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Measurement of the enthalpy of n-pentane, n-octane, and n-pentane-n-octane mixtures

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Measurement of the enthalpy of n-pentane, n-octane, and n-pentane-n-octane mixtures

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Content MEASUREMENT OF THE ENTHALPY OF n-PENTANE,
n-OCTANE, AND n-PENTANE— n-OCTANE MIXTURES
A T h e s is
P r e s e n t e d t o
The F a c u l t y o f t h e S c h o o l o f E n g in e e r in g
The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t
o f t h e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r t h e D e g ree
M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g
By
D onald Ray R o b in so n
A u g u st 1968
U M I N um ber: EP41794
All rights reserved
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This thesis, written by
Donald Ray. - 2 o $ ( c -
under the guidance o/his Faculty Committee
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the School of
Engineering in partial fulfillment of the re
quirements for the degree of
| ^ e ^ c a l _ E ^ ^ e e r l ^
Date.. .......
Faculty Committee
Chairm an
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I n t r o d u c t i o n .............................. . . 1
Summary o f R e s u l t s .............................................................. 2
The A p p a ra tu s
C o n s t r u c t i o n . ............................................. 3
F ig u r e 1 - I h e C a l o r i m e t e r ......................................... 4
F ig u r e 2 - A p p a ra tu s S y s te m s ......................... 5
O p e r a t i o n ................................... 11
C a l i b r a t i o n .............................. 16
T a b le 1 - I n l e t T e m p e ra tu re P r o f i l e . . . . 22
T h eo ry and C a l c u l a t i o n o f E n th a lp y
B ackground T h eo ry . . ..........................................................28
C a l c u l a t i o n fro m M e a s u r e m e n t s ......................... . 30
T a b le 2 - H y d ro c a rb o n D e n s i t i e s . ........................... 33
E x p e r im e n ta l R e s u l t s . . . . . ............................... 36
C o n c lu s io n s ................................................... 40
A p p e n d ice s
N o m e n c la tu re . . . ...............................................................42
F ig u r e 3 - E n th a lp y o f n - P e n t a n e ................................ 43
F ig u r e 4 - E n th a lp y o f n - O c t a n e ................................44
F ig u r e 5 - E n th a lp y f o r 8 0 .9 Mole fo
n - P e n t a n e . ......................... 45
F ig u r e 6 - E n th a lp y D e p en d e n t on C om posi
t i o n .............................. 46
F ig u r e 7 - E n th a lp y D e p en d e n t on T em pera
t u r e ..........................................................47
T a b le 3 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r n - P e n ta n e . . 48
Page
T a b le 4 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r n - O c ta n e . . . 54
T a b le 5 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r 8 0 .9 Mole $
n - P e n ta n e M ix tu re w ith n -O c ta n e . 58
T a b le 6 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r 5 9 .7 Mole %
n - P e n ta n e M ix tu re w ith n -O c ta n e . 6 l
T a b le 7 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r 3 9 .2 Mole %
n - P e n ta n e M ix tu re w i t h n -O c ta n e . 64
T a b le 8 - E n th a lp y V a lu e s f o r 2 1 .8 Mole < f o
n - P e n ta n e M ix tu re w ith n -O c ta n e . 67
T a b le 9 - Sm oothed V a lu e s o f E n th a lp y . . . 70
T a b le 10 - C o m p ariso n o f M easured H° - H
V a lu e s w ith API D a ta Book P r e d i c
t i o n ..............................................................................74
R e f e r e n c e s ................................... 77
INTRODUCTION
The e n t h a l p i e s o f n - p e n t a n e , n - o c t a n e , and t h e i r
m ix tu r e s a r e m easured in t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t . C o n ta in e d
in t h i s t h e s i s a r e ( 1 ) a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p h y s i c a l c o n
s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f t h e a p p a r a t u s , ( 2 ) a d i s c u s s i o n
o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n and a c c u r a c y o f t h e a p p a r a t u s , ( 3 ) an
e x p l a n a t i o n o f m ethods o f c a l c u l a t i n g t h e r e s u l t s , and
(4 ) a p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e e n th a lp y d a t a c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e
n - p e n t a n e — n - o c t a n e s y s te m .
J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t o f t h i s n a t u r e
l i e s in t h e im p o rta n c e o f e n th a lp y d a t a i n e q u ip m e n t
d e s i g n and. o p e r a t i o n . P e rh a p s t h e r e i s no c h e m ic a l o r
p e tr o l e u m p l a n t e q u ip m en t o f w h ich t h e d e s i g n d o e s n o t in
some way in v o lv e e n t h a l p y . Y e t, t h e a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n
o f e n th a lp y f o r m ix tu r e s re m a in s a s i g n i f i c a n t s o u r c e o f
u n c e r t a i n t y in e n g i n e e r i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s . W ith t h e a b s e n c e
o f e x p e r im e n ta l d a t a and t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n p r e s e n t m ethods
o f p r e d i c t i n g e n t h a lp y ( 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 ) , i t h a s become n e c e s s a r y
t o r e s o r t t o e x p e r im e n ta l m e a su re m e n t. From a p u r e l y
econom ic s t a n d p o i n t , B a k e r (1 ) h a s e s t im a t e d a y e a r l y c o s t
o f $ 2 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r e x c e s s h e a t ex ch an g e c a p a c i t y in d o m e s tic
r e f i n e r i e s . The A m erican P e tr o le u m I n s t i t u t e h a s p u t f o r t h
an e s t i m a t e ( 9 ) t h a t " a t l e a s t $ 3 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 in s a v in g s p e r
y e a r c o u ld be r e a l i z e d i f e n th a lp y v a lu e s w e re a c c u r a t e l y
known, and t h a t w ith e v en su c h a c o n s e r v a t i v e f i g u r e , a
2
c o n s i d e r a b l e e n th a lp y m easu rem en t p ro g ra m w ould be w e ll
j u s t i f i e d . "
A l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n o f e n t h a lp y d a t a f o r many p u r e
h y d ro c a r b o n s and i d e n t i f i a b l e m ix tu r e s p e r m i ts a c c u r a t e
c o r r e l a t i o n . T h is c o u ld r e s u l t in im provem ent o f t h e
s e m i - t h e o r e t i c a l r e l a t i o n s f o r p r e d i c t i n g h y d ro c a rb o n
e n t h a l p i e s . The e n t h a lp y d a t a m easu red in t h i s p r o j e c t
a r e com pared w ith t h o s e o f on e p r e d i c t i o n m ethod ( 1 8 ) .
S e l e c t i o n o f t h e ty p e o f a p p a r a t u s u s e d f o r e n th a lp y
m easu rem en t was b a se d on i t s c a p a b i l i t y o f p r o d u c in g
s e v e r a l d a t a p o i n t s p e r h o u r w ith good a c c u r a c y .
Summary o f R e s u l t s
In t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t , m e a su re m e n ts o f e n th a lp y
f o r t h e f o l lo w in g sy s te m s h a v e b een m ade: ( 1 ) n - p e n ta n e
o v e r t h e te m p e r a t u r e ra n g e 75 to 7 0 0 ° P a t p r e s s u r e s fro m
1 5 .2 t o 1400 p s i a , ( 2 ) n - o c t a n e o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ra n g e
75 t o 6 0 0 °P a t p r e s s u r e s fro m 1 5 .2 t o 1400 p s i a / (3 ) m ix
t u r e s o f 2 1 . 8 , 3 9 . 2 , 5 9 . I t and 8 0 .9 m ole p e r c e n t n - p e n ta n e
w ith n - o c t a n e o v e r t h e te m p e r a t u r e ra n g e 75 t o 6 0 0 °P a t
p r e s s u r e s fro m 1 5 .2 t o 1400 p s i a . The e x p e r i m e n t a l v a lu e s
f o r p e n ta n e a r e com pared w ith t h o s e e v a l u a t e d fro m l i t e r a
t u r e ( 6 , 8 , 1 4 ) , and t h e p e n t a n e - o c t a n e s y s te m e x p e r i m e n t a l
v a lu e s a r e com pared w ith t h o s e o f one p r e d i c t i o n m ethod
( 1 8 ) a t 5 0 0 , 5 5 0 , and 6 0 0 °P .
3
THE APPARATUS
C o n s t r u c t i o n
The e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e flo w c a l o r i m e t e r a r e
shown in F ig u r e 1 , and t h o s e o f t h e a p p a r a t u s s y s te m s in
F ig u r e 2 . T h is i s a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e a p p a r a t u s u se d by
N e lso n and Holcomb ( 1 3 ) . The fu n d a m e n ta l c h a n g e s a r e t h e
d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n o f t h e h y d r o c a r b o n i n l e t t o t h e c a l o
r i m e t e r and t h e m ethod o f m e a s u rin g r e l a t i v e flo w r a t e s o f
t h e F re o n and h y d r o c a r b o n .
R e f e r r i n g to F ig u r e 1 , t h e c a l o r i m e t e r i s com posed o f
an i n n e r c a n 9 in c h e s I . D . , 16 g au g e t u b e , 36 1 /4 in c h e s
l o n g c o n t a i n i n g F r e o n - 1 1 , t h e h y d ro c a rb o n h e a t e x ch a n g e
c o i l , and F re o n v a p o r o u t l e t . T h is i n n e r c a n i s s u rro u n d e d
by an o u t e r c an 15 in c h e s I . D . , 16 g au g e t u b e , 39 1 /4
in c h e s lo n g . The two c a n s a r e s e p a r a t e d by a 2 - in c h t h i c k
e n c lo s e d a n n u lu s o f " S a n to c e l" i n s u l a t i o n and a r e c o n n e c te d
a t t h e b o tto m f o r ex ch an g e o f F re o n -1 1 l i q u i d . A tta c h e d
h o r i z o n t a l l y i s t h e h y d ro c a rb o n i n l e t a sse m b ly c o n t a i n i n g
t h e h y d ro c a r b o n h e a t e r and i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u rin g
t h e r m o c o u p le s . The c a l o r i m e t e r a sse m b ly i s s u rr o u n d e d by
a 3 4 - in c h O .D ., 11 g a u g e , 5 0 - i n c h lo n g , s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
drum f i l l e d w ith th e " S a n t o c e l" i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l . The
e n t i r e a p p a r a t u s i s h o u sed in an a i r c o n d it i o n e d l a b o r a t o r y
m a in ta in e d a t 7 3 °F . The acco m p an y in g F re o n -1 1 and h y d r o
c a rb o n sy s te m s may be d e s c r i b e d in g r e a t e r d e t a i l by
f o l lo w in g t h e i r r o u t e s o f flo w s e p a r a t e l y .
FIGURE 1
THE CALORIMETER
F - l l REFLUX
OUTER CAN
INNER CAN
F - l l LIQUID
< v 'v y - y v vi
j7y//m A T E iil / / / / A h c IN
II 3 T X - \ \ \ \ I
\ \ \ \ \ \ N b u n d l e
JACKET
HEATER
INSULATION
F - l l HC F - l l
OUT OUT RETURN
FIGURE 2
APPARATUS SYSTEMS
CALORIMETER
F - l l
BULB
HC
BULB
HC
SURGE
TANK
E IS
HC PUMP
6
The h y d ro c a rb o n i s c h a rg e d t o t h e s y s te m a t t h e g l a s s
s u r g e t a n k , 6 in c h e s I .D . by 12 in c h e s d e e p . I n i t i a l l y
i t i s c i r c u l a t e d th r o u g h t h e s y s te m by an Eco G e a r Pump
f o r t h e -p u rp o se o f f i l l i n g t h e l i n e s , d i s p l a c i n g th e
h e liu m a tm o s p h e re , and a s s u r i n g m ix tu r e o f two com ponent
s o l u t i o n s . D u rin g " d a t a t a k i n g ” o p e r a t i o n , t h e h y d r o c a r
bon i s draw n fro m th e s u r g e ta n k th r o u g h a Cuno f i l t e r by
a h ig h p r e s s u r e M ilto n Roy C o n s ta m e tr ic t w o - c y l i n d e r
p l u n g e r pump t h a t m in im iz e s p u l s a t i o n . Prom h e r e i t
p a s s e s t o t h e h y d ro c a r b o n h e a t e r w h ich i s a 3 /4 in c h by
17 1 /4 in c h lo n g , 2000 w a t t e l e c t r i c h e a t e r . The h y d r o
c a rb o n p a s s e s o v e r t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e h e a t e r s u r f a c e
th r o u g h an a n n u l a r s p a c e 0 .0 2 0 in c h w id e .
F o llo w in g t h e h e a t e r t h e h y d ro c a rb o n p a s s e s o v e r a
b u n d le o f s e v e n c h r o m e l- c o n s t a n t a n th e rm o c o u p le s a rr a n g e d
in h e x a g o n a l c l o s e p a c k i n g . The c o u p le s a r e p o t t e d i n s i d e
s m a ll s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w e l l s , 1 /1 6 in c h O.D. and a r e s t a g
g e re d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a b o u t o n e in c h a p a r t . Of t h e se v e n
th e r m o c o u p le s , one was c h o s e n t o a c t i v a t e t h e B a r b e r -
Colem an D i g i s e t t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e r , on e w orks in c o n
j u n c t i o n w ith a H o n ey w ell t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e r , and t h e
r e m a in in g f i v e a r e u s e d f o r p r e c i s e m ea su re m e n ts w i t h a
L eeds and N o rth ru p p o r t a b l e p o t e n t i o m e t e r and g a lv a n o m e te r
c o m b in a tio n .
The e n t i r e h e a t e r and th e rm o c o u p le a s s e m b ly i s e n
c lo s e d in t h e m ain h y d ro c a r b o n i n l e t h o u s in g w h ich i s
7
6 in c h e s in d i a m e t e r and 25 in c h e s l o n g . T h re e v e r y t h i n ,
s i l v e r p l a t e d , c o n c e n t r i c r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d s p a r a l l e l t o t h e
h y d ro c a r b o n f lo w , and t h e " S a n t o c e l" i n s u l a t i o n r e d u c e
c o n d u c tiv e and r a d i a t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r fro m t h e h e a t e r to
t h e F r e o n - 1 1 . The " S a n t o c e l" u se d h e r e and th r o u g h o u t t h e
c a l o r i m e t e r i s a h ig h q u a l i t y i n s u l a t i o n com posed o f a
s i l i c a a e r o g e l w ith t e n p e r c e n t f e r r o s i l i c o n pow der added
t o re d u c e r a d i a t i o n . The m a n u f a c tu r e r r e p o r t s a th e rm o
c o n d u c t i v i t y o f 0 .0 1 3 B t u / h r . f t . °F .
The i n l e t te m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i s e s t a b l i s h e d fro m t h e
th e rm o c o u p le r e a d i n g s , and th e n t h e h y d ro c a r b o n e n t e r s a
19 f o o t lo n g h e l i c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o i l o f 1 /4 in c h O.D.
by 0 .0 4 9 in c h t h i c k w a l l , s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t u b i n g . The
t r a n s f e r a r e a i s m ore t h a n a d e q u a te . T h is c o i l i s s u b
m erged in t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d F re o n -1 1 a llo w in g a l l
e n th a lp y t r a n s f e r r e d t o a p p e a r a s l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a
t i o n o f F r e o n . The h y d r o c a rb o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s m easu red a t
t h e o u t l e t fro m t h e c a l o r i m e t e r by a n o t h e r th e rm o c o u p le
and fou nd t o be i n v a r i a b l y c l o s e t o t h a t o f t h e b o i l i n g
F r e o n - 1 1 . From h e r e , t h e h y d ro c a r b o n p r o c e e d s t o t h e
s y s te m o f p r e s s u r e m e a s u rin g and c o n t r o l l i n g d e v i c e s .
A c c u r a te m easu rem en t o f p r e s s u r e i s i n d i c a t e d by a H e is e
g au g e w ith a ra n g e o f 0 t o 1500 p s i a . R e a d in g s c a n be
made t o 1 p s i a c c u r a c y . T h is g au g e was c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t
a dead w e ig h t t e s t e r and found t o h a v e n e g l i g i b l e e r r o r .
A s e r i e s o f two APCO (A c c e s s o ry P r o d u c ts Company) b a ck
8
p r e s s u r e v a lv e s w ith i n d i c a t o r g a u g e s a r e u se d t o a d j u s t
t h e p r e s s u r e l e v e l . The f i r s t h a s a r a n g e o f 400 t o 3000
p s i , w h ile t h e se co n d c o v e r s t h e ra n g e 15 to 300 p s i . The
h y d r o c a rb o n i s a t p r e s s u r e fro m t h e M ilto n Roy pump t o
t h e s e b a c k p r e s s u r e v a lv e s and i s m a in ta in e d a t 1 5 .2 p s i a
u n d e r t h e H eliu m a tm o s p h e re a t a l l o t h e r p o i n t s .
The h y d ro c a rb o n flo w f o l lo w in g t h e p r e s s u r e v a lv e s
may be e i t h e r r e t u r n e d t o t h e s u r g e ta n k o r d i r e c t e d up
i n t o t h e c a l i b r a t e d h y d r o c a rb o n m e a s u rin g b u lb w h ic h i s
g r a d u a te d t o 140 m i l l i l i t e r s . R e a d in g s a r e u s u a l l y made
o n ly a t t h e z e r o and 140 m i l l i l i t e r m a rk s . Even th o u g h
t h e M ilto n Roy p l u n g e r pump p ro d u c e s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t
f lo w , t h e s m a ll v a r i a t i o n s , d i s c u s s e d in t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
s e c t i o n , w a r r a n t t h i s p r e c i s i o n v o l u m e t r i c m e a su re m e n t.
C o r r e c t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e t r i c m e a su re m e n ts i s u n n e c e s s a r y
s i n c e t h e h y d ro c a rb o n in t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e s y s te m i s
a lw a y s a t 7 5 ° F and 1 5 .2 p s i a . At t h e to p o f t h e m e a s u rin g
b u lb i s a r e l i e f v a lv e s e t a t 0 .5 p s i g and an o v e rf lo w
l i n e r e t u r n i n g t o t h e s u r g e t a n k . T h is c o m p le te s t h e
h y d ro c a rb o n c i r c u i t .
F re o n -1 1 in t h e c a l o r i m e t e r i s m a in ta in e d a t s a t u r a t e d
l i q u i d c o n d i t i o n s w ith two 1 1 /2 in c h w ide s t r i p h e a t e r s
e n c i r c l i n g t h e b o tto m o f t h e o u t e r c a n . V a p o riz e d F re o n -1 1
fro m t h e o u t e r c an i s c o n d e n se d and r e t u r n e d by a r e f l u x
c o n d e n s e r u s i n g F r e o n -1 3 B - l ( b o i l i n g p o i n t o f -7 2 ° F ) t o
a s s u r e c o m p le te c o n d e n s a t io n . T h is l i n e i s v e n te d t o t h e
9
a tm o s p h e re th r o u g h a R o b b in s d r y i n g tu b e a t t a c h e d t o a b s o rb
fro m t h e a i r w a te r t h a t m ig h t c o n ta m in a te t h e F r e o n - 1 1 .
C ondensed F re o n flo w s b a c k t o t h e c a l o r i m e t e r o n to t h e
s l i g h t l y d i s h sh ap ed to p o f t h e i n n e r c a n and th e n o v e r t h e
s i d e s t o b a th e i t w i t h l i q u i d . The F re o n -1 1 i n t h e o u t e r
c a n flo w s t o t h e i n n e r cham ber th r o u g h h o l e s a ro u n d t h e
b a s e . D u rin g t h e c a l i b r a t i o n p e r i o d a c o r r e c t m i l l i v o l t
i n p u t s e t t i n g f o r t h e o u t e r c a n j a c k e t h e a t e r was d e t e r
m ined w h ich w ould m a i n t a i n s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d c o n d i t i o n s
w i t h o u t v a p o r i z a t i o n o f F re o n in t h e i n n e r c a n . T h is
c o n s t i t u t e s t h e b a s e , o r z e r o e n t h a l p y , c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e
m e a su re m e n ts made w ith t h i s c a l o r i m e t e r . Warmer h y d r o
c a r b o n c i r c u l a t i n g th r o u g h t h e c o i l subm erged i n t h i s
s a t u r a t e d F re o n l i q u i d c a u s e s e n t h a l p y t o be t r a n s f e r r e d
e n t i r e l y a s l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n . The F re o n v a p o r
p a s s e s f i r s t th r o u g h a Y ork 326 mesh H a s t a l l o y C d e m i s t e r
t o t h e c o l l e c t i o n t u b e w h ich d i r e c t s i t b a ck down th r o u g h
t h e l i q u i d t o p r e v e n t s u p e r h e a t i n g , and th e n o u t t h e b o tto m
o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r . The 7 / 8 in c h tu b e c a r r y i n g t h e F re o n
v a p o r fro m t h e c a l o r i m e t e r t o t h e c o n d e n s e r i s e x t e r n a l l y
w rapped w i t h a h e a t i n g c o i l t o p r e v e n t c o n d e n s a t io n . The
F re o n -1 1 o v e rh e a d c o n d e n s e r , m a n u fa c tu re d by R o ss , i s
s t a i n l e s s S t e e l , s i n g l e p a s s , w ith 9 s q u a r e f e e t o f c o o li n g
c a p a c i t y . F re o n - 1 3 B - l i s a g a in u se d a s t h e r e f r i g e r a n t ,
and t h e s y s te m i s v e n te d t o t h e a tm o s p h e re th r o u g h a
d r y i n g t u b e a s w ith t h e o u t e r c a n r e f l u x s y s te m . I t i s
10
im p o r ta n t t h a t t h i s c o n d e n s e r h a v e a d e q u a te c a p a c i t y and
t h a t t h e l i n e fro m t h e c a l o r i m e t e r be o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e
t o h a n d le t h e l a r g e F re o n flo w r a t e s e n c o u n te re d d u r i n g
h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e m e a su re m e n ts .
■ %
C ondensed F re o n flo w s down by g r a v i t y th r o u g h a
T e f l o n , b a l l ty p e v a lv e t h a t d i r e c t s t h e flo w e i t h e r t o a
v o l u m e t r i c a l l y c a l i b r a t e d , g l a s s m e a s u rin g t u b e d u r i n g
m e a su re m e n t, o r t o a b y p a ss l i n e w h ile t h e m e a s u rin g tu b e
i s z e r o e d . The l i n e j u s t below t h e b a l l v a lv e i s v e n te d
t o t h e to p o f t h e c o n d e n s e r . Above t h e v a lv e i s a lo o p
in t h e l i n e fro m t h e c o n d e n s e r t o m a i n t a i n a l i q u i d s e a l .
T h is lo o p and t h e b y p a ss l i n e a r e a l s o v e n te d t o t h e e x
h a u s t end o f t h e c o n d e n s e r . B etw een m e a s u re m e n ts , F re o n
i s a llo w e d t o ru n th r o u g h t h e m e a s u rin g t u b e and r e t u r n
t o t h e b o tto m o f t h e o u t e r c a n o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r , w h ich
c o m p le te s t h e F re o n -1 1 s y s te m .
11
O p e r a tio n
The t a s k s r e q u i r e d f o r o p e r a t i n g t h e c a l o r i m e t e r c a n
be c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o f o u r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s : c h a r g i n g h y d r o
c a rb o n t o t h e s y s te m , o b t a i n i n g s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s a t
t h e d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e l e v e l , m aking t h e
m e a su re m e n ts , and s h u t t i n g down t h e c a l o r i m e t e r . The
h y d r o c a r b o n sa m p le s a r e made in an am ount o f a p p r o x im a te ly
f o u r l i t e r s w i t h m ix tu r e s p r e p a r e d by w e ig h t p e r c e n t .
Im m e d ia te ly b e f o r e c h a r g i n g t h e h y d r o c a rb o n t o t h e s y s te m ,
t h e F re o n -1 1 c o o l i n g s y s te m i s a c t i v a t e d t o c o n d e n s e any
F re o n t h a t may f l a s h on c o n t a c t w i t h t h e w arm er h y d r o c a r
b o n . (N o te t h a t t h e r e a r e two F re o n s y s te m s in t h i s
a p p a r a t u s . F re o n -1 1 w h ic h b o i l s a t a p p r o x im a te ly 7 5 °F
i s t h e c a l o r i m e t e r f l u i d . F r e o n - 1 3 B - l w h ich b o i l s a t
-7 2 ° F i s u se d in t h e c o o l i n g s y s te m t o c o n d e n se v a p o r iz e d
F r e o n - 1 1 .) The h y d ro c a rb o n sa m p le i s now draw n i n t o t h e
pump s u r g e ta n k by a p a r t i a l vacuum on t h e s y s te m . C a re
i s t a k e n t o a v o id a ll o w i n g a i r t o e n t e r t h e h y d r o c a r b o n
s y s te m w h ich i s m a in ta in e d u n d e r t h e h e liu m g a s a tm o s p h e r e .
The m ix in g pump i s s t a r t e d , c i r c u l a t i n g t h e h y d r o c a r b o n
t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s te m t o f i l l a l l l i n e s and s p a c e s and t o
i n s u r e c o m p le te m ix in g o f t h e h y d ro c a rb o n m i x t u r e s . The
h e liu m g a s i s p u sh e d i n t o t h e s u r g e t a n k and F re o n - 1 1 w i l l
f l a s h fro m warm h y d r o c a r b o n . A f t e r t e n m in u te s o f c i r c u
l a t i o n , t h e h ig h p r e s s u r e m e te r in g pump i s a c t i v a t e d and
t h e m ix in g pump may be s h u t o f f . The F re o n -1 1 l i n e h e a t e r
12
m ust now be s w itc h e d on t o p r e v e n t a b u i l d - u p o f c o n d en se d
l i q u i d in t h e low p o r t i o n s o f t h e F re o n -1 1 v a p o r s y s te m
b e tw ee n t h e c a l o r i m e t e r and t h e c o n d e n s e r . In p r e p a r a t i o n
f o r m e a su re m e n ts , t h e a p p ro x im a te p r e s s u r e l e v e l o f t h e
h y d ro c a rb o n i s s e t , and t h e h y d ro c a r b o n h e a t e r i s tu r n e d
o n . The F re o n -1 1 o u t e r c an j a c k e t h e a t e r i s a l s o p u t i n t o
s e r v i c e a t a h e a t i n p u t l e v e l p r e - d e t e r m in e d d u r i n g t h e
c a l i b r a t i o n p e r i o d . The c a l o r i m e t e r i s now r e a d y f o r
p r e s s u r e and te m p e r a t u r e l e v e l s e l e c t i o n .
The h y d ro c a rb o n te m p e r a t u r e i s a d j u s t e d by d i a l i n g
t h e p r o p e r m i l l i v o l t r e a d i n g on t h e B a rb e r-C o le m a n D i g i s e t
t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e r , and t h e e x a c t p r e s s u r e l e v e l i s
a d j u s t e d a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e H e is e p r e s s u r e g a u g e w h ich
m ust be b lo c k e d in b e f o r e ru n s a r e m ade. A p e r i o d o f t e n
t o f i f t e e n m in u te s i s r e q u i r e d f o r a l l s y s te m s t o r e a c h
a s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n . A ro u g h s e t t i n g o f t h e h y d r o
c a rb o n th e rm o c o u p le r e a d i n g s i s made on t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r
in f i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a m e a su re m e n t.
The m ea su re m e n ts a r e now ta k e n a s o u t l i n e d in a p r o
gram o f te m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e d a t a d e s i r e d . The
F re o n -1 1 flo w th r o u g h i t s m e a s u rin g bu-lb i s b y p a s s e d . The
w a l l s a r e a llo w e d t o d r a i n c o m p l e t e ly , and th e n t h e b u lb
d r a i n e d f u r t h e r u n t i l t h e m e n isc u s i s a t t h e z e r o m i l l i
l i t e r l i n e . S i m u l ta n e o u s ly , an e l e c t r i c t i m e r i s s t a r t e d
and t h e b y p a ss v a lv e i s s w itc h e d d i r e c t i n g F re o n -1 1 c o n
d e n s a t e i n t o t h e m e a s u rin g b u lb . The h y d r o c a rb o n flo w may
13
now be s t a r t e d up fro m t h e b o tto m o f t h e h y d ro c a rb o n
m e a s u rin g b u lb and a s to p - w a tc h i s s t a r t e d a s t h e m e n isc u s
p a s s e s by t h e z e r o m i l l i l i t e r m ark. W h ile t h e m e a s u rin g
b u lb s a r e f i l l i n g , t h e o p e r a t o r c a n c h e c k t h e r e c o r d on a
d a t a s h e e t t h e m i l l i v o l t r e a d i n g s f o r t h e f i v e th e rm o
c o u p le s m e a s u rin g t h e h y d ro c a r b o n i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e . Then
a s t h e h y d r o c a r b o n m e n isc u s p a s s e s by t h e 140 m i l l i l i t e r
m ark t h e w a tc h i s s to p p e d , and t h e b y p a ss v a lv e i s s w itc h e d
a llo w in g t h e h y d ro c a rb o n t o d r a i n fro m i t s m e a s u rin g b u lb .
H y d ro c a rb o n volum e and tim e f o r c o l l e c t i o n , a p p r o x im a te ly
120 s e c o n d s , a r e re c o r d e d w h ile w a i t i n g f o r t h e F re o n -1 1
m e a s u rin g b u lb t o f i l l . The F re o n -1 1 t i m e r i s s to p p e d
s im u lta n e o u s w i t h s w it c h in g t h e b y p a s s v a l v e t o s t o p flo w
i n t o t h e m e a s u rin g b u lb when a p p r o x im a te ly 300 m i l l i l i t e r s
h a s been c o l l e c t e d . W hile t h e w a l l s o f t h e b u lb d r a i n ,
t h e tim e f o r c o l l e c t i o n o f F re o n -1 1 i s r e c o r d e d , a p p r o x i
m a te ly 100 t o 350 s e c o n d s ; th e n t h e volum e i s re a d and
r e c o r d e d . The d r a i n v a lv e a t t h e b o tto m o f t h e m e a s u rin g
b u lb i s opened a ll o w i n g t h e c o l l e c t e d F re o n -1 1 t o r e t u r n
t o t h e s y s te m . A few m in u te s m ust be a llo w e d b etw een
m ea su re m e n ts f o r t h e e f f e c t o f r e t u r n i n g t h e 300 m i l l i
l i t e r s o f F re o n -1 1 t o t h e s y s te m t o l i n e o u t . The a v e r a g e
tim e b e tw ee n m ea su re m e n ts i s s e v e n t o e i g h t m in u te s w h ich
w ith an a v e r a g e o f f o u r m in u te s f o r a m e a su re m e n t, t o t a l s
a p p r o x im a te ly tw e lv e m in u te s f o r t h e a v e r a g e m e a su re m e n t.
A ll o f t h e m ea su re m e n ts a t a s p e c i f i c t e m p e r a t u r e and
14
p r e s s u r e a r e made in d u p l i c a t e , and when t h e s e do n o t
a g r e e , t r i p l e s e t s o f m ea su re m e n ts a r e m ade. A f t e r t h e
u s u a l d u p l i c a t e ru n s a r e o b t a i n e d , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s
ch an g ed t e n t o f i f t y d e g r e e s and t h e s y s te m i s a llo w e d t o
a t t a i n s t e a d y - s t a t e , a p e r i o d o f f i v e t o t e n m in u te s as
i n d i c a t e d by a H o n ey w ell t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e r . T h i r t y t o
f o r t y m in u te s m ust be a llo w e d f o r s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s
f o l l o w i n g a c h a n g e in p r e s s u r e l e v e l .
The a p p a r a t u s m ust be s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s h u t down when
i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o ch an g e t o a d i f f e r e n t m i x t u r e . The
f i r s t m e a su re t o be ta k e n i s t o t u r n o f f t h e h y d r o c a rb o n
h e a t e r and F re o n -1 1 o u t e r c a n j a c k e t h e a t e r s . Ten t o
tw e n ty m in u te s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c i r c u l a t i n g h y d r o c a r
bon t o c o o l down t o 7 5 ° F . T h is s t a t e c a n be n o te d by
c e s s a t i o n o f F re o n -1 1 c o n d e n s a te flo w th r o u g h t h e g l a s s
m e a s u rin g b u l b . H y d ro c a rb o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s t o a b o u t
100°F when t h e pump i s s h u t o f f , and t h r e e t o f o u r h o u r s
a r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a p p a r a t u s t o c o o l b a c k t o 7 5 ° F w h ic h
i s a g a in n o te d by c e s s a t i o n o f F re o n -1 1 f lo w . The o p e r a t o r
m ust k e e p t r a c k o f t h e p r o g r e s s d u r i n g t h i s c o o l i n g p e r i o d
a s t h e F re o n -1 1 l i n e h e a t e r n e e d s t o be s h u t o f f b e f o r e i t
r e a c h e s 1 7 5 °F , t h e h e a t e r b u r n - o u t t e m p e r a t u r e . I f t h e
l a s t s e r i e s o f m e a su re m e n ts w e re ta k e n a t a h i g h p r e s s u r e
l e v e l , t h i s m ust now be r e d u c e d . F i r s t t h e H e is e g au g e
i s b lo c k e d in t o p r e v e n t damage t o i t s m echanism . The
p r e s s u r e may th e n be lo w e re d im m e d ia te ly t o a tm o s p h e r ic
15
w ith t h e APCO b a c k p r e s s u r e v a l v e s . The p r e s s u r e d h e liu m
pad on t h e H e is e g a u g e i s a llo w e d t o e s c a p e th r o u g h t h e
H e is e v e n t . The h y d ro c a rb o n may be l e f t in t h e a p p a r a t u s
a t t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s i f i t i s n o t t o be ch an g ed im m e d ia te ly .
When a new h y d r o c a r b o n m ix tu r e i s t o be c h a r g e d , t h e o ld
h y d r o c a r b o n i s p r e s s u r e d o u t by t h e h e liu m a tm o s p h e re a t
d r a i n p o i n t s a t t h e s u r g e t a n k , t h e m ix in g pump, and t h e
lo w e s t p o i n t in t h e h y d r o c a rb o n s y s te m . T e c h n ic a l g r a d e
p e n ta n e i s c i r c u l a t e d th r o u g h t h e h y d r o c a r b o n s y s te m to
f l u s h o u t any re m a in in g h y d r o c a r b o n and th e n d r a i n e d in
t h e same m anner as a b o v e . T h is f l u s h i n g and d r a i n i n g i s
r e p e a t e d , and a h ig h vacuum i s p u t on t h e s y s te m f o r an
h o u r minimum. A t e c h n i c a l g r a d e o f t h e new h y d ro c a rb o n i s
c i r c u l a t e d th r o u g h t h e e n t i r e h y d r o c a r b o n s y s te m and
d r a i n e d im m e d ia te ly b e f o r e a d d i t i o n o f t h e " p u re g r a d e "
h y d r o c a r b o n .
1 6
C a l i b r a t i o n
A new ly d e s ig n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d r e s e a r c h a p p a r a t u s
m ust be m e t i c u l o u s l y c a l i b r a t e d i f c o r r e c t p e rf o rm a n c e and
a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s a r e e x p e c te d . S ix m onths w ere s p e n t
l e a r n i n g , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , e v a l u a t i n g , and c o r r e c t i n g t h e
d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n a l p a r a m e te r s o f -the a p p a r a t u s .
A lth o u g h t h e c o n c e p t and d e s i g n o f t h e flo w c a l o r i m e t e r
a r e b a s i c a l l y s im p le , c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n m ust be g iv e n
t o d e t a i l s . The f o l lo w in g d i s c u s s i o n on t h e s t e p s ta k e n
in c a l i b r a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r i s e x t e n
s i v e and th o ro u g h t o i n s t i l l c o n f id e n c e in t h e v a l i d i t y o f
t h e r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s o f t h i s p r o j e c t .
P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n was g iv e n to t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s
and l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s e x p e r ie n c e d by N e lso n and Holcomb (1 3 )
and L e n o ir ( 9 ,1 0 ) w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l a p p a r a t u s d e s i g n . The
f o l lo w in g p r e l i m i n a r y p r e c a u t i o n s w ere ta k e n in t h e d e s i g n
and a sse m b ly o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r .
A n t i c i p a t i n g d i f f i c u l t y in d e te r m i n i n g t h e i n l e t
h y d ro c a rb o n t e m p e r a t u r e , a r e d e s i g n o f t h e h y d r o c a rb o n
i n l e t a sse m b ly was m ade. W ith t h e e a r l i e r d e s i g n , w h ich
r e q u i r e s v e r t i c a l e n t r y o f h y d r o c a r b o n , L e n o i r foun d (9 )
t h a t t h e m easu red e n th a lp y was a f u n c t i o n o f t h e F re o n -1 1
l i q u i d l e v e l w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e p o i n t w h ere h y d ro c a rb o n
i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e was m e a s u re d . F u r t h e r u n c e r t a i n t y was
i n tr o d u c e d s i n c e t h e F re o n l e v e l d ro p p e d a s v a p o r b o i l e d
o f f d u r i n g a m e a su re m e n t. As a r e s u l t , t h e F re o n l i q u i d
17
l e v e l had t o be c a r e f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h e same d i s t a n c e
fro m t h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e th e rm o c o u p le p r i o r t o e ac h
m e a su re m e n t. The new d e s i g n u t i l i z e s a s i d e e n t r a n c e o f
t h e h y d r o c a r b o n w i t h i n a w e l l i n s u l a t e d h o u s in g subm erged
below t h e F re o n l i q u i d l e v e l . The h y d ro c a rb o n p a s s e s o v e r
a b u n d le o f s e v e n th e rm o c o u p le s s t a g g e r e d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y
b e tw e e n t h e h e a t e r and F re o n b a th t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i n l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e . The a b s e n c e o f an e r r o r t r e n d w ith
i n c r e a s i n g h y d ro c a rb o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s t h e m e a su re s
ta k e n t o i n s u l a t e t h e h e a t e r and th e rm o c o u p le s fro m t h e
F re o n b a th t o be q u i t e s u c c e s s f u l .
The N e ls o n and Holcomb a p p a r a t u s u se d e v a c u a te d
w e ig h in g bombs t o c o l l e c t t h e F re o n -1 1 v a p o r and h y d r o c a r
bon in d e te r m i n i n g t h e r e l a t i v e am ount o f e n t h a l p y t r a n s
f e r r e d . A lth o u g h t h i s m ethod may be q u i t e a c c u r a t e , i t i s
t e d i o u s and tim e c o n su m in g . The r e d e s ig n e d a p p a r a t u s f o r
t h i s p r o j e c t u s e s v o l u m e t r i c a l l y c a l i b r a t e d , g l a s s ,
m e a s u rin g b u lb s t o d e te r m in e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g flo w r a t e s
o f F re o n -1 1 and h y d ro c a rb o n a t s t e a d y - s t a t e o p e r a t i o n o f
t h e c a l o r i m e t e r . W ith t h i s l e s s l a b o r i o u s m eth o d , a much
g r e a t e r r a t e o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n i s a c h ie v e d w i t h no a p p r e
c i a b l e l o s s in a c c u r a c y . F u r t h e r p r e c a u t i o n s in d e s i g n
w ere c o n c e rn e d w ith a d e q u a te c a p a c i t y o f t h e h e a t e r s , c o n
d e n s e r s , and c o n n e c ti n g l i n e s a s w e l l a s w i t h p r o p e r m a te
r i a l s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n : e s s e n t i a l l y a l l s t a i n l e s s s t e e l f o r
t h e h y d ro c a r b o n and F re o n -1 1 s y s te m s , c o p p e r t u b i n g f o r
18
F r e o n - 1 3 B - l and vacuum l i n e s .
Once t h e c a l o r i m e t e r was a s s e m b le d , t h e c a l i b r a t i o n ,
f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n , and e v a l u a t i o n b e g a n . N -p e n ta n e was
s e l e c t e d a s t h e c a l i b r a t i n g f l u i d s i n c e i t s p h y s i c a l p r o
p e r t i e s ( 1 1 , 1 5 , 1 6 ) , e n t h a lp y ( 1 4 ) , and l a t e n t h e a t s o f
v a p o r i z a t i o n ( 6 , 8 , 1 1 ) h a v e been a c c u r a t e l y d e te r m i n e d .
The f i r s t m ea su re m e n ts e s t a b l i s h e d f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h o p e r
a t i n g t h e c a l o r i m e t e r . The d a t a ta k e n fro m t h e s e m e a s u re
m ents w ere u se d t o r e v e a l a r e a s t h a t w ould need im p ro v e
m ent and i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e r e d e s ig n e d s e c
t i o n s o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r . The f i r s t m a t t e r i n v e s t i g a t e d
was t h a t o f t h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e .
A s e r i e s o f two p h a s e m e a su re m e n ts in c o n j u n c t i o n
w i t h t h e s u b c o o le d l i q u i d and s u p e r h e a te d v a p o r r e g i o n s
was a n a ly z e d to d e te r m in e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
p r o f i l e . A g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e in t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r e a d i n g s
fro m t h e th e rm o c o u p le n e a r e s t t h e h e a t e r t o t h a t n e a r e s t
t h e F re o n was e x p e c te d . H ow ever, t h i s was n o t t h e c a s e a t
a l l . In d e e d , a s t e a d y d e c r e a s e in t h e r e a d i n g s was n o t
r e a l i z e d ; and a lt h o u g h t h e y f l u c t u a t e d e r r a t i c a l l y , t h e
p a t t e r n was s i m i l a r in a l l c a s e s . The th e rm o c o u p le r e a d i n g
n e a r e s t t h e h e a t e r was c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h e s t a s p r e d i c t e d .
The f o l l o w i n g , h o w e v e r, was c o n s i s t e n t l y t h e lo w e s t r e a d
in g , and t h e f o l lo w in g two p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s e d . The
l a s t th e rm o c o u p le d ro p p e d s l i g h t l y , p re s u m a b ly due t o t h e
I n f l u e n c e o f t h e c o ld F re o n t o w h ic h i t was c l o s e s t . The
19
t e m p e r a t u r e s p r e a d was l e a s t f o r s u b c o o le d l i q u i d r e g i o n s
and g r e a t e s t n e a r t h e s a t u r a t e d v a p o r p o i n t . S in c e t h e
r a n g e o f f o u r t o t e n F a h r e n h e i t d e g r e e s and e r r a t i c b e
h a v i o r c o u ld n o t be e x p la in e d by c o n d u c tio n h e a t t r a n s f e r
fro m t h e warm h e a t e r a t on e end and t o t h e c o o l F re o n a t
t h e o t h e r , an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e h y d ro c a rb o n flo w i n t h i s
a r e a was m ade. The r e s u l t s seem ed t o i n d i c a t e two p h e n o
mena o c c u r i n g in t h e h y d ro c a r b o n i n l e t . As s m a ll a s t h e
a n n u l a r flo w a r e a a b o u t t h e h e a t i n g e le m e n t seem ed t o b e ,
i t was p o s s i b l e f o r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e h y d r o c a rb o n flo w
t o o c c u r . S e p a r a t i o n o f v a p o r and l i q u i d in t h e two p h a s e
r e g i o n seem ed t o be t h e c a u s e o f t h e e x c e s s i v e te m p e r a t u r e
s p r e a d . R e y n o ld s num bers c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h i s s e c t i o n o f
flo w te n d e d t o be in t h e low t u r b u l e n t o r t r a n s i t i o n r e g io n .
F o r e x a m p le , a R e y n o ld s num ber o f 2440 was c a l c u l a t e d f o r
flo w in t h e h e a t e r , 7000 a c r o s s t h e th e rm o c o u p le tu b e w ith
s i x c o u p l e s , and 8540 w i t h f o u r th e rm o c o u p le s p r e s e n t . A
m ix in g d e v ic e su c h a s a s c r e e n p o s s i b l y s h o u ld h a v e b e e n
p la c e d i n t h e flo w p a t h f o l lo w in g t h e h e a t e r t o a s s u r e
t u r b u l e n c e .
The se co n d phenom ena c o n c e r n s t h e a rr a n g e m e n t o f th e
th e rm o c o u p le b u n d le . E ach o f t h e th e rm o c o u p le l e a d s e x te n d
i n t o t h e h y d ro c a rb o n flo w tu b e d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s so t h a t
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i n g j u n c t i o n s a r e s t a g g e r e d l o n g i t u d i
n a l l y b etw een t h e h e a t e r and t h e F re o n -1 1 b a t h . Thus t h e
h y d ro c a r b o n flo w from t h e h e a t e r e n c o u n t e r s f i r s t a s e v e n
20
th e rm o c o u p le b u n d le , th e n s i x , f i v e , f o u r , t h r e e , tw o , and
one im m e d ia te ly b e f o r e e n t e r i n g t h e F re o n -1 1 l i q u i d . The
c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f flo w i n c r e a s e s , and t h e r e s i s t a n c e
t o m ix in g o f c h a n n e le d flo w d e c r e a s e s . As e x p e r i m e n t a l
r e s u l t s seem t o v e r i f y , t h i s e f f e c t w ould n o t be a p p r e
c i a b l e f o r t o t a l l i q u i d o r v a p o r f lo w , b u t w ould h a v e a
p ro fo u n d e f f e c t i n t h e two p h a s e r e g i o n w h ere s t r a t i f i c a
t i o n in t h e h e a t e r w ould p ro d u c e a s u p e r h e a te d v a p o r and
s u b c o o le d l i q u i d . The f i r s t th e rm o c o u p le n e a r e s t t h e
h e a t e r and a t t h e to p o f t h e b u n d le may re a d t h e v a p o r
t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e n a llo w t h e m ain flo w t o c h a n n e l in t h e
v o id s p a c e f o l l o w i n g i t . The seco n d c o u p le on t h e o p p o s i t e
s i d e w ould re a d t h e s e m i - s t a g n a n t , s u b c o o le d l i q u i d , p r o b
a b ly t h e c a u s e o f i t s low r e a d i n g . The s u c c e e d in g th e rm o
c o u p le s may i n d i c a t e l e s s e x tre m e t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n
s i n c e l a t e r a l m ix in g i s p o s s i b l e t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t . The
l a s t th e rm o c o u p le r e a d s low p re s u m a b ly du e t o c o n d u c tio n
h e a t t r a n s f e r down t h e tu b e w a l l t o t h e c o o l F re o n .
W ith t h e s e p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s t o t h e p r o b l e m a t i c
i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n was
g iv e n t o t h e f o r m a tio n o f a r e p la c e m e n t th e rm o c o u p le
b u n d le . The p r e s e n t b u n d le h a s t h e same num ber o f th e rm o
c o u p le s a g a i n in h e x a g o n a l c l o s e p a c k in g w ith s i x c o u p le s
s u r r o u n d in g on e in t h e c e n t e r . The l e n g t h and p o s i t i o n a t
w h ich e a c h c o u p le en d s was c h a n g e d . The f i r s t c o u p le ,
12 5 /8 in c h e s fro m t h e F r e o n , n e a r e s t t h e h e a t e r , r e a d s
21
t h e h i g h e s t t e m p e r a t u r e a s e x p e c te d . The n e x t , 10 3 /8
in c h e s fro m P r e o n , r e a d s a b i t lo w e r . The l a s t t h r e e ,
8 1/ 8 , 7 1/ 2 , and 6 1 /2 in c h e s fro m P r e o n , re a d e s s e n t i a l l y
. t h e sam e. The c o u p le c l o s e s t t o t h e F re o n may re a d s l i g h t
l y lo w e r a lt h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s n o t w i t h i n t h e s i g n i
f i c a n c e o f m easu rem en t a c c u r a c y . The i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e
was ta k e n a s an a v e r a g e o f t h e l a s t t h r e e th e rm o c o u p le
r e a d i n g s e x c e p t in c a s e s w h ere on e o f t h e t h r e e was s i g n i
f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t , in w h ich c a s e t h e two c l o s e s t r e a d i n g s
w e re a v e r a g e d . T h is v a r i a n c e o c c u re d o n ly n e a r t h e s a t u
r a t e d v a p o r p o i n t p r o b a b ly fro m c o n t a c t w ith s u p e r h e a te d
v a p o r o r s u b c o o le d l i q u i d . T h is m ethod h a s g iv e n v e ry
s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .
T a b le 1 shows r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sa m p le s o f t h e i n l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s . The d i s t a n c e s a r e fro m t h e s e n s i t i v e
end o f t h e th e rm o c o u p le t o t h e p o i n t w h ere t h e h y d ro c a r b o n
e n t e r s t h e F re o n -1 1 l i q u i d . A c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n b e tw ee n
t h e i n n e r and o u t e r F re o n -1 1 c o n t a i n e r s l i e s a t a p o i n t
7 in c h e s fro m t h e l i q u i d F r e o n . An a v e r a g e o f t h e th e rm o
c o u p le r e a d i n g s a t t h e p o s i t i o n s 6 1/ 2 , 7 1/ 2 , and 8 1 /8
in c h e s fro m t h e F re o n was c o n s i d e r e d t h e t r u e h y d r o c a r b o n
t e m p e r a t u r e .
22
TABLE 1
I n l e t T e m p e ra tu re P r o f i l e
DISTANCE PROM PREON - TEMPERATURE PROPILES (° P )
( i n c h e s ) 1 2 3 4 5
12 5 /8
6 9 7 .3 6 0 6 .0 4 2 1 .6
3 6 1 .9
2 0 2 . 5
10 3 /8
6 9 5 .7 6 0 3 .9
4 2 1 .1 3 6 1 .6 2 0 2 .7
8 1 /8
6 9 0 .9 5 9 8 .7
4 1 7 .4
3 5 8 .9
2 0 1 .1
7 1 /2
6 9 0 .6 5 9 9 .4
4 1 8 .7
3 5 9 .4
2 0 1 .7
6 1 /2 6 9 0 .0
5 9 8 .9 4 1 8 .7 3 5 9 .4 2 0 1 .6
I t may now be a p p r o p r i a t e t o d i s c u s s t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
o f t h e th e r m o c o u p le s . C a l i b r a t i o n s w ere s u p p l i e d by t h e
m a n u f a c tu r e r w ith t h e th e r m o c o u p le s . H ow ever, upon d i s
c o v e r y o f an e r r o r o f unknown o r i g i n in t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s ,
a l l t h e e q u ip m e n t was r e c a l i b r a t e d . The th e rm o c o u p le s
w e re c a r e f u l l y c a l i b r a t e d u s i n g a l a r g e alum inum b lo c k
w i t h p l a t i n u m r e s i s t e n c e th e rm o m e te r f o r c o m p a ris o n . T h is
m ethod h a s p r e v i o u s l y b een found t o g i v e a c c u r a t e c a l i b r a
t i o n . The f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f s o l i d b e n z o ic a c i d , 2 5 2 . 2 ° P ,
was u se d a s t h e f i x e d p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e . The c h ro m e l-
c o n s t a n t a n th e r m o c o u p le s d e v e lo p a p p r o x im a te ly 0 .0 4 m i l l i
v o l t s p e r d e g r e e F a h r e n h e i t and w ith t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r
r e a d i n g s w i t h i n 0 .0 1 0 m i l l i v o l t s , t h e e s t im a t e d p r e c i s i o n
in t e m p e r a t u r e r e a d i n g s i s w i t h i n 1 / 4 o f a d e g r e e . Con
s i d e r i n g a l l v a r i a t i o n s and f l u c t u a t i o n s i n h e r e n t w i t h t h e
i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e m easu rem en t s y s te m , an u n c e r t a i n t y o f
23
1°F i s p r o b a b ly m ore r e a l i s t i c . Even s o , t h e te m p e r a t u r e
m ea su re m e n ts a r e re c o r d e d to 0 .1 F a h r e n h e i t d e g r e e .
F u r t h e r c a l i b r a t i o n h a s b e en made on t h e v a r i a b l e s
a f f e c t i n g flo w r a t e m e a su re m e n t. The v o l u m e t r i c m e a s u rin g
tu b e s w e re c a l i b r a t e d when m ade, b u t w ere c h e c k e d f o r
a c c u ra c y and fo u n d t o g i v e r e s u l t s w i t h i n a t l e a s t 0 .3
p e r c e n t . The s to p w a tc h , m a n u fa c tu re d by H e u e r, and t h e
e l e c t r i c t i m e r , made by P r e c i s i o n S c i e n t i f i c Company, w ere
c h ec k ed a g a i n s t an e l e c t r i c w a l l c l o c k and o v e r a t h r e e
h o u r p e r i o d , com pared w i t h i n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . A l l e l e c t r i c a l
e q u ip m e n t in t h e a p p a r a t u s i s s u p p l i e d th r o u g h a v o l t a g e
r e g u l a t o r t o a s s u r e c o n s i s t e n t p e r f o r m a n c e .
The pum ping r a t e s o f t h e h y d ro c a rb o n a r e f a i r l y c o n
s i s t e n t fro m t h e p l u n g e r pump. The r a t e s w ere m easured
v o l u m e t r i e a l l y f o r e a c h ru n h o w e v e r, and fou n d t o h a v e
enough v a r i a t i o n t o j u s t i f y t h e e x t r a e f f o r t . As an
e x am p le , w ith a s e r i e s o f tw e n ty m e a su re m e n ts made a t
400 p s i , t h e flo w r a t e s v a r i e d fro m 1.1 2 1 t o 1 .1 4 3
c m ^ / s e c ., a v e r a g i n g 1.1 3 2 c m 3 / s e c ., w h ich i n d i c a t e s a p p ro x
im a t e l y o n e p e r c e n t v a r i a t i o n . The pum ping r a t e d e c r e a s e s
s l i g h t l y w i t h i n c r e a s e d p r e s s u r e in a d d i t i o n t o t h e f l u c
t u a t i o n s .
The F re o n -1 1 flo w r a t e s a r e g o v e rn e d by t h e am ount o f
e n t h a lp y r e c e i v e d . Much a t t e n t i o n was g iv e n t o l i n e s i z i n g
s i n c e t h e flo w i s by g r a v i t y . The o r i g i n a l 1 /2 in c h
d i a m e t e r t u b i n g in t h e c o n d e n s e r g a v e i n a d e q u a te c a p a c i t y
24
and had t o be i n c r e a s e d t o a 7 / 8 in c h d i a m e t e r l i n e .
A t t e n t i o n was a l s o g iv e n t o t h e m e c h a n ic s o f t h e P re o n
m e a s u rin g b u lb - b y p a s s s w i t c h i n g v a lv e when t h e b i a s e r r o r
in t h e p r e l i m i n a r y m e a su re m e n ts was d i s c o v e r e d . Two i n
c o n s i s t e n c i e s seem ed p o s s i b l e . When t h e v a lv e was s w itc h e d
t o b y p a ss t h e m e a s u rin g b u lb w h ile e x c e s s P re o n was d r a in e d
t o t h e z e r o l i n e , a s l i g h t vacuum was draw n w i t h i n t h e
c lo s e d b u l b . T h is vacuum w ould h a v e a te n d e n c y t o su c k a
s m a ll s l u g o f F re o n l i q u i d b a c k fro m t h e b y p a s s l i n e when
t h e v a lv e was o pen ed a t t h e s t a r t o f a m e a su re m e n t.
S e c o n d ly , t h e flo w o f F re o n c o n d e n s a te i n t o t h e m e a s u rin g
b u lb w ould a l s o Jbend t o draw l i q u i d fro m t h e b y p a s s l i n e
b a c k i n t o t h e b u l b . B o th s i t u a t i o n s r e s u l t i n e x t r a F re o n
l i q u i d b e in g c o l l e c t e d and t h u s i n d i c a t i n g a g r e a t e r e n
t h a l p y c h a n g e th a n t h a t w h ic h a c t u a l l y o c c u r e d , w h ich was
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e e r r o r . A s o l u t i o n t o t h e p ro b le m was t o
i n s t a l l v e n t l i n e s fro m t h e m e a s u rin g b u l b , b y p a s s l i n e ,
and l i q u i d s e a l lo o p ab o v e t h e v a lv e t o t h e e x h a u s t end o f
t h e F re o n -1 1 c o n d e n s e r . A lth o u g h t h e s e a d d i t i o n s d id n o t
e l i m i n a t e t h e b i a s in t h e m easu red r e s u l t s , t h e y d id e lim
i n a t e an e r r o r t r e n d in t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u re m e n ts .
T h ro u g h o u t t h e p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n s on c a l i b r a t i o n ,
r e f e r e n c e was made t o a b i a s in t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s . T h is
b i a s was o f a m u l t i p l i c a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n a d d i t i v e n a t u r e
and g a v e r e s u l t s t h a t w ere c o n s i s t e n t l y a b o u t 2 - 3^ h i g h e r
th a n l i t e r a t u r e ( 8 ,1 4 ) v a lu e s o f p e n ta n e e n t h a l p y . When
25
a l l t h e a fo r e m e n tio n e d m e a su re s f a i l e d t o e l i m i n a t e t h e
e r r o r , a t t e n t i o n was tu r n e d t o t h e p u r i t y o f t h e F re o n -1 1
and p e n t a n e , t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s u s e d in t h e c a l c u l a
t i o n , and t h e ty p e o f h y d r o c a r b o n b e in g m e a s u re d . I h e
h y d r o c a r b o n s , o b t a i n e d fro m P h i l l i p s P e tr o le u m , a r e " p u r e
g r a d e , " 9 9 . 0 - 9 9 .5 p e r c e n t p u r e , and u s e d a s r e c e i v e d w ith
no f u r t h e r s t e p s in p u r i f i c a t i o n t a k e n . E x a m in a tio n o f
t h e p e n ta n e by r e f r a c t i v e in d e x and c h ro m a to g ra p h s c a n
showed a t r a c e o f is o p e n ta n e i m p u r i t y , and a c h ro m a to g ra p h
s c a n o f t h e F re o n -1 1 showed no i d e n t i f i a b l e i m p u r i t y .
C o n v in ced t h a t t h e f l u i d s w e re p u r e , t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r
t i e s o f F re o n -1 1 ( 2 , 5 ) and p e n ta n e ( 1 5 ,1 6 ) u s e d t o e v a l u a t e
t h e e n t h a l p y w e re c h ec k ed and fo u n d t o be c o r r e c t . F i n a l l y
i t was d e c id e d t o make m e a su re m e n ts on o t h e r f l u i d s t o s e e
i f t h e e r r o r p e r s i s t e d and a t t h e same r a t e .
O c tan e was f i r s t r u n , and t h e d a t a com pared w ith t h o s e
in t h e B rau n d a t a book ( 3 , 4 , 1 2 ) . A lth o u g h t h e s e l i t e r a t u r e
v a lu e s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d a c c u r a t e in t h e h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e
and c r i t i c a l r e g i o n s , t h e low t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a was s u f f i
c i e n t t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a b i a s was s t i l l p r e s e n t . Then
d i s t i l l e d w a t e r , b e in g t h e m ost w e l l known f l u i d , was r u n .
The e x p e r i m e n t a l m ea su re m e n ts w e re com pared w i t h t h e
l i t e r a t u r e ( 7 ) , and t h e 2 - 3 ^ b i a s was r e t a i n e d . T h is
w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t r o u b l e l i e s in t h e a p p a r a t u s
r a t h e r t h a n t h e f l u i d s b e in g m e a s u re d .
A s e r i e s o f m e a su re m e n ts a t t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e and
2 6
p r e s s u r e w ere made on t h e p e n ta n e w i t h d i f f e r e n t m i l l i v o l t
s e t t i n g s f o r t h e c a l o r i m e t e r o u t e r c a n j a c k e t h e a t e r . A
s e t t i n g o f z e r o , no h e a t i n p u t , p ro d u c e d d a t a t h a t was
lo w e r th a n t h e l i t e r a t u r e v a l u e s , w h ile a s e t t i n g o f 4
m i l l i v o l t s g a v e r e a d i n g s to o h i g h in e n t h a l p y v a l u e . A
p l o t was p r e p a r e d o f t h e r a t i o o f m easu red e n t h a l p y t o t h e
l i t e r a t u r e v a lu e v e r s u s m i l l i v o l t s e t t i n g f o r s e v e r a l d a t a
p o i n t s a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e l e v e l s . T h is
e s t a b l i s h e d t h e c o r r e c t j a c k e t h e a t e r s e t t i n g w i t h t h e
r e s u l t t h a t t h e new d a t a on p e n ta n e was fo u n d t o h a v e
n e g l i g i b l e b i a s e r r o r . A p p a r e n tly , h e a t fro m t h e j a c k e t
h e a t e r c o u ld n o t be rem oved r a p i d l y enough by t h e b o i l i n g
F re o n in t h e o u t e r c an and was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e i n n e r
c h a m b e r. T h is h e a t v a p o r iz e d t h e F re o n in t h e i n n e r can
a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e . T h is e x c e s s F re o n v a p o r r e p r e s e n t e d
h e a t t h a t was n o t t r a n s f e r r e d fro m t h e h y d r o c a r b o n and th u s
i n d i c a t e d e n t h a lp y v a lu e s h i g h e r th a n a c t u a l .
The f i n a l s t e p p r i o r t o c o l l e c t i o n o f o r i g i n a l d a t a
was to d e te r m in e t h e maximum t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s o v e r w h ich
m ea su re m e n ts c o u ld be s a f e l y made w i t h o u t c r a c k i n g o f t h e
h y d r o c a r b o n . 'The i n l e t was d e s ig n e d so t h a t t h e h y d r o c a r
bon w ould be a t i t s maximum t e m p e r a t u r e f o r o n ly a s h o r t
tim e and d i s t a n c e . T h is d i s t a n c e o f a p p r o x im a te ly 18
in c h e s b e tw ee n t h e h e a t e r and t h e F re o n i s c o v e re d in a b o u t
0 .3 se c o n d s when t h e h y d ro c a rb o n i s a t 7 0 0 °F and 200 p s i a .
P e n ta n e h a s b e en s u c c e s s f u l l y m easu red a t 7 0 0 ° F f o r two
27
h o u r s sh ow ing o n ly 0 .1 p e r c e n t o l e f i n i c c o n t e n t . The
th e rm o c o u p le b u n d le showed a s l i g h t c a rb o n a c e o u s r e s i d u e
on re m o v a l a f t e r s e v e r a l m onths o f o p e r a t i o n . O c tan e h a s
b e en m easu red u p t o 6 0 0 °F w i t h o u t s i g n o f c r a c k i n g .
I t may be i n f o r m a t i v e t o p o i n t o u t a r e a s w h ere im
p ro v e m e n ts on o u r d e s i g n may be c o n s i d e r e d . Even w ith th e
e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n g iv e n in t h i s p r o j e c t t o t h e e s
t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e h y d ro c a rb o n i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e , t h i s
s t i l l re m a in s on e o f t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s in d e te r m i n i n g
t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e c a l o r i m e t e r m e a s u re m e n ts . T h is p r o
blem i s l a r g e l y c o m p lic a te d by t h e m ethod o f h e a t i n g t h e
h y d r o c a r b o n t o t h e d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e , w h ic h , in o u r c a s e
seem s t o c a u s e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n . M en tio n h a s b e en made o f
u s i n g two h e a t e r s : o n e t o b r i n g t h e h y d r o c a r b o n up to
w i t h i n a few d e g r e e s o f t h e d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e and on e to
a c c u r a t e l y f i n i s h t h e h e a t i n g . T h is a n d / o r a d e v ic e f o r
e f f e c t i v e l y m ix in g t h e h y d r o c a r b o n p r i o r t o t e m p e r a t u r e
m easu rem en t may be o n e s o l u t i o n . T ho ught h a s a l s o b e en
g iv e n t o o p e r a t i n g t h e a p p a r a t u s a t v a r i a b l e h y d ro c a rb o n
flo w r a t e s so t h a t t h e F re o n -1 1 flo w i s c o n s t a n t . T h is
v a r i a t i o n w ould show w h e th e r t h e m e a su re m e n ts a r e d e p e n
d e n t on t h e F re o n r a t e and i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
t h e m e a s u re s t a k e n t o v e n t t h e F re o n m e a s u rin g b u lb and
b y p a ss l i n e .
2 8
THEORY and CALCULATION o f ENTHALPY
B ackground T h eo ry
E n th a lp y i s d e f i n e d (2 0 ) a s t h e sum o f t h e i n t e r n a l
e n e rg y and e n e rg y due t o v o l u m e t r i c e x p a n s io n c a p a b i l i t y :
A lth o u g h e n t h a l p y may be c o n s i d e r e d in t h e o r y a s an a b s o
l u t e v a lu e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e am ount o f t h i s e n e rg y r e l a t i v e
to a b a s e t e m p e r a t u r e o f 0°R , a b a s e o r z e r o e n t h a l p y c o n
d i t i o n a t some c o n v e n ie n t t e m p e r a t u r e , p r e s s u r e , and s t a t e
i s fou n d m ore r e a s o n a b l e , and a d i f f e r e n c e , m ore u s e f u l
th a n t h e q u a n t i t y . The c h an g e in e n t h a l p y w i t h te m p e r a
t u r e and p r e s s u r e i s d e s c r i b e d in t o t a l d i f f e r e n t i a l fo rm
by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :
e n t h a l p y may be e x p re s s e d in te rm s o f h e a t c a p a c i t y f o r a
m a t e r i a l w i t h o u t p h a s e c h an g e and a t f jbced p r e s s u r e by t h e
e q u a t i o n :
The ch an g e in e n t h a l p y f o r r e a l g a s e s w i t h p r e s s u r e i s
g iv e n by:
H = E + PV
W ith h e a t c a p a c i t y d e f i n e d by t h e r e l a t i o n :
dH = C dT
hr
29
The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d and s a t u r a t e d
v a p o r d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s r e p r e s e n t s t h e l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r
i z a t i o n ; and a s c an be s e e n in F ig u r e 3 , t h i s v a lu e d e
c r e a s e s t o z e r o a t t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t w h ere l i q u i d and
v a p o r s t a t e s a r e i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e . The c h a n g e o f e n t h a l p y
w i t h p r e s s u r e i s v e ry s m a ll in t h e l i q u i d s t a t e , l a r g e r in
t h e g a s s t a t e , and q u i t e p ro n o u n c e d in t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n .
M ethods f o r p r e d i c t i n g e n t h a l p i e s a r e m ost i n a c c u r a t e
a ro u n d t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n .
The e n t h a l p y f o r m u ltic o m p o n e n t m ix tu r e s i s a sum o f
t h e f r a c t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n fro m e a c h c o m p o n e n t. T h is i s
s t r i c t l y t r u e , h o w e v e r, o n ly in t h e i d e a l g a s s t a t e .
I t i s , , t h e r e f o r e , n e c e s s a r y t o c o n v e r t fro m t h e i d e a l to
t h e r e a l g a s s t a t e . T h is i s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n
m ethod in t h e API D a ta Book (1 8 ) u se d f o r c o m p a ris o n in
T a b le 1 0 . D e v i a t io n fro m i d e a l i t y becom es g r e a t e r w ith
i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e and d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e w h ic h c a u s e
i n c r e a s e d d e n s i t y and i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e m o le c u l e s . T r a n
s i t i o n fro m l i q u i d t o v a p o r f o r m ix tu r e s d o e s n o t o c c u r a t
a c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e a s w i t h p u r e c o m p o n e n ts. S in c e t h e
m ore v o l a t i l e com ponent v a p o r i z e s m ore r e a d i l y , t h e l i q u i d
i s l e f t r i c h e r in t h e h e a v i e r com ponent and b o i l s a t a
h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e .
i
30
C a l c u l a t i o n fro m M easurem en ts
H ie e n t h a l p y c a l c u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e am ount o f
F re o n -1 1 v a p o r iz e d d i r e c t l y r e f l e c t s th e e n t h a l p y l o s t by
t h e h y d r o c a r b o n . The b a s i c c o m p u ta tio n o f t h e e n th a lp y
d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n t h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e te m p e ra
t u r e o f t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d F re o n i s g iv e n by t h e r e l a -
t i o n :
PF -1 1 aHF -1 1 ^HC vF - 11
AHHC * pHC t F - l l VHC
w h ere t h e s u b s c r i p t HC r e f e r s t o t h e h y d r o c a r b o n and F - l l
t o F r e o n - 1 1 , p _ t h e r e s p e c t i v e d e n s i t i e s , V t h e c o l l e c t e d
volum es o v e r a tim e o f t _ s e c o n d s , t h e l a t e n t h e a t
o f v a p o r i z a t i o n f o r t h e F re o n , and A % c t h e c a l c u l a t e d
e n t h a l p y c h a n g e o f t h e h y d r o c a r b o n .
The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d F re o n -1 1 i s
a c c u r a t e l y d e te r m in e d fro m t h e p r e v a i l i n g b a r o m e tr i c
p r e s s u r e in c o n j u n c t i o n w ith v a p o r p r e s s u r e d a t a ( 2 ) by
t h e e q u a t i o n :
t F-11 = 2 -7338 P + 2 2 .7 9 3
w h ere JP i s t h e b a r o m e tr i c p r e s s u r e in in c h e s o f . m e rc u ry , a s
re a d fro m a T a y l o r b a r o m e te r , and T i s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e in
d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t . T h is i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d t h e a c t u a l
o u t l e t h y d r o c a r b o n t e m p e r a t u r e fro m t h e c a l o r i m e t e r ev en
th o u g h a .th e r m o c o u p le r e a d i n g i s made in t h i s o u t l e t
s tr e a m . T h is t e m p e r a t u r e i s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e l a t e n t
h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n ( 2 , 5 ) f o r t h e F re o n by t h e r e l a t i o n :
31
AHF -1 1 = 7 8 ,4 1 ■ ° - o 8 75 ( T - 74)
w ith i n B t u / l b and T fro m t h e p r e v i o u s e q u a t i o n .
The d e n s i t y o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d F re o n -1 1 i s a l s o
c a l c u l a t e d a t t h i s te m p e r a t u r e by t h e r e l a t i o n :
PF -1 1 = 1*4794 - 0 .0 0 1 3 2 1 (T - 74)
w h ere p i s t h e d e n s i t y in gram s p e r c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r .
The h y d r o c a r b o n d e n s i t i e s w e re m ea su re d w ith a p y c n o m e te r
a t 7 5 ° F , and a l s o a t 65 and 85°F t o p e r m i t e v a l u a t i o n o f
(d V /S T ). F o r p u r e p e n ta n e :
Pp e n t = 3 8 .9 2 8 - 0 .0 3 4 2 (T - 73)
w ith T fro m above and p _ in p o u n d s p e r c u b ic f o o t .
The h y d ro c a rb o n v o lu m e , u s u a l l y 1 4 0 .0 m i l l i l i t e r s ,
and t h e tim e s f o r c o l l e c t i n g t h e F re o n -1 1 and h y d ro c a rb o n
a r e t a k e n d i r e c t l y fro m t h e d a t a s h e e t . The F re o n v o lu m e,
on t h e o t h e r h a n d , m ust be c o r r e c t e d f o r t h e am ount o f
v a p o r r e m a in in g in t h e c a l o r i m e t e r a s t h e F re o n l i q u i d
l e v e l d r o p s d u r i n g a m e a su re m e n t. T a k in g i n t o a c c o u n t
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e o u t e r and i n n e r c a l o r i m e t e r ch am b ers
a r e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d , f o r e v e ry volum e o f F re o n v a p o r r e
m oved, 0 .0 0 1 7 volum es re m a in t o f i l l t h e s p a c e l e f t by t h e
lo w e r l i q u i d l e v e l . A f a c t o r o f 1 .0 0 1 7 i s , t h e r e f o r e ,
m u l t i p l i e d tim e s t h e re c o r d e d F re o n v o lu m e . A rguem ent may
be g iv e n a s t o w h e th e r t h i s i s a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e c t i o n
s i n c e i f l e f t o u t i t w ould r e s u l t in m easu red e n t h a l p i e s
b e in g 0 .1 7 p e r c e n t to o lo w , w h ic h i s w i t h i n t h e m easu rem en t
32
a c c u r a c y . F o r t h e r e a s o n s t h a t i t c o u ld be s im p ly and
a c c u r a t e l y c a l c u l a t e d and t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s a b i a s r a t h e r
t h a n random e r r o r , t h e c o r r e c t i o n was r e t a i n e d .
A c o r r e c t i o n o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d h y d r o c a rb o n e n t h a l p y
t o t h e b a s e te m p e r a t u r e o f 7 5 °F m ust be made s i n c e t h e
F re o n -1 1 s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s fro m d a y t o
d a y w i t h t h e b a r o m e tr i c p r e s s u r e . The s l o p e o f t h e
e n t h a lp y o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d h y d r o c a r b o n v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e
c u rv e o v e r a ra n g e fro m 72 t o 7 8 °F i s m u l t i p l i e d by t h e
F re o n l i q u i d t e m p e r a t u r e a s d e te rm in e d fro m t h e b a r o m e tr i c
p r e s s u r e . T h is e n t h a l p y c o r r e c t i o n i s added t o o r s u b
t r a c t e d fro m , a s t h e c a s e i n d i c a t e s , t h e c a l c u l a t e d
e n t h a l p y . The c o r r e c t i o n was n o r m a lly l e s s t h a n 1 B t u / l b .
T h ese " a s m e a su re d " e n t h a l p y v a lu e s r e p r e s e n t t h e
c h a n g e in e n t h a lp y b etw een t h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e and 7 5 ° F
t o t a l l i q u i d a t t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e m e a s u re m e n ts . S in c e
t h e p r e s s u r e s a r e c h an g ed t h r o u g h o u t t h e p ro g ra m o f
m e a su re m e n t, t h i s b a s e e n t h a l p y i s n o t c o n s t a n t , and so
m ust be c o r r e c t e d f o r t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d
h y d r o c a r b o n a t 7 5 ° F . A th erm o d y n am ic a p p ro a c h g i v e s t h e
r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e e n t h a l p y and p r e s s u r e a s :
W ith t h e v a lu e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n d e n s i t y a t 7 5 °F in T a b le 2
and a t d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s , g r a p h i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n showed a
g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e in l i q u i d p h a s e e n t h a l p y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g
33
p r e s s u r e . F o r e x a m p le , 3 .1 B t u / l b m ust be added to t h e
m ea su re d e n t h a l p i e s o f p e n ta n e a t 1400 p s i a t o c o r r e c t t o
9 .5 0 8 p s i a , t h e v a p o r p r e s s u r e a t 7 5 °F . A p r e c i s i o n o f
± 0 .5 B t u / l b i n t h i s c o r r e c t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t d e n s i t i e s be
a c c u r a t e t o 20 p e r c e n t . As a l l d e n s i t i e s a r e b e l i e v e d t o
be known t o b e t t e r t h a n 5 p e r c e n t a c c u r a c y , t h e e r r o r in
t h i s p r e s s u r e c o r r e c t i o n may be c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e .
The n eed ed h y d r o c a r b o n d e n s i t i e s a r e shown t a b u l a t e d
below a s gram s p e r c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r , and e v a l u a t e d a t 7 5 °F .
The p e n ta n e and o c ta n e u s e d in t h e p r o j e c t w ere o b t a i n e d
fro m P h i l l i p s P e tro le u m a s " P u re G ra d e" ( i e : 9 9 .0 -
9 9 .5 $
p u r e ) .
TABLE 2
H y d ro c a rb o n D e n s i t i e s
LIQUID IDENTITY
P e n ta n e w i t h O c tan e
DENSITY
A tm o sp h e ric
AT PRESSURES IN
500 1000
PSIA
1400
1 0 0 .0 Mole < f 0 P e n ta n e 0 .6 2 2 4 0.6282
0 .6 3 3 5 0 .6 3 7 3
8 0 .9 Mole % P e n ta n e 0 .6 4 2 2
0 .6 4 8 3 0 .6 5 3 9 0 .6 5 7 7
5 9 .7 Mole % P e n ta n e
0 .6 6 3 7
0 .6 6 4 0.6 7 4 2 0 .6 8 0 1
3 9 .2 Mole % P e n ta n e O.6768 O.6836 0.6 9 0 0 0 .6 9 3 2
2 1 .8 Mole % P e n ta n e O.6892 0 .6 9 4 2 0 .6 9 9 8 0 .7 0 3 4
1 0 0 .0 Mole $ O c tan e 0 .7 0 0 0 .7 0 4 8
0 .7 0 9 9
0 .7 1 4 2
The d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s
a r e r e c o r d e d on a b a s i c d a t a s h e e t . T h is i n c l u d e s t h e
f i v e th e rm o c o u p le m i l l i v o l t r e a d i n g s , t h e a p p ro x im a te
34
t e m p e r a t u r e as re a d fro m t h e r e c o r d e r , t h e b a r o m e tr i c as
w e l l a s h y d r o c a rb o n p r e s s u r e , and t h e volum e and tim e o f
c o l l e c t i o n f o r F re o n -1 1 and h y d r o c a r b o n . O th e r d a t a
in c lu d e d a r e c o n c e rn e d w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g t h e r u n , t h e d a t e ,
t im e , and ru n n um ber, and s u p e r f l u o u s ite m s w h ic h re m a in
f a i r l y c o n s t a n t su c h a s h y d r o c a rb o n o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e ,
F re o n -1 1 l i q u i d l e v e l in t h e c a l o r i m e t e r , and t h e c a l o r i m
e t e r o u t e r c a n J a c k e t h e a t e r m i l l i v o l t s e t t i n g a s w e l l as
t h e h y d r o c a r b o n h e a t e r m i l l i v o l t s e t t i n g . C o n v e rs io n o f
t h i s d a t a i n t o u s a b l e form r e q u i r e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f
e n th a lp y and c o n v e r s i o n o f th e rm o c o u p le m i l l i v o l t r e a d i n g s
t o d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t . An O liv e tti- U n d e r w o o d Program m a 101
d e s k c o m p u te r was i n i t i a l l y u se d t o make t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
o f e n t h a l p y , and t h e th e rm o c o u p le r e a d i n g s w ere c o r r e c t e d
and c o n v e r te d by hand fro m d e v i a t i o n c u r v e s and g r a p h s o f
m i l l i v o l t v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e r e s p e c t i v e l y . A lth o u g h th e
O l i v e t t i c o m p u te r was a d e q u a te f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e
hand c o n v e r s i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e s ( f i v e p e r m ea su re m e n t) was
slo w and l a b o r i o u s . I t was a f u l l tim e jo b t o make t h e
c a l c u l a t i o n s a s f a s t a s t h e c a l o r i m e t e r d a t a o u t p u t , and
t h e r e s u l t s w ere n o t re a d y f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n u n t i l a few
d a y s a f t e r c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e d a t a . T h e r e f o r e , a q u i c k e r
m ethod o f c o n v e r t i n g raw d a t a i n t o r e s u l t s was n eed ed as
i t was d e s i r a b l e t o g ra p h t h e r e s u l t s on a p l o t o f e n t h a lp y
v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e , F ig u r e 3 , a s s o o n . a s p o s s i b l e t o d e
te r m in e w h ic h a r e a s n eed ed f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s w e l l
' 35
a s c a t c h m is ta k e s in o p e r a t i o n o r c a l c u l a t i o n .
At p r e s e n t , c o n v e r s i o n i s made e n t i r e l y by a l a r g e r
c o m p u te r. T e m p e ra tu re c o n v e r s i o n i s a c c o m p lis h e d by
l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n b e tw e e n t a b l e v a lu e s a t t e n d e g re e
i n t e r v a l s and c o r r e c t e d in t h e same f a s h i o n fro m t a b l e s
o f d e v i a t i o n s .
36
E x p e r im e n ta l R e s u l t s
The e n t h a l p y v a lu e s p r e s e n t e d in t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o
gram a r e r e l a t i v e t o a b a s e c o n d i t i o n o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d
h y d r o c a r b o n a t 7 5 ° F . C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e d a t a c o n s i s t s
m a in ly o f p l o t t i n g i s o b a r s on an e n t h a l p y v e r s u s te m p e r
a t u r e g r a p h and f i t t i n g by eye sm ooth c u r v e s th r o u g h t h e
p o i n t s . When m ea su re m e n ts d e v i a t e r a d i c a l l y , m ore th a n
two p e r c e n t , fro m t h e sm ooth c u r v e s , th e y a r e r e j e c t e d i f
re m a in in g d a t a a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o d e te r m in e t h e b e h a v i o r ,
and r e p e a t e d i f n o t . T e m p e ra tu re in c r e m e n ts a r e tw e n ty t o
f i f t y d e g r e e s , and p r e s s u r e i n c r e m e n t s , fro m a tm o s p h e r ic
t o 1400 p s i a in 100 o r 200 p s i s t e p s e x c e p t in t h e v i c i n i t y
o f t h e c r i t i c a l and tw o -p h a s e r e g i o n s w h ere c o n s i d e r a b l e
d a t a a r e n e c e s s a r y t o l o c a t e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . No a tt e m p t
t o make a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s , su c h a s m in im iz in g th e
a v e r a g e d e v i a t i o n fro m t h e norm , h a s b een m ade. H ow ever,
t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e m e a su re m e n ts h a s been e v a l u a t e d
and a v e r a g e s 0 .9 B t u / l b .
T a b le 3 p r e s e n t s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a lu e s o f e n th a lp y
f o r n - p e n t a n e a s m easu red in t h i s s t u d y . Columns on e and
two g i v e t h e p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e l e v e l s o f t h e
m e a s u re m e n ts , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The t h i r d colum n c o n t a i n s t h e
m easu red e n t h a l p i e s , c o r r e c t e d f o r p r e s s u r e , r e l a t i v e t o
t h e s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d h y d ro c a rb o n p r e s s u r e a t 7 5 ° F . En
t h a l p y v a lu e s in t h e f o u r t h colum n w ere e v a l u a t e d fro m
l i q u i d e n t h a l p i e s r e p o r t e d by R o s s i n i in API P r o j e c t 44
37
(1 4 ) in c o n j u n c t i o n w ith l a t e n t h e a t s o f v a p o r i z a t i o n
r e p o r t e d by Sage ( 8 ) . Colum ns f i v e and s i x com pare e x p e r
im e n ta l d a t a w ith t h e s e l i t e r a t u r e v a l u e s a s t h e a r i t h m e t i c
d i f f e r e n c e and r a t i o , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
E x p e r im e n ta l v a lu e s o f e n t h a l p y f o r n - o c t a n e a r e
p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 4 . The e n t h a l p y v a lu e s " a s m e a s u r e d ,"
colum n t h r e e , a r e r e l a t i v e t o t h e s t a t e o f t h e h y d r o c a r b o n
a s i t l e a v e s t h e c a l o r i m e t e r , t o t a l l i q u i d a t 7 5 ° F and t h e
s y s te m p r e s s u r e in colum n o n e . The f i n a l colum n p r e s e n t s
t h e e n t h a l p y v a lu e s c o r r e c t e d t o t h e d e s i g n a t e d b a s e s t a t e
o f s a t u r a t e d l i q u i d p r e s s u r e and 7 5 °F .
A lth o u g h p r e v i o u s l y d e te r m in e d e n t h a l p y v a l u e s f o r
o c t a n e and p e n t a n e - o c t a n e m ix tu r e s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e ,
t h o s e f o r p e n ta n e a r e c o n s i d e r e d f a i r l y w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d .
The e x p e r i m e n t a l e n t h a l p i e s o f p e n ta n e com pared w i t h t h o s e
e v a l u a t e d fro m API P r o j e c t 44 (1 4 ) and S age ( 6 , 8 ) f o r t h e
v a p o r s t a t e r e s u l t i n a n e g l i g i b l e t r e n d i n t h i s e x p e r i
m e n t a l l y d e te rm in e d d a t a , a v e r a g i n g o n ly 0 .1 B t u / l b h i g h .
The ra n g e o f d e v i a t i o n e x te n d s fro m 4 .1 B t u / l b h ig h t o
3 .8 B t u / l b lo w , w i t h an a v e r a g e a r i t h m e t i c d e v i a t i o n o f
1 .5 3 B t u / l b o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ra n g e fro m 75 t o 700° F
and p r e s s u r e r a n g e fro m 1 5 .2 t o 1400 p s i a . Thus t h e
m easu red v a lu e s d e v i a t e fro m t h e API P r o j e c t 44 p r e d i c t i o n s
by an a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g e o f 0 .5 2 p e r c e n t .
T a b le s 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 p r e s e n t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a
f o r 8 0 . 9 * 5 9 . 7 # 3 9 . 2 , and 2 1 .8 m ole p e r c e n t p e n ta n e
38
m ix tu r e s w ith o c t a n e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The d a t a a r e p r e
s e n te d in t h e same m anner as t h a t f o r o c ta n e w i t h t h e
" a s m e a su re d " and " p r e s s u r e c o r r e c t e d " e n t h a l p y v a lu e s in
colum ns t h r e e and f o u r r e s p e c t i v e l y .
As a c o n v e n ie n c e , sm oothed v a lu e s o f t h e d a t a a r e
p r e s e n t e d in T a b le 9 . T h ese v a lu e s w e re d e te rm in e d s im p ly
by d ra w in g sm ooth c u r v e s th r o u g h t h e d a t a , and no a tt e m p t
a t a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o r c r o s s p l o t t i n g was m ade. A ll
e n th a lp y v a lu e s a r e r e l a t i v e t o a b a s e v a l u e o f s a t u r a t e d
l i q u i d a t 7 5 ° F w h ere AH » 0 B t u / l b .
A c o m p a ris o n o f t h e d a t a fro m t h i s s t u d y w ith t h o s e
c a l c u l a t e d fro m t h e e n t h a lp y p r e d i c t i o n m ethod p r e s e n t e d
in t h e T e c h n ic a l D a ta Book o f t h e A m erican P e tr o le u m
I n s t i t u t e (1 8 ) i s shown in T a b le 1 0 . The c a l c u l a t i o n
e v a l u a t e s t h e d e v i a t i o n o f t h e r e a l g a s e n t h a l p y fro m t h a t
o f t h e i d e a l g a s ( z e r o p r e s s u r e ) s t a t e d by t h e r e l a t i o n :
w h ere H° i s t h e e n t h a lp y a t z e r o p r e s s u r e , H i s t h e e n t h a l
py a t t h e d e s i r e d p r e s s u r e , Tc i s t h e c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e h y d r o c a r b o n , R t h e g a s c o n s t a n t , and t h e a c e n
t r i c i t y f a c t o r f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r h y d r o c a r b o n . F o r a
m i x t u r e , a p s e u d o - c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e and a c e n t r i c f a c t o r
a r e c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e m ole p e r c e n t o f t h e c o m p o n e n ts.
V a lu e s o f (H° - H )/R TC a r e found fro m acco m p an y in g g ra p h s
o r t a b l e s as f u n c t i o n s o f t h e re d u c e d t e m p e r a t u r e and
/ h ° -
V RT
39
p r e s s u r e . F o r a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s , d o u b le l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a
t i o n o f t h e t a b u l a t e d v a lu e s was u s e d f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e
p r e s e n t e d v a l u e s . The d i m e n s i o n l e s s e n t h a lp y d i f f e r e n c e
w ith s u p e r s c r i p t ( 0 ) r e l a t e s t o t h e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e on
e n t h a l p y , and t h a t w ith s u p e r s c r i p t ( 1 ) i s a c o r r e c t i o n
f o r m o le c u l a r a c e n t r i c i t y .
F o r n o n - p o l a r s u b s ta n c e s t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f r e s u l t s
i s r e p o r t e d t o be w i t h i n 2 B t u / l b e x c e p t in t h e c r i t i c a l
r e g i o n w h ere a v a r i a t i o n o f 10 B t u / l b may be e x p e c te d and
30 B t u / l b c a n o c c u r .
Column on e o f T a b le 10 i d e n t i f i e s t h e h y d ro c a rb o n
m ix tu r e a s a m ole p e r c e n t o f p e n ta n e w ith o c t a n e . Columns
two and t h r e e g i v e t h e p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e l e v e l s .
Columns f o u r and f i v e p r e s e n t t h e e n t h a l p y d e v i a t i o n fro m
z e r o p r e s s u r e f o r t h e m easured d a t a and t h a t p r e d i c t e d ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The f i n a l colum n show s t h e a r i t h m e t i c d i f
f e r e n c e b e tw ee n m easu red and p r e d i c t e d e n t h a l p y . In
g e n e r a l , t h e d a t a te n d t o show a l a r g e r d e v i a t i o n fro m
z e r o p r e s s u r e th a n t h a t p r e d i c t e d .
4o
C o n c lu s io n s
(1 ) The c a l o r i m e t e r and a p p a r a t u s h a v e b e e n im proved
o v e r t h e p r e v i o u s d e s i g n o f N e lso n and Holcomb (1 3 ) w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e h y d r o c a r b o n i n l e t a s s e m b ly and t h e m ethod
o f m e a s u rin g F re o n -1 1 and h y d ro c a r b o n flo w r a t e s .
(2 ) The a c c u r a c y o f t h e a p p a r a t u s and i t s o p e r a t i o n
w ere v e r i f i e d by c o m p a ris o n o f t h e m easu red e n t h a l p i e s o f
n - p e n t a n e and a l s o w a t e r w i t h a c c e p te d l i t e r a t u r e v a l u e s .
(3 ) The e n t h a lp y b e h a v i o r f o r t h e n - p e n t a n e — n - o c t a n e
s y s te m a ro u n d t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n s was e s t a b l i s h e d .
(4 ) The a c c u ra c y o f t h e n - o c t a n e and n - p e n t a n e —
n - o c t a n e m ix tu r e d a t a was v e r i f i e d by c o m p a ris o n w i t h t h o s e
e v a l u a t e d fro m t h e API T e c h n ic a l D a ta Book p r e d i c t i o n
m ethod ( 1 8 ) .
APPENDICES
41
° p
42
NOMENCLATURE
H e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , B t u / l b °P
E I n t e r n a l e n e r g y , B t u / l b
F - l l P re o n -11
H E n th a lp y , B t u / l b
H° E n th a lp y a t z e ro p r e s s u r e , B t u / l b
a h a p i
E n th a lp y d i f f e r e n c e a s p r e d i c t e d by A m erican
P e tro le u m P r o j e c t 44 ( 1 6 ) , B t u / l b
^ A P ID
E n th a lp y d i f f e r e n c e a s p r e d i c t e d in t h e T e c h n i
AH„ , ,
P - l l
c a l D a ta B ook, API ( 1 8 ) , B t u / l b
L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f P r e o n - 1 1 , B t u / l b
AHm M easured e n t h a lp y d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n p r e s e n t
HC
s t a t e and s t a n d a r d s t a t e t a k e n a s s a t u r a t e d
l i q u i d a t 7 5 ° P> B t u / l b
H y d ro c a rb o n
P P r e s s u r e , p s i
R I d e a l g a s c o n s t a n t
p
D e n s i t y , gram s p e r c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r
T T e m p e r a tu r e , d e g r e e s P
Tc
C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e , d e g r e e s F
t Tim e, se c o n d s
V V olum e, c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s
u >
A c e n t r i c i t y f a c t o r
X W eight f r a c t i o n
FIGURE 3
ENTHALPY OF PENTANE
“ 300
300
o
U )
- 200
100-
-100
TEMPERATURE (°F)
>00 600 300 500 700 17)0
FIGURE 4
- 1+30
ENTHALPY OF OCTANE
- 1+20
- 1+10
- U oo
- 390
- 380
- 370
360 >
- 350
c+
330
- 320
- 310
- 300
- 290
TEMPERATURE (° F ) 280
FIGURE 5
ENTHALPY FOR 8 0 .9 MOLE % PENTANE
- 1+60
-l+oo
-380
-360
-3 2 0
c+
"300
■280
■260
-220
-200
180
1 TEMPERATURE (° F )
380 U O O 1+20 1 + 1 + 0 1+60 1+80 500
FIGURE 6
ENTHALPY DEPENDENT ON COMPOSITION
- 1+20
- 380
- 360
c+
"320
-3 0 0
PRESSURE = 500 PSIA
“ 280
MOLE % PENTANE WITH OCTANE
20
46
FIGURE 7
ENTHALPY DEPENDENT ON TEMPERATURE
- U20
- Uoo
- 380
" 36 a
cr
- 320
PRESSURE = 500 PSIA
- 300
TEMPERATURE (°F )
560
- 280
600 580 520 .
P r e s s .
p s i a
1 5 .2
200
48
TABLE 3
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR N-PENTANE
112.9 22.0
1 1 3 .1 2 2 .3
1 6 8 .0 5 0 .1
1 6 2 .0 5 0 .2
1 6 2 .0 5 0 .3
1 6 5 .6 5 3 .4
1 6 6 .1 5 3 .8
1 6 6 .1 5 3 .9
1 9 3 .8 6 7 .1
1 9 3 .8 6 7 .5
1 9 4 .0 6 7 .4
2 0 5 .2 7 8 .3
2 0 5 .3 7 8 .7
2 3 9 .1 1 0 2 .2
2 3 9 .2 1 0 2 .0
255.5 112.0
2 5 5 .7 1 1 1 .9
2 5 6 .6 1 1 1 .9
Temp.
°F
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
M easured API 44
BTU/LB BTU/LB
D i f f e r e n c e
aHm- aHAp i
R a tio
AH]yj/AHA;
9 5 .9 9 .7
9 6 .0 1 0 .6
9 6 .1
1 0 .5
9 7 .0 9 . 4
1 0 0 .5 3 9 .3
1 0 0 .5
3 9 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 2 3 .5
1 0 3 .8 1 2 4 .0
2 1 1 .3 2 1 4 .0 2 1 7 .8 - 3 . 8 0 .9 8 2 6
2 1 1 .4 2 1 8 .0 2 1 7 .8 0 .2
1 .0 0 0 9
2 1 2 .2 2 1 5 .8 2 1 8 .0 - 3 . 2 0 .9 8 3 4
2 9 9 .4
2 6 3 .6 2 6 2 .9
0 .7 1 .0 0 2 7
3 0 0 .6 2 6 3 .6 2 6 3 .0 . 0 .6
1 .0 0 2 3
4 0 5 .1
3 2 1 .8 3 2 3 .0 - 1 .2
0 .9 9 6 3
5 0 1 .6
3 7 7 .7
3 8 1 .0
- 3 . 3
0 .9 9 2 2
5 0 2 .4 3 7 9 .4 3 8 1 .3 - 1 . 9
0 .9 9 5 0
5 0 2 .6
3 8 0 .7 3 8 1 .3
- 0 . 6 0 .9 9 8 4
P r e s s .
p s ia
200
49
Temp.
°F
E n th a lp y
M easured
BTU/LB
V a lu e s
API 44
BTU/LB
D i f f e r e n c e
ahm- aha p i
R a t io
aHj/ a Ha p i
2 6 7 .4 11 9 .2
2 6 7 .5
1 1 9 .8
2 8 0 .0 13 1 .2
2 8 0 .0 1 3 1 .6
2 8 0 .0 13 1 .6
2 8 5 .0 1 4 7 .4
2 8 5 .0 1 4 7 .6
2 8 5 .1 1 5 9 .8
2 8 6 .3 2 1 8 .3
2 8 6 .3 2 1 9 .7
2 8 6 .8
2 3 1 .1
2 8 6 .9 2 3 2 .6
2 9 4 .4 2 4 4 .4 2 4 2 .8 1 .6
. 1 .0 0 7
2 9 5 .0 2 4 4 .2 2 4 3 .0 1 .2
1 .0 0 5
2 9 5 .3 2 4 5 .3 2 4 3 .5
1 .8
1 .0 0 7
2 9 8 .1 2 4 3 .8 2 4 5 .2 - 1 . 4
0 .9 9 4 3
2 9 8 .6 2 4 4 .0
2 4 5 .5 - 1 . 5 0 .9 9 3 9
2 9 9 .4 2 4 4 .9
2 4 5 .9
- 1 .0
0 .9 9 5 9
3 3 3 .9
2 6 8 .0 2 6 6 .8 1 .2
1 .0 0 4 5
3 3 5 .2 2 6 8 .6 2 6 7 .8 0 .8
1 .0 0 3
3 4 0 .6 2 7 0 . I 2 7 1 .0
- 0 . 9 * 0 .9 9 6 7
3 4 0 .4 2 7 0 .8 2 7 1 .0 - 0 . 2
0 .9 9 9 3
3 4 1 .0
2 7 2 .3
2 7 1 .2
1 .1 1 .0 0 4
3 8 5 .1
2 9 8 .1 2 9 8 .2 - 0 . 1
0 .9 9 9 7
3 8 5 .4
2 9 7 .5 2 9 8 .3
- 0 . 8
0 .9 9 7 3
3 8 5 .9 2 9 9 .9 2 9 8 .5
1 .4
1 .0 0 5
4 0 3 .8
3 0 9 .1 3 0 9 .5
- 0 . 4
0 .9 9 8 7
4 o 4 .1
3 0 9 .3
3 0 9 .6
- 0 . 3 0 .9 9 9 1
4 o 4 .3
3 0 8 .7 3 1 0 .0
- 1 . 3 0 .9 9 5 8
4 9 9 .5
3 6 8 .4 3 7 0 .6 - 2 .2
0 .9 9 4 1
4 9 9 .7
3 6 7 .6
3 7 0 .7 - 3 . 1 0 .9 9 1 6
4 9 9 .7 3 6 9 .5 3 7 0 .7
- 1 . 2 0 .9 9 6 8
4 9 9 .7 3 7 0 .7 3 7 0 .7
0 .0 1 .0 0 0
4 9 9 .9
3 6 7 .8 3 7 0 .8 - 3 . 0
0 .9 9 1 9
4 9 9 .9
3 6 8 .1 3 7 0 .8
- 2 . 7 0 .9 9 2 7
4 9 9 .9
36 8 .9 3 7 0 .8
- 1 . 9 0 .9 9 4 9
4 9 9 .9 3 6 9 .5
3 7 0 .8
- 1 . 3 0 .9 9 6 5
4 9 9 .9
3 6 9 .6 3 7 0 .8 - 1 . 2 0 .9 9 6 8
4 9 9 .9 3 7 0 .9
3 7 0 .8 0 .1 1 .0 0 0
5 0 0 .6 3 7 3 .0
3 7 1 .3 1 .7 1 .0 0 5
50
P r e ss,
p s ia
200
400
Temp.
°P
E nthalpy-
M easured
BTU/LB
V a lu e s
API 44
BTU/LB
D i f f e r e n c e
aHM _aHAPI
R a ti o
a V a h a
5 2 3 .6 3 8 6 .4
3 8 6 .3 0 .1 1 .0 0 0
5 8 9 .9 4 3 3 .7
4 2 9 .6 4 .1
1 .0 0 9 5
5 9 3 .9 4 3 0 .5 4 3 1 .9
- 1 . 4 0 .9 9 6 8
5 9 9 .8
4 3 8 .7
436
2 .7
1 .0 0 6
6 0 0 .3
4 4 3 .4
6 4 8 .1
4 7 3 .7
6 4 8 .1
4 7 0 .3
6 8 8 .3 4 9 9 .4
2 8 0 .1 1 2 9 .0
2 8 0 .4 1 2 9 .4
3 1 9 .7
1 5 9 .8
3 2 0 .2
1 5 9 .5
3 2 0 .6
1 5 9 .9
3 4 8 .0
1 8 1 .5
3 4 8 .0
1 8 3 .3
3 4 8 .3 1 8 1 .9
3 5 3 .7
1 8 7 .2
3 5 3 .8 1 8 6 .8
3 5 5 .0 1 8 9 .8
3 5 5 .0 1 9 0 .0
3 5 8 .1 1 9 0 .2
3 6 0 .4
2 0 3 .5
3 6 0 .4
2 0 3 .5
3 6 0 .4 2 0 2 .6
3 6 0 .6 2 2 9 .7
3 6 1 .1 2 2 9 .7
3 6 1 .3 2 3 1 .5
3 8 3 .5 2 7 7 .9
2 7 5 .2
2 . 7
1 .0 0 9 8
3 8 3 .5
2 7 8 .0 2 7 5 .2 2 .8 1 .0 1 0
3 8 3 .5
2 7 8 .6 2 7 5 .2 3 .4 1 .0 1 2
4 0 1 .4 2 9 1 .1 2 8 9 .2
1 .9 1 .0 0 7
4 0 1 .4
2 9 1 .7
2 8 9 .2
2 . 5 1 .0 0 9
4 1 7 .9 3 0 2 .3 3 0 1 .5
0 .8
1 .0 0 3
4 1 8 .6
3 0 1 .5
3 0 2 .0
- 0 . 5 0 .9 9 8 3
4 4 0 .4 3 1 8 .8 3 1 8 .0 0 .8
1 .0 0 3
4 4 1 .7
3 2 0 .4 3 1 8 .6 1 .8 1 .0 0 6
4 9 6 .4 3 5 5 .8 3 5 7 .0
- 1 .2 0 .9 9 6 6
51
P r e ss.
p s ia
489
500
600
Temp.
°P
3 5 8 .5
3 8 1 .7
3 8 7 .1
3 8 6 .8
3 8 9 .9
3 8 9 .7
422.9
3 9 0 .4
3 9 0 .5
3 9 7 .1
3 9 6 .5
4 0 1 .8
402.0
4 0 9 .5
4 2 1 .6
4 2 1 .6
324.2
324.2
3 5 7 .1
3 8 2 .1
382.1
4 0 3 .6
4 0 3 .7
406.0
4 2 6 .0
4 4 1 .0
4 7 3 .7
4 7 5 .9
500.0
5 0 1 .3
5 9 8 .2
5 9 8 .5
5 9 8 .5
6 4 7 .8
6 4 8 .1
6 8 3 .8
6 8 4 .0
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
M easured API 44
BTU/LB BTU/LB
D i f f e r e n c e
aHM “aHAPI
R a tio
aHm/ aHa P I
1 9 0 .7
2 1 8 .2
2 5 8 .9
2 5 9 .7
2 6 4 .2
2 6 6 .7
2 9 7 .5
2 6 3 .7
2 6 4 .1
2 7 2 .2
2 7 2 .4
2 7 8 .0
2 7 7 .1
2 8 3 .3
2 9 4 .4
2 9 4 .3
162.5
1 6 2 .6
1 8 8 .3
2 1 5 .8
2 1 6 .3
2 3 6 .3
2 3 6 .8
2 4 4 .3
2 7 7 .3
2 9 8 .0
3 2 6 .5
328.2
3 4 8 .1
3 4 7 .0
4 2 0 .1
4 2 2 .9
4 1 9 .7
4 5 5 .9
4 5 6 .1
4 8 3 .7
4 8 2 .7
2 3 8 .5
- 2 .2 0 .9 9 0 8
2 3 8 .5 - 1 . 7 0 .9 9 2 9
2 4 2 .6
0 .7
1 .0 0 2 9
2 7 4 .5
2 . 8 1 .0 1 0 2
2 9 5 .5 2 . 5
1 .0 0 8 4
3 2 4 .5
2 . 0 1 .0 0 6 2
3 2 6 .2 2 . 0 1 .0 0 6 2
3 4 5 .2
3 .1
I.O O 89
3 4 6 .2 0 .8 1 .0 0 2 3
52
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s . Temp. M easured API 44 D i f f e r e n c e R a tio
p s i a °P BTU/LB BTU/LB
aHm-AHAp i ^ iv / ^ A P X
1000 1 5 2 .6
4 8 .3
2 1 2 .7 8 5 .6
2 5 9 .7 1 1 6 .3
3 0 1 .4
1 4 5 .9
3 2 7 .1 1 6 3 .1
3 5 5 .4 1 8 3 .4
3 5 5 .5
1 8 3 .8
3 5 8 .1 1 8 4 .5
3 7 4 .6 1 9 9 .8
3 7 4 .9
1 9 8 .1
3 8 2 .3
2 0 4 .1
3 8 2 .3 2 0 5 .1
4 0 5 .9
2 2 2 .4 2 2 1 .7 0 .7 1 .0 0 3 2
5 0 6 .9
3 2 0 .3 3 2 0 .3
0 .0 1 .0 0 0 0
5 0 6 .9
3 2 0 .8
. 3 2 0 .3 0 .5 1 .0 0 1 6
5 3 5 .7 3 4 7 .9
5 3 6 .0 3 4 8 .5
5 9 3 .6 3 9 3 .6
5 9 8 .0
3 9 8 .7
6 0 0 . I 4 0 2 .7
6 4 9 .9 4 4 2 .7
6 4 9 .9 4 4 4 .3
6 9 0 .6 4 7 1 .6
6 9 1 .5 4 7 5 .3
1400 1 4 9 .7 4 5 .9
2 0 2 .7 7 6 .8
2 0 2 .8
7 4 .7
2 0 4 .2 7 6 .0
2 8 1 .2 1 2 5 .8
2 8 2 .2 1 2 7 .0
3 6 1 .8
1 8 3 .3
3 6 1 .9
1 8 3 .6
3 8 5 .9
2 0 6 . I
3 8 7 .1 2 0 7 .7
4 0 2 .5 2 1 6 .5 2 1 4 .5 2 . 0 1 .0 0 9 3
4 0 2 .8 2 1 5 .6 2 1 4 .6 1 .0 1 .0 0 4 6
4 2 2 .7 2 3 3 .6
4 2 3 .6
2 3 3 .9
4 7 1 .3
2 7 6 .1
P r e ss.
p s ia
1400
Temp.
°P
E n th a lp y
M easured
BTU/LB
V a lu e s
API 44
BTU/LB
D iffer<
AHM -AH
500.3
2 9 9 .O 300.2 - 1 .2
5 0 0 .6 297.2
300.5 - 2 .3
531.5 328.5 327.0
1 .5
532.4
326.3
560.4
351.3
598.9 387.1
598.9
3 8 8 .6
649.2 431.0
649.7
432.2
6 8 9 .9 460.7
6 9 0 .6
463.9
53
enc e R a t io
API AIV AHAPI
0.9960
0.9924
1.0046
P r e s s u r e
p s i a
1 5 .2
200
54
TABLE 4
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR N-OCTANE
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
°F BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1 5 0 .8 3 9 .9 4 0 .0
1 5 1 .1 4 0 .8 4 0 .8
1 9 8 .7 6 8 .3 6 8 .3
1 9 8 .7 6 8 .3 6 8 .3
2 0 3 .5 7 0 .6 7 0 .6
2 0 4 .0 7 0 .9 7 1 .0
2 5 4 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .5
2 5 4 .1 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .7
2 6 0 .3 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .6
2 6 0 .4 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .3
2 6 1 .9 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .2
2 6 2 .1 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .2
3 9 7 .7 3 1 1 .1 3 1 1 .1
3 9 7 .7 3 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .7
3 9 7 .7 3 1 2 .5 3 1 2 .5
4 9 5 .6 3 6 9 .5 3 6 9 .5
4 9 5 .8 3 7 0 .1 3 7 0 .1
4 9 5 .9 3 7 0 .0 3 7 0 .0
5 5 5 .7 4 0 9 .6 4 0 9 .7
5 5 5 .7 4 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .0
5 9 5 .4 4 3 4 .0 4 3 4 .1
5 9 5 .4 4 3 7 .4 4 3 7 .4
1 9 9 .8 7 2 .1 7 2 .6
2 0 0 .1 7 2 .2 7 2 .7
3 0 0 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .4
3 0 0 .0 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .0
3 9 8 .4 2 0 0 .2 2 0 0 .8
3 9 8 .4 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .3
4 0 8 .9 2 4 4 .3 2 4 4 .8
4 0 9 .4 2 4 5 .2 2 4 5 .7
5 1 0 .1 3 6 1 .4 3 6 1 .7
5 1 0 .8 3 6 2 .3 3 6 2 .7
5 2 4 .6 3 6 9 .8 3 7 0 .3
5 3 8 .4 3 7 8 .1 3 7 8 .7
5 3 8 .7 3 7 9 .0 3 7 9 .5
5 5 8 .5 3 9 3 .1 3 9 3 .7
P r e s s u r e
p s i a
T e m p e ra tu re
°F
55
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
As M easured C o r r e c t e d
BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
200 5 5 8 .7 3 9 2 .5
3 9 3 .0
5 9 8 .0 4 2 1 .1 4 2 1 .7
5 9 8 .5 4 2 0 .3 4 2 0 .9
360 5 0 0 .0
2 7 7 .9 2 7 8 .9
5 3 9 .8 3 1 0 .0 3 1 1 .0
5 4 0 .0 3 0 9 .9 3 1 0 .9
5 6 1 .0
3 4 3 .9
3 4 4 .8
5 6 1 .0 3 4 4 .5
3 4 5 .4
5 6 5 .O
3 6 1 .5 3 6 2 .5
5 6 5 .0 3 6 4 .0 3 6 4 .9
5 7 1 .2
3 7 1 .1
3 7 2 .0
5 7 1 .2 3 7 2 .6 3 7 3 .6
5 8 0 .3
3 8 2 .8 3 8 3 .8
5 8 0 .6 3 8 2 .2 3 8 3 .2
6 0 0 .3 4 0 1 .5
4 0 2 .4
6 0 0 .3 4 0 1 .7
4 0 2 .6
4oo
5 1 5 .9 2 9 0 .5 2 9 1 .5
5 1 6 .3
2 9 0 . I 2 9 1 .2
5 3 3 .6 3 0 4 .9
3 0 6 .0
5 4 3 .3 3 1 5 .9 3 1 6 .9
5 4 4 .5 3 1 4 .7
3 1 5 .8
5 6 1 .2
3 3 6 .3
3 3 7 .4
5 6 8 .9
3 4 4 .1 3 4 5 .2
5 6 8 .9
3 4 4 .4
3 4 5 .5
5 7 8 .7 3 6 7 .0 3 6 8 .2
5 7 8 .9
3 6 8 .2 3 6 9 .2
5 9 9 .6 3 9 3 .3
3 9 4 .4
5 9 9 .6 3 9 4 .8
3 9 5 .9
500 2 0 0 .6
7 0 .3
7 1 .6
2 0 1 .2
7 0 .5
7 1 .8
3 5 9 .7 1 7 3 .5
1 7 4 .8
3 6 0 .0 1 7 3 .3
1 7 4 .6
4 0 0 .4 2 0 2 .7 2 0 4 .1
4 0 0 .4 2 0 2 .8 2 0 4 .2
4 6 l . 0 2 4 5 .0 2 4 6 .4
5 0 0 .3 2 7 8 .3
2 7 9 .6
5 0 0 .5
2 7 8 .2
2 7 9 .5
5 2 1 .5 2 9 1 .5
2 9 2 .8
56
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °P BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
500 5 4 0 .8 3 0 8 .8 3 1 0 .1
5 7 0 .3
3 3 6 .4
3 3 7 .7
5 7 0 .8
3 3 7 .5
3 3 8 .8
5 7 9 .6 3 4 5 .6 3 4 7 .0
5 7 9 .9 3 4 4 .3
3 4 5 .6
6 0 0 .1 3 7 2 .5
3 7 3 .8
6 0 0 .3 3 7 2 .3
3 7 3 .6
600
5 1 7 .5 2 9 0 .5
2 9 2 .1
5 1 8 .0
2 9 0 .7 2 9 2 .3
5 3 8 .0
3 0 7 .9 3 0 9 .5
5 3 8 .2
3 0 6 .7 3 0 8 .3
5 4 9 .1
3 1 6 .6 3 1 8 .2
5 4 9 .1 3 1 6 .7 3 1 8 .3
5 5 8 .5
3 2 4 .6 3 2 6 .2
5 5 8 .9 3 2 4 .9
3 2 6 .4
• 5 6 8 .9 3 3 4 .1
3 3 5 .7
5 6 9 .2 3 3 4 .6 3 3 6 .1
5 7 8 .5 3 4 3 .1
3 4 4 .6
5 7 8 .5
3 4 3 .8 3 4 5 .4
5 9 4 .5 3 5 8 .5
3 6 0 .1
5 9 5 .0 3 5 8 .0 3 5 9 .6
800 5 1 7 .0
2 9 0 .9
2 9 3 .0
5 1 7 .5
2 8 9 .0 2 9 1 .1
5 4 2 .6 3 0 9 .6
3 1 1 .7
5 4 2 .9
3 0 9 .2 3 1 1 .4
5 5 7 .8
3 2 1 .9
3 2 4 .0
5 6 5 .4
3 2 7 .1
3 2 9 .2
5 6 6 .1 3 2 9 .2
3 3 1 .3
5 7 6 .9
3 3 8 .8
3 4 0 .9
5 7 6 .9 3 3 9 .1
3 4 1 .2
1000 3 5 9 .2 1 7 4 .0 1 7 6 .6
3 5 9 .4
1 7 3 .7 1 7 6 .3
3 9 7 .7 1 9 9 .9 2 0 1 .7
3 9 7 .7 1 9 9 .9
2 0 1 .8
4 4 0 .1
2 3 1 .1 2 3 3 .7
4 4 0 .3
2 3 1 .4 2 3 4 .0
4 9 8 .2
2 7 5 .7 2 7 8 .3
4 9 8 .7
2 7 6 .9 2 7 9 .6
5 3 3 .0 3 0 0 .4 3 0 3 .0
57
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a
°p
BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1000 533.6
299.9 302.5
556.1 317.4 3 2 0 .1
556.6 3 1 6 .6 319.2
577.8 335.8 338.5
577.8 336.8 339.4
592.2 346.2 348.8
592.4
347.1 349.7
1400 161.4 • 4 7 .0 50.7
161.4
4 7.3
5 1 .0
201.9 6 9.3
7 3 .0
2 0 2 .0 7 0 .9
7 4 .6
300.5
1 3 1 .2
134.9
300.7 132.3
1 3 6 .0
400.3 198.7
202.4
400.4 1 9 8 .6 202.4
459.4 240.5
244.2
459.4 2 43.4 247.0
5 0 0 .1 2 7 2 .9 2 7 6 .6
500.3
2 7 2 .9 2 7 6 .6
538.7 297.9 301.5
558.7
313.6 317.3
578.0 3 2 8 .8
332.5
597.5 346.7
350.4
597.8 346.7
350.4
58
TABLE 5
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR 8 0 .9 MOLE PERCENT
N-PENTANE MIXTURE WITH N-OCTANE
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s l a °F BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1 9 6 .5
6 5 .6 6 6 .0
1 9 6 .5
6 6 .1 6 6 .6
1 9 6 .5 6 7 .1 6 7 .5
1 9 6 .7 6 5 .5
6 6 .0
2 9 6 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .5
2 9 6 .7 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .9
2 9 9 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .9
3 4 0 .2 2 3 1 .8
2 3 2 .3
3 4 0 .3
2 3 1 .8 2 3 2 .2
3 4 0 .6 2 2 9 .8
2 3 0 .3
3 6 1 .7
2 7 2 .1 2 7 2 .5
3 6 1 .7
2 7 3 .6 2 7 4 .1
3 7 2 .5
2 8 6 .8 2 8 7 .2
2 7 2 .6
2 8 7 .7
2 8 8 .1
3 7 9 .8 2 9 0 .6
2 9 1 . I
3 8 0 .8 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .4
3 9 6 .8 2 9 8 .6 2 9 9 .0
3 9 7 .0 2 9 9 .6 3 0 0 .1
4 o 4 .4 3 0 3 .6 3 0 4 .0
4 o4 .7 3 0 4 .4
3 0 4 .9
4 1 9 .4 3 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .4
4 9 9 .5 3 6 3 .7
3 6 4 .1
4 9 9 .9 3 6 3 .7
3 6 4 .1
5 9 9 .9 4 3 1 .5
4 3 2 .0
3 8 0 .2 2 0 0 .8
2 0 1 .7
3 8 0 .4 1 9 9 .2 2 0 0 .0
3 9 8 .1 2 3 1 .6
2 3 2 .5
3 9 8 .7
2 2 9 .9 2 3 0 .8
4 1 1 .9
2 6 6 .0 2 6 6 .9
4 1 2 .0
2 6 5 .9
2 6 6 .8
4 2 2 .1 2 8 8 .4
2 8 9 .3
4 2 2 .5 2 8 8 .9 2 8 9 .8
4 3 4 .8 3 0 2 .1 3 0 3 .0
4 3 4 .8 3 0 3 .8 3 0 4 .6
P r e s s u r e
p s i a
T e m p e ra tu re
°P
59
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
As M easured C o r r e c te d
BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
400 4 4 3 .9
3 0 9 .0 3 0 9 .8
4 4 3 .9 3 0 9 .5
3 1 0 .4
4 5 2 .7 3 1 6 .9
3 1 7 .8
4 6 3 .8 3 2 5 . I
3 2 5 .9
4 6 4 .1 3 2 5 .4 3 2 6 .3
4 9 9 .2 3 5 1 .0 3 5 1 .8
4 9 9 .9
3 5 0 .8
3 5 1 .7
5 9 9 .7
4 2 4 .6
4 2 5 .5
500 4 0 0 .2 2 1 5 .4
2 1 6 .3
4 0 0 .4 2 1 5 .8
2 1 6 .7
4 2 0 .1 2 3 6 .1 2 3 7 .2
4 2 0 .2
2 3 4 .7 2 3 5 .7
4 2 0 .2
2 3 4 .9
2 3 6 .0
4 3 0 .5
2 5 6 .2
2 5 7 .3
4 3 0 .7
2 5 6 .8 2 5 7 .8
' 4 3 9 .9
2 8 2 .5
2 8 3 .5
4 5 1 .2
2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .3
4 5 1 .2 2 9 6 .8
2 9 7 .9
4 6 1 .2 3 0 7 .8 3 0 8 .9
5 0 1 .3 3 3 9 .8
3 4 0 .3
5 0 1 .3
3 4 0 .1 3 4 1 .2
6 0 2 .2 4 1 9 .2 4 2 0 .2
600
3 9 8 .9
2 1 3 .6
2 1 4 .9
3 9 8 .6 2 1 4 .6
2 1 5 .9
4 4 1 .3 2 5 4 .7
2 5 6 .0
4 4 1 .3 2 5 5 .0
2 5 6 .3
4 6 1 .2
2 8 5 .9
2 8 7 .2
4 6 1 .2 2 8 7 .2 2 8 8 .4
4 8 1 .4 3 1 3 .0
3 1 4 .3
4 8 1 .6
3 1 3 .1
3 1 4 .4
5 0 1 .4 3 3 1 .2
3 3 2 .5
6 0 1 .9 4 1 0 .6 4 1 1 .9
1000
3 7 9 .5 1 9 3 .3
1 9 5 .4
3 8 0 .3 1 9 5 .1
1 9 7 .2
4 l 6 . 6 2 2 5 .6
2 2 7 .7
4 1 8 .7 2 2 5 .3
2 2 7 .4
4 6 2 .5
2 6 0 .3
2 6 2 .4
4 6 2 .6 2 5 9 .6 2 6 1 .7
5 0 1 .5
2 9 5 .6
2 9 7 .7
6o
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F______ BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1000 5 0 1 .8 2 9 7 .0 2 9 9 .2
6 0 5 .7 3 8 9 .0 3 9 1 .1
1400 3 6 0 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 8 0 .5
3 6 1 .1 I 8 0 .6 1 8 3 .5
3 9 9 .0 2 0 7 .0 2 0 9 .9
3 9 9 .2 2 0 6 .9 2 0 9 .8
4 4 0 .7 2 3 9 .^ 2 4 2 .3
4 4 0 .7 2 3 9 .7 2 4 2 .6
5 0 0 .4 2 8 8 .6 2 9 1 .5
5 0 0 .8 2 9 0 .0 2 9 2 .9
6 0 0 .9 3 7 3 .0 3 7 5 .9
6 l
TABLE 6
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR 5 9 .7 MOLE PERCENT
N-PENTANE MIXTURE WITH N-OCTANE
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
200
400
2 0 1 .3 7 2 .3
7 2 .8
2 0 1 .2 7 1 .2
7 1 .7
3 0 1 .5
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .7
3 5 9 .4 1 9 6 .6
1 9 7 .1
3 5 9 .7 1 9 7 .7 1 9 8 .3
4 0 0 .0 2 9 5 .6 2 9 6 .2
4 1 7 .0 3 0 3 .6 3 0 4 .1
4 1 7 .3
3 0 3 .4
3 0 3 .9
4 1 7 .4 3 0 4 .9 3 0 5 .4
4 4 0 .1 3 1 9 .2
3 1 9 .7
4 4 7 .2 3 2 6 .4
3 2 6 .9
4 5 8 .1
3 2 9 .5
3 3 0 .0
4 5 9 .5 3 3 1 .1
3 3 1 .6
4 7 1 .3
3 3 6 .8
3 3 7 .3
4 8 0 .0 2 4 6 .7 3 4 7 .2
5 0 2 .2
3 6 1 .5
3 6 2 .0
5 0 2 .2 3 6 2 .6
3 6 3 .1
5 1 8 .7
3 7 4 .6 3 7 5 .2
5 1 9 .9 3 1 4 .9
3 7 5 .4
3 8 0 .3
1 9 2 .0 1 9 3 .0
3 8 0 .3 1 9 2 .3 1 9 3 .3
4 0 0 .4 2 0 6 .4 2 0 7 .4
4 0 0 .4
2 0 7 .3 2 0 8 .3
4 2 0 .0 2 2 3 .3
2 2 4 .4
4 2 0 .0 2 2 3 .3
2 2 4 .4
4 2 9 .6 2 3 4 .2 2 3 5 .2
4 2 9 .8 2 3 3 .6 2 3 4 .6
4 3 9 .6 2 5 0 .2 2 5 1 .2
4 3 9 .8 2 5 0 .1 2 5 1 .1
4 5 0 .6
2 7 3 .7 2 7 4 .7
4 5 ! . ° 2 7 1 .5
2 7 2 .6
4 6 1 .0 2 9 2 .2 2 9 3 .2
4 6 1 .2
2 9 4 .7 2 9 5 .7
4 7 7 .8 3 2 2 .8 3 2 3 .8
6 2
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured- C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F______ BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
400 4 7 8 .1 3 2 3 .2 3 2 4 .2
4 8 9 .7 3 3 4 .4 3 3 5 .4
4 9 2 .1 3 3 5 .3 3 3 6 .3
4 9 7 .4 3 3 7 .9 3 3 8 .9
4 9 7 .6 3 3 9 .3 3 4 0 .3
5 4 1 .0 3 7 5 .8 3 7 6 .7
5 4 1 .9 3 7 4 .2 3 7 5 .2
5 9 9 .2 4 2 1 .0 4 2 2 .0
5 9 9 .7 4 2 0 .0 4 2 1 .0
470 4 6 0 .3 2 6 0 .2 2 6 1 .4
4 6 0 .7 2 6 1 .6 2 6 2 .8
4 7 1 .4 2 7 9 .0 2 8 0 .2
4 7 9 .3 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .2
479.5 2 9 7 .2 2 9 8 .4
4 9 2 .0 3 1 9 .9 3 2 1 .1
5 0 0 .8 3 2 8 .8 3 3 0 .0
5 1 7 .8 3 4 5 .2 3 4 6 .4
500 2 0 2 .2 7 1 .1 7 2 .3
2 5 1 .4 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .5
3 0 2 .5 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .8
3 6 1 .5 1 7 8 .1 1 7 9 .3
3 8 1 .1 1 9 2 .7 1 9 3 .9
4 0 1 .4 2 0 6 .7 2 0 8 .9
4 2 1 .1 2 2 4 .1 2 2 5 .4
4 4 1 .0 2 4 0 .4 2 4 1 .6
4 5 0 .5 2 4 9 .2 2 5 0 .4
4 6 0 .4 2 5 8 .6 2 5 9 .8
4 7 0 .8 2 7 1 .8 2 7 3 .0
4 7 6 .5 2 7 9 .5 2 8 0 .8
4 7 6 .9 2 8 1 .2 2 8 2 .5
4 8 6 .6 3 0 1 .8 3 0 3 .0
4 9 6 .4 3 1 5 .4 3 1 6 .7
4 9 6 .5 3 1 8 .3 3 1 9 .6
4 9 9 .4 3 2 4 .2 3 2 5 .5
4 9 9 .7 3 2 2 .9 3 2 4 .2
5 2 0 .8 3 4 4 .0 3 4 5 .2
5 3 9 .0 3 6 1 .5 3 6 2 .7
5 9 9 .9 4 1 4 .4 4 1 5 .6
63
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F BTU/LB
F o r P r e s s u r e
600 4 0 1 .3 2 0 5 .1 2 0 7 .7
4 2 0 .6 2 2 2 .1
2 2 3 .7
4 4 1 .2 2 4 0 .1 2 4 1 .7
4 6 1 .2
2 5 9 .5
2 6 1 .1
4 7 9 .6
2 7 5 .9 2 7 7 .5
4 9 9 .3
2 9 7 .6 2 9 9 .2
5 1 8 .9
3 2 6 .1
3 2 7 .7
5 4 1 .5 3 4 9 .1 3 5 0 .7
6 0 0 .3
4 0 4 .6 4 o 6 .2
800 4 6 9 .8
2 6 2 .3 2 6 4 .3
4 7 9 .5
2 6 8 .9
2 7 0 .9
4 9 0 .9
2 7 8 .4
2 8 0 .5
5 0 0 .1 2 8 5 .3 2 8 7 .3
5 0 9 .6 2 9 5 .0
2 9 7 .1
1000 3 7 9 .0
1 9 0 .3
1 9 2 .8
4 2 0 .0
2 2 0 .5
2 2 3 .0
4 6 o . l
2 5 1 .5
2 5 4 .O
4 7 9 .7 2 6 7 .1
2 6 9 .6
5 0 1 .3
2 8 5 .4 2 8 8 .0
5 1 9 .2 3 0 1 .7 3 0 4 .3
5 3 8 .0 3 1 5 .5
3 1 8 .0
5 3 8 .2 3 1 4 .8 3 1 7 .4
6 0 1 .9 3 7 3 .7 3 7 6 .3
1400
1 8 7 .5 6 3 .8
6 7 .4
3 0 0 .6
1 3 4 .7 1 3 8 .3
3 0 2 .9 1 3 5 .2 1 3 8 .8
3 9 1 .3 1 9 7 .1 2 0 0 .7
4 4 3 .2 2 3 4 .6 2 3 8 .2
4 8 0 .4 2 6 4 .1
2 6 7 .7
4 8 2 .3 2 6 5 .7
2 6 9 .4
5 2 0 .3
2 9 4 .4 2 9 8 .1
5 2 2 .5 2 9 5 .3 2 9 8 .9
6o4 .7
3 6 0 .5
3 6 4 .2
6 0 5 .1
3 6 2 .8 3 6 6 .4
64
TABLE 7
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR 3 9 .2 MOLE PERCENT
N-PENTANE MIXTURE WITH N-OCTANE
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1 5 .2 2 0 2 .3
1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .O
2 0 2 .6 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .4
2 0 3 .1
1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .0
4 0 0 .3
3 1 4 .6 3 1 4 .6
5 0 4 .1 3 7 8 .1 3 7 8 .1
5 0 9 .7
3 8 2 .8 3 8 2 .8
5 9 8 .5
4 3 5 .0 4 3 5 .0
5 9 9 .7
4 3 5 .2 4 3 5 .2
200 1 6 2 .3 4 3 .3
4 3 .8
2 0 2 .5 7 0 .8
7 1 .3
3 0 1 .7 1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .4
4o4 .9
2 2 6 .9
2 2 7 .4
4 2 2 .6 2 6 8 .0 2 6 8 .5
4 6 3 .2 3 2 9 .0
3 2 9 .5
4 8 3 .0 3 4 2 .8
3 4 3 .3
4 9 4 .6 3 5 1 .2 3 5 1 .7
5 0 2 .2 3 5 8 .2
3 5 8 .7
5 1 0 .4 3 6 4 .4
3 6 4 .9
5 2 0 .0 3 7 1 .0
3 7 1 .5
5 4 1 .7
3 8 7 .0
3 8 7 .5
5 6 2 .8 4 0 0 .8 4 0 1 .4
6 0 1 .7 4 3 0 .5
4 3 1 .0
400 4 2 0 .3 2 1 9 .9 2 2 0 .9
4 4 3 .3
2 3 7 .0 2 3 8 .0
4 6 0 .9 2 5 3 .6
2 5 4 .7
4 6 2 .2
2 5 4 .5 2 5 5 .5
4 7 5 .9
2 7 0 .0 2 7 1 .0
4 8 5 .9 2 8 5 .5 2 8 6 .5
4 8 6 .4 2 8 7 .9 2 8 8 .9
4 9 1 .3
2 9 6 .4 2 9 7 .4
5 0 2 .8
3 2 0 .7 3 2 1 .7
5 1 0 .4
3 3 4 .3 3 3 5 .3
-5 1 9 .6 3 3 5 .6 3 4 6 .6
5 4 0 .0 3 6 7 .4 3 6 8 .4
5 6 0 .2 3 8 1 .2 3 8 2 .2
65
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F BTU/LB
F o r P r e s s u r e
400 6 0 0 .1 4 1 2 .0 4 1 3 .0
500
1 9 0 .5
6 2 .0
6 3 .3
3 5 2 .9 1 7 1 .3
1 7 2 .6
3 9 4 .0 2 0 2 .2
2 0 3 .5
4 1 5 .6 2 1 9 .0 2 2 0 .2
4 1 5 .6 2 1 9 .8 2 2 1 .0
4 3 8 .9
2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .8
4 3 9 .1 2 3 9 .9
2 4 1 .2
4 6 0 .5 2 5 3 .9
2 5 5 .2
4 6 0 .7 2 5 4 .5
2 5 5 .8
4 6 9 .5
2 6 1 .1 2 6 2 .4
4 6 9 .5
2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .6
4 7 9 .4
2 7 0 .3 2 7 1 .5
4 9 0 .5 2 7 9 .3
2 8 0 .6
5 1 1 .8 2 9 8 .6 2 9 9 .8
5 2 1 .8
3 1 5 .9
3 1 7 .2
5 4 1 .0 3 4 5 .2 3 4 6 .4
5 6 0 .1 3 6 4 .6 3 6 5 .8
5 9 9 .7
4 0 1 .2 4 0 3 .2
540 4 6 0 .3 2 5 3 .5
2 5 4 .8
4 7 9 .8
2 6 9 .2
2 7 0 .5
4 9 9 .1
2 8 3 .8 2 8 5 .1
5 0 8 .8 2 9 5 .0 2 9 6 .3
5 1 8 .1 3 0 4 .2
3 0 5 .5
5 2 2 .1 3 0 6 .4
3 0 7 .7
5 2 5 .9
3 7 2 .1 3 1 3 .4
5 3 0 .6
3 2 0 .3
3 2 1 .6
600
4 8 0 .7
2 6 9 .6 2 7 0 .0
4 9 7 .9
2 8 2 .5
2 8 3 .9
5 2 1 .3
3 0 4 .1
3 0 5 .5
5 2 9 .4 3 1 2 .1 3 1 3 .5
5 4 1 .0 3 2 6 .0 3 2 7 .4
5 6 0 .0 3 4 8 .6 3 5 0 .0
5 7 8 .0
3 7 0 .7
3 7 2 .4
5 9 6 .7
3 8 8 .5
3 8 9 .9
800
4 8 8 .5 2 7 0 .7
2 7 2 .8
4 9 9 . 4
2 8 1 .4
2 8 3 .5
5 0 9 .2 2 8 8 .1 2 9 0 .2
66
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a
°p
BTU/LB . F o r P r e s s u r e
800 5 2 0 .0
2 9 7 .7 2 9 8 .9
5 3 0 .4 3 0 6 .1 3 0 8 .2
5 4 0 .2
3 1 3 .1
3 1 5 .2
1000
3 6 2 .2 1 7 6 .6 1 7 9 .2
4 0 1 .3
2 0 4 .1 2 0 6 .7
4 4 1 .7
2 3 4 .8 2 3 7 .4
4 8 0 .9
2 6 4 .4 2 6 7 .0
5 2 0 .1 2 9 4 .4 2 9 7 .O
5 3 0 .3 3 0 2 .5 3 0 5 .1
5 4 0 .0 3 1 0 .0
3 1 2 .6
5 5 9 .7
3 2 6 .1
3 2 8 .7
5 9 9 .0 3 6 1 .1 3 6 3 .2
1400 1 5 3 .0 4 1 .6
4 5 .3
1 5 5 .6 4 2 .1 4 5 .8
1 9 9 .4 6 8 .5 7 2 .2
2 0 1 .7
6 9 .O
7 2 .7
2 9 8 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 3 5 .5
2 9 9 .0 1 3 2 .0 1 3 5 .7
4 0 0 .3
2 0 1 .0 2 0 4 .7
4 6 1 .6 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .8
5 0 1 .3
2 7 6 .9 2 8 0 .6
5 1 9 .6 2 9 1 .0 2 9 4 .6
5 3 9 .3
3 0 7 .8 3 1 1 .1
5 5 8 .4 3 2 2 .4 3 2 6 .1
5 9 8 .8 3 5 6 .2
3 5 9 .9
67
TABLE 8
ENTHALPY VALUES FOR 2 1 .8 MOLE PERCENT
N-PENTANE MIXTURE WITH N-OCTANE
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F - BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
1 5 .2 2 5 0 .2
2 3 7 .7 2 3 7 .7
3 0 0 .0 2 6 1 .2 2 6 1 .2
3 4 8 .0 2 8 6 .7
2 8 6 .7
3 9 9 .9
3 1 4 .6 3 1 4 .6
4 4 9 .2
3 4 5 .5 3 4 5 .5
4 9 7 .5 3 7 4 .9 3 7 4 .9
5 3 8 .4
4 0 0 .3 4 0 0 .3
5 9 7 .0 4 3 8 .8 4 3 8 .8
200 1 6 1 .5
4 8 .1 4 8 .6
2 0 0 .1 7 1 .8 7 2 .4
3 0 1 .2
1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .3
3 0 1 .3
1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .6
4 0 2 .2 2 0 5 .6 2 0 6 .1
4 0 2 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 0 6 .6
4 2 1 .6 2 2 7 .0 2 2 7 .6
4 2 2 .9
2 2 8 .7
2 2 9 .3
4 4 0 .1 2 7 5 .4
2 7 5 .9
4 4 2 .5 2 7 7 .2 2 7 7 .8
4 6 0 .8 3 3 4 .2
3 3 4 .7
4 6 4 .6 3 3 4 .8
3 3 5 .3
4 7 5 .1 3 4 4 .3 3 4 4 .9
4 9 0 .9
3 5 1 .8 3 5 2 .4
4 9 2 .6
3 5 0 .9 3 5 1 .5
4 9 6 .3 3 5 4 .8 3 5 5 .4
5 0 3 .3
3 5 9 .4 3 6 0 .0
5 0 5 .4
3 5 9 .7 3 6 0 .3
5 2 0 .5
3 7 0 .0 3 7 0 .6
5 2 2 .9 3 7 1 .0 3 7 1 .6
5 5 9 .6 3 9 4 .4 3 9 5 .0
5 6 0 .5 3 9 6 .9
3 9 7 .4
5 9 8 .0 4 2 1 .3
4 2 2 .8
4oo
4 1 7 .3
2 1 8 .0 2 1 9 . I
4 3 7 .5 2 3 3 .9
2 3 5 .0
4 5 7 .8 2 4 8 .2
2 4 9 .3
4 8 0 .3
2 6 7 .4
2 6 8 .5
.68
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
P r e s s u r e T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
p s i a °F______ BTU/LB F o r P r e s s u r e
400 4 9 1 .4 2 7 7 .5 2 7 8 .6
5 0 2 .0 2 8 3 .3 2 8 4 .4
5 0 9 .9 2 9 1 .7 2 9 2 .8
5 2 1 .5 3 0 4 .4 3 0 5 .5
5 3 2 .0 3 2 4 .7 3 2 5 .8
5 4 1 .8 3 5 2 .9 3 5 4 .0
5 5 1 .8 3 6 4 .3 3 6 5 .4
5 6 0 .1 3 7 0 .4 3 7 1 .5
432 5 0 9 .1 2 9 2 .7 2 9 3 .9
5 H . 0 2 9 3 .8 2 9 5 .0
5 1 8 .7 3 0 2 .5 3 0 3 .7
5 3 1 .5 3 1 5 .0 3 1 6 .2
5 3 9 .9 3 2 9 .2 3 3 0 .4
5 4 0 .5 3 2 9 .0 3 3 0 .2
5 5 0 .4 3 5 3 .7 3 5 4 .9
5 6 1 .5 3 6 7 .6 3 6 8 .8
5 7 0 .6 3 6 8 .8 3 7 7 .0
500 2 0 1 .7 7 1 .2 7 2 .6
3 5 8 .8 1 7 4 .8 1 2 6 .2
4 0 0 .6 2 0 4 .2 2 0 5 .6
4 4 0 .7 2 3 3 .7 2 3 5 .1
4 5 9 .9 2 4 8 .9 2 5 0 .3
4 8 0 .4 2 6 7 .7 2 6 9 .1
5 1 9 .1 3 0 0 .1 2 0 1 .5
5 2 9 .1 3 0 8 .1 3 0 9 .5
5 3 9 .9 3 1 8 .1 3 1 9 .5
5 5 1 .3 3 3 1 .9 3 3 3 .3
5 5 9 .6 3 4 4 .2 3 4 5 .6
5 8 8 .9 3 8 5 .7 3 8 7 .1
6 0 0 .6 3 9 5 .1 3 9 6 .5
6 0 4 .0 4 0 0 .0 4 0 1 .4
6 0 5 .1 3 9 8 .9 4 0 0 .3
600 4 5 9 .2 2 4 9 .3 2 5 0 .9
4 9 7 .7 2 8 2 .8 2 8 4 .5
5 1 9 .4 2 9 5 .4 2 9 7 . I
5 2 9 .6 3 0 5 .2 3 0 6 .9
5 2 9 .6 3 0 5 .9 3 0 7 .6
5 3 9 .1 3 1 7 .8 3 1 3 .5
5 5 0 .3 3 2 4 .3 3 2 6 .0
Pressure
p s ia
600
800
1000
1400
69
E n th a lp y V a lu e s
T e m p e ra tu re As M easured C o r r e c te d
°p BTU/LB F o r p r e s s u r e
5 5 8 .0 3 3 2 .4 3 3 4 .1
5 5 8 .5
3 3 3 .4
3 3 5 .1
5 5 8 .5 3 3 4 .3 3 3 5 .9
5 7 9 .9 3 5 5 .7
3 5 7 .4
5 7 9 .9 3 5 6 .9
3 5 8 .6
5 9 8 .9 3 7 7 .5
3 7 9 .2
4 9 8 .4 2 7 9 .6 2 8 1 .8
5 1 8 .6 2 9 4 .8 2 9 7 .0
5 2 7 .9 3 0 0 .7
3 0 2 .9
5 3 9 .1
3 0 8 .2
3 1 0 .5
5 4 8 .7 3 1 7 .3 3 1 9 .5
5 4 9 .0 3 1 9 .2 3 2 1 .4
5 7 6 .9
3 4 4 .1
3 4 6 .3
3 5 8 .0 1 7 3 .2 1 7 6 .0
3 9 8 .6 2 0 1 .2 2 0 4 .0
4 3 9 .2
2 3 0 .9 2 3 3 .7
4 9 9 .6
2 7 8 .7 3 8 1 .5
5 1 8 .9 2 8 9 .3 2 9 3 .1
5 3 8 .2 3 0 7 .4 3 1 0 .2
5 7 8 .0 3 3 9 .4 3 4 2 .2
5 9 6 .7
3 5 4 .8 3 5 7 .6
1 6 2 .9
4 8 .8 5 2 .8
2 0 0 .9
7 0 .1 7 4 .0
2 0 1 .1 7 1 .5 7 5 .5
3 0 0 .4
1 3 1 .9 1 3 5 .9
4 0 1 .3
2 0 1 .4 2 0 5 .4
4 5 7 .9 2 4 3 .9 2 4 7 .9
4 9 7 .3
2 7 3 .8 2 7 6 .8
5 1 7 .4 2 8 7 .4 2 9 1 .4
5 3 7 .6
3 0 1 .7 3 0 5 .7
5 6 0 .0 3 1 8 .8 3 2 2 .8
5 9 6 .6 3 4 8 .6 3 5 2 .6
TABLE 9
SMOOTHED VALUES OP ENTHALPY
N
[-P entane
T em p eratu re 0 200 400 500 600 800 1000 1400
°F p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a
700 5 1 5 .7
5 0 8 .4
5 0 1 .9
- 4 9 8 .4 4 9 5 .0
4 8 8 .3
4 8 2 .0 4 7 0 .0
680 501
4 9 4 .5
4 8 7 .4 4 8 4 .1 4 8 0 .0
4 7 3 .1
4 6 6 .0 454 ..1
66 0 487
4 8 0 .4 .
4 7 3 .1 4 6 9 .3
4 6 5 .4
4 5 7 .9
4 4 9 .8 4 3 8 .4
640 472 4 6 6 .5 4 5 8 .9
4 5 5 .0
45 0 .9 4 4 2 .3 4 3 3 .7
4 2 2 .1
620 458
4 5 2 .7 4 4 4 .5
4 4 0 .4 4 3 6 .1 4 2 7 .1 4 1 7 .4
4 0 5 .5
600
4 4 5 .9
4 3 9 .0
4 3 0 .3
4 2 6 .0 4 2 1 .2 4 1 2 .0 4 0 1 .4
3 8 8 .7
580 4 3 3 .8 4 2 5 .0 4 1 6 .1
4 1 1 .3
4 o6 .2 3 9 6 .1
3 8 5 .1
3 7 0 .6
560
4 1 9 .5
4 1 1 .1 4 0 2 .0 3 9 7 .0 3 91.2 3 8 0 .2 3 6 8 .4 35 2 .2
540 4 o6 .3 397 .2
3 8 7 .9 382 .3 3 7 6 .5
3 6 4 .8 351.2 3 3 4 .0
520 3 9 3 .4
3 8 3 .5
3 7 3 .8 3 6 8 .0 3 6 1 .6 3 4 9 .0 3 3 3 .6 3 1 6 .1
500 3 8 0 .4
36 9 .9
3 5 9 .6
35 3 .3
3 4 6 .8 3 3 3 .0
3 1 5 .5 2 9 9 .3
480 3 6 8 .0 3 5 6 .8 3 4 5 .4
338 .5 3 3 1 .3
3 1 5 .6 2 9 6 .7 2 8 3 . I
46o 3 5 6 .0
3 4 3 .7
3 31 .2
32 3 .3
3 1 4 .8 2 9 7 .6 2 7 9 .0 2 6 6 .5
440 3 4 3 .8 3 3 1 .0 3 1 7 .2 3 0 8 .3 2 9 5 .5
2 7 6 . I 2 6 0 . I
2 4 9 .5
420 3 3 1 .6
3 1 8 .7 3 0 3 .3 2 9 3 .3 2 6 9 .3
2 5 1 .O 2 4 0 .8
2 3 1 .9
400
3 1 9 .7 3 0 6 .7 2 8 9 .9
2 7 5 .8 2 3 5 .8 2 2 5 .6 2 2 0 .2 215
390
3 1 3 .9 300 .9
2 8 2 .9 251 2 2 3 .8 2 1 5 .8 2 1 1 .6
205
380 3 0 8 .4
2 9 4 .9
2 7 5 .4 2 1 6 .9
2 1 3 .8
2 0 6 .7
2 0 3 .0
199
360
2 9 6 .9
2 8 2 .8 1 9 7 .0 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .0
1 8 9 .5 1 8 6 .5
184
340
2 8 5 .5 2 7 0 .9 1 7 6 .1 175.2 169 3
T em p eratu re 0 200
°p p s i a p s i a
320 2 7 4 .6 2 5 8 .7
300 2 6 4 .0 2 4 6 .7
280 2 5 3 .6 1 3 1 .1
260 2 4 3 .1 11 5.1
240 2 3 3 .1 1 00.2
220 2 2 3 .2 8 6 ,1
200 2 1 4 .0 7 2 .0
75 1 5 9 .8 0 .4
600 4 4 4 .1 434
560 4 1 7 .4 4o6 .2
520 3 9 1 .6 3 7 8 .9
500 3 7 9 .0 364.9
480 3 6 6 .7 3 5 2 .0
460 3 5 4 .3 3 3 9 .0
440 3 4 2 .2 3 26.2
430 3 3 6 .1 3 2 0 .1
420 3 3 0 .1 3 1 4 .0
400 3 1 8 .5 3 0 1 .7
380
360
75 1 5 8 .8 0 .4
N -P en tan e
4oo
p s i a
500
p s i a
600
p s i a
1 6 0 .0
1 44 .1
1 2 9 .9
0 .9 1 .1 1 .3
8 0 .9 Mole
P e rc e n t P en tan e
4 24 .1
395.2
3 6 6 .0
351 .2
3 3 7 .1
4 1 8 .1
3 8 7 .1
3 5 6 .1
3 4 0.9
3 2 5.1
411
3 7 9 .1
347 .1
331 .1
3 1 2 .6
3 2 2 .3
3 0 7 .4
2 9 9 .6
2 8 4 ,8
2 3 6 .1
3 0 7 .4
2 8 3 .5
2 5 7 .0
2 3 5 .3
2 1 6 .5
3 8 5 .3
2 5 4 .8
2 4 3 .2
2 3 3 .4
2 1 5 .9
0 .9
1 .1
2 0 0 .0
1 8 3 .3
1 .3
800 1000 1400
p s i a p s i a p s i a
154
1 3 9 .3
1 2 5 .0
1 1 1 .5
9 8 .9
86.2
7 4 .0
1.8 2.2 3.1
3 96 .2 386
375
3 61 .2
351 3 4 2 .3
325 .2
3 1 5 .1 3 0 8 .7
306 .2
2 9 6 .7
2 9 1 .2
2 8 5 .6 2 7 8 .2 2 7 4 .2
2 6 5 .2 2 6 0 .2
2 5 7 .9
2 4 4 .1 2 4 1 .9
2 3 6 .3
2 3 4 .0
2 2 8 .4 2 2 6 .1
2 1 3 .0 2 1 0 .4
197 .2 1 9 5 .1
1 8 2 .0 1 8 0 .1
1 .7 2 .9 2 .9
5 9 .7 Mole P e rc e n t P e n tan e
T em p era tu re 0 200 400 500 600 800 1000 1400
°P p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a p s i a
600 4 4 2 .9 4 3 4 .8 422 .2
4 1 5 .5
4 0 5 .8 3 8 7 .0 3 74 .2
3 6 3 .9
560 4 1 6 .1 4 0 5 .1 3 9 1 .0 3 8 1 .1 368 .2 3 4 8 .4
3 3 7 .9 3 3 2 .5
540 4 0 3 .0
3 9 0 .7 3 7 5 .0 3 6 3 .3 3 4 9 .0 3 2 8 .0 3 2 0 .0 3 1 5 .2
520 390 .2
3 7 6 .0 3 5 8 .9 3 4 5 .0 3 2 8 .8
3 0 7 .5
3 02 .2
2 9 9 .1
5 0 0 '
3 7 7 .9
3 6 1 .1 342 .2
3 2 5 .1 2 9 9 .3
2 8 8 .9 2 8 6 .1
2 8 3 .1
490 3 7 1 .4 3 5 4 .2 3 3 4 .1 3 0 8 .8 2 8 8 .0 2 8 0 .2 2 7 8 .0 2 7 5 .0
480 365 .2
3 4 6 .9 3 2 5 .8 2 8 8 .5 2 7 8 .0 2 7 2 .1
2 6 9 ,9
2 6 7 .2
460 3 5 3 .0 3 3 3 .0 2 9 2 .1 2 6 0 .0 2 5 8 .2
2 5 5 .9
2 5 4 .0
2 5 1 .9
440 3 4 1 .0
3 1 9 .5 2 5 1 .6 2 4 1 .0 2 4 0 .0
2 3 8 ,5
2 3 6 .2
420 3 2 9 .0 3 0 6.1 2 2 4 .3 2 2 3 .6 2 2 3 .0 2 2 1 .2
75
1 5 8 .0
0 .5 1 .0 1 .3
1 .6 2 .0
2 .5
3 .6
39.2 Mole P e rc e n t P e n ta n e
600 4 4 1 .6 4 2 9 .7 413
4 0 3 .9 3 9 2 .5 3 7 1 .3 3 6 3 .5 3 6 0 .9
580
4 2 8 .5 4 1 5 .0 396
3 8 4 .5 373
3 5 3 .4 346.2 3 4 3 .6
560 4 1 5 .2
4 0 0 .3 381 3 6 5 .0 3 5 0 .0 3 3 4 .2
3 2 8 .9 3 2 7 .0
540 4 0 2 ,6
3 8 6 .0 365 3 4 4 .6 3 2 6 .0 3 1 6 .0
3 1 2 .3
3 11.2
520 3 8 9 .8
3 7 1 .3 3 4 7 .4
3 1 3 .5 3 0 4 ,5 2 9 8 .9 2 9 6 .9 2 9 5 .0
500 3 7 7 .0
3 5 6 .5 3 1 5 .5
2 8 8 .9
2 8 5 .9
2 8 3 .4 2 8 1 .4 2 7 9 .6
75 1 5 7 .3 0 .5 1 .0 1 .2
1 .5
2 .0 2 .6
3 .7
2 1 .8 Mole P e rc e n t P en tan e
600 4 4 1 .0 4 2 5 .1 4o6 .3 396.2 3 8 0 .8 3 6 7 .8 3 6 0 .6
t\J
3 5 3 .3
T em p eratu re 0 200 400
°P p s i a p s i a p s i a
580 4 2 7 ,8
4 1 0 .7 3 8 9 .5
560
4 1 4 .5 3 9 6 .7 3 7 2 .0
550 4 0 8 .0 3 9 0 .0 362.2
540
4 0 1 .5 383 .1
3 4 7 .0
530 3 9 5 .0 376.2
3 2 1 .0
520 3 8 9 .0 369 .8 3 0 3 .6
500 376.2
357 .1 2 8 4 .5
75
1 5 7 .0
0 .5 1 .1
N -
600 440
4 2 5 .5
39 5 .0
590
43 3 .5 4 1 5 .5
3 8 3 .4
-580 4 2 7 .0
4 0 8 .3 37 0 .3
570
4 2 0 .3
4 0 1 .2 3 4 8 .0
560
41 3 .9
394.2 333.2
550 4 0 7 .4 387 .2 3 2 2 .0
540 4 0 1 .1
3 8 0 .3 312.1
520
3 8 8 .5 367 .2
2 9 5 .1
500 37 5 .6 3 5 4 .6
75 1 5 6 .3 0 .5 1 .1
500
p s i a
600
p s i a
800
p s i a
1000
p s i a
1400
p s i a
3 7 6 .0
3 4 6 .2
3 3 1 .3
3 1 9 .6
310 .2
3 5 8 .0
3 3 6.2
326 .1
3 1 6 .6
3 0 8 .0
3 4 9 .0
3 3 0 .8
3 2 1 .9
3 1 3 .1
304 .8
3 4 3 .6
3 2 6 .8
3 1 8 .3
3 1 0 .5
3 0 2 .3
3 3 8 .0
3 2 2 , 8.
3 1 5 .0
3 0 7 .4
3 0 0 .1
301 .1
2 8 3 .8
1 .4
3 0 9 .6
2 8 3 .2
1 .6
2 9 6 .7
2 8 1 .4
2 .2
2 9 4 .5
2 7 9 .8
2 .8
2 9 2 .9
2 7 8 .1
4 .0
ita n e
3 7 3 .5
3 6 1 .4
3 5 0 .0
3 3 9 .2
3 2 9 .6
3 6 5 .0
3 5 5 .6
346.2
336 .9
3 2 7 .6
36 0 .1
3 5 1 .6
3 4 2 .8
334.2
325 .9
3 5 7 .0
3 4 8 .5
3 4 0 .0
3 3 1 .6
3 2 3 .5
3 5 3 .0
3 4 4 .7
3 3 6 .3
3 2 8 .0
3 2 0 .0
3 2 0 .3
311 .2
2 9 5 .0
2 7 5 .2
1 .3
3 1 9 .0
3 1 0 .5
2 9 4 .8
1 .6
3 1 7 .5
3 0 9 .0
2 9 4 .0
2 ,1
3 1 5 .5
3 0 7 .7
2 9 2 .8
2 .6
3 1 2 .0
3 0 4 .6
2 9 0 .3
3 .7
->3
0 0
S y stem
$m P e n t
74
TABLE 10
COMPARISON OP MEASURED H°-H VALUES
WITH API DATA BOOK PREDICTIONS
Temp. P r e s s . M easured API D a ta D i f f e r e n c e
°F p s i a . H°-H H°-H AHM -AHApID
100 500 200
1 0 .5
8 .6
1 .9
4oo 2 0 .8 1 9 .2 1 .6
6oo 3 3 .6
3 2 .5 1 .1
800 4 7 .4
4 8 .9 - 1 . 5
1000
6 4 .9
6 4 .0
0 .9
1400 8 1 .1 7 9 .6
1 .5
550 200
8 .7
7 .4
1 .3
400 1 7 .8 1 6 .7 l . l
600 2 8 .8 2 6 .8 2 .0
800
4 0 .5
3 8 .4 2 .1
1000 5 2 .8 5 0 .4 2 .4
1400
6 9 .7
6 8 .0
1 .7
600 200
6 .9 6 .7
0 .2
4oo 1 5 .6 1 4 .5 1 .1
6oo 2 4 .7 2 3 .0
1 .7
800
3 3 .9
3 2 .2
1 .7
1000 4 4 .5
4 1 .8
2 .7
1400 5 7 .2 5 7 .4 - 0 .2
8 0 .9
500 200 1 4 .1 1 0 .0 4 .1
400 2 7 .8 2 2 .6 5 .2
600
4 7 .9 4 0 .9 7 . 0
800 7 2 .8
6 3 .5 9 . 3
1000 8 2 .3 7 6 .3
6 .0
1400 8 7 .8 8 6 .0 1 .8
550 200
1 1 .5 8 .3
3 .2
400
2 2 .9 1 8 .7
4 .2
600 -3 9 .8 3 1 .2 8.6
800
5 8 .3
4 6 .1 1 2 .2
1000 6 8 .8 6 o .4 8 .4
1400
7 6 .9 7 5 .1
1 .8
6oo 200 1 0 .1
7 .3
2 .8
4oo 2 0 .0 1 6 .2 3 .8
6oo
3 3 .1 2 6 .0
7 .1
.800
4 7 .9
3 7 .2
1 0 .7
1000 5 8 .1 4 8 .1 1 0 .0
1400
6 9 .1 6 4 .5
4 .6
75
S y stem
P e n t
5 9 .7
3 9 .2
21.8
Temp. P r e s s . M easured API D a ta D i f f e r e n c e
° P . . ■ -
500
°P p s i a H°-H H°-H aHm“aHaP xb
550
600
500
550
600
500
200 1 6 .8
1 1 .7 5 .1
400
3 5 .7 2 8 .3 7 .4
600 7 8 .6 6 3 .4 1 5 .2
800 8 9 .0 8 0 .1
8 .9
1 0 0 0 - 9 1 .8 8 6 .3 5 .5
1400
9 5 .7 9 0 .9
4 .8
200
1 1 .7
1 0 .0
1 .7
400
2 6 .7
2 2 .4
4 .3
6oo
5 0 .9
4 0 .2
1 0 .7
800
7 1 .1
6 l . l 1 0 .0
1000
8 0 .7
7 2 .6 8 .1
1400 8 8 .5
8 1 .7
6 .8
200 8 .1
8 .3
- 0 .2
400
2 0 .7
1 8 .7 2 .0
600
3 7 .1
3 1 .2
5 .9
800
5 5 .9 4 5 .9
1 0 .0
1000
6 8 .7 5 9 .1
9 . 6
1400
8 1 .9 7 1 .9
1 0 .0
200
2 0 .5 1 4 .3
6 .2
4oo
6 1 .5 4 7 .0
1 4 .5
600
9 1 .1 8 4 .7 6 . 4
800 9 3 .6 9 0 .1
3 .5
1000 9 5 .6 9 2 .6 3 .0
1400 9 7 .4
9 5 .3
2 .1
200
1 5 .9 1 1 .5
4 . 4
400 3 6 .0
2 7 .9
8 .1
600
7 0 .7
5 9 .0
1 1 .7
800 8 4 .0 7 5 .8 8 .2
1000
8 8 .3 8 1 .7
6 .6
1400 9 0 .1
8 6 .5
3 .6
200
1 1 .9
9 .8 2 .1
400 2 8 .6 2 2 .3
6 .3
600
4 9 .1 4 0 .0
9 .1
800
7 0 .3 5 9 .1
1 1 .2
1000 7 8 .1
6 8 .9 9 .2
1400
8 0 .7 7 7 .5
3 .2
200
1 9 .1
1 7 .8
1 .3
400 9 1 .6 8 7 .4 4 .2
600 9 3 .0
9 3 .1
- 0 .1
800 9 4 .8
9 4 .9
- 0 .1
1000 9 6 .4
9 5 .9 0 .5
l4 o o .....9 8 .1
97-.-5
0 .6
S y stem
$m P e n t
21.8
0.0
( o c t a n e )
76
Temp. P r e s s . M easured A P I D a t a D i f f e r e n c e
Im- aha p id
°F p s i a H°-H H°-H aHm- aH,
550
600
550
600
200 1 8 .0 1 3 .6 4 .4
400 4 5 .8
3 9 .5 6 .3
600 8 1 .9
7 7 .6
4 .3
800 8 6 .1
8 4 .7
1 .4
1000
8 9 .7
8 8 .0
1 .7
1400 9 3 .0
9 0 .9
2 .1
200
1 5 .9 1 1 .3
4 .6
400
3 4 .7 2 7 .1 7 .6
600 6 0 .2 5 4 .0 6 .2
800 7 3 .2 7 1 .0 2 .2
1000 8 o .4 7 7 .2 3 .2
1400
8 7 .7 8 2 .7 5 .0
200 2 0 .2 1 8 .2 2 .0
400 8 5 .4
8 1 .5 3 .9
6oo 8 8 .4 8 9 .0 - 0 .6
800
8 9 .9 9 1 .3
- 1 . 4
1000
9 1 .9
9 2 .6
- 0 . 7
1400 9 5 .4
9 4 .3 1 .1
200 1 4 .5 1 3 .9
0 .6
400 4 5 .0 4 2 .3 2 .7
600 7 5 .0
7 4 .5 0 .5
800
7 9 .9 8 1 .7
- 1 .8
1000 8 3 .0 8 4 .8 - 1 .8
1400 8 7 .0
8 7 .7 - 0 . 7
77
REFERENCES
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7 K eenan , J .H . and K e y es, F .G . T herm odynam ic P r o p e r t i e s
o f S te am , Jo h n W iley and Sons^ I n c . , New Y ork,
TT9 6 6 ) , 4 0 - 7 0 .
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t i o n o f n - P e n t a n e ," J o u r n a l o f C h e m ic a l and
E n g in e e r in g D a t a , 5 , No. 3 , T J u l y , i 9 6 0 ) , 3 3 1 -3 .
9 L e n o i r , J.M . A P ro g ram o f E x p e r im e n ta l M easurem ent o f
E n t h a l p i e s oT B in a ry H y d ro c a rb o n M ix tu r e s A b o v e
100 F and in t h e C r i t i c a l R e g io n , R e p r i n t 4 5 - 6 7 ,
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32nd M e e tin g , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , (May 1 6 , 1 9 o j \
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H y d ro c a rb o n P r o c e s s i n g , 4 6 , No. 5 , (May, 1 9 6 7 ) ,
78
11 M e s s e r ly , G.H. and K ennedy, R.M. "The H e at C a p a c ity
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t h e V apor P r e s s u r e o f n - P e n t a n e ," J o u r n a l o f t h e
A m erican C h e m ica l S o c i e t y , 6 2 , (N ovem ber, 1 9 4 6 ),
2 9 8 8 - 9 1 .
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t i o n f o r n - O c ta n e ," J o u r n a l o f C h e m ica l and
E n g in e e r in g D a ta , 5 , No. 1 , J j a n u a r y , 1 9 6 6 3 , 2 1 - 4 .
13 N e ls o n , J.M . and Holcom b, D .E . "T herm ocynam ic P r o p e r
t i e s o f T e r n a ry H y d ro c a rb o n M i x t u r e s ," C h em ical
E n g in e e r in g P r o g r e s s , Symposium S e r i e s , 4 9 , Mo. 7 ,
(1 9 5 3 ) , 9 3 -1 0 5 7 ~
14 R o s s i n i , . F . D . , P i t z e r , K . S . , A r n e t t , R . L . , B ra u n , R .M .,
and P im e n te l, G.D. S e l e c te d V a lu e s o f P h y s i c a l and
Therm odynam ic P r o p e r t i e s o f H y d ro carB o n s and R e la te d
Com pounds, A m erican P e tro le u m I n s t i t u t e P r o j e c t 4 4 ,
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R e ia te d Com pounds, A m erican P e tr o le u m I n s t i t u t e
R e s e a rc h P r o j e c t 4 4 , Therm odynam ics R e s e a rc h C e n te r ,
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(A p ril 30, 1 9 6 6 ) .
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p i e s : M u ltic o m p o n e n t H y d ro c a rb o n M ix tu re s a t T h e i r
S a t u r a t e d V apor and L iq u id S t a t e s , " A m erican I n s t i -
t u t e o f C h e m ic a l E n g in e e rs J o u r n a l, 9 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ,
. _
18 T e c h n ic a l D a ta Book - P e tr o le u m R e f i n i n g , A m erican
P e tro le u m I n s t i t u t e D i v i s i o n o f R e f i n in g , New Y o r k ,
( 1 9 6 6 ) , 7 -7 9 — 7 - 8 6 .
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V a p o r i z a t i o n Q u i c k ly ," P e tr o le u m R e f i n e r , 3 6 , No. 3 ,
(M arch, 1 9 5 7 ), 2 2 1 - 3 .
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I n c ., New York',' (1 9 5 8 ), 30, 47, 250.
1

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Asset Metadata

Creator Robinson, Donald Ray (author)

Core Title Measurement of the enthalpy of n-pentane, n-octane, and n-pentane-n-octane mixtures

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Chemical Engineering

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag engineering, chemical,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Lenoir, John M. (committee chair), Chilingar, George V. (committee member), Lockhart, Frank J. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c20-314751

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Legacy Identifier EP41794.pdf

Dmrecord 314751

Document Type Thesis

Rights Robinson, Donald Ray

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Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

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