns Inn for billiards, bowling on the green, home-brewed ale, and dinner. Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) was a frequent visitor, often coming in his last year with William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-63). Fitz Gerald put much of the atmosphere of his college days into Euphranor, A Dialogue on Youth (1851), in which much of the dialogue takes place at the Three Tuns.— Francis Edward (Frank) Smedley (1818-64), a cripple, lived here with his uncle, Edward Arthur Smedley, vicar of C., who taught him. Here he acquired the knowledge of university life for his novels. Chesterton, Huntingdonshire.--Par. and vil. (Ill), N. Hunts, on r. Nen, 5m. WSW. of Peterborough. John Dryden (1631- 1700) often visited his cousin, John Driden, M. P., here. Chestnut Hill, Keswick, Cumberland.— PI., 1 m. E. of* Kes wick, S. of Penrith rd. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) and Harriet, accompanied by Eliza Westbrook, spent part of the winter of 1811-12 in a cottage here on a hilltop, with a view of Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite. Shelley's drawing room and study was a bow-windowed room, opening into the gar den. An addition has been made to the rt. of it. Shelley's landlord, Gideon Dare, lived at the farther end to the left. [Photograph in Rawnsley, Diterary Associations of the Eng lish hakes, Vol. I.] William Calvert, of Windy Brow, who met Shelley at Greystoke, got Dare to reduce the price from guineas with linen provided to 1^ gn. and lent Shelley linen. The Shelleys left 2 Feb. 1812, shortly after some rough men who were alarming Keswick and the neighborhood came to the door one night (20 Jan.) and knocked Shelley down when he came to open it. Their departure was hastened also by Dare's suspicions of Shelley's chemical experiments and his request that they find other quarters. • frCheverel Manor (George Eliot)— See Arbury Hall, Warwickshire. Chichester (pron. Chitch'ester), Sussex.--Mun. bor., par., and city (19,944), W. Sussex, i§- m. NE. of head of C. Har bour, 14 ENE. of Portsmouth. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. C. is the Roman Regnum, which became the Saxon Cissa's Ceaster. The splendid cathe dral (begun c. 1090) is predominantly Norman with Gothic 297 alterations and additions. The bp.’s palace adjoining has a fine medieval kitchen and E. E. chapel. An interesting market cross (c. 1500), with later belfry (1724), stands at the meeting of the four main streets. Among bps. of C. are Richard Poore (d. 1237), elected in 1214; Reginald Pecock (1395?-1460?), 1450-58 (resigned); Launcelot Andrewes (1555-1626), 1605-09 (translated to Ely); Richard Montagu (1577-1641), 1628; Henry King (1592-1669), 1642. The library of Bp. King, who was living at the epis copal palace, was seized and his estates were sequestrated when C. surrendered to Pari, in 1643. He returned in 1660, d. here, and is bur. in the cathedral. Other church offi cers include Thomas Stapleton (1535-98), who received the prebend of Woodhouse in the cathedral shortly before Queen Mary’s death, but left the country after the accession of Elizabeth; Thomas Drant (d. 1578?), who received the pre bend of Pirles in 1570; Giles Fletcher, the elder (1549?- 1611), who became chancellor of the diocese in 1582; William Thorne (1568?-1630), who was installed as dean in 1601, became a canon in 1607, and is bur. in the cathedral; Jasper Mayne (1604-72), who was appointed archdeacon at the Restoration; Walter Farquhar Hook (1798-1875), dean, who is commemorated by the pulpit in the cathedral; and Henry Edward Manning (1808-92), archdeacon, who resigned immediately after a "No Popery" meeting of his clergy in 298 the cathedral library in Nov. 1850, at which he presided, although he expressed his disapproval of the meeting* Thomas Bradwardine, Doctor Profundus (1290?-1349), abp. of Canterbury, was born at C.— John Selden (1584-1654) was educ. at G. free school.— ’ William Collins (1721-59), son of a hatter who wa3 twice mayor of C., was b. at C. and made it his home. He was visited here by the Wartons in 1754. Collins d. here and is bur, in the Church of St, Andrew, which is bit. above a Roman pavement. A tablet by Flaxman, with an inscription by William Hayley (1745-1820), a native of C., and John Sargent, was placed in the N. aisle of C. cathedral in 1795.— Charlotte (Turner) Smith (1749-1806) was sent to school here at an early age. She later printed here a thin quarto vol. of verse, Elegiac Sonnets and other Essays, dedicated to Hayley, a neighbor of her family in Sussex, -who persuaded Dodsley to publish it.--Dr. John son (1709-84) drove to C. from Brighton with Philip Met calfe in Metcalfe1s carriage in Oct. 1782.— William Blake (1757-1827), who had ejected a soldier from his garden at Felpham (q.v.), was tried for sedition in 1804 in the Guildhall in Priory Park.— John O'Keefe (1747-1833), blind dramatist, came here to live in 1815, attended by his only dau., Adelaide (1776-1855?), writer of moral verses for children.— John Keats (1795-1821) began The Eve of St. Agnes at C. on a visit with Brown to Dilke's father and mother In Jan. 1819.--The ill-fated marriage of Edward Fitz Gerald (1809-83) to Lucy Barton took place at C. in Nov. 1856.--To Illustrate George Meredith's great physical strength in early manhood, H. M. Byndman tells of a playful struggle at the Dolphin Hotel, where they were staying with a party for the Goodwood races, in which Meredith wore him down by sheer endurance.— Tennyson and his son were here in Aug. 1888 and went to see KIngley Vale (q.v.). Ghicklade, Wiltshire.--Par. and vil. (56), S. Wilts, 5 m. SSW. of Heytesbury, 8 NNE. of Shaftesbury. Contains C. House. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) was the non-resi dent rector of C. from 1795 to 1797. Chlcksands Priory, Bedfordshire.--Par. and seat (56), mid. Beds, on r. Ivel, 5|r m. ENE. of Ampthill, 8 SE. of Bedford. The seat Includes part of a priory founded In 1150. It was the home of Dorothy Osborne, who, before her marriage to Sir William Temple, wrote weekly letters (77) to him in 1652-4. Chigwell, Essex.— Urb. dist., par., and vil. (7,000), W. Essex, on border of Epping Forest, 5m. S. of Epping, 11 NE. of St. Paul's, London. Henry King (1592-1669), after wards bp. of Chichester, received the rectory of C. in 1616.— The King's Head Inn is the original of the Maypole, around which the story of Barnaby Rudge centers, and the novel contains a very detailed description of it, both the exterior and the interior. Dickens probably took the name from the Maypole Inn at Chigwell Row, 1^ m. E. of C. He was fond of the region, and in March 1841 suggested that John Forster accompany him to "such a delicious old Inn, opposite the Churchyard*' at C. [Photograph in Dexter, The England of Dickens.] Chileompton, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (754), on N. slope of the Mendips, 7^ m. HE. of Wells, 10 SW. of Bath. Coleridge • and Southey visited C. on a long walk through Somerset in Aug. 1794, from Bath to Wells and Cheddar and on to Nether Stowey. At C. Coleridge wrote his Lines to a Beautiful Spring in a Village (mistakenly marked KIrkhampton In a MS.). Chilgrove, Sussex.— Ham., W. Sussex, 6 - § - m. N. of Chichester. Residence of Mrs. Henry Woods, sister of Gilbert White (1720- 95), who often visited her on the way to his aunt's at Ringmer. Chilswell, Berkshire.— Ham., N. Berks, 7 > \ m. SW. of Oxford. C. was the home of Robert Bridges (1844-1930), poet Laureate, who.used the name for an anthology that he edited, The Chils well Book of English Poetry. He was visited here by A. E. Housman. Chilvers C_oton, Warwickshire.— Ward, in bor. of Nuneaton, 1 m. SE. of Nuneaton, 8 N. of Coventry. In the early 19th cent, it was a vil. between Nuneaton and Arbury (q.v.). Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) was christened at C. C. church in Nov. 1819, when she was a week old. The church as it was in her childhood is described as ”Shepperton Church” in the first chapter of Amos Barton. C. C. is the ”Shepperton” of the book, which tells a true story remembered from her child hood. The original of Amos Barton was a rector of C. C., John Gwyther, and his wife Emma was Milly in the story. Her grave was, for a time, a place of local pilgrimage, after the identifications became known. An earlier rector, Ber nard Gilpin Ebdell, was the original of Mr. Gilfil in Mr. Gilfil* s hove Story, which also takes place in ”Shepperton." Chippenham, Cambridgeshire.--Par. and vil. (481), E. Cambs, 4|r m. NE. of Newmarket, 12^- WNW. of Bury St. Edmunds. C. Park and C. Hall are seats. John Gauden (1605-62), after wards bp. of Worcester, became vicar of C. in March 1640 on the presentation of his bro.-in-law, and former pupil, Sir Francis Russell. Chippenham, Wiltshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (8493), on r. Avon, ll|r m. NE. of Bath. Christopher Anstey (1724-1805), au. of The New Bath Guide, d. here. Chipping Qngar, Essex.— Par. and mkt.-vil. (1142), E. Sussex, 5^: m. E. of Epping, 20 NE. of St. Paul’s, London. William Harrison Ainsworth presented the flitch of bacon to James Barlow, a builder, of C. 0., and his wife, Hannah, at the 1st revival of the custom in 1855 at Bunmow (q.v.). Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire.— Par. and mkt.-town (952), 11 m. NE. of Bristol. The parents of Thomas Chatter- ton (Thomas Chatterton of Bristol and Sarah Young of Staple ton) were mar. here in April 1748. Chipping (or Chopping) Wycombe— See High Wycombe, Bucks. Chislehurst, Kent.--Res. sub. (8981), NW. Kent, 2-f m. 33. of Bromley, 10 SE. of London Bridge. Situated on a common c. 500 ft. above sea-level. In Tudor times C. was a pleasant vil. not far from Eltham and Greenwich and accessible to London. The Walsingham family acquired by royal grant or purchase much property in the neighborhood of C. Christo pher Marlowe (1564-93) is known to have visited Thomas Walsingham here.--Richard Harvey (1560-1623?), younger brother of Gabriel, was rector of C.— For William Camden*s home at C. see Camden Place. Chiswick, Middlesex.--Par., in bor. of Brentford and Chis wick, W. sub. of London, on r. Thames, 5 m. WSW. of Hyde Park Corner. Until the late 19th cent. C. was a vil. and then a sub., with pleasant riverside houses and orchards and mkt.-gardens on the road to Brentford and Staines. To day it has been absorbed by Greater London, and factories are crowding out the old houses. C. House, on Burlington Lane, the most magnificent property of the dist., has been acquired by the C. Dist. Council, and the 60 ac. of the beautiful wooded estate, with gardens, statues, temple, and lake, and the Italian villa are open to the public. The present tearoom, with religious frescoes, was once the chapel. C. House was bit. c. 1730 by Richard Boyle, the 3rd Earl of Burlington (1695-1753), with the collaboration of Kent, as an adaptation of the design of the famous Palladian Villa Capra or Rotonda at Vicenza, which Burlington had seen and admired. A Jacobean house on the site, which had belonged to the Earl of Somerset, was pulled down for the bldg. Lavish entertainments were given here by Lord Burlington, among whose guests were John Gray, Pope, Horace Walpole, and David Garrick with his wife, a protdge of Lady Burlington. Upon Burlington*s death the house passed to his son-in-law, the Duke of Devonshire, who added the wings. Both Charles James Pox (1749-1806) and George Canning (1770-1827) d. here. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), a guest at a garden party given by the Duke of Devonshire, wrote in his diary (17 May 1828): 1 t The scene was dignified by the presence of an immense elephant, who, under the charge of a groom, wandered up and down, giving an air of Asiatic pageantry to the entertainment.” Later tenants of C. House were Edward VII, as Prince of Wales, in 1866-79, and the Marquis of Bute. A 2nd house of interest at C. is Hogarth's House, in a lane now called by his name. Bit. in 1700, it became the summer residence of William Hogarth from 1749 until his death in 1764. Garrick and Fielding used to visit here and sit with him tinder the mulberry tree in the garden. The 304 house, now in what a guidebook calls "an immediate environ ment somewhat Hogarthian," is preserved as a memorial to Hogarth and has a large collection or his prints. A tenant in 1814-26 was the Rev. Henry Francis Gary (1772-1844), translator of Dante, who was afternoon lecturer at the par. church, a short distance away down Church St. Both Hogarth and Cary are bur. in the chyd. The monumental urn marking Hogarth’s grave bears an epitaph by Garrick. J. M. Whistler, the artist, is bur. in the new cemetery beyond.--A 3rd house of interest is Walpole House, with its white classical portico and great iron gate opening into C. Mall, facing the river. Once the residence of Charles II*a mistress, Barbara Villiers, the Duchess of Cleveland, it takes its name from a later owner, Horace Walpole (1717-97). Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847), the Irish orator and politician, was another tenant. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-63) was a pupil here in 1818-22 in a school kept by Dr. Turner, whose wife was an aunt of Thackeray's mother. The house is supposed to be the original of Miss Pinkerton's academy in Vanity Fair. [Photograph in Melville, The Thackeray Coun try. ] In the early 20th cent, it was the residence of Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the actor.--Oliver Twist noted the milestones as he and Bill Sikes were carried along by the carter through Kensington, Hammersmith, Chiswick, and Kew Bridge, on the way to Chertsey for the robbery.--Charles 305 Reads stayed at C. In the winter of 1851-2 in the home of Tom Taylor, working, with some assistance from Taylor, on the play of Peg Woffington.— William Morris (1834-96) and his family lived in 1872-8 (just before taking Kelmscott House at Hammersmith) in a small house with a large garden at Turnham Green, In the par. of Chiswick, the point at which Prince Rupert was turned back from Eondon in the Civil War. The house stood on C. High Rd., E. of the Green, not far from C. hane, which leads down to the Thames. It was c. 20 minutes * walk from Hammersmith sta. Christchurch, Hampshire.— Mun. bor., par., and spt., (16,408), SW. Hants, at confluence of rs. Avon and Stour, 1^- m. from the sea, 5 ENE. of Bournemouth, 20 SW. of Southampton. An ancient town, once known as Twineham, which takes its name from the magnificent priory church, now the longest parish church in England (312 ft. ). The nave is Norman, and the choir is largely late 15th cent. In the church Is a monu ment to Percy Bysshe Shelley by H. Weekes (1854).--William Godwin (1756-1836) applied unsuccessfully In 1778 for the church here.--Tennyson, who visited C. on a summer tour in 1854, considered it well worth seeing. • frChristminster (Hardy)— See Oxford. Cirencester, Gloucestershire.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.- town (8200), SE. Glos, on r. Ghurn and on the Thames and Severn Canal, 13 m. SSE. of Cheltenham, 15^ SE. of Glouces ter. C. House Is a seat of Earl Bathurst. C. Abbey is another seat. A pleasant old town, sometimes called the ’ ’ Capital of the Cotswolds," on the site of the Roman Corin- ium, antiquities from which are contained in the Corinium Museum. The fine large par. church (180 ft. long), is mainly Perp., with Norman and possibly even late Saxon fea tures. The 3-storied S. porch served as the guildhall. [Drawing of church porch in Evans, Highways and Byways in Oxford and the Cotswolds; photograph of mkt.-pl. and church in Massingham, Cotswold Country.] The only relic of a mitred abbey founded at C. by Henry I in 1117 is a Norman gateway, for one of the conditions of the grant of the abbey made at the Dissolution was that the bldgs. should be pulled down and the materials removed. C. was once an important mkt.-town in the wool-trade.— Alexander Neckam (1157-1217) became abbot of the Augustinian priory of C. in 1213.— C. is the Cicester of Shakespeare’s Richard II.— The father of William Cartwright (1611-43) kept an inn at C., and the boy attended the free school here.--William Morris and a party of friends came to C. from Kelmscott one day in the summer of 1881 and were delighted with the town and with the church, which Morris found ’ ’ romantic to the last extent," and in which he "could have spent a long day."--C. was one of the halts for lunch when Percy Withers took his annual guest A. E. Housman on motor trips to see the Cotswold churches. Immediately W. of the town is C. House, a seat of Earl Bathurst. Queen Elizabeth and her court visited Sir John Danvers, Earl of Danby, founder of the Botanic Garden at Ox ford (1621). In 1695 it was purchased by Sir Benjamin Bath urst, of Northants, whose son Allen, 1st Earl Bathurst (1684- 1775), succeeded to the estate in 1704 and spent much time and money transforming the open and uncultivated downs into a park, which Pope, a frequent visitor, delighted to help him plan. Swift and Gay were other visitors here of Lord Bath urst, who was a friend of most of the leading literary men. At that time the place was called Oakley Park or O. Wood,and the name appears on modern maps for the central section, with C. Park on the E. and Sapperton Park on the W. Lord Bathurst bought the manor of Sapperton (or Saperton), 5 ra. W. of C., on the slope above the Frome, and in 1730 pulled down the old manor house, in which Charles I had spent a night in July 1644 as the guest of the Pooles. In one of the Imitations of Horace Pope speaks of Lord Bathurst’s joining ’ 'Cotswold Hills to Saperton*s fair dale.” Mrs. Delany, writing Swift (1733) of improvements made since his last visit, says: ’ ’ The grand avenue that goes from his house through his park and wood is five miles long; the whole contains five thousand acres." The park abounds in the garden structures popular in the 18th cent., temples, arcades, and statuary. In Oakley Park there is a circus with 10 rides radiating from it, the longest ex tending to Overley Wood (N.) and Hayley Wood (S.). One clas sic alcove in C. Park Is called Pope’s Seat. A house in the wood In which Swift once lodged was replaced by a stone bldg. 308 called Alfred’s Hall. Mrs. Delany writes him that the house he occupied, , ! not a bit better than an Irish cabin," fell to the ground the day he left it. She continues: "Conscious of the honour it had received by entertaining so illus trious a guest, it burst with pride." Rebuilt, "it is now a venerable castle . . . ’with thicket overgrown grotesque and wild.’" Wildgoose and Tugwell in one of the adventures (Bk. IV) In Richard Graves’s Spiritual Quixote are given lodging in "the old Gothic building" which, the keeper tells them, "his Lordship used to say he could have built as old again if he had had a mind." The meeting of the travelers with Lord Bathurst’s hospitable keeper took place at Park Corner, where the rd. from Sapperton meets the rd. from Daglingworth. The inn Is not there now. In Moral Essays, Epistle IV, Pope refers to Lord Bathurst’s care for his farmer tenants and his planting of forests for "future buildings, future navies." Clapham, co. London.— Two wards (N. and S.), in met. bor. of Wandsworth, 3 m. SSW. of Waterloo sta. A residential neighborhood with a common of 220 ac.— Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1871-1713), under the guardianship of his grandfather, the 1st Earl, lived at C. in a house taken in 1674 for him and his governess, Elizabeth Birch. Locke visited often and superintended his education.--After retirement from the Wavy Office, Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) 309 lived chiefly at C. with William Hewer, who had been his clerk, and d. here.--The country home of the father of James Townley (1714-78) was at G. In the early 19th cent. C. was still a pleasant subur ban vil. in Surrey, with big houses around the Common, mostly occupied by the evangelical Anglicans whom Sydney Smith called the "Clapham Sect,” commemorated by a tablet (1919) in the par. church. One of them, Zachary Macaulay, brought his family here when his son, Thomas Babingtoh Macaulay (1800-59), was 2 yrs. old, and the young Macaulay lived until 1818 in a house (not extant) at 5, The Pavement, facing the Common on the NE. At Broomfield, later Broom- wood House (not extant), on the W. side of the Common, William Wilberforce (1759-1833) lived in 1797-1808 and here prepared the bill for the abolition of the slave trade (tablet at 111, Broomwood Rd.). In Lord Teignmouth*s house the Bible Society was founded in 1804. Thackeray gives a picture of C. in the opening chapters of The lewcomes, where the Hermitage, the home of. Miss Hobson (afterwards Mrs. Newcome) is made the center of the religious society ■ of the community.— William Gilbert (1804-90), au., father of W. S. Gilbert, was educ. at C. school.--Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) was a breakfast guest of Sir Robert Inglis at C. Common in Oct. 1831, when he was in London before sailing. — The Hollies, nr. C. Common, was the home of J. T. Knowles, 310 architect of Aldworth and editor of the Contemporary Review. - Tennyson sometimes visited here. Clappersgate, Westmorland.--Vil., on r. Brathay, 1^- m. SW. of Amblesli&e.. Derwent and Hartley Coleridge lodged for a time in a house in C. while they were attending the little private school kept by Vicar Dawes of Ambleside. Clare, Suffolk.--Par. and mkt.-town (1340), W. Suffolk on r. Stour, 6 m. W. of Long Melford, 13 SW. of Bury St. Edmunds. C. Priory is a seat. C. has relics of a Norman castle on a high mound, 850 ft. in circumference and 53 ft. high, and of an Augustinian abbey, founded in 1248. Arthur Golding (1536?-1605?) resided here for a time. Claremont— See Esher, Surrey. • &Clayering St. Mary (Thackeray)— See Ottery St. Mary, Devon. Claverton, Somerset.--Par. and vil. (481), on r. Avon and Kennet Canal, 2-| m. ESE. of Bath. Ralph Allen (1694-1764), the Maecenas of Bath, purchased the manor in 1758. Much pleased with the romantic situation and the manor-house, he brought most of his company to see it and generally dined here once a week. He bit. a rectory house in 1760, which Richard Graves (1715-1804), who had come to C. as rector in 1750, later enlarged, so that he could take pupils. For a time after Allen’s death, before the enlargement of the rectory, he rented the manor-house from Mrs. Warburton, his dau., and "the great gallery-library was turned into a 3,11 dormitory.” Graves lived at C. as rector until his death, taking pupils for 30 yrs., among whom were Ralph Allen Warburton, the bp.’s only son; Henry Skrine of Warleigh, who praises the ”little grounds" of C. rectory in his book on the Rivers of Great Britain; Prince Hoare, the artist; and T. R. Maithus, who was here during Graves’s last illness. William Shenstone (1714-63) often visited at the rectory. In The Gentleman* s Magazine,1815, are some "Lines written by Richard Graves under an hour-glass in the grotto at Claverton." The religious meeting held in an old house in the vil* by a shoemaker from Bradford-on-Avon is said to have been the origin of his novel The Spiritual Quixote. Graves is bur. in the par. church, where there is a mural tablet.— Francis Kilvert (1793-1863), antiquary, was curate of C. in 1817. In 1837 he purchased G. Lodge, on the S. slope of Bathwick Hill,and took pupils here until his death. He d. here and is bur. in Widcombe chyd. Clay Hill, Kent.--Pl., NW. Kent, § m. E. of Beckenham, 8 m. SSE. of London Bridge. Birthplace of George Grote (1794- 1871), historian;.of Greece, who lived here in the family home until 1820. He entered the family bank in Tbreadneedle St. when he was 16, and rode daily on horseback to and from the bank. Glee, or Clee H1113, Shropshire.— A ridge in S. Salop, ex tending c. 14 m. S T . from Ludlow. The two highest peaks are Brown Glee Hill (1792 ft.), 8 m. NE. of Ludlow, and Titter- stone Clee Hill (1750 ft.), 5 m. ENE. Titterstone Clee Hill has an ancient camp at the highest point, and it was prob ably here that the beacon was lighted for the Golden Jubilee, which A. E. Housman saw from Bromsgrove, Worcs (23 m. ESE. of the hill), and to which he refers in the Is t poem in A Shr op shire Lad, ”1887.” Clevecton, Somerset.— Urb. dist., par., and estuary, 12 m. WSW. of Bristol. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his bride, Sara Fricker, spent the 1st 2 mos. after their marriage in a jas- and myrtle-covered cottage at C. (see The Eolian Harp), which Cottle says was at the W. extremity, not in the center, of the vil. The identification of it with a cottage (tablet) in Old Church Rd., nr. the sta., is considered doubtful.— Arthur Henry Hallam (1811-33), subject of Tenny son’s In Memoriam, who d. at Vienna, is bur. here in the chancel of the old church of St. Andrew, which belonged to his maternal grandfather, Sir Abraham Elton, bart., of C. Court. His father, Henry Hallam (1777-1859), and his bro. also are bur. in the church.— The Tennysons came here from Weston-super-Mare at the beginning of their honeymoon in June 1850 to visit Arthur Hallam's grave. Tennyson said, ’ ’ It seemed a kind of consecration to go there.”— Thackeray came in Dec. 1850 for the funeral of Arthur's bro., Harry Hallam, in C. church.— George Robert Gissing (1857-1903) 313 lived at C * in 1892-3 and wrote The Odd Women here. Clevedon Court, Somerset.— Seat of the Elton family, at Cleve- don. A bldg. of the early 14th cent, (time of Edward II), with Elizabethan and later additions. Home of Sir Charles Elton, bart., son of Sir Abraham, and father of Jane Gctavia Elton (Mrs. Brookfield), the original of Lady Castlewood in Henry Esmond. Thackeray, who visited here in Oct. 1848 when the Brookfields were here, was fascinated with the history of the estate, made many sketches, and described it as "Castlewood" in Henry Esmond, although there it is in "county Hants.” (Drawing of C. Court in Melville The Thackeray Country.]— Tennyson and his bride called upon Sir Abraham Elton here in June 1850. Cleveland, Yorkshire.--A district (now iron-mining and smelt ing) in N.R. Yorks, extending E. and W. 28 m. from Yazmi on r. Tees to Whitby, and N. and S. 15 m. from Redcar to the wild moorlands of the Cleveland Hills. John Cleveland (1613- 58), Cavalier poet, takes his name from the former residence of the family here. Cliefden— See Cliveden, Bucks. Clifford Chambers, Warwickshire.--Par. and vil. (347), 2 m. S. of Stratford-on-Avon. Contains C. Manor House. The vil. has an old church, with some Saxon masonry in the tower and a chalice and paten of c. 1495, and a fine gabled, half- timbered rectory nr. the church. A John Shakespeare is known 314 to have occupied the house in 1564, when the plague ravaged Stratford, and the suggestion has been made that the poet’s father may have moved his family here to escape danger. There is no evidence that the two John Shakespeares were the same, however.— Michael Drayton (1563-1631) frequently visited at the 16th cent, manor-house, "the Muse’s quiet port,” which burned in 1918. Clifton— See Bristol, Glos. Clifton (Cowper)--See Clifton Reynes, Bucks. Clifton Rej2£E* Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (120), N. Bucks, on r. Ouse, 1 m. E. of Olney, 9|r W. of Bedford. Lady Austen was residing here at the home of her bro.-in-law, a clergyman named Jones, when she met William Cowper. The square tower of the church of C. is referred to in lines in The Task (I, 173) describing the view from a hill in the grounds of Weston House (SW. of Olney). ^-Clinton Magna (Mrs. Humphry Ward)— See Aldbury, Herts. Clitheroe, LLan'cashire.— Mun. bor. and mkt.-town (11,260), HE. Lancs, on r. Ribble and at foot of Pendle Hill, 10 m. NNE. of Blackburn, 28 NNW. of Manchester. At C. is the shell of a Norman castle on a limestone rock above the town. John Webster (1610-82), au. of The Displaying of Supposed Witch craft and Academiarum Examen, was master of the free grammar school here. He is bur. in the church, with a memorial tablet bearing his pseudonym, "Johannes Hyphastes.”— C. was familiar to William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82), whose Lancashire Witches is concerned with Pendle Hill (q.v.) and the neighborhood. Clive, Shropshire.— Par. and ham. (387), N. Salop, 3m. S. of Wem, 7J-N. of Shrewsbury. C. Hall was the birthplace and home of William Wycherley (1640?-1716), whose family was settled here at least as early as 1410. [Views of Clive Hall and chapel were published in the Gentleman1s Magazine in 1811 and 1812.] Cliveden, Buckinghamshire.-— Seat, S. Bucks, on r. Thames, 3 m. NNE. of Maidenhead, 5 - | - SE. of High Wycombe. Now the seat of Lord As tor. The present mansion (1849) succeeds one bit. for the second Duke of Buckingham. James Thomson’s ode Rule Britannia was first heard here in the performance of the masque of Alfred, composed by Dr. Arne and written by Thom son and David Mallet, in the gardens of C. House at a f§te given by Frederick, Prince of Wales, on 1 and 2 Aug. 1740.-- Tennyson and Gladstone were guests together at C. in May 1863, although the owner, the Duke of Argyll, was not there. — Viewing the famous hanging woods of C. from the Thames during a voyage up the r. in Aug. 1880, William Morris did not share the general admiration for them but thought them rather artificial. - : c-Cloisterham (Edwin Drood)— See Rochester, Kent. Clopton House, Warwickshire.--Seat, lg m. N. of Stratford- 316 on-Avon. It was once the manor-house of the Cloptons, who were closely connected with Stratford. The original house was bit. in the time of Henry VII. It was reblt. in the 17th cent, and again in modern times. In 1605 it was oc cupied by Ambrose Rookwood, one of the Catholic conspira tors in the Gunpowder Plot, which is supposed to have been developed, if not actually devised, here. C. House is said to have been the lord’s house to which Christopher Sly was transported in The Taming of the Shrew.— An account of C. Hall, which appeared in 1840 in William Howitt’s Visits to Remarkable Places, is the first known publication of Mrs. Gaskell (1810-65). Clovelly, Devon.--Coast par. and vil. (634), with harbor on Barnstaple Bay, N. Devon, 10 m. WSW. of Bideford. A herring-fishing vil. whose unusual situation in a narrow rift in the cliffs, with surrounding woods, and its quaint cottages bordering the main street, which descends by steps from a height of 400 ft., make it an extremely popu lar resort for tourists and artists. C. was the home from 1830 to 1836 of Charles Kingsley (1819-75) and Henry Kings ley (1830-76), whose father had the church here. The im pression that the scenery made upon Charles is reflected in The Three Fishers, which has its setting at C.— Southey visited C. on an extensive journey with his son through the W. and S. of England In the autumn and winter of 1836.--In 317 A Message from the Sea Dickens and Wilkie Collins, who visited C. in Nov. 1860, gave the finest description of C., under the name "Steepways," that has ever been written.— Tennyson and his son landed at C. during a cruise in Sir Allen Young's yacht, the Stella, in the summer of 1887. The poet thought it one of the most beautiful places he had seen and was reminded of Enoch Arden's vil. C. Court, which they visited after climbing the steps, he called "the most paradisal country seat next to Wilton." hooking over the white may-trees in full bloom and the oaks and limes to the broad belt of sea, he quoted, "Bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea." Clun, Shropshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (1774), SW. Salop, on ' r. Clun, 5§ m. NNE. of Knighton, 13§ WNW. of Ludlow. An ancient bridge crosses the r. here. The ruins of C. Caetle, which was blown up by the Parliamentary forces, belong to the Duke of Norfolk, who also bears the title of Baron Clun. Identification of C. Castle with the "Garde Doloureuse" of Scott's Betrothed is sometimes made.--In a poem in A Shrop shire Lad A. E. Housman names Clun, the largest, and Clun- ton (2 , \ m. E.), Clunbury (4^ m. E.), and Clungunford (6^ m. ESE.), all on r. Clun, as "the quietest places Under the sim." They lie in a charming and secluded valley close to the Welsh border. Coate, Wiltshire.— Ham., NE. Wilts, 2m. SE. of Swindon, 33 N. of Salisbury. Richard Jhffbrsies (1848-87) was b. here at C. Farm and mar. Jessie Baden of Day House Farm, nr. Coate. He lived here until 1874 and described C. and its surround ings in many of his books. His last essay, My Village, describes G. {Photograph of thatched C. Farmhouse in Looker, Jefferies ’ England.] Cobham, Kent.— Par. and vil. (955), 4|r m. W. of Rochester. The vil. lies at the entrance to the park of C. Hall, 1 m. ENE. Cobham, 2f m. S. of Chalk (q.v.) and 2f m. SW. of Gad’s Hill (q.v.), was a favorite with Dickens from his honeymoon to the end of his life, and it was not unknown to him in his boyhood at Chatham. The afternoon before his death Dickens and Miss Hogarth drove to C. Wood and walked around C. Park. The vil. is little changed. The Leather Bottle, to which Mr. Tupman came and to which Dickens often brought friends, is still;-a "commodious village ale-house," standing across the rd. from the church (largest collection of brasses in England) and the chyd. where Mr. Pickwick and Mr. Tupman paced up and down. {Photographs in Dexter, Mr. Pickwick* s Pilgrimages and Matz, The Inns and Taverns of "Pickwick."] The inn is now Dickens’s Pickwick Leather Bottle and, in addition to the leather bottle, has a sign showing Mr. Pickwick addressing the club. The College Alms houses behind the church are Elizabethan bldgs. on the site of an earlier coll., estabi in the time of Edward III. G. Hall, the former seat of the Earl-of Darnley, is a large red-brick mansion, bit, in the 16th cent, by Sir William Brooke, Lord Cobham. The woods of C. Park are described in Seven Poor Travellers and Pickwick Papers. £Photographs in Dexter, ££. cit.] After Dickens's death his family gave Lord and Lady Darnley the little chalet that had been his garden study at Gad's Hill. A pleasant account of several visits to G. with Dickens in June 1869 is given by Fields in Yesterdays with Authors. Cobham, or Church Cobham, Surrey.--Par. and vil. (5103), on r. Mole, 6^- m. W. of Epsom, NE. of Guildford. Contains ham. of Street Cobham, which lies on the Guildford-Ports- mouth rd., with Church C. a little to the E. of it. (Photo graph of Church C. from the river in Mais, The Home Coun ties .] Jane Austen and her bro. Henry stayed here (at C. Street) one night in March 1814, breaking the drive from Chawton to London in his curricle. The preceding yr. on a similar journey in May Jane had thought it ’ ’ particularly pretty" about Painshill, the great park west of the vil.-- Cobham is said to be the original of "Greatham" in Meredith' Rhoda Fleming. Meredith and his friends sometimes walked here from Copsham Cottage (q.v.), c. 3 m. away.--Matthew Arnold (1822-88) and his family lived here in Pain’s Hill Cottage from 1873 till his death. Cockayne Hatley, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (87), NE. Beds 5 m. NE. of Biggleswade, 12-|- E. of Bedford. The church con tains fine Flemish wood-carvings of the 17th cent. The ashes of William Ernest Henley (1849-1903) were brought to C. H., where his only child Margaret, who d. in 1894 at the age of 5, is bur. She was the "Reddy” of. Barrie's Senti mental Tommy. Her tombstone, designed by Onslow Ford, has beautiful bronze work by the artist. Cockermouth, Cumberland.— Urb. dist. and par. (4838), W. Cumb, at confluence of the Cocker and the Derwent, 10 m. NW. of Keswick, 24 SW. of Carlisle. C. Castle is a seat. A pleasant little market-town, in which the Wordsworths oc cupied one of the best houses, a long red-brick building, belonging to Sir James Lowther, on the N. side of the main street at its W. end, close to the bridge over the Derwent. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Dorothy were b. here, and there are many recollections of their childhood here in the Prelude. Many visits were paid to the ruins of C. Castle (dismantled by the Parliamentarians in 1648), which lie to the N. of the main street. A sonnet written in 1833, Address from the Spirit of Cockermouth Castle, refers to childhood exploring of the black dungeon of the castle. Wordsworth’s father is bur. in the church. In the public park is a foun tain in memory of William and Dorothy.--Wordsworth and Coleridge, on a walking trip in the Bake Dist., spent the night of 9 Nov. 1799 at C.--Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) 321 visited C. in 1871. A fragment of an essay on C. and Kes wick, found among his unpubl. papers, was wr. at that time. Cockfield, Suffolk.--Par. (816), W. Suffolk, 6^ m. SSE. of Bury St. Edmunds, 8-f NNE. of Sudbury. In the summer of 1873 Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) visited his cousin Mrs. Churchill Babington at C. Rectory, and here met Mrs. Sitwell and Sidney Colvin. Stevenson's sense of the foreign quality of England and the English, 1st felt 10 yrs. before at school at Isleworth (q.v.), was much increased by this visit, during which he wrote his mother: "Nothing is the same; and I feel as strange and outlandish here as I do in France and Germany.” Colvin has remarked that in this experience may be found the germ of the essay The Foreigner at Home. The description in that essay is typical of the scenery In this part of England. Coggeshall, Essex.--Town (1500), in Great C. par., E. Essex, 6 m. E. of Braintree, 9 W. of Colchester. At Little C., to the S., are the ruins of a Cistercian abbey (1140). C. is a fine old wool town, with "Paycocke's House” (N.T.), a noteworthy wool merchant's dwelling (c. 1500), richly orna mented. Ralph of Coggeshall (fl. 1207), chronicler, was a monk, and later abbot (1207-18) of the Cistercian abbey here. Gdkethorpe Park, Oxfordshire.--Seat, on r. Windrush, 2 - § - m. SSE. of Witney, 9 W. of Oxford. In the summer of 1718, when Lord Harcourt had lent Pope and Gay his little-used place at 322 Stanton Harcourt (q.v.), nr. Oxford, he frequently invited them to visit him at C., 3 m. W. ■ frCoketown (Hard Times)--Probably "Coketown" is a composite picture, drawn from Dickens's knowledge of several of the great Lancashire manufacturing towns. It has some of the features of Manchester, Preston, Rochdale, and Oldham. Colchester, Essex.— Mun. bor., mkt.-town, and r. port (51,900), on r. Colne, 17|r m. SW. of Ipswich, 22 NE. of Chelmsford, 50 NE. of London. Before the Reform Act of 1832 It returned 2 members to Parliament. C. is an ancient city, having been for a few yrs. the capital of Cymbeline (who came here from St. Albans) when it was captured in 44 A.D. and converted Into the 1st Roman colony In Britain, Colonia Camulodunum, which was stormed in 62 A.D. by Boadicea. The later A.-S. name was Colneceaster. C. has important Roman remains. Much of the wall survives, 10 ft. high (originally over 20) and 7 or 8 ft. thick, made of thin Roman bricks with courses of stone. The 12th cent, castle, the largest Norman keep in England, constructed partly of Roman mater ials, now houses the town museum, with an important collec tion of late Celtic and Roman articles. There are some remains of 2 late 11th cent, foundations: the ruined church of St. Botolph's Priory (Augustinian), bit. of Roman bricks, and the early 15th cent, gateway of St. John's Abbey (Bene dictine). C. has some old inns. It is a garrison town and 523 an agricultural center. Benedict Burgh became archdeacon of G. in 1465; Richard Pace (1482?-1536), in Feb. 1519, but he resigned in Oct.; and Henry King (1592-1669), in April 1617.--Sir Francis Walsingham (1530?-90) was recorder of C. in 1584.— William Lilly (1602-81) and John Booker, astrologers, were ordered to attend the Parliamentary army before G. in 1648 to en courage the soldiers with predictions of speedy victory, but Fairfax did not capture it from the Royalists until after a siege of 11 wks.— When Johnson and Boswell stopped a night at G. on the way to Harwick in 1763, "Johnson talked of that town with veneration, for having stood a siege for Charles the First.”— Daniel Defoe (1661?-1731), with a tenant, began a brick-and-tile business in 1724 on a farm nr. C. that belonged to his dau. Hannah.--After her father's death in 1755, Clara Reeve (1729-1807), with her 2 sisters and her mother, came to live in C.— Thomas Twining (1735- 1804) was sent to G. grammar school, under the Rev. Palmer Smythies, to be prepared for the university. He received the rectory of St. Mary's in 1788 (he also held Fordham) and moved here in 1790. He d. at C. and is bur. in St. Mary's. His epitaph was wr. by Samuel Parr (1747-1825), who was headmaster of the gr. school in 1777-9, coming with a recom mendation from Dr. Johnson obtained through Bennet Langton.— Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867), articled to an attorney at 324 C. in 1790, wrote of hearing John Yifesley (1703-91) preach one of his last sermons here in Oct., when the old man was held up in the pulpit by 2 ministers.— Jane Taylor (1783- 1824), au. of "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star," and her sis ter Ann (1782-1866), with whom she wrote Hymns for Infant Minds, lived at one time in a house in W. Stockwell St., N. of High St.— Mr. Pickwick passed through C. in pursuit of Jingle, since he took the direct road from Chelmsford to Ipswich, but no mention is made of the town. In Nov. 1861 Dickens read in the theatre at C. Cold Ashby, Northamptonshire.--Par. and vil. (241), 12 m. NW. of Northampton. C. A. House is a seat. Probably the birthplace of Richard Knolles (1550?-1610), historian of the Turks, since he was the son of Francis Knolles of C. A. Colehanger (Sharpham)— See East Ailington, Devon. Colemore, Hampshire.— Par. (65), N. Hants, 5m. S. of Alton, 6 NNW. of Petersfield. George Wither (1588-1667) was educ. here by John Greaves, rector, whose son John was the great ma thema ti c ian. Coleorton, Leicestershire.--Par., vil. (726), and seat, N. of co., 3m. ENE. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 13 SSE. of Derby. The home of Sir George and Lady Beaumont, who lent Words worth's family the principal farmhouse while they were away during the rebldg. of C. Hall. The Wordsworths were here from the end of Get. 1806 to June 1807. Coleridge and 325 Hartley were with, them for several months, and Scott came for a few days in the spring. Before the Beaumonts left, Lady B. persuaded Wordsworth one evening to read aloud the 1st bk. of Paradise Lost. By her invitation he construot- ed' a winter garden out of an old quarry and wrote of it in verses To Lady Beaumont. The notes dictated to Miss Fen wick identify several poems that he composed while pacing to and fro between the hall and the farmhouse. Here he read The Prelude to Coleridge, who wrote a poem addressed to Wordsworth in the evening on which he finished, 7 Jan. 1807. William and Dorothy visited the Beauaonts for about a month in the summer of 1810, and Dorothy was here in the autumn of 1826 on her way from Brinsop. Colerne, Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (912), N. Wilts, 5^- m. NE. of Bath, 8 WSW. of Chippenham. Birthplace of William Grocyn (1446?-1519), whose father probably rented land here owned by Winchester College. Coleshill, Buckinghamshire.--Par. and vil. (560), S. Bucks, 1 m. SW. of Amersham, 5 m. ENE. of High Wycombe. Edmund Waller (1606-87), was b. at the manor-house, C., which since 1832 has been included in Bucks but then was in Herts. Coleshill, Warwickshire.--Par. and mkt.-town (3177), on r. - Cole, 8 m. ENE. of Birmingham. Contains C. Fark. C. Old Hall was demolished in 1810, but there are traces of the moat across which Sir Thomas Malory swam in July 1451 from 526 the custody here of the sheriff, Sir William Mountford, after his arrest at Coventry. In 1575 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, paid his clandestine visits to Lettice, Countess of Essex, by means of a footbridge specially constructed for him over the moat at the back of the house.— At the Restore- * tion Sir William Dugdale immediately proclaimed the king at the town of C., 1 m. SW. of Blyth Hall, his home. Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire.— Vil. (1524), S. Bucks, 4m. N. of Staines, 16^ W. of Victoria sta., London. At C. was the home of Sir Charles Grandison's brother-in-law, to which Sir Charles took Miss Byron after rescuing her on Hounslow Heath from her abductor.--Winthrop Mackworth Praed (1802- 39) was sent in 1810 to a school at Langley Broom, nr. C. C^lne, Lancashire♦--Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (21,960), NE. Lancs, 5^ m. NE. of Burnley, 27 N. of Manchester. G. lies between Pendle Hill on the W. and the Haworth and Keighley moors on the E. John Tillotson (1630-94), abp. of Canterbury, was placed at the grammar school here in his 10th yr. according to tradition. Coin St. Aldwyn, Gloucestershire.— Par., vil. (325), and seat, E. Glos, on r. Coin, 3 m. N. of Fairford, 6% SSE. of Northleach, 2 m. SE. of Bibury, 20^- SE. of Gloucester. C. St. A. is one of the Cotswold villages. The father of John Keble (1792-1866) was vicar here for many years, but resided at Fairford in his own house. In 1826 Keble came home to serve as his father’s curate. Colthouse, Lancashire.— Ham., N. Lancs, not quite m. ENE. of Hawkshead. New evidence [see Oliver de Selincourt, "Wordsworth’s Lodging During His Schooldays at Hawkshead," Rev, of Eng. Studies, 21:329-30, Oct. 1945] makes it prob able that Wordsworth lived in one of the small group of houses here,- just off the main road to Sawrey, while he was attending school (1778-87) in Hawkshead (q.v.), rather than in the vil. itself. The Tysons were living here when Hugh d. in 1784 and when Ann d. in 1796, in a cottage that has been pulled down and replaced by a modern structure. Descriptive details in the Prelude fit this location better than the Hawkshead cottage, for a brook runs "boxed within the garden" (IV, 50-51) and the cottage and its neighbors "stand among pleasant fields" (I, 502-503). The poet’s son William told Knight that he remembered his father’s pointing out to him when he was a small boy a house outside of the vil. on the E. side of the valley as Dame Tyson’s house. Colwich^(Wm»Somerville)--See Wolseley Hall, Staffs. Combe, Oxfordshire.--Par. and vil. (429), 2 - g - m. SW. of Woodstock, 9 ffl. of Oxford. Sir Thomas Elyot (c. 1490-1546), au. of the Boke named the Governour, made C. his chief resi dence after inheriting it among.other properties c. 1522. Combe Florey, Somerset.— Par., vil. (215), and seat, W. of 328 co., l - g - m. NW. of Bishop’s Lydeard, 5 NE. of Wiveliscombe, 6 NW. of Taunton. In the autumn of 1799 Poole, of Nether Stowey, 6 m. NE., negotiated unsuccessfully for the sale of G. Florey to Josiah Wedgwood, whom he admired and wished to have in the neighborhood.--Sydney Smith (1771-1845) was rector here from 1829 until his death. He reblt. the rectory. Compton, Surrey.— Par., vil. (777), and seat, W. of co., 2 - | - m. SW. of Guildford, 1 m. S. of the Hog's Back. The late- Horman church has a chapel above its low vaulted sanctuary, the only 2-storied sanctuary in England. The Watts Picture Gallery here is a memorial to George F. Watts (1817-1904), the artist, who lived at Isiimerslease, | r m. N. of C., and a cemetery and mortuary chapel are the gift of the artist and his wife, who designed the chapel.--Gilbert White (1720-93) lived at G. in early childhood. Compton Castle, Devon.--Ruins, SE. Devon, in ham. of Comp ton, 1 m. N. of Marldon, 3 m. WNW. of Torquay. The remains of the 15th cent, castellated mansion are now incorporated in a farmhouse. Family home of the Gilberts. Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1539?-83) was the second son of Otho Gilbert of C. Compton Hall, nr. Farhham— See Moor Park, Surrey. Condover, Shropshire.— Par. and vil. (1694), 4 - | - m. S. of Shrewsbury. C. Hall, a seat, has a good Elizabethan stone house. C. was the birthplace of Richard Tarlton (d. 1588), actor, according to Fuller. 329 Congham, Norfolk.— Far. and vil. (277), 7m. NE. of King's Lynn. Contains C. House, Hall, and Lodge. C. was the home and probably the birthplace of Sir Henry Spelman (1564?-1641), historian and antiquary. Congresbury (pron. Coomsbury), Somerset.--Par. and vil. (1258), NW. of co., on r. Yeo, 11^- m. SW. of Bristol. C. has an E. E* church with a fine stone spire and a vicarage bit. in 1445. In a descriptive passage in Banwell Hill William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) refers to the "slender spire" of C. lifting itself above the trees.--C. may be the monastery of "Amesbury" presented to Asser (d. 909?) with Banwell. Coningsby, Lincolnshire.--Par. and vil. (1031), Lindsey, Lines, 7 m. SSW. of Horncastle, 17^ SE. of Lincoln. John Dyer (1700?-58) held the living of C., which he received in 1752 from Sir John Heathcote.--Disraeli is supposed to have taken the title of his novel from this village. Conington, Cambridgeshire.— Par. and vil. (108), on Hunts border, 3m. S. of St. Ives, 9 NW. of Cambridge. Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (1571-1631) was the eldest son of Thomas Cotton of C., the family seat. In 1603 he reblt. the house, in which he had had fitted up the whole room (which he had purchased) in which Mary Stuart had been beheaded in 1587 in Potheringhay Castle. When King James I arrived in Eng land, Cotton was at C. with Ben Jonson and William Camden as guests. Camden took refuge here from the plague in London in 1603 and stayed until after Christmas. Sir Robert Cotton was bur. at C. The house was pulled down in 1753. Co^sbrou^i, Yorkshire.— Urb. dist. and par. (17,190), S. div. W.R. Yorks, on r. Don, 5 m. SW. of Doncaster, 12 NE. of Sheffield. N. of the town is C. Castle (late 12th cent.) now roofless, with an unusually fine circular keep. It was the home of Athelstane in Ivanhoe. Coniston, Lancashire.--Par. and vil. (1098), N. Lanes,on W. side of C. Water, 6 m. SW. of Ambleside, 8^ NE. of Broughton The vil. is closely connected with John Ruskin (1819-1900), whose home was at Brantwood (q.v.) from 1871. He is bur. in a corner of the chyd., under a modern Celtic cross. The Ruskin Museum contains drawings and MSS. by Ruskin, minerals collected by him, and personal relics from Brantwood.— An early poem of Wordsworth's, written in 1786 shortly before he left school at Hawkshead, closes with the image of the sunset light thrown on the hills E. of Coniston Water, as he rested with companions below the promontory on the W. bank (1 m. SE. of vil.) upon which stood C. Hall, ancient seat of the Le Flemings.— DeQ,uincey stayed at C. several days in Aug. 1805 when, on his 1st tour of the Lake Dist., his courage failed him about visiting Wordsworth at Gras mere. --The Tennysons visited C. in -summer 1857. See also Tent Lodge, Lancs. Condlngtan-g&ee Conington, Cambs. 331 Coombe Abbey, Warwickshire.--Seat, 5 m. E. of Coventry. The present house stands in a wooded park on the site of a Cistercian monastery (1150) and incorporates parts of its cloisters (13-15th cent.). The Abbey of Blessed Mary of Coombe, 3^- m. WSW. of Sir Thomas Malory's home at Newbold Revel, was apparently held in great disfavor in the neigh borhood, for it was twice broken into in July 1451 (28 and 29) by a band of yeomen and husbandmen, with Malory as one of the leaders. (See Coleshill, Warwick, for Malory's ex ploit on the preceding day.) The preceding year Malory was tried on a charge that he, with 26 followers, lay in ambush in C. Abbey Woods on 4 Jan. 1450 to kill Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham.— Princess Elizabeth, dau. of James I and later Queen of Bohemia, was living here in the home of the 1st Earl Craven ®t the time of the Gunpowder Plot and was taken to Coventry for safety.--When the British Archae ological Society visited C. Abbey in July 1847, Ainsworth, the novelist, was in the group. Coombe Bissett Hill, Wiltshire.--Hill (522 ft.), S. Wilts, 3 m. SW. of vil. of C. Bissett, 5 m. SW. of Salisbury, traversed by the Salisbury-Blandford rd. The top of the hill is the scene of the meeting of Georgy Crookhill, on his way from Salisbury, with the gentlemanly looking young farmer, in Hardy's Crusted Characters. Cooper's Hill, Surrey.— A sandy ridge (142 ft. high) on S. 332 side of r. Thames, above Runnymede, on border of Berks and Surrey, 1 m. NW. of Egham. In his poem Cooper’s Hill, publ. in 1642, Sir John Denham- described the hill, which could be seen from his home at Egham, and the surrounding Thames Valley as seen from the hill. Cople, Bedfordshire.--Par. and vil. (403), 3|r m. ESE. of Bedford. Samuel Butler (1612-80) lived here at Wood End House (1 m. S. of C.) in the service of Sir Samuel Luke, a Puritan landowner of C. and Haynes (6 m. SSE. of Bedford) and one of Cromwell’s generals, who is said to be the original of Hudibras in Butler’s poem of that name. Copped Hall— See Totteridge, Herts. Copsham Cottage, Esher, Surrey.--Cottage, on E. edge of Copsham (now Esher) Common, midway bet. Esher and Oxshott, 14 m. SW. of Victoria sta., London. Home of George Meredith (1828-1909) and his son Arthur from autumn 1859 until his 2nd marriage in Sept. 1864. Much enlarged and with the name altered to Copseham^ the house still stands on Copsem Lane, on the edge of the Common. A large mound nr. the house (shown as Round Hill on some old maps), possibly an ancient burial mound, was a favorite viewpoint of Meredith and the friends that he welcomed here. About % m. W. is the Black Pond, or Pool. C. Common was a great resort of gipsies, beggars, and tinkers, from whom he acquired the lst-hand knowledge of their ways shown in Poems of the English Road 333 side and, a few years later, in The Adventures of Harry Richmond. C. Common is the scene of Juggling Jerry, who dies by the Mound. Sandra Belloni, wr. here, has many descriptions of the region. Emilia, the singer of the woods, is discovered on the Mound, Purcell Barrett dies by the pollard-willow nr. the Black Pool, and the final scene takes place here. The chapter "Frost on the May Night" describes the moonlit glade at the base of the Mound as Meredith saw it from his cottage window. The poem Night of Frost in May, wr. 30 yrs. later, recalls the same scene. Other works wr. during the Copsham residence were Evan Harrington and Modern hove. William Hardman, the Blackburn Tuckham of Beauchamp* s Career, John Morley, and James Cotter Morison were fre quent visitors and companions on walks across the Surrey commons. In June 1862 Swinburne, an occasional visitor, brought FitzGerald* a Omar KHayydm. which he had recently discovered, and wrote here the 1st 13 stanzas of Laus Veneris, after the whole party had sat for hours on the Mound, reciting FitzGerald*s verses. [Contemporary photo graphs of the house, the Mound, and the Black Pool in Ellis, George Meredith.] ■ ftCopsley (Meredith, Diana of the Crossways)— See Denbies, Surrey. Coquet Island, Northumberland.— Off coast, 1 m, SE. of mouth, of r. Coquet, 1^- m. E. of Amble, 21 SSE. of Fame Islands, 68 NW. of Whitby. At the earnest request of Aelflaed, abbess of Whitby, St. Cuthbert (d. 687) came out of his seclusion on Fame Island and met her here in 684. [Name is given by mistake as Croquet Island in D. N. B.] Corfe Castle, Dorset.— Far. and small town (1402), Isle of Purbeck, SE. Dorset, 4^ m. SE. of Wareham, 17^ ESE. of Dor-• Chester. The ruins of the castle are on a hill N. of the town. Before the Reform Act of 1852 it returned 2 members to Parliament. Sir John Davies (1569-1626), au. of Orches tra, was M.P. for Corfe in 1601. The town of Corfe existed in Saxon days as Corvesgate, at the only gate or cut in the Purbeck Hills, opening into a favorite royal hunting dist. to the S. King Edward met a violent death here in 978. The castle, bit. after the Norman Conquest, had a somber history. It finally was destroyed by order of the Parliamentarians as punishment for its stubborn resistance in the Great Re bellion. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621-83), was at one time in charge of troops besieging It. [Photograph of the spectacular ruins in Wade, Rambles in Dorset and drawings in Windle, The Wessex of Thomas Hardy.] --Hardy introduces it as "Corvesgate” in The Hand of Ethei- berta.— Tennyson visited it on a summer tour in 1854 and considered it well worth seeing. Cornbury Park, Oxfordshire.— Far. and seat (73), N. Oxon, 535 1 m. SW. of Charlbury, 12% m. NW. of Oxford. The seat, Wood says, was "procured of the King" at the Restoration by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, who took from it his 2nd title. It forms the E. part of Wychwood Forest, which once was in cluded in the Cornbury lands. C. Park remained in the Hyde family till it was sold to the 3rd Duke of Marlborough In the mid. 18th cent, by Clarendon’s great-grandson, Henry Hyde, Viscount Cornbury and Lord Hyde (1710-53), younger bro. of the Duchess of Queensberry. Lord Cornbury was a friend of Pope, who sometimes visited him here. He was for many yrs. one of the members for Oxford Univ. and a leader among the Jacobite gentry of N, Oxon, who, before the rising of 1745, used to hold secret meetings, usually at night, in the High Lodge (now a farmhouse), 2m. SW. of C. House on the highest point of Wychwood Forest. The Young Pretender is said to have visited Lord Cornbury at C. at some time after 1745 on one of his secret visits to England. Corsham, or Corsham Regis, Wiltshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (3940), N. Wilts, 4m. SW. of Chippenham, 8^ NE. of Bath. C. Court is the Elizabethan seat of Lord Methuen. Sir Richard Blaekmore (1653?-1729), physician and writer in prose and verse, was b. at C. Copston, Somerset.--Par• and vil. (384), NE. of co., nr. r. Avon, 3g- m. W. of Bath. Robert Southey (1774-1843) attended school here. 336 - aCorvesgate Castle (Hardy)— See Corfe Castle, Dorset, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire.— Par. and vil. (2470), 6^- m. N. of Cambridge, 9 SW, of Ely, John Warkworth (d. 1500), chronicler, domestic chaplain of the Bp. of Ely, held the rectory of C. and left a bequest to the church here when he died. Cotters tock, Northamptonshire.--Par. and ham. (138), N. Northants, on r. Nen, 2m. N. of Oundle, 11 SW. of Peter borough, 17 NW. of Huntingdon. C. Hall is a seat. In his last years John Bryden (1631-1700) often visited Mrs. Steward, daughter of his cousin Mrs. Creed, at C. Coulsdon, Surrey.— Par. (18,140), In urb. dist. of C. and Purley, E. Surrey, 5m. S. of Croydon, 6 NE. of Reigate. Contains C. Court. Sir Alfred Comyn hyall (1835-1911), second son in the family of the Rev. Alfred Lyall, was b. at C., then a small country vil. Coveney, Cambridgeshire.--Par. and vil. (472), Isle of Ely, 3 - g - m. NW. of Ely, 15 N. of Cambridge, 17 NE. of Huntingdon. Conyers Middleton (1683-1750), who had mar. a rich widow, was presented by her, in 1726, to this small rectory, which he held for a short time. Her granddau., Mrs. Elizabeth Robinson Montagu (1720-1800), spent her earliest youth with her family on the estate here. Coventry, Warwickshire.— City, pari, and co. bor., and par. (225,000), 18 m. NE. of Stratford-on-Avon, 18 ESE. of Birming ham. It returns 1 member to Parliament. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. The city suffered so severely in the Nazi raids and the older part was so complete ly destroyed that ’ ’coventrate" was used during World War II to describe such enemy aiction. The "three tall spires" of Coventry were the spires of the closely grouped churches of St. Michael’s, the cathedral (296 ft.); Holy Trinity (237 ft.), where Sarah Kemble and William Siddons were mar. in Nov. 1773; and Christ Church (230 ft.). Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and his wife, the famed Lady Godiva, founded a Bene dictine monastery here in 1043. The legend of her riding naked through the town to secure abolition of a tax im posed by her husband is recorded in Flores Historiarum (1235). Not until 1678 was the "Peeping Tom” episode added to the story. The legend is told by Michael Drayton (1563- 1631) in Poly-01bion, No. 13, by Leigh Hunt (1784-1859), and by Tennyson in Godiva. Lady Godiva appears In Charles Kingsley’s Hereward the Wake as the mother of the hero and In one of Landor’s Imaginary Conversations. In the 14th cent. C. ranked next to London, York, and Bristol in Indus trial importance. Only 2 plays survive of the cycle of medieval plays enacted here, which Shakespeare is supposed to have seen. Nigel Wireker, satirist, visited C. after the introduc tion of secular canons here in the place of monks (1191) and wrote of his grief at the sight.— Alexander of Hales (d. 1245) was archdeacon of C.— Gosford Green, E. of the town, was the scene in 1398 of the projected encounter be tween Bolingbroke and the Duke of Norfolk, which was stopped by the king (cf. Shakespeare*s Richard II). Near C. Prince Hal and Westmorland meet Falstaff with his ragged soldiers, with whom he has determined not to march through the town Q: Henry IV, IV, ii).— Sir Thomas Malory was arrested here in July 1451 and taken by the sheriff to Coleshill (q.v.). --After the Dissolution John Hales (d. 1571) was granted the hospital of St. John the Baptist, founded in the reign of Henry II for the relief of poor travelers, which he converted into a free grammar school and for which he wrote Introductiones ad Grammaticam in Latin and English.-- C. was the birthplace of Anne, younger dau. of Sir Henry Goodere, the patron of Drayton in his youth. She is the Idea of his verses, whom he compares to Godiva in Hymn to his Ladies Birth-Place, adding that Idea was b. in "happy Mich-Parke," the "best and most frequent" street of C.-- Philemon Holland (1552-1637) lived after c. 1595 in C., where he had a small medical practice and was later usher of the grammar school. He d. here and was hur. in Holy Trinity Church.--Bartholomew Griffin (d. 1602) was bur. in Holy Trinity.— Sir William Dugdale (1605-86) was educ. at the grammar school at C.--Richard Baxter (1615-91), driven out of Kidderminster during the Civil War, officiated as chaplain to the Parliamentary garrison here.— William Cobbett (1762-1835) contested C. unsuccessfully in 1820.— Dean Hook (1798-1875) was vicar of Holy Trinity from 1829 till 1857.--T. H. Huxley (1825-95) lived as a boy in his father's native town of C., where he had little formal edu cation but, through association with a doctor bro.-in-law, became interested in human anatomy.— After receiving his early education at Beaumaris grammar school, Austin Dobson (1840-1921) attended a private school here.--Ellen Terry (1848-1928), the actress, was b. in Market St.--After leav ing Birmingham, on their wet ride to I*ondon, the Pickwick- ians made their 1st stop to change horses at C., and between C. and ©unchurch Sam Weller entertained the party with his theories on postboys and donkeys. In Dec. 1857 Dickens gave an unpaid reading of A Christmas Carol in the Corn Exchange, later the Empire Theatre, in aid of the Coventry Mechanics' Institute and was honored the next Dec. with a public dinner in the Castle Hotel, which used to be in Broad- gate, at which he was presented with a gold repeater watch, which he willed to John Forster. C. is associated with the life and works of George Eliot (Marian Evans, 1819-80). She spent 3 yrs. here at a boarding-school at 29, Warwick Rd., on the W. side of Grey- friars Green, kept by the Misses Franklin, whose father, the Rev. Francis Franklin, a Baptist minister, preached in a chapel in Cow Lane. He was the prototype of Rufus Lyon in Felix Halt, and his house in Chapel Yard is described in the novel. Mr. Simms, the organist of St. Michael's, who gave lessons, is described in Middlemarch as Rosamund's teacher. In 1841-49 she lived with her father at ”Bird Grove,” a semi-detached suburban villa at 21, Foleshill Rd., next door to Mrs. Pears, sister of Charles Bray, whom the Evanses had known slightly in Griff days. Rosehill, in St. Nicholas St., at the top of Bishops St., was the home of the Brays and Miss Sara Hennell, at which she was a frequent visitor and where she lived for a time after her father's death. C. is said to be the original of ”Treby Magna” in Felix Holt and of ”Middlemarch,” but the identification is not a positive one.--A. E. W. Mason (1865—? ), novelist, describes C. as ”Ludsey.” Cowan Bridge, Lancashire.--Ham., NE. Lancs, 2 m. SE. of Kirkby Lonsdale, 11 SSE. of Kendal, 35 NW. of Keighley. The Clergy Daughters' School here, attended by Charlotte and Emily BrontS and 2 older sisters, was the original of ”Lowood” in Jane Eyre, where a good description of its loca tion is given. It was on the coach-rd. bet. Leeds and Kendal, and easily reached from Haworth by the daily coach, which made Keighley one of its stages. Since 1832 the school, now flourishing and much respected, has been at Casterton (1 m. NE. of Kirkby Lonsdale), the Old Hall of which was the residence of the founder, the Rev. William Garus -Wilson, whose probably exaggerated portrait appears in the nMr. Brocklehurst” of Jane Eyre. CowcL^a^ Park, Sussex.--Seat, W. Sussex, 1 m. E. of Midhurst, 11 m. NNE. of Chichester, 26 NW. of Brighton. Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624), Shakes peare's patron, was b. here at the residence of his mater nal grandfather.— Queen Elizabeth was the guest here of the 2nd Viscount Montagu in 1591 and here shot 3 or 4 deer with a crossbow.--Samuel Johnson (1709-84) drove here from Brigh ton with Philip Metcalfe in Oct. 1782 to see ”the venerable seat of the Lords Montaeute.” Much impressed he said, "I should like to stay here four-and-twenty hours. We see here how our ancestors lived.” The magnificent ruins of the Tudor mansion, destroyed by fire in 1793, stand in C. Park. [Photograph in Wyndham, South-Eastern Survey. ] Cowes, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Urb. dist., par., spt., and seaside resort (18,022), on N. coast, 4 - § - m. N. of New port. Connected by ferry across the r. Medina, here 600 yds. broad, with East Cowes, which is a part of it. John and Charles Wesley sailed -from C. for Georgia in the Simmonds in Dec. 1735, after embarking at Gravesend nearly 2 mos. ear lier.--Dr. Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), whose family had been settled here for 2 generations and whose father was collector 348 of customs, was b. in a house at the corner of Mill Hill Rd. (tablet).— When Keats came to the I.G.W. in April 1817 to start Endymion, he landed at C. and took coach for Newport. The extensive barracks for recruits that he passed on the edge of Parkhurst Forest disgusted him with the government f , for placing such a Nest of Debauchery in so beautiful a place.’ * When he sailed from C. for Southampton in Aug. 1819 with Brown after a stay At Shanklin, the beautiful yacht of the Prince Regent had come from Brighton and was anchored opp. C. Of the many other boats ’ ’circuiting and tacking about it in every direction" he wrote to Fanny Brawne: "I never beheld anything so silent, light, and graceful.”— In Aug. 1830 Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) and John Allen, having crossed from Southampton, watched the regatta here and saw members of the banished French royal family. Later Fitz Gerald sometimes anchored his little yacht, the Scandal, here and was here in it with his bro. Peter in the summer of 1866. Cowes Castle, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Castle at Cowes, on the W. side of the Medina, bit. by Henry VIII and once used as a state prison. Since 1856 it has been the headquarters and clubhouse of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Sir William Davenant (1606-68) wrote half of the 3rd book of Gondibert in C. Castle, where he was imprisoned after being captured by a Parliament ship when he had started for Virginia on a mission for the queen in 1650. 343 ^C^Told (Mark Rutherford.)— See Ampth.il 1, Beds. Cowslip Green, Somerset.— Ham., in par. of Blagdon, 1^- m. SE. of Wrington, 6 NE. of Axbridge, 10 SW. of Bristol. Hannah More (1745-1833) bit. a cottage here in 1785 and spent her summers here. Later she removed to Barley Wood. While she was here Mrs. Montagu presented an urn for her garden in memory of Locke, whose birthplace was at Wrington. Zachary Macaulay (1768-1838), father of Lord Macaulay, met here Selina Mills, one of Miss More’s former pupils, whom he later married. Coxhoe, Durham.— Par. and vil. (3987), 5m. SE. of Durham. C. Hall was the birthplace of Elizabeth Barret Browning (1806-61). Coxhorn, Gloucestershire.--Ham., in the val. above Charlton Kings, 2% m. SE. of Cheltenham, 9^ E. of Gloucester. C. House, in the foothills of the Cotswolds, was one of the country places where Sidney Dobell (1824-74) and his wife spent their early mar. life when they were not in Chelten ham. The Society of the Friends of Italy is said to have originated in a meeting here with Stanfield and George Daws on. Coxwold, Yorkshire.— Par. and vil. (251), N.R. Yorks, 7^ m. SE. of Thirsk, 17 NNW. of York. Laurence Sterne (1713-68) lived here from 1760 as perpetual curate, having received the office from his friend Lord Fauconberg of Newburgh 344 Priory, | j - m. SE. There was no parsonage, and Sterne occu pied a large stone cottage not Tar from the church, at the W. end of the vil., on the N. side of the Thirsk rd. He enlarged and improved the house, which he named Shandy Hall, and here finished Tristram Shandy and wrote A Sentimental Journey. John Hall-Stevenson visited him in the summer of 1767 and took him home with him to Skelton Castle. Cranborne, Dorset.— Par. and vil. (675), NE. of Co., 10 m. NE. of Wimborne Minster, in Cranborne Chase (ancient forest, now enclosed, in Wilts and Dorset). C. Manor, a seat of the Marquis of Salisbury, whose 2nd title is Viscount Cranborne, has a delightful Tudor manor-house with Jacobean porches.— Leland visited C. and praised its one street.--C, is the ”Chasetown” of Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles. The home of Mrs. Stoke D1Urberville, The Slopes, near Pentridge ("Trantridge”) is on the edge of C. Chase, and the Chase is the scene of the tragic ruin of Tess by Alec Stoke-D'TTrber* ville. Cranbrook, Kent.— Par. and mkt.-town (3829), S. Kent, on r. Crane, 4 m. NNE. of Hawkhurst, 12^ ESE. of Tunbridge Wells, 12ijr S. of Maidstone. It was once a center of the clothing industry, started by the settlement of Flemish weavers here in the time of Edward III. Some of the old gabled houses of the weavers remain, and there is an Elizabethan grammar school.— Giles Fletcher, the elder (1549?-1611), mar. Joan 345 Sheafe of C. and resided here. Phineas Fletcher (1582-1650) was b. and baptised here, where his grandfather was rector. — Richard Mulcaster (1530?-1611), who resigned the headmas- tership of the Merchant Taylors' school in 1586, became rector of C. in 1590.— Douglas Jerrold (1803-57) was brought up at Wilsley Green, a ham. ^ m. N. of C., and described the locality in Chronicles of Cloveraook.--Sydney Dobell (1824- 74) was b. here, the son of a wine merchant, and lived here until 1836, when his father moved his business to Cheltenham. ^Cranford (Gaskell)— See Knutsford, Cheshire. Cr^tford, Middlesex.— Par. and vil. (759), W. Middx, on r. Crane, 3 m. NW. of Hounslow, 6 NE. of Staines. The par. con tains the ham. of C. Bridge and the seat of C. Park. Thomas Fuller was presented to the rectory in 1658 by the 1st Earl of Berkeley, whose chaplain he became. Fuller, who d. in London, was bur. in the church at C., Crayford, Kent.— TJrb. dist. and par. (25,000), NW. Kent, 1 - f - m. WNW. of Dartford, 15^- SE. of London by rail. Until well into the 19th cent. C. was a country vil. on the road from Canterbury and Rochester to London. Thomas Harman (fl.1547- 67) lived here on an estate inherited from his father and his grandfather, Henry Harman, clerk of the crown under Henry ¥11. He learned much of the lives of vagrants from those who begged at his door and publ. a work about them. Crazy Castle (Hall-Stevenson)— See Skelton Castle, Yorks. Credenhill, Herefordshire.--Par* and vil. (234), 4m. NW. of Hereford, 12 SE. of Kington. Contains C. Court. Thomas Traherne (1637?-74) held the living as rector from the end of 1657 until his death. He probably came into residence in 1661, when he would have been legally of age to perform the duties of rector, and left in 1667 to become the chap lain of Sir Orlando Bridgeman. He lived in the rectory ad joining the square-towered gray stone church, on an elevation above the Hereford rd., with a thickly wooded hill rising steeply behind it, the site of an ancient Roman encampment. Traherne’s loveliest nature poetry probably owes its in spiration to the beauty of the country here. Crediton, Devon.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (3501), on r. Creedy, 7 j § - m. NW. of Exeter. Birthplace of St. Boniface (680-755). Seat of the bishopric of Devon and Cornwall until 1050, when Deofric, who had become bp. in 1046, had it moved to Exeter for greater security.— Sir Robert Killi- grew, father of the dramatist Thomas (1612-83), had an estate here, which he lost during the Civil War.— A warrant for Defoe’s arrest was isaued here when Defoe was traveling through the west counties as a secret service agent for Har ley in the summer of 1705, but he had gone on to Cornwall.— Coleridge’s Aunt Susannah had a little shop here, and as a small child he read everything in her stock of books. •ftCrikswich (Meredith)--See Seaford, Sussex. Cromer, Norfolk.— Urb. dist., par., and small seaside town (4177), 22 m. N. of Norwich, 30 NW. of Great Yarmouth. John Taylor (1580-1653), ”the water poet,H on a journey by water from hondon to York, was taken into custody with his 4 * com panions as suspected pirates when bad weather forced them to land here.--For George Meredith, see Overstrand, Norfolk. — Tennyson and his son were guests of the Eocker-Lampsons here in July 1886. One day they went sailing on Wroxham Broad. Cropredy, Oxfordshire.— Par. and vil. (409), N. Oxon, on r. Cherwell, 4 m. N. of Banbury, 20 SW. of Northampton. Sir William Davenant took part with the Royalists in the defeat of Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 29 June 1644.--C. was the home of Thomas Vaughan (1622-66), according to the description in his will. Croquet Island— See Coquet Island, Northumberland. Cross— See Cheddar, Somerset. Crossways Farm, Surrey.— Farm, on Dorking-Guildford rd., bet. Wotton and Abinger Hammer, N. of Abinger. It lies S. of the rd., with the little stream Tillingbourne running through the fields. The Elizabethan farmhouse, familiar to George Meredith from his frequent walks in this neighborhood, is the original of The Crossways, the house which was almost the whole fortune of Diana in Diana of the Crossways. [Drawing and further description in Parker, Highways and Byways in Surrey.] Crosthwaite, Cumberland.— Eccl. dist. and vil. (2626), in basin of r. Derwent and around Keswick. The vil. lies N. of Keswick, and the church is little more than ■ § • m. NW. of Greta Hall, residence of Robert Southey (1774-1843), who is bur. in the chyd. In the church is a monument to the poet laureate provided by public^subscription. The recumbent figure is by Dough, the inscription by Wordsworth. The pres ent t church, on the site of a church bit. by St. Kentigern in 553, is 16th cent. Perp., with a 14th cent, octagonal font.— Eliza Lynn Linton (1822-98), dau. of the vicar, the Rev. James Lynn, gives a picture of her motherless childhood in the vicarage in Christopher Kirkland. Mrs. Linton visited C. vicarage in 1897 and showed the Rev. H. D. Rawnsley, then vicar, her initials still visible where she had cut them on one of the lime trees. By her wish her ashes were placed in C. chyd. beside her fatherrs tomb. Crostwick, Norfolk.— Par. (147), 4^- m. NNE. of Norwich. Sir Thomas Browne (1605-82) dedicated Hydriotaphia to Thomas Le Gros of C. Crowborough, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (5846), E. Sussex, 7 m. NE. of Uckfield, 7 SW. of Tunbridge Wells. W. of the vil. is C. Beacon, a hill (792 ft.), with an aerial lighthouse upon it. "Lofty Croridge," in Meredith’s The Amazing Marriage, seems to be intended for C.--Upon his 2nd marriage, in 1907, Conan Doyle bought a house at C., called Windlesham, to be nr. his wife’s .people. He and his wife are bur. nr. a little wooden hut in the garden, which was a favorite re treat. Crowell, ®xfordshire.--Par. and vil. (92), E. Qxon, 5 m. SE. of Thame, 15 ESE. of Oxford. Birthplace and home of Thomas Ellwood (1639-1714), Quaker friend of Milton. Crowland, or Croyland, Lincolnshire.— Par., rural dist., and mkt.-town (2707), Holland, Lines, 8 m. NNE. of Peterborough, 14 W. of Wisbech. At C. are the ruins of a Benedictine abbey established by Ethelbald (d. 757) in 716 in memory of St. Guthlac, a Mercian nobleman who, as a young man, had retired to a hermitage in the fen country after a period of military service and who had given Ethelbald sanctuary here before he became king. The monastery became a center of learning and supplied early teachers at Cambridge.— Ordericus Vitalis (1075-1143?), historian, spent 5 wks. at C. Abbey c. 1115.— John Warkworth (d. 1500), chronicler, master of Peterhouse, left a bequest to the monastery. [See Rawnsley, Highways and Byways in Lincolnshire for history of the abbey.] A curious triangular bridge, which now stands high and dry, is a feature of the town. The seated stone effigy upon it is a figure of Christ from the abbey.— Tennyson visited C. in the summer of 1852. Croxall, Staffordshire.— Par., vil. (233), and seat, SE. Staffs, on r. Mease, 2 m. N. of Elford, 6 NE. of Richfield, 7 SSW. of Burton-on-Trent. John Dryden (1631-1700), fre quently visited his patron, the Earl of Dorset, at C. Hall, an extant Elizabethan house. Croydon, Surrey.--Pari, and mun. bor., co. bor., par., and mkt.-town (243,400), 10 m. S. of I»ondon Bridge. AS. resi dential sub. of London, with an extensive airport. C. is the capital of E. Surrey, and assizes are held alternately here and at Guildford in W. Surrey. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Croydon, always a small town of some importance, is now virtually absorbed into Greater London. The palace of the abps. here is believed to have been founded as early as the 11th cent, by Abp. Lanfranc. The present bldgs. date in part from the early 15th cent. They have not been used by the abps. since 1758, when Abp. Hutton d., and now, after serving as business premises, house a girls’ day school. Queen Elizabeth was often a visitor to the palace with a great train of courtiers. Abp. Whitgift, the great bene factor of C., founded the Hospital of the Holy Trinity, called Whitgift1s Hospital, in 1597. The original red-brick quadrangle, enclosing lawn and gardens, stands up the hill from the palace and church, at the corner of North End and George St. N. of it stood Whitgift’s Grammar School. The school was removed in 1871 to new bldgs. 1 m. S. in Haling Park, and the old bldg. was town down. A 2nd school, called 551 the Whitgift Middle School, occupies the old site. Abp. Whitgift (d. 1604) was bur. in the par. church of St. John the Baptist, N. of the palace. His elaborate tomb with re cumbent effigy was restored when the church was completely reblt. in 1867 after a fire. Among bps. consecrated in the chapel of the palace were Reginald Pecock, bp. of St. Asaph, June 1444; Miles Coverdale, Exeter, Aug. 1551; Richard Montagu, Chichester, St. Bartholomew’s Day, Aug. 1628. C. was the center 400 yrs. ago of the important colliery industry of Surrey, which supplied London with coal (char coal). ”As black as a Croydon collier” was a proverbial expression. In the reign of Edward VI a collier of C• named Grimes ox/Grimme won a suit brought by the abp. against him for creating a nuisance with his smoke. He was used subse quently as a character in two 16th cent, plays: Like Will to Like, by Ulpian Fulwell, and Grim the Collier of Croydon.-- Alexander Barclay (14757-1552) repeatedly mentions in Eclogue I that he resided at C. in his youth. He d. here and was bur. in the church.— John Udall (15607-92) was placed on trial in July 1590 at the C. assizes for the publication of A Demonstration.--Bp. John Hacket (1592-1670) preached before the commissioners of the Savoy conference here in 1660.— John Oldham (1653-83) was usher for c. 3 yrs. in Whitgift's Grammar School, where he is said to have been visited by Rochester, Dorset, Sir Charles Sedley, and other gentlemen and wits.— Henry Thrale, of Streatham, kept a pack of hounds and a hunting box nr. C.— John Ruskin (1819-1900) knew G. well. In Praeterita he says that his maternal grandmother was once the landlady of the Old King's Head in Market St., and he paints a pleasant picture of his aunt and her little house, "the fashionablest in Market Street, having actually two windows over the shop, in the second story." Neither bldg. is extant, nor is the name of the street.--Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) lived here in 1876-8.— Mrs. Edward FitzGerald (Lucy Barton) d. at C. in 1898, at the age of 90. Croyland— See Crowland, Lincs. Guckfield (pron. Cook'field), Sussex.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town, E. Sussex, 14 m. N. of Brighton. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) frequently visited his uncle, Captain John Pilford, here. He came here after his expulsion from Oxford and again in Oct. 1811, after his marriage, in an attempt to effect a reconciliation with his father, who re fused, however, to see him. Here, he met Elizabeth Hitchener, mistress of a little school at Hurstpierpoint, 5^- m. SSW. of C.— Henry Kingsley (1830-76) retired from London to G. and d. here. Cuckfield Place, Sussex.— Elizabethan mansion at Guckfield, W. of the town, the manor-house of the Sergisons, who have been settled at C. since the 17th cent. The 1st visit of 353 William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) to the Rev. William Sergison here in Nov, 1829 inspired him "to attempt a story in the bygone style of Mrs. Radeliffe." C. Place is the Rookwood Hall in Rookwood, transferred to Yorks, and the Doom Tree was derived from an actual tree here. Ainsworth recalls that Shelley once used the words "like bits of Mrs. Radeliffe" for the picturesque views of the same hall and old park. Although the house has been enlarged, the 16th cent, wing on the N. side, where the events of the story take place, is essentially unchanged. [Photograph in Ellis, William Harrison Ainsworth and His Friends.] Cuddesdon, Oxfordshire.— Par. and vil. (205), 5\ m. SE. of Oxford. The vil. contains the Bp. of Oxford's palace (bit. 1679) and a theological college, founded by Samuel Wilber- force (1805-73) when he was bp. Culbone, Somerset.— Par. (41) and hill, nr. Porlock Bay, 8 m. W. of Minehead. Coleridge was staying for a few days at a lonely farmhouse ^ m. from Culbone Church when Kubla Khan was written, in autumn 1797 or spring 1798 (the date is dis puted). The farmhouse is 7jg m. E. of Eynton and 2f - WNW. of Porlock, whence came the man who interrupted the writing of the poem.— The church (Berp.) is said to be the smallest church in England in regular use having both nave and chancel. It is 33 ft. by 12 ft. Culham, Oxfordshire.— Par., vil. (388), and seat, on r. 354 Thames, 7 m. S. of Oxford. C. hock is lOg- m. S. of Oxford by water. C. Training College for schoolmasters was founded in 1853 by Samuel Wilberforee (1805-73) when he was bp. of Oxford. Cuhgjttock, Devons— Par. and vil. (760), NE. Devon, on r. Culm, 9% m. E. of Tiverton, 10^ SW. of Taunton. The father of Richard Doddridge Blackmore (1825-1900) was curate here from 1825-47. Frederick Temple, afterwards abp. of Canter bury, was his pupil for a time and later was a schoolfellow of the novelist's at Tiverton. C. is the original of t t Perly- cross" in Blackmore’s novel of that name (1894). Cuouior, Berkshire .--Far. and vil. (1385), N. Berks, 3^- m. SW. of Oxford. The manor house of C. Place, where Amy Robsart, wife of Bord Robert Dudley, was found dead at the foot of the stairs on 8 Sept. 1560, has entirely disappeared. As well known, Scott’s use of the incident in Kenilworth varies it greatly. In the church is a quaint full-length statue of Queen Elizabeth, with stiff round skirt.— Anthony’k Wood (1632-95) sometimes drank his pot of ale at C. when he walked from Oxford with a friend in the afternoon,— Scott admired a ballad, Cumnor Hall, by William Julius Mickle (1735-88). Cutfield--See Catfield, Norfolk. Cuxton, Kent.--Par. and vil. (652), N. Kent, on r. Medway, 2 i § - m. SW. of Rochester. William Baud (1573-1645), afterwards abp. of Canterbury, resigned bis fellowship at St. John’s Coll., Oxford, and came to C. when he received the living in Oct. 1610. D * : f D , town of, in Surrey (Jane Austen^, The Watsons-)--See Dorking, Surrey. -^Dairies, The Valley of Little (Hardy)--See Blackmoor Vale, Dorset. Dalton, Yorkshire.--Par. and vil. (3571), W.R. Yorks, 2 m. E. of Rotherham, 7 NE. of Sheffield. Richard Rolle (1290?- 1349), having left his home because his religious enthusiasm had led his family to doubt his sanity, found a patron here in John de Dalton, squire of' the place and father of Oxford friends of his, who provided him with a hermit’s cell and clothing and with other necessaries. Danby Wlske, Yorkshire.--Par. and vil. (297), N.R. Yorks, 3^- m. NW. of Northallerton, 35 NW. of York. Thomas Rymer (1641-1713) and George Hickes (1642-1715) were schoolfellows here at the school kept by Thomas Smelt, a loyalist. Daresbury, Cheshire.— Par. and vil. (104), 3 m. SSW. of Warrington, 15^ NE. of Chester. Birthplace of Charles Lut- widge Dodgson (’ ’ Lewis Carroll,” 1832-98), whose father was rector of D. Parfield, Yorkshire.— Urb. dist., par., and vil. (5566), W.R. Yorks, 5 m. ESE. of Barnsley, irj=r NNE. of Sheffield. Ebenezer Elliott (1781-1849) is bur. here. Darlas ton, Staffordshire.— Vil. and seat, W. Staffs, 1 - g - m. 357 NW. of Stone, 8 NNW. of Stafford. Richard Barnfield (1574- 1627), poet, d. at his country mansion here. Barley, Derbyshire.— Par. (3264), in Matlock urb. dist., with vil. of Darley Dale on r. Derwent, 3 m. NW. of Matlock, 6 SE. of Bakewell, 17 NNW. of Derby. Birthplace of Robert Bage (1728-1801), au. of Hermsprong, whose father was en gaged in paper-making here.— D. Hall, E. of the vil., was the home of Mrs. Elizabeth Evans, a wealthy widow (dau. of Jedediah Strutt, cotton-spirmer, and sister of William and Joseph Strutt), whose plan to have Coleridge live at D. Hall with his family as tutor to her 2 sons was vetoed by the children’s guardians. Coleridge and Sara were guests here for c. 10 days in August 1796, while the plan was under consideration. Darlin^tOTi, Durham.--Pari, and co. bor., mkt.-town, and par. (75,930), on r. Skerne, 9^ m. WSW. of Stockton-on-Tees, 18 S. of Durham. Returns 1 member to Parliament. The 2nd night’s stop of the Shelleys and Hogg on their post-chaise journey from Edinburgh to York in Oct. 1811.— Waiting here for a York coach, having come by post chaise from Barnard Castle, in Feb. 1838, Dickens wrote an indignant letter to the editor of the Durham Advertiser, contradicting the erroneous report that he had just read in that paper of the income derived by Boz from Pickwick Papers. Dartford, Kent.--Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (35,680), W. Kent, on r. Darent, 7 m. W. of Gravesend, 14 ESE. of London Bridge. Although D. has seen rapid growth and indus trial development in the 19th and 20th cent., it has been associated with manufaeturing for many centuries. Sir John Spielmann (d. 1607), who came from Lindau on Lake Constance, bit. here in 1588 the 2nd paper mill in England; and powder mills were established up the r. Darent toward Darenth be fore the end of the 18th cent. Engineering works here to day carry on the tradition of Tudor Kentish furnaces and the later engineering designing of Richard Trevethick, who was *bh& 1st to run a practicable locomotive. D. has an inter esting old par. church with an 11th cent, tower, a late 15th cent, fresco of St. George in the S. aisle, the tomb of Spielmann and his wife, and splendid brasses. The Bull is an ancient inn. fphotograph of street and church tower in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.] If Chaucer’s Canterbury pilgrims followed the customary procedure, they made their 1st night stop, April 17, at D.-- Martin Frobisher (1535?-94) visited D. to see the mills and furnaces for which it was noted.— Here in the autumn of 1798, when Jane Austen and her parents halted for the night at the Bull and George on their way home from Godmersham, Jane' s writing and dressing boxes were put by mistake into a chaise and "driven away towards Gravesend on their way to the West Indies." Fortunately they were retrieved, with Jane’s 1*7 359 (all her worldly wealth, she wrote her sister) safe in her little mahogany writing box.— On the flight to Dover in July 1814, when Shelley was eloping with Mary Godwin, he got fresh horses for his chaise at D., taking 4 horses in stead of 2.— An account of the insurrection that started at D. in 1381 under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw is given in Wil liam Harrison Ainsworth1s Merry England; or, Nobles and Serfs (1874). Wat Tyler’s house stood traditionally on the N. side of the High St. Dartington, Devon.— Par. and vil. (492), S. Devon, on r. Dart, 2 m. N. of Totnes, 2G|- SSW. of Exeter, 20 ENE. of Plymouth. Contains the ruins of D. Hall. Richard Hurrell Proude (1803-36) and James Anthony Froude (1818-94) were b. at D. rectory. Dartmoor, Devon.--An upland tract, occupying the central part of Devon and extending roughly 22 m. N. and S. from Okehampton to Ivybridge and 20 m. E. and W. from Tavistock to Ilsington or Moreton Hampstead. The mean elevation is 1400 - 1700 ft. It is mostly of granitic formation, with rocky "tors" crowning many of the hills. The central Dart moor Forest, originally belonging to the crown, was given by Henry III to his bro. Richard and now belongs to the Duchy of Cornwall. Cattle and sheep are pastured here In stimmer, and the semi-wild shaggy Dartmoor ponies roam over it. The scenery is rugged, and the dist. is popular for its trout streams. It is rich, in antiquities, including pre historic and early Saxon remains and wayside guides to early religious houses.— Coleridge and Southey visited D. on a 5- day walking trip from Exeter in Sept. 1799.— In 1821 Mrs. Felicia Hemans won the Royal Society of Literature prize with a poem on Dartmoor.— Galsworthy’s play Escape is con cerned with an attempt to escape from Princetqwn_Prison across the open moorland.— S. Baring-Gould (1834-1924) and Eden Phillpotts (1862--!) wrote many novels of D. life. Phillpotts listed 23 of his novels that fit together into "a modest comedy of Dartmoor."— The legend of a ghostly D. hound told Conan Doyle by a friend was the germ of his novel The Hound of the Baskervllles. Dartmoor Prison— See FrIncetown, Devon. Dartmouth, Devon.— Mun. bor., par., spt., and mkt.-town (6700), S. Devon, on W. side of Dart estuary, opp. Kingswear, 25 m. E. of Plymouth. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it re turned 2 members to Parliament. D. is a quaint old town with hilly streets and overhanging timbered houses. (Photographs in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.3 Chaucer’s suggestion that his Shipman may have come from D. points to the noto riety achieved by D. in the late 14th cent, for piratical attacks on the vessels of friendly nations made by John Hawley, its leading citizen, and his men. Manly suggests that identification of Chaucer’s original would probably have been easy, as D. had in 1377 only 506 persons above 14 yrs. of age, exclusive of the clergy and mendicants, ac cording to the Subsidy Roll.— Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 1st expedition, in which he was assisted by Sir Walter Raleigh, set out from D. in the autumn of 1578 and returned to it in the spring of 1579.--In 1644-5 Sir William Davenant was in charge of a packet boat here running munitions from the continent to the western army through the Parliamentary blockade.— The vessel on which Eeigh Hunt and his family had set sail for Italy in Nov. 1821 was driven into D. after a tremendous storm, and they landed and went on to Plymouth. Batchet, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (2406), S. Bucks, on r. Thames, 1^- m. E. of Windsor, NW. of Horton, opp. Windsor Home Park. The meadows here by the river were once used by laundresses for bleaching linens. Mistress Page (Merry Wives of Windsor) remarks that it is whiting-time, and Mistress Ford refers to the whitsters in Datchet-mead and gives orders that the basket containing Falstaff be carried to ’ ’the laundress in Datchet-mead.” Here the basket Is emptied ”in the muddy ditch close by the Thames side.” [View of D. Ferry c. 1820 in Mais, The Home Counties.] Dauntsey, Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (357), N. Wilts, on r. Avon, 6^- m. SE. of Malmesbury, 18 NE. of Bath. Contains D. House. George Herbert (1593-1633) was a frequent visitor here or the Earl of Danby, his stepfather’s brother. Here, early in 1629, he fell in love with Jane Danvers, a rela tive of his host, and mar. her at Edington (q.v.) in March. Daventry (popularly pron. Daintree), Northamptonshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (3532), SW. Northants, bet. the Leam and the Nen and nr. the Grand Junction Canal, 4 m. NW. of Weedon, 11^ WNW. of Northampton. An ancient town, where Charles I spent the week before Naseby. The chief transmitting sta. of the B.B.C. is here.— Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was entered at D. academy at its opening in 1751 and was the 1st student to begin theological training under Caleb Ashworth.— Mrs. Felicia Hemans (1793-1835) lived here for a short time after her marriage in 1812.— On the journey from Birmingham to London in the rain, the Pickwick party procured a dry postboy and fresh horses at D. Pawley, Middlesex.— Ham., 3m. SE. of Uxbridge, 7 E. of Slough. Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678- 1751), had a country place here from 1725-39, which he called D. Farm. Pope wrote Swift that he had his hall painted with rakes and spades ”to countenance his calling it a farm.” Pope, Swift, and Gay visited here. Dawlish, Devon.— Urb. dist., seaside resort, and coastguard sta. (4675), E. Devon, at mouth of D. brook, 3 m. NNE. of Teignmouth, 10 SSE. of Exeter. Hannah More (1745-1833), 563 resting at D. in the summer of 1810, received here copies of the 11th ed. of Coelebs in Search of a Wife, originally publ. only 9 mos. before.--In Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, Robert Perrar and Lucy Steele went to D. for a few wks. after their marriage.--Keats went over to D. fair, when he was at Teignmouth in March 1816, and sent some verses, Dawlish Pair, in a lightrhearted letter to James Rice.--Robert Southey with his son on an extensive journey through the S. and W. of England in the autumn and winter of 1836, wrote William Lisle Bowles, "The tornado caught us at Dawlish."— The father of Nicholas Niekl_ab.y had inherited from his father a small farm nr. D., and it was in this part of Devon that Smike died. Deal, Kent.--Mun. bor., spt., mkt.-town, and par. (with Wal- mer, 23,900), E. Kent, 8 m. NE. of Dover, 15 ESE. of Canter bury. One of the 8 corporate, members added to the original Cinque Ports. D. Castle, bit. by Henry VIII, is now the residence of the Captain of the Castle. Richard I landed at D. on his return from Palestine. D. is opp. the Downs, whence Prince Charles was routed in 1645. In The Storm (describing the great storm of Nov. 1703) Defoe writes scathingly of D., from which wreckers put out to wrecked ships to salvage goods, leaving sailors to drown.--Matthew Prior (1664-1721), traveling under an assumed name from Paris, to which he had been sent in connection with negptia- 364 tions for the peace of Utrecht, was detained here in July 1711 as a French spy. Swift wrote a mock account of the affair.— Both the Wesleys landed here on returning from Georgia, Charles in Dec. 1736 and John in Feb. 1738-r— Eliza beth Carter (1717-1806), poet and miscellaneous writer and eldest dau. of the perpetual curate of D. Chapel, was b. at D. Her father spent the last 12 yrs. of his life (d. 1774) with her here in a house that she had purchased. There is a monument to her memory in the chapel, although she is bur. in London.--Some of the scenes of Bleak House are laid at Deal. Dewie, Hampshire.— Par., vil. (125), and seat, N. Hants, 5^ m. WSW. of Basingstoke, 14 NNE. of Winchester. Jane Austen’s parents spent the 1st 7 yrs. of their mah. life in the rectory (now torn down) at D., and later the eldest son, James, was his father’s resident curate here. The vil. lies N. of the rd. bet. Basingstoke and Whitchurch, beside D. House, a fine 17th cent, red-brick manor house, whose grounds adjoin the chyd. D. Gate, referred to in Jane Austen’s letters, is a locality on the Basingstoke rd., marked by a small old wayside inn, where D. Lane runs S. to Steventon (q.v.), less than 2 m. away. Fielding, who visited at Oak ley Hall, • § • m. SE., is said to have drawn some of the features of Squire Western from John Harwood of D. House. The young John Harwood of Miss Austen's day is mentioned as a partner 365 at assembly balls. A ball at D. House in Jan. 1796, at which, she danced much with Tom Xiefroy, the visiting nephew of the rector of Ashe, is described in one of her letters to Cassan dra. {Drawing in Hill, Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends.] Dean Prior, Devon.— P elt, and vil. (243), S. Devon, on SE. edge of Dartmoor, 4^- m. SSW. of Ashburton, 5 NW. of Totnes, 16^- ENE. of Plymouth. A nearly unspoilt vil., of which Robert Herrick (1591-1674) was vicar in 1629-47 and again, after the Restoration, from 1662. The primroses, daffodils, and white-thorn and the May-time customs of the Devon coun tryside, the simple bounties of his garden, and his rural cottage, looked after by his faithful maid Prue (Prudence Baldwin), all find a place in his lyrics, such as Corlnna* s Going A-Maying and A Thanks giving to God for His House. Herrick is bur. in an unknown spot in the chyd. A modern tablet and window are a memorial in the church. Debenham, Suffolk.--Far. and mkt.-town (1085), E. Suffolk, nr. source of r* Deben, 8m. S. of Eye, 12 N. of Ipswich. William Godwin (1756-1836) lived here from 1758 to c. 1760, where his father was a dissenting minister. #Dedlock Arms (Bleak House)— See Rockingham, Northants. Deepdene, Surrey.— Hotel, once a seat, | r m. E. of Dorking. The house and park once belonged to the Howard family. Writing in the late 17th cent., Aubrey gave an enthusiastic 366 description of the garden that the owner had made in the dene, with 21 sorts of thyme, cherry trees, myrtles, orange trees, and rare flowers. It was purchased by the father of Thomas Hope, a wealthy Amsterdam merchant, who was, like his son, a patron of art. Thomas Hope (1770?-1931), au* of Anasta3ius, enlarged the house and designed rooms in neo- Grec style for his collection of sculpture.— Benjamin Dis raeli (1804-81) wrote most of Goningsby here.— In the 15th cent. William Grocyn (1446?-1519) held the living for a time but resigned it in 1493. Denbies, Surrey.— Seat, on a hill adjoining Ranmore Common, 1 m. HW. of Dorking. There are excellent views over the country to the S. Denbies once belonged to Jonathan Tyers, founder of Vauxhall Gardens and father of Tom Tyers, friend of Dr. Johnson. Tyers named one part of his garden II Penseroso, in which he placed a temple, adorned with gloomy texts, 2 life-size paintings of the death of a Christian and an Unbeliever, and a clock that struck every minute as * a reminder of the constant approach of death. Two pedestals at the end of a walk held a "Gentleman’s Scull" and a "Dady’s Seull" with accompanying verses. Temple and pedes tals were removed by a later owner.— The house, with its high situation, has been suggested as the one pictured in Meredith's Diana of the Crossways as "Copsley,” the estate of the Dunstanes, although the name was derived apparently from Copsham (q.v.). Denham, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (1498), on SE. bor der of Bucks, 2 m. NNW. of Uxbridge, 6 - J - SE. of Beaconsfield. An attractive vil., which stands off the main rd. and has retained many of its vil. characteristics in spite of its nearness to London. [Photograph in Pakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] On progresses Queen Elizabeth visited Sir George Peckham here in July 1570 and John Norris in Oct. 1592. John Dryden (1631-1700) in his later yrs. visited Sir William Bowyer, bart., at D. Court, on r. Coin, and made here translations of the 1st Georgic and most of the Aeneid. Denton, Yorkshire.— Par. and ham. (162), W.R. Yorks, on r. Wharfe, 4 m. NW. of Otley, 14 NW. of heeds. Contains D. Park, the site of the old seat of the Fairfaxes. The house was reblt. after 1734. Edward Fairfax (1580?-1635), trans lator of Tasso's Gerusalemme hiberata, was the son of Sir Thomas Fairfax of D. Deptford (pron. Detford), co. London.— Pari, and met. bor. (106,891), on Ravensbourne r. and r. Thames, 3m. SE. of London Bridge and immed. W. of Greenwich. Returns 1 member to Parliament. Until the 19th cent. D. was a vil. in Kent. Queen Elizabeth knighted Sir Francis Drake here in 1581 on board his ship, the Golden Hind. Some of the action of Scott's Kenilworth takes place at D.— Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) was stabbed here by Ingram Frizer in the tavern of Mistress Eleanor Bull and was bur. In the par. church of St. Nicholas, at Deptford Green, just N. of the present Evelyn St.— For Deptford and John Evelyn, see Sayes Court. Derby (pron. Darby), Derbyshire.--Pari, and co. bor., par., co. town, and mkt.-town (142,403), on the W. bank of the Derwent, 15 m. WSW. of Nottingham, 35 NE. of Birmingham. An episcopal see since 1927. The bor. returns 2 members to Parliament. D. has large ry. workshops and many other in dustries. The Roman sta. of Derventio was on the opp. side of the Derwent (now Little Chester). Derby was one of the 5 boroughs of the Danelaw (D., Leicester, Lincoln, Notting ham, and Stamford) and was an important town in A.-S. times. The church of All Saints, reblt. in 1725, is now the cathe dral. The Perp. tower (210 ft.) was bit. in 1509-27. The grammar school, founded in 1160, was restored by Mary in 1554. D. is the "Stoniton” of Adam Bede, and the County Hall, in St. Mary's Gate, opp. the cathedral, is said to be the scene of Hetty Sorrel’s trial. Sir Aston Cokayne (1608-84) d. in lodgings in D.-- Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621-83), was at D. with Charles I in 1642.--Robert Bage (1728-1801) was educ. here.— Samuel Johnson and Mrs. Elizabeth Porter rode from Birmingham to D. and were mar. in St. Werburgh's in Friar Gate on 9 July 1735. The church has been partly reblt. Johnson and Boswell were here In March 1776, when they changed horses bet. Ashbourne and Loughborough and called upon Dr. Butter, and in Sept. 1777, when they drove over from Ashbourne for a day with Dr. Butter, who accom panied them to see the porcelain works, estab. by William Duesbury in 1755. Boswell and Mrs. Butter visited the 1st successful silk-mill in England, set up in 1717 by Joseph Lombe, who brought the secret of the machinery from Pied mont. In its drive S. in 1745 the Highland army, with Prince Charles Edward, was halted at D., a fact to which Boswell referred as he and Johnson approached the town.-- Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849) was sent to school here to a Mrs. Lattaffi&re in 1775.— Herbert Spencer (1820-1905) was b. at D. and attended a day school here.--Spencer Timothy Hall (1812-85) lived here for 3ome time as a homoeopathic doctor, which he became c. 1852.— Dickens was at D. in Aug. 1852 (having walked 16 m. from Nottingham) to act in Lord Lytton's play Not So Bad as We Seem for the benefit of the Guild of Literature and Art. The performance was attended by the Duke of Devonshire "and no end of minor radiances." In Oct. 1858, Jan. 1867, and Feb. 1869 Dickens gave read ings in the Lecture Hall and stayed at the Royal Hotel (still ai leading hotel). Devil1s Punch Bowl, Surrey.— Deep depression on N. side of Hindhead, S.W. Surrey, 2m. N. of Haslemere, 11 SW. of 370 Guildford. On the slope of the Punch Bowl, round which the Portsmouth rd. runs, was found on 24 Sept. 1786 the body of an unknown sailor, murdered and robbed that night by 3 men into whose company he had fallen and for whose food and lodging he had paid. Apprehended, the men were hanged on the summit of Hindhead, now called Gibbet Hill. James Still well, of Cosford, erected a stone that same year "in detesta tion of a barbarous murder." On their way to Portsmouth Nicholas Nickleby and Smike "walked upon the rim of the Devil’s Punch Bowl; and Smike listened with greedy interest as Nicholas read the inscription upon the stone.” Dewsburyy. Yorkshire.— Co. and pari, bor., par., and mkt.- town (52,860), S. div. W.R. Yorks, on r. Calder, 8 m. SSW. of Leeds, 22 NNW. of Sheffield. Returns 1 member to Parlia ment. Until the industrial development of the 19th cent. D. was a vil.— Susanna Unwin, dau. of the family with whom William Cowper (1731-1800) resided, mar. the Rev. Matthew Powley, vicar of D.— Patrick BrontS had his 3rd curacy at D. in 1809-11. The church here was the "Whinbury" church of Charlotte BrontS's Shirley, whose "Mr. Donne" was taken from Mr. Grant, one of her father's curates at Haworth. Charlotte was a teacher here for about a year and a half and Anne was a pupil in Miss Wooler's Academy for Young Ladies, which removed here from the beautiful location at Roe Head (q.v.) in 1836-37. Heald. House, still standing, 371 is an old house in Heald's Rd., on D. Moor above D. The house and situation are so much less attractive than Roe Head and its surroundings that a recent writer has sug gested diminishing prosperity of the school as a reason for the move to premises that must have been cheaper. Dial House (Twining)— See Twickenham, Middx. Diddlebury, Shropshire.— Par. and ham. (727), S. Salop, on r. Corve, 6^- m. N. of Budlow, 17 S. of Shrewsbury. Edward Herbert (Baron Herbert of Cherbury, 1583-1648) was sent here at the age of 11 to study with Mr. Newton (perhaps Thomas Newton, the classical scholar). Dinton, Wiltshire.— Par., vil. (397), and seat, S. Wilts, 8 m. W. of Salisbury. Birthplace of Henry Dawes (1596- 1662), who composed the music for Milton’s Comus.— Birth place of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609-74). Diseworth, Beicestershire.--Par. and vil. (318), N. Beics, 6 m. NW. of Boughborough, 10 SE. of Derby. William Billy (1602-81), astrologer, the son of a yeoman farmer, was b. at D. and lived here until 1620. Piss, Norfolk.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (3513), S. Norfolk, on r. Waveney, 20 m. SSW. of Norwich, 23 N. of Ipswich. Has a Dee. and Perp. church. John Skelton (1460®- 1529), rector, who did not reside at D. regularly, was esteemed there and in the diocese more fit for the stage than the pew or pulpit, according to Wood. Skelton's 372 Ware the Hauke was a savage attaek on a curate in his church at D. who went hawking. Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire.— Seat of Viscount Dillon, 4 - § - m. NW. of Woodstock, 12 NW. of Oxford. It takes its name from Grim’s Ditch, which crosses the park. In the time of Queen Elizabeth it was the private residence of Sir Henry Dee, the ranger or comptroller of Woodstock, who also had official residences at High Dodge and other lodges at W., which ad joined D. The Second Woodstock Entertainment, 20 Sept. 1592 (MS. of part of it is at D.), produced for the queen during her visit at Woodstock 18-23 Sept. 1592, was prob ably given at one of Dee’s lodges or at D. (See Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, III, 398-407.] At Dee’s death in 1611 the property passed to a cousin, also Sir Henry Dee.— John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1647-80), was b. at D. Park.— John Evelyn visited the old house at D. in 1664 and described it as ”a low ancient timber^house, with a pretty bowling greene.” In ttys hall were stags' horns, with brass plates recording the death of the game, some at the hands of James I. (The plates are.preserved in the present house.) Thomas Hearne, the antiquarian, copied some of them in 1718, when he visited D. The present house, bit. in the 18th cent., was designed by James Gibbs, architect of the Radcliffe Camera at Oxford.— George Henry Dee, 3rd Earl of Dichfield, was installed as Chancellor of Oxford Univ. here, 5 Oct. 1762. Dodbrooke, Devon.— Vil. (1154), S. Devon, in E. vicinity of Kingsbridge, at head of Salcombe estuary, 11 m. SSW. of Totnes, 17^ SE. of Plymouth. Birthplace of John Walcot ("Peter Pindar," 1738-1819). Dod Fell (Tennyson and FitzGerald)— See Great Dodd, Cumber land. Dolcoath, Cornwall.— Copper mine, W. of co., at Camborne, 3 m. W. of Carnbrea, 12 SW. of Truro. Bet. 2000 and 3000 ft. deep. Rudolph Eric Raspe (1737-94), author of the original Baron Munchausen, while working here in 1782 as assay master and storekeeper of the mine, put together a shilling chapbook of 49 pp., which was published in London in 1785, without his name. Dole's Ash, Dorset.--Locality, in Cerne rural ,dist., 3 - § - m. E. of Cerne Abbas, 7 NNE. of Dorchester. At the farm of Dole's Ash, or "Flintcomb Ash," Tess worked after she was deserted by Angel Clare. It is reached from Piddletrent- hide (on the easternmost of 3 rds. from Dorchester to Sher borne) by a road, just S. of the church,^ which climbs steeply up the down on the right. Here is the s tony swede- fleld, "a stretch of about one hundred acres, in one patch, on the highest ground of the farm," where Tess and her companions labored. Doncaster, Yorkshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (72,272), W.R* Yorks, on r. Don, 32 m. S* of York* An agricultural town, with, coal-mines in the vicinity, which has been a center of racing since the early 17th cent. The famous St. Leger, established in its present form in 1778, and named after Col. St. Leger, is run on the race course on the Town Moor, E. of the town, in the 2nd week of Sept.— In 1534 John Bale (1495-1563), later bp. of Ossory, preached at D. a sermon denouncing Romish practices for which he was called to answer before the abp. of York.— -Dickens and Wilkie Collins concluded at D. their idle tour (The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices) during race wk. in Sept. 1857, and occupied a room in the Angel Hotel, looking down Into the High St. Dickens refused a "public dejeuner" for them proposed by the mayor when he called. Collins wrote for the Lazy Tour the story of Arthur Holliday, concerning D. in race wk., told them by the Cumberland doctor who treated Collins’ ankle, sprained on Carrock Fell (q.v.). Donhead St. Mary’s, Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (979), S. Wilts, on r. Don, affluent of the Madder, 3^ m. ME. of Shaftesbury. D. Hall is a seat. When William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) was curate of Knoyle (4m. MNW.) and later rec tor of Chicklade (6^- m. N.) and Dumbleton, Glos, he lived here in a cottage known in the 20th cent, as Burlton’s. One of his poetic inscriptions, wr. in Oct. 1798 at D., For a Garden-Seat at Home, describes his house as "a sequester’d cottage on the verge” of the "outstretch*d domain” of Wardour Castle, seat of Lord Arundell of Wardour (2 m. NE.}, whose house formed part of his view down the valley of the Don. Coleridge’s 1st meeting with Bowles, "the god of his idolatry,” took place at D. in Sept. 1797, when he came from Bristol to get criticism on his nearly completed tragedy, Osorio. A sonnet, Lines to W. L., was inspired by a song sung to Purcell’s music by William Linley, bro.- in-law of Sheridan and guest of Bowles during the several days that Coleridge was here. Donington, Shropshire.— Par. and ham. (547), 4^ m. NW. of Shifnal, 15^- E. of Shrewsbury. Richard Baxter (1615-91) was educ• here. Donjyi|'ton Park, Leicestershire.--Seat, N. Leics, 1^- m. W. of Castle Donington, 7^ SE. of Derby. At his vast country house here, reblt. in 1793, Francis Rawdon Hastings, 2nd Earl Moira (1754-1826), frequently entertained the young Thomas Moore (1779-1852), who wrote of his 1st visit in 1779, "I thought it all exceedingly fine and grand, but at the same time most uncomfortable." Much at home later, he made extensive use of Lord Moira’s library, in which he gathered material for Laila Rookh. (Contemporary photo graph in Jones, The Harp that Once .J Doone Valley, Devon.— Valley on N. side of Exmoor, opening off Badgworthy Water on the W., 2 m. SSW. of Qare (q.v.). 376 5^ SE. of Lynton, 11 WSW. of Mlnehead. The Doones, ac cording to tradition, were a band of outlaws who made their headquarters in this valley and terrorized the countryside at the close of the 17th cent. R. D. Blackmore (1825-1900), whose grandfather was rector of Oare, used the tradition as the basis of his novel Lorna Doone, increasing the wild and romantic aspect of the scenery and the story. Only the foundations, of a few huts survive in the valley. Dorchester, Dorset.— Mun. bor. and co. town (10,031), on r. Frome, 6 m. N. of Weymouth. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The Romans estab. here an important station on the site of the British settlement of Dwrinwyr, adapting its name to Durnovaria. The Roman origin of the present town is evident in the rectangular plan, with the meeting of the 4 main sts. at the town center, and the walls, of which only a fragment remains at the top of High West St. The line of the walls, destroyed in the 18th cent., is marked by tree-shaded avenues, called The Walks, on all sides but the NE., where the old town is bounded by the Frome. S. of the town, on the E. side of the Weymouth rd. is Maumbury Ring, a great oval amphitheatre (218 ft. long, 163 ft. wide), which dates back to Roman, if not British,times. NW. of the town is Foundbury (locally ^Pummery"), an extensive Roman or British earthwork. Numerous Roman relics have been found at D., many of them in the graves of Roman soldiers. 0. is the t t Casterbridge” of Hardy’s Wessex novels and appears in many of them, notably in The Mayor of Casterbridge, which gives an excellent picture of the town and uses many of its fea tures for scenes in the story. The King’s Arms, with its ’ Spacious bow-window," where Susan discovered her husband as the mayor, stands in High East St., still the principal hotel, Lueetta’s house, High Place Hall, with a modern shop front, stands just S. of the mkt.-place at the NE. corner of Durngate St. and South St. Although this is the location given it by Hardy, some of the details, including the mask over the gateway, are drawn from 18th cent. Colyton House, the town residence of the Churchill family, which stands in Glydepath Lane or St., a narrow passage running N. from High West St. At Maumbury Henchard and his wife met, at “Pummery” Henchard planned his ill-fated en tertainment, and in the West Walks Parfrae set his rival entertainment. Other scenes that take place in D. in this novel and in other works of Hardy are too numerous to men tion. [See further Windle, The Wessex of Thomas Hardy and Harper, The Hardy Country. Both contain sketches, and Windle has a map of Casterbridge.] The home of Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) for many years was a house of his own designing, in the high SE. sub. of Pordington (the ”Durn- ove#!*” of his novels) on the Wareham rd., which he named Max Gate from an old turnpike gate that had stood near there. He d. here. In the Dorset County Museum in High West St. are many Hardy relics, including the MS. of The Mayor of Casterbridge. In St. Peter’s Church, next to the museum, at the meeting point of High East and High West Sts., is a mural monument to a 16th cent. Thomas Hardy, said to be that of a common ancester of the author and of Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, in whose arms Lord Nelson died. Outride of the church is a bronze statue (by Roscoe Mullins) of William Barnes (1801-86), the au. of poems In the Dorsetshire dia lect, the 2nd important literary figure of Dorchester. Soon after Barnes came to D. in 1818 he produced 8 wood blocks for Criswick's A Walk round Dorchester. In 1835 he started a school in a house In Durngate St., and in 1837 transferred to a larger house in South St., where he lived until 1862 (tablet), after which he removed to Winterbourne Came (q.v.). Hardy's descriptive sketch of his appearance in later years as he came in to D. on mkt. days was publ. in the Athenaeum, 16 Oct. 1886, and is quoted in D.N.B. Thomas Bastard (1566-1618), committed to prison here for debt, d. and was bur. in the chyd. in Allhallows par..— When Gilbert Wakefield (1756-1801) was imprisoned in D. gaol for 2 yi*s., from May 1799 to May 1801, for a pamphlet that he had publ., his family moved to D., so that they could visit him, and he carried on his scholarly work In the gaol. 379 --In Aug. 1885, on a trip W. from Bournemouth, Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) stopped to see Hardy at Max Gate. Week end guests of Hardy once were A. E. Housman, Edward Clodd, and Arthur Symons. Dorking, Surrey.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (18,115), 5-| m. WSW. of Reigate, H E . of Guildford, 21 SW. of Water loo sta., London. An ancient town in a beautiful dist. of Surrey, bet. the N. Downs and Leith Hill. There are several old inns, and Deepdene and Burford Bridge Hotels are near.— In Nov. 1640 William Browne (1591-1643?) was residing at D. --In 1729 John Mason (1706-63) became the minister of the presbyterian congregation here.— James Mill (1773-1836) wrote Analysis of the Human Mind (publ. 1829) in a house that he took at D. In 1822, where his family spent 6 mos. for several summers and he spent his holidays of 6 wks. and wk.-ends.— The Battle of Dorking, by General Sir George T. Chesney (1833-95), a distinguished Indian officer and M.F., was publ. In Blackwood^ Magazine, May 1871. Written to call attention to the lack of military preparedness, it was the account of an imaginary battle on the ridge N. of the town which resulted in the conquest of Great Britain by Germany. — George Gissing (1857-1903) here finished Denzil Quarrier, begun at Exeter, and met one of his earliest appreciators, George Meredith, who lived at Box Hill.— Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) lived at D. from 1878, when he came from Croy don, till 1881, when he moved to Godalming.— Meredith and his son met The Sunday Tramps at the D. sta. in June 1880 and went on to Leith Hill with them for a picnic. The Tramps were a group of London literary and other prominent men gathered by Leslie Stephen for fortnightly Sun. walks from Oct. to June, generally in Surrey, Kent, and Herts.-- Grant Allen (1848-99) and his wife lived at D.— William Morris (1834-96) attended an outing of the Socialist League at Box Hill in June 1886, which ended at the Wheatsheaf in D., with tea, beer, singing, and recitation. He wrote his dau. Jane that in the town generally they were taken for a detachment of the Salvation Army, and that he supposed this quiet place had not yet heard the word Socialist.—- The ashes of George Meredith (1828-1909) are bur. in D. cemetery beside his 2nd wife. On an open book on the head stone are lines from Vittoria: "Life is but a little hold ing, Lent to do a mighty labour." The Red Lion at Dorking is said to be the inn in the "town of D. in Surrey" where the ball took place in Jane Austen1s unfinished sketch The Watsons. A detailed descrip tion is given. Personal acquaintance with the town could have been gained on visits to cousins at Bookham (q.v.).-- Various originals have been proposed for the Marquis of Granby, the public house kept by Mrs. Weller (Pickwick Papers). Both the White Horse, a 400-yr.-old inn in the High St., and the old King's Head (closed) were important 381 coaching inns, however, and Matz suggests the King’s Arms as a more likely prototype. The famous breed of 5-toed fowls that take their name from this town is referred to in The Uncommercial Traveller (Gh* 10).— Dorking is the "Rendon” of Meredith’s The Egoist. Dorne£, Buckinghamshire.--Par. and vil. (298), 2 - j j j - m. NW. of Eton, 8 SW. of Uxbridge. Birthplace of Richard Montagu (1577-1641), whose father was vicar of the parish. Douj^las, Isle of Man.--Cap., mun. bor., and spt., E. coast of island on D* Bay, at the confluence of the Dhoo and the Glas, from which the town takes its name. Birthplace of Thomas Edward Brown (1830-97), the Manx poet. Doulting, Somerset.— Par. and vil. (592), E. of co., 2 m. E. of Shepton Mallet, 6^ ESE. of Wells, 32 SW. of Malmesbury. Aldhelm (640?-709) fell ill here on one of his preaching expeditions and died In the little wooden church of the village. His body was taken to Malmesbury for burial. Dove and Qlive-Bough.— An 18th cent, inn or tavern at Town End (q.v.), Grasmere, which became the home of Wordsworth and later of DeQuincey, and is now called Dove Cottage. (See Grasmere.) In The Waggoner Wordsworth refers to It and his residence there. -Dove Cottage— See Grasmere, Westmorland. Dovedale, Derbyshire and Staffordshire.--The narrow, winding ravine (N.T.) of the r. Dove from Mill Dale to a short 382 distance above Thorpe, on the border of Staffs and Derby shire, 3-^ m. NW. of Ashbourne, 15^ NW. of Derby. The ravine, bet. 2 and 3 m. in length, accessible only to walkers, is entered bet. Thorpe Cloud (942 ft.), a conical hill on the E., and Bunster Hill (1000 ft.) on the W. Many of the striking rock formations are namedi Dovedale Church and the Twelve Apostles on the Staffs bank and Dove Holes, Reynard’s Gave, Tissington Spires, and Dover’s Leap on the Derbyshire bank. (Painting by Haslehust in Gilchrist, The Peak Dis trict. ] Bet. the ft. of the dale and the vil. of Ilam m. W.) is the Izaak Walton Hotel, indicative of the con nection of the great angler with the r. Dove, although the famous fishing-house bit. by Cotton for himself and Walton is not in Dovedale itself but a few m. up the r. in Beresford Dale (q.v.). Dovedale is the original of the ’ ’ Eagle Dale” ^< 3 - am Bede. Dr. Johnson, who was a frequent visitor to Ashbourne, considered that one who had seen Dovedale had no need to visit the Highlands. D. has been called the original of the ’ ’ Happy Valley" of Rasselas, and it probably influenced the description of the surrounding mtns., but it is in no sense a ’ ’spacious valley.” Dove Nest, nr. Ambleside, Westmorland.— Villa, 1^ m. SSE. of Ambleside, on S. slope of Wansfell Pike, mt. ridge (1 m. long, 1581 ft. high) at head of Windermere. For a short time the home of Mrs. Felicia Hemans (1793-1835). Dover, Kent.--Mun. bor., par,, mkt.-town, and the chief of the Cinque Ports (40,500), on the Strait of Dover, 70 m. SE. of Dondon by road. The town is a port for the mail and packet service to Calais and 0>stend. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The town (the Roman Dubrae or Dubris) lies in. the valley at the mouth of the r. Dour, with fortified heights on each side. The har bour, which has been improved with breakwaters, was from earliest times a natural landing-place, and the town has been fortified for more than 2000 yrs. The early Britons are believed to have fortified it, and there is a relic of the Roman fortress on the site of the present castle in the octagonal pharos, which is probably the oldest extant bldg. in England (c. A.D, 50). The church within the castle walls, St. Mary de Castro, Saxon, bit. of Roman bricks, was re stored in 1860-1, and there is little of the original. The castle stands on the summit of a high chalk cliff (350 ft.) E. of the town and forms an impressive skyline. Its bldgs. are of different periods. The keep, bit. by Henry II in 1170-80, is 91 ft. high and has walls 17-21 ft. thick. The castle has been called the "Key of England,” and it has witnessed history, from the earliest unsuccessful siege by the Dauphin and the barons in 1215, through the threat of the Armada, when the 1st great blow against the Spanish galleons was struck within sight of the town, to World War II, when its defiant long-range guns thundered from "Hell’s Corner” of Kent. N. of Market Sq. are the remains of the Benedictine St. Martin's Priory. The surviving refectory, dormitory, and gatehouse are now used by Dover Coll. The Maison Dieu, a 13th cent, pilgrim^’ hostel founded by Hubert de Burgh, has been incorporated in the municipal bldgs. The history of D. is presented in a set of 8 modern stained glass windows by Sir Edward Poynter in the old hall. The port, as well as the castle, has seen the pageantry of history. Here began the Roman Watling St., which ran straight to Canterbury and on to London, and travelers em barked and disembarked here from early times. Henry VIII set sail from here for the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Charles II was welcomed here when he returned from France to claim the throne (described by Pepys in his Diary); Prince Albert landed here to become Queen Victoria’s con sort; and in 1918 President Wilson, the 1st President of the United States to visit England, landed at the Admiralty Pier on Dec. 26 and embarked from there on Dec. 31. Most of the literary associations of Dover are with the travelers who have passed through its port, although there are a few others. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503?-42) was summoned to D. in March 1541 to receive the king’s pardon after his imprisonment for his negotiations for Cromwell on the continent.— Bp. John Bale (1495-1563) was apprehended here when he was trying to escape to Holland after the ac cession of Mary in 1553, hut was released, as he had been at St. Ives, Cornwall.— Sir Edward Dyer (d. 1607) was sent by the queen to Dover in 1578 to "stay" Fulke Greville (1554- 1628), about to embark for the Dow Countries to witness the war there.--Robert Parsons (1546-1610), returning to England in June 1580 as a Jesuit missionary, landed at D. disguised as a soldier.--From D. in May 1608 Thomas Coryate (1577?- 1617) set out upon the five months of continental travel that furnished the material for his Crudities.--Charles Churchill (1731-64), who d. at Boulogne on his way to meet Wilkes, was bur. in the old chyd. of St. Mary*s. A line from The Candidate is on the gravestone: “Life to the last enjoyed, here Churchill lies.” At Dover in April 1816, when he left England for the last time, Byron visited "the grave of him who blazed the comet of a season," and wrote his im pressions in Churchill * s Grave. There Is a memorial to Churchill in the church and one to Samuel Foote (1720-77), who d. here at the Ship Inn, to which he had come intending to sail for Calais the next day. He is bur. in Westminster Abbey.— William and Dorothy Wordsworth took a night packet for Calais on 31 July 1802, having come down from London that day (cf. sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge). Dorothy wrote later of seeing from Calais on a summer evening "far off in the west the coast of England like a cloud crested with Dover Castle, which was but like the summit of the cloud.” On 30 Aug., back from Prance, they bathed and walked near D. in the interval before the departure of the coach. Two sonnets resulted: Composed in the Valley near Dover, on the Day of Landing, and Near Dover, with its reference to the coast of Prance "drawn almost into fright ful neighborhood." (The distance is 22 m.)— Robert Bloom field (1766-1823), au. of The Farmer*s Boy, visited D. on a short tour in 1814.— Shelley and Mary Godwin, eloping to Prance, accompanied by Jane Clairmont, on 28 July 1814, reached D. at 4 P.M. and left at 6 in a small boat for Calais, sailing ahead of the packet to avoid being overtaken. On 12 March 1818 they set forth again from D.--William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82) embarked here in summer 1826 for his 1st continental trip and again in Aug. 1828 with his bro. Thomas Gilbert Ainsworth, after a few days at the Shakespeare Hotel. When the British Archaeological Society visited D. in Sept. 1844, during the meeting at Canterbury, Ainsworth was in the group.— William Cobbett (1762-1835) visited D. during a "Rural Ride" in autumn 1823 and found it "much more clean and with less blackguard people in it" than he had observed in any seaport before. The town had good bathing and was then becoming popular as a watering-pl. Before 1816 there had been only 1 house oh the sea front.— In Oct. 1824, while yet unmarried, Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was the guest here 387 of the Stracheys and the Edwin Irvings, who had taken a house for a few months. After 3 wks. of walking, bathing, and reading Phineas Fletcher’s The Purple Island, the party visit- ed rFrance and returned to D. on 6 Nov.— One of the Ingoldsby Legends by S, H. Barham (1788-1845) is The Lay of the Old Woman Clothed in Grey, a Legend of Dover.--On one of his trips to the continent, July 1848, Thackeray spent a cheer less 24 hrs. at the Ship Inn, depressed by rain and his own thoughts.— George Eliot visited D. with her father in autumn 1846, and spent a fortnight here with Lewes in March 1855 on their return from Germany. Dickens was in D. several times on his way to the conti- nei&lb bet. 1844 and 1856. In the summer of 1852 he stayed 3 mos. at 10, Camden Crescent, working on Bleak House, but the only reference to D. in the novel is Mrs. Bagnet’s remark, "You could as soon move Dover Castle." In April and May 1856 he stayed at the Ship Inn, nr. the Admiralty Pier, and in May 1861 at the fashionable Lord Warden Hotel, which had re placed it on the same site. ^Photograph in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.] In both visits he took long walks on the cliffs to Folkestone. In Nov. 1861 he read from Nicholas Nickleby to an exceptionally enthusiastic audience. The Ship Inn, at which Dickens had stayed before writing A Tale of Two Cities, is suggested as the "Royal George” of that book. The town is described-in Ch. 4. Matz suggests that the Dover hotel referred to in Byron*s line"Thy long, long bills, whence nothing is deducted" is probably the Ship. Its position close to the pier made it the chief hotel for travelers to the continent. In "The Calais Night Mail" in The Uncommercial Traveller Dickens writes of the Lord Warden. The probable location of -the home of Miss Betsey Yrotwood is Priory Hill, but the prototypes of Miss Betsey and her house were found at Broadstairs (q.v.). David Copperfield was wr. before Dickens's extended stay in 1852. The "empty shop at a street corner, near the market-place," where David rested in his search for his aunt was the shop of Mr. Igglesden the baker, at the corner of Market Sq. and Castle St. It is described as having been an old-fashioned shop with a small-paned bow-window and a door approached by a rather steep flight of 8 stone steps. When the new shop of Igglesden and Greaves replaced it, a tablet recording the identification was affixed.— In May 1900 Joseph Conrad and his wife were called to the Lord Warden to see Stephen Crane . (1871-1900), who had been brought to it in an ambulance and was awaiting passage to the continent and the Black Forest, where he d. next month. During World War I, Conrad was sometimes sent by the Admiralty on official trips to Dover and other E. coast ports. Dover Cliffs, Kent.--High chalk cliffs, at the E. end of the N. Downs, extending from Folkestone NE. to St. Margaret's Bay and rising on both sides of Dover, which lies in the narrow valley at the mouth of the Dour. The ’ ’ white cliffs of England” have stirred many a traveler approaching her shores. (See also Albion.) The most famous literary reference to the cliffs of Dover is the use of them as the setting of King hear, IV, vi. Hence the high cliff (350 ft.) to the W. of the town is now named Shakespeare Cliff. Another famous reference is Arnold’s description in Dover Beach of ”the cliffs of England” standing "glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.”--In Astraea Re dux Dryden refers to ’ ’the approaching cliffs of Albion” as showing to Charles II the marks of penitence in the white that the land wears.— William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) wrote a sonnet on Dover Cliffs, in July 1787, before embarking for the continent.— The 1st contribution of Martin P. Tupper (1810-89) to Ains worth* a Magazine, in 1842, entitled ”A Plight upon Plying,” imagined and pictured a flying man alighting on Dover Cliffs in 1942.--In ”the cliff you ken of at Dover," in the Prelude to The Egoist, Meredith evidently refers to Shakes peare Cliff.— Alice Duer Miller (1874-1942) published in 1940 a long narrative poem entitled The White Cliffs. Downe, Kent.— Par. and vil. (791), W. Kent, 2m. SSW. of Parnborough, 5 - § - SSE. of Bromley, 13^- SE. of London Bridge (16 by road). D. Court and D. House are seats. The vil. is on high land In a secluded dist. bet. the 2 high-roads 390 from Bromley to Sevenoaks and Westerham. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) chose the dist. for ”its extreme rurality" and perfect quiet and made D.‘ his home from 1842. His resi dence, D. House, now in the hands of the British Association, has been restored to its appearance in Darwin's time and is open to visitors. The Origin of Species was wr. in the study here. Darwin walked daily, on the Sandwalk in the garden.— In the church at D. are the tombs of Sir John and Lady Lubbock, parents of Lord Avebury, Darwin's dearest friend, who lived near at High Elms (q.v.).--Richard Glover (1712-85), poet, was lord of the manor of Downe (mentioned in his will) and may have made it a country residence. He lived in London. Down Hall, Essex.— Seat, 5 - | - m. SE. of Bishop's Stortford, 3 SW. of Hatfield Broad Oak, nr. Harlow. Matthew Prior (1664-1721) bought the estate of D. Hall with the proceeds of the folio edition of his poems (publ. in 1719), about 4000 gn., and an additional sum of E 4000 given by Lord Harley for the purchase. In a ballad called Down Hall Prior describes his 1st visit, in company with Harley's agent, John Morley of Halstead, and his own Swedish servant. He resided here until his death at Wimpole (q.v.). Downham, Cambridgeshire.--Par. and vil. (1991), Isle of Ely, 2 - g - m. NNW. of Ely, 17 NNE. of Cambridge. D. Manor was one of several episcopal residences bit. by the bps. of Ely In 391 early times and probably the one nearest the cathedral be fore Bp. Alcock (d. 1500) bit. the present palace (later additions) in Ely, opp. the cathedral, at the end of the 15th cent. John Lydgate (13707-1451?) was ordained priest by John Fordham, bp. of Ely, in April 1397 in the chapel of the manor.— William Grey, bp. of Ely, d. here in 1478. Downs, The*— Roadstead, bet. coast of Kent at Deal and the Goodwin Sands. The Queen of Portugal, the ship on which Henry Fielding (1707-54) was sailing to Lisbon in the sum mer of 1754, was wind-bound here for more than a week.— The 1st great success of Douglas William Jerrold (1803-57) was a comedy entitled Black-eyed Susan; or, All in the Downs, produced at the Surrey Theatre in June 1829. Doyle House, Southsea-- See Portsmouth, Hants. Etozmarg, or Dozemare, Pool, Cornwall.--Tarn or lake, at an elevation of 890 ft., on Bodmin Moor, 1 - g - m. SE. of Bolven- tor, 8 SE. of Camelford, 9 NE, of Bodmin. Lies at the head of St. Neot's r., a tributary of the Fowey. One of the claimants to be the lake into which Sir Bedivere threw Jbccalibur at King Arthur's bidding. (See also Looe Pool.) Drayton Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire.— Par. (146) and seat (D. Manor), If m. NW. of Tring, 5 ESE. of Aylesbury. Richard Hooker (1554-1600) received the living here in Dec. 1584 but was appointed Master of the Temple in the spring. Duck Farm, Dorset.— A small farm, on the S. side of the rd. 392 bet. Stinsford said Tincleton, E. of Dorchester, the original of Wildeve's property (Return of the Native), on which stood his inn, the Quiet Woman. It is below the hill on which stood Mrs. Yeobright’s cottage, Bloom’s End (q.v.), and looks directly toward the heath, straight up to Rainbarrow. The hedges that separate the land from the heath were not there in Hardy’s time. The house was originally an inn called the Traveller’s Rest, later named the Duck Inn. The weir in which Eustacia and Wildeve were drowned is several fields away, somewhat farther than in the story. Puddon.— River, in the Lake Dist., forming the boundary bet. Cumberland and Lancashire. It rises on Wrynose, close to the Three Shire Stone (Cumb, Lancs, and Westmorland), and flows to the Irish Sea nr. Broughton-in-Furness, below which it forms an estuary 7 m. long. William Wordsworth (1770- 1850), who was acquainted from early boyhood with the head waters of the D. and ultimately knew almost its whole course, made it the subject of a series of 34 sonnets. Dudley, Worcestershire.— Pari, and co. bor. and par. (61,600), in a detached section of Worcs in S. Staffs, on D. Canal, 5 - j g - m. SSE. of Wolverhampton, 8 WNW. of Birmingham. Returns 1 member to Parliament. D. Priory is a seat. Richard Baxter (1615-91) became headmaster in 1638 of a new school, bit. and endowed by Foley of Stourbridge, and preached here and in the neighboring villages. D. was then a small town. Du.1 vert on, Somerset.— Par. and mkt.-town (1298), on r. Barle, 18 m. SE. of Lynton, 18 N. of Exeter. D. lies on the SE. of Exmoor, which is crossed by a picturesque road to Lynton, by way of Simonsbath. William and Dorothy Wordsworth and Cole ridge visited it on a walking trip in Sov. 1797, during which The Ancient Mariner was planned. They visited Lynton and the Valley of Rocks and crossed Exmoor to Dulverton, the farthest point inland of their trip. Prom D. their road lay down the valley to Dunster, along the coast to Watchet, and back to Alfoxden and Nether Stowey. Dulwich (pron. Dul'ich), co. London.— Dist. (61,280), in met. bor. of Camberwell, 4 - g - m. S. of St. Paul’s, London. A pleasant residential sub., which has retained something of its vil. aspect, and which has many open spaces, including D. Park (72 ac.), presented to the public by the coll. in 1890. The manor of D. was given to Bermondsey Abbey by Henry I in 1127, and at the Dissolution passed to Thomas Calton. It was purchased from Sir Francis Calton in 1605-14 by Edward Alleyn (1566-1626), at a cost of nearly £ > 10,000. Alleyn moved to D. from Southwark c. 1613, and bit. here a charitable school and hospital called the Coll. of God’s Gift, which was opened in 1617 under his managership. En dowed with properties in London as well as the Dulwich proper ty, the coll. is an extensive foundation, which has been re organized and now comprises Dulwich Coll., moved to large bldgs. and grounds S. of the original bldgs., and Alleyn’s School, a lower-grade school on Townley Rd. at Calton Ave., N. of the vil. The trust administers several charities. The Old Coll. bldgs. S. of the vil..., bet. College Rd.and Gallery Rd., are now occupied by the almshouses, the estate office, and Christ’s Chapel, in which are bur. Alleyn and his 2nd wife, Constance Donne, and her mother, wife of John Donne, dean of St. Paul’s. Adjoining the Old Coll. is the D. Pic ture Gallery, which has an important collection of paintings bequeathed to the coll. in 1811 and some interesting portraits that had belonged to Alleyn and to William Cartwright, the actor. Included are portraits of Alleyn, Richard Burbage, Michael Drayton (1563-1631), and Richard Lovelace (1618-58). Henslowe's diary and other papers and Alleyn's papers here at D. are important records in theatrical and social history. In World War II, in July 1944, one end of the Gallery was demolished, but the pictures had been removed to the National Library of Wales, at Aberystwyth. The chapel was damaged by blast. Charles Lamb sometimes came out to D. Gallery when he was living at Colebrooke Cottage, Islington, in 1823-27.— John Ruskin studied the paintings at D., which was only a short distance from his home, and referred to them frequent ly in Modern Painters.— In his youth Robert Browning (1812- 89) frequently visited the gallery at D., to which he was devoted, he told Miss Barrett in a letter, describing it as 395 ! , a green half-hour's walk over the fields’ 1 from his home at Camberwell (q.v.). In a wood nr. D. (destroyed later in his lifetime) in which he liked to walk at night or just before dawn, he composed much of Paracelsus and some scenes in Strafford. Fippa Passes was the result of the sudden image of a figure walking alone through life that came to him here on a. daytime walk.--In the 17th and 18th cent. D. was noted for Its wells, in the grounds of the Green Man Inn, which (reblt.) is the present Grove Tavern, or Hotel, at D. Common and Lordship Lane, just E. of D. Park. At the end of the 18th cent. Dr. Glennie had an academy on the site, at which Byron was a pupil in 1799-1801, before entering Harrow. Here he read widely in the English poets, from Chaucer to Churchill.— Prom 1832 to 1837 George and Harriet Grote lived chiefly at D. Wood, a house c. 1 - | - m. S. of the vil. on College Rd.— Gerald Massey (1828-1907) lived at D. in 1890- 3.— The pleasant house with a large garden at D. to which Mr. Pickwick retired is sometimes identified with a house on the E. side of D. Coll. Rd., opp. the footpath from Gallery Rd., but Dickens’s son Charles said that his father had no real house in mind. Dumbleton, Gloucestershire.— Par. and vil. (348), N. Glos, 5^ SW. of Evesham, 15 NE. of Gloucester. Contains D. Hall. William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) received the rectory here in 1797 but was not resident. (See Donhead St. Mary, 396 Wilts.) Dumpling Green, Norfolk.— Ham., 1 m. SSE. of E. Dereham, 14^- m. WNW. of Norwich. Birthplace of George Borrow (1803- 81), whose mother was the dau. of a farmer here. (Photo graph of house in Adams, In the Footsteps of Borrow and Fitz Gerald. ] Dunchurch, Warwickshire.— Par. and vil. (963), N. of co., 2m. SW. of Rugby, 10 SE. of Coventry. On the journey from Birmingham to London in the rain, the Pickwick party pro cured a dry postboy and fresh horses here. - sDuncombe (Gaskell)--See Knutsford, Cheshire. Dunmail Raise, Cumberland and Westmorland.— A pass (780 ft. alt.), on the rd. bet. Ambleside and Keswick. It is c. 1^- m. in length, from the head of the Sothay valley above Grasmere to Thirlmere. The Wordsworths and Coleridge traversed it repeatedly in walking bet. Grasmere and Kes wick, since the only rd. bet. them goes over the Raise. Wordsworth1s waggoner passed that way in the poem of that name. A little beyond the head of Thirlmere was the Rock of Names (q.v.). Dunmow, or Great D., Essex.— Par. and mkt.-town (2506), on r. Chelmer, 8 m. W. of Braintree, 11 NNW. of Chelmsford. Little Dunmow, par. and vil. (318), 2 m. SE. of Great D. Great Dunmow was one of the E. Anglian wool towns and has some old bldgs. It is a typical clean little Essex mkt.- 397 town. At Little D. there was an ancient priory (rounded 1104), best known now for the custom of the Dunmow Flitch, a side of bacon which could be claimed from the prior by any couple that had not repented of marriage for a year and a day. All that remains of the priory is Little D. church, in which is preserved the ancient chair in which the couple was carried. It has the holes through which the poles for carrying were passed. After the Dissolution the custom was continued by the lord of the manor of Little D. Casual references in the 14th cent, indicate how well the custom was known, at least in London. The earliest reference Is in Piers Plowman, in which Wit speaks of the unequal marriages made for money since the pestilence and says that these coup les will never get the Dunmow flitch. The Wife of Bath in the Prologue to her tale boasts of her mastery of her hus bands and comments that the flitch was not for them. It Is mentioned c. 1460 in a verse paraphrase of the Ten Command ments, extracts from which were printed In the Reliquiae Antiquae by Wright and Halliwell. The 1st recorded claim was made in 1445, and 6 other claims are known up to 1851. That year the lord of the manor declined to give the flitch, but one was obtained by public subscription and presented before some 3000 persons in Easton Park, a seat 2m. NW. of Great D. This incident may have suggested William Harrison AInsworthfs use of the custom in a romance called The Flitch 398 of Bacon; or, The Custom of Dunmow, which ran in The New Monthly Magazine, Jan. 1853-May 1854. As a result the cus tom was revived, and Ainsworth presided and presented the flitch, 19 July 1855, in the Town Hall at Gt. D., where the meeting was held because of the opposition of the clergy of the dist. and the refusal of the lord of the manor of Little D. to allow the use of the original site nr. the church. (Drawing from The Illustrated London News in Ellis, William Harrison Ainsworth and His Friends.] Ainsworth entertained c. 30 at dinner at the Saracen's Head after the Flitch cere mony, one of whom was Thomas Wright, the antiquary. He pre sided at a 2nd ceremony in June 1857. The present farcical contest has introduced a trial by jury. One writer comments: nTo-day the contention for the Flitch is just about as gen uine as the revival of folk-dancing by the gentry.”— In Feb. 1804 Coleridge spent 10 days at Sir George Beaumont's house at D., where he had gone to see Beaumont's drawings. Not a good horseman, he had a fall from his horse while riding here. When he left, his host gave him E 100 to help him with his Malta trip. Dunsfold, Surrey.— Par. and vil. (687), S. Surrey, 5^- m. SSE. of Godalming, 8^ m. S. of Guildford. Joseph Warton (1722-1800), critic, was b. here at the vicarage of his mother's father, Joseph Richardson. Dunstable (pron. Dun'stabl), Bedfordshire.— Mun. bor., par., 399 and mkt.-town (16,910), S. Beds, 4 - | - m. W. of Luton, 8 NW. of St. Albans, 18 S. of Bedford. An ancient town, with several old inns and a wide main street for mkt. stalls, which grew up around the Augustinian priory founded here by Henry I. The remains of the priory are incorporated in the Norman and E. E. church. The 1st miracle play known to have been acted in England, Ludus de Sancta Katarina (now lost) was produced at D. by Geoffrey, a Norman (its author, ac cording to Matthew Paris), who borrowed costumes for it from St. Alban;’s, and, grieving when they had accidentally been destroyed by fire in his house, entered the monastery at St. Alban’s in 1119, probably not long after the production of the play. Later he became abbot.— Alexander Neckam (1157-1217) is said to have had charge of the school of D., which was dependent on St. Alban’s Abbey, while he was very young and again, for a yr., after his return from the uni versity at Paris.--Here in May 1533 Abp. Granmer (1489- 1556) held court and pronounced sentence of divorce against Catherine of Aragon, who was living at Ampthill Castle.— Elkanah Settle (1648-1724) was b. in D., where his father was a barber and innkeeper.— In a letter to Wordsworth (22 Jan. 1830) Lamb tells the "one anecdote" of Thomas Westwood, with whom he and Mary were lodging at Enfield, concerning his ride into D. on a mad horse one Aug. day (Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb, II, 215].— D. has been proposed as the 400 small country town, where the inhabitants lived by straw- plaiting, in which Barnaby Rudge and his mother took refuge under an assumed name. (See Luton.) Punster, Somerset.--Par. and mkt.-town (705), W. of co., 5 m. W. of Watchet, 19 NW. of Taunton. On a hill above the town is D. Castle. D. is a quaint old town, little more than a vil., with several interesting bldgs., including an old inn, the Luttrell Arms, and the yarn mkt. (c. 1600). [Photograph of D, and its surroundings in Pakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] The bldgs. of D. Castle, the seat of the Luttrells, date from the 13-18th cent. The gatehouse, described by Peland, was bit. probably c. 1417 by Sir Hugh Luttrell.— Thomas Howell (fl. 1568), verse writer, was probably a native of D.— William Prynne (1600-69), arrested in June 1650 for his pamphlets against the Commonwealth, was confined in D. Castle for about a year.— In M£ First Acquain tance with Poets, Hazlitt makes particular mention of D. as he saw it in the morning when he and Coleridge and John Chester of Nether Stowey had set out together for Lynton in May 1798. ”A small town between the brow of a hill and the sea. I remember eyeing It wistfully as it lay below us: contrasted with the woody scene around, it looked as clear, as pure, as embrowned and ideal as any landscape I have seen since, of Gaspar Poussin’s or Domenichino’s.”— D. Castle is the ”Stancy Castle” of Hardy’s The Laodicean, the name having 401 been suggested by the relics of another fortress in the same dist., said to have belonged to a family named De Dancy. [Drawing in Windle, The Wessex of Thomas Hardy.] ' Dunwich (pron. Dun’ich), Suffolk.— Par., vil., and coastguard sta. (189), 4m. SW. of Southwold, 8 - | - N. of Aldeburgh, 26 NB. of Ipswich. An attractive seaside vil., backed by woods and heaths, on a lonely stretch of coast. D. was in the 7th cent, the chief seaport on the coast of E. Anglia and was the seat of the bishopric from the arrival c. 630 of St. Felix (d. 647?) from Burgundy until the 10th cent. It was once of more importance than Norwich (which became the seat in 1094) and Ipswich, and had many churches, hospitals, a king's palace, and a mint. It reached its greatest prosper ity during the reign of Edward III, and then experienced Its greatest disaster from the sea, which devoured the town In successive attacks. The earliest loss of land at D. had been mentioned in Domesday Book. In the 14th cent. 400 houses were swept into the sea at one time; by 1550 less than a quarter of the old city was left; and by the end of the cent. 4 churches had been engulfed. In 1677 the mkt.-pi. was swept away. The last of the old churches, All Saints, on the edge of the cliff, was dismantled in 1754., for fear of destruction and its tower removed to Southwold. The ruins have disappeared in the 20th cent. A short distance inland are the ivied ruins of the Franciscan priory founded here In the 13th cent. Until the Reform Act of 1832 D. returned 2 members to Parliament* Roger North (1653-1734) represented it in 1685.— Bernard Barton (1784-1849), Quaker poet of Wood- bridge, wrote some poems on the vanished city.— In Aug. 1855, when Thomas Carlyle was visiting him at Farlingay Hall (q.v.), Edward FitzGerald drove his guest to Dunwich. In the summer of 1876, 1877, and 1878 FitzGerald came to D. to join Edwin Edwards (London etcher and painter) and his wife, who spent their summers here. In 1877 Charles Keene, the Punch artist, was with the party here. FitzGerald wrote James Russell Lowell, whom he had expected to visit him on his way to Spain in 1877, ”1 meant to take you to no other sight than the bare grey walls of an old Grey Friars* Priory near the Sea.” Durham, Durham.— Mun. bor., episcopal city, mkt.-town, and capital of the co. (19,300), situated on a high peninsula nearly surrounded by the r. Wear, 14 m. S. of Newcastle, 60 NNW. of York. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament* The great Norman cathedral and the castle of the prince-bishops stand together on a wooded bank that rises sharply above the r. The smoke of neighboring collieries makes the town dingy but cannot destroy the roman tic aspect of its situation and its old streets. [Photographs in Rouse, The Old Towns of England.j Durham grew up around the cathedral, estab. here in 995 when Bp. Aldhum selected this site for the transfer of the see of Bernicia from Chester-le-Street, where it had been after removal from Lindisfarne. According to legend a dun cow guided Bp. Ald- hun to this spot when he was returning from Ripon to Chester- le-Street with the body of St. Cuthbert. The Saxon cathe dral bit. then was replaced by the present Norman church, begun in 1093. The view up the length of the church to the extreme E. end, through the rows of massive alternating single circular columns and clustered piers led to Dr. Johnson’s ob servation that it produced an impression of f , roeky solidity and indeterminate duration.” The body of St. Cuthbert (d.687) was bur. behind the high altar and still rests there, in spite of the tradition of a secret burial-pl. referred to in Marmion. The feretory or shrine erected above it was destroyed in 1540. In the galilee is the plain 16th cent, tomb of the ”Venerable Bede” (d. 735 at Jarrow), whose remains were transferred to D. in the 11th cent. The secular church of the original establishment was made monastic in 1083 when the monks from the revived Benedictine monasteries of Jarrow and Monkwear- mouth were brought here. The monastic bldgs. remain and are used now largely for library and museum purposes. The prior's house is now the deanery. The great castle, founded by William the Conqueror in 1072, was the seat of the bp., who, as count palatine, was the temporal as well as the spiritual ruler of his see and was responsible for defense of the N. marches. A univ. founded here by Cromwell in 1646 was dis solved after the Restoration. It was refounded in 1833 by 404 Bp, Van Mildert, the last episcopal count palatine (palatine rights were vested in the Crown in 1836), and the Castle is used by the univ. as University Coll, Literary associations in D. in the earlier years are all with the cathedral or monastery, and several men of letters held office in the cathedral later, St, Godric (d, 1170), who had been doorkeeper and bellringer to St, Giles’s (at Gilesgate, outside the city; partly 12th cent.), came to the cathedral and here heard of the land at Finch- ale (q.v.).— Simeon of Durham (fl. 1130), historian and monk here, was present in 1104 at the translation of the remains of St. Cuthbert to the shrine behind the high altar. Later he was precentor of the cathedral.— Lawrence (d. 1154), who wrote a verse summary of Scripture history, came to D. from Waltham in his youth and rose to the positions of prior and bp. His remains were brought to D. from Prance, where he d. on a return journey from Rome.— Bp. Richard Poore (d. 1237) was translated from Salisbury in 1228.— Richard de Bury (1281-1345), bibliophile and patron of learning, came as a monk to D. from Oxford, where he had been educ. His appointment as bp. in 1333 was made at the request of Edward III, whose tutor he had been. Thomas Bradwardine (1290?-1349), Richard FitzRalph (d. 1360), later abp. of Armagh, and other less known scholars were among his chaplains. It was his custom to have some book read aloud when he was at table and to have discussion of it afterwards. Agents in Paris and Germany collected books and MSS. for him. His body was brought from Bishop Auck land (q.v.) for burial in the cathedral.— William Stevenson (d. 1575), reputed au. of Gammer Gurton1s Needle, became a prebendary of D. in 1561.— John Poxe (1516-87) was installed as a prebendary of D. in Oct. 1572 but resigned within a year because of his opposition to wearing the surplice.— Joseph Butler (1692-1752) became bp. of D. in 1750.--Joseph Spence (1699-1768) received a prebend in 1754 and divided his time between D. and Byfleet, Surrey (q.v.).--William Warburton (1698-1779) held a prebend here worth £ 500 a yr., to which he was appointed in 1755 and which he was permitted to hold after he became bp. of Gloucester. Ac cording to tradition Warburton was the 1st prebendary to give up wearing a cope, because the high collar ruffled his full-bottomed wig.--"It. E. L." (I*aetitia Elizabeth Landon, (1802-38) wrote a poem on Durham Cathedral. James I of Scotland (1394-1437) and his bride, Jane Beaufort, stopped at D. on 28 March 1424, on their way to Scotland, to receive delivery of the hostages for James and to sign a truce.— Barnabe Barnes (15697-1609) lived in D. after his escape from the Marshalsea and flight to the N., in the par. of St. Mary-le-Bow, between the cathedral and the castle, where most of the gentry lived. He probably resided 406 with his bro. John, Clerk of the Peace for the Bishopric, in a house in the N. Bailey. He was bur. in the par. church.— John Hall (1627-56) was b. here and educ. at D. school.--John Hall-Stevenson (1718-85), intimate friend of Sterne, was the son of Joseph Hall of D. and mar. Anne, dau. of Ambrose Stevenson, of the Manor House, D.— Christopher Smart (1722-71) had his later education here under Richard Dongworth, where he attracted attention as a verse-writer.— D. was the birthplace of Thomas Morton (1764?-1838), drama tist and youngest son of John Morton of Whickham, co. Dur« ; ham, and of the novelists Jane Porter (1776-1850) and Anna Maria Porter (1780-1832).— John Davison (1777-1834), theo logical writer, was brought up at D. and educ. in the gram mar school here.--Coleridge came from Bishop Middleham (q.v.) to read Duns Scotus in the cathedral library in July 1800.-- James Graham (1765-1811), Scottish poet, was sub-curate of St. Margaret’s for a short time in 1810. The interesting church is almost entirely late Norman.— Robert Smith Surtees (1803-64) was sent to the gr. sch. here in 1818. In 1856 he was High Sheriff for Durham.— Sir Walter Scott (1771- 1832) was a much-honored guest at a large dinner for the Duke of Wellington given in the old hall of the castle, 3 Oct. 1827.— Charles Reade (1814-84) finished the novel Peg Woffington here in summer 1852 and gathered some information about the gaol (see also Oxford and Reading) for his novel 407 on prison abuses, I_t jLs Never Too Late to Mend.— Dora Greenwell (1821-82), poet and essayist, lived with her mother in D. from 1854, after her father's death, till her mother's death in 1871.— Dickens read in the Town Hall here' / in Sept. 1858. There is a brief mention of D. in Little Dorrit. Durley, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (679), S. Hants, 2^ m. WSW. of Bishop's Waltham, 6|r NE. of Southampton. During the year that Gilbert White (1720-93) resided here as curate, the actual expenses of the duty exceeded the receipts by nearly L 20. • KPurnover (Hardy)— See Fordington, Dorset. Dursle^r, Gloucestershire.--Par. and mkt.-town (2792), 14 m. SSW. of Gloucester, 20 NE. of Bristol. A vil. beneath an outlier of the Gotswold Hills. Edward Augustus Freeman (1823-92), having received an increase in fortune, lived from 1848 to 1855 in a house nr. D., where he wrote much, including his 1st publ. book, A History of Architecture (1849). Dymchurch, Kent.— Coast par., vil., and coastguard sta. (891), E. Kent, 4 m. NE. of New Romney, 5 SW. of Hythe, 9 SW. of Folkestone. The marshlands behind D. are protected from the sea by a wall, 3 m. long, 20 ft. high, and wide enough to drive along, which is supposed to have been bit. by the Romans. One of their potteries has been found here.-- Mrs. Matilda Anne (Planche) Mackarness (1826-81) lived here with her husband (mar. 1852) in his 1st parish.-- D. Wall is the poet’s destination in In Romney Marsh, by John Davidson (1857-1909).--"Dymchurch Flit” is one of the stories in Kipling's Puck of Pook’s Hill. E *-Eagle Dale (George Eliot)— See Dovedale. Ealing, Middlesex.— Farl. and mun. bor. and par. (164,400), 2-% m. N. of Brentford, 5-§ by rail W. of Paddington, London. Today a part of Greater London. Before the 19th cent, the W. limits of London development were at Edgeware Rd., with Paddington a short distance N. on that rd. Ealing was a country vil. on the rd. to Uxbridge, 8 m. beyond. The air here was considered the best in Middx, "far superior to that of Kensington Gr aye lr> Pits;’ 1 Henry Fielding (1707-54) owned a small house here, called Fordhook, beyond Acton on the N. side of Uxbridge Rd., almost opp. the E. end of Ealing Common. The site was later occupied by a larger house bearing the same name. Fordhook Ave., nr. E. Common sta., indicates the location. Here, very ill, Fielding came in May 1754, but left at the end of June for Lisbon.— William Henry Ireland (1774-1855) attended a private school here.— At the age of 7, John Henry Newman (1801-90) was sent to an excellent private school here, kept by Dr. Nicho las.— John Horne Tooke (1736-1812) is bur. in the chyd. A tablet was placed in the church in 1919 by the New England Society of Brooklyn.— Edward Lytton Bulwer-Lytton (1803-73) was sent here to a Mr. Wallington as teacher when he was c. 15 and had here a love affair with a girl who was forced to marry another man but who sent Bulwer a letter of devo tion from her deathbed 3 yrs. later.--Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) was b. at E., the son of George Huxley, senior assistant master in a school here, and went to school here for a time.— W. S. Gilbert (1836-1911) attended Gt. E. School from the age of 13 to 16 and rose to be head boy.-- Mrs. Anna Brownell Jameson (1794-1860) d. in her lodgings here from the effects of a cold caught in returning on a wintry day from the British Museum, where she had been work ing upon her History of Our Lord.— Mrs. Margaret Wilson Oliphant (1828-97) lived at E. for a time and was visited here by Jane Welsh Garlyle.— Austin Dobson (1840-1921) lived for many yrs. at E. and d. here. Earls Croome, Worcestershire.— Par. (170) and seat, 7 m. S. of Worcester, 10 W. of Evesham. Samuel Butler (1612-80), au. of Hudibras, was here for a time as clerk to a justice named Jeffereys. Eartham, Sussex.— Par. and ham. (158), W. Sussex, 5 m. WNW. of Arundel, 6 NE. of Chichester. Contains E. House, which was the home of William Hayley (1745-1820), who settled here in 1774. In Sept. 1784 Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749- 1806), whom he called "no less a personage than the elegant poetess of Bignor Park” (5 m. NE.) in writing a cousin of the event, took refuge in his garden with her dau. and Charlotte Collins when she was suddenly taken ill while riding. Restored, she dined with the Hayleys and viewed the grounds while waiting for the chaise that had been sent for. Her poetry had been publ. in May.--William Cowper (1731-1800), Mrs. Unwin, and a kinsman of Cowper's whom he called his Johnny of Norfolk spent 6 wks. of.Aug. and Sept. 1792 here. Other guests included Mrs. Charlotte Smith, who was writing The Old Manor House, considered her best novel, and who read aloud in the evenings what she had wr. in the mornings, and the artist George Romney, Hayley's dearest friend. Romney painted here the portrait of Cowper which hangs in the National Portrait Gallery. Cowper, sensitive to natural beauty, said he had "no conception that a poet could be the owner of such a paradise.” He described E. House as an elegant mansion surrounded by pleasure-grounds occupying 3 sides of a hill, from the summit of which could be seen on one side a beautiful landscape bounded by the sea with the Isle of Wight visible, and on the other a large sind deep inland valley, well cultivated and enclosed by mag nificent, wood-crowned hills. During the visit Hayley and Cowper made a joint translation of Andreini's Adamo and revised what each had wr. relative to Milton. East Allington, Devon.— Par. and ham. (334), S. Devon, 8 m. SSW. of Totnes, 18 ESE. of Plymouth. Edward Sharpham (1576- 1608), lawyer and dramatist, was baptised here. His home was at Colehanger, a manor in the par. of E. Allington.-- 412 Gilbert White (1720-93) spent the summer of 1750 here with his college friend Nathaniel Wells, the rector. East Antony (Garew)--See Antong House, Cornwall. East iy>gleton— See Agpl^ton, Yorks. East Barnet, Hertfordshire.--Urb. dist. and par. (35,000), S. Herts,12 m. SE. of Barnet, 9^ NNW. of St. Paul1s,London. James Thomson (1700-48) began combining fragments of de scriptive verse into the poem published as Winter, during the 4 mos. that he spent here in 1725 as tutor to the son of Lord Binning, when he had just come from Scotland. Eastbourne, Sussex.--Co. bor., par., and watering-pl. (62,028), E. Sussex, on the English Channel, 2% m. NE. of Beachy Head, 14 SW. of Hastings, 19 ESE. of Brighton. In the W. part of Eastbourne is Compton PI. (18th cent.), a seat of the Duke of Devonshire. E. Manor House in the old vil. is 18th cent. E. is a prosperous and attractive resort which has developed in the 19th cent, about the old vil., c. 1 m. inland, absorbing the earlier seaside vil. of South- bourne. It is sheltered by Beachy Head and the South Downs and has a sea-front c. 3m. long.— Tennyson stayed at 22, Seahouses in July 1842. In 1845 he lodged during the hottest part of the summer on the sea-front in one of a little group of houses, called Mt. Pleasant, with a garden and cornfield in front extending to the path at the edge of the cliff. The houses have been washed away.--During the writing of I 413 Great Expectations Dickens had to forgo a longer visit but spent one day in Oct, 1860 with John Forster, who was stay ing at E.— George Meredith and his wife had rooms at 21, Cavendish Place in the summer of 1870, In the spring of 1885, following an operation, Mrs, Meredith was at Avalon House, Upperton, Eastbourne, for 2 mos., and Meredith was here from time to time. She d, at Box Hill in Sept,— Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) lived here from 1890 until his death. East Bradenhaaa, Norfolk,— ‘ Par. and vil, (293), 5 m. SW. of East Dereham, 19 W. of Norwich, William Strode (1602-45) received the rectory in 1633 but apparently continued to reside in Oxford, East Budleigh, Devon,— Par. and vil, (756), E. Devon, m. N, of B. Salterton, 5 SW. of Sidmouth, 19 SE. of Exeter. George Robert Gissing (1857-1903) spent much of his last 10 yrs. here and <at Epsom and wrote of the countryside in papers for the Fortnightly Review, "An Author at Grass," reprinted as the Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. Eastbury Park, Dorset.— Seat, 5 m. NE. of Blandford, 8 SE. of Shaftesbury. Tarrant Gunville is the vil. at the entrance gates. The seat once belonged to Bubb Dodington, Lord Melcombe (1691-1762), son of a Weymouth apothecary, who succeeded to the estate on the death of his granduncle, George Dodington, a not very scrupulous Lord of the Admiralty. 414 Dodington completed the mansion in 1716-18 from the designs of Vanbrugh at a cost of £140,000. At his death the property went to Earl Temple, who, after offering in vain to pay £200 a yr. to anyone who would reside at E. and keep it in repair, demolished all but one wing of the house in 1795. Dodington held literary court here, to the disdain of Pope, who said of the patron and his admirers that he "snuffed their incense like a grateful god." Edward Young (1683- 1765) became an intimate friend and often visited here. A meeting here with Voltaire was the occasion of Young’s fa mous epigram. Another frequent visitor was James Thomson (1700-48), who described the seat in Autumn, and referred to Young’s visits.--William Barnes (1801-86) described it in verse in its dismantled state. East Clandon, Surrey.--Par. and ham. (332), mid. Surrey, 4| m. NE. of Guildford. Thomas Goffe (1591-1629), poet, held the living here from 1620 and is bur. in the church, in the middle of the chancel. Aubrey tells the story of his unhappy marriage. East Cowes— See Cowes, Isle of Wight. East Dene, Isle.of Wight, Hampshire.— Former residence, now a convent, adjoining Bonchurch, vil. on SE. coast, 1 m. E. of Ventnor. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) spent his childhood and his holidays here in the family home. (See also Bonchurch.) During the 5 mos. that he spent here 415 in the winter of 1863-4, following a serious illness in London, he wrote Atalanta in Calydon. East Dereham, Norfolk.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (5661), 11 m. ENE. of Swaffham, 15&'WNW. of Norwich. A pleasant and prosperous mkt.-town on the edge of good agri cultural land and with large engineering works. Near the detached unfinished belfry (16th cent.) of the Church of St. Nicholas (E.E. and Perp.) is a ruined chapel which covers the site of the tomb of St. Withburga, dau. of Anna, 7th cent, king of the E. Angles, who was abbess of the nunnery that she founded here. The miracles wrought at her tomb led to her canonization.— William Cowper (1731-1800) spent his last yrs. in a house in the mkt.-pl., the site of which is now occupied by the Cowper Memorial Church (Congre gational). He is bur. in the Church of St. Nicholas. Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote in 1833 a poem called Cowper1s Grave.--George Borrow (1803-81), who was b. at Dumpling Green (q.v.), 1 m. SSE., and spent his early yrs. in the neighborhood, describes E. Dereham in Lavengro, Ch. 3, and refers sympathetically to Cowper. -*East E^don (Hardy)— See Affpucyile, Dorset. East Grinstead, Sussex.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (9655), E. Sussex, 11^- m. SE. of Reigate, 14 NE. of Horsham, Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. Members for E. Grinstead include Thomas Sackville, later 1st Earl of Dorset and Lord Buckhurst (1536-1608), Jan. 1559; Sir Richard Baker (1568?-1645), 1597; Charles Sackville, later Lord Buckhurst, 6th Earl of Dorset and Earl of Middlesex (1638-1706), 1660; and Matthew Prior (1664-1721), Feb. to June 1701.— Pope and the Blouhts paid an annual summer visit to Caryll at his seat here. East Ham, Essex.— Pari, and co. bor. and par. (143,246), SW. Essex, 1^ m. SW. of Barking, 6 m. ENE. of the Tower, London. Before the 19th cent. E. Ham was a country vil., completely separated from London. In the winter of 1580-1 Robert Parsons (1546-1610), with whom was associated Edmund Campion, set up a secret printing-press at a hired lodging here and issued from it a series of Jesuitical tracts. Easthampstead, Berkshire.— Par. and vil. (1994), E. Berks, § m. SSW. of Bracknell, 3 - | - SSE. of Wokingham, 8§ SW, of Windsor. E. Park, seat of the Marquis of Downshire, was once a royal hunting seat. E. Plains form part of Bagshot Heath. E. is a vil. on the hill opp. Bracknell, where Shelley and Harriet lived in 1813. Hogg, speaking of walks taken there, calls it Hampstead. Not to be confused with Hampstead, then a vil. in Middx, now a bor. in co. London, which is the H. that Shelley had in mind when he wrote in 1819 from Italy to Peacock, wishing he were living near London, and remarking, "My Inclinations point to 'Hampstead," with a reference to the sunsets he had seen there. He did not wish to settle as far off as Richmond, and Easthampstead is more than 3 times as far. East Hendred, or Great Hendred, Berkshire.— Par., vil. (653), and seat, 2^ m. SSW. of Steventon, 4 ENE. of Wantage, 11^- SSW• of Oxford. H. House, the seat of the Eyston family, has relics of Sir Thomas More (a cup and a portrait by Hol bein) and Bp. Fisher (the staff used on the scaffold). Mass has been said in the private chapel, with few interruptions, since 1291.--While Joseph Butler (1692-1752) was at Oxford, he sometimes helped his friend Edward Talbot, vicar of E. Hendred,, son of the Bp. of Salisbury, in some of his duties here. Easthorpe, Yorkshire.— Ham. and seat, N.R. Yorks, 3 m. W. of Malton, 15 NW. of York. E. Hall was the seat of Charles Smithson, partner of Dickens’s old schoolfellow Thomas Mifc- ton, solicitor in London. Smithson had supplied the letter of introduction to help Dickens investigate the Yorks schools for Nicholas Nickleby. Dickens and his wife stayed here a few wks. in July 1843, during the writing of Martin Chuzzle- wit, and Dickens described his hosts as "the jolliest of the jolly, keeping a big; old country house, with an ale cellar something larger than a reasonable church," and wrote of inspecting ancient monasteries at midnight when the moon was shining. He did not name them, but 3i m. directly S. are the ruins of Kirkham Abbey, an Augustinian priory, and 418 3?- m. ENE., at Old Mai ton, are the ruins of a Gilbertine priory. In April 1844 Dickens attended the funeral of Smithson (who d. at 37) at Maiton Abbey, or Old M. East Knoyle, or Bishop(s Knoyle. Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (729), in SW. Wilts, 2 - J - m. SW. of Hindon, 5 NNE. of Shaftes bury. In the vicinity is K. House. Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) was b. at E. Knoyle.— William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) was curate here but lived at Donhead St. Mary (q.v.). HSiJ; Mju?Miam, or Great Markham, Nottinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (737), N. Notts, 1 - g - m. N. of Tuxford, 15 W. of Lincoln, 23 NNE. of Nottingham. John Still (1543?-1608), afterwards bp. of Bath and Wells, became vicar in July 1573 but prob ably was nonresident.— William Warburton (1698-1779), after wards bp. of Gloucester, was articled for 5 yrs. to John KIrke, attorney, In April 1714. East Molesey, Surrey.— Par. (5988), in Esher urb. dist., at affluence of r. Mole with r. Thames, across Hampton Court Bridge from H. Court Palace and Bushy Park, 3 m. SW. of Kingston-on-Thames. At the manor house of E.XMolesey, country house of Mrs. Elizabeth Crane, widow of Anthony Crane, of London and ®. Molesey, Robert Waldegrave set up his secret press in 1588, under the direction of John Penry, and there printed The Epistle, the 1st distinctive Martin Marprelate trace, and John Udall*s Demonstration. 419 Easton, Yorkshire.— Par. and ham. (26), E.R. Yorks, 1^ m. W. of Old Town, Bridlington, 15 SE. of Scarborough. Char lotte BrontS and Ellen Nussey spent a month here in the late summer of 1839 in the farmhouse of a Mr. Hudson, whose adopted daughter, Fannie Whipp, is thought to have suggested some of the qualities of little Polly in Villette. After Anne's death at Scarborough in May 1849, the two stayed here again. Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (125), E. Northants, 5 - g - m. S. of Wellingborough, 8^ E. of Northamp ton. Thomas Percy (1729-1811), afterwards bp. of Dromore, was presented to the Yicarage, a living of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1753, and lived here until he was made bp. in 1782. His most important works, including the Reliques, were produced here. Edward Lye, the A.-S. scholar, at Yardley Hastings (2 m. SW.), was a friend. Dr. Percy had, many visitors here, including Dr. Johnson (1709-84), who spent some time at the vicarage in the summer of 1764.-- Robert Nares (1753-1829) succeeded to the small living here in 1782, but resigned,it in 1805. Easton Plercy, Wiltshire.— PI. in par. of Kington St. Michael, 3 m. NW. of Chippenham, 6 - g - SSW. of Malmesbury, 20 ENE. of Bristol. Birthplace of John Aubrey (1626-97). East Orchard, Dorset.— Par. and vil. (88), in N. Dorset, 4 m. SW. of Shaftesbury. Edward Moore (1712-57) spent some time at school here. East Peckham, Kent.— Par. and vil. (2067), 4§ m. ENE. of Tonbridge, 7^- SW. of Maidstone. William Grocyn (1446?-1519) obtained the rectory in 1511 on the condition that he would place a vicar here. East Retford, Nottinghamshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.- town (15,290), on E. bank of r. Idle and on Chesterfield Canal, 18 m. NNW. of Newark, 23 ESE. of Sheffield. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. Job Throckmorton (1545-1601) was M.P. for E. Retford from 1572 to 1583. East Ruston, Norfolk.— Par. and vil. (648), 4m. SE. of N. Walsham, 15 NE. of Norwich. Birthplace of Richard Porson (1759-1808), Greek scholar, whose father was parish clerk here. East Sheen, Surrey.— Vil., 5f m. SW. of Victoria sta., London It lies S. of the Thames, bet. Mortlake and Richmond Park and is part'of Greater London. George Eliot and Lewes came to a lodging-house here in spring 1855 after their return from Germany. East. Stour, Dorset.--Par. and vil* (436), N. of co., 2% m. S. of Gillingham, 4|-W. of Shaftesbury, where the rds. from these 2 places meet. The family of Henry Fielding (1707-54) moved here in 1710, probably after the death of Mrs. Fielding father at Sharpham Park, Somerset, in March, and Sarah (1710- 421 68) was b. here that year. Much of Fielding's childhood was passed here, and in 1735 he brought his bride, Charlotte Cradock, to live in the small manor house, which had come to him on the death of his mother in 1718. Stories of his life here as a country gentleman with a pack of hounds may be ex aggerated, but exhaustion of his own and his wife1 s funds took the family to London. The manor house is no longer extant. In Tom Jones Fielding refers to the Stour, and an absent-minded vicar of W. Stour (1 m. W.), named Young, is said to have been the original of Parson Adams. Eastwell, Kent.— par. (77), mid. Kent, 3 m. N. of Ashford, lOg- SW. of Canterbury. E. Park was the seat of Heneage Finch, Earl of Winchilsea, and his wife, Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661-1720), and many of her poems (publ. under the pseudonym Ardelia)" were written here. She d. in London but was bur. at E.--In the summer of 1805 Jane Austen visited George Hatton and his wife, Lady Elizabeth, here.--At a luncheon at Lady Northcote's, at E. Park, Joseph Conrad met the Duchess of Albany, dau.-in-law of Queen Victoria. An other guest was Lady Gwendolen Cecil. Eastwood, Essex.— Par. and vil. (1822), S. Essex, lg- m. SW. of Rochford, 2g- NNW. of Southend, 14g SE. of Chelmsford. Samuel Purchas (1575?-1626) was vicar of E. in 1604-13. • »Ea tans will (Pickwick Papers)--See Su<y>u^£, Suffolk. Eaton Constantine, Shropshire.— Par. and vil. (230), mid. Salop, S. of The Wrekin, 4g- in. NNW. of Much Wenlock, 7g- SE. of Shrewsbury. Richard Baxter (1615-91), at the age of 10, came here from Rowton (q.v.) to live with his family. Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (2231), on r, Ouse, l - g - m. SW. of St. Neots, 9 NE. of Bedford. John Bunyan was- indicted at the assizes in 1658 for preaching here.— The Eton Slociomb <pf Nicholas Nickleby, where the coach stopped for dinner. The White Horse (now Ye Olde White Horse), an old roadside coaching house, was then the posting inn for the mail and other coaches and was probably the Inn at which Nicholas and Squeers dined. [Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns. Dexter, however, proposes the Cock, no longer an inn.] In the 80*s and 90’s the White Horse was a favorite resort of the North Road Cycling Club. Eaton Socon prob ably suggested the name but not the location of Eatanswill in Pickwick Papers. Ebbsfleet, Kent.— Coast ham., E. Kent, on Pegwell Bay, 3 m. SW. of Ramsgate, 13 ENE. of Canterbury. Opposite the middle of the bay but now - § • m. from the sea, Ebbsfleet was the landing place of St. Augustine in 597, marked by a memorial cross. Tradition makes this the landing-place also of Hengist and Horsa. Ebrington, Gloucestershire.— Par. and vil. (503), N.E. Glos, 2 m. NE. of Chipping Campden, 10 S. of Stratford-on-Avon. E. Manor is the seat of Viscount Ebrington. Sir John 423 Fortescue (1394?-1476?) spent the last part of his life at E., where he d. and is bur. in the par. church. Ecton, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (476), 2 m. H, of Earls Barton, 5 NE. of Northampton. Contains E. House. Benjamin Franklin's father emigrated to New England in 1685 from E., which had been the home of the family for many generations. Franklin's uncle, Thomas Franklin, is bur. in the chyd. Eden Park, Kent.--Seat, NW. Kent, 1 m. S. of Beckenham, 3|r NE. of Croydon, 8 - § - SSE. of London Bridge. As Eden Farm it was the family seat and country home of Emily Eden (1797- 1869), novelist and traveler. Edgbaston, Birmingham, Warwickshire.— Pari. div. (71,459), ward, and residential sub. in SW. of Birmingham. The Ora tory of St. Philip Neri, estab. by Newman (1801-90) in Birmingham in 1847, was moved to Hagley Rd* in E. In 1859 he estab. here the Oratory School. — Joseph Henry Shorthouse (1839-1903) lived here from his childhood and attended a Quakers' school near E. He wrote much of John Inglesant in a house in Beaufort Rd., close to the Oratory, in which he lived from 1862 until 1876, when he moved to Lansdowne, a large house in spacious grounds. He d. here and is bur. in Old E. chyd.— In the vestibule of the memorial church of the Immaculate Conception, an elaborate church in the Italian style designed by Doran Webb, are tablets to Cardinal Newman and his associates and to alumni of the Oratory School who fell in World War I. Edgehill, Warwickshire.--PI. and hill-ridge on SE. border of co., nr. the N. end of the Gotswolds, 3 m. SE. of Kineton, 7 SW. of Banbury, 11 SE. of Stratford-on-Avon. On the nor thern slope was fought in 1642 the 1st battle of the Civil War, bet. Charles I and the Earl of Essex, which ended in decisively.— Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon (1609-74), au. of History of the Rebellion, was present, but took no actual part in the battle of E. The Tower on the summit was bit. by Sanderson Miller in 1750 to mark the spot where the Royal Standard was planted before the battle.— Richard Jago (1715-81)* published in 1767 a topographical poem entitled Edge-Hill; or, The Rural Prospect delineated and moralized. --Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) has a poem called Edgehill Fight. Edial, Staffordshire.--Ham., S. Staffs, in par. of Burntwood, Edial, and Woodhouses, 2| r m. WSW. of Lichfield. In a large house that he hired here Samuel Johnson (1709-84) attempted to set up a private boarding academy in 1736 but closed it in March 1737 after only 3 pupils, one of whom was David Garrick, had come. Edington, Wiltshire.— Par. and vil. (748), W. Wilts, m. NE. of Westbury, 7 SW. of Devizes, 20 NW. of Salisbury. George Herbert (1593-1633) was mar. here in March 1629 to Jane Danvers, 425 whom h© had met at Dauntsey (q.v.). Edmonton. Middlesex.— Pari, and mun. bor. and par. (108,000), 1 m. N. of Tottenham, 2-f m. SSE. of Enfieid, N. of St. Paul's, London, 1 3 - f - S. of Ware. Now a part of Greater Lon don, E. was a rural vil. until late in the 19th cent. There are a few old houses, but its bldgs. are mostly of the Vic torian per. and later.--Thomas Wilson (1525?-81), scholar and secretary of state, owned a house here which he left to the overseers of his will to pay his debts.— E. is the scene of 2 early 17th cent, plays. The Merry Devil of Edmonton, authorship unknown, is a romantic comedy which was acted c. 1603 at the Globe and publ, 1608. Lamb praised it highly. The Witch of Edmonton, a tragi-comedy, was wr. c. 1623 by Thomas Dekker (1570?-1641?), in collaboration with Rowley and Ford, and publ. 1658.--E. is best known in literature as the intended destination of Cowper's John Gilpin when he set out from London upon the ride that carried him to Ware. The Bell stood on the W. side of the road, now Fore St., at the corner of a st. now named Gilpin Grove. The original house was bit. in 1666 and was kept by John Wild, formerly a Master of the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers, who re ceived the property by Wild’s bequest and still own it. It was a well-known posting house on the London-Cambridge rd. and a favorite country resort for Londoners. It was altered and reblt. several times until 1874, when it was pulled down 426 and the present bldg. was erected. It has little of distinc tion, although the old golden hell that hangs outside is said to have hung on the former inn. In the 18th cent., in Gil pin’s time, the large, rambling bldg. had a field on one side and stabling on the other and large pleasure gardens and grounds at the rear overlooking the countryside.— One of Cruikshank’s illustrations for Ainsworth's Rookwood depicts "Turpin’s flight through Edmonton” in his ride to York. Mrs. Jennings, grandmother of John Keats, moved to a house in Church St. after her husband’s death in 1805, and her dau., now Mrs. Rawlings, made it her home until her death in 1810. Fanny Keats remained here until her grand mother's death in 1814. The boys were at school at first at Enfield (q.v.). From 1811 to Sept. 1815 John Keats (1795- 1821) was apprenticed to Mr. Thomas Hammond, surgeon, at 7, Church St. (Photograph in Lowell, John Keats, Vol. I.] The adjoining cottage that was the surgery has been demolished. The fireplace and other relics are in 13. Library. Here he finished a wr. translation of the Aeneid, which he had begun at Enfield, and read the Faerie Queene, borrowed with other books from the school at Enfield, which he visited several times a month. He was frequently at his grandmother's house in the same street, the last real home he ever had. Charles Lamb (1775-1834) lived from May 1833 until his death in Dec. 1834 with his sister at Bay Cottage, 11, Church St., a private asylum for mild or intermittent cases of insanity kept by Mr. and Mrs. Walden, where Mary had been occasionally before. Charles Cowden Clarke and Henry Crabb Robinson visited them here. Lamb walked every morning to the Bell, e. 1 m. S. of Church St., and dined here sometimes with friends, among whom were Charles Valentine LeGrice, a school friend whom he had not seen for 30 yrs., and, to gether, John Rickman and William Godwin. His last illness was brought on by a fall when he was walking toward the Bell. Mary remained with the Waldens until June 1841. She d. in St. John's Wood in 1847. They are bur. beside each other in Edmonton chyd., across the st. from the cottage. The lines on the tombstone were wr. by H. F. Cary. [Drawing in Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb, Vol. II.] In the church is a memorial tablet to William Cowper and Charles Lamb. Beneath the medallion of Lamb are 3 lines by Wordsworth: . . . At the centre of his being lodged A soul by resignation sanctified ... O, he was good, if e’er a good Man lived. The house, now called Lamb’s Cottage, is little changed. It stands on the N. side of Church St., almost opp. a charity school for girls, founded in 1784. Its narrow front, recessed bet. Its neighbors, is reached by a long straight path from the st. [Drawing in Lucas, op. eit.] It is larger than it looks, extending behind the other houses. Lucas thought that Lamb’s sittingroom was probably on the ground floor, looking on the garden. Eds tone, Warwickshire.— Ham., W. of co., on r. Alne, 3 m. SE. of Henley-in-Arden, 4|r m. NNW. of Stratford-on-Avon. In the vicinity is E. Hall, the home of William Somerville (1675-1742), au. of The Chase (1735) and the supplementary Field Sports, who took an active part in the management of his kennels here. - : : -Egdon Heath, Dorset.— The name given by Thomas Hardy to the continuous stretch of heath that extends across Dorsetshire from Higher Bockhampton (nr. Dorchester) on the W. to Ware- ham on the E., receiving at various points a local name, often that of the nearest vil. Bet. Hardy’s birthplace (Higher Bockhampton) and Puddletown it is Puddletown Heath, on the highest point of which is Rainbarrow (see Return of the Native). This "heathy, furzy, briary wilderness" that he has called Egdon Heath was marked descriptively "Bruaria” in Domesday Book, according to Hardy, who says that the area seems little diminished from the area recorded there, although there is some uncertainty of the exact extent of the ancient measure. S. of the heath is the r. Frome, which runs E. to Wareham and Poole Harbour. Its rich farm land, Hardy’s Valley of Great Dairies, contrasts with the heath that bounds it. In The Return of the Native Hardy gives a detailed description of the coloring and character of the heath, emphasizing its changelessness, in the 1st chapter, "A Face on Which Time Makes but Little Impression,” and he continues to describe it throughout the book, which is an analysis of the effect of the heath upon the various characters, according to their attitude toward it. Egham, Surrey.--Urb. dist. and par. (23,563), W. Surrey, on r. Thames, - 1 ^ - m. W. of Staines, 5 SE. of Windsor, 19 WSW. of Waterloo sta., London. A town with few surviving old bldgs. The Royal Holloway College for Women here is late 19th cent. Egham<' lies S. of Runnymede and E. of Cooperfs Hill (N.T.). Sir John Denham (1615-69), au. of Cooperf s Hill, lived here in a house bit. by his father (d. 1639), now the vicarage, from which he had a view of the hill. Aubrey writes of Den ham’s delight in the neighborhood. George Wither (1588- 1667), a captain in the Parliamentary army, petitioned for a grant of Denham’s property here and elsewhere in Surrey, according to Aubrey and Wood, and held E. for a short time, until taken prisoner by the Royalists.— During her stay at Windsor in 1792 Dorothy Wordsworth went with friends, the Heberdens and the Miss Wollastons, to Egham Races and to one of the E. Race balls.— Dr. Furnivall of E. was the attend ing physician of the Shelleys when they lived at Bishopsgate (2 m. W.) and later at Marlow. The short-lived Shelley Society was founded in 1886 by his son, F. J. Furnivall. Elford, Staffordshire.— Par. and vil. (405), SE. Staffs, on r. Tame, 4 m. NNW. of Tamworth, 5 ENE. of Lichfield, 17 NE. of Birmingham. Robert Bage (1728-1801), novelist, with the 430 aid of his wife’s dowry when he married at 23, estab. a paper mill at E., which he carried on until his death. Ellastone, Staffordshire.--Par. and vil. (243), on E. border of Staffs, 4m. SW. of Ashbourne, 15 WNW. of Derby, 17^- NE. of Stafford. Robert Evans, father of George Eliot, and prototype of ’ ’ Adam Bede,1 ' was b. at Roston (or Royston), Derbyshire, 1-f m. SE., and is bur. in E. chyd. The chief scene in Adam Bede, "Hayslope," is identified with E.— William Morris wrote Mrs. Burne-Jones of going through E. on a Sunday country walk with Wardle in March 1876 when he was staying at Leek. Elleray, Westmorland.--Former seat, now a preparatory school on Windermere. Situated g - m. E. of the lake, on the W. slope of Orrest Head, \ m. NW. of Windermere sta., l|r m. NNE. of the pier at Bowness, 4 SE. of Ambleside. Elleray affords an unparalleled panoramic view of Windermere. It was the home of John Wilson ("Christopher North,” 1785-1854), who purchased the property with the old cottage in 1806 while he was still in Oxford and lived here as a country gentleman from 1807 until the loss of his fortune took him to Edinburgh in 1815. After 1832 he made it his summer home. [Photograph of Old Elleray in R^wnsley, Literary Asso ciations of the English Lakes, Vol. II.] The newer house bit. by Wilson was replaced in 1869 by a later owner, but the old cottage, which was always Wilson's favorite, to which he brought his bride in 1811 and In which his children were b., Is still standing, with some additions. DeQuincey and Hart ley Coleridge were frequent visitors at E. DeQuincey and the Wordsworths spent Christmas 1809 with Wilson, and the Wordsworths came here in 1810 to escape an epidemic in Grasmere Vale. Lockhart was a visitor in youth and again, with Sir Walter Scott, in Aug. 1825. Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (590), 2|r m. SW. of Wendover, 5 S. of Aylesbury. Thomas Edwards (1699- 1757), critic, who had an estate at Terrick (q.v.) is bur. in E. chyd., with an epitaph by his ”two nephews and heirs, Joseph Paice and Nathaniel Mason.” Ellsfield— See Elsfield, Oxon. Elm, Cambridgeshire.— Par. and vil. (2738), Isle of Ely, on Wisbech Canal, 2 m. SE. of Wisbech, 12 SW. of King*s Lynn. Joseph Beaumont (1616-99) held the living of Elm-cum-Snneth (q.v.), tiny adjacent villages in different counties, from 1646, although during the Commonwealth he held the prefer ment only in name. Elm Cottage (Dickens)— See Petersham, Surrey. Elma, The (Ainsworth)— See Kllburn, co. London. Elsfield, Oxfordshire.— Par., vil., and seat (174), 3 m. NE. of Oxford. Francis Wise (d. 1767),Radelivian librarian, lived here in ”a village beautifully situated,” and had an excellent library, particularly a collection of books In Northern literature which Johnson was consulting when he was in Oxford in 1754. Boswell tells of walking with Johnson 3 or 4 times to see Mr. Wise at E., where he ”had fitted up a house and gardens, in a singular manner, but with great taste.1 1 Wise helped Warton procure for Johnson the degree of Master of Arts. Elstead, Surrey.--Par. and vil. (1029), W. Surrey, on r. Wey 4 m. W. of Godalming, 7 SW. of Guildford. Mrs. Charlotte Smith (1749-1806) moved to E. in 1803. [Mistakenly given as Elsted in editions of Scott’s Miscellaneous Prose.] Elsted (Charlotte Smith)— See Elstead, Surrey. Elstow, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (412), 1^- m. S. of Bed ford. John Bunyan (1628-88) was b. at the E. end of the par toward Harrowden, in a cottage (not extant) in the fields of a farm still called Bunyan's End. The family was living there in 1327, and the name is found in the vil. of William- stead, or Wilstead (2m. S.), in 1199. Bunyan was baptised at E. The church consists of the nave and part of the chan cel of the abbey church of a Benedictine nunnery and has early Norman and some E.E. work. In a massive detached bell tower hang the five 17th cent..bells that Bunyan delighted to ring in his youth. Near the church is the vil. green where, playing at tip-cat one Sun. afternoon, he had the vision that led to his conversion. Facing the green is the old Moot Hall, a 15th or 16th cent, brick and timber bldg., which may have been the guest-house of the abbey. It was used as the meeting-pl. of the Bunyan congregation until the Bunyan Memorial Hall was opened in 1910. The present Ban yan's Cottage, at the Bedford end of the High St., on the W. side, is a reconstruction of the cottage in which he settled as a brasier at the time of his marriage and in which he experienced the spiritual struggle narrated in Grace Abound ing. Elstree, Hertfordshire.— Par. and vil. (2238), S. Herts, 4 m. WSW. of Barnet, 7% S. of St. Albans, 12^- NW. of St. Paul's, London. A vil. pleasantly situated on high land with wide views; now a center for film studios. William Macready (1793-1873), the actor, had a country house here, called Elm Place, where he spent his week-ends and holidays. Robert Browning and John Forster had their 1st meeting at his house when he invited them and other guests for 31 Dec. 1835 and New Year’s day. Unacquainted with each other, Browning and Forster traveled out in the same coach from the Blue Posts in London. Here Browning made the acquaintance of Miss Euphrasia Fanny Haworth, who lived with her mother at Barham Lodge, nr. Elm Place. In July 1836 William Harrison Ains worth, who had just met Browning, was invited by Macready to dine at Elstree a few days later to meet Browning again. Eltham (pron. Elt’ham), co. London.— Par. and small town (28,308), in met. bor. of Woolwich, 7 m. W. of Dartford, 7^ SE. of London Bridge. Until World War I E. was little more than a vil. in Kent, but with the development of hous ing for munition workers at the Woolwich Arsenal, E. became a sub. of London. E. Palace, SW. of High St., was a resi dence of the English kings, especially at Christmas, from Henry III (1270) to James I (1612), although it declined in favor after Henry VII enlarged Greenwich. It may have been a Saxon foundation, but the bldgs. destroyed by the Parlia mentary troops in the 17th cent, were those erected in the 14th cent, by Edward III. The beautiful banquet hall, the only bldg. that they left, was used as a stable and fell into disrepair but was restored in the 20th cent. Part of the fine hammerbeam roof was burned in Nazi raids.— The court was frequently here. Edward III held parliaments here in 1329 and 1375. Thomas Bradwardine (12907-1349), newly con secrated abp. of Canterbury, reported to the king at E. in 1349 to receive from him the temporalities. When King John of France was brought to England in gentle captivity in May 1357, following the battle of Poitiers, he was lodged at E. part of the time. Later, serving as his secretary, Froissart, the chronicler, was here sometimes. When Froissart paid his last visit to the palace here, he came to present a copy of his Book of Loves to Richard II. Chaucer refers to the palace in the Prologue to The Legend of Good Women, which, he says, is to be presented to the queen at Eltham or at 435 Sheen. As clerk of the king's works, Chaucer was often here and was on his way to E. in Sept. 1390 when he was set upon at Hatcham and robbed of the king’s money and his horse. When Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, went into exile after the abortive contest at Coventry, he took his leave of the king at E., according to Holinshed. Henry V brought his prisoners from Agincourt to E.--John Lydgate (1370?-1451) devised for Henry VI a mumming which was performed at E., probably at New Year’s 1427-8.--Erasmus, a visitor here, enjoyed so much an hour spent with the young princes and the princess that he composed for them an ode, De Laudibus Britanniae (1500).— Sir Thomas More’s dau. Margaret and her husband, William Roper, his biographer, had a house | m. N. of the palace, called Well Hall. The house that replaced it now belongs to the bor. council.— Cardinal Wolsey came to E. Palace on Christmas Eve 1515 to receive the chancellor ship. During the Christmas festivities here that year, William Cornish and his Children of the Chapel Royal per formed the "story of Troylous and Pandor" (not extant).-- Hugh Stowell Scott ("Henry Seton Merriman," 1862-1903) is bur. in the chyd. of E.--During the period that George Meredith (1828-1909) was serving as publisher’s reader to Chapman and Hall, he went, on his visits to London, to read aloud (usually twice a week) to Mrs. Benjamin Wood, "the great lady of Eltham," aunt of Sir Evelyn Wood, at E. Lodge, In a large park S. of High St. and E. of the old palace. The house, a good example of English Renaissance, bit. In 1664, was designed by Hugh May, Paymaster or Surveyor to the King’s Works, who carried on the same traditions as Sir Christopher Wren. [Photograph of the staircase in Fletcher, A History of Architecture.3 It is now a golf clubhouse. Elvaston, Derbyshire.--Par. and vil.. (469), 4f m. SE. of Derby. Contains E. Castle, seat of the Earl of Harrington. E. was the birthplace of Sir Aston Cokayne (1608-84).--The mother of Charles Cotton (1630-87) was Olive, dau. of Sir John Stanhope of E. Elvington, Yorkshire.--Far, and vil. (347), E.R. Yorks, on r. Derwent, 6^ m. SE. of York. Laurence Sterne (1713-68) spent nearly 2 yrs. of his Infancy here with his mother and his sister at his maternal grandmother’s house and was here again for a time after his father’s death. Elg (pron. Eel* i), Cambridgeshire.— Urb. dlst., episcopal city, and mkt.-town (8382), Isle of Ely, on an eminence on the 1. bank (W.) of the Ouse, 15..m* NNE. of Cambridge, 19 NE. of Huntingdon, 25 SE. of Peterborough. E. Palace is the residence of the Bishop. The name, meaning "eel island," was derived, according to Bede, from the many eels in the surrounding marshes. The history of E. is largely the history of the cathedral and the preceding Benedictine abbey estab. by St. Etheldreda, Queen of. Northumbria, whose story Bede tells. Later she was commonly known as St. Audrey, and the Pilgrims* Pair held at E. was called St. Audrey's Fair, from which comes the word tawdry, the shortened name of the colored silk necklets called ”St. Audrey*s chains” and other cheap finery sold at the fair. In 1248 Henry III, finding the E. fair too great a rival, for the Westminster fair that he had estab. in honor of St. Edward the Confessor, abol ished it, at serious loss to the bp. The original abbey was laid waste by the Banes in 870 but gradually was re-estab. With the accession of Edgar in 958 it was refounded and re endowed with all its old lands and some additional ones, and in 970 the new monastic bldgs. were consecrated by Dunstan, abp. of Canterbury. E. has an interesting connection with the hero of the A.-S. poem The Battle of Maidon (991). Hur rying to the S. to meet the Danish invaders, the alderman Byrhtnoth was given hospitality at E. for himself and all his men, in return for which he rewarded the abbey with at least 9 manors nr. Cambridge, including Trurapington and Ful- bourn, with the stipulation that he should be given burial in the abbey church if slain, in battle. The victorious Danes at Maldon carried off the head of the slain Byrhtnoth, but the monks retrieved his body and bur. it at E. In the 18th cent, during some excavation the headless skeleton was found and given new burial in Bp. West*s chapel at the E. end of the S. aisle. Ely’s hospitality was rewarded with further 438 gifts from Byrhtnoth’ s widow. The present church was begun in 1083, and the bldg. of various parts and the rebldg. caused by the fall of the central tower in 1322 extend over 4 centuries. Of special, interest is the beautiful and unique central octagon and octagonal lantern. The preservation of Ely Minster is due to the fact that the Abbot of Ely was made a bp. early, in the 12th cent., so that the church, being a cathedral, did not suffer at the Dissolution as did the great abbey churches. [For history and full description see Conybeare, Highways and Byways in Cambridge and Ely, Chs. 14-17.] One of the earliest English songs in rhyme is King Ca nute’s boat-song, which refers to. one of Canute’s frequent visits to E. and to the songs of the monks.--The tale of the outlaw who headed the fenland. resistance against the Normans that centered at E. in 1070-71 was romanticized by Charles Kingsley in the novel called.by his name, Hereward the Wake (1865).--Thomas, of Ely (fl. 1175) wrote a; history of E. in 3 books.— William of Longchamp (d. 1197), chancel lor to Richard I, was bp. of E.-— Richard Fitzneale (d. 1198), son of Nigel, bp. of E., was educ. in the monastery here and became archdeacon.— ■William Grey (d. 1478), bp. of E., who d. at the episcopal residence at Downham, was bur. in the cathedral. John Warkworth (d.. 15.00),..chronicler, was Bp. Grey's domestic, chaplain.— Alexander Barclay (1475?- 1552), Benedictine monk, calls himself priest and monk of E. in the dedication of.The Myrrour of Good Manors. The Eclogues were probably, wr. here.— John Whitgift (1530-1604), later abp. of Canterbury, became the chaplain of Dr. Richard Coxe, bp. of Ely, in 1560. In Dec. 1568 he received the 3rd prebendal stall at E.— Sir Thomas North (1535?-1601?), as captain, commanded a unit of 300 men of Ely in the days of the Armada.--Bp. Lancelot Andrewes (1555-1626) was bp. of E. in 1609-1619, after which he was bp. of Winchester.--William Gager (fl. 1580-1619).,. Latin dramatist, held various eccles iastical offices at E. He was vicar-general to Bp. Andrewes in 1613, 1616, and 1618, and wrote the Latin elegy for the tomb of Bp. Martin Heton. in the cathedral.*— Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) lived for 10 yrs. in a quaint half-timbered house, now the vicarage, adjoining the chyd. of St. Mary’s. Bit. as a tithe-house nr. the great tithe-barn (pulled down in the 19th cent.), it was the residence of the farmer, or hereditary Steward, who collected the tithes of grain for the monks and later for the Dean and Chapter of E. Cromwell was given the office in 1636 when his grandfather, Sir Thomas Steward, d. without male heirs. On St. Mary’s Green, in front of this house, Cromwell.drilled the. men of his newly formed "Eastern Counties’ Association," which developed into the Ironsides.--Joseph Beaumont (1616-99) is said by church historians to have succeeded to a vacant prebend in E. cathedral In 1.651., hut he was not installed till the Restora tion in 1660, He came to live in E. early in 1661, and here in May 1662 Mrs. Beaumont d. of fen fever.— Writing of E. Minster in 1660, Thomas Fuller (1608-61) said that it pre sented itself to the eye of a traveler afar off and "not only maketh a promise, but giveth earnest of the beauty thereof."--Richard Bentley (1662-1742), master of Trinity Coll., Cambridge, was archdeacon of E. from 1701 until his death.--On the artificial mound called Cherry Hill In the cathedral park, which was once surmounted by a windmill, there Is a monument in memory of James Bentham (1708-94), whose History of Ely. Cathedral was publ. in 1771.— Charles Merivale (1808-95), who became dean of E. In 1869, organized the commemoration in 187.3 of the foundation of Ely Minster in 673 and publ. an account, entitled "BIssextenary Festival of St. Etheldreda." He enlarged the King's School, which Is a direct descendant of the famous Ely choir school, at which Edward the Confessor was educ. He Is bur. In E. cemetery. Emberton, Buckinghamshire.— Par . . and vil. (410), N. Bucks, on r. Ouse, 1 m. S. of Qlney, !§■ m. ESE. of We3ton Underwood, 1.0 W. of Bedford, 10^- SE. of Northampton. "The embattled tower” of E. church, "whence all the music," is the one that William Cowper views from ”the south side of the slant hills” near Weston Underwood (q.v.), in The Task, Bk. VI, "The Winter Walk at Noon." 441 - a-Emminster (Hardy)— See Beaminster, Dorset. |||geth, Norfolk.--Par. and vil. (1810), W. Norfolk, 2 m. SE. of Wisbech, 10^- SW. of King's Lynn. Joseph Beaumont (1616- 99) held the living of Elm (q.v.)-cum-Emneth, tiny adjacent villages in different counties, although during the Common wealth he held, the preferment only in name. Enborne, Berkshire.--Par., ham. (456), and seat, SW. Berks, 2 m. SW. of Newbury, 18 SW. of Reading. Nicholas Perrar (1592-1637) was here at the school of a Mr. Brooks from the age of 6 to 14, when he went to Cambridge. Encombe, Dorset.--Valley, ham., and seat, on SE. coast, in par. and 2 m. SW. of Corfe Castle, SSE. of Wareham, 17^- SE. of Dorchester. E. is the original of "Enkworth Court" ("Lychworth" in the earlier editions), the house of Lord Mountclere, whom Ethelberta marries in Hardy*s novel The Hand of Ethelberta. • i (Endel3tow (Hardy)— See Saint Juliot * s, Cornwall. Enfield, Middlesex.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (102,000), on New River, 2% m. NNW. of Edmonton, 5^ E. of Barnet, 9f N. of St. Paul's, London. E. Chase was disforested in the 18th cent., but it still.remained a great open tract of land, and part of it survives today in.large estates NW. of E. Now in the fringe of Greater London, E. was in the early 19th cent, the chief small town.of N. Middlesex, lying bet. Chipping Barnet to the W. and Waltham Abbey to the NE. E. Palace or 442 Manor House, said to have been bit. for Elizabeth by Edward VI, is now occupied by a club.— Robert Paltock (1697-1767), romance writer, lived at E. with his mother after the death of his father in 1701.— Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) visited here one of his youthful admirers, Miss Sarah Westcomb, and her widowed mother, who suffered from gout and had to be carried about her grounds in a sedan-chair. Richardson wrote enthusiastically of the gardens, the summer-house, and the "truly serpentine river."— Isaac DfIsraeli,.(1766-1848) was b. at E.--John Keats (1795-1821) and his bro. George lived here in 1803-11 at the school of Mr. John Clarke, and their younger bro. Tom had his schooling here. Charles Cowden Clarke (1787-1877), son of the headmaster, was b. here and was an usher in the school when Keats was here. The school was a flourishing academy., .with 70 or 80 pupils, designed for sons of professional men with small incomes and trades men of the better class, and was less expensive than Harrow, to which Thomas Keats had hoped to send his sons. The house in which the school was kept had been bit. as a country residence in the late 17th or early 18th cent, by a West India merchant. It was an attractive house, bit. of red brick, the front being ornamented with'terra-cotta designs of flowers and pomegranates and heads of cherubim over niches in the center part. This central portion of the faQade was placed in the. Victoria and Albert Museum, South 443 Kensington,, when the house, which latterly, had been serving as the ry. sta., was torn down to make way for the new sta. (Sketch of house in Lowell, John Keats, Vol. I. See also The London Illustrated News, 3 March 1849.] The countryside over which Keats and his bros. roamed on half-holidays is described by Sir Sidney Colvin in his Life of John Keats. Frederick Marryat (1792-1848) was a pupil here, and Charles Jeremiah.Wells (1799?-1879), au. of Joseph and His Brethren, and Richard Henry Horne (1803-84) were schoolfellows of Tom Keats. Enfield was always with Charles Lamb (1775-1834) a favorite destination for a walk. The walks with Mary from Pentonville or Islington are referred to by Bridget Elia in Old China, and Crabb Robinson records one interesting Sun. walk in July 1814 with Charles by way of Southgate. The Lambs lodged twice at Mrs. Leisbman's on Chase Side: in July and Aug. 1825 with the Thomas Alls ops and in summer 1827 alone, when they saw much of the Tom Hoods. During this visit they took the house on Chase Side, called the Poplars, in_which they lived from Sept. 1827 to Oct. 1829. It had been bit. only a few years before, and Hood described it as ”a bald-looking yellowish house, with a bit of a garden.” Extensive additions have been made since. Among the visi tors here were Hood, Robinson, Leigh Hunt, Wordsworth, Martin Burney, Sheridan Knowles, Fanny Maria Kelly, the actress, George Darley, Charles Cowden Clarke and his wife, and Edward Moxon, who later mar. Emma Isola, Lamb’s adopted dau. Coleridge visited him here once. From Get. 1829 to May 1833 the Lambs boarded and lodged in the house of the Thomas Westwoods, their next-door neighbors. The house, called Westwood Cottage, has been much changed externally, but the Lambs’ sittingroom, leading into the garden,was un touched. [Sketch of the 2 houses in 1905. in Lucas, The Life of. Charles Lamb, Vol. II.] Walter Savage Landor, on a visit to England in May 1832, saw Lamb.here. Impressions of the Lambs during their life.at Enfield are given by the son of the Westwoods, Thomas (1814?-88), who saw much of them and was the recipient of the modern volumes that used to come skimming through the. apple-trees from .Lamb’s house or roll ing down the stairs to him.--Walter Horatio Pater (1839-94) lived here for 14 or 15 yrs. from his early youth, in a house on Chase Side, since pulled down. He attended school here. Engle fieId Green, Surrey.— Ham., N. Surrey, ij- m. W. and in par. of Egham, 3 SE. of Windsor, 4^ NW. of Chertsey. On a high and breezy common adjoining Cooper’s Hill. Mrs. Mary Robinson f'Pe^hita”) d. here.--Thomas Love Peacock (1785- 1866), who lived with his widowed mother and her father at Chertsey, was educ. here at a school kept by Mr. Wicks.— Mrs. Gliphant (1828-97) wrote of E. in Neighbours on the Green. Two of her friends here were Richard Holt Hutton, essayist and theologian, and Sir George Chesney, au. of The Battle of Dorking (see Dorking). - sEnkworth (Hardy)— See Encombe, Dorset. Ensham (Aelfric)--See Bynsham, Oxfordshire. Enter Common, Yorkshire.— Ham., N.R. Yorks, 6 - § - m. SSE. of Darlington, 7-§\ N. of Northallerton. The ham. lies 1 m. beyond Great Smeaton and just across the Tees from Sockburn, where the Hutchinsons had their farm. Wordsworth gave it to Cottle as part of the address for his letters when he was visiting the Hutchinsons in 1799: "Sockburn, near North allerton, Yorkshire. To be left at Enter Common." Other letters give the direction "To be left at Smeaton." Enville, Staffordshire.— Par . and vil. (657), SW. Staffs, on border of co., 3m. WNW. of Stourbridge, 10 SW. of Wolver hampton. S. of the vil. is E. Hall. William Shenstone (1714- 63) paid a visit to Lord Stamford at E. Hall, early in 1763, in connection with his application for a pension, but d. soon after his return to Leasowes. Egsom, Surrey.— Par. and mkt.-town (18,804), mid. Surrey, at foot of Banstead Downs, 7 m. NNW. of Reigate, 15 NE. of Guild ford, 1 4 | f . SW. of St. Paul’s, London. Since 1780 E. has been famous for 2 races: the Derby, run on the last Wed. in May or the 1st Wed. in June, and the Oaks, run 2 days later. The races take their names from Lord Derby, and his house, Lambert’s 446 Oaks (4 m. E. of Epsom), where they were founded over the wine glasses. The earlier history of E. centers about the water discovered on E. Common in 1618 and the development of E. Wells as a watering-pl., which reached its climax c. 1690. A promoter’s attempt to open some new wells, the water of which had no medicinal properties, and his closing of the genuine wells killed the town in 1715. There was a renewed flash of prosperity during the period of the South Sea Bubble. By the 19th cent, the popularity of sea-bathing had put an end to E., except in race week. fSee Parker, Highways and Byways in Surrey for further details.] Pepys writes of a visit to E. in July 1667. Prom the wells the party went to the King’s Head in the town, and Pepys hears "that my Lord Buckhurst and Nelly £Gwynne] are lodged at the next house, and Sir Charles Sedley with them; and keep a merry house."— Barbara Villiers sold the palace of Nonsuch (a few m. NE.), given her in 1670 by Charles II, and a local builder demolished it and with the materials bit. Durdans and several other fine houses nr. the Wells.— In 1672 Epsom Wells, a coarse play by Thomas Shadwell (1642?- 92), was acted at Dorset Garden.--In June 1676 John Wilrnot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1647-80), and Sir George Etherege (1635?-91) took part in a drunken brawl at E., which ended in the killing of one of their companions, Downes, in a scuffle with the watch.— Thomas Brown (1663-1704) wrote some 447 humorous verses on a duel fought at E. in 1689 bet. Tom D’Urfey and a musician named Bell.— John Arbuthnot (1667- 1755) was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Anne in Oct. 1705, after prescribing successfully for Prince George of Denmark, who was suddenly taken ill at E. when Arbuthnot happened to be there.--In a long letter to Eudoxa, his mistress, John Toland (1670-1722) described E. Wells in 1711, when they were still highly fashionable.--In 1825 a History of Epsom was wr. by Pownall.— Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) moved to E. in 1828 and produced here the 13 nos. of a new periodical, The Chat of the Week. Here he commenced writing Sir Ralph Esher, the fictitious autobiography of a gentleman of the court of Charles II.--The last public appearance of Bp. Samuel Wilber- force_ (1805-73) was at a confirmation held by him at E. Coll. (1 m. SE. of the town), July 17, 2 days before he was thrown from his horse at Abinger.--The mother of Frederick Locker- Lampson (1821-95) was the dau. of the Rev. Jonathan Boucher of E., book-collector and early friend of George Washington.— George Gissing (1857-1903) spent much of his last 10 yrs. here and at Budleigh Salterton, Devon. Epworth, Lincolnshire.— Par. and mkt.-town (1822), Lindsey, N. Lines, in Isle of Axholme, 9 m. NNW. of Gainsborough, 12 E. of Doncaster, 24 HW. of Lincoln. Samuel Wesley (1662- 1735) received from Queen Mary, to whom he had dedicated his heroic poem on the life of Christ, the Crown living of E. and was presented to It in 1696*“-John (1703-91) and Charles (1707-88) were t o . In the old rectory, which burned in 1709. His rescue from the fire made a lasting impression on John's mind as an act of providence. Mysterious dis turbances at the rectory in 1716-17 were told in great detail in le_tters to him at Charterhouse, and in later life, In the Arminian Magazine (Oct,-Dec. 1784), he wrote of the super natural, character of these events. Excluded from the church by the curate, John Romley, John Wesley preached 4 sermons here in June 1742, standing on his. father's tombstone. Esher, Surrey.— Urb. dist., par., and vil,. (2883), 4 m. SW. of Kingston, 9f NOT. of Dorking, 14i SW. of Waterloo sta., London. The urb. dist (48,000) comprises Esher and the neighboring pars., of E. and W. Molesey, hong Ditton, Thames Ditton, Cobham, and Stoke D’Abernon. E. is on the fringe of Greater London, on the Portsmouth rd., but it still has a no. of open spaces around it. The High St. has central strips of grass and trees and a fine old inn, the Bear, which has retained the air of a coaching inn in spite of rebldg. Church St. leads OT. to Esher Green. On the NE. side of the vil, is Sandown Park Race Course. Bet. High St. and the Mole Is E. Place, with Wolsey's Tower, which was the gate house and is now the only relic of a former residence of the bps. of Winchester, bit. in 1460 by Bp. Waynflete. Wolsey was here for a time after he had been dismissed from office by Henry VIII. In Elizabeth’s reign, Spanish grandees from the Armada, taken prisoner by Sir Francis Drake, were kept here by Richard Drake.— A mile S.. of Esher is Clare mont Park, the old house of which was bit. in 1710 by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) for the Earl of Clare, afterwards Duke of Newcastle, who d. in 1768. Bought by Lord Clive (1725-74), who had just returned from India, it was pulled down and the present house (now a school) was bit. at great expense, but he had little time to enjoy it before his troubles set in, ending with death by his own hand. In May 1813 Jane Austen and her bro. Henry, traveling to London in his curricle, had dinner at Esher. From "a Mr. Spicer’s grounds,” into which they walked before dinner, they had beautiful and extensive views over the countryside, with Claremont near at hand* Jane wrote of it as "going to be sold: a Mr. Ellis has it now. It is a house that seems never to have prospered." After that it became the abode of royalty. In 1816 Prince Leopold, afterwards King of the Belgians, and Princess Charlotte came to C., where the princess and her baby d. in 1817. Queen Victoria spent part of her childhood here. After the French Revolution of 1848 it was a refuge for the royal exiles: Louis Philippe (d. here in 1850), Queen Amalie (d. here in 1866), the Duchess of Nemours (d. here in 1857), the Duchess of Orleans, and the Comte de Paris. In more recent times it belonged to 450 the Dowager Duchess of Albany (d. 1922). Edward Gibbon (1737-94) came to E. in Jan. 1752 as the pupil of Philip Francis the elder.— Jane Porter (1776-1850) and Anna Maria Porter (1780-1832) lived here with their mother in a cottage in High St. The Porter family vault is in the old chyd.— The country around E. is important in the writings of George Meredith (1828-1909), who lived in lodg ings at E. with his son Arthur in. 1858-9, at Copsham Cottage (q.v.) in 1859-64, and temporarily at The Cedars in the early part of 1865, after his 2nd marriage (Sept* 1864). The 1st lodgings were with Mrs. Smith in a house (later called Fairholme) on the E. side of High St., bet. the Bear and the P.O. It is an ancient bldg., once a coaching inn; the Grapes. Meredith's sitting-room, where he began Evan Harrington, was on the 1st floor at the rt., and his bed room behind it looked on to the garden and toward Clare mont. (Contemporary photograph in Ellis, George Meredith.I Until 1920 Mrs. Smith's son-in-law, F. J. Williamson, the sculptor, still llvedin the house, and remembered Mere dith's occupancy. Meredith's coming to E. was probably motivated by his desire to be nr. his friend Frederick Augustus Maxse, the original of Nevil In Beauchamp * s Career, who lived with his mother in Surrey and later took a cottage for himself, at Molesey. They were much together. Friends of. Meredith.'s Weybridge days, rediscovered, were the Duff Gordons, who lived at Bellvidere House, nr. Claremont Park (knowiL to friends as the Gordon Arms for its hospitality). Janet was the original of several of Meredith’s heroines. At B. House, while he was living at Copsham, he met Mrs. Caro line Norton, whose story he used many years later in Diana of the Crossways. Other friends here in the early days at E. or at Copsham were Frederic Chapman, the publisher, who had a country cottage in the river meadows nr. E. Place, and Mullet Evans, of the publishing firm of Bradbury and Evans, whose dau. mar. Dickens’s eldest son in 1861. After he moved to Copsham, Meredith made the acquaintance in 1861 of William Hardman (later editor of The Morning Post; knighted in 1885), who was with his wife at. DIttleworth Cottage, nr. Littleworth Common, on the E. side of Esher. The next spring they began their long walks together in Surrey. He is the original, of Blackburn Tuckham. in Beauchamp’s Career. The Cedars, at which Meredith lived for a short time after his marriage, is a pleasant house W. of the vil., nr. the r. Mole. It had once been the residence of William and Mary Howitt.--Samuel. Warren (1807-77), novelist, is bur. nr. the new church; his son was rector of E. Eton, Buckinghamshire.— Urb. dist. and par. (inel. Eton Coll.,, 4505), on S. border of Bucks, on 1. bank (N.) of r. Thames opp. Windsor (with which it is connected by a bridge), l - § - m. SSW. of Slough, 6 NW. of Staines, 2li W. of Waterloo sta., 452 London. Eton Coll., one of the great public schools, was founded by Henry VI in 1440 as a preparatory school for King’s Coll., Cambridge. The original foundation of the College of the Blessed Mary of Eton provided for a Provost, 10 priests, 4 lay clerks, 6 choristers, 25 poor scholars, and 25 poor men. These are now represented by the 70 king’s scholars, or Collegers, who are admitted to scholarships by open competition and live in college. The Oppidans, now more than 1000 in number, pay tuition and live in the masters! houses. Bp. Waynflete (1395?-1486), with 5 fellows and 35 scholars, was brought from Winchester in 1443 to become the 1st provost. The oldest parts of the school bldgs. date from that year. Eton bldgs. were badly damaged in World War II. The following Eton scholars with some connections with literature are named chronologically, according to date of birth: Edward Hall, Thomas Tusser, Thomas Wilson* Richard Mulcaster, Thomas Preston, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Giles Fletcher the Elder, Sir John Harington, Richard Montagu, Phineas Fletcher, Edmund Waller, Henry More, Robert Boyle, Henry St. John (Viscount Bolingbroke), Joseph Spence, Henry Fielding, Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, Thomas Winnington, George, Lord Lyttelton, Richard West, Thomas Ashton, Thomas Gray, Horace Walpole, Christopher Anstey, John Horne Tooke, Richard Porson, John Hookham Frere, George Canning,. Henry 453 Richard Vassall Fox (Lord Holland), Henry Hallam, Henry Hart Milman, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Alfred Lyall, Edward Bouverie Pusey, Winthrop Mackworth Praed, William Ewart Gladstone, Alexander William Kinglake, Arthur Henry Hallam, Sir Arthur Helps, William Johnson Gory, James Payn, John Byrne Leicester Warren (Baron de Tabley), Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall, Algernon Charles Swinburne. Nicholas Udall (1505-56), au. of Ralph Roister Bolster. was headmaster in 1534-41 and was noted for his severity, of which Thomas Tusser (1524?-80), one of his pupils, com plained in the autobiographical preface to his Five Hundreth Points of Good Husbandrie.--Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639), succeeding Sir Henry Savile* . was provost from July 1624 until his death. Milton came over from Horton to visit him. In the Compleat Angler Izaak Walton (1593-1683) tells of con sulting Wotton, who was interested in science, on the in gredients of some strong-smelling oils which attracted fish. Wotton d. here and was bur. in the coll. chapel.— John Hales (1584-1656) lived here as a fellow from 1619 until he was put out by the Parliamentarians. In 1644 when both armies had sequestered the college rents, he hid for 9 wks. in a private lodging in Eton with the college records and keys. He was formally dispossessed of his fellowship in April 1649. A notable incident while he was a fellow here was the formal debate held In his rooms concerning•the comparative merits of Shakespeare and the classical poets, which was decided in Shakespeare’s favor. Falkland and Sir John Suckling were among those present. Hales d. in E», where he was lodging with the widow of his old servant, and was bur. in the ehyd. --Andrew Marvell (1621-78) was here in 1653-7 as tutor to Cromwell’s ward, William Dutton, and resided in the house of John Gxenbridge, a fellow of the coll. — Joseph Glanvill (1636-80) was chaplain to Francis Rous, whom Cromwell had made provost of Eton, from 1658 until Rous’s death in 1659. — In the summer of 1742 Thomas Gray (1716-71) wrote at Stoke Poges, 3^- m. N. of Eton, his Ode on a Pistant Prospect of Eton College, which refers to his view of both Eton and Windsor. The tone of the poem was conditioned by his grief at the recent death of Richard West, his dearest boyhood friend, and his present estrangement from 2 other E. Coll. friends, Walpole and Ashton. The MS. of Gray’s Elegy in a Country Churchyard is one of the treasures of the school library.— George Canning (1770-1827), with the help of John Hookham Frere (1769-1846), John and Robert Smith, and Charles Ellis, edited a school magazine called the Microcosm, which ran for 40 nos., from 6 Nov. 1786 to 30 July 1787. In collect ed^ form with a dedication to Dr. Davies, the headmaster, it was publ. by Knight, who paid £ 50 for the copyright. In 1324 Canning, who always loved the school, was ’ ’sitter” in the E. 10-oar, an honor reserved for distinguished old 455 Etonians.— 'While Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868) was at E. he began his epic Sarnor, the Lord of the Bright City (publ. 1818). — Shelley, who was much interested in science, heard Adam Walker lecture several times, for he gave his lectures and demonstrations at E;«- every other year. One of Shelley's adventures at E. was his attempt to raise a ghost. He went out at midnight, repeated his incantation and drank 3 times from a skull, but then, seeing no ghost, decided that his magic formula was at fault. In his last term, on 30 July 1810, Election Day, he delivered an oration of Cicero against Catiline. He wrote Zastrozzi and part of Sjt. Irvyne here. In 1894 E. Coll. accepted a bust of Shelley which had been declined in 1870.--In 1820 Winthrop Maekworth Praed (1802- 39), with the assistance of Walter Blount, started a MS. journal, the Apis Matina, which was succeeded by the Etonian. In 1825-7 Praed was at E. as private tutor to lord Ernest Bruce, younger son of the Marquis o.f Ailesbury.--Gladstone, whose favorite recreation was boating, kept a "lock-up" or private boat. Arthur Hallam was his most intimate friend here.— After graduation from King’s Coll., Cambridge, William Johnson Cory (1823-92) returned to E. as an assistant master and was considered the most brilliant E. tutor of his day. He retired in 1872.— Swinburne, who began to collect rare editions of the early dramatists before he was 14, used to be pointed out to strangers by the librarian, "Grub" Brown, 456 as one of the curiosities of the coll. With the sun shining in his glorious hair, he could be seen almost any day in a bay-window of the library, sitting cross-legged like a tailor and poring over a folio almost as big as he was. Shakespeare refers to E. in Merry Wives of Windsor, IV, v, in Page’s fear that Master Slender will steal his da^t. and marry her at Eton.— Richard Bentley (1662-1742) was mar. in E. Coll. Chapel in 1701*— Thomas DeQuincey (1785-1859) had his 1st view of E. in summer 1800 when he came from Bath to join hord Westport, with whom he was traveling to Ireland.— Some of the scenes of Benjamin Disraeli’s novel Coningsby (1844) take place at Eton.— 'William Morris, taken to see Eton Coll. by the Hon. Richard Grosvenor, who was with the family on a boat trip up the Thames In Aug. 1880, thought it "a glorious place.”— Mrs. Margaret Wilson Oliphant (1828-97) was bur. a;b E. Eusemere, Westmorland.--Seat, at foot of Ullswater, on E. side, f - m. S. of Pooley Bridge, 4^- SW. of Penrith. It was the home in 1794-1805 of Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846), who began the agitation for the abolition of the slave trade, and his wife, Catherine, who became Dorothy Wordsworth’s most intimate friend. Thomas Wilkinson, the Quaker farmer poet of Yanwath, selected the site and superintended the building of E. for Clarkson and recorded In his journal that Sir Walter Scott (in 1825) "thought Eusemere the finest situation he had seen.” The house stands on an elevation. On a walking tour in the Lake Dist. Wordsworth and Coleridge stayed here with the Clarksons the night of 17 Nov. 1799, and Wordsworth went on the next day to Grasmere to consider settling there, while Coleridge returned to Sockburn. Dorothy’s Grasmere journal of 1802 records several visits that she and William made. It was on the return trip from E. that they saw the daffodils along Ullswater (q.v.). Be cause of Mrs. Clarkson's bad health, the house was sold in the winter of 1804-5 to Lord Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale, a neighbor and friend. Eversle^, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (864), ME. Hants, on r. Blackwater, 4|- m. SSW. of Wokingham, 7^ SSE. of Reading, 16 NW. of Guildford. The church lies 1 m. S. of the vil., be side the rd. into Bramshill Park, which is in the parish. Charles Kingsley (1819-75) came to E.as curate in 1842 and became rector in 1844. He d. here and is bur. in the chyd., under a memorial cross placed there by his wife. E. church was restored through a Kingsley Memorial Fund. When Kings ley came to E., the wild heather-covered country on the borders of Windsor Forest had a sparse population, whose men he described in M^r Winter Garden; descendants of many generations of broom squires and deer stealers with a dash of gipsy blood, lovers of sport, but thoroughly good fellows. Everton, Bedfordshire.— Par. and vil. (231), on NE. border 458 of Beds, 4m. N* of Biggleswade, 9 E. of Bedford. Birthplace of John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester (1427?-70). Everton, Liverpool, Lancashire.— Far. (124,414), 3W. Lancs, forming HE. dist. of Liverpool-. In the early 19th cent. E. was a vil. forming a residential suburb of the town. Thomas DeQuincey (1785-1859) spent the summer of 1801 here with his mother and brothers and sisters in lodgings at a Mrs. Besti’s, bpp. the house of Mr. Clarke, the banker, who was amusing him self with the study of Greek and whom DeQuincey read Aeschylus with every morning in a meeting at sunrise. At Clarke’s, De Quincey met the literary group of Liverpool. He was here again by himself for several months almost every yr. until 1808, when he paid his last visit in Oct. He usually lodged at Mrs. Best’s and dined with Mr. Cragg, a merchant of Liver pool and a family friend. DeQuincey’s letter introducing himself to Wordsworth in May 1805 bears the address of Mrs. Best, Everton, nr. Liverpool. Evesham, Worcestershire.--Mun. bor. and mkt.-town (11,000), SE. Worcs, on r. Avon, 11 m. NE. of Tewkesbury, 12^- SW. of Stratford-on-Avon, 13 SE. of Worcester. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members to Parliament. The town lies in the Vale of E., in the midst of rich fruit orchards and vegetable gardens. It grew up around the Benedictine abbey (founded in the 8th cent.), once rich and powerful, of which the only remains are the half-timbered gateway of the chyd, {photograph In Rouse, The Old Towns of England] and a detached Perp. bell tower (1533).— St. Wulfstan (1012?- 95), bp. of Worcester, received his 1st education in the abbey school.— The chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (fl. 1260-1300) has a famous description of the death of Simon de Montfort in 1265 in a battle fought N. of the town, in which he was defeated by the Royalists under Prince Edward (Edward I). An obelisk marks the spot where he fell; he was bur. in the abbey.--George Gissing (1857-1903) writes in The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft (Ch. 19) of being awakened by the chiming of the church bells at midnight in E. and quotes Shakespeare's "We have heard the chimes at mid night, Master Shallowt" Ewell, Surrey.— Par. and town (4187), N. Surrey, if- m. NE. of Epsom, 8 NNW. of Reigate, 26 SW. of St. Paul's, London. The foundations of the banquet hall of Henry VIII's great palace of Nonsuch, in Nonsuch Park, 1 m. NE., are the only remnant of the palace bit. in 1538 beside toe vil. of E.— Riehard Corbet (1582-1635), bp. of Norwich, was b. at E., the son of a nurseryman.— Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) brought his youngest son, Vincent, here for his health in 1851. He de scribed the rooms as having "a Birket Foster view." Ewelme, Oxfordshire.— Far. and vil. (426), SE. Oxon, 3 m. NE. of Wallingford, 12^- SE. of Oxford. E. Park is a seat. The vil. is unusually attractive, the "prettiest of Chiltern 460 villages.” The church, on a hill, has grouped around it the 15th cent, bldgs. of the almshouses and free school founded by William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk.(1396-1450). [Photo graph in Pakington, English Villages and Hamlets.] The church has 15 brasses (1458-1517) and the tombs of the Duchess of Suffolk (with an effigy wearing the Order of the Garter on the left arm) and of her parents, Thomas Chaucer, supposed to be the son of the poet, and his wife.— Gladstone became involved in a controversy over his. appointment of William Wigan Harvey to the rectory of E., a Crown benefice. •fcEwling (Meredith, Harry Richmond)— See Harting, Sussex. Exbury, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (350), S. Hants, in the Hew Forest, % m. E. of Beaulieu r., 3m. SE. of Beaulieu, 7 EHE. of Lymington. Contains E. House, which was the fam ily home of William Mitford (1744-1827), au. of History of Greece, wr* at the suggestion of Gibbon. Mitford inherited the property upon his father’s death in 1761 and reblt. the house c. 1800. He d. at E. and is bur. in the church, where a monument was erected. Exeter, Devon.— Pari, and co. bor. (71,160), par., river- port, mkt.-town, episcopal city, co. town, and co. in it self, on r. Exe, 9 m. NW. of Exmouth, 35^ HE. of Plymouth. It returns 1 member to Parliament. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. An ancient and historic West Country town, bit. on rising ground on the left (HE.) bank of the r., with steep, narrow sts. in the old part of the town. E. A. Freeman has asserted that no other English city "can trace up a life so unbroken to so remote a past.1 * Its history goes back to the Britons, when it was Caer Isc, and continues through its Roman existence as Isca Damnoniorum to its Saxon as Exancestre, from which its modern name comes. There are some remains of the ancient walls and of Rougemont Castle (mentioned by the king in Shakespeare's Richard III, IV, ii), which was bit. by William the Conqueror after the city submitted to him in 1068. It stands in the beautiful Rougemont Grounds, now a public park, in which there Is an interesting historical museum. The 12th cent, towers are all that remain of the Norman cathedral, the rest of the bldg. being late 13th and 14th cent. work. There are several ancient churches, a number of old houses, and the 15th cent, guildhall. with a pillared projection over the pavement added in 1593. [Five photographs of E. In Rouse, The Old Towns of England.] The early literary associations are ecclesiastical. St. Boniface (680-755) entered a monastery here when he was a child.— The bishopric of Devon and Cornwall was transferred from Crediton to E. in 1050. for greater security, and Leofric (d. 1072) became the 1st bp. of E. He d. here and was bur. In the crypt of his church. The important Codex Exoniensis, collection of A.-S. poetry, in the cathedral library in the chapter house was part of Bp. Leofric’s library, which he left to the cathedral but which was dispersed at the Reforma tion.— Baldwin (d. 1190), abp. of Canterbury, was b. here of poor parents. • He took orders and became archdeacon of E. Joseph of Exeter, Latin poet, also b. at E. was a lifelong friend of Baldwin.— Joseph of Salisbury (d. 1180) was treasurer of the cathedral in 1174.— Bartholomew (d. 1184) was archdeacon and bp. of E.— Alexander Neckam (1157-1217) is supposed to have been prior of the Benedictine monastery of St. Nicholas. Some of the bldgs. of the priory are ex tant in a st. called The Mint, opening off Pore St.— Henry de Brae ton (d. 1268), called the "Father of the Common Law," was bur. in the cathedral, nr. the screen. A memorial stone was placed here in 1923.— Richard Pace (1482?-1536) became a prebendary in 1519 and dean in 1522. He resigned in 1527. — Sir Thomas Bodley (1545-1613) was b. here, the son of John Bodley, who in 1563 received from Queen Elizabeth a 7-yr. patent for exclusive printing of the Geneva Bible.— Miles Coverdale (1488-1568) was bp. of E. from 1551 till Queen Mary’s accession in 1553.--John Northbrooke (fl. 1568- 79) is said to have been for some time imprisoned here by the Bp. of Exeter.--Joseph Hall (1574-1656) Was bp. in 1627- 41. John Gauden (1605-62) became bp. in 1660. Richard Hooker (1554-1600), b. at Heavitree (q.v.), was educ. at E. grammar school. A statue of him by Alfred Drury stands N. of the cathedral in the Close.— Thomas Puller (1608- 61) was appointed chaplain to Princess Henrietta, dau. of Charles I, who was b. here in June 1644 while E. (which de clared for Parliament) was still held for the king. Puller was a member of the princess’s household here.— Thomas D’Urfey (1655-1723) was b. here.— In Aug. 1715 John Gay (1685-1732) accompanied William Fortescue to Devonshire. To Lord Burlington, who made the trip possible for him, Gay wrote a verse epistle, A Journey to Exeter.--Isaac Watts at tended a conference about the independent ministers held at Salters’ Hall in 1719.--£*aurence Sterne (1713-68) spent part of his early childhood here when his father’s regiment was stationed at E.--Dr. John Wolcot ("Peter Pindar," 1738-1819) stayed a short time here after leaving Truro in 1779.-- While spending a college vacation in Devon in summer 1793, Coleridge attended meetings of a literary society at E. and heard the work of a young poet, William Wordsworth, read and admired. The society was founded in 1786, with 12 mem bers, by Hugh Downman (1740-1809) and the cathedral organist, William Jackson (1730-1803),. A vol. of essays and verses read by members at the meetings was publ. in 1796. Cole ridge writes of assisting a friend in a contribution for the society during the 1793 vacation, in which he "compared (Erasmus) Darwin’s works to the Russian palace of Ice, glit tering, cold, and transitory." In summer 1799 the Southeys 464 had lodgings in Pore Street Hill, where they were visited by the Coleridges in September,— At the New London Inn, at the Eastgate, NE, end of High St., the Dashwoods’ servant saw Mr. Ferrars and his bride stopping in a chaise (Sense and Sensibility).— When, he was at Larkbeare (q.v.) during school holidays, Thackeray was frequently in E., and in the interval bet. leaving Charterhouse in summer 1828 and enter ing Cambridge in Feb. 1829 he often rode In to attend polit ical meetings or a melodrama by some traveling troupe. E. is the ’ ’ Chatteris" of Fendennis, where Arthur falls in love with the actress Miss Fotheringay.--Dickens was frequently in E. In 1834, as a reporter for the Chronicle, he attend ed', a Lively meeting in the Castle Yard and took down Lord John Russell’s election speech in the rain while 2 colleagues held a handkerchief over his notebook "after the manner of a State canopy in an ecclesiastical procession." In March 1839 Dickens and his wife came to E. to find a house for his parents (see Alphington), and stayed at the New London Inn (as he did on all future visits), occupying a sitting-room just vacated by Charles Kean. Dickens gave a very success ful reading at E. in Aug. 1858 and another In 1862. There are a few references to E. in the novels: Nicholas Niekle- by’s father and uncle went to school here, and Mrs. NIckleby speaks of "the election ball tat Exeter" and of her friend "Miss Cropley of Exeter." Dr. Marigold’s wife, in the story Dr. Marigold's Prescription, drowned herself in the river here.— Mrs. Prances Trollope (1780-1863) describes life in the Cathedral Close at E., ("Westhampton") in the novel Petticoat Government. In He Knew He Was Right Anthony Trollope (1815-82) has a sub-plot centering around the Close, with which he had become familiar on visits to Miss Fanny Bent, an old friend of the Trollope family, who lived nr. the Close and who may have suggested "Aunt Stanbury" to some extent.— E. is called "Exonbury" on maps of Hardy's Wessex, but there are few references to it.--George Gissing (1857-1903) lived at E. after his 2nd marriage and here wrote Born in Exile and began Denzil Quarrier (finished at Dorking). In The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft he has a pleasant picture of a day's ramble that ended at Topsham, the quaint old port on the Exe, SE. of the city.--Making a trip W. from Bournemouth in Aug. 1884, Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) was detained at E. several weeks by hemorrhages.-- A window and tablet at the W. end of the N. aisle of the cathedral, adjoining St. Edmund’s chapel, are a memorial to R. D. Blaekmore (1825-1900), au. of the Exmoor romance, Lorna Doone. Jjhmouth^ Devon. — Urb. dlst,, mkt.-town, spt., and watering- pl. (15,260), E. Devon, at E. side of mouth of r. Exe, 10 m. SE. of Exeter. Until well into the 19th cent. E. was a small seaside vil. In Sonnet LXVIII, "Written at Exmouth, Mid- summer, 1795,” Mrs. Charlotte Smith expressed her grief for the death of her dau., who had d. at Clifton in the spring. — Enlisting at Chatham under an assumed name, Richard Double dick in Dickens’s Seven Poor Travellers gave as his native place E., ’ "which he had never been near in his life.” Exon.— Abbreviation sometimes used for Exeter. ^Exonbury (Hardy)— See Exeter, Devon. Eyam (pron. Eem), Derbyshire.— Par. and vil. (1175), in Eyam Dale, 5m. N. of Bakewell, 11 SW. of Sheffield. On E. Edge is a barrow more than 100 ft. in diameter and on E. Moor a druidical circle. E. Hall is an Elizabethan mansion. The vil. is known for its terrible devastation by the plague in 1665, when infection was brought by a box of clothes sent by a London tailor, and ^ of the 350 inhabitants died. The heroic work of William Mompesson, rector, and Thomas Stanley, ejected minister, prevented the spreading of the disease to other parishes. The story was told in verse in the 19th cent, by William and .Mary Howitt.--E. was the childhood home of Anna Seward (1747-1809), whose father was the rector. Eynsham, or Ensh*un, Oxfordshire.--I*ar. and vil. (1644), 4-f m. E. of Witney, 5^ ETW. of Oxford. E. has an ancient vil.- cross and scanty relics of the Benedictine abbey founded c. 1000 by Aethelmaer, who had founded Cerne (q.v.). Aelfric came from Cerne in 1005 to be abbot of E.— In Thyrsis, Mat-- thew Arnold refers to walks taken in the river-fields by Ensham. 467 Eyton-on-Severn, Shropshire,— Ham,, N. Salop, 1^ m. SSE. of Wroxeter, 5 HW. of Much Wenlock, 6 - J - SE. of Shrewsbury. Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648), was b. here in the house of his maternal grandmother, Lady Newport, and lived here until the age of 9. An engraving of the remains of his birthplace in 1816 appeared in The Gentleman1s Magazine for that year, I, 201, but very little survives now. p Pairford, Gloucestershire.--Par. and vil. (1347), E. Glos, on r. Coin, 8 ra. E. of Cirencester, 23 WSW. of Oxford. P. Park, H. of the vil., is a seat. The church, reblt. at the end of the 15th cent, by John Tame and finished by his son, Sir Edmund Tame, members of a rich wool family, has a noted series of 28 windows of painted glass. Their preservation during the Civil War is said to be due to their removal by the lay rector, William Oldisworth, until danger was past. In Parnassus Biceps (1656) is a Cavalier poem on The Fair- ford Windows. Wood visited P. in July 1660 and was shown the church and windows by Oldisworth. — P. was the birthplace of John Keble (1792-1866), whose father, viGar of the neigh boring vil. of Coin St. Aldwins, resided at P. in a house of his own. Keble resigned his tutorship at Oxford after his mother’s death in 1823 and lived here with his father and 2 sisters.— Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-82) mar., in June 1828, Maria Catherine, dau. of Raymond Barker of P. Park.— William Morris (1834-96) and his family and their guests, Cormell Price, De Morgan, and Richard Grosvenor, paid a visit to P. from Kelmscott (6 m. ESE), in Aug. 1880, and Morris wrote of his pleasure at seeing the glass and the handsome church once more. [Photograph of the church, from the river, in Massingjaam, Cotswold Country. ] 469 Fair hi 11 (Priestley)--See Birmingham, Warwickshire. ^Fairly Park (Meredith, Rhoda Fleming)--See Beaulieu, Hants. Fair Oak, Hampshire.— Par. and vil.. (822), S. Hants, 4 m. W. of Bishops Waltham, 6 HE. of Southampton, 7 S. of Win chester, 16 WSW. of Petersfield. F. Park, HE. of the vil., and F. Lodge, ^ m. SW., are seats. G. P. R. James (1799- 1860), novelist, lived at F. Lodge in 1837-39. F. Lodge is the original of "Beckley Court" in Meredith's Evan Harring ton, according to Ellis. It is the right distance from Petersfield ("Fallowfield"), and a river runs through the grounds as at "Beckley Court." It is a branch of the Itchen, however, and not the Rother, as stated by Ellis. -aFairoaks (Pendennis) — See Larkbeare, Ottery St..-Mary, Devon. Fairsted, Essex.— Par. (269), E. Essex, 4 m. HW. of Witham, 7 HE. of Chelmsford. Thomas Tusser (15247-80) had one of his unsuccessful farms here and eked out his living by collecting tithes for the parson. Falde--See Fauld, Staffs. • sFallowfield (Meredith, Evan Harrington)— See Petersfield, Hants. Falmouth, Cornwall.— Mun. bor., par., spt., and mkt.-town (15,130), S. of co., on F. Harbour, at mouth of r. Fal, 9 m. S. of Truro, 22 E. of Penzance. The town is pleasantly sit uated on a hillside. Pendennis Castle, at the end of the ‘town-peninsula, was hit. by Henry VIII, as one of his coast 470 defences, on land rented from the powerful Killigrew family (now extinct), whose manor of Arwenack embraced the present harbour. Arwenack House stands W. of the sta. The arms of the present city derive from those of the Killigrew family, which is commemorated by an obelisk (1738). Pendennis Castle was taken by the Parliamentarians in 1645 after a 6- raos.' siege. In the 19th cent. P. was the 1st port of call for the clipper ships from Australia and was a busy govt, mail-packet sta. The Cutty Sark (bit. in 1869) is preserved in the harbour here. Today P., although still a port, is more notable as a resort, especially for winter.— In the sum mer of 1542 Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503?-42) was sent to P. to conduct the imperial ambassador to Bondon.— Sir William Kill igrew (1606-95), dramatist, was governor of Pendennis Castle and F. Haven.— In the church of P., dedicated to Charles I (1665), is a tablet to the 14th Earl of Glencairn (d. 1791), I friend and patron of Burns.— James Anthony Froude (1818-94) met John Sterling (1806-44) here in 1841.--F. is casually mentioned in A Message from the Sea, by Dickens and Wilkie Collins.— Tennyson was here with Palgrave in Sept. 1860, when they could find a room only at a fishmonger's. He was here with his son during a cruise in Sir Allen Young's yacht, the Stella, in the summer of 1887. P^rebgm, Hampshire.— Urb. dist., small port, mkt.-town, and par. (36,000), S. Hants, at NW. extremity of Portsmouth 471 Harbour, 10 m. ESE. of Southampton, 11 m. SE. of Eastleigh. After he was sent home from India, William Makepeace Thack eray (1811-63) spent his childhood years at F. in the home of his mother's grandmother. He read his 1st novel, The Scottish Chiefs, lying in the summerhouse ■ * here and listen ing to the church bells pealing for the coronation of George IV. When his mother, Mrs. Carmichael-Smyth, brought his 2 little girls from France in June 1845, he enjoyed a brief holiday with them here in his great-aunt's house. Faringdon, Berkshire.— Mkt.-town (2835), NW. Berks, 13 m. W. of Abingdon, 15 j £ - SW. of Oxford. In the vicinity is F. House. F. Hill, to the E., with the conspicuous "Faringdon Clump,” planted by Pye, commands a view of part3 of Oxon, Glos, and Wilts.— F. was the terminus of a walk that Jeremy Bentham (1784-32) made from Oxford in 1765 in a pea-green coat and green silk breeches, "bitterly tight.”--F. House was the family home of Henry James Pye (1745-1813), poet laureate, who inherited the estate and heavy debts when his father d. In March 1766. The house burned soon afterward, and the present house was bit. in 1780 by Wood of Bath. Pye later had to sell it.— R. H. Barham (1788-1845), in Ingoldsby Legends, told the story, under the name of Hamilton Tighe, of Hampden Pye, whose ghost is said to appear, head in hand, in a grassy walk at F. House on moonless nights.--F. House, which is now the home of Lord Berners, appears in a contempo- 472 rary novel, Nancy Mitford*s In Pursuit of Love. [Article and photographs in House and Garden, May 1948).] Faringdon, Hattg>shire.— Par. and vil. (439), E. Hants, 2 m. NW. of Selborne, 3 S. of Alton, 15 ENE. of Winchester. In 1758 Gilbert White (1720-93) accepted the curacy of F., the par. adjoining Selborne, where he wanted to live. F^linga^ Hall, Suffolk.--An old farmhouse, on the NW. out skirts of Woodbridge. Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) stored his things here at the home of Job Smith when he gave up Boulge Cottage in Nov. 1853, and he divided his time bet. it and Bredfield Vicarage, when he was in Suffolk. Carlyle visited him here in Aug. 1855. After separating from his wife, FitzGerald made F. Hall his home in 1857-60. Farm, The (DeQuincey)— See toss Side, Manchester. Farndon, Clie shire .--Par. and vil. (573), on r. Dee, 7^- m. S. of Chester. Connected by a bridge across the Dee with Holt in Denbighshire. Birthplace of John Speed (1552?- 1629?), historian and cartographer. Farne Islands, Northumberland.— Group of 17 islets and rocks, separated from the mainland by a channel 1 - f - m. wide} pop. 3. Now reserved as a bird-sanctuary (N.T.). In the islands are two lighthouses. Bamburgh Castle on the mainland is opp. F. Islands. St. Aldan (d. 651), missionary from Iona and 1st bp. of Lindisfarne, often came here for meditation and prayer.— St. Cuthbert occupied a hermitage for 9 yrs. on 473 P. Island. He returned to it when he felt death near and d. there in 687. A I4th cent, chapel marks the site of his hermitage.--hongstone Lighthouse, on one of the remotest islands, 4^- m. from land, was the scene in 1838 of the rescue of survivors of the Forfarshire by Grace Darling (1815-42) and her father. Farnham, Surrey.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (22,000), W. Surrey, on r. Wey, 3 m. SSW. of Aldershot, 9 - § - W. of Guild ford, 23^ NE. of Winchester. The manor has belonged to the Bps. of Winchester since 688, and F. Castle, which stands on a hill N* of the town, approached by a street of 18th cent, houses, was for centuries.the episcopal residence. It is now used as a church-house for several dioceses, and the park is open to the public. The castle has a long and varied history and a record of entertainment of many of England's rulers, from Edward I to Victoria. Elizabeth, a frequent visitor, here warned the Duke of Norfolk against marriage with Mary Queen of Scots. James I hunted here and even took a lease of the castle for a time. The Civil War brought 2 poets to F. Castle. George Wither (1588-1667), who had re tired in 1636 to his "rustic habitation” nr, F., was made military governor of the castle by the Parliamentarians, who did not give him. the means of defending it and ordered him to abandon it. Sir John Denham (1615-69), who was sheriff of Surrey, then held it for the king, but was forced in a 474 few days to surrender It to Sir William Waller for Parlia ment. The 12th cent, keep was destroyed and the bldgs. were dismantled by Cromwellrs men. The fine gateway tower bit. by Bp. Pox early in the 16th cent, survives. After the Restoration the castle was restored and furnished at enormous expense by successive bps., chief of whom was Bp. Morley (1597-1684), who spent £10,000 upon it, although he himself lived austerely. Izaak Walton stayed here with Bp. Morley and wrote his hives of Hooker and Herbert in a room now shown. Doubtless the great angler fished here in the r. Wey. (See Parker, Highways and Byways in Surrey for further de tails in the history of P. Castle and sketch of castle and street approaching It. Photograph in Mais, The Home Coun ties . ] Gilbert White (1720-93) was probably sent to school at P.— Augustus Toplady (1740-78), au. of Rock of Ages, was b. in a little house in West St., now pulled down.— William Cobbett (1762-1835) was b. in a white-gabled farmhouse, now the Jolly Parmer Inn, on the S. outskirts of the town, nr. the Wey, and spent his childhood working in the fields or employed in the castle grounds. The massive tomb of Cobbett is in the chyd.--Panny Burney (1752-1840), who visited P. Castle in 1791, a mo. after she left the Court in bad health, wished to climb to the top of the keep garden to see the hills above Norbury but ’ ‘ was ready to fall already, from only ascending the slope to reach the castle.”— Sir William Francis Patrick Napier (1785-1860) attended a military coll. at F. after his return, wounded and ill, from the battle of Or the z in 1814.— F. was the holiday home of Ada Bayly ("Edna I»yall,M 1857-1903) from the age of 4 and is the scene of 2 of her novels.— The Tennyson family were here for a time in the autumn of 1852, when the Twickenham meadows were flooded, and were visited by Charles King3ley, from Eversley. Farringford, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.--Seat of hord Tenny son, extreme W. of the isl*,. ■ § • m. SW. of Freshwater, 2^-m. SSW. of Yarmouth. An old manor, which the Tennysons found in the summer of 1853, when they were staying at Bonchurch, leased with the option of purchase, and moved into in Nov. It was the poet's permanent home for nearly 40 yrs. The success of Maud in 1855 enabled them to complete the pur chase, and on 24 April 1856 Mrs. Tennyson wrote in her diary: "This ivied home among the pine trees is ours.” The property comprises F. House, farms, and a farm vil. The name is found in 14th cent, deeds in the possession of the family, which are signed by Walter de Ferringford. Prior’s Manor, attached to F., belonged to the Abbey of liyra in Normandy. Many of the fields retain the old names, such as the Prior’s Field, Maiden's Croft (dedicated to the Virgin Mary), the Clerks’ Hill, and Abraham’s Mead. In the summerhouse in Maiden’s Croft, carved and painted by Tennyson [sketch in Tennyson. and His Friends], were wr. Enoch Arden and The Holy Grail, Tennyson was interested in the natural life of his new home. Soon after he came to F. he began a flower dictionary and bought spyglasses so that he might watch the birds. Many of the descriptions of nature in Maud are taken from obser vations made here, although the localities of the poem are imaginary. After the bldg. of Aldworth (q.v.) in 1868-9 for a summer retreat, the late autumn, winter, and spring mos. were usually spent at F. Sir Frederick Pollock, who visited Tennyson here in the spring of 1872, told FitzGerald that estate agents advertised houses as being within 1, 2, or 3 m. of the poet laureate’s house (which he had bought for its beauty and its seelusionl). Among the friends made here were the Simeons at Swainston, nr. Newport, and Mrs. Julia Margaret Cameron, the photographer, and her husband, who lived nr. the gates of F. There were many visitors the 1st yr. Edward FitzGerald was here in summer 1854, and he and Mrs. Tennyson stood as godparents at the christening of Lionel. Aubrey de Vere (1814-1902), who spent a fortnight at F. in autumn 1854 after visiting Sir John Simeon at Swain ston, tells of Tennyson’s reading aloud Coventry Patmore’s The Angel in the House. John Millais (1829-96) came in Nov. 1854 and helped sweep up leaves and burn them, possibly getting the suggestion for his early picture on the subject. Benjamin Jowett (1817-93) was a regular guest. Noteworthy in the spring of 1864 was the brief appear ance here of Garibaldi, who was driven out to P. for the ceremonial planting of a Wellingtonia, given Tennyson by the Duchess of Sutherland, who had grown it from the cone of a 300-ft. tree in California.--Some of the many occasional guests at P. were Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) and a college friend, who called and were asked to stay to dinner, in March 1858, and who heard the poet read Maud; the Charles Kingsleys, autumn 1859; the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, who spent several days here in summer 1860; Lord Dufferin, sum mer 1860; the G. G. Bradleys (Dean of Westminster), 1860; "Lewis Carroll,” 1861; the Longfellows, who were staying at Freshwater, July 1868; Oliver Wendell. Holmes and his dau., June 1886; Mary Anderson, the actress, 1888.— Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1835-1911), visiting the. son of his friend the poet laureate, d. here suddenly from a heart attack. Fauld, Staffordshire.— Ham., E. Staffs, 1 m. NE. of Hanbury, 6^- SE. of TJttoxeter. [Given as Palde in D. N. B. 3 William Burton (1575-1645) lived on his estate at P. after 1603 and here wrote his Description of Leiceatershire. He d. here and was bur. in the neighboring par. church of Hanbury (q.v.). Faversh&n, Kent.— Mun. bor., par., mkt.-town, and river- port (12,080), N. Kent, on P. Creek (a branch of the Swale), 8^- m. WNW. of Canterbury. P. is a corporate member of the Cinque Port of Dover. It is an old town with some interesting 478 old bldgs., including the large church, the town hall in the mkt.-pl. fphotograph In Wyndham, South-Eastern Survey], the ancient grammar school, now used as the Masonic Hall, and the gateway of the Cluniac abbey founded by Stephen (12th cent.).--F. was the birthplace of John Wilson (1595-1674), distinguished lutenist, who set to music the song ’ ’ Take, ohl take those lips away.”— Attempting to flee England In 1641 in the early days of the civil conflict, Sir William Dave- nant (1606-68) was arrested here but was admitted to bail. Felixstowe, Suffolk.— Urb. dist., coast par., and town (12,860), E. Suffolk, bet. the estuaries of the Deben and the Orwell, 8m. S. of Woodbridge, 9 SE. of Ipswich. A vil. until the late 19th cent., it is now a seaside resort and a coastguard and Boyal Naval shore wireless sta. St. Felix (d. 647?), Apostle of East Anglia, Is commemorated in the name of the town.— Sir John Hayward (1564?-1627) was b. at or nr. F. and was educ. here.--George Meredith (1828-1909), who had stayed here with his 1st wife more than 40 yrs. be fore, used F. for the starting point of the swim described in Lord Qrmont and His Aminta (publ. 1894).--Edward Fitz Gerald (1809-83), who had a sailboat on the Deben, was fre quently here. At F. Ferry, which connects F. with Bawdsey, across the Deben, he was introduced in the spring of 1864 to Joseph Fletcher, a Lowestoft fisherman, with whom he later formed a partnership. One of FitzGerald’s grandnieces remembered his showing the children some amber that he had recently found on F. Beach. Felpham, Sussex.— Coast par., vil., coastguard sta. (1619), and seat, W. Sussex, 1 m. NE. of Bognor Regis, 10 SE. of Chichester. William Blake (1757-1827) lived here in 1801-4 in a thatched cottage, now preserved much as it was in his time. A road has been named for him. Blake wrote Flaxman that F. was more spiritual than London, that "voices of celestial inhabitants are more distinctly heard, and their forms more distinctly seen." It was in his garden here that he observed a fairy*s funeral, with the lody laid on a rose petal; and it was the ejecting of a soldier from his garden that led to his trial at Chichester (q.v.) on a charge of sedition in 1804. William Hayley (1745-1820), who lived in a large castellated house here, secured the dismissal of the case, but Blake soon left F. Hayley d. here and is bur. in the church. Fen Drayton, Cambridge.--Far. (246), on W. border of co., 9 m. NW. of Cambridge. John Manningham (d. 1622), whose diary records the performance of Twelfth Night at the Middle Temple on 2 Feb. 1602, was the son of Robert Manningham of F. D. Fenny Newbold— See Newbold Revel, Warwj&k. Fenton, Nottinghamshire.— Ham., N. Notts, 5|r m. ENE. of East Retford, 13-g- NW. of Lincoln. Sir Geoffrey Fenton (1539?- 480 1608), translator and statesman, was the son of Henry Fenton of Fenton. ■ &Ferndean Manor (Jane Byre)--See Wycoller Hall., . Lancs. Ferne House, Wiltshire.— Seat, SW. Wilts, 2 m. SE. of Donhead St. Mary, 4 E. of Shaftesbury. The home of Mrs. Grove, the sister of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s mother. The children of the two families exchanged frequent visits. Fewston, Yorkshire.— Par. (187), W.R. Yorks, on r. Washburn, 6 m. N. of Qtley, 15 NW. of Leeds. F. Reservoir, the larg est of the reservoirs of the Leeds Waterworks, submerged the ham. of Thackray, said to have been the home of W. M. Thacker ay^ ancestors. Edward Fairfax (c. 1580-1655), translator of Tasso’s Gerusalemme Liberata, lived at Newhall in the parish of F. He died here and is buried in the churchyard of F. FielcUiead, Birstall, Yorkshire.— A former wayside farmhouse, W.R. Yorks, nr. Birstall, 6^- m. SW. of Leeds. The house, removed in 1858, was the birthplace of Joseph Priestley (1733- 1804), eldest child of a cloth-dresser. *»Fieldhead (C. Brontfi, Shirley)— See Qakwell Hall, Birstall, Yorks. Field Head, Lancashire.— Ham. and seat, in the Lake District, N. Lancs, 1 ^ - . m. NNW. of Hawkshead,3f- SSW. of Ambleside. After 1834 Field Head House was the home of the Hardens, who from 1804 to 1834 had lived at Brathay Hall. Harden was a 481 former sub-editor of the Caledonian Mercury* Field Place, Sussex.— Seat, W. Sussex, 2 m. NW. of Horsham, l - § - SW. of Warnham, 14 SE. of Guildford. Birthplace and early home of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822). He paid a last short, secret visit to F. Place in June 1814 when his father, from whom he was estranged, and the 3 youngest chil dren were absent. Filey, Yorkshire.— Urb. dist., par., water!ng-pl., coastguard and lifeboat sta. (4200), on F. Bay, E.R. Yorks, 8 m. SE. of Scarborough, 10 NW. of Bridlington, 37 NE. of York. In Sept. 1839 Charlotte BrontS and Ellen Nussey spent a week in lodg ings here after a time at Easton (q.v.). Miss BrontS occu pied the same lodgings with a Mrs. Smith at Cliffe House for nearly a mo. in June 1852, when she went to Scarborough to inspect the stone placed at Anne’s grave. She wrote Miss Nussey that F. seemed much altered; more lodging-houses, some of them very handsome, had been bit. Fillingham, Lincolnshire.— Par. and vil. (227), Lindsey, 9 m. NNW. of Lincoln. John Wyclif (13207-84) held the vicarage, in the gift of Balliol Coll., Oxford, from 1361 to 1368, when he exchanged it for Ludgershall. He probably was non resident. Finchale Priory (pron. Finkle), Durham.— Ruin, on r. Wear, 3^- m. NNE. of Durham. Now in the care of the Office of Works. F. was founded, on land belonging to Ranulf Flambard, as a cell of the Benedictine priory of Durham, on the site of the hermitage of St. Godric (d. 1170), whose oratory was in corporated in the 1st church and whose stone coffin was dis covered in excavations made in 1928. The considerable exis tent -remains date from mid. 13th cent. Finchley, Middlesex.--Mian. bor. and par. (67,500), 3 m. N. of Hampstead, 7 NNW. of St. Paul's, London. An old but un distinguished vil., which has been absorbed into Greater London.— Bryan Waller Procter ("Barry Cornwall," 1787-1874) had part of his early schooling here.— Leigh Hunt (1784- 1859) lived here at one time.— Abel Cottage, home of the Gar lands, where Kit Nubbles and Barbara worked, in Old Curiosity Shop (described in Ch. 22), was at F. The deserted shed, bit. for some cow-herd, where Barnaby Rudge and his father found shelter after their escape from Newgate, was nr. F. In Dombey and Son Mr. Toots went up to F. "to get some un commonly fine chickweed that grows there, for Miss Dombey's bird."— Dickens took lodgings here at Cobley's Farm in 1843, while he was writing part of Martin Chuzzlewi t.--Robert Brown ing, writing Elizabeth Barrett (Aug. 1846) of his boyhood enthusiasm for Byron, used F., N. of London, as a symbol of extreme distance from his home, S. of London, when he said that he "would have gone to Finchley to see a curl of his hair or one of his gloves," although he would not have crossed the room for all of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and 485 Southey.— Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) is bur. in the ceme tery at F. Findon, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (815), W. Sussex, 4 m. N. of Worthing, 16 ENE. of Chichester. F. Place is a seat. F. was the birthplace of Richard Wooddeson (1704-74), whose father was vicar.--Alfred I*yall (1795-1865), who was b. here, later settled here with his widowed mother in a small house of his own and edited the Annual Register. In 1829 he became curate of F. Fisher Place, Cumberland.— PI., m. E. of Thirlmere, at Dalehead, 4^ m. SE. of Keswick, at head of St. John’s Vale. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82) and Hall Gaine spent a month here In Sept. 1881. Here Rossetti read the final proofs of his last volume of poems and made a great impres sion upon his landlady by the sound of his voice as he read them aloud. Five Towns (Arnold Bennett)— See Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs. Fledborough, Nottinghamshire.— Par. and ham. (102), on r. Trent, 3^- m. ENE. of Dukeries June., 4 E. of Tuxford, 11 W. of Lincoln. In his childhood Matthew Arnold (1822-88) often visited his grandfather’s vicarage here. In 1852, having passed close to it in the morning on the train to Derby, he wrote his mother: ”My recollections of it are the only approach I have to a memory of a golden age.” Fletching, Sussex.— Par. and vil. (1151), SE. Sussex, on r. 484 0use, 8 • § ■ m. N. of Lewes, 14 NE. of Brighton. The vil., S. of Ashdown Forest, is on the E. side of Sheffield Park. Edward Gibhon (1757-94), great friend of the 1st Earl of Sheffield, is bur. in the Sheffield family burial-pi. in the church of F., with a ILatin epitaph by Dr. Parr on the monument. ^Flintcomb Ash--See Dole's Ash, Dorset. Flint Gojbt^ge, Box Hill, Surrey.--Home of George Meredith (1828-1909), above Burford Bridge, on one of the lower slopes on the W. side of Box Hill (q.v.). The road up the hill (called the Zigzag) passes the house. Beyond it, as back ground, are the woods of Juniper Hill and Micklehsm. [Photo graph of exterior (side view) and description in Ellis, George Meredith.] The house, small and square-bit., is said to be much older than it looks. Meredith took the cottage in the autumn of 1867 and came to live here in Jan. 1868. His bedroom was an east-facing lst-floor room at the side and back of the house, overlooking the sloping garden and a wooded ravine. In this house he wrote Harry Richmond and Beauchamp* s Career. In 1876 his chalet, with his study and an adjoining bedroom, was erected at the top of the garden, above the house, with a wooded slope behind it. [Photo graphs of exterior and interior in Ellis, ojs. cit.] The Egoist, Diana of the Crossways, and the later books were wr. In the chalet. Meredith's dau., Marie Eveleen, was b. at Flint Cottage in 1871; Mrs. Meredith d. here in 1885; and Meredith d. here. Among the many visitors at F. Cottage were W. C. Bonaparte Wyse and R. H. Horne, Dec. 1876; Leslie Stephen and his Sunday Tramps (see Dorking), who were always met by Meredith when they came to his part of Surrey and brought back to Flint Cottage for dinner and the evening; James Thomson (B.V.), Sept. 1881; Robert Louis Stevenson, from whom the earlier stages of the character of Gower Wood- seer (The Amazing Marriage) were drawn, April 1878 and April 1882;; Grant Allenand his wife, who were living at Dorking and came often in the ’80’s, once bringing William Watson; George Buckston Browne, surgeon, who had performed an opera tion on Meredith and to whom he dedicated his next book. Lord Ormont and His Aminta (1893), a frequent visitor with his wife and dau.; Arthur Conan Doyle, who had wr. articles on Meredith1s work and was invited to F. Cottage in 1893; Alphonse Daudet and Henry James, May 1895; Thomas Hardy, June 1905. In Dec. 1905 Sir Arthur Ellis, as the king’s representative, invested him with the Order of Merit here, since he was unable to go to Buckingham Palace to receive it. On his 80th birthday, 12 Feb. 1908, representatives of news papers and literary organizations visited F. Cottage with congratulations. Lord Haldane and Meredith’s old friend Lord Morley visited him on the Sunday preceding his 81st birthday, and J. M. Barrie and his wife were guests at a 486 small family dinner on the day. In a tribute in verse, wr. after Meredith’s death in May, Hardy referred to the visit in 1905 nby his green hill.” He is bur. at Dorking, Pockbury, Worcestershire.--Agricultural dist., in the par. of Catshill, E. Worcs, 1 m. NW. of Bromsgrove, 12 SW. of Birmingham. The little hamlet of P., nr. Bournheath, a vil. 2m. NW. of Bromsgrove, was part of an extensive estate that had come to the Housman family through the grandmother of A. E. Housman. He was b. in 1859 in The Valley House, a little way down the road to Bournheath, on the rt.-hand side, from The Clock House (for a time called Pockbury House), to which the family moved from Bromsgrove (q.v.), in 1873, when Housman's father remarried, 3 yrs. after the death of his 1st wife. The Valley House, later a school for girls, had been the home of the Housmans for the 1st yr. after their marriage. The Clock House, which had been the home farm of the estate, took its name from a clock on the oldest part (1640) which had given the time to the ham. of P. ( “ Photo graphs of both houses in Alfred Edward Housman; Recollec tions by Katharine E. Symons, e_t al.) Housman loved the countryside here and has left a picture of this ’ ’ western brookland" with its poplars and pools in A Shropshire Lad, No. 52. A hill.that he loved to climb for its extensive views of "the sunset lands of Shropshire" was one nr. The Clock House, in a field at the top of Worms Ash Lane, which 487 the family called "Mount Fisgah." His visits to it are de scribed in Last Poems, No. 39, although he calls it poeti cally a "beacon." His sister says that it is the spot that he must have had in mind when he wrote the Jubilee poem No. 1,in A Shropshire Lad, and she tells of walking there with a party from Bromsgrove on Jubilee night, 1887, and seeing "the bonfires burning right round the counties from the Malvern Hills to the Wrekin, and farther." Folkestone, Kent.--Mian, bor., par., mkt.-town, spt., and watering-pl. (46,170), 6m. SW. of Dover, 69 SE. of London by road. F. is the port for steamboat services to Boulogne and Flushing. It has a two-fold character: the fashionable watering-pl. of the upper town, with the Leas, lawns and gardens stretching along the cliffs for more than a mile, connected with the beach by a lift or shrub-grown paths, and the old fishing-town to the E., extending down to the harbour and preserving in its narrow, irregular streets the aspect of earlier times. fPhotograph in Wyndham, South- Eastern Survey.] E. of the town are some relics of a Roman villa. The 13th cent, church (E.E., with Perp. tower) is on the site of a nunnery founded by the Saxon St. Eanswith. It was reblt. after a storm in 1702 that destroyed the chancel. A 19th cent, window in the church and a statue on the Leas commemorate William Harvey (1578-1657), discoverer of the circulation of the blood, who was b. at F. The Bail 488 and Bail Pond, nr. the church, mark the site of the old cas tle . Dickens often visited P. from Broadstairs (q.v.) but did not stay here until the summer of 1855, when he and his family lived at No. 3 Albion Villas. The public reading from his works to aid the funds of the local institutes led to the idea of such readings for his own benefit, which be be gan 3 yrs. later. He gave the readings in the biggest place available, a builder*s sawmills in the Dover Rd., on the site now occupied by the fire sta. P. appears as "Pavilion- stone” in Out of Town, an article publ. in Household Words. The Pavilion Hotel praised there is now the Royal Pavilion, a more imposing bldg. in the same location nr. the harbour. (Photograph from an old engraving in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.] The article A Flight described the journey from hondon to P. to connect with the steamer for Boulogne. F. is not named but is probably the "watering-place out of the season” in the article Out of the Season.— Thackeray paid occasional visits to his daughters at P. while he was writing the last chapters of The Virginians and ended the novel here on 7 Sept. 1859.--Charles Stuart Calverley (1831-84) is bur. in the cemetery at P.--William Morris (1834-96) was sent here in 1896 in the vain hope that the change would improve his health.--William Dean Howells records the impressions of a sojourn at P. ”out of season" in the late spring of 1904 in one of the essays of Certain Delightful English Towns. Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire.--Seat, S. Wilts, in the par. of Fonthill Gifford, l - § - m. SE. of Hindon, 2 NW. of Tisbury, 2 - g - E. of E. Knoyle, 6^- NNE. of Shaftesbury. Birthplace of William Beckford (1759-1844), au. of Vathek, who reblt. the family mansion here in 1796 and then pulled it down and bit. a more magnificent house on another site. It was designed fry James Wyatt in 1796-9, in a pseudo-Gothic style, on the lines of a monastic bldg. adapted for domestic use. Here over a period of some years he spent incredible amounts, giving his imagination full play in the creating of splendid and fantastic effects. Saintsbury comments that Fonthill and the means which created or supported it are partly re sponsible for the ease with which Beckford produced the Oriental opulence and unbounded luxury of Vathek. The grounds were magnificently laid out and encircled by a high wall. At one time he had a 300-ft. tower bit., upon which successive shifts of workmen labored day and night, but the hastily constructed tower fell. A Snd one, bit. immediately, fell after the house had been sold. Beckford himself stated that he spent more than a quarter million pounds on F. in 16 yrs. He spent 20 yrs. here, living like a hermit and collecting books and art objects.--William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) has a short poem entitled Lines written on Fonthill Abbey. 490 Foots Cray, Kent.— Dist. in Chislehurst and Sidcup urb. dist., 5 m. ENE. of Bromley, 5 SW. of Dartford. In the vicinity is F. C. Place, a seat. Sir Francis Walsingham (1530?-90) in herited the manor of F.C. from his father in 1534 and fre quently resided here until 1578, when he sold the property and left Kent. Forde Abbey, Dorset.— Seat, on NW. border, on r. Axe, 3 - | - m. SE. of Chard, 8|? N. of Lyme Regis. Since 1832 it has been a part of Dorset; before that it was in a detached portion of Devon. The domestic bldgs. of the Cistercian abbey, founded in 1141, escaped destruction at the Dissolution and In the Civil War and are incorporated in the present mansion. The chapter-house and dormitory are believed to have been part of the original structure. The tower, cloisters, and refectory were bit. in 1528 by Thomas Chard, the last abbot, and the state apartments were added c. 1658 by Inigo Jones, during the occupancy of Edmund Prideaux, attorney-general of the Commonwealth. The famous Mortlake tapestries after Raphael's cartoons are at F. Abbey.— Baldwin (d. 1190), later abp. of Canterbury, resigned his office as archdeacon of Exeter, became a monk of F. Abbey, and was made abbot. His literary work was done here.— Samuel Butler (1612-80) was employed here for a time by Sir Henry Rosewell, a Puritan, from whom Butler is supposed to have drawn some of the charac teristics of Hudibras.— Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) leased the house in 1814-18 and lived here en grand seigneur, ac cording to Sir Samuel. Romilly (1757-1818), who visited him in 1817. Bentham wrote here his G hr e s toma t hi a and other works. James Mill (1773-1836) and his family, including John Stuart Mill (1806-73), stayed here with Bentham for months at a time. Fordham, Cambridgeshire.--Par, and vil. (1461), E. Cambs, 5 m. S. of Newmarket, 13 NE. of Cambridge. F. Abbey, a seat, is 1 m. S. of the vil. Thomas Twining (1735-1804) received the living of F. and settled at the parsonage in 1764. Forest Hill, Oxfordshire.--Vil., in par. (380) of F. Hill with Shotover, 4^- m. E. of Oxford. Shotover House is ^ m. S. In the church of F. Hill, probably in June 1642, John Milton (1608-74) mar. Mary Powell, dau. of Royalist parents. Forncett, Norfolk.— Ham., and 2 adjoining pars, of F. St. Mary (191) and F. St. Peter (554), 2 m. WNW. of Long Stratton 6 SE. of Wjmondham, 10j^ SW. of Norwich. Dorothy Wordsworth lived with her uncle William Cookson and his wife in the rectory, close to the church of St. Peter, from Dec. 1788 to Feb. 1794. Upon arrival she described F. as a little vil. entirely inhabited by farmers. She estab. a little school here, attended by 9 children, who met on Sunday and on Wednes day and Saturday evenings. Wilberforce, who made a long visit at the rectory, gave her an allowance to aid her parish work. When her bro. William came for a Christmas holiday, they walked for hours on the long gravel walk of the garden. [Photograph of the rectory in Maclean, Dorothy Wordsworth.] Poston, Yorkshire.— Par. (93), N.R. Yorks, % nu NW. of Bar ton Hill, 7m. SW. of New Malton, 10 NNE. of York. Some times called F.-le-Clay. Contains P. Hall. Sydney Smith (1771-1845), who held the living from 1806, was resident rector from 1808-28, the first for 150 yrs. Serving as his own architect, he replaced the existing parsonage, a "hovel,” with a comfortable house and good farm buildings in 1813-14. Here he directed his farm and helped the villagers with legal and medical advice. Northants, on r. Nen, 3^- m. NNE. of Oundle, 8 SW. of Peter borough* Little besides the mound of the great keep remains of P. Castle (11th cent.), in which Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded in 1587. Richard III was born in the royal castle in 1452. The front of the Talbot Inn at Oundle is said to have been bit. with materials from the castle, whence came the old oak staircase within. In the church of F. are two mural tablets placed by Queen Elizabeth in memory of Yorkist princes bur. here.--Thomas Sackville, .Lord Buckhurst (1536- 1608), was sent to P. in Dec. 1586 to announce to Mary the sentence of death.--William Law (1686-1761) is said to have been a curate at P. at one time. Fowey, (pron. Foy), Cornwall.— Mun. bor., par., small spt. , Northamptonshire.--Par. and vil. (208), N (2255), and seat, E. of co., nr. mouth of r. Fowey, 10 m. SSE. of Bodmin, 21 W. of Plymouth. John Wolcot (”Peter Pindar,” 1738-1819), lived here with his uncle after his father’s death in 1751, and returned as his uncle’s assistant in 1764, after his medical training in London. He lived here until 1767.--F. is the ”Troy Town” of ”Q,” Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (1863-1944), who resided here at ”The Haven.” --Tennyson and his son visited F. during a cruise in Sir Allen Young’s yacht, the Stella, in the summer of 1887. JPox Gill, or F. Ghyll, Westmorland.--Seat, in the Lake Dist., on W. side of r. Rothay, at ft. of Loughrigg Fell, m. S. of Rydal, 1 m. NW. of Ambleside. It is irrnned. N. of Fox How (q.v.). A road runs bet. the houses and the Rothay. Thomas DeQ,uincey (1785-1859) and his family lived here from 1821 until 1825, when the house was sold. It was later the holiday home of W. E. Forster (1818-86) and his wife, eldest dau. of Dr. Thomas Arnold. Fox-How, Westmorland.— Seat, in the Lake Dist., on W. side of r. Rothay, at ft. of Loughrigg Fell, ■ § • m. S. of Rydal, 1 m. NW. of Ambleside. It is immed. S. of Fox Ghyll (q.v.). A road runs bet. the houses and the Rothay. The house was bit. in 1833 by Thomas and Mary Arnold, as recorded by date and initials below the E. gable chimney, for a vacation home. Dr. Arnold planted most of the trees around the house. In the gale of 1893, however, nearly a hundred trees went down, including a great birch that Wordsworth had planted and some of Dr. Arnold’s fir-trees. Arthur Hugh Clough and Arthur Stanley often visited Matthew Arnold here, and Stan ley came here in 1863 for his honeymoon. In Aug. 1850 Charlotte BrontS and Mrs. Gaskell had tea here with Matthew Arnold’s mother, during a visit to Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth and his wife at Briery Close (q.v.). Framllngham, Suffolk.— Par., mkt.-town (2397), and seat, E. Suffolk, 9 m. I f . of Woodbridge, 12 NW. of Aldeburgh, 15 NE. of Ipswich. An interesting little town with the shell of F. Castle, which encloses an area of more than an acre. The material is Barnack stone from Northants and local flints. The castle was bit. shortly after the Norman conquest by one of the Bigods, on the site of an old Saxon fort, according to tradition, and was reblt. c. 1190 by Roger Bigod. The massive chimneys and the great gate are of the 16th cent. Within the walls is a gabled poorhouse, bit. In the 17th cent., and an extension, called the Hall, added in 1729. When Theobald (d. 1161), abp. of Canterbury, returned from exile in 1148, he landed in the territory of Hugh Bigod and was entertained by the earl at F.— In the large church (Perp. with Dec. survivals) are tombs of the Howards. The body of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (15177-47), executed on Tower Hill, was removed from the church of All Hallows Barking, where it had been bur., and was brought to F. by 495 his son, who erected an elaborate monument in 1614 and left money for its preservation. On the tomb are the recumbent effigies in color of the earl and his wife.--FitzGerald brought Carlyle here to see F. Castle when Carlyle visited him at Farlingay Hall in Aug. 1855.— Elizabeth Charlesworth, friend of FitzGerald and later wife of Prof. E. B. Cowell, wrote and contributed to the Playford (q.v.) literary group a long poem, The Chronicle of Castle Framlingham, which tells the history of the castle and describes the tombs in the church. Fran3 (Charlotte Smith)— See Frant, Sussex. Frant, Sussex.--Par. and vil. (1621), E. Sussex, 3m. S. of Tunbridge Wells, on a hill 695 ft. high. F. was the resi dence for a time of Charlotte Smith (1749-1806), who left it in 1803 for Elstead, Surrey (q.v.). Mistakenly called "Frans'” in editions of Scott’s Miscellaneous Prose. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Hampshire.— Par. and vil. (3439), SW. coast, on r. Yar, 1^- m. SSW. of Yarmouth. F. Bay, 1 m. S. of vil., is a seaside resort; F. Gate is a coastguard sta. In the church are memorials to Thackeray’s dau., Lady Hitchie (d. 1919), and to Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) and his son Lionel (d. 1886). Lady Tennyson is bur. in the chyd. SW. of the vil. is Farringford (q.v.), home of Tennyson from 1853. On High (or Tennyson) Down (485 ft.; N.T.), W. of F. Bay, stands a lofty Celtic cross of granite, placed at the high 496 point to which he liked to climb, as a memorial to Tennyson and as a beacon to sailors, ”by friends in England and Amer ica.” The sound of the sea at P. Gate, Tennyson said, sug gested to him the "maddened scream of the sea” in Maud.— Longfellow, with a party of 10, spent 2 days at Freshwater in July 1868 and saw much of the poet laureate. The Tenny- sons invited 40 or 50 neighbors to tea at Parringford to meet the American poet.— Tennyson's neighbor at Freshwater in 1870-82 was W. G. Ward (1812-82), who bit. a house, Wes ton, on high land adjoining Parringford on the W. The 2 men often walked together.--A prominent figure in the group at Freshwater was Mrs. Julia Margaret Cameron, who lived with her husband in a cottage nr. the gates of Parringford and took a great many photographs. Sir Henry Taylor (1800- 86), au. of Philip van Artevelde, sometimes visited the Camerons. Friar's Crag, Cumberland.— Rocky point, in the Lake Dist., on NE. margin of Derwentwater, f m. S. of Keswick, opp. Der went Isle. The crag, with part of the adjoining shore, was purchased in 1923 as a memorial to H. D. Rawnsley, Honorary Canon of Carlisle (1851-1920), au. of many volumes in prose and verse about the Lake Dist. On the crag is a memorial to John Ruskin (1819-1900), a slab of unhewn Borrowdale stone, with an inscription and a profile portrait of Ruskin, sur rounded by a wreath of wild olive. It was unveiled in 1900 497 by Mrs. Arthur Severn. Ruskin’s interest in the spot extend- edci over his whole life. The 1st thing that he remembered as an event in his life was being brought here by his nurse and feeling an "intense joy, mingled with awe," as he looked "through the mossy roots, over the crag, into the dark lake." He described the place in verse in The Iteriad, when he was 12 yrs. old, and late in life he considered the scene from P. Crag "one of the three or four most beautiful views in Europe."— Traditionally P. Crag is the spot where, in the late 7th cent., the mountaineers would wait for St. Herbert, St. Cuthbert's friend, to come across from his hermitage on St. Herbert’s Isle in the middle of Derwentwater to give them religious teaching. Later, pilgrims were ferried from this point to the island. Both Rogers and Wordsworth wrote of the hermitage. Friars, The (Sedley)— See Aylesford, Kent. i ■ ■ ■ — — .r.—. j • 'v ............... Friml^, Surrey.--Par. and vil. in urb. dist. of Frimley and Camberley (18,390), W. Surrey, on r. Blackwater, nr. Chobham Ridges, 4m. N. of Aldershot, 9 NW. of Guildford. P. Park is a seat. Bret Harte (1836-1902) spent his last years in a house on the hillside nr. F. and is bur. in the ehyd. Frogpool, Kent.— Locality, in Chislehurst and Sideup urb. dist., on Perry St., c. 200 yds. W. of Sidcup By-Pass and Chislehurst Rd., 10 m. SE. of London Bridge. A dau., Ann, was born to Lady Anne Fanshawe (1625-80) here in 1655, where she was staying with relatives. Frome (pron. Froom), Somerset.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.- town (10,504), E. of co., on r. Frome, 10 m. S. of Bath, 20 SE. of Bristol. A quiet cloth-making town with a spacious square, active on mkt. days. The par. church (13th and 14th * cent.) was restored and decorated in the 19th cent.— Aldhelm (6407-709) bit. and ruled over a monastery at F.— When King Edred d. here in 955, St. Dunstan and his monks carried his body to Winchester for burial.— Outside the E. end of the church is the tomb of Thomas Ken (1637-1711), bp. of Bath and Wells, who d. at Longleat. William Elsie Bowles (1762- 1B50) has a poem on The Grave of Bishop Ken.--Thomas Hughes (1822-96), au. of Tom Brown’s School Days, was M. P. for F. in 1868.--In Dickens’s Seven Poor Travellers Richard Double dick visited Gapt. Taunton’s mother at her home here. Frome Selwood (pron. Froom), Somerset.--Eccl. dist. (486), in Berkley, Frome, and Selwood pars., 11 m. S. of Bath. Joseph Glanvill (1636-80) held the vicarage for a time, but exchanged it in 1672 for the rectory of Streat and Walton, Somerset.— Christina Rossetti (1830-94) spent 11 mos. here in 1853-4 with her mother and father, aiding her mother in teaching a school. Frys tone Hall., Yorkshire .--Seat, W.R. Yorks, on r. Galder, in par. of Ferry Frystone, 2m. N. of Pontefract, 9 ENE. of Wakefield, 13 SE. of Leeds. A magnificent country house, the 499 home of Pemberton Milnes, which was inherited at his death by his son, Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Lord Houghton (1809-85). At the end of his ls_t visit here in the summer of 1841, Thackeray told Mr. Milnes, "Your house combines the freedom of the tavern with the elegance of the chateau." Among literary visitors to P. Hall (or "Freezetown," as the young Milnes called it in an early letter to Tennyson) were Spedding, Swinburne, in whose career Milnes actively inter ested himself, Carlyle, Huxley, Laurence Oliphant, Richard Burton, and Meredith, who was probably introduced by Swin burne and was a fellow guest in the spring of 1866. Lord Houghton was bur. here. St* Peter, Wiltshire. — Eccl. par. (2220), S. Wilts, in E. vicinity of Wilton, 3 m. WNW. of Salisbury. George Herbert (1593-1633) held the rectorship of F.-cum- Bemerton (q.v.) from 1630, but he left F. to the charge of his curate and took upon himself the care of Bemerton. F. church stands nr. the gate of Wilton, seat of the Pembrokes. Fulneck, Yorkshire.— Vil., W.R. Yorks, 5 m, E. of Bradford. James Montgomery (1771-1854), son of a Moravian minister, was sent in 1777 to the Moravian school at F. Here he com- / posed 2 epic poems in the manner of Milton before he was 20. Furneiss Abbey, Lancashire.— Ruins, with ry. sta. and hotel, N. Lancs, 1 m. S. of Dalton. The abbey was founded in 1127 by Stephen (afterwards king) for Benedictines from Normandy, who c. 1148 adopted the Cistercian rule* The abbey became wealthy and important. Portions of the bldgs. that sur vive are.of various periods, the earliest being of the late 12th cent. In the abbot’s chapel are 12th cent, effigies of 2 Norman knights in armor, believed to be the only ones in England.--Edwin Sandys (1516?-88), abp. of York, is said to have been educ. here.— In The Prelude, Bk. II, Wordsworth tells of riding here occasionally when he was a schoolboy at Hawkshead (19 m. NNE.). Two. sonnets of later years are entitled At Furness Abbey.— James Payn (1830-98) publ* in 1862 Furness Abbey and Neighbourhood♦ G Gad’s Hill, Kent.--Ham. and elevation, N. Kent, 2 | f - m. NW. of Rochester, 4^ SE. of Gravesend. Gad’s Hill Place, resi dence of Charles Dickens (1812-70) from 1857 until his death, is now a school. Sir John Falstaff’s Inn ("a little rustic alehouse,” in Dickens’s description) has stood for several centuries on the summit of the hill (N. side of the rd.) where Falstaff encountered the "men in buckram.” Al most opp. the inn (S. side of the rd.) is the entrance to G. Hill Place, a large, early 18th cent., red-brick, ivy- covered house with a white portico, standing well back from the rd. and having wide views, to the distant Thames in front, to the Medway with Rochester and its old castle and cathedral to the rt., and to the woods of Cobham behind it. The house had been known to Dickens since his childhood at Chatham, when he and his father used to walk that way, and its purchase in 1855 fulfilled a lifelong ambition of which he writes in The Uncommercial Traveller, in the paper "Travelling Abroad,” which recounts his meeting with "the very queer small boy" between Gravesend and Rochester. It was sold to Dickens by Miss Eliza Lynn, the novelist (later Mrs. William James Linton), who had lived at the Hermitage, a seat N. of the Gravesend-RoChester rd. and had inherited this property. He completed the purchase on 14 March 1856. 502 The house1 had been occupied for 26 yrs. by the rector. Dickens made extensive alterations and did not finally move his furniture and books from Tavistock House, London, until the autumn of 1860, although he occupied the house from the summer of 1857. Belonging to 0. Hill Place, but on the opp. side of the rd., is a shrubbery known as the Wilderness, to which Dickens constructed an underground passage from the front lawn. Here he erected a Swiss chalet, presented to him by Fletcher, the actor, the upper room of which was made his study and became a favorite place for work. The last lines of Edwin Drood were wr. here on the afternoon of 9 July 1870. He d. a short time afterward in the dining-room at G. Hill Place. After his death the chalet was given to Lord Darnley and moved to Cobham Park. Dickens enjoyed here the position of a sort of squire of the neighborhood and was interested in the villagers, for whom he sometimes organized sports in his field. When important visitors came, he liked to drive them in post carriages, with red-coated postilions, to see points of interest. Among Dickens’s visitors here, in addition to John Forster and his usual circle of friends, were Hans Ander son, with Richard Bentley, the publisher, invited to meet him, 1857; Charles Read© and Wilkie Collins together, Sept. 1867; Longfellow and his daus., July 1868; James T* Fields and his wife and James Russell Lowell's dau., June 1869; Lord Lytton; Charles Eliot Norton. Gainsborough* Lincolnshire.— Urb. dist., par., mkt.-town, and river port (18,689), hindsey, on r. Trent, on border of co., 15 in. NW. of hincoln. The Trent is navigable for vessels of 200 tons to G., which is an old manufacturing town identified with ”St. Ggg*s" in George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss and well, described there: "a venerable town with red-fluted roofs and broad warehouse gables." Gallow Hill, Yorkshire.— Farm, N.R. Yorks, ^ m. NE. of Brompton (q.v.), on N. side of rd. bet. Pickering and Scar borough, looking across the Vale of Pickering. Thomas Hutchinson took the farm here and his bro. George took one at Bishop’s Middleham, Durham, when the family left Sock- burn in the spring of 1800. The sisters divided their time bet. the 2 places. John and William Wordsworth spent 3 wks. here in May and June the 1st yr. Coleridge, taken ill with gout at Bishop's Middleham, came here in July for sea-bath ing at Scarborough. In July 1802 William and Dorothy vislt- edc here before going to France, and in late Sept. they came for William's marriage to Mary Hutchinson on 4 Oct. in the church at Brompton. In her journal Dorothy gives an account of waiting here that morning, a little after 8, while William and.Mary and Mary's bros. and sister Joanna walked down to the. little church, and of greeting William afterwards on the walk leading up to the house. [Sketch of 504 ingle-nook and window in Home, The Evolution of an English Town.] As a result of the improvements that the Hutchinsons made to the house and garden, their landlordfs wife, Mrs* Langley, took a fancy to it as an extra residence for her self, and they moved to Parkhouse, nr. Penrith, in the spring of 1804. Gamble Wharf, Hertfordshire.— Locality, on the Grand Junc tion Canal, nr. Tring, 6 j ? m. ESE. of Aylesbury. The eanal runs to the N. and 12. of Tring. Gerald Massey (1828-1907), poet, son of William Massey, a canal boatman, was b* in a hut at G. Wharf. - aGarde Dolourense (Scott)— See Clun, Salop. Gateshead, Durham.— Pari, and co. bor., par., mkt.-town, and spt. (124,545), on rt. bank of r. Tyne, opp. Newcastle. Returns 1 member to Parliament. Practically a part of New castle, with which it is connected by 3 bridges. R. S. Surtees (1803-64) used his experience in unsuccessfully contesting G. as a Tory in the Parliamentary * election in 1837 for the candidature of Mr. Jorrocks in Hillingdon Hall. (Jane Eyre)--See Stonegappe, Yorks. Gawthorpe Hall, Lancashire.— Seat, % m. E. of Padiham, 2|r m. WNW. of Burnley, 14 WSW. of Haworth, 21 N. of Manchester. Home of Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth and his wife, which Charlotte BrontS described as ”near three centuries old, grey, stately, and picturesque,” when she was a guest here in March 1850, after she had become known as the author of the novels by Currer Bell, .It is on the other side of the moors that rise W. of Haworth. James Phillips Kay (1804- 77) assumed by royal license the name and arms of his wife when, in 1842, he married Janet, daughter and heiress of Robert Shuttleworth of G. Hall. Gjy[don, Warwickshire.-— Par. and vil. (294), 2^- m. ME. of Kineton, 10 MW. of Banbury, 8^- SE. of Warwick. It was about at this point that Little Nell and her grandfather came upon Mrs. Jarley's caravan beside the road, according to Dexter's reconstruction of the journey. (See Old Curiosity Shop, Ch. 26, and Dexter, The England of Dickens, p. 180.] Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire.— Par., vil., and seat (98), N. Bucks, on r. Ouse, 2% m. NW. of Newport Pagnell, 4 SW. of Olney, 10^- SE. of Northampton. The Elizabethan mansion of G. was the home of Sir Everard Digby (executed in 1606 for his share in the Gunpowder Plot) and birthplace of Sir Kenelm Digby (1603-65). Formerly it had the name Gothurst. Geldeston, Norfolk.— Par., vil., and seat (305), S. Norfolk, m. NW. of Beccles (across the Waveney in Suffolk), 15 SE. of Norwich. G. Hall was the home of Edward FitzGerald's favorite sister, Eleanor, who mar. John Kerrich in 1826. FitzGerald was a frequent visitor here, where a room was set aside for him. Its windows faced the marsh and the r. and the church tower of Beccles in the distance. A recent 506 biographer calls G. "another of those idyllic spots in which Edward FitzGerald spent so much of his life." He delighted in his sister’s 10 children, 8 of whom were girls. They were so simply reared that in their early childhood a trip to Beccles with their uncle to buy sweetmeats was an im pressive event. A number of ghost stories connected with the powerful Bigod family are said to survive in the vil. The narrow, sandy lane of Bigod’s Hill, sloping up to the chyd., is a favorite haunt of the Bigods' ghostly coach. [See Adams, In the Footsteps of Borrow and FitzGerald.] "Gibraltar of Wessex." (Hardy)--See Portland, Isle of. Gill’s Hill--See Hadlett, Herts. Gilsland, Cumberland.— Ecel. dist. (781) and vil. (in Laner- cost and Upper Denton pars.), in the valley of the r. Irthing, on the Roman Wall, 7^ m. HE. of Brampton, 1 8 | j - W. of Hexham. G. Spa is 1 m. N. of the vil. and H. of the Wall. At G. Spa, where Walter Scott (1771-1832) was staying with his bro. John and Adam Fergusson in July 1797, after a tour of the Lake Dist., he met Miss Charlotte Margaret Charpentier, whom he mar. the following Christmas Eve in the cathedral at Carlisle. He and his wife were at G. Spa together in 1805, after a tour of the Lake Dist., when the rumor came of an intended landing of the French in Scotland, and he rode to Dalkeith (fully 100 m.),in 24 hrs., composing during the ride his Bard’s Incantation. The dist. appears in Guy 507 Maimering (Chs. 22 and 23), where Bertram meets Dandle Din- mont at Mumps *s Hall (meaning Beggar’s Hotel), a hedge ale house nr. Gilsland, which had not yet attained fame as a spa. The adventure on the road was suggested by a real adventure in the same place, the Beweastle Waste, told to Scott. Gilston, Hertfordshire.--Par. (251), 9 m. HE. of Hertford. C?*Park is a seat, which was one of the estates (see Blakes- ware) of William Plumer, maternal grandfather of Archbishop Richard Whately (1787-1863). Givons Grove, Surrey.— Seat, 1^ m. S. of Leatherhead, 2\ N. of Box Hill, 12 NE. of Guildford. George Meredith's dau., Marie Eveleen, mar. Henry Parkman Sturgis of G. in July 1894. After a serious illness in Sept. 1903, Meredith stayed here until March 1904. Glaramara, Cumberland.— Mt. (2560 ft.), W. of eo., at S. end, or head, of Borrowdale, 2 m. SSW. of Rosthwaite. In Yew- trees Wordsworth describes 4 united trees of Borrowdale (q.v.), and then speaks of lying there listening "to the mountain flood Murmuring from Glaramara»s inmost caves." Glassiney College--See Penryn, Cornwall. Glastonbury, Somerset.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (4325), on r. Brue, 5^ m. SW. of Wells, 19 HE. of Taunton. Remains of a prehistoric marsh vil. 1 m. N. of the town were discovered In 1892. There is a modern seat of G. Abbey. An ancient town, which grew up around one of the most famous abbeys In England. From the early British name of Ineswit- rin, or "glassy island," in reference to the surrounding marshes, is derived the later English name. The original abbey seems to have been an ancient British foundation, with a record of a gift made to it in 601 by a king of Dumnonla, and to have been refounded by Ina, king of Wessex, in the 8th cent. Under St. Dunstan (924-88), the abbot who Intro duced the Benedictine rule, it became a center of learning and produced many famous ecclesiastics. Its abbot was the premier mitred abbot of England until 1154, when St. Albans' abbot was given precedence. G. owes its present fame to its legendary Arthurian associations. The reputed burial- pl. of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere was found at G. in 1190, and the name of Avalon began to be associated with G. (It appears in no earlier accounts. The higher country about G. and extending Tj^ m. E. is marked the Vale of Avalon on maps today.) Bodies said to be those of the king and queen were given burial in a black marble tomb and placed in a chapel here. The tomb was opened in April 1278 in the presence of Edward I, who was keeping Easter here with Queen Eleanor, and later was transferred to the middle of the presbytery before the high altar, where heland saw it on a visit to Abbot Whiting bet. 1534 and the abbot's execution in 1539 on G. Tor. (See Chambers, Arthur of Britain, for an examination of the connections of the Arthurian legend with G.] Romantic legends also connect St* Joseph of Arima- thea with G. After the Dissolution the neglected bldgs. be came the stone-quarry of the neighborhood. Since 1908 the ruins have been the property of the Church of England, and rediscovery of the location of many of the older bldgs. has been made. fSee P. B. Bond, Architectural Handbook of Glastonbury Abbey.] The 15th cent. Abbot's Kitchen, with an octagonal stone roof, contains some abbey antiquities. The large 14th cent. Abbot's Barn in Bere Dane has symbols of the evangelists in the stonework. In High St. a 15th cent, pilgrims* hostel is now the George Hotel and Old Pilgrims' Inn. Here also is the Abbot's Tribunal, or Court House, erected by Abbot Richard Bere in the late 15th cent. E. of the town is G. Tor (500 ft.; N.T.), crowned with the Perp. tower of the ruined pilgrimage chapel of St. Michael (destroyed by a landslip in 1271), which is visible for a great distance. The tor affords an extensive view of Som erset, with Wells to the NE. and the Bristol Channel to the NW. St. Dunstan, later abp. of Canterbury, was the son of a West Saxon nobleman, who had an estate nr. G. He was educ. at the abbey school and became a monk and an anchorite, working as a craftsman in metals in a tiny cell that he bit. for himself. Dimstan was made abbot e. 945. Osbern (fl. 1090), monk of Christ Church, Canterbury, visited and de scribed the cell.— William of Malmesbury (d. 1143?) examined all the existing records and wrote a careful treatise on G. and the lives of the saints connected with the abbey.— John Dee (1527-1608), mathematician and astrologer, and his assis-* tant Edward Kelly were reported to have found a large quanti ty of the elixir (philosopher's stone) among the ruins of the abbey.— In 1751 a spring nr. the Chain Gate, G., reported to have wonderful medicinal powers, was drawing thousands of visitors, who were deserting Bristol, Bath, and other wells. It was said to have been revealed in a dream to Matthew Chancellor, 30-yr. sufferer from asthma, who was cured by its waters. Henry Fielding (1707-54) attested its virtues in the London Daily Advertiser, 31 Aug. 1751, and The Gentle man* s Magazine, Sept. 1751, asserting that he himself had been relieved from an illness by its waters. (Fielding's birthplace was 2 m. from G* at Sharpham, q.v.)— William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) presents a contrast in his poem "Glastonbury Abbey and Wells Cathedral, written after view ing the Ruins of the One, and Hearing the Church Service in the other.”— Dorothy Wordsworth wrote that G. Tor (22^-m. due E. of Alfoxden) was before their eyes during more than half of the walk to Stowey and that it made a part of their prospect wherever they went in the park if they kept c. 15 yds. above the house.--Alfred Tennyson visited G. on his honeymoon in June 1850 and again in Aug. 1854. 511 Glemsford, Suffolk*--Far. and vil. (1442), W. Suffolk, 2% m. WNW. of Long Melford, 10^- S. of Bury St. Edmunds. After the death of Wolsey, George Cavendish (1500-1561?), a-member of his household and his biographer, returned to his home in the vil. of G. and lived a quiet life here. Glinton, Northamptonshire.--Par. and vil. (356), Soke of Peterborough, 2\ m. SSE. of Market Deeping, 5^ NW. of Peter borough. In the winter evenings John Clare (1793-1864), the "Peasant Poet," attended a school here, 2 m. E. of his home at Helpston, and got into algebra. Gloucester (pron. Glos'ter), Gloucestershire.--Pari, and co. bor., par., episcopal city, port, mkt.-town, and co. town (56,570), on E. bank of r. Severn, 33 m. NNE. of Bristol. The city docks are connected by the G. and Berkeley Canal with the docks at Sharpness on the Severn estuary. It re turns 1 member to Parliament. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. A quiet and prosperous town, with a substantial trade and some manufactures. G. was the British Caer Glowe and the Roman Glevum. Its main streets meet in Roman fashion at the Cross, but the actual, cross at that point was removed in 1745. William Rufus was often here, and the town was a favorite with King John. The castle and walls bit. in 1110 by Henry I were destroyed In 1663 because the city had sided with the Parliamentarians, successfully resisting a Royal siege In 1643. The cathedral is the former church of the Benedictine abbey which in 1022 had succeeded a college of secular priests, founded in 823 on the site of an earlier nunnery (681-790). It was raised to cathedral rank in 1541 after the Dissolution. The Norman church, begun in 1089, was much enlarged in the 14th and 15th cent, when the abbey received a vast income from the gifts of pil grims who came to the shrine at the tomb of Edward II, mur dered in neighboring Berkeley Castle in 1327. During the Commonwealth, destruction of the cathedral had actually be gun, but the bldg. was saved by direct appeal to Cromwell, who granted it to. the mayor and the citizens in 1657. The cathedral library possesses the finest existing copy of Coverdale*s Bible (1535). G. has several old churches, in cluding the Norman church of St. Mary-de-Lode> bit. on the site of a Roman temple, and St. Mary-de-Crypt (12th cent, with later additions), in which George Whitefield (1714-70), who was b. at the Bell Inn, was christened and preached his 1st sermon. The half-timbered New Inn,- in Northgate, nr. the Gross and the cathedral, was bit. c. 1450 by John Twyning as a pilgrims* hostel. Both It and the Bell are among the leading hotels of G. today. One of the surviving old houses of the city is 52, Westgate St., in which Bp. John Hooper spent the last night before his martyrdom (1555). In March 1093 the unwilling St. Anselm (1033-1109) was here named abp. of Canterbury at William Rufus»s sickbed and was carried bodily into the chapel for consecration.— Walter Map, one of the clerks of the royal household, was at G. in 1173 as a justice itinerant.--Robert of Gloucester (fl. 1260-1300), au. of an English metrical Chronicle of England to 1270, was probably a native or an inhabitant of the city. The language is the dialect of Gloucestershire, and the description shows familiarity with the dist.--In the Pari, that met here in Oct. 1378, John Wyclif (13207-84) appeared in defense of John of Gaunt*s violation of the right of sanctuary at Westminster Abbey.--John Taylor (1580- 1653), the "water poet," was b. here of humble parents and attended the grammar school.--John Stephens (fl. 1615), satirist, was the son of John Stephens of G., member of a family active in municipal politics here.— Richard Field (1561-1616) was made dean of G. in 1609, but was not often in residence. He was succeeded by William Laud (1573-1645) in 1616.--William Davenant (1606-68) was knighted in Sept. 1643 at the siege of G., and Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland (16107-43), secretary of state, having grown weary of the war, exposed himself here in vain to danger.--Ralph Cud- worth (1617-88) was installed in a prebend at G* in 1678.— Intended by his father for the Presbyterian ministry, Joseph Butler (1692-1752), later bp. of Durham, was sent to a dissenting academy here. Abp. Thomas Seeker (1693- 1768) and Samuel Chandler (1693-1766) were at the academy at the same time.--William Warburton (1698-1779) held a small prebend here in 1753-55. He became bp. of G. at the end of 1759, and after 1769, when he gave up Prior Park, resided in the bp.'s palace, where he d. He is bur. in the cathedral. The marble monument erected by his widow has a medallion portrait and an inscription by Bp. Richard Hurd.— Samuel Horsley (1733-1806) received a prebend here in 1787. --G. is "the bright city" in the epic. Samor, the Lord of the Bright City, by Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868). The sub ject is the Saxon invasion of Britain in the time of Vorti- gern.--William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) has a sonnet "On Hearing ‘The Messiah* Performed in Gloucester Cathedral, Sept. 18, 1835." A present musical interest of G. is the Festival of the Three Choirs of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford, held annually in Sept. in rotation at the 3 cathe drals, making it a triennial event for each city.--Thomas Edward Brown (1830-97), the Manx poet, was headmaster of the Crypt Grammar School for a little over 2 yrs. from Sept. 1861. William Ernest Henley (1849-1903), who was b. at G., the son of a bookseller here, was edue. at the school under Brown. Godalming (pron. God'alming), Surrey.--Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (13,040), W. Surrey, on r. Wey, 4m. SSW. of Guild ford, 32 m. SW. of London. An attractive old country town with a narrow High St., and with several old inns, a Georgian 515 brick Town Hall, some half-timbered and 17th cent* brick houses, and a church (mainly Norman and 15th cent.) with one of the finest leaded spires in the county. [Photographs of High St* and Town Hall in Rouse, The Old Towns of England; sketches in Parker, Highways and Byways in Surrey*] The town stands in beautiful country, with fields and woods around it. C. 1 m. W. of the town, the r. Wey is crossed at Eashing by 2 famous stone bridges (N.T.), said to date from the early 13th cent.— G. was the 1st night*s stop for Nicholas Nickleby and Smike on the way to Portsmouth.— Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) lived here in 1881-9. Charterhouse School (founded in London by Thomas Sutton in 1611), was moved in 1872 to a site on a high plateau 1 m. N. of the town. An old archway, carved with the names of former Carthusians, was brought from London. Among the old pupils (arranged chronologically, according to date of birth) are Richard Crashaw, Richard Lovelace, Joseph Addison, Sir Richard Steele, John Wesley, Sir William Blackstone, Thomas Day, George Grote, George Waddington, Connop Thirlwall, Thomas Lovell Beddoes, William Makepeace Thackeray, John Leech, Francis Turner Palgrave. The school library owns many of Leech1s drawings for Punch and the MS. of The Newcomes by Thackeray. Charterhouse appears as "Slaughterhouse” in some of Thackeray’s works. In The Newcomes, as "Greyfriars," it is the school of the Colonel and of Clive and the place in 516 which the Colonel ends his days as a pensioner* The Charter house bldgs. in London were badly damaged in the war. In the vestibule of the chapel the tablets in memory of Leech and Thackeray were lost; the one to Wesley is intact. Godmanchester (pron. Gum'sester), Huntingdonshire.--Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (2035), on r. Ouse, adjoining Huntingdon on the S. An ancient town with some old timbered houses. G. probably is meant when, in Eclogue 1, Alexander Barclay (14757-1552) writes of "Trumpyngton" (Cambs) and ”good Manchester” as among the well-known places of the world. Godmersham, Kent.— Par. and vil. (233), on r. Stour, 6 m. NNE. of Ashford, 7 SW. of Canterbury. G. Park, which lies in beautiful wooded country, was the principal seat of Jane Austen’s bro., Edward Knight. The Austens frequently vis ited here, being driven from the coach at Ashford. The house is early Georgian, a long, low building of white stone, with 2 wings and a wide portico supported by columns. [Draw- ' ing of the hall in Hill, Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends.) The park and house at G. were probably often in Jane Austen's mind when she wrote of country seats in her novels. On one of her visits, in June 1808, her bro. James, another visitor, read aloud in the evenings Scott's Marmion, publ. 4 mos. earlier.— The Rev. Alfred Lyall became vicar of G. in 1837, so that it was the boyhood home of Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1835-1911). Godolphin, Cornwall.--Eccl. dist., and ham. (626), in Breage par., SW. of co., 4>r m. NW. of Helston, 12^- W. of Falmouth. NW. of the P.O. of G. Cross is G. Park, a seat. Sidney Godolphin (1610-43), poet, was b. at G. Park, where'his family had long been settled. Godstone, Surrey.— Par., vil. (2943), and seat, E. Surrey, 4^- m. ENE. of Redhill, Qj£ S. of Croydon. It is still a beau tifuls vil., as it was when William Cobbett (1763-1835) liked to stop to lunch here at the old White Hart (now the Clayton Arms), which claims to date from the time of Richard II. It is bit. around a fine large green with a duck-pond, just as he described it, and there Is a larger, willow-fringed pool by the path to the church, m. E. on higher, ground. Cob bett described G. in 1822 in his Rural Rides and wrote of the neat gardens in the neighborhood. ‘ Hie garden at the inn had "some double violets as large as small pinks,” and Cob bett was pleased to be given some roots. In the church are several monuments to the Evelyns (uncles and cousins of the diarist), who had powder-mills here In the late 16th and early 17th cent. Golborne, Lancashire.— Urb. dist., and par. (14,100), SW. Lancs, 5 m. SSE. of Wigan, 15 W. of Manchester. Dora Green- well (1821-82) lived for a time with her brother, the Rev. Alan Greenwell, at G. rectory and engaged In par. work. Golding ton, Bedfordshire.— Far. , and vil. (1097), 1^- m. ENE. of Bedford. G. Bury, G. Grange, and G. Hall are seats. William Kenworthy Browne, a younger friend of Edward Fitz Gerald (1809-83), lived at G. Hall and later at G. Bury, in both of which he was frequently visited by FitzGerald, who kept a horse at Bedford, so that he could ride with Browne. On a fortnight's visit at the end of May 1857, when he and his wife (Lucy Barton) had separated temporarily after sever al unhappy mos. of mar. life, he brought with him the Per sian verses of Omar Khayyam, discovered the preceding year by his friend Cowell, to whom he wrote that he had looked them over ”in a Paddock covered with Buttercups and brushed by a delicious Breeze,” and had turned some of the quatrains into ’ ’ monkish Latin,” finding a sort of consolation in Omar. -ifGoldshaw (Ainsworth)— See Newchurch-in-Pendle, Lancs. Gomer House (Blackmore)--3ee Teddington, Middx. Gomersal, Yorkshire.— Par., and vil. (3828), E. div. W.R. Yorks, 1 m. W. of Birstall, li- m. NW. of Cleckheaton, 8 SW. of Leeds. The Red House here, which was the home of Mary and Martha Taylor, the Rose and Jessie Yorke of Charlotte BrontS's Shirley, is ”Briarmains," the Yorke home, described in Ch. 9. (Photograph in Shirley, Vol. I, Thornton Edition.] Goodnestone, Kent.--Par. and vil. (438), E. Kent, 5 m. SW. of Sandwich, 6^- ESE. of Canterbury. [Not to be confused with Goodnestone, ham. in N. Kent, 2m. E. of Faversham.] When Jane Austen was staying at Godmersham (q.v.), she sometimes spent a few days at Goodnestone Park with the family of Sir Brook Bridges, whose dau. Elizabeth had mar. Jane's bro., Edward Knight. Goodrich, Herefordshire.— Par. and vil. (441), S. Hereford, nr. r. Wye, 4 m. SW. of Ross, 6 HE. of Monmouth. N. of the vil., on the Wye, are the ruins of G. Castle (12th cent.) and the "fantastic new castle," as Wordsworth called it, of G. Court, bit. in an Edwardian style in 1828 by Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick for the exhibition of his extensive collection of ancient armor, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. William T/fordsworth (1770-1850) visited G. 3 times: in 1793, when he was walking up the Wye to visit his friend Robert Jones in N. Wales and met in the ruined courtyd, of the castle the little girl of whom he wrote in We Are Seven; in 1798, when he and Dorothy walked up the Wye as far as G. and spent the 2nd night at the inn here; and in 1841 (which, in the notes to the poems, he mistaken ly calls the 1st visit since 1793), when he found the so lemnity of the ruin impaired by the new castle "set up on a projection of the same ridge."--The Rev. Thomas Swift, grand father of Jonathan Swift, was once vicar of G. but was de prived of the living because of his loyalty to King Charles. In 1726 Dean Swift presented to the church the special chalice that his grandfather had had made for his private 520 ministrations to the sick. A Latin inscription recorded these facts and the name of the donor. Goodwin Sands.— A series of dangerous sandbanks, c. 10 m. in length, 5m. off the coast of Kent, between Sandwich and Deal. The shoal forms a breakwater for the roadstead called the Downs (q.v.). Legend says that the Goodwin Sands were once the island of Lomea, which was submerged by a storm in the 11th cent, because the stones Intended for the strengthening of its sea-wall were used by the Abbot of St. Augustine’s for the tower of Tenterden church (10 m. SW. of Ashford, Kent). Shakespeare gives an account of the Goodwin Sands in the words of Salarino (M. of V., Ill, i): “Antonio hath a ship of rich lading wrecked on the narrow seas; the Goodwins, I think they call the place; a very dangerous flat and fatal, where the carcases of many a tall ship lie buried, as they say."-- In Defoe's poem The Storm, relating to the famous storm of 26 Nov. 1703, “the fatal Goodwin, where the wreck of navies lies,” is referred to in the account of the plundering of wrecked ships. Gorhambury, Hertfordshire.— Seat of Earl Verulam, 2 m. W. of St. Albans, 21 NW. of St. Paul's, London. The country resi dence of Sir Nicholas Bacon, who was Lord Keeper of the Seal for more than 20 yrs. in the 1st part of Elizabeth's reign, and afterwards of his son, Francis Bacon, 1st Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626), who retired here after 521 the Impeachment and d. here. He is bur. at St. Albans (q.v.). The house was bought by Sir Nicholas before his appointment as I»ord Keeper. Visited by the queen and told that his house was too small for him, he answered that she had made him too great for his house. He enlarged the old stone house short ly after his appointment and before his 2nd marriage to Anne Cooke. The ruins of this house lie W. of the modern mansion in the great park. Goring, Sussex.— Coast par. and vil. (655), W. Sussex, 2^- m. W. of Worthing, 15-§- E. of Chichester. The ry. sta. is G.- by-Sea. Richard Jefferies (1848-87) d. at G. Gorleston, Norfolk.— Par. (20,391) and coastguard and life boat sta., In co. bor. of Great Yarmouth. It is situated on a low cliff at the mouth of the Yare and forms a S. sub. of the town. Following a temporary separation in May after a few unhappy mos. of mar. life, Edward FitzGerald (1809-83) and his wife (Etucy Barton) were in lodgings here in the sum mer of 1857, before they separated permanently In Aug. Here, walking in the garden of his lodgings, 14 July, where roses were blowing, he wrote Cowell, as he supposed they were in Persia, he formed his 1st English translation of one of the quatrains of Omar Khayydm. (See Goldington.) George Borrow, who lived a few m. away at Oulton (q.v.), gave him the 2 vols. of The Romany Rye, publ. in May.— Walking back to Yar mouth after the burial of Mr. Barkis at 1 1 Blunder stone1 * (Blundeston), David Copperfield stopped to dine at a "decent ale house some mile or two from the ferry," the original of which was probably the Feathers at G., according to Matz. Gosfield, Essex.— Par. and vil. (450), E. Essex, 2 m. SW. of Halstead, 13 WNW. of Colchester, 15 SSW. of Chelmsford. G. Place and G. Hall are seats. David Mallet (1705?-65) came to G. in 1731 as tutor to the stepson of John Knight, upon the recommendation of Pope. Goudhurst, Kent.--Par. and small town (2967), mid. Kent, 3 - g - m. NW. of Cranbrook, 9 ESE. of Tunbridge Wells, 11 SSW. of Maidstone. G. Grange is a seat. William Cobbett (1762- 1835) wrote in Rural Rides of G., where he was disappointed not to hear the Dean of Rochester and displeased with the substitute sermon.--G. is the scene of G. P. R. James’s The Smugglers, which is founded on the deeds of an authentic band headed by a man named Radford.--The town is described in Frank Kendon’s autobiography, The Small Years♦ Grace Dieu, Leicestershire.— Ham., on N. verge of Charnwood Forest, 2 m. ENE. of Coleorton, 5 ENE. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 13 NW. of Leicester. Grace Dieu Manor is a seat, with the scanty ruins of an Augustinian nunnery (1236-42). It was the family seat of the Beaumonts and probably the birthplace of Francis Beaumont (1584-1616), dramatist, youngest son of Sir Francis, one of the justices of the common pleas. The eldest son, John, afterwards Sir John (1583-1627), was the 523 au. of Bosworth -Field. Thomas Bancroft, in Epigrams (1639), writes of Grace Dieu "That lately brought such noble Beau monts forth.**--While staying at Goleorton (q.v.) in 1806-7, William and Dorothy Wordsworth visited the ivied ruins early in Nov., soon after their arrival, and on 23 Dec. Dorothy looked after the 2 younger children while the rest of the family took Coleridge and Hartley to see them. There must have been many walks to the priory while they lived at Coleorton. Graffham, Sussex.— Par., vil. (377), and seat, W. Sussex, 4 m. SE. of Midhurst, 8f NNE. of Chichester. (Eccl. dist. is G. with Woolavington.) Henry Edward Manning (1808-92), afterwards Cardinal Manning, was curate and then rector of G. with Woolavington. Grafham,,Huntingdonshire.--Par. and vil. (201), 5 - | - m. SW. of Huntingdon, 14 NNE. of Bedford, 19 NW. of Cambridge. From 1802 Samuel Parr (1747-1825) held the rectory of G., worth from L200 to L300, but he continued to live at Hatton, Warwick, of which he was perpetual curate. Grange, The, Hampshire.— Seat of Lord Ashburton, N. Hants, 3 m. NW. of Alresford, 6^ NE. of Winchester. A branch of the r. Itchen flows through Grange Park, forming 2 large lakes. In the mid. 19th cent. The Grange was the country seat of William Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton (1799- 1864), and Lady A., the former Lady Harriet Mary Montagu (1805-57), oldest dau. of the 6th Earl of Sandwich. Their town house was Bath House, Piccadilly. Baring inherited the Ashburton estates in 1848, and in the next few yrs. be fore her death, Lady A., who already had a sort of literary salon in London, often entertained her celebrities here. Admission to her home came through talent, and among her closest friends were Carlyle, Lord Houghton, John Stuart Mill, James Spedding, Sir Henry Taylor, and George Venables. Introduced earlier by Buller, Thackeray was admitted to the inner circle c. 1848 and was frequently invited here. In Oct. 1850, when he was a guest with the Henry Taylors and Jane Welsh Carlyle, he read Kingsley's Alton Locke, which was then being widely discussed. Thackeray's friends the William Henry Brookfields were often at The Grange, and he saw them here in Oct. 1851 before their departure for Madeira. He was Invited to bring his dau3. to The Grange for their 1st glimpse of a great country-house over the New Year’s holidays of 1852, and he worked assiduously on his Henry Esmond here. The Carlyles were among the guests. In Oct. 1852 before Thackeray left for his American lecture tour, he and Carlyle were both guests here. In 1855 Benjamin Jowett insisted upon Tennyson's joining one of the famous \ gatherings. Among the other guests were the Carlyles and the Brookfields. The 1st copy of Maud was forwarded to Tennyson the 2nd day, and the 1st recorded reading of the 525 poem took place here. He was here again in Jan. 1856, when other guests were the Carlyles, the Venables, the Brook fields, the Tom Taylors, Goldwin Smith, and Spedding. GrantChester, Cambridge.— Par. and vil. (489), on r. Cam, 2 - § - m. SSW. of Cambridge. Apparently not a Roman sta. in spite of its name, for in early times it was always called Grantset. (The Grantchester mentioned by Bede is said to be the early Cambridge, destroyed in the English conquest of Britain). G. is an attractive vil. off the main rd., with a row of old thatched cottages and a 14th cent, church, which stands above a bend of the r. Between G. and Trumpington { - f ; m. E. ) is a green isl. meadow formed by 2 branches of, the Cam. The mill in Chaucer’s Reeve’s Tale was on the G. side of the isl., c. - J - m. farther up the stream (S.), than its successor (burned in 1928) which was supposed to have inspired Tennyson’s The Miller’s Daughter, in which he describes the mill-pool and the meadows and the overhanging chestnuts. Since the mill, although nearer G., would have been reached from Trumpington, which is on the main rd. and was always a larger place than G., Chaucer naturally called it ”at Trumpington.” The tree- hung mill-pool at the older site is called Byron’s Pool, be cause Lord Byron often came from Cambridge to swim at this retired spot. In FitzGerald’s last yr. at Cambridge, he and Thackeray often came together to Byron’s Pool. During his coll. days Rupert Brooke (1887-1914), who lived at the Old 526 Vicarage, across from the church and nr. the r., liked to swim here and often came early on Sun. morning, before breakfast in the orchard or the garden. In The Old Vicar age , Grantchester, Brooke has immortalized "the lovely ham let Grantchester,t t with delicate vignettes of the Old Vicar age garden, the fields, and the r., and "the dawnlit waters cool" where "his ghostly Lordship swims his pool." The nos talgic love of place is well expressed in the closing ques tions : ... ohl yet Stands the Church clock at ten to three? And is there honey still for tea? Grantham, Lincolnshire.— Mun. bor., par., and mkt.-town (20,000), Kesteven, S. Lines, on r. Witham, 23 m. SSW. of Lincoln. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 mem bers to Parliament. The town is a ry. center, and all ex presses stop here. G. is not of Roman origin, but it has been well known since the days of Edward the Confessor. From that time to William III it was a Crown property, used as a dower for the queen consort. It has a fine par. church (E.E. and Dec.) with a late 13th or early 14th cent, crock- eted spire (280 ft.), which Sir Gilbert Scott considered 2nd only to that of Salisbury. G. has a fine old medieval inn, the Angel (now the A. and Royal), which stands on the site of an earlier 12th cent, inn, in which King John is said to have held his court once. The gateway dates from 527 c. 1550 and has the heads of Edward III and Queen Philippa in the hood-mould. The rest of the front, with two fine oriel windows on each floor, dates from c. 1450. In the great room on the 1st floor, Richard III signed the death- warrant of the Duke of Buckingham in 1483. The Angel stands on land once the property of the Knights Templars. The George Inn opp. is an ancient inn (mentioned In a grant of 1461), but the old bldg. was pulled down in the 18th cent. The old grammar school, founded in 1528, stands on the N. side of the chyd., and is now the school chapel, new bldgs. having been erected for schoolrooms.— St. Osmund (d. 1099) assisted in the preparation of the Domesday Book, and it is considered probable that the survey of Grantham, comprising the counties of Derby, Notts, Hunts, Dines, Yorks, and parts of Lancs and Westmorland, was his work. In 1091 the lands and endowments of the church here were granted to St. Os mund, who gave them to his new cathedral at Old Sarum.— Birthplace of Arthur Hall (1540?-1604), son of Francis Hall of G., surveyor of Calais. He was elected M. P. for G. in Apr. 1571 and In May 1572 for the Pari, which sat till 1583, although he was expelled in 1581 for his gambling quarrels and other difficulties. He was elected again in Nov. 1585 but not in Oct. 1586. The 1st translation of Homer into English was made by Hall from the French (publ. 1581).— G. is the birthplace of John Still (1543?-1608), bp. of Bath 528 and Wells, and Henry More (1614-87).— Sir Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) was sent to the gr. sch. here In 1654, and Colley Cibber (1671-1757) in 1682-7.--Dickens, who stayed with Hablot K. Browne at the George Inn in late Jan. 1838, when they were journeying to Yorkshire to inspect the schools for Nicholas Nickleby, praised it in a letter to his wife as ”the very best inn” he had ever put up at, and Nicholas Nickleby repeats the praise. Grasmere, Westmorland.— Par. and vil. (1173), in the I*ake Dist., on r. Rothay and Grasmere hake, 3 - § - m. NW. of Amble- side, 13 m. by road SSE. of Keswick. The lake of Grasmere, m. S. of vil., is nearly 1 m. long and m. wide, and 180 ft. at its greatest depth. In its midst is a green islet. The vil. lies a little to the W. of the main Keswick-Amble- side rd. The church, St. Oswald’s (probably 13th cent, in part), is close to the rd., which borders the Rothay, and the graves of the Wordsworth family are just within the fencerails. William Watson (1858-1935) has a poem called Wordsworth* s Grave, which is concerned with the author’s work. In the ehurch is a commemorative tablet to Words worth, with head by Woolner and the lines by Keble, and a memorial to A. H. Clough. Hartley Coleridge is bur. in the chyd. The chief literary association of the dist. is with William Wordsworth (1770-1850), who lived at G. from Dec. 1799 to May 1813 and at Rydal Mount (q.v.) from that date until his death. The Wordsworths occupied 3 houses at G.: the one now called Dove Cottage, SE. of the vil., at Town End, 20 Dec, 1799 to May 1808; Allan Bank (q.v.), NW. of the vil., May 1808 to May 1811; and the Vicarage, opp. the church and close to the rd., May 1811 to May 1813. The 1st house, held since 1890 by a Board of Trustees for the nation [see Brooke, Dove Cottage], is the one most closely connected with Wordsworth's poetry, for here were wr. Michael and The Prelude, as well as many shorter poems. In the Wordsworths' time it lay at the foot of the old rd. from Ambleside over White Moss Common (a little farther from the lake than the present rd.), in a group of 5 cottages called Town End (q.v.). The frequent statement that the cottage itself was called Town End is a mistake. The Wordsworths do not seem to have had a name for the cottage, and when they use Town End in a letter heading, they use it as a place name, adding Grasmere to indicate its location. (This coupling of a ham. or vil. name with the name of a larger place is still common). At an earlier time their house had been a roadside alehouse, called the Dove and Olive-Bough (see The Waggoner). When the name Dove Cottage was 1st applied to it is not known. It is a small house close to the rd., on the lowest slope of Rydal Fell, a S. spur of the mtn. Fairfield. [Reproduc tion of water-color (c. 1805) in de Selincourt, Dorothy Wordsworth.] The garden is above the house, with an orchard higher up the slope. Above the house is a rustic summerhouse, in the same location as the ”moss-hut” so frequently men tioned by the Wordsworths, heading up to it are heavy flat stones placed in steps cut in the turf, the work of Words worth and John Fisher, his neighbor in one of the cottages across the way. Here Wordsworth often composed his verses. Nearly every poem wr. at G. has in it something of the sur roundings, but some deal particularly with this cottage. The beginning of The Recluse, “Home at Grasmere,” gives an account of his 1st view of Grasmere Vale in childhood, a description of it and his feeling about it, an account of his walking trip with Dorothy from Sockburn, Yorks, to take possession in Dec. 1799, and something of the character of the people dwelling in the vale. A Farewell, composed be fore they left to fetch Mary Hutchinson from Gallow Hill as Wordsworth’s bride, in 1802, tells much of the life here, the garden that they had made, their boat anchored by the shore. Many details of the life at Town End are found in Dorothy’s letters and in the delightful journal that she wrote here. De Quincey, who later occupied the cottage from Nov. 1809 to 1830 (and held it in tenancy for 27 yrs.), de scribes it in Reminiscences of the English hake Poets as he saw it 1st in 1807 when the Wordsworths were living here and in The Confessions of an Opium Eater as it was in 1816 when he lived here. From Wordsworth’s 1st boyhood view of the vale of Gras mere it seemed to him an ideal place in which to live; an early poem invited Mary to share a home with him here; in the spring of 1794, on their 1st walking trip together, from Kendal to Keswick, he and Dorothy rested here for the night; and in the autumn of 1799 when William and John and Cole ridge were on a walking trip and put up at the cottage of Robert Newton, an old soldier, William began to plan for actual residence here. He might build by the lakeside, or, he told Dorothy, ’ ’ There is a small house at Grasmere empty which we might take.” A list of the Wordsworths' guests here is a roll call of their friends. The most frequent visitor in the 1st yrs. was Coleridge, who came to visit in April 1800 and moved to Greta Hall, Keswick, that summer. The Clarksons were sometimes here, and in the summer of 1802, when the Dambs were returning from a visit to Coleridge, they were here together for a night or so while William and Dorothy were at Calais. Sir Walter Scott and his wife vis ited here in 1805, and he and Humphry Davy and Wordsworth climbed Helvellyn and returned here to tea. Southey read Thai aba aloud in the garden here. De Q,uincey came to the cottage the 1st time in Nov. 1807, when he escorted Mrs. Coleridge and her children from Clifton, although he had viewed it from Hammerscar, across the lake, the preceding yr. and had been too diffident to call. As a tenant of the 532 cottage De Quincey was host In Dec. 1810 to Southey, who spent 2 nights here. In the autumn of 1811 his mother and 2 sisters spent a mo. with him here; during the visit there were many expeditions with the Wordsworths. While the Words worths were living in the vicarage Mary Monkhouse, who had visited them at Allan Bank in summer 1808, was mar. in Gras mere Church, 2 Nov. 1812, to her cousin, Thomas Hutchinson, Mrs. Wordsworth*3 bro. Two of the Wordsworth children d. here within 6 mos. in 1812, and the move to Rydal Mount was made to take the family away from G. with its unhappy asso ciations. Earlier than the Wordsworths* residence here, Mrs. Char lotte Smith had used Grasmere for the scene of her 2nd novel, Ethelinde; or, The Recluse of the hake (1789). Sir Edward's seat is at G., and there are descriptions of the approach to it and of the lake. On his walking trip to Scotland with Brown in June 1818, John Keats mentions going by Rydal Water and Grasmere through Its beautiful vale, but the walkers pressed on to Wythburn at the foot of Helvellyn for the night. Gravesend, Kent.--Mun. bor., par., r.-port, and mkt.-town (39,460), NW. Kent, on S. bank of r. Thames, 6m. NW. of Rochester, 19|f ESE. of London Bridge. It is the boundary port of London and the pilot-sta. for outward-bound and in- ward-bound vessels. G. is connected by ferry with Tilbury, across the Thames. Two stained-glass windows were placed 533 in the par, church of St, George In 1914 by the Society of Virginian Dames in memory of Pocahontas (d, 1617), who is bur. in the church. In the chancel is a memorial tablet. A statue of General Gordon stands in the Port Gardens at the E. end of the town.--Sir Philip Sidney embarked at G. in Nov. 1585 to take up his command as gov. of Flushing.— Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618) was arrested when he attempted to es cape from England in 1618 on a French ship at G.— John and Charles Wesley embarked for Georgia in the Simmonds at G. in Oct. 1735 and were on board for almost 2 mos. before it sailed from Cowes.— Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) embarked in the Sansom, off G., in April 1794, for New York, where he spent the last years of his life.— -William Haslam and Rich ard Woodhouse went on board the Maria Crowther with Keats and Severn at the London Docks and accompanied them to G. when they sailed for Italy In Sept. 1820. Here Woodhouse cut off a lock of KeatSfe hair before he left them. Severn went on shore the next day at G. and got supplies, and the captain tried to get a goat for Keats. They sailed in the early hrs. of the 2nd morning.--Sir Edwin Arnold (1832-1904) was b. at G.— A silhouette of Alfred Tennyson cut here when he accompanied Edward FitzGerald on one of his favorite trips by river-boat to G. is now in Trinity Coll. library, Cambridge, pasted in FitzGerald*s copy of Tennyson's Poems, Chiefly Eyrical.--Although Dickens knew G. very well, he used it only for casual references in his work. He spent his honeymoon nr. G. at Chalk (q.v.), and he occasionally came down from London to spend a night here. So that he could oversee alterations being made at Gad's Hill Place in 1857, he stayed at Waite's Hotel, now the Commercial, on the Gordon Promenade. When Mr. Peggotty and Ham visited David at Salem House, Blackheath, they had epme by water from Yarmouth to G., and when Mr. Peggotty and Mr. Micawber emigrated to Australia David and Peggotty came down to G. to see them on the ship. There are other arrivals and de partures from G. in David Copperfield, and in Dombey and Son Walter Gay and Florence stay in Kent after their marriage until they go on board at G. A reference to G. as an un fashionable holiday resort appears in one of the Sketches by Boz. References to river-boat transportation to G., fol lowed by travel across Kent to Chatham and Canterbury are made in Barnaby Rudge. A boat-house formerly at G. is sup posed to have suggested the form of Mr. Peggotty's house at Yarmouth (q.v.). The Ship and Lobster on the shore at Den ton, E. of the town, is suggested by Matz as the original of the Ship in Great Expectations. (See Canvey for a lonelier, and more likely, site.) Grayshott, Hampshire.— Par., vil., and seat (1230), E. Hants, 2% m. NW. of Haslemere, 1 1 - J - SW. of Guildford. Tennyson and his family had rooms in a farmhouse here (Stoatley Farm) in 535 the spring and early summer of 1867. Of their arrival 29 April Mr3. Tennyson writes: ”In the copses the nightingales were singingj the anemones were out in all the woods.” While here they bought in June the land on<Blackdown, upon which they built Aldworth (q.v.). Grays Thurrock, or Grays, Essex.--Mkt.-town (18,172), on r. Thames, in Thurrock urb. dist., 2^-m. NW. of Tilbury Docks, 17 E. of London Bridge. It lies in a dist. of interest to geologists, with curious chalk-pits to the N. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), desiring country life, lived here in 1871-6. Greaseley, Nottinghamshire*— Par. and vil. (6279), 7m. NW. of Nottingham. Has remains of G. Castle. William Warburton (1698-1779) held this small living, obtained through the patronage of Sir Robert Sutton, in 1727-29, but resigned it when he received Brant Broughton. Great Billing, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (280), 5 m. NE. of Northampton. B. Hall is a seat. Owen Felltham (1602- 68) d. and was bur. at Great B. GreatDodd, Cumberland.— Mt. (2807 ft.), 4 - | - m. E. of Derwent Water, 3 WNW. of W. end of Ullswater, 3 SE. of Mirehouse. When Tennyson and FitzGerald paid James Spedding a 3-wks.1 visit at Mirehouse in April 1835, the three cIImbedliG. Dodd* Great Doddington, Northamptonshire.— Par. and vil. (436), E. Northants, on r. Nen, 2 - § • m. S. of Wellingborough, 9 NE. of 536 Northampton. Robert Nares (1753-1829) received this vicar age from the lord chancellor in 1784, the year in which he publ. his 1st philological work, The Elements of Orthoepy, praised by Boswell. Great Dunmow— See Dunmow, Essex. Great Glemham, Suffolk.— Par. and vil. (286), E. Suffolk, 3 m. WSW. of Saxmundham, 3^- ESE. of Fraralingham, 15 NE. of Ipswich. George Crabbe (1754-1832<) was the curate of Great G. and Sweffling (1^ m. N.), and in 1796 became the tenant of Dud ley North at Great G. Hall, adjoining the vil. on the E. Here he began The Parish Register. Great Grimsby— See Grimsby, Dines. - a-Greatham (Meredith, Rhoda Fleming) — See Cobham, Surrey. Great Horwood, Buckinghamshire.— Par. and vil. (509), N. Bucks, l i § - m. N. of Winslow, 5 SE. of Buckingham, ll-§- NNW. of Aylesbury. Joseph Spence (1699-1768), who received the living in 1742 from his coll. (New Coll., Oxon), spent little time here after 1749, but was exceedingly liberal in his benefactions to the parish. Great Marlow— See Marlw, Bucks . Great Stanmore— See Stanmore, Middx. Great Tew, Oxfordshire.--Par. and vil. (354), NW. Oxon, 5 m. ENE. of Chipping Norton, 8 SSW. of Banbury, 16 NW. of Oxford. An unusually attractive vil. of warm yellow stone, with thatched cottages embowered in vines [photograph In Massingham, Cotswold Country], stands beside Great Tew Park, which was, in the 17th cent,, the seat of Sir Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland (1610?-43), who inherited it from his maternal grandfather, Sir Lawrence Tanfield, in 1629, and retired here to study. The earlier literary friends gathered here were the poets, who came from London, Thomas Carew, William Dave- nant, George Sandys, Sir John Suckling, and others. In the yrs. just before the Civil War, Gt. Tew represented the philosophical and literary liberalism of the time and became the intellectual center of England. The interests of the men who gathered here were largely philosophical and theo logical, on the side of moderation and freedom from dogmatism. In a famous passage Clarendon gives a character sketch of Falkland and of the virtual academy that grew up here, where his scholarly friends came from Oxford to use his excellent library freely and to enjoy the conversation and companion ship of like-minded men. Among the Oxford men who gathered here were Gilbert Sheldon (afterwards abp. of Canterbury); John Earle (afterwards bp, of Salisbury), au, of Microcos- mograph!e; George Morley (afterwards bp, of Winchester); Henry Hammond, Anglican preacher and writer; wthe ever- memorable1 * John Hales of Eton; and William Chillingworth, who wrote here his chief work, The Religion of Protestants (1638). Falkland himself wrote here his Discourse of Infal libility (publ. 1660). An interesting biography of his devout wife, Lettice, was wr. by her chaplain, John Duncon. The property passed out of the possession of the family at the end of the 17th cent., and the house was later replaced by another. The walled gardens remain. Falkland's body was brought from Newbury, where he d. in action, and bur. in the church within the park, in an unmarked spot. The tablet to his memory on the chancel wall was put up in 1885. Great Waltham, Essex.— Par. and vil. (2029), on r. Chelmer, 4 m. N. of Chelmsford. W. House is a seat. Nicholas Tindal (1687-1774), historical writer, was presented to the vicar age in 1721. His projected History of Essex in 3 vols. did not receive enough support for its completion. Great > Essex.— Par. and vil. (191), 6^- m. SSW. of Colchester. Stephen Gosson (1554-1624) received the rectory from the queen in Dec. 1591 and held it until he went to St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, in April 1600. Great Y^mouth--See Yarmouth, Norfolk. Greenhay, Moss Side, Manchester.--Former house, c. 1 m. S. of the outskirts of Manchester at the end of the 18th cent., which gave its name to the present dist. of Greenheys in S. Manchester. Bit. by the father of Thomas De Quincey (1785- 1859), it was the family residence in 1791-6. On the present map of Manchester, the estate ran from the beginning of Green heys Dane and from the opp. end of Coupland St. to a little beyond the end of Burlington St. (MS. paper by Fred Leary, 539 in the Manchester Public Library, cited by Eaton, Thomas De Quineey.] The house was approached by a shady lane from Oxford Rd., and beyond were the cottages of the little ham. of Greenhill. The Corn Brook (or Black Brook), which ran along the side-lawn, was kept to a uniform level by a weir at the end of the property. Many of De Quincey's autobio graphical papers present his early recollections of the life here in the square brick house, which he describes as ”ele- gant but plain.” The largest room in the spacious house was the greenhouse. With the gardener's house, the whole estate cost only E6000. Greenhead Ghyll, or Gill, Westmorland.--Mtn. ravine, 1 m. N. of Town End, Grasmere, on E. side of rd., below Rydal Pell. Described by Wordsworth in Michael, the story of which cen ters around ”the unfinished Sheepfold” that lies "beside the boisterous brook of Greenhead Ghyll.” The ravine was a spot well known to the Wordsworths and their friends. In 1831-2, during the 1st winter stay that the Arnolds made in the Lake Dist., they occupied a house nr. Rydal Mount. Thomas Arnold wrote his friend J. T. Coleridge of the almost daily walks that he took with Wordsworth and of having once "a good fight about the Reform Bill” during a walk up G. Ghyll to see the ruins of the sheepfold in Michael. • frGreenleaf. (Bleak House).— The school of the twin Miss Donnys at Reading, Berks, in Bleak House, Ch. 3, where Esther 540 Summerson passed ”six happy quiet years” before coming to London. It has not been identified. Greenwa^ House, Devon.— Seat, on E. bank of r. Dart, 2 m. N. of Dartmouth, opp. Dittisham. Birthplace of Sir Humphrey Gilbert (15397-83), half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh. Greenwell Ford, Durham.--Seat, on Smallhope Burn, at Lan- chester, 7 m. WNW. of Durham. Birthplace and home, until Feb* 1848, of Dora Greenwell (1821-82), whose family had lived here since Henry VIII's time. The poem Haunted Ground gives memories of this place. Her 1st vol. of poems was • publ. in 1848, the year that her father had to sell the estate and move with his family to Durham. Greenwich, co. London.— Pari, and met. bor. and par. (par., 70,890), on r. Thames, 3w m. SE. of London Bridge. The bor. returns 1 member to Parliament. G. Hospital, now a Royal Naval Coll.,occupies the site of a palace, called MPlacen- tia” or the Manor of Pleasaunce, which reverted to the Crown at the death of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in 1447. It was the birthpl. of Henry VIII, who was baptised in the old par. church of St. Alphage (reblt. in 1718; gutted in World War II), and it became a favorite residence. Both Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth were b. here and Edward VI d. here. The palace fell into decay during the Commonwealth and was pulled down by Charles II. The present bldgs. were erected bet. 1664 and 1728 and are called by the names of the 4 541 sovereigns who were connected with the bldg.: King Charles, Queen Mary, King William, and Queen Anne. The 1st bldg. was designed by John Webb, nephew of Inigo Jones, after designs by his uncle. The architect of the others was Sir Christo pher Wren. The conversion of the property into a hosp. for superannuated and disabled seamen of the Royal Navy was planned by Queen Mary II and carried out by William after her death. It opened in 1705. In 1873 the bldgs. were transferred to the Royal Naval Coll. In beautiful G. Park, S. of the naval coll., is the Royal Observatory. [See Kent, An Encyclopaedia of hondon for detailed history of G. ] In 1545 Roger Ascham (1515-68) presented his Toxophilus to Henry VIII in the gallery of the palace.— William Hunnis (1530?-97), musician and poet, was appointed custodian of the palace gardens and orchards in 1562.— Thomas Hoby (1530- 66) was knighted here in March 1566.--John Whitgift (1530?- 1604) preached here before the queen concerning church govt, in March 1574.— Sir Philip Sidney (1554-86) visited the court here in June 1577 upon his return from conveying messages to the continent for the queen and was highly com mended. --Members of Gray’s Inn performed before Queen Eliza beth on 8 Feb. 1588 In The Misfortunes of Arthur, largely wr. by Thomas Hughes, of Gray’s Inn, with dumb-shows arranged by Francis Bacon.— Edmund Spenser (1552?-99), here with the court, dated the dedication of his Foure Hymnes from G., 542 1 Sept* 1596*— An early part of Tower Hill, a romance by William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82), has its setting at G. Palace.— One of the scenes of Scott's The Fortunes of Nigel takes place in G. Park when Janies I is hunting there.--The 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773) lived for a time in G. Park, in Ranger’s Lodge or House on Chesterfield Walk, S. of the observatory. John Evelyn (1620-1706) was appointed treasurer to G. Hospital in 1695, when it was founded as a memorial to Queen Mary.--Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) was appointed archi tect to G. Hosp. c. 1716. He had been knighted at G. in 1714 upon Marlborough’s introduction.--Nicholas Tindal (1687- 1774) was chaplain here from 1738. He d. here and was bur. in the 2nd burial-ground of the hosp., known as Goddard’s Garden.— Johnson and Boswell spent a day together at G. in 1763, to the great pleasure of Boswell, who remembered that it had been celebrated as a favorite scene in Johnson’s London, and he read aloud from the poem, which he had brought in his pocket, the lines about ’ ’the seat which gave Eliza birth.” He reported that Johnson thought the structure too magnificent for a place of charity and the parts too much detached to make one great whole. When they walked in the evening in G. Park and Johnson asked, ”Is not this very fine?” he approved Boswell’s answer that it was not equal to Fleet St. The trip was made by water, and Boswell was scolded for 543 shivering in the cold night air. The day’s conclusion at the Turk’s Head coffee-house must have been especially pleasing to Boswell.— The brief inscription "At Greenwich Hospital," by William Lisle Bowles (1726-1850), refers to the aged men who at that time found refuge here.— Frederick Locker (afterwards Locker-Lampson, 1821-95) was b. at G. Hosp., where his father, Edward Hawke Locker, held the office of civil commissioner. Lavinia Fenton, Duchess of Bolton, the actress who was the original "Folly Feachum" in Gay’s Beggarrs Opera, is bur. in the chyd. of St. Alphage (no monument).— Henry Hart Mil- man (1791-1868) was educ. under Dr. Burney at G.— George Henry Lewes (1817-78) came to Dr. Burney’s after attending several other schools.--Two popular 19th cent, riverside taverns were the Ship, beside G. Tunnel, at the W. end of the hosp., and Trafalgar Tavern, at Crane St. and Park Row, at the E. end. The annual ministerial whitebait dinners were given at the Ship, the last in 1894. (Sketch of the Ship (not extant) in Matz, Dickensian Inns and Taverns.] Whitebait dinners at either of the taverns for some special festivity were "the correct thing," and they are frequently referred to in literary biographies of this period. A private dinner was given for Dickens at G. when he returned from America in 1842. In May 1843 Dickens, Thackeray, Forster, and Albany Fonblanque of The Examiner were among the hosts at a dinner 544 here for John Black, retiring editor of The Morning Chronicle. To celebrate the completion of Mervyn Clitheroe, William Har rison Ainsworth gave f , a large literary dinner” here, a white bait dinner at the Trafalgar. In Qur Mutual Friend Bella Wilfer and her father dined at G. The 2nd dinner with her father and John Rokesmith after her wedding is said to have been at the Ship. Verses on this dinner were wr, by J. Ashby Sterry in A River Rhymer.--At the end of 1868, at the time he became prime minister, W. E. Gladstone (1809-98) was elected for G. Gregories, Buckinghamshire.— Former estate of Edmund Burke (1729-97), NW. of Beaeons'f ield, c • 24 m. WNW. of hondon. The house no longer stands. The park lay just N. of Waller's estate of Hall Barn (q.v.). Burke purchased the house and c. 600 acres of land in 1768 at a purchase price of c. £20,600, for which he had some aid from friends. An eager farmer, he carried on a correspondence with Arthur Young, agriculturist. Greta Bridge, Yorkshire.--Ham., N.R. Yorks, on r. Greta, 3 m. SE. of Barnard Castle, 5 - § - E. of Bowes, 12|r W. of Darling ton. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Cottle reached here the 2nd day after leaving Sockburn for a trip to the Lake Dist. in Oct. 1799. Coleridge recorded in his notebook his impressions of the stream. Cottle took the coach here to return to Bris tol, and Wordsworth and Coleridge went on to the hake Dist.— 545 On the trip to Yorks in Peb. 1838 to investigate the schools for Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens and Hablot K. Browne were put down late at night at a lonely but comfortable inn at G. Bridge, where the London Mail left their road for Barnard Castle. In their similar journey Mr. Squeers and the party for Dotheboys Hall are put down at the George and New Inn. Formerly considered to be the present house on the left of the road by the bridge (now the Morritt Arms, the only inn here), it has now been Identified as a t former inn called the George and New Inn, kept by George Martin, on the rt. of the rd. from London, ^ m. before the bridge is reached. fPhoto graph in Dexter, The England of Dickens.] It is now a pri vate residence named Thorpe Grange. Extensive stabling at the rear proves its former use. [Identification by T. P. Cooper, in The Dickensian, April 1924.] Greta Hall, Keswick, Cumberland.— Mansion, in the Lake Dist., standing on an elevation in the loop of r. Greta, at NW. end of Keswick (q.v.). Coleridge lived here from July 1800 until c. 1808, and his family continued to reside here. Southey lived here from Sept. 1803 until his death in 1843. G. Hall was bit. in the spring of 1800 by William Jackson (d. 1807), who had a carrier service from Whitehaven to Kendal and Lancaster and was the owner of the "stately wain” driven by Benjamin in Wordsworth’s poem The Waggoner. He was a member of an old Cumberland yeoman family and had 546 accumulated a not Inconsiderable library, which Coleridge ) found “well stored with encyclopaedias, dictionaries, and histories, etc., all modern." With a love of book learning himself, he let the impecunious young poet have part of the house for £25, although he had been offered &50. The house was bit. for double occupancy. Jackson, who occupied the left-hand or N. half, partitioned off part of it for Cole ridge, who hoped that the Wordsworths would take the other half. In the stammer of 1803 Sir George and Lady Beaumont had rooms in this part for a time, and it was during this stay that they heard of the great friendship of the 2 poets and Sir George bought the land at Applethwaite (q.v.) for Words worth, whom he had not met. In Sept. the Southeys took the rt.-hand side. The 2 families used some of the rooms in common. The combined family dined in the lower rt.-hand room, called Peter. In the opp. room, Paul, afterwards called Hartley’s Parlour, they breakfasted. They had tea and received visitors in the great main room above these 2 rooms, which was also Southey’s study, with a view of Bassen- thwaite, Derwentwater, and the mtns. behind them. He de scribed the view in Vision of Judgment, Pt. I. On the N. side was Coleridge's study, looking toward Skiddaw, sometimes called the organ room, from a great unused organ that stood in it. {Photograph of house in Rawnsley, Literary Associa tions of the English Lakes, Vol. I.] The house had an orchard and a large garden, a great part of which was sublet for market produce. The name Greta means "the loudrlamen- ter." Early visitors here were William Hazlitt, Samuel Rogers, and Coleridge's old friend Charles Lamb and his sister Mary, who spent 3 wks, here in Aug. 1802. De Quincey . visited for the 1st time in Nov. 1807, and Shelley made Southey1 s acquaintance in the winter of 1811-12 when he and Harriet were at Chestnut Hill (q.v.). The Wordsworths fre quently walked over Dunmail Raise to visit Coleridge here. Southey d. here and is bur. at Crosthwaite (q.v.). Gretton, Northamptonshire.— Far. and vil. (702), N. Northants, 9 | j - m. NW. of Qundle, 18 WSW. of Peterborough. Peter Hausted (d. 1645), dramatist, was vicar of G. Greystoke Castle, Cumberland.--Seat, 5 m. W. of Penrith, 12 NE. of Keswick. The N. seat of the Duke of Norfolk. While they were staying at Chestnut Hill (q.v.), Keswick, Shelley and Harriet and Eliza Westbrook paid a visit of 8 or 9 days to the Duke of Norfolk, an old friend of Shelley's grand father, in early Dec. 1811. Among the other guests were James Brougham, bro. of the editor of the Edinburgh Review, and William Calvert, who helped to get their rent at Chest nut Hill reduced and introduced them to the Southeys. Griff House, or Hall, Warwickshire.— House, on the Newdi- gates' estate of Arbury Hall (q.v.). George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-80) lived here from her infancy until 1841, 548 in a "charming red brick ivy-covered house," a commodious farmhouse with a large garden and farmyard, standing in beautiful country, a pleasant place for 3 children to grow up in. Until she was 5, she went to a dame school close to Griff gates, at the cottage of a Mrs. Moore. The story of Mary Voce, hanged for child murder in 1801 or 1802, told Mary Ann by her aunt, Mrs. Samuel Evans, during a visit to G. in 1839, was the starting point for the creation of Adam Bede. Silas Marner is full of the recollections of her childhood here. She said that "the story unfolded itself from the merest millet seed of thought," her remembrance of an old linen weaver that she had seen walking down the road with his sack on his back. Grimsby, or Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire.--Pari, and co. bor., par. (42,508), spt., and lifeboat sta., Lindsey, N. Lines, nr. mouth of r. Humber, 15 m. SE. of Hull, 30 NE. of Lincoln. The most important fishing port in Britain. The bor. returns 1 member to Parliament. Before the Reform Act of 1832 it returned 2 members. The reputed founder of the town was Grim, a Lines fisherman, the rescuer of Havelok the Dane, who is said to have bit. the town with the reward given him by the Danish king, Havelok's father. The old seal of the corpora tion bore the figures of Grim, Havelok, and the princess whom Havelok mar. The early 14th cent. Lay of Havelok the Dane tells the story.— Birthplace of John Whitgift (1530?- 1604), abp. of Canterbury, who was the eldest son of a well- to-do merchant here.--In the summer of 1852 Henry Sellwood, father of Mrs. Tennyson, drove Alfred Tennyson over from Horncastle "to see the new dock, truly a great work." Grlmsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire.--Seat of the Earl of Ancaster, Kesteven, S. Lines, 3^- m. NW. of Bourne, 12 SE. of Grantham. The huge bldg. was erected for the 1st Duke of Ancaster in 1722-24 by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726), drama tist and architect. It contains many important works of art, including some fine Holbeins and the Gobelin tapestry which came to the Duke of Suffolk by his marriage with Mary, widow of Louis XII of Prance. The enormous park has a lake which covers 100 acres. The manor was granted to William, 9th Lord Willoughby, by Henry VIII. Grongar Hill, Carmarthenshire, Wales.--A hill, S. Wales, on r. Towy, 3^ m. SW. of Llandilo, 18 NNW. of Swansea. Known to literature from the poem of that name, publ. 1727, by John Dyer (1699-1758), who had wandered as an itinerant artist through South Wales. (Although not in England, it is included as being little known and not Indicating its location by a distinctively Welsh name.] Groombridge Place, Kent.— Seat, on SW. border of Kent, be side the vil. of G., part of which is in E. Sussex, 3|r m. WSW. of Tunbridge Wells, 4 m. S. of Penshurst. In the 15th cent, it was the moated manor-house of Sir Richard Waller, 550 at which, the Duke of Orleans, taken captive at the battle of Agincourt, was maintained as a hostage for more than 20 yrs.--While staying here with his cousins, Edmund Waller (1606-87) visited Penshurst and fell in love with Dorothy Sidney, the Sacharissa of his verse.— The present red-brick manor-house is said to have been bit. in the 17th cent, by Sir Christopher Wren. [Photograph and plan in Fletcher, A History of Architecture.] It preserves the moat and the original terraced gardens. Guestwiek, Norfolk.--Par. and vil. (189), 4^ m. S. of Melton Constable sta., 9 ESE. of Fakenham, 16 NW. of Norwich. ISTilliam Godwin (1756-1836) went to a dame school here, where his father, a dissenting minister, had settled in 1760. Guildford, Surrey.— Mun. bor., par., and co. town (40,000), W. Surrey, on r. Wey, 11 m. W. of Dorking, 26 m. SW. of Waterloo sta., hondon. An interesting old town with a steep High St., lined with quaint old bldgs. of many periods, and a town hall of 1683 with balcony and great clock projecting over the st. It has some remains of a small castle, the grounds of which are now public gardens. The records of the town go back to the time of Alfred, and it is mentioned as a bor. in the early 12th cent. One of the churches, St. Mary*s, is interesting for its ancient wall paintings. St. Nicholas is largely modern but retains the Eoseley chapel, with brasses and monuments of the Mores of Loseley Park, 551 Into whose family John Donne married. The grammar school, founded in 1509 by Robert Beckingham, a rich London grocer who owned land at G., and enlarged when it received a char ter and grant in the time of Edward VI, is the oldest school in the county.. The library has a no. of. chained Ibooks. Above the town hall in the High St. is Abbot's Hospital of the Blessed Trinity, a Jacobean red-brick bldg., founded in 1619 by abp. George Abbot (1562-1633), the son of a G. clothier, for a master, 12 brethren, and 10 sisters. The beautiful rooms have much Jacobean carved oak, and there are interest ing stained-glass windows (1621) in the chapel. Abp. Abbot was an ancestor of the Kingsleys, and Charles Kingsley writes of visiting Bramshill Park (S. of Guildford) and see ing the very tree where the unfortunate abp., while shooting deer, killed the keeper, the bolt from his cross-bow glanc ing off this tree. Kingsley speaks of 1 1 that look of change less and rigid sorrow” in the portrait of the abp. in their dining-room at Chelsea, which haunted him as a child. Wil liam Cobbett(1762-1835), in Rural Rides, wrote an often- quoted description of G., in which, having seen ”so many, many towns.," he states his opinion that G. taken with its environs Is ”the prettiest, the most agreeable and most happy-looking” that he has ever seen. Here at G. in 1646 the common hangman burned Justiciarius Justificatus, a book by George Wither (1588-1667) attacking 552 Sir Richard Onslow, the chief Parliamentary leader in Surrey, for his decision that Wither must abandon Farnham Castle. Wither was relieved, however, of paying a L500 fine.— Most of the literary associations of G. are with travelers, for it lies on the main Portsmouth rd. and on one of the rds. to Winchester and Southampton. Its -inns have been famous since early times. G. is the only town in Surrey that William Camden (1551-1623) mentions in Britannia as having good inns. John Taylor (1580-1653), 1 1 the water poet,” makes special mention of the inns here in his Catalogue of Taverns in Ten Shires near London (1636). They are mentioned as ”the best perhaps in England” by John Aubrey (1626-97), who states that ”the Red Lion particularly can make fifty beds.” The Lion is still the leading hotel In the town and is list ed^ In the A. A. Handbook as having 50 brms. Pepys thought it the best inn at G. and often broke his journeys to Ports mouth here. On one visit he ”lay in the room the King late ly lay in.” On another he cut asparagus in the inn garden for supper and praised it highly. There are many accounts in the Diary of visits here. — Jane Austen and her bro. Henry, on the way to London in his curricle in May 1813, stopped at G. for a long and comfortable breakfast after an early drive of 3^ hrs. from Chawton, but she does not name the inn. Breakfast was followed by the purchase of some gloves, for which she was delighted to pay only 4 shillings, and a stroll to see the impressive views (notably that toward Horsham from the bowling green), and then, after a little less than 2 hrs., they were on their way to Esher, where they dined.— Here in Oct. 1831, on his way to Portsmouth on his last journey, in search of health, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) had a narrow escape from being run over by a stage-coach as he got out of his carriage while the horses were being changed.--George Meredith (1828-1909) was a frequent visitor to G. After he made the acquaintance in 1861 of William Charles Bonaparte Wyse, who was then living here, he came to take long overnight walking trips with him. Meredith and William Hardman, here together on a week-end walking trip, went to the ry. sta. for copies of the weeklies to look over at dinner, and Meredith was much annoyed by an article (1 , A regular stinger,1 1 Hardman called it) in The Spectator (24 May 1862) on his Modern hove and Poems of the English Roadside. G. is the , , HiHfordM of the rural Junction Club of Ipley (see Ripley) and Hillford in Meredith's Sandra Belloni.--Ainsworth's story Hilary St. Ives has its setting in the G. dist. of Surrey, and Martin Tupper's extraordinary Stephan hangton is a novel of G. in the days of King John.-- C. L. Dodgson ("Lewis Carroll,w 1832-98) d. 14 Jan. at his sister's home, The Chestnuts, on Castle Hill, where he had been spending the Christmas holidays of 1897. On one of the brick and stone gateposts of the Georgian brick house is 554 a bright-colored, memorial tablet, paid for later by the children of G., which has illustrations of Alice, the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, Humpty-Dumpty, and the Red King. He is bur. in G. cemetery. Guisele^, Yorkshire.— Vil., W.R. Yorks, 2 m. SSW. of Gtley, 6 NNE. of Bradford, 8 j | - NW. of Deeds. Patrick BrontS and Maria Branwell were mar. here 29 Dec. 1812. A commemorative plaque has been placed on the wall nr. the chancel rail. Guy*a Cliffe, Warwickshire.— Par. and seat (16), m. NNE. of Warwick, 2 WNW. of Leamington. The house, situated on a rocky cliff rising from the Avon, was bit. by Samuel Great- heed in the 18th cent. Sarah Kemble (1755-1831) was sent here as lady's maid to Mrs. Greatheed in 1773 because her family did not approve of her love for William Siddons, but she went from here one morning to marry her lover at Coventry. While here she used to recite Milton, Shakespeare, and Rowe in the servants’ hall and sometimes was called to entertain aristocratic company. The legendary hero Guy of Warwick, who had destroyed the dun cow ravaging the midlands and had vanquished the Danish giant Colbrand in single combat, was - supposed to have returned from the Holy hand and lived as a hermit in a cave that he scooped out in the rock here. Leland wrote admiringly of the scene, with its cave, sur rounding woods, and river tumbling over the rocks. Guy of Warwick is the subject of a 14th cent, verse romance. The 555 legend was retold by I»ydgate c. 1450, and some episodes were included in Drayton's Folyolbion. It is referred to in Shakespeare's Henry VIII. Although the legend dates from the 13th cent., the cave has a Runic inscription in it, so that it may have been the abode in Saxon times of an ancho rite named Guhthi. Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, founded a chantry here in 1423, in accord with a wish ex pressed by Henry V when he visited the hermitage. John Rous (1411?-91), the antiquary, was one of the 1st priests of the chantry. Sir Thomas Malory (d. 1471), who was a follower of Beauchamp and must have been familiar with the hermitage here, seems to have described it for Sir Baudewin's hermitage, to which Sir Launcelot was taken (Morte Darthur, Bk. 18), for it "was under a wood, and a great cliff on the other side, and a fair water running under it." The descrip tion is not in Malory's source. £See Hicks, Sir Thomas Malory, His Turbulent Career.]--The British Archaeological Society visited Guy's Cliffe in July 1847. 'William Harrison Ainsworth was In the group. H Haddon Hall, Derbyshire.--A seat of the Duke of Rutland, in par* of Nether H. (21), on r. Wye, 2 m. SE. of Bakewell, 15 SW. of Sheffield. The old house, beautifully situated on a slope above the r., is now kept up chiefly for its histor ical associations and its architectural interest. The fine old seat dates from the Norman period to the Elizabethan in its bldg. and is one of the best-preserved of medieval houses. It passed from the Avenell family, the Norman lords of H., to the Vernons by marriage in the 12th cent, and to the Manners family by marriage nr. the end of the 16th cent. The story of the romantic elopement of Dorothy Vernon with Sir John Manners, ancestor of the present owner, is now be lieved to be authentic. The house has not been used as a residence since the reign of Queen Anne, the 1st Duke of Rutland being the last occupant. Even then Belvoir Castle was the principal seat.— H. Hall is the original of ’ ’ Martin- dale Hall” in Scott’s novel Peveril of the Peak.— The Baroness de Calabrella edited in 1846 a work described as Evenings at Haddon Hall, to which William Harrison Ainsworth contributed The Astrologer.— Alfred Tennyson and Francis Turner Palgrave went to see H. Hall in summer 1862. Hadham, or Much Hadham, Hertfordshire.— Par. and vil. (1570), on r. Ash, 4 m. SW. of Bishop’s Stortford, 7-f NE. of Hertford. In March 1389 John Lydgate (1370?-1451), monk of Bury, was admitted in the church of H. to the 4 minor ecclesiastical orders*— Peter Hausted (d. 1645), dramatist, was rector of H. Hadleigh, Suffolk.— Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (3038), W. Suffolk, on r. Brett (an affluent of r. Stour), 9 m. WSW. of Ipswich. H. Hall is a seat. A decayed mkt.-town, once a center of the Suffolk woollen trade, with some good old half-timbered houses with pargeting, and a large late 14th cent, church. Nr. the church is a large red-brick gatehouse (1495), called the Deanery, or Rectory, Tower. John Still (1543?-1608), afterward bp. of Bath and Wells, received the rectory here in 1571* He always felt much affection for H. and, when he d., left L50 to buy clothing for the aged poor of the town.— Birthpl. of William Alabaster (1567-1640), au. of Roxana, who was a nephew by marriage of Dr. Still, ac cording to Puller. Alabaster^is mentioned in Colin Clout1s Come Home Again.— Birthpl* of Joseph Beaumont (1616-99), master of Peterhouse, who was educ. at H. grammar school. He came here in 1644 when Royalist fellows were ejected from Cambridge and wrote, in 11 mos., his epic poem Psyche. — A meeting held here in the rectory of Hugh James Rose, a Cambridge scholar, a few days after Keble's assize sermon at St. Mary's, Oxford, 14 July 1833, was an Important step in the association for the defence of the church that led to the publication of Tracts for the Times. Meeting with Rose were William Palmer, Arthur Philip Perceval, and Hurrell Froude. Hagley, Worcestershire.--Par. and vil. (1728), NW. Worcs, 2^ m. SSE. of Stourbridge, 10^- SW. of Birmingham, 17 NNE. of Worcester. H. Hall is the seat of Viscount Cobham. It has been the seat of the Lyttelton family since the 16th cent. 115 was the home of George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1709-73), who was b. here, lived here, and d. here, and is bur. in the par. church. The beautiful estate at the foot of the Clent Hills was famous in the 18th cent, for the ' ’improvements” made by Lyttelton. H. was visited 1st in 1743 by James Thomson (1700-48), who introduced Lyttelton and his grounds in an addition to ’ ’ Spring” in The Seasons, and referred to the view of the distant Welsh mtns* Lyttel ton was a friend, not a patron of Thomson, who visited him here several times, usually in the autumn. H. was a favor ite resort of men of letters. Pope visited it, and Shen- stone came from his neighboring Leasowes (q.v.). Henry Fielding was an occasional visitor. The park was much ad mired in a period when the artificial adornments of temples, obelisks, and grottoes were thought worthier than the more natural aspects. It found a place in Dr. Pococke’s Travels and was praised by Horace Walpole, and Fanny Burney thought it the finest park she had seen. Lyttleton reblt. H. in 1759-60 with the assistance of Saunderson Miller of Radway, Warwickshire, an amateur architect. It was well restored after a fire in 1926. In the summer of 1762 Mrs, Elizabeth Montagu and Mrs. Elizabeth Vesey, famous "blue-stockings,” and Mrs. Vesey*s husband, Agmondesham Vesey, a member of The Club, were among guests at H., and Vesey helped Lyttel ton in his Life of Henry II. [Photographs of exterior and entrance hall and description in Russell, Shakespeare * s Country.] Hagworthingham, Lincolnshire.— Par. and vil. (521), Lindsey, E. Lines, 4 m. NW. of Spilsby, 23 E. of Lincoln. Birthpl. of Thomas Drant (d. 1578?). Haileybury College, Hertfordshire.--Public school, 2 m. SE. of Hertford. Pounded In 1806 by the East India Company. W. Wilkins, architect of the National Gallery, designed the bldgs. Many eminent soldiers were educ. here. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) lived here as prof. of hist, and polit. econ. from Its founding until the end of his life. Charles Merivale (1808-93) was here for a time preparing for an Indian writership but was diverted to scholarship by Gibbon*s Autobiography. He studied polit. econ. under Malthus. Miss Martineau (1802-76) was the guest here In 1834 of Malthus, who had desired to meet her because she interpreted him precisely as he could wish, not defending him Injudiciously as some friends did.— Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1835-1911) obtained a nomination for the Indian Civil Service at H. Coll. in 1853. Halesowen, Worcestershire.— Mun. bor. (28,212) and par., 7 m. WSW* of Birmingham. Until 1832 H. was in a detached part of Salop. The ruins of a 13th cent, abbey are here. William Shenstone (1714-63) was the son of a gentleman farmer at The Leasowes (q.v.), m. E. of H., which was a small vil. in the 18th cent. He was baptised here and attended H» grammar school for a time. He is bur. in the chyd. In the church is a memorial urn. Hales Flace, Kent.--Seat, S. Kent, ^ m. ENE. of Tenterden, 8^m:.U.:of Rye, 9 SW. of Ashford. John Hales (d. 1571), mis cellaneous writer, was a younger son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place.--With a later John Hales, Sir Roger D’Estrange (1616-1704) took refuge in the spring of 1648 after his escape frem Newgate and immediately attempted a Royalist rising in the county, with the result that he and Hales fled to Holland. Halesworth, Suffolk.--Urb. dist., par., and mkt.-town (2060), E. Suffolk, on r. Blyth, 9 m. SSW. of Beccles, 8 WNW. of Southwold, 25 NE. of Ipswich. Richard Whately (1787-1863), afterwards abp. of Dublin, received the living of H. in 1822, the year after his marriage. Halifax, Yorkshire.--Pari, and co. bor. and par. (97,370), N. div. W.R. Yorks, on r. Hebble, 7 m. SW. of Bradford, 25 NE. of Manchester. Returns 1 member to Parliament. A hilly manufacturing town, important for woollen and worsted products. In the par. church is a monument to Bp. Perrar, a native of H., martyred in 1555. The Piece Hall (1779) is an old elothmkt., the opening of which was one of the memories of Dorothy Wordsworth's childhood. In the Central Library and Museum is a model of the Halifax gibbet, pre cursor of the guillotine, whose use in the execution of thieves of an amount over 13-gd. (until 1650) accounts for the name of Halifax in the supplication ’ ’ From Hull, Hell, and Halifax, Good Lord deliver us I" found in John Taylor (1580-1653), ’ ’the water-poet," (Hull here is the river, with dangerous rapids, not the town upon It.)--John Tillot- son (1650-94), abp. of Canterbury (b. at Sowerby), was baptised here, and, after a period at Caine, Lancs, was probably at Heath grammar school here, to which his father had made a small contribution. He preached at H. in May 1675, when he was on a visit to his father at Sowerby. In the par. church is a mural memorial.--Daniel Defoe (1661?- 1731) is said to have wr. part of Robinson Crusoe at the Rose and Crown in Back Lane.— Laurence Sterne (1713-68) was in school here in 1723-31.--After her mother's death Dorothy Wordsworth (1775-1855) lived here from July 1778 to May 1787 with her mother's cousin Elizabeth Threlkeld, whom she called Aunt Threlkeld, and a family of orphaned cousins, children of Miss Threlkeld*s sister, Mrs. Ann Ferguson. Here began the lifelong friendship with Jane Pollard (later Mrs. Marshall), a girl about her own age. Until Dorothy estab. her home with William, she always thought of H. as home. In Feb.-March 1794 she and William spent 6 wks. with her "aunt,” now Mrs. William Rawson, wife of a manufacturer, who lived at Mill Hou