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A study of in-place density tests of Montalvo base course material under controlled conditions

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A study of in-place density tests of Montalvo base course material under controlled conditions

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Content A STUDYJDF IN-PLACE DENSITY TESTS OF MONTALVO BASE
COURSE MATERIAL UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
by
Mg hemmed A&ramuzzaman
A T h e s is P r e s e n t e d to t h e
FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
( C i v i l E n g in e e r in g )
Ju n e 1957
UMI Number: EP41961
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
U M T
Dissertation RLbUhmg
UMI EP41961
Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held, by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
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unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
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ProQuest LLC.
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P.O. Box 1346
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t i '57 A 3 /5
This thesis, written by
...................
under the guidance of hSsFaculty Committee
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the School of
Engineering in partial fulfillment of the re
quirements for the degree of
T E R O F SO E SN G E
Date..
Faculty Committee
Chairman
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The a u t h o r g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w le d g e s t h e
p a t i e n t s u p e r v i s i o n o f P r o f e s s o r D o n ald F.
G r i f f i n , D ep artm en t o f C i v i l E n g in e e r i n g . The
i n v e s t i g a t i o n was c o n d u c te d a s a r e s e a r c h
p r o j e c t f o r t h e U. S* Navy B u reau o f Y ards and
D ocks.
A p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d t o D r. M. C.
L i , P r o f e s s o r o f C i v i l E n g in e e r in g , f o r v a l u a b l e
s u g g e s t i o n s .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I . INTRODUCTION............................................................................. . 1
I I . VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CAVITIES ...................... A
I I I . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MONTALVO BASE COURSE
MATERIAL.................................................................................. 12
IV. CONTROL DENSITIES ................................................................ 1 ^
V. IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENTS . ............................ 20
V I. DISCUSSION..................................... .............................................. 23
A. S o u rc e s o f E r r o r ..................................................... 23
B. D i s c u s s io n o f T e s t R e s u l t s .............................. 2k
V I I . CON CLU SION S............................................................................... 31
V I I I . RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................... 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 3^
APPENDIX A. T a b le s o f T e s t D a t e ........................................... 36
APPENDIX B. Sam ple D a ta S h e e t s ................................................ k6
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I . W eight o f G ra d ed O ttaw a Sand L e a v in g Ju g f o r
S im u la te d M ontalvo B a se C o u rse M a t e r i a l s
C a v i t i e s . R e s u l ts f o r A verage o f 10 T e s ts
i n Each C a v i t y ................................................................... 37
IA. Sand Cone A p p a r a tu s Mo. 1 . . . . . . 37
IB. Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s Mo. 2 ......................... 37
I I . W eight o f G rad ed O tta w a Sand L e a v in g Ju g f o r
U n d e rcu t C a v i t i e s i n S im u la te d M o n talv o
B ase C o u rse M a t e r i a l . R e s u l t s f o r A verage
o f 10 T e s t s i n Each C a v ity , W ith Sand Cone
A p p a ra tu s No. 1 .................................................................... 38
I I I . Volumes o f C a v i t i e s Com puted hy E q u a tio n s
Compared t o T rue V olum es o f C a v i t i e s , cu
c m .................................................................................................. 39
IV. D e n s ity M e a s u r e m e n t s .......................................................... 40
V. P e r c e n t D e v ia tio n o f M easu red V a lu e s from
C o n tro l V a lu e s ................................................................... 42
V I. W ater C o n te n ts o f S am ples Taken f o r D e n s ity
M e a s u r e m e n t s ........................................................................ 44
i
CHAPTER I
i
I
IHTRODWCTION
I
!
F or v a r i o u s r e a s o n s i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o m e a su re t h e
i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s o f c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s . A k n o w led g e o f
I n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s may b© u s e d t o p r e d i c t s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f
c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s and t o p r e d i c t s e t t l e m e n t o f s t r u c t u r e s
b u i l t on c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s . A ls o , i t m ay be d e s i r a b l e to
m e a s u re i n - p l a c e s o i l d e n s i t i e s i n o r d e r t o o b s e rv e v a r i a - j
t i o n s i n d e n s i t y , b o th v e r t i c a l l y an d l a t e r a l l y i n & g iv e n
l o c a t i o n .
F o r m o st c o n s t r u c t i o n w o rk s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e
w r i t t e n f o r t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e b a s e c o u r s e o r f o u n d a t i o n j
m a t e r i a l i n te rm s o f i t s d e n s i t y . The s p e c i f i e d d e n s i t y i s
u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f th e maximum d e n s i t y
o b t a i n e d b y l a b o r a t o r y c o m p a c tio n t e s t s on th e s o i l t o b e
u s e d f o r th e b a s e c o u r s e . D e n s ity m e a s u re m e n ts , c a l l e d
H c o n t r o l d e n s i t y n d u r in g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e f i e l d , a r e
made a t p e r i o d i c i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g t h e c o m p a c tio n o p e r a
t i o n s . C o m paction i s c o n ti n u e d u n t i l t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e
d e n s i t y t e s t s show t h a t th e s o i l h a s r e a c h e d t h e d e s i r e d
s t r e n g t h . I f t h e d e n s i t y m e a su re m e n ts show t h e s p e c i f i e d
p e r c e n t o f r e l a t i v e c o m p a c tio n o f t h e s o i l when a c t u a l l y
th e t r u e p e r c e n t i s l e s s , l a t e r su b g ra d e f a i l u r e i s l i k e l y
t o o c c u r i n f a i l u r e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e p l a c e d upon i t . Known
in — p l a c e d e n s i t y c o u ld a l s o s e r v e a s c r i t e r i a f o r th e
s t a b i l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n - p l a c e .
A lth o u g h i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y m e a su re m e n ts on c o h e s io n -
i
l e s s s o i l s h av e b e e n made f o r y e a r s , l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s
a v a i l a b l e in p u b l i s h e d l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n in g a c c u r a c y o f
t h e m easu rem en t w i t h any o f t h e m eth ods u s e d . Unt i l
r e c e n t l y t h e m easu rem en t o f i n - p l a c e s o i l d e n s i t y w i t h
r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s a p p e a r e d t o p r e s e n t no p ro b le m
i n t h e m ind s o f t h o s e c o n c e rn e d w ith su c h m a t t e r s . The
r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h e s c o n d u c te d by Griffin-** an d K e e to n 2
h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t su c h m e a su re m e n ts may b e c o n s i d e r a b l y
i n e r r o r . The I n f o r m a t io n c o l l e c t e d by G r i f f i n from many
u n p u b l is h e d r e p o r t s o f i n - p l a c e f i e l d d e n s i t y m e a su re m e n ts
f o r b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l s show ed u n u s u a l h i g h v a l u e s . In (
t
some r e p o r t s , v a l u e s f o r m e a su re m e n ts o f i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s
b e f o r e c o m p a c tio n have b e e n h i g h e r t h a n v a l u e s f o r m e a s u re
m e n ts o f i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s a f t e r c o m p a c tio n o f t h e
m a t e r i a l .
T h e r e f o r e , r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y
m e a su re m e n ts o f b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l s c o u l d p i o n e e r :
• * * D onald F . G r i f f i n , " S tu d y and D evelopm ent o f
M ethods f o r D e te rm in in g I n - P l a c e D e n s ity o f S o i l s , " F i n a l
R e p o rt o f C o n t r a c t NOy-73233 w i t h U. S. Havy B u reau o f
Y a rd s and D ocks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e r in g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , S e p te m b e r,
1 9 5 3 .
2Jo h n R. K e e tb n , "A S tu d y o f M ethods f o r D e te rm in in g
I n - S i t u D e n s i t i e s o f C o h e s io n le s s B each S o i l s " ( u n p u b lis h e d
M a s t e r 's t h e s i s , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a ,
Los A n g e le s , J u n e , 1955)*
3
I n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n t h e a c t u a l i n -
p l a c e d e n s i t y an d m ea su re d d e n s i t y .
In o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e e r r o r o f i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y j
1
m e a s u re m e n ts , i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o d e te r m in e t h e o r d e r J
o f a c c u r a c y o f t h e a p p a r a t u s u s e d t o m e a s u re th e i n - p l a c e
d e n s i t y p e r s e . The sa n d c o n e a p p a r a t u s h a s lo n g b e e n u se d
to d e te r m in e t h e i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s o f b a s e c o u rs e
m a t e r i a l s .
P r a c t i c a l l y no i n f o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a b o u t
t h e a c c u r a c y w i t h w h ic h t h e s a n d cone d e v i c e may b e u s e d .
t
T h e r e f o r e , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e
sa n d cone a p p a r a t u s .
i
I t I s g e n e r a l l y e x p e c te d I n a n y g r a d e d s o i l t h a t th e j
i
t r u e d e n s i t i e s w o u ld v a r y from p l a c e t o p l a c e w i t h i n t h e
s o i l m a s s . A s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n c o u l d o c c u r w i t h i n a
v e r y s h o r t d i s t a n c e . Chance a rra n g e m e n t o f s o i l p a r t i c l e s ,
c h a n c e s e l e c t i o n o f s i z e s an d s h a p e s o f p a r t i c l e s a t a
g iv e n l o c a t i o n , d i f f e r e n t i a l am o u n ts o f e n e r g y o f com pac
t i o n a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l w a t e r c o n t e n t s w o u ld a l l c o n t r i b u t e
to l o c a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t r u e d e n s i t y .
A plywood, m a rin e box o f known v o lu m e i n w h ic h a
minimum o f f o u r t e s t s c o u ld b e p e rfo rm e d w as s e l e c t e d a s
t h e m eth o d o f c o n t r o l l i n g o r d e te r m in in g t h e t r u e a v e r a g e
d e n s i t y o f a g iv e n s o i l m a s s .
CHAPTER I I
VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF CAVITIES
M ethods of m e a s u rin g i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s o f s o i l s a t
p r e s e n t In v o lv e t h e m ea su re m e n t o f t h e volum e p r e v i o u s l y
o c c u p ie d by s o i l e x c a v a te d from t h e c a v i t y . The m ore
f e a s i b l e m eth o d s o f m e a s u rin g volum e a p p e a r t o b e b y m eans
o f a w a t e r b a l l o o n a p p a r a t u s o r b y m eans o f f i l l i n g t h e
c a v i t y w i t h c a l i b r a t e d s a n d i n a s p e c i f i e d m an n e r. I t h a s
b e e n fo u n d by P r o f e s s o r D o n a ld F. G r i f f i n i n h i s u n p u b -
i
l i s h e d r e s e a r c h on t h e w a t e r b a lo o n m eth o d u s i n g t h r e e
d i f f e r e n t w a t e r b a l l o o n d e v i c e s . The g e n e r a l f i n d i n g s w ere
t h a t t h e b a ll o o n m eth o d i s q u i t e a c c u r a t e f o r m e a s u r in g
i
s o - c a l l e d optim um v o lum es f o r th e p a r t i c u l a r d e v ic e .
V olum es o t h e r t h a n optimum w e re m e a su re d w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e
e r r o r . D ev ice No. 1 ra n g e d i n e r r o r from a minimum o f
0 .2 0 p e r c e n t f o r optimum vo lu m e up t o n e a r l y p e r c e n t
f o r o t h e r volum es* D e v ice No. 2 ra n g e d i n e r r o r fro m a
minimum o f l . A l p e r c e n t t o n e a r l y 5*5 p e r c e n t a n d d e v ic e
No. 3 ra n g e d from a minimum e r r o r o f 0 .^ 0 t o a maximum o f
2 .7 6 p e r c e n t . A l l volum es m e a su re d w ere w i t h i n t h e
c a p a c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r d e v i c e u s e d .
^•Donald F . G r i f f i n , M I n - P l a c e D e n s ity T e s ts o f
M o n ta lv o Base C o u rse M a t e r i a l U nder C o n t r o l l e d C o n d i t i o n s , 1 1
F i n a l R e p o rt o f C o n tr a c t NBy-3103 w i t h U. S. Navy B u re au o f
Y a rd s an d D ocks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e r in g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , J u n e , 1 9 5 6 .
5
In b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l s I t I s n o t p o s s i b l e t o
e s t i m a t e w i t h a n y r e a s o n a b l e d e g re e o f a c c u r a c y t h e volum e
o f a c a v i t y a t a n y tim e d u r i n g t h e e x c a v a t i o n p r o c e s s .
T h e r e f o r e , I t i s d e s i r a b l e t o u se a m eth o d o f m e a s u rin g
v o lu m e s t h a t i s r e l a t i v e l y I n d e p e n d e n t o f th e s i z e a n d
sh a p e o f th e c a v i t y . The s a n d cone m e th o d a p p e a r s t o
f u l f i l l t h i s r e q u ir e m e n t b e t t e r th a n t h e b a l l o o n m e th o d .
C o n s e q u e n tly , s a n d cone a p p a r a t u s m eth o d w as a d o p te d t o
m e a su re t h e c a v i t y i n M ontalvo b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l .
A g a l l o n ju g w i t h s a n d cone a n d s u p p o r t i n g p l a t e was
u s e d t o m e a su re t h e v o lu m es o f c a v i t i e s from w h ic h b a s e
c o u r s e m a t e r i a l w as e x c a v a te d . G rad ed O ttw a sa n d g i v e s
s l i g h t l y b e t t e r a c c u r a c y t h a n t h e u n g ra d e d O ttw a s a n d
(ASTM d e s i g n a t i o n : C -1 9 0 ). The s a n d cone a p p a r a t u s w as
c a l i b r a t e d f o r v o l u m e t r i c m e a su re m e n ts i n c a v i t i e s o f known
volum e r e p r o d u c e d from a c t u a l c a v i t i e s i n M ontalvo b a s e
c o u r s e m a t e r i a l .
B ase c o u r s e m a t e r i a l w as co m p a cted i n a wooden b o x .
C a v i t i e s o f v a r i o u s v o lum es w e re e x c a v a te d a s i f f o r i n -
p l a c e d e n s i t y t e s t s , th e n f i l l e d c o m p l e t e ly w i t h a m i x t u r e
o f m e l t e d p a r a f f i n and h e a t e d O ttw a s a n d . The sa n d re d u c e d
th e q u a n t i t y o f p a r a f f i n r e q u i r e d t o f i l l e a c h c a v i t y and
t h i s i n t u r n r e d u c e d t h e v o l u m e t r i c s h r i n k a g e o f t h e
p a r a f f i n upon c o o l i n g t o a n e g l i g i b l e a m o u n t. Good s h a rp
c a s t s w ere c a r e f u l l y rem oved by e x c a v a t in g t h e s o i l from
a ro u n d them , a d h e r i n g s o i l p a r t i c l e s w e re rem oved b y
c a r e f u l l y p r y i n g em bedded g r a i n s l o o s e an d w a sh in g t h e
c a s t s w i t h w a t e r . They w e re t h e n s u r f a c e d r i e d , i n v e r t e d
i n f i v e - g a l l o n c a n s and s e a l e d t o t h e b o tto m w i t h
a d d i t i o n a l p a r a f f i n . The c a s t s w e re t h e n c o v e r e d w i t h a
m i x t u r e o f S. S. W hite A l b a s t o n e , O ttw a s a n d an d w a t e r .
A f t e r th e A lb a s to n e h a d s e t t h e m e ta l c o n t a i n e r s w ere
rem o v e d . E ach c a s t o f p a r a f f i n an d sa n d w as rem oved from
t h e A lb a s to n e b y h e a t i n g t h e e n t i r e m ass i n an o v e n a t 215°
F . The r e s u l t i n g c a v i t i e s w e re s h a r p , c l e a n and w e re q u i t e
f a i t h f u l r e p r o d u c t i o n s o f t h e o r i g i n a l c a v i t i e s . One o f
t h e s e c a v i t i e s i s I l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 . The c a v i t y
i n t e r i o r s w ere g iv e n t h r e e c o a t s o f a c r y l i c s p r a y f o r
w a t e r - p r o o f i n g . E ach c a v i t y w as t h e n f i l l e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d
w a t e r a t known t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e volum e o f e a c h w as th e n
co m p uted a c c o r d in g t o th e w e ig h t o f t h e w a t e r an d i t s
d e n s i t y i n gm p e r cu cm. T h e se v o lu m es a r e c o n s i d e r e d to
b e a c c u r a t e enou gh t h a t t h e y c o u ld be m e a s u re d b y an y
m e th o d .
The sa n d c o n e a p p a r a t u s w as c a l i b r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o
G r i f f i n * s m e th o d .2 T h is m eth o d h a s b e e n p r o v e n t o b e h i g h l y
a c c u r a t e f o r c a v i t i e s I n t h e sh a p e o f sm ooth b r a s s c y l i n
d e r s b u t h a d n o t b e e n p ro v e n f o r I r r e g u l a r c a v i t i e s s u c h a s
2 D onald F . G r i f f i n , 1 1 The R e l a t i o n s h i p B etw een W ater
C o n te n t an d t h e A c cu ra cy w i t h W hich I n - P l a c e D e n s i t i e s o f
Bands may be M e a s u r e d ,w A m erican S o c i e t y f o r T e s ti n g
M a t e r i a l s , B u l l e t i n l o . 21 2 , F e b r u a r y , 1 9 5 6 , p . 51*
7
F ig , 1
I l l u s t r a t i o n o f C a v ity in S im u la te d
M o n talv o B ase C o u rse M a t e r i a l
t h o s e i n b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l s w i t h t h e i r many i n d e n t a t i o n s
an d p r o t r u s i o n s . The t o t a l w e ig h t o f s a n d l e a v i n g t h e
g a l l o n ju g i n c l u d i n g t h e s a n d i n t h e c a v i t y , th e sa n d i n
th e o p e n in g o f t h e s u p p o r t i n g p l a t e and t h e sa n d i n t h e
cone b elo w t h e v a l v e o p e n in g o f t h e j u g w as d e te r m in e d a s
t a b u l a t e d in T a b le I . The maximum p r o b a b l e e r r o r f o r a
s i n g l e m easu rem en t o f th e t o t a l am ount o f sa n d l e a v i n g th e
ju g f o r any i n d i v i d u a l c a v i t y was com puted t o be 0 .1 1 ^ p e r
c e n t f o r san d co n e No. 1 and 0 . 1 55 p e r c e n t f o r sa n d cone
No. 2. The a c t u a l maximum d e v i a t i o n from t h e mean f o r an y
s i n g l e c a v i t y m easu rem en t w as fo u n d t o b e 0 .^ 1 p e r c e n t f o r
sa n d co n e No. 1 a n d 0.2 8 p e r c e n t f o r s a n d cone No. 2.
A ll o f t h e c a v i t i e s l i s t e d in T a b le I had s u r f a c e
o p e n in g s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e c i r c u l a r o p e n in g o f t h e
s u p p o r t i n g p l a t e . T h ree a d d i t i o n a l c a v i t i e s had s u r f a c e
o p e n in g s l a r g e r t h a n th e c i r c u l a r o p e n in g i n th e s u p p o r t i n g
p l a t e w h ic h w as 6*5 in c h e s i n d i a m e t e r . The d i a m e t r i c a l
o p e n in g s i n t h e t h r e e l a r g e r c a v i t i e s r a n g e d from 7*75
I n c h e s maximum to 6 .5 i n c h e s . T h is w o u ld r e p r e s e n t w h a t
may b e te rm e d an u n d e r c u t c o n d i t i o n , t h a t i s , an e x c a v a t io n
e x te n d in g l a t e r a l l y b e n e a th t h e s u p p o r t i n g s u r f a c e o f t h e
p l a t e . D ata f o r t h e s e c a v i t i e s a r e shown i n T ab le I I f o r
sa n d co n e No. 1 . The maximum d e v i a t i o n from th e mean f o r
any s i n g l e c a v i t y w as fo u n d t o be 0 . 3 ^ p e r c e n t .
A p l o t o f t h e t o t a l w e ig h t o f sa n d l e a v i n g t h e j u g
v e r s u s v o lum es o f t h e c a v i t i e s shows a s t r a i g h t l i n e
9
r e l a t i o n s h i p a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 2 f o r s a n d cone a p p a r a t u s
No. 1 a n d , t h e r e f o r e , was u s e d t o com pute t h e volum e
m e a s u re d a c c o r d i n g to t h e w e ig h t o f s a n d .
The i n i t i a l w e ig h t o f sa n d cone a p p a r a t u s w i t h th e
j u g f u l l o f se n d w as k e p t c o n s t a n t a t 7850 gm an d t h e
e q u a t i o n c o u ld , t h e r e f o r e , he s e t up f o r u s e w i t h t h e f i n a l
w e ig h t o n ly . The e q u a t io n s f o r u n d e r c u t c a v i t i e s i s n o t
s u g g e s t e d a s b e in g r e l i a b l e u n d e r g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s . The
d e g r e e o f u n d e r c u t was n o t e x c e s s i v e f o r t h e t h r e e c a v i t i e s
i n v o l v e d . W ith i n c r e a s i n g am ount o f u n d e r c u t t i n g t h e r e
w o u ld b e d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r o f a c c u r a c y . I t h a s b e e n shown^
t h a t th e sa n d w i l l n o t f i l l t h a t p o r t i o n o f a c a v i t y
b e n e a t h t h e s u p p o r t i n g s u r f a c e o f th e s u p p o r t i n g p l a t e a n d
im m e d ia te ly a d j a c e n t to t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l o p e n in g .
U n d e r c u t t in g can n o t be p r e v e n t e d i n M o n ta lv o b a s e c o u rs e
m a t e r i a l , ev en w i t h r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e n s i t i e s , i f w a t e r
c o n t e n t i s lo w . W ith u n d e r c u t t i n g , t h e volum e o f th e
c a v i t y i s m e a su re d to o s m a ll and th e com puted d e n s i t y i s ,
t h e r e f o r e , to o g r e a t .
The o r d e r o f a c c u ra c y o f th e sa n d co n e a p p a r a t u s may
be o b s e r v e d on a p r a c t i c a l b a s i s by c o m p u tin g t h e v o lu m es
3
D onald F. G r i f f i n , “S tu d y and D evelopm ent o f
M ethod s f o r D e te rm in in g I n - P l a c e D e n s ity o f S o i l s , ” F i n a l
R e p o rt o f C o n tr a c t NOy-73233 w i t h U. S. Navy B u reau o f
Y ards and D ocks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e r in g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , S e p te m b e r,
1 9 5 3 .
Sand Cone No. Is V * (W-1791)(0.667U) 10
V = (W-1791)(0.677U) (undercut)
Sand Cone No. 2: V * (W-1782)(0. 6636)
Where
V: volume, cu cm.
W: weight of the sand cone apparatus with
the jug full of sand less the weight of
the sand cone apparatus with residual
sand after filling the cavity, g.
26 X 10
2 4
EACH P O IN T R E P R E S E N T S AN AVERAGE VALUE FO R
10 T E S T S IN G RAOEO OTTAW A SA N D
22
© C A V IT IE S BELOW O P E N IN G OF S U P P O R T IN G PL A T E
• CAVITIES E X T E N O LATERALLY BENEA TH SUPPORTIN G PLATE
20
2
o
V * ( W - 1 7 9 0 ( 0 6 7 7 4 )
' UNDERCUT CAATIES
< 0 “
Ld
>
<
O
u .
o
0
>
1
>
■ V * (W- 1791) (0.6674)
5 6 X IO 36 4 0 48 20 24 28
W — W E I G H T O F S A N D L E A V I N G J U G , G
2 Cavity volumes versus weights of sand leaving gallon jug
(sand cone No. l).
11
o f t h e c a v i t i e s , u s i n g b o th minimum and maximum v a l u e s o f
t h e t o t a l san d l e a v i n g t h e ju g a s t a b u l a t e d i n T a b le s I A
a n d I B. The r e s u l t s o f su c h c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n
T a b le I I I . The maximum e r r o r s f o r e a c h c a v i t y a r e 2 .9 p e r
c e n t , 1 .1 p e r c e n t and 0 . ^ p e r c e n t , w i t h th e s m a l l e r
e r r o r s f o r th e l a r g e r c a v i t i e s . A ll t h e a c t u a l c a v i t i e s
u s e d i n th e i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y t e s t s o f M o n ta lv o b a s e c o u rs e
e x c e e d e d 1000 c u . cm ., a ll o w i n g a maximum e r r o r , t h e r e f o r e ,
o f a b o u t p l u s o r m in u s 1 p e r c e n t due to t h e a p p a r a t u s
a l o n e . The s o u r c e o f e r r o r i n th e sa n d f u n n e l i s due
p r i m a r i l y to c h a n c e a rr a n g e m e n t o f sa n d p a r t i c l e s and
c h a n c e p a c k in g i n t h e J u g . I n e ac h o f t h e t h r e e c a s e s th e
a c t u a l maximum v a r i a t i o n i n com puted volum e v e r s u s t r u e
v olum e was 8 c u . cm ., 9 c u . cm and 7 c u . c m ., r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
f o r t h e above p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r f i g u r e s . The p e r c e n t e r r o r
i s h i g h e r f o r t h e s m a ll v olum e c a v i t i e s t h a n t h e l a r g e
volum e c a v i t i e s .
I t i s assu m e d t h a t t h e sa n d i s i n o v e n - d r y c o n d i
t i o n . The p r e s e n c e o f m o i s t u r e i n t h e s a n d w ould c e r t a i n l y
i n f l u e n c e th e r e s u l t s . I t i s a l s o assu m ed t h a t th e
o p e r a t o r w ould w a i t a b o u t t e n se c o n d s m inim um , b e f o r e
c l o s i n g th e v a lv e o f s a n d cone a p p a r a t u s a f t e r th e flo w of
sa n d from t h e ju g h ad a p p a r e n t l y stopped.**'
\ i O C . c l t .
CHAPTER I I I
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MONTALVO
BASE COURSE MATERIAL
M ontalvo b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l comes from t h e b e d o f
S a n ta C la r a R iv e r n e a r t h e com m unity o f M o n ta lv o ,
C a lif o r n ia * . I n g e n e r a l a p p e a ra n c e I t i s e s s e n t i a l l y a
m i x t u r e o f g r a v e l an d s a n d . One s i e v e a n a l y s i s g a v e th e
f o l l o w i n g g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s :
S ie v e
m m
OE.ening
in c h e s
P e r c e n t
P a s s in g
S ie v e
mm
O nen ine
i n c h e s
P e r c e n t
P a s s i n g
3 8 .1 1.500 100 2.000 No. 10 26
2 6 . 6? 1.0 5 0
89
0 . 8L0 No. 20 20
1 8 .8 5
0 . 7L2
75
0 .5 9 0 No. 30 18
9 .^ 2 3 0 .3 7 1
k6 0.^20 No. kO 1 L
4 .7 6 0 No. k 32 0 . 2L6 No. 60 10
3 .3 2 7 No. 6 29 O.IOL No. 1L0
7
2 .3 6 2 No. 8
27 0 .0 7 ^ No. 200 6
The maximum d e n s i t y f o r optimum w a t e r c o n te n t b y t h e
m o d if i e d P r o c t o r t e s t on t h e m in u s 3 / k i n c h m a t e r i a l x*/as
128*32 l b s . p e r c u . f t . w i t h a w a t e r c o n t e n t o f 6 .7 5 p e r
c e n t . The s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f a 1000 gm p o r t i o n r e p r e s e n
t a t i v e o f a l l s i z e s o f m a t e r i a l w as 2 .6 L . T h is w as
d e te r m in e d by m eans o f a l i t e r h y d ro m e te r J a r i n s t e a d o f
Chapman f l a s k u s i n g a b o i l e d s o i l s u s p e n s io n . The maximum
d e n s i t y o b t a i n e d i n t h e t e s t bo x i n c l u d i n g a l l s i z e s o f
13
p a r t i c l e s was 2 .1 3 ^ gm p e r cu cm o r 133 l b s * p e r cu* f t .
I t I s b e l i e v e d t h a t m inus 40 m a t e r i a l w as p r e d o m in a n tly non
p l a s t i c , a lt h o u g h s e g r e g a t e d p o r t i o n s w e re p l a s t i c * The
p l a s t i c l i m i t f o r on e sam ple w as 1** a n d t h e p l a s t i c i t y
in d e x w as k. S e v e r a l o t h e r sa m p le s o f t h e m in u s kQ
m a t e r i a l d i d n o t show any p l a s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
CHAPTER IV
CONTROL DENSITIES
A r e i n f o r c e d m a rin e p ly w o o d box 3 x 3 f t . i n p l a n
was u s e d as t h e c o n t r o l l volum e.. T h is b o x was c o n s t r u c t e d
i n i n t e r l o c k i n g l a y e r s e a c h 3 in c h e s h i g h . Enough b a s e
c o u r s e m a t e r i a l w as m ixed i n a lil c u . f t . c o n c r e t e m ix e r
to f i l l f o u r l a y e r s o f t h e b o x l o o s e l y .
M ixed b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l was d i s c h a r g e d from th e
m ix e r o n to a s h o r t c o n v e y o r b e l t u n i t and e m p tie d from t h e
b e l t d i r e c t l y I n t o t h e t e s t b o x . F o r l o o s e d e n s i t i e s th e
m a t e r i a l was s h o v e le d i n t o p l a c e a s i t f e l l from t h e b e l t .
F o r i n t e r m e d i a t e d e n s i t i e s t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e box w as
v i b r a t e d w i t h a L az an o s c i l l a t o r . The L&zan o s c i l l a t o r i s
i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 3 . The m ass was v i b r a t e d In e i t h e r one
o r two l i f t s , t h e l a t t e r g e n e r a l l y b u t n o t a lw ay s g i v i n g
t h e g r e a t e r d e n s i t i e s . V ery d e n s e m a t e r i a l was o b t a i n e d by
th e u s e o f a p n e u m a tic a i r ta m p e r o p e r a t i n g a t 120 p . s . i .
o r m o re , a p p l i e d e i t h e r t o one o r two l i f t s o f th e m a te
r i a , ! . The p n e u m a tic a i r ta m p e r i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . A.
The c o m p a c tin g sh o e o f t h e ta m p e r was a b o u t 5*5 i n c h e s i n
d i a m e t e r . A f t e r c o m p a c tio n t h e to p l a y e r o f t h e b ox was
rem oved and t h e e x c e s s m a t e r i a l s t r u c k o f f w i t h an aluminum
b a r . The b a r i s shown i n F i g . 5 a s th e d i v i d i n g s t r i p
b e tw e e n th e s u r f a c e a s s t r u c k o f f and sm o o th ed and th e
15
y v x o o to c -M e ta
m m m m m m m m m m K H M
F ig. 3
L azan O s c i l l a t o r M ounted on
B ase P l a t e in T e s t Box
16
F i g . k
C om p actin g B ase C o u rse M a t e r i a l In
T e s t Box w i t h P n e u m a tic Tamper
17
F i g . 5
T e s t Box w i t h L e f t H a lf S c re e d e d e n d R ig h t H a lf
Tamped w i t h F in e s and Ready f o r T e s tin g
18
s u r f a c e s u b s e q u e n t l y p r e p a r e d f o r t e s t i n g . The e x c e s s
m a t e r i a l was s c r e e n e d t h r o u g h th e f i n e s t s i e v e f e a s i b l e to
u se w h ic h in t u r n d ep en d e d upon th e w a t e r c o n te n t o f t h e
m a t e r i a l . F o r r e l a t i v e l y d r y m a t e r i a l th e No, k s i e v e was
u s e d a n d f o r t h e w et m a t e r i a l th e 3 / k i n c h s i e v e was u s e d .
The m a t e r i a l p a s s i n g t h e s i e v e was tam p ed i n t o th e s u r f a c e
v o i d s o f th e m a t e r i a l i n t h e b o x by m eans o f one f a c e o f
t h e alum inum b a r . A tte m p ts w e re made t o p l a c e t h i s
m a t e r i a l a t n e a r l y th e same d e n s i t y a s t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e
b o x . The o p e r a t i o n was done q u i c k l y so t h a t th e m o i s t u r e
c o n te n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l w o u ld n o t v a r y s u b s t a n t i a l l y .
In th e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t e s t i n g , w a t e r was a d d e d t o
a p p r o x im a te ly e v e r y f o u r t h b o x to I n c r e a s e th e w a t e r
c o n t e n t g r a d u a l l y . When t h e w a t e r c o n te n t r e a c h e d a b o u t 8
p e r c e n t no m ore w a t e r was a d d e d and t h e m a t e r i a l g r a d u a l l y
d i l e d o u t w i t h c o n ti n u e d u s e . A d d i t i o n a l w a t e r was t h e n
ad d ed o r th e m a t e r i a l was a llo w e d to d r y i n o r d e r t o
p r o v i d e a w a t e r c o n t e n t t h a t w as p a r t i c u l a r l y d e s i r e d f o r
t e s t i n g .
At w a t e r c o n t e n t s up t o a b o u t 2 .5 p e r c e n t t h e
m a t e r i a l a p p e a re d d r y an d d u s t y . At s l i g h t l y h i g h e r w a t e r
c o n t e n t s th e m a t e r i a l d e f i n i t e l y a p p e a r e d m o i s t . At w a t e r
c o n t e n t s b etw een k and 6 p e r c e n t t h e m a t e r i a l a p p e a r e d
q u i t e w e t. A f t e r t h e w a te r c o n t e n t r e a c h e d a p p r o x im a te ly
7*5 p e r c e n t th e m a t e r i a l a c t e d a s a h i g h l y p l a s t i c m a s s .
19
I t a c q u i r e d a h i g h d e n s i t y a s i t was p l a c e d i n t o t h e t e s t
b o x , tam p in g o r v i b r a t i n g h a d l i t t l e o r no e f f e c t on
i n c r e a s i n g th e d e n s i t y .
D onald F . G r i f f i n , “ I n - P l a c e D e n s ity T e s ts o f
M o n ta lv o Base C o u rse M a t e r i a l U nder C o n t r o l l e d C o n d i t i o n s , “
F i n a l R e p o rt o f C o n t r a c t NBy-310 3 w i t h U. S. Navy B u re au o f
Y ards and D ocks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e r in g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , J u n e , 1 9 5 6 .
CHAPTER V
IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
The m oist, c o n t r o l d e n s i t y was d e te r m in e d b y w e ig h in g
th e e n t i r e box an d c o n t e n t s on a s e t o f T o le d o s c a l e s
r e a d i n g d i r e c t t o t h e n e a r e s t pound and t h e n d e d u c tin g
c o n s t a n t w e ig h t o f box an d o t h e r a p p u r t e n a n c e s . F o u r t e s t s
w ere made i n e a c h box o f b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l . E ach sam p le
was w e ig h e d on a T oledo s c a l e r e a d i n g d i r e c t t o 5 gm. F o r
i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y a n d t e s t s t h e e n t i r e sa m p le , i n c l u d i n g
g r a v e l , was d r i e d in an oven a t 11 0° C. The t o t a l w a t e r
c o n t e n t o f t h e f o u r sa m p le s p e r box was u s e d a s t h e a v e ra g e
w a t e r c o n te n t o f t h e box. The d r y c o n t r o l w e ig h t was
d e te r m in e d by d i v i d i n g t h e o r i g i n a l w et w e ig h t o f t h e s o i l
in t h e box by one p l u s t h e w a t e r c o n te n t e x p r e s s e d a s a
d e c im a l. The v olu m e o f e a c h c a v i t y was d e te r m in e d by m eans
o f t h e sa n d c o n e a p p a r a t u s u s e d w i t h s u p p o r t i n g p l a t e . The
v o lu m e s w ere co m p u ted a c c o r d in g t o t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
e q u a t i o n s p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d .
The d e n s i t y m e a su re d by th e sa n d co n e a p p a r a t u s was
d e te r m in e d b o th f o r i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s and f o r th e f o u r t e s t s
p e r box a s a g ro u p by t a k i n g th e t o t a l d r y w e ig h t o f s o i l
e x c a v a te d and d i v i d i n g by th e t o t a l volum e com puted.
R e s u l t s f o r a l l t e s t s a r e t a b u l a t e d i n A p p en d ix A. D e n si
t i e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s v a r i e d w id e ly f o r th e f o u r t e s t s
made i n a g iv e n b o x . The w a t e r c o n t e n t s f o r f o u r
21
i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s p e r box v a r i e d t o some e x t e n t b u t f o r th e
m ost p a r t th e y rem ain ed f a i r l y u n ifo rm . The combined
r e s u l t s o f f o u r t e s t s was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e th e i n - p l a c e
m e a su re d d e n s i t y f o r a g iv e n box. The san d cone a p p a r a t u s
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t o o l s u s e d f o r e x c a v a t in g c a v i t i e s f o r
t e s t s a r e shown I n F ig . 6.
22
Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s and S p e c ia l T o o ls Used t o
E x cavate C a v i t i e s in Base C ourse M a t e r i a l
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION
A. S o u rc es of e r r o r .
There a r e i n h e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l e r r o r s in m ost i n v e s
t i g a t i o n s w hich e sc a p e th e n o t i c e o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r , o r
w hich a r e t o l e r a b l e and th u s a c c e p t a b l e . I t was one o f th e
b a s i c p u r p o s e s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o m in im ize a l l
p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s o f e r r o r . In o rd e r to e l i m i n a t e i n d i v i d
ual. p e rso n al, e r r o r , most o f th e i n - p l a c e d e n s i t i e s w ere
p e rfo rm e d by two men. In o r d e r to d e v e lo p t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
c u rv e f o r sa n d cone a p p a r a t u s t h e l e a s t sq u a re p r i n c i p l e
was u t i l i z e d . In t h e c a l i b r a t i o n c u rv e f o r each c a v i t y ,
t h e a v e ra g e o f t e n t e s t s w ere a c c e p te d . A ll known f a u l t y
o r d o u b t f u l t e s t s w ere d i s c a r d e d . The c o m p a ra tiv e f i n e
m a t e r i a l s u s e d t o l e v e l and sm ooth t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e t e s t
box w ere o f th e same w a te r c o n te n t a s o f th e m a t e r i a l s
i n s i d e th e box. A ll i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y t e s t s were p e rfo rm e d
i n a v e r y r e a s o n a b l e s h o r t tim e i n o r d e r t o a v o id s h r in k a g e
o r d r y i n g . A ll m a t e r i a l s i n t h e box w ere of th e u n ifo rm
w a t e r c o n t e n t .
Tampings o r v i b r a t i o n s w ere done w i t h utm ost c a r e
to m a i n t a i n th e u niform d i s t r i b u t i o n o f com p activ e e n e rg y
th r o u g h o u t th e t e s t box. The b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l s w ere
m ixed in a c o n c r e t e m ix e r th o r o u g h ly i n o r d e r to make th e
mass homogeneous and u n ifo rm . The m a t e r i a l s e x c a v a te d i n
2k
i n - p l a c e d e n s i t y t e s t s w ere d r i e d in an oven a t u n ifo rm
te m p e r a tu r e o f 105° F f o r a b o u t 15+ h o u rs and t h e d r y
w e ig h ts were ta k e n im m e d ia te ly a f t e r w ith d ra w in g from th e
ov en .
B. D is c u s s io n o f t e s t r e s u l t s .
At w a te r c o n t e n t s below 2 .5 p e r c e n t t h e b a s e c o u rs e
m a t e r i a l i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o h e s i o n l e s s in b e h a v i o r and
a p p e a ra n c e . D u rin g th e e x c a v a t io n o f a c a v i t y m a t e r i a l
from c a v i t y w a l l s slo u g h s o f f and th e w a l l s a p p e a r t o
expand i n t o t h e c a v i t y . Thus th e volum es a r e m e a su re d too
sm a ll and t h e com puted d e n s i t i e s a r e h ig h . At h ig h w a t e r
c o n t e n t s t h e s o i l a c t s a s a p l a s t i c mass and a t a b o u t 8 p e r
c e n t w a t e r c o n te n t t h e s o i l m ass i s admost f l u i d in
a p p e a r a n c e . When a c a v i t y i s e x c a v a te d i n th e s o i l h a v in g
such a h ig h w a te r c o n te n t p l a s t i c flow t e n d s t o f i l l up th e
c a v i t y and th u s t h e m easured volum es a r e s m a ll and w h ic h ,
in r e t u r n , g iv e s computed d e n s i t i e s t h a t a r e to o h i g h . 3-
In betw een t h e s e two extrem e c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e i s
some v a r y i n g d e g re e o f change in volume c a u s e d by th e
e f f e c t s o f s h e a r d u r in g s a m p lin g . At i n c r e a s i n g d e n s i t i e s
w i t h w a t e r c o n t e n t s betw een 3 and 7 p e r c e n t , th e m a t e r i a l
^Donald F. G r i f f i n , ” I n - P l a c e D e n s ity T e s ts o f
M ontalvo Base C ourse M a t e r i a l Under C o n t r o ll e d C o n d i t i o n s , ”
F i n a l R e p o rt o f C o n tr a c t N3y-3103 w ith U. S. Navy B ureau of
Y ards and Docks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e rin g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s, C a l i f o r n i a , J u n e , 195 6.
25
i s i n c r e a s i n g l y a b l e to r e s i s t d e fo r m a tio n d u rin g sa m p lin g .
In F i g . 7 a r e p l o t t e d t e s t data, showing t r e n d l i n e s
a c c o r d in g t o w a t e r c o n te n t o f p e r c e n t a g e d e v i a t i o n o f
d e n s i t i e s m easu red by t h e san d cone a p p a r a t u s v e r s u s con
t r o l d e n s i t i e s i n M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l . As th e
c o n t r o l d e n s i t i e s p l o t t e d a r e n o t o f v e r y sm a ll s u c c e s s iv e
d i s t a n c e a p a r t , t h e p o i n t s a r e j o i n t e d by a. s t r a i g h t l i n e
on t h e b a s i s o f l e a s t s q u a r e s , f o r s n y p a r t i c u l a r w a te r
c o n t e n t .
The s t r a i g h t l i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p a s shown i n F ig . 7 i s
a. l o g i c a l a s s u m p tio n . The t r e n d s a r e much more p ro n o u n c e d
and d e f i n e d in F ig . 8, show ing t r e n d l i n e s a c c o rd in g t o
w a te r c o n te n t o f d e n s i t i e s m e a su re d by t h e sand cone
a p p a r a t u s v e r s u s c o n t r o l d e n s i t i e s i n M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e
m a t e r i a l .
The o v e r - a l l t r e n d o f th e d a t a in e i t h e r F ig . 7 o r
F i g . 8 i s v e r y u n iq u e . In F i g . 7> f o r exam ple, th e t r e n d s
I n d i c a t e an a l g e b r a i c I n c r e a s e i n p e r c e n t e r r o r o f
m easured d e n s i t y w i t h an i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n t r o l d e n s i t y .
T his t r e n d i s q u i t e t h e o p p o s i t e to t h a t e x h i b i t e d by
c o h e s i o n l e s s sa n d s w hich showed an a l g e b r a i c d e c r e a s e in
m e a su re d d e n s i t y v e r s u s I n c r e a s i n g c o n t r o l d e n s i t i e s .
M oreover, th e c h an g e s in s l o p e o f th e t r e n d l i n e s by w a t e r
c o n t e n t s a r e q u i t e p ro n o u n c e d , a s a re t h e i r change® In
p o s i t i o n s one from th e o t h e r . In F ig . 7, t h e p a t t e r n
s u g g e s te d i s one o f i n i t i a l c lo c k w is e r o t a t i o n o f th e t r e n d
PERCENT DEVIATION O F DENSITY MEASURED B Y SAND CONE METHOD FROM CONTROL DENSITY
2 b
32
30
26
BROKEN LINES ARE APPROXIMATE L E A S T S Q U A R E S L IN E S
24
FO R PE R C E N T A G E DEVIATION OF T E S T O E N S IT V FROM
CO N T RO L D E N S ITY ACCORDING TO WATER CONTENT.
22
20
W 7 T O 6%
6 .3
W ■ 2 T O 3%.
6 7
5 2
- 2
■ W 5 T O 6 % —
W-3 T O 4% .
- 4
-6
- 8
-1 0
-1 6
162------166------170 L74 ' 178 1 82 1 86 190 194 1.96 2.02 2 06 210 2.14 2.18
CONTROL DENSITY (DRY), G PER CU CM
Fig. 7 Trend lines according to water content of percentage deviation
of densities measured by the sand cone apparatus versus control
densities in Montalvo base course material.
2.78
274
2.70
266
262
258
254
250
246
2.42
2.36
2.34
230
2 2 6
222
218
2.14
2 .10
206
2 0 2
198
1.94
190
I 86
1 8 2
178
1.74
1.70
166
1.62
1 5 6
1.54
I 50
27
W 6 T 0 7 * \
LINE OF ZERO OEVIATION-
C O N T R O L D E N S ITY (DRY), G P E R CU CM
[ lin e s acco rd in g to w ater c o n te n t o f d e n s itie s m easured
te sand cone ap p a ratu s v e rsu s c o n tro l d e n s itie s i n Montalvo
course m a te r ia l.
28
l i n e s a b o u t a common p o i n t w i t h a s im u lt a n e o u s ly i n c r e a s i n g
l e n g t h o f l e v e r arm , fo llo w e d by a c o u n te r c lo c k w is e r o t a
t i o n o f th e t r e n d l i n e s w i t h a s i m u lt a n e o u s ly d e c r e a s i n g
l e n g t h o f t h e l e v e r a r r o .^
The I n f l u e n c e o f m o i s t u r e c o n te n t and re s p o n s e o f
M ontalvo b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l to t h e d e g r e e o f co m p a ctiv e
e n e rg y a r e v e r y im p o r ta n t f a c t o r s . F o r m a t e r i a l s c o n t a i n
in g v e r y l i t t l e o r no f i n e s t h e m o is tu r e c o n te n t h a s a lm o st
no e f f e c t upon t h e d e n s i t y . The g r a v e l l y s o i l w i t h j u s t
enough f i n e s to f i l l th e s p a c e s betw een g r a v e l p a r t i c l e s i s
v e r y s e n s i t i v e to t h e m o is tu r e c o n t e n t . The f a c t t h a t one
p e r c e n t of f i n e p a r t i c l e s in a sand c o n t r i b u t e s more th a n
90 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e s may i n d i c a t e th e
I n f l u e n c e o f c l a y c o n te n t on t h e e n e rg y o f c o m p a c t i o n .3
The M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s 6- p e r
c e n t o f f i n e p a r t i c l e s (minus #200 s i e v e ) .
The g e n e r a l t r e n d l i n e s o f M ontalvo b a se c o u rs e as
shown i n F ig . 7 and F ig . 8 r e l a t i v e to w a t e r c o n te n t and
com p activ e e n e rg y a r e i n c o n f o r m ity w i t h t h e t h e o r y o f
s t r u c t u r a l o r i e n t a t i o n o f com pacted s o i l s . The m ec h a n ic s
o f co m paction o f s o i l a t d i f f e r e n t w a t e r c o n te n t i s t h a t
IjO C . C 1 1 .
3
C. Y. L i, ,fB a sic C o n cep ts o f t h e Compaction o f
S o i l , H American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g in e e r s , J o u r n a l o f t h e
S o i l M echanics an d Fo u n d a tio n D i v i s i o n , V o l. 82, J a n u a r y ,
1956.
2 9
th e s o i l i s i n i t i a l l y i n a r a t h e r l o o s e l y pack ed random o r
p a r t i a l l y o r i e n t e d c o n d i t i o n . At low w a t e r c o n t e n t s , th e
com p actio n p r i m a r i l y d e c r e a s e s i n t e r - p a r t i c l e s p a c in g w ith
l i t t l e e f f e c t on p a r t i c l e a lig n m e n t. As t h e w a t e r c o n te n t
i s i n c r e a s e d t h e minimum i n t e r - p a r t i c l e s p a c in g becom es
g r e a t e r due to i n c r e a s e d amount o f w a te r s u rro u n d in g e ac h
p a r t i c l e , and t h e te n d e n c y f o r p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n betw een
p a r t i c l e s becomes more n o t i c e a b l e . T h is l a t t e r te n d e n c y i s
a id e d by i n c r e a s e o f r e p u l s i v e p o t e n t i a l w i t h i n c r e a s e in
d e g re e o f s a t u r a t i o n . At h ig h w a te r c o n t e n t s t h e i n t e r
p a r t i c l e s p a c in g becomes c o n s i d e r a b l e , and t h e system i s
c o n t r o l l e d by t h e r e p u l s i v e p o t e n t i a l , t h e r e b y p r o v i d i n g a
te n d e n c y f o r d i s p e r s e d p a r t i c l e o r i e n t a t i o n upon compac
t i o n . ^
An im p o r ta n t p o i n t to c o n s i d e r i s th e e f f e c t o f a
p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n on d e n s i t y as o p p osed t o a random
o r i e n t a t i o n . The m ost e f f i c i e n t system o f p a c k in g w ould be
p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n , w h e re in a l l p a r t i c l e s w ere t o u c h i n g .
Random o r i e n t a t i o n a llo w s l a r g e a i r v o i d s betw een th e
p a r t i c l e s and w i t h a l e s s e f f i c i e n t p a c k in g o f p a r t i c l e s .
As w a te r c o n te n t i n c r e a s e s from low t o optimum, w ith
a r e s u l t i n g te n d e n c y f o r p a r a l l e l i s m betw een t h e p a r t i c l e s ,
k
John G. P a c e y , "The S t r u c t u r e o f Compacted S o i l s 1 1
( u n p u b lis h e d M a s te r* s t h e s i s , M a s s a c h u s e tts I n s t i t u t e o f
T ech n o lo g y , C am bridge, J u n e , 1 9 5 6 ).
t h e r e i s a r e s u l t i n g i n c r e a s e in th e e f f i c i e n c y o f p a c k in g
o r an i n c r e a s e i n d ry d e n s i t y . A p o i n t i s re a c h e d (optimum
w a t e r c o n te n t) w h ere f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n o f w a te r does n o t
m e r e ly r e p l a c e a i r , h u t i n s t e a d d i s p l a c e s s o i l p a r t i c l e s .
Beyond t h i s p o i n t , f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e in w a t e r w i l l c a u s e a
d e c r e a s e i n d ry d e n s i t y .
CHAPTER V II
CONCLUSIONS
Based on o b s e r v e d b e h a v i o r and t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f
t e s t r e s u l t s o f M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d in
t h i s p a p e r i t i s c o n clu d ed t h a t :
1 . At w a t e r c o n te n ts below 2 .5 p e r c e n t th e b a s e
c o u rs e m a t e r i a l i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o h e s l o n l e s s . D urin g th e
e x c a v a tio n o f a c a v i t y th e m a t e r i a l from t h e c a v i t y w a l l s
s lo u g h s o f f and t h e w a l l s a p p e a r to ex pand i n t o th e c a v i t y .
Thus volum es a r e m easured to o sm all and d e n s i t i e s a r e
com puted to o h i g h .
2. At h i g h w a te r c o n t e n t s s o i l a c t s a s a p l a s t i c
m ass and a t a b o u t w a t e r c o n te n t o f 8 p e r c e n t t h e s o i l mass
i s a lm o s t f l u i d i n a p p e a r a n c e . When a c a v i t y i s e x c a v a te d
i n t h e s o i l m ass w i t h such a h ig h w a te r c o n te n t l i q u i d flow
t e n d s to f i l l t h e c a v i t y and a g a in m e a su re d volum es a r e too
s m a ll , g i v in g com puted s e n s i t i e s t h a t a r e to o g r e a t .
3 . P e r c e n ta g e o f f i n e p a r t i c l e s i n t h e M ontalvo
b a se c o u rs e i s t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r In r e l a t i o n t o i t s
b e h a v i o r to w a rd s v a r y i n g w a t e r c o n te n t and com pactive
e n e rg y .
The M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l i s s i g n i f i
c a n t l y s e n s i t i v e t o s h e a r i n g e f f e c t s o f sa m p lin g f o r i n -
p l a c e d e n s i t y m easurem ent t e s t s .
32
5. Bue t o p r e s e n c e o f a p p r e c i a b l e amounts o f f i n e
p a r t i c l e s , t h e b e h a v i o r o f M ontalvo b a s e c o u r s e , th o u g h
e r r a t i c when com pared t o th e f i n d i n g s o f e o h e s i o n l e s s
sand,^- can be l o g i c a l l y e x p la in e d by th e t h e o r y o f s t r u c
t u r a l o r i e n t a t i o n o f s o i l p a r t i c l e s . 2
Donald F. G r i f f i n , “Stud y and Development o f
M ethods f o r D e te rm in in g I n - P l a c e D e n s ity o f S o i l s , 1 * F i n a l
R e p o rt of C o n tr a c t NOy-73233 w i t h U. S. Navy Bureau o f
Y ards and Docks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e r in g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , S ep tem b er,
1953-
2John R. K eeto n , “A S tu d y o f M ethods f o r D e te rm in in g
I n - S i t u D e n s i t i e s o f C o h e s lo n le s s Beach S o ils* 1 ( u n p u b lis h e d
M a s t e r 1s t h e s i s , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a ,
Los A n g e le s, J u n e , 1955*
CHAPTER V I I I
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Fig* 8 may be u s e d to c o r r e c t f i e l d d e n s i t i e s .
The f i e l d d e n s i t y o f M ontalvo b a s e c o u rs e m a t e r i a l a s
m e a su re d by a t e s t m ethod and computed on a d r y w e ig h t
b a s i s w ould c o rr e s p o n d to t h e o r d i n a t e v a l u e s o f F i g . 8.
W ith a g iv e n o r d i n a t e v a l u e , t h e a b s c i s s a w here t h i s
o r d i n a t e i n t e r s e c t s a c u rv e , a c c o rd in g to t h e w a t e r c o n te n t
o f t h e f i e l d sa m p le , w ould r e p r e s e n t t h e c o r r e c t e d f i e l d
m easurem ent. F o r exam ple, i f t h e f i e l d d e n s i t y w ere
com puted to be 1 .8 5 gm p s r cu cm and t h e w a te r c o n t e n t of
th e o r i g i n a l sam ple was d e te rm in e d to be 3*5 p e r c e n t , th e
c o r r e c t e d d e n s i t y would be 1*792 gm p e r cu cm.
2 . F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s needed w i t h v a r y in g p e r c e n
t a g e s o f f i n e p a r t i c l e s i n o r d e r to a r r i v e a t any d e f i n i t e
c o n c l u s i o n .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
35
BIBLIOGRAPHY
G r i f f i n , Donald F. “Study and Developm ent o f Methods f o r
D e te rm in in g I n - P l a c e D e n s ity o f S o i l s . 9 F i n a l R e p o rt
o f C o n tra c t NOy-73233 w i t h U. S. Navy Bureau o f Yards
and Docks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a
E n g in e e rin g C e n te r , Los A n g e le s, C a l i f o r n i a , S e p tem b er,
1953.
_________. “The R e l a t i o n s h i p Between W ater C o n ten t and t h e
A ccuracy w i t h Which I n - P l a c e D e n s i t i e s o f Sands may be
M e a s u r e d .1 1 Am erican S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g M a t e r i a l s ,
B u l l e t i n No. 212, F e b ru a r y , 1956, p . 5 1 .
. “I n - P l a c e D e n s ity T e s ts o f M ontalvo Base C ourse
M a t e r i a l U nder C o n t r o l l e d C o n d i t i o n s . “ F i n a l R e p o rt o f
C o n tr a c t NBy-3103 w i t h U. S. Navy Bureau o f Y ards and
Docks, U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a E n g in e e r in g
C e n te r , Los A n g e le s, C a l i f o r n i a , J u n e , 1956
K e eto n , John R. “A Study o f M ethods f o r D e te rm in in g I n -
S i t u D e n s i t i e s o f C o h e s io n le s s Beach S o i l s . 9 Unpub
l i s h e d M a s t e r ^ t h e s i s , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn
C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s, J u n e , 1955*
L i , C. Y. “B a sic C oncepts o f t h e Com paction o f S o i l , 9
Am erican S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g in e e r s , J o u r n a l o f t h e
S o i l M echanic s and. F o u n d a tio n D i v i s i o n , V ol. 82,
J a n u a r y , 195§"T
P a c e y , John G. “ The S t r u c t u r e o f Compacted S o i l s . 9
U n p u b lish e d M a s t e r 1s t h e s i s , M a s s a c h u s e tts I n s t i t u t e
o f T echnology, Cam bridge, J u n e , 1956.
APPENDIX A
TABLES OF TEST DATA
37
TABLE I
WEIGHT OF GRADED OTTWA SAND LEAVING JUG FOR
SIMULATED MONTALVO BASE COURSE CAVITIES.
AVERAGE RESULTS FOR 10 TESTS IN EACH CAVITY
A. Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s No. 1
C a v ity Vol. Cu. Cm Cone and
S u p p o r tin g P l a t e
2 76 852 1622
Maximum W eight, g 1794 2208
3063 4225
A verage W eig h t, g
1791 2199
3058 4221
Minimum W eight, g 1787 2193
3054 4219
B. Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s No. 2
C a v ity Vol. Cu. Cm. Cone and
Supporting: P l a t e
2 76 852 1622
Maximum W eig h t, g 1787 2204 3074
4233
A verage W eig h t, g 1782 2201
3069
4226
Minimum W eight, g 1777 2197 3065
4216
38
TAELS I I
WEIGHT OF GRADED OTTWA BAWD LEAVING JUG FOR UNDERCUT
CAVITIES IN SIMULATED MONTALVO BASE COURSE MATERIAL.
AVERAGE RESULTS FOR 10 TESTS IN EACH CAVITY.
SAND CONE APPARATUS NO. 1
C a v ity V ol. Cu. Cm. Cone and
S u p p o r tin g P l a t e
1705 2017
2528
Maximum W eig h t, g 1794
4315 4759 5540
A verage W eig h t, g 1791 4307 4744 5520
Minimum W eight, g
1787
14-290 4740
5503
i
39
TABLE I I I
VOLUMES OF CAVITIES COMPUTED BY EQUATIONS COMPARED
TO TRUE VOLUMES OF CAVITIES, CU. CM.
Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s No. X Known Sand Cone A p p a ra tu s No. 2
Max. V ol. Min. V ol. Volume Max. V o l. Min. V ol.
278 268 276 280
275
849 843 852 857 851
1624 1620 1622 1626
1615
i
40
TABLE IV
DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
C o n tro l A verage
Box D e n s ity M easured D e n s ity Croup Group W ater
No . g p e r f o r I n d i v i d u a l T e s ts D e n s ity C o n te n t- ^
cu cm g p e r cu cm g p e r
cu cm
1
1.7 1 1
1 .8 6 5 1.591 1 .7 5 7
1.6 0 0
1 .7 0 5 3 .0 5 3
2
1 .7 6 7
1 .7 6 6 1.853
1 .7 8 6
1.839
1.8 1 0
3 .1 6 5
3 1 .8 5 6 2.0 9 5
2 .0 8 6
1 -9 5 8 1 .9 3 5
2 .0 3 1 2 .1 1 6
6
1 .8 7 1
2.1 0 0
2.073
2 .0 2 1 2 .0 7 6
2.071 2 .1 5 2
5
1.9 6 6 2 .0 0 0 2.0 7 8
2 .1 2 9
2.030
2 .0 5 7
2 .1 7 6
6 1.9 3 2 2 .0 6 6 1.9 6 6 2 .0 6 9 2.078
2 .0 3 7 2 .6 0 5
7 1 .7 6 2 1 .8 6 6 1 .8 1 6 1 .9 6 0 1.7 7 1
1 .8 6 5
2 .5 8 7
8
1.791
1 .9 1 2 1 .9 6 6
1 .9 2 7 1.916 1 .9 2 6
2 .6 6 9
9 1.9 1 9
2 .0 2 8 2 .081 2 .0 6 1
2.013
2 .0 6 6 2 .2 6 6
10 1.8 7 8
1 .9 6 9
1.9 6 8
1 .9 7 7
1 .9 1 2 1 .9 6 2
1 .7 7 9
11
1.765
1 .5 8 6 1.805
1 .8 1 2
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 3 8
2 .5 6 5
12 1.690 1 .7 5 7
1 .7 1 2 1 .7 8 1
1 .6 5 9 1.6 7 3 2 .8 8 6
13
1.880 1 .8 6 1 1 .9 3 2 1 .9 0 2
1 .6 5 5
1 .8 1 6 3 .5 6 2
16 1 .7 3 6 1 .8 6 2 1.7 1 8
1 -7 15
1.6 0 1 1 .7 2 0 3 .3 2 8
15
1 .6 3 6 1 .5 5 9 1.5 8 1
1 .6 3 5
v o id
1 .5 2 5 3 .8 1 7
16
1.933 1 .8 5 5
1 .7 9 2 1 .9 5 6 1 .8 7 8 1 .8 6 8 2 .8 5 1
17 1 .8 0 7 1 .8 8 6 1.7 6 7 1 .9 0 9
1.863
1 .8 6 7
6 .1 5 2
18 1.912 1 .8 5 6 1 .7 0 1
1 .8 5 7 1 .7 5 1 1 .7 8 7
6 .2 6 6
19 1.933 1 .7 3 9
1.810 1 .8 7 0 1.783 1 .7 9 9
6 .6 0 2
20
1 .8 7 7 1.7 8 3
1.7 9 0 1 .6 9 6
1.7 5 5
1 .7 5 6 5 .0 6 0
21 2.1 1 2 2 .1 7 6 2.100 2 .2 6 0 2 .1 9 7 2 .1 7 6 5 .9 7 0
22 1 .9 9 6 2 .1 0 3 1.9 0 8 1 .8 7 8 2.0 1 8 1 .9 8 0 5 .2 3 3
23 1 .9 6 7
1 .8 0 6 1.9 8 2 1 .9 0 6 1.8 2 6 1 .8 7 7 5 -1 6 9
26
2.091 2 .1 5 0 2.1 3 2
2 .3 0 9 2 .3 7 7
2.2 6 0 6 .6 6 6
25
2 .1 3 6 2 .2 8 6 2.129
2 .2 0 6 2 .3 0 6
2 .2 2 5
6 .3 0 8
26 2.098 2 .6 2 5 2.386 2 .3 3 6 2.361
2 .3 8 5 7 .6 6 9
27 2.119 2 .3 5 6 2 .1 9 7 2 .2 6 8 2.2 9 9 2.2 7 0 6 .9 3 0
28 2.1 3 0 2 .9 8 0 2 .6 6 1 2 .7 6 6 2 .8 5 8
2.8 0 5
7 .9 6 1
29
2 .1 2 6 2.5 8 0 2.5 5 2 2 .8 8 7
2.626 2 .6 6 6 7 .9 2 8
30 2.0 7 6 2 .6 1 5 2.375
2 .5 9 0 2 .6 3 7
2 .6 9 6 8 .1 3 9
31 2.0 5 9
2 .1 0 6 2.1 5 8
2 .2 5 7
2.220 2 .1 8 6
8 .5 0 7
32 1.6 2 1 1 .5 6 2 1.5 0 1 1 .5 6 9 1 .6 6 8
1 .5 1 9
5-9 76
33
1.5 6 8 1 .6 1 8
1.5 6 9 1 .5 7 3
1 .5 1 6 1 .5 6 7 5 .6 9 1
36 1.6 7 6 1 .6 8 7 1.723
1 .6 5 0
1.555
1 .6 5 2 6 .9 1 2
35 1 .7 9 5 1 .7 5 3
1.7 0 8
1 .7 5 5 1.5 3 6 1 .6 8 1
3 .7 8 6
36 1 .7 6 6 1 .7 0 3 1 .8 3 8
1 .6 9 3
1 .5 6 2 1 .6 8 9 3 .3 2 7
37 1 .7 1 6
1 .6 9 3
1.690 1 .7 3 2 v o id 1 .6 2 6 3 .5 5 6
TABLE IV (C o n tin u e d )
DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
Box
No.
C o n tro l
D e n sity
g p e r
M easured D e n s ity
f o r I n d i v i d u a l T e s ts
A verage
Group
D e n s ity
Group W ater
C o n te n t-*
cu cm g p e r cu cm g p e r
cu cm
38 1 .9 5 4 1 .9 1 2
2.005
2 .0 1 6
1 .9 1 9
1 .9 6 4 7 .1 3 0
39 1 .7 9 5 1 .6 55 1-579 1-555
1 .5 2 2 1-578
5-513
40
1 .8 6 9
1 .8 0 2 1.590 1 .6 8 2 1 .8 2 3 1 .7 1 9 5 .7 7 5
41 1 .8 0 4 1 .7 1 4
1.7 7 5
1 .6 1 8 1 .8 2 9 1 .7 3 5
5> 616
42
1 .7 9 5
1 .7 2 0 1 .6 7 4 1 .6 8 6 1 .5 3 8 1.6 4 3
5-773
43 1 .9 8 7
1 .9 4 2
1.9 0 9 1 .9 5 2 1 .8 6 3 1 .9 1 4 7.1 2 0
44 1.980
1 .9 5 1
1 .8 6 4 1 .8 1 5 1 -9 7 4 1 .9 0 0 6 .8 9 4
4-5 1.9 2 6 1 .8 55 1.873 1 .8 3 5
1 .8 5 6 1 .8 5 4 5-710
46 1.7 4 8
1 .6 2 9 1.7 6 7 1 .6 6 8 v o id 1 .6 8 4
5 .4 6 9
47 1.8 9 0
1 .8 4 8 2.003 1 .9 6 7
1 .9 2 1 1 • 931 6 .6 8 3
48 1 .7 6 8 1 .6 0 0 1 .4 4 5 1 .5 2 2 1 .4 3 1 1 .4 9 5 5 .5 0 9
49
1.955 1 .7 4 9
1 .7 8 4 1 .9 6 0 1 .8 1 4 1 .8 3 0 4 .4 8 0
50
1.6 9 3
1 .5 2 2 1.6 4 5 1 .4 3 4 1 .4 2 2 1 .5 1 0 5 .6 5 8
51 1 .7 1 1
1 .5 0 2 1.5 3 6 1 .5 3 1 1 .5 7 9
1 .5 3 8
4 .0 0 5
52 1.816
1 .8 3 1 1.8 0 6 1 .8 2 0 1 .6 0 8 1 .7 4 9
6 .2 2 2
53
1 .8 7 4 1 .8 4 7 1.7 9 2 1 .6 9 7
1 .5 4 4 1 .7 1 6 5 .8 2 3
54
1 .7 3 7 1 .6 9 3 1 .7 4 7 1 .7 7 5
1 .6 4 4 1 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 2
55 1.783
1 .7 0 2 1.5 5 6 1 .6 5 4
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 4 4 5 .1 5 6
56 1 .7 3 1 1 .8 3 6 1 .6 5 8 1 .6 6 4 1 .6 9 8 1 .7 0 2
4 .5 6 5
57 1 .7 2 7
1 .6 1 0
1.7 3 5
1 .6 1 6 1 .4 3 9 1 .5 9 5 4 .8 5 5
58
1 .6 8 5 1 .6 2 3
v o id 1 .5 1 0
1.5 9 9 1 .5 7 7 4 .2 1 9
59
1 .7 6 4 1 .7 0 8 1.446 1 .6 8 8 1 .6 0 4
1 .6 0 5 4 .1 4 3
42
TABLE V
PER GENT DEVIATION OF MEASURED
VALUES FROM CONTROL VALUES
C o n tr o l Croup Croup
Box D e n s ity P e r Cent D e v ia tio n o f M easured D evia- W ater
No. g p e r D e n s ity f o r I n d i v i d u a l T e s ts tion-/^ C o n te n t
- * ■ « # '
cu cm /*
1 1 .7 1 1
9 .0 0 1 - 7 .0 1 3
2.6 8 8 - 6 .6 8 7 -0 .3 5 1 3.0 5 3
2 1 .7 6 7
- 1 .1 8 8 k .8 6 7
0 .9 6 2
6 .0 7 5
2 .6 3 6
3 .1 6 5
3
1 .8 5 6
1 2 .9 9 9
12.k06 5 .609 6 .3 6 9 9-567 2 .1 1 6
6
1 .8 7 1
1 2 .1 3 2 10.796 8 .0 1 7
10 .8 5 0 10.689 2 .1 5 2
5
1 .9 6 6 1 .7 2 9 5.6 9 7 8 .2 9 1 3 .2 5 5
6 .6 2 9
2 .1 7 6
6 1 .9 3 2 6 .8 3 2 1.7 6 0 6 .0 5 6 7 .5 5 7
5 .6 3 5
2.605
7
1 .7 k 2
7 .0 0 3 k.133
1 1 .3 6 6 1 .6 6 5 5.913 2 .5 8 7
8 1 .7 9 1 6 .7 5 6 8.5k3
7 .5 9 k 6 .9 7 9
7.626 2 .6 6 9
9 1 .9 1 9
5 .6 8 0 8.k k 2 7.3k8 6 .8 9 8 6 . 51k 2 .2 6 6
10 1 .8 7 8 k. 8k6
3.7 2 7
5.2 7 2 1 .8 1 0 6.673 1 .7 7 9
11
1 .7 6 5
- l O . l k l 2.266
2.663 - 1 .1 3 3 - 1 .5 3 0 2 .5 6 5
12 1 .6 9 0 3 .9 6 k 1.3 0 2 5-385 - 1 3 .6 6 9
-1 .0 0 6 2 .8 8 6
13
1 .8 8 0 - 2 . 0 7 k 2.766 1.170 - 1 1 .9 6 8
- 3 .5 1 1
3 .5 6 2
11). 1 .7 3 k 6 .2 2 8 -O .923
- 1 .0 9 6 - 7 .6 7 0
- 0 .8 0 7
3 .3 2 8
15
1 .6 3 6 - k .7 0 7
-3 -3 6 2 - 1 2 .2 8 6 v o id -6 .7 8 5 3 .8 1 7
16 1 .9 3 3 - k .0 3 5
- 7 .2 9 k 1 .0 8 6 - 2 . 8 k 5
-3 -3 6 3
3-851
17 1 .8 0 7
k.3'72 -3 .3 2 0 5 .6k5 3 .0 9 9
2.2 1 5 6 .1 5 2
18 1 .9 1 2 - 2 . 9 2 9
-1 1 .0 3 6 - 2 .8 7 6 - 8 .6 2 0 - 6 .5 3 8 6 .2 6 6
19 1 .9 3 3
1 0 .0 3 6
-6 .3 6 3 - 3 .2 5 9
-7 -7 6 0 - 6 .9 3 2 6 .6 0 2
20 1 .8 7 7
- 5 .0 0 8
— k . 635
- 9 .7 5 0 - 6 .5 0 0 — 6.666 5.060
21 2 .1 1 2 2 .9 3 6 -0 .5 6 8 1 • 32b
6 .0 2 5
3.0 3 0 5-970
22 1 .9 9 6 5 -3 61 - k .k 0 9
- 5/912 1 .1 0 2 - 0 .8 0 2 5 .2 3 3
23 1 .9 6 7 - 8 . 2 8 7 0.763 - 8 .2 0 3 - 7 . 1 6 8
-6 .5 7 5 5 .1 6 9
26
2.0 9 1
2 .8 2 2 1 .9 6 1 1 0 .6 2 6 1 3 .6 7 8 7.126 6 .6 6 6
25
2 .1 3 k
7 .1 2 3
- 0 . 2 3 k 3.280 7 ■ 966
6 .2 6 6 6 .3 0 8
26 2 .0 9 8 15-586
13.727
1 2 .7 7 k 12 .5 3 6 13-680 7-669
27 2 .1 1 9
1 1 .1 8 k 3.6 8 1 6 .0 8 8 8 .6 9 k 7.126 6 .9 3 0
28 2.1 3 0 39-906 2 k . 930 28 .920 3 6 .1 7 8 31.690 7.9 6 1
29
2 .1 2 k 2 1 . k69 20.151 35.923 2 6 .6 3 5
26.682 7 .9 2 8
30 2 .0 7 6 2 5 .9 6 3 Ik .k 0 3 2 k . 759 1 7 .3 8 9
20.231 8.1 3 9
31 2 .0 5 9
2 .1 8 6 k .8 0 8 9.6 1 6
7 .8 1 9 6.071 7 .5 0 7
32
1 .6 2 1 ~ k .8 7 k - 7 .k 0 3
- 3 .2 0 8
- 9 . 6 3 9
- 6 .2 9 2 5 .9 7 6
33
1 .5 k 8 k .522 1-356 1 .6 1 5 - 2 .0 6 7 1 .2 2 7 5 -6 91
36 1 .6 7 6 0 .6 5 6 2 . 80k
- 1 . 5 5 .
- 7 .2 2 0 - 1 .6 3 2 6 .9 1 2
35 1 .7 9 5
- 2 . 3 k o - k . 8k7
- 2 .2 2 8
- 1 6 .6 2 9 - 6 .3 5 1
3 .7 8 6
36 1 .7 6 6 - 2 . 5 6 7 k .0 7 7
- 6 . 1 3 k - I I .552 — 6.360 3 .3 2 7
37
1 .7 1 6
-1 2 .9 9 5 - 1 .5 1 5
0.9 3 2 v o id - 5 .2 6 5 3-5 5 6
^3
TABLE V (C o n tin u e d )
PER CENT DEVIATION OF MEASURED
VALUES FROM CONTROL VALUES
C o n tro l
Box D e n sity
No. g per
cu cm
P e r Cent D e v ia tio n o f M easured
D e n s ity f o r I n d i v i d u a l T e s ts
Group Group
D evia- W ater
t i o n - ^ C o n ten t
a 1 ’
/9
28 1 .9 5 4
- 2 .1 4 9 2.610
3.173 - 1 . 7 9 1 0 .5 1 2 7.130
39 1 .7 9 5 - 7 .7 9 9 - 1 2 .8 0 9
- 1 3 .3 7 0 -1 5 .2 0 9 - 1 2 .1 4 5 5 .5 i 3
4o
1 .8 6 9 - 3 .5 8 5
-1 4 .9 2 8 1 0.00 5 - 2 .4 6 1 - 8 .0 2 6
5.7 7 5
41 1 .8 0 4 - 4 - 9 8 9 - 1 .6 0 8 10.310 1 .3 8 6 - 7 .8 2 5 5 .6 1 6
42
1 .7 9 5
- 4 .1 7 8 - 6 .7 4 0
- 6 .0 7 2
- 1 4 .3 1 7 - 8 .4 6 8
5-773
43 1 .9 8 7 -2.2.65
-3 .9 2 6 - 1.7 6 1 - 6 .2 4 0 - 3 - 6 7 4 7-120
44
1 .9 8 0
- 1 .4 6 5 -5 -8 5 9
- 8.233 - 0 .3 0 3 -4 .0 4 0 6 .894
45
1 .9 2 6 - 3 . 6 8 6 - 2 .7 5 2
- 4.725
- 3 - 6 3 4 -7 .738 5.710
46 1 .7 4 8 — 6 .8 0 8 1 .0 8 7 - 4.577 v o i d - 7 .6 6 1
5.4 6 9
47
1.890 - 2 .2 2 2
5-979
4 .0 7 4 1 .6 4 0
2 .1 6 9
6.683
48 1 .7 6 8 - 9 .5 0 2 - 1 8 .2 6 9 - 1 3 .9 1 4 -1 9 .0 6 1 -1 5 .4 4 1
5.5 0 9
4-9 1.9 5 5
- 1 0 .5 3 7 - 8 .7 4 6 0.256 -7 - 2 1 2
6.393
4.4 8 0
50
1.693
- 1 2 .2 0 0 - 2 .8 3 5 - 1 5 .2 9 8
- 1 6 .0 0 7 - 1 0 .8 0 9 5 .6 5 8
51 1.711
- 1 3 .5 0 0 - 1 0 .2 2 8 - 10.520
- 7 .7 1 5
4 .0 0 5
52 1.8 1 6 0 .8 2 6 — 0■551 0.220 - 1 1 .4 5 3 - 3 .6 8 9 6 .2 2 2
53
1 .8 7 4 - 1 . 4 4 1 - 4 .3 7 6 - 9 .4 4 5
-1 7 .6 0 9 - 8 .4 3 1 5.8 2 3
5 b 1 .7 3 7 - 2 .5 3 3
0 .5 7 6 2.1 8 8 - 5 . 3 5 4 - 1 -5 5 4 5 .012
55
1.783 - 4 .5 4 3
-1 2 .7 3 1 -7 -2 3 5 -5 -9 4 5 - 7 .7 9 6 5-156
56 1.7 3 1 6 .0 6 6 - 4 .2 1 7 -3 -8 7 0 - 1 .9 0 6
- 1 .6 7 5 4 .5 6 5
57 1 .7 2 7 - 6 .7 7 5
0 .4 6 3 - 6 .4 2 7 - 1 6 .6 7 6
- 7 .6 4 3
4 .8 5 5
58 1 .6 8 5
- 2 .6 8 0 v o id - 1 0 .3 8 6 - 5 . 1 0 4 - 6 .4 0 9 4 .2 1 9
59
1 .7 6 4
- 3 .1 7 5 - 1 8 .0 2 7
- 4.308 - 9 . 0 7 0 - 9 .0 1 4
4 .1 4 3
TABLE VI
WATER CONTENTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN
FOR DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
C o n tro l
Group
Box
D e n sity W ater C o n te n ts f o r I n d i v i d u a l W ater
No. g p e r
T e s ts - P e r c e n t C o n te n t- ^
cu cm
1 1.711 3 .1 6 8
2 .7 0 7
3.0 0 8 3.222 3 .0 5 3
2
1 .7 6 7
3 .1 6 6 2.9 8 0 3.4 4 0 3.0 2 8 3 .1 4 5
3
1 .8 5 4
1 .7 3 1
2.2 1 0 2 .3 2 4
2.3 9 7
2 .1 1 6
4
1 .8 7 1
2 .1 7 0 2 .1 0 4 2.150 2.190 2 .1 5 2
5
1 .9 6 6 2 .2 3 2
2.2 5 9 2.233
1 .9 8 4 2 .1 7 k
6 1 .9 3 2 2 .7 0 4
2 .5 0 5
2.501 2.725 2 .6 0 5
7
1 .7 4 2 2 .7 3 0 2 .5 7 4 2 • 551 2.4 6 7 2 .5 8 7
8 1.7 9 1 2 .4 8 7
2 .5 8 2 2.2 7 2 2.526 2 .4 6 9
9 1 .9 1 9
2 .2 8 2 2.3 6 0 2.3 5 8 2.0 5 6
2 .2 6 4
10 1 .8 7 8 1 .8 2 5 1 .5 9 8 1.818 1.8 7 1
1 .7 7 9
11 1 .7 6 5
2 .4 1 1 2 .8 0 7 2 .8 0 7 2.229 2 .5 6 5
12 1 .6 9 0 2 .9 2 2 2.986 2 .7 0 4
2.9 2 7
2 .8 8 4
12 1.8 8 0 3 .4 6 4 3 .3 7 0 3 .787 3 .5 1 8 3 .5 4 2
14 1 .7 3 4 3 .4 8 4 3 .2 6 9 3 .5 2 7 3.043
3 .3 2 8
15
1 .6 3 6 3 .6 4 2 4.106 4.126 3 .3 6 8
3-8 17
16 1-933 3 -8 75
4 .0 1 4 3.510 3 .9 8 7 3 .8 5 1
17 1 .8 0 7
3 .4 9 8
3-939 4.329
4.8 4 9 4 .1 5 2
18 1 .9 1 2 3 .6 2 1 4.285 4.529 4.6 2 2 4 • 244
19 1.9 3 3
5 .1 1 8 4 .6 8 1 4 .5 4 0 4.090 4 .6 0 2
20
1 .8 7 7
4 .7 7 4 5-251
5.2 4 6 5-018 5 .0 6 0
21 2.1 1 2 6 .6 2 4 6 .6 0 3
5.6 0 6 5.0 9 8 5-970
22 1 .996 5 .7 4 3 4 .5 0 7
4.996 5 .5 3 2 5 .2 3 3
23 1 .9 6 7
4 .9 0 6 5. 5^6 5 .2 9 4 4 .9 2 8
5 .1 6 9
24
2.0 9 1 6 .3 8 3
6 .7 9 8 6.450 6 .2 0 4 6 .4 4 6
25
2 .1 3 4
6 .8 2 3
6 .3 3 4 5.880
6.2 3 5
6 .3 0 8
26 2.0 9 8
7 .8 3 9
7 .6 i 2 7.770
7.365 7-649
27
2.119 6 .7 1 4 7.4 3 7
6.786
6 .7 5 ^
6 .9 3 0
28 2 .130
7 .9 4 5
8.201 7.9 0 7
7 .7 7 4 7 .9 6 1
29
2 .1 2 k
7 .7 2 7 8.2 9 7
8.080 7.5 9 2 7 .9 2 8
30 2.076 8 .2 7 2 8.609
7.560 8.041
8.1 3 9
31 2 .0 5 9 7.6 6 3 7.529
7 .8 4 4 7.026 7 .5 0 7
32 1.621 5-962 5-910 6 .2 1 5 5- 832
5 .9 7 6
33
1 .5 4 8 6 .0 0 2 5 .1 8 0
5-499
5.2 9 2 5 .4 9 1
34 1 .6 7 6 5 .1 9 4 5-039
4 .9 3 6 4.5 1 7
4 . 912.
35 1 .7 9 5
3 .8 0 0 3 .9 3 8 3.8 7 6 3-532
3 .7 8 4
36 1.7 6 6
3 .4 0 5 3 .3 8 7 3-557
3.020 3 .3 2 7
37
1.716 3 .6 0 6
3.4 8 5 3-645
3 .4 6 4
3 .5 5 ^
A 5
TABLE VI (C o n tin u e d )
WATER CONTENTS OF SAMPLES TAKEN
FOR DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
C o n tr o l
Box D e n s ity
Mo. g p e r
cu cm
W ater C o n te n ts f o r I n d i v i d u a l
T e s ts - P e r c e n t
G-roup
W ater
C o n te n t- ^
38
1 .9 5 4
7 .2 2 0 7 .3 4 4 6.991
6.968 7 .1 3 0
39 1.795
5. 462 6.163 5-147 5.2 8 9 5 - 5 i3
4o 1.8 6 9 6 .4 0 4 5-962 5-383 5.591 5-775
i n 1 .8 0 4 5 -136
5-599
5 .7 9 8
5-982 5 .6 1 6
42 1.7 9 5
6.1 8 0 5-718 5-558 5-736
5-773
43 1 .9 8 7
7-0 58 7.143
7.087
7.185
7.1 2 0
bb 1.980 6 .7 8 7 6 .7 0 5
7.2 0 8 6.882 6 .8 9 4
45
1.9 2 6 5.7 4 3 6 .3 7 4 5.862 5-089
5-710
46 1.7 4 8 5 -6 9 8 5-770
5-509 5 .0 4 7 5-469
b7
1.890 6 .3 4 2 7 .1 2 7 7.019 6.313 6.683
b8 1 .7 6 8 5 .4 8 2
5-595
5-687 5.2 7 6 5 .5 0 9
49
1 .9 5 5
4 .9 8 6 4 .8 3 2 4.5 1 6 3.7 5 0 4 .4 8 0
50 1.6 9 3 6 .2 0 7
5 .3 8 0 5.570 5.4 7 8 5 .6 5 8
51 1.7 1 1
4 .1 6 8 3 . 7 H 4.189
3 .9 2 4 4 .0 0 5
52 1 .8 1 6 6 .2 0 9 6.5 3 1 6.4 5 5
5 .8 2 2 6 .2 2 2
53
1 .8 7 4 6 .3 9 0 5-918 5.597
5.321 5 .8 2 3
54
1 .7 3 7 5-311 5-183
4.602 5 .006 5-0 1 2
55 1.7 8 3 5.755
5-138 4.9 5 8 4 .8 6 2 5-156
56 1 .7 3 1 4 .9 1 8 4 .2 4 0 4.5 6 6
4 .6 8 4
4 .5 6 5
57 1 .7 2 7
5-380 4 .7 8 2 4.843
4.4X1
4 .8 5 5
58 1 .6 8 5
4 .2 1 0 4 .0 6 9 4.399
4.211 4 .2 1 9
59
1 .7 6 4 4 .5 7 7 4.0 7 6 3.971 3.875 4 .1 4 3
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE DATA SHEETS
TEST B O X C O N T R O L DENSITIES
T est Performed B|y. Date
Box No. A /
1. Test box plus wet soil, lbs.
2. Test box, lbs.
3 . 9 2
3. Wet soil, lbs.
9 * 3
li. Water content, per cent
5 . 9 7 0
5. Dry soil, lbs.
6. Dry soil, g
* 0 3 , 6 * 0
7. Volume of box, cu cm
/ 9 1 , /& > O
8. Density of dry soil, g/cu cm
Item 6/ltem 7
3 . / / 3
k8
IN-PLACE DENSITY MEASUREM ENTS o f M O N TA LV O BASE COURSE MATERIAL
M ethod: G a llo n san d ju g and cone and b a s e p l a t e . Graded
O ttaw a sand (ASTM D e s ig n a tio n : C-109) u se d f o r
t h i s t e s t .
T e s t P erfo rm ed Bv A FIH. pa t.p 3 ^*7
Box No. g ^ /
TEST N UM BER 1 2
3 U TO TA L
OR AVE. OF
FOUR TESTS
1 . C o n ta in e r num ber
5" 7 S
2 . C o n ta in e r p lu s w et s o i l , g
3350 3 099 3SP7
3 . C o n ta in e r p lu s d ry s o i l , g
3 1 C > 5 3/09 39 5/ 3373
1*. W ater, g
IZ5 / £ / 193 /S 9 £ £ 3
5 . C o n ta in e r p lu s d ry s o i l , g
316,5 3/09
39 St 3373
6 . C o n ta in e r (n o l i d ) , g
37S L 3 6 > % 9 0 0 35P
7 . Dry s o i l , g
3793 3791 255/ 303/
//, / o £
8 . w * Ite m U /Item 7, p e r c e n t 4 » . ( o C > 35 M o 6 >5-09* s: 9 7 0
Volume o f s o i l sam ple e x c a v a te d —
F u n n el No. 1 V - (W1-W2-k )(0 .6 6 7 U ) k - 1791
F u n n el No. 2 V * (W1-W2-k ) (0 .6 6 3 6 ) k - 1782
9 . F u n n el num ber
i I 3 l
a
1 0 . W X ( j u g , cone an d s a n d ) , g
7Z5o 7S50 78 5o
78 So
1 1 . k (s a n d i n cone an d p l a t e ) , g
179/ 179/ /78*
/7g£i
1 2 . W-^-k, g
6059 ( e > 059
1 3 . W 2 ( j u g , cone an d r e s i d u a l
s a n d ) , g
9/39 W O * , 935/ 3974
l l i . W, sa n d i n th e c a v i t y , g
1935
1 9 & C , 17/7 2 o 7 < P
1 5 . Volume * S lo p e x W, cu cm
/PS'S
ISOS
1/39 137S
S'/o^
1 6 . D e n s ity : Ite m 7 /lte m 15>,
g /c u cm
3J79
3 . -1 0 * P.PVO 3-/97
3J7C,
1 7 . T e s t box d e n s i t y , g /c u cm
3.113 P.//P
P.//P
P.//P D.I/3
1 8 . P e r c e n t d e v i a t i o n from 16
-ojSfA4 7 .3 * 6
4- 3 0 3 0

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

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Asset Metadata

Creator Akramuzzaman, Mohammed (author)

Core Title A study of in-place density tests of Montalvo base course material under controlled conditions

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Civil Engineering

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag engineering, civil,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Li, M.C. (committee chair), Armour, Cecil V. (committee member), Wilson, David M. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c20-325216

Unique identifier UC11259212

Identifier EP41961.pdf (filename),usctheses-c20-325216 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP41961.pdf

Dmrecord 325216

Document Type Thesis

Rights Akramuzzaman, Mohammed

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA