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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Recent trends in elementary American string class pedagogy
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Recent trends in elementary American string class pedagogy
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RECENT TRENDS IN ELEMENTARY AMERICAN STRING CLASS PEDAGOGY b y P a u l H. S t o n e r A D i s s e r t a t i o n P r e s e n t e d t o th e FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF MUSIC UNIVERSITY 0F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS (M usic E d u c a tio n ) Ju n e 1958 UMI Number: DP29394 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. U M T iD IsssftâtiG n PublisJring UMI DP29394 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 FIN A L D ISSER TA T IO N A PPRO V A L This dissertation, written by Paiîl.-Hxîgo.. .StnnaTT....................................................................... under the supervision ofhi.S.G uidance Committee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Executive Com mittee of the School of Music, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL A R T S with major in ..M u s ic . E .^ c a M p n .................................................. 'Dean, School of M usic GUIDANCE C hairm an lC/4-53 Mus 208 ITTE^ y T ) a a te — ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The i n v e s t i g a t o r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s g e n u in e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o P r o f e s s o r R a lp h E* R ush and P r o f e s s o r Max T# Krone f o r t h e i r warm an d f r i e n d l y e n c o u ra g e m e n t, an d f o r much g u id a n c e an d a s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I . DEFINITION OF THE PR O B L E M .............................. . ^ 1 The P r o b l e m ............................................................................. 3 S ta te m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m . 3 V alu e o f t h e s t u d y 3 D e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y . . . . . . 3 S o u rc e s o f D a ta ......................... 4 D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms ......................... 5 I I . HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRING GLASS 6 I I I . THE STRING PLAYER SHORTAGE......................... 14 E v id e n c e o f th e S t r i n g S h o r ta g e . . . . . . 22 S t a t i s t i c a l E v id e n c e . . . . . . . . . . 23 S e r i o u s I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e S h o r ta g e 2§ C o u n te r A c tio n 27 The Band a s a R easo n f o r t h e S h o r ta g e . . 31 The b a n d a t f a u l t b e c a u s e i t was e a s i e r t o d e v e lo p ............................................... 35 The b a n d m ore u s e f u l . . . . . . . 37 Wind i n s t r u m e n t s more e a s i l y an d q u i c k l y l e a r n e d .. . .. . . . . 38 Band d i r e c t o r s more p r o g r e s s i v e . , . , 4 l F a u l t s o f S t r i n g T e a c h e rs a s a R easo n f o r t h e S h o r ta g e . . . . . . . . .......................... 44 I V I CHAPTER PAGE ! The f a l l a c i o u s " s t r i n g s m ost d i f f i c u l t ” C o n s e r v a tiv e a t t i t u d e s o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s ......................... 47 F a i l u r e t o a d o p t m odern s t r i n g t e a c h i n g The f a i l u r e o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t o p ro m o te s t r i n g s a n o t h e r f a c t o r i n th e dilem m a . . . ......................... 59 The t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a t f a u l t .............................................................. 62 O th e r F a c t o r s C o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e S t r i n g C r i s i s ......................... 67 F a i l u r e o f s u p e r v i s o r s o f m u sic t o p r o v id e a b a la n c e d i n s t r u m e n t a l p ro g ram . . . . . . . . ............................... 67 I n s t r u m e n t a l m a n u f a c tu r e r s an d d e a l e r s a s c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s i n t h e l a c k o f • s t r i n g i n t e r e s t . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o u r t h d e c a d e and g e n e r a l eco n o m ic c o n d i t i o n s a s f a c t o r s i n t h e d e c l i n e o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t an d s t u d y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 v l CHAPTER PAGE O th e r c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s t o th e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . . . . . . . 78 A nsw ers f o r t h e S t r i n g P l a y e r S h o r ta g e . . . 80 The S t r i n g C la s s a s th e B a s is o f a B a la n c e d S t r i n g P rogram .................................... 82 IV . ORGANIZING THE STRING GLASS . ............................... 86 R e c r u i t i n g ........................................ 87 Ways o f C r e a t i n g th e D e s ir e t o P la y th e S t r i n g s .................................................................. 87 How t o C o n d u ct a S t r i n g D e m o n s tr a tio n ♦ . 92 I d e a l B e g in n in g A g e . 97 B e g in n in g S t r i n g C l a s s e s a t t h e F o u r th G rade L e v e l ............................................... 98 P ro p o n e n ts o f B e g in n in g S t r i n g s i n th e E le m e n ta ry S c h o o ls ............................................... . 106 The t h i r d g r a d e a s t h e tim e t o s t a r t t h e v i o l i n c l a s s .............................................................. 107 The c a s e f o r b e g in n in g s t r i n g s below th e t h i r d g r a d e .......................... . . . . . . . 109 The c a s e f o r b e g in n in g s t r i n g s beyond t h e f o u r t h g r a d e .............................................. I l l S e l e c t i o n an d T e s t i n g o f S t u d e n t s ..................... I I 6 The F o rm al T e s t i n g Program .................................... 117 v i l GHAPTEB PAGE The Com bined Use o f F o rm ai a n d I n f o r m a i T e s t s . . , ......................... 113 S e l e c t i o n T h ro u g h S e l f - e l i m i n a t i o n . . . . 125 O p p o s itio n t o Any Means o f S e l e c t i o n . . . 125 M atched L e a r n in g A b i l i t y ......................................... 129 C la s s O r g a n i z a t i o n a l P la n . . . . . . . . . 131 H e te ro g e n e o u s V e rsu s Homogeneous G ro u p in g 136 T r a n s f e r t o O th e r S t r i n g e d I n s t r u m e n t s . . l 4 l R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e S t r i n g P rogram w i t h t h e Wind I n s t r u m e n t P r o g r a m ................................ 143 L en g th and F re q u e n c y o f S t r i n g C la s s S e s s i o n s ............................... 144 P h y s i c a l A rra n g e m e n t o f th e C l a s s ........................... 147 C la s s - ro o m E q u i p m e n t ................................... 150 S e a t i n g A rra n g e m e n t o f t h e C la s s ... .. 150 P r e - t u n i n g th e I n s t r u m e n t s ......................... 153 Summary ........................................................ 154 V. ESSENTIAL STRING CLASS PROCEDURES . . . . . . 157 R o te M ethod a t t h e B e g i n n i n g .......................................... 158 R o te M ethod A d v o c a te d t o P r o v id e Freedom f o r C o n c e n t r a t i o n on T e c h n iq u e ... .. l 6 l R o te M ethod t o P r o v id e f o r C o n c e n t r a t i o n on L i s t e n i n g ......................................................................... 163 v i l l eHâPTER PAGE B ow ing: I n t r o d u c t o r y T e c h n iq u e s .......................... 170 I n t r o d u c t o r y T e c h n iq u e s . . . . . . I 7 I The t r e n d away fro m s lo w , s u s t a i n e d b o w i n g ........................................................ 174 Bowing on a l l o p en s t r i n g s . . . . . . . 188 E a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n o f " a d v a n c e d " bow ing s t y l e s • • • . . « ............................................. 190 The F i n g e r P a t t e r n A p p ro ach . I 92 The M arked P r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e S eco n d F i n g e r P a t t e r n ........................................................ . 195 A l l - F i n g e r s - a t - O n c e V e rsu s t h e F i n g e r - a t - a-T im e A p p ro a ch ............................... .. . .. 199 The e a r l y u s e o f a l l f i n g e r p a t t e r n s . . 204 C y c le Type o f M ethod f o r C o n tin u o u s A c t i v i t y 208 R e p e t i t i o n T hrough R hythm ic P a t t e r n s . . . . 220 R hythm ic P a t t e r n s f o r t h e D evelopm ent o f R hythm ic S e n se ......................... . . . . 221 R hythm ic P a t t e r n s f o r Im p ro v is e d Bowing D r i l l s .................................................. 223 R hythm ic N ote R e p e t i t i o n t o D e v elo p L e f t Hand F i n g e r C o n t r o l ......................................... 225 D i s g u i s e d R e p e t i t i o n ............................................. . 23O P ia n o a s A u r a l an d R hythm ic G uide .. . .. 234 i x CHAPTER PAGE The s t r i n g c l a s s p i a n i s t - a s s i s t a n t . . . 239 M anual M a n ip u la tio n .......................... . . . . . . 241 E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a M u s ic a l S e t t i n g ........................ 245 The Use o f G rad ed S o lo M a t e r i a l ........................... 248 The Use o f S m a ll E nsem ble M a t e r i a l s . . . 257 E nsem ble M usic i n t h e Home . . . . . . . . 263 A M u s ic a l S e t t i n g T hrough C o r r e l a t e d A c t i v i t i e s i n M usic ..................................... 269 M a in ta in in g I n t e r e s t . . . . 272 I n t e r e s t R e s u l t s fro m A c co m p lish m e n t . . . 273 A cco m p lish m en t th r o u g h s h o r t te rm g o a l s 277 I n t e r e s t a N a t u r a l P ro d u c t o f t h e G roup A p p ^ a c h ........................................................... 283 V a r ie d a c t i v i t i e s a s m o t i v a t i n g f o r c e s i n t h e c l a s s . . .................................................... T r a n s i t i o n fro m R o te t o N ote . . . . . . . . E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a L e a r n in g P ace . . . . . . 297 The F i r s t L e s so n ................................... . 297 Bay t o Bay G row th .......................................... 301 The P a u se f o r G row th on a P l a t e a u . . . . 305 I n t e g r a t e d V e rs u s I s o l a t e d I n t r o d u c t i o n o f A l t e r n a t e B e g in n in g P r o c e d u r e s . . . . . . . 311 X CHAPTER PAGE B e g in n in g i n p o s i t i o n s o t h e r t h a n th e f i r s t p o s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . 314 Summary o f C h a p te r F iv e .................................. 319 V I . ADVANTAGES OF STRING GLASS INSTRUCTION . . . . 327 The C ase f o r C l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n ......................... . E a r h a r t *s Judgm ent o f G la s s I n s t r u c t i o n i n 1 9 2 1 ................................................................ 332 The S e l e c t i v e a n d E conom ic A d v a n ta g e s o f C la s s I n s t r u c t i o n . . . . . . ........................ 338 The S o c i a l A d v a n ta g e s I n h e r e n t i n th e G roup A p p r o a c h ........................................................... 340 The A d v a n ta g e o f E nsem ble i n t h e G la s s . . 342 The A d v a n ta g e o f t h e C o m p e titiv e E le m e n t i n t h e C l a s s ......................................................... 343 O p p o s itio n t o t h e G la s s M ethod A p p ro ach . 347 T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e s ................................................. 349 T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e : A N e g a tiv e A t t i t u d e Tow ard New T e c h n iq u e s a n d P r o c e d u r e s . . 350 T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e : S t r i n g S tu d y f o r t h e T a l e n t e d Few ..................................... 353 T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e : S t r i n g s M ost j x l ! CHAPTER PAGE I * © pen-m inded A t t i t u d e ; S t r i n g s M © More I ; D i f f i c u l t , o r L ess D i f f i c u l t t h a n W inds 366 I P u b lic S c h o o l a n d P r i v a t e T e a c h e r j ; R e l a t i o n s h i p s ......................................................... . 371 I V I I . THE STRING GIASS TEACHER .......................... ..... 380 1 I P e r s o n a l A t t r i b u t e s . . . . . . . . 380 ! B a s ic C o m p e te n c ie s ................................ 390 V I I I . lo w in g : P ro b le m s o f . . . . ...................................... 417 D e v e lo p in g t h e S p i c c a t o a n d S t a c c a t o lo w in g . .............................. 424 L e f t Hand F i n g e r A c tio n . . . . . . . . . . 431 P o s i t i o n s ........................... ... .......................... ..... 445 V i b r a t o . . . . . . . . . .......................... . . . 453 P ro b lem s o f I n t o n a t i o n .......................................... 461 IX . AIDS TO GIASS TEACHING........................................ 464 P r a c t i c e A id s an d P r i n c i p l e s ...........................464 M e c h a n ic a l A i d s ................................................... 470 S h o u l d e r Pads . . . . .. .. . . 472 S t e e l S t r i n g s a n d A d j u s t o r s ......................478 xil GHAPTER PAGE X. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS • . 487 Summary ........ . . . . . . . . . . 487 Conclusions ..................« » 502 Recommendations .......... 503 XI. BIBLIOGRAPHY.......... 504 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I . R e l a t i o n s h i p o f O p in io n on H e te ro g e n e o u s G ro u p in g V e rs u s Homogeneous a n d S i z e o f G la s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 I I . C o m p a ra tiv e E m p h asis P la c e d b y E d u c a to r s on Homogeneous V e rsu s H e te ro g e n e o u s G ro u p in g . . 138 I I I . R ecom m endations f o r L en g th an d F re q u e n c y o f S t r i n g C la s s S e s s i o n s ......................................................... 145 IV . C o m p ariso n o f P h i l o s o p h i e s o f I n t r o d u c i n g S t r i n g C la s s M ethods . . . . . . . 200 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 . The F iv e F i n g e r P a t t e r n s . . ......................... 193 2 . R e q u ir e d F i n g e r i n g f o r P la n o ................................................ 228 3 . P ro p o s e d R hythm ic S o l u t i o n .......................................228 4 . R hythm ic M o tio n s C o o r d in a te d .......................................... 229 5 . R hythm ic M o tio n s Com plex ........................................... . . . 229 6 . "Mary Had a L i t t l e Lamb" F in g e r e d f o r V i o l i n . . 290 7 . "Mary Mad a L i t t l e Lamb" F i n g e r e d f o r C e l l o . . 2 9 I 8 . Recommended © rd e r f o r L e a r n in g A l l o f th e S t r i n g 9 . C o n ta c t P o i n t s o f t h e L e f t Hand on V i o l i n an d V i o l a . 410 1 0 . C o n ta c t P o i n t s o f t h e L e f t Hand on th e C e l l o . . 411 1 1 . E le m e n ta r y S h i f t i n g E x e r c i s e f o r S t r i n g C la s s . 451 GHAPTEH I DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM T w enty y e a r s ago a n a r t i c l e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s u b j e c t o f s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g was a c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e o c c u r r e n c e I n A m e ric an m u sic J o u r n a l s . A bout t h e tim e o f th e b e g in n i n g o f t h e s e c o n d w o rld w ar a s u d d e n a la r m o v e r th e I s e r i o u s l a c k o f I n t e r e s t I n s t r i n g p l a y i n g t h e n p r e v a l e n t s e t o f f a f l o o d o f a r t i c l e s a p p e a r i n g i n o u r m u sic J o u r n a l s d e a l i n g w ith t h e p ro b le m o f s t r i n g s an d th e m ost e f f e c t i v e s o l u t i o n , t h e s t r i n g c l a s s . S i m i l a r l y , r e s e a r c h on t h e s u b j e c t J u s t tw e n ty y e a r s ago was a l l b u t n o n - e x i s t e n t w h e re a s e a c h y e a r now w i t n e s s e s a v o lu m in o u s a d d i t i o n t o lo u r b i b l i o g r a p h y f i l e s o f s t u d i e s r e l a t e d t o s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y . E ach y e a r t o o , a num ber o f new m ethod b o oks f o r s t r i n g c l a s s e s a r e p u b l i s h e d , and w h ile t h e num ber o f new b o o k s w h ic h d e a l e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h t h e s u b j e c t o f s t r i n g s Iare s m a l l , a g r e a t many volum es h a v in g t o do w i t h p u b l i c s c h o o l m u sic t r e a t t h e s u b j e c t I n t h e c o u r s e o f th e d i s - j j c u s s l o n . I C o n c ern o v e r t h e s t r i n g s i t u a t i o n i s r e f l e c t e d I n Ithe a c t i v i t i e s o f th e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n fe re n c e an d t h e M usic T e a c h e rs N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , a s a g la n c e a t t h e i r J o u r n a l s o f p r o c e e d in g s w i l l show . I n d e e d , c o n c e rn 2 becam e so g r e a t , p a r t i c u l a r l y among t h e s t r i n g p l a y i n g mem b e r s h i p o f t h e s e m a jo r o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t a s e p a r a t e body was s e t up i n 1946 a t th e .M u s ic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , m e e tin g I n C l e v e la n d . T h is new o r g a n i z a t i o n was c a l l e d t h e A m e ric an S t r i n g T e a c h e rs A s s o c i a t i o n , w h ic h body I s now c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o th p a r e n t b o d i e s . The avow ed p u rp o s e o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n was a s f o llo w s : To s u p p o r t and e n c o u ra g e b e t t e r and m ore p e rfo rm a n c e o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o r s t r i n g s . I n c l u d i n g m u sic f o r s o l o , e n s e m b le , a n d o r c h e s t r a a t a l l l e v e l s o f a c h ie v e m e n t, an d t o e s t a b l i s h th e h i g h e s t a r t i s t i c and p e d a g o g i c a l s t a n d a r d s I n s t r i n g e d I n s t r u m e n t t e a c h i n g . (6 0 :4 ) N e a r ly a l l o f t h e p e r i o d i c a l a r t i c l e s , r e p o r t s I n t h e j o u r n a l s o f p r o c e e d i n g s , an d c h a p t e r s on I n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic I n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s make p o i n t e d r e f e r e n c e t o t h e I a la r m i n g l a c k o f I n t e r e s t I n s t r i n g p l a y i n g , an d a lm o s t | i n v a r i a b l y t h e a b i l i t y t o t e a c h t h e s t r i n g s s u c c e s s f u l l y I n | c l a s s comes t o be e m p h a siz e d a s t h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b le m . T h ese an d p r o j e c t s d e a l i n g w i t h s t r i n g s a r e f o r : t h e m ost p a r t c o n c e rn e d w i t h s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n w ith b y f a r t h e l a r g e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s e a m o u n tin g t o a n a l y s e s o f v a r i o u s s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s . As h a s a lw a y s b e e n t h e c a s e , w id e ly d i v e r g e n t o p i n io n s r e g a r d i n g c e r t a i n , I p r a c t i c e s I n t e a c h i n g s t r i n g s a r e h e l d , and a r e f o r c e f u l l y p r o j e c t e d i n t o t h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s . Y et non e o f t h e s e h a s a t t e m p t e d , on a n y c o m p re h e n s iv e s c a l e , t o show a n y r e a l I 3 I r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h i s c o n f u s i n g n e tw o rk o f d i v e r g e n t o p i n i o n s , t h e o r i e s , an d p r i n c i p l e s , n o r I s t h e r e a n y e v l - jd e n c e t h a t anyon e h a s a t t e m p t e d t o d e te r m in e t o w hat e x t e n t I I t h e f i n d i n g s o f r e s e a r c h h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d i n t h e f i e l d o f ! s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d o lo g y . I I . THE PROBLEM I I S t a te m e n t o f t h e p r o b le m . I t was t h e p u rp o s e o f ! t h i s s t u d y t o a s c e r t a i n w h at e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s h a d b e e n a d o p te d b y s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s I n t h e p a s t two d e c a d e s , n o t i n g w here t h e r e h a d b e e n t h e g r e a t e s t u n a n im ity o f th o u g h t among e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s I n t h e f i e l d , a t t e m p t i n g ^ t o o , t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a t tim e s w ide d is a g r e e m e n ts and I n c o n s i s t e n c i e s e n c o u n te r e d I n t h e s o u r c e s . V a lu e o f t h e s t u d y . The v a lu e o f s u c h a s t u d y may r e a d i l y be a p p r e c i a t e d b y a c o m p a ris o n o f t h e o p p o s in g t h e o r i e s w h ich m ost I n q u i r i n g m u sic e d u c a t o r s e n c o u n t e r d u r i n g th e c o u r s e o f a y e a r * s t e a c h i n g . T h e re I s a n e e d t o d e te r m in e w h ic h o f t h e s e p r a c t i c e s a r e m ore e f f e c t i v e t h a n o t h e r s , w h ic h o f them s h o u ld b e a d h e r e d t o , an d w h ich m ig h t w e l l be d i s m i s s e d . D e l i m i t a t i o n s o f th e s t u d y . T h is s t u d y was n o t m ean t t o be a c o m p le te s tiid y o f s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g fro m , 4 i I i t s i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o o u r s c h o o ls e a r l y i n t h e c e n t u r y , h u tj r a t h e r was m eant t o c o v e r t h e p e r i o d o f r a p i d d e v e lo p m e n t j i n s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s w h ic h r o u g h ly p a r a l l e l e d t h e a w a k e n in g o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y i n g w o rld t o t h e s h o r t a g e o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s I n t h e y e a r 1937 t o t h e m id d le o f t h e y e a r ; 1957 when a c o n s i d e r a b l y m ore e n c o u r a g in g p i c t u r e was a p p a r e n t . W hile t h e r e a r e s c a t t e r e d a r t i c l e s d e a l i n g w ith . ! s t r i n g p l a y i n g I n v a r i o u s p e r i o d i c a l s o v e r t h e y e a r s from ! t h e b e g in n i n g o f t h e c e n t u r y , a s w e l l a s m ild r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e f a c t t h a t s t r i n g I n t e r e s t m ig h t w e l l be m ore w id e s p r e a d , no r e a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f a p ro b le m becam e a p p a r e n t : u n t i l t h e y e a r 1937 when t h e f i r s t a la rm s w ere so u n d e d i n m u sic p e r i o d i c a l s . I t was j u s t a t t h i s tim e t h a t p a p e r s i n t h e j o u r n a l s o f p r o c e e d in g s b e g a n t o t u r n fro m s u b j e c t s d e a l i n g w i t h a d v a n c e d s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e s t o t h o s e d e a l i n g w i t h e le m e n t a r y t e c h n i q u e s a t th e c l a s s l e v e l . Thus t h i s p a p e r w i l l d e a l w i t h t h e am azin g g ro w th an d d e v e lo p m e n t w h ic h t o o k p l a c e I n t h e tw e n ty y e a r p e r i o d s p a n n in g th e two d e c a d e s fro m 1937 t o 1 9 5 7 • S o u r c e s o f d a t a . A s u r v e y o f th e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e r e v e a l e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p r im a r y s o u r c e s o f d a t a ; 1 . P e r i o d i c a l a r t i c l e s I n t h e m u sic j o u r n a l s p r i n c i p a l l y d e v o te d t o s c h o o l m u sic e d u c a t i o n . 5 2 . U n p u b lis h e d D o c to rs * d i s s e r t a t i o n s an d M a s te r* s t h e s e s r e l a t e d t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 3* U n p u b lis h e d p r o j e c t s i n t h e f i e l d o f th e I 4 . O f f i c i a l J o u r n a l s o f P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e M usic I I E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n fe re n c e and M usic I I . I T e a c h e rs N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n . I . I 5 , Books on th e s u b j e c t o f m u sic e d u c a t i o n w h ich I n c l u d e d s e c t i o n s on I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic . S e c o n d a ry s o u r c e s o f I n f o r m a t i o n w e re i 1 . P a m p h le ts p u b l i s h e d b y m u sic I n s t r u m e n t h o u s e s . 2 . P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h s t r i n g p l a y e r s an d t e a c h e r s . 3 . O b s e r v a ti o n o f p e rfo rm a n c e p r a c t i c e s b y t h e I n v e s t i g a t o r . ; 4 . P e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e I n v e s t i g a t o r . I 1 D e f i n i t i o n o f t e r m s . The te rm " p r o g r e s s i v e ” h a s b e e n u s e d c o n s i s t e n t l y th r o u g h o u t t h i s p a p e r t o c o n n o te a p e r s o n who i s w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t new i d e a s , t o d i s c a r d th e o l d an d a c c e p t t h e new when c o n d i t i o n s i n d i c a t e l i k e l i h o o d o f im p ro v e m e n t; I t w ould a l s o a p p ly t o th e p e r s o n who I s o p e n -m in d e d , o r c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y m e n ta l d a r i n g . CHAPTER I I HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRING CLASS Any d i s c u s s i o n o f m ethod s o f s t r i n g c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n w ould be In c o m p le te w i t h o u t some r e f e r e n c e t o th e p i o n e e r e f f o r t s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n b y A l b e r t G. M i t c h e l l I n B o s to n i n t h e y e a r 1 9 1 1 . Up t o t h i s tim e a l l I n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n i n A m e ric a h a d b e e n a lm o s t e n t i r e l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s ( 1 7 : 1 6 ) . M i t c h e l l , f o r m e r l y a n o r g a n i s t o f e x c e p t i o n a l a b i l i t y a t S t . J o h n 's E p is c o p a l C h u rc h i n B o s to n , h a v in g r e c e n t l y a c c e p t e d a p o s i t i o n I n t h e m u sic d e p a r tm e n t o f t h e B o s to n p u b l i c s c h o o l s , was e l e c t r i f i e d b y t h e r e p o r t s o f C h a r le s F a r n s w o r th a b o u t t h e s t r i n g c l a s s movement w h ich h a d become w id e s p r e a d i n E n g la n d b y I 9 0 8 . I t I s w o rth n o t i n g t h a t t h i s movement was a l l i e d w ith th e c o m m e rc ia l s a l e o f v i o l i n s by a l o c a l m anu f a c t u r e r , a s was t h e a m a zin g b a n d d e v e lo p m e n t w h ic h t o o k p l a c e i n t h e t h i r d d e c a d e I n A m e ric a (365:3© W a s s e l l ) . F a r n s w o r th , a p r o f e s s o r o f T e a c h e rs C o lle g e i n New Y ork C i t y w r o te a b o u t t h e E n g l i s h c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n I n I A n o th e r I n t e r e s t i n g m u s ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t I n E n g la n d ! I s t h e g ro w th o f w hat I s c a l l e d 'T he M a id sto n e Move- ! m e n t . ' T h is s t a r t e d a b o u t 10 y e a r s ago ( I 8 9 8 ) , a s th e r e s u l t o f a n e x p e r im e n t c a r r i e d o u t i n th e A l l S a i n t s j N a t i o n a l S c h o o l I n t h e tow n o f M a id s to n e , w i t h t h e I o b j e c t o f d e v e l o p in g a lo v e f o r o r c h e s t r a l m u sic among ! t h e p u p i l s . I t h a s b e e n o r g a n i z e d an d d e v e lo p e d b y M e s s r s . M urdock an d Company, d e a l e r s I n m u s ic a l I n s t r u - m e n ts . I t h a s grow n s o t h a t t h e r e a r e now a b o u t 5>©0© s c h o o l s t h a t h a v e o r c h e s t r a l c l a s s e s , i n w h ic h t h e r e a r e no f e w e r t h a n 4 0 0 ,0 0 0 b o y s a n d g i r l s e n r o l l e d . I h e a r d a c o n c e r t g i v e n by t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s I n an d a b o u t L ondon, I n A l e x a n d r i a P a la c e w here 1450 y o u t h f u l I n s t r u m e n t a l i s t s t o o k p a r t . I t I s a s t o n i s h i n g t o s e e w hat c a n be done u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s * The I d e a o f t e a c h i n g v i o l i n c l a s s e s s t r i k e s one a t f i r s t a s a lm o s t I m p o s s i b l e , b u t h e r e I s a movement w here j u s t t h i s t h i n g I s d o n e , n o t I n s c h o o l t i m e , b u t o u t s i d e , y e t u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n o f s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s . . . . I t I s e s t i m a t e d t h a t I n London a lo n e t h e r e a r e o v e r 3©0 o f t h e s e v i o l i n c l a s s e s , w i t h a n a v e r a g e m em b ersh ip o f 2 5 j an d t h a t t h e r e I s s c a r c e l y a tow n th r o u g h o u t E n g la n d w here t h e r e a r e n o t one o r more c l a s s e s , some n u m b e rin g a s many a s 120 m em bers. ( 3 6 :1 4 5 - 1 4 6 ) T h is c h a l l e n g i n g news c a u s e d M i t c h e l l t o s e e k a y e a r ' s l e a v e o f a b s e n c e t o s t u d y t h e m ovem ent. A f te r w a r d h e w r o te : Upon my r e t u r n hom e, f i l l e d w ith e n th u s ia s m an d w i t h a d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o do w hat I c o u ld t o k e e p p a c e w i t h a c t i v i t i e s I n E u r o p e , I r e c e i v e d p e r m i s s io n fro m th e B o s to n S c h o o l B o a rd t o o r g a n i z e v i o l i n c l a s s e s up on my own r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d on my own t i m e . . . . A f t e r th e s e c o n d y e a r t h e d i r e c t o r o f m u sic p r o c u r e d p e r m i s s io n f o r me t o l e a v e my h i g h s c h o o l w ork an d t o d e v o te a l l my tim e t o i n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n . ( 3 6 3 : 3©) M i t c h e l l 's I n i t i a l e f f o r t s w ere l i m i t e d t o h o u r s o u t s i d e o f s c h o o l , w i t h o u t p a y , an d I n c l u d e d fro m s i x t e e n ;to tw e n ty p u p i l s u s i n g t h e i r own v i o l i n s . A f t e r h a v in g won I " I r e c o g n i t i o n f o r h i s I n n o v a t i o n s , v i o l i n c l a s s e s w ere I n - Ie lu d e d a s p a r t o f t h e r e g u l a r s c h o o l w ork a n d M i t c h e l l was j a s s i g n e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o c l a s s I n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n . jC la ssro o m t e a c h e r s w ere t r a i n e d t o a c t a s a s s i s t a n t s an d r e v ie w e d t h e w o rk he d i d w e e k ly w i t h e a c h c l a s s ( 3 6 5 : 3©)• 8 M i t c h e l l d e s c r i b e d h i s p h i lo s o p h y o f t e a c h i n g a t th e M usic S u p e r v i s o r s N a t i o n a l C o n fe re n c e i n P h i l a d e l p h i a i n 1 9 2 0 , s a y i n g t h a t i t was h i s aim " to i n c r e a s e t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e p u p i l i n m u sic a n d t o e d u c a te t h e s e n s e o f t o u c h , s i g h t an d h e a r i n g ." I n th e same a d d r e s s he drew a t t e n t i o n ; t o t h e v a lu e o f v i o l i n s t u d y I n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f p i t c h p e r c e p t i o n s a y i n g , " I t I s a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d t h a t many p u p i l s who a t t h e commencement o f t h e i r l e s s o n s w ere s a d l y d e f i c i e n t I n p i t c h p e r c e p t i o n a f t e r w a r d s d e v e lo p e d a more c o r r e c t e a r " ( 3 6 5 : 3 0 ) . M i t c h e l l e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d t h e p r e p a r a t o r y a s p e c t o f s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g n o t i n g t h a t t h e c l a s s t e a c h e r p r o v i d e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y an d t h e Im p e tu s t h a t w ould o t h e r w i s e b e l a c k i n g , a n d fro m t h i s s t u d e n t s o f t e n w ere g u id e d to w a rd s t u d y w i t h a p r i v a t e t e a c h e r ( 3 6 5 : 3 0 ) » T h e re w ere fe w . I f a n y , t r a d i t i o n a l r e s t r a i n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h M i t c h e l l 's m e th o d s . He t e s t e d an d a d o p te d n o n - s l i p p i n g f r i c t i o n p e g s f o r e a s i e r t u n i n g , im p r o v is e d v i s u a l f i n g e r b o a r d c h a r t s , u s i n g l a r g e o n e s on t h e w a l l , s m a l l o n e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e f i n g e r b o a r d s , an d d e v i s e d many p r a c t i c e a i d s t o g u id e t h e f i n g e r s an d t h e bow ( 3 6 5 : 3 1 ) . ! I M odern p r i n c i p l e s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a m u s ic a l s e t t i n g w ere j I n s t i n c t i v e l y u t i l i z e d b y M i t c h e l l who u s e d t h e p ia n o t o p r o v i d e h a rm o n ic a n d r h y th m ic b a c k g ro u n d f o r h i s y oung s t u d e n t s . W a s s e ll w ro te o f h im : He was a f i r m b e l i e v e r i n a c c o m p a n im e n ts a s m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e c l a s s i n s t r u m e n t a l l e s s o n . He h o p e d f o r I t h e d a y when th e p u p i l s w ould h a v e a v e r y e le m e n t a r y I k n ow ledge o f t h e o r y a n d h a rm o n y , t h e s e t o a i d i n d e v e l - i o p in g t h e p u p i l ' s m u s i c i a n s h i p fro m t h e s t a r t . H is own c l a s s e s w i t h young p e o p le w ere m arked b y p u p i l e n t h u s i a s m . He knew how t o g e t down t o t h e i r l e v e l . H is : p l a y i n g o f im prom ptu a cc o m p a n im e n ts was a d e l i g h t t o ! h e a r . H is m an n er i n c l a s s was e v e r c h e e r f u l . (3 6 5 :3 1 ) I Two ite m s o f c o n te m p o r a r y v i o l i n e q u ip m e n t w ere I ■ ■ I d e v i s e d a t M i t c h e l l 's r e q u e s t . He h a d a w ir e E s t r i n g s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e g u t E w h ic h h a d a n o t o r i o u s l y s h o r t l i f e a n d a f r u s t r a t i n g t e n d e n c y t o s t r e t c h . I n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h two sym phony p l a y e r s o f B o s to n ( J a c q u e s H o f f - ; man and K a r l H i s s l a n d ) an d t h e w e ll-k n o w n New Y ork p e d a g o g u e , P a u l S t o e v i n g , a s h o u l d e r r e s t was d e v i s e d an d a d o p te d t o a i d i n h o l d i n g t h e v i o l i n . B o th t h e s e i n n o - I v a t i o n s p ro v o k e d w id e s p r e a d d i s a p p r o v a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y among some o f t h e a r t i s t p e r f o r m e r s . The w ire E (now a n im p ro v e d s t e e l s t r i n g ) h a s b e e n a lm o s t u n i v e r s a l l y a d o p te d , b u t t h e s h o u l d e r pad s t i l l re m a in s a s o u r c e o f c o n t e n t i o n among some o f t h e m ore t r a d i t i o n a l l y m in d e d . A f u r t h e r p ro b le m w h ic h M i t c h e l l s o u g h t t o s o l v e was t h a t o f s u i t a b l e c l a s s m a t e r i a l s . He a d o p te d a E u ro p e a n , m eth o d a f t e r a lo n g s e a r c h , b u t s o o n fo u n d i t p e d a g o g i c a l l y u n so u n d a n d w ro te a m eth o d o f h i s own. T h is m ethod i s ! ' : fam ous a s th e f i r s t A m e ric a n v i o l i n c l a s s m eth od b o o k , an d , 1 0 h a d f o r i t s t i t l e . C l a s s M ethod f o r t h e V i o l i n . M i t c h e l l was a n o u t s t a n d i n g f i g u r e i n many a r e a s o f i I m u s i c a l e n d e a v o r . W ith D u d le y B uck he was c o - f o u n d e r o f t h e !A m e ric a n G u ild o f O r g a n i s t s , a s s i s t e d S i r A r t h u r S u l l i v a n I i n s c o r i n g h i s o p e r a s ( i n c l u d i n g a l l o f t h e M ik ad o ) , was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u c h fam ous m u s ic ia n s a s Hans Von B ulow , Jo a c h im S t r a u s s and Jo h n J a c o b S t a i n e r , and was a v i o l i n p u p i l o f t h e fam ous Jo a c h im ( 3 6 5 : 2 9 ) . W a s s e l l , who s t u d i e d w ith M i t c h e l l a t Mew Y ork U n i v e r s i t y , an d who d i d c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h on h i s l i f e , p r i n c i p a l l y th r o u g h c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h M i t c h e l l 's s o n , H ow ard, c o n c lu d e d h i s t r e a t i e s on M i t c h e l l w i t h t h e s e Iw ords : Some o f t o d a y 's r e c o g n i z e d t e a c h e r s i n i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s e s d i s a g r e e w i t h t h i s an d t h a t a b o u t M i t c h e l l 's w ay. I n l i k e m anner many o f t o d a y 's p e d ag o g s t a k e i s s u e i n some m a t t e r s w i t h H o ra ce Mann an d L o w e ll M ason. W h a te v e r t o d a y 's ju d g m e n t o f th e man i s , M i t c h e l l m ust be r e c o g n i z e d a s a n e n l i g h t e n e d p i o n e e r i n t h e f i e l d o f m u sic e d u c a t i o n . ( 3 6 5 : 3 1 ) The i d e a o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s c a u g h t h o l d and by 1915 o t h e r c o m m u n itie s h a d a d o p te d t h e i d e a an d t o e v e r y o n e 's j s u r p r i s e t h e p l a n w o rk e d . W h ile i t was n o t , o f c o u r s e , ; s u c c e s s f u l i n e v e r y i n s t a n c e , i t was q u i t e c l e a r t o t h e m u sic e d u c a t o r o f t h e tim e t h a t one t e a c h e r , who was w e l l i q u a l i f i e d , c o u ld do a c o m p l e t e ly s a t i s f a c t o r y jo b o f t e a c h i n g v i o l i n i n c l a s s w i t h o u t t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s u p p l e 11 m e n ta r y p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t i o n . “T h is was a s t o n i s h i n g eno u g h i n i t s e l f , “ s a i d G e h rk e n s , “b u t a n e v e n m ore a s t o u n d in g t h i n g im m e d ia te ly becam e m a n i f e s t : t h e c h i l d r e n l i k e d t o come t o t h e i r v i o l i n c l a s s e s ” ( 4 : 1 7 9 ) . By 1923 W il l E a r h a r t , h i m s e l f one o f t h e e a r l i e s t e x p o n e n ts o f i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s t e a c h i n g , was a b l e t o r e p o r t t h a t s u c h i n s t r u c t i o n h a d now becom e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o th e s c h o o l c u r r i c u l u m an d i t s s p r e a d h a d b e e n s o r a p i d an d w id e s p r e a d a s t o o u t r u n s t a t i s t i c a l i n q u i r y an d r e c o r d . H is g o v e rn m e n t b u l l e t i n o f t h i s d a t e r e p o r t e d t h a t to w ns o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 , t o 2 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n f r e q u e n t l y b o a s t e d one t o two | h u n d re d s c h o o l p u p i l s r e c e i v i n g v i o l i n c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , I a n d i n i s o l a t e d i n s t a n c e s , l a r g e r c o m m u n itie s h a d many | I hundreds, one community reporting a t o t a l o f 3,100 such | Ipupils ( 3 5 :8 - 9 ) . I By 1924 t h e s u c c e s s o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n h a d r e a c h e d : s u c h p r o p o r t i o n s t h a t many p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s w ere b ecom ing a la r m e d f o r t h e i r own l i v e l i h o o d and l e a d e r s i n t h e move m ent s u c h a s E a r h a r t , B i r g e , B ann, and o t h e r s w ere p o i n t i n g : 1 ■out a t c o n f e r e n c e s o f t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n t h e p r o p e r p u b l i e - p r i v a t e t e a c h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The ! I m u tu a l b e n e f i t s t o be g a in e d w ere p o i n t e d o u t b y B ir g e who b e g a n h i s re m a rk s b y c a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e many a d v a n t a g e s o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n . He b e l i e v e d t h a t s u c h w ork was 1 2 s t i l l i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t a g e b u t t h a t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d g r e a t p ro m is e f o r t h e f u t u r e , among w h ic h w e re , (1 ) t h e l a r g e num ber o f c h i l d r e n who becam e i n t e r e s t e d i n i n s t r u m e n ta l s t u d y who w ould o t h e r w i s e h a v e h a d no s u c h o p p o r t u n i t y , (2 ) t h e g r a t i f y i n g t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s a l r e a d y made b y t h e s e c h i l d r e n , an d (3 ) t h e l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f whom h a d becom e s o i n t e r e s t e d a s t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r s t u d y u n d e r p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s ( 2 9 : 2 5 5 ) , S i m i l a r s e n t i m e n t s w ere e x p r e s s e d a t th e same tim e b y Dann who c a l l e d f o r m u tu a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e aim s an d i d e a l s i n b o t h p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e t e a c h e r a c t i v i t i e s , c i t i n g t h e n e e d t o s e r v e t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f a l l t h e p u p i l s , an d t h e n e e d f o r a s p i r i t o f ■ f r i e n d l i n e s s an d c o o p e r a t i o n among a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e rn e d I ( 3 2 : 2 6 2 ) . By t h i s p e r i o d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f th e i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s t h e b r a s s e s a n d w oodw inds w ere a l s o b e in g t a u g h t i n ' c l a s s e s w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e b a n d b e g a n t o i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a r i t y b y l e a p s a n d b o u n d s . By t h e e a r l y p a r t o f t h e n e x t d e c a d e i t was r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e b a n d h a d o u t s t r i p p e d t h e o r c h e s t r a i n num b ers an d p o p u l a r i t y . I n t e r e s t i n and I t h e i n c l u s i o n o f o r c h e s t r a b y s c h o o l s g r a d u a l l y w aned u n t i l I I t h e l a t e t h i r t i e s . A t t h i s p o i n t some a la rm was e v i d e n t i n I s c a t t e r e d p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y . B u t W orld War I I 13 i n t e r r u p t e d a n y a t t e m p t s t o c o r r e c t t h e s i t u a t i o n , th o u g h a few w ere h e a r d t o re m a rk d u r i n g w ar tim e t h a t t h e s h o r t a g e o f b r a s s i n s t r u m e n t s m ig h t a i d t h e s t r i n g p r o p o n e n ts i n a s much a s s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s w ere much m ore r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e a t t h e tim e ( 3 1 : 1 1 ) . As t h e w ar drew t o a c l o s e a n a w a re n e s s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n s p r e a d r a p i d l y th r o u g h t h e p a g e s o f m u sic j o u r n a l s an d i n t h e m e e tin g s o f t h e v a r i o u s m u sic t e a c h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s . CHAPTER I I I THE STRING PLAYER SHORTAGE A t f i r s t i t was a lm o s t l i k e t h e c alm b e f o r e t h e s t o r m , y e t m ixed w i t h a f e e l i n g o f u n e a s i n e s s fro m t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t a l l was n o t q u i t e a s i t s h o u ld b e . I n S e p te m b e r o f 1937 a p r o m in e n t s t r i n g t e a c h e r who was l a t e r t o be a t t h e v e r y c e n t e r o f t h e m ovement t o re a w a k e n i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g s was s t i l l a p p a r e n t l y b l i s s f u l l y u n aw are t h a t a c r i s i s was r a p i d l y a p p r o a c h i n g . I n a n a r t i c l e i n t h e M usic E d u c a to r s J o u r n a l a t t h a t tim e G re e n was s t i l l w r i t i n g a b o u t t h e o r d i n a r y a s p e c t s o f i n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n , n o t i n g t r e n d s t h a t w ere no d i f f e r e n t fro m a n y t h i n g one w o u ld e x p e c t u n d e r p e r f e c t l y n o rm a l c o n d i t i o n s ( 1 6 5 : 3 5 - 3 6 ) . A t a s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r p o i n t i n t h a t y e a r R oss was v o i c i n g some m is g iv i n g s a t t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l C o n fe re n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e s t r i n g s i t u a t i o n , an d h i s p u b l i s h e d p a p e r i s t h e f i r s t t o a p p e a r i n t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n P r o c e e d in g s e x p r e s s i n g c o n c e r n & bout t h e w e l f a r e o f s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a ( 5 0 : 1 8 0 ) . ^ H is a r t i c l e was e n t i t l e d “The I n a d e q u a c y o f V i o l i n I n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e H igh S c h o o l ; “ I t e x p r e s s e d a v ag u e f e e l i n g o f u n r e s t a b o u t t h e v i o l i n an d t h e o r c h e s t r a , b u t 15 he n e v e r r e a l l y p u t h i s f i n g e r on t h e f a c t t h a t s t r i n g s w ere i n s e r i o u s j e o p a r d y . A c t u a l l y , h i s c o n c e r n a t t h i s p o i n t grew o u t o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t s t r i n g p e rfo rm a n c e i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a was b e lo w s t a n d a r d . I t seem ed t o him t h a t c o n d u c to r s h a d n * t t h e tim e t o t e a c h s t r i n g s a d e q u a t e l y , t h a t t h e r e was a te n d e n c y t o g i v e a s t u d e n t a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t an d p u t him i n t o t h e o r c h e s t r a . “What i s w rong w i t h v i o l i n i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l an d w h at i s w rong w i t h t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a ? ” h e q u e r i e d i L a t e r t h a t same y e a r t h e f i r s t a r t i c l e t o a p p e a r i n t h e M usic E d u c a to r s J o u r n a l w h ic h c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e u n h a p p y s t r i n g s i t u a t i o n was t h e r e p o r t o f t h e W is c o n s in i {Survey b y R i g h t e r , Iow a U n i v e r s i t y * s b a n d d i r e c t o r . I n th e ! I s p r in g o f 1937 t h e W is c o n s in S c h o o l M usic A s s o c i a t i o n h ad I c o m m issio n e d R i g h t e r t o o b s e r v e t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s o f a s e v e n t e e n - c i t y a r e a a n d r e p o r t t o t h e a s s o c i a t i o n t h e w eak a s w e l l a s t h e s t r o n g p o i n t s . W hile no one f e l t t h a t t h e r e was a n a t i o n a l t r e n d , t h e r e w ere s i g n s o f d a n g e r , and ib ec au se c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e v e a l e d b y t h e W isc o n — js in r e p o r t w ere p r e v a l e n t i n o t h e r s t a t e s , R i g h t e r Ire8 p on d ed t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t th e f i n d i n g s be made la v a il a b l e , th r o u g h t h e J o u r n a l c o lu m n s, f o r t h e c o n s i d e r - I a t i o n o f A m e ric a n m u sic e d u c a t o r s ( 2 8 1 : 3 5 - 3 6 ) . 16 The t r e n d a s r e p o r t e d b y R i g h t e r c o u ld h a r d l y be A l l s c h o o l s h a d b a n d s ; a l l b u t two h a d some fo rm o f c h o r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n : o n ly t e n o f t h e e i g h t e e n h a d o r c h e s t r a s . [ i t a l i c s n o t i n t h e o r i g i n a l J The b a n d s w e re , f o r t h e m o st p a r t , l a r g e an d f a i r l y w e l l b a l a n c e d ; t h e c h o r u s e s an d g l e e c lu b s w ere o f a l l d e s c r i p t i o n s b u t a v e r a g e d h i g h i n s i z e a n d b a l a n c e o f v o i c e s ; t h e o r c h e s t r a s w ere d e f i n i t e l y b elo w s t a n d a r d i n s i z e , i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , a n d a b i l i t y , e x c e p t i n t h r e e o r f o u r s c h o o l s . T h is s i t u a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y due c h i e f l y t o t h e f a c t t h a t few o f t h e d i r e c t o r s a r e s t r i n g p l a y e r s , w i t h t h e n a t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e t h a t s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n i s n e g l e c t e d . ( 2 8 1 :3 6 - 3 8 ) E ven s o , t h e to n e o f t h e a r t i c l e was n o t one o f g r e a t c o n c e r n . R i g h t e r p o i n t e d o u t t h e r a t h e r n e g l i g i b l e ;m u s i c a l v a lu e o f t h e s e l e c t i o n s p r e s e n t e d b y t h e b a n d s , ^n d I s a i d t h a t “t h e o r c h e s t r a m u sic was o f c o n s i d e r a b l y b e t t e r I q u a l i t y t h a n t h e b a n d m u s ic ” ( 2 0 1 : 3 8 ) . He c o n c lu d e d w i t h ith e re m a rk t h a t d e c l a r e d : 1 ; I f t h e c o m m u n itie s v i s i t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s I p r o j e c t r e p r e s e n t a t r u e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e s t a t e , I t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t m u sic h a s made a v a l u a b l e s o c i a l I an d e d u c a t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n i s i n e s c a p a b l e . (2 0 1 :3 8 ) i The f o l l o w i n g D ecem ber i s s u e o f t h e M usic E d u c a to r s ! J o u r n a l c o n t a i n e d a n a r t i c l e w h ic h l e f t no f u r t h e r d o u b t b u t t h a t a s e r i o u s n a t i o n a l t r e n d was u p o n u s when fro m th e E a s t c o a s t Ward r e p o r t e d on t h e d i s c o u r a g i n g sh o w in g o f t h e s t a t e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a a t a New J e r s e y fo ru m . H is I r e p o r t b o r e a n u n m is ta k a b l e w a r n in g : 17 A r e c e n t d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f a s t a t e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h - ; e s t r a a t a fo ru m b r o u g h t f o r t h t h e s t i n g i n g r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s . . . a r e f a l l i n g b e f o r e t h e o n s l a u g h t o f w ind i n s t r u m e n t " p o p u l a r i t y . I n th e p r e l i m i n a r y t r y o u t s f o r t h i s o r c h e s t r a many m ore ! w ind i n s t r u m e n t s w ere t u r n e d away t h a n w ere a c c e p t e d , w h i l e , b e c a u s e o f a s h o r t a g e , a l l a p p l i c a n t s f o r t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d v i o l i n , v i o l a , an d c e l l o h a d t o b e a c c e p t e d . N ot e n o u g h good s t r i n g s p l a y e r s a p p l i e d t o f i l l t h e r a n k s ; c o n s e q u e n t l y , many i n f e r i o r p l a y e r s w ere r e t a i n e d . I n d i s c u s s i n g t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p , a l l a g r e e d t h a t t h e s t r i n g s w ere n o t up t o t h e c a l i b e r o f t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t s . The f a c t t h a t g r e a t e r e x p e r i e n c e an d a h i g h e r q u a l i t y o f m u s i c i a n s h i p a r e n e c e s s a r y i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a s t r i n g p l a y e r e n t e r e d i n t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n . (3 6 4 :3 0 ) F o llo w in g t h e r e p o r t o f t h e fo ru m d i s c u s s i o n Ward w a rn e d h i s r e a d e r s t h a t t h e p l a y i n g o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s ■ w o u ld v a n i s h fro m t h e s c h o o l f i e l d u n l e s s c o n s t r u c t i v e a c t i o n was t a k e n , an d t a k e n q u i c k l y ( 3 6 4 : 3 0 ) . I I n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r a n o t h e r p a p e r was r e a d b e f o r e j t h e m e e tin g s o f t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n an d ; ■ l a t e r p u b l i s h e d i n i t s j o u r n a l o f p r o c e e d i n g s . T h is p a p e r , ^ b y A l t v a t e r , d e a l t w i t h t h e s u b j e c t o f v i o l i n s t u d y i n c o l l e g e s , a n d n o t e d t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n much c o m p la in t o v e r I t h e f a c t t h a t I n t e r e s t h a d b e e n d i v e r t e d fro m s t r i n g s d u r i n g t h e p a s t few y e a r s . A l t v a t e r c r i t i c i z e d p r e v a l e n t j t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s an d c a l l e d u p o n h i s c o l l e a g u e s f o r a m ore r e a l i s t i c a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h e s i t u a t i o n , l e a d i n g n o t | j . ‘ I t o a " s u p in e a c c e p t a n c e o f a c o n d i t i o n , b u t r a t h e r t o a re n e w e d e n e r g y i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e q u a l i t y o f th e 1 8 t e a c h i n g m eth o d s e m p lo y e d ” ( 2 7 : 8 4 ) . H a s k e l l , who l a t e r r e v ie w e d t h i s p e r i o d i n th e h i s t o r y o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s h o r t a g e i n h i s d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n e x p r e s s e d s u r p r i s e a t t h e a p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e o f m u sic e d u c a t o r s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e p a g e s o f l e a d i n g m u sic j o u r n a l s a n d y e a r b o o k s . B e tw ee n 1930 an d 1 9 4 0 , a p e r i o d when he s a i d t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n was c r i t i c a l a n d b e co m in g m ore a n d m ore g r a v e , o n l y one w r i t e r d e a l t w i t h t h e d e c l i n e o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e v i o l i n f a m i l y i n t h e i s s u e s o f t h e M usic E d u c a to r s J o u r n a l . D u rin g t h e same p e r i o d h e a l s o s t a t e d t h a t " o n ly one p a p e r d e a l i n g w i t h t h e g ro w in g s t r i n g c r i s i s was r e a d b e f o r e t h e m e e tin g s o f t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n a n d l a t e r p u b l i s h e d i n i t s O f f i c i a l P r o c e e d in g s . . . ." ( 1 7 5 : 9 ) ; W h ile t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s a r e n o t q u i t e a c c u r a t e ( t h e r e w ere a c t u a l l y tw o a r t i c l e s d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d .in e a c h o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s c i t e d , b y R i g h t e r (2 8 1 ) a n d W ard (3 6 4 ) i n t h e f o r m e r , a n d b y R oss (5 0 ) a n d A l t v a t e r (2 7 ) i n t h e l a t t e r ) , t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n i s n o n e t h e l e s s ! v a l i d . I n d e e d , s t a t i s t i c s a v a i l a b l e a t t h e tim e s h o u ld I Ihave b e e n s u f f i c i e n t c a u s e f o r more c o n c e r n : E n r o llm e n t s t a t i s t i c s fro m t h e n a t i o n a l s c h o o l c o n t e s t s } w ere p u b l i s h e d r e g u l a r l y a n d b e tw e e n 1930 a n d 1 9 4 0 , t h e I r a t i o o f o r c h e s t r a s t o b a n d s e n t e r e d i n t h e c o n t e s t s I d ro p p e d fro m 2 to 3 t o 1 t o 5* I n t h e s o l o c o n t e s t s t h e ! r a t i o s w ere e v e n m ore a la r m i n g an d b y t h e end o f t h e 19 d e c a d e , t h e r e w ere e i g h t tim e s a s many w ind i n s t r u m e n t , e n t r a n t s a s s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t e n t r a n t s . T h ro u g h a l l o f t h i s , l e a d e r s i n m u sic e d u c a t i o n w ere s e e m in g ly s i l e n t . ( 1 7 5 :9 ) The s t a t e o f w o r ld p o l i t i c s a t t h i s tim e w ould I u n c o u h te d ly a c c o u n t , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , f o r t h e s t r a n g e l a c k I o f a c t i v i t y d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . H ow ever, d u r i n g t h e y e a r 11940 c o n s i d e r a b l e a w a re n e s s o f th e p ro b le m was r e f l e c t e d i n I th e a p p e a r a n c e o f f o u r a r t i c l e s w h ic h a p p e a r e d i n t h e M usic ‘E d u c a to r s J o u r n a l . : ...............— T- T- ! I n t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e V ig g ia n o c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e g l o r i o u s h i s t o r y o f t h e v i o l i n , t h e f a s c i n a t i n g w o rld o f t h e a r t i s t p e r f o r m e r , a n d t h e r o m a n tic l o r e s u r r o u n d i n g t h e m a s t e r v i o l i n m a k e r s . W ith s u c h a b a c k g ro u n d h e was a p p a l l e d t o d i s c o v e r s u c h a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll num ber o f young s t u d e n t s b e co m in g e n g r o s s e d i n t h e s t u d y o f "w hat h a s so m e tim e s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e 'k i n g o f i n s t r u m e n t s * " ( 3 3 6 : 4 0 ) . G henow eth f o l lo w e d w i t h a n a r t i c l e i n w h ic h he r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n a tim e when t h e o r c h e s t r a was I t h e p r e d o m in a n t i n s t r u m e n t a l g ro u p i n t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l jm usic d e p a r t m e n t : ! 1 Tim es h a v e c h a n g e d ; t h e b a n d a s a m u s i c a l u n i t h a s g a in e d t h e r e s p e c t o f t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i n g m u s i c a l p u b l i c , b u t m ore t h a n t h a t , t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a f i e l d a s a I w h o le h a s n o t k e p t p a c e w i t h t h e r a p i d e x p a n s io n i n t h e f i e l d o f w ind i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h i n g a n d p e r f o r m a n c e . ( 1 1 7 :1 4 ) 1 20 And I n t h e S e p te m b e r i s s u e M a t te r n e x c la im e d , " th e k in g o f i n s t r u m e n t s i s b e co m in g a lm o s t o b s o l e t e o v e r l a r g e a r e a s o f t h e c o u n t r y " ( 2 3 2 : 2 3 ) . And a t t h e end o f t h e y e a r j o t t e r s t e i n l i k e n e d t h e " f a l l o f t h e s t r i n g s " t o t h e " f a l l *of t h e Roman E m p ire " ( 2 6 1 : 2 8 ) . H is e v id e n c e was g a in e d a t f e s t i v a l s w here h e becam e i n c r e a s i n g l y d i s t u r b e d b y th e I l a c k o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g o r c h e s t r a s , a n d b y t h e p o o r p l a y i n g o f t h e few w h ic h d i d a t t e n d . He r e m a r k e d , som ew hat b i t t e r l y , " T h is a d j u d i c a t o r h a s s e e n t h e c e l l o p l a y e d e v e r y way b u t u p s i d e down— a n d on t h e w h o le , i t p r o b a b l y w o u ld ihave so u n d e d j u s t a s w e l l p l a y e d t h a t way" ( 2 6 1 : 2 0 ) . I I The e a r l i e s t w r i t e r t o d i s c u s s t h e d e c l i n i n g s t r i n g { i n t e r e s t i n t h e i s s u e s o f The E tu d e was M e s le r (3 7 1 :9 6 ) who I n 1941 was o n ly m i l d l y c o g n i z a n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n , p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t b e c a u s e o f t h e p h e n o m e n al g ro w th o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e b a n d an d t h e e x i s t i n g eco n o m ic c o n d i t i o n s , t h e r e h a d b e e n a " n a t u r a l d e c l i n e i n t h e num ber o f s t u d e n t s p l a y i n g v i o l i n s , t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t l a t e l y i t h a s b e e n d i f f i c u l t t o g e t m ore t h a n t h i r t y p l a y e r s f o r t h e o r c h e s t r a . . " ( 3 7 1 : 9 6 ) . I n t h e sam e y e a r R e v e l l i d e p r e c i a t e d t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n b y s a y i n g : T h e re a r e som e a l a r m i s t s who p o i n t t o t h e 'd e c l i n i n g * i n t e r e s t i n o r c h e s t r a , t o a ' l a c k ' o f s t u d e n t p a r t i c i p a t i o n , t o t h e a p p a r e n t p r e c e d e n c e o f b a n d , c h o r u s . 2 1 a n d m u sic a p p r e c i a t i o n g ro u p s o v e r s t r i n g e d g r o u p s . ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) R e v e l l i * s a c t u a l p o s i t i o n a t t h i s tim e was t h a t t h e r e w ere m ore s t r i n g p l a y e r s an d o r c h e s t r a s t h a n e v e r b e f o r e , b u t t h a t b a n d s a n d c h o r u s e s h a d s im p ly i n c r e a s e d t h e i r p e r c e n t a g e s , m ak in g i t seem t h a t o r c h e s t r a s h a d d w in d le d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y . I f t h e p r e m is e t h a t a d e c l i n e d i d e x i s t , h e f e l t t h a t t h e r e m ust b e some w e a k n e ss i n t h e s t r i n g p ro g ra m ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) . T h e re w ere o t h e r d i s s e n t e r s . W rig h t s c o f f e d a t t h e a l a r m i s t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s c o m p la in in g : "W ith a lm o s t e v e r y I is s u e o f t h e MUSIC EDUCATORS JOURNAL a s w e l l a s o t h e r m u sic I p u b l i c a t i o n s , comes a n a r t i c l e w r in g in g - w e t w i t h t e a r s f o r Ith e s u p p o s e d l y ' l o s t c a u se * o f t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a " ( 3 7 5 : 1 5 )♦ H is f e e l i n g was t h a t t h e b a n d s e r v e d t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t b e t t e r t h a n t h e o r c h e s t r a , any w ay , s o w h e r e in l a y Iany d a n g e r f o r s o c i e t y a s a w h o le? ( 3 7 5 : 1 6 ) . I B u t s u c h d i s s e n t e r s w ere among t h e m i n o r i t y . B a n d s - Imen a l l o v e r th e c o u n t r y b e g a n t o j o i n t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s i n a p l e a f o r m ore e m p h a s is o n s t r i n g s , e v e ry w h e re c a l l i n g I a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c r i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n . T h e s e s w r i t e r s b e g a n ito j o i n i n t h e b a t t l e . J o h n s o n q u o te d s t a t i s t i c s fro m th e il9 3 0 N a t i o n a l B u re a u f o r t h e A dvancem ent o f M u s ic , a s I r e p o r t e d i n t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e re n c e Y e a r - i 22 i b o o k o f 1 9 3 0 , p . 2 0 8 , w h ic h I n d i c a t e d t h a t i n t h a t y e a r t h e r e w ere m ore t h a n 2 5 ,0 0 0 s c h o o l b a n d s a n d 3 5 ,0 0 0 s c h o o l I o r c h e s t r a s i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . To t h i s h e c o n t r a s t e d t h e ^ f o l l o w i n g e x e r p t fro m R i g h t e r 's " L e t t e r t o a l l Iow a M usic T e a c h e r s , o f F e b . 2 7 , 1 9 4 0 : 'T h e s h a r p d e c l i n e i n t h e num ber a n d q u a l i t y o f s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s i s b e co m in g a m a t t e r o f s e r i o u s c o n c e r n t o t h o s e m u sic e d u c a t o r s who h a v e t a k e n t h e tim e t o c o n s i d e r t h e s i t u a t i o n fro m a l l a n g l e s . The a s c e n d a n c y o f b a n d s , w ind c o m b in a tio n s an d s o l o s i s l e a d i n g t h e s c h o o l s o f Iow a i n t o a s i t u a t i o n i n w h ic h t h e r e w i l l s o o n b e no s t r i n g o r v o c a l i n s t r u c t i o n w o rth y o f m e n t i o n . ' (3 8 4 :2 7 I . EVIDENCE OF THE STRING SHORTAGE I n 1944 W a l le r was d e e p l y c o n c e rn e d a b o u t t h e l e v e l o f a p p r e c i a t i o n among h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s a s r e f l e c t e d b y t h e i r s h a llo w a t t i t u d e to w a rd s m u sic i n g e n e r a l : . . . we h a v e p ro d u c e d a g e n e r a t i o n o f h i g h - s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , m o st o f whom, u p o n e n r o l l i n g i n c o l l e g e , a c t u a l l y b e l i e v e t h a t a n o i s y m arch i s a b o u t t h e w o r l d 's g r e a t e s t m u s ic , t h a t a t r i p l e - t o n g u e s o l o on t h e c o r n e t i s j u s t ' t o p s , ' t h a t t h e w ord o r c h e s t r a i s synonym ous w i t h d a n c e - b a n d , a n d t h a t s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n ts a r e o n l y f o r te m p e r a m e n ta l o d d i t i e s o r E u ro p e a n s who d o n 't know b e t t e r . ( 3 4 6 :3 6 ) Conway n o t e d i n 1949 t h e s h o r t a g e o f t e a c h e r s , t h e d e c r e a s i n g num ber o f s t r i n g m a jo r s i n c o l l e g e s , t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f m a i n t a i n i n g c o l l e g e o r c h e s t r a s an d t h e r e s u l t a n t i n c r e a s e i n b i g g e r a n d m ore e x t r a v a g a n t s c h o l a r s h i p s t o a t t r a c t t h e s e s c a r c e p e r f o r m e r s , a n d t h e s e r i o u s p ro b le m s 2 3 : e n c o u n t e r e d b y t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l sym phony o r c h e s t r a s I n p r o v i d i n g r e p l a c e m e n t s f o r v a c a n c i e s o c c u r i n g i n t h e i r I I r a n k s ( 1 2 5 : 2 0 - 5 2 ) . I I S t a t i s t i c a l E v id e n c e I I n a p a p e r r e a d t o t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l I A s s o c i a t i o n a n d p u b l i s h e d i n t h e J o u r n a l o f P r o c e e d in g s j f o r 1 9 4 1 , S h e a s b y q u o te d a n a r t i c l e b y G eo rg e Wedge from I t h e N ovem ber 2 3 r d , 1940 i s s u e o f t h e New Y o rk Tim es i n w h ic h Wedge s t a t e d t h a t s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s w ere l o s i n g t h e i r p o p u l a r i t y w h ile t h e p i a n o a n d v a r i o u s n o n - s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t s h a d grow n i n p o p u l a r i t y . W edge, who a t t h a t I tim e was d e a n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f M u s ic a l A r t o f t h e I J u l l i a r d S c h o o l o f M u s ic , w en t on t o s a y t h a t fro m 1934 t o I 119 4 1 t h e r e h a d b e e n a d e c r e a s e i n t h e s t u d y o f s t r i n g 1 I i n s t r u m e n t s o f f o u r t e e n p e r c e n t , co m p ared t o a n i n c r e a s e i n p ia n o s t u d y o f e i g h t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t . " I t i s a c t u a l l y ' d i f f i c u l t t o f i l l t h e v i o l i n s c h o l a r s h i p s i n t h e I n s t i t u t e , " Wedge was q u o te d a s s a y i n g , "an d I am u n a b le t o p u t my f i n g e r on a n y one r e a s o n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t h a t a r e d o u b t l e s s c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s " ( 5 2 : 3 6 7 ) . I n a d d i t i o n S h e a s b y q u o te d f u r t h e r s t a t i s t i c s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s n i n e t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f s c h o o l s i n t h e h i g h e r p o p u l a t i o n r a n g e (a b o v e 2200 I 24 : s t u d e n t s ) h a d o r c h e s t r a s a s p a r t o f t h e i r i n s t r u m e n t a l I p ro g ra m . T h is r a n g e was a l s o m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e medium i s i z e d s c h o o l s , a l l o f w h ic h i n d i c a t e d a g ro w th i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f o r c h e s t r a s i n t h e l a r g e r p u b l i c s c h o o l s , I I B u t i n t h e lo w e s t p o p u l a t i o n r a n g e S h e a s b y fo u n d t h a t i n I I a lm o s t e v e r y c a s e a b a n d was i n c l u d e d t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f I t h e o r c h e s t r a ( 5 2 : 3 6 8 ) . T h e re i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p ro b le m was m ore a c u t e a t t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l t h a n a t t h e e le m e n t a r y l e v e l . The e x p a n d in g p r a c t i c e o f r e d u c i n g t h e num ber o f p e r i o d s i n t h e s c h o o l d a y was o f t e n a f a c t o r i n d r o p p in g o r c u r t a i l i n g t h e r e h e a r s a l s c h e d u l e o f t h e b a n d o r o r c h e s t r a , u s u a l l y t h e l a t t e r , a n d t h a t , c o u p le d w i t h t h e nu m b er o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s who s im p ly g a v e i t up a s t h e p r e s s u r e o f o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s i n t e r v e n e d , was a f a c t o r i n t h e d i s c o u r a g i n g s t r i n g p i c t u r e a t t h e u p p e r l e v e l . A t t h e e le m e n t a r y l e v e l a s u r v e y i n 1939 b y t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e re n c e C o m m itte e on I n s t r u m e n t a l M usic i n t h e E le m e n ta r y S c h o o ls i n d i c a t e d t h a t 64 p e r c e n t o f t h e f i f t y - f i v e c i t i e s i n t h i r t y - f o u r s t a t e s w h ic h r e s p o n d e d t o t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e f e l t t h a t t h e s t a t u s o f s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l s t u d y i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s was e n c o u ra g in g * O n ly 36 p e r c e n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w ere d i s c o u r a g e d ( 3 8 : 2 2 5 ) . T h u s , w h ile t h i s was n o t a n i n d i c a t i o n o f a t h o r o u g h l y h e a l t h y 25 c o n d i t i o n , i t was n o t so a la r m i n g a s t h a t w h ic h p r e v a i l e d i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l s . S e r i o u s I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e S h o r ta g e The sc o p e a n d e x t e n t o f t h e s h o r t a g e was s o s e r i o u s ' t h a t i n 1 951 s t r i n g l e a d e r s a l l o v e r t h e n a t i o n w ere I I f l o o d i n g t h e j o u r n a l s w i t h a r t i c l e s c a l l i n g f o r a c t i o n t o s te m t h e d e c l i n e i n s t r i n g i n t e r e s t . I n t h e e a s t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s a s s e m b le d t o c e l e b r a t e w h at t h e y c a l l e d t h e " F o u r H u n d re d th A n n i v e r s a r y V i o l i n F e s t i v a l , " a n d a t t h i s m e e t i n g , a t t e n d e d b y a n i m p r e s s i v e a r r a y o f fam ous m u s i c i a n s , U r b a n 's r e p o r t o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s i n c l u d e d t h e r a t h e r ! om inous o u t l o o k f o r e s e e n b y D r . I s a d o r e F r e e d , c o m p o s e r, a n d C h a irm a n o f t h e C o m p o s itio n D e p a rtm e n t o f t h e H a r t t M u s ic a l F o u n d a t io n . F r e e d e x p r e s s e d a d e e p c o n c e rn f o r t h e f u t u r e o f A m e ric a n m u s i c a l c u l t u r e , a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t i f t h e p r e s e n t d e c r e a s e i n s t r i n g i n t e r e s t w ere t o c o n ti n u e , o u r f u t u r e c o m p o se rs w o u ld b e c o n f i n e d t o w r i t i n g f o r b r a s s an d p e r c u s s i o n ( 3 3 2 : 6 ) . Norm ann was no l e s s e n c o u r a g in g when he r e c a l l e d t h e gloom y p r e d i c t i o n s o f many m u sic e d u c a t o r s t h a t t h e d e a t h o f t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a was im m in e n t u n l e s s d r a s t i c s t e p s w ere t a k e n t o r e v i v e i t fro m i t s s t a t e o f a n e m ia (2 5 6 :3 2 ) . 26 T h e re w ere a lw a y s a few w r i t e r s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d I who c h o s e t o m in im iz e t h e s i t u a t i o n , a n d some e v e n a d o p te d , t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t t h e r e w ould b e no harm done i f t h e o r c h - I I e s t r a d i d f a d e fro m t h e s c e n e . T h e re w o u ld a lw a y s be t h e I p r o f e s s i o n a l sym phony t o p e r f o r m t h e g r e a t w o rk s ( 3 7 5 : 1 6 ) . B u t d e d i c a t e d s t r i n g m u s ic ia n s a lw a y s r e p l i e d t o t h e s e i c r i t i c s i n te r m s o f t h e l o s s t o o u r m u s i c a l c u l t u r e , n o t o n l y a t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l , b u t i n t h e l i v e s and a p p r e c i a t i o n o f o u r y o u n g p e o p le who w o u ld t h u s b e d e p r i v e d o f a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o p e r f o r m , a n d t h u s a p p r e c i a t e m ore d e e p l y , some o f t h e s u b l i m e s t m u sic e v e r w r i t t e n . I n d e f e n s e o f t h e s t r i n g s Holm es w r o te t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r t h e M usic E d u c a to r s S o u r c e B ook Number Two: From t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e f u l l p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t f a m i l y ste m s a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e g r e a t m u s i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e w o r l d . The o p e r a , t h e sym phony, t h e o r a t o r i o — a l l d e p e n d o n t h e o r c h e s t r a f o r f u l l r e a l i z a t i o n , a n d i t i s t h e s t r i n g s e c t i o n , c o m p r is in g s e v e n t y p e r c e n t o f t h e p e r s o n n e l ( t h e v i o l i n s , v i o l a s , c e l l o s a n d b a s s e s ) w h ic h g i v e s t h e o r c h e s t r a i t s u n iq u e c h a r a c t e r . The i n f i n i t e v a r i e t y o f s h a d i n g a n d t o n e c o l o r p r o d u c e d b y a we1 1 - t r a i n e d s t r i n g g ro u p h a s a t t r a c t e d t h e b e s t e f f o r t s o f t h e g r e a t e s t c o m p o s e rs , an d t o t h e s t r i n g q u a r t e t , c a l l e d b y some t h e m o st p e r f e c t o f a l l i n s t r u m e n t a l e n s e m b le s , t h e s e c o m p o se rs t h e w o r ld o v e r h a v e e n t r u s t e d t h e i r m o st p r e c i o u s c r e a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n s . I t i s a ro u n d t h e s e f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s . . . t h a t th e f a b u l o u s w e a l t h o f c h am b er m usi o — musi c d e s i g n e d t o b e p e rf o rm e d i n t h e home o r i n s m a l l a u d i t o r i u m s — h a s b e e n w r i t t e n . ( 4 0 :1 6 7 ) I n t h e same s p i r i t Norm ann s e l e c t e d a c h o ic e q u o t a - 2 7 t i o n fro m t h e p e n o f t h e e m in e n t m u sic c r i t i c , O l i n D ow nes, t o h e l p re m in d t h e w o r ld o f m u sic e d u c a t i o n o f i t s t r e m e n d o u s h e r i t a g e v e s t e d i n t h e sym phony o r c h e s t r a ; 'T o me t h e o r c h e s t r a re m a in s sup rem e m a g ic , a n in c o m p a r a b le tr iu m p h o f m an, a g o d - l i k e t r a n s m u t a t i o n w h ic h m erg es s e e n a n d u n s e e n i n te rm s o f a t r a n s c e n d e n t ! b e a u t y . F o r c o n s i d e r — w h a t a r e t h e g r o s s m a t e r i a l s o f w h ic h t h e o r c h e s t r a i s made? T hey a r e b i t s o f w ood, m e t a l , a n im a l t i s s u e . T h ese s u b s t a n c e s t h e m a g ic ia n man endows w i t h a c u f i o u s p ow er a n d t h r o u g h them r e l e a s e s th e s e c r e t s o f n a t u r e fro m w h ic h t h e y c a m e . T hey s i n g w i t h s t r a n g e h y p n o t i c v o i c e s , s o u n d in g d ram as o f to n e b e y o n d m o r t a l e x p e r i e n c e . The c o m p an io n o f t h e p r o u d e s t d re a m s , t h e u t t e r m o s t r e a c h e s o f t h e s p i r i t . 'F o r i t i s n o t t h e so u n d s a lo n e w h ic h move y o u , ' s a i d W hitm an, ' i t i s t h e i r e x q u i s i t e m e a n in g s — t h e t h i n g s o f w h ic h y o u a r e re m in d e d b y t h e i n s t r u m e n t s . ' ' ( 1 7 : 1 7 0 ) , C o u n te r A c t io n T h u s , when i t becam e w i d e ly a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e o r c h - i e s t r a was i n im m e d ia te d a n g e r o f e x t i n c t i o n , t h e p e a k o f t h e s i t u a t i o n b e in g p l a c e d b y some a t a b o u t t h e y e a r 1944 ( 1 4 6 : 2 2 ) , d e c i s i v e c o u n t e r m e a s u re s w ere n e c e s s a r y . One o f t h e e a r l i e s t o r g a n i z e d e f f o r t s was t h a t o f t h e M ic h ig a n S t r i n g P l a n n in g C o m m itte e . "The g e n e r a l d e a r t h o f s t r i n g s was i t s b a s i c r a i s o n d ' e t r e ," w r o te G re e n ( 1 5 4 : 4 ) . ( I t was a l o n g a b o u t t h i s p o i n t t h a t H e le n H annen r e c a l l e d "a w e l l - m ea n in g t e a c h e r who i n d e p l o r i n g t h e d e c l i n e o f i n t e r e s t in ^ s t r i n g p l a y i n g s a i d , 'T h e r e i s s u c h a d i r g e o f v i o l i n p l a y e r s 1") ( 3 7 : 3 0 4 ) . ; The M ic h ig a n S t r i n g P l a n n in g C om m ittee w en t t o w ork 28 t o f i n d o u t f i r s t o f a l l w h at w ere i t s r e s o u r c e s , s u c h a s s t r o n g t e a c h e r c e n t e r s , a v a i l a b i l i t y o f p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s , Iwhere com m unity i n t e r e s t was s t r o n g e s t , a s w e l l a s i t s w e a k e s t s p o t s . F o llo w in g t h a t a i d s w ere s e t up f o r t e a c h e r - t r a i n i n g a n d t o p r o v i d e r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e s , a n d f i n a l l y , a c o m m itte e on p u b l i c a t i o n s was e s t a b l i s h e d t o s e n d o u t l i s t s o f m a t e r i a l s , b r o c h u r e s , e t c . , w h ic h w o u ld b e u s e f u l i n h e l p i n g t e a c h e r s w i t h t h e i r p e d a g o g i c a l p ro b le m s ( 3 7 : 4 ) . The m ost s i g n i f i c a n t d e v e lo p m e n t g ro w in g o u t o f t h e a c u t e s t r i n g p ro b le m was t h e f o u n d in g o f t h e A m e ric a n . S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 4 6 . I n 1946 t h e C le v e la n d j s i e n n i a l o f t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r t h e s t r i n g c o m m itte e s o f i t s own o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d o f t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e s e g r o u p s m e e tin g i n a b o d y a s t h e n e w ly o r g a n i z e d A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , an d c o m p r is in g mem b e r s o f b o t h g r e a t n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The i n i t i a l j s te p s l e a d i n g t o t h i s d e v e lo p m e n t w ere g e r m in a te d fro m t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d s t u d i e s o f t h e " C u rr ic u lu m C o m m itte e " p r o j e c t ( 1 9 4 2 - 4 4 ) , a n d t h e " C o n s u l t a n t s ' C o u n c il" ( 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 ) , b o t h fro m t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e . S u b s e q u e n t c o n c e r n w i t h t h e p ro b le m r e s u l t e d i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e p o w e r f u l M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e re n c e 29 "C om m ittee o n S t r i n g I n s t r u c t i o n " i n 1 9 4 6 , w hose r e s o l u t i o n , "A D e c l a r a t i o n o f F a i t h , P u rp o s e an d A c t i o n , " was I ; ^ u n a n im o u s ly a d o p te d b y t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l I C o n f e r e n c e i n C l e v e l a n d , A p r i l 1 , 1 9 4 6 . S t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t P ro m o tio n : I n t h e s t r e s s a n d s t r a i n o f m odern l i v i n g i t i s j b e c o m in g o b v io u s t h a t t h e p a t i e n t , tim e -c o n s u m in g ! e n d e a v o r n e e d e d b y p u p i l s f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t p e rf o rm a n c e i s b e i n g n e g l e c t e d . We recom m end t h a t a l l m u sic e d u c a t o r s becom e aw are o f t h i s t r e n d a n d u s e t h e i r i n f l u e n c e t o e n c o u r a g e t h e i n t e r e s t o f you n g f o l k s i n t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d make e v e r y e f f o r t t o n u r t u r e t h i s i n t e r e s t . ( 2 4 0 :1 9 ) E ls e w h e re o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a d b e e n fo rm e d f o r a I I s i m i l a r p u r p o s e an d w ere e f f e c t i v e d u r i n g t h e c r i s i s . Among t h e s e N agro m e n tio n e d t h e V i o l i n , V i o l a a n d V i o l o n c e l l o G u ild o f Mew Y o rk , who a d o p te d t h e i r C o n s t i t u t i o n i n 1 9 4 0 , a n d t h e N a t i o n a l S t r i n g P l a n n in g C o m m itte e , w h ic h i n 1 9 5 1 g a t h e r e d fro m a g r o u p o f c o - o p e r a t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h ic h i n c l u d e d t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e M usic E d u c a to r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o ls o f M u s ic , a n d t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( 2 4 9 : 1 9 , 5 7 ) . I I . REASONS FOR THE SHORTAGE F o r e a c h e f f e c t t h e r e i s a c a u s e . As t h e s t r i n g p l a y i n g w o rld s u d d e n ly came t o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e t h i n g t o i 3 0 w h ic h i t h a d v i r t u a l l y g i v e n i t s l i f e was b e co m in g a lm o s t u n w a n te d b y a new g e n e r a t i o n , t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s dilem m a I i w ere I m m e d ia te ly s o u g h t . The p l i g h t o f t h e o r c h e s t r a was a d is m a l o n e — t h a t o f t h e b a n d , a m ost b r i l l i a n t o n e . H ere was t h e re a d y -m a d e c a u s e . S t a t i s t i c s a lo n e w ere s u f f i c i e n t 1 t o c o n v in c e m u sic e d u c a t o r s , w h a te v e r t h e i r s p e c i a l i t y , i t h a t t h e b a n d was t h e b a s i c c a u s e o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . I I t was n o t l o n g , h o w e v e r, b e f o r e b a n d d i r e c t o r s , s y m p a t h e t i c th o u g h m o st o f them seem ed t o b e w i t h t h e c a u s e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a , r e s p o n d e d t o t h e s e la m e n ts w i t h t h e a d v ic e t h a t s t r i n g p l a y e r s s h o u l d i n v e s t i g a t e w h at t h e y th e m s e lv e s h a d d o n e , o r h a d n o t done t o h e l p c r e a t e t h e s i t u a t i o n . So a lo n g w i t h s k e p t i c a l g l a n c e s a t t h e b a n d , t e a c h e r s b e g a n a r e - e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e i r own h o u s e , h o p in g somehow t o r e s t o r e i t t o o r d e r . O th e r f a c t o r s , t o o , b e g a n t o e n t e r t h e p i c t u r e . W here h a d b a n d and o r c h e s t r a d i r e c t o r s a s s c h o o l m u sic e d u c a t o r s p e r s e f a i l e d t o l i v e up t o t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n t o t h e i r p u p i l s , w hose m u s i c a l e d u c a t i o n was t h e i r d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ? What p a r t h a d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e s c h o o l b o a r d , and t h e com m unity i n a l l t h i s ? D id t h o s e who p r o d u c e d t h e c o m m e rc ia l m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e m aking o f m u sic h a v e a p a r t i n t h e p ro b le m — t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r , t h e p u b l i s h e r , t h e a r r a n g e r , t h e d e a l e r i n t h e home tow n? i 31 I T h e se q u e s t i o n s w ere a l s o d i r e c t e d a t t h o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s who t r a i n e d t h e l e a d e r s i n m u sic e d u c a t i o n a n d a t I t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h t r a i n i n g was made r e a l i s t i c i n view o f ! 't h o s e whom t h e i r g r a d u a t e s w o u ld s e r v e . P a r e n t s , a n d t h e : p u p i l s th e m s e lv e s w ere n o t o v e r lo o k e d i n t h e q u e s t , an d I e v e n t h e d e p r e s s i o n a n d t h e g e n e r a l eco n o m ic p i c t u r e b e - I came i n v o l v e d b e f o r e t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s h a d f i n i s h e d w i t h j t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e i r own h o u se . T h e se r e a s o n s f o r t h e s h o r t a g e , a n d t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n e a c h made m u st be exam i n e d i n o r d e r t o g a i n a c o m p l e t e ly c l e a r p i c t u r e o f th e I s t e p s w h ic h w ere n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e t h e I I c a u s e s an d r e s t o r e s t r i n g s t o t h e i r p r o p e r im p o r ta n c e i n I m u sic e d u c a t i o n . The f i r s t , a n d f o r e m o s t c a u s e seem ed t o I be b a n d ; e i t h e r t h e b a n d i t s e l f was t h e c a u s e , o r th e f o r m u la o f i t s s u c c e s s h a d t o be l e a r n e d a n d a d o p t e d . The Band a s a R e a so n f o r t h e S t r i n g S h o r t a g e ! I n a w ay, t h e b a n d was t h e c a u s e f o r t h e s t r i n g ! ' d e b a c l e . Â num ber who w ere e x p r e s s i n g th e m s e lv e s a t t h e i tim e named t h e b a n d , p e r s e , a s t h e r a i s o n d ' e t r e . P ro m i- j n e p t among t h e s e was R ush who w r o t e : i D u rin g t h e p e r i o d j u s t p r i o r t o W orld War I I , s o much s t r e s s was p l a c e d on d e v e l o p in g A C a p p e l l a C h o ir s and C o n c e r t B ands i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l s , t h a t a p p a r e n t l y t h e s t r i n g c h o i r o f t h e o r c h e s t r a was l e f t c o m p l e t e ly o u t o f t h e p i c t u r e . Now we a r e r e a p i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s c a r e l e s s n e s s a n d m o st t h i n k i n g t e a c h e r s a r e 32 p o o l i n g t h e i r e f f o r t s t o make up f o r t h i s l o s t tim e a n d m is p la c e d e m p h a s is . ( 3 0 3 : 1 8 ) ' The s i t u a t i o n h a d becom e a s e l f - p e r p e t u a t i n g e n t i t y . From t h e e le m e n t a r y rh y th m b a n d t o t h e h i g h s c h o o l m a rc h in g a n d c o n c e r t b a n d t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t s w ere o v e rw h e lm in g ly p o p u l a r , n o r d i d t h e s i t u a t i o n e n d a t g r a d u a t i o n . T h ese s t u d e n t s m ig r a te d t o t h e c o l l e g e s i n d r o v e s , many t a k i n g t h e i r p l a c e s i n h i g h l y g la m o ro u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h ic h w ere t h e show a t e v e r y a t h l e t i c e v e n t w h ere t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s t u d e n t b o d y was p r e s e n t . From t h e s e g r e a t c o l l e g e b a n d s t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g g r a d u a t e d e v e r i n c r e a s i n g n u m b ers o f h i g h l y t r a i n e d b a n d d i r e c t o r s who r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c h o o l s t o p e r p e t u a t e t h e b a n d s y s te m . I t was a b a n d c y c l e . L ic k e y d e s c r i b e d t h e s i t u a t i o n much i n t h e s e te r m s ( 2 2 0 : 4 6 ) . P e rh a p s t h i s was o v e r e m p h a s is . C e r t a i n l y t h i s was t h e view t a k e n b y S t e w a r t ( 3 1 8 : 1 3 ) , R e j t o ( 1 3 9 : 3 ) , A l t v a t e r ( 2 7 :8 3 ) a n d O t t ( 2 6 0 : 1 2 ) , a l l o f whom b l u n t l y s t a t e d i n one way o r a n o t h e r t h a t t h e r e a s o n t h e r e w ere s o few s t r i n g p l a y e r s was t h e b a n d . T h e re w ere a nu m b er o f r e a s o n s why t h e b a n d was nam ed a s t h e p r im a r y c a u s e o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s h o r t a g e . The m o st f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d r e a s o n was t h e s p e c t a c u l a r n a t u r e o f t h e b a n d i n c o m p a r is o n w i t h t h e m ore r e s e r v e d I ! n a t u r e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a . I t was H i n d s l e y 's o p i n i o n t h a t I ! Youngsters are more attracted to the spectacular, 'show ing -off* side of the band than to the more reserved func tions of the orchestra" (184:3). This was Waller's view, too, who observed that the strings had less glamor than I the brasses and woodwinds, at least from the standpoint of i ! t h e u n if o r m e d m a rc h in g b a n d v e r s u s t h e c l a s s i c a l o r c h e s t r a '( 3 5 7 : 1 2 ) . H a s k e l l ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) , R oss ( 2 8 9 : 1 8 7 ) , M i l l e r ( 3 8 5 : 1 ) , M organ ( 2 4 2 : 1 5 ) , R e v e l l i ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) , S a e t r e ( 3 0 5 : 1 0 ) , G re e n ( 1 5 5 : 8 ) , a n d F i n k ( 1 3 9 :3 ) w ere among a l a r g e g ro u p o f m u sic e d u c a t o r s who drew s p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s p e c t a c u l a r n a t u r e o f t h e b a n d , i t s c o l o r f u l u n i f o r m s , i t s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n p a r a d e s , t h e f a n f a r e , t h e a p p e a l , a n d r e s u l t i n g p o p u l a r i t y w hose a d v e r t i s i n g v a l u e f a r o u t d i s t a n c e d a n y t h i n g r e l a t e d t o o r c h e s t r a l p r o m o tio n t h a t t h e s e p e o p le h a d e n c o u n t e r e d . A N e b ra s k a s c h o o l s u p e r i n t e n d e n t was c r e d i t e d w i t h t h e p o i n t e d re m a rk t h a t "The m u sic b l a r e s a n d h a s a m a r t i a l a i r , t h e u n if o r m s a r e c o l o r f u l , a n d t h e b a n d g o e s h a n d i n h a n d w i t h K ing F o o t b a l l a n d b a s k e t b a l l " ( 2 5 0 : 1 9 ) . I n G henow eth*s e s t i m a t i o n i t was t h e b a n d 's c o n s t a n t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h s p o r t i n g e v e n t s w h ic h made t h e p u b l i c b a n d -m in d e d . T h e re w ere t im e s when he t h o u g h t t h a t i f t h e b a n d w ere t a k e n o u t o f a t h l e t i c e v e n t s a n d p a r a d e s t h e 3 4 o r c h e s t r a w o u ld co m p ete f a v o r a b l y . The p u b l i c , he r e a s o n e d , was n o t b a n d - musi c - m i n d e d - - l t was t h e "show " s i d e , t h e " f l u f f " t h a t a t t r a c t e d p o p u l a r a c c la im ( 3 8 1 : 1 6 8 ) . B u t t h e r e w ere o t h e r tim e s when G henow eth was n o t s o s u r e , f o r i n a n o t h e r s o u r c e he c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e a p p la u s e a c c o r d e d t h e b a n d a t t h e a l l - s c h o o l c o n c e r t s i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e r i p p l e o f a p p la u s e f o r t h e num bers b y t h e o r c h e s t r a , a s w e l l a s t h e c u s to m a r y w h i s t l e s f o r t h e m a j o r e t t e s , an d t h e a c c l a i m g i v e n t h e b a n d on p a r a d e an d on t h e g r i d i r o n ( 1 1 8: 1 2). A t a n y r a t e , a l l t h e s e t h i n g s h a d a tre m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e on c h i l d r e n , an d t h e i r p a r e n t s a s w e l l . Conway saw t h i s when he came t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t m o st o f t h e I i n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic h e a r d b y t h e f a m i l y g r o u p , on t h e r a d i o , i a t com m unity a m u s e m e n ts, an d a t a t h l e t i c e v e n t s an d s c h o o l I a c t i v i t i e s c o n s i s t e d o f w ind i n s t r u m e n t c o m b in a tio n s * ‘S i n c e t h e r e w ere f e w e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o h e a r s t r i n g s i n t h e 1 s m a l l e r c o m m u n itie s , h e r e a s o n e d , p a r e n t s a n d c h i l d r e n I a l i k e w ere m i s l e d a s t o t h e r e l a t i v e v a l u e s o f b a n d v e r s u s j o r c h e s t r a m u sic ( 1 2 5 : 1 9 )* I Thus fro m t h e p o i n t o f v iew o f p o p u l a r i t y , t h e b a n d I I I c e r t a i n l y s q u e e z e d o u t t h e o r c h e s t r a , f o r t h e c h i l d r e n c h o s e t h e b a n d o v e r t h e o r c h e s t r a . B u t t h e m u sic e d u c a t o r s th e m s e lv e s h a d much t o do w i t h t h e e v e n t s t h a t e s t a b - ! 35 l l s h e d t h e h a n d a s t h e p o p u l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a . The h a n d a t f a u l t b e c a u s e i t was e a s i e r t o d e v e l o p . A r e a s o n o f t e n a d v a n c e d f o r t h e p h e n o m e n al g ro w th o f t h e h i g h s c h o o l h a n d i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e o r c h e s t r a was t h e com p a r a t i v e d i f f i c u l t y o f d e v e l o p in g h a n d s a n d o r c h e s t r a s . W h ile t h e s e o p i n i o n s h a v e l a t e l y b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n , t h e s tu p e n d o u s g ro w th o f b a n d s a n d t h e accom p a n y in g t e n d e n c y o f b a n d men an d s t r i n g men t o n e g l e c t t h e o r c h e s t r a a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e b a n d l e n t c r e d e n c e t o t h e o f t r e p e a t e d s t a t e m e n t t h a t b a n d s w ere m ore e a s i l y d e v e l o p e d . G henow eth was one o f many e x p r e s s i n g t h i s o p i n i o n : A nyone who h a s h a d t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t e a c h i n g s t r i n g s , w o o d w in d s, b r a s s e s , a n d p e r c u s s i o n w i l l a g r e e t h a t t h e m o st d i f f i c u l t t o t e a c h a r e t h e s t r i n g s . E ven u n d e r t h e m o st i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s , g i v e n a n e x t r e m e l y s k i l l f u l t e a c h e r , s u f f i c i e n t tim e a n d e q u ip m e n t> th e * w in d i n s t r u m e n t p u p i l s p r o g r e s s a t a m ore r a p i d r a t e t h a n t h e s t r i n g s — d u r i n g t h e f i r s t few y e a r s o f s t u d y . I n o t h e r w o rd s , i t i s e a s i e r f o r t h e I n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic t e a c h e r t o b u i l d a c r e d i t a b l e b a n d i n t h e s p a c e o f a few y e a r s t h a n i t i s t o b u i l d a n o r c h e s t r a . Many y o u n g t e a c h e r s a r e a n x io u s t o c r e a t e a q u i c k r e p u t a t i o n f o r t h e m s e l v e s , a n d t h e b a n d seem s t o p r o v i d e t h e e a s i e s t m edium . I f one i s i m p a t i e n t f o r r a p i d r e s u l t s , a n o r c h e s t r a l p ro g ra m seem s t o b e a s lo w - g r o w in g p r o c e s s . (1 1 7 :1 4 ) I H i n d s l e y t o o k a s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n i n s a y i n g , " I t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e v e lo p a m o r e - o r - l e s s s a t i s f a c t o r y b a n d i n c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s tim e t h a n i t t a k e s f o r a n o r c h e s t r a " I 36 ! ( 1 8 4 : 3 ) . W a l le r s a i d i t i n v e r s e l y %hen he re m a rk e d t h a t I h e t h o u g h t i t t o o k l o n g e r t o make a " s h o w in g ” w i t h t h e I s t r i n g s ( 3 5 7 - 1 2 ) • And P a s e k saw f i t t o r a p t h e k n u c k le s : o f " th e m u sic e d u c a t o r who fo u n d p s u e d o - m u s ic a l s a t i s f a c - I t i o n a n d much f a v o r a b l e p u b l i c i t y i n o u r c a p a b le b a n d s ” j I ( 3 8 6 : 2 ) . I jic k e y , t o o , l a i d t h e b lam e a t t h e d o o r o f t h e I . ! d i r e c t o r s "who do n o t w an t o r c h e s t r a s e n o u g h t o g i v e t h e j e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o b r i n g s a t i s f y i n g r e s u l t s . I t t a k e s i m ore tim e a n d p a t i e n c e t h a n a b a n d p ro g ra m ” ( 2 2 0 : 4 6 ) . From t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f p u re e c o n o m ic s t h i s s i t u a t i o n I was n o t s o d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d . W h ile i t was t r u e t h a t j t h e p e r i o d o f p r e p a r a t i o n f o r h a n d l i n g b o t h b a n d an d o r c h e s t r a was l o n g e r a n d m ore e x p e n s i v e , t h e b a n d man was ; m ore i n dem and w i t h t h e c o n s e q u e n c e t h a t s a l a r i e s f o r b a n d men w ere h i g h e r t h a n f o r o r c h e s t r a d i r e c t o r s . The i r o n y o f I t h i s s i t u a t i o n s t r u c k B ek who q u e r i e d , " S h o u ld a man l e a r n I m ore t o e a r n l e s s ? ” ( 7 7 - 1 2 ) . B u t he d i d n o t l e a v e t h e i ■ • ■ . ■ ; m a t t e r t h e r e . W ith som ew hat o f a " t o n g u e - i n - c h e e k a t t i tu d e h e i n q u i r e d f u r t h e r : "Gan y o u im a g in e a s c h o o l — I do I n o t c a r e w h at s i z e i t b e — w i t h o u t a n o r c h e s t r a , i f th e a d m i n i s t r a t o r c o n s i d e r e d t h e o r c h e s t r a a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f, h i s p r o g ra m ? ” ( 7 7 : 1 1 ) . ‘ R a t h e r t h a n h a v e a n y o n e jump t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t was o n l y t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t s p e c i a l i s t s who s o u g h t a : 37 I r e p u t a t i o n " t h e e a s y w ay" R oss c h a r g e d many s t r i n g m a jo r s I w i t h f o r s a k i n g s t r i n g s i n f a v o r o f t h e h a n d , n o t i n i s o l a - I t e d c a s e s , h u t i n g r e a t n u m b e rs . He i m p l i e d t h a t t h e s e I d i r e c t o r s c a p i t a l i z e d on t h e g r e a t i n t e r e s t o f t h e r a t h e r ; im m a tu re s t u d e n t w h ic h made i t p o s s i b l e f o r s o many o f ; t h e s e t o p ro d u c e r e s u l t s m ore q u i c k l y . S a i d R o s s : I f a r to o many t e a c h e r s who h a v e s p e c i a l i z e d i n I s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s d u r i n g u n i v e r s i t y t r a i n i n g j a r e te m p te d t o a n d do s a c r i f i c e t h e v e r y t h i n g f o r I w h ic h t h e y h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d , a n d w h ic h t h e y a r e ■ p r e s u m a b ly b e s t q u a l i f i e d t o u n d e r t a k e , f o r t h e im m e d ia te b e t t e r sh o w in g w i t h t h e b a n d a n d th e : g r e a t e r e co n o m ic s e c u r i t y p ro m is e d b y t h i s e a r l y ! s u c c e s s . . . . ( 2 8 9 : 1 8 7 ) I ' ' I The b a n d m ore u s e f u l . I n a n a l y z i n g t h e c a u s e s a n d I e f f e c t s o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e w i t h r e l a t i o n t o t h e b a n d , I I a few e d u c a t o r s c i t e d t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e b a n d a s a I r e a s o n f o r i t s p r e d o m in a n c e . One p r o m in e n t c o l l e g e b a n d ' man d i s c u s s e d t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f t h e b a n d fro m t h e p o i n t o f view o f a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e s c h o o l I a n d t h e c o m m u n ity . "T h e re a r e a g r e a t many t y p e s o f eom - ; m u n ity a n d s c h o o l f u n c t i o n s t o w h ic h t h e o r c h e s t r a c a n n o t I a t a l l b e a d a p t e d , " h e s a i d . B u t t h e b a n d , he c o n t i n u e d , I " c a n s u c c e s s f u l l y p e rf o r m i n o u t d o o r c o n c e r t s , f o o t b a l l ' g a m e s, a t h l e t i c e n g a g e m e n ts , a n d p a r a d e s , w h ere t h e o r c h - I e s t r a i s h a r d l y s u i t a b l e " ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) . . ! H a s k e l l n o t e d t h i s p o i n t ( 1 7 5 :8 ) a s d i d C h e n o w e th . I 38 W h ile t h e l a t t e r g r a n t e d t h e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e b a n d i n m e e tin g t h e v a r i o u s n e e d s o f t h e s c h o o l , he d i d n o t o v e r l o o k some o f t h e d i s t i n c t i v e s c h o o l f u n c t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o r c h e s t r a , a n d r e g a r d e d b o t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s a s i n d i s p e n s a b l e ( 1 1 7 :6 3 ) * Wind i n s t r u m e n t s m ore e a s i l y a n d q u i c k l y l e a r n e d . T h e re i s a r a t h e r f i n e l i n e t h a t e x i s t s b e tw e e n t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e b a n d i s e a s i e r t o d e v e lo p a n d t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e w in d s may b e m ore e a s i l y a n d q u i c k l y l e a r n e d . I n t h e f o r m e r i n s t a n c e we a r e d i s c u s s i n g a s i t u a t i o n w h ere t h e b a n d d i r e c t o r m akes a c h o ic e b e tw e e n tw o m edium s o f m u s i c a l e x p r e s s i o n l a r g e l y on t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e s u l t s t h a t c a n b e o b t a i n e d . I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n we m u st assu m e t h a t m o st b a n d d i r e c t o r s w o u ld b e h a p p y t o h a v e a n o r c h e s t r a a s a p a r t o f t h e i r p ro g ra m i f t h e y h a d t h e know -how , i f i t w ere a s e a s y t o d e v e lo p ( t o o k no m ore t e a c h i n g tim e t h a n t h e b a n d ) , a n d i f com m unity r e s p o n s e w o u ld b e a s e n c o u r a g i n g a s i n t h e c a s e w i t h t h e b a n d . The f a c t t h a t s t r i n g j s p e c i a l i s t s i n s o many c a s e s c h o s e b a n d i n s t e a d o f t h e o r c h e s t r a i n d i c a t e s t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t b a n d s w ere d e v e lo p e d i n p l a c e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a l a r g e l y b e c a u s e p u b l i c a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a p p r o v a l c o u ld b e g a in e d w i t h t h e e x p e n d i t u r e o f a s m a l l e r am ount o f t i m e , e f f o r t . 39 a n d p r e p a r a t i o n . B u t when we t a k e t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e w in d s a r e t I I e a s i e r t o p l a y , we a r e d e a l i n g n o t s o much w i t h t h e m u sic I e d u c a t o r * s r e a c t i o n t o a g i v e n s i t u a t i o n a s we a r e w i t h t h e p u p i l * s v i e w p o i n t . We f i n d much e v id e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t c h i l d r e n e n jo y g ro u p p a r t i c i p a t i o n , t h a t ! t h e y e n jo y p l a y i n g t u n e s a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e , a n d t h a t I t h e r e f o r e a n y ,s y s te m o f m u s i c a l e x p r e s s i o n w h ic h p r o v i d e s p u p i l s w i t h a q u i c k a n d e a s i l y l e a r n e d m eth o d o f p l a y i n g a n i n s t r u m e n t a c c e p t a b l y , a n d w h ic h i n t u r n p r o v i d e s them a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r g r o u p p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e i t h e r a b a n d o r : a n o r c h e s t r a , i s l i k e l y t o h a v e no p a r t i c u l a r d i f f i c u l t y 1 : i n a t t r a c t i n g a f o l l o w i n g . T h is o p i n i o n i s s h a r e d b y a ' l a r g e g ro u p o f m u sic e d u c a t o r s who h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e I I p a g e s o f o u r m u sic p e r i o d i c a l s fro m tim e t o t i m e . B o r n o f f g a v e a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e n e a r e c l i p s e o f ! s t r i n g s t u d y , among many o t h e r # , t h e w i d e ly h e l d i d e a t h a t I w oodw ind a n d b r a s s i n s t r u m e n t s c o u ld b e l e a r n e d m ore q u i c k l y , t h u s p r o v i d i n g s t u d e n t s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f j o i n i n g I . . . . . . . . I t h e b a n d w i t h i n a s h o r t tim e t o t a k e a d v a n ta g e o f a l l t h e g la m o u r t h a t h a d becom e s o comm only a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e b a n d ( 1 0 3 : 4 ) . I n t h e F o re w o rd t o h i s s t r i n g c l a s s m ethod B o r n o f f a l s o e m p h a s iz e d t h i s sam e o p i n i o n . He s a i d : 4 0 The g e n e r a l t r e n d i n t h e f i e l d o f M usic E d u c a ti o n t o d a y h a s t u r n e d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f h a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h w h ic h s t u d e n t s a r e a b l e t o a c h i e v e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i n a s h o r t tim e a n d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n g r o u p a c t i v i t i e s . ( 3 9 2 :4 ) T h is t r e n d o f t h o u g h t was a l s o t o b e f o u n d i n t h e w o rd s o f S h e a s b y who s a i d t h a t " s t u d e n t s make q u i c k e r an d e a s i e r u s e o f t h e w in d a n d b r a s s i n s t r u m e n t s i n t h e s c h o o l b a n d s . . " (5 2:3 6 7). Or a s M o n f rie d s a i d T n p a r t : " t h e v i o l i n a n d i t s b r o t h e r s a r e h a r d t o m a s t e r . A y o u n g s t e r c a n p i c k u p a sa x o p h o n e o r a c c o r d i o n a n d b e m ak in g m u s ic , o f a k i n d , w i t h i n a few w e e k s" ( 2 4 l : l 6 ) , S i m i l a r v iew s w e re e x p r e s s e d b y R ush ( 2 9 3 : 6 2 ) , A i n s l i e ( 3 8 5 : 7 - 8 ) , a n d b y A l t v a t e r . The l a t t e r d e c l a r e d : . . t h e s h a r p u p sw ee p i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b a n d s fias d raw n much i n t e r e s t aw ay fro m s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t p l a y i n g f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t s do n o t , f o r s o l o n g a p e r i o d , g i v e o f f e n s e t o t h e e a r . . . . I t a p p e a r s t o b e t r u e t h a t p l a y e r s a c c e p t e d a s “memfi’ e r s o f a b a n d r e a c h a r e a s o n a b l e m a t u r i t y i n p e rf o r m a n c e s o o n e r t h a n s t r i n g p l a y e r s a r e a b l e t o d o , c h i e f l y b e c a u s e o f t h e m ore i n t r i c a t e t e c h n i c a l p ro b le m s i n v o l v e d i n s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t p l a y i n g , t h e s e i n c l u d i n g t h a t o f i n t o n a t i o n . ( 2 7 :8 3 - 8 4 ) V e ry l i k e t h e a b o v e was t h e r e a c t i o n o f R e v e l l i : B and p o p u l a r i t y a n d g ro w th h i n g e s a g r e a t d e a l , I b e l i e v e , on t h e f a c t t h a t r e s u l t s a r e u s u a l l y a c h i e v e d w i t h w in d i n s t r u m e n t s i n l e s s tim e t h a n w i t h i n s t r u m e n ts o f t h e s t r i n g f a m i l y . T h is d o e s n o t mean t h a t m a s t e r y o f a w in d i n s t r u m e n t i s l e s s d i f f i c u l t t h a n m a s t e r y o f a s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t , b u t t h a t u s u a l l y b e g i n n e r s a c h i e v e s a t i s f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e m ore q u i c k l y ; r e s u l t s a r e t a n g i b l y e v i d e n t a f t e r l e s s a p p l i c a t i o n . ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) 4 1 I t i s n o t t o b e a ssu m e d h e r e t h a t a l l o f t h e s e r e a s o n s f o r t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e w e n t u n c h a l l e n g e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d when s t r i n g s w ere a t t h e low e b b . I n d e e d , t h e ! s t a n d t h a t w in d s a r e m ore e a s i l y l e a r n e d i s to d a y a s o u r c e o f g r e a t c o n t r o v e r s y , a n d t h e r e a r e many v e r y c o m p e te n t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s who l e a p t o t h e i r d e s k s t o p e n c o n f l i c t i n g o p i n i o n when t h i s i d e a i s p u b l i s h e d i n a c o n s p ic u o u s p l a c e . H o w ev er, we a r e d e a l i n g j u s t now s t r i c t l y w i t h t h e c a u s e s o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s h o r t a g e . W h e th e r o r n o t s t r i n g s c a n b e a s e a s i l y t a u g h t i s a p a r t o f a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n a n d w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n i t s p r o p e r e n v i r o n m e n t . The h i s t o r i c a l f a c t r e m a in s u n d i s p u t e d b y a n y w r i t e r t h a t i t was t h e c a s e t h a t t h e w in d p l a y e r s d i d l e a m t o p l a y s o o n e r a n d t a k e t h e i r p l a c e s i n a b a n d i n a v e r y s h o r t l e n g t h o f t i m e . Band d i r e c t o r s m ore p r o g r e s s i v e . Amid a l l t h e t u r m o i l c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s h o r t a g e a few w r i t e r s , p e r h a p s m ore d i s c e r n i n g t h a n t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s , w e re n o t t o o s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i d e a t h a t t h e b a n d was t h e m a jo r c a u s e f o r t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . T h e se a n a l y s t s t o o k a c l o s e r l o o k a t t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d came u p w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t p e r h a p s t h e r e a s o n t h e b a n d s w ere s u c c e s s f u l was t h a t t h e w in d s p e c i a l i s t s w ere m ore p r o g r e s s i v e and m ore w i l l i n g t o a d o p t new m e th o d s o f t e a c h i n g d u r i n g a 4 2 p e r i o d when t h e i r s t r i n g c o l l e a g u e s w ere b u s y r e s i s t i n g ' c h a n g e i n a c h a n g in g w o r l d . T h is f a c t a lo n e w o u ld a c c o u n t t o a g r e a t e x t e n t f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e n o t i o n t h a t , w in d s w e re e a s i e r t o l e a r n ; t h e y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n , f o r t h e y i w e re b e i n g t a u g h t w i t h s u p e r i o r m e th o d s b y t e a c h e r s who w e r e , b y a n d l a r g e , m ore a l e r t , m ore p r o g r e s s i v e , a n d f o r I t h e m o st p a r t , b e t t e r t r a i n e d t o do t h e i r j o b . D u r in g t h e p e r i o d fro m 1928 t o 1930 when s t a t i s t i c s r e v e a l e d a 42 p e r c e n t l o s s among h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a I : m em bers who w e re p l a n n i n g o n p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r s , t h e band^ was g a i n i n g b y l e a p s a n d b o u n d s ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) • P e r h a p s t h e p r i m ary e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s phenom enon w as t h e a d v a n ta g e b e i n g t a k e n b y t h e w in d t e a c h e r s o f t h e i n h e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s . I n s t e a d o f o p p o s in g t h i s r a t h e r new i d e a , a s t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s w ere d o i n g , t h e y s e i z e d t h e i d e a an d e x p e n d e d e v e r y e f f o r t t o make t h e p l a n w o rk . "The b a n d r e h e a r s a l , " d e c l a r e d H a s k e l l , "was l i t e r a l l y t u r n e d i n t o one l a r g e h e te r o g e n e o u s i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s , a t t h e v e r y tim e t h a t t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w e re s p e n d in g c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t i n c o m b a tin g t h e sam e i d e a " ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) . I t was h i s f u r t h e r o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s was t h e b a s i c e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e w h o le im b a la n c e b e tw e e n b a n d a n d o r c h e s t r a . The o t h e r r e a s o n s s o f a r t a b u l a t e d he r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g a d d e d f a c t o r s ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) . 43 S t r o n g s u p p o r t t o t h i s p o s i t i o n was g i v e n b y C h e n o w eth : I n t h e m a t t e r o f d i s c a r d i n g t r a d i t i o n a l r u t s , r o u t i n e s , a n d s c h o o l s o f p l a y i n g f o r new p r o g r e s s i v e m e th o d s , t h e t e a c h e r s o f w in d i n s t r u m e n t s h a v e b e e n f a r m ore a l e r t t h a n t h o s e e n g a g e d i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f s t r i n g s . . . ( 1 1 7 :1 4 ) w! W V » A t a n o t h e r p o i n t i n t h e same a r t i c l e , w h ic h , i n c i d e n t l y , was p u b l i s h e d n e a r t h e h e i g h t h o f t h e s t r i n g e c l i p s e i n 1 9 4 0 , C h eno w eth was s o im p r e s s e d w i t h t h e u s e made b y t h e b a n d men o f t h e c l a s s m eth o d o f t e a c h i n g a s c o n t r a s t e d t o t h e " h a n d s - o f f ” p o l i c y o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s ; t h a t h e i m p l i e d t h a t t h e c l a s s m eth o d l a y a lm o s t t o t a l l y I I I i n t h e d o m ain o f t h e b a n d : i One o f t h e p r i n c i p l e a d v a n t a g e s t h o s e e n g a g e d i n I w in d , p e r c u s s i o n , o r p i a n o i n s t r u c t i o n h a v e o v e r t h e I s t r i n g I n s t r u c t o r i s i n t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n . . t h e f u n d a m e n ta l p ro b le m s i n v o l v e d i n t e a c h i n g , *"say7 a c l a s s o f c l a r i n e t s o r c o r n e t s , a r e n o t n e a r l y s o c o m p lex a s t h o s e i n a v i o l i n o r c e l l o c l a s s . T h is h a s m ean t t h a t t h e m u sic t e a c h e r h a s o f t e n t a k e n t h e p a t h o f l e a s t r e s i s t a n c e , g r a d u a l l y ' d i m i n i s h i n g h i s s t r i n g c l a s s e s o r a v o i d i n g them a l t o g e t h e r . I n t h e s t r i n g c l a s s , i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s becom e a p p a r e n t m ore q u i c k l y t h a n i n t h e c l a s s I i n w in d o r p e r c u s s io n .^ The p a r e n t who i s u n w i l l i n g t o m eet t h i s s i t u a t i o n b y g i v i n g h i s c h i l d p r i v a t e ■ l e s s o n s w i t h a s p e c i a l i z e d t e a c h e r , m u st f a c e t h e ! p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e c h i l d l o s i n g i n t e r e s t a l t o g e t h e r o r c e a s i n g t o grow m u s i c a l l y a n d t e c h n i c a l l y . I ( 1 1 7 :1 4 ) ' The h e a d o f M i s s o u r i U n i v e r s i t y * s v i o l i n d e p a r tm e n t I v o i c e d t h e sam e o p i n i o n b e f o r e a m e e tin g o f t h e M usic i T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1947 w hen h e s a i d i n ! 44 p a r t : The b a n d men h a v e b e e n m ore p r a c t i c a l i n t h e i r t e a c h i n g a n d p r o m o tio n o f w oodw ind a n d b r a s s i n s t r u m e n t ; s t u d y . S t r i n g t e a c h e r s , i n f a c t , seem so m e tim e s t o I t a k e à p r i d e i n e m p h a s iz in g t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f l e a r n i n g t h e i r i n s t r u m e n t s a n d a r e l i k e l y t o be m ore p e r f e c t i o n i s t t h a n u t i l i t a r i a n i n t h e m a t t e r o f d e a l i n g w i t h y o u n g s t e r s . ( 5 7 :1 4 6 ) From t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e n , i t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e ' p r o g r e s s i v e a t t i t u d e o f t h e b a n d men was a h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t I f a c t o r i n t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e b a n d , a n d t h a t , on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c o i n , t h e r e f u s a l o f t h e g r e a t b o d y o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t o a d o p t s i m i l a r p r o g r e s s i v e m e th o d s a n d a t t i t u d e s I was a p r im a r y c a u s e f o r t h e d e a r t h o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s . : F a u l t s o f S t r i n g T e a c h e r s a s a R e a so n f o r t h e S h o r t a g e . I - ' A lo n g w i t h t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e b a n d men w ere m ore p r o g r e s s i v e t h e r e d e v e lo p e d t h e g ro w in g r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t h e m s e lv e s h a d , t o a g r e a t e x t e n t , c r e a t e d t h e s h o r t a g e . S e l f - a n a l y s i s b e g a n t o r e v e a l many jnew a t t i t u d e s to w a rd s t r i n g s t u d y . The o p e n in g p a r a g r a p h , o f t h e f o r e w o r d o f B o r n o f f * s new s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d , ' F i n g e r P a t t e r n s f o r V i o l i n i n d i c a t e d a n a c u t e a w a re n e s s o f ! I ■ I j t h i s s h o r t - c o m i n g among s t r i n g p e d a g o g u e s I i I A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , t r a i n i n g a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f ! I s t r i n g s a r e b e i n g s e r i o u s l y a r r e s t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i I w i d e s p r e a d u t i l i z a t i o n o f m e th o d s t h a t a r e o b s o l e t e , I u n n e c e s s a r i l y slo w a n d c o n t r a r y t o p r o g r e s s i v e ! ! t h e o r i e s on s p e e d a n d e f f i c i e n c y . No e f f o r t h a s b e e n ! made t o s i m p l i f y t e a c h i n g m eth o d s o r t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e 4 5 p s y c h o l o g i c a l m eans h y w h ic h l e a r n i n g a n d i n t e r e s t c a n h e s t i m u l a t e d . S t r i n g t e a c h e r s a r e s t i l l h o u n d h y t h e p r o s a i c t i e s o f t r a d i t i o n a l p e d a g o g y a n d t h e i n v e t e r a t e a d h e r a n e e [ s i c . a d h e r e n c e ] t o r o u t i n e g r i n d a n d r e p e t i t i o n . P r o g r e s s . . . i s t h u s s o r e t a r d e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n t d i f f i c u l t y e n c o u n t e r e d i n c r e a t i n g i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g s h a s e f f e c t e d a n a l a r m i n g a v o id a n c e o f s t r i n g s t u d y . The g e n e r a l t r e n d i n t h e f i e l d o f M usic E d u c a t i o n t o d a y h a s t u r n e d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h w h ic h s t u d e n t s a r e a b l e t o a c h i e v e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i n a s h o r t tim e a n d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n g r o u p a c t i v i t i e s . ( 3 9 2 :4 ) T he f a l l a c i o u s " s t r i n g s m o st d i f f i c u l t " c o n c e p t . One o f t h e m o st u n f o r t u n a t e b i t s o f p r o p a g a n d a t o g a i n w ide a c c e p t a n c e h a s b e e n t h e s o - c a l l e d " f a c t " t h a t t h e s t r i n g s a r e h a r d e r t o l e a m a n d t a k e l o n g e r t o d e v e l o p . The m a j o r i t y o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s t e n d e d t o a c c e p t t h e a s s u m p t io n , and e v e n seem ed t o t a k e a m e a s u re o f p r i d e a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n i n p r o c l a i m i n g t h e dogm a. I n r e c e n t y e a r s many p e d a g o g u e s h a v e l e a r n e d d i f f e r e n t l y , b u t t h e n o t i o n was d e e p l y im b e d d e d i n t h e t h i n k i n g o f s t r i n g m u s i c i a n s a n d h a s t h e r e f o r e n o t b e e n e a s i l y o v e rc o m e . I t i s n o t u n l i k e l y t h a t H a s k e l l h a d h e a r d a n d r e a d a n u m b er o f a s s e r t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g o f S h e a s b y i n a p a p e r r e a d t o t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 4 1 : "The v i o l i n i s e x tr e m e l y d i f f i c u l t t o p l a y , an d e x p e n s i v e a s w e l l , b e c a u s e i t t a k e s a g r e a t d e a l l o n g e r t o l e a m t h a n m o st i n s t r u m e n t s " ( 5 2 : 3 6 7 ) . P o l a h , i n s e a r c h i n g f o r a n a n s w e r t o t h e d e c l i n e 46 o b s e r v e d t h a t one r e a s o n was t h e I n h e r e n t n a t u r e o f t h e s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t i t s e l f in a s m u c h a s t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g p l a y e r h a d "m ore d i f f i c u l t i e s t o o vercom e t h a n a b e g i n n e r o n a n y o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t " ( 4 7 :1 3 9 ) * The sam e t r a d i t i o n a l s e t o f t h o u g h t was e x p r e s s e d b y M organ i n 1 9 4 8 : The f o u r t h p o i n t i s t h e d e f i n i t e f a c t t h a t i t t a k e s l o n g e r f o r a b e g i n n e r on s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s t o s a t i s f y h i m s e l f a n d h i s a u d ie n c e t h a n i t d o e s f o r w in d p l a y e r s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , a much l o n g e r p e r i o d o f s t u d y m u st b e p u r s u e d , w i t h i t s d r u d g e r y a n d l a c k o f a r t i s t i c s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a n w i t h p l a y e r s o f b r a s s a n d w oodw ind i n s t r u m e n t s . ( 2 4 2 :1 5 ) N o r h a d t h e t r a d i t i o n c h a n g e d s o v e r y much f i f t e e n y e a r s l a t e r when a r t i s t s o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s e t w ere s t i l l | v o l u n t e e r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f R e j t o , w ho, i n i a d m i t t i n g t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n a d e c l i n e i n c e r t a i n s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s , was q u o te d a s c h a r g i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o t h e m a r c h in g b a n d , t e l e v i s i o n , a n d t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f p l a y i n g s t r i n g s . He was f u r t h e r q u o te d a s s a y i n g : "The v i o l i n a n d c e l l o t a k e t e n t o t w e lv e y e a r s o f s e r i o u s s t u d y b e f o r e ; t h e m u s i c i a n c a n b e c a l l e d a c c o m p l i s h e d ! " ( 1 3 9 :3 ) * M ost s t r i n g p l a y e r s o f a d v a n c e d a b i l i t y h a v e no a rg u m e n t w i t h t h e e s t i m a t e g i v e n b y R e j t o , y e t t h e r e a r e , many e m in e n t t e a c h e r s to d a y who c l a i m t o b e a b l e t o p ro d u c e I a r t i s t p e r f o r m e r s i n a f r a c t i o n o f t h e tim e s u g g e s t e d . H o w ev er, t h e p o i n t o f c o n c e r n a t t h i s moment i s t h e m i s - 47 l e a d i n g c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h s t a t e m e n t s . I t i s i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , p o o r p r o m o tio n a n d w o rs e p s y c h o lo g y t o I s u g g e s t t o a p r o p a g a n d i z e d p u b l i c t h a t s t r i n g s t a k e y e a r s I t o l e a r n when t h e s p i r i t o f t h e tim e s i s s e e k i n g p r o g r e s s i n e v e r y a s p e c t o f l i f e , i n c l u d i n g t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n . I t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s t y p e o f p u b l i c i t y w h ic h p r o v o k e s t h e a n a l y s t s t o c i t e s u c h t r a d i t i o n a l a t t i t u d e s a s a m a jo r I c a u s e o f d i s i n t e r e s t i n t h e s t r i n g s . S a e t r e , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n l i s t i n g h i s e s t i m a t e o f t h e c a u s e s o f t h e s t r i n g p l i g h t , g a v e a s t h e f i r s t a n d p r i m a r y r e a s o n t h e l e n g t h o f tim e f o r a c c o m p lis h m e n t ( 3 0 5 : 1 0 ) . P a s e k t o o k e x c e p t i o n t o t h e " a t t i t u d e o f many t e a c h e r s who do n o t recom m end t h e s t r i n g s t o s t u d e n t s w i t h a n e x c u s e t h a t * i t t a k e s t h r e e y e a r s t o l e a r n t o p l a y a v i o l i n , •" t h u s f r i g h t e n i n g away a n y i n t e r e s t e d s t u d e n t s who may h a v e a t one tim e h a d a d e s i r e t o p l a y i n t h e o r c h e s t r a C o n s e r v a t i v e A t t i t u d e s o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s . A lo n g w i t h t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s * r e l u c t a n c e t o s p e e d up t h e p r o c e s s o f l e a r n i n g , o r e v e n a d m it t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n t r o d u c in g " s h o r t - c u t s , " many w r i t e r s q u e s t i o n e d c e r t a i n c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e s h e l d b y a l a r g e se g m e n t o f t h e o l d e r s c h o o l o f v i o l i n p e d a g o g u e s . A p p a r e n t l y t h i s g ro u p h a d 48 s t o r e d a n a t t i c f u l l o f r e l i c s o f p a s t t e a c h e r s * whims a n d e c c e n t r i c i t i e s t o w hich- t h e y s t e a d f a s t l y c l u n g , a n d t o w h ic h t h e y r e t u r n e d a s t h e o c c a s i o n dem anded t o k e e p i n f o r c e i d e a s t h a t h a d lo n g s i n c e o u t d a t e d t h e m s e l v e s . Conway c h i d e d t h i s c o n s e r v a t i v e e le m e n t f o r r e t a i n i n g t h e s e ' a n t i q u a t e d t e a c h i n g m e th o d s , a n d f o r f a i l i n g t o i n t r o d u c e a n y new t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s i n t o s t r i n g p l a y i n g . P r o g r e s s i n p o s i t i o n s a n d b o w in g t e c h n i q u e s he r e g a r d e d a s t o o s lo w , a n d t o o e l e m e n t a r y . To s u c h lam e e f f o r t s he c o n t r a s t e d t h e r a p i d a n d e x c i t i n g d e v e lo p m e n ts i n w in d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h i n g I b y t e a c h e r s who h a d b o rro w e d t h e b e s t m a t e r i a l s a n d m eth o d s fro m t h e s t r i n g l i t e r a t u r e ! I n a d d i t i o n he d e p l o r e d t h e l a c k o f c o n s i s t e n c y among s t r i n g t e a c h e r s i n t e a c h i n g b a s i c ' s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , a s w e l l a s w h a t he te rm e d t h e " n a rro w I I p r e j u d i c e s o f t h e s t r i n g p r o f e s s i o n " ( 1 2 5 : 5 3 ) . I ! R oss was c r i t i c a l o f t h e a b i l i t y o f t e a c h e r s i n I g e n e r a l t o i m p a r t k n o w le d g e a n d i l l u s t r a t e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n ^of t h a t k n o w le d g e . T h e re w e re many go o d p l a y e r s , he ; b e l i e v e d , who s im p ly c o u ld n o t a n a l y z e t h e p r o c e s s e s o f j l e a r n i n g t o p l a y , a n d who c o u ld n o t f o r m u l a t e t h e i r r a a t e r - I i a l i n t o a n o r d e r l y s e q u e n c e . T h e se t e a c h e r s , t o o , h a d f a i l e d t o k e e p p a c e w i t h t h e te m p e r and p r o c e d u r e s i n ic o n te m p o r a ry e d u c a t i o n . As f o r t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l a t t i t u d e s ; 49 h i s d i s a p p r o v a l w as u n m i s t a k a b l e : Some s t r i n g e d - I n s t r u m e n t t e a c h e r s h a v e b e e n r i g i d l y b o u n d a n d r e s t r i c t e d b y n a rro w ‘ s c h o o ls * a n d ‘m e th o d s * , a n d h a v e fo u n d i t d i f f i c u l t o r i m p o s s i b l e t o c a s t a s i d e t h e s e a b s u r d i t i e s i n f a v o r o f a f a r m ore r e a l i s t i c a n d r e w a r d i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l e c l e c t i c i s m . j T h e re w ere y e t o t h e r f a u l t s R oss h a d t o f i n d w i t h I s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w h ic h d w e l t u p o n t h i s p o i n t o f w e a k n e s s . I A lo n g w i t h l a c k o f p a t i e n c e , s y m p a th y , a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g , I s o o f t e n a b y - p r o d u c t o f s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o p r e j u d i c e d t e a c h i n g , was t h e h a b i t o f " b r o w b e a t i n g ” i n d u l g e d i n b y s o , many o f t h e d i s c i p l i n a r i a n - t r a d i t i o n a l i s t c l a n . Norm ann was a n o t h e r i n t h e g r o u p o f a n a l y s t s who r e g a r d e d t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r h i m s e l f a s t h e u n d e r l y i n g c a u s e f o r t h e d e a r t h o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s . He o p e n e d h i s c a s e b y ; s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w ere " t o o f i r m l y r u t t e d i n t r a d i t i o n . ” S u c h a d d i c t i o n t o h o a r y t r a d i t i o n s h a d t h e e f f e c t o f p l a c i n g t h e v i o l i n i n t h e m y s te r y c l a s s . And f o r i t h e en o rm o u s b a c k l o g o f t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e h e h a d n o t h i n g b u t r i d i c u l e a s h e d e r i d e d t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t t h i s l i t e r a - I t u r e was c a p a b le o f m a rk in g c l e a r l y a n d t r u l y t h e " lo n g an d t e d i o u s j o u r n e y t o P a r n a s s u s . " I n c o n c l u d i n g t h e m a t t e r Norm ann l i s t e d w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e t h r e e f a l s e a s s u m p tio n s i o f v i o l i n t e a c h i n g . T h ese w e r e , ( l ) t h a t t h e s t r i n g s i n g e n e r a l , a n d t h e v i o l i n i n p a r t i c u l a r i s t h e m o st d i f f i c u l t i 51 w e n t on t o e n u m e ra te a d h e r e n c e t o c e r t a i n f e t i s h e s s u c h a s t h o s e o f d e m a n d in g c o m p le te r e l a x a t i o n , i n s i s t i n g t h a t th e f i n g e r s m u st f a l l on t h e t i p s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e h a n d , t h a t a c e r t a i n a n g le o f t h e elb o w i s t h e c o r r e c t o n e , a n d t h e p r a c t i c e o f d e v o t i n g s l a v i s h e f f o r t s t o t h e a c h ie v e m e n t o f a n i n a u d i b l e bow c h a n g e , a l l o f w h ic h s lo w e d down t h e t e a c h i n g p r o c e s s ( 2 7 : 8 4 ) . R e a c h in g f a r b a c k i n t o t h e h i s t o r y o f v i o l i n p l a y i n g S h e a s b y r e c a l l e d e v e n t s w h ic h f u r t h e r s u g g e s t e d t h e c o n s e r v a t i s m o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s : S t r i n g p l a y e r s a r e s o m e th in g o f a c o n s e r v a t i v e | g r o u p . T hey a lw a y s h a v e b e e n , a s e v e n B e e th o v e n knew t o h i s a n g e r . You may r e c a l l t h e c e l l i s t who d e c l a r e d ; t h e c e l l o p a r t s t o t h e l a t e r s t r i n g q u a r t e t s w ere u n - | p l a y a b l e . E ven t o d a y many s t r i n g p l a y e r s c o m p la in | t h a t su cfi a n d s u c h a c o n c e r t o i s n o t l i k e t h a t o f ' B e e th o v e n , S p o h r , W ie n ia w s k i, o r B ra h m s; t h a t T s c h a ik o v s k y w r o te h i s v i o l i n c o n c e r t o m e r e ly t o g r a t i f y t h e v i o l i n i s t * s l i k e f o r d o u b l e - s t o p p i n g , o r t h a t C e s a r F r a n c k w r o te h i s v i o l i n a n d p ia n o s o n a t a a s a n e x e r c i s e i n c o r r e c t i n t o n a t i o n . I t i s up t o t h e v i o l i n i n s t r u c t o r t o go on a v o y a g e o f d i s c o v e r y i n t o t h e unknow n s e a s i f h e i s one o f t h o s e t o whom m u sic i s t h e t h i n g i n a l l i t i m p l i e s . I am f i r m l y c o n v in c e d t h a t v i o l i n i n s t r u c t o r s h a v e b e e n , a n d s t i l l a r e , so e n t i r e l y p r e o c c u p i e d w i t h m e r e ly t e c h n i c a l p ro b le m s t h a t t h e y l o s t s i g h t o f t h e m u sic t h a t l i e s b e y o n d . ( 5 2 : 3 6 8 - 3 6 9 ) S t i l l o t h e r s d e p l o r e d t h e o v e r l y h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f p e rf o r m a n c e u n c o n s c i o u s l y s e t up b y t h e p u b l i c a n d s t u d e n t s ! a l i k e . E x tr e m e ly a r t i s t i c r e c o r d i n g s a n d b r o a d c a s t s b y i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y fam o u s a r t i s t s t e n d e d t o e m p h a s iz e t h e g u l f I 50 o f a l l I n s t r u m e n t s t o l e a r n t o p l a y , (2 ) t h a t o n l y o ne who h i m s e l f h a s h a d lo n g a n d t e d i o u s t r a i n i n g i n s t r i n g t e c h n i c i s c a p a b l e o f t e a c h i n g th e m , a n d ( 3 ) t h a t no c h i l d e x c e p t th e e x t r e m e l y g i f t e d a n d t a l e n t e d s h o u l d a t t e m p t t o s t u d y t h e s t r i n g s . T h e se f a l s e a s s u m p tio n s h a d a r i s e n , h e c h a r g e d , b e c a u s e o f " a n u n c o n s c i o u s d e s i r e t o m a i n t a i n a n a r t i s t i c p r e s t i g e w h ic h i s n o t w a r r a n t e d " ( 2 5 6 : 3 2 ) . C e r t a i n l y t h e m ore p r o g r e s s i v e e le m e n t o f t h e s t r i n g w o r ld h a d r e p u d i a t e d t h e s e i d e a s , a n d a s t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e r e a c h e d i t s a l a r m i n g p e a k t h e y b e g a n t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s t r i n g s b e t a u g h t t o l a r g e g ro u p s o f i n t e r e s t e d c h i l d r e n , n o t j u s t r e s e r v e d f o r t h e t a l e n t e d fe w . T hey a d v o c a t e d d i v o r c i n g v i o l i n t r a i n i n g fro m t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f o r m u la s b y w r i t i n g a n d u s i n g s i m p l i f i e d t e a c h i n g m e th o d s . One s u c h p e d a g o g u e was A l t v a t e r who s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d f o r re n e w e d e n e r g y i n i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t e a c h i n g m e th o d s e m p lo y e d i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f s t r i n g s . I n q u e s t i o n i n g t h e w isdom o f c l i n g i n g t o p a s t t r a d i t i o n s h e s a i d : My own e x p e r i e n c e h a s t o l d me t h a t t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s h a s r e q u i r e d , a n d s t i l l r e q u i r e s , a n : u n n e c e s s a r i l y l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e . One r e a s o n may w e l l , b e t h e i n d i s p o s i t i o n o f t e a c h e r s t o . d e p a r t u r e fro m t h e i f o r m u la s o f r e v e r e d t e a c h e r s o f t h e p a s t , who th e m s e l v e s w o u ld b e h o r r i f i e d t o w i t n e s s a ‘b l a n k e t * a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e i r g e n e r a l i z e d u t t e r a n c e s t o e a c h a n d e v e r y p u p i l . ( 2 7 :8 4 ) T h is was n o t t h e e n d o f A l t v a t e r * s d i s c o u r s e . He 52 t h a t s e p a r a t e d t h e a v e r a g e s t r i n g p l a y e r fro m t h e g r e a t v i r t u o s o , i t was c o n te n d e d . Wind i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e r s a l s o h e a r d e x c e l l e n t b a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s , b u t t h e y w ere n o t a lw a y s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a H e i f e t z o r a M i l s t e i n on t h e i r c h o s e n i n s t r u m e n t , com m ented Conway ( 1 2 5 : 2 0 ) ^ T h e re w ere s a t i r i s t s s u c h a s W hitm ore who c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e o l d f a s h i o n e d t e a c h e r i n a c a r i c a t u r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e M usic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e re n c e some y e a r s a g o , He made f u n o f t h e " p e r f e c t i o n i s t ” who e x p e c t e d p e r f e c t i n t o n a t i o n a n d a b e a u t i f u l t o n e fro m t h e b e g i n n e r , a n d t h e " t h o r o u g h i s t ” who b o r e d t h e s t u d e n t t o d e a t h w i t h h i s I a d d i c t i o n t o d e t a i l . The " m e t h o d i s t ” h e d e s c r i b e d a s t e a c h i n g b y t h e sam e f o r m u la h e h a d u s e d i n l e a r n i n g f o r t y ' y e a r s b e f o r e , c h a n n e l i n g e v e r y t a l e n t t h r o u g h t h e sam e p r o c e s s , r e g a r d l e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s . The " f u s s e r " was a d d i c t e d t o d e t a i l s o u t o f a s u b c o n s c i o u s f e e l i n g o f i n c o m p e te n c e w h ic h p r e v e n t e d him fro m l a u n c h i n g o u t i n t o t h e m ain c u r r e n t . The " t e m p e r a m e n t a l i s t , ” he s a i d , " p u t s on a go o d sh o w , l e t s o f f c o n s i d e r a b l e n e rv o u s e n e r g y b u t l i t t l e o f i t g o e s i n t o c o n s t r u c t i v e t e a c h i n g , " F i n a l l y t h e r e was t h e " s u p e r - a e s t h e t e ” who r e g a r d e d t h e v o i l i n a s s o m e th in g m y s t e r i o u s , a n d s o u g h t t o im p r e s s t h e s t u d e n t w i t h a | r e v e r e n t a p p r o a c h t o t h e i n s t r u m e n t , f o r g e t t i n g t h a t ; c h i l d r e n b y n a t u r e r e v o l t a g a i n s t s u c h a n a p p r o a c h 53 ( 5 7 : 1 4 6 ) . T h e re w e re s k e p t i c s who m in im iz e d t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f t h e c h a r g e s . Wishnow was n o t s o s u r e t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l c r i t i c i s m s ( p e r f e c t i o n i s t a t t i t u d e , g e n e r a l c o m p la c e n c y jWith r e g a r d t o t h e s t r i n g s i t u a t i o n a s a w h o le , a n d e x c l u is i v e i n t e r e s t i n t h o s e s t u d e n t s w i t h o u t s t a n d i n g n a t u r a l l a b i l i t y ) c o u ld b e d i r e c t e d a t a n y s i n g l e g r o u p o f t e a c h e r s jor t o t h e p i o n e e r o r c h e s t r a m en. W h ile h e d i d a d m it t h a t I t h e r e m ig h t b e some j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r s u c h c r i t i c i s m , h e ;d id n o t , l i k e n e a r l y a l l t h e o t h e r s , i n c l u d i n g w in d a n d s t r i n g t e a c h e r s a l i k e , a g r e e t h a t t h i s c r i t i c i s m was g e n e r a l l y t r u e * H is c o n c e r n was n o t one o f g r e a t a l a r m . He f e l t t h a t t h e s t r i n g p ro g ra m m e r e ly n e e d e d " s h a p i n g " , j. n o t " r e v i v i n g " ( 3 6 9 : 6 0 ) . T h e re w e re a l s o p e a c e m a k e rs i n t h e f r a y . S p u r b e c k c o n te n d e d t h a t t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w o u ld f i n d t h e p ro b le m l a y w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s , b u t n o t s o much on t h e b a s i s o f I I o u tm o d e d m e th o d s , a s on t h a t o f t h e d i s a g r e e m e n t s w h ic h j e x i s t e d w i t h i n t h e i r own g r o u p ; I One so m e tim e s f e e l s t h a t we do n o t p o s s e s s t h e n e c e s s a r y b e l i e f i n o u r own r e s o u r c e s b y w h ic h we d e v e lo p s t r i n g p l a y e r s . We a r e f o r e v e r a r g u i n g , m ore o r l e s s v e h e m e n tly , o v e r p e t t h e o r i e s o f h o w - t o - d o - i t . We m ust rem em b er t h a t t h e r e a r e many r i g h t ways t o t e a c h s t r i n g s ! l i t a l i c s i n t h e o r i g i n a l ] L e t u s f o r e g o s u c h a r g u m e n ts a s t h e s e : S h o u ld we t e a c h i n hom ogeneous o r h e t e r o g e n e o u s g r o u p i n g s ; s h o u l d we t e a c h b a s i c c o n t r o l s f i r s t b e f o r e t e a c h i n g t h e p u p i l t o r e a d ; s h o u l d we 5 4 s t a r t s t r i n g s i n lo w e r g r a d e s o n w h e re ? S h o u ld c l a s s t e a c h i n g s u p e r s e d e s t u d i o t e a c h i n g ? ; e v e n , how t o h o l d t h e bow a n d v i o l i n . ( 3 1 6 :1 3 ) I S u c h , t o o , was t h e c o n t e n t i o n o f U nderw ood who I ' : s c o r e d t h e c o m p le te d i s u n i t y w h ic h r e i g n e d among s t u d i o , c o l l e g e , a n d p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . " D i s s e n s i o n , ” he a r g u e d , "h a s a r i s e n o v e r a l a c k o f a g re e m e n t r e g a r d i n g I I m u tu a l o b j e c t i v e s , s t a n d a r d s o f p e rf o r m a n c e a n d p e d a g o g y ” ; ( 300: 219). ! A l l c r i t i c i s m o f t h i s s o r t d i d n o t o r i g i n a t e w i t h t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t o r s . A fam ed v i o l i n i s t a n d t e a c h e r I fro m t h e c i t y o f Mew Y o rk a l s o condem ned t h e s e t r a d i t i o n - ' a l i s t s . W h ile i t was h i s v iew t h a t t h e p ia n o t e a c h e r s w ere I t h e o n e s who h a d o u t s t r i p p e d t h e v i o l i n t e a c h e r s , he d e p l o r e d t h e sam e a t t i t u d e s , d e c l a r i n g t h a t v i o l i n t e a c h i n g a n d p l a y i n g was t o o o f t e n r e g a r d e d "a s a m y s tic a r t , a n o c c u l t s c i e n c e , a n d one i n t o w h ic h o n l y t h o s e s p e c i a l l y g i f t e d may h o p e t o be i n i t i a t e d " ( 1 0 : 1 5 3 ) - The u n u s u a l f e a t u r e o f t h i s r e m a r k a b le s t a t e m e n t i s n o t s o much t h a t i t was made b y t h e ren o w n e d p e d a g o g u e , D a v id M annes, a s t h e f a c t t h a t he s a i d i t i n t h e y e a r 1 9 1 9 , c l o s e t o a h a l f c e n t u r y e a r l i e r ! H is s a g e r e a s o n i n g s h a v e a s t r a n g e l y m od ern o v e r t o n e : J u s t a s a g i f t f o r m a th e m a tic s i s a s p e c i a l t a l e n t n o t g i v e n t o a l l , s o a n a t u r a l t e c h n i c a l t a l e n t e x i s t s i n r e l a t i v e l y few p e o p l e . Y e t t h i s d o e s n o t im p ly t h a t 55 . t h e m a j o r i t y a r e s h u t o f f fro m p l a y i n g t h e v i o l i n a n d p l a y i n g i t w e l l . Any s t u d e n t who h a s m u sic i n h i s ; s o u l may b e t a u g h t t o p l a y s i m p l e , a n d e v e n r e l a t i v e l y m ore d i f f i c u l t m u sic w i t h b e a u t y , b e a u t y o f e x p r e s s i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h is h e may b e t a u g h t t o do e v e n th o u g h n o t endow ed w i t h a n a t u r a l t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t y f o r t h e v i o l i n . A p r o o f t h a t n a t u r a l t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t y i s a n y t h i n g b u t a g u a r a n t e e o f h i g h e r m u s i c i a n s h i p i s show n i n t h a t t h e m u s i c a l w e a k n e ss o f many b r i l l i a n t v i o l i n i s t s , h i d d e n b y t h e t e c h n i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n o f v i r t u o s o p i e c e s , i s o n l y a p p a r e n t when t h e y a t t e m p t t o p l a y a B e e th o v e n a d a g i o o r a s im p le M o z a rt r o n d o . ( 1 0 :1 5 3 ) The m a t t e r was m o st t h o r o u g h l y summed u p , p e r h a p s , b y H a s k e l l w hose r e m a r k a b ly t h o r o u g h resu m e o f t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s t r i n g d ilem m a was c o n d e n s e d i n t o a few a l l - i n c l u s i v e p o i n t s , t h e f i r s t f o u r o f w h ic h h a d t o j do w i t h w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n p ro g ra m : | 1 . The v i o l i n c l a s s w h ic h was a d o p te d a s a n | e x p e d i e n t f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f m ore v i o l i n p l a y e r s f o r ' t h e o r c h e s t r a s s u f f e r e d fro m in c o m p e te n t t e a c h i n g . 2 . The v i o l i n c l a s s was r e t a r d e d i n i t s d e v e lo p m e n t b e c a u s e v i o l i n t e a c h e r s a n d m u sic e d u c a t o r s d i d n o t p e r c e i v e t h a t i t s s u c c e s s d e p e n d e d up o n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f new m e th o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . 3 . P r i v a t e t e a c h i n g m eth o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s w ere u t i l i z e d i n t h e e a r l y v i o l i n c l a s s e s b u t t h e y p r o v e d t o b e u n s u c c e s s f u l . 4 . I n c e s s a n t c r i t i c i s m o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e c l a s s : a p p r o a c h t o t e a c h i n g t h e v i o l i n b y v i o l i n t e a c h e r s i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e o f t h e s c h o o l s l e d t o a l a c k o f c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e c l a s s s y s te m . ( 1 7 5 : 1 0 ) H a s k e l l *8 p o i n t f o u r s u g g e s t s t h e m o st s e r i o u s e r r o r | i n ju d g m e n t c o m m itte d b y t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w h ic h was | i t h e i r o p e n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e c l a s s m eth o d o f i n s t r u c t i o n , I a n a t t i t u d e w h ic h was u n q u e s t i o n a b l y sp aw n ed b y t h e i r ! ! 56 e x c e s s i v e p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l e c l e c t i c i s m o f t h e i r a r t . I ! I F a i l u r e t o A d o p t M o dem S t r i n g T e a c h in g P r o c e d u r e s . ‘ D u r in g t h e e a r l y 4 0 *s when t h e la m e n t o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s was a p p r o a c h i n g a p e a k t h e r e s t i l l e x i s t e d a d i s - j t u r b i n g l y a p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e to w a r d t h e c r e a t i o n a n d a d o p t i o n o f m ore p r o d u c t i v e m e th o d s o f d e v e l o p i n g s t r i n g s , i n t h e m o d e m s c h o o l s . The m a j o r i t y seem ed m ore c o n t e n t t o a c c e p t e x c u s e s f o r t h e i r l a c k o f e f f o r t t o d e v i s e new m e th o d s , im p ro v e t h o s e t h e y h a d , atnd o t h e r w i s e p ro m o te t h e ^ s t r i n g p r o g ra m . And t h e i r f a v o r i t e e s c a p e was t o h o l d u p j t h e b a n d p ro g ra m a s t h e " w h ip p in g - b o y " ( 1 7 5 : 9 ) . j The r o o t o f t h e p r o b le m l a y w i t h t h e l o n g s t a n d i n g j I a v e r s i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e s t r i n g t e a c h e r t o t h e c l a s s m eth o d | o f i n s t r u c t i o n . And y e t , a s S o p k in d i s c e r n e d , t h e s m a l l n u m b er o f s t r i n g s t u d e n t s was a c t u a l l y d ue t o a n a n t i q u a t e d c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e s t r i n g s c o u l d o n l y b e t a u g h t p r i v a t e l y . T h is h a d r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f v e r y few s t r i n g p l a y e r s , a n d h a d n a t u r a l l y r e t a r d e d t h e i n s t r u e - I t i o n o f l a r g e n u m b ers o f b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g p l a y e r s who I s i m p ly c o u ld n o t a f f o r d t o t a k e p r i v a t e l e s s o n s ( 4 1 7 : 1 ) . I W ard c h i d e d h i s c o l l e a g u e s f o r w a i t i n g t o o l o n g t o I I do s o m e th in g c o n s t r u c t i v e i n m e e tin g t h e c h a l l e n g e o f t h e 57 s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . I t was h i s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e y w e re t o o i n t e r e s t e d i n g u a r d i n g t h e s t u d y o f t h e v i o l i n t h a t i t m ig h t b e e x p e r i e n c e d o n l y b y t h o s e f i t t e d f o r i t , i n s t e a d o f g i v i n g e v e r y c h i l d a t t h e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h g r a d e l e v e l s a c h a n c e t o p l a y t h e v i o l i n r i g h t i n t h e c l a s s r o o m , j u s t a s I i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f s i n g i n g . He c o n c lu d e d b y s a y i n g : I - - . ! W ould i t n o t b e b e t t e r t o i n o c u l a t e t h e m any— l o o k i n g ! f o r w a r d t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a l l t h e p o t e n t i a l p l a y e r s — r a t h e r t h a n t o c i r c u m s c r i b e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o I s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t we l o s e e v e n t h e few ? ( 3 6 4 :3 0 ) P o la h was v e r y d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e s u p p l y o f I o b s o l e t e a n d i n a d e q u a t e t e a c h i n g m e th o d s . He was c o n c e r n e d f o r t h e i n e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r who h a d t o c h o o s e h i s m a t e r - I i a l s fro m a maze o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y t e c h n i c a l m e th o d s , n o n e I o f w h ic h seem ed g e a r e d t o t h e m o dern t r e n d o f d o in g t h i n g s : e a s i l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y , a n d i n t h e p r o c e s s was l i k e l y t o ' v a c i l l a t e fro m one m eth o d t o a n o t h e r ( 4 7 : 4 7 ) . B a c i c h , t o o , was c r i t i c a l o f t e a c h i n g m e th o d s . He f o u n d p a r t i c u l a r f a u l t w i t h s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s w h ic h ,l i m i t e d t h e s t u d e n t t o t h e k e y s o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , t h a t ' i s , t h e s h a r p k e y s . The f a l l a c y o f t h i s s y s te m was r e v e a l e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r w hen t h e s t u d e n t b e g a n t o j e n c o u n te r alb u m s o f m u sic i n one f l a t , tw o f l a t s , n o I f l a t s . . . . "W hat, t h e n , o f h i s tw o , t h r e e , a n d f o u r !8h a r p s ? " i n q u i r e d B a c i c h . "Oh, w e l l , i t * s e a s i e r t o p l a y 58 d ru m s" ( 7 2 : 3 3 ) . As f o r t h e a d o p t i o n o f new t e c h n i q u e s . M a t te r n b e r a t e d t h e m e th o d s o f a l l t o o many t e a c h e r s who c o n f r o n t e d a n d c o n fo u n d e d t h e i r b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s w i t h t h e "co m b in ed p ro b le m s o f l e f t h a n d , r i g h t h a n d , a n d n o t e r e a d i n g fro m t h e b o o k ." I t was no w o n d e r t h a t t h o s e who s t a r t e d s o o n g a v e i t u p . " D o n 't b lam e i t o n t h e b a n d s , " h e s a i d . " T h is i s one o f o u r own s h o r t c o m i n g s " ( 4 4 : 2 4 2 ) . I n M a d d y 's Ju d g m e n t, t h e d i f f i c u l t y l a y w i t h t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e t e a c h e r s t o |> ro v ld e s u f f i c i e n t i n c e n t i v e s t o k e e p t h e p u p i l s i n t e r e s t e d . "We m u st re m e m b e r," he j o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 5 1 ^ " t h a t t h e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d a t f i r s t i n p l a y i n g t u n e s , n o t i n m a s t e r i n g t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s " ( 2 2 6 : 18). ! I L e p p e r t* s m ore r e c e n t ( 1 9 5 3 ) s u r v e y o f t h e r e a s o n s ; f o r t h e m o r t a l i t y r a t e o f s t r i n g d r o p - o u t s l i s t e d many t h a t c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h o s e s o f a r m e n t i o n e d . C o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e s u r v e y t e n d e d m o st o f t e n t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n | I t o o much u n i n s p i r e d a n d p e r f u n c t o r y t e a c h i n g , f a i l u r e t o I I m o t i v a t e , f a i l u r e t o g i v e t u n e f u l p i e c e s , a n d f a i l u r e t o i n s t i l l a g e n u in e l o v e f o r m u sic ( 2 1 4 : 2 1 ) . B u t t h e r e w e re s t i l l o t h e r s h o r t c o m i n g s among t h e s t r i n g e d u c a t o r s . A lo n g w i t h t h e i r c o n s e r v a t i s m t h e y se em e d s t r a n g e l y r e l u c t a n t t o p ro m o te t h e s t u d y o f t h e 59 s t r i n g e d I n s t r u m e n t s , a n d t h i s was a n o t h e r f a c t o r i n t h e s h o r t a g e o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s . The f a i l u r e o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t o p ro m o te I s t r i n g s a n o t h e r f a c t o r i n t h e d ile m m a . E v i d e n t l y t h e sam e o c c u p a t i o n a l t e n d e n c i e s a s e v id e n c e d th e m s e lv e s i n t h e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g m e th o d s w e re a l s o p r e s e n t i n t h e g r o u p when i i t came t o t h e a r t o f p r o m o ti o n . W here t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t i ■ ■ . . . I t e a c h e r s h a d b e e n p r o g r e s s i v e i n a d o p t i n g new m e th o d s , t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s h a d b e e n a l o o f ; w h e re t h e b a n d men w e re ; a g g r e s s i v e i n r e c r u i t i n g a n d a d v e r t i s i n g , a n d i n s e e k i n g I I o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o d e m o n s tr a te t h e i r r e s u l t s , t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r s seem ed m ore p r o n e t o c r a w l i n t o t h e i r i v o r y to w e r s w a i t i n g f o r t h e s e l e c t few o f h i g h l y a r t i s t i c fra m e o f m ind ; t o s e e k them o u t . I n a n a p p a r e n t e f f o r t t o s h a k e t h i s :g r o u p l o o s e fro m t h e i r a p a t h y C h en o w eth i n c l u d e d many I s t r o n g c h a l l e n g e s o f t h i s s o r t i n h i s e x t r e m e l y c o m p le te a n a l y t i c a l a r t i c l e o f 1 9 4 0 . C h en o w eth p o i n t e d o u t s u c h o b s e r v a t i o n s a s t h e I e a g e r n e s s o f t h e b a n d p e o p le t o a d v e r t i s e t h e i r c o n t e s t iw in n e rs a s c o n t r a s t e d t o t h e a p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a p e o p le i n t h e same r e g a r d . " . . . t h e s t r i n g | m e n ," h e s a i d , " a r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o f i n d ways an d m eans o f ' k e e p i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l p ro g ra m b a l a n c e d t o t h e e x t e n t ; t h a t t h e i r p ro g ra m s a r e n o t sw am ped" ( 1 1 7 : 1 4 ) . The pomp a n d f l a i r o f t h e b a n d p ro g ra m w a s, a s he v ie w e d i t , t o o I I s t i f f a s o r t o f c o m p e t i t i o n t o b e b u c k e d i n a n y o t h e r way ' t h a n t h r o u g h a g g r e s s i v e p r o p a g a n d a m e a s u r e s a s a l r e a d y I e m p lo y e d b y t h e b a n d p e o p l e . He c o n t i n u e d i n t h i s v e i n : I ! Young s t u d e n t s m u st b e i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e s t r i n g s w h i l e j t h e y a r e y e t p l i a b l e a n d b e f o r e t h e y r e a c h t h e a g e o f s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Ways o f s o c i a l i z i n g s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n , w h i l e y e t a c c o u n t i n g f o r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s , m u st b e f o u n d . I f s a x e t t e s , t o n e t t e s , o r r e c o r d e r s a n d s i m i l a r p r e p a r a t o r y i n s t r u m e n t s a r e u s e d i n t h e lo w e r g r a d e s t h e y m u st b e r e g a r d e d a s * p r e - i n s t r u m e n t a l *, n o t *p r e - b a n d * d e v i c e s . ( 1 1 7 :6 4 ) An e d i t o r ' s n o t e w h ic h f o l l o w e d t h e a b o v e a r t i c l e I o b s e r v e d t h a t t h o s e i n s t r u m e n t s w e re r e a l l y p r e p a r a t o r y f o r I i n s t r u m e n t a l o r v o c a l t r a i n i n g . H o w ev er, C h e n o w eth * s p o i n t i s s t i l l w e l l t a k e n , f o r i t was a n d s t i l l i s c u s to m a r y t o r e f e r t o t h o s e i n s t r u m e n t s a s " p r e - b a n d " i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d t h i s h a b i t o f t h o u g h t a l o n e h a s p r o p a g a n d a v a lu e i n f a v o r o f t h e b a n d . I t i s a n o t h e r o f t h o s e many l i t t l e i n t a n g i b l e s w h ic h s e r v e t o make p e o p l e — p a r e n t s a n d c h i l d r e n a l i k e — b a n d c o n s c i o u s . I I t h a s somehow se em e d t h a t w h e re t h e b a n d h a s b e e n I a g g r e s s i v e l y p ro m o te d t h e o r c h e s t r a h a s b e e n s h y l y m en- j !t i o n e d . T h is was t h e f e e l i n g o f R o s s , who i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e l a c k o f a t r u e a l l e g i a n c e t o s t r i n g m e d ia a n d s t r i n g l i t e r a t u r e b y s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t h e m s e l v e s , s u g g e s t e d t h a t . 6 l : ^ o r c h e s t r a s h y n e s s h a s f o l l o w e d I n t h e wake o f b a n d i n t e r e s t a s a n e g a t i v e b y - p r o d u c t t h e r e o f ” ( 2 8 9 : 1 5 0 ) . I I n a l i s t o f r e a s o n s s u b m i t t e d f o r t h e s t r i n g p r e - I . . i d ic a r a e n t Conway l i s t e d tw o w h ic h l e n d a d d e d s u p p o r t t o t h e ! v a l i d i t y o f t h e s e c r i t i c i s m s . The f i r s t s u g g e s t e d t h e s m a l l am oun t o f p u b l i c r e c o g n i t i o n g i v e n s t r i n g p l a y i n g , I I a n d t h e few o p p o r t u n i t i e s p r o v i d e d f o r th em t o p e r f o r m I p u b l i c a l l y , i n c o m p a r is o n w i t h t h o s e a f f o r d e d b a n d i n s t r u - I m e n t a l i s t s ; a n d h i s s e c o n d c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a men to w a rd l e s s I c o n v e n t i o n a l d r e s s f o r s t r i n g g r o u p s ( 1 2 5 : 1 9 ) . I A s i m i l a r v iew was e x p r e s s e d b y M ig n in who c h id e d ! t h e s t r i n g p e o p le f o r t h e i r s h o r t s i g h t e d n e s s p r o m o ti o n — w i s e . B e c a u s e o f t h e i n f r e q u e n t a p p e a r a n c e s o f s u c c e s s f u l h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s t h e y o u n g e r c r o p o f p o t e n t i a l s t r i n g p l a y e r s h a d n o t h a d t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e i n s p i r a t i o n p r o v i d e d b y s u c h a g r o u p , a n d i t was h e r t h o u g h t t h a t t h u s t h e i n t e r e s t o f o u r p r o s p e c t i v e y o û t h f u l f i d d l e r s was l o s t t o I t h e b a n d c l a s s e s ( 2 3 7 : 3 6 ) . I H erm ann c a l l e d i t s i m p ly a l a c k o f s a l e s m a n s h i p ( 2 5 6 : 3 2 ) . Rue d i s c u s s e d t h e p ro b le m a t some l e n g t h , a n d d e p l o r e d t h e l a c k o f a we1 1 - o r g a n i s e d s t r i n g p ro g ra m o f i n s t r u c t i o n a n d i n t e r e s t b u i l d i n g . T h e se w e re no m ere a c c i d e n t s o f f o r t u n e , h e b e l i e v e d . I t was h i s f u r t h e r 62 o p i n i o n t h a t t h e y o u n g e r s e t h a d n o t h a d a n i n t i m a t e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d h a d n o t h e a r d th em p l a y i n g m u sic d e s i g n e d f o r a c h i l d ’s l e v e l o f a p p r e c i a t i o n (2 9 1:1 8). The f o r e g o i n g c r i t i c i s m s w e re t h e s o r t w h ic h w ere la u n c h e d a t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s a s a g r o u p w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a t i o n a s t o t h e t y p e o f t e a c h i n g i n v o l v e d — c l a s s , p r i v a t e , e l e m e n t a r y , o r c o l l e g e . U n d e r n e a th a l l o f t h i s s e a r c h f o r c a u s e s t h e r e e x i s t e d a v e r y s t r o n g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e p a r t p l a y e d b y t h e c o l l e g e s t r i n g t e a c h e r , a n d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n h e s e r v e d . From t h e m ass o f e v id e n c e a v a i l a b l e i t s o o n becam e e v i d e n t t h a t t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s b o r e I n o s m a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e l a m e n t a b l e s t a t e o f a f f a i r s | w h ic h e x i s t e d i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s o f I I A m e ric a . ; I The T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g I n s t i t u t i o n s a t f a u l t . One o f i t h e p r i n c i p a l t a r g e t s o f c e n s u r e d u r i n g t h e s t r i n g c r i s i s was t h e u n i v e r s i t y s t r i n g t e a c h e r who p r e t e n d e d t o o f f e r I t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g t o h i s p u p i l s fro m a b a c k g r o u n d o f e x p e r - ' i e n c e a n d k n o w le d g e w h ic h h a d n e v e r i n c l u d e d t h e s t r i n g ! ,c l a s s , much l e s s a hom ogeneo us g r o u p i n g Of v i o l i n s o r I I c e l l o s a l o n e . D u r in g t h e 4 0 ’s i t was a r a r e v i o l i n m a jo r I " ' !who r e c e i v e d a n y r e a l i s t i c t r a i n i n g i n c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s . | 63 N e a r l y a l l o f t h e s e w e re t r a i n e d i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l ”E u ro p e a n C o n s e r v a t o r y ” c o n c e p t , w h ic h i n c l u d e d t h e s t a n d a r d e t u d e s s u c h a s K r e u t z e r , R o d e , G a v i n i e s , D o n t, M a za s, e t c . , a l o n g w i t h a s many o f t h e s t a n d a r d c o n c e r t o s a s t h e t a l e n t o f t h e s t u d e n t p e r m i t t e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f a f o u r y e a r c o l l e g e c a r e e r . A few c o l l e g e s , i t i s t r u e , o f f e r e d c o u r s e s i n l i t e r a t u r e a n d m e th o d s , h u t s c a r c e l y a n y o f t h e s e e v e r r e a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t h e p ro b le m s o f t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g p l a y e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s a m em ber o f a l a r g e c l a s s . T h e s e r a r e a t t e m p t s w e re m e r e ly t o k e n s i n a d i r e c t i o n w h e re t h e r e was v a g u e a w a r e n e s s o f w e a k n e s s , w i t h o u t a n y r e a l u r g e t o o v erco m e i t f o r t h e m o st l i k e l y r e a s o n t h a t I t e a c h e r a n d s t u d e n t a l i k e w e re i n t e r e s t e d o n l y i n t h e a t t a i n m e n t . o f a h i g h l y a r t i s t i c l e v e l o f p e r f o r m a n c e . The j u r g e n t n e e d f o r s t r i n g t e a c h e r s was s e ld o m c o n s i d e r e d , a t l e a s t fro m t h e e l e m e n t a r y p o i n t o f v ie w . T hus t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b er o f a s t u t e e d u c a t o r s who h a d r e a l l y g r a s p e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w e re c a u s t i c i n ; t h e i r c e n s u r e o f t h i s b r a n c h o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g w o r l d . ! W a l l e r , who was one o f t h e e a r l i e s t e x p o n e n ts o f :s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l , l a i d t h e p r i m ary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e s t r i n g p e r f o r m e r d e b a c l e a t t h e I I f e e t o f t h e c o l l e g e s when h e s a i d t h a t one o f o u r g r e a t i n a d e q u a c i e s came a b o u t t h r o u g h i n a d e q u a t e l y t r a i n e d s t u d e n t s g r a d u a t e d fro m c o l l e g e s w h e re v i o l i n t e a c h e r s h a d no n o t i o n o f how t o d e a l w i t h t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n ( 3^ 9 : 3 2 ) . I n l i k e m in d , i t was R o ss* s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y h a d a d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e m a t t e r , i n i I t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f w h ic h h e s a i d : I Somehow t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s m u st d e v i s e t o s e n d f o r t h I s t r i n g e d - i n s t r u m e n t s p e c i a l i s t s o f s u f f i c i e n t b r e a d t h , 1 h o r i z o n , a n d i n s i g h t t o p e r c e i v e t h e p r e c i o u s t r e a s u r e s I a l o n g t h e o r c h e s t r a l w ay , t o r e c o g n i z e t h e i r i n t r i n s i c j w o r t h , a n d t o s e i z e th e m . ( 2 8 9 :1 8 7 ) I Mot o n l y was i t f e l t t h a t t h e c o l l e g e s h a d f a i l e d t o I p r e p a r e t h e i r s t r i n g m a jo r s a d e q u a t e l y , b u t t h e y w ere a c c u s e d o f a l s o f a i l i n g t o s e t up p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g j t h e i r m u sic e d u c a t i o n m a jo r s i n t h e b a s i c e le m e n t s o f s t r i n g t e a c h i n g ( 1 7 5 : 1 0 ) . C h en o w eth w e n t on r e c o r d a s s u g g e s t i n g t h a t c o l l e g e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s s h o u l d h a v e h a d a c t u a l s u c c e s s f u l e x p e r - ' I ie n c e i n h i g h s c h o o l s a n d g r a d e s c h o o l s b e f o r e b e i n g a llo w e d I ,t o t e a c h c l a s s e s p u r p o r t i n g t o p r e p a r e f o r b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g ' I i n s t r u c t i o n . And h e te r m e d i t r i d i c u l o u s t o e x p e c t t h a t one s e m e s t e r , o r e v e n o n e y e a r , i n a c l a s s on s t r i n g Im ethods was s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e p a r e t h e m u sic s t u d e n t who h a d I Ihad l i t t l e o r no e x p e r i e n c e w i t h s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s , t o t e a c h s t r i n g s s u c c e s s f u l l y i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l f i e l d . " S m a ll w o n d e r ,” h e c o n c l u d e d , " t h a t s u c h i n a d e q u a t e l y t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s c o n f i n e t h e m s e l v e s l a r g e l y t o w in d a n d I 65 [ p e r c u s s i o n I n s t r u m e n t s 1" ( 1 1 7 : 1 4 ) . C h e n o w eth was a l s o c r i t i c a l o f t h e c o l l e g e s a n d I u n i v e r s i t i e s f o r p e r p e t u a t i n g a s i t u a t i o n i n w h ic h t h e i r o r c h e s t r a s w e re o f t e n m a i n t a i n e d a t a l e v e l i n f e r i o r t o t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r g a n i z a t i o n s fro m w h ic h t h e i r s t u d e n t s g r a d - ; l u a t e d , w h i l e a t t h e sam e tim e t h e i r b a n d p ro g ra m s w e re [prom o ted t o a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y h i g h l e v e l i n te r m s o f tim e d e v o te d t o , s c h e d u l i n g , a n d e m p h a s is u p o n . C h en o w eth p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e o r c h e s t r a s i n t h e s e s c h o o l s w e re l i t t l e p u b l i c i z e d , o f t e n g i v e n i n s u f f i c i e n t r e h e a r s a l t i m e , I a n d l i t t l e c o u r s e c r e d i t g i v e n , t h u s u s h e r i n g th em a l o n g | t h e p a t h t o o b l i v i o n . He c o n t i n u e d a s f o l l o w s : i i When s u c h a c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s i n s o many o f o u r h i g h e r 1 i n s t i t u t i o n s o f l e a r n i n g — t h e s u p p o s e d s t r o n g h o l d s o f ' c u l t u r e — i t i s e a s y t o s e e why a m b i t i o u s h i g h s c h o o l I s t u d e n t s a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s . I f I t h e h i g h s c h o o l s a r e t o p r e p a r e t h e i r m o st t a l e n t e d s t u d e n t s f o r t h e c o l l e g e s , t h e n i t i s u p t o t h e c o l l e g e s i t o h e l p c o r r e c t t h i s l o p s i d e d p ro g ra m a n d e n a b l e th e m - I s e l v e s t o p r e p a r e t h e i r p u p i l s j f o r a b r o a d m u s i c a l ' e x i s t e n c e o r f o r t e a c h i n g m u sic a s e d u c a t o r s , r a t h e r t h a n a s i n s t r u c t o r s i n b a n d . ( 1 1 7 :6 4 ) O t t e r s t e i n , i n d i s c u s s i n g w h a t h e c a l l e d "The F a l l ef jthe S t r i n g s , " a l s o c h i d e d t h e t e a c h e r - t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , j ’ th o u g h i n a som ew hat b a c k h a n d e d m a n n e r, w hen h e c r i t i c i z e d t h e a v e r a g e s c h o o l m u sic e d u c a t o r who d u r i n g t h e 3 0 *s p e r - | p i s t e d i n t r a n s f e r r i n g s t r i n g p u p i l s t o w in d i n s t r u m e n t s I ! b e c a u s e t h e y ( t h e t e a c h e r s ) w e re a b l e t o " d e m o n s tr a te f i f t h ! p o s i t i o n no b e t t e r t h a n t h e y c o u l d t e a c h s a n s k r i t " ( 2 6 l : 3 0 ) • H a s k e l l te r m e d t h e l a g b y t h e s e s c h o o l s i n s e t t i n g u p p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r s who c o u l d t e a c h s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s a s a m a jo r c i r c u m s t a n c e i n ; d i m i n i s h e d s t r i n g s t u d y ( 1 7 5 : 1 0 ) , L e p p e r t* s s u r v e y u n d e r - i l i n e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s p o s i t i o n . He r e p o r t e d t h a t a I S o u t h D a k o ta s u r v e y r e v e a l e d t h a t 126 o u t o f 2 l 4 s c h o o l m u s ic s u p e r v i s o r s g a v e a s a r e a s o n f o r h a v in g no s t r i n g p ro g ra m s i n t h e i r s c h o o l s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e q u a l i f i e d i n s t r u c t o r s w e re n o t a v a i l a b l e i ( 2 1 4 :4 6 ) I I t was C onw ay’ s comm ent t h a t " S t r i n g p l a y e r s t o d a y I g r a d u a t e w i t h o u t a n y c o n c r e t e e x p e r i e n c e w i t h a c t u a l c l a s s - ; ! room p r o b l e m s , o r k n o w le d g e o f s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s ' ( 1 2 5 : 5 4 ) . I n d e e d , t h i s p h a s e o f t h e p r o b le m came s o d e f i n - , i t e l y i n t o f o c u s a s a m a jo r d e t e r m i n a n t o f s t r i n g a c t i v i t y t h a t i n 1946 t h e M usic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e c r e a t e d a c o m m itte e t o s t u d y t h e p r o b le m w h ic h i n t u r n s u b m i t t e d w h a t i t c a l l e d "R e co m m e n d a tio n s f o r Im p ro v em en t . o f T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g C u r r i c u l u m i n S t r i n g s . " ( c f . p o s t ; j c h a p t e r on " S t r i n g T e a c h e r P r e r e q u i s i t e s " ) . W a l l e r p r e - ! f a c e d t h e r e m a rk s h e made r e g a r d i n g t h i s c o m m itte e b y ^ I I s a y i n g : 67 B e c a u s e t h e l a c k o f a t t e n t i o n t o a n d p r o v i s i o n f o r s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h i n g i n t h e s c h o o l s i s so d i r e c t l y t r a c e a b l e t o i n a d e q u a c i e s i n t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g , t h e c o m m itte e a t t a c k e d t h i s p ro b le m v i g o r o u s l y . . • j ( 3 4 8 :3 2 ) i T h e re w e re o t h e r s , t o o , who d e n o u n c e d t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s , c i t i n g t h o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g a s t h e p r i m a r y c a u s e s o f t h e t r a g i c l a c k o f a d e - i j q u a t e l y t r a i n e d s t r i n g t e a c h e r s . Among t h e s e w e re H a s k e l l I ( 1 7 5 : 9 )> M i l l e r ( 3 8 5 : 2 ) , W a l t e r s ( 1 3 9 : 3 ) ^ a n d m any o t h e r s . O th e r F a c t o r s C o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e S t r i n g C r i s i s I A lo n g w i t h t h e s e s e v e r a l c a u s e s f o r t h e s t r i n g I ic r i s i s w e re s t i l l o t h e r f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e p ro b le m w h ic h w e re g i v e n m ore t h a n c a s u a l a t t e n t i o n i n t h e e f f o r t s t o d i a g n o s e t h e s i t u a t i o n . One o f t h e s e m ig h t b e s t b e d e s c r i b e d a s a f a i l u r e o f m u s ic d i r e c t o r s i n g e n e r a l t o p r o v i d e a b a l a n c e d p r o g r a m . F a i l u r e o f s u p e r v i s o r s o f m u s ic t o p r o v i d e a b a l a n c e d i n s t r u m e n t a l p r o g r a m . C r i t i c i s m o f b a n d d i r e c t o r s ,in g e n e r a l a s f a c t o r s i n t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e d e a l t p r i n c i - I p a l l y w i t h t h e s u p p o s i t i o n , a s b a s e d u p o n t h e s o r t o f jp ro g ram f o s t e r e d b y th e m , t h a t t h e y p r e f e r r e d a b a n d p r o g ra m t o a n o r c h e s t r a l o n e , f o r t h e v a r i o u s r e a s o n s p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d . T h e re was a n o t h e r g ro u p w h ic h i n c l u d e d ! e d u c a t o r s , e i t h e r s t r i n g , o r w in d , who w o u ld h a v e l i k e d a 68 s t r i n g p r o g r a m , b u t who w ere s i m p ly a f r a i d t o t a c k l e t h e s t r i n g s . T h is was t h e c o n t e n t i o n o f W rig h t w ho, a f t e r e n u m e r a t i n g a n u m b er o f t h e com m only d i s c u s s e d c a u s e s o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e s i m p l y lum ped th em a l l t o g e t h e r a s so many w ays o f s a y i n g t h a t d i r e c t o r s w e re a f r a i d o f t h e p ro b le m s i n v o l v e d ( 3 7 0 : 9 )* G re e n d e f i n e d t h e s i t u a t i o n a s a f a i l u r e o f t h e d i r e c t o r t o s e t up a n e f f i c i e n t s t r i n g p r o g r a m . Knowing fro m h e r own e x p e r i e n c e how e a s i l y c h i l d r e n c a n b e t a u g h t t o p l a y t h e s t r i n g s , s h e t o o k a dim v iew o f t h e o f t - r e p e a t e d e x c u s e t h a t s t r i n g s w e re t o o d i f f i c u l t . H e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e p i c t u r e was a p t : The l o n g e r I t e a c h s t r i n g s , t h e m ore i t seem s t h a t a n y s u c h s t a t e m e n t , i f c o r r e c t l y p h r a s e d , s h o u l d r e a d , * I d o n ’ t know how t o t e a c h s t r i n g s — I l e t t h e o r c h e s t r a p l a y s o b a d l y o u t o f t u n e a t a l l t i m e s - - e v e n t h e j b r a s s e s a n d w o o d w in d s— t h a t no o n e w i t h h a l f a n e a r f o r : ! m u s ic c o u l d l i s t e n t o i t , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y i n t e r e s t i n ! o r c h e s t r a i n my com m un ity h a s d w in d le d t o n o t h i n g . ’ I ! am b e g i n n i n g t o b e l i e v e t h a t i n e f f i c i e n c y o n t h e p a r t i o f t h e d i r e c t o r h i m s e l f , r e l a t i v e t o s t r i n g s , h a s b e e n t h e o n l y r e a l c a u s e f o r t h e d w i n d l i n g i n t e r e s t i n v i o l i n p l a y i n g . ( 1 6 4 :1 9 8 ) j I M u l l e r saw t h e c a s e a s s t r i c t l y a n e x a m p le o f a ; f a i l u r e t o p r o v i d e a b a l a n c e d p r o g r a m . W o rk in g i n E l k h a r t , i I I n d i a n a , a co m m u n ity fam ous b o t h a s a b a n d i n s t r u m e n t j ] I m a n u f a c tu r in g c e n t e r , a n d a s a c e n t e r o f b a n d p e r f o r m a n c e | jo f a n o u t s t a n d i n g l y h i g h c a l i b r e o v e r a p e r i o d o f some d e c a d e s , M u l l e r b la m e d d i r e c t o r s a s a g r o u p f o r a l l o w i n g 69 o r c h e s t r a s t o d e c l i n e s i m p ly b y f a l l i n g t o p r o v i d e a b a s i c b a l a n c e d i n s t r u m e n t a l p ro g ra m p r o v i d i n g f o r b o t h o r c h e s t r a a n d b a n d . He te r m e d a p ro g ra m w h ic h g i v e s t h e s t u d e n t s a l l - b a n d , o r a l l - o r c h e s t r a t r a i n i n g a s b e i n g l i m i t e d a n d o n e - s i d e d , "O ur m u s ic e d u c a t i o n p h i l o s o p h y i s t o o b r o a d a n d i n c l u s i v e , ^ h e d e c l a r e d , " f o r u s t o e n t e r t a i n t h e t h o u g h t t h a t we c a n d e v e l o p b u t o n e t y p e o f sy m p h o n ic i n s t r u m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n " ( 2 4 3 : 6 ) . i - - . . ■ I R ush d e s c r i b e d w h a t he c a l l e d t h e " g i v e - i t - u p " p o l i c y o f a g o o d many m u s ic d i r e c t o r s , who a s i d e fro m h a v in g d o d g e d b a s i c t r a i n i n g p r i o r t o t h e i r b e g i n n i n g a I t e a c h i n g c a r e e r , h a d g i v e n way t o t h e f e e l i n g t h a t b a n d s j a n d c h o i r s w e re m ore f u n c t i o n a l , l e s s tim e c o n s u m in g , l e s s I e x p e n s i v e . S u c h a t t i t u d e s he a t t r i b u t e d t o l a c k o f d y n am ic I l e a d e r s h i p , f i r s t o f a l l , a n d s e c o n d l y , t o f a i l u r e t o I I e s t a b l i s h a p r o p e r l y b a l a n c e d p r o g r a m , w h ic h , h e p o i n t e d ; o u t , i s e s s e n t i a l t o a s u c c e s s f u l o r c h e s t r a p r o g r a m . He j a d v i s e d t h e u s e o f . a c h a r t , b e g i n n i n g i n t h e lo w e r g r a d e s , 'a s a g u id e t o how many o f e a c h t y p e o f b a s i c i n s t r u m e n t , s t r i n g , w ood, b r a s s , p e r c u s s i o n , e t c . , s h o u l d b e s t a r t e d e a c h y e a r t o i n s u r e a b a l a n c e d o r c h e s t r a a n d b a n d a t t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l ( 2 9 5 : 2 0 ) . T hus t h e l a c k o f a w e l l b a l a n c e d p ro g ra m b e g i n n i n g i n t h e g r a d e s , w h i l e r e c e i v i n g l e s s f r e q u e n t a t t e n t i o n , was 7 0 a u t h o r i t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d a s b e i n g a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e d e c l i n e o f t h e s t r i n g s . The p o i n t i s w e l l summed up I i i n t h e w o rd s o f Rue ; ' The b a n d h a s l o n g b e e n u s e d a s a w h ip p in g b o y f o r t h e w a n in g i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g s , w h en , i n r e a l i t y , t h e l a c k o f a w e l l o r g a n i z e d s t r i n g p ro g ra m i s t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e l o s s t o t h e o r c h e s t r a . S t r i n g p l a y e r s a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d p ro g ra m o f i n s t r u c t i o n I a n d i n t e r e s t b u i l d i n g , n o t j u s t m ere a c c i d e n t s o f I f o r t u n e . ( 2 9 1 :1 8 ) ! I n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d d e a l e r s a s c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s i n t h e l a c k o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t . T h e re w e re a n u m b er o f w r i t e r s who s u g g e s t e d t h e a d v e r t i s i n g a n d s a l e s g i v e n t o w in d i n s t r u m e n t s a s a c o n t r i b u t o r y f a c t o r i n t h e g r e a t e r p o p u l a r i t y o f b a n d i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d t h e l e s s e r i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g s . I n t h e f i f t h d e c a d e o f t h e c e n t u r y when s t r i n g s w e re a t t h e i r l o w e s t eb b i t was a r a r e o c c a - I Sion w hen a music magazine carried advertising having to ! do w i t h t h e s a l e o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s , b u t t h e s e sam e p u b l i c a t i o n s b r i s t l e d o n p a g e a f t e r p a g e w i t h g la m o ro u s p i c t u r e s o f t h e v a r i o u s w in d i n s t r u m e n t s . One r e c a l l s , t o o , t h a t w in d o w -s h o p p e rs i n t h o s e d a y s r a r e l y saw a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t i n t h e d i s p l a y s f a c i n g t h e s t r e e t , b u t t h e r e w e re a lw a y s p l e n t y o f s h i n y b r a s s i n s t r u m e n t s n e s t l e d ' i n a l l u r i n g v e l v e t a n d p l u s h l i n e d c a s e s . I n s m a l l e r ' c i t i e s w h ere som ew hat u n e n t e r p r i s i n g m u s ic d e a l e r s 71 d i s p l a y e d t h e i r w a r e s , f a r t o o o f t e n t h e y d i s p l a y e d a u s e d v i o l i n , i n a u s e d a n d w orn c a s e , s i d e b y s i d e w i t h t h e m o st b e a u t i f u l o f w in d i n s t r u m e n t s i n m a tc h in g c a s e s . The l u x u r y o f t h e o n e , a n d t h e s h o d d i n e s s o f t h e o t h e r w ere f a c t s n o t t o be i g n o r e d . A c h i l d r e v e l s i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e new a n d t h e b e a u t i f u l . N o r h a s t h e r e b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e im p ro v e m e n t i n t h i s j r e s p e c t u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . W h ile t h e r e a r e m ore a n d I b e t t e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s o f s t r i n g s i n o u r p e r i o d i c a l s , t h e ; p r o p o r t i o n s t i l l r e m a in s s m a l l . And t h e t y p i c a l v i o l i n I s h o p o f t o d a y , l i k e t h e p r o d u c t i t s e r v i c e s , i s im m e rse d i n I t h e p a s t . O n ly a few m in o r c h a n g e s , s u c h a s a n e l e c t r i c I l i g h t b u l b , s e p a r a t e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f s u c h a s h o p fro m ! w h a t i t was c e n t u r i e s a g o . T h e s e s h o p s p o s s e s s a c e r t a i n ! a i r o f q u a i n t n e s s d e a r t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e i n i t i a t e d , b u t I f o r e i g n t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e m o d ern c h i l d who i s I ! a c c u s to m e d t o t h e g la m o u ro u s t o u c h b e i n g a p p l i e d t o e v e r y 'n e e d w h ic h s u r r o u n d s h i s A m e ric a n way o f l i f e . I To a m ore o r l e s s e x t e n t t h e a b o v e i s t h e o b s e r v a - I t i o n o f no s m a l l n u m b er o f t h e e x p e r t s . C h e n o w eth r e m a rk e d I t h a t b a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w e re w e l l a d v e r t i s e d , a n d t h a t I I s t r i n g s were, p o o r l y a d v e r t i s e d . The r e a s o n , he f e l t , was I p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s s o l d i n ! t h i s c o u n t r y w e re E u r o p e a n p r o d u c t s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e ! 72 ! w e re no d o m e s tic m a n u f a c t u r e r s l a r g e e n o u g h t o b o o s t t h e i r I p r o d u c t s o n a p a r w i t h t h e b a n d i n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s 1 ( 1 1 7 : 1 4 - 6 3 ) . I A s t u d y made b y F i n k r e p o r t e d t h e r a t h e r d e c i d e d I o p i n i o n o f D r . H e le n Howe, h e a d o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f M u sic j o f t h e C h ic a g o P u b l i c S c h o o l s , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e r o l e I p l a y e d b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s i n t h e p r o m o tio n o f i n s t r u - I I m e n t s . S he a s c r i b e d t h e s t r i n g d e c l i n e d i r e c t l y t o t h e I h i g h l y c o m m e rc ia l p r o m o tio n o f w in d i n s t r u m e n t s b y t h e b a n d h o u s e s , c i t i n g a s e v i d e n c e t h e i r p o l i c y o f l e n d i n g i n s t r u m e n t s , o f s e t t i n g u p a t t r a c t i v e d i s p l a y s a t c o n v e n t i o n s , a n d e n c o u r a g i n g t h e p u r c h a s e o f t h e i r I n s t r u m e n t s . "*You I c a n n o t c o m p e te c u l t u r a l l y w i t h s o m e th in g t h a t i s p ro m o te d j c o m m e r c i a l l y , *" s h e i s r e p o r t e d t o h a v e s a i d . The e c o n o m ic I . i a n d t h e g la m o u ro u s a r e b e i n g s t r e s s e d t o d a y , s h e p o i n t e d o u t i n e x p r e s s i n g t h e f e a r t h a t i f s t r i n g s a r e n o t g la m o r - I i z e d , we m ig h t r u n o u t o f s t r i n g s a l t o g e t h e r ( 1 3 9 : 8 ) . A som ew hat s i m i l a r v ie w was t a k e n b y W a l t e r s , who I s a i d t h a t one o f t h e f a c t o r s i n t h e s t r i n g d ile m m a was t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e c o m m e rc ia l m e th o d s o f t h e b a n d i n s t r u m e n t h o u s e s c o m p a re d w i t h t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f m ass p r o d u c i n g s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s o f h i g h q u a l i t y ( 1 3 9 : 3 ) . H ere a n d t h e r e we f i n d o t h e r s r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s c o m m e r c ia l p r o m o tio n w i t h s u c h p h r a s e s a s , " l a c k o f s a l e s 73 p r o m o tio n " ( 3 0 5 : 1 0 ) , " g l a m o r i z i n g t h e s c h o o l b a n d b y t h e a d v e r t i s i n g o f b a n d i n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s " ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) , " m a n u f a c t u r e r s * a d v e r t i s i n g p r e s s u r e " ( 8 8 4 : 7 ) , " b e c a u s e o f I low p r o f i t s i n v o l v e d c o m m e r c ia l e n c o u r a g e m e n t h a s b e e n j s l i g h t " ( 1 2 5 : 2 9 ) , a n d , " s i n c e t h e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s c o s t l e s s t h a n t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t s ( e s p e c i a l l y f o r b e g i n n e r s ) I I t h e r e i s l e s s p r o f i t i n t h e i r s a l e s a n d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g I s m a l l e r i n t e r e s t i n a d v e r t i s i n g th em " ( 3 5 7 : 1 2 ) . : S u p p o r t i s l e n t t o t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e s e a rg u m e n ts b y r e c a l l i n g t h e f a c t t h a t i t was a m a n u f a c t u r e r * s p ro m o - I I t i o n schem e w h ic h l e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e i n i t i a l s u c c e s s o f I I i n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic e d u c a t i o n i n E n g la n d , a n d i n d i r e c t l y s o , i n A m e r ic a . And t h e i n s t r u m e n t o r i g i n a l l y s o p ro m o te d was : t h e v i o l i n ! I n r e p o r t i n g t h e s t o r y o f t h e M a id s to n e m ove- I m en t i n E n g la n d a n d i t s s u b s e q u e n t e f f e c t u p o n t h e l i f e a n d w o rk o f A l b e r t M i t c h e l l , Wass e 11 p o i n t e d o u t t h a t " t h e schem e o f i n s t r u c t i o n w as c l o s e l y a l l i e d t o a n i n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r w hose r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s u b s e q u e n t l y c o u ld b e c a l l e d u p o n t o o r g a n i z e v i o l i n c l a s s e s " ( 3 6 5 : 3 0 ) . Thus i t was t h a t t h e s e t h o u s a n d s o f s t u d e n t s i n E n g la n d p r o v i d e d a n . o u t l e t f o r t h a t many v i o l i n s . B u t i n A m e ric a i t h a s b e e n ; t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s who h a v e a c t i v e l y p r o - !m o te d t h e s a l e o f i n s t r u m e n t s , b u t n o s u c h p r o m o tio n h a s b e e n made i n b e h a l f o f s t r i n g s . The o n l y c o m p a r a b le t h i n g 7 4 o f t h i s n a t u r e w as t h e p r e s e n c e i n C a n a d a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f a n u m b er o f i t i n e r a n t c o m p a n ie s w h ic h t r a v e l e d a b o u t o r g a n i z i n g c l a s s e s i n v i o l i n o n a m ass s c a l e , s e l l i n g v i o l i n s t o m o st o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , t h e n m o v in g o n a f t e r a I few m o n th s t o r e p e a t t h e p r o c e s s i n a n o t h e r co m m u n ity , j W h ile t h e a t t i t u d e o f m o st p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s t o t h i s ”f l y - I b y - n i g h t " a c t i v i t y was d e r i s i v e , some o f t h e s e d i d some I e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y g o o d w o rk a t t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s , a n d n o t a few o f t h o s e s o i n t r o d u c e d t o s t r i n g s t u d y c o n t i n u e d u n d e r m ore e s t a b l i s h e d i n s t r u c t i o n t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f s u c c e s s a s s t r i n g p e r f o r m e r s . G e o rg e B o r n o f f i n a l e c t u r e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b r a s k a i n t h e y e a r 19 4 8 c r e d i t e d t h e w o rk done b y one o f I ! t h e s e t r a v e l i n g a g e n c i e s a s b e i n g t h e s p a r k t h a t c a u s e d him I t o i n v e s t i g a t e s t r i n g c l a s s t e c h n i q u e s , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e I f o u n d i n g o f h i s v i o l i n s c h o o l i n W in n e p e g , C a n a d a , a n d t h e ! I w r i t i n g o f h i s m e th o d b o o k e n t i t l e d F i n g e r P a t t e r n s f o r IV i o l i n . ( 3 9 2 ) C onw ay, i n a m o st d i s c e r n i n g 1949 a n a l y s i s o f t h e c a u s e s o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e com m ented t h a t i n t h e 1 9 2 0 * 8 a n d 1 9 3 0 * 5 t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y was c o v e r e d b y b r a n c h v i o l i n j I s t u d i o s o f many l a r g e c h a i n c o m m e rc ia l v i o l i n s c h o o l s w h ic h I o f f e r e d f r e e v i o l i n o u t f i t s w i t h e a c h c o u r s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n , a l l o f w h ic h s e r v e s t o d o c u m e n t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e ■ 75 r o l e o f c o m m e rc ia l p r o m o tio n i n b e g i n n i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l s t u d y ( 1 2 5 : 1 9 ) , W h ile Conway r e g a r d e d t h e s e m e th o d s a s "som ew hat q u e s t i o n a b l e , " he was n o t u n a w a re t h a t many o f I t h e s e p u p i l s l a t e r fo u n d t h e i r way i n t o s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s , { o r c o n t i n u e d f u r t h e r s t u d y w i t h p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s . And i n j t h e m id s t o f s u c h r e m i n i s c i n g , h e n o t e d t h a t t h e p u b l i c i s c h o o l s w e re now t r a i n i n g a s many w in d p l a y e r s i n much t h e j sam e s o r t o f c l a s s t e c h n i q u e , b u t w hy, h e w o n d e re d , h a d : t h e y f a i l e d t o u t i l i z e t h e sam e t e c h n i q u e s i n t r a i n i n g j s t r i n g p l a y e r s ( 1 2 5 : 1 9 ) . I j I The d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o u r t h d e c a d e a n d g e n e r a l e c o n o m ic c o n d i t i o n s a s f a c t o r s i n t h e d e c l i n e o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t a n d s t u d y . The o u t b r e a k o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e b e g a n a lm o s t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e d e p r e s s i o n y e a r s , o r r o u g h l y , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e j 1 9 3 0 * s. Up u n t i l t h a t p o i n t p r i v a t e s t u d i o s h a d s u c c e e d e d I i n p r o d u c i n g a s u f f i c i e n t n u m b er o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s t o s u p p l y t h e n e e d s o f s c h o o l and. p r o f e s s i o n a l o r c h e s t r a s . ! P r i o r t o t h a t t i m e , t o o , t h e a v e r a g e p r o f e s s i o n a l v i o l i n i s t : c o u l d make a f a i r l i v i n g b y p l a y i n g i n a p i t o r c h e s t r a , o r : d a n c e o r c h e s t r a , s u p p le m e n te d b y some p r i v a t e t e a c h i n g . i T h e n , t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s o u n d m oving i ■ ' ' p i c t u r e s , t h e d e p r e s s i o n , a n d t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e v i o l i n I 76 b y t h e s u d d e n l y p o p u l a r sa x o p h o n e i n t h e l o c a l d a n c e o r c h e s t r a s f o r c e d t h e s t r i n g m u s i c i a n e i t h e r t o m i g r a t e t o t h e I ;l a r g e r c i t i e s , o r t u r n t o a n o t h e r s o u r c e o f l i v e l i h o o d , jAnd w i t h t h i s c h a n g e t h e s o u r c e o f a l a r g e c o r p s o f o u r I ^ [ s t r i n g t e a c h e r s was l o s t t o a l l b u t t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s ( 1 2 5:1 9). ' H a s k e l l was m ore I n c l i n e d t o b la m e t h e m o tio n p i e - j t u r e i n d u s t r y ' s s w i t c h t o s o u n d f i l m s f o r t h e s t r i n g I d e p r e s s i o n t h a n t h e e c o n o m ic slu m p o f t h e e a r l y 1 9 3 0 *s: The h i g h - l e v e l s t a g e o f em p lo y m en t f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l m u s i c i a n s came t o a n a b r u p t h a l t w i t h t h e a d v e n t o f s y n c h r o n i z e d s o u n d a n d m o tio n p i c t u r e s . A lth o u g h t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e f i g u r e s c i t e d c a n b e q u e s t i o n e d , i t i s t r u e t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5^ 000 m u s i c i a n s w e re d e p r i v e d o f jo b s a lm o s t o v e r n i g h t . The S i x t e e n t h C e n su s t a k e n i n 1 9 4 0 d i s c l o s e s t h a t r o u g h l y 3 5 ^ 0 0 0 m u s i c i a n s h a d l e f t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l f i e l d , a n d a l t h o u g h t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e 193 0 * 8 h a d much t o do w i t h t h e 1940 f i g u r e , t h e com ing o f s o u n d - m o t i o n - p i c t u r e s c a n b e , v a l i d l y c i t e d a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e p e r i o d o f t r o u b l e f o r s t r i n g p l a y e r s in a s m u c h a s o r c h e s t r a s i n t h e m o tio n i p i c t u r e t h e a t r e s e m p lo y e d m ore s t r i n g p l a y e r s t h a n w in d I p l a y e r s . ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) As f o r t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e e c o n o m ic a s p e c t o f i n s t r u m e n t a l s t u d y , S h e a s b y was q u i c k t o o b s e r v e t h a t s t u d e n t s c o u l d f i n d jo b s m ore r e a d i l y i n h o t e l a n d d a n c e o r c h e s t r a s w i t h w in d i n s t r u m e n t s t h a n t h e y c o u ld w i t h s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s (5 2 : 3 6 7 ) . O t t e r s t e i n a l s o i d e n t i f i e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c u r t a i l e d v i o l i n a n d c e l l o s t u d y w i t h t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e j 77 I d e p r e s s i o n . As p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t i o n t h u s becam e e c o h o m ic a lJ y i m p o s s i b l e , t h e s e s t u d e n t s t u r n e d t o t h e s c h o o l s f o r I i n s t r u c t i o n , o n l y t o f i n d t h a t m u sic was t a u g h t t h e r e , l a r g e l y b y w in d p l a y e r s , who i n t u r n g r a d u a l l y t r a n s f e r r e d i th e s t u d e n t s * i n t e r e s t t o w in d i n s t r u m e n t s w h ic h t h e y w ere much b e t t e r e q u ip p e d t o t e a c h ( 2 6 l : 3 0 ) . C h e n o w eth e s t i m a t e d t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e e c o n o m ic s i t u a t i o n i n f l u e n c e d s t r i n g s t u d y i n t h e s e c o n v i n c i n g w o rd s : The d e p r e s s i o n d i d much t o p u t t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s on t h e r e l i e f r o l l s . B e f o r e I t h e f a m i l y p o c k e tb o o k b e g a n t o s u f f e r fro m a c u t e i n d i g e s t i o n , t h e m a j o r i t y o f i n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic s t u d e n t s i n I t h e s c h o o l s r e c e i v e d i n s t r u c t i o n o u t s i d e o f s c h o o l f r o m ' I t e a c h e r s i n t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o s . The c o l l a p s e o f p r i - ! v a t e m eans o f f i n a n c i n g ' t h e c h i l d * s m u sic s t u d y m ean t a ! ! s h i f t i n g o f t h e b u r d e n t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l m u sic d e p a r t m e n t . T h is p e r i o d m a rk e d t h e r a p i d r i s e o f t h e | I w in d p ro g ra m a n d t h e d e c l i n e o f t h e s t r i n g p ro g ra m . ' : . S o c i e t y a s a w h o le h a d a d o p te d a *gimme * a t t i t u d e i to w a r d e v e r y t h i n g a n d m u s ic was one v i c t i m o f t h i s a t t i t u d e . P a r e n t s a s a g r o u p p a s s e d on t o t h e s c h o o l I . t h e e n t i r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n * s m u s i c a l e d u c a t i o n . ( 1 1 7 :1 4 ) The i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e w e re l e n t s t r o n g s u p p o r t i n t h e c o n - I e l u s i o n s r e a c h e d b y H a s k e l l i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e v i o l i n i n A m e ric a n c u l t u r e . I n t h i s s t u d y he s t a t e d t h a t t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e 1 9 3 0 *s b r o k e a s e q u e n c e - p a t t e r n o f s t e a d i l y j i n c r e a s i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a n d i n g e x t e n d i n g b a c k t o t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y . T h is b r e a k i n t h e p a t t e r n , t h e f i r s t i 78 I o v e r a n e x c e e d i n g l y lo n g p e r i o d o f t i m e , e x e r t e d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e on t h e r o l e o f t h e v i o l i n f a m i l y i n t h e s c h o o l s , I j b e c a u s e , s a i d H a s k e l l , " t h a t r o l e h a d e m p h a s iz e d i t s v o c a - I t i o n a l a s p e c t s " ( 1 7 5 : 1 0 ) . ! , ... I O t h e r c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s t o t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . IT h ere w e re many a n a l y s t s who saw i n t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s o u r c e o f much o f t h e f r u s t r a t i o n e n c o u n t e r e d b y I 't h e o r c h e s t r a - m i n d e d e d u c a t o r s . W h ile some to u c h e d t h i s i p o i n t m e r e ly i n p a s s i n g , o t h e r s t e n d e d t o g i v e i t a b i t o f e m p h a s i s . B e k , w hose s t a t e m e n t we h a v e a l r e a d y c i t e d , made a m o st p e n e t r a t i n g r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a s k i n g i f a s c h o o l c o u ld b e im a g in e d w i t h o u t a n o r c h e s t r a i f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r c o n s i d e r e d t h e o r c h e s t r a t o be e s s e n t i a l t o h i s p ro g ra m ( 7 7 : 1 2 ) . A ls o l a y i n g a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e b lam e a t ith e d o o r o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s was D ic k e y who s a i d t h a t ;t h e r e w e re some a d m i n i s t r a t o r s who w a n te d o n l y a s c h o o l "show h o r s e , " m e a n in g o f c o u r s e , b a n d o n l y ( 2 2 0 : 4 6 ) . Some w r i t e r s c o m p la in e d a b o u t t h e l a c k o f w e l l ; w r i t t e n m u s ic f o r t h e y e a r - o l d o r c h e s t r a , s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e I s e e m e d t o b e p l e n t y o f m u sic f o r t h e b a n d o f t h i s c a l i b r e , b u t n o t f o r t h e o r c h e s t r a . T h is e x p l a i n e d why t h e y e a r - o l d b a n d s o u n d e d s o much b e t t e r t h a n t h e y e a r - o l d o r c h e s t r a i n 7 9 s o many c a s e s . Som ehow, o r c h e s t r a d i r e c t o r s w e re f o r c e d t o l e a n m ore u p o n m u sic w r i t t e n f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d sy m p h o n ic g r o u p s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n s m a t u r e d . W ith ; t h i s m a t u r a t i o n t h e r e was m ore a n d m ore a t e n d e n c y t o p l a y t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e , w h ic h was n o t t h e c a s e w i t h t h e b a n d . I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n W rig h t p o i n t e d o u t : How many o f u s h a v e l i s t e n e d t o a h i g h s c h o o l o r c h - i e s t r a s t r u g g l e t h r o u g h ‘B e e th o v e n * s F i f t h * u n a b r i d g e d ' I a n d a s p u b l i s h e d f o r t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l o r c h e s t r a ; t o be I s u b s e q u e n t l y a r t i s t i c a l l y r e f r e s h e d a s t h e h i g h s c h o o l I b a n d came o n a n d p l a y e d m u sic w r i t t e n f o r t h e h i g h ! s c h o o l b a n d b% c o m p o s e rs who u n d e r s t a n d t h e t e c h n i q u e a n d m u s i c a l g r a s p o f t h e h i g h s c h o o l i n s t r u m e n t a l i s t s . G iv e n m u sic o f e q u a l a d a p t a b i l i t y , t h e s c h o o l o r c h - I e s t r a w i l l h o l d i t s own w i t h t h e s c h o o l b a n d . ( 3 7 0 : 9 ) I I And i t was B a c i c h who d e p l o r e d s t r i n g m a t e r i a l s I w r i t t e n f o r e l e m e n t a r y a n d j u n i o r h i g h p u p i l s w h ic h h a d ! " p e c k h o r n " p a r t s f o r t h e s e c o n d v i o l i n s a n d v i o l a s . Among h i s g r i e v a n c e s h e l i s t e d t h e p r a c t i c e o f w r i t i n g v i o l i n p a r t s A, B , G, a n d D, t h u s e x h a u s t i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g m e lo d ie s a n d c o u n t e r - m e l o d i e s . Good f i r s t a n d s e c o n d v i o l i n p a r t s w o u ld h a v e b e e n s a t i s f a c t o r y . T hus he dem anded a s s i s t a n c e fro m p u b l i s h e r s i n p r o d u c i n g m u sic I w ith m ore i n t e r e s t i n g p a r t s f o r a l l p l a y e r s . I n a d d i t i o n : j ■ I jB a c ic h a l s o r e g a r d e d i t a s a m is ta k e t o w r i t e c l a s s m e th o d s i I ■ ■ ' w h ic h r e s t r i c t e d k e y s t o t h o s e o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , o r , t h e : I s h a r p k e y s . T h is h a d t h e e f f e c t o f d e l a y i n g f u l l o r c h e s - i t r a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n s i n c e f l a t k e y s w e re o f t e n u t i l i z e d i n 8 0 t h e o r c h e s t r a ( 7 2 : 3 3 )* O t h e r I te m s w h ic h r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n i n c l u d e d t h e f a i l u r e o f p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r c o o p e r a t i o n ( 2 9 0 : 2 1 0 ) , t h e l a c k o f p a r e n t a l i n t e r e s t ( 2 4 2 :1 5 a n d 2 1 4 : 2 1 ) , i n f e r i o r i n s t r u m e n t s , p o o r q u a l i t y s t r i n g s , l a c k o f s c h o o l i n s t r u m e n t s , i n c o r r e c t s i z e s , a n d a n t i q u a t e d t u n i n g S u c h w e re t h e r e a s o n s a d v a n c e d f o r t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . I I I . ANSWERS FOR THE STRING PIAYER SHORTAGE ! As f o r t h e a n s w e r s f o r t h e p r o b le m o f t h e s t r i n g s , I t h e c o r r e c t i o n o f t h e f a u l t s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n was deem ed t o b e t h e a n s w e r . B e f o r e t a k i n g u p t h e s p e c i f i c r e c o m m e n d a tio n s w h ic h w e re a d v a n c e d f o r c o r r e c t i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n i t m ig h t b e w e l l t o p r o v i d e a re su m e o f t h e r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r t h e s h o r t a g e . The c a u s e s o f t h e s h o r t a g e f e l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s a n d s u b d i v i s i o n s : 1 . The b a n d a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e . a . The b a n d e a s i e r t o d e v e l o p . b . The b a n d m ore u s e f u l . c . W ind i n s t r u m e n t s m ore e a s i l y a n d q u i c k l y l e a r n e d , d . B and d i r e c t o r s m ore p r o g r e s s i v e . 8 1 2. F a u l t s o f S t r i n g t e a c h e r s a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e s h o r t a g e . a . The f a l l a c i o u s " s t r i n g s m o st d i f f i c u l t " c o n c e p t . b . The c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e s o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s . c . F a i l u r e t o a d o p t m o d ern s t r i n g t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s . I d . F a i l u r e t o p ro m o te s t r i n g s . I e . T e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a t f a u l t . ! 3 . O t h e r F a c t o r s I I a . F a i l u r e o f s u p e r v i s o r s o f m u sic t o p r o v i d e a ! b a l a n c e d i n s t r u m e n t a l p ro g ra m . i b . I n s t r u m e n t a l m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d d e a l e r s a s c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s i n l a c k o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t . c . The d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o u r t h d e c a d e a n d g e n e r a l ' e c o n o m ic c o n d i t i o n s f a c t o r s i n t h e d e c l i n e ! d . M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a c t o r s . H o w ev e r, a l l o f t h e a b o v e f a c t o r s w e re n o t p i n - I p o i n t e d f o r c o r r e c t i o n i n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e a n a l y s t s . , To b e g i n w i t h , i t was i n h e r e n t i n n e a r l y e v e r y w r i t e r ' s ! . I re c o m m e n d a tio n s t h a t t h e i d e a o f t h e b a n d a s t h e c a u s e be i a b a n d o n e d . I n f a c t , t h e a n s w e r t o t h e p ro b le m seem ed t o I I h i n g e o n one b a s i c re c o m m e n d a tio n t o w h ic h a l l o t h e r s w ere I I i n some way r e l a t e d . T h a t s o l u t i o n was n o n e o t h e r t h a n t h e p e r f e c t i n g o f t h e c l a s s m eth o d o f a p p r o a c h . 8 2 The S t r i n g C l a s s a s t h e B a s i s o f a B a la n c e d S t r i n g P ro g ra m Prom t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f t h e p e r i o d w hen t h e " a w a r e n e s s " o f t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e becam e f a i r l y w e l l d i s s e m i n a t e d , r o u g h l y b e tw e e n 194 4 a n d 1 9 4 8 , a w e l l o r g a n - j i z e d s t r i n g c l a s s came g r a d u a l l y t o be r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e b a s i c s o l u t i o n t o t h e s t r i n g c r i s i s . An e a r l y a d v o c a t e o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s was W a l l e r who e x p r e s s e d t h e c a s e f o r t h e s t r i n g c l a s s i n t h e s e s u c c i n c t i w o rd s a s e a r l y a s 1 9 4 6 : I f we a r e t o make A m e ric a t r u l y m u s i c a l , we m u s t, t h r o u g h o u r s c h o o l s a n d t h r o u g h s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g r e - a w a k e n i n t e r e s t i n t h e i n h e r e n t b e a u t y o f s t r i n g t o n e , s t r i n g e n s e m b le s a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a . W ith c l a s s l e s s o n s , p l u s t h e a i d o f p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s , we w i l l a c h i e v e t h a t s u p e r i o r l e v e l o f p e r f o r m a n c e f o r w h ic h we a l l h o p e a n d s t r i v e . ( 3 5 7 =1 2 ) The c l a s s s y s te m o f i n s t r u c t i o n was f u r t h e r s u p p o r t e d a t t h e P o u r H u n d r e d th A n n i v e r s a r y V i o l i n F e s t i v a l I I jh e ld i n H a r t f o r d , C o n n e c t i c u t i n 1950* I t was b r o u g h t o u t i n a n a f t e r n o o n fo ru m t h e r e t h a t w h e r e v e r t h e r e h a d b e e n ifo u n d a p y ra m id o f r e a l s u c c e s s i n d e v e l o p i n g s t r i n g I l i n t e r e s t , t h e s e e d h a d b e e n sown b y p r o v i d i n g a n e a s y [ o p p o r t u n i t y f o r l a r g e n u m b ers o f s t u d e n t s t o s t u d y a n d p l a y [ s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s i n g r o u p s ( 3 3 2 : 6 ) . I t was s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h i s was n o t t h e o p i n i o n o f one s p e a k e r , b u t w as' s u b - I s t a n t i a l l y t h a t o f a l l t h e m em bers o f t h e p a n e l w h ic h I 83 i n c l u d e d a v e r y l a r g e l i s t o f fam ous s t r i n g p e d a g o g u e s a n d ; m u s i c i a n s . M ig n in p r o p o s e d a s o l u t i o n t h a t was b r i e f , a n d t o t h e p o i n t : " S t a r t v i o l i n c l a s s e s , v i o l i n c l a s s e s , an d v i o l i n c l a s s e s , a n d s t a r t 'em e a r l y " ( 2 3 6 : 6 ) . E a r l y i n t h e " a w a r e n e s s " p e r i o d (1 9 4 4 ) R e v e l l i summed up a s u r v e y o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h ic h he r e j e c t e d d i s c u s s i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s o f b a n d an d o r c h e s t r a i n t h e s e w o rd s : I n c o n c l u s i o n , may I s u g g e s t t h a t t h e f u t u r e p r o g r e s s o f o u r s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s w i l l d e p e n d m ore u p o n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f o u r s t r i n g c l a s s e s , e n s e m b l e s , an d s t r i n g o r c h e s t r a s t h a n u p o n t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a a s a w h o le . The d e f i c i e n c i e s a n d l a c k o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s i n I o u r s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s t o d a y p r o v e j u s t t h a t p o i n t . I (2 7 8 :7 6 2 ) I I i I Conway a d v o c a te d s t a r t i n g a s m a l l c l a s s o f s t r i n g s I e a c h y e a r , c a r r y i n g t h r o u g h w i t h a b a l a n c e d p ro g ra m fro m I s m a l l e n s e m b le g r o u p s t o t h e f i n a l s t e p , t h e s c h o o l o r c h - i : e s t r a . T h is h e r e g a r d e d a s a m u st i f t h e s i t u a t i o n was t o b e c o r r e c t e d ( 1 2 5 : 1 9 - 2 0 ) . Some w r i t e r s , r a t h e r t h a n g i v i n g t h e c l a s s a s t h e a n s w e r t h e y t h o u g h t w o u ld w o rk , c i t e d i n s t e a d t h e i r own ; e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h s t r i n g c l a s s e s w i t h t h e i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t | s u c h a p l a n was t h e o n l y a d e q u a te a n s w e r . S a m u e ls o n ( 3 0 6 : 1 2 ) a n d P e t e ( 2 6 6 : 3 6 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e i r p ro g ra m s o f c l a s s ^ I s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n i n g lo w in g t e r m s , a n d M organ i n d i c a t e d ] 84 t h a t t h e sam e p l a n was t h e b a s i s o f t h e C l e v e l a n d , O h io s t r i n g p ro g ra m ( 2 4 2 : 1 5 ) . O t h e r m u sic e d u c a t o r s who recom m ended t h e s t r i n g ' c l a s s a s t h e e s s e n t i a l a n s w e r i n c l u d e d R u sh ( 3 0 3 : 1 8 ) , R o l l a n d ( 4 8 : 3 0 7 ) , G re e n ( 1 5 4 : 4 ) , M u l l e r ( 2 4 3 : 6 ) , P a s e k I ( 3 8 6 : 9 ) , a n d L e p p e r t ( 2 1 5 : 4 5 ) . ' A t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e e f f o r t s t o a l l e v i a t e t h e c r i - ! I t i c a l s i t u a t i o n a n e q u a l l y s t r o n g a p p e a l was b e i n g made i n t h e m u sic p e r i o d i c a l s o f t h e tim e t o e m p h a s iz e t h e s t r i n g s b y a l l p o s s i b l e m eans i n a b i - l a t e r a l e f f o r t t o a c q u a i n t t h e p u b l i c , p a r t i c u l a r l y c u l t u r a l l y m in d e d p a r e n t s a n d t h e i r c h i l d r e n , w i t h t h e i n h e r e n t v a l u e s o f s t r i n g m u s ic , a n d t o s t i m u l a t e s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r e s t among t h e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n t o c a u s e th em t o w a n t t o p l a y t h e s t r i n g s . I n t h e m in d s o f t h e m u sic e d u c a t o r s a tw o - p r o n g e d Icam p aig n was n e c e s s a r y t o c a r r y o u t t h e i r o b j e c t i v e . F i r s t , i l i t was f e l t t h a t t h e s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t s w o u ld h a v e t o i n i t i a t e t h e p ro g ra m b y s i m p ly r e c r u i t i n g fro m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e g r a d e s c h o o l c l a s s a n u m b er o f q u a l i f i e d s t u d e n t s [and t e a c h th em t o p l a y a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . And s e c o n d , t h e y w o u ld h a v e t o commence a l o n g - r a n g e p ro g ra m o f pro m o t i o n w h ic h w o u ld u t i l i z e a l l p h a s e s o f i n s t r u m e n t a l p e r - I ifo rm a n c e , a n d a l l a c c e p t a b l e m e th o d s o f p u b l i c i z i n g a n d g l a m o r i z i n g o r c h e s t r a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n . 85 F i n a l l y , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f w e l l o r g a n i z e d r e c r u i t i n g p ro g ra m s a n d e f f e c t i v e p r o m o tio n cam p a i g n s , t h e r e a p p e a r e d t o be tw o o t h e r p r i n c i p a l r e q u i r e m e n ts : ( 1 ) t h e a d o p t i o n o f m odern t e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u e s b y a l a r g e s e g m e n t o f A m e r i c a 's s t r i n g t e a c h e r s , a n d (2 ) t h e p r o v i s i o n f o r a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l o f q u a l i f i e d s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s . CHAPTER IV ORGANIZING THE STRING CLASS I I When t h e w a r was o v e r a n d l a r g e n u m b ers o f i n e x - I p e r i e n e e d m u sic e d u c a t o r s w e re I n t e r e s t e d i n s e t t i n g u p a I c o m p le te m u s i c a l p ro g ra m i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s , i t was j a p p a r e n t t h a t few p e o p le h a d a n y i d e a o f how t o go a b o u t I o r g a n i z i n g a s t r i n g p r o g r a m . No d o u b t , many d i r e c t o r s who a v o id e d t h e s t r i n g s d i d s o , n o t o n l y b e c a u s e t h e y w e re h e s i t a n t a b o u t t e a c h i n g t h e s t r i n g s , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e t h e y I w e re a t a l o s s a s t o t h e s t e p s one s h o u l d t a k e i n i n i t i - i :a t i n g a p r o g r a m . To f u l f i l t h i s g r e a t n e e d o u r m u sic I j o u r n a l s p u b l i s h e d a n u n e n d in g s t r e a m o f a d v i c e g l e a n e d I fro m t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f some o f A m e r i c a 's m o st e x p e r i e n c e d ; a n d s u c c e s s f u l m u s ic e d u c a t o r s . ' The many i d e a s w h ic h w e re p r e s e n t e d f e l l i n t o a f a i r l y d e f i n i t e p a t t e r n , a n d t e n d e d t o be o f a s u p p le m e n t j t a r y n a t u r e r a t h e r t h a n o f a c o n t r a d i c t o r y n a t u r e . P o o le d I I t o g e t h e r t h e y a m o u n te d t o a s t o r e h o u s e o f i n v a l u a b l e j i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s t e p s n e c e s s a r y to ^ t h e c r e a t i o n o f a I s u c c e s s f u l s t r i n g p r o g ra m . I t w i l l be t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s i I c h a p t e r t o p r e s e n t a n d co m p are t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n made b y 1 t h e s e w r i t e r s o u t o f t h e w e a l t h o f t h e i r own e x p e r i e n c e . I 87 I . RECRUITING I R e c r u i t i n g a m o u n ts t o c r e a t i n g a d e s i r e i n t h e i n d i - , I v i d u a l t o p a r t i c i p a t e a c t i v e l y i n some e n d e a v o r , i n t h i s l e a s e , i n p l a y i n g a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t . The p r o c e d u r e s one I ; a d o p t s i n a s i t u a t i o n w h e re t h e r e h a s b e e n no s t r i n g ! p r o g ra m d i f f e r c o n s i d e r a b l y fro m t h o s e u s e d w h e re s u c h a n ^ 1 j a c t i v i t y h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s . The g e n e r a l l y low l e v e l o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t o f t h e p e r i o d d u r i n g I t h e m id d le a n d l a t e 1 9 4 0 's w o u ld s u p p o r t t h e a s s u m p t io n i i I t h a t m o st s i t u a t i o n s r e q u i r e d s t a r t i n g w i t h o u t a n y b a c k - | I g r o u n d o f o r c h e s t r a l e x p e r i e n c e . T hus i n t e r e s t h a d t o be I g a i n e d fro m t h e g r o u n d u p . I Ways o f C r e a t i n g t h e D e s i r e t o P l a y t h e S t r i n g s I n h i s t e a c h e r s m a n u a l f o r t h e Tune A Day v i o l i n I m e th o d H e r f u r t h p r e f a c e d t h e s u b j e c t o f c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n b y s t a t i n g t h a t "The f i r s t s t e p i n c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n i s t o i m p r e s s e a c h i n d i v i d u a l w i t h a y e a r n i n g d e s i r e t o l e a r n t o I p l a y t h e v i o l i n " ( 4 0 0 : v ) . j ' 1 The p r i n c i p a l m eans o f i m p le m e n tin g t h i s i n t e r e s t , I i n t h e m in d s o f v i r t u a l l y a l l a u t h o r i t i e s , was t h e s t r i n g I d e m o n s t r a t i o n b e f o r e s e l e c t e d g r a d e s o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y I I s c h o o l . M ost o t h e r i d e a s h a d t o do w i t h s t r i n g i n t e r e s t p r o m o tio n a s a s u p p le m e n t t o t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n b e f o r e t h e I R o h n e r p r o p o s e d a n u m b er o f i d e a s w h ic h w e re c o n s i d - j 'e r e d e f f e c t i v e i n h e l p i n g t o " s e l l " t h e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u - < , I i jm en ts t o t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t s . B eyond d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , i |he p r o p o s e d p e p t a l k s , d i s p l a y s o f v a r i o u s s t r i n g e d i n s t r u - Im e n t8 , o r c h e s t r a f e s t i v a l s a n d c o n c e r t s , t a l k s t o p a r e n t s , n e w s p a p e r a r t i c l e s a b o u t s t r i n g s , a n d p u b l i c i z i n g t h e f a c t t h a t s c h o o l ow ned i n s t r u m e n t s w e re a v a i l a b l e ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) . W a l l e r p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e a r r i v a l o f a new t e a c h e r t o b e g i n a s t r i n g p ro g ra m s h o u l d r e c e i v e a d e q u a t e p u b l i c i t y ,in t h e p r e s s , a n d b e f o r e c o m m u n ity m e e tin g s s u c h a s t h e P a r e n t - T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n . He a l s o w a rn e d a g a i n s t o v e r p l a y i n g s u c h p u b l i c i t y e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f a p e r s o n o f r e c o g n i z e d p r e s t i g e i n t h e f i e l d ( 3 5 1 s 3 3 ) . An e x h a u s t i v e l i s t o f p o s s i b i l i t i e s w e re p r e s e n t e d b y G h e y e t t e . W here no l o c a l b a n d s o r o r c h e s t r a s w e re a v a i l a b l e , h e a d v o c a t e d b r i n g i n g s u c h a g r o u p i n fro m some n e i g h b o r i n g c o m m u n ity , o r a s a s u b s t i t u t e , a d e m o n s t r a t i o n b y a s m a l l e n s e m b le o r some p r o f e s s i o n a l m u s i c i a n . H o w ev er, i t was h i s o p i n i o n t h a t a d e m o n s t r a t i o n b y t h e l o c a l i n s t r u c t o r w h e re p o s s i b l e w o u ld h a v e m ore v a l u e t h a n w o u ld a d e m o n s t r a t i o n b y a n o u t s i d e r . B ey o n d s e v e r a l e l a b o r a t e s u g g e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , he m e n tio n e d t h e 89 ' o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a M u sic B o o s t e r s c lu b o f p a r e n t s , on a p l a n s i m i l a r t o t h e B and P a r e n t s A s s o c i a t i o n , w i t h t h e t e a c h e r I i a s t h e c o o r d i n a t i n g a g e n t ( 1 2 1 : 1 2 ) . j S e v e r a l e d u c a t o r s c a m p a ig n e d f o r e m p h a s is on t h e I n e g l e c t e d v i o l a a n d b a s s . C i t i n g h i s own e x p e r i e n c e , j G a st e l i a n a c o n f i d e d t h a t t h e r e was g r e a t e r dem and f o r v i o l a a f t e r one o f h i s d e m o n s t r a t i o n s t h a n f o r v i o l i n b e c a u s e t h e s t u d e n t s l i k e d t h e t o n e b e t t e r in a s m u c h a s " i t d i d n ' t 's c r e e c h . ? , ” a n d i t s t o n e s w e re "w here y o u c a n s i n g " (1 1 4 ; 3 ) . A p p a r e n t l y C a s t e l i a n a knew how t o d i s p l a y t h e p o t e n - I ! t i a l i t i e s o f t h e v i o l a , a n d a v o id e d d i s m i s s i n g i t i n h i s ' I i e f f o r t s t o p ro m o te t h e v i o l i n a s h a s s o o f t e n b e e n t h e I c a s e . i R u s h f o r d a l s o a d v o c a te d s p e c i a l e f f o r t s t o e n c o u r - I I a g e s t u d y o f t h e c e l l o a n d t h e v i o l a b y d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e s o f t , l o w , m ello w t o n e s o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s . S u c h p r o s p e c t s a s h a d l o n g e r arm s a n d f i n g e r s w e re t o be g u i d e d to w a r d I t h e s e l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s . The b a s s was n o t r e g a r d e d a s I n e c e s s a r y a t t h i s l e v e l , b u t t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e I s m a l l e r s i z e s was c o n s i d e r e d a s a s u f f i c i e n t i n c e n t i v e t o I I i n t e r e s t some i n s t a r t i n g on t h i s i n s t r u m e n t ( 4 1 2 : l ) . i ! M a r c e l l i s u g g e s t e d a n u m b er o f v a l u a b l e s o u r c e s f o r i I o b t a i n i n g p r o s p e c t s f o r t h e c e l l o , s u c h a s p i a n i s t s , ! : c o r n e t i s t s , a n d s a x o p h o n e p l a y e r s who b y r e a s o n o f n u m b ers t c o u l d n o t p l a y I n t h e o r c h e s t r a . V i o l i n i s t s who h a d n o t g o n e t o o f a r b e c a u s e o f a l a t e s t a r t d i d b e t t e r o n c e l l o , j a n d a n y n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n s c o u ld b e o v e rc o m e b y p u t t i n g a ! g o o d c e l l o i n t h e p u p i l ' s h a n d s a n d l e t t i n g him d i s c o v e r how b e a u t i f u l i s t h e t o n e o f t h e c e l l o . A n o t h e r d e v i c e was ' t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a q u a r t e t o f y o u n g c e l l i s t s e x p e c i a l l y I t r a i n e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e , u s i n g m u sic c h o s e n fro m f a v o r i t e I s o n g s i n t h e i r r e g u l a r m u s ic c l a s s e s , n o t o v e r l o o k i n g t h e I ! u s e o f some m u te d a n d p i z z i c a t o n u m b ers ( 2 2 8 : 2 4 ) . L i Gk e y a d v o c a t e d h a v in g h i s b a n d m em bers d o u b le on s t r i n g s . " I t i s a m a z i n g ," he d e c l a r e d , "how q u i c k l y a c h i l d w i l l l e a r n a s e c o n d i n s t r u m e n t — a n d w i t h how much ^ p r i d e . " He f e l t t h a t d o u b l i n g c r e a t e d no l o s s o f m u s i c a l ■ p r o f i c i e n c y i n e i t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h a t i n t h e e n d , I Ith e o r c h e s t r a l e x p e r i e n c e h a d t h e e f f e c t o f s t a b i l i z i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f b a n d p l a y i n g don e b y t h e s e s t u d e n t s ( 2 2 0 : 4 6 ) . R u sh p r e f a c e d h i s r e m a rk s o n t h i s s u b j e c t b y e m p h a s i z i n g t h e v a l u e o f s e c u r i n g a g o o d s t r i n g t e a c h e r t o l a u n c h a n d c a r r y on t h e p r o g r a m . S u c h a p e r s o n s h o u l d be a b l e t o p l a y w e l l in a s m u c h a s p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e co m m u n ity i s a lw a y s a n e x c e l l e n t m eans o f c r e a t i n g i n t e r e s t among p u p i l s a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s . I n t h o s e u n f o r t u n a t e c a s e s w h e re t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r was n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y c a p a b l e a s a s o l o i s t , R u sh a d v i s e d b r i n g i n g i n some o u t s i d e f r i e n d t o 91 ' p r e s e n t s u c h p e r f o r m a n c e s . He a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i t a d v i s a b l e , w h e re p o s s i b l e , t o h a v e g o o d s t u d e n t p e r f o r m e r s ^ p r e s e n t e d , e i t h e r a l o n e , o r a l o n g w i t h t h e t e a c h e r . , As f o r t h e l o n g r a n g e p r o g r a m . R ush c i t e d t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r s p r i n g p ro g ra m f e a t u r i n g a l l l e v e l s o f s t u d e n t p e r f o r m a n c e fro m t h e l o w e s t g r a d e s t o t h e s e n i o r h i g h l e v e l a s b y f a r t h e b e s t way t o " s e l l " t h e s t r i n g s ( 3 0 0 : 2 7 ) , One o f t h e i d e a s s t r e s s e d b y R ush w h ic h was o f p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e t o t h e n e o p h y te s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r was ; t h e u s e o f a m u l t i p l e g r o u p o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s i n t h e u n i s o n p e r f o r m a n c e o f a s o l o t y p e p i e c e . T h is s o r t o f t h i n g was h e l p f u l t o t h e b e g i n n i n g c l a s s s i n c e a g r o u p c o u ld p e r f o r m : ! I s u c h a n u m b er q u i t e c r e d i t a b l y , th o u g h no one o f th em I w o u ld h a v e b e e n a b l e t o p l a y b y h i m s e l f a t s u c h a n e a r l y ! I p o i n t i n t h e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d . The i d e a was a l s o recom m ended la s b e i n g e f f e c t i v e i n s p o t - l i g h t i n g c e r t a i n i n s t r u m e n t s I : ■when new r e c r u i t s w e re n e e d e d on t h a t i n s t r u m e n t . S u c h I p i e c e s a s "The B ig B a s s V i o l " made t h e b a s s much s o u g h t I I a f t e r f o l l o w i n g a p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h t h e o r c h e s t r a b y a g r o u p , ! ' I o f e i g h t o r t e n e n t h u s i a s t i c p e r f o r m e r s ; f o r t h e c e l l i s t s a ; I ; n u m b er s u c h a s " B e r c e u s e " fro m J o c e l y n was e n d o r s e d (3 0 0 : ; 27). Î T h is v e r y c o m p r e h e n s iv e c a t a l o g o f s u c c e s s f u l s t r i n g ' I ip r o m o tio n d e v i c e s c o n t r i b u t e d b y R ush was c ro w n e d w i t h a I 92 i ; f i n a l s u g g e s t i o n f o r k e e p i n g t h i s i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s a t a h i g h l e v e l : i T r i p s may a l s o b e t h e m eans o f a w a k e n in g i n t e r e s t i n ' I s t r i n g p l a y i n g . Some s p e c i a l p u b l i c i t y on a s u c c e s s f u l ! t r i p o r a n o u t s t a n d i n g p e r f o r m a n c e e i t h e r b y i n d i v i d u a l s o r b y t h e o r c h e s t r a l g r o u p may b r i n g r e c o g n i t i o n w h ic h w i l l l e a d t o e a g e r n e s s t o j o i n s u c h a g r o u p . I 'N o t h i n g s u c c e e d s l i k e s u c c e s s ' h a s b e e n a p t l y u s e d i n i many s u c h c a s e s . . . . P u b l i c i t y o f a l l k i n d s t h a t I c e n t e r s t h e a t t e n t i o n o f s t u d e n t s o r p a r e n t s on o r c h - I e s t r a l a c t i v i t i e s w i l l a lw a y s g i v e t h e s t r i n g s a f i n e I b o o s t . ( 3 0 0 : 2 6 - 2 8 ) I As f o r t h e s t r i n g d e m o n s t r a t i o n , t o w h ic h m o st o f i t h e p r e c e d i n g s t e p s w e re s u p p l e m e n t a r y , n e a r l y a l l o f t h e I a b o v e w r i t e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t was t h e c o r e o f t h e i ' : r e c r u i t i n g p r o g r a m . I t r e m a i n s , t h e n , t o c o n s i d e r t h e I I recom m ended p r o c e d u r e s i n c o n d u c t i n g s u c h a d e m o n s t r a t i o n . I How t o C o n d u c t a S t r i n g D e m o n s t r a t io n I M ost a u t h o r i t i e s a g r e e d i n d i r e c t i n g t h e s t r i n g ' r e c r u i t i n g p ro g ra m a t t h e g r a d e s c h o o l l e v e l , a s t h e y a l s o I a g r e e d i n t h e g e a r i n g o f t h e p r o g r a m , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , j I t o t h e f o u r t h t h r o u g h s i x t h g r a d e . I H e r f u r t h ' s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n I i n c l u d e d a d v a n c e p r e p a r a t i o n b y t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , j t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s many p a r e n t s a s p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e u s e o f I s h o r t , f a m i l i a r s e l e c t i o n s i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e p r o g r a m . I A t t h e c l o s e o f t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n t h e t e a c h e r was a d v i s e d 1 ' t o h a v e t h e c o m p le te p l a n o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i n m ind t o I 93 p r e s e n t t o t h e s t u d e n t s a n d p a r e n t s , i n c l u d i n g c o s t s , i f a n y , r e g i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , a n d a m im e o g ra p h e d l e t t e r I o u t l i n i n g t h e e n t i r e p r o p o s a l t o b e s e n t home w i t h t h e , p u p i l s ( 4 0 0 : v ) . i ! K u c z m a rs k i a d v o c a t e d a f r i e n d l y , i n f o r m a l a p p r o a c h w h e re t h e s t u d e n t s w e re p r o v i d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o becom e 'a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e i n s t r u m e n t s b y s i g h t , b y t o u c h , a n d b y I e a r . He p r e f e r r e d t o go i n t o a c l a s s r o o m i n t h e f o u r t h , f i f t h , a n d s i x t h g r a d e s a n d p l a y f o l k t u n e s s u c h a s "Y ankee D o o d le , " "Pop G oes t h e W e a s e l ," t h e th em e fro m ! W il l ia m T e l l O v e r t u r e , a n d o t h e r m e l o d i e s f a m i l i a r t o t h e I---------------------------------------- — I c h i l d r e n . P l a y i n g s u c h t u n e s o n t h e v i o l i n a r o u s e d t h e I c h i l d r e n ' s c u r i o s i t y t o w a r d t h e i n s t r u m e n t . T hus a r o u s e d , l a few w e re i n v i t e d t o p l a y h i s i n s t r u m e n t , w h i l e he c a u t i o u s l y h e l d t h e s c r o l l , a n d c r e a t e d a r e l a x e d a tm o s p h e r e b y m ak in g some r e m a r k s u c h a s , "Maybe y o u c a n p l a y b e t t e r t h a n I d o . " T h i s , i n m o st c a s e s , was a new e x p e r i e n c e f o r t h e c h i l d , a n d g r e a t i n t e r e s t was t h u s a r o u s e d I ( 1 9 9 : 3 1 ) . i I t was I s a a c ' s o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t u n f o r t u n a t e r e s u l t s 1 jm ig h t b e h a r v e s t e d fro m t h e u s e o f f o r m a l s t r i n g q u a r t e t ' c o n c e r t s i n t h e g r a d e s c h o o l s u n l e s s s o m e th in g a s r e a d i l y ; u n d e r s t o o d a s "Oh S u s a n n a " w as p l a y e d . He was c o n c e r n e d I a b o u t t h e t y p e o f p ro g ra m p r e s e n t e d a t t h i s p o i n t ; 9% . I I t i s t r u e t h a t o n e o f t h e b e s t w ays o f a r o u s i n g ! i n t e r e s t i n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s i s t o h a v e a g r o u p o f ! s t r i n g p l a y e r s p r e s e n t a d e m o n s t r a t i o n c o n c e r t i n a n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l . B u t t h e m u s ic s h o u l d b e s u i t e d t o ' i t h e a u d i e n c e ; t h e c h i l d r e n m u st l i k e t h e m u s i c . I n j t h i s s i t u a t i o n , a g r o u p o f h i g h s c h o o l p l a y e r s may b e I b e t t e r t h a n a g r o u p o f a d u l t s . C h i l d r e n r e s p o n d m o s t r e a d i l y t o s h o r t - t e r m g o a l s . ; T h ey c a n s e e t h e m s e l v e s p l a y i n g i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a i n a y e a r o r tw o , b u t t h e y w o n 't b e g ro w n u p I f o r many y e a r s ! ( 1 8 9 21 0 - 1 1 ) I A c t u a l l y , a w e l l t r a i n e d s t r i n g c l a s s o f p e r h a p s a 1 y e a r ' s e x p e r i e n c e o f t e n m akes t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e dem on s t r a t i o n g r o u p f o r t h e v e r y r e a s o n c i t e d b y I s a a c . The e x p e r i e n c e o f s e e i n g a n d h e a r i n g a g r o u p o f y o u n g s t e r s b u t a y e a r o r tw o o l d e r t h a n t h e m s e l v e s p l a y v i o l i n s a n d c e l l o s w i t h a p p a r e n t p r i d e a n d j o y , a s w e l l a s a b i l i t y , i s q u i t e o v e rw h e lm in g t o c h i l d r e n . T h i s , a f t e r a l l , i s t o th em a t r u l y im m e d ia te g o a l , a n d d o e s n o t l i e a s f a r i n t h e f u t u r e a s d o e s m e m b e rs h ip i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a . I n f a c t . W a l l e r , i n a d v o c a t i n g t e a c h e r d e m o n s tr a t i o n s , q u a l i f i e d h i s r e m a r k s b y s a y i n g t h a t i t was b e t t e r s t i l l t o h a v e t h e s e p r e s e n t e d b y c h i l d r e n o f a b o u t t h e sam e a g e l e v e l p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e y c o u l d p l a y w i t h a p p a r e n t e a s e , g o o d t o n e , a n d g o o d i n t o n a t i o n ( 3 5 2 : 3 2 ) . The b l u e p r i n t f o r C o n w a y 's v e r s i o n o f t h e dem on s t r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t r e s s e d t h e u s e o f t h e m ore e x c i t i n g a t t r a c t i o n s o f e a c h i n s t r u m e n t , s u c h a s t h e h a r m o n ic s a n d 95 d o u b le s t o p s , p i z z i c a t o , t r i l l s , s p i c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o b o w in g , a n d t h e h i g h e s t a n d l o w e s t n o t e s . He w as a l s o ■ s h re w d i n s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e c l a s s b e g o t t e n u n d e r way I w h i l e i n t e r e s t w as s t i l l a t a h i g h l e v e l ( 1 2 5 : 5 4 ) . I G h e y e t t e o u t l i n e d a q u i t e e l a b o r a t e p r o c e d u r e , a n d : i n c l u d e d a b a t t e r y o f t e s t s f o r p r e - s e l e c t i o n o f r e c r u i t s , I ' f o l l o w e d b y a b a r r a g e o f l e t t e r s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e I I p a r e n t s , a n d s u p p le m e n te d b y f o l l o w - u p d e m o n s t r a t i o n s f o r 1 t h e s p e c i a l b e n e f i t o f p a r e n t s . P a r e n t - T e a c h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d o t h e r co m m u n ity g r o u p s s u c h a s s e r v i c e c l u b s : w hose i n t e r e s t m ig h t i n c l u d e s u c h p u r s u i t s . H is p a r t i n g I s h o t was t o s u g g e s t t o p a r e n t s t h e c o m p a r a t i v e c o s t o f 1 t r a i n i n g d o n e o n a p r i v a t e b a s i s a s a g a i n s t t h e c o s t o f s i m i l a r i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l ( 1 2 1 : 1 2 ) ; W ith s t r i n g i n t e r e s t a t a minimum i n t h e M ic h ig a n j s c h o o l s i n 1 9 4 7 , t h e p i o n e e r M ic h ig a n S t r i n g P l a n n i n g C o m m itte e , p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d i n C h a p t e r I I I o f t h i s s t u d y ( C f . a n t e p . 2 7 ) , o r g a n i z e d i t s e l f i n t o s e v e r a l te a m s o f d e m o n s t r a t o r s known a s t h e " P l y i n g S q u a d r o n s " w hose m i s s i o n i t was t o t r a v e l fro m co m m u n ity t o co m m u n ity c r e a t i n g s t r i n g i n t e r e s t t h r o u g h d e m o n s t r a t i o n s . G r e e n , a l e a d e r o f one o f t h e s e s q u a d r o n s , r e c o u n t e d a t some l e n g t h t h e s t e p - b y - s t e p p r o c e d u r e s u t i l i z e d b y t h e s e g r o u p s ( 1 5 4 : 4 - 5 ) • S he e x p r e s s e d p a r t i c u l a r e n t h u s i a s m i n h e r a c c o u n t 96 Io f i n v i t i n g t h e c h i l d r e n t o come t o t h e f r o n t a n d t r y i n g lo u t t h e i n s t r u m e n t s t h e m s e l v e s . The c h i l d r e n w e re f i r s t a l l o w e d t o p l u c k some o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s i n i m i t a t i o n o f t h o s e p l a y e d p i z z i c a t o b y t h e d e m o n s t r a t o r . T h is was f o l lo w e d b y g u i d i n g e a c h e x p e r i m e n t e r i n b o w in g a c r o s s t h e I o p e n s t r i n g s . The d e m o n s t r a t i o n was c o n c l u d e d b y t h e i p l a y i n g o f a f a m i l i a r s o n g , o r a s h o r t e x c e r p t fro m a v e r y I f i n e v i o l i n s o l o . " I n t e r e s t ! " s h e e x c l a i m e d , " t h e a i r f a i r l y t i n g l e s w i t h i t " ( 1 5 1 : 1 3 ) . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , a l l o f t h e s e v a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s se em e d t o m e e t w i t h g r e a t s u c c e s s . O f t e n p r o p o n e n t s o f t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s c la im e d l a r g e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r v a r i e t y o f a p p r o a c h , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t n o one t y p e o f t h i n g was i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o s u c c e s s . R o l l a n d , a n e x p e r i e n c e d c a m p a ig n e r i n t h e f i e l d , a f t e r u s i n g a n d o b s e r v i n g m any k i n d s o f p r o c e d u r e s , a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e t y p e o f a p p r o a c h h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e u l t i m a t e o u tco m e o f t h e p r o j e c t . H is o n l y r e q u i s i t e w as t h a t t h e p ro g ra m h a d t o h o l d t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e c h i l d r e n , i n w h ic h c a s e t h e r e w e re e n o u g h v o l u n t e e r s t o f i l l t h e c l a s s e s . W here d i f f e r e n c e s w e re n o t e d t h e y h a d t o do w i t h t h e a g e g r o u p s a n d w i t h e c o n o m ic l e v e l o f t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s ( 4 8 : I 97 I i ' I I . IDEAL BEGINNING AGE i Much h a s b e e n w r i t t e n G o n c e m in g t h e i d e a l a g e t o ^ commence t h e s t u d y o f t h e v i o l i n a n d i t s r e l a t e d i n s t r u - t :m e n t s , t h e v i o l a , c e l l o , a n d d o u b le b a s s . T h e re h a s b e e n I i a g r o w in g t e n d e n c y t o a c c e p t t h e f o u r t h g r a d e a s t h e n o r m a l I ' s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r t h e v i o l i n a n d c e l l o a n d i t h a s somehow g ro w n c u s to m a r y t o d e l a y b e g i n n i n g t h e v i o l a a n d b a s s u n t i l fro m one t o s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r . A t b o t h e x tr e m e s t h e r e h a v e a l s o b e e n e x p o n e n t s o f a n e a r l y a n d a l a t e s t a r t . A few s p e c i a l i s t s h a v e show n a m a rk e d p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e e a r l y g r a d e s a n d e v e n k i n d e r g a r t e n a s t h e i d e a l s t a r t i n g p o i n t . A t t h e o t h e r l i m i t t h e r e a r e t h o s e who s u g g e s t t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e . H o w ev e r, a lm o s t a l l d e f e n s e o f t h e j u n i o r h i g h a n d l a t e r s t a r t i n g p o i n t s h a s b e e n q u a l i f i e d b y r e f e r e n c e t o u n u s u a l c i r c u m - I s t a n c e s , a n d h a s c l e a r l y n o t b e e n c i t e d a s a n i d e a l . A few w r i t e r s d i d g i v e t h e g r a d e s fro m s e v e n t h t h r o u g h n i n t h a s j p r e f e r a b l e f o r s t a r t i n g t h e l a r g e r t h r e e i n s t r u m e n t s , b u t i I t h e s e w e re d e f i n i t e l y m i n o r i t y e a s e s . I T a k in g t h e f o u r t h g r a d e a s t h e n o rm , t h e r e a s o n s f o r I C h o o s in g t h i s a g e o v e r a l l o t h e r s m u st b e d i s c u s s e d a n d I e v a l u a t e d b e f o r e c o m p a r in g o t h e r s t a r t i n g p o i n t s a n d ! r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e . i 98 îB e g ln n ln g : S t r i n g G l a s s e s a t t h e F o u r t h G ra d e L e v e l P r o b a b l y t h e f o r e m o s t r e a s o n f o r s t a r t i n g t h e I I s t r i n g s no l a t e r t h a n t h e f o u r t h g r a d e h a s b e e n t h e 'a s s u m p t i o n , i n some c a s e s , a n d t h e e x p e r i e n c e i n o t h e r s , I t h a t t h e v i o l i n i s t s s h o u l d h a v e a f a i r l y b a s i c f o u n d a t i o n b e f o r e e n t e r i n g j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l . The j u n i o r h i g h l e v e l was c o n s i d e r e d t o o l a t e t o s t a r t t h e v i o l i n f o r a n u m b er o f r e a s o n s . Among th e m , t h e w i d e l y h e l d a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l o n g p e r i o d o f tim e was r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e s a t i s f a c t i o n i n ^ p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d t h e w e ll- k n o w n f a c t t h a t c o m p e t i t i o n o f j o t h e r i n t e r e s t s a n d a c t i v i t i e s b eco m es s o h e a v y a s t o c a u s e 'e v e n t h e t a l e n t e d t o d r o p o u t , w e re c i t e d . j To some e x t e n t t h i s p o s i t i o n was t a k e n b y M a t t e r n | 1 ■ who s a i d : I A s u c c e s s f u l s t r i n g p r o g r a m , c u l m i n a t i n g i n a r e s p e c t a b l e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a , s h o u l d s t a r t i n t h e ; f o u r t h , o r a t l e a s t t h e f i f t h g r a d e , a s i t i s t o o l a t e t o d e v e l o p a d e q u a t e s t r i n g p l a y e r s i n t h e j u n i o r h i g h I s c h o o l . I t may b e a r g u e d t h a t c i t y h i g h s c h o o l s a r e a n : I e x c e p t i o n , a s s u c h o r c h e s t r a p l a y e r s o f t e n come fro m i p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s . H o w ev e r, t h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a r t h o f I p r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s i n m any o f o u r l a r g e r c i t i e s , j F u r t h e r m o r e , i t i s n o t d e m o c r a t i c e d u c a t i o n t o d e n y j I c i t y e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l c h i l d r e n t h é p r i v i l e g e o f c l a s s , I l e s s o n s . ( 2 3 1 : 2 3 ,4 5 ) : I . . : I W ils o n s u p p o r t e d t h e p r e v a i l i n g p o l i c y o f g i v i n g ; I [ C h i ld r e n t h e i r f i r s t i n s t r u m e n t a l e x p e r i e n c e b e g i n n i n g i n jth e f o u r t h g r a d e . T h is g r a d e was t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d o n e , he b e l i e v e d , b e c a u s e i t a ll o w e d t h e c h i l d r e n tim e f o r I 9 9 i some p r e v i o u s v o c a l e x p e r i e n c e , a n d i n a d d i t i o n se e m e d t o b e a b o u t a s e a r l y a s m o st o f th em w e re r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g , p h y s i c a l l y e q u ip p e d t o h a n d l e t h e i n s t r u m e n t s . He r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e r e w e re e x c e p t i o n s among t h e v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t c h i l d r e n w hose d e s i r e t o b e g i n e a r l y s h o u l d be m e t, p r o - : v i d i n g t h e i r p h y s i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t w o u ld p e r m i t ( 5 8 : 2 9 3 - 9 4 ) . * W ash b u rn r e g a r d e d t h e v e r y e a r l y g r a d e s a s f e a s i b l e I s t a r t i n g p o i n t s , b u t o b j e c t i o n s i n c l u d e d s c h e d u l i n g p r o b - ' l e m s, t h e e x t r e m e l y s m a l l s i z e v i o l i n s n e c e s s a r y , n e c e s s i t y f o r s lo w p r o g r e s s , a n d t h e am ount o f t e a c h e r tim e i n v o l v e d . ' T h e r e f o r e , t h e f o u r t h t h r o u g h t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e w e re c i t e d ' ; b y t h i s w r i t e r a s t h e i d e a l tim e f o r t h e a v e r a g e c h i l d t o I t a k e u p t h e s t u d y o f t h e v i o l i n f o r t h e s e r e a s o n s : H is [ t h e c h i l d ' s ] e n t h u s i a s m f o r new e x p e r i e n c e , h i s z e a l f o r l e a r n i n g , a n d h i s w i l l i n g n e s s t o f o l l o w t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e t e a c h e r , m akes t h i s p e r i o d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t im e t o e x p l o r e t h o r o u g h l y t h e m u s i c a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f t h e c h i l d . ( 3 8 9 : 1 5 - 1 8 ) O t h e r r e a s o n s c i t e d b y W ash b u rn w e re t h e m ore a d e q u a t e t o n e o f t h e t h r e e - q u a r t e r s i z e v i o l i n , q u i c k e r ' j l e a r n i n g a b i l i t y o f t h e o l d e r s t u d e n t s , a n d g e n e r a l r e a d i - ; n e s s . A f t e r t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e a d d e d s c h o o l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s I ' ' I a s w e l l a s t h o s e a t home t e n d e d t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h s t u d y h e | I c o n c l u d e d ( 3 8 9 : 1 8 ) . i R u sh was one o f t h o s e who r e g a r d e d t h e f o u r t h g r a d e • ! : a s a g o o d tim e t o s t a r t t h e v i o l i n . H o w ev er, h i s w r i t i n g ! 100 ■ r e f l e c t s some r e a d j u s t m e n t t o r e c e n t t r e n d s to w a r d e a r l i e r I b e g i n n i n g a g e l e v e l s , i n a s m u c h .a s some o f h i s e a r l y a r t i - I I o l e s , w r i t t e n i n 19^ 7 t o I 9 3O t e n d e d t o d i s c o u r a g e s t a r t i n g t o o e a r l y . I n 19^7 h e s a i d : T h ro u g h o u t t h e l a t e r e l e m e n t a r y g r a d e s p r o b a b l y o n l y t h e v i o l i n a n d 'c e l l o * s h o u l d b e s t a r t e d , on e i t h e r 1 /2 o r 3 / 4 s i z e i n s t r u m e n t s . A t t h e j u n i o r I h i g h s c h o o l a g e a l l f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s s h o u l d s t a r t i n I t h e b e g i n n i n g c l a s s , u s i n g s m a l l v i o l a s a n d b a s s e s I w i t h t h e c o r r e c t s i z e d v i o l i n s a n d ' c e l l o s . ' ( 3 0 2 : 3 2 ) j B u t b y 1 9 5 6 h e a p p a r e n t l y c o n s i d e r e d i t a d v i s a b l e t o s t a r t t h e " s t r i n g p ro g ra m " a t t h e f o u r t h o r f i f t h g r a d e I l e v e l w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a t i o n : I I I A' g o o d s t r i n g p ro g ra m i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s a n d | I g o o d a r t i c u l a t i o n b e tw e e n f e e d i n g e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s | I a n d t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a r e v e r y e s s e n t i a l i n t h e i I d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a . I f ' I no s t r i n g s a r e s t a r t e d u n t i l p u p i l s a r r i v e a t j u n i o r ' h i g h a g e t h e l e v e l o f p e r f o r m a n c e w i l l b e i n d e e d ' l i m i t e d . Many s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s f i n d t h a t a few p e r i o d s p e r w eek c a n v e r y w e l l b e s p e n t b y t h e j u n i o r h i g h o r c h e s t r a d i r e c t o r i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g g r a d e s c h o o l s i n a n e f f o r t t o s t a r t s t r i n g s a t t h e f o u r t h o r f i f t h g r a d e a n d t h u s h a v e th e m w e l l a l o n g i n t h e i r p l a y i n g b y t h e tim e t h e y a r r i v e a t t h e j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l . . . . ( 2 9 7 : 6 2 - 6 3 ) The p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n R ush a d v a n c e d e a r l i e r f o r n o t I r u s h i n g a t h i r d o r f o u r t h g r a d e p u p i l i n t o a s t r i n g c a r e e r ; w as t h a t i n m any c a s e s t h e c h i l d ' s p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l d e - : I v e lo p m e n t w o u ld n o t h a v e m a tu r e d s u f f i c i e n t l y t o p e r m i t I i ' I h i s s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e t o p r o g r e s s . I n s u c h c a s e s h e f e l t ! ■ . ' ! t h a t b y d e l a y i n g a y e a r o r tw o a d i f f e r e n t p l a y e r w o u ld ! I 101 ! r e s u l t . I n a n a r t i c l e d a t e d i n I 9 5 O h e r e g a r d e d t h e i d e a l a g e f o r t h e b a s s a n d c e l l o a s t h e 7 t h g r a d e , a n d f o r some I r e a s o n , s u g g e s t e d t h e v i o l a s h e s t a r t e d l a t e r , g i v i n g t h e i 9t h g r a d e a s a g o o d t i m e . G e n e r a l l y , he p r e f e r r e d t h e v i o l i n s t o h a v e a tw o y e a r s t a r t on t h e i r c o u s i n s , b u t I q u a l i f i e d a l l o f h i s r e m a r k s w i t h t h e c a u t i o n t h a t o n c e I ! a s t u d e n t h a s t h e d e s i r e t o p l a y , he s h o u l d b e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p l a y w i t h o u t t o o much d e l a y , b u t a t a r e l a x e d e n j o y a b l e p a c e c o m p a re d t o t h e f a s t e r p a c e e m p lo y e d i n t h e h i g h e r g r a d e s ( 3 0 0 : 2 7 - 2 8 ) . j îü . t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s S o u r c e B ook N um ber Two R u sh I s p e c i f i e d t h e s t a r t i n g o f b o t h t h e v i o l i n a n d c e l l o i n t h e I j f o u r t h g r a d e ( 5 1 : 1 6 3 ) . I - ■ ' R u sh was e x c e p t i o n a l i n m o st o f h i s s t a t e m e n t s r e g a r d i n g i d e a l b e g i n n i n g a g e s . I n a n a r t i c l e d a t e d i n 1951 I he s t a t e d , " I n t w e n ty y e a r s o f p u b l i c s c h o o l i n s t r u m e n t a l ; t e a c h i n g , t h i s w r i t e r h a s s e e n m ore s u c c e s s f u l i n s t r u m e n - i t a l i s t s s t a r t a t s e v e n t h g r a d e l e v e l t h a n a t a n y o t h é r " I ( 2 9 3 : 2 3 ) . T h is s t a t e m e n t c o n f l i c t s w i t h m o st o t h e r c l a i m s , I I b u t p e r h a p s c o u ld b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t h e was I I t h i n k i n g h e r e n o t o n l y o f s t r i n g s , b u t o f a l l i n s t r u m e n t s , I land a l s o h a d i n m ind t h e v e r y f i n e s c h e d u l i n g s i t u a t i o n iw hich p r e v a i l e d i n t h e C l e v e l a n d H e i g h ts p u b l i c s c h o o l s I !when h e t a u g h t t h e r e . I n t h e l i g h t o f r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts 1 0 2 i n s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g , a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s m a l l e r s i z e d i n s t r u m e n t s a n d t h e e v e r g r e a t e r c o m p e t i t i o n f o r t h e : s t u d e n t ' s tim e u n d e r p r e s e n t c u r t a i l e d s c h e d u l e s , one w o u ld be i n c l i n e d t o a c c e p t R u s h 's 1956 a p p r a i s a l o f t h e i d e a l s t a r t i n g a g e a s m ore r e a l i s t i c ( 2 9 7 : 6 3 ) . O t h e r p r o m in e n t m u sic e d u c a t o r s who f a v o r e d s t a r t i n g * s t r i n g c l a s s e s fro m t h e f o u r t h g r a d e o n w e re H an nen I ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) who d i s c u s s e d t h e p o i n t fro m h e r h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l w o rk i n C l e v e l a n d , O h io , H e r f u r t h ( 4 0 0 : v ) , a u t h o r o f one o f t h e m o st w i d e l y u s e d s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s , H a r r i s I ( 3 9 : 1 6 5 ) s p e a k i n g fro m v a n ta g e p o i n t o f p r e s i d e n t o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n i n e x p r e s s in g * t h e v iew t h a t e v e r y c h i l d w i s h i n g t h a t e x p e r i e n c e s h o u l d b e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y fro m t h e f o u r t h g r a d e o n . R e v e l l i ( 2 7 8 : 6 9 2 ) , i a n d m any o t h e r s i n c l u d i n g R o b e r t s ( 2 8 2 : 5 9 ) ^ Long ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 4 ) , a n d H ughes ( 1 8 6 : 2 2 ) . T h e re w e re tw o r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s w h ic h c o n s i d e r e d t h e i d e a l b e g i n n i n g a g e a t some l e n g t h , o n e fro m t h e p o i n t o f . v ie w o f a s c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s o f a c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t ; i t h e o t h e r t h r o u g h a s u r v e y o f c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e o v e r a n I I e n t i r e s t a t e . B o th r e a c h e d t h e same c o n c l u s i o n — t h a t t h e I I I f o u r t h g r a d e l e v e l o f s t a r t i n g p r o d u c e d t h e b e s t r e s u l t s , I w i t h some q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . 103 The c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d b y A t w a t e r i n 1 9 5 5 • T h is s t u d y s o u g h t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a n s w e r s t o f i v e q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g c l a s s s t u d y , t h e f i r s t t h r e e i h a v i n g t o do w i t h optim um a g e l e v e l f o r b e g i n n i n g s t u d y , ' ( f o u r t h , f i f t h o r s i x t h g r a d e s ) a n d t h e f i n a l . t w o w i t h ; e f f i c i e n c y o f t e s t s u s e d i n c o n d u c t i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t . I , ; ; T h r e e q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e optim um a g e l e v e l f o r s t a r t - I i n g w e re p r o p o s e d . S t a t e d b r i e f l y , t h e y a s k e d w h ic h o f I ; t h e t h r e e a g e s w o u ld b e l i k e l y t o p r o d u c e t h e b e s t r e s u l t s , a n d d i d g r e a t e r m e n t a l a g e c o m p e n s a te f o r a n y s h o r t c o m i n g s ; w h ic h m ig h t c o n c e i v a b l y h a v e a b e _ arin g on t h e e a s e ? To ! : t h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n A t w a t e r 's i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e v e a l e d t h e I f o l l o w i n g : j From t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m p l e t i o n o f I t h e ..c o u rs e o f s t u d y , t h e f o u r t h g r a d e l e d t h e t h r e e I g r o u p s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t . The s i x t h a n d I f i f t h g r a d e g r o u p s f i n i s h e d s e c o n d a n d t h i r d , i n t h a t ; o r d e r , i n t h i s c a t e g o r y . ( 3 7 6 :1 0 7 ) I I H o w e v e r, A t w a t e r q u a l i f i e d h i s c o n c l u s i o n b y s a y i n g I t h a t h e b e l i e v e d t h e r e was no optim um g r a d e l e v e l b e tw e e n I t h e t h r e e g r a d e s c o n s i d e r e d f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e g r e a t e s t I p e r c e n t a g e o f q u a l i f i e d s t r i n g p l a y e r s b e c a u s e " t h e i I i n s t r u m e n t s e m p lo y e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g : i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s r e v e a l e d f a l l i b i l i t y o f s e c u r i i g ' a b s o l u t e c o n t r o l o f t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s . . " ( 3 7 6 : 1 0 8 ) . 104 As f o r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l I q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e , t h e r e s u l t , i n e a c h ! c a t e g o r y , i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n c r e a s e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e d i d ! n o t c o m p e n s a te f o r a n y o f t h e w e a k n e s s e s m e n tio n e d ( 3 7 6: 1 0 9- 1 1 6). T h u s , w h i l e t h e e n t i r e s t u d y was a b l e t o p ro d u c e I n o t h i n g d e f i n i t e , A t w a t e r 's s t u d y d i d i n d i c a t e a b e t t e r I p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e f o u r t h g r a d e b e g i n n i n g l e v e l . The s u r v e y t y p e o f s t u d y m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r was c o n d u c t e d b y Hoppe i n 1 9 4 9 . S i x t y r e p l i e s t o a q u e s t i o n n a i r e s e n t t o m o st o f t h e s c h o o l s s y s te m s i n t h e s t a t e o f iIo w a sh o w ed t h a t s t r i n g s w e re m o st o f t e n i n t r o d u c e d a t t h e , I f o u r t h g r a d e l e v e l , e s p e c i a l l y v i o l i n . I n f a c t , h i s t a b l e s ; ; i n d i c a t e d t h a t m ore t h a n t w i c e a s m any s t a r t e d a t t h i s l e v e l ' a s s t a r t e d a t a n y o t h e r o n e g r a d e l e v e l , a s f a r a s v i o l i n was c o n c e r n e d . The f i f t h a n d t h i r d g r a d e s w e re n e x t m o st i p r e f e r r e d , a n d h a d a b o u t a n e q u a l n u m b er o f a d h e r e n t s . : Two s c h o o l s i n Io w a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y s t a r t e d s t r i n g s a t I t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e l e v e l , a n d t h e sam e n u m b er h a d p ro g ra m s ; b e g i n n i n g i n t h e s e c o n d g r a d e . One s c h o o l b e g a n a t t h e I f i r s t g r a d e l e v e l , a n d M e lv in S c h n e i d e r , w e l l known f o r h i s i i : ! e x p e r i m e n t s a t t h e k i n d e r g a r t e n l e v e l , p r o v i d e d t h e s i n g l e ■ I r e p l y i n f a v o r o f t h i s e x t r e m e l y e a r l y b e g i n n i n g a g e . ' 105 The survey also indicated that most schools tended to start violin and cello together at the fourth grade level, and that viola and bass students were delayed in starting until junior high school. Hoppe disagreed with the late starting age for the viola and urged that more pupils be introduced to the viola in the elementary grades. He ventured no opinion as to the ideal age to begin the study of the bass (381:108-110, 174-177). Hoppe also polled the twenty-two members of the Music Educators National Association Committee on Organiza tion, Function, and Techniques of Orchestras. Replies to I the same question indicated that most school systems started j their string programs at the fourth grade or above. There | ! was also a tendency to start string players in the lower ' elementary grades before band instruments were introduced, i Hoppe also inquired of the committee members their opinion ' I ' i I of the feasibility of starting strings prior to the fourth I grade. Eleven replied "yes" and eight "no." Those who j I replied in the negative gave no reasons for their opinion; ' I ^ I I those who replied : l i n the affirmative felt that although the; I I I progress was slower, the results were better. They noted | I I that practice had to be supervised and that daily lessons were almost mandatory (381:227-228). ; 106 i i Proponents of Beginning Strings In the Elementary Schools. T h e r e was a n o t h e r g r o u p o f e d u c a t o r s who a v o i d e d a n y I s p e c i f i c a g e l e v e l a s b e i n g t h e b e s t a t w h ic h t o s t a r t t h e I s t r i n g p r o g r a m , b u t who w e re f i r m l y c o n v in c e d t h a t t h e y h a d ! t o b e s t a r t e d p r i o r t o t h e j u n i o r h i g h l e v e l . P r o m in e n t i . am ong t h e s e was W es1 e r who s a i d : i I may b e r e p e a t i n g t h e r e s u l t o f o t h e r s * e x p e r i e n c e , I b u t , I f e e l v e r y s t r o n g l y t h a t v i o l i n p l a y e r s s h o u l d b e g i n t h e i r s t u d i e s on t h i s i n s t r u m e n t b e f o r e r e a c h i n g J u n i o r H ig h S c h o o l , a n d t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r g e t t i n g p u p i l s s t a r t e d e a r l y r e s t s i n g r e a t p a r t u p o n t h e s h o u l d e r s o f o u r i n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r s . ( 3 6 7 : 1 2 9 ) T h is s e n t i m e n t was h e a r t i l y s u p p o r t e d b y m any o t h e r s ; who r e g a r d e d t h i s a s t h e a g e w h e re t h e c h i l d r e n w e re s t i l l j p l i a n t a n d s u p p l e , e a s i l y m o ld e d , a n d w hen t h e y c o u l d b e s t j b e g r o u n d e d i n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s l e a d i n g t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n ! o f e f f i c i e n t p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a . Among t h e s e w e re R oss ( 2 8 9 : 1 5 0 ) , P a s e k ( 3 8 6 : 1 3 ) ^ O t t e r s t e i n ( 2 6 1 : 3 0 ) , a n d I s a a c ( 1 8 9 : 1 0 ) . M ig n in f e l t t h a t t h e o p tim um a g e l e v e l d e p e n d e d on t h e t h o r o u g h n e s s o f t h e g r a d e s c h o o l m u s ic c o u r s e s a n d t h e p a t i e n c e a n d i n t e r e s t o f t h e v i o l i n i n s t r u c t o r . S he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t m e th o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g t o a g e , s l o w e r p r o g r e s s b e i n g n e c e s s a r y i n t h e lo w e r g r a d e s , b u t w i t h t h e c o m p e n s a tin g f a c t o r s o f m u s c u la r f l e x i b i l i t y , k e e n e r i n t e r e s t a n d f e w e r c o m p e tin g I 107 a c t i v i t i e s ( 2 3 7 : 3 6 ) . ■ L e p p e r t p r e f e r r e d t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t r i n g p ro g ra m in a s m u c h a s t h e r e s u l t s o f h i s 1 9 5 3 s u r v e y sh o w ed t h a t a l m o s t w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n f i n e s t r i n g p ro g ra m s r e s u l t e d w h e r e v e r c o m p e te n t s t r i n g I n s t r u c t i o n was a v a i l a b l e i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s ( 2 1 4 : 1 6 ) . ; A sym phony o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r a l s o v e n t u r e d a n ! i n t e r e s t i n t h e p ro g ra m b y s a y i n g t h a t c o n d u c t o r s h a d l e a r n e d fro m t h e i r w o rk t h a t m o st c o m p e te n t p l a y e r s h a d b e g u n s t r i n g s t u d y e a r l y i n l i f e . K irsh b a u m d e p l o r e d t h e g ro w in g t e n d e n c y t o a c c e p t t h e a g e o f t w e lv e a s s u i t a b l e f o r s t a r t i n g s t r i n g s t u d y , w h ic h h e c o n s i d e r e d d a n g e r o u s l y l a t e f o r a l l e x c e p t t h e b a s s v i o l . The a g e s o f s e v e n t o n i n e h e c o n s i d e r e d much m ore p r a c t i c a l a n d t h e k e y t o s o l v i n g t h e h i g h m o r t a l i t y r a t e w h ic h o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n j u n i o r a n d s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l ( 1 9 1 : 6 ) . third grade as the time to start the violin class♦ Perhaps the most convincing appeal for beginning the study of the violin earlier than the fourth grade came from Green in an article written for Etude in 1943: It has seemed to me, in dealing with the very young child— four years of age to seven years— that he is much more relaxed in his physical approach to violin playing than the older child. The young child's muscles are not yet strong and he does not clutch at things as rapidly as does the older child. This being 1 0 8 s o . I t i s t o b e q u e s t i o n e d w h e t h e r we a r e d o in g t h e r i g h t t h i n g i n e s t a b l i s h i n g w h a t i s s l o w l y b e c o m in g a c u s to m ; t h a t i s , t o s t a r t i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic i n t h e f o u r t h g r a d e . T r u e , fro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f l e a r n i n g t o r e a d m u s ic a c c u r a t e l y a n d q u i c k l y , t h e f o u r t h g r a d e s t a r t i n g l e v e l i s t o b e e n d o r s e d , b o t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y a n d a c a d e m i c a l l y ; b u t , why n o t s t a r t t h e y o u n g s t e r on v i o l i n a t a n e a r l i e r a g e i f i t m eans t h a t h e w i l l n o t h a v e t o f i g h t t h i s c l u t c h i n g a n d t i g h t n e s s o f m u s c le s w h ic h i s a p p a r e n t w i t h t h e o l d e r b e g i n n e r . . . Why n o t l e t him g e t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e h a n d l i n g o f t h e v i o l i n a t a tim e w hen i t i s n a t u r a l a n d e a s y f o r ' him t o do s o ? Why n o t t r a i n h i s e a r , a n d t h e n l e t j h im a p p r o a c h m u s ic r e a d i n g som ew hat l a t e r , o r som ew hat j m ore g r a d u a l l y , a f t e r h e h a s a t t a i n e d a n a t u r a l I f a c i l i t y w i t h t h e i n s t r u m e n t a n d t h e h e a r i n g o f p i t c h ? I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n I m ig h t a d d t h a t e x p e r i m e n t a l w o rk w i t h c l a s s e s o f t h i r d g r a d e r s ( t e n t o tw e lv e i n a c l a s s ) h a s show n t h a t s u c h a p r o c e d u r e i s e n t i r e l y I f e a s i b l e . ( 1 6 4 :1 9 8 ) G r e e n 's one q u a l i f i c a t i o n i n t h i s r e s p e c t was t h a t I j c h i l d r e n d o n 't s t a y t o g e t h e r v e r y w e l l a t t h i s a g e e x c e p t Ion r h y t h m i c b o w in g s o n o p e n s t r i n g s ; t h e r e f o r e , m uch o f ' t h e i r p l a y i n g h a d t o b e i n d i v i d u a l " r e c i t i n g " ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) . ; O t h e r s s u p p o r t e d t h e s t a n d t a k e n b y G re e n c i t i n g a s I I a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e s u c h i t e m s a s g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t o f t h e ' t h i r d g r a d e r s a s c o m p a re d t o t h e s l i g h t i n t e r e s t o f t h e j s i x t h g r a d e r s ; f e w e r s c h e d u l i n g p r o b le m s a n d a m inimum o f o p p o s i t i o n fro m c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r s , a n d l o n g e r p e r i o d o f t im e t o d e v e l o p i n t o e x c e l l e n t e n s e m b le m u s i c i a n s . A d h e r e n t s o f t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s i n c l u d e d L a s l e y ( 2 0 4 : 4 5 ) , H i n d s l e y ( 1 8 4 : 5 ) , H o l l a n d ( 4 8 : 3 0 6 ) , a n d B u t t e r f i e l d ( 1 1 1 : 4 0 ) . 109 The case for beginning strings below the third I grade. Lesinsky, Rushford, and Fasek presented arguments jfor beginning strings at the second grade level. . Lesinsky I I advocated beginning on the small size instrument of each ! type at this level for the reason of a longer period for I development, and to avoid competition with the many ! attractions which increased as the child became older. He I felt that if the small size instruments were made avail- I ! able they would be played (2l6:10). Pasek proposed this • early beginning age because children at that age were naturally more relaxed (386:101). And Rushford endorsed i the plan because the children learned better and had fewer I interests than in the higher grades (412:l) . : : ' The foremost protagonist of the kindergarten string iclass was Schneider. His principal point of defense was I ! the longer period of time during which the child can grow I : ! with less need to spend an undue amount of time in practice, 'which dulls enthusiasm. Schneider emphasized music for ; enjoyment. Some of his claims are quite startling: i Careful listening has resulted in all, including monotones, I becoming pitch conscious in less than a year, with most I pupils developing absolute pitch in the same time. Other ; advantages listed by Schneider include the development of I imuscular coordination, one of the purposes of the kinder- i 110 j garten concept, better preparation to enjoy instrumental preparation in later life, and the possibility of par ticipation in grade school orchestra experiences ( 3 0 7 : 1 9 , 4 7 ) . S c h n e i d e r 's t e c h n i q u e was made t h e s u b j e c t o f a n a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d t o E tu d e i n 1 9 4 8 b y S t e w a r t who e x t o l l e d some a d d i t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s v e r y e a r l y b e g i n n i n g s . Mr. Schneider and his wife discovered a new slant to an old truth: catch them young. They found that kindergarten children learn most easily, for they are old enough to understand and enjoy music and still young enough to be pliable. Surprisingly enough their tiny fingers have much less trouble picking out the right pitch on a violin than their older brothers and sisters. With the same amount of practice as third grade children, five-year-olds give a much easier, smoother performance, and they are less self-conscious about it. There's no drudgery in their classroom. Every day is an adventure for the little virtuosos. What child wouldn't love music when he has an instru ment just his size and a little stand in front of him with music on it which he can understand. (319:598) Antrim, another advocate of the early start, wrote that many psychologists considered the years from two to six of the utmost importance in establishing a child's course in life, such as molding character and correcting mental deficiencies. After six, they claimed, the child is not so pliably mentally, and he is not so easily in fluenced. To support this claim Antrim referred to the career of Alexander Blackman of New York who for twelve 9 i 111 y e a r s h a d b e e n t e a c h i n g t o t s fro m t h e a g e o f tw o t o s i x t o , p l a y t h e s t r i n g s . I t was p o i n t e d o u t t h a t h e h a d t a k e n n o t I j u s t t h e t a l e n t e d j a l t h o u g h t h e y w e re i n t h e m a j o r i t y , b u t I a l l c o m e r s . B la c k m a n , p o s s e s s e d o f i n f i n i t e p a t i e n c e a n d a k n o w le d g e o f t h e s p e c i a l t e c h n i q u e s r e q u i r e d , a l s o t a u g h t , t h e c h i l d r e n t o r e a d , s i n c e t h e y h a d n o t y e t h a d t h i s t r a i n ! i n g . B ey o n d t h e m a r v e lo u s h e a d s t a r t t h e s e c h i l d r e n h a d d e r i v e d fro m t h i s e a r l y t r a i n i n g , i t was p o i n t e d o u t t h a t ! o f t h e e i g h t - h u n d r e d s o t r a i n e d u p t o t h a t p o i n t ( 1 9 ^ 5 ) t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y h a d b e e n d o u b le p ro m o te d u p o n e n t e r i n g p u b l i c s c h o o l , t h a t a n u m b e r h a d b e e n t r i p l e p r o m o te d , a n d t h a t a l l h a d show n n o t i c e a b l e a l e r t n e s s c o m p a re d t o t h o s e who h a d n o t h a d t h e e a r l y m u s i c a l t r a i n i n g ( 6 4 : 1 2 7 - 1 2 8 ) . I F i n a l l y , E i s e n b e r g was q u o t e d i n a new s c o lu m n o f I t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r a s h a v i n g a d v o c a t e d , i n a j p a n e l d i s c u s s i o n a t N e w a rk , New J e r s e y a t t h e f i r s t , s t a t e ; m e e t i n g o f t h e New J e r s e y U n i t o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e s t u d y o f t h e c e l l o a t t h e a g e o f s i x . F u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n b y t h e g r o u p a l s o n o t e d t h a t E u r o p e a n c h i l d r e n g e n e r a l l y b e g a n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s t u d y a t a n e a r l i e r a g e t h a n i n A m e ric a ( 2 5 5 : 1 9 ) . The case for beginning strings beyond the fourth grade. There were several writers who expressed a 112 preference for starting string instruction at the fifth or sixth grade level. While these educators seemed as certain of their case as did exponents of other age levels, their reasons for choosing this starting point were not as con vincing. Scholl*s report conflicted with a preponderance of opinion and experience which endorsed the fourth grade I as the ideal beginning level. (Cf. post p. 110). Scholl reported having conducted a five-year study from 1944 to 1 9 4 9 to establish which of two starting levels, fourth or fifth grades, produced the best results. His records showed that at' the end of the five year test period not only had the fifth grade pupils become more advanced, but that their rate of mortality was twice as low (308:12). Mignin, who in 1947 had declined to set any definite year as best for starting the strings, came up three years later with specific reasons for favoring the fifth grade. . . . the ear-training and musical theory of the regular fifth grade music class, mental development of that year, and ability to use a three quarter size violin make it a good time to start. ( 2 3 6: 6 ) Only one other writer encountered in this study was able to come up with any substantial support for starting later than the fourth grade. Waller regarded the fourth grade starting level as "fallacious” for the reason that an unwarranted amount of teacher time was consumed at levels I 1 1 3 ' w h e re p h y s i c a l m a t u r i t y a n d s p a n o f a t t e n t i o n e n f o r c e d s l o w e r p r o g r e s s . He a l s o e x p r e s s e d t h e f e a r t h a t s o much ; t im e w o u ld b e s p e n t w i t h t h e s l o w e r r e s p o n d i n g lo w e r a g e s [ t h a t no t e a c h e r tim e w o u ld b e l e f t . T hus h e e x p r e s s e d a ; p r e f e r e n c e f o r s t a r t i n g a t t h e s i x t h g r a d e l e v e l w h e re ; l e a r n i n g w o u ld b e f a s t e r a n d c l a s s e s c o u l d b e f o l l o w e d ! t h r o u g h w i t h a lo w e r m o r t a l i t y r a t e ( 3 5 4 :3 7 ) * 1 T h o se who e n d o r s e d t h e f i f t h g r a d e s t a r t i n g l e v e l w i t h o u t a t t e m p t i n g t o s u p p o r t t h e i r p o s i t i o n w i t h r e a s o n s w e re B o d e g r a v e n ( 1 0 0 : 2 8 ) , L ie k e y ( 2 2 0 : 4 6 ) , K een an ( 4 2 : 3 5 4 ) , I I F r a n k a n d H elm s ( 1 4 2 : 3 4 ) , a n d W illia m s ( 3 6 8 :3 ) * I - I P r o t a g o n i s t s o f b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s a t t h e j u n i o r I I h i g h l e v e l o r l a t e r w e re fe w , a n d w e re e i t h e r r e f e r r i n g t o I t h e t h r e e l a r g e r s t r i n g s , o r t o s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n s . K l e in r e a l i z e d t h a t b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n o u g h t t o t a k e p l a c e i n t h e e a r l y g r a d e s , b u t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e a r e t i m e s w hen m u s ic e d u c a t o r s a r e f a c e d w i t h a s i t u a t i o n w h e re t h e p ro g ra m h a s t o b e i n i t i a t e d a t t h e s e n i o r h i g h l e v e l o r n o t a t a l l . He t h u s e n c o u r a g e d s u c h d i r e c t o r s t o go a h e a d , a n d b e g i n t h e p ro g ra m w i t h t h e a s s u r a n c e t h a t s u c c e s s f u l p ro g r a m s c a n a n d h a v e b e e n i n i t i a t e d a t t h i s l e v e l ( 1 9 2 : 2 6)-. Two p r o m in e n t b a n d s m e n . H i n d s l e y ( 6 : 2 2 ) , a n d R e v e l l i ( 2 7 9 : 7 9 ) , reco m m en d ed b e g i n n i n g t h e v i o l a i n e i t h e r t h e s e v e n t h o r e i g h t h g r a d e , p e r h a p s e v e n t h e 1 1 4 n i n t h , b u t p r e c e d e d b y a y e a r o f v i o l i n . T h ey w e re a l s o i n c o m p le te a g re e m e n t i n c a u t i o n i n g t h a t o n l y t h e s u p e r i o r s t u d e n t s b e c h o s e n t o t r a n s f e r t o v i o l a i n o r d e r t o i n s u r e t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c a p a b l e v i o l a p l a y e r s ; H i n d s l e y saw no r e a s o n f o r v i o l a s t u d e n t s d i s c o n t i n u i n g t h e s t u d y o f t h e ! v i o l i n . I I As f o r t h e c e l l o , i t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n n o t e d t h a t I m o s t w r i t e r s s e l e c t e d t h e sam e b e g i n n i n g a g e a s f o r v i o l i n . One w r i t e r , h o w e v e r , e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t c e l l o c o u l d b e s t a r t e d a s l a t e a s t h e f i r s t y e a r o f j u n i o r { h ig h s c h o o l , b u t i n t h e sam e a r t i c l e d e c l a r e d t h a t s t a r t i n g c e l l o a f t e r s t u d e n t s h a d r e a c h e d t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a g e was t o o l a t e t o d e v e l o p c o m p e te n t c e l l i s t s . A c t u a l l y h e f a v o r e d t h e f i f t h g r a d e ( 2 2 2 : 8 0 ) . O h l e n d o r f recom m end ed r e c r u i t i n g m u s ic s t u d e n t s , I p r e f e r a b l y p i a n i s t s , fro m t h e s e v e n t h g r a d e u p t o p l a y I t h e s t r i n g b a s s ( 2 5 7 : 1 8 ) . ! C a r p e n t e r t o o k a d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n a s r e g a r d s t h e I b a s s . W h ile h e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e s i z e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t I I i n d i c a t e d u p p e r j u n i o r h i g h o r n e a r l y s e n i o r h i g h a s t h e Itim e w hen t h e s t u d e n t w o u ld b e p h y s i c a l l y c a p a b l e o f h a n - j d l i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t , he f e l t t h i s was t o o l a t e t o a ll o w jm ost s t u d e n t s t o becom e r e a l m a s t e r s o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , h e recom m ended s t r i n g i n g u p a f u l l s i z e c e l l o 1 1 5 I ! l i k e a b a s s f o r t h e v e r y y o u n g g r a d e s c h o o l s t u d e n t , a n d t h e h a l f s i z e b a s s f o r t h e f i f t h o r s i x t h g r a d e s t u d e n t , i He a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t e v e n q u a r t e r s i z e b a s s e s w e re now I ' a v a i l a b l e a n d s h o u l d b e u s e d ( 1 1 3 :3 7 9 ) * I T h e r e w e re a l s o some e d u c a t o r s who a d v i s e d t h a t a n y : s t r i n g p ro g ra m s h o u l d b e b e g u n a y e a r a h e a d o f t h e w in d I p r o g r a m . A d v a n ta g e s o f t e n m e n tio n e d w e re b e t t e r s e l e c t i o n , o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s , no c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h w in d o r p e r c u s s i o n i n s t r u m e n t s a n d i n c r e a s e d p o t e n t i a l f o r t h o s e who l a t e r d e c i d e d t o p l a y w i n d s . A p r o m in e n t e x p o n e n t o f t h i s p l a n I was R o h n e r ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) , I i e p p e r t* s s u r v e y r e v e a l e d t h a t 51 p e r c e n t o f a l l I r e p l i e s f a v o r e d s t a r t i n g s t r i n g s i n t h e f o u r t h g r a d e , ! 30 p e r c e n t reco m m en d ed t h e t h i r d g r a d e , 21 p e r c e n t I f a v o r e d t h e f i f t h g r a d e , 6 p e r c e n t r e g a r d e d t h e s i x t h a n d s e v e n t h g r a d e s a s i d e a l , a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r a d v o c a t e d I t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d g r a d e s a s t h e p r e f e r r e d tim e f o r I ‘ b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s . A p p a r e n t l y t h e r e was som e o v e r l a p p i n g i I o f o p i n i o n s i n c e t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s t o t a l w e l l o v e r 100 p e r c e n t ( 2 1 0 : 1 7 )* I A l l o f t h e f o r e g o i n g o p i n i o n s , c l a i m s , a n d p r e f e r e n c e s i n d i c a t e tw o t h i n g s t o t h e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g w o r l d : ( l ) t h e r e i s a m ass o f c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e n o n e o f w h ic h i s c o n c l u s i v e , a n d ( 2 ) h e r e i s a n a r e a o f s t u d y w h ic h 116 i n e e d s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h . T h e re i s e n o u g h e v i d e n c e i n t h e p r e c e d i n g c o l l e c - I t i o n o f o p i n i o n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e g r a d e s c h o o l s p r e s e n t ! ' t h e m o st f e r t i l e g r o u n d f o r t h e g r o w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f ' c o m p e te n t s t r i n g p l a y e r s . B u t i f , a s G re e n h a s s a i d * ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) , we a r e f a l l i n g i n t o a c u s to m o f b e g i n n i n g i n j t h e f o u r t h g r a d e , w i t h o u t f i r s t d e t e r m i n i n g o n c e a n d f o r ! a l l i f r e s u l t s i n a l l r e s p e c t s w o u ld n o t b e s u p e r i o r i f I ^ we b e g a n t h e s t r i n g s e a r l i e r , we a r e l o s i n g a g r e a t d e a l o f o u r tim e a s t e a c h e r s , a s w e l l a s p e n a l i z i n g t h e c h i l d r e n I b y d e l a y i n g t h e i r e n t r a n c e i n t o a f i e l d w h ic h we a l l a g r e e ; I b o a s t s one o f t h e m o st b e a u t i f u l a n d m e a n i n g f u l m eans o f I s e l f e x p r e s s i o n known t o m an. Thus r e s e a r c h s h o u l d d e t e r - j m in e w h a t a r e t h e u l t i m a f e c o m p a r a t i v e r e s u l t s b e tw e e n ' t h o s e c h i l d r e n who b e g i n v e r y e a r l y , a n d t h o s e who b e g i n a t t h e w i d e l y p r e f e r r e d f o u r t h g r a d e l e v e l . I I I I . SELECTION AND TESTING OF STUDENTS I O p in io n s a n d p r a c t i c e s a b o u t a n d f o l l o w e d i n t h e ! t e s t i n g a n d s e l e c t i o n o f s t u d e n t s r a n t h e g am u t fro m a ! c o m p le te b a t t e r y o f f o r m a l a n d i n f o r m a l t e s t i n g t o a I w h o l e s a l e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s t r i n g t r a i n i n g t o t h e e n t i r e ■ c l a s s r o o m . j 117 i The principal differences of opinion lay between j those who conceived of music as belonging to everybody on ia democratic basis, thus limiting the selective basis, and ! j the concept that it was necessary to help each student find I his niche, thus eliminating those not equipped and not I interested. The Formal Testing Program The need for careful selection of students express ing an interest in the string program was emphasized by , Revelli. Capacities he regarded as necessary were aural, I r h y t h m i c , a l e r t n e s s , p e r s e v e r a n c e , i n t e r e s t , a n d a t t i t u d e . ' The t e s t s w e re r e g a r d e d a s n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e m uch o f t h e m o r t a l i t y i n s t r i n g c l a s s e s w as d o u b t l e s s d u e , h e t h o u g h t , ' t o l a c k o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n t o t h e a p t i t u d e a n d a d a p t a t i o n t e s t s when t h e c l a s s e s w e re o r g a n i z e d ( 2 7 8 : 6 9 2 ) . Van Hoesen was explicit in recommending the use of I ' - : i formal testing procedures as the following quotation would i i indicate : Let us carefully select musical children for our I classes in stringed instruments, children who can be - given tasks which they can master because of their ‘ talent. This mastery will lead to a sense of achieve- | ment and a child's sense of achievement means success , and happiness in the work. It also means interest. i ■ 1 1 8 I T h is c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n c a n b e made w i t h c a r e f u l l y - a d m i n i s t e r e d p s y c h o l o g i c a l t e s t s . The f u n d a m e n ta l r e q u i s i t e s a r e t h e b a s i c c a p a c i t i e s t o h e a r , t o d i s - I c r i m i n a t e b e tw e e n p i t c h e s , r h y t h m s , i n t e n s i t i e s , a n d j o t h e r f a c t o r s . I n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e I c a p a c i t i e s a r e n o t f u l l y r e a l i z e d b y m o st p e o p l e . ; T h e s e c a p a c i t i e s may n o t m ean s u c c e s s i n a c h i e v e m e n t I b u t w i t h o u t th em t h e r e c a n b e n o a c h i e v e m e n t . Many e d u c a t o r s t h i n k t h i s s e l e c t i o n o f s t u d e n t s i s I d i s c r i m i n a t o r y a n d n o t d e m o c r a t i c . A l l c h i l d r e n a r e , t o b e g i v e n e d u c a t i o n i n m u s i c . 'M u s ic f o r e v e r y I c h i l d , — e v e r y c h i l d f o r m u s i c ' i s t h e s l o g a n . I n my o p i n i o n , i t i s much m ore d e m o c r a t i c t o h e l p o n e , c h i l d ! t o f i n d h i s p l a c e i n ar-fe, a n o t h e r i n d r a m a t i c s ; t h i s c h i l d i n s c i e n c e , a n d t h a t c h i l d i n m a n u a l t r a i n i n g . ( 3 3 3 : 1 0 ) H a s k e l l was m oved t o r a p s h a r p l y t h e a p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e o f t o o many e d u c a t o r s to w a r d t h e u s e o f t e s t s ! ! I now s o r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . W h ile h e t e n d e d t o e x c u s e t h e ' I s m a l l e r c o m m u n itie s who a r g u e d t h a t t e s t s w e re i m p r a c t i c a l : ' t h e r e , h e aaw no e x c u s e f o r t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e l a r g e r c o m m u n itie s t o i n c o r p o r a t e t e s t s i n t o t h e i r r e g u l a r : p r o g r a m o f g u i d a n c e a n d d i r e c t i o n . The i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s e s c o u l d c e r t a i n l y b e im p r o v e d , h e d e c l a r e d , b y t h e j u d i c i o u s u s e o f a p t i t u d e t e s t s ( 1 7 3 : 5 7 ) - I The C om bin ed U se o f F o rm a l a n d I n f o r m a l T e s t s j ' ' ' R e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s l i k e t h e one c o n d u c t e d b y A t w a t e r i ! i I t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o p tim u m a g e l e v e l f o r b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g i I ! , c l a s s e s r e q u i r e d t h e u s e o f a l l m a n n e r d f f o r m a l t e s t s a s I w e l l a s o r i g i n a l m e a s u re m e n ts t a i l o r e d t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e 119 e x p e r i m e n t . A l i s t o f t h e t e s t s o f b o t h t y p e s u s e d b y A t w a t e r ( s e e A p p e n d ix A) p r o v i d e s a f a i r l y c o m p le te p i c t u r e o f t h e t e s t s g e n e r a l l y recom m ended b y t h o s e a d - j h e r i n g t o t h i s t e n e n t : I O r i g i n a l T e s t s u s e d b y A t w a t e r ; I 1 . T h e o ry T e s t i ! F o rm a l T e s t s u s e d b y A t w a t e r : r ----------- : ------------------------------------------- I 1 . C a l i f o r n i a A c h ie v e m e n t T e s t s I 2 . C a l i f o r n i a S h o r t - F o r m T e s t o f M e n ta l M a t u r i t y 3 . Van Mess M u s i c - A d a p t a b i l i t y T e s t 4 . S e a s h o r e M e a s u re s o f M u s ic a l T a l e n t s , S e r i e s A, | r e v i s e d e d i t i o n 5* C a l i f o r n i a T e s t o f P e r s o n a l i t y | J O t h e r T e s t s e m p lo y e d b y A t w a t e r ; 1 . M e a su re o f a u r a l c a p a c i t y 2 . M e a su re o f v i s u a l c a p a c i t y 3 . T e a c h e r s * s c h o l a r s h i p a n d C i t i z e n s h i p R a t i n g s H i n d s l e y d e v o t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e s p a c e t o t h i s s u b j e c t i n h i s b o o k . S c h o o l B an d a n d O r c h e s t r a A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . He ; a g r e e d w i t h t h e p r e m i s e t h a t b e g i n n i n g c l a s s e s w o u ld b e o p e n t o a l l who s o d e s i r e d t h e t r a i n i n g , h e f e l t t h a t a n a t t e m p t s h o u l d be made t o e d u c a t e a n d g u i d e t h e ; p u p i l s a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s m o st s u i t a b l e t o t h e p u p i l s * c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . He recom m end ed i 120 the giving of such tests to all students in the fourth and seventh grade; at first use, to all between fourth and I ninth. He specified aptitude tests. Seashore and IKwalwasser-Dykema tests, as well as use of student records, ! ■ ^ IIntelligence Quotient results, average academic grades for i I the preceding year, statements regarding personal charac teristics from room teacher and or principal, and finally, a personal interview by the instrumental teacher. In addition Hindsley suggested the pre-class clinic plan in which children are given an opportunity to try out all of the instruments, one each session. His timetable called for completion of preliminary tests and interviews by end of September, clinical period from October through early December, and final reports completed before Christmas I in time for purchasing instruments as Christmas presents if I desired. Hindsley defended this rather long and involved I I testing period by saying: I Properly directed, the pre-class clinic is capable ' of sustaining student interest, and the time spent on I it will be even more time saved on the instruments which follow. It must be considered worth while for at least three reasons. First, it determines almost conclusively whether or not a student is fitted musically, physically, and mentally to study success- i fully the instrument of his choice, or helps him to | discover the instrument he can play well, avoiding I misfits. Second, it eliminates the student who has little or no chance of ‘getting anywhere* on an instrument, saving his time, the teacher*s time, lays an even foundation for the progress of the ; 1 2 1 I s u c c e e d i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic c l a s s e s , i n w h ic h a l l s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d w i l l h a v e a s n e a r l y a n e q u a l c h a n c e f o r s u c c e s s a s c a n b e p r o v i d e d . ( 6 : 1 2 - 1 5 , 2 1 ) ! I ' M a t t e r n d e p l o r e d t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f a v i o l i n t o e v e r y I i c h i l d i n a c l a s s r o o m a s he m ig h t b e g i v e n a s o n g b o o k o r a ' t o n e t t e . S t r i n g c l a s s e s h a v e t d ) ^ s e l e c t i v e , b u t h e a d d e d t h a t e v e r y o n e who w a n te d a t r y s h o u l d h a v e i t . A c t u a l l y , I ; h e i m p l i e d h e r e t h a t t h e t e a c h e r s h o u l d t a k e t h e i n i t i a t e I a n d t r y o u t some o f t h e l i t t l e i n t r o v e r t s who d i d n o t ' w i l d l y w ave t h e i r h a n d s f o l l o w i n g t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n ( 2 3 1 : 4 5 ) . As f o r t h e t y p e o f t e s t s a n d k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h e t e a c h e r s h o u l d u s e a n d o b t a i n . M a t t e r n l i s t e d c a s e h i s t o r i e s o f p r o s p e c t i v e p u p i l s . I n t e l l i g e n c e Q uo- t I t i e n t s , g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n a n d s c h o l a s t i c r e c o r d s . O t h e r ! f a c t o r s h e m e n tio n e d w e re G i d d i n g s * " o l d - f a s h i o n e d g u m p tio n " [ I a n d s u c h t h i n g s a s a t t e n t i o n a n d i n t e r e s t . T e s t i n g p r o - I g r a m s , h o w e v e r , h e r e g a r d e d a s o f " g e n e r a l p r o g n o s t i c a n d p l a c e m e n t v a l u e o n l y . " He a l s o a d v i s e d r e t e s t i n g , t e s t i n g w i t h o u t t h e p u p i l * s k n o w le d g e t h e r e o f , a n d s h u f f l i n g c l a s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o p r o g r e s s fro m tim e t o tim e ( 4 4 : 2 4 0 ) . ! : I [P a g e 23 i n MEJ; 240 i n M EM O Y e a r b o o k ] . i I J o n e s , D a s o h , a n d K rone recom m ended a b a t t e r y o f ; ! . . . . ; ■ t e s t s f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g c l a s s p r o s p e c t s . T hey s u g g e s t e d I ; t h e S e a s h o r e M e a s u re s o f M u s ic a l T a l e n t , a n d t h e v a r i o u s 122 K w alw a sse r-D y k e m a t e s t s . A d d i t i o n a l t e s t s m e n tio n e d i n c l u d e d t e s t s f o r m e n t a l a l e r t n e s s , s c h o o l r e c o r d s , a n d i c h e c k i n g h a n d s a n d f i n g e r s f o r s i z e a n d f l e x i b i l i t y . T h e i r p h i l o s o p h y o f t e s t i n g was b a s e d o n t h e n e e d t o i d e t e r m i n e w h ic h s t u d e n t s m ig h t b e s t p r o f i t fro m s t r i n g I i n s t r u c t i o n , b u t d i d n o t s e e k t o e x c l u d e a l l e x c e p t t h e I j v e r y t a l e n t e d . T h ey d e c l a r e d t h a t a y e a r o r s o on a n I j i n s t r u m e n t w i t h b u t m e a g re s u c c e s s h a s s t i l l h a d e n r i c h i n g ' v a l u e s f o r t h e c h i l d , a n d t h e y f e l t t h a t m uch s i n c e r e a n d A - a c t i v e m u s ic a p p r e c i a t i o n o f m u s ic h a s g ro w n fro m s u c h b r i e f s t u d y ( 4 0 4 : l 6 ) . i I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d m u s ic t e s t s I h e r e t o f o r e m e n tio n e d S t u b e r s u g g e s t e d s u p p l e m e n t i n g w i t h ! i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s , . H is p r o c e d u r e t e s t e d e v e r y c h i l d i i n d i v i d u a l l y , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e h i g h e s t t a l e n t s f i r s t , ; g a t h e r i n g t h r e e a t a t im e a b o u t a p i a n o , r o t a t i n g b e tw e e n I th e m , a n d h a v i n g th em s i n g " A m e ric a " o n a n e u t r a l p i t c h , I . j having him slide a finger along the vi0lin string, stopping I when the pitch matched the piano, and testing his ability to match beats with a pencil or baton (4l4:13). W ash b u rn c r e d i t e d H o b Jo h n s w i t h e x p r e s s i n g m o st c l e a r l y h i s own p h i l o s o p h y o f p u p i l s e l e c t i o n i n h i s b o o k . V i o l i n T e c h n i q u e , p r i n t e d i n 1 9 3 0 : 12 3 *Any c h i l d o f o r d i n a r y i n t e l l i g e n c e , a v e r a g e m u s i c a l a n d a r t i s t i c f e e l i n g , a n d n o r m a l p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t y , s h o u l d b e a b l e , u n d e r t h e r i g h t i n s t r u c t i o n , m u s i c a l a n d t e c h n i c a l , t o becom e a s u f f i c i e n t l y g o o d v i o l i n i s t , t o be a b l e t o p l a y w i t h m u s i c i a n l y c h a rm a n d i n t e r e s t , t o t a k e p a r t i n c l a s s i c a l q u a r t e t s , t r i o s , a n d o t h e r c h a m b e r m u s i c , a n d t o d e r i v e u p l i f t i n g h a p p i n e s s a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n f o r h im s e l f a n d o t h e r s fro m t h i s m u s i c a l a c t i v i t y . * ( 3 8 9 : 6 ) I n t h e c o u r s e o f h i s M a s t e r s T h e s i s W ash b u rn a c c u m u l a t e d a n u m b er o f f a c t o r s w h ic h i n d i c a t e d p u p i l r e a d i n e s s f o r v i o l i n s t u d y . T h e s e w e r e : 1 . I n t e r e s t a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n 2 . G ra d e i n s c h o o l 3 . H e a d in g g r a d e ( g e n e r a l ) 4 . G e n e r a l M u sic g r a d e 5 . I n t e l l i g e n c e ..q u o t ie n t 6 . A d a p t a b i l i t y o f c h i l d t o v i o l i n 7 . P h y s i c a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s — c o o r d i n a t i o n , m e n t a l a l e r t n e s s , s t r o n g f l e x i b l e h a n d s 8 . Good e a r 9 . Good s e n s e o f rh y th m 1 0 . M u s ic a l memory 1 1 . A t t i t u d e o f p a r e n t s 1 2 . Horae e n v i r o n m e n t . ( 3 8 9 : 6 ) W a sh b u rn e x p r e s s e d a p r e f e r e n c e f o r t e s t i n g f o r t h e a b o v e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s w i t h a hom e-m ade p e r s o n a l i z e d t e s t 124 : t h r o u g h u s e o f e a r t e s t s on t h e p i a n o , hum m ing, s i n g i n g f a m i l i a r s o n g s , t o n a l m em ory t e s t s , a n d r e s p o n s e o f c h i l d I j t o m a r c h in g a n d t a p p i n g m o t i v a t i o n . F o rm a l s u b s t i t u t e s he I reco m m en d ed w e re t h e Kwa I w a s s e r - D y k e ma a n d S e a s h o r e t e s t s 1 ( 3 8 9 : 1 0 ) . P e r k i n s * t e s t i n g r o u t i n e f o l l o w e d a s l i g h t l y d i f - I ' f e r e n t a p p r o a c h t h a n m o s t o t h e r s . S he s u g g e s t e d g i v i n g s h o r t i n d i v i d u a l l e s s o n s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t tw o w e ek s o f I s c h o o l a t o d d t i m e s w hen t h e - t y p e o f "h o m e-m ad e ” t e s t s ■ s u g g e s t e d b y W ash b u rn m ig h t be a d m i n i s t e r e d , a l s o I i n d i v i d u a l l y ( 4 1 1 : 1 ) . j I - An i m p o r t a n t t y p e o f t e s t s u g g e s t e d b y K a l l e r a n d I T a y l o r h a d t o do w i t h m o to r s k i l l s . T h ey a d v o c a t e d s i m p le b o d y c a l i s t h e n i c s w h ic h d u p l i c a t e d t h e a c t i o n s r e q u i r e d i n 1 p l a y i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o b o w in g . L a c k o f c o o r d i n a t i o n h a s o f t e n b e e n a f a c t o r i n a c h i l d *s i n a b i l i t y t o bow p r o p e r l y , a n d t h i s , i n a d d i t i o n t o t e s t i n g f o r o t h e r i n d i c a t i o n s o f c a p a c i t i e s b e l o n g s i n a n y l i s t o f reco m m ended t e s t s ( 4 0 5 : 1 ) . The u s e o f o r i g i n a l , p e r s o n a l i z e d , i n f o r m a l t e s t s was a l s o e n d o r s e d a s b e i n g t h o r o u g h l y a d e q u a t e b y W illia m s ( 3 6 8 : 3 ) ^ R e ism a n ( 2 7 6 : 5 1 3 ) , a n d H e r f u r t h ( 4 0 0 : v i ) . Some w r i t e r s d i d n o t s p e c i f y t h e t y p e o f t e s t t h e y ; 1 2 5 I c o n s i d e r e d m o st e f f e c t i v e , b u t m e r e ly e x p r e s s e d t h e i r e n d o r s e m e n t o f t h e p r i n c i p l e o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g some t y p e o f j t e s t t o s e e t h a t some k i n d o f s e l e c t i o n d i d t a k e p l a c e . ! A d v o c a te s o f t h i s p o s i t i o n i n c l u d e d R o h n e r ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) , R ush j ( 2 9 3 : 2 3 ) J a n d Long ( 2 2 2 : 8 0 ) . The l a t t e r c o n t r i b u t e d t h e I a d d i t i o n a l s u g g e s t i o n t h a t c o n f o r m i s t s n o t b e a s s i g n e d t o ' t h e c e l l o in a s m u c h a s he b e l i e v e d i n d i v i d u a l i s t i c t e n d e n - I ■c i e s t o b e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f c e l l i s t s . I S e l e c t i o n T h ro u g h S e l f - e l i m i n a t i o n A s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f c o n t r i b u t o r s , u s u a l l y e n d o r s i n g t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r i n c i p l e o f p r o v i d i n g a c h a n c e f o r a l l who w is h e d i n s t r u m e n t a l e x p e r i e n c e , e x t o l l e d t h e v a l u e o f a d m i t t i n g a l l c o m e r s , e s t a b l i s h i n g a p a c e g e a r e d p e r h a p s t o t h e a b o v e a v e r a g e m em bers o f t h e c l a s s , t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g t h o s e who c o u l d n o t , e i t h e r t h r o u g h l a c k o f c a p a c i t y o r a p p l i c a t i o n , m a i n t a i n t h e p a c e . T h e s e e d u c a t o r s r e q u i r e d t h e u s u a l s t a n d a r d s a l r e a d y o u t l i n e d , b u t ! made t h e s t a n d a r d o f a t t a i n m e n t a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g on t h e I p a r t o f t h e s t u d e n t t h e p r o c e s s b y w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t s I e l i m i n a t e d t h e m s e l v e s . S u c h was t h e p r a c t i c e o f M u l l e r ( 2 4 3 : 6 ) , Rue ( 2 9 1 : 1 9 ) , a n d V a shaw ( 3 3 4 : 2 6 ) . O p p o s i t i o n t o Any M eans o f S e l e c t i o n On t h e t h e o r y o f " m u sic f o r e v e r y c h i l d ” M ig n in 126 o p p o s e d t h e e x c l u s i o n o f t h o s e who d i d n o t show h i g h m u s i c a l a b i l i t y . " S o m e ti m e s ,” s h e d e c l a r e d , " p e r s i s t e n c e Iand d e s i r e a r e w o r th m ore t h a n n a t i v e t a l e n t " ( 2 3 6 : 4 0 ) . j K e e n a n , t o o , o p p o s e d t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e " c h o s e n " s a y i n g , " I t i s o u r a im t o g i v e a v e r a g e s t u d e n t s a n a p p r e c i - 'a t i o n o f m u s ic b y p l a y i n g m u s ic , r a t h e r t h a n t o d e v e l o p a i ;few g e n i u s e s " ( 4 2 : 3 5 4 ) . ' An i n t e r e s t i n g e x p e r i m e n t w as c a r r i e d on b y C o p e - I l a n d i n 1 9 5 6 , i n w h ic h one h u n d r e d s t u d e n t s m a tc h e d i n i n t e l l i g e n c e r a t i n g , s e x , a n d g r a d e l e v e l , h a l f o f th e m i n s t r u m e n t a l s t u d e n t s , t h e o t h e r h a l f h a v i n g h a d n o t h i n g m ore t h a n e l e m e n t a r y c l a s s r o o m m u s i c , w e re g i v e n t h r e e f o r m a l t e s t s . I n t h e f i r s t t e s t g i v e n , t h e K u d e r P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d , t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e n o t e d b e tw e e n t h e tw o g r o u p s w as a v e r y h i g h p r e f e r e n c e f o r m u s ic b y t h e m u s ic i :g r o u p , a n d p r a c t i c a l l y no p r e f e r e n c e f o r m u s ic b y t h e n o n m u s ic g r o u p . On o t h e r v o c a t i o n s t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t I d i f f e r e n c e . I T h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e tw o {groups on t h e S e a s h o r e M e a s u re s o f M u s ic a l T a l e n t s , th o u g h |on r h y th m , t o n a l m em ory, a n d p i t c h t h e m u s ic g r o u p r a t e d s l i g h t l y h i g h e r . And o n t h e B e r n r e u t e r P e r s o n a l i t y I n v e n t o r y t e s t t h e r e w as n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e o n a n y o f t h e s i x p a r t s . ; I 1 27 : These results caused Copeland to question the need for any tests at all: select them at all? What trait is more important than a desire to play an Instrument? What better way is there to find out about a student*s ability, his I degree of industry, his persistence, and his eagerness ; to leam than to give him the opportunity? ; If students do not have the ability, or sufficient I interest, or the persistence to continue, they will ! prove it to themselves as well as to the instructor. I They will never be able to say that they could have I learned to become musicians if they had had the oppor tunity. They will have had the chance, and you, the instructor, will have the satisfaction of knowing that you are handling this situation in a democratic manner and in keeping with accepted standards of public school educational methods. i Most important, by letting every student start who I wishes to do so, you will find some potentially fine musicians who otherwise would never have started. : ( 1 2 9 :8 4 ) I ■ ; Complete abnegation of the testing and selection of students was represented by the plan endorsed by Tampke, who transformed the entire sixth grade classroom into a 'string class. It was divided at random into three sections, imeeting daily, for twenty-five minutes, the remainder of the, i jperiod being devoted to singing. While he noted that all jdid not particularly enjoy the string session, he pointed | I I out that the same was true for the generally accepted courses- such as arithmetic and spelling. The course was thought of as strictly educational, with the child being ! allowed to choose whatever course he desired in the seventh 1 2 8 g r a d e , c o n t i n u a t i o n o f s t r i n g s , t r a n s f e r t o a b a n d i n s t r u m en t ( w i t h p r o b a b l y k e e n e r i n t e r e s t a s a r e s u l t o f s t r i n g t r a i n i n g ) , o r no m u s ic a t a l l ( 3 2 4 : 6 - 7 ) . I n v ie w o f t h e v e r y l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h o s e who e i t h e r e m p h a s iz e d t h e v a l u e o f i n f o r m a l , p e r s o n a l i z e d t e s t i n g , o r who c o n s i d e r e d t h i s s y s t e m e q u a l t o , o r a s o f s u p p l e m e n t a r y v a l u e t o f o r m a l i z e d t e s t s , t h i s w o u ld seem t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e p r e f e r r e d m e th o d o f s e l e c t i o n . I n f a c t , i n a s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d b y t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e C o m m itte e o n I n s t r u m e n t a l M u sic i n t h e E le m e n - ! ' ' ! I t a r y S c h o o l s i n 1 9 3 9 ^ H a n n e n , a s c h a i r m a n , r e p o r t e d t h a t I : i t h e f o l l o w i n g , m eans w e re m o s t u s e d i n s e l e c t i o n o f p u p i l s , i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s i n d i c a t e d : i n t e r e s t o f t h e p u p i l , 45 ! [ p e r c e n t , r e c o m m e n d a tio n o f t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r , 21 p e r I c e n t , h i g h IQ , 11 p e r c e n t , a n d s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t s s u c h a s I t h e S e a s h o r e t e s t s , 10 p e r c e n t . ( 3 8 : 2 2 4 ) . I t w o u ld seem r e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t t h a t in a s m u c h a s i I I t h e v i o l i n i s n o t , a n d p r o b a b l y w i l l n e v e r b e c a t e g o r i z e d Ias a g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n s u b j e c t , some m e th o d o f s e l e c t i o n { sh o u ld b e m ad e, a s w as s o w i d e l y a d v o c a t e d , e i t h e r b y t h e p e r s o n a l i z e d t e s t s o r t h r o u g h s e I f - é l i m i n â t i o n , t h e l a t t e r h a v i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e o f a l l o w i n g e v e r y o n e t h e c h a n c e t o ' t e s t t h e v a l i d i t y a n d d e p t h o f h i s i n t e r e s t i n t h e s t r i n g e d | i n s t r u m e n t s . S u c h s e l e c t i o n , t o o , i s o f i n e s t i m a b l e v a l u e 129 i n m a i n t a i n i n g a much f a s t e r , m ore r e w a r d i n g , a n d h e n c e m ore i n t e r e s t i n g c o u r s e o f s t u d y , a p o i n t w h ic h b e co m es I c e n t r a l i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g s e c t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y . M a tc h e d L e a r n i n g A b i l i t y G l a s s s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n h a s o f t e n b e e n c r i t i c i s e d b y a s e g m e n t o f t h e p r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g w o r ld b e c a u s e o f i t s r e p u t a t i o n f o r p r o d u c i n g s u b - s t a n d a r d p e r f o r m e r s a t a h i g h m o r t a l i t y r a t e . I n t h e w e l l o r g a n i z e d s t r i n g c l a s s t h i s r e p u t a t i o n i s w i t h o u t s u b s t a n t i a t i o n . B u t t h e c r i t i c is m h a s b e e n v a l i d w h e re i n p o o r l y o r g a n i z e d c l a s s e s i h i g h l y g i f t e d p u p i l s h a v e b e e n f o r c e d t o e n d u r e a t e d i o u s ; p a c e o f i n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f o t h e r m em bers w hose , I c a p a b i l i t i e s w e re b e lo w a v e r a g e — t h e a n o m a ly o f a p a c e t o o i s lo w f o r so m e , t o o f a s t f o r o t h e r s , a n d i n c o r r e c t f o r a l l . H e n c e , w h i l e c o n te m p o r a r y s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g a t i t s b e s t i s c a p a b l e o f a c h i e v i n g a h i g h r a t e o f p r o g r e s s t h u s m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e i n g r e d i e n t o f i n t e r e s t , i n a m is - m a tc h e d c l a s s t h i s i d e a l i s a l l b u t a n i m p o s s i b i l i t y . A n u m b er o f m u s ic e d u c a t o r s h a v e b e e n a w a re o f t h i s s i t u - , a t i o n . I Due t o v a r y i n g s p e e d s o f l e a r n i n g R u sh d e c l a r e d t h a t | t h i s was o n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n s why c l a s s e s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e sam e m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l a g e c o u l d b e 130 t a u g h t s o much m ore e f f e c t i v e l y t h a n w hen a w id e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a g e s p a n was t o b e f o u n d i n t h e sam e c l a s s ( 3 0 2 : 3 2 ) . B o lg e n c o n s i d e r e d t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e c l a s s t o b e l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t on t h e s y s t e m a t i c s e l e c t i o n o f c h i l d r e n I Iwho b e l o n g e d t o g e t h e r m u s i c a l l y , i n t e l l e c t u a l l y , a n d te m p e r a m e n t a l l y . "T he g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e o f t h e c h i l d r e n , " 'h e s a i d , "m u st b e som ew hat o n t h e sam e p l a n e " ( 1 0 1 : 5 3 8 ) . , I H a r r i s ( 3 9 : 1 6 5 ) d e f i n e d t h e w e l l o r g a n i z e d c l a s s a s on e i n w h ic h p u p i l s o f l i k e a b i l i t y a n d s t a g e o f a d v a n c e m en t w e re g r o u p e d , a n d i n l i k e s p i r i t . W a l l e r d e c r e e d t h a t I i n l a r g e h e t e r o g e n e o u s c l a s s e s a l l s h o u l d b e o f s i m i l a r a g e l e v e l a n d d e g r e e o f a d v a n c e m e n t ( 3 5 ^ :3 7 ) R e is m a n r e g a r d e d h o m o g e n e ity o f a g e a n d m u s i c a l t a l e n t a s a r e q u i s i t e i n a t t a i n i n g t h e i d e a l i n c l a s s t e a c h i n g . " E x tre m e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e c l a s s , " he d e c l a r e d , Im akes t h e w o rk h a r d e r a n d l e s s b e n e f i c i a l " ( 2 7 5 : 5 1 3 ) . i . . . . . IR eism an a l s o a d v o c a t e d s w i t c h i n g t h e m em bers fro m c l a s s t o c l a s s t o m a i n t a i n u n i t y , a s d i d H e r f u r t h ( 4 0 0 : i i i ) , Long 1 ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 4 ) , a n d Rue ( 2 9 1 : 1 9 ) . I I A few t e a c h e r s s u c h a s L o c k h a r t ( 4 0 9 : 5 ) h a v e I a t t e m p t e d t o d e v i s e w ays o f t r a i n i n g g r o u p s w i t h w id e I d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r d e g r e e o f a d v a n c e m e n t. T h e s e e f f o r t s h a v e l a r g e l y b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a r d a r r a n g e m e n t s o f m u s ic p r o v i d i n g s i m p l i f i e d , r e g u l a r , a n d a d v a n c e d p a r t s . F o r 131 e n s e m b le p u r p o s e s t h e s e d e v i c e s h a v e n o t b e e n i n e f f e c t i v e , b u t f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s k i l l s i n c l a s s w o rk t h e y h a v e l e f t m uch t o b e d e s i r e d . I IV . CIASS ORGANIZATIONAL PIAN I n n o a r e a o f s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y d i d w i d e r I ! d i v e r g e n c e o f o p i n i o n a n d p r a c t i c e a p p e a r t h a n i n t h e a r e a j o f c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n . On t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e s i z e o f t h e ! s t r i n g c l a s s , a g l a n c e a t T a b l e I i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r a n g e o f o p i n i o n r a n fro m a low o f t h r e e , t o a h i g h o f 1 f o r t y s t u d e n t s ! The d i v e r g e n c e o f o p i n i o n was n e a r l y a s I i w id e i n I 9 2 0 a s i t w as i n 1 9 5 0 . V a shaw reco m m ended a : c l a s s o f fro m t h r e e t o e i g h t m em bers i n 1 9 5 6 , a n d R u sh i s u g g e s t e d a r a n g e o f fro m t w e l v e t o t w e n ty i n 1 9 5 1 - And i n I t h e y e a r I 9 2 0 w hen Woods was l i m i t i n g t h e c l a s s t o fro m t h r e e t o s i x p u p i l s M i t c h e l l a n d S t o e v i n g w e re h a n d l i n g I ! c l a s s e s o f fro m f i f t e e n t o t w e n t y m em bers e a c h . A l l o f t h e I e v i d e n c e a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e h a s ! ; b e e n n o d e f i n i t e t r e n d to w a r d l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r c l a s s e s j w i t h t h e p a s s i n g y e a r s . M i t c h e l l a n d S t o e v i n g w e re I t e a c h i n g l a r g e r c l a s s e s i n t h e 1 9 2 0 *s t h a n t h e a v e r a g e I s i z e d c l a s s a s a d v o c a t e d i n T a b le I . W h e th e r t h e y t a u g h t I i n 1 9 2 0 o r i n I 9 5 O t h e s m a l l - c l a s s a d v o c a t e s w e re d i s t i n - I g u i s h e d b y a common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a p p l y i n g p r i v a t e TABLE I 132 RELATIONSHIP OF OPINION ON HETEROGENEOUS GROUPING VERSUS HOMOGENEOUS AND SIZ E 01ï * STRING • % CLASS S o u r c e H e t e r C l a s s D a te o f T e r m in a l Homog S i z e O p in io n R e f e r e n c e E . C o n s u l t *s 0 . h g 8 1 9 4 5 2 5 : 2 9 F ra n k -H e lm s . . h g 1 2 -1 4 1 9 5 1 1 4 2 :3 4 G e h rk e n s . . . h t 12 1 9 3 4 4 :1 7 9 G r e e n ...................... h t 1 0 -1 2 1 9 4 5 1 6 4 :1 9 8 H e r f u r t h . . . h t 6 1 9 5 1 4 0 0 :1 1 1 J o n e s ...................... h t 4 - 2 5 1 9 3 7 4 0 4 :1 5 L a s l e y . . . . ht 10 1 9 4 9 2 0 4 :4 7 L o c k h a r t . . . h t 2 5 ' 1 9 3 8 4 0 9 :5 L o n g ...................... h g 8 -1 2 1 9 4 8 2 2 2 : 3 5 4 M a t t e r n . . . . b o t h 6 — 8 1 9 5 2 2 3 1 :4 6 M i t c h e l l . . . gh 1 6 - 2 0 1 9 1 2 3 6 5 : 3 0 R e is m a n . . . . hg 2 0 1 9 4 4 2 7 5 :5 1 3 N orm an . . . . hg 2 0 - 2 5 1941 1 7 :1 6 2 R u s h ...................... h t 1 2 - 2 0 1 9 5 1 2 9 3 :6 2 R u s h f o r d . . . h g 5 — 6 1 9 5 3 4 1 2 :4 S t o e v i n g . . . h g 1 5 - 2 0 1 9 2 1 2 3 :2 V a shaw . . . . hg 3 - 8 1 9 5 6 3 3 4 :2 6 W a l l e r . . . . ht 3 5 -4 0 1 9 4 2 3 4 9 :3 2 Woods . . . . . hg 3 - 6 1 9 2 0 2 5 :5 1 I 133 studio procedures to a group situation in contrast to the large-class proponents who were developing and using I special techniques which were designed for the unique ! problems encountered in the large string class. The new ! school of thought did not put new wine into old bottles. A typical presentation of the small-class technique ! was made by Bolgen in 1 9 3 9 : "Experience has shown that iwith beginners one can hardly have more than five students j in each class, since a great deal of personal supervision is needed" ( 1 0 1 : 5 3 8 ) . In contrast. Waller was saying but I five years later that when the class meets daily, "a well- I trained teacher can treat a class of thirty or even forty 'combined strings of junior-high or senior-high level and show amazing results" ( 3 4 6 : 3 6 ) . ! The difference is to be found in the philosophy of ! group instruction adhered to by the small-class advocates las compared to the large-class proponents. Bolgen felt I that a very slow learning pace had to be adopted, and that I each pupil had to be taught individually, as the following 'description of his method of introducing the use of the fingers to the string class illustrates: . . . it is advisable to let one pupil play at a time . . . The procedure might be somewhat like the following: The teacher plays the note, both on violin and piano; then has the class to sing. Next a selected pupil plays the same tone, with the rest of the class 134 I t o c o r r e c t h im . The t e a c h e r p l a y s t h e t o n e a g a i n o n t h e p i a n o a n d h a s . t h e c l a s s t o c o m p a re t h e tw o t o n e s . i f n e c e s s a r y , he m oves t h e s t u d e n t * s f i n g e r t o t h e I c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n , p o i n t i n g o u t t h e im m e d ia te im p r o v e - I m en t i n t o n e . ( 1 0 1 :5 3 8 ) i I I By c o n t r a s t t h e l a r g e - c l a s s p r o p o n e n t s o f t e n p r o - ! p o s e d a b e g i n n i n g p r o c e d u r e i n w h ic h t h e c l a s s was a ll o w e d I t o p l a y f i n g e r p a t t e r n s u s i n g a l l f o u r f i n g e r s a t t h e j o u t s e t a s e s p o u s e d b y B o m o f f : A l l f o u r f i n g e r s a r e p u t t o w o rk i n t h e f i r s t ; p a t t e r n l e s s o n , a n d t h i s s e t s t h e h a n d i n i t s c o r r e c t : p o s i t i o n f o r a l l f u t u r e w o rk , t o make s u r e t h a t r a p i d f i n g e r m ovem ent may b e a c c o m p l i s h e d i n a s h o r t t i m e . ( 3 9 2 : 1 8 ) I R o l l a n d w as a n o t h e r s t r i n g c l a s s s p e c i a l i s t who was { u n f e t t e r e d b y t e d i o u s s t e p - b y - s t e p p r o c e d u r e s w h ic h c o n c e n - I t r a t e d on a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l . He s i m p ly sh o w ed t h e e n t i r e g r o u p how i t was t o b e d o n e , a n d l e t th em do i t : A g r e a t d e a l o f t h e e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l , s u c h a s o p e n - 8 t r i n g b o w in g s w i t h a v a r i e t y o f r h y t h m s , f i v e - t o n e p a t t e r n s , s c a l e s a n d s i m p l e s e q u e n c e s , may b e e x p l a i n e d o r d e m o n s t r a t e d t o t h e b e g i n n e r , who w i l l r e a d i l y g r a s p i t w i t h o u t l o o k i n g a t t h e m u s i c . . . • ( 2 8 8 : 5 ) E v en i n 1921 S t o e v i n g saw no g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y i n t e a c h i n g a v i o l i n c l a s s o f u p t o t w e n t y s t u d e n t s — i n f a c t , h e p r e f e r r e d a l a r g e c l a s s t o a s m a l l o n e : G iv e n t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e d i s c i p l i n e , a g o o d s i z e d c l a s s i s a s a r u l e ( a t l e a s t i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n ) p r e f e r a b l e t o a s m a l l o n e , t h a t i s on e o f 15 t o one o f 8 . S e t t i n g a s i d e a l l f i n a n c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e 1 3 5 p r e s e n c e o f a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s , a l l a n im a t e d b y t h e sam e a im , a l l p u t t i n g f o r t h t h e sam e e f f o r t seem s t o h a v e a p e c u l i a r i n s p i r i n g , s t i m u l a t i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e p l e a s u r a b l e a n d d r i v i n g e f f e c t on t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u p i l a n d t o some e x t e n t a l s o on t h e t e a c h e r . i The w o rk in g p u l s e o f t h e c l a s s , o n e m ig h t s a y , I q u i c k e n s w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f p u p i l s u p t o a c e r t a i n { p o i n t , w h e re i t g e t s b e y o n d c o n t r o l ; i . e . , a c l a s s o f m ore t h a n t w e n ty b e c o m e s r a t h e r u n m a n a g e a b le . ( 2 3 : 2 ) j And y e t , b u t a y e a r e a r l i e r ( 1 9 2 0 ) Woods w as e m p h a t i c a l l y d e c l a r i n g : "From e x p e r i e n c e a n d e x p e r i m e n t s , i i t h a s b e e n l e a r n e d t h a t t h e b e s t n u m b e r t o a s s e m b le i s t h r e e , a n d n e v e r m ore t h a n s i x p u p i l s , i n c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n o n a n y i n s t r u m e n t . . . " ( 2 5 : 5 1 ) . I j One o f t h e r e a s o n s Woods g a v e f o r h i s l i m i t e d g r o u p {was t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f t u n i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t s . Many j i c o n te m p o r a r y t e a c h e r s , u s i n g s t e e l s t r i n g s a n d a d j u s t o r s , I I now t u n e d o z e n s o f i n s t r u m e n t s i n a m a t t e r o f m o m e n ts. I n | j f a c t , t h e r e c o r d s show t h a t b o t h M i t c h e l l a n d S t o e v i n g ! { p io n e e re d i n c o r r e c t i n g t h e t u n i n g p r o b le m b y a d o p t i n g s t e e l s t r i n g s a n d p a t e n t e d t u n i n g d e v i c e s l o n g b e f o r e t h e I t i m e w hen Woods was c o m p l a i n i n g o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f t u n i n g ■ I m ore t h a n s i x i n s t r u m e n t s ( 3 6 5 : 3 1 ) - I i j T hus i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s i z e o f t h e c l a s s p r o p o s e d I i by a s t r i n g t e a c h e r r e f l e c t s , m ore t h a n a n y t h i n g e l s e , t h e | ty p e o f p r o c e d u r e h e u t i l i z e s i n h i s g r o u p s i t u a t i o n . I f one a d o p t s s l o w , t e d i o u s , s t e p - b y - s t e p m e th o d s w h ic h I 136 c o n c e n t r a t e on a s t u d e n t a t a t i m e , a s m a l l p u p l l - t e a c h e r r a t i o i s i n o r d e r , b u t i f o n e a d o p t s t h e m any e s s e n t i a l I c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s a d o p t e d b y t h e s t r i n g c l a s s s p e c i a l i s t s i I a n d d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r , t h e s i z e o f t h e i ' c l a s s c a n b e q u i t e l a r g e . I H e te r o g e n e o u s v e r s u s H om ogeneous g r o u p i n g I . I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f o p i n i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o a m ix e d I ' ( a l l m em bers o f t h e “G ra n d Q u i n t e t ” ) o r a h o m o g en e o u s ( a l l v i o l i n s , o r a l l c e l l o s , e t c . ) g r o u p i n g r e v e a l e d I a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e sam e p a t t e r n o f t h o u g h t , n a m e ly , t h a t I a d v o c a t e s o f h o m o g en eo u s g r o u p i n g o f t e n r e g a r d e d t h e I ' I p r o b le m s o f t h e v a r i o u s s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s a s t o o v a r i e d I a n d t o o d i f f i c u l t t o t e a c h s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , r a i s i n g t h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t m o st o f t h e s e w e re o n e i n s t r u m e n t s p e c i a l - : i s t s , a n d n o t s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s p e c i a l i s t s . S u p p o r t f o r . t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n was p r o v i d e d b y a n u m b e r o f r e c o g n i z e d s t r i n g c l a s s s p e c i a l i s t s who s t r o n g l y a d v o c a t e d m ix e d , c l a s s e s a n d who p o i n t e d o u t t h e n e e d t o know w i t h a u t h o r i t y ; t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f p l a y i n g a l l f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s , i n a d d i t i o n ! t o t h e t e c h n i q u e s n e c e s s a r y t o t h e h a n d l i n g o f s u c h l a r g e I g r o u p s . I I n a d v o c a t i n g t h e t e a c h i n g o f l a r g e h e t e r o g e n e o u s I s t r i n g c l a s s e s W a l l e r p o i n t e d o u t c e r t a i n p i t f a l l s , among 1 3 7 th e m , s t a r t i n g i n t h e f o u r t h g r a d e , p u p i l s c o m in g o u t o f a c a d e m ic c l a s s e s ( e v i d e n t l y a d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s s c h e d u l i n g s i t u a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o h e r e ) , m e e t i n g o n l y o n c e a w e e k , a n d a " v i o l i n ” t e a c h e r i n s t e a d o f a " s t r i n g " t e a c h e r ( 3 5 1 : 3 ^ ) » C e r t a i n l y i t i s o b v io u s h e r e t h a t W a l l e r r e g a r d e d t h e l a r g e h e t e r o g e n e o u s c l a s s a s n o s m a l l t a s k , a n d i n s i s t e d t h a t c o n d i t i o n s s h o u l d b e made v e r y n e a r l y i d e a l t o i n s u r e i t s s u c c e s s . I n s t i l l a n o t h e r a r t i c l e W a l l e r a l s o s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d , i n t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s , f o r s e l e c t e d g r o u p s h a v i n g a s i m i l a r a g e l e v e l a n d d e g r e e o f a d v a n c e m e n t ( 3 5 ^ : 3 7 ) . R u s h , who l i k e M a t t e m ( 2 3 1 : ^ 6 ) , saw a d v a n t a g e s i n I ! b o t h t y p e s o f a p p r o a c h , was c a r e f u l t o e s t a b l i s h c e r t a i n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f a m ix e d c l a s s . He s p e c i f i e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a t l e a s t tw o o f e a c h t y p e o f i n s t r u - I m en t i n t h e c l a s s , a n d c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n o f t h e p u p i l s I ( 2 9 3 : 6 2 ) . And M a t t e r n w a rn e d a g a i n s t t h e t o o p r e v a l e n t ! ; c o n d i t i o n f o u n d i n h e t e r o g e n e o u s c l a s s e s o f t h e t e a c h e r ! I f a v o r i n g t h e v i o l i n s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e c e l l o s a n d b a s s e s ( 2 3 1 : 4 6 ) . T h is was M a t t e r n * s w ay o f s a y i n g w h a t W a l l e r h a d n o t e d , t h a t t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r h a d t o b e a " s t r i n g ” t e a c h e r , n o t j u s t a " v i o l i n ” t e a c h e r . I A g l a n c e a t t a b l e I I i n d i c a t e s t h a t m o st t e a c h e r s I ' who e x p r e s s e d a n o p i n i o n on t h i s q u e s t i o n f a v o r e d t h e 1 3 8 TA B IE I I COMPARATIVE EMPHASIS PLACED BY EDUCATORS ON HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS GROUPING S o u r c e e x p r e s s i n g a p p r o v a l S o u r c e e x p r e s s i n g a p p r o v a l o r p r e f e r e n c e f o r h e t e r - o f o r p r e f e r e n c e f o r hom og o g e n e o u s g r o u p i n g ......................................................... e n o u s g r o u p i n g B o r n o f f C a s t e l l a n a G e h rk e n s E a s t e r n C o n s u l t a n t s C o u n c i l G re e n F ran k -H e1 m s H e r f u r t h H i n d s l e y J o n e s , D a s c h , K rone . Long K l e i n M a t t e m La M a r ia n a M i t c h e l l L a s l e y R e is m a n L o c k h a r t R e v e l l i M a t t e m R o h n e r Mormann R u sh R u sh R u s h f o r d W a l l e r S a m u e ls o n W h i s t l e r a n d N o rd S c h o l l S t o e v i n g ‘ S t e u b e r V rom an Woods I 139 'h o m o g e n e o u s g r o u p i n g . P r o p o n e n t s o f t h e h e t e r o g e n e o u s p l a n : t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e a m ore c o n te m p o r a r y g r o u p a s s o c i a t e d I p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , s u c h a s W a l l e r , I ^ I B o r n o f f , G r e e n , H e r f u r t h , a n d W h i s t l e r a n d N o rd . T h e se I p e o p l e p r e f e r r e d t h e h e t e r o g e n e o u s g r o u p i n g f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . P r i n c i p a l among th e m w as t h e f a c t t h a t m ore s t u d e n t s c o u l d h e i n c l u d e d w i t h l e s s e x p e n d i t u r e o f t e a c h e r t im e t h a n i n t h e h o m o g en e o u s p l a n . La M a r ia n a p o i n t e d o u t , i n t h i s r e s p e c t , t h a t a b s o r b i n g f o u r p e r i o d s t o t e a c h a l l f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s w hen i t c o u l d b e d o n e i n a s i n g l e p e r i o d was i n e x c u s a b l e ( 2 0 0 : 2 7 ) , I n a d d i t i o n t o p o i n t i n g o u t t h e l a t t e r a d v a n t a g e . W a l l e r b e l i e v e d t h a t a c l a s s i n c l u d i n g a l l f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s was a c t u a l l y m ore s t i m u l a t i n g t h r o u g h a s s o c i a t i o n a n d f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e v a r i o u s p r o b le m s i n v o l v e d i n p l a y i n g th e m , p l u s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g a b l e t o s t a r t r u d i m e n t a r y p a r t w o rk a t a n e a r l y d a t e ( 3 4 6 : 3 6 ) . : A d v o c a te s o f t h e h o m o g en e o u s g r o u p i n g t e n d e d t o !s p e c i f y t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t f o r t h e e a r l y s t a g e s , many f e e l i n g I t h a t a h e t e r o g e n e o u s g r o u p i n g w o u ld b e s u i t a b l e a f t e r t h a t i j d i f f i c u l t s t a g e h a d b e e n o v e rc o m e . T h e s e t e a c h e r s s i m p l y ! I ; r e g a r d e d t h e t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s i n v o l v e d a s t o o d i f f i c u l t I t o h a n d l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . L o n g , a c e l l o s p e c i a l i s t , a d v o c a t e d a s e p a r a t e c l a s s 140 o f c e l l o s s a y i n g , "Many o f t h e t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s o f * c e l l o p l a y i n g r e q u i r e s p e c i a l i z e d i n s t r u c t i o n , w h ic h w o u ld Im pede p r o g r e s s i n t h e m ix e d g r o u p " ( 2 2 2 : 8 0 ) . H i n d s l e y a d v i s e d w o r k in g o n t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s w h ic h p e r t a i n e d l a r g e l y t o a s i n g l e i n s t r u m e n t s e p a r a t e l y , b u t w hen e n o u g h t e c h n i q u e h a d b e e n a c q u i r e d a l l s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o make m u s ic t o g e t h e r w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h a t t e c h n i q u e - - a h o m o g en e o u s g r o u p i n g f o r t e c h n i q u e a n d a h e t e r o g e n e o u s one f o r e n s e m b l e , a s i t w e re ( 6 : 2 9 ) . M ost s u c h v ie w s i n c l i n e d t o o v e r l o o k s c h e d u l i n g p r o b le m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n c o n te m p o r a r y c u r t a i l e d c l a s s p e r i o d s . H o p p e , i n h i s sum m ary o f t h e s i t u a t i o n e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e s t a t e o f Io w a r e m a r k e d t h a t m o st t e a c h e r s t h e r e f a v o r e d t h e h o m o g en e o u s g r o u p i n g , b u t t h a t m o s t e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s h a d s u c c e s s t e a c h i n g t h e m ix e d g r o u p s . Hoppe c o n t i n u e d h i s r e m a r k s i n t h e s e w o r d s : The t e a c h e r o f a m ix e d c l a s s o f s t r i n g s m u st be e x p e r i e n c e d i n o r d e r t o c o p e w i t h t h e v a r i e d p ro b le m s w h ic h a r i s e i n t h e v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s o f t h e s t r i n g g r o u p . He m u st be e v e n m ore v e r s a t i l e t h a n t h e i n s t r u c t o r , h a n d l i n g b u t o n e t y p e o f s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t . To h a n d l e a m ix e d c l a s s , a n i n s t r u c t o r m u st be a b l e t o c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n s a n d b o w in g t e c h n i q u e s o f a l l t h e s t r i n g s e c t i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a n d k e e p t h e c l a s s w o rk m o v in g s o t h e i n t e r e s t w i l l n o t d r a g . ( 3 8 1 : 1 1 9 , 1 7 9 ) 141 T r a n s f e r t o O t h e r S t r i n g e d I n s t r u m e n t I n h e r e n t I n t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e h o m o g en e o u s g r o u p i n g was t h e d e p e n d e n c e u p o n t r a n s f e r r i n g v i o l i n i s t s a n d c e l l i s t s t o v i o l a a n d b a s s w hen t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s came t o b e n e c e s s a r y t o f i l l o u t t h e f u l l s t r i n g c h o i r i n a n y t y p e o f s c h o o l e n s e m b le w o rk . S u c h a s t a n d n a t u r a l l y p r e s u p p o s e d t h a t a s u f f i c i e n t n u m b er w o u ld a lw a y s b e w i l l i n g t o t r a n s f e r a n d t h a t t h e s w i t c h c o u l d b e q u i c k l y a n d e a s i l y e f f e c t e d i n o r d e r t h a t no w id e d i f f e r e n c e i n l e v e l a d v a n c e m e n t w o u ld o c c u r . The h e t e r o g e n i s t s , o f c o u r s e , e n c o u n t e r e d no s u c h p r o b l e m s . R u s h , S c h o l l , S t u b e r , a n d W il l ia m s s t r o n g l y re c o m - jm en d ed t r a n s f e r r i n g v i o l i n i s t s a n d c e l l i s t s t o v i o l a a n d i b a s s . " P l a y e r s o n b a s s e s , c e l l o s a n d v i o l a s , " s a i d ! S c h o l l , " a r e d e v e l o p e d l a t e r b y t r a n s f e r o r b y s t a r t i n g a n o l d e r b e g i n n e r " ( 3 0 8 : 1 2 ) . ‘ W il l ia m s c o n s i d e r e d t h e c h a n g e o v e r t o b e r e m a r k a b l y I e a s y i n m a k in g t h e s t a t e m e n t , "My v i o l a a n d s t r i n g b a s s I I p l a y e r s h a v e a lw a y s b e e n c h o s e n a n d t r a i n e d fro m t h e s e I v i o l i n a n d c e l l o s t u d e n t s who h a v e h a d tw o y e a r s o f I t r a i n i n g " ( 3 6 8 : 6 ) . I I S t u b e r e m p h a s i s e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f " c h o o s i n g " s t r i n g b a s s p l a y e r s fro m m em bers o f t h e c e l l o c l a s s ( 4 l 4 : 2 9 ) a n d R u sh e n d o r s e d t h e p l a n o f r e q u i r i n g e v e r y g o o d 142 v i o l i n i s t t o p l a y one s e m e s t e r o f v i o l a d u r i n g h i s o r h e r c a r e e r i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a . T h is p l a n a lw a y s a s s u r e d h im o f a g o o d v i o l a s e c t i o n , h e a s s e r t e d . He f e l t t h a t t h e r e w e re some a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e v i o l i n i s t i n ; s p e n d i n g a s e m e s t e r on v i o l a , am ong th e m , t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e l e f t h a n d , a n d i f t h e d i r e c t o r e x e r c i s e d c a r e i n c h o o s i n g a s e m e s t e r w h ic h w o u ld c a u s e t h e l e a s t am o u n t o f i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e s t u d e n t ' s p r o g r e s s o n t h e v i o l i n , no b a d r e s u l t s w o u ld f o l l o w ( 3 0 3 : 1 9 ) - I n a n e a r l y e s s a y o n s t r i n g t r a n s f e r s S c h o l l r e g a r d e d i t a s u n w is e t o t r a n s f e r t h e w e a k e r v i o l i n i s t s t o t h e v i o l a in a s m u c h a s t h e i n n e r v o i c e s w e re o f t e n r e q u i r e d t o p l a y c o m p o s i t i o n s r e q u i r i n g g r e a t s k i l l , a n d s i n c e t h e r e w e re u s u a l l y f e w e r v i o l i s t s , t h e b e t t e r p l a y e r s w o u ld b e n e e d e d . He a l s o u r g e d t h a t t e a c h e r s n o t h e s i t a t e t o s t a r t s t u d e n t s d i r e c t l y o n t h e v i o l a i f t h e y w e re l a r g e e n o u g h t o h a n d l e t h e i n s t r u m e n t e a s i l y ( 3 0 9 : 1 2 ) . F i s c h e r ( l 4 0 : 1 3 ) was c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e p ro b le m I I o f t r a n s f e r a n d p r o v i d e d a l i s t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s t o b e f o u n d b e tw e e n v i o l i n a n d v i o l a t e c h n i q u e . A w a re n e s s o f t h e s e w o u ld b e o f a i d i n h e l p i n g t h e t e a c h e r a n d t h e p u p i l ! i n m a k in g a n e f f e c t i v e t r a n s i t i o n . ( s e e A p p e n d ix A) j The p r i n c i p l e d i s s e n t e r w i t h t h e t r a n s f e r s y s te m was W a l l e r who l i s t e d t h r e e e v i l s w h ic h a r o s e fro m t h e 143 p l a n o f s t a r t i n g o n l y v i o l i n s i n t h e l o w e r g r a d e s a n d s w i t c h i n g l a t e r t o t h e o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t s . T h e s e w e re : ( l ) a c t u a l s h o r t a g e s o f lo w e r s t r i n g p l a y e r s , ( 2 ) f i l l i n g t h e s e c h a i r s w i t h m u s i c a l l y w e ak s t u d e n t s who c a n b e 'c o a x e d * i n t o t h e t r a n s f e r , o r (3 ) f i l l i n g t h e s e c t i o n s w i t h c h i l d r e n who a r e o b l i g i n g t h e t e a c h e r , j b u t w hose h e a r t s a r e n o t i n i t . ( 3 4 0 : 3 0 ) i I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e o b j e c t i o n s W a l l e r o b s e r v e d I t h a t c h i l d r e n come t o a c c e p t t h e i n s t r u m e n t t h e y h a v e I j s t a r t e d w i t h a n d t o t h i n k o f i t a s b e i n g a s i m p o r t a n t a s ' a n y o t h e r . T h i s , t o o , t h e n , was a n o t h e r r e a s o n W a l l e r f a v o r e d b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s i n a c o m b in e d c l a s s i f t h e I t e a c h e r was p r e p a r e d t o b u i l d a n d h o l d i n t e r e s t i n t h e j , l o w e r s t r i n g s ( 3 4 0 : 3 0 ) . ' ; I i " : ' R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e S t r i n g P ro g ra m W ith t h e W ind I n s t r u m e n t I P ro g ra m W a l l e r 's d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e p r a c t i c e o f s t a r t i n g t h e s t r i n g p r o g ra m a f t e r t h e b a n d a n d c h o r a l p ro g r a m s h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d ( 3 5 ^ : 3 4 ) w as a b l y s u p p o r t e d j a n d a b e t t e d b y p r o m in e n t b a n d sm e n who n o t o n l y a d v o c a t e d I I I b e g i n n i n g t h e s t r i n g p r o g ra m p r i o r t o t h e w in d p r o g r a m , b u t ; p r o n o u n c e d t h e p l a n a s b e i n g a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e w in d ' p r o g r a m . H i n d s l e y d i s p l a y e d g r e a t i n s i g h t i n t h e re m a rk s I he a d d r e s s e d t o t h i s p l a n o f g i v i n g t h e s t r i n g s a h e a d s t a r t : i 1 4 4 T h e i r o r c h e s t r a e x p e r i e n c e on a s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t , e v e n th o u g h I t d e l a y s t h e s t u d y o f a w in d I n s tr u m e n L f o r a few y e a r s , w i l l make th e m b e t t e r b a n d sm e n a n d w i l l im p ro v e c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e q u a l i t y o f b a n d s • The o r c h e s t r a h a s a l r e a d y show n i t s g r e a t i n f l u e n c e i n m o ld in g t h e s y m p h o n ic b a n d , a n d i n t h e l o n g r u n , ! t h e p r e s e n t p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e s c h o o l b a n d s h o u l d r e a c t i i n f a v o r o f t h e o r c h e s t r a , n o t a g a i n s t i t . ( 4 0 : 5 ) ( Among o t h e r e d u c a t o r s who s u p p o r t e d t h i s i d e a o f I s t a r t i n g t h e s t r i n g p r o g ra m a h e a d o f t h e w in d p r o g ra m w e re I L ie k e y ( 2 2 0 : 6 ) , S c h o l l ( 1 2 6 : 4 6 ) , a n d R o h n e r ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) . I L e n g th a n d F r e q u e n c y o f S t r i n g C l a s s S e s s i o n s V e ry l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e o f o p i n i o n was e n c o u n t e r e d I i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e q u e s t i o n o f how o f t e n a n d how l o n g t h e j c l a s s e s s h o u l d m e e t . T a b le I I I i n d i c a t e s t h a t m o st j t e a c h e r s f a v o r e d d a i l y c l a s s e s m e e t i n g fro m a h a l f a n h o u r t o f o r t y - f i v e m i n u t e s . E v en t h o s e who recom m en ded b u t o n e t c l a s s p e r w e ek f r e q u e n t l y i m p l i e d t h a t d a i l y c l a s s e s w o u ld b e b e t t e r . T h e s e l a t t e r w r i t e r s s u g g e s t e d w e e k ly c l a s s e s p r i n c i p a l l y b y way o f e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f t h e m any t e a c h e r s who h a d n o a l t e r n a t i v e , a n d who n e e d e d a s s u r a n c e t h a t a n a c c e p t a b l e p ro g ra m c o u l d b e c a r r i e d o n u n d e r s u c h a l i m i t e d s c h e d u l e p r o v i d e d c e r t a i n o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s w e re p r e s e n t . T h o se who a d v o c a t e d o n e o r tw o c l a s s e s p e r w eek ! I a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y a d d e d t h a t d a i l y c l a s s e s w e re b e t t e r , a s ! I d i d M orm ann: 1 4 5 TABIÆ I I I RECOMMENDATIONS FOR lÆNQTH AND FREQUENCY OF STRING CÎASS SESSIONS S o u r c e F r e q u e n c y Age D a te o f T e r m in a l & L e n g th L e v e l O p in io n R e f e r e n c e ! C a s t e l l a n a . . 5 : 3 0 1954 1 1 4 :3 F ra n k -H e lm s 5 : 3 0 5 t h 1951 1 4 2 :3 4 jG re e n . . . . 5 : 6 0 3 r d 1942 1 5 5 : 8 H a s k e l l . . . 5 1 9 4 4 1 7 2 :2 7 H e r f u r t h . . . 1 : 3 0 1 9 5 1 4 0 0 :1 1 1 I s a a c . . . . 5 e le m 1 9 5 1 1 6 4 :2 6 J o n e s . . . . 5 1 9 3 7 404 :1 5 L a s l e y . . . . 2: 3 0- 1 :6 0 3rd 1 9 4 9 2 0 4 :4 7 M a t t e m . . . 5 4 t h 1 9 5 2 2 3 1 :4 6 M lg n in . . . . 5 : 4 5 5 t h 1 9 4 0 2 3 6 : 7 M i t c h e l l . . . 1 : 6 0 _1912 3 6 5 : 3 0 M ormann . . . 5 1 9 4 1 1 7 :1 6 2 P a s e k . . . . 5 : 3 0 e le m 1 9 4 7 3 8 6 : 6 6 H e ism a n . . . 4 - 5 1 9 4 4 2 7 5 : 5 1 3 R o b e r t s . . . 1 4 t h 1 9 5 2 2 8 2 :5 9 R u e ...................... 5 : 6 0 1 9 4 9 2 9 1 :1 9 S a m u e ls o n . . 2 : 4 5 4 t h 1 9 4 5 3 0 6 :1 2 S c h o l l . . . . 2-5 5th 1946 3 0 9 :1 0 S . C o n s u l t a n t s 2 : 4 5 e le m 1 9 4 5 3 1 4 :2 8 Tampke . . . . 5 : 2 5 6 t h 1 9 4 7 3 2 4 :6 V an H o e se n . . 5 1 9 4 9 3 3 3 :1 1 " V a shaw . . . . 2 : 4 5 1 9 5 6 3 3 4 :2 6 V rom an . . . . 5 : 3 0 1 9 4 5 3 8 7 : 5 4 W a l l e r . . .. 5 c o l l 1 9 4 2 3 4 9 :3 2 W a l l e r .. . . 5 7th 1 9 4 4 3 4 6 :3 6 W il l ia m s . . . 2 5 t h 1 9 5 7 3 6 8 :3 I 146 The i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s e s i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e g r a d e s s h o u l d m e e t d u r i n g s c h o o l h o u r s f o r o n e o r m ore p e r i o d s p e r w eek a n d b e c l o s e l y i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e o r c h e s t r a . The i d e a l p l a n w o u ld b e t o h a v e a d a i l y p e r i o d s e t a s i d e f o r i n s t r u m e n t a l w o rk , b u t t h i s may be a b i t u t o p i a n f o r m o st s c h o o l s . H o w e v e r, t h e s c h e d u l e o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s i s m ore f l e x i b l e t h a n t h a t o f t h e j u n i o r o r s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a n d i f t h e p r i n c i p a l b e s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d , a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n c a n u s u a l l y b e made f o r r e h e a r s a l s . ( 1 7 : 6 3 ) H a s k e l l s u g g e s t e d d a i l y c l a s s e s i f p o s s i b l e , a n d r e g a r d e d tw o c l a s s e s p e r w eek a s t h e a b s o l u t e m inimum i f d a i l y c l a s s e s c o u l d n o t b e a r r a n g e d ( 1 3 9 : 2 7 ) . T h is i d e a o f d a i l y c l a s s l e s s o n s was h e l d b y n e a r l y a l l o f t h o s e who i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w o rk e d i n s c h o o l s w h ic h p r o v i d e d f o r f e w e r t h a n f i v e s t r i n g c l a s s p e r i o d s p e r w e e k . Two w o u ld d o , b u t f i v e a w eek w as b e t t e r , t h e y b e l i e v e d . D a i l y c l a s s a d v o c a t e s o f t e n s t r e s s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e f r e q u e n t m e e ti n g s i n t h e v e r y e a r l y s t a g e s o f s t r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d t e n d e d t o r e g a r d t h e s e s e s s i o n s a s s u p e r v i s e d p r a c t i c e p e r i o d s . I n s u c h s i t u a t i o n s i t was a l m o s t u n a n im o u s ly d e c r e e d t h a t t h e i n s t r u m e n ts s h o u l d b e l e f t a t t h e s c h o o l s o t h a t t h e p u p i l s ' w o u ld a lw a y s b e p l a y i n g u n d e r s u p e r v i s i o n d u r i n g t h e e a r l y i ; s t a g e s . Of t h o s e l i s t e d i n T a b le I I I t h e f o l l o w i n g made I a p o i n t o f s t r e s s i n g t h e n e e d f o r t h i s s o r t o f d a i l y I g u i d a n c e : G r e e n , I s a a c , J o n e s , M a t t e r n , P a s e k , R e is m a n , I R u e , V an H o e s e n , a n d V rom an. 1 4 7 A t y p i c a l q u o t e o n t h i s s u b j e c t i s t a k e n fro m S t r i n g C l a s s T e a c h i n g , a m a n u a l b y J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e : A h a l f h o u r o r f o r t y m i n u t e s a d a y i n c l a s s w i t h t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld b e b e t t e r t h a n tw o h o u r s a d a y p r a c t i c e a l o n e w i t h o n e l e s s o n a w e e k , i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f p l a y i n g . The t e a c h e r c o u l d t h e n b e s u r e t h a t c o r r e c t h a b i t s w e re b e i n g fo r m e d fro m t h e b e g i n n i n g . . . . I f t h e c l a s s m e e ts b u t o n c e a w eek . . . a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t o f t h e l e s s o n h a s t o b e d e v o t e d t o c o r r e c t i n g t h e s e m i s t a k e s ; a n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n m u st be u s e d f o r a c a r e f u l a s s i g n m e n t o f t h e w e e k 's w o rk , w h ic h l e a v e s a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l p a r t o f t h e l e s s o n f o r a c t u a l p e r f o r m a n c e . ( 4 o 4 : l 6 ) T h u s , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s , t h e o n c e - a - w e e k c o n c e p t was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e a d e q u a t e i n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s . I I I n a d d i t i o n t o m a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p e r s o n n e l i n i t h e c l a s s t h e r e r e m a in y e t t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i t e m s o f e q u ip m e n t n e e d e d a n d t h e g e n e r a l s e t - u p f o r t h e i d e a l s t r i n g c l a s s . V . PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OP THE CLASS I I , W ith r e s p e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n o f i n s t r u m e n t s b y t h e I s c h o o l s c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n made s i n c e t h e tim e o f M i t c h e l l w hen a l l o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s w e re p r i v a t e l y o w n e d . Among m u s ic e d u c a t o r s c o n te m p o r a r y t h o u g h t o n t h i s q u e s t i o n i s u n a n im o u s i n s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e s c h o o l s p r o v i d e i n s t r u m e n t s , b u t d i f f e r e n c e s o f o p i n i o n a r i s e o n t h e ; 148 ! q u e s t i o n o f w h ic h o n e s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d , a n d o n w h e t h e r , t h e y s h o u l d b e f r e e , o r a s s i g n e d o n a r e n t a l b a s i s . R o h n e r a d v o c a t e d s c h o o l o w n e r s h i p o f a l l b u t I v i o l i n s , a n d a r e n t a l f e e o f f i v e d o l l a r s a s e m e s t e r . The r e n t a l f e e , h e e x p l a i n e d , s e r v e d t h r e e p u r p o s e s : ( l ) made ' t h e u s e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s a p p r e c i a t e d b e c a u s e m oney was i n v o l v e d , ( 2 ) t h e f e e h e l p e d t o k e e p t h e i n s t r u m e n t s i n r e p a i r , a n d ( 3 ) c a u s e d many p a r e n t s t o b u y a n i n s t r u m e n t I - t o e s c a p e t h e r e n t a l f e e ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) . H a r r i s f e l t t h a t t h e i n s t r u m e n t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d I b y t h e s c h o o l s , b u t w as n e u t r a l o n w h ic h o n e s , a n d w h e t h e r I o r n o t a r e n t a l f e e s h o u l d b e c h a r g e d . H is m a in p o i n t o f c o n c e r n w as t h a t t h e e q u ip m e n t s h o u l d b e o f v e r y g o o d g r a d e f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e c h i l d , a n d fro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f d u r a b i l i t y , r e p l a c e m e n t , a n d u p k e e p ( 1 7 0 : 2 9 ) . ! The S o u t h e r n C o n s u l t a n t s * C o u n c i l b e l i e v e d t h a t i n s t r u m e n t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d o n t h e sam e b a s i s a s e q u i p m en t a n d t e x t s r e q u i r e d i n o t h e r s c h o o l s u b j e c t s ( 3 1 4 : 2 8 ) . S c h o l l ( 3 0 9 : 1 2 ) , W a l l e r ( 3 5 1 : 3 2 ) , a n d I s a a c (1 8 9 ) w e re i n a g r e e m e n t i n e x p e c t i n g t h e s c h o o l s t o p r o v i d e t h e ; i n s t r u m e n t s , S c h o l l a n d W a l l e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e v i o l i n a s a n I i t e m t o b e f u r n i s h e d b y t h e s t u d e n t , I s a a c i n c l u d i n g i t i n I t h e c a t e g o r y o f s c h o o l- o w n e d e q u ip m e n t . I s a a c f a v o r e d i s s u i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h o u t c o s t , a n d W a l l e r ( 3 4 0 :3 0 ) 1 4 9 w as e m p h a ti c i n h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e r e n t i n g o f s c h o o l i n s t r u m e n t s . He f e l t t h a t t h e i n s t r u m e n t s s h o u l d b e ! a s s i g n e d o n t h e sam e b a s i s a s o t h e r s c h o o l e q u i p m e n t . He i I a l s o o p p o s e d t h e p o l i c y o f i s s u i n g i n s t r u m e n t s on a s h o r t I " t r i a l " b a s i s b e c a u s e h e f e l t t h a t e a r l y w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e i e q u i p m e n t 'E f f e c t e d t h e p ro g ra m a d v e r s e l y . He a p p r o v e d I p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p o f v i o l i n s , a n d f ro w n e d o n s c h o o l p r o - I v i s i o n o f t h e s e b e c a u s e m any p a r e n t s h e s i t a t e d t o b u y ! t h e i r ow n, a n d f e l t d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t i f t h e i r c h i l d w as g i v e n o n e o f t h e t h r e e l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s i n t e a d o f a v i o l i n ( 3 0 7 : 3 0 ) . V a l H i l l h a d a r e f r e s h i n g a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s c h o o l o w n e r s h i p o f t h e v i o l a . W h ile h e f e l t t h a t t h e u s e o f a s c h o o l - o w n e d i n s t r u m e n t was i n o r d e r t o g e t t h e i d e a s o l d , h e r e g a r d e d p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p a s a m eans o f " g l a m o i ^ r i z i n g " t h e v i o l a , a s h i s s a l e s a p p e a l i n d i c a t e s : The h i g h e s t p e a k i n s t u d e n t - t e a c h e r - p a r e n t c o o p e r a t i o n i s a t t a i n e d w hen a s u i t a b l e i n s t r u m e n t h a s b e e n p r o c u r e d a n d p u r c h a s e d f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l . F o r t h e s t u d e n t i t i s t h e t h r i l l o f a l i f e t i m e . A k e e n i n t e r e s t i n home p r a c t i c i n g , h i g h e r a t t a i n m e n t , a n d m ore p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s a lw a y s n o t e d w hen s t u d e n t s own t h e i r own i n s t r u m e n t s . A l s o , no s c h o o l- o w n e d i n s t r u m en t e v e r r e c e i v e s t h e c a r e o r t h e a t t e n t i o n t h a t a n i n s t r u m e n t d o e s w h ic h h a s b e e n p a i d f o r d e a r l y . ( 1 8 3 : 46) A survey conducted in 1939 by the Music Educators National Conference Committee on Instrumental Music in the I 1 5 0 I E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l s r e v e a l e d t h a t g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e se e m e d t o ; b e f o r t h e s t u d e n t t o own h i s own v i o l i n , w h e r e a s t h e t h r e e I l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s w e re f u r n i s h e d w i t h o u t c o s t t o t h e s t u d e n t . I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e p o r t , p r e s e n t e d b y C h u r c h , i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s m a l l e r s c h o o l s f e l l b e h i n d i n p r o v i d i n g v i o l a s , b u t h e l d t h e i r own w i t h t h e l a r g e r s c h o o l s i n p r o v i d i n g t h e c e l l o a n d b a s s ( 3 0 : 2 3 0 ) . C l a s s - r o o m E q u ip m e n t C o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n w as g i v e n t h e m a t t e r o f e q u ip m e n t n e e d e d i n t h e c l a s s - r o o m . The few c o n te m p o r a r y p e d a g o g u e s who w e re s p e c i f i c i n t h i s r e g a r d w e re i n v i r t u a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t s t r a i g h t b a c k e d a r m l e s s c h a i r s , a b l a c k b o a r d , r u l e d b l a c k - b o a r d , w e l l - t u n e d p i a n o , s e p a r a t e m u s ic r a c k s , a n d m u s ic w e re n e c e s s i t i e s . T h o se who c o n t r i - ;b u t e d t o t h i s p h a s e o f s t r i n g c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n w e re J o n e s ( 4 0 4 : 1 7 ) , M ormann ( I 7 : l 6 l ) a n d S t u b e r ( 4 1 4 : 2 0 ) . S t o e v i n g was f a r m ore f r u g a l i n h i s n e e d s i n 1 9 2 1 ; a l l he n e e d e d was "room e n o u g h t o f o rm a w id e h a l f c i r c l e f o r ; c l o s e o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e m a s t e r , " a n d a p l a t f o r m f o r t h e I t e a c h e r ( 2 4 : 3 ) . ' S e a t i n g A r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e C l a s s R e f e r e n c e t o a " s e a t i n g " a r r a n g e m e n t f o r t h e s t r i n g | i c l a s s i s s o m e th i n g o f a m is n o m e r s i n c e m o st w r i t e r s , 1 5 1 a d v o c a t e d h a v i n g t h e b e g i n n e r s s t a n d . I t was a s s u m e d b y m o st o f t h e s e , o f c o u r s e , t h a t l a t e r t h e c l a s s w o u ld b e s e a t e d a n d t h e p r i n c i p e r e c o m m e n d a tio n w as t h a t t h e r e b e s u f f i c i e n t room b e tw e e n e a c h s t u d e n t t o p r o v i d e f r e e d o m o f b o w in g ; some i n c l u d e d t h e n e e d f o r t h e t e a c h e r t o b e a b l e t o move e a s i l y among t h e c l a s s m em bers t o make c o r r e c t i o n s . Some d i v i s i o n o f o p i n i o n a p p e a r e d o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t o s i t o r s t a n d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g . C h e y e t t e a n d S a lz m a n c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e n e e d o f a v o i d i n g t h e g r e a t f a t i g u e e n c o u n t e r e d i n b e g i n n i n g v i o l i n p l a y i n g i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t m o st e n s e m b le p l a y i n g w o u ld b e d o n e i n a s e a t e d p o s i t i o n . O n ly t h e s o l o i s t s t a n d s , t h e y o b s e r v e d . S o , t h e y reco m m en d ed t h a t t h e c h i l d b e t a u g h t t o h o l d t h e ' v i o l i n b o t h i n s e a t e d a n d s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n s , t h u s s e t t l i n g ; t h e a r g u m e n t ( 3 9 4 : i i i ) . B e c k e r w as s l i g h t l y l e s s a m b ig u o u s w hen h e s a i d , , " I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e c l a s s b e s e a t e d s o t h a t t h e I t e a c h e r c a n g i v e i n d i v i d u a l m a n u a l h e l p t o a n y c h i l d a s t h e I c l a s s w o r k s . " T h is a d v i c e was f o l l o w e d b y t h e s u g g e s t i o n ! t h a t g o o d p o s t u r e s h o u l d b e d e m o n s t r a t e d t o t h e c h i l d r e n b y j h a v i n g th e m s t a n d e r e c t b e f o r e s i t t i n g on t h e e d g e s o f I t h e i r c h a i r s , r e t a i n i n g t h e s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n fro m t h e j w a i s t u p w i t h f e e t f l a t on t h e f l o o r ( 2 8 : 1 7 4 ) . A l l o f w h ic h was j u s t a b o u t t h e a rg u m e n t g i v e n b y i 152 1 ( t h e " s t a n d e e s " f o r h a v i n g t h e c h i l d r e n s t a n d . M i l l e r : o b s e r v e d t h a t a s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n w as p r e f e r r e d s i n c e c h i l d r e n ' s a l e r t n e s s a n d p o s t u r e w e re g e n e r a l l y m uch b e t t e r w hen s t a n d i n g ( 3 8 3 : 1 6 5 ) • K e l l e r a l s o a d v o c a t e d h a v i n g t h e b e g i n n e r s on v i o l i n a n d v i o l a s t a n d w h i l e p l a y i n g f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o r f o u r m o n th s . " i t i s s o m uch m ore d i f f i c u l t , " s h e s a i d , " t o g e t a f r e e l y m o v in g , w e l l - b a l a n c e d b o d y w h i l e s i t t i n g " ( 4 0 5 : 6 ) . And i n t h e i r s t r i n g c l a s s m a n u a l, J o n e s , D a sc h a n d K ron e a l s o a d v i s e d a s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n f o r t h e g r e a t e r f r e e d o m p r o v i d e d i n p l a y i n g ( 4 0 4 : 1 8 ) . The s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n was a l s o p r e f e r r e d b y S a r d o n i ( 2 1 ; x ) , S t o e v i n g ( 2 4 : 6 ) , a n d S t u b e r ( 4 l 6 : 2 1 ) . I n t h e w r i t e r ' s e x p e r i e n c e , c o n s i d e r a b l e a d v a n t a g e s h a v e b e e n d e r i v e d fro m h a v i n g t h e v i o l i n s a n d v i o l a s s t a n d d u r i n g t h e s t r i n g c l a s s l e s s o n . P o s t u r e , p o s i t i o n s , a n d a l e r t n e s s a r e a l l im p r o v e d , a n d i t i s e a s i e r f o r t h e i n s t r u c t o r t o make m a n u a l c o r r e c t i o n s w hen t h e p u p i l s a r e :s t a n d i n g . The a rg u m e n t t h a t s t u d e n t s becom e f a t i g u e d w hen i I t h e y h a v e t o s t a n d d u r i n g a c l a s s s e s s i o n i s s i m p l y !e r r o n e o u s , f o r i t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t w hen c l a s s e s a r e ! (k e p t i n t e r e s t i n g s t u d e n t s a r e n e v e r f a t i g u e d ; i t i s o n l y ! Iwhen b o re d o m o c c u r s t h a t s i g n s o f f a t i g u e a r e e v i n c e d . 153 * P r e - t u n i n g t h e I n s t r u m e n t s The final item in organizing the class for the I jactual instruction process is that of tuning the instru- 'ment8 . A few instructors, anxious to utilize as much of I I the class period as possible in actual playing and I instructing, formed the habit of tuning all of the instru- jments before the class members arrived, Frank and Helms irecommended this routine by their own example. It was i their habit to arrive at the class room fifteen minutes early to tune the instruments and arrange all the materials on the assigned music racks. Thus they were ready to begin work the moment the class arrived, and they claimed they Î were able to spend twenty-eight of their allotted thirty I 'minutes in actual playing (142:34,35)• A similar plan was followed by Waller who arranged for the children to bring their instruments directly to the music room each morning, leaving them in the storage facilities provided so that by class time they would be at room temperature. He himself arranged to arrive early, lay out all the materials and have the instruments tuned by ,the time of the arrival of the students. With this plan he indicated that it was not at all unusual for the class to Ibe working within a minute after the period had begun. He felt that student tuning should be delayed until the basic 154 p r o b le m s o f t h e bow arm a n d l e f t h a n d c o n t r o l h a d c e a s e d t o b e a s e r i o u s p r o b le m ( 3 5 9 : 2 4 ) . Sum m ary The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n t h r e e p a r t s : ( l ) t h e a r e a o f r e c r u i t i n g a n d s e l e c t i n g t h e g r o u p t o whom b e g i n n i n g i n s t r u c t i o n w as t o b e g i v e n , (2 ) t h e q u e s t i o n o f how m any i n s t r u m e n t s w e re t o b e t a u g h t a t o n c e t o how m any how o f t e n a n d how l o n g , a n d (3 ) w i t h w h a t s o r t o f e q u ip m e n t u n d e r w h a t k i n d o f e n v i r o n - i m e n t t h e t e a c h i n g w as t o b e d o n e . I C o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d i n t h e f i r s t c a t e g o r y , b e y o n d j p r o v i d i n g e x a m p le s o f s u c c e s s f u l r e c r u i t i n g p r o c e d u r e s , I i n d i c a t e d t h a t m o st s t r i n g p ro g r a m s b e g a n a t t h e f o u r t h I g r a d e l e v e l , t h a t t h e v i o l a a n d b a s s w e re u s u a l l y s t a r t e d j l a t e r b y t r a n s f e r r i n g v i o l i n i s t s a n d c e l l i s t s t o t h e i r n e x t , I ! ! o f k i n , a n d t h a t i n v ie w o f t h e s t r o n g e v i d e n c e f a v o r i n g : e a r l i e r s t a r t i n g a g e s , r e s e a r c h w as n e e d e d t o a s c e r t a i n i f ' I t h i s c u s to m w as n o t i n e r r o r . The t e s t i n g p r o g r a m was I e n d o r s e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y w hen a d m i n i s t e r e d o n a l e s s f o r m a l , ■ I ; I m ore p e r s o n a l i z e d b a s i s , a s t h e g e n e r a l c o n c e n s u s o f I ! j I o p i n i o n r e g a r d e d som e m e th o d o f s e l e c t i o n a s b e i n g n e c e s - i s a r y . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n was s u p p o r t e d b y t h e m ass o f e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n o f l a r g e g r o u p s . 1 5 5 I p a r t i c u l a r l y m ix e d i n s t r u m e n t c l a s s e s , w as e n h a n c e d w hen ■ p u p i l s o f m a tc h e d a g e l e v e l a n d a b i l i t y w e re a s s e m b le d t o g e t h e r . C o n s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e w as c i t e d i n t h e s e c o n d a r e a I h a v i n g t o do w i t h c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n t o s u p p o r t t h e ' a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s i z e o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s c o u l d b e q u i t e j l a r g e i f t h e t e a c h e r h a d a t h o r o u g h k n o w le d g e o f t h e t e c h - I n i q u e s o f p l a y i n g a n d t e a c h i n g o f a l l o f t h e s t r i n g s , a n d h a d h a d t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n h a n d l i n g l a r g e g r o u p s . ; W h ile c l a s s s i z e s w e re a d v o c a t e d f ro m t h r e e t o f o r t y I m em bers s t r o n g , t h e a v e r a g e se e m e d t o l i e so m ew h ere b e tw e e n I t w e l v e a n d t w e n t y . O p in io n was a l l b u t u n a n im o u s i n ! e n d o r s i n g d a i l y c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n i n p e r i o d s o f fro m h a l f - a n - h o u r t o t h r e e - q u a r t e r s - o f - a n - h o u r , a n d h e t e r o - I jg e n e o u s c l a s s e s , w h i l e e n d o r s e d b y f e w e r e x p o n e n t s , was I c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e m ore a d v a n t a g e o u s a r r a n g e m e n t fro m t h e I I s t a n d p o i n t o f e f f i c i e n t u s e o f t e a c h e r t i m e , p r o v i d i n g e a c h ! i n s t r u m e n t a n e q u a l a m o u n t o f t im e f o r g r o w th a n d d e v e l o p m e n t, a n d a l l o w i n g t h e c l a s s t o p a r t i c i p a t e a t a n e a r l y i s t a g e i n f u l l e n s e m b le e x p e r i e n c e . I S t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r s c h o o l o w n e r s h i p o f i n s t r u m e n t s : w as i n d i c a t e d , w i t h m o st a u t h o r i t i e s a g r e e i n g t h a t t h e I v i o l i n s m ig h t b e p r i v a t e l y o w n ed , th o u g h m any f e l t t h a t t h e s e t o o s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d t o g e t t h e p r o g r a m s t a r t e d . 156 The l a r g e r i n s t r u m e n t s w e re t o h e p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t r i n g a n d o r c h e s t r a p r o g r a m . A d e q u a te c l a s s - r o o m e q u i p m en t was re c o m m e n d e d , a s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n f o r t h e e le m e n t a r y s t a g e s was p r e f e r r e d , a n d t e a c h e r s w e re a d v i s e d t o p r e - t u n e a l l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d b e p r e p a r e d t o u t i l i z e a l l a v a i l a b l e c l a s s t im e i n p l a y i n g a n d t e a c h i n g . CHAPTER V ESSENTIAL STRING CLASS PROCEDURES T h r o u g h o u t t h i s e n t i r e c e n t r a l c h a p t e r , w hose c o n c e r n i s w i t h t h o s e t e c h n i q u e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n w h ic h a r e a s s u m e d t o b e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s , t h e r e i s a u n i f y i n g th em e c a l l e d i n t e r e s t , t h e c a r d i n a l i n g r e d i e n t i n e v e r y p r o c e d u r e r e l a t e d t o m u s ic e d u c a t i o n . N e a r l y e v e r y m u s ic e d u c a t o r who h a s s u b m i t t e d a n a r t i c l e f o r p u b l i c a t i o n o h t h e s u b j e c t o f s t r i n g s h a s e m p h a s iz e d a t one tim e o r a n o t h e r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f i n t e r e s t . I t was Maddy who r e m a r k e d t h a t e v e r y c l i n i c he h a d a t t e n d e d h a d b e e n c o n c e r n e d w i t h p r o b le m s o f t e c h n i q u e o n l y , b u t "we h e a r v e r y l i t t l e a b o u t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p h a s e o f a l l t e a c h i n g — h o l d i n g t h e i n t e r e s t o f p u p i l s " ( 2 2 6 : 1 8 ) . L e i d i g s a i d t h a t " h o l d i n g t h e i n t e r e s t o f p u p i l s a n d s t r i v i n g t o k e e p th e m a l e r t t o w h a t 's g o i n g on a r e p e r e n n i a l p r o b le m s o f I t e a c h i n g . . . " ( 2 0 6 : 4 2 ) , a n d M organ ( 2 4 2 : 1 5 ) , a n d R ush ( 2 9 8: 1 3) a n d m any o t h e r s r e p e a t e d l y e m p h a s iz e d t h i s I e l e m e n t a l n e e d o f i n t e r e s t . I t w o u ld a p p e a r , t h e n , t h a t t h e m a j o r p r o b le m o f ; t e a c h i n g t h e s t r i n g c l a s s i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h c r e a t i n g i n t e r e s t a n d k e e p i n g e n t h u s i a s m h i g h i n o r d e r t h a t a m ax imum n u m b e r o f b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s t u d e n t s m ig h t c o n t i n u e 1 5 8 * their study to the point where they may participate in, and ; enjoy a great musical heritage. The following procedures j I have all received attention as being necessary, or at least t ! . i helpful, in maintaining a high degree of interest in the ! class situation. I I ! I I. ROTE METHOD AT THE BEGINNING ' One of the most striking changes In approach which ! has taken place among instrumental teachers, particularly among those who have worked principally in the public schools and in classes, has been the wide spread practice of teaching beginners by rote. Opposition to this idea I seems to have been traditional, for it has appeared as an I objection at many string clinics, and has been a frequent cause of concern among parents when they have found that their child was learning to play "by ear" or that their ; teacher was an advocate of such a procedure. The change came about as teachers learned to con- I centrate on the business of playing the instrument, for j that alone, they discovered, was the pupil's sole concern, i The matter of reading notes was generally an annoyance to i , him; it had no purpose in his mind since he had as yet ! developed no means of translating the symbol into a mus- I cular response. But when in one lesson, a class could 1 5 9 l e a r n a r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n o f s o u n d s t o b e p l a y e d w i t h t h e bow o n o p e n s t r i n g s , i n tw o , t h e f i r s t f e e b l e a t t e m p t s made t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e f i n g e r s w i t h t h e bow , a n d I n t h r e e , s o m e tim e s c r u d e , o f t e n q u i t e a c c e p t a b l e f i v e - n o t e s c a l e p a t t e r n s a c c o m p l i s h e d , s o m e th i n g o f a f r a m e c o u l d b e j f a s h i o n e d o n w h ic h t o h a n g a p u r p o s e f o r t h e g r a d u a l I I p r e s e n t a t i o n o f n o t e s o n a s t a f f . I t was n o t e d b y m o st I I t e a c h e r s t h a t i n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s p l a y i n g a b i l i t y ^ r e m a in e d a h e a d o f r e a d i n g a b i l i t y , b u t u n d e r p r o p e r g u i d a n c e , a s s k i l l s a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e d , r e a d i n g s o o n j I b ecam e a n a c c o m p lis h m e n t w hose f a c i l i t y g rew a s t h e p u p i l I i g a i n e d i n m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e . T ho ugh t e a c h i n g b y r o t e was n o t a new a p p r o a c h i n a n y f i e l d o f a p p l i e d m u s i c , i t s a c c e p t a n c e o n a w id e s c a l e h a s b e e n a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t d a t e , b e i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y a d o p t e d am ong i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s t e a c h e r s d u r i n g t h e p a s t d e c a d e a n d a h a l f . M u sic j o u r n a l s f o r som e y e a r s now h a v e b e e n r e p o r t i n g t h e r e s u l t s t e a c h e r s h a v e h a d w i t h t h i s e s s e n t i a l new a i d t o c l a s s w o r k . B a r b a k o f f , w hose r a d i c a l new m e th o d b o o k w h ic h b e g i n s n o t w i t h n o t e s o n a s t a f f b u t w i t h f i n g e r i n g s o n l y , a n d w h ic h m ig h t b e t h e e p ito m e o f t h e r o t e m e th o d b o o k s , w r o t e a n a r t i c l e i n w h ic h h e d i s c u s s e d some o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y w o r r i e s w h ic h t e a c h e r s w e re w o n t t o h e a p on t h e i r ; 160 I b e g i n n e r s . C a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n t o u s u a l c o n c e r n s s u c h a s I p r o p e r l e f t a n d r i g h t h a n d p o s i t i o n s , nam es o f n o t e s , I r h y t h m i c v a l u e s , a c c u r a c y o f t h e bow , a n d h o l d i n g t h e v i o l i n w i t h t h e c h i n , h e a s k e d t h e q u e s t i o n : W hat h a s a l l t h i s t o do w i t h p l a y i n g t h e v i o l i n ? N o th in g a t t h e f i r s t l e s s o n . E v e n t u a l l y a l l t h e s e r e q u i s i t e s m u st b e t a u g h t . A t t h e f i r s t l e s s o n t h e y a r e m e r e l y s t u m b l i n g b l o c k s p l a c e d t h e r e b y m any s t r i n g t e a c h e r s b e c a u s e t h e y w e n t t h r o u g h a s i m i l a r r o u t i n e w hen t h e y s t a r t e d . J u s t a s a c h i l d c r a w l s b e f o r e h e w a l k s , t a l k s b e f o r e h e r e a d s , s i n g s b e f o r e h e r e a d s m u s ic a s n o t a t i o n , s o , t o o , s h o u l d b e l e a r n t o p l a y o n a n i n s t r u m e n t b e f o r e h e l e a r n s t o r e a d m u s i c . ( 7 3 : 5 4 ) B a r b a k o f f i n d i c a t e d h e r e a n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e f a c t t h a t s t u d e n t s a r r i v e f o r t h e i r f i r s t l e s s o n e x p e c t i n g t o b e g i n a n e x c i t i n g new v e n t u r e . A t s u c h m om ents d e t a i l s a b o u t t h e c a r e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , e x p l a n a t i o n s a b o u t i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n , c a u t i o n s a b o u t p o s i t i o n s , n o t a t i o n , a l l o f i I t h e s e , h o w e v e r i m p o r t a n t , b ecam e m e r e l y f r u s t r a t i o n s . To i a v o i d t h e s e , p r o g r e s s i v e e d u c a t o r s t u r n e d t o i n t r o d u c t o r y i s y s te m s w h ic h a l l o w e d t h e p u p i l t o b e g i n t o p l a y a t o n c e . ! ' T h ey q u i c k l y d i s c e r n e d t h a t p u p i l s b e g a n t o l e a r n m any i I t h i n g s f o r t h e m s e l v e s i f t h e y w e re a l l o w e d t o s p e n d a i g r e a t d e a l o f t h e i r l e s s o n i n p l a y i n g f o r d i s c o v e r y i n s t e a d ! o f l i s t e n i n g t o a d v i c e . E v e n b a c k i n I 9 2 6 Maddy h a d d i s - I c o v e r e d t h e t r u t h o f t h i s m axim h e s a i d , " l e t t h e m o tto o f I t h e m u s ic l e s s o n b e —• 1 6 1 L e s s t a l k i n g ; m ore p l a y i n g . L e s s t e a c h i n g ; m ore l e a r n i n g . ( 9 : 1 3 ) I G re e n d i s p l a y e d a r e a l i s t i c k n o w le d g e o f a c h i l d ' s j c a p a c i t y t o l e a r n w hen s h e a d v i s e d t h a t t h e p u p i l n o t s t a r t j t h e r e a d i n g o f m u s ic u n t i l h e c o u l d p l a y a n u m b e r o f l i t t l e t u n e s a n d p l a y th e m w e l l w i t h g o o d v i o l i n i s t i c h a b i t s . S he I a s s u r e d h e r r e a d e r s t h a t o n c e h i s h a b i t s w e re e s t a b l i s h e d t I h e w o u ld l e a m t o r e a d i n l e s s tim e t h a n o t h e r w i s e , a n d 1 I t h e l o s t t im e w o u ld b e r e g a i n e d ( 1 5 2 : 3 ^ ) * R o te M eth o d A d v o c a te d t o P r o v i d e F re e d o m f o r C o n c e n t r a t i o n ; o n T e c h n iq u e A p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n f o r t e a c h i n g b y r o t e was p r e s e n t e d b y C ook who a d v i s e d t h a t t h e f i r s t tw o o r t h r e e i m o n th s o f s t r i n g t r a i n i n g b e s p e n t i n c a r e f u l l y s h a p i n g t h e c h i l d ' s p o s t u r e . D u r in g t h i s p e r i o d a l l d r i l l s w e re i t o b e m e m o riz e d s o t h a t t h e c h i l d c o u l d d i r e c t h i s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p o s i t i o n s o f h i s h a n d s a n d a r m s . I The a d v a n t a g e s o f d e v o t i n g t h e b u l k o f t h e f i r s t I p l a y i n g e x p e r i e n c e s t o r o t e p l a y i n g w e re d e s c r i b e d b y I A t w a t e r a s r e s u l t i n g i n , ( 1 ) f a s t e r m a s t e r y o f m a t e r i a l s , I ( 2 ) g r e a t e r p u p i l i n t e r e s t , b e t t e r p u p i l a t t i t u d e s , a n d m ore e m o t i o n a l v a l u e f o r t h e l e a r n e r s ( 3 7 6 : 1 3 ) . M o ln a r d e p l o r e d p l a c i n g e m p h a s is on t h e p l a y i n g o f 1 6 2 w h o le n o t e s , h a l f n o t e s , a n d q u a r t e r n o t e s i n v a r i o u s f i n g e r c o m b i n a t i o n s b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g t o g i v e t h e c h i l d ' a m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e . He a d v o c a t e d a p p r o a c h i n g t h e p l a y i n g I . o f t h e v i o l i n t h r o u g h t h e e a r , n o t t h e e y e . The m u s ic was I f i r s t , n o t t h e n o t a t i o n , h e d e c l a r e d ( 2 4 0 : 2 0 ) . i R u sh was a n o t h e r e d u c a t o r who r e g a r d e d t h e p r e s e n t a - I I t i o n o f a l l o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f t h e s t r i n g s a l o n g w i t h t h e I I r e a d i n g o f m u s ic a s a c o n f u s i n g s i t u a t i o n . He a d v o c a t e d i t h a t a s t h e v a r i o u s p r o b le m s a r o s e a s t h e c l a s s p r o g r e s s e d , i e a c h o f t h e s e s h o u l d b e a p p r o a c h e d f i r s t b y r o t e s o t h a t t h e c l a s s c o u l d c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e s k i l l s t h e i r arras a n d f i n g e r s w e re e x p e c t e d t o a c q u i r e ( 2 9 8 :1 3 ) * T h is p o s i t i o n w as s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d b y M a t t e r n who d e c l a r e d e m p h a t i c a l l y : V o c a l a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l p e o p l e a r e a t l a s t l e a r n i n g fro m e a c h o t h e r , b u t few v i o l i n c l a s s t e a c h e r s t a k e t h e t r o u b l e t o b u i l d u p o n a s o l i d r o t e f o u n d a t i o n . M ore o f t e n t h e y c o n f r o n t a n d c o n f o u n d t h e l i t t l e b e g i n n e r a t o n c e w i t h t h e c o m b in e d p r o b le m s o f l e f t h a n d , r i g h t h a n d , a n d n o t e r e a d i n g fro m t h e b o o k . I s i t a n y w o n d e r t h a t s o m any l i t t l e f i d d l e r s who s t a r t e d w i t h h i g h h o p e s h a v e becom e d i s c o u r a g e d , a n d c o n d i t i o n e d a g a i n s t t h e v i o l i n ? ( 2 3 2 : 2 4 1 ,2 4 2 ) I n o r d e r t o f u r t h e r b o l s t e r h i s c a s e f o r t h e r o t e ' a p p r o a c h M a t t e r n a l s o r e f e r r e d t o t h e n o t e d c o n c e r t p i a n i s t ; a n d t e a c h e r , Guy M a i e r , who b e l i e v e d i n d e f e r r i n g t h e a c t u a l r e a d i n g o f n o t e s i n o r d e r t o p e r m i t t h e p u p i l t o g i ’ ve h i s u n d i v i d e d a t t e n t i o n t o w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e h i g h l y 1 6 3 i I j complex physical coordinations, tone quality, and intona tion. It was also Maier's observation that in practically every ease, students made much better readers when taught through the rote approach. "In my experience,” concluded i I Mattem, "I find that I must agree with Mr. Maier" I (232:242) . I I Rote Method to Provide Freedom for Concentration on ! I I f i s t e n i n g The considerable intonation faults that have existed among a class of beginners have often been sources of con cern to casual observers, and not infrequently, to inexpe rienced class teachers themselves. It has been difficult for those who have been indoctrinated in the private studio to get used to the idea that a beginner can have a good sense of pitch and still play badly off key. The realiza- ,tion has gradually grown, however, that the students be- ! come so engrossed in the process of making a bow go across jthe strings at a fairly straight angle, with a grip that I feels awkward, while at the same time their left hand is doing intricate maneuvers on a number of different strings, that such relatively unimportant items as intonation have ■ not even been heard. Being a beginner, he is most concerned with playing the violin, not with the sound it makes. i 1 6 4 : Adult musicians, on the other hand, who have taken up the study of strings, as so frequently is the ease in college [music education courses, have reacted in quite opposite ! I fashion, as the investigator has observed. These people 'have tended to achieve quite good intonation immediately, though their positions at first have often become ludicrous. Being musicians, they are most concerned with the sound. i j Thus string teachers have found that concentration 'on the physical process to gain muscular control as quickly as possible while presenting the material to be played ilargely by rote has led the student most quickly to the point where almost mechanically trained fingers have begun to respond to corrections dictated by the ear. Few observations in this regard were more discerning ; than those of Isaac : When we stop one of our pupils to criticize his intonation, his tone quality, or his lack of musical expression, he doesn't always know what we are talking about. In fact, while he was playing, he wasn't really listening. He was thinking about reading the notes, putting down certain fingers, and drawing the bow for so many counts . . . ( 1 9 O :2 6 ) I Van Hoesen divided the learning process into three I distinct phases. During the first phase the correct phys- | I i ‘ ical fundamentals were to be correctly established apart j from reading the printed page. The second phase he defined as the listening stage, correctness of pitch now being 1 6 5 s t r e s s e d , b u t a lw a y s w i t h c o n c e r n a s t o how t h e n o t e s w e re b e i n g p r o d u c e d . And t h e t h i r d was t h e p h a s e o f g r a d u a l I g r o w th i n k n o w le d g e o f t h e o r y , a n d t h e p e r i o d o f g r e a t e r ! e m p h a s is o n t h e c h a n g e fro m r o t e t o n o t e . T h is h e b e l i e v e d ' t o be t h e o r d e r o f l e a r n i n g w h ic h t h e c h i l d n a t u r a l l y f o l l o w e d , a n d w h ic h t h e t e a c h e r s h o u l d a d o p t a s a n e c e s s a r y i p r o c e d u r e ( 3 3 3 : 1 1 ) . I K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r i n t h e i r s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d , I ' E a s y S t e p s t o t h e O r c h e s t r a , r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e r o t e p r o c e s s a r e m a r k a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e l o p t h e s e n s e o f h e a r i n g t o la h i g h d e g r e e . T h ey o r g a n i z e d t h i s r o t e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e I " e a r l e a r n i n g " i n t o w h a t t h e y c a l l e d "A C u r r i c u l u m G u id e " I c o n s i s t i n g o f f i f t e e n e a s y s t e p s a s f o l l o w s : 1 . R e c o g n iz e s Open S t r i n g s . 2 . A c q u i r e s a g o o d e a r p i c t u r e o f a M u s ic a l T o n e . ' 3* H e a rs 'b e a t s * i n t h e E x p l o r i n g P i a n o C o m p o s i t i o n s . 4 . Has d e v e l o p e d a s e n s i t i v e l i s t e n i n g h a b i t . ' 5 . U n d e r s t a n d s t h e e l e m e n t o f p i t c h i n m u s i c . 6 . U n d e r s t a n d s how t o c o n t r o l p i t c h o n h i s i n s t r u m e n t - . 7 . I s c o n s c i o u s o f h i s p i t c h w h i l e p l a y i n g w i t h o t h e r s . 8 . C o n s t a n t l y . e x p a n d s t o n a l im a g e r y b y t h i n k i n g a n d s i n g i n g t h e t o n e s b e f o r e p l a y i n g th e m , i 9 . D e v e lo p s t o n a l m em ory b y w r i t i n g f ro m s i m p le I d i c t a t i o n . I 1 0 . K eeps i n n e r l i s t e n i n g g o i n g s o t h a t a t a n y p o i n t I h e c o u l d s t o p p l a y i n g a n d s i n g t h e n e x t t o n e . 1 1 . L e a m s t h e s o u n d o f t h e V7 c h o r d o n t h e p h r a s e ' C i n - d e r - e l - l a ' fro m a n y o p e n s t r i n g u s i n g a h i g h a n d low p o s i t i o n o f t h e 2 n d f i n g e r o n t h e v i o l i n a n d v i o l a a n d c h a n g i n g fro m 3 f i n g e r s t o * 2 f i n g e r s on t h e c e l l o . 1 2 . D i s t i n g u i s h e s b e tw e e n t h e m a j o r a n d m in o r m o d e s . 1 6 6 1 3 , H e a rs a b r i g h t h i g h t h i r d a n d s e v e n t h d e g r e e i n m a j o r . 1 4 , A c q u i r e s a n a w a r e n e s s o f k e y c o l o r s . 1 5 , S e l e c t s a n d w r i t e s d e s i r e d d y n a m ic s . ( 4 0 5 : l ) F o l l o w i n g a n u m b e r o f r e m a r k s c o n c e r n i n g t h e l i s t e n i n g p r o c e s s K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r c li m a x e d t h e i r o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g u n e q u i v o c a l d e c l a r a t i o n : A b e g i n n e r o n a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t h a s a g r e a t e r p r o b le m i n l e a r n i n g t o h e a r how t o p l a y a n d t o a c h i e v e a s m o o th c o o r d i n a t i o n o f b o d y m o v em en ts t h a n h e d o e s i n l e a r n i n g t o r e a d fro m t h e s t a f f . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , h e s h o u l d f i r s t l e a r n t h e a c t i o n d e s i r e d a n d a f t e r w a r d r e a d t h e s y m b o ls w h ic h c a l l f o r t h a t a c t i o n . ( 4 0 5 : 4 ) Many o t h e r p r o g r e s s i v e e d u c a t o r s e x p r e s s e d k e e n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e s e t r u t h s . Morraann r e g a r d e d r o t e t r a i n i n g a s n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e l o p t h e h a b i t o f l i s t e n i n g t o o n e 's ! own p l a y i n g a n d i n d u c e t h e s t u d e n t i n t o s e l f a n a l y s i s 1( 1 7 : 1 5 1 ) , a n d i t w as M urse l l who r e m a r k e d , " I n s t r u m e n t a l I t e a c h e r s o f t e n t a l k t o t h e i r p u p i l s a b o u t l i s t e n i n g , b u t i t h e y r a r e l y t r y s y s t e m a t i c a l l y t o t e a c h th e m t o do s o " i i ( 1 2 : 3 4 9 ) . ; F o r t h e s e sam e r e a s o n s H a r r i s , B u r r o w s , a n d A h e a r n ; i n t h e i r v i o l i n b o o k . Y oung A m e ric a a t t h e V i o l i n , u n d e r s c o r e d t h e v a l u e o f r o t e i n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g b y s a y i n g t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t p i e c e s s h o u l d b e e x p e r i e n c e d a s r e a l e n jo y m e n t w i t h o u t t h e w o r r y o f n o t a t i o n . A " f e e l " ! f o r t h e i n s t r u m e n t a n d t h e bow w as m ore q u i c k l y a c q u i r e d 167 ! i n t h i s w a y , t h e y f e l t , a n d h e l p e d t h e s t u d e n t becom e . a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e s o u n d s o f t h e s t r i n g s , t h e i r r e l a t i o n - I s h i p , a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s t a r t i n g a new n o t e b y c h a n g i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e bow ( 3 9 9 * i ) . A t t h e e a r l y i n c e p t i o n o f t h e r o t e m e th o d p r o c e d u r e n o t e v e r y o n e was r e a d y t o a c c e p t t h e i n n o v a t i o n . A n d e r s o n e x p r e s s e d v i o l e n t d i s a p p r o v a l i n a 19 34 a r t i c l e i n t h e M u s i c i a n ; T h e r e a r e , a t p r e s e n t , u p o n t h e m a r k e t , a g r e a t m any t r e a t i s e s f o r t h e v i o l i n w h ic h a d v o c a t e s t a r t i n g t h e p u p i l a t o n c e o n e a s y p i e c e s , s u c h a s f a m i l i a r m e l o d i e s , f o l k s o n g s , t r a n s p o s e d a i r s fro m o v e r t u r e s , o p e r a s a n d e v e n s y m p h o n ie s . T h is b e f o r e t h e s t u d e n t h a s l e a r n e d t o draw a s t e a d y bow l Why? B e c a u s e t h e s e t r e a t i s e s c a t e r t o t h e t i c k l i n g o f t h e f a n c y o f t h e s t u d e n t r a t h e r t h a n t o s a n e m u s i c i a n s h i p ................................. I t c a n r e a d i l y b e a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t o l e a r n t o p l a y a know n t u n e o n t h e v i o l i n w o u ld , i n c e r t a i n r e s p e c t s , b e e a s i e r f o r t h e b e g i n n e r who d o e s n o t know s c a l e s , i n t e r v a l s o r e v e n t h e m e t r i c a l v a l u e o f n o t e s , r e s t s a n d o t h e r m u s ic s y m b o l s . H e, t h e n , t o a v e r y l a r g e e x t e n t , w o u ld b e p l a y i n g b y e a r . T h e r e m i g h t , p o s s i b l y , b e some s l i g h t a s s o c i a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e t u n e a n d t h e p r i n t e d n o t e s h e s e e s i n f r o n t o f h im , b u t n o t e n o u g h t o c l a i m a n y d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e o l d m e th o d o f t r a i n i n g a s t u d e n t g r a d u a l l y a n d s u r e l y i n a l l t h e s e m a t t e r s . ( 6 2 : 1 1 ) And y e t , l o n g b e f o r e A n d e r s o n was d e b u n k in g t h e " F a l s e L u r e s i n 'E a s y V i o l i n M e th o d s *” S t o e v i n g h a d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e r o t e a p p r o a c h . I n c o n c l u d i n g h i s t r e a t i s e o n s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g i n 1 9 2 1 h e a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e tim e t o u s e t h e p r i n t e d n o t a t i o n came 1 6 8 ' a f t e r t h e c l a s s h a d l e a r n e d t o p l a y o n a l l f o u r s t r i n g s , w i t h some d e g r e e o f f r e e d o m a n d s u r e n e s s o f i n t o n a t i o n , ! a n d h a d g a i n e d a u t o m a t i c f a c i l i t y w i t h t h e bow ( 2 3 : 5 5 ) . j I n d e e d , t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n u n d e r c u r r e n t o f a n i m o s i t y I t o w a r d r o t e p r a c t i c e , s o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l - ! 1s t e l e m e n t o f v i o l i n p e d a g o g y , i s d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d , ! ! f o r e v e n am ong t h e s t r i c t e s t p r i v a t e s t u d i o a d v o c a t e s t h e j n e e d f o r d o i n g t e c h n i c a l w o rk w i t h o u t n o t e s h a s b e e n a m a t t e r o f d a i l y a p p r o b a t i o n . T h i s w as e m p h a t i c a l l y p o i n t e d b u t b y t h e e m m in e n t v i o l i n p e d a g o g u e , D a v id M a n n e s, a s ; e a r l y a s 1 9 1 9 ( 1 0 : 1 4 9 ) , a n d h a s a lw a y s b e e n a r e c o g n i z e d d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s e v e n i n t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o . And a s I L ong ( 2 2 3 : 3 8 8 ), a n d R u sh ( 2 9 8 : 1 3 ) h a v e n o t e d , m any o f t h e ■ a d v a n c e d p h a s e s o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e , s u c h a s e x p l o r a t i o n o f ! t h e u p p e r p o s i t i o n s a n d i n t r o d u c t i o n o f v a r i o u s b o w in g s t y l e s , s h o u l d b e d o n e a h e a d o f n o t e r e a d i n g , t h u s k e e p i n g ^ t e c h n i c c o n s i s t e n t l y s u p e r i o r t o n o t e r e a d i n g a b i l i t y . ; Some o f t h e e a r l i e r a p o l o g i s t s f o r t h e r o t e p r o c e d u r e d rew a n a n a l o g y b e tw e e n m e th o d s o f t e a c h i n g c h i l d r e n t o r e a d i n g ram m ar s c h o o l a n d t h e w ay t h e y s h o u l d b e t a u g h t t o r e a d m u s ic n o t a t i o n . A p p le b a u m ( 6 8 : 2 4 1 ) n o t e d t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p a s d i d B r o o k s a n d B ro w n , who c a l l e d t h i s m e th o d o f i n s t r u c t i o n t h e d i r e c t - l e a r n i n g a p p r o a c h . T h ey p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h h a d b e e n u s e d i n c o n n e c t i o n : 1 6 9 w i t h t h e l e a r n i n g o f f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s w h e re p u p i l s b e g a n a t o n c e t o s p e a k a n d r e a d i n s t e a d o f g o i n g t h r o u g h a l o n g p r e l i m i n a r y d r i l l o n g ram m ar an d s y n t a x i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r s p e a k i n g . T he sam e p r o c e s s w as a d v o c a t e d f o r i n t r o d u c i n g I t h e y o u n g c h i l d t o i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , t h u s p r o v i d i n g h im I I a n im m e d ia te m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e t h r o u g h t h e p l a y i n g o f I f o l k s o n g s a l r e a d y i n h i s r e p e r t o r y ( 2 : 2 1 6 ) . i T hu s t h e s e m any a f f i d a v i t s i n f a v o r o f t h e d i r e c t I a p p r o a c h show t h a t M a t t e r n w as n o t e x a g g e r a t i n g w hen h e r e m a r k e d b e f o r e t h e M u sic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 4 1 t h a t " n e a r l y a l l a g r e e t h a t t h e ' r o t e b e f o r e n o t e ' a p p r o a c h . . . i s i m p o r t a n t i n e l e m e n t a r y i n s t r u m e n t a l I t e a c h i n g " ( 4 5 : 4 1 9 ) . I I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r e c e d i n g a d v o c a t e s o f t h e r o t e I a p p r o a c h t h e f o l l o w i n g a l s o e c h o e d i n one f o rm o r a n o t h e r j t h e s e v ie w s o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s t y p e o f i n s t r u c t i o n : 'C a v a l l a r a ( 1 1 5 : 5 4 ) , F r a n k a n d H elm s ( 1 4 2 : 3 5 ) ^ H an n en I ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) , G reen h aw ( 3 7 9 : 5 2 ) , K een an ( 4 2 : 3 5 5 ) , P o t t e r [ ( 2 6 7 : 2 ) , S k o r n i k a ( 4 1 3 : 3 ) , a n d S t u b e r ( 4 l 4 : l ) . pfy ' - - - - - - — J M 17 1 a d h e r e n t s , a n d t h e m o st c o n v i n c i n g a r g u m e n t s . W h ile t h e , a l t e r n a t e a p p r o a c h h a d m any p o i n t s i n i t s f a v o r t o o ; v a l u a b l e t o d i s m i s s , t h i s s e c t i o n , f o r p u r p o s e s o f c l a r i t y , I ' w i l l l a r g e l y o m it i t s d i s c u s s i o n h e r e , l e a v i n g i t f o r ! d i s c u s s i o n i n a s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d " A l t e r n a t e ; B e g i n n i n g P r o c e d u r e s . " O n ly a s t h e p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h h a s ! a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e p r o b le m w i l l i t b e p r e s e n t l y i I c o n s i d e r e d . j In a s m u c h a s t h e m e th o d o f h o l d i n g t h e bow se em s t o h a v e b e e n s t a n d a r d i z e d , t h e m a t t e r was l i t t l e d i s c u s s e d . The v a r i a t i o n s i n a p p r o a c h o c c u r r e d o v e r t h e q u e s t i o n o f ' t h e s p e e d a n d l e n g t h o f t h e bow s t r o k e i n t h e b e g i n n i n g I s t a g e s . The g a m u t e x t e n d e d fro m a n i s o l a t e d d e f e n s e o f ' t h e b y now o l d - f a s h i o n e d s u s t a i n e d w h o le bow , t o q u i c k s h o r t bows i n v a r i o u s d i v i s i o n s o f t h e s t i c k , p l u s m any u n i q u e d e v e l o p m e n t a l f e a t u r e s f o r h e l p i n g t h e s t u d e n t s g a i n e a r l y b o w in g f a c i l i t y . F i n a l l y , t h e r e w e re o p p o s i n g i s c h o o l s o f t h o u g h t o n w o r k in g f o r a r e l a x e d o r a f i r m g r i p ; a t t h e b e g i n n i n g . I I I n t r o d u c t o r y T e c h n iq u e s E a r l y a t t e m p t s b y m u s ic e d u c a t o r s t o t e a c h s t r i n g s i n c l a s s e s t e n d e d t o u t i l i z e p r i v a t e s t u d i o m e t h o d s . I t w as a s l o w , t e d i o u s m e th o d in a s m u c h a s e a c h s t u d e n t was ; 170 I I I . BOWING : INTRODUCTORY TECHNIQUES I When t h e s t r i n g m u s ic e d u c a t o r s cam e t o d i s c u s s t h e I i n t r o d u c t o r y p r o b le m s o f b o w in g i t w as a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e y j h a d come t o t h e c e n t r a l f e a t u r e o f s t r i n g p e d a g o g y . H e r e , I f o r th e m , l a y t h e h e a r t o f t h e v i o l i n i s t ' s a r t . Now w h i l e I t h i s i m p o r t a n t f i e l d r e v e a l e d some o f t h e w id e d i f f e r e n - I t i a t i o n i n t h o u g h t s o common am ong s t r i n g a r t i s t s , i t a l s o I d i s p l a y e d a m o s t w o n d e r f u l s t o r e h o u s e o f k n o w le d g e c o n c e r n - : i n g t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f o p e n in g t h e w o r l d o f t h e v i o l i n t o : c h i l d r e n — t e c h n i q u e s , may we a d d , w h ic h w e re d e v e l o p e d b y s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s o u t o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s o l v i n g t h e j u n i q u e p r o b le m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e s t r i n g c l a s s . ' W h ile i t w as l a m e n t a b l e t h a t som e e x p r e s s e d t h e i d o g m a tic v iew t h a t t h e i r a p p r o a c h w as t h e o n l y m e th o d , i t w o u ld s t i l l se e m v a l i d f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o v e n t u r e t h e j t h o u g h t t h a t a n y r e a l l y o p e n -m in d e d p e d a g o g u e w o u ld f i n d ; m any new a n d v a l u a b l e h i n t s a s t o how t o im p ro v e h i s own I t e c h n i q u e s i n s t r i n g p e d a g o g y b y e x p l o r i n g t h e m any f a c e t s i i o f t h e a r t t o w h ic h t h e s e s p e c i a l i s t s h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d . I Of t h e tw o a l t e r n a t e a p p r o a c h e s t o p l a y i n g t h e I s t r i n g s , b e g i n n i n g w i t h o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g a n d b e g i n n i n g i w i t h l e f t h a n d t u n e s a n d r i g h t h a n d p i z z i c a t o , t h e t r a d i - i t i o n a l e a r l i e r d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e bow h a d b y f a r t h e m o st i I 1 7 2 : t a u g h t s e p a r a t e l y w h i l e t h e o t h e r s o b s e r v e d . One e x a m p le o f t h i s s o r t was d i s c u s s e d i n t h e s e c t i o n on C l a s s O r g a n i z a t i o n , p . 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 , i n w h ic h B o lg e n ( 1 0 1 : 5 3 8 ) i n t r o d u c e d t h e f i n g e r i n g p r o c e s s t o o n e s t u d e n t a t a t i m e . T h e r e w e re ! i h o l d - o v e r s fr o m t h i s a n t i q u a t e d p r o c e s s e v e n u p t o c u r r e n t ' t i m e s . I n a n a r t i c l e w r i t t e n i n 1 9 5 7 W il l ia m s p r e s e n t e d w h a t h e c a l l e d "Some H e lp i n T e a c h i n g S t r i n g s " b y p r o p o s i n g t h a t b o w in g b e i n t r o d u c e d , f i r s t b y t e a c h e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n t o t h e w h o le c l a s s , t h e n w i t h e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i n f r o n t o f , t h e c l a s s . The i n i t i a l b o w in g w as t o b e d o n e a c r o s s t h e : f o r e f i n g e r i n s t e a d o f t h e s t r i n g s f o r t h e f i r s t tw o o r ! t h r e e l e s s o n s . I n t h o s e c a s e s w h e re t h e h a i r h a d b e e n s o i l e d t h e t e a c h e r was t o t a k e i n t h e bow s a n d w a sh t h e | I h a i r o f e a c h . A l l o f t h i s d e l a y i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e e 1 t o f o u r w eek s h e a d v o c a t e d f o r p i z z i c a t o a n d l e f t h a n d ! I w o rk p r i o r t o u s e o f t h e bow ! Among t h e h e l p f u l h i n t s I p r e s c r i b e d b y W il l ia m s f o r t h i s o p e n s t r i n g p e r i o d o f s t u d y , I w e re t h e s e ; ( 1 ) t h e l e f t h a n d s h o u l d b e e m p lo y e d i n h o l d - ! i n g t h e b o d y o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t ( v i o l i n ) a t t h e r i g h t o f t h e n e c k , thum b o n t h e b a c k , f i n g e r s o n t h e t o p , i n a ; p o s i t i o n f o r e i g n t o t h e c o r r e c t o n e s o t h a t no b a d h a b i t s 1 r e s u l t e d , ( 2 ) o n l y t h e m id d le p o s t i o n o f t h e bow was t o b e ' u s e d s i n c e t h e w h o le bow w as t o o d i f f i c u l t a t t h i s t i m e , j a n d ( 3 ) t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f g o o d t o n e s w as t o b e e n c o u r a g e d 1 I 173 I ' b y t e a c h e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f t h e e f f e c t o f p o o r t o n e s a n d ^ s q u e a k s p r o d u c e d b y c r o o k e d b o w in g . T h is a d v i c e w as c o n - i e l u d e d b y t h e s t a t e m e n t , "Now go b a c k a n d do w i t h t h e bow I ■ ■ ■ , a l l t h e t u n e s t h a t h a v e b e e n d o n e p i z z i c a t o p r e v i o u s l y . I t I I w i l l t a k e som e t im e f o r th e m t o p r a c t i c e t h e s e t u n e s i n t o (g o o d s o u n d s w i t h t h e bow . . • . " ( 3 6 8 : 6 ) . I j I n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , s u c h d e l a y e d ; I a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e u s u a l t e c h n i q u e s o f s t r i n g p l a y i n g i s t o ! b e d e p l o r e d . W h ile i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t i n i s o l a t e d ; i n s t a n c e s s u c h l a b o r i o u s p r o c e d u r e s m ig h t w o rk o u t s u c c e s s - ■ f u l l y , t h e l o n g h i s t o r y o f f a i l u r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e s t r i n g f i e l d b y s l o w , m e t h o d i c a l a p p r o a c h e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t , I a s r e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r g e n e r a l u s e , t h e s e m e th o d s w h ic h i I j a p p r o a c h s t r i n g s t u d y t h r o u g h t h e b a c k d o o r s h o u l d be : a v o i d e d . ; A c t u a l l y , a s s t r i n g t e a c h e r s b e g a n t o e x p e r i m e n t w ith I ( g r o u p m e th o d s w h ic h p r o v i d e d a s i m u l t a n e o u s l e a r n i n g . e x p e r i e n c e f o r a l l c o n c e r n e d , i t was s u g g e s t e d b y m any o f I t h o s e e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t I a c l e a r - c u t d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e b o w in g p r o c e s s f o l l o w e d b y I m a n u a l h e l p fr o m t h e t e a c h e r a s h e m oved q u i c k l y fro m ! s t u d e n t t o s t u d e n t a l l o w e d m o s t m em bers o f e v e n l a r g e c l a s s e s t o l e a m t o bow f r e e l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y d u r i n g t h e ! v e r y f i r s t l e s s o n ! B e c k e r d e s c r i b e d t h i s new p r o c e d u r e * 174 s u g g e s t i n g f i r s t t h a t t h e t e a c h e r b e g i n b y d e s c r i b i n g a n d d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e m a n n e r o f h o l d i n g t h e bow f o r t h e p a r - I I t i c u l a r s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t i n q u e s t i o n . T h is d o n e , h e ' c o n t i n u e d i n t h e s e w o rd s : T h en t h e t e a c h e r m oves q u i c k l y fro m s t u d e n t t o s t u d e n t , c h e c k i n g e a c h h a n d c a r e f u l l y , r e m i n d i n g t h e p u p i l s t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o p l a c i n g f i n g e r s c o r r e c t l y t h e y m u st I r e l a x f i n g e r s , h a n d , a n d a rm s s o a s t o a l l o w f l e x i b i l i t y ^ ' n e c e s s a r y f o r d r a w in g t h e bow . T h i s i s a v e r y - i m p o r t a n t t e a c h e r a c t i v i t y . I f t h e s t u d e n t ' s h a n d i s d e f t l y m a n i p u l a t e d i n t o c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n a t t h i s t i m e , t h e m u s c u l a r o r k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s a t i o n s a r e s e t u p w h ic h a r e i n h e r e n t i n g o o d bow c o n t r o l . ( 2 8 : 1 7 5 ) I n h e r e n t i n t h i s new a p p r o a c h w as t h e u s e o f q u i c k bow s t r o k e s , a d e f i n i t e t r e n d fro m t h e e a r l i e r c l a s s m e th o d s w h ic h i n v a r i a b l y o p e n e d w i t h s t u d i e s r e q u i r i n g s u s t a i n i n g b o w in g i n w h o le n o t e s s u c h a s J o h n s o n 's The F i l l m o r e B e g i n n i n g S t r i n g C l a s s ( 1 9 3 0 ) , H e r f u r t h ' s e a r l i e r T une A Day f o r v i o l i n ( 1 9 3 3 ) , a n d H e r m a n 's Bow a n d S t r i n g s ( 1 9 4 9 ) . The t r e n d aw ay fro m s l o w , s u s t a i n e d b o w in g . The I o l d e r t y p e o f a p p r o a c h was t y p i f i e d b y A p p le b au m who a d v o c a t e d t e a c h i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o u s e a f u l l bow ( w i t h i n I ■ t h r e e i n c h e s o f e a c h e x t r e m i t y ) c o u n t i n g f o u r c o u n t s f o r ; j e a c h s t r o k e , a n d s t o p p i n g a f t e r e a c h s t r o k e f o r tw o c o u n t s : ' ! ; w i t h t h e bow r e m a i n i n g o n t h e s t r i n g , b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g t h e ; I r e t u r n s t r o k e ( 6 8 ; 2 4 l ) . j A lm o s t a l l o f t h e n e w e r s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s 175 a b a n d o n e d t h i s s u s t a i n e d bow a p p r o a c h , a s d i d t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h o s e who s u b m i t t e d a r t i c l e s a n d p a p e r s t o t h e I v a r i o u s m u s ic j o u r n a l s . A lth o u g h t h e s e w r i t e r s a g r e e d i n I e n d o r s i n g a q u a r t e r n o t e a p p r o a c h , t h e y f e l l i n t o tw o I cam ps o n w h e t h e r t o u s e s h o r t q u i c k s t r o k e s , o r l o n g q u i c k s t r o k e s . C a v a l l a r o w as e m p h a t i c a l l y o p p o s e d t o t h e s u s t a i n e d I w h o le b o w in g s w h ic h d o t t e d t h e e a r l y p a g e s o f m o st t e x t b o o k s in a s m u c h a s s u c h l o n g t o n e s r e q u i r e d a m u s c u l a r c o n t r o l w h ic h t h e n o v i c e c o u l d s c a r e c e l y b e e x p e c t e d t o p o s s e s s , a n d r e s u l t e d i n a s t i f f n e s s o f w r i s t a n d s h o u l d e r a n d a n a c c o m p a n y in g u n p l e a s a n t n e s s o f t o n e . T h e r e f o r e , h e a d v o c a t e d s i m p l e o p e n b o w in g s , o n l y i n t h e m id d le o f t h e bow , a n d fro m t h e m id d le t o t h e p o i n t ( 1 1 5 : 5 3 ) . B row n ( 1 0 9 : 3 2 ) , P a s e k ( 3 8 6 : 1 0 0 ) , B e c k e r ( 2 8 : 1 7 5 ) ^ M a t t e r n (4 4 :2 4 1 ) , a n d W a l l e r ( 3 4 3 : 2 9 ) w e re am ong t h o s e c o n c u r r i n g i n t h i s v i e w . A lt h o u g h M o ln a r p r o p o s e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e l a r g e r m u s c u l a r a c t i o n s b e f o r e t h e r e f i n e m e n t s i n v o l v e d i n j t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e s m a l l e r m o t i o n s , h e c o n t r a d i c t e d h i s j j t h e o r y b y re c o m m e n d in g t h a t s h o r t s t r o k e s i n t h e m id d le o f t h e bow b e u s e d b e f o r e l e n g t h e n i n g t h e s t r o k e t o im p ro v e I t h e t o n e ( 2 4 0 : 2 0 ) . T ru e a d h e r e n c e t o t h e p h y s i c a l a x io m ' t h a t o n e w o rk s fro m t h e l a r g e r m u s c u l a r m o v em en ts t o t h e 176 s m a l l e r r e f i n e d m o v em en ts w o u ld h a v e d i c t a t e d t h e f u l l bow s t r o k e a t o n c e . P e r h a p s t h e l e a d i n g e x p o n e n t o f t h e f u l l l e n g t h bow s t r o k e i n q u a r t e r n o t e r h y th m was B o r n o f f . H e, t o o , d i s c a r d e d m e th o d s w h ic h c o n f i n e d a d h i l d ' s m ovem en ts t o lo n g . s u s t a i n e d t o n e s w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h i s was c o n t r a r y t o t h e p u p i l ' s n a t u r a l i n c l i n a t i o n to w a r d l i v e l i e r m o v e- I m e n t s . H is a p p r o a c h c a l l e d f o r t h e u s e o f b o l d , f r e e , f i r m i s t r o k e s o n a c y c l e o f a l l o p e n s t r i n g s , o v e r a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d o f t i m e , a n d w i t h o u t p a u s e . S u c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n on a f u l l s t r o k e , u s i n g a f i r m g r i p b u t r e t a i n i n g a f l e x i b l e w r i s t a n d f o r e a r m , w o u ld , h e t e s t i f i e d , a u t o m a t i c a l l y I d e v e l o p i n t h e c l a s s a f r e e bow arm a n d e l i m i n a t e u n n e c e s - I e s a r y p i n c h i n g a n d p r e s s i n g ( 3 9 2 : 4 , 1 0 2 : 1 0 ) . H a r r i s , B u r r o w s , a n d A h e a r n ( 3 9 9 : i ) a l s o i m p l i e d j a p p r o v a l o f f u l l bow c o n t r o l i n a d v o c a t i n g m u s ic t h a t I m oved a n d u n d u l a t e d . T hey p o i n t e d o u t t h e p r e f e r e n c e o f I I c h i l d r e n f o r m u s ic i n w h ic h t h e bow m oved w i t h p r e c i s i o n ! • ; a n d d e f i n i t e n e s s , a n d d e c l a r e d t h a t u n n a t u r a l s lo w b o w in g I : I s e t u p t e n s e n e s s i n t h e r i g h t a rm . R h y th m ic b o w in g , o n ; 1 I f I I t h e o t h e r h a n d , was n e c e s s a r y , i n t h e i r e s t i m a t i o n , t o | I d e v e l o p f r e e d o m a n d c o n t r o l ( 3 9 9 : i ) . I K lo tm a n c o n c u r r e d i n t h i s o p i n i o n w hen h e s a i d , i n i p a r t : ! i 1 7 7 I n t h e v e r y f i r s t l e s s o n s l o n g s u s t a i n e d t o n e s , i n my o p i n i o n , a r e n o t d e s i r a b l e , s i n c e t h e b e g i n n e r h a s n e i t h e r t h e i n c l i n a t i o n , t h e p a t i e n c e , n o r t h e m u s e u - I l a r c o n t r o l n e c e s s a r y t o p r o d u c e s u f f i c i e n t t o n e . I N a t u r a l l y , a s l e s s o n s p r o g r e s s t o n e s o f l o n g e r d u r a - I t i o n w i l l b e i n t r o d u c e d . ( 1 9 3 : 4 6 ) ; And B l e c k s c h m i d t , i n c o n d u c t i n g n u m e ro u s c l i n i c o r c h e s t r a s , n o t e d o n e o f t h e g r e a t f a u l t s i n h e r e n t i n e a r l y ! s h o r t b o w in g p r o c e d u r e s w hen h e s a i d ; S t r i n g s t u d e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e o f l i m i t e d e x p e r i e n c e , se em a p p r e h e n s i v e a b o u t u s i n g s u f f i c i e n t bow t o p r o d u c e a g o o d t o n e . T h e i r m e n t a l f a c i l i t i e s seem t o b e l a r g e l y co n su m ed w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n l e f t - h a n d t e c h n i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n , a n d t h e y g i v e o n l y s e c o n d a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e r i g h t h a n d a n d a rm . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e a l e r t s t r i n g t e a c h e r w i l l o f f e r a c o n s t a n t r e m i n d e r t o s t r i n g p l a y e r s t o p l a y a l l n o t e s d e m a n d in g b r e a d t h w i t h a b r o a d bow s t r o k e . A w a rm -u p e x e r c i s e c o n s i s t i n g e n t i r e l y o f f u l l bow s t r o k e s i s g e n e r a l l y h e l p f u l . ( 9 9 : 2 6 ) j F u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r t h i s p o s i t i o n was p r o v i d e d b y i M ig n in who n o t e d t h a t t h e t e n d e n c y t o u s e o n l y t h e m id d le ^ p o r t i o n o f t h e bow w as c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f m o s t b e g i n n e r s . I U n l e s s t h e t e a c h e r t o o k s t e p s t o e n c o u r a g e l o n g e r bows I s t i f f n e s s so m ew h ere i n t h e s t u d e n t ' s arm w as s u r e t o I r e s u l t , s h e w a r n e d . T h e r e f o r e s h e a d v o c a t e d d r i l l i n t h e I I u s e o f t h e s u s t a i n e d w h o le b o w , i n a d d i t i o n t o som e d r i l l I f o r b o t h u p p e r a n d l o w e r h a l v e s o f t h e bow i n f a s t e r Irh y th m s ( 2 3 7 : 3 8 ) . I We h a v e t h u s b e e n c o n f r o n t e d w i t h tw o c o n f l i c t i n g I p o i n t s o f v ie w , t h e f i r s t o f w h ic h d e c l a r e d t h a t s i n c e a j 178 ; s u s t a i n e d w h o le bow r e s u l t s i n s t i f f n e s s o f w r i s t a n d s h o u l d e r , a s h o r t bow s h o u l d b e u s e d ; t h e s e c o n d v ie w s a i d t h a t s i n c e a s h o r t m id d le o f t h e bow s t r o k e w as s u r e t o i n d u c e s t i f f n e s s , a l o n g s u s t a i n e d w h o le bow s h o u l d b e u s e d . B o th o p i n i o n s h a d n u m e ro u s s u p p o r t e r s . I I t se em s c l e a r t h a t e d u c a t o r s i n e n c o u n t e r i n g t e n - ! S i o n fro m t h e u s e o f s u s t a i n e d w h o le bow s h a d t u r n e d t o q u i c k s h o r t o n e s , o n l y t o f i n d t h a t t h i s l i m i t a t i o n o f I b o w in g r e s u l t e d i n s i m i l a r l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y c r a m p in g . The ; l o n g e r , f r e e r m o tio n o f t h e bow was f o u n d t o r e l e a s e t h e I s t u d e n t f ro m t h e t e n s i o n s i n d u c e d b y r e s t r i c t e d m o tio n s i n c e t h e l a r g e r m u s c le s h a d b e e n b r o u g h t i n t o p l a y , a n d t h e I q u i c k e r s t r o k e a l l e v i a t e d t h e d a n g e r o f t h e e x tr e m e c ra m p - ' i n g w h ic h s o m any t e a c h e r s h a d e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e u s e o f t h e l o n g s u s t a i n e d b o w in g . T h e o d o re a n d A l i c e P a s h k u s v e r i f i e d some o f t h e s e ' t e n e t s ; The i n s i s t e n c e o f som e t e a c h e r s o n s lo w p r a c t i c e e x c l u s i v e l y i s n o t o n l y d i s c o u r a g i n g b u t a l s o h a r m f u l t o t h e y o u n g p u p i l . S i n c e s p e e d i s b a s e d o n r e f l e x m o ti o n s w h ic h a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t fr o m s lo w m o t i o n s , t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f s p e e d n e e d s s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g , a n d a t a n e a r l y s t a g e t h e s t u d e n t s h o u l d l e a r n t o p r a c t i c e I i n b o t h s lo w a n d f a s t t e m p i . F a u l t s o f t h e l e f t h a n d a s w e l l a s o f bow a n d arm t e c h n i q u e , s u c h a s c r a m p in g , i n f l e x i b i l i t y , e t c . , m ig h t n o t b e t o o a p p a r e n t i n a s lo w te m p o ; h o w e v e r , t h e s e f a u l t s w i l l p r e v e n t t h e I p u p i l fro m a c q u i r i n g s p e e d a n d t e c h n i c a l e a s e . We I t h e r e f o r e s t r o n g l y reco m m en d e m p h a s i z i n g t h e a c q u i s i - i t i o n o f t h e a l l - i m p o r t a n t ' r e f l e x - f e e l i n g * a t t h e L . e a r l i e s t s t a g e . ( 2 6 4 : 1 7 ) I 1 7 9 i C l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h i s p r o b le m o f l e n g t h a n d s p e e d : o f bow s t r o k e , i n v o l v e d a s i t w as w i t h e f f o r t s t o a v o i d I t e n s i o n i n t h e s e e a r l y s t a g e s , was t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e f i r m , o r r e l a x e d g r i p . A l l t e a c h e r s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t u l t i m a t e l y , ] t h e s t u d e n t s h o u l d a c q u i r e d t h e r e f i n e d , p o i s e d , a l m o s t i i m p e r c e p t i b l e w r i s t m o ti o n s o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e a r t i s t I I p e r f o r m e r . One s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t b e l i e v e d t h a t a r e l a x e d I g r i p s h o u l d b e i n d u c e d fro m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g , e v e n a t i t h e c o s t o f r e t a r d e d p r o g r e s s , s m a l l t o n e , a n d i n s e c u r e s o u n d . Of t h i s s c h o o l w as M ig n in who u r g e d t h e t e a c h e r t o I a l l o w n o b e a r i n g dow n, t o e n c o u r a g e l i f t i n g o r h o l d i n g t h e I I bow o f f t h e s t r i n g , a n d t o i n d u c e r e l a x a t i o n f ro m t h e j : I s t a r t ( 2 3 7 : 3 8 ) . S u c h , t o o , w as t h e a d v i c e o f L e v e n s o n who I ! d e c l a r e d t h a t c o n c o m i t a n t l y w i t h c o r r e c t p o s t u r e , h o l d i n g ! I .. I I o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , a n d c o r r e c t g r i p o n t h e bow t h e r e m u s t icom e c o m p le te r e l a x a t i o n w i t h o u t t e n s i o n i n b o d y a n d a r m s , ! e v e n a t t h e e x p e n s e o f a s m a l l t o n e ( 2 1 9 : 3 7 ) . I T he o p p o s i n g s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e c o m p l e t e l y r e l a x e d g r i p , c o m b in e d w i t h p o i s e d s t r e n g t h , i I was a n a b i l i t y a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h l o n g e x p e r i e n c e . T h ey I b e l i e v e d t h a t r e q u i r i n g a c h i l d t o a t t e m p t m a s t e r y o f t h i s : I I a d v a n c e d a r t n o t o n l y d e l a y e d a n d d i s c o u r a g e d t h e s t u d e n t , I I b u t a c t u a l l y r e s u l t e d i n l o s s o f t o n e q u a l i t y , i n s e c u r e I ! b o w in g , a n d o t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n s . T h is s c h o o l s o u g h t f i r s t 1 8 0 : f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r e n g t h i n t h e s m a l l m u s c le s t h r o u g h a f i r m , b a l a n c e d g r i p — t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f l a r g e i m o ti o n s r a t h e r t h a n s m a l l o n e s ; t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f q u i c k e r m o tio n s i n s t e a d o f s lo w a n d r e s t r i c t i v e o n e s . I Among t h e l e a d e r s i n t h e d e p a r t u r e fr o m t h e s e t r a - ( d i t i o n a l a v e n u e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n w as B o m o f f , who d e c l a r e d : ! The c l a s s w i l l u s e s t r a i g h t f o r e a r m a c t i o n w i t h ; f l a t w r i s t t h r o u g h o u t , b u t a n y m e n t i o n o r d e m o n s t r a - : t i o n o f w r i s t a c t i o n i n t h e b o w in g i s b e s t a v o i d e d I s i n c e t h e w r i s t m ovem ent i s a r e f i n e d p r o c e s s w h ic h v ' r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e s k i l l a n d w hen i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t e n l e a d s t o i n s e c u r e t o n e p r o d u c t i o n . To d raw a s o l i d t o n e , f i r m n e s s ( n o t f l a b b i n n e s s ) i s e s s e n t i a l i n t h e f i n g e r s . S i n c e t h e w r i s t m ovem ent i s n o t m e n t i o n e d , b u t f u l l bow s r e q u i r e d , t h e c l a s s u n c o n s c i o u s l y w i l l b e g i n t o d e v e l o p f u l l , s w e e p in g bow s t r o k e s . ( 1 0 2 : 1 0 ) I I T h e o d o r e a n d A l i c e P a s h k u s f e l t t h a t t h e t e r m " r e l a x a t i o n " was m i s l e a d i n g t o t h e c h i l d who se e m e d t o a s s o c i a t e t h e w o rd w i t h a m inim um o f m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l e f f o r t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y p r e f e r r e d t o s p e a k o f p e r f e c t b a l a n c e a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n a s p r e r e q u i s i t i e s t o s t r e n g t h a n d I f l e x i b i l i t y ( 2 6 4 : 1 7 ) . I Y o s t was t h o r o u g h l y a w a re o f t h e e r r o n e o u s e l e m e n t s p r e s e n t i n t h i s p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h r e l a x a t i o n . S e e k i n g s u p p o r t f o r h i s c a u s e h e t u r n e d t o S e r k i n whom h e q u o t e d a s s a y i n g i n t h e M a rc h , 1 9 4 1 i s s u e o f E t u d e , t h e f o l l o w i n g ; ; 1 8 1 ' Modem preference tends toward an ever-increased Insistence upon relaxation in playing, and relaxation is surely an excellent thing. But it is not the first ; step in learning to play. The first essential is I finger strength. This has been advocated since the time of Bach and it still holds true. The student must first learn to strengthen his fingers. iYost elaborated upon this position.taken by; Serkin by I expressing the conviction that all schools that based I their teaching upon relaxation were quite incapable of I solving the technical problem since there could be no freedom of movement or endurance unless there was a tre mendous margin of reserve strength in the smaller muscles involved in playing.( 3 7 2 : 1 3 ). Altvater regarded the extraordinary amount of empha- I sis which had been placed on wrist action as absurd. The I i principal agent in moving the bow was the arm, he noted, the wrist and fingers being involved only at the points of change in bow direction. He thus advised the violin Instructor to remember that the actual movements of the I wrist and fingers were so minute as to be almost indis- j cernible from the auditorium of a concert hall. Strength ! in these smaller muscles had to be developed, but not I inordinately, he reasoned (26:310). I Many of the earlier pedagogues were aware of the lvalue of a firm grip at the start. This idea was expounded ! 182 ' b y S a r d o n l who r e g a r d e d a f i r m g r i p a s n e c e s s a r y t o a s s u r e v o lu m e a n d t h a t m uch d e s i r e d s i n g i n g q u a l i t y o f t o n e ! i ( 2 1 : v i i ) . I t was a l s o p r o p o u n d e d b y S t o e v i n g , who i n a d v o c a t i n g a r e l a x e d , b u t f i r m g r i p s a i d , "S u c h c o n t r o l , ' g r o w in g o u t o f much e x p e r i e n c e , c o u l d grow m ore q u i c k l y : a n d n a t u r a l l y i f t h e s t u d e n t w e re n o t s o r e s t r a i n e d . " A t I : a n o t h e r p o i n t i n h i s d i s c o u r s e h e r e m a r k e d , "A p e r f e c t g r i p m u st c o m b in e s e c u r i t y w i t h l i g h t n e s s , u t m o s t d e l i c a c y o f t o u c h w i t h r e s e r v e d s t r e n g t h " ( 2 3 : 1 2 ) . A l l o f t h e s e p r o s a n d c o n s w e re i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e ■ p ro b lem s t e a c h e r s s o u g h t t o o v e rc o m e w i t h r e g a r d t o b o w in g t e n s i o n s i n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t . C l e a r l y t h e l e a d i n g , I ( p r o g r e s s i v e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s w e re n o t a v e r s e t o b r e a k - !i n g t r a d i t i o n s i f b e t t e r r e s u l t s c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d . A s id e I fro m a d j u s t m e n t s i n t h e s p e e d a n d l e n g t h o f t h e e a r l y b o w - I in g p r o c e d u r e s , t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g l o r e w as f o u n d I t o b e f u l l o f v a r i o u s l i t t l e " t r i c k s o f t h e t r a d e " d i s - I c o v e r e d h e r e a n d t h e r e b y t e a c h e r s a t t e m p t i n g t o im p ro v e j t h e i r a p p r o a c h t o t h e b o w in g p r o c e s s . ! I S t o e v i n g , i n a t t e m p t i n g t o s o l v e t h e p r o b le m o f I t e n s i o n a s h e t a u g h t t h e l o n g s u s t a i n e d b o w in g s o c u s t o m a r y I i I in h i s d a y , t u r n e d t o t h e u s e o f g y m n a s t i c s t o s t r e n g t h e n I jth e g r i p o n t h e bow b e f o r e i t was e v e r a p p l i e d t o t h e ! I ; s t r i n g s . D e s c r i p t i o n s o f t e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u e s o f m any 183 d e c a d e s a g o i n d i c a t e t h a t p u p i l s w e re m uch m ore p a t i e n t i n t h e m a t t e r o f t h e r a t e o f p r o g r e s s m a i n t a i n e d t h a n se em s to ; b e t h e c a s e t o d a y . S t o e v i n g * s c l a s s e s w e re m ade t o h o l d t h e bow i n v a r i o u s u n s u p p o r t e d p o s i t i o n s f o r u p t o t h r e e . m in u t e s w i t h o u t m o v in g a m u s c l e . The bow was a l s o h e l d a s ' a s w o r d , a s i n f e n c i n g , w i t h o u t a l t e r i n g t h e g r i p t o d e v e lo p j t h e w r i s t ; t h e i n d e x f i n g e r w as o c c a s i o n a l l y re m o v e d t o i 1 j s t r e n g t h e n t h e r i n g a n d l i t t l e f i n g e r . F o l l o w i n g t h i s t r a i n i n g t h e bows w e re a p p l i e d s i l e n t l y t o t h e s t r i n g s a t t h e t i p , m id d le a n d f r o g . T h i s was n o t a p r e l i m i n a r y w a rm -u p t o p l a y i n g , b u t w as a r o u t i n e c a r r i e d o n " f o r no m a t t e r how l o n g " u n t i l a l l t h e s t u d e n t s c o u l d p l a c e t h e bow I s i l e n t l y o n t h e s t r i n g , i n a n y p o r t i o n o f i t , i n p e r f e c t i m i t a t i o n o f t h e t e a c h e r ' s t e c h n i q u e . O n ly t h e n w e re ; t h e y a l l o w e d t o comm ence m a k in g s o u n d s ( 2 3 : 1 7 - 1 9 ) . A p p le b a u m s o u g h t t o r e d u c e t e n s i o n i n t h e i n t r o d u c - ' t o r y s t a g e s b y p a u s i n g f o r tw o b e a t s a t t h e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e a c h s u s t a i n e d bow s t r o k e , t h e w r i s t a n d f i n g e r s t o b e I c o n s c i o u s l y r e l a x e d b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g t h e r e t u r n s t r o k e I ( 6 8 : 2 4 l ) . ^ j To c o u n t e r a c t t h e e v e r - p r e s e n t t e n d e n c y t o bow i n j a h a l f c i r c l e M ig n in c a u t i o n e d h e r s t u d e n t s t o u s e " h a l f - ; m oon" m o t i o n s , b u t o u tw a r d a t b o t h e x t r e m i t i e s , n o t in w a r d ( 2 3 7 : 3 8 ) . ; 184 j I W ith t h i r d g r a d e r s a n d y o u n g e r , G r e e n a d v o c a t e d r h y t h m i c b o w in g s o n o p e n s t r i n g s o r o n s i n g l e f i n g e r s I s i n c e t h e s e y o u n g e r s t u d e n t s w e re u n a b l e t o k e e p t o g e t h e r a t f i r s t on o t h e r t y p e s o f m u s ic ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) . R u s h f o r d reco m m en d ed c a l i s t h e n i c s w h ic h i n c l u d e d r a i s i n g a n d l o w e r i n g t h e bow i n a p e r p e n d i c u l a r m o tio n i n t im e t o c o u n t i n g , o r m u s i c , t o h e l p t h e s t u d e n t s f i n d o u t w h ic h d i r e c t i o n w as u p a n d w h ic h dow n, b e s i d e s a i d i n g i n c o o r d i n a t i o n . D u r in g t h i s p r o c e s s t h e l e f t h a n d w as t o b e h e l d i n t h i r d p o s i t i o n , f i n g e r s n o t t o u c h i n g t h e s t r i n g s — a l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n w i d e l y a c c e p t e d i n t h e f i e l d ( 4 1 2 : 1 ) . A v e r y u s e f u l i n n o v a t i o n was t h e p r a c t i c e o f s t a r t i n g c h i l d r e n o n a n u n tim e d bow s t r o k e o n a n o p e n s t r i n g . B e s i d e s r e l i e v i n g t e n s i o n b y re m o v in g t h e n e c e s s i t y o f c o n f o r m i n g t o a n y s p e c i f i c r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n , t h i s p r o v i d e d t h e c h i l d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p e r i m e n t W ith t h e m o tio n s h e was e x p e c t e d t o m a k e , g a v e t h e t e a c h e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o move a b o u t t h e c l a s s h e l p i n g e a c h c h i l d b y m a n u a l a i d , a n d k e p t t h e e n t i r e c l a s s b u s i l y e n g a g e d i n p l a y i n g i n t u n e t o g e t h e r . The u n t im e d bow s t r o k e w as a f e a t u r e o f t h e c l a s s m e th o d . E a s y S t e p s t o t h e O r c h e s t r a , b y K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r . I n t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p h a s e s f a s c i n a t i n g l y a r r a n g e d p i a n o 1 8 5 a c c o m p a n im e n ts w e re p r o v i d e d t o s t i m u l a t e t h e p u p i l s I n t o ■ rh y th m ic r e s p o n s e s a f t e r t h e y h a d b e g u n p l a y i n g t h e s e f r e e , u n t im e d bow s t r o k e s . S i n c e t h e s e a c c o m p a n im e n ts u t i l i z e d m u l t i - r h y t h m e d p a r t s , t h e g a m u t o f r e s p o n s e s o f t e n r a n g e d fr o m e i g h t h s a n d e v e n t r i p l e t s , t o h a l f a n d w h o le n o t e I rh y th m s * The m u s i c a l p u r p o s e o f a l l t h i s w as e m p h a s iz e d I I b y K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r i n t h e s e w o r d s : T h i s e a r k n o w le d g e s h o u l d a lw a y s p r e c e d e i n t e l l e c t u a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d e y e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e s y m b o l s , o r n o t a t i o n * I n t h i s w ay b o y s a n d g i r l s , f ro m t h e b e g i n n i n g , p l a y w i t h a n i n n e r h e a r i n g t h a t w i l l n o t t o l e r a t e a n o u t - o f - t u n e , o r p u r e l y m e c h a n i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e . THEY ARE USING THEIR B©WS WITH MUSICAL PURPOSE * Make t h e a c c o m p a n im e n ts a s m u s i c a l a s p o s s i b l e * D e v e lo p s e n s i t i v e l i s t e n i n g a t a l l t i m e s . T he e n t i r e p r o c e s s w as b r o k e n down i n t o a p r o c e d u r e w h ic h K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r s u m m a riz e d a s f o l l o w s % 1* The c l a s s l i s t e n s t o t h e m u s i c , c h a n t s ' b e a t , b e a t , ' e t c * 2 . P l a y s w i t h t h e m u s ic g i v i n g e a c h bow t h e n u m b e r o f b e a t s t h e y f e e l , ( a l l o w a f r e e r e s p o n s e ) . 3* T e l l how m any b e a t s t h e y p l a y e d i n o n e bow . 4 . L e a m s w h a t a n o t e o f t h a t t im e v a l u e l o o k s l i k e . 5 . C h o o se o n e t im e v a l u e t h a t h a s b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d . H ave t h e w h o le c l a s s p l a y i t i n u n i s o n , w i t h o u t l o s s o f t o n e . 6 . W r i t e t h e n o t e s t h e y p l a y e d o n t h e s t a f f s a t t h e b o t to m o f t h e i r L e s s o n . . . L a s l e y w as a p a r t i c u l a r l y e n t h u s i a s t i c e x p o n e n t o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e . H e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e i d e a f e a t u r e d t h e u n t im e d bow s t r o k e d u r i n g w h ic h a r e s p o n s e t o f e l t b e a t s w as g e n e r a t e d b y t h e t e a c h e r s v o i c e , t h e p i a n o , o r o t h e r 1 8 6 'a c c o m p a n im e n t ( 2 9 4 : 2 9 ) . The r e s u l t s a c h i e v e d w e re very- s i m i l a r t o t h o s e e x p e c t e d b y K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r . I O t h e r s u c h I n t r o d u c t o r y p r o c e d u r e s w e re e x p o u n d e d b y I J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K rone I n t h e i r m e th o d . S t r i n g s From t h e ^S t a r t . I n w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t s w e re e n c o u r a g e d t o s i n g c o u n t s ; w h i l e p l a y i n g t h e i r own w h o l e - n o t e - o p e n - s t r i n g v e r s i o n o f a I f a m i l i a r t u n e p l a y e d a t t h e p i a n o . A v e r r i n g t h a t t h e ! a b i l i t y t o c o u n t a l o u d w h i l e p l a y i n g w o u ld b e o f g r e a t I v a l u e a s t h e s t u d e n t p r o g r e s s e d , J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K rone p o i n t e d o u t : W ith t h i s p r o c e d u r e t h e s t u d e n t l e a rm s f i r s t t o f e e l h i s t u n e a s p a r t o f t h e s o n g , a n d t h e n a s a s e p a r a t e r h y t h m i c e n t i t y . G r a d u a l l y h e w i l l d e v e l o p i n d e p e n d e n c e I n c o u n t i n g , a n d t h e s i n g i n g o f t h e t u n e may i b e d i s c o n t i n u e d a s h e I s a b l e t o s t a n d o n h i s own f e e t r h y t h m i c a l l y . ( 4 o 4 : 6 5 ) ' O t h e r p r o c e d u r e s a d v o c a t e d I n t h e p r e c e d i n g m e th o d ' I n c l u d e d s i l e n t arm m o tio n s s i m u l a t i n g bow s t r o k e s t o I Im p le m e n t c o o r d i n a t i o n I n b o w in g , v a r i o u s k i n d s o f b o d i l y ; r e s p o n s e s t o r h y th m s u c h a s c l a p p i n g , l o c a t i n g a c c e n t s I n a m e a s u r e , s p e a k i n g t h e nam es o f n o t e s , o r c o u n t i n g a l o u d , a s ! w e l l a s c o m b in e d u s e o f p l a y i n g a n d r h y t h m i c m o t i o n s , som e ; p l a y i n g , som e m o v in g o r r e s p o n d i n g . "W h e n e v er p o s s i b l e , " I t h e y e n j o i n e d , "c o m b in e t h e a u r a l , v i s u a l , a n d p h y s i c a l I a p p r o a c h t o e v e r y new p r o b le m " ( 4 0 5 : 6 5 , 6 9 ) • ! La M a r ia n a s u g g e s t e d c a l l i n g t h e c h i l d * s a t t e n t i o n : 187 ■ t o t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e s t r i n g a s t h e bow was d ra w n a c r o s s ; I t , I n d i c a t e d t h a t a g o o d t o n e h a d a w id e a m p l i t u d e . T h i s , : I h e p o i n t e d o u t , e n a b l e d t h e s t u d e n t t o " s e e " t h e g o o d t o n e jh e was p r o d u c i n g ( 2 0 3 : 4 4 ) . : F r a n k a n d H elm s u s e d p i c t u r e s q u e p h r a s e s t o d e s c r i b e I t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e b o w , s u c h a s k e e p i n g t h e bow " o n t h e I r a i l r o a d t r a c k , " a n d l i k e n i n g a w h o le bow t o "m o v in g fro m i l o c o m o t i v e t o c a b o o s e ” ( 1 4 2 : 3 4 ) . B a r b a k o f f was a n o t h e r o f t h o s e who a d v o c a t e d t h e u s e o f g y m n a s t i c s t o d e v e l o p bow c o n t r o l . He d rew a n a n a l o g y b e tw e e n a s t r e a m o f r o s i n a g a i n s t t h e s t r i n g a n d a g a r d ë n h o s e a im e d a t a w h e e l b y d r a w in g a n u n r o s l n e d , t h e n a r o s i n e d bow a c r o s s t h e s t r i n g s . O t h e r m eans u s e d t o d r a m a t i z e g o o d b o w in g I n c l u d e d h o l d i n g t h e v i o l i n a g a i n s t I I t h e c h e s t o r I n h i s l a p w h i l e h o l d i n g t h e bow a n y o l d way ! I a s I t w as m oved s t r a i g h t a c r o s s t h e s t r i n g s , t h u s dem on- I 8 1 r a t i n g how e a s i l y a g o o d s o u n d c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t a n y b a r r i e r s . As f o r p r e s s u r e on t h e th u m b , he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e f i n g e r s p r e s s d ow n, b u t t h a t t h e thum b d i d n o t p r e s s u p . F o r a n a n a l o g y h e a s k e d I f a p e r s o n p u s h e s down o n t h e f l o o r o r d o e s t h e f l o o r p u s h u p a t h im w hen h e s t a n d s on I t . The th u m b , h e e x p l a i n e d , was t h e f l o o r ( 7 4 : 2 6 ) . ; G r e e n p r o v i d e d t h e c l i m a c t i c f i n a l e t o t h e s e c o n t r o v e r s i a l a t t e m p t s t o a v o i d t e n s i o n a n d I n d u c e r e l a x a t i o n 1 8 8 by paraphrasing these principles of bowing as advocated by Ivan Galamlan: The fundamental bow-grip of the hand should be such that all digits of the hand are curved. The stiff, straight thumb, and stiff, straight little finger cause many of the bowing Ills and frustrations, and since the complete and ultimate technic of the bow cannot be accomplished If any of the shoulder, arm, wrist or finger muscles are ’frozen* or ’locked,* the sooner the child acquires the feel of easy-moving, unclutched, and flexible muscles, the better. The fingers and thumb - which are slightly curved at each joint— not stiff or rigidly braced on the bow--will eventually relax naturally. [Italics not In the originalI. When this phenomenon of relaxation takes place, then the muscles are conditioned for the building of an adequate bow technic. ( 1 5 0: 5) And as a means of dramatizing the need for a curved thumb. Green suggesting having the student hold his fingers together with the right thumb straight and try to wave his wrist— almost Impossible, she declared— then note how easily he waved when the fingers and thumb were curved ( 1 5 2 : 9 ) . Bowing on all open strings. An additional feature of the trends In string pedagogy was the trend toward the use of all four strings In the development of early bowing I skills. The older class methods failed to make use of the additional Interest created by developing skills simul taneously on all four of the strings. Indicating Instead a preference to work on one or two of the middle strings. 1 8 9 The n e e d f o r i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y f o r a l l o f t h e m em bers o f t h e c l a s s , a n d m ore c o n t i n u o u s p l a y i n g t o p r o v i d e t h e i ! t e a c h e r m ore t im e t o o b s e r v e a n d h e l p t h e s t u d e n t , a p p a r e n t l y was a f a c t o r I n u t i l i z i n g a l l o f t h e s t r i n g s a t o n c e . M o ln a r p o i n t e d o u t t h e f o l l y o f r e s t r i c t i n g d e v e l o p m en t t o one s t r i n g b y s a y i n g t h a t h e f e l t t h a t t o o m uch je m p h a s is h a d b e e n p l a c e d u p o n t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f k e e p i n g I t h e p u p i l o n one s t r i n g t o o l o n g . He d i d n o t r e g a r d t h e I s t r i n g c r o s s i n g p r o b le m a s b e i n g t h a t d i f f i c u l t ( 2 3 4 : 2 1 ) . W a l l e r ( 3 4 3 : 2 9 ) a n d B o r n o f f ( 3 9 2 : 1 0 ) w e re b o t h a d - I v o c a t e s o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e bow o n a l l o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s . I T h is I s s i g n i f i c a n t I n t h a t e a c h a r e w e l l know n e x p o n e n t s o f t h e l a r g e h e t e r o g e n e o u s s t r i n g c l a s s . I n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e t e c h n i q u e I s e s s e n t i a l t o s u c h g r o u p a c t i v i t y . T h a t s u c h a l l - s t r i n g d e v e lo p m e n t was o f v a l u e t o t h e s t r i n g s t u d e n t r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e l e a r n i n g s i t u a t i o n — c l a s s o r p r i v a t e , w as I n d i c a t e d b y t h e t h o u g h t o f t h e n o t e d p e d a g o g u e , S e v e r n , a s q u o t e d b y M a r te n s I n 1 9 1 9 : * I n d i v i d u a l b o w in g s s h o u l d a lw a y s b e p r a c t i c e d s e p a r a t e l y . I a lw a y s o b l i g e ray p u p i l s t o p r a c t i c e a l l b o w in g s o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , a n d I n a l l c o m b in a t i o n s o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , b e c a u s e t h i s a l l o w s th e m t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e b o w in g I t s e l f , t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f a l l e l s e ; a n d t h e y a d v a n c e f a r m ore q u i c k l y . S t u d e n t s s h o u l d n e v e r b e c o m p e ll e d t o l e a r n new b o w in g s w h i l e t h e y h a v e t o t h i n k o f t h e i r f i n g e r s a t t h e sam e t i m e : we c a n n o t s e r v e tw o m a s t e r s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ! A l l I n a l l , b o w in g I s m o st I m p o r t a n t I n v i o l i n t e c h n i c . 190 f o r c o n t r o l o f t h e bow m eans m uch t o w a r d m a s t e r y o f t h e v i o l i n . ’ ( 1 0 ; 2 0 4 ) E a r l y I n t r o d u c t i o n o f " a d v a n c e d ” b o w in g s t y l e s . One o f t h e p r i n c i p l e f e a t u r e s o f B o r n o f f ’s s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d w as t h e r a d i c a l d e p a r t u r e f ro m t h e n o r m a l s e q u e n c e w h ic h h e made I n I n t r o d u c i n g t h e v a r i o u s b o w in g s t y l e s . B o r n o f f was a l o n e am ong s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d a u t h o r s I n I n t r o d u c i n g a l m o s t I m m e d i a t e l y t h e s t u d y o f s u c h a d v a n c e d b o w in g t e c h n i q u e s a s t h e s p l c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o , a s w e l l a s I a d v a n c e d v a r i a t i o n s o f s l u r r e d b o w in g s a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s o f ! l e g a t o a n d s p l c c a t o , a n d l e g a t o a n d s t a c c a t o b o w i n g s . ; T h e s e t e c h n i q u e s w e re a l s o I n c o r p o r a t e d I n t o t h e f a m i l i a r 1 t u n e s I n c l u d e d I n t h e c o m p a n io n b o o k . F un F o r F i d d l e F i n g e r s . T h e s e I n n o v a t i o n s w e re I m p o r t a n t I n p r o v i d i n g m uch n e e d e d c o d i f y i n g o f b o w in g s t y l e s w h ic h h e r e t o f o r e h a d u s u a l l y b e e n s p r e a d o v e r a m u l t i t u d e o f s t u d i e s a n d e t u d e s w h e re t h e y h a d b e e n c o u p l e d w i t h l e f t h a n d I n t r i c a c i e s . T h u s t h e s p l c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o s t y l e s w e re m ore o r l e s s a lw a y s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e m ore d i f f i c u l t l i t e r a t u r e f o r I s t r i n g s . B u t I n B o r n o f f ’s m e th o d t h e s e u n u s u a l b o w in g s w e re a p p l i e d t o a c o n s t a n t l y v a r i e d p a t t e r n o f o n e - s t r i n g f i n g e r v a r i a t i o n s , l e f t h a n d a n d r i g h t h a n d d e v e lo p m e n t b e i n g I n t e g r a t e d h e r e t o a p o i n t w h e re e a c h s t e p l e d s o l o g i c a l l y t o t h e n e x t t h a t n o new t e c h n i q u e o r d i f f i c u l t y i 191 ^ was. I n t r o d u c e d t h a t h a d n o t a l r e a d y b e e n p r e p a r e d . T hus b o w in g s t y l e s u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d a s q u i t e a d v a n c e d b ecam e , p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f a n e l e m e n t a r y m e th o d , c o n t r i b u t i n g m uch ; t o t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f s t r i n g c l a s s p r o g r e s s . K lo tm a n , I n h i s c o n c e r n f o r t h e l a c k o f b o w in g d e v e lo p m e n t a s e n c o u n t e r e d I n h i s w o rk w i t h y o u n g o r c h e s - I ■ t r a s , e x p r e s s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g v ie w : I j O r c h e s t r a t o r s f o r p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d i t i o n s h a v e ! becom e s o o b s e s s e d w i t h t h e n e e d f o r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n t h a t t h e y h a v e o v e r s i m p l i f i e d t o t h e e m a s c u l a t i o n o f m u s i c a l p h r a s i n g , s t y l e , a n d t o n a l c o n c e p t s . B o w in g s w h ic h e n h a n c e a m u s i c a l p h r a s e b u t s e e m i n g l y d e v i a t e fro m w h a t h a s b e e n r e g a r d e d a s t h e norm h a v e b e e n a v o i d e d . I am n o t o n l y r e f e r r i n g t o u s e o f down bow a n d u p bow b u t t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s p l c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o . T h is I s n o t o n l y d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e m u s ic b u t c r e a t e s f a l s e o b s t a c l e s I n t h e m in d s o f t h e s t u d e n t s a n d d i r e c t o r s w hen t h e y a r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s I n l a t e r w o r k s . May I recom m end t h a t d i r e c t o r s e x a m in e B o r n o f f * s b e g i n n i n g s t u d i e s a n d a p p l y h i s bow i n g a p p r o a c h t o t h e v a r i o u s s t u d i e s t h a t t h e y may u s e I n t h e i r own s i t u a t i o n . Too o f t e n we bebom e Im m e rse d I n t e c h n i c a l v e r b i a g e a n d o b s e s s e d w i t h s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f p e r f o r m a n c e d e s i g n e d t o f a c i l i t a t e p l a y i n g . T h i s , I n my o p i n i o n , h o w e v e r w e l l - i n t e n t i o n e d . I s d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e s t u d e n t ’s I n t e r e s t , e n t h u s i a s m , a n d m u s i c a l g r o w t h . I f t h e s t u d e n t I s p e r m i t t e d fro m h i s e a r l i e s t s t a g e s t o p e r f o r m m u s ic I n I t s p r o p e r s t y l e a n d I n t e n t , I t w i l l n o t b e n e c e s s a r y a t a l a t e r s t a g e t o r e v i s e c o m p l e t e l y h i s m u s i c a l c o m p r e h e n s io n a s h e m a t u r e s a n d d e v e l o p s . ( 1 9 3 : 4 7 , 6 2 ) T hus t r e n d s I n t h e - t e c h n i q u e s o f I n t r o d u c i n g b o w in g m oved f ro m t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o c o n c e p t c e n t e r i n g o n a s i n g l e 192 i n d i v i d u a l t o s i m u l t a n e o u s d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s k i l l by- a l l m em bers o f a c l a s s . A t t h e sam e t im e t e a c h e r s b e g a n i I t o a v o i d m e th o d s u t i l i z i n g t h e l o n g , s u s t a i n e d w h o le -b o w ! a p p r o a c h , a n d t u r n e d t o f a s t e r m o v in g e x e r c i s e s u t i l i z i n g j f u l l , f r e e bow s t r o k e s . I n a n e f f o r t t o a c h i e v e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y a n d b a l a n c e a t t h e o u t s e t . New t e c h n i q u e s I ! a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r p r e s e n t i n g t h e p r o c e s s I n l o g i c a l , I j s t e p - b y - s t e p s e q u e n c e s w e re w o rk e d o u t , a n d w h i l e m any ; s t i l l c l u n g t o w h a t A t w a t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e f e t i s h ! o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y w r i s t m o ti o n ( 3 4 4 : 3 1 0 ) , t h e m a j o r i t y b e g a n t o t u r n t o w a r d a f i r m e r g r i p o n t h e bow I n t h e I n t e r e s t s o f q u i c k e r - d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s e c u r e t o n e . j I I I . THE FINGER PATTERN APPROACH i ! P r o b a b l y t h e m o st I m p o r t a n t c h a n g e w h ic h h a s t a k e n j ! p l a c e I n s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d o lo g y d u r i n g t h e p a s t tw o i d e c a d e s h a s b e e n t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n I a p p r o a c h . A f i n g e r p a t t e r n h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y u n d e r s t o o d ! a s b e i n g a f o u r o r f i v e t o n e s c a l e p a t t e r n b u i l t o n a : s i n g l e s t r i n g . S u c h a p a t t e r n I n o n e o r m ore o f I t s i s e v e r a l a r r a n g e m e n t s o f f e r e d t h r e e d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s o f I p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e t o t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n : ( 1 ) t h e c h i l d I ! c o u l d s e e t h e p a t t e r n a n d u n d e r s t a n d t h e w h o le a n d h a l f - s t e p r e l a t i o n s h i p s , ( 2 ) t h e p a t t e r n c o u l d b e q u i c k l y a n d 1 9 3 e a s i l y l e a r n e d b y a g r o u p , a n d (3 ) t h e p a t t e r n c o u l d b e p u t t o u s e r i g h t aw ay i n p e r f o r m i n g f a m i l i a r t u n e s , t h u s I I p r o v i d i n g t h e c h i l d a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g a t t h e o u t s e t . ! T he u s e o f t h e h i g h s e c o n d f i n g e r I n t h i s p a t t e r n a p p r o a c h ( o r e q u i v a l e n t o n l a r g e r I n s t r u m e n t s ) , s o u n d i n g I n m a j o r k e y t h e s y l l a b l e s d o - r e - m l , a n d t o b e r e f e r r e d t o h e r e i n a f t e r a s t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n , w as t h e s t a n d a r d a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d b y m o st o f t h e r e c e n t s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d b o o k s . To c l a r i f y I n t h e m in d o f t h e r e a d e r t h e h a l f a n d w h o le s t e p s p a c i n g s w h ic h o c c u r I n t h i s a n d o t h e r f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , t h e f i v e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s a s s e t u p b y B o r n o f f , ! a n d w h o se t e r m i n o l o g y w i l l b e a d o p t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f ' t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , a r e I l l u s t r a t e d I n t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e ; I F i r s t F i n g e r P a t t e r n : 0 1 2 3 4 S e c o n d F i n g e r P a t t e r n : 0 1 2 3 4 T h i r d F i n g e r P a t t e r n : 0 1 2 3 4 F o u r t h F i n g e r P a t t e r n : 0 1 2 3 4 F i f t h F i n g e r P a t t e r n : 0 1 2 3 4 FIGURE 1 THE FIV E FINGER PATTERNS I 1 94 C o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h i s p r a c t i c e w as t h e t r e n d to w a r d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a l l f o u r o f t h e f i n g e r s m ore o r l e s s a t I I t h e sam e t i m e , r a t h e r t h a n o n e a t a t i m e . T h e r e w e re t h r e e I I p r i m a r y r e a s o n s f o r t h e a d o p t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e : (1 ) s e t t i n g u p a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n a l l o f t h e f i n g e r s p r o v i d e d t h e s t u d e n t a p o i n t o f o r i e n t a t i o n d u r i n g t h o s e f i r s t I few w e ek s w hen h i s a t t e n t i o n w as s o c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e . p r o p e r u s e o f t h e r i g h t a n d l e f t h a n d s , ( 2 ) t h e Im m e d ia te I : u s e o f t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r v i r t u a l l y f o r c e d t h e l e f t h a n d I n t o I t s p r o p e r p l a y i n g p o s i t i o n , a n d ( 3 ) t h e f a m i l i a r s c a l e p a t t e r n s t h u s fo rm e d a i d e d a n a u r a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e h a l f a n d w h o le s t e p I n t e r v a l s , a v o i d i n g t h e u s u a l d i f f i c u l t y I am ong b e g i n n e r s o f h e a r i n g a c c u r a t e l y t h e I s o l a t e d I n t e r v a l o f a w h o le t o n e . A rg u m e n ts a g a i n s t t h i s s p e e d y u s e o f a l l t h e f i n g e r s c e n t e r e d a r o u n d t h e f a c t t h a t s t u d e n t s o f t e n f a i l e d t o l o c a t e t h e f i r s t f i n g e r I n t h e p r o p e r s p o t , t h u s t h r o w i n g a l l t h e r e s t o f t h e f i n g e r s r e l a t i v e l y o u t o f t u n e . How- ; e v e r , s i n c e s t u d e n t s se e m e d t o h a v e a s m uch d i f f i c u l t y I n I f i n d i n g t h e p r o p e r s p o t f o r t h e f i r s t f i n g e r w hen I t was , I made a m a t t e r o f c o n c e n t r a t e d e f f o r t , t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f ' b e t t e r p o s i t i o n s , a m ore c o m p r e h e n s iv e v ie w o f t h e p r o c e s s e s I I n v o l v e d , p l u s m ore m u s i c a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s a t t h e o u t s e t , i - ' w e re deem ed t o o u t w e ig h t h e s l i g h t a d v a n t a g e I n v o l v e d I n 1 9 5 g i v i n g t h e s t u d e n t a l o n g e r p e r i o d o f t im e t o o r i e n t h im s e l f o n t h e a d m i t t e d l y I m p o r t a n t l o c a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t ' f i n g e r . I T he M ark ed P r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e S e c o n d F i n g e r P a t t e r n j B a r b a k o f f w as e m p h a ti c I n p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t t h e u s e I o f t h e h i g h s e c o n d f i n g e r a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g ( a f t e r i I b o w in g h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g s ) h a d b e e n : " u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d b y a l l t h e n e w e s t m e th o d b o o k s ♦ . ( 7 3 : 5 4 ) . I s a a c I n d i c a t e d t h a t I t h a d b e e n h i s e x p e r i e n c e t h a t v i o l i n i s t s s h o u l d u s e " t h e f i n g e r - p a t t e r n o p e n - o n e - t w o ( a l l w h o le s t e p s ) r a t h e r t h a n o p e n - o n e . " He s a i d , f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t " f o r som e r e a s o n , c h i l d r e n c a n s i n g a n d p l a y , r a t h e r w e l l I n t u n e , t h e m e lo d y d o - r e - m l , b u t t h e y d o v e r y p o o r l y w i t h j u s t d o - r e " ( 1 9 0 : 2 6 ) . One o f t h e e a r l i e s t ( 1 9 ^ 5 ) r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e t r e n d t o w a r d t h e u s e o f w h a t we now r e f e r t o a s t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n o c c u r r e d I n a n a r t i c l e b y J . C l a r e n c e C ooke I n w h ic h h e r e m a r k e d p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y , " I am t a k i n g I t f o r g r a n t e d t h a t m o s t t e a c h e r s n o w a d a y s u s e o n e o f t h e m o d e rn I n s t r u c t i o n b o o k s t h a t b e g i n s b y f o r m i n g a t e t r a c h o r d fro m e a c h o p e n s t r i n g " ( 1 2 7 : 3 8 1 ) . W h ile n o t d i s c l o s i n g a n a w a r e n e s s o f a t r e n d . I 1 9 6 ' R e is m a n , i n a n a r t i c l e on s t r i n g c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n d a t e d i n 1 9 4 4 , o u t l i n e d a p r o c e d u r e b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e o p e n s t r i n g m a jo r s c a l e , f o l l o w e d b y o n e b e g i n n i n g o n t h e f i r s t I f i n g e r , " g i v i n g t h e e a s i e s t f i n g e r p a t t e r n ( h a l f s t e p I b e tw e e n t h i r d a n d f o u r t h f i n g e r ) " ( 2 7 5 : 5 4 2 ) . ■ The c a s e f o r t h e u s e o f f i n g e r p a t t e r n s was w e l l ; d e f e n d e d b y E d w in J o n e s I n a p a p e r r e a d b e f o r e t h e M u sic I T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n I n I 9 4 9 w hen h e c a l l e d a t t e n - ! t l o n t o t h e I m p o r ta n c e o f a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o n t h e p a r t o f t h e s t u d e n t o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f i n g e r p a t t e r n s t o t h e ■ h a r m o n ic sc h em e o f t h e m u s ic b e i n g p l a y e d . S u c h a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g I m p ro v e d s i g h t r e a d i n g a s w e l l a s I n t o n a t i o n , h e I d e c l a r e d ( 4 l : 2 8 3 “2 B 4 ) . I And a g a i n . I n com pany w i t h h i s c o - a u t h o r s o f t h e ! c l a s s m e th o d . S t r i n g s From t h e S t a r t . J o n e s o u t l i n e d some ' o f t h e m any a d v a n t a g e s g a i n e d I n t h e u s e o f f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n . Among t h e s e he i m e n t i o n e d t h e I n c r e a s e d m e l o d i c p o s s i b i l i t i e s I n v o l v e d I n ‘ t h e u s e o f t u n e s b a s e d o n e a c h o f t h e f o u r o p e n s t r i n g s , I a n d t h e s i m p l i c i t y o f s u c h a n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e s t r i n g s . T he a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s s y s te m o v e r t h e k e y o f C a p p r o a c h w e re m an y , t h r e e o f w h ic h h e d i s c u s s e d a t som e l e n g t h . S t a t e d b r i e f l y , t h e y p o i n t e d o u t , ( 1 ) t h a t t h e u s e o f a s i n g l e p a t t e r n , a s c o m p a re d t o t h e t h r e e I n v o l v e d I n t h e 1 9 7 k e y o f C a p p r o a c h , f r e e d t h e s t u d e n t t o c o n c e n t r a t e on b o w in g a n d f i n g e r i n g , ( 2 ) t h a t t h e f a m i l i a r i t y o f t h e I m a j o r s c a l e p a t t e r n made i t e a s y f o r t h e c h i l d t o h e a r , ' t h u s I m p r o v in g I n t o n a t i o n , a n d ( 3 ) t h a t t h e c h i l d was I n t r o d u c e d t o s e v e r a l k e y s e a r l i e r w i t h o u t t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s ' I n v o l v e d I n t h e k e y o f C a p p r o a c h ( 4 o 4 : 4 , 1 3 ) . T h e s e v ie w s w e re s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d b y C h e y e t t e a n d S a lz m a n ( 3 9 4 : 1 1 1 ) , b y M lg n ln ( 2 3 7 : 4 1 ) , a n d b y S t u b e r ( 4 l 4 : 5 ) . The l a t e r a d d e d t h a t t h e u s e o f a f i n g e r p a t t e r n o n a s i n g l e s t r i n g w as h e l p f u l I n c a s e o n e o f t h e s t r i n g s w as o u t o f t u n e , f o r t h e s t u d e n t w o u ld s t i l l b e a t home on t h a t p a r t i c u l a r s t r i n g ; a l s o h e l p f u l w as t h e home b a s e I p r o v i d e d fro m w h ic h t o fo r m t h e m i n o r .t e t r a c h o r d , a n d o t h e r r e l a t e d p a t t e r n s ( 4 1 4 : 5 ) . 1 S k o r n l k a , t o o , e n d o r s e d t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n a p p r o a c h , ' n o t i n g t h e Im p ro v e d I n t o n a t i o n w h ic h r e s u l t e d fro m t h e g r a p h i c n a t u r e o f f i n g e r p a t t e r n s ( 4 1 3 : 3 ) * The l o n e d i s s e n t e r s e n c o u n t e r e d I n t h i s s t u d y t o t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n a p p r o a c h w e re B row n ( 1 0 9 : 3 2 ) a n d B l e r y ( 9 8 : 2 3 ) . B row n r e g a r d e d b o t h k e y s i g n a t u r e s a n d f i n g e r p a t t e r m s a s " a u t o m a t i c d e v i c e s ” w h ic h r e s u l t e d I n t e c h n i c a l I n s e c u r i t y . H is r e a s o n s , w h ic h a p p e a r e d q u i t e u n s u b s t a n t i a l I n c o m p a r is o n w i t h t h e m any o t h e r o p p o s i n g 1 e n d o r s e m e n ts o f t h e s y s t e m , w e re t h e s e : 1 9 8 The c l a s s s t u d e n t b r o u g h t u p t h r o u g h a u t o m a t i c d e v i c e s I s u s u a l l y o n e who n e v e r q u i t e d e v e l o p s t h e a b i l i t y t o p l a y f n a t u r a l s (E s t r i n g ) , b a n d c n a t u r a l (G s t r i n g ) , I — I n t u n e . The f i n g e r s o f s u c h s t u d e n t s seem t o s e t t l e I u p o n c o m p ro m ise I n - b e t w e e n p o s i t i o n s t h a t l o o k p r e t t y { m uch t h e sam e o n a l l s t r i n g s . ” ( 1 0 9 : 3 2 ) I B l e r y ’s o p p o s i t i o n w as b a s e d o n t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e s e a u t o m a t i c s y s te m s r e s u l t e d I n t h e p l a y i n g o f p a t t e r n s , b u t n o t m u s ic ( 9 8 : 2 3 ) . C e r t a i n l y , s u c h c o u l d b e t h e c a s e . H o w e v e r, s u c h c r i t i c i s m o v e r l o o k e d t h e p r e s e n c e I n t h e s e s y s te m s o f m any o t h e r e m p h a s e s , a s t h i s c h a p t e r on e s s e n t i a l s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s s e e k s t o sh o w . I n c l u d i n g a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g , a n d I n c l u d i n g I n t e r e s t , a l l o f w h ic h t o g e t h e r was t o m ake u p t h e k i n d o f t r a i n i n g w h ic h w o u ld I b e m o s t e f f e c t i v e I n c l a s s p e d a g o g y . I { I B ey o n e t h e s e few o p p o s i n g v o i c e s , i t w as s t r i k i n g j ' t o n o t e t h a t o f t h e t w e n t y - f o u r c l a s s m e th o d s a n a l y z e d a s ' a p a r t o f t h i s s t u d y , t w e n t y - t h r e e o f th e m com m enced w i t h t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n a t t h e p o i n t w h e re tw o o r m ore ; f i n g e r s w e re I n t r o d u c e d . B o r n o f f c o u l d h a r d l y b e r e g a r d e d a s a n e x c e p t i o n h e r e , f o r t h o u g h e a c h l e s s o n b e g a n w i t h ! t h e " f i r s t f i n g e r p a t t e r n " ( m in o r t e t r a c h o r d ) , h i s s y s te m i u s e d f i v e d i f f e r e n t f i n g e r p a t t e r n s I n e a c h l e s s o n . I n - I I I e l u d i n g t h e s e c o n d . T a b l e IV show s t h e v u n a n i m i t y o f t h o u g h t w h ic h p r e - I v a i l e d o n t h i s q u e s t i o n ; I t a l s o I n d i c a t e s t h a t a b o u t h a l f I 199 i ' o f t h e m e th o d s w e re b a s e d o n a f i n g e r p a t t e r n a p p r o a c h , t h a t I s , t h e sam e t y p e o f l i n e u s i n g a l i k e f i n g e r p a t t e r n I I b e i n g r e p e a t e d o n o t h e r s t r i n g s . The o t h e r h a l f m ix e d t h e I ! k i n d s o f f i n g e r s p a c i n g s r e q u i r e d , a n d d i d n o t d u p l i c a t e t h e sam e p r o c e d u r e o n a n y o t h e r s t r i n g . The l a t t e r p r a c - t l c e c o i n c i d e s m ore c l o s e l y w i t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t r i n g I e t u d e b o o k ; t h e f o r m e r I s a p r o d u c t o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s ; a p p r o a c h , w h ic h I s m ore a n d m ore b e i n g u t i l i z e d f o r I t s m ore r a p i d p r o g r e s s p o t e n t i a l . T h e r e w as m uch l e s s a g r e e m e n t am ong t h e s e a u t h o r s ! o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h ic h a n d how m any f i n g e r s t o I n t r o d u c e I a t o n e t i m e . The t a b l e o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e I l l u s t r a t e s t h e v a r i e d o p i n i o n o n t h i s p o i n t . I t w i l l b e n o t e d t h a t f o u r a u t h o r s I n t r o d u c e d a l l f o u r f i n g e r s a t o n c e ; t h a t ! s e v e n o f th e m b e g a n w i t h t h e f i r s t t h r e e f i n g e r s ; t h r e e I b e g a n w i t h t h e f i r s t tw o ; a n d t h o s e who r e q u i r e d o n l y o n e I f i n g e r a t a t im e n u m b e re d t e n . The p h i l o s o p h y b e h i n d t h i s ! t r e n d t o w a r d a m ore I n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h b e a r s f u r t h e r I I s c r u t i n y . A l l - F i n g e r s - a t - O n c e v e r s u s t h e P l n g e r - a t - a - T i m e A p p ro a c h The e a r l i e r f I n g e r - a t - a - t I m e a p p r o a c h cam e t o b e l a r g e l y r e p l a c e d b y t h e new t r e n d t o w a r d t h e t h r e e o r m ore f i n g e r s a p p r o a c h . The f i n g e r - a t - a - t i m e s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t 2 0 0 E-i M ri ■I g P c O § « I o § g 0 9 a 0 1 g CO g CÎ5 0 <D O O (W S 3 O iH r4 <%; <0 0 ) 2 g G Q ( D I g +3 fri o g M E 4 G Q I C i < D bO c d Q > G s • H - P *H &4 (d -p u Q) <D •H 4a < d 4 a c d 0 9 < D I g 4a 0 H O U Q} @) b O U S 3 * H - P € d 4 a € d G S3 v4 (d p o cd iH P < d % SM C Q no <U S3 C Q C V J 0 43 P b G | 0 * H 43 p I —I 0 (d P4 ■ 0 C Q k O b O 0 ) 0 h O 0 -H 0 Cd ^ T * f — I P C>4 C Q U o 4 3 P 0 « 3 * X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CQ C Q m (D C Q C Q O Q C Q < D < D 0 a > >> >» |> a >> O Q O Q C Q C Q O Q Q ) Q ) < D 0) 0 ) >a >s > > >» O Q C Q C Q m < D Q ) > » >5 >) C Q O Q 0 } O O 0 > > s 0 0 O Q K C Q O Q <D 0> >i >a C Q O Q C Q C Q 0 > Q ) 0) 0 ) > » >5 > 5 <W â c d € 0 P C Q Q> (W (w O Q > P P m 4 3 > > o Q> O Q . 0 W pq pq P Q o Q I — I 0 ) 0 0 O o tj C Q 0 •H O 0 * ë % Q) I <D C 5 ® P3 33 M * 0 O C Q o h a 0 < D rH rH O Q Cd 0 C Q O 33 C Q I * o ( p 0 0 0 0 ) p 0 <M 0 « H P g P 3 V 5 CO 0 0 * I m a> rH P C Q •H 0 : s > m C Q 0 o p 3 P E U m g 2 ( D s Ah Q) g P P C Q 0 0 ) P Cd 0 O * H 0 g S O Q 7 3 0 g 1 C Q Q> P m o ■H 7 3 g I 2 0 1 was e x e m p l i f i e d b y H e r f u r t h , who i n t h e t e a c h e r ’s m a n u a l o f h i s c l a s s m e th o d , A Tune A D a y , s t r o n g l y d e f e n d e d t h i s I ' ' , : a p p r o a c h . I n s u p p o r t i n g h i s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e m o st ; p r a c t i c a l way o f t e a c h i n g b e g i n n e r s t o u s e t h e i r f i n g e r s ' was b y I n t r o d u c i n g th e m o n e a t a t i m e , h e s a i d : The p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r I s q u i t e ' I m p o r t a n t t o t h e c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n o f t h e l e f t h a n d , I a n d s u b s e q u e n t p l a c e m e n t o f t h e o t h e r f i n g e r s . As I e a c h f i n g e r I s r e a l l y a g u i d e f o r t h e c o r r e c t p l a c e - ' m e n t o f t h e n e x t f i n g e r , t h e I m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t o f e a c h new f i n g e r I s o b v i o u s . I t I s u s u a l l y a p r o b le m w hen t e a c h i n g y o u n g b e g i n n e r s t o f i n d s i m p l e m a t e r i a l g r a d e d t o c o n fo r m t o t h e c o m p r e h e n s io n o f a v e r a g e p u p i l s , e s p e c i a l l y I n d e v e l o p i n g l e f t - h a n d t e c h n i c , w h e re t h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e f i n g e r s I n d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s ( n a t u r a l , s h a r p a n d f l a t ) I s d em an d ed t o o e a r l y . T h is d i f f i c u l t y h a s b e e n o v e rc o m e b y u s i n g o n l y o n e f i n g e r a t a t i m e , a n d p l a c i n g on e a c h o f t h e f o u r s t r i n g s t h e m a j o r t e t r a c h o r d f o r t h e e n t i r e f i r s t b o o k . ( 4 0 0 : 1 1 1 ) And a t a f u r t h e r p o i n t I n h i s d i s c u s s i o n H e r f u r t h c l a i m e d t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h w as c a p a b l e o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e c o m p l e t e i n t e r e s t o f t h e c l a s s w h i l e d e v e l o p i n g a s o l i d f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e m ore a d v a n c e d p r o b le m s w h ic h f o l l o w e d ( 4 0 0 : 1 1 1 ) . I n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e I n v e s t i g a t o r H e r f u r t h ’ s s t a t e m e n t t h a t a p r o b le m a r i s e s I n I n t r o d u c i n g t h e f i n g e r s i n t h e i r v a r i o u s s p a c i n g s t o o e a r l y I s n o l o n g e r v a l i d . When o n e u t i l i z e s t h e v a r i o u s e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s p o s i t e d I n t h i s c h a p t e r , s u c h a s n o t e r e p e t i t i o n , c o m b in e d w i t h I 202 ' f i n g e r p a t t e r n s d e v e l o p e d a t l e n g t h a s i n t h e c y c l e a p - I ' p r o a c h , t h e p r o b le m s w h ic h a r i s e a r e n e g l i g i b l e . I n d e e d , I m ore c o r r e c t l e f t h a n d p o s i t i o n s a r e I n d u c e d , t h e I n v e s t i - I g a t o r h a v i n g n o t e d w i t h e v e r y p u p i l h e h a s o b s e r v e d t h a t I t h e p r o p e r p l a c i n g o f t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r a u t o m a t i c a l l y c a u s e s t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e l e f t h a n d t o a ssu m e c o r r e c t , o r m ore n e a r l y c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n . C e r t a i n l y t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s w e re v a l i d a t e d b y s e v e r a l o f t h e w r i t e r s w hose p r a c t i c e I n f o l l o w i n g t h e t r e n d t o w a r d t h e u s e o f a l l f i n g e r s a t o n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t . I n h i s r e m a r k s b e f o r e t h e M u sic I T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l C o n v e n ti o n J o n e s a l s o s t r e s s e d t h e Im p o r t a n c e o f u s i n g a l l f o u r f i n g e r s I n t h e i r p r o p e r r e l a t i o n s h i p . A t t h i s tim e h e s a i d : M u sic f o r s t r i n g p l a y e r s s h o u l d n o t b e r e a d o n e n o t e a t a t i m e , b u t a s a g r o u p o f n o t e s , o r I n a p a t t e r n f o r a l l f i n g e r s o f t h e h a n d I f n e c e s s a r y . Upon e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h i s s y s te m o f r e a d i n g . I t I s f o u n d t h a t t h e f i n g e r s o n o n e s t r i n g h a v e a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e a c h o t h e r , a s w e l l a s t o t h e f i n g e r s o f d i f f e r e n t s t r i n g s a s t h e y a p p e a r I n t h e d i f f e r e n t k e y s a s s c a l e s , a r p e g g i o s , o r c h o r d s . ( 4 1 : 2 8 4 ) W h ile t h e a b o v e r e m a r k s w e re c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e a d i n g p r o b le m s o f m ore a d v a n c e d p u p i l s , s u c h w e a k n e s s e s e n c o u n t e r e d I n o r c h e s t r a l p l a y i n g h a r k b a c k t o e l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g w h e re t h e s e n o t e - t o - n o t e I n s t e a d o f p h r a s e - b y p h r a s e o r g r o u p - b y - g r o u p h a b i t s a r e I n c u l c a t e d . 8 t u b e r r e g a r d e d t h e u s e o f a l l f o u r f i n g e r s a t o n c e I 203 as being much more practical than the finger at a time system when he said, I When we are asked why it Is less practical for I beginners to play with one finger on each string, then I with two, three and four, we must make It clear that by placing all four fingers right from the beginning, the player will be compelled to keep a good hand position. A tree does not grow one limb at a time, but all the limbs grow simultaneously from the early development of the tree. (4l4:5) The sam e v ie w w as r e f l e c t e d I n t h e w o rd s o f IWilliams who declared; I find that teaching the use of all the fingers of the left hand from the very beginning Is of greatest Impor tance In establishing a correct hand position In a short time. We expect It of the cellists. Why not ; from the fiddlers. (3 6 8: 6 ) As f o r t h e c e l l i s t s . P o t t e r d e s c r i b e d t h e I n t r o d u c t o r y t e c h n i q u e s h e u s e d I n t h e s e w o rd s : The playing of all four fingers at once facilitates greatly the establishing of a correct left hand posi tion . . . With this approach the student first places all four fingers In the first position on the string, then raises them slightly before starting to play . . . The approach herewith explained works very well In a mixed string class, In which case the violins play together with the ’cellos the same five-tone scales, using the proper fingering, and moreover, em ploying the fourth finger right at the start. The dis advantage of the ’finger after finger’ approach Is that It often throws the hand and fingers Into a bad posi tion, especially If much time Is spent on drilling the first and second fingers. (268:14-15) The above procedure was used from time to time with , some eighty students In mixed classes at the Lancaster Elementary Schools In Lancaster, California during the s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 5 6 -5 7 > b y t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , a n d I t I n v a r i a b l y I m p ro v e d n o t o n l y t h e p o s i t i o n s a n d I n t o n a t i o n o f t h e I ■ ' - I s t u d e n t s , b u t t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r o b le m a s w e l l . I I R u sh a l s o a d v o c a t e d t h e e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t o f a l l ' f o u r f i n g e r s I n l o g i c a l h a l f a n d w h o l e - s t e p p a t t e r n s ; E x e r c i s e s t o a c q u a i n t s t u d e n t s w i t h h a l f - s t e p s a n d ! w h o le s t e p s o n e a c h s e p a r a t e s t r i n g s h o u l d b e u s e d fro m ! t h e s t a r t t o a s s i s t I n d e v e l o p i n g l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e . I The fourth finger should be used early with the violin j and viola on all strings. ( 2 9 8; 1 3) T he e a r l y u s e o f a l l f i n g e r p a t t e r n s . W h ile t h e r e w e re a few e d u c a t o r s who s t i l l a d v o c a t e d a l o n g p e r i o d o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n a s i n g l e f i n g e r p a t t e r n , m o s t o f th e m f o l l o w e d t h e t r e n d t o w a r d t h e e a r l y I n t r o d u c t i o n o f s e v e r a l p a t t e r n s . M lg n ln ( 2 3 7 : 4 1 ) a n d I s a a c ( 1 9 0 : 2 6 ) f a v o r e d a s l o w e r a p p r o a c h , t h e f o r m e r a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h e h i g h s e c o n d finger habit should be well fixed before coping with the h i g h a n d low p o s i t i o n s , a n d s i m i l a r a d j u s t m e n t s w i t h t h e I I o t h e r f i n g e r s ; t h e l a t t e r a d v o c a t e d a w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d I I s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n b e f o r e m o v in g t o t h e f i r s t ( m i n o r ) , i I I n a d d i t i o n t o s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e f i r s t s e m e s t e r b e I d e v o t e d t o o n l y t h e s e f i r s t tw o p a t t e r n s . I Q u i t e t h e o p p o s i t e p o s i t i o n was t a k e n b y B o r n o f f . I IA u n i q u e a p p l i c a t i o n o f m any f i n g e r p a t t e r n s w as t h e ■ p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e o f t h e c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f im e th o d b o o k w h ic h he I n t r o d u c e d I n 1 9 4 8 . I t d e v e l o p e d n o t i 205 o n l y t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n , b u t f o u r o t h e r s a s w e l l , e m b r a c i n g a l l t h e u s u a l c o m b i n a t i o n s o f h a l f a n d w h o le ■ s te p p a t t e r n s f o u n d I n t h e m a j o r s c a l e s y s te m ( 3 9 2 ) . H e, I a n d m any o f h i s p r o t e g e s , f o u n d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e b e g i n n e r ' c o u l d c o p e w i t h a l l f i v e o f t h e s e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s b y t h e I t h i r d l e s s o n , a n d w i t h c o n s t a n t l y v a r y i n g r h y th m s a n d b o w - I ÎI n g s , r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e s e p a t t e r n s o v e r a p e r i o d o f t im e I j a l l o w e d t h e s t u d e n t t o l e a m a l l o f th e m q u i c k l y , w i t h g o o d I n t o n a t i o n a n d w i t h g r e a t l y I n c r e a s e d I n t e r e s t ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) . C h e y e t t e a n d S a lz m a n a l s o a d v o c a t e d t e a c h i n g t h e b e g i n n e r s u c h b a s i c l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e s a s a l l o f t h e m a j o r a n d m in o r s c a l e s e n c o u n t e r e d I n f i r s t p o s i t i o n I t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , a s d ia g ra m m e d I o n t h e I n s i d e c o v e r o f t h e i r m e th o d . B e g i n n i n g S t r i n g I M u s i c i a n s h i p ( 3 9 4 : l v ) . I K och, I n a n a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d t o E tu d e I n 1 9 4 5 d i s c u s s e d a f i n g e r p a t t e r n p l a n q u i t e s i m i l a r t o B o r n o f f * s j I n w h ic h f o u r f i n g e r p a t t e r n s w e re g i v e n s i m p l e , v i s u a l - I I z e d nam es f o r w h ic h s y s t e m h e made g lo w in g c l a i m s . U s in g I t h e s e f o u r d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s , h e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e j c h i l d c o u l d p l a y t h e e n t i r e c y c l e o f k e y s . I n a n s w e r t o I c r i t i c i s m t h a t s u c h a m e th o d n e g l e c t e d e a r d e v e l o p m e n t , h e c o u n t e r e d w i t h t h e l o g i c a l s t a t e m e n t , "On t h e c o n t r a r y . 206 t h e e a r i s c o n s t a n t l y r e c e i v i n g a t t e n t i o n , s i n c e t h e s c a l e s a r e t a u g h t b y r o t e ” ( 1 9 4 : 5 0 1 ) . T he a b i l i t y t o l o c a t e p i t c h was r e g a r d e d b y Koch a s I i b e i n g d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e s u b t l e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f tw o s e n s e s j — t h o s e o f p i t c h , a n d t o u c h . He u n c o v e r e d a m o s t o b s c u r e d f a c t w hen h e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e a l l y u n d e v e l o p e d s e n s e o f ! t h e b e g i n n e r w as t h a t o f t o u c h — t h a t m o s t b e g i n n e r s a l l r e a d y h a d som e d e g r e e o f p i t c h s e n s e . " B e c a u s e o f t h i s , " i h e c o n t i n u e d , " e v e n p l a y e r s w i t h p e r f e c t p i t c h [ I t a l i c s n o t I n t h e o r i g i n a l ] p l a y o u t o f t u n e I n t h e b e g i n n i n g . I n ; s p i t e o f a l l e f f o r t s n o t t o do s o " ( 1 9 4 : 5 0 1 ) . I A d v a n ta g e s c l a i m e d b y Koch o f t h e I m a g e r y c r e a t e d b y t h e s e p a t t e r n nam es ( " 1 - 2 " p a t t e r n , " 2 3 " p a t t e r n , a n d " A l l - W h o l e - S t e p " p a t t e r n , e t c . ) w e re o u t l i n e d so m e w h at a s f o l l o w s : S u c h I m a g e r y h e l p e d t h e s t u d e n t : 1 . t o a n t i c i p a t e t h e p r o p e r a im i n g a n d s t r e t c h i n g o f h i s f i n g e r s . 2 . t o g a i n a p i c t u r e o f t h e f i n g e r s I n g r o u p f o r m a t i o n , r a t h e r t h a n a s s i n g l e , u n r e l a t e d u n i t s . 3* t o Im p ro v e I n t o n a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e h a b i t p a t t e r n a n t i c i p a t i o n . 4 . t o r e c o g n i z e t h e p r o p e r I n t e r v a l , a i d i n g a b i l i t y t o d i s c r i m i n a t e p i t c h d i f f e r e n c e s . 2 0 7 Koch c o n c l u d e d h i s a r t i c l e w i t h t h e t h o u g h t t h a t s u c h a p l a n r e p l a c e d t h e s u g a r c o a t e d t u n e a p p r o a c h w i t h som e t e c h n i c b u i l d i n g w o rk t h a t w as n o t d r y a n d u n i n t e r e s t i n g , b u t e f f i c i e n t a n d e n t e r t a i n i n g ( 1 9 4 : 5 0 1 , 5 3 0 ) . The v e r y f u n d a m e n t a l n a t u r e o f a f i n g e r p a t t e r n s y s t e m w as s t r o n g l y e n d o r s e d b y R i g h t e r who p r e s e n t e d I n h i s b o o k . S u c c e s s I n T e a c h i n g S c h o o l O r c h e s t r a s a n d B a n d s . t h e n o t a t i o n f o r w h a t h e c a l l e d t e n d i f f e r e n t f i n g e r p a t t e r n s o n t h e D s t r i n g . I n c l u d i n g e v e r y c o n c e i v a b l e s t e p - w i s e p r o g r e s s i o n . I n c l u d i n g I n som e c a s e s , t h e I n t e r v a l o f a s t e p - a n d - a - h a l f . W ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e s e e x t r a s i z e I n t e r v a l s , a l l t h i s a m o u n te d b a s i c a l l y t o t h e f i v e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s a s a r r a n g e d b y B o r n o f f . R l g h t e r ! c a l l e d t h e s e c o m b i n a t i o n s t h e h e a r t o f t h e v i o l i n i s t ’s i I l e f t - h a n d t e c h n i q u e , a n d e x p l a i n e d t h a t h e h a d t o s e e t h e s e I n o t e s e q u e n c e s a s f i n g e r i n g p a t t e r n s s i n c e u p o n t h i s d e - ; p e n d e d h i s " a c c u r a c y I n I n t o n a t i o n a n d h i s f a c i l i t y I n ! - I r e a d i n g a n d e x e c u t i o n . " I n a d d i t i o n R l g h t e r e m p h a s iz e d j t h a t t h e v i o l i n i s t h a d t o "know b y k i n e s t h e t i c a n d t a c t i l e I I s e n s e s b e f o r e h e s o u n d s t h e t o n e t h a t I t w i l l b e c o r r e c t . " He c o n c l u d e d w i t h t h i s s t a t e m e n t : The o n l y w ay t h a t t h i s c a n b e d o n e b y t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r I s t h r o u g h a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d s e n s e o f f i n g e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b a s e d u p o n f u n d a m e n t a l p a t t e r n s a n d p o s i t i o n s , w i t h c e r t a i n p r e s c r i b e d v a r i a t i o n s . ( 2 0 : 9 8 ) 2 0 8 As Koch was q u o t e d a s s a y i n g ( p . 2 0 6 ) , s u c h a d - ! v a n c e d t e c h n i q u e s w e re p o s s i b l e w i t h c h i l d r e n b e c a u s e t h e y I w e re t a u g h t b y r o t e . T h e r e w e re o t h e r e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s ( w h ic h c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a m u l t i p l e f i n g e r p a t t e r n a p p r o a c h , o n e o f t h e m o s t I m p o r t a n t b e i n g t h e I a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s k i l l s t o e v e r y s t r i n g , o r , a c y c l e I o f s t r i n g s . TV. CYCLE TYPE OF METHOD FOR COHTIKUOUS ACTIVITY The m o s t o b v i o u s d i f f e r e n c e w h ic h e x i s t e d b e tw e e n I t h e p r o b le m s w h ic h f a c e d t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r v e r s u s t h o s e ! I o f t h e c l a s s t e a c h e r . I n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g f i e l d , was ! t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r c o u l d c o n c e n t r a t e h i s I : w h o le a t t e n t i o n u p o n t h e e f f o r t s o f a n I n d i v i d u a l , w h i l e ! : t h e c l a s s t e a c h e r h a d t o d i v i d e h i s e f f o r t s am ong m an y. ; S i n c e t h e c l a s s t e a c h e r w as e x p e c t e d t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e I sam e o b j e c t i v e s w i t h m any t h a t t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r d i d w i t h o n e , h e b eca m e f a c e d w i t h tw o a l t e r n a t i v e s . E i t h e r h e h a d t o g i v e e a c h s t u d e n t a s h o r t p r i v a t e l e s s o n a s o t h e r s o b s e r v e d , h a r d l y a n I n t e r e s t i n g o c c u p a t i o n f o r th e m , a n d I m p o s s i b l e w i t h a c l a s s o f m ore t h a n f o u r o r f i v e , o r he h a d t o do h i s t e a c h i n g "o n t h e r u n . " H e r f u r t h * s s y s t e m , w h ic h h e a d v o c a t e d j u s t t w e n t y y e a r s a g o , w as a n a t t e m p t t o t e a c h a few p u p i l s on a s e m i - p r i v a t e b a s i s , a s h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o c e d u r e I n d i c a t e d : C l a s s t e a c h i n g s h o u l d b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l I n s t r u c t i o n a n d e n s e m b le p l a y i n g . A t e v e r y l e s s o n t h e r e s h o u l d b e I n d i v i d u a l p l a y i n g s o t h a t a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c t i o n s c a n b e m a d e . N e v e r a l l o w p u p i l s * m i s t a k e s t o go u n n o t i c e d , s i n c e o n l y I n c o n s t a n t c o r r e c t i o n w i l l t h e y d e v e l o p t h e h a b i t o f c a r e f u l t h i n k i n g a n d p l a y i n g . ( 4 0 0 : 1 1 1 ) N o rm an n , r e c o g n i z i n g I n 1941 t h e n e e d f o r som e s o r t o f p l a n n e d _r o u t i n e s o t h a t t h e r e w o u ld b e "no tim e f o r f o o l i s h n e s s , " p r o p o s e d t h r e e m eans o f c o n d u c t i n g t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n . The f i r s t o f t h e s e was s o m e th i n g o f a f o r e r u n n e r t o t h e l a t e r c y c l e t y p e o f a p p r o a c h . N orm ann d e s c r i b e d t h i s p r o c e d u r e a s a k i n d o f s u p e r v i s e d p r a c t i c e p e r i o d w i t h a s m uch a t t e n t i o n b e i n g g i v e n t o I n d i v i d u a l s a s p o s s i b l e . A d e f i n i t e r o u t i n e was t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d , l e a v i n g t h e t e a c h e r ! f r e e t o m ake s u g g e s t i o n s t o v a r i o u s p u p i l s w h i l e t h e c l a s s a s a w h o le m oved o n . T h is w as d o n e b y h a v i n g I n d i v i d u a l s a l t e r n a t e I n r e g u l a r s u c c e s s i o n I n r e p e a t i n g a p h r a s e o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n , o n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r , n e v e r l o s i n g t h e b e a t I ( 1 7 : 1 5 2 ) . C l e a r l y , t h i s was a s t e p I n t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n , I b u t I t h a d s e r i o u s f a u l t s . ' N orm ann*s s e c o n d p l a n a m o u n te d t o t h e m a s t e r c l a s s s i t u a t i o n w h e re p u p i l s l i s t e n e d t o o n e a n o t h e r , l a t e r d i s c u s s i n g a n d c r i t i c i z i n g e a c h o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i v e l y . 2 1 0 T h i s was a n I d e a w h ic h se e m e d t o w o rk b e t t e r w i t h o l d e r , m ore m a tu r e s t u d e n t s — d e f i n i t e l y n o t a n I d e a l b e g i n n i n g T he t h i r d I d e a h a d , a n d s t i l l h a s m uch m e r i t , a s a n a l t e r n a t e o r s u p p l e m e n t a r y p r o c e d u r e t o t h e now w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t i n u o u s a c t i v i t y r o u t i n e . T h is l a t e r p l a n a m o u n te d t o a s e r i e s o f s h o r t p r i v a t e l e s s o n s , u s i n g s e t o b j e c t i v e s , a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t a s s i s t a n t s , a n d p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e ro o m s . D u r in g t h e p e r i o d o f a n h o u r , t e n t o t w e l v e s t u d e n t s w e re s c h e d u l e d t o s p e n d f i v e m i n u t e s o r s o I n a p r i v a t e s e s s i o n w i t h t h e t e a c h e r who s k i l l f u l l y c h e c k e d I p r o g r e s s o n t h e o b j e c t i v e s w h ic h h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s l y a s s i g n e d t o t h e s t u d e n t . W h ile n o t w o r k in g w i t h t h e t e a c h e r , t h e s t u d e n t s w e re a s s i g n e d t o p r a c t i c e room s w h e re t h e y I jw o rk e d o u t t h e i r a s s i g n m e n t a l o n e , o r w i t h t h e h e l p o f o n e I I o f t h e a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t a s s i s t a n t s . When n e c e s s a r y , t h e i i t e a c h e r t h u s h a d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c h e c k a s t u d e n t ’s i p r o g r e s s f o l l o w i n g a p e r i o d o f p r a c t i c e ( 1 7 : 1 5 2 ) . I Of t h e t h r e e p l a n s s u b m i t t e d b y N o rm an n , t h e l a s t tw o p r o v e d t o b e m ore a p p l i c a b l e t o I n t e r m e d i a t e a n d a d v a n c e d g r o u p s , who d i d n o t n e e d a l o n g p e r i o d u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f a t e a c h e r t o e s t a b l i s h c o r r e c t p l a y i n g h a b i t s . T hus t h e f i r s t I d e a , w i t h a n e s t a b l i s h e d r o u t i n e , was t h e a n s w e r t o t h e l a r g e s t r i n g c l a s s , b u t I t n e e d e d r e v i s i o n I 2 1 1 ISO t h a t a l l c o u l d somehow p l a y a t o n c e w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t i o n , a n d w i t h o u t t o o m uch g u i d a n c e . T hus t h e new m e th o d I r e q u i r e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s : 1* T h ey n e e d e d t o b e g i n o n o p e n s t r i n g s . S i n c e t h e y knew n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e f i n g e r s , t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , t u n e d c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e h a n d b y t h e t e a c h e r w e re t h e l o g i c a l b e g i n n i n g p o i n t ( u n l e s s t h e a l t e r n a t e p i z z i c a t o p r o c e d u r e , n o t p r o p e r l y a c o n c e r n o f t h i s s e c t i o n , w e re u s e d ) . 2 . T h e y n e e d e d t o p l a y b y r o t e . B e in g u n a b l e t o r e a d , a r h y t h m i c a l e a s i l y re m e m b e re d p a t t e r n w as n e e d e d . 3 . T h e y n e e d e d t o b e a b l e t o p l a y c o n t i n u o u s l y . I n o r d e r f o r t h e i n s t r u c t o r t o b e a b l e t o o b s e r v e a n d g u i d e t h e s t u d e n t s u n d e r p l a y i n g c o n d i t i o n s , a n e a s i l y l e a r n e d a n d re m e m b e re d p a t t e r n s e q u e n c e o f n o t e s w e re n e e d e d . 4 . T h e y n e e d e d f r e e d o m t o s o l v e p r o b le m s th e m s e l v e s . S i n c e m any s t u d e n t s w e re f o u n d t o b e c a p a b l e o f s o l v i n g m any m a n e u v e r s b y th e m s e l v e s , i f a l l o w e d t o do som e " t r i a l a n d e r r o r " e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r e n c e a n d w i t h t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f t h e c l a s s p l a y i n g I 2 1 2 a r o u n d th e m , t h e y n e e d e d a n e x t e n d e d c y c l e o f p e r f o r m a n c e m a t e r i a l u p o n w h ic h t o c o n c e n - j t r a t e t h e i r e f f o r t s . I I Many o f t h e s e r e q u i s i t e s w e re d e f i n i t e l y u n d e r l i n e d I b y J o n e s , D a s o h , a n d K ro n e i n t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e i r i s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d . T h e y p r e s c r i b e d t h e n e e d t o k e e p t h e ! c l a s s a c t i v e c o n t i n u o u s l y , t o a v o i d s t o p p i n g f o r i n d i v i d - I I u a l m i s t a k e s , a n d t o come b a c k t o h e l p t h e s l o w e r s t u d e n t m ore f r e q u e n t l y * T h ey e m p h a s iz e d t h e w isd o m o f a l l o w i n g s t u d e n t s t o d i s c o v e r t h e i r own m i s t a k e s w h i l e e n c o u r a g i n g th e m t o e l i m i n a t e th e m t h e n e x t tim e t h e m u s ic w as p l a y e d . And t h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t a c h i l d n e e d e d som e f r e e d o m fro m I i n t e r f e r e n c e a n d i n t e r r u p t i o n fro m t h e t e a c h e r i n o r d e r t o I ' ■ ■ ; w o rk t h i n g s o u t f o r t h e m s e l v e s . " T a l k a s l i t t l e a s p o s s i - j - b l e , " t h e y a d v i s e d . Me l e a r n t o do b y d o i n g , a n d b y t h i n k i n g o u t o u r own p r o b l e m s . B e w are o f t h e t e a c h e r who l o v e s t h e s o u n d o f h i s own v o i c e " ( 4 0 4 : 1 9 ) . E l a b o r a t i n g u p o n t h i s a d v i c e , J o n e s , D a s c h a n d K ro n e s a i d t h e f o l l o w i n g : D o n 't t r y t o a n t i c i p a t e e v e r y p r o b le m t h e c h i l d may h a v e . G iv e him a c h a n c e t o t r y h i s w in g s* He may f l y w i t h o u t a n y d i f f i c u l t y . I f h e d o e s , t h e t i m e a n d e n e r g y u s e d f o r p r e p a r a t i o n h a v e b e e n w a s t e d . I f h e d o e s n ' t , t h a t w i l l b e tim e e n o u g h t o h e l p h im . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e v e l o p c o m p le x e s i n s t u d e n t s b y l e n g t h y d i s c o u r s e s a n d p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r new ' p r o b l e m s ' . I t i s u s u a l l y p o o r p e d a g o g y t o t e l l h im 'now t h i s i s g o i n g 2 1 3 to be difficult. You will have to work hard to get it.' (404:19) Wisdom of much the same calibre was provided by Nermann in these words : Guard against too much unnecessary explanation. Often the greatest source of difficulty in class instruction is found in the teacher's eagerness to explain every thing. Too much detailed analysis may nullify the joy of discovery. Let the children think out their own solutions to difficulties whenever possible. (1 7:1 5 2) When these class requirements were met, a skillful, experienced teacher could accomplish approximately as much with a large group as the private teacher could with a single individual, at the beginning stages, and for per haps a year or two beyond. Bomoff indicated that the basic controls normally acquired in three years could be acquired by the proper procedures within six months (3 9 2: 4). While many string teachers suggested some type of procedure similar to the cycle of strings in rhythmic finger patterns, Bornoff's Finger Patterns for Violin was the only method which actually followed through on this technique from beginning to end. In this method Bornoff set up what he called a "cycle of strings" which the students were to play by rote, at first, over a consider able period of time. This cycle consisted of a series of rhythmic patterns arranged in logical order which were to 2 1 4 I b e p l a y e d i n e v e r y i n s t a n c e fro m t h e l o w e s t t o t h e h i g h e s t s t r i n g a n d b a c k t o t h e l o w e s t , f i r s t o n o p e n s t r i n g s , t h e n I w ith t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e f i v e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s i n m any r h y t h m i c a n d b o w in g v a r i a t i o n s , o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n . S t u d e n t s se e m e d n o t t o b e a w a re t h a t t h e y w e re c o n s t a n t l y I r e p e a t i n g t h e sam e s e r i e s o f s c a l e p a t t e r n s , f o r t h e ! " j s p i c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o b o w in g s i n v o l v e d , p l u s t h e r h y t h m i c I v a r i a t i o n s a n d m e l o d i c a l t e r a t i o n s , c o m p l e t e l y i n d i v i d u a l i z e d e a c h o f t h e t w e l v e s e c t i o n s i n t o w h ic h t h e m e th o d w as d i v i d e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c o m p a n io n b o o k o f t u n e s , com p r i s i n g som e f i f t y t u n e s c a r e f u l l y bow ed a n d f i n g e r e d a n d e d i t e d , p r o v i d e d t h e s t u d e n t s t i m u l a t i n g s o l o m a t e r i a l f o r u s e i n c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e w o rk o n t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s . The p i e c e s w e re a l s o s e t u p i n c y c l e s t y l e , i t b e i n g a r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e f i r s t t w e n t y n u m b e rs t h a t t h e y b e p l a y e d i n s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t k e y s a n d t im e s i g n a t u r e s , t h u s f u r t h e r e x t e n d i n g t h e l e n g t h o f t im e d u r i n g w h ic h t h e c l a s s w as t o p l a y w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t i o n , a n d p r o v i d i n g p r a c t i c e i n p e r f o r m i n g t h e sam e p r o b le m o n v a r i o u s s t r i n g s . Of t h i s m e th o d , B o m o f f w r o t e : The o p e n s t r i n g c y c l e i s a n o r g a n i z e d p a t t e r n d e s i g n e d t o b e u s e d a s a b e g i n n i n g e x e r c i s e a n d a b a s i s f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s t a c c a t o a n d s p i c c a t o , d o u b l e n o t e s a n d s l u r s , a l l o f w h ic h w i l l b e u s e d i n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d l e s s o n s . The s i m p l i c i t y o f t h e c y c l e f o r m u l a i s q u i c k l y a n d e a s i l y l e a r n e d b y t h e 2 1 5 c l a s s , p r o v i d e s f o r a w i d e n in g a t t e n t i o n s p a n , a n d e n a b l e s t h e t e a c h e r t o o b s e r v e a n d c h e c k i n d i v i d u a l p o s i t i o n s , arm l e v e l s a n d bow g r i p s w h i l e t h e c l a s s i s p l a y i n g . [ i t a l i c s n o t i n t h e o r i g i n a l ] [ 1 0 2 : 1 0 ) The p r o c e d u r e a c c l a i m e d b y B u t t e r f i e l d w as q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h e B o m o f f s y s t e m , a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t o t h e r s h a d e x p e r i e n c e d g r a t i f y i n g s u c c e s s w i t h t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s : A t t h e v e r y f i r s t l e s s o n c h i l d r e n p l a y q u a r t e r n o t e s w i t h f u l l s w e e p in g bow s o n a l l o p e n s t r i n g s . Im m e d i a t e l y n o t e s o f l o n g e r v a l u e s a r e p l a y e d w h i l e c o u n t i n g a l o u d . T y p e s o f b o w in g , w h ic h h a v e t o o o f t e n b e e n p u t o f f f o r m any m o n th s , s u c h a s s p i c c a t o , s t a c c a t o , w i t h ! a s m any a s s i x t e e n n o t e s i n o n e bow , a n d o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s , a r e p o s s i b l e w i t h i n t h e f i r s t m o n th e v e n w hen g r o u p s m e e t o n l y o n c e e a c h w e e k . T h is S e v c i k t y p e o f d r i l l , w h ic h s o m any o f u s h o l d i n h i g h e s t e e m , c a p t i v a t e s t h e s t u d e n t s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h i n g s s w i f t l y a n d a s a t e a m . ( 1 1 1 : 4 0 ) ! I G r e e n u n d e r s c o r e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f p r o v i d i n g c o n - I I t i n u o u s a c t i v i t y f o r t h e s e c l a s s e s w hen s h e o b s e r v e d t h a t f o u r t h g r a d e r s , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h i r d g r a d e r s , w e re h a p p i e r ; w hen t h e y w e re k e p t w o r k in g c o n s t a n t l y , o r n e a r l y s o , ' d u r i n g a n e n t i r e c l a s s p e r i o d ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) . I And H a r r i s , B u r r o w s , a n d A h e a rn w e re o f so m ew h at ^ s i m i l a r c o n v i c t i o n i n a s s e r t i n g t h a t i t was h i g h l y d e s i r - ! a b l e f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t t o d e v e l o p t h e f e e l i n g t h a t I i t w as j u s t a s e a s y t o p l a y on o n e s t r i n g a s a n o t h e r , t h u s i n d i c a t i n g t h e n e e d t o d e v e l o p a n e q u a l f a c i l i t y o n a l l o f t h e s t r i n g s ( 3 9 9 : i ) . Many o t h e r c l a s s t e a c h e r s , t h o u g h n o t u s i n g t h e 216 B o r n o f f c y c l e s y s t e m p e r s e , i m p r o v i s e d f o r t h e m s e l v e s s i m i l a r c o n t i n u o u s p a t t e r n s o f a c t i v i t y f o r t h e sam e I I p u r p o s e , a t r e n d i n d i c a t i n g t h a t c l a s s t e a c h e r s w e re b e - i 1 c o m in g i n c r e a s i n g l y a w a re o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f som ehow I p r o v i d i n g t h e i r p u p i l s som e s i m p l e , b u t i n t e r e s t i n g p l a y i n g r o u t i n e s w h ic h w o u ld a l l o w f o r t e a c h e r o b s e r v a t i o n o f I e a c h s t u d e n t u n d e r p e r f o r m i n g c o n d i t i o n s . I Among t h o s e s u g g e s t i n g t h e u s e o f s u c h a p r o c e d u r e ! was I s a a c who reco m m en d ed u s i n g t h e sam e f i n g e r p a t t e r n o v e r a n d o v e r " i n v a r i o u s w a y s , b o t h p i z z i c a t o , a n d w i t h i I t h e bow " ( 1 8 9 : 2 6 ) . A n o t h e r s u b s c r i b i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e ‘w as W a l l e r who d e s c r i b e d t h e a c t i v i t y a s b e i n g d i s g u i s e d I r e p e t i t i o n : I F o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f new s k i l l s t h e r e s h o u l d I b e a c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d d u r i n g w h ic h t h e s e may b e I t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t e c h n i c s t h r o u g h d r i l l a n d d i s g u i s e d ' r e p e t i t i o n . T h e s e p e r i o d s s h o u l d v a r y i n l e n g t h w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f t h e p r o b l e m s . ( 3 6 2 : 5 2 ) A so m e w h at m ore i n v o l v e d a n d c o m p le x p a t t e r n o f i r e p e t i t i o n w as a d v o c a t e d b y W a rd , who c a l l e d h i s m e th o d ; " t h e r o t a t i o n p l a n . " I t w as m uch c l o s e r t o t h e S e v c i k I t y p e o f d r i l l t h a n t h e B o m o f f c y c l e s y s t e m , a n d w as d e - j s i g n e d p r i m a r i l y f o r w o r k in g o u t d i f f i c u l t s p o t s b y p l a y i n g I f i r s t l o n g n o t e s , a n d t h e n p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n t r o d u c i n g i i f a s t e r v a l u e s . V a r i o u s b o w in g t y p e s w e re a l s o t o b e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e p r o c e d u r e ( 3 6 6 : 3 ) . 2 1 7 H an n en s u g g e s t e d t h e u s e o f r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s a s a m eans o f s t a r t i n g s t u d e n t s o n s t r i n g s ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) . S h e u s e d f a m i l i a r t u n e s w i t h s t r o n g , s i m p l e r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s a s a b a s i s f o r t h i s p r o c e d u r e , s u c h a s " T w in k le , T w i n k l e , L i t t l e S t a r . " T h e r e a p p e a r e d t o b e t w e l v e h i g h l y i n t e r e s t i n g s t e p s i n h e r t e a c h i n g r o u t i n e , a l l o f w h ic h p r o v i d e d t h e i n s t r u c t o r w i t h a l o n g p e r i o d o f tim e f o r t e a c h i n g "o n t h e r u n . " T h e s e t w e l v e p r o c e d u r e s m ig h t b e b r o k e n down i n t o a l i s t s u c h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1 . S i n g o r s a y t h e w o r d s . 2 . Gl a p t h e r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n . 3 . S i n g t h e p a t t e r n on t h e v a r i o u s o p e n s t r i n g t o n e s . 4 . P l a y t h e r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n p i z z i c a t o o n a l l o p e n s t r i n g s * 5 . P l a y t h e p a t t e r n w i t h t h e bow on t h e l e f t a rm . 6 . P l a y i t w i t h t h e bow on e a c h o p e n s t r i n g . 7 . P l a y t h e c y c l e o f o p e n s t r i n g s w i t h f o u r , t h e n t h r e e , t h e n tw o , t h e n o n e n o t e o n e a c h s t r i n g , u p a n d d ow n. (M e a n w h ile t h e t e a c h e r i s w r i t i n g t h e n o t e s t o t h e t u n e o n t h e b l a c k b o a r d ) 8 . The r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s a r e t h e n r e p e a t e d w i t h t h e bow w h i l e t h e l e f t h a n d i s p u t t o w o rk w i t h 2 1 8 t h e f i n g e r s a l l down w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r , t h e n a l t e r n a t i n g i n t h e u s e o f t h e f o u r t h , 9 . t h i r d , 1 0 . s e c o n d , 1 1 . F i n a l l y t h e f i r s t f i n g e r b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d . 1 2 . The p i e c e i s p l a y e d a s w r i t t e n b y t h e c l a s s ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) . The a b o v e w as a n e x c e l l e n t e x a m p le o f t h e t y p e o f e x t e n d e d p l a y i n g a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s f o u n d t h e y n e e d e d t o a c h i e v e s u p e r i o r r e s u l t s w i t h l a r g e n u m b e rs o f s t u d e n t s , w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g a maximum o f i n t e r e s t f o r t h e c h i l d . A n o t h e r p r o m i n e n t i n s t r u c t o r who i n d i c a t e d a m a w a r e n e s s o f t h i s n e e d was L a s l e y who a d v o c a t e d t h e u s e o f bow ed r h y th m s o n a l l s t r i n g , e i t h e r o p e n s t r i n g s o r t o n a l p a t t e r n s , l a t e r r e a d i n g s c o r e s i n r h y th m ( 2 0 4 : 2 0 ) . L e i d i g r e p o r t e d t h a t h e b e g a n e a c h s t r i n g c l a s s p e r i o d a t h i s s c h o o l w i t h t h e B o m o f f c y c l e o f s t r i n g s a s a r o u t i n e s y s t e m i n o r d e r t o " c h e c k I n d i v i d u a l p l a y i n g h a b i t s , w h i l e t h e s t u d e n t s a r e k e p t b u s y a n d i n t e r e s t e d " ( 2 0 6 : 4 3 ) . Much t h e sam e p l a n was f o l l o w e d b y P o t t e r who p o r t r a y e d h i s p r o c e d u r e a s a n i n t r o d u c t o r y d r i l l c o n s i s t i n g o f I " h o l d i n g t h e bow , a n d o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g d r i l l s o n e a c h 2 1 9 s t r i n g , , , " He a l s o a d d e d t h a t h e u s e d p i a h o a c c o m p a n im e n t a l o n g w i t h t h i s d r i l l ( 2 6 7 : 1 4 - 1 5 ) . O t h e r e d u c a t o r s s u b s c r i b i n g t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d e d M o ln a r ( 2 4 0 : 2 1 ) , S k o r n i c k a ( 4 1 3 : 4 ) , a n d W il l ia m s ( 3 7 2 : 6 ) . F i n a l l y , i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t tw o o f t h e m ore I r e c e n t c l a s s m e th o d s o n t h e m a r k e t , 8 t u b e r ' s M e lo d y M ethod j ( 1 9 5 5 ) ^ a n d B e s t ' s A l l S t r i n g s ( 1 9 5 4 ) , f o l l o w e d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e c y c l e - p a t t e r n s e q u e n c e o f e t u d e s a n d t u n e s ( 4 l 4 ) ( 3 9 1 ) . W h ile t h e s e m e th o d s h a d n o o u tw a r d r e s e m b l a n c e i n f o r m a t t o t h e c l a s s i c e y e l e - p a t t e r n m e th o d ; d e v i s e d b y B o r n o f f , t h e y u n q u e s t i o n a b l y u t i l i z e d t h e sam e I b a s i c p r i n c i p l e — t h a t m e l o d i c l i n e s i n s i m p l e a n d s t r o n g r h y th m s s h o u l d b e r e p e a t e d w i t h l i k e f i n g e r i n g s o n a l l o f t h e s t r i n g s , w i t h v a r i a t i o n f o r i n t e r e s t a n d s t e p - b y - s t e p g r o w t h , a l l p r o v i d i n g a m p le t e a c h e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r o b s e r v a t i o n a n d c o r r e c t i o n , a n d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a w i d e r a t t e n t i o n s p a n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e p u p i l s . 1 The p o i n t h e r e was n o t t o c o m p a re m e th o d b o o k s , b u t ; t o d raw a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t e a c h o f t h e g r o u p I t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s s e c t i o n w a s , i n i t s : own w a y , d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e b a s i c p r e m i s e w i t h w h ic h we i ! b e g a n — t h a t a n e a s i l y re m e m b e re d c y c l e o f a c t i v i t i e s was b a s i c a l l y e s s e n t i a l i n t h e f i e l d o f s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y . 220 The c o n s i d e r a b l e u n a n i m i t y o f p r a c t i c e a n d o p i n i o n p r e s e n t e d h e r e l e n d s s t r o n g s u p p o r t t o t h e p r e m i s e . V . REPETITION THROUGH RHYTHMIC PATTERNS i I As a n e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e r e p e t i t i o n t h r o u g h j r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s i n som e r e s p e c t s o v e r l a p s t h e s e c t i o n s I on " R o te M eth o d a t t h e B e g i n n i n g , " "The F i n g e r P a t t e r n I I A p p r o a c h , " a n d " C y c le T ype o f M eth o d f o r C o n t in u o u s A c t i - i v i t y . " R h y th m ic p a t t e r n s a r e f r e q u e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d b y r o t e , a r e a lw a y s i n v o l v e d i n t h e v a r i a t i o n s s e t u p f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f v a r i o u s f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , a n d a r e , o f . c o u r s e , t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r a n y s y s te m o f p l a y i n g a t l e n g t h ^ on a c y c l e o f o p e n s t r i n g s . J u s t i f i c a t i o n c a n b e m a d e , h o w e v e r , f o r a s e p a r a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e o n a t h r e e - f o l d b a s i s : (1 ) r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s a r e e s s e n t i a l i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a s e n s e o f r h y th m t h r o u g h b o w in g a n d f i n g e r i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n , ( 2 ) r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s h a v e a s p e c i f i c u s e f u l n e s s a s a b a s i s f o r t h e i m p r o v i s a t i o n o f a l l s o r t s o f m u s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h h e l p i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f , a n d w o r k in g o u t o f , m any i t y p e s o f t e c h n i c a l d r i l l s r e l a t e d t o r h y th m , f i n g e r i n g , a n d i b o w in g , a n d ( 3 ) n o t e r e p e t i t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l i n d e v e l o p i n g ; c o n t r o l o f i n d i v i d u a l f i n g e r a c t i o n i n c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e | u s e o f t h e b o w . 2 2 1 R h y th m ic P a t t e r n s f o r t h e D e v e lo p m e n t o f R h y th m ic S e n s e T h r o u g h o u t t h e t e x t u r e o f m o d e rn e d u c a t i o n t h e r e se em s t o h a v e r u n t h e t h o u g h t t h a t rh y th m s h o u l d h e l e a r n e d t h r o u g h a r e s p o n s e t o f e l t p u l s a t i o n s . Pew o f t h e o r c h e s - I I t r a l i n s t r u m e n t s , o u t s i d e o f t h e p e r c u s s i o n s e c t i o n i t s e l f , ! o f f e r s u c h i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p r o m o ti o n o f s u c h I r e s p o n s e s a s do t h e s t r i n g s . I n t h e s e c t i o n o n o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t was a b l e t o move f r e e l y w e re p o i n t e d o u t . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s h a d r e l e v e n c e f o r b o w in g i n r h y t h m i c r e s p o n s e . I n a d d i t i o n , f r e e d o m t o r e a c t t o r h y t h m i c " p i q u e i n g " was a l s o f o u n d t o b e d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e a b s e n c e o f o t h e r c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r s I i j s u c h a s l e f t h a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s b e i n g c o m b in e d w i t h r i g h t I i ' h a n d m u s c u l a r r e s p o n s e s . G iv e n t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , y o u n g 1 s t r i n g s t u d e n t s w e re f o u n d t o b e c a p a b l e o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e i r r h y t h m i c s e n s e q u i t e r a p i d l y t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s . The i m p o r t a n c e o f s u c h r h y t h m i c d e v e l - : Io p m e n t was o n e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l b e l i e f s r e g a r d i n g g o o d j l e a r n i n g , a c c o r d i n g t o H a r r i s , B u r r o w s , a n d A h e a r n , who ! s a i d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n : | L ik e t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g o o d bow c o n t r o l , t h e i t e a c h i n g o f r h y th m c a n b e s t b e d o n e b y m eans o f m u s ic ! t h a t m o v e s , a n d NOT b y m eans o f s u s t a i n i n g w h o le n o t e s I d u r i n g w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t i s s u p p o s e d t o c o u n t , o r b e a t , h i s f o o t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l n u m b e r o f u n i t s p e r m e a s u r e . An i n t e l l e c t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f r h y t h m i c ! 222 p a t t e r n s a n d n o t e v a l u e s I s n o t s u f f i c i e n t . U n t i l t h e s t u d e n t h a s a c t u a l l y r e s p o n d e d t o t h e r h y th m i n a m u s i c a l s i t u a t i o n i t c a n n o t b e s a i d t o b e l e a r n e d . ( 3 9 9 : 1 ) I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e c l a s s e s o f s t r i n g s t u d e n t s a l e a r n i n g s i t u a t i o n i n w h ic h r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s w e re t h e p r i m a r y f a c t o r i n v o l v e d , n o t e r e p e t i t i o n h a d t o be i n v o l v e d ; i t h a d t o b e a s s i m p l e a s d ru m m in g . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e f i n g e r s c o u l d n o t b e d o i n g o n e t h i n g o n t h e f i n g e r b o a r d , a n d t h e r i g h t a rm a n d h a n d s o m e th i n g e l s e w i t h t h e bow . H e n c e , o p e n s t r i n g w o rk w as m o st i d e a l a t t h e b e g i n n i n g , a n d w hen t h e f i n g e r s w e re u s e d , i t w as b e s t w hen : a f i n g e r r e m a in e d i n u s e f o r a t l e a s t tw o b o w s . O t h e r ! m ean s o f a i d i n g o r p r o v i d i n g f r e e d o m o f bow m ovem ent l a y i n ! I c h o o s i n g f a m i l i a r t u n e s w h ic h h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e n o t e r e p e t i t i o n b u i l t i n t o th e m . S u c h w as t h e t h o u g h t o f H an n en who ! d i s c l o s e d t h e l o g i c o f i n t r o d u c i n g r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s t h r o u # i s h o r t m u s i c a l p h r a s e s b a s e d on f a m i l i a r t u n e s s u c h a s " T w in k le , T w i n k l e , L i t t l e S t a r . " I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s u c h , a p r o c e d u r e H a n n en a d v o c a t e d a l e a r n i n g p r o c e d u r e a s a ' I I p r e l i m i n a r y t o u s e o f t h e bow , a l l o f w h ic h was c a l c u l a t e d i : I t o i n c r e a s e s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e r h y t h m i c e l e m e n t . T hus I ■ I I s t u d e n t s w e re a s k e d t o s i n g o r s a y t h e w o r d s , c l a p t h e j r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n , s i n g i t o n t h e v a r i o u s o p e n s t r i n g t o n e s , I ' I p l a y i t p i z z i c a t o o n t h e c y c l e o f s t r i n g s , o n t h e l e f t arm ; 2 2 3 w i t h t h e bow , a n d f i n a l l y b o w in g t h e t u n e on t h e c y c l e o f s t r i n g s ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) . R h y th m ic P a t t e r n s f o r I m p r o v i s e d B o w in g D r i l l s T h e r e w as m uch e v i d e n c e t h a t r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s w e re u s e d t o c a m o u f l a g e , a s i t w e r e , r e v i e w a s s i g n m e n t s , I I r e p e a t i n g a r e a s o f s t u d y n e e d i n g y e t m ore d r i l l , b u t w i t h I r h y t h m i c v a r i a n t s . I s a a c i n d i c a t e d t h a t h e w as i n t h e h a b i t o f u s i n g r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s w hen h e d e c l a r e d t h a t " i n v e n t i n g r h y t h m i c b o w in g v a r i a t i o n s c a n b e made i n t o q u i t e a n i n t e r e s t i n g g a m e " ( 1 9 0 : 2 7 ) . Some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b o w in g p r o b le m s s o n e c e s s a r i l y a p a r t o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e a r e m o s t p r o p e r l y t r e a t e d [u n d e r t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , s u c h a s bow d i v i s i o n s i n v o l v i n g ,a h a l f - n o t e a n d tw o q u a r t e r s , o r t h e o p p o s i t e , p o s i n g t h e I I t w o - f o l d p r o b le m o f bow d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d r h y t h m i c a c c u r a c y . I L e id ig o b s e r v e d t h a t p u p i l s se e m e d t o e n j o y p l a y i n g s u c h [rh y th m s a n d b o w in g s i n a s o r t o f r h y t h m i c c o u n t e r p o i n t j a g a i n s t on e a n o t h e r , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t o r c o u l d [ c r e a t e a l l s o r t s o f r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s w h ic h w o u ld b e b o t h i n t e r e s t i n g a n d r e w a r d i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , s u c h r h y t h m i c p o ly p h o n y c o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o t h e c y c l e o f s t r i n g s , a n d l a t e r t o s c a l e w o rk w i t h e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s , L e i d i g a s s e r t e d ( 2 0 6 : 4 3 ) . 2 2 4 I n o b s e r v i n g a c l a s s a t w o rk on t h i s s y s te m u n d e r L e i d i g R u sh n o t e d t h a t t h e p u p i l s h a d b e e n t r a i n e d t o s e t t h e i r own t e m p i , c o u n t i n g o u t l o u d b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t o p l a y . , A t o t h e r t i m e s t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld c l a p o p p o s i n g rh y th m s ! w h i l e t h e c l a s s p l a y e d a n e x e r c i s e i n q u a r t e r s a n d d u p l e t s . I I iT o t h e o b s e r v e r t h e "g am e ” w as e x c i t i n g , a n d t h e s t u d e n t s I " d i d i t c o r r e c t l y " ( 3 0 4 : 1 0 - 1 1 ) . I Among o t h e r s u s i n g t h e s e r h y t h m i c c a l i s t h e n i c s f o r I t h e v a r i o u s p u r p o s e s u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n w as W a l l e r who r e g u l a r l y made u p r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s f o r h i s c l a s s e s . He I a d v o c a t e d s t a r t i n g o n t h e o p e n D s t r i n g , p l a y i n g f o u r ; I q u a r t e r s , f o l l o w e d b y f o u r r e s t s . T h is r h y t h m i c w o rk was I t h e n r e p e a t e d a n d v a r i e d f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h o f tim e ' w h i l e c o r r e c t i o n s w e re m a d e . W a l l e r 's o b j e c t i v e w as t o a p p l y t h e s e r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s t o v a r i o u s p o r t i o n s o f t h e bow , i n c l u d i n g t h e m i d d l e , t h e t i p , a n d t h e l o w e r h a l f , a n d o n a l l s t r i n g s , b u t p r i n c i p a l l y on t h e tw o i n s i d e o n e s ( 3 5 3 : 5 7 ) . G h e y e t t e a n d S a lz r a a n , b e s i d e s a d v o c a t i n g a l e a r n i n g j J i p r o c e d u r e w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h a t o f H a n n e n 's ! I ' I |( C f . a n t e p . 2 2 2 ) , e x p o u n d e d a s y s t e m o f r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s b a s e d o n t h e p o e t i c r h y th m o f o l d rh y m e s i n o r d e r t o p r o v o k e s p o n t a n e o u s r h y t h m i c r e s p o n s e s fro m t h e c l a s s . S a i d | G h e y e t t e a n d S a lz r a a n : i 2 2 5 I I T he t h e o r y u n d e r l y i n g t h e u s a g e o f f a m i l i a r rh y m e s i s b a s e d o n t h e t r a n s f e r o f rh y th m s t h r o u g h m iie m o n le s, o r t h e u s e o f v e r b a l i s m s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e f e e l i n g f o r t h e rh y th m i n o n e s e t o f m u s c l e s , w h ic h c a n t h e n b e f e l t i n a n y o t h e r s e t o f m u s c l e s . ( 3 9 4 ; v ) The p r a c t i c e s u b s c r i b e d t o b y K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r o f p l a y i n g r h y t h m i c a l l y p r o n o u n c e d p i e c e s a t t h e k e y b o a r d t o p r o v o k e i n d i v i d u a l l y v a r i e d r h y t h m i c p e r f o r m a n c e s b y t h e i r c l a s s e s w as a s i m i l a r d e v i c e ( 4 0 5 : 2 6 ) . And a n o b s e r v a t i o n o f s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r w as s u b m i t t e d b y M yers who f e l t t h a t e v e n m ore c o m p le x r h y th m s c o u l d b e m e a n i n g f u l t o c h i l d r e n w hen s h e com m ented ; C h i l d r e n l e a m s o n g s w i t h t h e m o st i n t r i c a t e r h y t h m ic p a t t e r n s a f t e r h e a r i n g th e m o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n o n t h e r a d i o . T h a t i s t h e f a c t t h a t h a s c a u s e d e x p e r t s t o p l a c e l e s s e m p h a s is o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s i m p l e r h y th m s i n c h i l d r e n ' s s o n g s . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , s o n g s c o n t a i n i n g o n l y q u a r t e r , h a l f , a n d w h o le n o t e s c a n b e m o s t m o n o to n o u s . T he rh y th m p a t t e r n o f s o n g s t a u g h t b y r o t e i s n o t a p r o b le m f o r c h i l d r e n i f t h e y u s e t h e d e v i c e o f ' t i p p i n g ' . . . [ t h i s m eans t a p p i n g t h e r h y th m w i t h t h e f i n g e r t i p s i n s t e a d o f c l a p p i n g ] ( 1 6 : 3 6 ; R h y th m ic N o te R e p e t i t i o n t o D e v e lo p L e f t H and F i n g e r C o n t r o l M ost o f t h e n e w e r c l a s s m e th o d b o o k s now b e g i n w i t h som e s o r t o f r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n w h ic h p r o g r e s s e s i n f a i r l y r a p i d n o t e s . The t e n d e n c y t o u t i l i z e t h i s r h y t h m i c v a r i a t i o n s y s te m c a l l i n g f o r m any s t r o k e s o f t h e bow b e f o r e f i n g e r i n g a n o t h e r n o t e i n d i c a t e s a n i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s 226 o n t h e p a r t o f s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y s t u d e n t s seem t o h a v e i n p l a y i n g n o t e s w h ic h f o l l o w o n e a n o t h e r i n c o n s e c u t i v e s c a l e - w i s e o r d e r w i t h a n y d e g r e e o f , a c c u r a c y o r c o n f i d e n c e . W hen, h o w e v e r , a r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n o f f o u r q u a r t e r n o t e s o n e a c h d e g r e e o f t h e s e q u e n c e i s j p r e s c r i b e d , i t h a s b e e n n o t e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s p l a y a t I o n c e w i t h g r e a t a c c u r a c y a n d a s s u r a n c e b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e 1 j t h u s b e e n g i v e n t im e t o g e t s e t f o r t h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s u c c e e d i n g f i n g e r ; bow a n d f i n g e r h a v e tim e t o a d j u s t t h e i r s e p a r a t e f u n c t i o n s t o o n e a n o t h e r . E a r l i e r m e th o d b o o k s [ s o u g h t t o m e e t t h i s p r o b le m i n t h e now d i s p l a c e d m a n n e r o f I I I w r i t i n g e a c h n o t e i n s u s t a i n e d w h o l e - n o t e s t y l e . B u t one I o f t h e f a l l a c i e s o f s u c h a n a p p r o a c h , o b s e r v e d b y f o l l o w i n g i t h e r e a c t i o n s o f c h i l d r e n o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s , w as t h a t l o n g t o n e s w e re a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e i r b a s i c d e s i r e f o r m ore v i g o r o u s m o v e m e n t. B o r n o f f was m o st d i s c e r n i n g i n t h i s r e s p e c t i n h i s o b s e r v a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e c u r r e n t t e n d e n c y o f c o n f i n i n g a c h i l d ' s m o v em en ts t o l o n g s u s t a i n e d t o n e s . T h i s w as c o n t r a r y , h e b e l i e v e d , t o t h e p u p i l ' s n a t u r a l i n c l i n a t i o n to w a r d r a p i d r e s u l t s a n d l i v e l y m ov em ents ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) . ' A s e c o n d i m p o r t a n t d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e s u s t a i n e d ' n o t e t h e o r y c o n c e r n e d t h e p r o b le m o f f i n g e r a n d bow c o o r - I i d i n a t i o n w h ose d i f f i c u l t y h a d n o t h i n g t o do w i t h t h e l e n g t h I 2 2 7 o f t im e l a p s e b e tw e e n n o t e s — I t a r o s e w h e n e v e r a new f i n g e r w as r e q u i r e d w i t h a n y c h a n g e i n bow d i r e c t i o n . T h e s e tw o d i s s i m i l a r c o o r d i n a t e s c o n f l i c t e d i n t h e s t u d e n t ' s m in d ; b u t w hen t h e b a c k a n d f o r t h m o ti o n o f t h e bow h a d b e e n u n d e r w ay r e p e a t e d l y , t h e c o n f l i c t i n g p a r t o f t h e p r o b le m w as s e t a s i d e . I t was now u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e f i n g e r s h a d t h e i m p u l s e t o move w i t h t h e a c c e n t o f t h e r h y t h m , b u t n o t iw i t h t h e c h a n g e o f t h e b o w . T h i s e x a c t p o i n t w as m ade b y G re e n who r e a l i z e d t h a t m any f i n g e r c h a n g e s made b o w in g i n r h y th m d i f f i c u l t f o r y o u n g p l a y e r s : As r e g a r d s r h y t h m , f u n d a m e n t a l l y , g o o d r h y th m i s a ; p h a s e o f b o w in g t e c h n i c , s e c o n d a r i l y , o f f i n g e r - p l a c i n g . By t h i s , we do n o t m ean t h a t t h e f i n g e r r h y th m i s l e s s i m p o r t a n t . We m ean t h a t a y o u n g s t e r , i n d e v e l o p i n g r h y th m , w i l l r e s p o n d m ore q u i c k l y t o r h y t h m i c d e v e l o p m en t o f t h e b o w , u s i n g t h e bow o n a n o p e n s t r i n g w i t h r e i t e r a t e d r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s , t h a n h e w i l l t o r h y t h m i c u s e o f t h e f i n g e r s . T h i s i s p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y s o u n d , f o r t h e u s e o f t h e l a r g e r m u s c le s ( f u l l b o w -a rm m u s c le s p r e c e d e s i n g r o w th t h e u s e o f t h e s m a l l e r , m ore d e l i c a t e m u s c le s ( f i n g e r m u s c l e s ) . A nd now , t h i s s t a t e m e n t c l a r i f i e s w h a t w as w r i t t e n s e v e r a l p a r a g r a p h s b a c k [ c i t e d h e r e i n on p . 1 8 4 ] ; i t i s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r e a s o n why bow ed r h y th m s o n o p e n s t r i n g s c a n b e d o n e w e l l b y t h e w h o le c l a s s o f t h i r d g r a d e r s , w h i l e m u s ic r e q u i r i n g m any f i n g e r c h a n g e s w i l l n o t s o u n d w e l l i n c o n c e r t e d p l a y i n g w i t h c h i l d r e n o f t h i s a g e . T h e y h a v e n o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d e n o u g h c o n t r o l o v e r t h e s m a l l e r f i n g e r - m u s e l e s t o s y n c h r o n i z e t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l u s e t h e r e o f w i t h t h e g r o u p — a n d , f o r t h e tim e b e i n g , t h e b e a t ! ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) T hus G r e e n made i t c l e a r t h a t a t e a c h e r c o u l d e x p e c t 2 2 8 iy o u n g b e g i n n e r s t o p l a y i n g o o d r h y th m t o g e t h e r w h i l e p l a y i n g r e p e a t e d r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s , b u t t h a t i n p l a y i n g I f i g u r e s r e q u i r i n g c o n s e c u t i v e f i n g e r c h a n g e s t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld h a v e t o a l l o w f o r " i n d i v i d u a l h e s i t a t i o n s w h ic h w i l l c u t i n t o t h e b e a t u n t i l he h a s e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t r o l o f h i s ' f i n g e r s . . . " ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) . E v e n t u a l l y , o f c o u r s e , f u s i o n ! o f t h e tw o s k i l l s c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t o t a k e p l a c e . I S i m i l a r c o n c l u s i o n s w e re r e a c h e d b y B a b i t z w ho , i n a ‘k e e n a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r o b l e m , s a i d t h i s : . . . w hen c h i l d r e n sw ay o r b e a t t im e t o m u s ic t h e m o ti o n a n d rh y th m a r e i d e n t i c a l , b u t i n p l a y i n g a n i n s t r u m e n t t h e m o tio n s do n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e b e a t i n a s i m p l e o r g a n i c f a s h i o n . ( 7 1 : 1 6 ) To i l l u s t r a t e h i s p o i n t B a b i t z c i t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g [e x a m p le s : 3 2 3 4 FIGURE 2 REQUIRED FINGERING FOR. PIANO FIGURE 3 PROPOSED RHYTHMIC SOLUTION. . I n F i g u r e 2 B a b i t z i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e w o u ld b e a s i n g l e m o ti o n o n t h e f i r s t b e a t , w h i l e o n t h e s e c o n d b e a t t h e r e w o u ld b e a d o u b l e m o ti o n : r a i s i n g t h e t h i r d f i n g e r a n d s t r i k i n g t h e s e c o n d , w h ic h w as i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w e d b y I 2 2 9 I a n o t h e r d o u b l e m o t i o n . B u t i f t h i s p h r a s e w e re t o b e p l a y e d o n t h e p i a n o f i r s t w i t h t h e f i n g e r i n g g i v e n i n F i g u r e 3y t h e sam e k i n d o f m o ti o n s u s e d i n rh y th m b a n d w o u ld b e u t i l i z e d a n d t h e r e w o u ld t h e n b e no m u s c u l a r I i n t e r f e r e n c e , t h u s s o l v i n g t h e rh y th m p r o b le m a t o n c e . The I c o r r e c t f i n g e r i n g c o u l d t h e n b e l e a r n e d w i t h l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y , B a b i t z r e a s o n e d , b e c a u s e t h e r h y th m w o u ld a l r e a d y h a v e b e e n " f e l t " t h r o u g h a p h y s i c a l e x p r e s s i o n . B a b i t z t h e n c i t e d tw o m ore e x a m p le s w h ic h p r e s e n t e d a s i m i l a r p r o b le m f o r v i o l i n i s t s , p r e f a c i n g t h e p r o b le m w i t h t h e r e m i n d e r t h a t t e a c h e r s h a d a l r e a d y f o u n d t h a t e a r l y p r o b le m s o f r h y t h m i c c o o r d i n a t i o n w e re s i m p l i f i e d b y p e r m i t t i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o p l a y down bow o n s t r o n g b e a t s . n y / n ^ n V I J v/ FIGURE 4 ^ RHYTHMIC MOTIONS RHYTHMIC MOTIONS COORDINATED COMPLEX , F i g u r e 4 p r e s e n t s a s i m p l e p r o b l e m , s a i d B a b i t z ; F i g u r e 5 m ig h t becom e s o m e th i n g o f a p r o b l e m , f o r a s he j p o i n t e d o u t , t h e t e a c h e r i s a s k i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o do so m e - I t h i n g h e r e w h ic h i s c o m p l e t e l y o p p o s e d t o a l l n a t u r a l la w s I o f r h y t h m i c m o t i o n . T he s t u d e n t h a s t o r a i s e a f i n g e r w hen FIGURE 5 : 230 t h e bow m u st go "d o w n ". B u t i f t h e e x a m p le w e re r e v e r s e d , , i t w o u ld becom e s i m p l e . B a b i t z c o n c l u d e d t h e a n a l y s i s b y j s a y i n g : I I n t h e s t u d y o f a l l i n s t r u m e n t s , t h e u s e o f r h y t h m i c I m o ti o n s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e u s e d i n a c t u a l p l a y i n g i f a c i l i t a t e s t h e l e a r n i n g o f r h y th m , b e c a u s e rh y th m c a n n o t b e f e l t t h r o u g h m ere c o u n t i n g . ( 7 1 : l 6 ) ^ D i s g u i s e d R e p e t i t i o n I - W h ile t h e e s s e n t i a l r o l e o f n o t e r e p e t i t i o n w as I f r e e l y a c k n o w le d g e d b y m u s ic e d u c a t i o n c i r c l e s , a s e v i d e n c e d b y t h e e x t e n s i v e e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e d e v i c e i n s u c h r e c e n t m e th o d b o o k s f o r s t r i n g s a s t h o s e b y B e s t (319)^ B o m o f f ( 3 9 2), I s a a c (402), Koch (4o6), St u b e r (4l4), a n d W a l l e r (417), i t s a p p l i c a t i o n was n o t w i t h o u t c o n d i t i o n s . R e p e t i t i o n i m p l i e d d r i l l , a n d d r i l l h a d becom e a w o rd o f I i l l - r e p u t e am ong t h a t e l e m e n t o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l t h o u g h t I w h ic h r e a c t e d v i o l e n t l y a g a i n s t t h e o l d d r i l l - m a s t e r s c h o o l o f p e d a g o g y . Y e t t h e r e c o u l d b e n o d e v e lo p m e n t o f s k i l l w i t h o u t r e p e t i t i o n , a n d t h e m eans o f m a k in g r e p e t i t i o n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e d em an d s o f a m u s i c a l l e a r n i n g s i t u a t i o n b ecam e a n e c e s s a r y a r e a o f s t u d y . The i n d i s p e n s a b i l i t y o f s u c h r e p e t i t i o n w as r e c o g - ! n i z e d b y B ro o k s a n d B row n who p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e w e re c e r t a i n r e s p o n s e s i n l i f e a n d e d u c a t i o n w h ic h n e e d e d t o b e a u t o m a t i c i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e y o p e r a t e d w i t h o u t c o n s c i o u s , ^ 231 ' a t t e n t i o n fro m t h e i n d i v i d u a l . R a t h e r t h a n s p e a k o f t h i s k i n d o f l e a r n i n g a s d r i l l , t h e y c a l l e d i t r e p e t i t i v e I l e a r n i n g . S u c h d r i l l p r o c e d u r e , w h i l e f r e q u e n t l y m i s u n d e r - I s t o o d b y m any m o d e r n i s t e d u c a t o r s , was n o t n e c e s s a r i l y I ; f o u n d e d on w ro n g p r i n c i p l e s s i n c e i t was i n t h i s t y p e o f ( l e a r n i n g t h a t w h a t som e p e o p l e h a d c a l l e d a u t o m a t i c f a c i l i t y was t o b e a c q u i r e d . E x a m p le s o f r e p e t i t i v e l e a r n - I i n g w e re t o b e s e e n i n w a l k i n g , sw im m in g , s k a t i n g , u s i n g I ! t h e v o c a l o r g a n s , a n d i n f i n g e r e x e r c i s e s i n m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ( 2 : 5 0 ) . : B u t t h i s t y p e o f r e p e t i t i v e l e a r n i n g w h ic h B ro o k s { ' ■ ■ ■ I a n d B row n w e re t a l k i n g a b o u t was a f a r c r y fro m t h e e a r l i e r I ; p e d a g o g y w h ic h h a d e m p h a s iz e d t h e n e e d t o s ta m p i n t o t h e p u p i l c e r t a i n s k i l l s o r f a c t s t h r o u g h r e p e t i t i o n . The ; l a t e r p s y c h o l o g y i n d i c a t e d t h a t s u c h t h e o r y i n v o l v e d a ! u s e l e s s a m o u n t o f d i s t a s t e f u l l a b o r t o g a i n a b i l i t i e s a n d ! s k i l l s w h ic h w e re l i k e l y t o a t r o p h y a t a l a t e r d a t e fro m d i s u s e . The p r im e m o v e rs i n l e a r n i n g w e re d i s c o v e r e d t o ; b e i n t e r e s t a n d i n s i g h t , t h e p s y c h o l o g y o f w h ic h i n v o l v e d t h e u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l o r c o o r d i n a t i o n s J u s t l e a r n e d i n a I v a r i e t y o f n ew , m e a n i n g f u l , a n d i n t e r e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n s . ! F o r m u s ic t h i s m e a n t t h a t t h e n e e d f o r d r i l l s h o u l d b e m ade; i j a p p a r e n t t o t h e s t u d e n t , a n d t h a t t h e d r i l l m a t e r i a l s h o u l d , b e t a k e n fro m t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e m u s ic i t s e l f ( 4 0 4 : 2 1 ) . ! i 232 I T he p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s u c h d r i l l s i n c l o s e c o n t e x t w i t h a d e f i n i t e m u s i c a l s i t u a t i o n w h e re t h e c h i l d c o u l d 1 c l e a r l y s e e t h e n e e d , s u c h a s i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a p i e c e !t o b e u s e d i n p u b l i c p e r f o r m a n c e , was N o rm a n n '5 i n t e r p r e - I t a t i o n o f t h e new p s y c h o l o g y o f r e p e t i t i v e l e a r n i n g . jM o tin g t h e s h o r t a t t e n t i o n s p a n o f t h e a v e r a g e c h i l d , he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t p r o l o n g e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n a p a r t i c u l a r I I [p ro b le m c o u l d g e n e r a l l y b e o b t a i n e d b y p r e s e n t i n g i t i n a I ' v a r i e t y o f w a y s . He t h e r e f o r e a d v i s e d t h e t e a c h e r t o b e r e s o u r c e f u l i n v a r y i n g h i s r o u t i n e w i t h s u c h t h i n g s a s m u s i c a l gam es a n d f r i e n d l y c o m p e t i t i o n s t o k e e p t h e c h i l d r e n i n t e r e s t e d a n d c o n s t a n t l y a l e r t ( 1 7 : 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 ) . I V e s p a o b s e r v e d a b i t o f t h e t r u t h i n h e r e n t i n t h i s i p s y c h o l o g y b y s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a n e x e r c i s e w h ic h d i d n o t go {w ell a f t e r s e v e r a l w e e k s m ig h t b e r e p l a c e d b y a new e x e r c i s e , o r p a g e n u m b e r, w h ic h i n c o r p o r a t e d t h e sam e f u n d a m e n t a l t e a c h i n g p o i n t , b u t w h ic h p r o v i d e d a new o u t l o o k w h i l e a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e d e s i r e d g o a l ( 3 3 5 : 1 9 ) . The new s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t w o u ld h a v e q u e s t i o n e d , h o w e v e r , t h e I a d v i s a b i l i t y o f w a i t i n g f o r " s e v e r a l w e e k s " b e f o r e t a k i n g t h i s o b v io u s s t e p . I One o f t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s t o d i s g u i s e d d r i l l ■was f o r m u l a t e d b y B o m o f f i n h i s s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d w h ic h e m b o d ie d t h e c o m b in e d f e a t u r e s o f r o t e a p p r o a c h , t h e u s e o f 233 j f i n g e r p a t t e r n s a p p l i e d t o t h e c y c l e o f s t r i n g s , a n d d i s g u i s e d r e p e t i t i o n t h r o u g h o u t . B o r n o f f d e s c r i b e d t h e i I I p u r p o s e o f t h i s a p p r o a c h i n t h e s e w o r d s : j The v a r i a n t s e m p lo y e d . . . o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g c y c l e j a n d o n t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , p r o v i d e c o n s t r u c t i v e r e p e t i t i o n , w h ic h i s e s s e n t i a l f o r m a s t e r y o f a s k i l l . T he v a r i a n t s , h o w e v e r , c a m o u f la g e t h e c u s t o m a r y m ono- j t o n o u s r e i t e r a t i o n i n l i v e l y a n d i n t e r e s t i n g p a t t e r n s I w h ic h p r o v e t o b e a s o u r c e o f i n s p i r a t i o n a n d m e a n in g I i n s t e a d o f d i s c o u r a g e m e n t a n d d i s e n c h a n t m e n t t o a s t u d e n t . B ow ing a n d f i n g e r v a r i a t i o n s n o t o n l y s t i m - ' u l a t e i n t e r e s t b u t g i v e a c h i l d i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d I c o n f i d e n c e , d e v e l o p t o n e , im p ro v e bow c o n t r o l a n d b u i l d m u s i c a l r e s p o n s e s . ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) T h is k i n d o f t r a i n i n g was a l s o a d v o c a t e d b y M a i l e r ; who p e r h a p s c o i n e d t h e t e r m " d i s g u i s e d r e p e t i t i o n " w hen he , i r e m a r k e d : I 1 F o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f new s k i l l s , t h e r e | I s h o u l d b e a c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d d u r i n g w h ic h t h e s e may b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t e c h n i c s t h r o u g h d r i l l a n d d i s g u i s e d r e p e t i t i o n . T h e s e p e r i o d s s h o u l d v a r y i n J l e n g t h w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f t h e p r o b l e m s . ( 3o 2 : 5 2 ) I O t h e r s who a c k n o w le d g e d t h e n e e d f o r t h i s s o r t o f t r a i n i n g i n c l u d e d B e c k e r ( 2 $ : 1 7 9 ) , I s a a c ( 1 9 0 : 2 6 ) , a n d A t w a t e r , t h e l a t t e r c o n s i d e r i n g d r i l l m a t e r i a l c o n c e r n e d : w i t h s c a l e s a n d t o n a l i t y s e q u e n c e s t o b e v e r y n e c e s s a r y i n s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n , a d d i n g , h o w e v e r , t h a t s u c h d r i l l was t o , I , ! ; b e c o m b in e d w i t h m ore m u s i c a l e x a m p le s i f i t w as t o h o l d : I I s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t ( 3 7 9 : 1 2 ) . ' 2 3 4 V I . PIANO AS AURAL AND RHYTHMIC GUIDE An o f t e n n e g l e c t e d a i d t o s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y h a s b e e n t h e u s e o f t h e p i a n o a s a n a u r a l a n d r h y t h m i c g u i d e I f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g g r o u p o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s . B u t s t u d i e s o f t h e p r o c e d u r e s o f l e a d i n g s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t o r s i n d i - j c a t e d t h a t t h e p i a n o was c o m in g m ore a n d m ore i n t o u s e f o r I t h i s p u r p o s e . T u r n i n g t o t h e p i a n o a t t h i s p o i n t was one I . I o f s e v e r a l p r a c t i c e s w h ic h b r o k e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l p r i v a t e s t u d i o m e th o d s i n t h e e f f o r t t o becom e b e t t e r a b l e t o c o p e w i t h t h e e x p a n d e d d i f f i c u l t i e s i n h e r e n t i n t h e g r o u p { s i t u a t i o n . W h ile t h e p i a n o a d m i t t e d l y w as a h i n d r a n c e a s a t e a c h i n g a i d i n d e v e l o p i n g a w e l l a d v a n c e d v i o l i n i s t *s I r e l i a n c e u p o n h i s own s e n s e o f p i t c h , t h e s t r i n g c l a s s ■ te a c h e r cam e t o t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t {needed e v e r y h e l p t h a t c o u l d b e g i v e n h im . O n ly a s h e g a i n e d i n h i s own i n d e p e n d e n c e w e re t h e s e h e l p s g r a d u a l l y 'w ith d r a w n . L a s l e y , who r e g a r d e d t h e s t r i n g c l a s s a s a I i p r e p a r a t o r y s c h o o l f o r t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o , w as e x p l i c i t i n i { d e c l a r i n g t h a t " a t f i r s t h e [ t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t ] i s i I ig iv e n e v e r y a s s i s t a n c e p o s s i b l e , m e c h a n i c a l l y a n d m u s i c a l l y , land i s l e d g r a d u a l l y i n t o m ore i n d e p e n d e n t t h i n k i n g 1 . . " '(205:10) . 2 3 5 A c l a s s o f t w e n t y o r t h i r t y b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s t u - ' d e n t s i s s e ld o m , i f e v e r , c a p a b l e o f p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r i n o p e n s t r i n g d r i l l s , o r i n s c a l e p a t t e r n s i n v o l v i n g t h e f i n g e r s , w i t h o u t some s o r t o f m a tu r e g u i d a n c e . H ence i t was a l o g i c a l s t e p f o r s t r i n g c l a s s p e o p l e t o t a k e i n t u r n i n g t o t h e p i a n o a s a n e s s e n t i a l t o o l i n t h e t e a c h i n g p r o c e s s . The i n d i s p e n s a b l e r o l e o f s u c h k e y b o a r d l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e c l a s s w as e m p h a s iz e d b y K e en a n i n a p a p e r r e a d b e f o r e t h e M u sic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 , i n w h ic h h e s a i d t h e f o l l o w i n g : j T h r o u g h o u t o u r b e g i n n i n g w o rk we u s e p i a n o a c c o m - ' p a n i m e n t . W ith t h e t e x t u s e d i n t h i s d e m o n s t r a t i o n t h e ; p i a n o i s t h e rh y th m a n d c o u n t i n g g u i d e . F o r e x a m p le , | t h e p i a n o p l a y s o n tw o b e a t s f o r h a l f n o t e s , f o u r b e a t s f o r w h o le n o t e s , t h r e e b e a t s f o r d o t t e d h a l f , e t c . We h a v e f o u n d b y e x p e r i e n c e t h a t t h i s i s a g r e a t a i d t o t h e c h i l d r e n i n c o u n t i n g , a s i t com es a t a t im e w hen t h e y h a v e s o m any o t h e r p o i n t s t o t h i n k a b o u t . I U n d o u b te d ly t h e p i a n o a c c o m p a n im e n t i s i n d i s p e n s i b l e i [ s i c , i n d i s p e n s a b l e ] i n t h e m a t t e r o f p i t c h , p a r t i e - ' u l a r l y f o r t h o s e y o u n g s t e r s w h o se e a r s a r e n o t s u f f i - . c i e n t l y t r a i n e d t o h e a r t r u e p i t c h . I n my own w o rk ! w i t h t h e s e c l a s s e s I h a v e b e e n m o s t p a r t i c u l a r t o c h o o s e a p i a n i s t o f t a l e n t , o n e who c a n c h a n g e k e y s a t ; w i l l , t o whom I n e e d p a y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n w h i l e w o r k in g ! w i t h t h e v i o l i n s . The p i a n o a d d s 'm u s ic * t o t h e : m e l o d i e s a n d m eans a l o t t o t h o s e who l a t e r w i l l p l a y I s o l o s . ( 4 2 : 3 5 8 ) ! : The q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r o r n o t t o p l a y a l o n g w i t h t h e I [ s t u d e n t w as a p e r e n n i a l q u e s t i o n d i r e c t e d a t s u c h m u s ic I ; [ c o l u m n i s t s a s B e r k l e y , who i n r e p l y t o o n e s u c h q u e s t i o n , I 236 i s a i d t h a t t h e v i o l i n t e a c h e r s h o u l d n e v e r p l a y h i s v i o l i n i n u n i s o n w i t h a p u p i l e x c e p t f o r tw o p u r p o s e s : ( 1 ) t o a i d I . i n c o r r e c t i n g a r h y t h m i c f a u l t , a n d (2 ) t o e n h a n c e t h e i e x p r e s s i o n o f a p a s s a g e . I n s t e a d o f t h i s s o r t o f t h i n g , h e 1 Ï a d v i s e d t h a t t h e b e s t m eans o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e p u p i l ' s e a r w as t o h a v e h im a c c o m p a n ie d a t t h e p i a n o a t l e a s t a t e v e r y o t h e r l e s s o n . T h is d e v e l o p e d p i t c h s e n s i t i v i t y a n d I f a m i l i a r i z e d h im w i t h t h e h a r m o n ic f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e m u s ic h e was l e a r n i n g t o p l a y ( 9 0 : 3 3 3 ) . T h e r e w as a l s o a s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t , r e p r e s e n t e d b y ■ R o b e rt B ro w n , w h ic h c o n s i d e r e d t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e v i o l i n ! t e a c h e r t o " g e t a r o u n d o n t h e p i a n o " a s a m u s t i n o r d e r t o i I make e v e n t h e m o st m o n o to n o u s s e r i e s o f t o n e s i n t e r e s t i n g b y p r o v i d i n g a w e l l p l a n n e d c h o r d a l b a c k g r o u n d f o r t h e ; s t r i n g c l a s s ( 1 0 8 : 3 2 ) . The s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t o f t h e p i a n o o n p i t c h a n d r h y th m w as c o n s i d e r e d b y B e c k e r t o b e o n e o f t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y ( 2 8 : 1 7 4 ) , a n d t h e sam e : c o u l d b e s a i d f o r N o rm an n , who e x p r e s s e d some o f t h e h a r d - 1 I !h e a d e d r e a l i s m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f e x p e r i e n c e d m u s ic e d u c a - , I t o r s w hen h e r e m a r k e d : 1 • The o b j e c t i o n som e p e o p l e make t o u s i n g a p i a n o i n ' I c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i n s t r u m e n t a l w o rk may f o r t h e m o s t p a r t I b e d i s r e g a r d e d . T h e o r e t i c a l l y , t h e p i a n o i s o u t o f ! t u n e . From a p r a c t i c a l p o i n t o f v ie w t h e i n s t r u c t o r may c o u n t h i m s e l f l u c k y who c a n k e e p h i s g r o u p o f 2 3 7 b e g i n n e r s w i t h i n t h e b o u n d s o f t h e e q u a l - t e m p e r e d s c a l e . ( 1 7 : 1 6 1 ) The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e k e y b o a r d w as e n d o r s e d b y a l o n g l i s t o f e m m in e n t e d u c a t o r s a n d s t r i n g c l a s s s p e c i a l i s t s , am ong th e m b e i n g E a r h a r t ( 3 4 : 2 7 7 ) who r e q u i r e d s e c o n d v i o l i n p a r t s , o r p i a n o p a r t s i n a l l b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g Iw o rk ; H a r r i s , B u r r o w s , a n d A h e a r n ( 4 0 0 ; i i i ) , who e m p lo y e d i k e y b o a r d a c c o m p a n im e n ts t o e n h a n c e t h e c h i l d ' s e n jo y m e n t o f ' h i s m u s ic s t u d y ; J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e , t o whom t h e p i a n o was a t o o l i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s t o im p le m e n t r h y th m a n d a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r h a r m o n ic e n r i c h m e n t a f t e r t h e p o s i t i o n s w e re s e t a n d t h e m e l o d i e s l e a r n e d ( 4 o 4 : 1 9 ) ; a n d i n t h i s g r o u p w e re a l s o t o b e i n c l u d e d H e r f u r t h ( 4 0 0 : i l l ) , F r a n k a n d H elm s ( 1 4 2 : 3 4 ) , a n d W a l l e r ( 3 5 3 : 5 7 ) . A lo n g w i t h t h o s e who r e c o g n i z e d t h e v a l u e o f t h e p i a n o a s a s t a b i l i z i n g i n f l u e n c e u p o n r h y th m a n d p i t c h w e re I t h o s e o f t h e M u rse l l i n d o c t r i n a t e d s c h o o l who v a l u e d t h e k e y b o a r d a s a n a v e n u e t o m u s i c a l a w a r e n e s s , r e s p o n s i v e n e s s , a n d g r o w th a s w e l l . T h o se t e a c h e r s who w e re a b l e i n t u i t i v e l y t o a d d jh arm o n y a n d r h y th m t o t h e b e g i n n i n g c l a s s e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e k e y b o a r d w e re a l r e a d y t e a c h e r s o f m u s i c , n o t ; j u s t o f m o to r s k i l l s . M u rse l l , who s o u g h t s o i n s i s t e n t l y I I t o make t e a c h e r s a w a re o f t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s t e a c h e r s 2 3 8 o f m u s i c , made a n i m p o r t a n t a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s p r i n c i p l e w hen h e s a i d : R e s p o n s i v e n e s s t o c h o r d c o l o r i s g r e v i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d i n c o n v e n t i o n a l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n , a n d t h i s i s o ne r e a s o n why s o many p e r s o n s h a v e a v e r y p o o r g r a s p o f h a r m o n ic r e s o u r c e s e v e n a f t e r a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t o f t r a i n i n g . I t s h o u l d b e c u l t i v a t e d f ro m t h e f i r s t , a n d c u l t i v a t e d , c o n t i n u o u s l y , b e c a u s e i t i s one o f t h e d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r s i n m u s i c a l r e s p o n s i v e n e s s . ( 1 1 : 4 0 ) F r e q u e n t l y a r t i s t p e r f o r m e r s i n b e i n g a s k e d t o r e c a l l som e o f t h e v i v i d e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e s t u d i o s o f I ' r e v e r e d p e d a g o g u e s h a r k e d b a c k t o v i v i d m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e s I w h ic h t h e i r t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d th e m e v e n i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e m o n o to n y o f d r i l l s . The c e l e b r a t e d v i o l i n i s t , J a c q u e s !T h i b a u d , w as o n e o f t h e s e , w ho, i n r e c a l l i n g h i s s t u d e n t I ; d a y s u n d e r M a r s i c k , w as q u o t e d b y M a r te n s a s s a y i n g : i ” * M a rs ic k p l a y e d t h e p i a n o w e l l , a n d c o u l d i m p r o v i s e I m a r v e lo u s a c c o m p a n im e n ts o n h i s v i o l i n w hen h i s p u p i l s I p l a y e d *" ( 1 0 : 2 6 1 ) . I M i t c h e l l , t o o , m u s t h a v e b e e n a t e a c h e r o f t h i s I i n s p i r a t i o n a l t y p e , f o r W a s s e l l r e p o r t e d t h a t h e u s e d t h e i : p i a n o t o f u r n i s h h a r m o n ic b a c k g r o u n d a n d e m p h a s iz e r h y th m , a n d t h a t h i s im p ro m p tu a c c o m p a n im e n ts w e re a d e l i g h t t o h e a r ( 3 6 5 : 3 1 ) . F o r L a s l e y , who a d o p t e d t h e u n tim e d bow s t r o k e s o ' i n t r i n s i c t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d o f K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r , 2 3 9 t h e p i a n o w as b a s i c i n p r o v o k i n g r h y t h m i c r e s p o n s e fro m t h e ' c h i l d r e n , a n d i n i n c u l c a t i n g m u s i c a l m e a n in g i n t o t h e e a r l y : l e a r n i n g s t a g e s . H e r e m p h a s is on m u s ic i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n was d e f i n i t e : From t h e b e g i n n i n g e v e n t h e o p e n s t r i n g p l a y e r s s h o u l d make m u s i c — f i r s t w i t h p i a n o a c c o m p a n im e n t, t h e n w i t h e n s e m b l e s o r o r c h e s t r a o r v o i c e s . The sam e p r o c e d u r e t h e n s h o u l d b e f o l l o w e d w i t h s t o p p e d t o n e s a n d m ore c o m p l i c a t e d r h y th m s b u t a t a l l t i m e s t h e y a r e m a k in g m u s ic a l t h o u g h n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p l a y i n g t u n e s . (205:10) T he S t r i n g C l a s s P i a n i s t - A s s i s t a n t An e x t e n s i o n o f t h e i d e a o f t h e g u i d a n c e v a l u e o f t h e p i a n o i n c l a s s t e a c h i n g l e d t o a f u r t h e r d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e w h ic h o n l y h e r e a n d t h e r e r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n i n t h e o v e r - a l l p i c t u r e o f e f f e c t i v e g r o u p s t r i n g p e d a g o g y ; t h a t I i e v e r m ore o b v i o u s n e e d was t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n a s s i s t a n t a t t h e p i a n o . We h a v e a l r e a d y r e f e r r e d t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e I j a t t a c h e d t o t h i s a s p e c t o f i n s t r u c t i o n b y K e e n a n ( C f . a n t e 'p . 2 3 5 ) . ' An i d e a l e x a m p le o f s u c h a n a r r a n g e m e n t w as p r o v i d e d ■ Iby F r a n k a n d H elm s who r e p o r t e d s o e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y o n t h e i r w o rk a s a te a m . One a p i a n i s t , t h e o t h e r a c e l l i s t , b o t h I a p p a r e n t l y c a p a b l e a t t h e p i a n o , t h e y r e g a r d e d t h e p i a n o a s I ! Ian e s s e n t i a l t o o l f o r e f f e c t i v e c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n ( 1 4 2 : 3 4 ) . T he d u a l n a t u r e o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r * s r o l e i 240 w as p o r t r a y e d b y b o t h W a l l e r a n d R e is m a n . The f o r m e r , i n a s s e r t i n g t h a t a w e l l t r a i n e d t e a c h e r c o u l d h a n d l e a c l a s s o f u p t o f o r t y p u p i l s o n a d a i l y b a s i s w i t h g r e a t s u c c e s s , q u a l i f i e d h i s c l a i m b y a d d i n g t h a t a s t u d e n t a s s i s t a n t a t ^ t h e p i a n o was o f v e r y g r e a t v a l u e ; o t h e r w i s e , h e p o i n t e d i o u t , t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld h a v e t o s h u t t l e b a c k a n d f o r t h j b e t w e e n t h e p i a n o a n d t h e c l a s s m any t i m e s d u r i n g t h e ! l e s s o n t o f u l f i l h i s r o l e a s r h y t h m i c m o t i v a t o r a n d s t r i n g I c o a c h ( 2 4 : 3 6 ) . The l a t t e r rec o m m e n d ed t h é s e r v i c e s o f a c a p a b l e p i a n i s t - a s s i s t a n t t o f r e e t h e i n s t r u c t o r f o r t h e I e s s e n t i a l a c t i v i t y o f m o v in g a b o u t t h e c l a s s a i d i n g e a c h ; I i n d i v i d u a l w i t h w h a t e v e r m a n u a l a s s i s t a n c e w as n e e d e d ' (2 7 5 :5 1 3 ) • I I t b ecam e i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r , t h e n , t h a t e i t h e r t h e ; t e a c h e r h a d t o s p e n d a p a r t o f h i s t im e a t t h e p i a n o j k e e p i n g t h e c l a s s t o g e t h e r , a s a r h y t h m i c m o t i v a t o r , a n d a s i ; ; a s o u r c e o f h a rm o n ic a n d m u s i c a l i n s p i r a t i o n , t h u s l e a v i n g i ! t h e c l a s s w i t h o u t a s s i s t a n c e a n d o b s e r v a t i o n , o r h e h a d t o 1 j h a v e t h e h e l p o f a n a s s i s t a n t a t t h e p i a n o . S t r i n g c l a s s I t e a c h e r s o f t h e f u t u r e w i l l m ore a n d m ore h a v e t o b e g i v e n . t h i s h e l p . I t i s a s l o g i c a l a s t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s e c r e t a r y . i i n t h e b u s i n e s s o f f i c e , a n d a s c o m p a r a b le a s t h e u s u a l ! e m p lo y m e n t o f a n a c c o m p a n i s t i n t h e v o c a l s t u d i o . , 241 VII. MANUAL MANIPULATION I Among the many very necessary procedures employed by ! Ithe experienced string class teacher, none is more exped- I !ient than the practice of giving each student manual help las he plays. The functional employment of- rote method, jopen string cycle, finger patterns, i.e., all those I features which help the class play for extended periods of Itime, are natural correlatives of manual manipulation of I the students* hands under actual playing conditions. If the teacher is to keep the class playing, avoid the pitfall of reducing the class to a number of miniature , private lessons, and still make corrections in positions, skillful maneuvering therefore of the students * movements i by the teacher is the only logical and efficient answer. This sort of work on the part of the instructor compares in efficacy to the use of audio-visual aids, for ithe student received an immediate kinesthetic sensation of the proper motions he is to go through to produce the [desired effects. Often a few quiet words of explanation ■may be given while the teacher is assisting the child in making the proper motions. In this manner corrections may often be given to every member of a class during the playing of a single cycle pattern. Such constant and repeated 242 ■ I c o r r e c t i v e g u i d a n c e w i t h a b e g i n n i n g c l a s s i s e s s e n t i a l i f j t h e s t u d e n t s a r e t o m a s t e r r e a d i l y t h e a d m i t t e d l y u n u s u a l ' arm p o s i t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n s t r i n g p l a y i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h I r e g a r d t o v i o l i n a n d v i o l a . ; I I A c t u a l l y , v e r y l i t t l e se em s t o h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n i n I I t h e m u s ic j o u r n a l s c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s e o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e , j I t may b e t h a t i t i s one o f t h o s e c u s t o m a r y p r o c e d u r e s I w h ic h ^ àre t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d , a n d y e t t h e r e a r e s o m any I t e a c h e r s who se e m n o t t o h a v e t a k e n a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s s o : v e r y u s e f u l m eans o f s p e e d i n g t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s t h a t tw o men i n t h e f i e l d h a v e s e e n f i t t o c a l l s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o i t s u s e . W a l l e r , i n a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p r o b le m o f t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s , m e n t i o n e d t h e t e c h n i q u e a s o n e o f t h e s i m p l e , f u n d a m e n t a l s t e p s r e l a t e d t o s t a r t i n g a s t r i n g c l a s s . F o l l o w i n g v e r b a l i n s t r u c t i o n s a s t o t h e c a r e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a s t o how t h e I n s t r u m e n t w as t o b e h e l d a n d p l a y e d . W a l l e r d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e t e a c h e r ' s f i r s t s t e p w as t o move q u i c k l y f r o m s t u d e n t t o s t u d e n t , e m p h a s i z i n g t h e n e e d f o r r e l a x e d f i n g e r s a n d e l a s t i c i t y i n t h e bow g r i p , a n d a t t h e sam e t i m e , h e c o n t i n u e d : 2 4 3 . . . i f t h e s t u d e n t ' s h a n d i s d e f t l y m a n e u v e r e d i n t o c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n a t t h i s t i m e , t h e m u s c le s r e g i s t e r t h e k i n a e s t h e t i c s e n s a t i o n s t h a t a r e n e c e s s a r y t o g o o d how c o n t r o l . ( 3 5 9 : 4 8 ) i j T h i s w as n o t o n l y a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t l e s s o n h u t | ^of t h e m any t h a t f o l l o w e d . I n a n o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h e I ! ■ ■ ■ I I sam e s e r i e s W a l l e r i m p a r t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g ; i I I j I . . . As t h e c l a s s w o r k s , t h e t e a c h e r s h o u l d move f ro m 1 s t u d e n t t o s t u d e n t , g i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l m a n u a l h e l p , I a lw a y s a p p r o a c h i n g e a c h c h i l d w i t h g e n t l e n e s s a n d a n | a i r o f h e l p f u l n e s s . F o r g r o u p w o rk i t i s q u i t e i m p o r - ; I t a n t t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y .a l l i n d i v i d u a l c o r r e c t i o n b e I made a s t h e c l a s s w o r k s . L I t a l i c s n o t i n t h e o r i g i n a l ] . The t e a c h e r s h o u l d r e p e l t h e u r g e t o s t o p t o g i v e i n d i v i d u a l m i n i a t u r e p r i v a t e l e s s o n s . T h is p r o c e d u r e I may seem d i f f i c u l t a t f i r s t , b u t a s t h e , t e a c h e r d e v e l o p s : t h e a b i l i t y t o a n a l y z e t h e p h y s i c a l p r o b le m s a n d b e - I com es a d e p t a t c o r r e c t i n g th e m b y m a n u a l a s s i s t a n c e , i t ^ I a l l b e c o m e s q u i t e s i m p l e . ( 3 5 3 : 5 7 ) ■ A s e c o n d c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e s u b j e c t s u b m i t t e d tw o p a p e r s d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o t h e s u b j e c t o f "M an u al A s s i s t a n c e . " B e c k e r , a p r o t e g e o f W a l l e r ' s , w e n t i n t o e x tr e m e d e t a i l i n h i s e f f o r t s t o d e s c r i b e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f , a n d t e c h n i q u e s i n v o l v e d i n , g i v i n g t h i s a s s i s t a n c e . The f e a t u r e b y i t s e l f may n o t b e s o d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y i m p o r t a n t a n d c o m p l i c a t e d a s t o m e r i t s o m uch r e s e a r c h a n d d e t a i l , b u t B e c k e r 's a r t i c l e s do e m p h a s iz e a t e c h n i q u e w h i c h , i f n o t a p a r t o f a c l a s s t e a c h e r ' s " r e p e r t o i r e " , w o u ld b e w o r t h h i s a n n e x i n g . One o f t h e e a r l y o b j e c t i o n s r a i s e d a g a i n s t c l a s s i s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n w as t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f o b s e r v i n g a n d 2 4 4 c o r r e c t i n g s o m any s t u d e n t s a t o n e t i m e . M a n u a l m a n i p u l a - I : j t l o n re m o v e d t h i s o b j e c t i o n , f o r b y i t s e m p lo y m e n t t h e c l a s s r j i n s t r u e t o r r e g a i n e d t h e p r i m a r y a d v a n t a g e o f t h e p r i v a t e ; | s t u d i o — i n d i v i d u a l a t t e n t i o n . I t w as p r e c i s e l y t h i s r e - . iq u ir e m e n t t h a t c o n c e r n e d M a t t e r n w hen h e a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e ! ■ : i n d i v i d u a l m u st n o t b e f o r g o t t e n i n t h e o v e r - r e g i m e n t e d a n d j r o u t i n i z e d c l a s s p r o c e d u r e . T h is c o n c e p t r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e ' j t e a c h e r g e t aw ay fro m t h e p i a n o m o st o f t h e t im e (m ore e v i d e n c e i n s u p p o r t o f t h e p i a n i s t - a s s i s t a n t ) t o w o rk w i t h i n d i v i d u a l p r o b l e m s ; k e e p i n g t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r s s h a p e d t o t h e bow , h e l p i n g t h i s c h i l d h o l d t h e i n s t r u m e n t , f r e e i n g a t i g h t l i t t l e f i s t fr o m a s t r a n g l e - h o l d o n t h e n e c k o f t h e ! f i d d l e , a n d l e a d i n g th e m a l l t o w a r d som e d e g r e e o f r e l a x e d m u s i c a l s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d a b u d d i n g f e e l i n g o f m a s t e r y . A g r e a t v i o l i n t e a c h e r w as q u o t e d b y M a t t e r n a s h a v i n g s a i d , i n c o m m e n tin g on c l a s s t e a c h i n g , " ' C h r i s t f e d t h e m u l t i t u d e , b u t h e n e v e r f o r g o t t h e i n d i v i d u a l '" ( 2 3 1 : 4 6 ) . U r g i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o r e l a x v e r b a l l y i s n o t e n o u g h . B e t t e r a n d f a s t e r r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d w hen t h e s t u d e n t i s h e l p e d i n t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l m o tio n s b y t h e t e a c h e r ' s g u i d i n g a rm . S u c h was t h e t h o u g h t o f C a v a l l a r o ( 1 1 5 : 5 3 ) ^ a s w e l l a s o f R u s h f o r d ( 4 l 2 : l ) , a n d R e is m a n ( 2 7 6 : 5 1 3 ) * A nd i t was K ra y k who d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h i s p r o c e d u r e 2 4 5 a p p l i e d t o a l l p h a s e s o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e w hen h e r e c o m m en d ed i t s u s e i n i m p a r t i n g t h e c o n s c i o u s s e n s a t i o n o f a ! c o r r e c t v i b r a t o ( 1 9 6 : 9 )• } - . I I n m any o f t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s , t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o I t e a c h e r a l s o c o n c u r r e d . W h ile o b s e r v i n g t h e t e a c h i n g ! t e c h n i q u e s o f V e r a B a r s t o w , a p r o m i n e n t p r i v a t e s t u d i o { I t e a c h e r l i v i n g i n P a s a d e n a , C a l i f o r n i a , t h e o b s e r v e r t o o k I j n o t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t s h e f r e q u e n t l y m ade u s e o f t h i s v e r y I t y p e o f m a n u a l a s s i s t a n c e . T h is p r o j e c t t h e n b e i n g u n d e r ! w a y , s h e w as a s k e d h e r o p i n i o n o n t h e v a l u e o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e , t o w h ic h s h e r e p l i e d t h a t t h e t e c h n i q u e was e s s e n - I t i a l t o h e r i n e s t a b l i s h i n g p r o p e r b o w in g a n d f i n g e r i n g m o v e m e n ts . M a n u a l m a n i p u l a t i o n , t h e n , m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d a n o t h e r o f t h e e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s r e l a t e d t o t h e t e a c h i n g o f a s t r i n g c l a s s . V I I I . ESTABLISHMENT OP A MUSICAL SETTING I n t h e f i e l d o f g e n e r a l m u s ic i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y p u b l i c s c h o o l s o n e m a j o r e m p h a s is h a s becom e m o re a n d m o re p r e d o m i n a n t , n a m e ly , t h a t c h i l d r e n s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d a n d a l l o w e d t o m ake m u s ic i n a l l t h e p o s s i b l e w ays w h ic h t h e i r i n t e r e s t s e e k s , u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e a n d d i r e c t i o n o f s k i l l e d a n d s y m p a t h e t i c t e a c h e r s ( 1 8 : 2 - 6 ) . The : t r a d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t o f d r i l l f o r t h e s a k e o f t e c h n i q u e a n d I ' r e a d i n g s k i l l h a s l a r g e l y b e e n r e p l a c e d , i n t h e m in d o f t h e i m o d e m m u s ic e d u c a t o r , b y c o n c e p t s i n v o l v i n g t h e e n e o u r - I I a g e m e n t o f m u s i c a l c r e a t i v e n e s s , m u s i c a l g r o w t h , m u s i c a l a w a r e n e s s , a n d a s w o u ld n a t u r a l l y f o l l o w , m u s i c a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t ( 1 1 ) • C o n te m p o r a r y t h o u g h t i n t h i s v e i n h a s l i t e r a l l y f l o o d e d o u r v a r i o u s m e d ia o f c o m m u n ic a tio n w i t h t h e s e m ore p r o g r e s s i v e a n d s t i m u l a t i n g a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d m u s ic e d u c a t i o n , a n d a l o n g w i t h t h i s t r e n d s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d m a t e r i a l s h a v e s o u g h t t o k e e p p a c e * C o n te m p o r a r y t h o u g h t w o u ld h e a r t i l y d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e t e m p e r o f c e r t a i n s t r i n g p h i l o s o p h e r s o n e o f whom b a l d l y s t a t e d i n 194 4 t h a t b e g i n n i n g s t u d y o n a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t h a d p r a c t i c a l l y n o t h i n g t o do w i t h m u s i c . The t e n o r o f t h i s r e a s o n i n g v ie w e d e a r l y s t u d y o n t h e v i o l i n a s a p e r i o d o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o e n g r o s s e d w i t h t h e p r a c t i c a l p r o b le m s o f p o s i t i o n , r e l a x a t i o n , m u s c u l a r c o o r d i n a t i o n , c o n t r o l , t i m i n g , s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n , a n d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f som e m a n u a l a n d d i g i t a l d e x t e r i t y , t h a t m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e w as h a r d l y t o b e t h o u g h t o f ( 2 8 9 : 1 5 0 ) • S c a r c e l y a d e c a d e l a t e r t h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e A m e r ic a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n w as p r o c l a i m i n g a new d o c t r i n e w h ic h d e c l a r e d t h a t " t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f 2 4 7 s k i l l s s h o u l d h e p u r s u e d p r i m a r i l y a s a n o u t g r o w t h o f t h e im m e d ia te n e e d s o f t h e m u s i c a l g o a l s a t h a n d ( 1 7 0 : 3 0 ) , t o p o s e a n o p p o s i t e p h i l o s o p h y t o t h a t o f R o ss a n d a d h e r e n t s . H a r r i s , i n h i s s t a t e m e n t o f c o n te m p o r a r y s t r i n g i d e a l s d i d n o t i n t e n d t o s u g g e s t t h a t t e c h n i q u e s w e re u n i m p o r t a n t , f o r a t t e n t i o n t o c o r r e c t p e r f o r m a n c e h a b i t s a n d s k i l l s w e re I deem ed e s s e n t i a l i n p r o v i d i n g t h e d e s i r e d e m o t i o n a l s a t i s - j f a c t i o n s t o t h e s t u d e n t . B u t a m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e was ! c o n s i d e r e d a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s I ' ( 1 7 0:3 0). i . ! T h is v ie w c o i n c i d e d w i t h c o n t e m p o r a r y l o g i c a s i e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f g e n e r a l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n w h ic h d e t e r - ’ m in e d t h a t t h e t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s o f m e c h a n i c a l m a n i p u l a - i t l o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e l e m e n t a r y i n s t r u m e n t a l s t u d y w e re t o b e l e a r n e d t h r o u g h u s e a n d e x p r e s s i v e m u s i c a l t h o u g h t , a n d n o t t h r o u g h t h e m e c h a n i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n o f a t o n e I p r o d u c i n g i n s t r u m e n t . T h is was v ie w e d b y B ro o k s a n d B row n I a s b e i n g a n i n t r i n s i c , o r f u n c t i o n a l a p p r o a c h w h ic h h a d w id e a p p l i c a t i o n i n a l l k i n d s o f l e a r n i n g ( 2 : 2 1 6 ) . As a r e s u l t o f s u c h m u s i c a l e m p h a se s t h e r e e m e rg e d ' f o u r so m ew h at d i v e r g e n t p a t h s , e a c h o f w h ic h s o u g h t t o t r a n s f o r m t h e s t u d y o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s i n t o a n e n t h u s i a s t i c v e n t u r e i n v o l v i n g m u s i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n , r a t h e r t h a n l e a v i n g i t a s i t s o o f t e n h a d b e e n , a l o n g , l o n e l y , a n d 2 4 8 t e d i o u s s t r u g g l e f o r s k i l l , u n r e l a t e d , b y a n d l a r g e , t o t h e a r t o f m u s i c . T h e s e f o u r p a t h s may b e l a b e l e d a s : (1 ) t h e u s e o f g r a d e d , u n i s o n s o l o m a t e r i a l , ( 2 ) t h e u s e o f s m a l l e n s e m b le m a t e r i a l s , (3 ) t h e f o s t e r i n g o f c o r r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s i n m u s i c , a n d ( 4 ) t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e hom e. The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y r e - I I q u i r e d t h a t t h e s e a v e n u e s t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a ; g e n u i n e m u s i c a l s e t t i n g be a n a l y z e d s e p a r a t e l y a n d c o m p r e - r !h e n s i v e l y . ; The Use o f G ra d e d S o l o M a t e r i a l o / i The i m p r e s s i v e a v a l a n c h o f r e c e n t p e r i o d i c a l a r t i - I : c l e s d e a l i n g w i t h s u c h s u b j e c t s a s d i m i n i s h i n g s t r i n g i n t e r e s t , m eans o f c o m b a t t i n g t h e t r e n d , t h e r e p o r t s o f s t a r t l i n g s u c c e s s e s w i t h new m e th o d s o f g r o u p i n s t r u c t i o n w as i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e r e p u d i a t i o n o f a l o n g s t a n d i n g t r a d i t i o n am ong s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t h a t t e c h n i q u e was t o b e g a i n e d t h r o u g h e x e r c i s e s w hose c o n t e n t was t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f m e c h a n i c a l d r i l l ; t h e c o n c e p t t h a t v ie w e d " p i e c e s " a s f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s t o b e u n d e r t a k e n o n l y a f t e r s k i l l w as a s s u r e d . T h is c h a n g e i n a t t i t u d e o c c u r r e d w hen t h e a d v e n t o f t h e c o n c e r t a n d m a r c h in g b a n d , c o u p l e d w i t h t h e e v e r d w in d l i n g i n t e r e s t i n t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d t h e d i s c o m f o r t i n g i 249 t I r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t p e o p l e w e re e n l i s t i n g I j ' t h e m o st t a l e n t e d w i t h t h e i r f a s t , e f f i c i e n t c l a s s m e t h o d s , ! ; f o r c e d t h e s t r i n g f r a t e r n i t y t o r e - e x a m i n e i t s f o u n d a t i o n s , j As a few o f t h e m ore a d v e n t u r o u s b e g a n e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h I I new a p p r o a c h e s t h e m s e l v e s , i t w as d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e y , I t o o , c o u l d p r o d u c e e x c e l l e n t p e r f o r m e r s i n a s h o r t l e n g t h « o f t i m e . And w h i l e t h e r e r e m a in e d m any c o n s e r v a t i v e s I : c l i n g i n g t o t h e t r a d i t i o n t h a t s t r i n g , t h e s u p p o s e d e x c l u - i s i v e d o m a in o f a g i f t e d m u s i c a l a r i s t o c r a c y , t o o k l o n g e s t ' t o p r o d u c e , a l l a r o u n d th e m a p p e a r e d r e - i n s p i r e d s t r i n g c l a s s c o n v e r t s t r a i n i n g g o o d p e r f o r m e r s i n e v e n l e s s I t im e t h a n w e re m any o f t h e w in d i n s t r u c t o r s . i ‘ A n o t u n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h i s t r e n d was t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l " E u ro p e a n C o n s e r v a t o r y " s c h o o l o f m e c h a n i s t i c d i s c i p l i n e , w i t h i t s t e d i o u s a n d t u n e l e s s p r o g r a m o f r e p e t i t i v e d r i l l s d e s i g n e d f o r t h e t a l e n t e d i n t r o v e r t s , b y t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a new a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s i n h e r e n t i n m u s ic f o r e a c h a n d e v e r y c h i l d , a n d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e v o l u t i o n i n t r a i n i n g m e t h o d s . Upon e v e r y s i d e t h e r e was g r o w in g i n s i s t e n c e u p o n t h e a d o p t i o n o f t h i s m ore n a t u r a l a t t i t u d e t o w a r d m u s ic s c h o o l i n g i n g e n e r a l . P e rh a m s a i d i t f o r m u s ic e d u c a t i o n i n g e n e r a l i n t h e s e w o rd s ; T he f u n d a m e n t a l b a s i s u p o n w h ic h we b e l i e v e t h e m u s ic p r o g r a m s h o u l d o p e r a t e i s b r i e f l y t h i s 2 t h a t m u s ic i s t h e n a t u r a l h e r i t a g e o f e v e r y c h i l d , r e g a r d l e s s o f h i s t a l e n t f o r i t , a n d t h a t t h e s c h o o l ' s b u s i n e s s i s t o o f f e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e v e r y c h i l d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n m any p h a s e s o f m u s i c . ( 1 8 : 3 ) T h i s r e c a l l e d t h e t h o u g h t o f H e d f e t z who s a i d i n a n i n t e r v i e w i n 1 9 3 9 t h a t e v e r y o n e s h o u l d know a n d s t u d y m u s ic w h e t h e r t h e y m ade a c a r e e r o f i t o r n o t . He r e g a r d e d m u s ic a s a s p i r i t u a l f o o d t h a t b e l o n g e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f e v e r y o n e 's l i f e , f o r i t w as a s o u r c e o f h a p p i n e s s a n d s p i r i t u a l b e a u t y t h a t c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d i n n o o t h e r way ( 1 3 6 : 1 2 ) . W ith s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e t o s t r i n g s B o m o f f w as s a y i n g i t i n 1 9 4 8 i n t h e s e t e r m s : A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , t r a i n i n g a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g s a r e b e i n g s e r i o u s l y a r r e s t e d b e c a u s e o f w i d e s p r e a d u t i l i z a t i o n o f m e th o d s t h a t a r e o b s o l e t e , u n n e c e s s a r i l y s lo w a n d c o n t r a r y t o p r o g r e s s i v e t h e o r i e s o n s p e e d a n d e f f i c i e n c y . Ho e f f o r t h a s b e e n m ade t o s i m p l i f y t e a c h i n g m e th o d s o r t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l m eans b y w h ic h l e a r n i n g a n d i n t e r e s t c a n b e s t i m u l a t e d . S t r i n g t e a c h e r s a r e s t i l l b o u n d b y t h e p r o s a i c t i e s o f t r a d i t i o n a l p e d a g o g y a n d t h e i n v e t e r a t e a d h e r a n c e [ s i c . a d h e r e n c e ] t o r o u t i n e g r i n d a n d r e p e t i t i o n . . . T he g e n e r a l t r e n d i n t h e f i e l d o f m u s ic e d u c a t i o n t o d a y h a s t u r n e d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h w h ic h s t u d e n t s a r e a b l e t o a c h i e v e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i n a s h o r t t im e a n d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n g r o u p a c t i v i t i e s . ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) A nd m ore r e c e n t l y t h e t h o u g h t w as r e p h r a s e d , a s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t f r o m t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r t a k e n f r o m a s p e e c h b y i t s f o r m e r p r e s i d e n t . D r . E r n e s t H a r r i s , i n d i c a t e s : 2 5 1 D r . E r n e s t H a r r i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a n t i q u a t e d p r i v a t e I t e a c h i n g m e th o d s w h ic h w e re p o s s i b l e w i t h t a l e n t e d p u p i l s c a n n o t b e u s e d f o r q u i c k r e s u l t s a n d s u s t a i n e d i n t e r e s t i m p e r a t i v e i n s u c c e s s f u l m o d e rn g r o u p t e a c h - i n g . ( 3 3 2 : 1 0 ) H a n d i e s t , a n d m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s p r o b le m was t h e f a m i l i a r f o l k t u n e t o s o l v e t h e p r o b le m s o f i n t e r e s t , m u s i c a l c o n t e n t , a n d r a p i d p r o g r e s s . Long b e f o r e t h e h u e a n d c la m o r o v e r t h e n o - s t r i n g - i n t e r e s t p l a g u e h a d a r i s e n t o f u l l c r y , M addy w as v o i c i n g som e o f t h e t h e o r i e s now b e i n g p r e a c h e d . I n I 9 2 1 h e s a i d : " I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f i n s t r u m e n t a l w o rk t u n e s s h o u l d b e p l a y e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y . . . " ( 9 : 1 6 ) . He was s t i l l p r o c l a i m i n g t h e sam e p h i l o s o p h y i n 1 9 5 1 w hen h e d e c l a r e d t h a t " t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e f i r s t s t r i n g l e s s o n ( p r i v a t e o r c l a s s ) , s h o u l d b e t h a t t h e p u p i l s l e a r n t o p l a y a t u n e — s o m e th i n g t h e y c a n p l a y f o r t h e i r p a r e n t s a t hom e" (2 2 6:1 8). By t h e tim e t h e new s c h o o l o f m u s ic t h o u g h t h a d b e e n w i d e l y a d o p t e d , t h e l a r g e s e g m e n t o f v i o l i n t r a d i t i o n a l i s m h a d b ecom e r e l u c t a n t t o g o o n r e c o r d w i t h t h e i r o p i n i o n s . T hu s o p p o s i n g p r a c t i c e was n o t r e a d ; i t w as e n c o u n t e r e d . B u t i n 1 9 3 4 i t w as n o t y e t u n p o p u l a r t o t a k e a s t a n d a g â i n s t t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e t u n e a p p r o a c h . A n d e r s e n was o n e o f t h o s e who a t t e m p t e d t o s te m t h e r i s i n g t i d e b y w a r n i n g o f t h e " f a l s e l u r e s " i n " e a s y v i o l i n m e t h o d s . " He I 2 5 2 'd e p l o r e d t h e p r a c t i c e o f c a t e r i n g t o t h e f a n c y o f t h e i s t u d e n t b y g i v i n g h im e a s y p i e c e s i n s t e a d o f w o r k in g t o m ake o f h im a g o o d s o l i d v i o l l n l s U . He d i s a g r e e d w i t h t h e a r g u m e n t t h a t p r o b le m s o f t e c h n i c m ig h t j u s t a s w e l l b e l e a r n e d t h r o u g h " n i c e , p l e a s a n t t u n e s r a t h e r t h a n b y m ean s o f d r y , s t u p i d e x e r c i s e s . " On t h e s u r f a c e A n d e r s e n a d m i t t e d t h e l o g i c o f t h e a r g u m e n t , b u t h e f a i l e d t o s e e u n d e r n e a t h t h e s e " e a r - t i c k l e r s " a n y p r o b le m s o f t e c h n i q u e w o r t h y o f t h e n a m e . T h e r e f o r e , l i k e J a c o b d e L i e g e , h e d e f e n d e d t h e A r s A n t i g u a i n t h e f a c e o f t h e A rs N o v a : M u sic t h a t i s o r i g i n a l l y i n t e n d e d f o r t h e v i o l i n i s m u s ic t h a t i s w r i t t e n f o r t h e i n s t r u m e n t b y t h e c o m p o s e r who u n d e r s t a n d s t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e v i o l i n . He d o e s n o t s p a r e t h e p e r f o r m e r a n d , i n c o n s e q u e n c e , t h e p l a y e r m u s t n o t s p a r e h i m s e l f i n a c q u i r i n g s u f f i c i e n t t e c h n i c t o m e e t t h e s e o b l i g a t i o n s . ( 6 2 : 1 1 ) O f c o u r s e t h e r e w e re d a n g e r s i n h e r e n t i n t h e t u n e a p p r o a c h . T u n e s p e r s e w e re n o p a n a c e a f o r t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n s t r i n g s t u d y . A l l o f t h e t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t a l m a t e r i a l n e c e s s a r y w as n o t b u i l t i n t o f o l k t u n e s . N e i t h e r d i d t h e e a s y m e l o d i e s b y t h e r e v e r e d m a s t e r s i n c o r p o r a t e t h e s e r e q u i s i t e s . And t i t l e d e x e r c i s e s d i d n o t p a s s f o r f a m i l i a r m e l o d i e s . M ig n in w as n o t q u i t e a c c u r a t e w hen s h e s a i d , "The t u n e ' s t h e t h i n g , " ( 2 3 6 : 7 ) - The m u s i c a l s e t t i n g w as t h e " t h i n g " . E v e n o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g s c o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d i n a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g i f t h e t e a c h e r knew how . ! 2 5 3 N o, t u n e s w e re n o t t h e w h o le a n s w e r , b u t t h e y w e re a n e s s e n t i a l i n g r e d i e n t i n t h e c u r r i c u l u m f ro m t h e b e g i n n i n g . T he new a p p r o a c h s o u g h t f r e e d o m fro m d r u d g e r y b y t h e t u n e b e c a u s e i t a r o u s e d i n t e r e s t a n d g o o d w i l l t o w a r d s t u d y ( 2 4 2 : 1 5 ) , a n d b e c a u s e t h e c h i l d c o u l d r e a l i z e a s a t i s f y i n g s e n s e o f m u s i c a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r i g h t fro m t h e s t a r t ( 2 6 7 : 6 ) , The a b i l i t y t o p l a y a t u n e r i g h t aw ay c r e a t e d a s e n s e o f p r i d e i n t h e p u p i l , w h e t h e r h e w as a c h i l d o r a s t u d e n t i n c o l l e g e ( 2 6 7 : 6 ) . T he t u n e h a d b e e n a r o u n d f o r a l o n g t i m e , b u t i t t o o k t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h t o u t i l i z e i t a s a n y t h i n g m ore t h a n a s t o p - g a p m e a s u r e w hen i n t e r e s t h a d becom e d a n g e r o u s l y lo w . I n t h e m o d e rn c o n c e p t t h e t u n e a p p r o a c h w as m ore a n d m ore b e i n g e m p lo y e d t o d e v e l o p som e o f t h e b a s i c s k i l l s . E x e r c i s e s , a s s u c h , s e r v e d t o i n t r o d u c e new s t y l e s i n v o l v e d i n new t u n e s . The t u n e , i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l i s t c o n c e p t , i n v o l v e d a m y r ia d o f s k i l l s i m p o s s i b l e t o t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e w id e r a n g e i n v o l v i n g f o u r s t r i n g s , d i v e r s e f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , r h y t h m i c a n d b o w in g c o m p l e x i t i e s , a l l i n v o l v i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e p a r a t o r y s t u d y . T o d a y 's t u n e h a d becom e a n e t u d e i n c o n t e n t , a p h r a s e o r tw o i n l e n g t h . I t w as p u r p o s e f u l l y s e l e c t e d , c a r e f u l l y e d i t e d , o f t e n o r i g i n a l l y c o n c e i v e d t o s e r v e a p a r t i c u l a r t e c h n i c a l , m u s i c a l , a n d e x p r e s s i v e n e e d o f t h e : 2 5 4 's t u d e n t . I t h a d a t i t l e , h e n c e a l i m i t e d s t a t u r e a s a ! i " p i e c e " , s o f a r a s t h e p u p i l s w e re c o n c e r n e d . I t h a d r h y t h m ic a n d m e l o d i c v a r i e t y i n i t s s t r u c t u r e , a l l w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e s p e c i f i c s k i l l s f o r w h ic h i t w as s e l e c t e d o r d e r i v e d . I t w as n o t t h a t t h e m o d e rn c l a s s t e a c h e r h a d o m i t t e d t h e s c a l e a n d t h e e x e r c i s e , f o r t h e s e e s s e n t i a l s w e re e v e r m ore c l e v e r l y i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e c u r r i c u l u m , h u t t h e t u n e s f o r m u s i c 's s a k e h a d b ecom e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f e v e r y l e s s o n , e v e r y a s s i g n m e n t , e v e r y p r a c t i c e p e r i o d . T hus w e re d r i l l a n d d r u d g e r y r e d u c e d , a n d a t h o r o u g h l y m u s i c a l s e t t i n g r e a l i z e d . I n s u c h a n a tm o s p h e r e p r o g r e s s a n d i n t e r e s t c o u l d t h r i v e . The s t r i n g c l a s s h a d b e e n w e a n e d fro m t r a d i t i o n . T h u s f a r c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s t u n e , w h ic h i n c o r p o r a t e d som e o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e e t u d e , h a v e e m e rg ed . S i n c e t h e s e t u n e s w e re e x p e c t e d t o a c c o m p l i s h a t w o - f o l d p u r p o s e , n a m e ly , t h e p r o m o t i o n o f m u s c u l a r c o o r d i n a t i o n w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g i n t e r e s t w i t h i n a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g , i t w o u ld b e l o g i c a l t o a ssu m e t h a t t h i s m a t e r i a l s h o u l d p o s s e s s t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : ( 1 ) b e w r i t t e n i n t h e k e y s o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , ( 2 ) b e l i m i t e d t o n o t m ore t h a n tw o s t r i n g s u s i n g i d e n t i c a l f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , ( 3 ) b e l i m i t e d t o t h e " s e c o n d f i n g e r p a t t e r n " i n t h e e a r l i e s t s t a g e s , (4 ) i n v o l v e a s e r i e s o f r e l a t e d r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e 2 5 5 I b o w i n g s , ( 5 ) u t i l i z e n o t e s o f s h o r t e r r h y t h m i c v a l u e s ( q u a r t e r s a n d e i g h t h s ) a n d , ( 6 ) b e o f t h e f a m i l i a r f o l k i t u n e t y p e i n p r e f e r e n c e t o o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l . Many t h e s e s w r i t e r s d e v o t e d t h e i r s t u d i e s t o t h e p r o b l e m o f c r i t e r i a f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f s t r i n g c l a s s m a t e r i a l s . An u n f o r t u n a t e f e a t u r e o f t h e s e w as t h a t s o m any se e m e d t o m is s t h e e s s e n t i a l c r i t e r i a i n v o l v e d i n t h e c h o i c e o f s t r i n g c l a s s m e t h o d s , t u r n i n g a s t h e y t e n d e d t o do t o w a r d s u c h c o m p a r a t i v e l y m e a n i n g l e s s d a t a a s t h e n u m b e r o f e x e r c i s e s , a r p e g g i o s , m e l o d i e s , p o s i t i o n s t u d i e s , a n d t r i l l e x e r c i s e s e a c h m e th o d i n c l u d e d . T h e s e made i m p r e s s i v e c h a r t s b u t h a r d l y t o u c h e d t h e e s s e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m o s t d e s i r a b l e i n a g o o d m e th o d b o o k . M ore t o t h e p o i n t w e re som e o f t h e b a s i c f a c t s o f s t r i n g t e a c h i n g w h ic h W a l l e r deem ed e s s e n t i a l i n a n y m e th o d b o o k i f t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s w e re t o b e o f g o o d a n d l a s t i n g v a l u e . F o r W a l l e r t h e s e b a s i c f a c t s w e re : ( l ) " T h e re M ust b e I n t e r e s t , " ( 2 ) " T h e re M u st b e A c h i e v e m e n t ," (3 ) *ÿ h ere M ust b e M u s i c a l G r o w th ." M a t e r i a l f o r u s e i n t h e c l a s s , h e f o u n d , h a d t o b e m o s t c a r e f u l l y g r a d e d a n d e d i t e d i n o r d e r t o a l l o w f o r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s a n d t o " p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y d r i l l " ( 3 5 6 : 2 8 ) ... T u n e s , t h e n , i t was i n f e r r e d , c o u l d p r o v i d e d r i l l w h ic h a c h i e v e d i n a n i n t e r e s t i n g m a n n e r , a n d a t t h e sam e 256 tim e t h e y c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o m u s i c a l g r o w t h . I n a n e a r l i e r e x p o s i t i o n t h e sam e a u t h o r e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t " s o l o 1 * p e r f o r m a n c e s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d e a r l y e v e n t h o u g h t h e f i r s t 'p i e c e s * w e re l i m i t e d . " H o w e v e r," h e c o n t i n u e d , " i t i s a d v i s a b l e t h a t s u c h m a t e r i a l c o n t r i b u t e d i r e c t l y t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e s t u d e n t " ( 3 4 0 : 3 0 ) . F u r t h e r c r i t e r i a f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s m a t e r i a l w as t o b e g l e a n e d fr o m t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f H an n en who s e t u p t h e f o l l o w i n g : W h a te v e r t h e t y p e o f c l a s s , w h e t h e r i t b e a l l v i o l i n s , v i o l i n s a n d c e l l o s , o r a l l t h e f o u r i n s t r u m e n ts , c e r t a i n f a c t o r s m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c h o i c e o f m a t e r i a l : ( l ) i t s h o u l d f i t t h e a g e a n d p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s o f t h e g r o u p ; ( 2 ) t h e c o n t e n t s h o u l d b e i n t e r e s t i n g a n d o f g o o d m u s i c a l q u a l i t y ; ( 3 ) b e g i n n i n g m a t e r i a l s h o u l d c o n t a i n f a m i l i a r t u n e s o r f a i r l y s h o r t t u n e s e a s i l y l e a r n e d b y s i n g i n g ; a n d ( 4 ) f i n g e r c o m b in a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u l d b e e a s i l y s u i t a b l e . (1 6 % :2 4 ) O t h e r c r i t e r i a l i s t e d b y H an n en i n c l u d e d a c o n c e r n f o r t h e d i f f i c u l t y y o u n g s t e r s h a d w i t h w h o le n o t e s f ro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f bow c o n t r o l a n d i n t e r e s t , c o n t r a s t e d t o t h e m ore i n t e r e s t i n g t u n e s w h ic h c o n t a i n e d q u a r t e r , h a l f , a n d e i g h t h n o t e s i n a f a m i l i a r s e t t i n g . S he a l s o a d v o c a t e d m e th o d s w h ic h b e g a n i n t h e k e y s o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , a n d s u g g e s t e d l e a v i n g u s e o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r u n t i l l a t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e d a n g e r o f a p o o r p o s i t i o n o n t h e v i o l i n w hen t h e f i r s t f i n g e r w as i n t r o d u c e d t o o s o o n ( 1 6 7 : 2 4 ) . F o r G e h rk e n s a n d N orm ann t h e m u s i c a l a p p r o a c h w as a 2 5 7 " s i n g i n g a p p r o a c h . " G e h rk e n s a d v o c a t e d t h a t t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r f i n d o u t w h a t t h e v o c a l t e a c h e r s w e re d o i n g , : a n d l e t t h e p u p i l s f i r s t s i n g t h e s e s o n g s , t h e n p l a y th e m , a s b e a u t i f u l l y a n d a s e x p r e s s i v e l y a s t h e y h a d s u n g i t (4:188). N orm ann f a v o r e d t h i s a p p r o a c h b e c a u s e i t n o t o n l y t i e d u p w i t h t h e c h i l d ' s p r e v i o u s s c h o o l m u s ic e x p e r i e n c e , b u t i t a l s o w as h i s s u r e s t a n d o f t e n h i s o n l y g u i d e f o r c o r r e c t i n t o n a t i o n w hen p r a c t i c i n g a l o n e ( 1 7 : 1 5 1 )* T h u s t h e g r e a t m ass o f c o n t e m p o r a r y o p i n i o n d i s c a r d e d t h e o l d c o n s e r v a t o r y s y s te m w i t h i t s n o t i o n s t h a t t h e b a s i c t e c h n i q u e s w e re t o b e t h o r o u g h l y m a s t e r e d p r i o r t o e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e r e a l m o f t h e s o l o l i t e r a t u r e . The s c h o o l w h ic h p r e s c r i b e d r i g i d d i s c i p l i n e i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f f u t u r e i d e a l i s t i c g o a l s was o u tm o d e d . H a v in g t a k e n a l o n g l o o k a t t h e c h i l d ' s v i e w p o i n t , m o d e rn c l a s s t e c h n o l o g i s t s r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e g r a d e s c h o o l v i o l i n i s t w as n o t a t a l l i n t e r e s t e d i n b e i n g a b l e t o p l a y a c o n c e r t o som e y e a r s h e n c e . He w a n te d t o p l a y now Î T h is c h a l l e n g e was m et b y w h a t m o d e rn t e a c h e r s s p o k e o f a s t h e s e t t i n g u p o f s h o r t t e r m g o a l s , n o t l o n g - t e r m o n e s . The U se o f S m a ll E n se m b le M a t e r i a l s A s h o r t - t e r m g o a l w h ic h r o s e a n o t c h a b o v e t h e t u n e 2 5 8 f o r t h e s t r i n g c l a s s , w as t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f c h a m b e r m u s i c , a n e x p e r i e n c e l e a d i n g t o f u r t h e r a d v e n t u r e s i n t h e r e a l m o f t h e s t r i n g q u a r t e t a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a . The sam e r e l u c t a n c e s o m any t e a c h e r s se e m e d t o h a v e i n t u r n i n g t h e i r p u p i l s l o o s e o n t u n e s se e m e d t o p r e v a i l w hen i t cam e t o g i v i n g s t u d e n t s e a r l y e x p e r i e n c e i n e n s e m b le p e r f o r m a n c e . I t i s i n d e e d s t r a n g e how e x c l u s i v e s o l a r g e a p a r t o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y i n g w o r l d h a s b e e n a b o u t i t s h e r i t a g e i n t h e s m a l l e n s e m b le f o r m s , f o r t e a c h e r s b y a n d l a r g e s t i l l seem h e s i t a n t i n l a u n c h i n g t h e i r p u p i l s i n t o t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s u n t i l t h e y h a v e g a i n e d c o n s i d e r a b l e s k i l l . The few who c o n t i n u e s t u d y t o t h i s a d v a n c e d p o i n t o f c o u r s e make t h e i r d e b u t s w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h i s a r e a , b u t w h a t o f t h o s e who l o s e i n t e r e s t f o r w a n t o f t h i s v e r y a c t i v i t y a n d d r o p o u t b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e a g e o f c h a m b e r m u s ic d i s c r e t i o n ? M addy a n d G i d d i n g s w e re a w a re o f t h i s s o r t o f c o n s e r v a t i s m o n t h e p a r t o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s i n t h e m i d - 2 0 's w hen t h e i r e a r l y b o o k o n i n s t r u m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s w as p u b l i s h e d . I n i t t h e y c i t e d t h i s p r i z e e x a m p le o f " l o n g - t e r m - g o a l i s h n e s s :" A few y e a r s a g o a c e r t a i n i n s t r u m e n t a l s u p e r v i s o r p u r c h a s e d t w e l v e v i o l a s a n d a r r a n g e d w i t h a t e a c h e r f o r p r i v a t e l e s s o n s f o r t h e t w e l v e c h i l d r e n t o whom t h e v i o l a s w e re l o a n e d . S a t u r d a y e a c h c h i l d cam e e a g e r l y i n t u r n t o t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r . D u r in g t h e l e s s o n e a c h o n e c o n f i d e d t o t h i s t e a c h e r t h e h o p e o f p l a y i n g i n t h e o r c h e s t r a v e r y s o o n . 'Y ou w i l l n o t b e r e a d y t o p l a y i n a n o r c h e s t r a f o r tw o y e a r s ' w as t h e d i s h e a r t e n i n g r e p l y . M onday m o r n in g t w e l v e p u p i l s w a i t e d o n j 259 , t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r i n c i p a l s a n d s a i d , 'H e r e 's y o u r ! v i o l a . I w a n te d t o p l a y i n t h e o r c h e s t r a . ' I n d e s p e r a t i o n t h e s u p e r v i s o r g a t h e r e d t h e s e t w e l v e w o u ld - b e ' v i o l a p l a y e r s i n t o o n e c l a s s a n d t a u g h t th e m h e r s e l f a n d p l a c e d th e m i n o r c h e s t r a s w i t h i n a few w e e k s . T hen t h e y w e re w i l l i n g t o w o r k , f o r t h e g o a l , e n s e m b le p l a y i n g , w as r e a c h e d . ( 9 : 1 6 ) S u c h a t t i t u d e s now se em t o b e o n t h e way o u t a s m ore a n d m o re m a t e r i a l s g e a r e d t o t h e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l becom e a v a i l a b l e . S e v e r a l m e th o d b o o k s now o n t h e m a r k e t a r e w r i t t e n f o r a n y o f t h e v a r i o u s p o s s i b l e s t r i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s a n d p r o v i d e c h a r m in g m a t e r i a l i n q u i t e s i m p l e s t y l e w h ic h a l l o w s t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t o becom e a n e n s e m b le j u s t a s s o o n a s a l i t t l e t e c h n i q u e a n d r e a d i n g a b i l i t y h a s b e e n a c q u i r e d . The i m p o r t a n c e o f s t r i n g e n s e m b le a t t h e s e e a r l y s t a g e s w as s t r e s s e d b y m any m o d e m e d u c a t o r s f o r i t s i n f l u e n c e o n i n t e r e s t , c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e g r o w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e c h i l d , a n d v a l u e t o l a r g e e n s e m b le p e r f o r m ance . La M a r ia n a co m m en ted t h a t o n e o f t h e p r o b le m s o f t h e s t r i n g p r o g r a m w as k e e p i n g t h e p u p i l s " s o l d " o n t h e i d e a . L e a r n i n g o v e r t h e y e a r s t h a t i t w as u n w is e t o p e r m i t e v e n a v e r y t e m p o r a r y l o s s o f i n t e r e s t among h i s b e g i n n e r s , h i s a n s w e r w as t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f l i v e l y i n t e r e s t t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f s m a l l e n s e m b le p l a y i n g , w h ic h e m p h a s iz e d i n i t i a t i v e , i n d i v i d u a l i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d m o t i v a t e d p r a c t i c e . " I b e l i e v e , " h e c o n c l u d e d , s a y i n g : 260 ■ I f a l o v e f o r C h am b er M u sic i s i n s t i l l e d i n t h e b e - ; g i n n e r , h e w i l l n e v e r f o r s a k e m u s ic a n d h i s e n t i r e ! l i f e a n d d a i l y l i v i n g w i l l b e c o n s i d e r a b l y e n r i c h e d . ; ( 2 0 1 : 5 6 - 5 7 ) M i g n i n , a l t h o u g h s h e was a n e x p o n e n t o f v e r y s lo w p r o g r e s s , r e g a r d e d e n s e m b le a s a n a c t i v i t y w h ic h s h o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y . S h e n o t e d t h a t some b o o k s h a d tw o a n d t h r e e p a r t p l a y i n g e v e n i n t h e o p e n s t r i n g w o r k , a n d f e l t i t was a n e x c e l l e n t i d e a . S u c h m a t e r i a l w as b y a l l m eans t o b e u s e d , a n d s h e a d v i s e d t h e t e a c h e r t o s u p p l e m e n t w h a t e v e r m a t e r i a l was u s e d w i t h t h i s s o r t o f m u s ic ( 2 3 6 : 7 )* H a r r i s was e x p l i c i t i n re c o m m e n d in g e n s e m b le w o rk a t e v e r y s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d o i n g s o h e o u t l i n e d t h e s e a d v a n t a g e s o f s u c h s m a l l e n s e m b le p a r t i c i p a t i o n : . . . t h e c h a n c e f o r p e r s o n a l e x p r e s s i o n i s g r e a t e r , a l m o s t d e m a n d e d , i n f a c t ; a n d s i n c e e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i s o f s u c h i m p o r t a n c e , t h e m e d i o c r e p l a y e r i n t h e t r i o o r q u a r t e t h a s l e s s o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a n o n o t h e r m ore p r o f i c i e n t p l a y e r s , w h ic h i s s o m e tim e s p o s s i b l e i n a l a r g e r o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h u s , t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y f o r r a p i d a d v a n c e m e n t i s i m m e d i a t e l y p r e s e n t e d , a n d i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e m ore c o m p e te n t s m a l l e n s e m b le p l a y e r s t h e r e a r e i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m , t h e b e t t e r w i l l b e t h e b i g o r c h e s t r a s a n d b a n d s . ( 3 9 : 1 6 6 , 1 6 8 ) The sam e v ie w w as s h a r e d b y S c h o l l i n w h o se p u b l i c s c h o o l p r o g r a m e n s e m b le o f som e k i n d was p r o v i d e d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l , a n d c a r r i e d o n t h r o u g h s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l ; i n f a c t , e v e r y m em ber o f t h e s e n i o r h i g h o r c h e s t r a w as r e q u i r e d t o b e i n som e k i n d o f s m a l l g r o u p ( 3 0 8: 1 2). 2 6 1 j S u e h s m a l l e n s e m b le t r a i n i n g was r e g a r d e d b y M e r r i l l . B row n a s b e i n g n o t o n l y one o f t h e f i n e s t e x p e r i e n c e s p o s s i b l e f o r a n y I n s t r u m e n t a l i s t , b u t was a l s o t h e k e y t o t h e , d e v e lo p m e n t o f o r c h e s t r a s I n s m a l l c o m m u n i t i e s . I t was n o t n e c e s s a r y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g t o fo rm a n o r c h e s t r a , h e b e - I l l e v e d ; t h e n u c l e o u s o f s u c h a n o r g a n i z a t i o n c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d a t f i r s t b y w o r k in g f u l l t im e w i t h t h e s e s m a l l e r g r o u p s u n t i l e n o u g h p e r f o r m e r s w e re a v a i l a b l e t o c o m p le te t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n o f t h e l a r g e r g r o u p ( 1 0 7 : 4 8 ) . A nd f o r L o n g , e n s e m b le p r o v i d e d a m a j o r I n c e n t i v e f o r p r a c t i c e am ong b e g i n n e r s who h a d g a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t t e c h - , n l q u e t o b e g i n p l a y i n g s i m p l e e n s e m b le m u s ic ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 4 ) . T h e r e w e re o t h e r s who s t r e s s e d t h e p u r e p l e a s u r e a n d c o m p a n io n s h ip e n j o y e d b y t h o s e who h a d l e a r n e d t o p l a y e n s e m b le m u s i c . T h e r e I s , s a i d B u t t e r f i e l d : A c o m p a n io n s h i p I n h a v i n g a p a r t n e r d u r i n g r e h e a r s a l s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s w h ic h I s e v e n s t r o n g e r t h a n t h e t e a m w o rk f e e l i n g w h ic h d e r i v e s f ro m p l a y i n g w i t h t h e e n t i r e o r c h e s t r a . ( 1 1 1 : 4 1 ) De C o l a s t r e s s e d t h e warm c a m a r a d e r i e w h ic h g rew b e tw e e n q u a r t e t a n d c h a m b e r m u s ic e n t h u s i a s t s , a n d h e r e c a l l e d t h e s t a t e m e n t o f a fa m o u s q u a r t e t l e a d e r who h a d s a i d , ” *I w o u ld r a t h e r p l a y w i t h a b a d q u a r t e t , t h a n l i s t e n t o a g o o d o n e * ” ( 1 2 3 : 1 4 1 ) . And G r e e n , I n e s p o u s i n g t h e c a u s e o f s t r i n g e n s e m b le . 262 r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e w ae a g e n t l e m a n , whom s h e g r e a t l y a d m i r e d , who c a l l e d s t r i n g q u a r t e t p l a y i n g " t h e g r e a t e s t i n d o o r s p o r t " { 1 5 9 : 3 2 ) . W it h o u t d o u b t , s t r i n g e n s e m b le r a n k e d a t t h e t o p a s t h e p e e r l e s s m edium f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g f o r n o o t h e r a r e a o f p e r f o r m a n c e w as s o e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y e n d o r s e d , o r s o p r o f o u n d l y e x t o l l e d b y t h e a d v o c a t e s o f s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y . B e tw e e n t h e t i t l e p a g e a n d t h e f o r e w o r d o f S t r i n g G l a s s T e a c h i n g by. J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K r o n e , t h e r e a p p e a r s t h e s e t h r e e s e l e c t e d q u o t a t i o n s w h ic h s o c a p t u r e t h e b e a u t y a n d m e a n in g I n h e r e n t I n e n s e m b le p l a y i n g f o r c h i l d r e n a s t o w a r r a n t f r a m l n g : * * . . . h e r e u p o n e a r t h I h a v e f o u n d b u t o n e k e y t o a c h i l d ’s h e a r t , b u t o n e b a i t t o w h ic h h e w i l l r i s e e a g e r l y , r e p e a t e d l y ; a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n I n e n s e m b le * . . • C h i l d r e n — I c a n n o t s a y I t t o o o f t e n — c a n n o t p r o v e t h i n g s I n t h e a b s t r a c t ; t h e y t h i n k w i t h t h e i r b o d i e s . Do n o t a s k th e m , t h e r e f o r e , t o l i s t e n t o H a y d n ; a s k tn e m t o p l a y H a y d n , n o m a t t e r how u n s k i l l - f u l l y . » * . . . T e l l a m o d e rn c h i l d t h a t B e e t h o v e n I s b e a u t i f u l a n d h e w i l l n o t b e l i e v e y o u — u n t i l h e h a s p r o v e d I t b y t h e r e p e a t e d t e s t i m o n y o f h i s f i n g e r t i p s . ' (404:3) * G a t h e r l n e D r i n k e r B ow en, F r i e n d s a n d F i d d l e r s . B o s t o n : L i t t l e B row n a n d C om pany. I 2 6 3 ; H i s t o r i c a l l y , t h e s t r i n g q u a r t e t a n d o t h e r s m a l l c h a m b e r e n s e m b le s h a v e o c c u p i e d t h e h i g h e s t r u n g I n t h e e s t i m a t e o f c o m p o s e r s a n d p e r f o r m e r s a l i k e . A s t r i n g q u a r t e t r e h e a r s i n g I n t h e home o f M o z a r t w as a p a r t o f t h a t c o m p o s e r ’s r i c h b o y h o o d e x p e r i e n c e , w h ic h a t o n c e a t t r a c t e d h im t o p a r t i c i p a t i o n a l o n g w i t h h i s e l d e r s . G e n e r a t i o n s l a t e r , F r i t z K r e l s l e r l e a r n e d t o l o v e t h e v i o l i n f ro m h e a r i n g h i s f a t h e r ’ s q u a r t e t p r a c t i c i n g o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n s a t h i s h o m e, a n d h e s o o n b e ca m e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ’s f i f t h f i d d l e r ( 8 : 2 , 5 ) . M ore a n d m ore t h e p l e a was m ade b y t h e l e a d e r s I n t h e s t r i n g c l a s s m ovem ent t o make u s e o f t h i s a r e a w h e r e i n t h e e s s e n c e o f s t r i n g p l a y i n g was b e l i e v e d t o r e s i d e . I f A m e ric a w a s . t o b eco m e t r u l y m u s i c a l , t h o u g h t W a l l e r , t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w o u ld h a v e t o r e - a w a k e n I n t e r e s t I n t h e I n h e r e n t b e a u t y o f s t r i n g t o n e , s t r i n g e n s e m b l e s , a n d t h e o r c h e s t r a t h r o u g h s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g I n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s ( 3 5 7 : 1 2 ) . E n s e m b le M u sic I n t h e Home O c c a s i o n a l l y a m u s ic e d u c a t o r e n c o u n t e r s a f a m i l y w h e re a l l t h e m e m b e rs, f r o m t h e p a r e n t s t o t h e y o u n g e s t s c h o o l a g e b e g i n n e r , a r e p l a y i n g I n s t r u m e n t s a s a f a m i l y c h a m b e r g r o u p . When s u c h f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s c a n b e 1 264 I f o s t e r e d m u s ic h a s I m p l i c a t i o n s o f a h i g h o r d e r n o t o n l y I f o r m u s i c a l c u l t u r e , b u t f o r t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s w e l l . I n a n e r a w hen t h e I n t e r e s t s o f c h i l d r e n a n d p a r e n t s h a v e g ro w n f u r t h e r a p a r t , few m ore I d e a l a c t i v i t i e s c a n b e I m a g in e d t h a n t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f c h a m b e r m u s ic t o p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r a common g r o u n d o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c o m r a d e s h ip am ong t h e m em bers o f t h e f a m i l y . M u sic a s a c u l t u r a l e l e m e n t I n t h e home w as a m uch d i s c u s s e d t o p i c a t t h e F o u r H u n d r e d th A n n i v e r s a r y V i o l i n F e s t i v a l a few y e a r s a g o w hen S p a e t h w as r e p o r t e d o n b y U rb a n I n t h e f o l l o w i n g v e i n : T h e r e I s n o d o u b t , a s D r . S p a e t h (S ig m u n d , n o t e d a u t h o r a n d l e c t u r e r ) p u t I t , t h a t o n e o f t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e w ays o f d e v e l o p i n g a g e n u i n e A m e ric a n m u s i c a l c u l t u r e I s t o b r i n g m u s i c , g o o d , l i v e m u s ic I n t o t h e h o m e. ( 3 3 2 : 6 ) A n u m b e r o f p r o m i n e n t m u s ic e d u c a t o r s r e g a r d e d t h e p u r p o s e o f s c h o o l m u s ic I n s t r u c t i o n a s t h e f o s t e r i n g o f home a n d c o m m u n ity m u s ic a c t i v i t i e s . Among t h e s e w as H a r r i s , who f e l t t h a t I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , t o j u s t i f y I t s p l a c e I n t h e c u r r i c u l u m , h a d t o do m o re t h a n t e a c h a few c h i l d r e n t o p l a y I n s t r u m e n t s f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d e v e l o p i n g a s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a o r b a n d ( 3 9 : 1 6 6 ) . N o t i n g t h a t u n i q u e c a r r y - o v e r q u a l i t i e s o f I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic f o r o u t - o f - s c h o o l a n d a f t e r - s c h o o l a c t i v i t i e s . 265 Gehrkens recommended that school music educators encourage the formation of small family and neighborhood ensembles from the beginning, gotten together "just for the love of : playing" (4:186-187)• I In the estimation of Jones, Dasch, and Krone, the ; place of music was the home and the church, as It had been historically. The theatre and the concert hall had taken It out of the home, the radio and phonograph had brought It back, but only as a listening medium. But nothing, they Insisted, could take the place of the actual performance of music (4o4:12). While the promotion of family and neighborhood music activities was not regarded as a definite duty of the school music teacher by Klnscella and Tierney, they felt It was of great Importance, and that wherever possible, the teacher should offer aid In the formation and direction of such groups, for these activities provided a pleasant social atmosphere In the community and provided enrichment for the lives of those who were past their school days (7:67). Bornoff and Keller and Taylor stressed the value of music playing In groups In the home, Bornoff (393:3) saying that a home with music was a happy home, and Keller and Taylor calling attention to the delightful experiences I 266 I available to the child when there was someone in the home I who could play the piano with the young student while he I I played his first lessons (404:4). ; Music was termed by the School Musician to be the I keynote of the Seven Major Objectives of Education In a I feature article dated In 194y. The article highlighted the role played by music In Its Ideal setting, the home: Home 1 What a word! It means a thousand different things to as many different people, yet In Its heart felt longings Its meaning Is always the same. No greater responsibility rests with the educator than to guide today's youth Into a more worthy sense of home and Its responsibilities. The security of the- nation depends upon the strength of the home circle and the spiritual unity of Its members. Music brings companionship and devotion to the fire side. A musical family Is a happy family. Children who can-play musical Instruments provide their own entertainment and grow up In a home of contentment, character and refinement, bound together by mutual enjoyments, cooperation and respect. (246:7) There were some educators who saw In the lack of home music participation a real cause for the lack of quali fied string players. It was a cultural problem In the estimation of Gtt, who In discussing the "dilemma of the strings," cited the example of Germany, a country In which love for the fanfare of military bands had always run high, and yet, a culture In which there had always been high Interest In string playing. The basic reason? Music In 267 t h e h om e. I n f a c t , O t t o b s e r v e d t h a t t h i s w as t r u e i n m o st E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s b e c a u s e m u s ic p l a y e d a p r e d o m i n a n t p a r t i n t h e f a m i l y l i f e o f t h e p e o p l e . I n f o r m a l m u s i c a l s , e v e n i n g s o f q u a r t e t p l a y i n g , s u c h t h i n g s c r e a t e d a n a t u r a l d e s i r e I n t h e c h i l d t o b e a s t r i n g m u s i c i a n . He b la m e d t h e I l a c k o f s u c h home a c t i v i t i e s I n A m e r ic a u p o n t h e r a d i o , I p h o n o g r a p h , a n d t e l e v i s i o n : The r a d i o , p h o n o g r a p h , a n d t e l e v i s i o n h a v e becom e a c c e p t e d h o u s e h o l d e n t e r t a i n m e n t f o r m i l l i o n s o f o u r I b e t t e r c l a s s f a m i l i e s ; h o w e v e r , a s t im e m oves a l o n g t h e r e w i l l b e a g r a d u a l b r e a k i n g aw ay f r o m t h e s e t h r e e I m a j o r f i r e s i d e a t t r a c t i o n s t o s o m e th i n g m o re s o u l - I s a t i s f y i n g . T h is m oment may b e m uch n e a r e r t h a n we Î r e a l i z e . I f a p e r m a n e n t p e a c e s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d , I p e o p l e w o u ld n o l o n g e r f e e l t h e n e e d f o r e x o t i c a n d j b o i s t e r o u s a t m o s p h e r e s t o b o l s t e r t h e i r f e a r o f ! to m o rro w ; t h e r e w o u ld b e t im e t o b e t r a n q u i l , L I t a l i c s n o t I n t h e o r i g i n a l ] a n d how e l s e b u t t h r o u g h m u s ic ' c a n t h e f e e l i n g s o f t h e s o u l b e e x p r e s s e d ? ( 2 6 0 : 1 2 ) The w e i g h t o f I n f l u e n c e m u s ic I n t h e home b r o u g h t t o b e a r u p o n p e r s o n a l i t i e s I n m u s ic was a l s o c i t e d a s f u r t h e r p r o o f o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l n a t u r e o f c h a m b e r m u s ic I n o u r A m e r ic a n c u l t u r e . K r e l s l e r r e g a r d e d t h e a tm o s p h e r e o f t h e home a s a p r i m a r y I n f l u e n c e I n d e v e l o p i n g I n h e r e n t m u s i c a l a p t i t u d e s . T r i o s a n d q u a r t e t s w e re s o d e l i g h t f u l a p a r t o f t h e w a rm th a n d s e c u r i t y o f h i s home l i f e , t h a t h e c o u l d re m e m b e r l i t t l e o f t h e a c t u a l b u s i n e s s o f l e a r n i n g m u s i c . K r e l s l e r * s l o v e f o r m u s ic was t h e r e f o r e n a t u r a l a n d u n f o r c e d , a n d s u c h e a r l y 2 6 8 ' f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h m u s ic h e r e g a r d e d a s t h e s o u n d e s t m eans o f s t i m u l a t i n g l a t e r a p p r e c i a t i o n . H e y l b u t c o n t i n u e d h e r I r e p o r t o n h e r I n t e r v i e w w i t h t h e g r e a t v i o l i n i s t b y s a y i n g ; I I W h e th e r h e t a k e s h i s p l a c e on t h e p o d iu m o r I n t h e l a s t row o f t h e to p m o s t b a l c o n y , t h e p e r s o n who r e c o g - : ' n l z e s ' c o n c e r t m u s i c ' a s a n e c h o o f home a n d home ! m e m o rie s h a s t h e s u r e s t a p p r o a c h t o v a l i d a p p r é c i a - I t l o n . (176:497) Dev 6 t i n g h i m s e l f t o t h e sam e s u b j e c t , R e g i n a l d S t e w a r t v o l u n t e e r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e f l e c t i o n o n h i s home e x p e r i e n c e w i t h e n s e m b le m u s i c : One o f t h e r i c h e x p e r i e n c e s o f my y o u t h was t h a t o f m a k in g m u s ic w i t h my p a r e n t s a n d my b r o t h e r a n d s i s t e r . E v e r y e v e n i n g a f t e r d i n n e r we p l a y e d t o g e t h e r f o r a n h o u r . W hat f u n t h a t w a s , a n d w h a t a l o v e l y , L a p p y r e l a t i o n s h i p was b u i l t u p a t a n e a r l y a g e t h r o u g h a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h m u s i c . ( 3 1 8 : 1 4 ) V e ry s i m i l a r h a d b e e n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f K o r t s h a k , a p u p i l o f D v o ra k a n d S e v c l k , a n d f o u n d e r o f t h e B e r k s h i r e S t r i n g Q u a r t e t , who s a i d t h a t s i n c e h i s e a r l i e s t y o u t h , c h a m b e r m u s ic w as a n a l m o s t d a l l y o c c u r r e n c e I n t h e i r f a m i l y ; t h e r e w e re s i x c h i l d r e n , e a c h a b l e t o p l a y a t l e a s t tw o I n s t r u m e n t s , g u i d e d b y t h e i r f a t h e r , a v e r y d i s t i n g u i s h e d m u s i c i a n , a n d m a s t e r o f v i o l i n , v i o l a , c e l l o , a s w e l l a s p i a n o a n d o r g a n ( 1 9 5 : 8 2 ) . B e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f e n s e m b le m u s i c , a n d i t s c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o home a n d c o m m u n ity l i f e , t h e r e was o n e o t h e r a v e n u e o p e n t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f m u s ic e d u c a t i o n 2 6 9 i n i t s n a t u r a l m u s i c a l s e t t i n g w hose l o c a l e c e n t e r e d , i n t h i s I n s t a n c e , i n t h e s c h o o l . A M u s i c a l S e t t i n g T h r o u g h C o r r e l a t e d A c t i v i t i e s i n M u sic T h is f i n a l m eans o f I n t r o d u c i n g m u s ic I n t o t h e b u s i n e s s o f l e a r n i n g t o p l a y a n I n s t r u m e n t w as t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s o f on e m u s ic c l a s s w i t h t h o s e o f a n o t h e r , o r w i t h a p r o j e c t o f a n e n t i r e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , o r e v e n w i t h a p r o f e s s i o n a l m u s i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . O c c u r r e n c e s o f t h i s k i n d w e re r a r e , j u d g i n g f ro m t h e l i m i t e d I n s t a n c e s b e i n g r e p o r t e d I n t h e j o u r n a l s . I n f a c t , t h e l o n e e x a m p le o f t h i s t y p e w h ic h was p u b l i c i z e d was t h e u n i q u e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s p l a n I n t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s o f D a l l a s , T e x a s . W h ile q u i t e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e e n s e m b le a p p r o a c h , t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n o f a c t i v i t i e s a t a s c h o o l l e v e l a m o u n te d t o o r i g i n a l a n d s p e c i a l t y p e s o f p e r f o r m a n c e p r a c t i c e , w h o se I n t e r e s t a n d m u s ic p o t e n t i a l se e m e d t o b e o f a n u n u s u a l l y h i g h o r d e r . S u c h a p r o c e d u r e a l s o p r e s u p p o s e d a n e q u a l l y u n i q u e e x a m p le o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h t h e m u s ic d e p a r t m e n t , p e r m i t t i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f s t r i n g , p i a n o , v o i c e , a n d c l a r i n e t c l a s s e s on a f r e q u e n t . I f n o t d a l l y , b a s i s , a n d s c h e d u l e d t o p e r m i t e x p e r i e n c e s h a r i n g w i t h o t h e r g r o u p s . I t a l s o p r e s u p p o s e d m any o t h e r I d e a l s , 270 : n o t t h e l e a s t o f w h ic h w as m u s ic o f a h i g h q u a l i t y , g o o d j e q u ip m e n t t o w o rk w i t h , a n d , a b o v e a l l , t e a c h e r s who h a d i e x c e l l e n t m u s i c i a n s h i p . T h e s e , a n d m any m ore i d e a l s , w e re a p p a r e n t l y p r e s e n t i n t h e D a l l a s e x p e r i m e n t , a c c o r d i n g t o L a s l e y ( 2 0 4 : 2 0 ) . I n s u c h a n a tm o s p h e r e s t r i n g s w e re n u t u r e d w i t h o u t ! t h e n e c e s s i t y o f home p r a c t i c e . I n d e e d , t h e s e t e a c h e r s p r e f e r r e d t h a t a l l b e g i n n i n g s t u d y b e d o n e u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e m u s ic I n s t r u c t o r s . L a s l e y r e p o r t e d o n t h i s p r o j e c t I n a n u m b e r o f j o u r n a l s a n d a t m any c l i n i c s , a n d I I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n s a i d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t was a t a l l t i m e s ! " u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r , w i t h t h e g r e a t e r p a r t I o f t h e w o rk d o n e I n t h e c l a s s . . . " ( 2 0 5 : 1 0 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e D a l l a s p l a n , ' c l a s s e s w e re s o m e tim e s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h v o c a l g r o u p s . O t h e r t i m e s t h e s t r i n g s w o rk e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p i a n o c l a s s e s , I I l e a r n i n g s o m e t h i n g t h e y c o u l d a l l p e r f o r m t o g e t h e r . B u t f r o m t h e f i r s t L a s l e y I n s i s t e d t h a t " e v e n t h e o p e n s t r i n g p l a y e r s s h o u l d b e m a k in g m u s i c — f i r s t w i t h p i a n o a c c o m p a n i m e n t, t h e n w i t h e n s e m b l e s o r o r c h e s t r a , o r v o i c e s " ( 2 0 5 : 1 0 ) . T h is c o i n c i d e d w i t h a p h i l o s o p h y s t a t e d e l s e w h e r e b y t h e sam e a u t h o r w h ic h a s s e r t e d t h a t " a l l t e c h n i q u e s m u s t b e t a u g h t I n a m u s i c a l s e t t i n g a n d l e a r n e d a s m u s i c a l a n d e x p r e s s i v e n e c e s s i t i e s a g a i n s t a b a c k g r o u n d o f c o n t i n u o u s 2 7 1 m u s i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t ( 2 0 4 ; 2 0 ) . M oving b e y o n d t h e o r b i t o f t h e m u s ic c l a s s e s t h e I D a l l a s p l a n was r e p o r t e d a s h a v i n g u n d e r t a k e n s u c h a n am - j b l t i o u s p r o g r a m a s a p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e " A n d a n te ” f ro m t h e P e t i t e S u i t e de B a l l e t o f G l u c k . L a s l e y 's d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e v e n t I l l u s t r a t e d t h e m any k i n d s o f e d u c a t i o n a l d i s c i p l i n e s w h ic h I t w as p o s s i b l e t o b i n d t o g e t h e r I n t h i s I n t e g r a t i v e p r o c e s s : S o c i a l s t u d i e s a n d l i b r a r y c l a s s e s made a s t u d y o f m y th o lo g y a n d a n c i e n t G r e e c e , a u d i t o r i u m c l a s s e s d r a m a t i z e d I n p a n to m im e t h e s t o r y o f O rp h e u s a n d E u r y d i c e ; p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n g r o u p s p r o d u c e d a G r e e k b a l l e t w i t h c o s tu m e s d e s i g n e d b y t h e a r t d e p a r t m e n t w h ic h a l s o made som e b e a u t i f u l p a i n t i n g s o f G r e c i a n d a n c e r s ; t h e s o n g s came o u t o f t h e c h o r a l c l a s s e s , a c c o m p a n im e n ts f ro m t h e p i a n o c l a s s e s , a n d t h e I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic f ro m t h e o r c h e s t r a a n d s t r i n g c l a s s e s . The f i n a l r e s u l t was a l o v e l y p r o d u c t i o n I n w h ic h e a c h c h i l d b e ca m e I n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h — I n f a c t , b ecam e a n I n t e g r a l p a r t o f — t h e f i n e a r t o f m u s ic m a k in g . ( 2 0 4 : 2 2 ) A n o t h e r p r o j e c t w h ic h a c h i e v e d n a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n w as t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s lo w m o v em en ts f ro m t h e S c h u b e r t " F o u r t h S ym phony" a n d t h e M e n d e ls s o h n " I t a l i a n S ym phony" b y t h e s t r i n g c l a s s e s a s s i s t e d b y t h e h i g h l y p r o f e s s i o n a l : D a l l a s Sym phony O r c h e s t r a . S p e c i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s w h ic h s i m p l i f i e d t h e p a r t s f o r t h e y o u n g s t e r s made t h i s u n i q u e e x p e r i m e n t I n g r e a t m u s ic p o s s i b l e ( 2 0 4 : 4 6 ) . T h is o u t s t a n d i n g e x a m p le o f c o r r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s I n m u s i c , w h ic h a c t u a l l y e m b ra c e d t h r e e o f t h e f o u r a v e n u e s o f 272 s o c i a l l i v i n g w i t h m u s ic w h ic h h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t of* t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e u s e o f g r a d e d s o l o m a t e r i a l I n u n i s o n , t h e u s e o f s m a l l e n s e m b le m a t e r i a l s , a s w e l l a s c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h e x t r a - m u s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s , s e r v e s w e l l t o I l l u s t r a t e t h e v a l u e t o o u r s t u d e n t s o f w e l l t r a i n e d . I m a g i n a t i v e s t r i n g c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n . H e r e , t h e n , h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d f o u r t y p e s o f s o c i a l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h m u s i c , e a c h r i c h l y en d o w ed w i t h p o t e n t i a l I f o r t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f m u s i c a l g r o w th a t e v e r y l e v e l o f s t r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t . j I I X . MAINTAINING INTEREST I ' ' The p r e s e n t c h a p t e r d e a l i n g w i t h e s s e n t i a l s t r i n g : c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s o p e n e d w i t h t h e th e m e o f I n t e r e s t , h e l d t o b e f u n d a m e n t a l t o a l l o f t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s . No o n e o f I t h e s e w e re r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g c a p a b l e o f I n s u r i n g c o n t i n u e d I I n t e r e s t a p a r t fro m o n e o r m ore o f t h e o t h e r s , b u t I t was ! t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e I n t e r - r e l a t e d f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e s e w h ic h w as c o n s i d e r e d t o b e c a p a b l e o f I n d u c i n g t h e f a c t o r o f I n t e r e s t . I n t e r e s t , l i k e t h e a i r we b r e a t h , w as r e g a r d e d a s e s s e n t i a l t o a l l , y e t I t a l s o m u st b e c o n s i d e r e d a p a r t f ro m a l l . I t c o u l d e x i s t w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f e a c h p r o c e d u r e , a n d I t c o u l d a l s o b e a s e p a r a t e p r o c e s s . By t h e sam e 2 7 3 t o k e n , e a c h o f t h e s e t e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u e s c o u l d c o n c e i v a b l y b e I m p le m e n te d b y t e a c h e r w i t h o u t n e c e s s a r i l y a r o u s i n g i n t e r e s t , f o r a t t h e h e a r t o f e a c h a p p r o a c h t h e p r e s e n c e o f a g o o d t e a c h e r m u s t b e a s s u m e d ; b u t t h e c o n s c i o u s e f f o r t b y a g o o d t e a c h e r t o m a i n t a i n I n t e r e s t t h r o u g h t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s I s a n e q u a t i o n w h o se r e s u l t I s I n t e r e s t . The I c o n s c i o u s e f f o r t t o I n d u c e a n d m a i n t a i n I n t e r e s t , t h e n , jb e c o m e s , o f I t s e l f , a n e s s e n t i a l s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e . ; I n t e r e s t R e s u l t s f ro m A c c o m p lis h m e n t The m a j o r i t y o f t h e m any m u s ic e d u c a t o r s who saw f i t I t o s t r e s s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f I n t e r e s t d e f i n e d t h e p r i m a r y I r e q u i s i t e a s a s e n s e o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e p u p i l . I t was a w i s e t e a c h e r who o r g a n i z e d h i s o b j e c t i v e s , l e s s o n b y l e s s o n , e s t a b l i s h i n g g o a l s s e t w i t h a b i t o f c h a l l e n g e , w h ic h c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d b y t h o s e who ' t r i e d . R e a l i s t i c r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e c h i l d ' s I n t e r e s t I n t h e "now " a n d t h e v e r y Im m in e n t "w hen" r a t h e r t h a n I n t h e r e m o te o b j e c t i v e o f com m an d in g a r t i s t r y w as c o n s i d e r e d b y G r e e n t o b e t h e m a in c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r . I n h e r u s u a l e f f i c i e n t f a s h i o n s h e s u g g e s t e d t h e g o a l s t h e I n s t r u c t o r s h o u l d a t t e m p t t o a c h i e v e a c c o m p a n ie d b y t h e p l a i n common o b j e c t i v e s t o w h ic h t h e c h i l d w o u ld r e d u c e th e m . The t e a c h e r ' s g o a l s w e re t h e s e : 2 7 4 . 1 . To g e t J o h n n y a n d M ary t o h e a r p i t c h a c c u r a t e l y . j 2 . To a c h i e v e c o r r e c t h a n d p o s i t i o n s o n t h e ' I n s t r u m e n t . ! 3 . The d r a w in g a s t r a i g h t bow a n d a g o o d t o n e . I 4 . The d e v e lo p m e n t o f a r e a l s e n s e o f p i t c h Im a g e ry w i t h o u t w h ic h s t r i n g m u s ic c e a s e s t o b e s u c h , i 5 . M u s c u l a r r e l a x a t i o n I n b o t h h a n d s . ; 6 . The t r a i n i n g o f m u s c le s f o r s t r e n g t h a n d a c c u r a c y w i t h o u t l o s s o f r e l a x a t i o n . 7 . Good I n t o n a t i o n . 8 . Good r h y th m . 9 . Good s i g h t - r e a d i n g h a b i t s . 1 0 . S i n c e r e l o v e o f f i n e m u s i c . And t h e s e w e re J o h n n y 's a n d M a r y 's g o a l s : 1 . To g e t t h e v i o l i n t o w o rk w i t h o u t s q u e a k i n g ! 2 . To p l a y t u n e s we l i k e . 3 . To h a v e a c h a n c e t o show o u r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s t o o t h e r s ; o r , r e s t a t e d , som e p r a c t i c a l u s e f o r w h a t we l e a r n . The c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h G r e e n e n d o r s e d t h e a b o v e g o a l s w e re t h e s e : Mow, m in d y o u , I am n o t e n d o r s i n g t h i s l a t t e r s e t o f g o a l s we I d e a l I n a n y s e n s e o f t h e w o r d . I am s i m p l y s t a t i n g th e m a s t h e y e x i s t I n e v e r y c h i l d ' s h e a r t , w i l l y - n l l l y ; a n d t h e g o d s h e l p t h e t e a c h e r who f a l l s t o a c h i e v e th e m f o r J o h n n y a n d M ary! ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) 2 7 5 G r e e n l e f t l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t s h e c o n s i d e r e d i n t e r e s t t o b e o f p a ra m o u n t I m p o r t a n c e , a n d t h a t s h e f e l t I t was u p t o t h e t e a c h e r t o a c h i e v e I t f o r J o h n n y a n d M a ry . S h e was n o t a l o n e . S ig m u n d S p a e t h h a d a few r e m a r k s t o make o n t h e s u b j e c t . - "T he t e s t o f g o o d t e a c h i n g , " h e s a i d , " i s n o t b r i l l i a n t p e r f o r m a n c e b u t t h e c o n t i n u e d I n t e r e s t o f t h e p u p i l s " ( 3 1 5 : 6 0 ) . I n m a k in g t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n S p a e t h was " i t a k i n g a dim v ie w o f t h e t e a c h e r who c o u l d p r o d u c e a few p r i v a t e e x h i b i t s , a lw a y s r e a d y t o show o f f t h e i r d a z z l i n g ' s k i l l , b u t who h a d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f e q u a l s u c c e s s u n d e r a n y o t h e r c o m p e te n t I n s t r u c t i o n . He r e s e r v e d h i s a d m l r a - . t l o n f o r t h e t e a c h e r who c o u l d h o l d t h e I n t e r e s t o f a I n u m b e r o f p u p i l s o f v a r i o u s g r a d e s o f a b i l i t y ( 3 1 5 : 6 0 ) . R o h n e r s t a t e d t h e m axim b r i e f l y ; " I n t e r e s t m u st b e m a i n t a i n e d a t a l l c o s t s , f o r I f i n t e r e s t i s g o n e t h e r e I s n o t h i n g l e f t " ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) . I n a p r o f o u n d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e I n c e n t i v e s l e a d i n g t o I n t e r e s t , M u r s e l l p o s e d t h e s e v e r a l m o t i v e s w h ic h I com m only l e d t o t h e s t u d y o f I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c . He w r o t e , a t l e n g t h c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e s i r e f o r s e l f - d i s p l a y — t h e p e r f o r m a n c e u r g e , t h e n e e d f o r hum an s e l f e x p r e s s i o n — a c u l t u r a l o u t l e t , a n d t h e u l t i m a t e m o t i v e , l o v e f o r t h e b e a u t y o f m u s i c . One o f t h e l e s s e r m o t i v e s w h ic h h e d i s c u s s e d w a s . t h a t o f s o c i a l d i s t i n c t i o n . He d i d n o t 276 regard this as a high motive, but it was a most usual one ! for children, and he too, no negative attitude toward the | motlvlc factor so exploited by the quack music courses ! I which promised their victims that they would be able to astound their friends. "After all," he said, "any Incen tive Is better than none, and In some respects this Is a I good and healthy one, though not the best." In this vein he continued as follows: I Many teachers bitterly resent having to give pupils pieces of the sugarplum variety, when their consciences call for large doses of Bach and the Gradus ad Parnassum. But this Is a great mistake, for the more complex, subtle, and academic type of music may not only be beyond the powers either of the pupil or his I parents to ask or even think, but also may completely ; transcend the pupil's feeble musical grasp. No mistake: ' can be greater than choosing compositions which do not Interest the pupil In the least, merely because in theory they should, and assigning appalling burdensi of scales and exercises to be dinned In the ears of his unfortunate family, for no better reason than that the teacher himself was put through them and Is so satisfied with his own musicianship that he thinks no. footsteps can possibly be so worth while traveling as his own. ( 1 3 : 2 0 4 - 2 0 5 ; Mursell approved of Interest, for when It was ab sent, we could be very sure that things were going wrong; at the same time he was not so sure that the presence of : Interest Indicated that things were going right. The fact that children enjoyed playing with toy Instruments was far from being proof that the practice ought to be continued. "Only hard work coming from Interest can be truly 2 7 7 e d u c a t i v e ," h e d e c l a r e d ( 1 2 : 3 1 2 , 3 1 5 ) , The s u b j e c t o f I n t e r e s t w as r a r e l y o m i t t e d f ro m t h e Introductory^ pages of the string method books. Indicative o f t h e I m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o t h e I n t e r e s t f a c t o r I n t h e s e w o rk s I s t h e f o l l o w i n g f r o m S t r i n g s From t h e S t a r t : S t r i n g s From t h e S t a r t I s b u i l t o n t h e b e l i e f t h a t p l a y i n g a n I n s t r u m e n t may b e m ade m u s i c a l l y I n t e r e s t i n g fro m t h e f i r s t l e s s o n , a n d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t ' s p r o g r e s s w i l l b e m uch m ore r a p i d a n d s u r e I f h i s w o rk I s m o t i v a t e d b y I n t e r e s t . ( 4 0 4 : 4 ) A c c o m p lis h m e n t t h r o u g h s h o r t t e r m g o a l s . The m eans . f o r a c h i e v i n g I n t e r e s t w e re s i m p l e , a l m o s t o b v i o u s . Y e t I t h e s e w e re t h e v e r y t h i n g s t h a t s o m any m i s g u i d e d I n s t r u e - I t o r s h a d n e g l e c t e d . T h ey n e e d e d t o b e r e v i e w e d , a n d r e - ! s t a t e d . A t t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f m u s i c a l I n t e r e s t l a y t h e m e lo d y . The I m p o r t a n c e o f g i v i n g t h e c h i l d a n o p p o r t u n i t y , t o a c h i e v e s u c c e s s I n p l a y i n g a p i e c e a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e I was e m p h a s i z e d o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n b y t h e l e a d e r s I n t h e I new a p p r o a c h t o s t r i n g I n s t r u c t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g s t a t e - i m e n ts a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e a t t i t u d e s h e l d b y m o st ' o f t h e s e e d u c a t o r s : Potter: I By p l a y i n g t u n e s a t t h e s t a r t . . . t h e s t u d e n t c a n f e e l a s a t i s f y i n g s e n s e o f m u s i c a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r i g h t fro m t h e s t a r t . ( 2 6 7 : 6 ) 2 7 8 S k o r n l c k a : P u p i l i n t e r e s t I s t h e p r i m a r y f a c t o r i n t h e s u c c e s s f u l p l a y i n g o f a n y i n s t r u m e n t . E a r l y s u c c e s s I n p l a y i n g f a m i l i a r t u n e s I s I m p o r t a n t I n d e v e l o p i n g t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e p l a y i n g o f a n I n s t r u m e n t I s n o t d i f f l - c u l t . ( 4 1 3 : 4 ) S t u b e r : The m e lo d y m e th o d I n v a r i a b l y c a p t u r e s t h e s p o n t a n e o u s I n t e r e s t o f t h e b e g i n n e r on v i o l i n , w h e re t h e e x e r c i s e m e th o d k i l l s h i s I n t e r e s t b e f o r e h e g e t s v e r y f a r I n t h e c o u r s e . ( 4 1 5 : l ) P a s e k : A g r a d e s c h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r m u st s e n d t h e c h i l d home f ro m h i s f i r s t l e s s o n a b l e t o p l a y a p i e c e . ( 3 8 6 : 9 1 ) K u c z m a rs k l: . . . we h a v e t o b e v e r y c a r e f u l t o m a i n t a i n t h a t I n t e r e s t . . . . T e a c h h im t o p l a y t h e s i m p l e t u n e s . The j o y o f a y o u n g s t e r b e i n g a b l e t o p l a y M ary Had a L i t t l e Lamb I s t r e m e n d o u s . ( 1 9 9 : 3 1 ) G r e e n : T h e r e I s o n e g r e a t f a c t o r t h a t w i l l a c c o m p l i s h a l m o s t a n y t h i n g f o r a n y b o d y , a n d t h a t f a c t o r I s I n t e r e s t . ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) B a r b a k o f f : A g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s c a n b e a c h i e v e d w i t h t h e s e b e g i n n e r s I f t h e t e a c h e r re m e m b e rs t h a t , m o s t o f a l l , t h e c h i l d r e n w a n t t o l e a r n t o p l a y . ( 7 3 : 5 4 ) M ad d y : The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e f i r s t s t r i n g l e s s o n . . . s h o u l d b e t h a t t h e p u p i l s l e a r n t o p l a y a t u n e . . . ( 2 2 6 : 1 8 ) 2 7 9 I I N o t a l l o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e l o r e on m u s ic e d u c a t i o n ; w as p r o v i d e d b y m u s ic e d u c a t o r s , h o w e v e r . Some s i g n i f i c a n t , I ' I o b s e r v a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g r e p e r t o i r e a n d I t s I n f l u e n c e o n I I n t e r e s t w e re s u b m i t t e d b y a m o t h e r , who s a i d : I The f i n a l d i s c o u r a g e m e n t I s t h e c h i l d ' s r e a l i z a t i o n ! t h a t h e I s n o t g e t t i n g a n y t h i n g p r a c t i c a l o u t o f h i s h a n d f u l o f p i e c e s — n o p r e s t i g e , no g r o u p s a t i s f a c t i o n , ' a n d a b o v e a l l , n o f u n . (2 6 3 :4 -3 4 ) ; A im in g h e r r e m a r k s a t " T h in g s Some T e a c h e r s O u g h t I t o K now ," t h i s m o th e r made som e s u r v e y s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n s I o f h e r ow n. N o t i n g t h e p l e a s u r e h e r d a u g h t e r d e r i v e d f ro m : p l a y i n g u n i s o n d u e t s a t t h e p i a n o w i t h h e r l i t t l e f r i e n d s , ; s h e a d v o c a t e d b r i n g i n g t h e c h i l d ' s r e p e r t o i r e down t o e a r t h . I S h e a l s o r e c a l l e d t h e cub s c o u t who t h r i l l e d h i s f e l l o w - i c u b s w i t h d a s h i n g p i a n o r e n d i t i o n s o f "The M a r in e s H y m n ," a n d "Home o n t h e R a n g e ," t h i n g s t h e y a l l knew a n d l i k e d . S h e was n o t s o s u r e t h a t a n Im p ro m p tu p e r f o r m a n c e o f a i B e e t h o v e n s o n a t a w o u ld h a v e g a i n e d t h e a d m i r a t i o n o f t h e I c u b p a c k . A s u r v e y o f t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d was a l s o c o n d u c t e d b y t h i s o b s e r v a n t m o th e r who f o u n d t h a t n e a r l y a l l o f t h e c h i l d r e n h a d t a k e n l e s s o n s , a n d t h a t m o s t o f th e m h a d q u i t . Two y e a r s h a d b e e n a b o u t t h e l i m i t , s h e l e a r n e d . B la m in g t h e s i t u a t i o n o n t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f u n i n t e r e s t i n g r e p e r t o i r e , M rs . P a i n e d e c l a r e d : ; 2 8 0 i P e r h a p s c h i l d r e n ' s m u s i c a l t a s t e s a r e b a d , b u t I f y o u w a n t t o h o l d th e m l o n g - e n o u g h t o e d u c a t e th e m t o b e t t e r t h i n g s y o u m u s t make som e c o n c e s s i o n s . C h i l d r e n , l i k e a d u l t s , m u s t e n j o y m u s ic w i t h w h ic h t h e y a r e f a m i l i a r a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h a t t h e y c a n s i n g . ( 2 6 3 : 4 3 4 ) The a p p e a r a n c e o f s u c h a n I t e m I n o n e o f t h e m u s ic j o u r n a l s was I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e p r e v a l e n c e am ong m any t e a c h e r s o f a m o s t u n r e a l i s t i c a t t i t u d e to w a r d t h e c h i l d ' s m u s ic e d u c a t i o n . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f s u c h p o o r ju d g m e n t I n t h e c h o i c e o f m a t e r i a l s m ade b y t e a c h e r s was p r o v i d e d b y L e v e n s o n , who c i t e d t h e I n s t a n c e o f a p r o m i s i n g t w e l v e - y e a r - o l d c e l l i s t w h o se f i n e e a r . I n t e l l i g e n t m in d , a n d a c c o m p l i s h e d m u s i c i a n f a t h e r g a v e h e r g r e a t p r o m i s e . Upon h e r t e a c h e r ' s d e p a r t u r e ( L e v e n s o n ) t o a n o t h e r p o s i t i o n s h e w as p l a c e d u n d e r a v e r y f i n e sy m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a c e l l i s t who p r o c e e d e d t o g i v e he^r o n l y e x e r c i s e s , s t u d i e s , a n d s c a l e s ; n o m u s i c a l l i t e r a t u r e o f a n y k i n d , n o t e v e n a h e l p f u l f i n g e r i n g o r b o w in g I n t h e o r c h e s t r a l p a r t s w i t h w h ic h s h e was I m m e d i a t e l y c o n c e r n e d . I t w as a n o l d s t o r y . I t was no f u n , a n d t h e c a r e e r o f a n o t h e r b u d d i n g c e l l i s t w as h a l t e d . L e v e n s o n c a r e f u l l y o u t l i n e d t h e c o u r s e a w i s e r t e a c h e r m ig h t h a v e f o l l o w e d I n r e t a i n i n g t h i s t a l e n t f o r a s t r i n g c a r e e r . He p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a n a d v a n c e d p u p i l o f p r e - a r t i s t i c l e v e l w o u ld h a v e s e e n t h e l o g i c o f t h e h e a v y s t u d y p r o g r a m ; t h e 281 ; b e g i n n e r c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d t o t h i n k i n te r m e o t h e r t h a n Im m e d ia te o b j e c t i v e s . He f u r t h e r d i s c u s s e d t h e i jw is d o m o f p a c i n g s t u d y a c c o r d i n g t o I n d i v i d u a l p r o g r e s s a n d I t h e p a t i e n t , e n c o u r a g i n g m a n n e r n e c e s s a r y I n t h e e l e m e n t a r y I s t a g e s — t h e m ore e m p h a ti c a n d c o n s t a n t c o r r e c t i o n s n e c e s s a r y a t t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l , w i t h e m p h a s is u p o n d u p l l- r I I e a t i n g t h e p o l i s h e d a n d b e a u t i f u l s o u n d s o f t h e t e a c h e r ' s i p l a y l n g - - a n d t h e a d v a n c e d s t a g e w h e re t h e m o s t I n t e n s i v e ’ w o rk o n s c a l e s a n d s t u d i e s was f i n a l l y t o t a k e p l a c e . S u c h v a r y i n g e m p h a s e s a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f a d v a n c e m e n t w o u ld h a v e a v o i d e d t h e e x t i n c t i o n o f I n t e r e s t I n t h i s , a n d | m o s t o t h e r s i m i l a r c a s e s , L e v e n s o n d e c l a r e d ( 2 1 9 : 3 7 - 3 8 ) . I j ! H a r r i s , t o o . I n d i c a t e d I m p a t i e n c e w i t h t h e k i n d o f i ^ t e a c h i n g w h ic h f a i l e d t o m a i n t a i n I n t e r e s t b e y o n d t h e ' b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s . He w as no l o n g e r I m p r e s s e d , h e s a i d , w i t h t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e c a m p a ig n s t h a t s o m any t e a c h e r s s p o n s o r e d e a c h y e a r , o n l y t o h a v e s u d d e n l y I n s p i r e d I n t e r e s t d w in d le aw ay a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r , t o b e f o l l o w e d b y ^ . ! t h e sham e o f h a v i n g t o d r o p o u t - - t h e a d m i s s i o n s o f f a i l u r e , ( I I I t h e e n s u i n g p o o r a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t h e sy m p h o n y , t h e I d e a i I ' I t h a t s t r i n g s f o r e v e r a f t e r w e re n o t f o r th e m . A l l t h i s ' I s i m p l y m e a n t , h e d e c l a r e d , t h a t t h e s e y o u n g s t e r s h a d n o t I b e e n g i v e n t h e k i n d o f e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t m ade s e n s e — t h a t I I w e re u n d e r s t a n d a b l e a n d e n j o y a b l e . T e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s 2 8 2 which failed to bring about these pleasures and technical accomplishments at all stages of development were certain to produce drop-outs instead of musicians, he concluded ( 1 7 1 : 4 , 8 ) . A further step In helping children to achieve a sense of accomplishment was the providing of an opportunity for the young musicians to show the progress they had made I jby arranging for them to play before their fellow students, ! perhaps at an assembly, or at a Parent-Teacher Association meeting (186:22). S t a t e m e n t s s u p p o r t i n g t h i s v ie w w e re m ade b y V an : H o e se n ( 3 3 3 : 1 1 ) ^ K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r ( 4 0 5 : 2 ) , a n d B u t t e r f i e l d ( 1 1 1 : 4 1 ) . I ! T h i s , t o o , was t h e a d v i c e o f G r e e n , who n o t e d t h a t ' I c h i l d r e n l o v e d t o p l a y f o r e a c h o t h e r , o r f o r t h e i r room a t i s c h o o l . " C h i l d r e n , " s h e e x c l a i m e d , " l o v e p r a i s e !" ( l 6 4 : I 1 9 8 , 2 3 2 ) . Also lending strong support to the validity of this activity In relationship to Interest were Jones, Dasch, and Krone who regarded performance as a natural social activity ; In which the children could share the fun they had In playing. In arranging such appearances they were also ! careful to admonish the teacher to make use of showmanship : I In watching the length of the program, arranging for stage 2 8 3 d e t a i l s , t r a i n i n g t h e s t u d e n t s i n s t a g e d e p s ? rtra e n t, a n d p r e p a r i n g I n a d v a n c e f o r p r o p e r l i g h t i n g , u s h e r s , g o o d a c c o m p a n i s t , a s s i s t a n c e I n t u n i n g , a n d t h e m any I t e m s w h ic h c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s m o o th f u n c t i o n i n g o f s u c h a n e v e n t :21). I I n t e r e s t a N a t u r a l P r o d u c t o f t h e G ro u p A p p r o a c h I A lo n g w i t h t h e a d d e d d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t e a c h i n g m any I I p u p i l s I n a c l a s s t h e g r o u p a p p r o a c h a f f o r d e d o n e v e r y g r e a t a d v a n t a g e — I n t e r e s t was g r e a t e r b e c a u s e o f t h e m u tu a l : a c t i v i t i e s I n v o l v e d . Of c o u r s e , t h i s I n I t s e l f p r e s e n t e d : p r o b l e m s , f o r , a s R u sh p o i n t e d o u t , k e e p i n g t h e e n t i r e c l a s s j I n t e r e s t e d a n d a c t i v e w h i l e g i v i n g I n d i v i d u a l I n s t r u c t i o n I w as t h e p r o b l e m , a n d t h e s e c r e t , o f s u c c e s s f u l c l a s s t e a c h - i i n g ( 3 0 2 : 3 2 ) . G e h r k e n s saw t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h a s t h e a n s w e r t o t h e ; p r o b le m o f I n t e r e s t . I n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f a s h i o n h e o u t l i n e d t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a t t i t u d e s o f t h e c h i l d t o w a r d t h e p r i v a t e : l e s s o n a n d t h e g r o u p l e s s o n ; i The a v e r a g e s m a l l c h i l d g o e s t o h i s I n d i v i d u a l m u s l e : : l e s s o n d u t i f u l l y r a t h e r t h a n e n t h u s l a s t I c a l l y . O f t e n ' I h e g o e s r e b e l l l o u s l y , a n d w hen t h i s h a p p e n s r e g u l a r l y I h e s o o n w e a r s down h i s m o t h e r 's r e s i s t a n c e — u n l e s s s h e , ' h a p p e n s t o b e o f t h e S p a r t a n t y p e — a n d b e f o r e l o n g a n o t h e r p u p i l h a s 'd r o p p e d o u t . * The ' m o r t a l i t y p e r - ' c e n t a g e ' I n t h e c a s e o f b e g i n n i n g p u p i l s t a k i n g p r i v a t e l e s s o n s I n p i a n o a n d v i o l i n h a s a lw a y s b e e n d l s c o u r a g l n g l y h i g h . B u t w i t h t h e a d v e n t o f t h e c l a s s p l a n o f I n s t r u c t i o n t h i s p e r c e n t a g e h a s d r o p p e d i 2 8 4 m a r k e d l y , a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o f a l l a s we beco m e m ore ; s k i l l f u l , f i r s t . I n s e l e c t i n g p u p i l s who h a v e som e : c h a n c e o f s u c c e e d i n g ; a n d , s e c o n d , i n o u r m an a g em en t o f g r o u p i n s t r u c t i o n . C h i l d r e n l i k e t o w o rk t o g e t h e r a l m o s t a s w e l l a s t h e y l i k e t o p l a y t o g e t h e r . . . . ( 4 : 1 8 0 ) The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h i n i n t e r e s t h a s , l o n g b e e n o b s e r v e d . S t o e v l n g b e ca m e a w a re o f t h i s f a c t ■ i n 1 9 2 1 w hen h e s e n s e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s , a l l a n i m a t e d b y t h e sam e a im , s e e m e d t o h a v e " p e c u l i a r i n s p i r i n g , s t i m u l a t i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e p l e a s u r a b l e a n d d r i v i n g e f f e c t o n t h e I n d i v i d u a l p u p i l a n d t o som e e x t e n t a l s o o n t h e t e a c h e r . " I t w as f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h a t h e e x p r e s s e d a p r e f e r e n c e f o r a l a r g e r g r o u p i n s t e a d o f a s m a l l o n e ( 2 3 : 2 ) . V a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s a s m o t i v a t i n g f o r c e s i n t h e c l a s s . I n h e r e n t i n t h e c l a s s p l a n w as t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f i n t r o d u c i n g a l l s o r t s o f a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h c o u l d n o t o n l y b e ■ e d u c a t i v e I n n a t u r e , b u t a l s o r e p l e t e w i t h t h e i n g r e d i e n t o f i n t e r e s t . L ong w as o n e o f t h o s e who o b s e r v e d t h a t b e c a u s e c h i l d r e n t i r e d q u i c k l y a n d becam e d i s c o u r a g e d e a s i l y , v a r i e t y I n a p p r o a c h . I n r e p e t i t i o n , a n d I n r e v i e w w e re t h e o r d e r o f t h e d a y . E v e n t h e o r d e r i n w h ic h p i e c e s w e re p l a y e d d u r i n g t h e l e s s o n c o u l d b e v a r i e d fr o m s e s s i o n t o 2 8 5 s e s s i o n . And h e a d v o c a t e d t h e e a r l y I n t r o d u c t i o n o f v i b r a t o , w h ic h h e r e g a r d e d a s p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y o n e o f t h e m o s t p o t e n t I n c e n t i v e - p r o d u c i n g p h a s e s o f t e c h n i q u e w h ic h t h e I n s t r u c t o r h a d t h e a d v a n t a g e o f a d v a n c i n g ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 4 , 3 8 9 ). I j N o t i n g t h a t t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r d i d n o t m a rc h I n i ; p a r a d e s o r p l a y a t b a l l g a m e s , S c h o l l r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e i j s t r i n g t e a c h e r h a s a p r o b le m I n k e e p i n g u p I n t e r e s t . Some I o f t h e d e v i c e s h e u s e d t o c o m b a t t h i s c o m p e t i t i o n I n c l u d e d I a p o i n t s y s t e m o f a w a r d s f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n I n o r c h e s t r a a n d e n s e m b l e , r e g u l a r r e c i t a l s e a c h s i x w e e k s , a n d u n i f o r m d r e s s f o r m em bers o f t h e o r c h e s t r a . Of a l l t h e I n c e n t i v e s , I h e c o n s i d e r e d e n s e m b le p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o b e t h e s t r o n g e s t I a n d m o s t v a l u a b l e ( 3 0 9 : 1 1 ) . I I An I n c e n t i v e a d v o c a t e d b y R u sh f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i I n t r o d u c i n g I n t e r e s t w as t h e t u r n i n g o v e r o f r h y t h m i c a l ; r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o t h e s t u d e n t s , a l l o w i n g th e m t o e s t a b - ^ l l s h te m p o s a n d s t a r t t h e c l a s s . A n o t h e r was d e s c r i b e d a s ! : c l a p p i n g o p p o s i n g r h y th m s w h i l e t h e c l a s s p l a y e d r o u t i n e I r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s ( 3 0 4 : 1 1 ) . ^ I n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f L e l d l g , I n t e r e s t r e s u l t e d fro m i : m a k in g o f m u s ic a c h a l l e n g e , r e q u i r i n g h a r d w o rk f ro m t h e ' p u p i l s . The g o o d r e s u l t s g a i n e d t h e r e b y m a i n t a i n e d t h e ! I n t e r e s t , a n d t h e h a r d w o rk was e n j o y e d b y t h e s t u d e n t s ( 2 0 6 : 4 2 ) . ' I 286 I ' While all of these factors were related to teacher ! responsibility^ there were some which made more specific I reference to the part played by the teacher in maintaining I interest. Rush touched on a seldom publicized point when I he suggested that the teacher be acquainted with a wide I variety of information regarding the history and develop- ! ment of string music and string players. Stories about jCremona, Corelli, or Lully and “The King's 24 Violins“ 'would always be interesting to a class, he observed :( 300:2 8). i Others also placed direct emphasis on the quality of ,the teacher. To the questions, “How. can you get children I - : I t o p r a c t i c e ? “ a n d “What d e v i c e s do y o u u s e t o make a n d k e e p | ! ; I th em i n t e r e s t e d ? “ H annen a n s w e r e d , “The b e s t a n s w e r i s g o o d ' I teaching. Children can't be fooled. 'They recognize fair- jness and understanding. They know what good teaching Is, ! and they like to do hard things“ ( 1 6 7: 3 9)* For Herfurth, the manner of presenting the assign- jment had a great deal to do with interest : ! Successful teaching depends primarily upon the ; interest and enthusiasm you are able to arouse in the I individual. A very important factor in creating and ! maintaining class interest is through proper présenta- : I tion of the assignment. An interesting demonstration, > I and a clear presentation of the assignment, vjhich must I be definitely sensed and understood by each member of ' I the class, will bring forth an earnest desire to ! 2 8 7 accomplish a given task to gain more power. Let every assignment be based on that element of psychology which will inspire the class to acquire more knowledge. (400 2v) A similar view was held by Williams, who regarded the example of good performance by the teacher as being an I l'important factor in promoting interest. “How else, “ he 1 I - inquired, “can we create the desire to play?“ Let enough Iplaying be done for the students and you will get your share of the students in the string classes,“ was his I a s s u r a n c e ( 3 7 2 : 3 ) - A good many of the preceding devices were tied into one bundle in the approach used by one very enthusiastic piano teacher. Returning home one night from a very boring i children's recital Karin Asbrand came to the conclusion that if she ever gave a recital it would be so enjoyable I that everyone would want to come again. She later found t ! jthat a number of teacher attitudes contributed to this ^oal. The principal element, she discovered, was a smart Iteacher who captialized on enthusiasm in the spirit of Ralph Waldo Emerson who in a famous line said, "'Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.'“ Thus Asbrand introduced into her piano classes as much enthusiasm as her I imagination would allow— playing in and conducting rhythm bands, musical games, singing, and dancing. Along with : 288 ! these she encouraged duets, violin and vocal numbers, in short, all the kinds of things which helped to make music I live now for the pupils. She introduced competition with I ,the clock to see how quickly scales and exercises could be learned, and made a game of seeing how accurately a scale I could be played. Her intimate acquaintance with the psy- Ichology of the child was displayed when she related her I habit of substituting other material for certain pieces : or exercises for which the child showed marked antipathy. Her children's recitals featured all of these class activ- :ities, including novelty numbers, dramatic presentations of fairy tales with appropriate musical performances, and all ; climaxed with awards of merit at the end of the program. Asbrand recognized the value of letting the children learn from one another, for she knew them to be great imi tators. She employed records for the same purpose, not neglecting to have the children make recordings of their own performances. She followed the maxim of never criti- icising a youngster for what he did not do, but she always ! encouraged him for what he did do. Her assignments in- , eluded the shorter, simpler pieces which could be done well, with real feeling, keen enjoyment, and a sense of pride in {accomplishment. When the child became discouraged, or did poorly, she became critical of her own methods, her own 289 jattitudes, not of the child. Interest, for the child, was at the core of this good teacher's approach (69:349,390). 1 I X. TRANSITION ÉROM ROTE TO NOTE ' The process involved in the transition from the rote I I to the reading stage has been, until, quite recently, for i [the most part neglected. It is probable that the long I jstanding prejudice against a rote approach has contributed 'to the lack of attention given this matter. To be sure, reading must be taught at some point during the course of training; the teacher must trigger the process. Perhaps the boldest and most forthright method of I moving from rote to note was represented by the very inter- I esting beginning method published in 1931 by Samuel Barba- koff ( 3 9 0). In this method Barbakoff departed from the ; time honored staff notation system and presented for the 'Student's first use a set of boldly printed numbers, which I - : indicated to the student in the simplest possible manner 1 Iwhich fingers the student was to use to play any given I piece, in a given finger pattern. These tunes all conformed I to the criteria mentioned earlier in this paper (Gf. ante pp. 2 5 5-2 5 6). And this was to be completely a rote approach. In presenting music to students in this manner the : 290 rh y th m m u st he g e n e r a t e d b y t h e t e a c h e r , a t f i r s t , t h o u g h wavy l i n e s a b o v e t h e f i n g e r i n g s i n d i c a t e t o t h e s t u d e n t t h a t c e r t a i n f i n g e r s a r e t o b e g i v e n l o n g e r a m o u n ts o f tim e t h a n t h o s e w i t h o u t th e m . W ith t h e s i m p l e r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s s o much i n u s e i n s t r i n g c l a s s e s t h e s e d a y s t h i s I o f f e r s no p r o b le m , s i n c e t h e l o n g e r n o t e s a r e a l m o s t a lw a y s ! two o r f o u r t i m e s a s l o n g a s t h e b a s i c q u a r t e r n o t e v a l u e s i g e n e r a l l y e m p lo y e d ; a n d t h e "by e a r " p r o c e s s a l s o s e r v e s m o st o f t h e s t u d e n t s q u i t e e f f e c t i v e l y s i n c e t h e t u n e s , c o n fo rm t o t h e p r e s c r i b e d c r i t e r i a , n a m e ly f a m i l i a r f o l k ; t u n e s . ' I n a n a r t i c l e d e s c r i b i n g t h i s t e c h n i q u e , B a r b a k o f f p o i n t e d o u t t h e a b o v e t e c h n i q u e s , a n d a d d e d t h a t t h e t e a c h e r c o u l d s i m p l y w r i t e o u t t h e r e q u i r e d f i n g e r i n g s o f a n y s i m p l e p i e c e on a s h e e t o f p a p e r a n d l e t t h e p u p i l s p l a y i t . The s t y l e u s e d f o r a p i e c e s u c h a s "Mary Had a L i t t l e Lamb" i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 6 . jL / ^ / -2- -Z -2. / / / ^ ^ ^ ^ / a / -2 , / / ^ / FIGURE 6 "MARY HAD À LITTLE IAMB" , FINGERED FOR.VIOLIN 2 9 1 F i g u r e 7 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e same p i e c e f i n g e r e d f o r t h e c e l l o : i g / 30/0 333 I / I ! 3 oo 3 /0/3335 \ / / 3 / 0 ~ \ PIGUEE 7 i I "MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB" FINGERED FOR CELLO W ith s u c h a s i m p l e p r o c e d u r e B a r b a k o f f p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e c h i l d c o u l d t e a c h h i s p a r e n t s t o p l a y t h e s e t u n e s . " Im a g - I i n e how p r o u d t h e c h i l d w o u ld b e i " he e x c l a i m e d (7 3 :5 4 -). I As B a r b a k o f f i m p l i e d , i t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t a g r e a t , I many p r i v a t e s t u d i o t e a c h e r s a r e s t r i c k e n w i t h h o r r o r u p o n . . b e in g c o n f r o n t e d w i t h s u c h a g r o s s b r e a k w i t h t r a d i t i o n ; y e t i t r e m a in s t r u e t h a t , among w i d e l y e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s ' who h a v e s o u g h t f o r some m eans o f s p e e d i n g t h e s o v e r y slo w ! ; p r o c e s s i n v o l v e d i n g e t t i n g some o f t h e i r s t u d e n t s t o p l a y I o r r e a d a n y q u i t e s i m p l e l i n e w h ic h d e v i a t e s i n some s l i g h t I . I way fro m a s t e p - w i s e p a t t e r n , t h i s " r e a d i n g b y t h e n u m b e rs " • ■ I I i d e a i s m o st e f f i c i e n t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g . . I t h a s b e e n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t h a t ; j w i t h a l a r g e c l a s s o f r a t h e r s l o w - t o - c o m p r e h e n d s t u d e n t s . 292 a l l may b e t a u g h t t o p l a y i n a s i n g l e l e s s o n p e r i o d , tw o , a n d s o m e tim e s t h r e e , t u n e s i n a n a c c e p t a b l e m a n n e r t h r o u g h t h i s n u m b ers m e th o d , w h e re a s d e p e n d e n c e e n t i r e l y u p o n r e g u l a r m u sic n o t a t i o n h a s made a s a t i s f a c t o r y p e r f o r m a n c e a l l b u t i m p o s s i b l e f o r t h e e n t i r e c l a s s . I U n le s s a s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r w i s h e s t o t a k e tim e I o u t a n d d r i l l a c l a s s on t h e r u d i m e n t s o f m u sic n o t a t i o n f o r many c l a s s s e s s i o n s , r i s k i n g t h e m ost i n e v i t a b l e l o s s o f s t u d e n t i n t e r e s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h o s e c a s e s w h e re t h e s t r i n g c l a s s m e e ts o n l y o n c e a w e ek , some o t h e r t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l n o t a t i o n m eth o d i s e s s e n t i a l . I t h a s b e e n f o u n d , i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , t h a t p l a c i n g t h e s e nu m b ers on a ■ ' b l a c k b o a r d i n b o l d f i g u r e s , t o be p o i n t e d t o b y t h e t e a c h e r : ' a s t h e c l a s s r e p e a t s , s i n g s , t h e n p l a y s th em i s p r o b a b l y ! t h e f a s t e s t p o s s i b l e m e th o d o f e n c o u r a g i n g a c l a s s t o l e a r n I t o p l a y a t u n e . ' Some t e a c h e r s h a v e r e p o r t e d e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s fro m I e n c o u r a g i n g t h e i r p u p i l s t o w r i t e o r i g i n a l t u n e s . Many ; r e s p o n d t o t h i s s u g g e s t i o n b y n o t o n l y l e a r n i n g t h e i r n o t e s , i ; b u t b y p r o d u c i n g s u r p r i s i n g l y g oo d t u n e s . i I To p u r s u e t h e p o i n t f u r t h e r , i t i s a l s o s u r p r i s i n g I b u t t r u e , i n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , t h a t I e v e n t h e p r a c t i c e o f w r i t i n g t h e f i n g e r i n g a b o v e e v e r y | n o t e o f a p r i n t e d p i e c e o f m u sic i s c l e a r l y m ore c o n f u s i n g ; 2 9 3 t o t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t , t h a h i t i s t o w r i t e t h e f i g u r e s a l o n e , away fro m a l l c o n t e x t w i t h p r i n t e d n o t e s . T h i s i s ( • n o t s o m e th i n g w h ic h i s a m a t t e r o f r e c e n t d i s c o v e r y o r o f I e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n , b u t a m a t t e r o f e x p e r i e n c e o v e r many y e a r s I o f u s e , a lw a y s w i t h t h e same r e s u l t . I Thus i t i s t h a t many t e a c h e r s h a v e f o u n d t h a t , w h ere I t h i s m eth o d h a s b e e n u s e d , l a r g e c l a s s e s h a v e l e a r n e d t o p l a y many p i e c e s v e r y r a p i d l y a n d t h e r e b y g a i n i n g s u r p r i s i r g t e c h n i c a l s k i l l , a l l o f w h ic h h a s b e e n m o st e n c o u r a g i n g t o th e m , t o t h e i r p a r e n t s , a n d t o t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , i t m ig h t b e a d d e d . W ith slo w s t u d e n t s t h e t e c h n i q u e i s ' s u c c e s s f u l ; w i t h f a s t o n e s i t i s p h e n o m e n a l. I Much o f t h e f o r e g o i n g t e c h n i q u e was a d v o c a t e d b y !G re e n i n a n a r t i c l e i n The E tu d e w h ic h s h e e n t i t l e d , "E yes I t o S e e , " i n 1 9 4 5 . I n t h i s p a p e r s h e o u t l i n e d some v e r y I i m p o r t a n t p e d a g o g i c a l p o i n t s . F i r s t o f a l l , s h e drew I a t t e n t i o n t o c o n te m p o r a r y f u n c t i o n a l m e th o d s u s e d b y t h e a c a d e m ic t e a c h e r i n t e a c h i n g p u p i l s t o r e a d . A cad em ic r e s e a r c h n o t s o l o n g a g o i n t r o d u c e d t h e w o rk b o o k w h ic h c o n t a i n e d f a s c i n a t i n g p i c t u r e s . U n d e r t h e s e l i t t l e p i c t u r e s w e re p l a c e d l i t t l e s e n t e n c e s w h ic h t o l d t h e s t u d e n t t o m ark a n X on a c h a i r , b i r d , o r t r e e i n t h e p i c t u r e , o r t o c o l o r some o b j e c t r e d , o r b l u e , o r g r e e n . J u s t a s t h e a c a d e m ic t e a c h e r t h u s d e t e r m i n e d " r e a d i n g r e a d i n e s s , " so 2 9 ^ I m u st t h e i ^ o i l i n t e a c h e r do i t , d e c l a r e d G r e e n . She t h e r e f o r e c o n t i n u e d : . • . i t w o u ld seem t h a t o u r r e a d i n e s s c u e , f o r s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s , w o u ld b e a n a f f i r m a t i v e a n s w e r t o t h i s q u e s t i o n : 'C an t h e s t u d e n t h a n d l e t h e i n s t r u m ent c o r r e c t l y , w i t h some f l u e n c y a s r e g a r d s b o w in g , f i n g e r - p l a c i n g , t o n e a n d i n t o n a t i o n ? * I n o t h e r w o r d s , c a n he p l a y c o r r e c t l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y some l i t t l e t u n e s w h ic h h e h a s l e a r n e d b y e a r o r by r o t e , k e e p i n g h i s h a n d s i n a c c e p t a b l e p o s i t i o n on t h e i n s t r u m e n t ; h i s t o n e a n d i n t o n a t i o n b e i n g s u c h t h a t h i s a u d i e n c e d o e s n o t s q u i r m d u r i n g h i s r e n d i t i o n ? I f t h e a n s w e r i s i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e , t h e n i t i s p r o b a b l y q u i t e s a f e f o r t h e t e a c h e r t o b e g i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f n o t e - r e a d i n g . ( 1 5 3 : 2 5 8 ) A y e, t h e t e a c h i n g i s t o b e done f i r s t b y r o t e ! T hen G r e e n l a u n c h e d i n t o a d e s c r i p t i o n o f h e r t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n fro m r o t e t o n o t e ; i t a p p r o x i m a t e d B a r b a k o f f ' s m e th o d , a n d p r e - d a t e d i t b y some s i x y e a r s . She a d v o c a t e d I w r i t i n g t h e f i n g e r s f o r a p i e c e s u c h a s " T w in k le , T w in k le ; L i t t l e S t a r " on t h e b l a c k b o a r d , u s i n g l e t t e r s f o r o p e n : s t r i n g s a n d f i n g e r s f o r t h e o t h e r n o t e s . A l i t t l e wavy ; l i n e was u s e d t o i n d i c a t e a l o n g e r n o t e . T h is was d o n e , ' s h e p o i n t e d o u t , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f GETTING THE CHILD TO I USE HIS EYES AWAY PROM THE INSTRUMENT. I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s t h e c h i l d w a tc h e s h i s bow a n d f i n g e r s , s o , r e a s o n e d G r e e n , ; j t h e t e a c h e r h a s t o p e r s u a d e him t o u s e h i s e y e s e l s e w h e r e . I And when t h e s t u d e n t becom es a b l e t o r e a d many t u n e s f l u ^ ; e n t l y i n t h i s e a s y m a n n e r, w h e re he l o o k s a t sy m b o ls w h ic h I h e a l r e a d y u n d e r s t a n d s , h e i s r e a d y t o b e t a u g h t n o t a t i o n i I 295 I l i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f a s h i o n ( 1 5 3 : 2 5 8 ) . T h ro u g h s u c h p r o c e d u r e s t h e r e was t h u s d e v e l o p e d t h e ! p r a c t i c e o f i n c i d e n t a l i z i n g n o t a t i o n a s t h e c h i l d was p u s h e d I t h r o u g h more a n d m ore m a t e r i a l w h ic h d e v e l o p e d h i s b a s i c j s k i l l s . D u r in g e a c h c l a s s s e s s i o n t h e t e a c h e r f o u n d t h a t i I t h o s e few moments o f r e l a x a t i o n a t t i m e s when a t t e n t i o n s p a n s h a d becom e s t r a i n e d w e re g ood t i m e s t o i n t e r e s t t h e c l a s s i n t h e game o f r e c o g n i z i n g n o t e s on t h e s t a f f p l a c e d , o r p o i n t e d t o , on t h e b l a c k b o a r d . K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r a d o p t e d t h i s a n d many r e l a t e d p r o c e d u r e s , a n d d e s c r i b e d t h e t e c h n i q u e i n t h e i r s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d . Among t h e many v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s m e th o d t h e y i n c l u d e d I t h e i d e a o f h a v i n g t h e c l a s s s i g h t r e a d n o t e s i n r h y th m , J i t , c h a n t i n g t h e n o t e s b e f o r e p l a y i n g . I f a n o t e was t o r e - ! c e i v e one b e a t o r l e s s , i t s l e t t e r name was t o be c h a n t e d ; ; f o r n o t e s o f m ore t h a n one b e a t t h e l e t t e r name was t o be ' c h a n t e d on t h e f i r s t b e a t a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g b e a t s c o u n t e d (D— 2 — D— 2 ,A — A— A— A , D— 2 — 3 “ 4 — , r e s t — 2 — 3 “ 4- e t c . ) . R h y th m ic I r e a d i n g b y c h a n t i n g t h e b o w in g s i n s t e a d o f l e t t e r names was a l s o s u g g e s t e d (dow n- 2 - u p - 2 , d o w n -2 - 3 - 4 ) . O t h e r d e v i c e s i n c l u d e d a game o f d i c t a t i o n w h ere one p u p i l , p l a y - I I i n g w h ere t h e c l a s s c o u l d n o t s e e h im , p l a y e d fro m a n o p e n ; I s t r i n g up t o t h e n e w e s t t o n e l e a r n e d w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e c l a s s l i s t e n e d a n d w r o t e t h e c a p i t a l l e t t e r s t o r e p r e s e n t : 296 ' t h e t o n e s t h e y h a d h e a r d , t h e n t h e n o t e s on t h e s t a f f . The p r o c e s s c o u l d a l s o be r e v e r s e d b y h a v i n g one p u p i l w r i t e tw o t o n e s , a n o t h e r p l a y th e m , a n d a t h i r d p u p i l , o r t h e c l a s s , d e c i d e w h e t h e r w h a t h a d b e e n w r i t t e n h a d b e e n c o r r e c t l y p l a y e d ( 4 0 5 : 1 - 3 ) . N o t a t i o n games w e re a l s o recom m ended b y H e r f u r t h i n I * h i s c l a s s m eth o d m a n u a l. T h is m e th o d , u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o t e a c h t h e l e t t e r - n a m e s o f t h e l i n e s a n d s p a c e s , a m o u n te d t o a c o n t e s t b e tw e e n t h e c h i l d r e n t o s e e how many w o rd s t h e y c o u l d s p e l l b y u s i n g o n l y t h e l e t t e r s o f t h e m u s i c a l a l p h a - i b e t . T h is was u s u a l l y a h o m e-w ork a s s i g n m e n t u s e d d u r i n g ; I : : t h e f i r s t few w e e k s . The w o rd s w ere t o b e w r i t t e n o u t on : t h e s t a f f . Many v a r i a t i o n s o f t h i s game w e re deem ed I I : p o s s i b l e ( 4 0 0 : 1 ) . S u c h p r o c e d u r e s h a v e so m e tim e s b e e n c a l l e d " s p o o n f e e d i n g " p r o p s b y c r i t i c s o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s , b u t t h e r e i s ; l i t t l e room t o d a y f o r s u c h s k e p t i c i s m . More a n d m o re , a s m o dern p r o c e d u r e s h a v e c l a s h e d w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s , I w h e t h e r i n t h e c l a s s o r t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o , t r a d i t i o n h a s I b e e n f o r c e d t o g i v e way t o t h e dem ands o f p r o g r e s s . T h u s, j - : I a s s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s a r e c o n s t a n t l y d e m o n s t r a t i n g , b o t h ; b y t h e i r p r a c t i c e and t h e i r p u b l i s h e d o p i n i o n , t r a d i t i o n a l j p r o c e d u r e s , w h ic h slo w down o r make p r o g r e s s i m p o s s i b l e i w i t h l a r g e g r o u p s o f s t u d e n t s , m u st b e p u t a s i d e . R e a d in g 2 9 7 " b y t h e n u m b e rs " i s one o f t h e s e d e p a r t u r e s w h ic h h a s b e e n d i c t a t e d by n e c e s s i t y . I t m ust t h e r e f o r e b e r e g a r d e d a s a n e s s e n t i a l s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e , a s w e l l a s a n e c e s s a r y p r e r e q u i s i t e t o t h e t r a n s i t i o n fro m r o t e t o n o t e . X I . ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEARNING PACE The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a l e a r n i n g p a c e i n e l e m e n t a r y s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y c o r r e s p o n d s , i n a s e n s e , t o m ak in g i I o u t a s y l l a b u s . Y e t i t e n t a i l s more t h a n t h i s , f o r i n a d d i t i o n t o s e t t i n g up t e c h n i c a l a n d m u s i c a l g o a l s w h ic h t h e c l a s s w i l l b e e x p e c t e d t o a t t a i n , a n d a s s e m b l i n g t h e I n e c e s s a r y m a t e r i a l s f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h i s t a s k , t h e a c t u a l p a c e o f a c h i e v e m e n t m u st b e c o n s c i o u s l y p r o d u c e d , w i t h I ; m in o r d e v i a t i o n s , d u r i n g a p r e s c r i b e d c o u r s e o f t r a i n i n g . j I ; i The F i r s t L e s s o n I No o t h e r p e r i o d i n a c h i l d ' s t r a i n i n g i s m ore i m p o r - i t a n t , o r d e c i s i v e t h a n t h e f i r s t l e s s o n . I t i s a t t h i s ; p o i n t t h a t many a b u d d i n g c a r e e r h a s b e e n m ade, o r b r o k e n . i And i t i s p r e c i s e l y a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t some o f t h e m o st Î d i r e c t c o n f l i c t s o f o p i n i o n h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f s t r i n g p e d a g o g y . T h e r e w e re some t e a c h e r s who, r e c o g - : n i z i n g t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e s e f i r s t moments o f s t u d y , d i r e c t i n g t h a t t h e c h i l d b e t o l d a l l a b o u t t h e v i o l i n , t h e ; 2 9 8 c e l l o , t h e b a s s , a n d t h e v i o l a , d u r i n g t h i s f i r s t l e s s o n . T h e re a r e o t h e r s , who, r e c o g n i z i n g t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e ! m om ent, a d v o c a t e t h i s a s a tim e t o c a p i t a l i z e on h i g h i n t e r e s t a n d t e a c h t h e c h i l d t o p l a y s o m e th i n g e n j o y a b l e a t t h e v e r y f i r s t . I A pp lebaum was one o f t h o s e who a d o p t e d t h i s v e r y j i r e f r e s h i n g a t t i t u d e to w a r d t h e f i r s t l e s s o n . S a i d h e , a t : t h i s j u n c t u r e : The c h i l d e n t e r s t h e s t u d i o f o r h i s f i r s t l e s s o n o n t h e v i o l i n . Many t h o u g h t s crow d i n t o h i s h e a d , b u t c l e a r e s t o f a l l , p e r h a p s i s t h e k n o w le d g e t h a t v e r y s o o n he i s t o p i c k up t h e v i o l i n a n d bow, a n d p l a y . He d o e s n o t know w h at he w i l l p l a y . He w i l l j u s t p l a y . B e c a u s e o f h i s a n x i e t y t o p e r f o r m a t o n c e u p o n t h e v i o l i n , t h e b e g i n n e r p u p i l s h o u l d be t a u g h t , a t h i s v e r y f i r s t l e s s o n , how t o h o l d t h e bow , a n d how t o draw t h e bow on t h e A s t r i n g . I t seem s l i k e a w a s t e o f t im e t o t e a c h t h e nam es o f t h e l i n e s a n d s p a c e s a n d t h e p a r t s o f t h e v i o l i n a t t h i s f i r s t l e s s o n . Much o f t h i s d e t a i l t h e p u p i l w i l l a b s o r b a s he l e a m s t o p l a y . ( 6 8 : 2 4 1 ) A ppleb au m *s v iew o f t h e m a t t e r was d i r e c t l y r e f u t e d t h e a p p r o a c h recom m ended b y W i l l i a m s , who s a i d : Make t h i s a n e x p l o r a t o r y l e s s o n . T a l k a b o u t t h e i n s t r u m e n t . E x p l a i n t h e p u r p o s e a n d u s e o f t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s . A c h i l d i s c u r i o u s a n d n e e d s t o h a n d l e t h i s new s t r a n g e t h i n g . U n t i l t h i s c u r i o s i t y i s s a t i s f i e d i t w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e t o g e t much a t t e n t i o n f o r a n y t e a c h i n g . ( 3 6 8 : 3 ) W il l ia m s was n o t a l o n e i n t h i s v ie w . Long r a t e d t h e f i r s t l e s s o n a t t h e t o p o f t h e l i s t a s a new e n t e r p r i s e i n i w h ic h c u r i o s i t y a b o u t t h e new i n s t r u m e n t was p i q u e d t o t h e ! 299 ! u t m o s t . Y et h e f e l t t h a t t h e o n l y 'w a y t o a r o u s e t h e c h i l d ' s i n t e r e s t i n p l a y i n g i t was t o t e l l him a b o u t i t - - t h e t y p e s I I o f wood u s e d i n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n , n o m e n c l a t u r e , t h e s h a p e , i t s f r a g i l i t y , a n d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e g r e a t i n s t r u m e n ts a n d o r d i n a r y o n e s . S u c h was t h e a p p r o a c h t o t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t r i n g c l a s s a s a p p r o v e d b y Long ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 4 ) . C o o k e, who a l s o r e g a r d e d t h e f i r s t l e s s o n a s a h i g h 1 moment i n t h e you n g m u s i c i a n ' s c a r e e r , p r e f e r r e d t o u t i l i z e ' t h e h o u r i n t e a c h i n g t h e c h i l d t o p l a y , b u t h i s p a c e was h a r d l y r e m a r k a b l e f o r i t s s p e e d . H is g o a l f o r t h e f i r s t l e s s o n was t e a c h i n g t h e c h i l d t o h o l d t h e bow p r o p e r l y — no p l a y i n g , j u s t t h e g r i p . He e x p e c t e d t h a t i t w o u ld I p r o b a b l y b e n e c e s s a r y t o s p e n d t h e e n t i r e f i r s t l e s s o n on I i I I t h i s p o i n t ( 1 2 7 : 3 8 1 ) . I T h e s e v ie w s c o n t r a s t e d s t r o n g l y w i t h t h o s e m o st o t h e r e d u c a t o r s who h a d d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a g ood d e a l m ore c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t h i s f i r s t s e s s i o n i f t h e p r o p e r a p p r o a c h e s w ere u s e d . P a s h k u s r e g a r d e d t h e s e v e r y f i r s t l e s s o n s , i n w h ic h t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f p l a y i n g was t o b e l a i d , t o b e o f p r i m a r y , o f t e n v e r y d e c i s i v e i m p o r t a n c e , a n d i f t h e p r o p e r a p p r o a c h w ere t o b e m is s e d a t t h i s p o i n t , many c a r e e r s w o u ld b e h a l t e d f o r l a c k o f i n t e r e s t a l m o s t b e f o r e t h e y h a d b e g u n ( 2 6 4 : 1 6 ) . 300 J o n e s , D a so h , a n d K rone a d o p t e d t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t th e a v e r a g e c h i l d was a n x i o u s t o p l a y s o m e th i n g a s so o n a s p o s s i b l e , b u t he was n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e m e c h a n ic s o r t h e t e c h n i q u e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . He was i n t e r e s t e d i n p l a y i n g i t , n o t w o r k in g i t . S o , t h e s e g e n tl e m e n a d v i s e d t h a t t h e w is e t e a c h e r w o u ld s e e t h a t t h e s t u d e n t was g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p l a y s o m e th in g d u r i n g t h e f i r s t l e s s o n . The t e c h n i q u e s c o u l d be a c q u i r e d a s he p l a y e d . They w a rn e d ! t h a t t h e f i r s t v i t a l i n t e r e s t o f t h e c h i l d c o u l d be e a s i l y d i s s i p a t e d i f a b a r r i e r o f m e c h a n ic s w ere c o n t i n u a l l y I p l a c e d b e tw e e n him a n d t h e m u sic he w a n te d t o p l a y d u r i n g | I t h e f i r s t few l e s s o n s . B u t i f he w e re t o be a b l e t o p l a y I - ■ I I s o m e th i n g t h a t s o u n d e d l i k e a s o l o w i t h p i a n o a c c o m p a n im e n t, I ' I I t h e i n t e r e s t t h u s e n g e n d e r e d w o u ld c o n t i n u e t o be t h e t e a c h e r ' s g r e a t e s t a l l y i n g e t t i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o a c q u i r e ! ■the t e c h n i q u e t h a t w o u ld r e a l l y make p r o g r e s s p o s s i b l e . T h i s was t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e s e e m in e n t m u sic e d u c a t o r s . I ( 4 0 4 : 6 2 ) . ! ! T h e se v ie w s c o n t r a s t e d s t r o n g l y w i t h t h o s e o f Y oung, I . : (whose p o l i c y i t was t o t e a c h t h e s t u d e n t s t o h o l d t h e t ' j v i o l i n a n d t h e bow i n a c o m f r o t a b l e a n d r e l a x e d p o s i t i o n | I f o r th e f i r s t two w e e k s , b e f o r e e v e r p r o d u c i n g a t o n e ! ' j 1( 5 9 : 2 3 9 )• S u c h r e s t r a i n e d e f f o r t s r e c a l l t h e s t o r y o f t h e t w e lv e v i o l a p l a y e r s who t u r n e d i n t h e i r i n s t r u m e n t s a f t e r 301 t h e i r f i r s t l e s s o n b e c a u s e t h e y , t o o , w e re i n t r o d u c e d t o a slo w p a c e ( G f . a n t e p . 2 5 8 ) . T h a t s u c h c a u t i o u s t e c h n i q u e s w e re t o b e d i s c a r d e d was a l s o t h e view o f K in s c e 1 1 a a n d T i e r n e y , who p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e “o l d s t y l e " m u s ic t e a c h e r was p r o n e t o s t r e s s tech* n i q u e m ore t h a n m u s i c , b u t t h a t t h e “new s t y l e " i n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r s e n t t h e c h i l d home fro m h i s f i r s t l e s s o n a b l e t o p l a y a p i e c e , e x q u i s i t e l y s i m p l e th o u g h i t m ig h t b e . And i t was t h i s f i r s t j o y f u l a c c o m p lis h m e n t w h ic h c r e a t e d i n him t h e d e s i r e t o know more a b o u t m u s ic (T%i Day t o Day G ro w th One s u s p e c t s t h a t m o st p r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s s e t t h e i r r a t e o f p r o g r e s s r a t h e r c l o s e l y i n a c c o r d w i t h e a c h i n d i v i d u a l ' s r e s p o n s e t o t h e i r p r o g r a m . S u c h s k i l l s a s p o s i t i o n w o rk , s h i f t i n g , a n d t h e v a r i o u s b o w in g t y p e s a r e i n t r o d u c e d when t h e s t u d e n t ' s p r o g r e s s p e r m i t s . G e n e r a l l y , t h e p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t o r t e n d s t o demand a c l o s e a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f p e r f e c t i o n i n a n y o n e p h a s e o f t r a i n i n g b e f o r e i n t r o d u c i n g a n o t h e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y w hen one i s c o n s i d e r e d a b a s i c f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e o t h e r . C l a s s t e a c h i n g , t o o , f o l l o w s t h i s s t e p b y s t e p p r o c e d u r e , b u t v e r y o f t e n s u c h p e r f e c t i o n a s t h e p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t o r dem ands i s n e i t h e r w is e n o r n e c e s s a r y , f o r one ! 302 o f t h e s u r p r i s e b y - p r o d u c t s o f u n i n t e r r u p t e d s e q u e n c e s o f a s s i g n m e n t s h a s b e e n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t u n p e r f e c t e d I Ip ro b lem s a r e g e n e r a l l y s o l v e d i n t h e p u r s u i t o f f r e s h e r , 'more c h a l l e n g i n g m a t e r i a l . A t t e n t i o n s p a n s , t o o , h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o r e s p o n d f a v o r a b l y t o s u c h more s t i m u l a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s . I T h is t e n d e n c y o f c l a s s e s t o t h r i v e on s t e a d y d a y t o {day p r o g r e s s r e s u l t s fro m t h e s o r t o f t e a c h e r a t t i t u d e t h a t i n s i s t s t h a t e v e r y l e s s o n i n c l u d e some k i n d o f new , m ore c h a l l e n g i n g m u s i c . I t comes a l s o a s a r e s u l t o f h a v i n g ja t h a n d am p le m a t e r i a l s , i n c a r e f u l l y g r a d e d o r d e r , s o t h a t j ; I ( t e c h n i q u e s w h ic h h a v e f a i l e d t o " t a k e " one w eek may be a p p r o a c h e d fro m some o t h e r a n g l e w i t h d i f f e r e n t , o r v a r i e d i i m a t e r i a l t h e n e x t . I t r e s u l t s , f i n a l l y , fro m h a v i n g t h e l a b i l i t y t o i m p r o v i s e a n d t a i l o r o n e 's m e th o d o lo g y t o e x p e d i t e a p r e - c o n c e i v e d tem po o f p r o g r e s s , b e i n g r e s o u r c e f u l e n o u g h , a t t h e same t i m e , t o s e e t h a t e v e r y member o f t h e c l a s s i s m a i n t a i n i n g a s i m i l a r l e a r n i n g r a t e . S u c h c o n - i s t r u c t i v e a v o i d a n c e o f o b s t i n a t e r e c o u r s e t o t h e u n m i t i g a t e d i ■ ; u s e o f r e v i e w a s s i g n m e n t s , t h i s k e e n d e s i r e t o k e e p e v e r y s t e p o f one *s a p p r o a c h a l i v e w i t h m u s i c a l i n s p i r a t i o n c e r - j t a i n l y i s one o f t h e e s s e n t i a l s i n t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f { e n t h u s i a s t i c c l a s s m o r a l e . S u c h v ie w s a r e c l o s e t o t h o s e o f Normann who 3 0 3 s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d o f m ak in g e f f e c t i v e u s e o f e v e r y m in u te o f a c l a s s , o f s e t t i n g d e f i n i t e g o a l s s o t h a t a c h a l l e n g e was s e t b e f o r e t h e c h i l d r e n t o b e a c h i e v e d . And h e c a u t i o n e d a g a i n s t b e i n g t o o f i n i c k y , f o r t h e r e w e re many p r o b le m s w h ic h c o u l d n o t b e m a s t e r e d , he w a r n e d , i n a s i n g l e l e s s o n . He v ie w e d t h e d e t a i l e d d r i l l s o p r e v a l e n t i n t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o a s b e i n g o u t o f p l a c e i n t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n , t h e l a t t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g a s i t u a t i o n w h ere b r o a d m u s i c i a n s h i p , a k e e n e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f m u s i c , a n d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n s e m b le s k i l l was t h e c h i e f o b j e c t i v e ( 1 7 :1 5 2 ) . R o b e r t Brown s t r e s s e d some o f t h e s e p r o g r e s s i v e ’ t h e o r i e s , t o o , when h e a d v o c a t e d m akin g e a c h s t e p o f t h e I c h i l d ’s l e a r n i n g a g r o w in g p r o c e s s , p a c e d fro m one s u c c è s - I ! ! s i v e s t e p t o a n o t h e r . P ro b le m s an d i s s u e s w ere t o b e made o f n o t h i n g . I f a new p i e c e o r e x e r c i s e d i d n ’t " g o " , h i s I a d v i c e was t h a t t h e t e a c h e r " t r y a new t a c k . " I f i t was I : w o r t h - w h i l e , i t was t o b e t r i e d a g a i n when t h e s t u d e n t was I b e t t e r e q u i p p e d t o h a n d l e i t . B u t a b o v e a l l , t h e s t u d e n t I was n e v e r t o be h e l d a t a s t a n d s t i l l ( 1 0 9 : 3 2 ) . j T h e se p r e c e p t s w e re a l s o h e l d b y B o r n o f f , who ! a d v o c a t e d p a c i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a t a r a p i d r a t e t h r o u g h : c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s ' u n d e r l y i n g a c h i l d ’s b e h a v i o r . W ith t h e s y s t e m he a d - v o c a t e d , h e c l a i m e d t h a t i n s i x m on th s a c l a s s c o u l d c o v e r w h a t was n o r m a l l y t a u g h t o v e r a t h r e e y e a r p e r i o d ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) . And i n t h i s n e e d f o r c o n s t a n t p r o g r e s s . W a l l e r a l s o c o n c u r r e d , n o t i n g t h a t y o u n g s t r i n g s t u d e n t s m u st c o n s t a n t l y e x p e r i e n c e a s e n s e o f m o v in g f o r w a r d I f t h e y w ere t o e n j o y t h e i r I n s t r u m e n t s a n d w a n t t o p r a c t i c e . A t t h e sam e t i m e , he c a u t i o n e d t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n e v e r b e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a p r o b le m w h ic h l a c k o f p r e p a r a t i o n h a d r e n d e r e d a n i m p o s s i b l e h u r d l e (3 4 -9 :3 2 ). T h o se who c h o s e t o t r e a d a m ore c o n s e r v a t i v e p a t h , m o v in g v e r y s l o w l y a t f i r s t , s p e n d i n g many w eeks c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n h o l d i n g t h e v i o l i n a n d b o w in g o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , a s a d v o c a t e d b y M ig n in ( 2 3 6 : 7 ) , a n d many o t h e r s , d i d s o o u t o f a n e f f o r t n o t o n l y t o a c h i e v e c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n s , b u t t o s e e t h a t t o n e s w ere a lw a y s s m o o th , i n t o n a t i o n a c c u r a t e , a n d t h a t no b a d h a b i t s c r e p t in # The p h i l o s o p h y w h ic h f a v o r e d m ore r a p i d p r o g r e s s f o u n d t h r e e f a l l a c i e s i n t h i s r e s e r v e d a p p r o a c h : ( 1 ) s i n c e t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s w e re n o t p u t t o u s e i n a m u s i c a l s i t u a t i o n p r o m p t l y , s u c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n on p o s i t i o n s a n d o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g c o n s t i t u t e d r o u t i n e , w h ic h was w i d e l y r e c o g n i z e d a s l e a d i n g t o d i s i n t e r e s t ; ( 2 ) m ore r a p i d a p p r o a c h e s l e d t o t h e q u i c k e r a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e s e d e s i r e d c o n t r o l s b e c a u s e o f t h e i n c e n t i v e o f m u s i c a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t ; a n d ( 3 ) , t h e slo w ! 305 p r a c t i c e , w i t h a l l i t s c a r e f u l a p p r o a c h , d i d n o t g i v e t h e t e a c h e r r e f u g e " fro m t h e d i n , e v e n w i t h t h e b e s t c l a s s e s , ) ; o f s c r a p i n g s t r i n g s a n d d i s c o r d a n t i n t o n a t i o n , " a s a d m i t t e d I 'b y S t o e v i n g , a n e x p o n e n t o f t h e slo w p a c e ( 2 3 : 2 7 ) , The P a u s e f o r G ro w th on a P l a t e a u A f u r t h e r r e l a t e d s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s o f m a i n t a i n i n g t ' a p r o g r e s s i v e l e a r n i n g p a c e was t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n a t w e l l I t i m e d i n t e r v a l s o f k e y r e p e r t o i r e w h ic h r e p r e s e n t e d t h e c u l m i n a t i n g p o i n t i n a p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e o f s t u d y , s u c h as t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f w o rk i n c e r t a i n t y p e s o f b o w i n g s , o r t h e e n d o f t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n p e r i o d , o r o t h e r s u c h la n d m a r k s I o f p r o g r e s s . T h e s e k e y p o i n t s m ig h t b e , a s s u g g e s t e d i n i t h e s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e "Use o f G ra d e d S o l o M a t e r i a l , " ! a p a r t i c u l a r l y o u t s t a n d i n g s o l o t u n e , o r a n e q u a l l y s p e c i a l : e n s e m b le n u m b er w h ic h c a t c h e s t h e i m a g i n a t i o n o f e v e r y p a r t i c i p a n t , o r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f some p r o d u c t i o n i n I com pany w i t h some o t h e r k i n d o f m u sic c l a s s - v o c a l , k e y - ' b o a r d , o r w in d , a s i n t h e c a s e o f L a s l e y ' s p r o j e c t s i n I D a l l a s ( 2 0 4 ) . I I T h is p r i n c i p l e was d e f i n e d by J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d j ; K rone a s t h e p a u s e f o r g r o w th on a p l a t e a u , w h ic h t h e y j p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s e te r m s : 306 The new pedagogy recognizes the fact that a musi cian in order to be broadly trained must have an opportunity to grow on 'plateaus’, as it were, rather i than to be continually climbing a mountain side. This pause for growth on a plateau means that the student ! will have an opportunity to play more music within his I technical grasp at each level of his achievement. He will have a chance to sink his roots into the soil of appreciation of beautiful tone, of carefully developed phrases, of clean attack and release, of rhythmic flow, of harmonic richness, and of the theoretical facts pertinent to the music he is playing .... (4o4;l4) I In order to implement this principle the teacher I ! should have at hand a selection of highly interesting and rewarding material upon which the child might concentrate. Such landmark occasions should be the points at which the i jteacher can insist on the greatest concentration on and {perfection of detail, where because of unusually high I interest content, he can maintain longer concentration spans and thus raise the standard of performance of the individual or the class mightily, preparing for the com mencement of ever more demanding and engaging experiences iin music. i Integrated Versus Isolated Introduction of Techniques I . . . i While many of the most basic philosophies of string jclass pedagogy met a common point of agreement among expe- ! Irienced teachers in the field, there still remained some j 'methods of approach upon which there were opposing points of view. One of these differences centered around the 3 0 7 i n t e g r a t e d , o r w h o l i s t i c a p p r o a c h t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e c h n i q u e s , v e r s u s t h e p i e c e - m e a l , i s o l a t i o n - o f - e a c h - s k i l l t y p e o f a p p r o a c h . W a l l e r was one o f t h o s e who f a v o r e d t h e p i e c e - m e a l I j i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e c h n i q u e s . H is p l a n was t o d e v e l o p c o n t r o l 'O f t h e bow i n t h e m i d d l e , a t t h e t i p , a t t h e f r o g , a n d f i n a l l y t h e w h o le bow on l o n g t o n e s , p r i o r t o t h e u s e o f I t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e l e f t h a n d . He d e f e n d e d h i s a p p r o a c h i n t h e e n s u i n g s t a t e m e n t : The b a s i c p h i l o s o p h y b e h i n d t h i s a p p r o a c h i s t o make t h e s t u d y o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s a s s i m p l e 'a n d e a s y a s p o s s i b l e . By p i e c e - m e a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e - t e c h n i c s n e c e s s a r y f o r t o n e p r o d u c t i o n , t h e s t u d e n t n o t o n l y u n d e r s t a n d s them b e t t e r a n d i s a b l e t o e x e c u t e th em s o o n e r , b u t he i s a l s o s p a r e d t h e c o n - i f u s i o n a n d f r u s t r a t i o n t h a t s o f r e q u e n t l y go w i t h j a t t a c k i n g a l l p ro b le m s a t o n c e . ( 3 4 3 : 4 3 ; P o t t e r a g r e e d e s s e n t i a l l y w i t h t h i s v i e w p o i n t , t o o , I ' a s h i s w o rd s i n d i c a t e : ■ I n t h e f i r s t p l a y i n g , w i t h t h e s t r i n g c l a s s o r i n 1 p r i v a t e t e a c h i n g , t h e l e f t h a n d a n d bow s h o u l d n o t be I u s e d t o g e t h e r u n t i l e a c h h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d s e p a r a t e l y i t o a p o i n t w h ere t h e s t u d e n t w i l l be a b l e t o com bine t h e two w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e o f c o n t r o l . M o r e o v e r , : t o f u r t h e r s i m p l i f y t h e p r o b l e m , t h e f i r s t p l a y i n g w i t h I t h e l e f t h a n d a n d bow s h o u l d be b y r o t e . ( 2 6 8 : 1 5 ; I An a p p a r e n t l y o p p o s i t e view was h e l d b y B o r n o f f who I I a d v o c a t e d a t o t a l , i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h t o t h e s t u d y o f t h e I v i o l i n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e " u l t i m a t e g o a l o f g a i n i n g c o n t r o l : a n d m a s t e r y o f t h e v i o l i n . " H is p h i l o s o p h y i n t h i s r e g a r d , i was w e l l summed u p when h e s a i d : . . . S t u d y o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s h o u l d p r o c e e d fro m t h e g e n e r a l t o t h e s p e c i f i c , a n d t h e s t u d e n t s h o u l d b e made I a w a re o f t h e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f t h e w h o le i n s t r u m e n t b e f o r e h e b e g i n s t o b u i l d t e c h n i c a l p r o f i c i e n c y . He s h o u l d n o t c o n c e n t r a t e o n t a n g i b l e r e s u l t s fr o m a p e r f e c t i o n i s t v i e w p o i n t , b u t s h o u l d f o c u s h i s a t t e n t i o n o n a p i c t u r e o f t h e w h o le p r o b le m a n d a l l i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s . T e c h n i c a l m a s t e r y a n d e x a c t k n o w le d g e w i l l i n c r e a s e a u t o m a t i c a l l y , b e c a u s e t e c h n i c a l e q u i p - ' m e n t g r a d u a l l y e v o l v e s o u t o f t h e w h o le p r o c e s s . ( 1 0 3 : 5 ) Maddy a n d b i d d i n g s w e re m ak in g s t a t e m e n t s o f a s i m i l a r n a t u r e t o B o r n o f f * s : n e a r l y t h r e e d e c a d e s e a r l i e r , a s t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t b e a r s o u t : Many t e a c h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t , i n t r a i n i n g t h e m in d , a c c u r a c y i n s t e a d o f s p e e d s h o u l d b e t h e f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h is i s w ro n g . The p u p i l s h o u l d b e t r a i n e d i n s p e e d f i r s t . A c c u r a c y f i r s t i s p e c u l i a r l y f a t a l t o g o o d w o rk i n m u s i c . I n m u s i c , t im e i s o f f i r s t I m p o r t a n c e , a n d a t e a c h e r who a l l o w s a c h i l d t o h e s i t a t e o v e r a n o t e i s n o t o n l y s p o i l i n g t h e m u s ic b u t i s a l l o w i n g t h e p u p i l t o grow u p w i t h h a l t i n g , t i m i d m e n t a l h a b i t s . T he p u p i l s h o u l d grow u p w i t h t h e sam e f e a r l e s s n e s s t o w a r d m i s t a k e s i n m u sic t h a t h e h a s a b o u t t h r o w i n g a b a l l a n d m i s s i n g t h e m a rk . He s h o u l d f e e l t h a t i t i s h i s p r i v i l e g e t o make a l l t h e m i s t a k e s n e c e s s a r y t o g e t t h e m u sic r i g h t i n t h e e n d . . . . ( 9 : 4 ) A l l o f t h i s a d d s u p t o tw o o p p o s i n g p h i l o s o p h i e s o f e d u c a t i o n , one b e l i e v i n g t h a t a p u p i l s h o u l d l e a m one t h i n g a t a t i m e , t h e o t h e r h o l d i n g t h a t a w h o l i s t i c v iew s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d b e f o r e s y n t h e s i s o f t h e e l e m e n t s t a k e s p l a c e . S k o m i k a a n d M oehlman a d o p t e d t h e f o r m e r a p p r o a c h s t a t i n g d o g m a t i c a l l y t h a t “The a p p r o a c h t o t o n e p r o d u c t i o n j 309 I I s b a s e d on t h e p e d a g o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e t h a t t h e p u p i l s h o u l d l e a r n one t h i n g a t a t i m e " ( 4 1 3 : 3 ) . T h is p e n c h a n t f o r I ' I m ak in g d o g m a tic s t a t e m e n t s w h ic h c o u l d e a s i l y b e i 'e f u t e d I * b y a n o p p o s i n g v ie w , was a f a i l i n g i n d u l g e d i n b y a g r e a t many s t r i n g t h e o r i s t s . B ro o k s a n d Brown e n d o r s e d s u c h an o p p o s i t e p h i l o s o p h y i n d e s c r i b i n g t h r e e d i s t i n c t s t e p s i n w h a t t h e y b e l i e v e d t o be s o u n d p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e p s y c h o l o g y ,o f l e a r n i n g . T h ese w e r e : a ) a t t a i n m e n t o f a g e n e r a l p i c t u r e o f t h e w h o le s i t u a t i o n ; b ) d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y o f t h e p a r t s , w h ic h , how e v e r , f i r s t h a v e b e e n s e e n a s p a r t s o f t h e o r g a n i c ; w h o le a n d w h ic h g e t t h e i r m e a n in g fro m t h e w h o l e ; a n d ' c ) s y n t h e t i c r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n t s i n a more c o m p le te u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e w h o le s i t u a t i o n a s a w h o le . ( 2 : 1 2 3 ) j ' I T h u s , some p e d a g o g u e s a ssu m e d t h a t a c h i l d c o u l d r e a d i l y g r a s p t e c h n i q u e s w h ic h r e q u i r e d some d e g r e e o f I c o o r d i n a t i o n , a n d some a ssu m e d i t c o u l d n o t be d one w i t h o u t , I s t e p - b y - s t e p p r e p a r a t i o n . T hose o f t h e w h o l i s t i c view t e n d e d t o f a v o r t h e s t u d y o f many f i n g e r p a t t e r n s w h ic h j r e s u l t e d i n a p l a y i n g k n o w le d g e a t a n e a r l y s t a g e o f b o t h I s h a r p an d f l a t k e y s ; t h e i s o l a t e d t e c h n i q u e view r e s t r i c t e d , s t u d y t o t h e s h a r p k e y s . Many o f t h e s e v iew s w ere d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e s e c t i o n on " F i n g e r P a t t e r n s . " The w h o l - | i s t i c p o i n t o f v iew a l s o t e n d e d t o f a v o r e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n i o f v a r i o u s b o w in g s t y l e s , i n s t u d y m a t e r i a l s a s w e l l a s I 310 f i p i e c e s , a n d t o i n t r o d u c e s u c h t e c h n i q u e s a s s h i f t i n g a n d v i b r a t o a t q u i t e e a r l y s t a g e s ; t h e i s o l a t i o n i s t s y s t e m , i i o f c o u r s e , d e l a y e d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s u c h s k i l l s i n d e f i n i t e l y . W h o l i s t i c v i e w p o i n t s w e re e x p r e s s e d b y J o n e s , I 1 D a s c h , and K ro n e , who a d v o c a t e d e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n o f I . ; p o s i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r c e l l o a n d b a s s , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e y h a d n e e d o f t h e s e p o s i t i o n s v e r y s o o n , a n d t h a t s u c h e a r l y a n d s i m p le i n t r o d u c t i o n s h e l p e d t o p r e v e n t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f m e n t a l h a z a r d s c o n c e r n e d w i t h th em when t h e s t u d e n t was k e p t i n f i r s t p o s i t i o n o v e r l y l o n g ( 4 0 4 : 9 4 ) ; t h e y w e re a l s o e n d o r s e d b y Conway, who recom m ended n o t o n ly j i n t r o d u c i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s a s e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , b u t a l s o t h e v i b r a t o ( 1 2 5 : 4 9 ) . And Maddy, t o o , b e l i e v e d i n t e a c h i n g ' t h e p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e f i r s t few m onths ( 2 2 5 : 3 4 ) , a s d i d ; a l s o P u c k e t t ( 2 7 2 : 1 1 ) , who r e m a r k e d t h a t i t was n o t w is e f t o c o n f i n e t h e b e g i n n e r t o f i r s t p o s i t i o n f o r t o o l o n g ; a n d ■ t h a t b o t h f l a t a n d s h a r p k e y s c o u l d be I n t r o d u c e d ( f o r ! c e l l o ) a s so o n a s t h e e x t e n s i o n h a d b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h I c o n s i d e r a b l e e a s e . And P o t t e r , i n e n d o r s i n g s u c h w h o l i s t i c i t e n d e n c i e s re m in d e d t h e t e a c h e r t h a t f i r s t p o s i t i o n n e e d n o t be m a s t e r e d b e f o r e g o i n g on t o t h e u p p e r p o s i t i o n s , b e -; c a u s e t h e s e w ere o f t e n f o u n d t o be e a s i e r p l a y i n g p o s i t i o n s I t h a n f i r s t . As f o r i n t o n a t i o n p r o b l e m s , h e d e c l a r e d , "Good I i : i n t o n a t i o n on a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t i s a g r a d u a l a t t a i n - I 311 . m e n t , a s a n y s t r i n g p l a y e r i s g l a d t o t e s t i f y . " He f a v o r e d a p p r o a c h i n g s u c h new t e c h n i q u e s t h r o u g h t h e e x p l o r a t o r y I m e th o d , a d e f i n i t e l y w h o l l s t l c v i e w p o i n t ( 2 2 3 : 3 5 ^ )* I * E x p o n e n ts o f t h e I s o l a t i o n i s t v i e w p o i n t I n c l u d e d i Lyons ( 2 2 4 ) , who s u g g e s t e d s t u d y i n g a s t r i n g a t a tim e a s ' b e i n g t h e m o st n a t u r a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y s o u n d a p p r o a c h , I ■and R eIsm an ( 2 7 5 : 5 1 3 ) , who c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e v a r i o u s : e l e m e n t s o f t e c h n i q u e w ere t o be I t e m i z e d a n d t a u g h t s e p a r a t e l y ; when t h e s e w ere m a s t e r e d , t h e y w e re t o be a p p l i e d I n c o m b i n a t i o n . W h ile t h e s e v a r i o u s v i e w p o i n t s f a i l e d t o p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e f o r m ak in g a n y c o n c l u s i v e ju d g m e n t a s I t o t h e more t e n a b l e p o s i t i o n o f e i t h e r p h i l o s o p h y . I t w o u ld ; a p p e a r t h a t a s y s te m w h ic h c o u l d c o n v e n i e n t l y l e a d a s t u - I d e n t t o c o o r d i n a t e h i s m u s c le s a s t h e y a r e t o be u s e d p e r m a n e n t l y a t t h e o u t s e t w o u ld h a v e many p o i n t s i n i t s : f a v o r . As s u c h I t w o u ld b e h e l p f u l . I f n o t e s s e n t i a l . I n ; s t r i n g c l a s s m e t h o d o lo g y . X I I . ALTERNATE BEGINNING PROCEDURES I . . . . . .... ... ,........... ! A g r e a t many p e d a g o g u e s f a v o r e d a p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h I , I ' I n w h ic h t h e l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e was d e v e l o p e d b e f o r e I n - ' i I t r o d u c l n g t h e b o w . T h is p r a c t i c e was c o n t r a r y t o t h e g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d v iew t h a t t h e bow , b e i n g t h e h e a r t I 312 i I o f t h e s t r i n g p l a y e r * s t e c h n i q u e , a n d i n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f m o s t , t h e m ore d i f f i c u l t t o p e r f e c t , s h o u l d be i n t r o d u c e d f i r s t * H ow ever, a d v o c a t e s o f t h e p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h h a d many p o i n t s I n t h e i r f a v o r . T h e i r p r i n c i p l e a rg u m e n t was t h a t Im m e d ia te d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e l e f t h a n d p e r m i t t e d t h e c h i l d t o s t a r t p l a y i n g t u n e s a t o n c e , t h e r e b y I n c r e a s i n g ' I n t e r e s t . O t h e r s s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d t o I s o l a t e t h e p ro b le m s I I n v o lv e d I n r i g h t a n d l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e , a n d t h a t t h e r e f o r e , t h e l e f t h a n d n e e d e d t h e e a r l i e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h is p o s i t i o n more d i f f i c u l t t o d e f e n d , f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t b o w in g was m ore o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d t h e p r o d u c e r o f t h e n o rm a l t y p e o f s t r i n g s o u n d . : T h e r e w ere v a r y i n g a p p r o a c h e s I n t h e p i z z i c a t o t e c h n i q u e , t o o . The m o st c o n s e r v a t i v e g r o u p f a v o r e d b e - I ^ ' I g ln n in g w i t h p i z z i c a t o , o n o p e n s t r i n g s , w h ic h . I n t h e l i g h t o f p r o g r e s s i v e t r e n d s I n s t r i n g e d u c a t i o n , a c c o m p l i s h e d a l - j m o st n o t h i n g . T h is v i e w p o i n t was recom m ended b y M lg n ln ’( 2 3 7 : 3 8 ) , a n d b y H e r f u r t h ( 4 0 0 : l x ) . T hose who a d v o c a t e d :b e g i n n i n g w i t h p i z z i c a t o t o d e v e l o p t h e f i n g e r s a n d p l a y I I t u n e s , a n e s s e n t i a l l y m u s i c a l v i e w p o i n t . I n c l u d e d B a r b a k o f f I( 7 3 : 5 ^ ) , a n d M o ln a r ( 2 4 0 : 2 0 ) . La M a r ia n a ( 2 0 3 : 4 4 ) , a n d i S k o r n lk a a n d Moehlman ( 4 1 3 : 3 ) f a v o r e d t h i s a p p r o a c h t o ;r e d u c e t h e p ro b le m s o f b o w in g . I The m o st c o m p r e h e n s iv e a n d u s e f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f ' 313 t h i s i d e a was p r e s e n t e d b y M a t t e m , who b e l i e v e d t h a t w h i l e t h e s t u d e n t was l e a r n i n g t o d e v e l o p t h e bow on t h e o p e n s t r i n g s , he o u g h t a l s o t o b e l e a r n i n g t o u s e t h e l e f t h a n d b y p l a y i n g p i z z i c a t o ( 2 3 1 : 4 6 ) . T h is s y s te m h a d t h e o b v io u s a d v a n t a g e o f p r o v i d i n g t h e s t u d e n t a v a r i e t y o f ! p r a c t i c e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . When he becam e t i r e d o f w o r k in g Ian o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g he c o u l d am use h i m s e l f b y t u r n i n g t o i I t h e p l a y i n g o f t u n e s , u s i n g t h e l e f t h a n d f i n g e r i n g , s o u n d e d t h r o u g h p i z z i c a t o t e c h n i q u e . Thus b o t h e s s e n t i a l f u n c t i o n s c o u l d t h e r e b y be d e v e l o p e d a t t h e I n c i p i e n t s t a g e w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e o f I s o l a t i o n fro m c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r s , iW hile t h e m o st p r o g r e s s i v e l e a d e r s a d v o c a t e d a m u s i c a l j a p p r o a c h fro m t h e s t a r t , e v e r y s t r i n g c l a s s m eth o d I n c l u d e d I I n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y o f t h i s p a p e r b e g a n w i t h a n o p e n s t r i n g i I a p p r o a c h a s f a r a s t h e bow was c o n c e r n e d . Any r e s e m b l a n c e ! t o a t u n e I n t h e s e m eth o d s was p r o v i d e d b y o t h e r I n s t r u - . ■ m ental a c c o m p a n im e n t w h ic h u t i l i z e d t h e o p e n s t r i n g s o u n d s . : H ence t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f a s y s te m t h a t d e v e l o p e d b o t h l e f t ja n d r i g h t h a n d s c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h o u t , h o w e v e r , r e q u i r i n g t h e i r s i m u l t a n e o u s u s e , w o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d t h e s u p e r i o r m e th o d , a t l e a s t I n t h e o r y . The f a c t t h a t many t e a c h e r s , f o r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s , h a v e n o t e n j o y e d t h e u s e o f t h e j p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h b e i n g a b l e t o p r o d u c e e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s o t h e r w i s e , w o u ld n o t a l t e r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t h e o r y o f s u c h , 314 an approach Is excellent. The concurrent development of : both hands by these techniques was also recommended by I P o t t e r ( 2 6 7 : 2 , 2 6 8 : 4 8 ) . ! Beginning In Positions Other Than the First Position Some very sound pedagogical Ideas were expressed by I the small group who favored beginning In a position other than the first. Most of these, of course, advocated using the third position. The difficulties Involved In achieving correct left ,hand posture were roost frequently cited as reasons for ichoosing this unorthodox starting procedure. This view I was expressed by Cavallaro, who said: I The beginning student finds It very difficult to stay ' In position because of the total lack of support to his left arm. The first position seems unnatural to him; he feels Insecure, fears he may drop his fiddle, and shows a tendency to grasp the Instrument with his left hand. (115:53) Stronger Justification of this method was provided by Koutzen, who declared: ' It Is absolutely necessary to make the student I conscious, the very start, of the space relations of notes (intervals) measured by whole tones and seml- I tones. This physical sense of distance between notes I should serve as a basis for accurate placement of the fingers, which precedes hearing. This Is an acquired skill and can be developed In the earliest stages, provided that the reliance on a musical ear, for the purpose of developing an accurate Intonation, Is limited to use as a corrective function. Two condi tions are all Important: a starting stopped note that ! 315 i J c a n be a c c u r a t e l y p r o d u c e d a n d t e s t e d b y a b e g i n n e r , s e r v i n g a s a f i x e d p o i n t fro m w h ic h w h o le t o n e s a n d s e m i t o n e s c a n b e ' m e a s u r e d , * a n d a w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d p o s i t i o n o f t h e l e f t h a n d w h ic h w i l l I n s u r e maximum a c c u r a c y I n f i n g e r m o v em en ts. ( 4 0 7 : 2 ) R o l l a n d , I n s a l u t i n g t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a t h i r d p o s i t i o n m eth o d b o o k , r e v i e w e d t h e a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f s u c h a s y s t e m , n o t i n g I n f a v o r o f t h e p l a n t h e m ore n a t u r a l arm p o s i t i o n , a n d t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e g i n n i n g t h e t o n i c k e y w i t h t h e f i r s t f i n g e r w h ic h c o u l d a l s o be c h e c k e d f o r a c c u r a c y w i t h a n e i g h b o r i n g s t r i n g . I n n o t i n g s e v e r a l d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e s y s t e m he I n c u r r e d t h e d i s p l e a s u r e o f A n g u s , c o m p o s e r o f t h e m e th o d , who I n a | l e t t e r t o t h e e d i t o r o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r . c i t e d i some a d d i t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n b e g i n n i n g , a l o n g w i t h a r e b u t t a l t o t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s n o t e d b y R o l l a n d J I The a d d i t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s l i s t e d b y Angus w e r e : 1 . The f o r m a t i o n o f t h e l e f t h a n d f a l l s n a t u r a l l y I n t o t h e '3 - 4 h a l f s t e p * t e t r a c h o r d a l p a t t e r n . 2 . The S t r o k e o f t h e Bow s h o u l d NOT b e t r a i n e d u pon t h e o p e n s t r i n g f o r t h r e e r e a s o n s : a . I t w a s t e s t im e f o r t h e f i n g e r s w h ic h s h o u l d g a i n i n g s t r e n g t h . b . I f SOME f i n g e r I s a lw a y s down on t h e s t r i n g — I t p r e v e n t s t h e l e f t h a n d fro m g e t t i n g I n t o ^ a p o o r p o s i t i o n . : c . I t I s n o t s o t e d i o u s — a n d I s m ore I n t e r e s t i n g | t o t h e c h i l d . 3 . Add t h e f a c t t h a t c h i l d r e n w i l l p l a y more q u i c k l y I n TUNE b e c a u s e o f t h e SECURITY o f t h e l e f t h a n d g r i p — a n d we c a n g r a n t d e c i d e d g a i n f o r t h i s a p p r o a c h . I 3 1 6 ' 4 . The FOURTH f i n g e r b e i n g u s e d fro m t h e f i r s t l e s s o n — w i l l b e .m u c h s t r o n g e r when e v e n t u a l l y u s e d I n 1 s t : p o s i t I o n - - I n f a c t s t u d e n t s t h a t h a v e s t a r t e d I n i 3 r d p o s i t i o n — show p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e 4 t h f i n g e r I I n 1 s t p o s i t i o n o v e r t h e u s e o f t h e o p e n s t r i n g . I ( 6 3 :1 2 ) i I A f t e r c i t i n g a g a i n t h e a d v a n t a g e s f o u n d I n R o l l a n d *s I I a r t i c l e Angus p r o c e e d e d t o r e p l y t o t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s I l i s t e d t h e r e i n . B r i e f l y s u m m a r iz e d , H o l l a n d 's an d A n g u s ' i ! v ie w s w e re a s f o l l o w s : Mr. H o l l a n d : 1 . Bowed t o n e s m ore d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e o f ; s h o r t e n e d s t r i n g l e n g t h . 2 . Open s t r i n g s I n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h s t o p p e d s t r i n g s a r e d i f f i c u l t I n t h i r d p o s i t i o n b e c a u s e o f n e c e s s a r y I c h a n g e s I n bow p r e s - ; s u r e . ! 3 . A r i g i d l e f t j h a n d m ig h t d e v e l o p I fro m t h e u s e o f 3 r d ; p o s i t i o n a t t h e ; b e g i n n i n g . Mr. A n g u s ' r e p l y : 1 . By n o t u s i n g o p e n s t r i n g s a t a l l t h e c h i l d o n l y knows t h e " f e e l " o f 3 r d p o s i t i o n n o t e s . Thus t h e f i n g e r s p r o f i t fro m t h e g r e a t e r t e n s i o n b y t o u g h e n i n g e a r l i e r , w h i l e h e l p i n g t o p r o d u c e more b r i l l i a n t t o n e . C o m p e n s a tio n c a n a l s o b e made b y b o w in g c l o s e r t o t h e f i n g e r b o a r d ; h e a d m i t s t h a t t h e o p e n s t r i n g b o w in g I s m ore s i m p l e , b u t m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e t h i r d p o s i - '- t l o n s y s te m h a s many g oo d p o i n t s I f t h e o p e n s t r i n g s a r e n o t u s e d a t f i r s t . 2 . T h a t c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e n o t u s e d , s i n c e he p r e f e r s t o move b a c k t o f i r s t p o s i t i o n f a i r l y e a r l y . 3 . T h is I s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y so I f t h e t e a c h e r I n s i s t s on f r e e m o ti o n ; a l s o t h e same s t i f f n e s s I s m ore l i k e l y t o o c c u r I n -1st p o s i t i o n I f t h e t e a c h e r I s c a r e l e s s . 317 Mr. R o l l a n d : M r. A ngm s* r e p l y : 4. The left thumb 4. This Is a somewhat academic ■ b eco m es a n o n - view s i n c e e v e n m ore e v i l s o c c u r s u p p o r t i n g member I n s t a r t i n g I n f i r s t p o s i t i o n , s u c h f o r t h e o t h e r a s f a l l i n g t o p u t t h e l e f t elb o w ■ f i n g e r s I n t h i s u n d e r t h e v i o l i n , f l a t f i n g e r s b e - i s y s t e m . c a u s e o f f i n g e r w e a k n e s s I n s p a n n i n g t h e l a r g e r f i r s t p o s i t i o n s p a c i n g , p o o r w r i s t p o s i t i o n , a n d h o o k in g o f t h e thtunb. 5 . A m in o r d l f f l - 5 . Ho r e p l y , c u l t y m ig h t o c c u r f r o m l a c k o f m a t e r - , l a l s f o r t h e p r a c t i c e ! o f t h i s a p p r o a c h . I n t h e sum m ary o f h i s c r i t i c i s m o f t h e Angus m eth o d R o l l a n d s a i d ; W h ile ' T h i r d P o s i t i o n M ethods* h a v e a d e f i n i t e * t a l k i n g p o i n t , * t h e y a l s o h a v e d i s a d v a n t a g e s . M ost c e r t a i n l y a t e a c h e r s h o u l d n o t e x p e c t m i r a c u l o u s r e s u l t s J u s t b e c a u s e o f t h e u s e o f t h i s a p p r o a c h . The u s e o f t h e t h i r d - f o u r t h p o s i t i o n f o r l e f t h a n d r e s t w h i l e p r a c t i c i n g o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g s ( a w e l l known p r a c t i c e ) f u r t h e r m o r e , l e f t h a n d r o t e d r i l l s v i a p i z z i c a t o I n t h e p o s i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t s t a g e s , o f f e r t h e m s e l v e s a s l o g i c a l co m p ro m ise u t i l i z i n g t h e e s s e n t i a l v a l u e s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h w i t h o u t i t s s h o r t c o m in g s . ( 2 8 7 : 7 ) And I n c o n c l u d i n g h i s r e b u t t a l , Angus s t a t e d t h a t " a l l m e th o d s h a v e a * t a l k i n g p o i n t * a n d n o n e o f th em o f f e r a s u r e c u r e f o r v i o l i n d i f f i c u l t i e s " ( 6 3 : 1 2 ) . T h e o d o re a n d A l i c e P a s h k u s a d v o c a t e d b e g i n n i n g I n t h e f i f t h p o s i t i o n . T hey e n u m e r a t e d a n u m b er o f r e a s o n s f o r p r e f e r r i n g t h i s m e th o d . I t i s e a s i e r t h e y b e l i e v e d 318 b e c a u s e : 1 . The l e f t h a n d p o s i t i o n was c o r r e c t , t h e f i n g e r s f e l l fro m t h e c o r r e c t a n g l e . I n t o n a t i o n was I m p ro v e d , a n d v i b r a t o c o u l d b e a c q u i r e d I n a f r a c t i o n o f t h e tim e o t h e r w i s e n e e d e d . 2 . The l e f t arm was I n a m ore c o m f o r t a b l e p o s i t i o n —• n o t s t r e t c h e d o u t . 3 . The l o c a t i o n p o i n t o f t h e thum b was b e t t e r . 4 . The I n d e x f i n g e r was n o t I n c l i n e d t o p r e s s a g a i n s t t h e n e c k a n d f i n g e r b o a r d a s f r e q u e n t l y was t h e e a s e I n t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n . 5 . S i n c e t h e i n t e r v a l s w ere c l o s e r , t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r was e a s i e r t o r e a c h . j 6 . The f i n g e r i n g s w e re I d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n . 7 . I t was p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a more b a l a n c e d , s e c u r e g r i p on t h e I n s t r u m e n t s . D ra w in g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e one d ra w b a c k I n t h i s s y s t e m , t h e g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y I n p r e s s i n g t h e s t r i n g s down, t h e y s u g g e s t e d t h a t a l o w e r b r i d g e be u s e d a t f i r s t , a n d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t b e e n c o u r a g e d t o bow som ew hat f a s t e r ( 2 6 4 : 1 6 ) . W ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f p o i n t 3 , a l l o f t h e a b o v e a r g u m e n ts c o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o t h e u s e o f t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n b e g i n n i n g ; a n d one o f t h e s t r o n g e s t p o i n t s I n f a v o r o f t h e 3 1 9 I t h i r d p o s i t i o n b e g i n n i n g I s o m i t t e d h e r e — t h a t o f b e g i n n i n g ; on a s t o p p e d t o n e t h a t c a n be t e s t e d b y a n e i g h b o r i n g o p e n I s t r i n g . I H o l l a n d 's p o s i t i o n t h a t c e r t a i n co m prom ise m e a s u r e s ' a r e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e t e a c h e r w h ic h w o u ld u t i l i z e t h e b a s i c Î a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e s e s y s te m s w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o r e s o r t t o I I th em I s j u s t a s v a l i d a r e a s o n f o r n o t a d o p t i n g t h e f i f t h p o s i t i o n s y s t e m . A nd, one m ig h t a d d , g o o d t e a c h i n g t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s o f c l a s s t e a c h i n g n u l l i f i e s a l l o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h e s e u n o r t h o d o x p r o - ! c e d u r e s s e e k t o a v o i d . , ' I Thus b o t h t h e p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h an d t h e b e g i n n i n g I i j I n p o s i t i o n s o t h e r t h a n t h e f i r s t a p p r o a c h w o u ld n o t q u a l i f y j I I a s e s s e n t i a l s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s , b u t s h o u l d be c l a s s e d ; I i I a s a c c e p t a b l e a l t e r n a t e b e g i n n i n g p r o c e d u r e s . i I X I I I . SUMMARY OF CHAPTER FIVE C h a p t e r f i v e h a s b e e n d i v i d e d I n t o e l e v e n d i f f e r e n t j " E s s e n t i a l S t r i n g C l a s s P r o c e d u r e s " ; a t w e l f t h d i v i s i o n was c o n s i d e r e d a s an a l t e r n a t e , b u t n o t a n e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e . The c h a p t e r s o u g h t t o show how m ore e f f e c t i v e i t e c h n i q u e s , g r o w in g o u t o f t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n I t s e l f , \ h a v e g r a d u a l l y d i s p l a c e d more t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s t o t h e | p o i n t w h ere c e r t a i n p r o c e d u r e s h a v e becom e m a t t e r s o f I 320 I a c c e p t e d , o r w i d e s p r e a d p r a c t i c e . Prom a m ass o f r e c e n t I r e c o r d e d o p i n i o n t h o s e t e c h n i q u e s w h ic h h a v e g a i n e d t h e m o st u n i v e r s a l a p p r o v a l w e re s e l e c t e d , a n d a n a l y z e d t o show how a n d why t h e y s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d a s e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e f i e l d . 1 . A r o t e m eth o d b e g i n n i n g was f o u n d t o be o f I p r i m a r y I m p o r ta n c e I n t e a c h i n g b e g i n n e r s t o c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f d r a w in g t h e bow a n d p l a c i n g t h e f i n g e r s on t h e f i n g e r b o a r d , u n e n c u m b e re d b y t h e d i s t r a c t i o n s I n v o l v e d I n r e a d i n g m u s i c . S t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s a l m o s t I u n a n im o u s l y h a v e a g r e e d t h a t p l a y i n g s h o u l d p r e c e d e r e a d i n g j a s t a l k i n g p r e c e d e s l i t e r a c y . I 2 . T r e n d s I n t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f I n t r o d u c i n g b o w in g moved fro m t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o c o n c e p t c e n t e r i n g on a s i n g l e I n d i v i d u a l t o s i m u l t a n e o u s d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s k i l l b y a l l members o f a c l a s s . M ethod s u s i n g t h e l o n g , s u s t a i n e d w h o le-b o w a p p r o a c h w ere a b a n d o n e d I n f a v o r o f f a s t e r m o tio n s u t i l i z i n g f u l l , f r e e bow s t r o k e s . I n a n e f f o r t t o • a c h ie v e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y a n d b a l a n c e a t t h e o u t s e t . 3 . The u s e o f f i n g e r p a t t e r n s e v o l v e d as a p r o d u c t o f t h e r o t e m eth o d t o p r o v i d e t e a c h e r s w i t h a l o g i c a l means I o f I n t r o d u c i n g h a l f an d w h o l e - s t e p f i n g e r s p a c i n g s p r i o r I I t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f r e a d i n g a b i l i t y . The m a j o r t e t r a - ^ c h o r d on t h e o p e n s t r i n g s was f o u n d t o be t h e m ost u s e f u l 321 I from the standpoint of aural perception and muscular ad justment. 4. Next In the line of logical development was the adoption of a cycle type of approach to develop right and I left hand techniques on all strings through the use of rote method and finger patterns, and to provide the class with a simple, easily remembered routine playable over an ; extended period of time, providing the teacher the oppor tunity to observe and correct each student under actual 5. Rhythmic patterns, elemental to finger pattern drills, provided the necessary repetition for the develop ment of various bowing types, were frequently utilized as a tool of improvisation to solve special individual class problems, and as repeated patterns of notes, they greatly relieved the perennial problem beginning students seemed to have in synchronizing the stopping of strings with a simul taneous change in bow direction, giving the fingers the impulse to move with the accent of the rhythm rather than with the opposing effort involved in a change of bow direc tion. 6 , As a guide for the beginning class, both aurally and rhythmically, the use of the piano was regarded as a valuable tool, providing in addition a harmonic musical ! 322 s e t t i n g f o r t h e o f t e n d r a b o p e n s t r i n g an d f i n g e r p a t t e r n ; s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t . A new n e e d a r o s e w i t h t h e r e a l i - i z a t i o n t h a t f a s t e r p r o g r e s s c o u l d b e made w i t h a n a s s i s - I t a n t a t the. p i a n o — a te a m a p p r o a c h f o r g r e a t e r e f f i c i e n c y . I i 7 . M anual m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e s t u d e n t s ' h a n d s a s t h e y p l a y e d was d e s c r i b e d a s a m o st e f f e c t i v e m eans o f d e m o n s t r a t i n g t o e a c h s t u d e n t , t h r o u g h t h e r e s u l t i n g j k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s a t i o n , t h e m o tio n s a n d m ovem ents t h e m u s c le s w ere r e q u i r e d t o make i n o r d e r t o p r o d u c e t h e d e s i r e d s o u n d s . S u c h m a n e u v e r in g o f t h e s t u d e n t s ' h a n d s i n t o c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n s a s t h e y p l a y e d was commended a s a : m o st e f f i c i e n t m eans o f h e l p i n g e a c h s t u d e n t i n a l a r g e I c l a s s , r e l i e v i n g t h e n e c e s s i t y o f g i v i n g " m i n i a t u r e p r i v a t e ; i ! I l e s s o n s " t o e a c h s t u d e n t . I 8 . A m u s i c a l s e t t i n g was f o u n d t o be e s s e n t i a l i n e v e r y c l a s s f o r t h e s a k e o f i n t e r e s t , p r o g r e s s , a n d c u l - ; t u r e . T h e r e w ere f o u r s u b d i v i s i o n s o f t h i s t o p i c : ( a ) The u s e o f g r a d e d s o l o m a t e r i a l i n u n i s o n was s u g g e s t e d a s a ' i f i r s t m eans o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h i s m u s i c a l s e t t i n g . F o l k ! t u n e s w ere p r e f e r r e d f o r t h e i r f a m i l i a r i t y t o t h e s t u d e n t , ! t h e i r a d a p t a b i l i t y t o r h y t h m i c p a t t e r n s , f i n g e r p a t t e r n s , I ; I a n d r o t e p r o c e d u r e . C a r e f u l l y e d i t e d , r e s t r i c t e d t o tw o I s t r i n g s , t h e y c o u l d r e p l a c e much t r a d i t i o n a l m e c h a n i c a l d r i l l , h a v i n g t h e m e r i t s o f a " p i e c e , " a n d t h e s u b s t a n c e . 3 2 3 ! i t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t , o f a n e t u d e , (b) t h e u s e o f c h a m b e r m u sic fro m t h e e a r l y s t a g e s was f o u n d t o be a means o f p r o v i d i n g s t i l l h i g h e r i n t e r e s t i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e m o st i n t i m a t e o f a l l fo rm s o f m u s i c a l a r t , ( c ) much em p ha- ' s i s was p u t u p o n t h e n e e d f o r s m a l l e n s e m b le m u s ic p l a y i n g ; i n t h e home i f A m e ric a was t o grow t o be a more c u l t u r a l n a t i o n , an d (d ) t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f s t r i n g c l a s s e s w i t h o t h e r c l a s s e s i n p i a n o , v o c a l , o r w in d i n s t r u m e n t s was a l s o s t r e s s e d a s a u n i q u e a n d s t i m u l a t i n g m eans o f p r o v i d i n g a t r u l y m u s i c a l s e t t i n g - - s t i l l m ore a d v e n t u r o u s was t h e i d e a o f a r r a n g i n g f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g c l a s s e s t o p l a y s i m p l i f i e d j p a r t s i n p e r f o r m a n c e s w i t h a d v a n c e d o r e v e n p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o u p s , a s t h e m o del s i t u a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o i n D a l l a s , j T e x a s s o a p t l y d e m o n s t r a t e d . ' 9- C o n s c io u s e f f o r t s on t h e p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r t o I I m a i n t a i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e c l a s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p e r i o d * o f c l a s s t r a i n i n g t o p r e v e n t t h e a l a r m i n g m o r t a l i t y r a t e ; among s t r i n g s t u d e n t s . T e a c n e r s w e re u r g e d t o t a k e t h e n e c e s s a r y s t e p s i n h e l p i n g t h e c h i l d t o a c h i e v e a s e n s e o f a c c o m p lis h m e n t t h r o u g h t h e e a r l y I n t r o d u c t i o n o f p i e c e s I c h o s e n fro m s e l e c t e d r e p e r t o i r e f o r i t s h i g h i n t e r e s t c o n - I t e n t a n d v a l u e t o t h e s t u d e n t ' s p r o g r e s s . The s t u d e n t s I w e re a l s o t o be p r o v i d e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o p e r f o r m — a p r a c t i c a l u s e f o r w h a t t h e y h a d l e a r n e d . A nd, f i n a l l y , t n e I 324 i a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e c l a s s w ere t o b e v a r i e d a n d k e p t a t a ; u n i f o r m l y h i g h l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t . I I 1 0 . To b r i d g e t h e g a p i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n fro m r o t e I t o r e a d i n g a new t e c h n i q u e , r e f e r r e d t o a s " r e a d i n g b y t h e ! I n u m b e rs " was h e r a i d e d a s b e i n g m ost e f f e c t i v e . Numbers i n d i c a t i n g f i n g e r s t o b e u s e d p l a c e d i n b o l d r e l i e f on a I ' b l a c k b o a r d w ere f o u n d t o be e a s i l y t r a n s l a t a b l e b y s t u d e n t s i n t o a p e r f o r m e d p i e c e . N o t a t i o n was t o be " i n c i d e n t a l i z e d " ' fro m t h e b e g i n n i n g ; d u r i n g moments o f r e l a x a t i o n a c l a s s c o u l d b e t a u g h t n o t a t i o n , p r e f e r a b l y a s a gam e, a n d t h e s e sy m b o ls g r a d u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n u m b ers p l a c e d on t h e i , b o a r d . I 1 1 . M a in te n a n c e o f a c o n s t a n t l e a r n i n g p a c e ! e v o l v e d fro m a r e a l i s t i c l i m i t a t i o n o f r e v i e w a s s i g n m e n t s iw h ic h t e n d e d t o s t u n t g r o w th a n d i n t e r e s t , l e s s p e r f e c t i o n : b e i n g dem anded p r i o r t o t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f f r e s h m a t e r i a l i n I view o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t s k i l l s h a d a way o f p e r f e c t i n g t h e m s e l v e s more r e a d i l y i n t h e p u r s u i t o f new an d more i n t e r e s t i n g m a t e r i a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y when p r e s e n t e d i n a ' c a r e f u l l y g r a d e d s t e p - b y - s t e p p r o c e s s p r o v i d i n g b u i l t - i n I r e v i e w m a t e r i a l . P e r i o d i c p a u s e s i n t h e c o u r s e w ere ; I recom m ended t o a l l o w t h e s t u d e n t t o d e v e l o p a b i l i t i e s on ' s u c c e s s i v e l e a r n i n g " p l a t e a u s . " O p p o s in g t h e o r i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , t h e i n t e - 3 2 5 g r a t e d v e r s u s t h e I s o l a t e d v i e w p o i n t , w ere c o m p a re d . The m ore c o n s e r v a t i v e s t a n d was fo u n d t o b e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f e a c h t e c h n i q u e i n a p i e c e - m e a l f a s h i o n , f i n g e r - b y - f i n g e r , s t e p - b y - s t e p , e a c h f u n c t i o n s e p a r a t e l y , an d d e f e n d e d on a I b a s i s o f s i m p l i c i t y an d n e e d f o r c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n s , o r p e r f e c t i o n o f d e t a i l , b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g t h e new. The o p p o s i n g I view was t h e w h o l i s t i c a p p r o a c h w h ic h s o u g h t t o p r e s e n t I q u i t e e a r l y t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e s w i t h t h e i d e a t h a t e a c h s k i l l w o u ld d e v e l o p a n d s t r e n g t h e n t h e o t h e r , e x a c t k n o w le d g e g r o w in g fro m g e n e r a l k n o w le d g e . The l a t t e r s y s te m was p r e f e r r e d . 1 2 . The f i n a l s e c t i o n d e a l t w i t h a l t e r n a t e b e g i n n i n g i I ! p r o c e d u r e s . One o f t h e s e was t h e p i z z i c a t o a p p r o a c h w h ic h i s o u g h t t o d e v e l o p l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e s a h e a d o f b o w in g s k i l l s . T h e r e w ere t h r e e s c h o o l s o f p r a c t i c e : ( a ) t h e i d e a o f c o n c e n t r a t i n g on p i z z i c a t o on o p e n s t r i n g s — a v e r y I s l o w , m e t h o d i c a l a p p r o a c h t o m in im iz e c o n f l i c t i n g p r o b l e m s , |( b ) d e v e l o p i n g t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e l e f t h a n d t h r o u g h u s e o f j p i z z i c a t o , a n d ( c ) c o m b in in g p i z z i c a t o d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e I ;f i n g e r s w i t h a l t e r n a t e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e bow on t h e o p e n I :s t r i n g s s o t h a t when b o t h w ere s u f f i c i e n t l y d e v e l o p e d t h e y I c o u l d be p l a y e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . The l a t t e r c o u r s e h a d many ' f e a t u r e s i n i t s f a v o r . j 326 C o n c lu d i n g s t a t e m e n t . The p r o c e d u r e s d i s c u s s e d i n I t h i s c h a p t e r w e re d e v e l o p e d l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e e x p e r i e n c e ! I o f a now m i l I t a n t s t r i n g c l a s s l e a d e r s h i p . The w id e d l s - ! e u s 8 i o n t h e y h a v e r e c e i v e d , t h e i r l o g i c a l i n t e r - r e l a t e d - I n e s s , a n d t h e i r d e r i v a t i o n i n s o many c a s e s fro m t h e p ro b le m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s t r i n g c l a s s recom m end them f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s t h e m ost e s s e n t i a l t o t h e t e a c h i n g o f a s t r i n g c l a s s . CHAPTER VI ADVANTAGES OF STRING CLASS INSTRUCTION A t many p o i n t s a l o n g t h e p a t h o f d e v e lo p m e n t t a k e n jb y t h e s t r i n g c l a s s i t e n c o u n t e r e d h e a v y c r i t i c i s m , p a r - [ t i c u l a r l y fro m t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l e le m e n t o f s t r i n g p l a y i n g . I A t t h e s e t i m e s t h e s y s t e m was a lw a y s s t o u t l y d e f e n d e d b y I ! some o f t h e more o p e n -m in d e d v o i c e s fro m t h e r a n k s o f I jm u s ic e d u c a t i o n . M i t c h e l l h a d h i s c r i t i c s i n 1 9 1 2 , S t o e v i n g a n d E a r h a r t , t h e i r s a r o u n d I 9 2 1 , a n d a f t e r 1930 i t I was a r u n n i n g b a t t l e up t o c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t t i m e s , when i I t h e c l a s s p l a n o f s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n , b e c a u s e o f t h e a d o p - ; t i o n o f new t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s e s p e c i a l l y a d a p t e d t o t h e i I p ro b le m s i n h e r e n t i n t h e s y s t e m , was w i d e l y e n d o r s e d an d a d o p t e d b y p u b l i c s c h o o l m u sic e d u c a t o r s . I As t h e s t r i n g s h o r t a g e becam e m ore a n d m ore a c u t e i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 4 0 's m u sic e d u c a t o r s e v e r y w h e r e t o o k up t h e I b a t t l e f o r t h e s t r i n g c l a s s w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h r o u g h o u t I t h e p e r i o d t h e r e was a c o n s t a n t s t r e a m o f m a t e r i a l I a p p e a r i n g i n t h e m u sic j o u r n a l s p o i n t i n g o u t t h e many i : I a d v a n t a g e s o f s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n . I t s s t r o n g an d I ! w eak p o i n t s w ere a n a l y z e d , a n d t h e p ro b le m s o f p u b l i c an d I I p r i v a t e m u sic t e a c h e r r e l a t i o n s , a lw a y s s t r a i n e d o v e r t h e ' q u e s t i o n o f f r e e i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s e s i n t h e s c h o o l s , w ere t h o r o u g h l y a i r e d , r e a l i s t i c a n d f o r t h r i g h t re c o m m e n d a tio n s b e i n g made f o r c o o p e r a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e s e g r o u p s w o r k in g f o r t h e sam e u l t i m a t e g o a l s . D u r in g t h i s p e r i o d , a s i d e fro m t h e o b j e c t i o n s a n d c o n c e r n s o f t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s , t h e p r i n c i p a l b l o c k t o t h e g r o w th a n d a c c e p t a n c e o f s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y was I e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e u n d e r c u r r e n t o f t r a d i t i o n a l a t t i t u d e s j to w a r d s t r i n g s t u d y w h ic h e v e r y w h e r e r e f u s e d t o a d j u s t t o , i a n d a d o p t , t h e s e new , m ore e f f i c i e n t a n d e c o n o m ic a l p r o e e - d u r e s . T h is c h a p t e r p r o p o s e s t o a n a l y z e t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e s e f o r c e s , p o i n t i n g o u t t h e many a d v a n t a g e s i n h e r e n t : i n t h e c l a s s s y s t e m , t h e t r a d i t i o n s w h ic h e x i s t e d , a n d s t i l l e x i s t t o h i n d e r p r o g r e s s , a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h ic h h a v e d e v e l o p e d b e tw e e n p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e m u sic t e a c h e r s * The c a s e f o r c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n w i l l b e t r e a t e d f i r s t . I . THE GASE FOR CLASS INSTRUCTION F i r s t o f a l l i t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e o p i n i o n s o f p r o m i n e n t l e a d e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f m u sic e d u c a t i o n b e , i n a s e n s e , p o l l e d t o e m p h a s iz e t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e , i n c u r r e n t t h o u g h t . A t t h e i m p o r t a n t " F o u r H u n d r e d th A n n i v e r s a r y V i o l i n F e s t i v a l , m e e t i n g i n 1951# U rb a n r e p o r t e d t h e w o rd s o f I 32 9 I ' E a t o n who was c r e d i t e d w i t h i n d i c a t i n g t h a t w h e r e v e r t h e r e : h a d b e e n fo u n d a p y ra m id o f r e a l s u c c e s s I n d e v e l o p i n g s t r i n g I n t e r e s t I n A m e ric a , t h e s e e d h a d b e e n sown "on a b r o a d b a s e b y p r o v i d i n g e a s y o p p o r t u n i t y f o r l a r g e n um bers I o f y o u n g p e o p l e t o s t u d y a n d p l a y s t r i n g e d I n s t r u m e n t s I n ; g r o u p s " ( 3 3 2 : 6 ) . I n f a c t , t h e r e was a c o n s i d e r a b l e e le m e n t o f s t r i n g I I p e d a g o g y w h ic h r e g a r d e d t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h a s b e i n g t h e m o st s u c c e s s f u l one f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t . S t e w a r t d e c l a r e d t h a t I t was b y f a r t h e m o st s u c c e s s f u l a p p r o a c h f o r b o t h t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s t u d e n t , a n d t h e p i a n o s t u - I ' d e n t . T h is p o i n t o f v iew h a d b e e n r e a c h e d a f t e r a lo n g I p e r i o d o f d o u b t i n g — f i n a l l y overco m e b y o b s e r v a t i o n s o f ; t h e r e s u l t s o f b o t h k i n d s o f p r o c e d u r e ( 3 1 7 : 1 3 )* I I W h ile R ush r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e r e w e re c a s e s w h ere I ] s t u d e n t s h a d l e a r n e d b e t t e r u n d e r e i t h e r s y s t e m , he ; p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e w ere so many f a c t o r s I n t h e s c h o o l I p ro g r a m p o i n t i n g t o c l a s s t e a c h i n g a s t h e b e t t e r m eth o d 1 : t h a t I n a n y c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s o f p r i v a t e I o r c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , t h e c l a s s p l a n w o u ld h a v e t o be I a c c e p t e d a s t h e one m ost A m e ric a n s c h o o l s w ere p r e s e n t l y u s i n g . He made I t c l e a r , h o w e v e r , t h a t r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e p e r f o r m i n g a b i l i t y o f t h e t e a c h e r , t h e r e w e re c e r t a i n e s s e n t i a l q u a l i t i e s a n d t e c h n i q u e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s r e l a t e d 330 t o c l a s s p e d a g o g y w h ic h t h e t e a c h e r w o u ld h a v e t o know a n d p o s s e s s i f he w e re t o be s u c c e s s f u l i n k e e p i n g a c l a s s m o t i v a t e d a n d i n t e r e s t e d ( 3 0 2 : 3 1 ) . I n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f M urse l l , t h e I n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s made s e n s e , a s t h e s e d e c l a r a t i o n s o f h i s I n d i c a t e : F i r s t , g o od c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n c a n g e t r e s u l t s a n d a c h i e v e s t a n d a r d s c o m p a r a b le t o t h e v e r y b e s t i n d i v i d u a l i n s t r u c t i o n . S e c o n d , I t I s h i g h l y b e n e f i c i a l n o t o n l y f o r b e g i n n e r s b u t a l s o f o r a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t s . T h i r d , e v e n t h e a r t i s t s t u d e n t , w o r k in g I n d i v i d u a l l y w i t h a f i r s t - r a t e t e a c h e r , c a n g e t a g r e a t d e a l o u t o f t h e r i g h t k i n d o f I n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s . The m a in p o i n t t o rem em b er I s t h a t when one I s d e a l i n g w i t h a g r o u p o f l e a r n e r s , one c a n do c e r t a i n t h i n g s w h ic h a r e d i f f i c u l t a n d e v e n I m p o s s i b l e when o n e t a k e s them I n d i v i d u a l l y . The m ere p r e s e n c e o f a g r o u p o p e n s up v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s w h ic h a r e v e r y a d v a n t a g e o u s I f t h e t e a c h e r knows how t o u t i l i z e th e m . A w e l l c o n d u c t e d I n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s s h o u l d n e v e r d e g e n e r a t e I n t o a s e r i e s o f s h o r t i n d i v i d u a l l e s s o n s , g i v e n w h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e p u p i l s a r e w a i t i n g t h e i r t u r n . . . . ( 2 4 5 : 1 2 ) And a t a n o t h e r tim e M urse l l d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n was d e f i n i t e l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e s t u d i o f o r t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t , b o t h I n t h e v o c a l a n d t h e I n s t r u m e n t a l f i e l d , b e c a u s e t h e m u s i c a l e n t h u s i a s m a n d m u s i c a l f e e l i n g p r e s e n t I n t h e c l a s s was much m ore u r g e n t l y n e e d e d b y t h e c h i l d t h a n t h e t e c h n i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t u d i o I n s t r u c t i o n . He r e c o g n i z e d , o f c o u r s e , t h a t a s t h e s t u d e n t a d v a n c e d c l a s s w o rk w o u ld h a v e t o be m ore a n d m ore s u p p l e m e n te d w i t h s t u d i o t e a c h i n g , f o r e a c h s y s te m o f f e r e d ! 3 3 1 I i a d v a n t a g e s t h e o t h e r d i d n o t , a n d c o u l d n o t p o s s e s s ( 1 2 : ; 2 2 5) . L e p p e r t ' s " S t r i n g S u r v e y " . i n d i c a t e d t h a t 92 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s c o n t a c t e d I n t h e s u r v e y r e c o m - : m ended c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t . He ' f e l t t h a t t h e r e was a s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e I n t h a t s u c h a l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f b o t h p r i v a t e a n d c l a s s s t r i n g i n s t r u c t o r s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e r e was no l o n g e r a n y q u e s t i o n t h a t c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n f o r b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s was d e s i r a b l e ( 2 1 0 : 1 7 ) . S i m i l a r l y s t r o n g I n d i c a t i o n s o f t h e o v e rw h e lm in g p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h w ere t o b e s e e n I n t h e r e s u l t s o f H o p p e 's I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e s c h o o l s t r i n g p ro g ra m s I n t h e s t a t e o f Io w a . Of t h e e l e v e n s c h o o l s r e p o r t i n g t h e l a r g e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t t a k i n g s t r i n g s , t e n o f them u s e d t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h . T h i s , a l o n g w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e b a n d grew b y l e a p s a n d b o u n d s f o l l o w i n g t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h I n t o A m e ric a n s c h o o l s y s t e m s , c a u s e d Hoppe t o comment t h a t : P r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s , a l t h o u g h t r a i n e d t h e m s e l v e s e x c l u s i v e l y b y p r i v a t e l e s s o n s , s h o u l d no l o n g e r be s k e p t i c a l o f t h e c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n m eth o d o f t e a c h i n g b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g s . ( 3 8 1 : 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 ) E ven I n t h e e a r l y d a y s o f e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e s t r i n g c l a s s a p p r o a c h , p r o g r e s s i v e e d u c a t o r s w e re e n t h u s i - 332 a s t i c a b o u t t h e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f c l a s s w o rk . S a i d S t o e v i n g , I n b e h a l f o f t h i s a p p r o a c h : T h a t t h e v i o l i n c a n b e t a u g h t I n c l a s s a n d t a u g h t w e l l , g i v e n t h e r i g h t c o m p e t e n t , p a i n s t a k i n g a n d I n s p i r i n g t e a c h e r , seem s t o h a v e b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d I b e y o n d d o u b t b y t h e u n q u a l i f i e d s u c c e s s e s o b t a i n e d i n s o many o u t o f t h e way p l a c e s t h r o u g h t h e l e n g t h an d b r e a d t h o f t h e l a n d . . . ( 2 3 : F o re w o rd ) I J u s t tw o y e a r s a g o . I n 1 9 5 ^ , t h e r e a p p e a r e d a n ; a r t i c l e I n t h e MusI c E d u c a t o r s J o u r n a l d e f e n d i n g t h e c l a s s I a p p r o a c h a g a i n s t w h a t a p p e a r e d t o be r a t h e r b i t t e r c r i t i c i s m . The d e f e n s e was p r e s e n t e d I n te r m s c o m m e n s u ra te w i t h t h e m ost m odern a n d p r o g r e s s i v e p h i l o s o p h i e s , b u t I t ; h a p p e n e d t o be a r e p r i n t o f a I 9 2 I ju d g m e n t o f t h e i n s t r u - ; m e n t a l m u sic c l a s s b y W i l l E a r h a r t . So p e n e t r a t i n g was | ! I ' E a r h a r t ' s a n a l y s i s o f t h e c a s e t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f c o m p r e h e n s i v e n e s s c o m p e l a resu m e o f t h e a r g u m e n ts I n c l u d e d I n t h i s a r t i c l e ( 1 3 4 : 5 0 ) E a r h a r t j 5 ju d g m e n t o f c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n I n 1 9 2 1 . A l t h o u g h he d i d n o t c o n s i d e r i t t o o f a i r a c o m p a r i s o n , i E a r h a r t ' s a r t i c l e a t t e m p t e d t o a n s w e r t h i s q u e s t i o n : I I n w h a t m e a s u re I s c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n I n i n s t r u m e n t a l I m u sic i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s j u s t i f i e d b y t e c h n i c a l r e s u l t s , I a s c o m p a re d w i t h t e c h n i c a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y p r i v a t e • I t e a c h e r s t h r o u g h I n d i v i d u a l I n s t r u c t i o n ? ‘ i , ' I E a r h a r t o p e n e d h i s c a s e b y r e f e r r i n g t o B u c h n e r 's I " F o r c e a n d M a t t e r , " I n w hose d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e e v o l u t i o n a r y 3 3 3 doctrine of the origin of species Buchner said "something to the effect that we see only nature's successes ; her failures never get their heads above the surface." The observation that the same was true of the private teacher whose successes were the only ones seen, the failures being i submerged, was the heart of Earhart's argument. To lllus- i j trate his point, he asked one of his string class teachers I to Imagine a situation in which two thousand violin pupils ^ from the private studios were lined up facing two thousand ! similarly aged pupils from the public school classes, each : student opposite from one having had the same length of 1 : training, all of the worst and all of the best from both ; being included. In such a situation, what would this string teacher expect to hear by comparison of the groups as they played in turn? The reply he received was, "'I don't think there would be much difference.'" However, this teacher modified his reply by saying he thought he could duplicate ten months' class training by six months of private Instruction, but volunteered the comment that he ; would never have had as private pupils many of the class pupils because of the expense involved ( 1 3 4: 5 0 , 5 3 ) - This article by Earhart also included a number of documented opinions from the violin teachers whom he had recruited from the private studios of Pittsburgh to conduct 3 3 4 t h e c l a s s e x p e r i m e n t s . Thus t h e i r o p i n i o n s came a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r own p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , w h ic h i n I 9 2 I h a d n o t t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s c o n s i d e r e d t o be so e s s e n t i a l t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s i n c o n te m p o r a r y m u sic e d u c a t i o n . Y et a t t h i s e a r l y p e r i o d o f c l a s s e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n t h e s e t e a c h e r s e x p r e s s e d s u r p r i s e a t t h e p r o g r e s s t h a t h a d I b e e n m ade, an d w h i l e t h e y u s u a l l y I n d i c a t e d t h a t p r i v a t e w o rk w o u ld h a v e a c h i e v e d q u i c k e r r e s u l t s , t h e y l e f t no d o u b t t h a t t h e y t h o u g h t c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d be s u c c e s s f u l w i t h f a r g r e a t e r n u m b e rs , t h u s b e i n g more econom i c a l a n d e f f i c i e n t . One t e a c h e r was q u i t e e n t h u s i a s t i c a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h , b e i n g q u o t e d a s s a y i n g : *I f i n d t h a t t h e p u p i l s a r e a c q u i r i n g a n am ount o f t e c h n i q u e t h a t i s a s t o n i s h i n g t o a n y o n e a c c u s to m e d t o p r i v a t e t e a c h i n g a l o n e ; t h e i r b o w in g an d I n t o n a t i o n i s e v e r y b i t a s g o o d , t h e i r rh y th m I s b e t t e r , a n d t h e i r f i n g e r d e x t e r i t y c o m p a re s m ost f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h a t o f p r i v a t e p u p i l s f o r t h e same num ber o f l e s s o n s . L ik e m o st e v e r y t e a c h e r a c c u s to m e d t o p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t i o n a l o n e , I s t a r t e d my c l a s s t e a c h i n g s k e p t i c a l a s t o t h e r e s u l t s w h ic h w o u ld be o b t a i n e d , b u t a f t e r s i x m onths* w o rk I f i n d m y s e l f a n e n t h u s i a s t i c c o n v e r t t o t h e I d e a o f c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n . My e x p e r i e n c e I s t h a t c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , when p r o p e r l y c o n d u c t e d , w i l l y i e l d r e s u l t s e q u a l I n e v e r y way t o p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t i o n . ' ( 1 3 4 : 5 3 ) A f t e r o b l i g i n g t h e c r i t i c s t o t a k e I n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e s e f a c t s , E a r h a r t r e b u t t e d t h e s e v e r a l a rg u m e n ts a d v a n c e d a g a i n s t i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n a s c o n t a i n e d I n " t h e do cu m en t s e n t me" w h ic h he c o n s i d e r e d t o be : 335 " e x t r a o r d i n a r y . " As a w h o le t h e s e a r g u m e n ts r e s t e d upon ; t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t man was made f o r m u s i c , n o t m u sic f o r man, t h o u g h t E a r h a r t . One b y o n e , h e a n s w e r e d t h e p r e m i s e s o f t h e s e " p r o p h e t s " : I The f i r s t a rg u m e n t d e c l a r e d " t h a t I n s t r u m e n t a l I ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e v i o l i n ) m u sic c a n n o t be s u c c e s s f u l l y I t a u g h t I n c l a s s e s ." i I To t h i s b a l d n e g a t i o n E a r h a r t r e p l i e d t h a t t h e : v a l i d i t y o f t h e s t a t e m e n t d e p e n d e d u p o n one * s d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p h r a s e , " s u c c e s s f u l l y t a u g h t . " I f I t m ea n t d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e f l a w l e s s a r t i s t r y o f t h e a c c o m p l i s h e d v i o l i n i s t , t h e I p r e m i s e was o f c o u r s e t r u e . By t h i s l i n e o f r e a s o n i n g I p r o b a b l y 90 p e r c e n t o f t h o s e who u n d e r t o o k s t u d y o f t h e I v i o l i n p r i v a t e l y , l i k e w i s e f a i l e d . T h e r e f o r e , one h a d t o c o n c l u d e t h a t m o st t e a c h i n g was u n s u c c e s s f u l . B u t t h e h u m a n i t a r i a n I n s t i n c t s o f E a r h a r t r e b e l l e d ,a g a i n s t t h i s c o n c e p t . He saw t h e c o n s t r u c t i v e f o r c e I n ,e v e n r u d i m e n t a r y t e a c h i n g , w h ic h . I f i t was o f t h e r i g h t ! I k i n d , w o u ld make m u sic I t s e l f f o r e v e r n e a r e r t h e p u p i l * s Ilo v e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g . Prom t h i s s t a n d p o i n t he was a b l e j t o s a y w i t h c o n v i c t i o n t h a t : W ith y o u n g c h i l d r e n , an d i n b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s , c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n I s b e t t e r t h a n I n d i v i d u a l I n s t r u c t i o n . 1 i t a l i c s n o t i n t h e o r i g i n a l ] The c h i l d n e e d s t h e s t i m u l u s w h ic h t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f o t h e r c h i l d r e n g i v e s . No s t u d y i s a s w e l l p u r s u e d s o l i t a r i l y a s I n i 336 ' g r o u p s b y c h i l d r e n o f t e n d e r y e a r s • The p s y c h o l o g y o f t h i s c a n n o t be a r g u e d h e r e . Our w h o le e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m i s , h o w e v e r, b a s e d u p o n an d c o r r o b o r a t e s t h e s t a t e m e n t . ( 1 3 ^ : 5 4 ) The s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t m a i n t a i n e d "T h a t no m u s i c i a n i s a b l e t o t e a c h m ore t h a n one i n s t r u m e n t s u c c e s s f u l l y . " E a r h a r t ' s r e p l y was b r i e f , a n d d e v a s t a t i n g l y s i m p l e . The s c h o o l t e a c h e r , t h o u g h n o t a m a t h e m a t i c i a n g a v e t h e f i r s t i n s t r u c t i o n i n n u m b e r s . And t h e t e a c h e r s o f L a t i n a n d p h y s i c s , th o u g h n o t s p e c i a l i s t s , t a u g h t t h e r u d i m e n t s o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s . To t h e t r a i n e d s p e c i a l i s t a n y s u c h t e a c h e r w o u ld p r o b a b l y seem a m a t e u r i s h . The t h i r d n e g a t i o n h a r b o r e d t h e b e l i e f "T h a t no c l a s s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l a n d t h a t I no p r o d u c t o f s u c h i n s t r u c t i o n h a s e v e r a c h i e v e d a n y t h i n g i n m u s i c ." ' The f i r s t o f t h e s e two a s s e r t i o n s E a r h a r t o p e n l y d e n i e d , s a y i n g t h a t fro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f i n t r o d u c i n g I c h i l d r e n t o a new w o r l d o f m u s i c a l p l e a s u r e an d u n d e r - i s t a n d i n g , an d i n t e r e s t i n g them i n t h e v i o l i n t o t h e e x t e n t i I o f l e a d i n g them t o t h e more a d v a n c e d s t a g e s i n v o l v i n g I p r i v a t e s t u d y , s u c h i n s t r u c t i o n h a d b e e n s u c c e s s f u l tim e I a n d a g a i n . He c l a i m e d t o h a v e s t u d e n t s who a t t h e moment ; h a d d u p l i c a t e d t h e a d v a n c e made b y s t u d e n t s s t u d y i n g p r i v a t e l y u n d e r good t e a c h e r s . As f o r t h e " o t h e r s , " he r e - 3 3 7 g a r d e d a n y t h i n g t h a t t h e y h a d done a s b e i n g t h a t much t o t h e g o o d . T h e se w e re t h e o n e s who w o u ld n e v e r h a v e b e e n g i v e n t h e c h a n c e b y t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r t o l e a r n a n y th i n g * To t h e r i d i c u l o u s p o s i t i o n t h a t m u sic was a s a c r e d t h i n g a n d t h a t no one was j u s t i f i e d i n s t u d y i n g t h e v i o l i n who d i d n o t h a v e t h e tim e a n d t h e t a l e n t t o becom e a t l e a s t ' a h i g h l y s k i l l e d a n d f i n i s h e d p e r f o r m e r E a r h a r t was s c o m - I f u l . He r e p l i e d , s a y i n g i n p a r t : I I h a d l a b o r e d u n d e r t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t , a s man h a d c r e a t e d m u sic, f o r h i s own s a t i s f a c t i o n a n d p l e a s u r e , i t b e l o n g e d t o h im , t o l i v e i n a n d e n j o y , e a c h t o t h e m e a su re o f h i s c a p a c i t y t o t a k e i t i n a n d t h a t we who I Q.re t e a c h e r s s h o u l d e x t e n d t h a t c a p a c i t y . ( 1 3 4 : 5^1 And t o t h e c r i t i c i s m t h a t c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n i n v i o l i n h a d n o t o n l y n o t s u c c e e d e d , b u t was h a r m f u l an d i n j u r i o u s t o t h e p u p i l s in a s m u c h a s i t d e v e l o p e d b a d ' t e c h n i c a l h a b i t s , a n d was d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e i r f i n e r s e n s e o f p i t c h d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , E a r h a r t made h i s c l a s s i c r e p l y : T h e re a r e 50 p e r - c e n t e r s , 60 p e r - c e n t e r s , JO, 8 0 , 90, 1 0 0 , among men . . . i n e v e r y w a lk o f l i f e . T h e r e a r e ‘n u b b in s * i n t h e L o rd * s c o r n f i e l d . S h o u l d t h e y n o t be p e r m i t t e d t o a t t a i n t h e l i m i t o f a *n u b b i n * s * g r o w t h . ( 1 3 4 : 5 6 ) E a r h a r t c o n c e d e d t h a t p i t c h was a p ro b le m i n t h e c l a s s s i t u a t i o n , b u t c o u n t e r e d t h i s b y s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e w ere s u c c e s s f u l ways o f s o l v i n g t h e p r o b le m w h ic h d i f f e r e d I fro m t h e m eth o d s a p p r o p r i a t e t o i n d i v i d u a l i n s t r u c t i o n . | B u t i n e v e r y o t h e r w ay, he c o n t e n d e d , d e v e lo p m e n t was I 338 richer, more rapid, more musical (134:56). And at another time in another place Earhart urged I j that when comparisons were made that it be remembered that : the public school music educators, having long ago developed I nerves so hardened as to be able to endure absolutely any- i thing, were prepared to continue to do their best with the I worst. as well as with the better and the best, of all the I children of all the people. For this reason he asked that equal pupils, equal teachers, and equal conditions in all respects be assumed before attempting to arrive at correct i . I conclusions ( 3 3 : 5 6 ) . "The aim," he once remarked, "is to , I . . . ! I lead the child into music through the violin; not to make a jviolinist who may or may not be musical. . ." ( 3 4 : 2 7 7 )• I The Selective and Economic Advantages of Class Instruction An oft-cited advantage of the instrumental class system was the opportunity it provided so many children who otherwise would never have studied music. The very fact of the existence of an instrumental music class, open to all, I j was credited with awakening an intense desire to learn music along with the group (29:254-255)• Connected with this idea was the economic factor, which ruled out so many prospective private students, whereas class instruction, like all other subjects, was more and more made available ! 339 1 I a t no c o s t , t o t h e s t u d e n t . And e v e n f o r t h e s c h o o l , t h e p l a n was e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e , w h e re a s a p l a n b a s e d on p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d n e v e r h a v e b e e n a c c e p t e d . And b e y o n d t h e s e r e a s o n s e d u c a t o r s w ere p r o n e t o i c i t e t h e p r e p a r a t o r y n a t u r e o f t h e c l a s s , w h ere t h e m ost I t a l e n t e d g a i n e d t h e i r i n i t i a l s t i m u l u s a n d b a s i c t r a i n i n g I I w h ic h l a t e r l e d them t o t u r n t o t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o t o o b - j t a i n t h e i r a d v a n c e d i n s t r u c t i o n . F o r s u c h r e a s o n s B i r g e a d v i s e d t h a t t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r becom e a c t i v e l y i n t e r e s t e d ; i n t h i s t y p e o f s c h o o l w ork f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g s e v e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s : I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e i t [ t h e c l a s s ] h a s p r o b a b l y come t o s t a y ; i n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e i t i s a p p a r e n t l y a n i n v a s i o n ; o f h i s own p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d , a n d i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s a n d j l i m i t a t i o n s p r e s e n t q u e s t i o n s o f i m p o r t a n c e ; i n t h e ; t h i r d p l a c e , i t i s f o r h i s i n t e r e s t t h a t c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n be s k i l l f u l l y g i v e n so t h a t when c h i l d r e n come t o him fro m t h e s e c l a s s e s t h e y w i l l n o t h a v e t o u n l e a r n w hat h a s b e e n b a d l y t a u g h t ; i n t h e f o u r t h p l a c e , may n o t t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r a p p l y t h e i d e a o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n i n h i s own w o rk . I s i t f i n a n c i a l l y o r p e d a g o g i e a l l y n e c e s s a r y - t h a t v i o l i n o r p i a n o i n s t r u c t i o n be g i v e n t o one p u p i l a t a t i m e , o r r a t h e r ; i n a c l a s s c o n s i s t i n g o f one p u p i l i n o r d e r t h a t t h e ; p u p i l s h a l l make p r o g r e s s a n d t h e t e a c h e r make a ' l i v i n g ? ( 2 9 : 2 5 5 ) T h e se w ere t h e b a s i c , m o st o b v io u s a d v a n t a g e s c o n - * n e c t e d w i t h t h e c l a s s a p p r o a c h . B u t t h e r e w ere o t h e r d e e p e r , more i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n s why t h e c l a s s p l a n came so ■ w i d e l y t o be a c c e p t e d a n d a d o p t e d . ; 3 4 0 The S o c i a l A d v a n ta g e s I n h e r e n t i n t h e G roup A p p ro a c h No a s p e c t o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s was c o n s i d e r e d m ore i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e s p i r i t o f c o o p é r a t i o n , s e l f - r e l i a n c e , a n d g o od s p o r t s m a n s h i p w h ic h e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e s o c i a l I c o n d i t i o n s e l e m e n t a l t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s . U n d e r s u c h a I p l a n t h e p u p i l s w e re c o n s t a n t l y p e r f o r m i n g a l o n e b e f o r e I t h e i r f e l l o w s , a n d i n c o n c e r t , t h e r e b y d e v e l o p i n g t h e I I p o i s e a n d s e l f - c o n t r o l w h ic h w o u ld s t a n d th em i n s u c h good I s t e a d i n f u t u r e r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e . S u ch was t h e t h o u g h t h e l d b y Normann ( 1 7 : 1 4 3 ) . Among t h e l o n g l i s t o f t h o s e who e m p h a s iz e d t h e ; i m p o r t a n c e o f g r o u p s p i r i t a s a n i n c e n t i v e t o g r o w th and I p r o g r e s s w ere J o n e s , D a s c h , and K ro n e , who p o i n t e d o u t t h a t ; I c h i l d r e n l i k e d t o w o rk w i t h o t h e r s m ore t h a n t h e y d i d by * , t h e m s e l v e s . "The s p i r i t o f e m u l a t i o n , " t h e y o b s e r v e d , " i s a p o w e r f u l f a c t o r i n p r o g r e s s . " And t h e y , l i k e N orm ann, ' n o t e d t h a t t h e c h i l d d i d n o t d e v e l o p s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s a b o u t p l a y i n g f o r o t h e r s ( 4 o 4 : 1 3 ) . j Some o b s e r v e r s w ere e x c e e d i n g l y r e a l i s t i c i n t h e i r I a n a l y s i s o f t h e c h i l d ’s a t t i t u d e to w a r d m u sic s t u d y . U s in g I a c a r t o o n i n a n a t i o n a l m a g a z in e w h ic h d e p i c t e d a b o y j o f f e r i n g some m ov ers a d o l l a r t o d r o p t h e f a m i l y p i a n o a s I a p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e . T a p p e r p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e w ere i I ; c e r t a i n t h i n g s a b o u t a b o y ’s i n t e r e s t s t h a t t h e t e a c h e r j 3 4 1 n e e d e d t o know. I n view o f h i s r e s t l e s s e n e r g y a n d w id e a r e a o f i n t e r e s t s , a s r e f l e c t e d i n h i s lo v e f o r c o m p e t i t i v e g a m e s, te a m w o rk , g r o u p e f f o r t , a n d l o y a l t y t o s u c h t h i n g s a s s c o u t t r o u p s , h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t we, a s t e a c h e r s , w ere l i k e l y t o o v e r d o t h e p r i v a t e s i d e o f l e s s o n s a n d u n d e r d o t h a g r o u p p o s s i b i l i t y ( 3 2 5 : 4 3 9 ) . S t e w a r t v ie w e d t h e g r o u p l e s s o n a s a n e s c a p e fro m t h e l o n e l i n e s s i n v o l v e d i n p r a c t i c i n g a t hom e, a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e i n p l a y i n g a v i o l i n c o u l d becom e a s much f u n f o r t h e c h i l d a s p l a y i n g b a s e b a l l b e c a u s e e a c h o f h i s p l a y m a t e s w ere d o i n g t h e same t h i n g . Not o n l y d i d s h e r e c o g n i z e t h i s a s b e i n g m ore f u n , b u t s h e n o t e d t h a t i t a l s o t a u g h t t h e c h i l d r e n how t o c o o p e r a t e and t h u s become b e t t e r m u s i c i a n s ( 3 1 9 : 5 9 8 ) . M u r s e l l h e l d t h e p h i l o s o p h y t h a t l e a r n i n g h a d two a s p e c t s - - o n e p r i v a t e , t h e o t h e r s o c i a l . The a c q u i s i t i o n o f a n a b i l i t y was e s s e n t i a l l y a n i n d i v i d u a l p r o c e s s , he t h o u g h t , b u t i t s e x p r e s s i v e u s e was a s o c i a l o n e . He v a l u e d t h e c l a s s f o r i t s a b i l i t y t o a r o u s e momentum a n d e n t h u s i a s m , a n d f o r i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n a s a i s o c i a l f u n c t i o n w h ere p u p i l s g o t t o g e t h e r t o e n j o y t h e ! : h e a r i n g a n d m ak in g o f m u sic ( 1 2 : 2 0 3 , 2 0 8 ) . I B ro o k s a n d Brown com m ented t h a t when i n s t r u m e n t a l I ! i. ' c l a s s e s w ere f i r s t o r g a n i z e d i t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t 3 4 2 ! children enjoyed the group experience and wanted to play ; under these circumstances. Those who had disliked working I I alone under a drillmaster found pleasure in doing the same jkind of playing along with others. They enjoyed such play ing as a part of some school enterprise, as they liked to I I share in the planning and conduct of the class, for it seemed, in a way, to belong to them, and they felt a sense of responsibility toward the successful outcome of the class. Under such conditions the best learning could take place, they concluded ( 2 : 2 1 7). Harris valued the class for the real sense of be longing it gave the child— the sense of self-respect, and the feeling of accomplishment ( 1 7 0: 2 9). These same social and competitive advantages of group teaching were recognized by Long, who commented: Many gregarious youngsters do not possess the patience to complete the early stages of instrumental training through individual lessons and solitary practice. But with the added incentives which come through group participation, many are converted to a regimen of school instruction plus home work, who might otherwise turn to different diversions. ( 2 2 3:354) The Advantage of Ensemble in the Class There was, of course, a natural benefit of the group I approach— the possibility of introducing ensemble, or part : music, from the earliest stages. There were many who i 3 4 3 c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s f e a t u r e o f t h e c l a s s , B o lg e n ^ a t one p o i n t , o b s e r v i n g t h a t t h e m a r v e lo u s o p p o r t u n i t y o f f e r e d f o r t h i s s o r t o f a c t i v i t y was b y no m eans t h e l e a s t o f t h e a r g u m e n ts i n f a v o r o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n ( 1 0 1 : 5 3 9 ) - F i s c h e l a n d B e n n e t t r e f e r r e d t o t h e b r o a d e n i n g i n f l u e n c e o f p l a y i n g e n s e m b l e , an d t h e g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t w h ic h r e s u l t e d fro m i t ( 3 9 6 : 3 )> a n d C h e y e t t e a n d S a lzra an e m p h a s iz e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y p r o v i d e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e s t u d e n t s | I t o c a r r y i n d e p e n d e n t p a r t s a t a n e a r l y s t a g e i n t h e i r t r a i n i n g ( 3 9 4 : i i i ) . ; The A d v a n ta g e o f t h e C o m p e t i t i v e E le m e n t i n t h e C l a s s j T h e r e a r e tw o p r i m a r y a d v a n t a g e s i n h e r e n t i n t h e ! g r o u p a p p r o a c h . The f i r s t o f t h e s e , j u s t now d i s c u s s e d , i s | t h e s o c i a l v a l u e s i n v o l v e d , t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t , m u tu a l i n - ; t e r e s t , t h e f u n , a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r e n s e m b le a f f o r d e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a g r o u p o f l e a r n e r s . The s e c o n d f u n d a m e n t a l a d v a n t a g e i s t h e c o m p e t i t i v e e le m e n t p r e s e n t i n t h e ‘ g r o u p a p p r o a c h , a f o r c e w h ic h m o t i v a t e s t h e c h i l d r e n t o I a c h i e v e w h a t e v e r t h e i r c l a s s m a t e s l e a r n . I n s h o r t , t h e I . I I c h i l d r e n . l e a r n fro m one a n o t h e r . T h is was one o f t h e d e - ' I ' I I l i g h t f u l o b s e r v a t i o n s o f a l e r t s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s who, j f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e c h i l d ’s f e e l i n g t h a t he i s i n c a p a b l e o f a c c o m p l i s h i n g a s k i l l r e q u i r e d o f him b y h i s t e a c h e r . 3 4 4 ' d i s c e r n e d t h a t t h e moment one c h i l d i n a g r o u p h a d acc o ra - ; p l i s h e d a n y new a b i l i t y , a l l t h e o t h e r s s o u g h t v e r y q u i c k l y I t o e m u l a t e t h e i r c l a s s m a t e . W h ile t h e c h i l d f e l t no em- I I b a r r a s s m e n t a t h i s i n a b i l i t y t o d u p l i c a t e a s k i l l o f t h e I t e a c h e r , he was q u i t e c h a g r i n e d a t b e i n g u n a b l e t o k e e p up : w i t h a f e l l o w s t u d e n t . ! ! M u r s e l l was c l o s e t o t h i s t h o u g h t when he s a i d : ! j The m ain p o i n t t o rem em ber i s t h a t when one i s d e a l - ! i n g w i t h a g r o u p o f l e a r n e r s , one c a n do c e r t a i n t h i n g s ! w h ic h a r e d i f f i c u l t a n d e v e n i m p o s s i b l e when one t a k e s th em i n d i v i d u a l l y . The m ere p r e s e n c e o f a g r o u p o p e n s u p v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s w h ic h a r e v e r y a d v a n t a g e o u s ! i f t h e t e a c h e r knows how t o u t i l i z e th e m . ( 2 4 5 : 1 2 ) i I I And i t was p r e c i s e l y t h i s p o i n t w h ic h he nam ed a s I one o f t h e t h r e e r e a s o n s why t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s made I s e n s e . A lo n g w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f m ak in g m u sic w i t h o t h e r s , f o r o t h e r s , a s a n o r d i n a r y e v e r y - d a y e x p e r i e n c e , a n d t h e m i n i m i z i n g o f t h e n e r v o u s n e s s w h ic h s o o f t e n : a f f l i c t s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f y o u n g p e r f o r m e r s , M u r s e l l n o t e d ■ ■ I t h a t t h e p u p i l s l e a r n e d fro m one a n o t h e r ( 2 4 5 : 1 2 ) . And a t a n o t h e r p o i n t M u r s e l l , i n d r a w in g a t t e n t i o n t I I t o t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h e g r o u p a p p r o a c h i n d e v e l o p i n g a | i ; i s e n s e o f r h y th m , n o t e d t h a t t h e i n h i b i t i o n s o f t h e i n d i v i d - ; ! j u a l a p p r o a c h w ere s w e p t away i n t h e w e l l d i r e c t e d g r o u p , iE n th u s ia s m was a r o u s e d , i n v e n t i v e n e s s s t i m u l a t e d , a n d s e l f - i c o n s c i o u s n e s s was b a n i s h e d b y t h e " sw in g a n d sw eep o f t h e j 3 4 5 isocial activity." Thus students became more aware of tone I quality, more sensitive to pitch, and motor techniques were i t greatly facilitated under the principle of "doing something I I as others do it and because they do it" (12:212). I Something to this effect was said by Bolgen, who in I listing the many advantages of the class approach, stated that the idea of competition was always mentioned by the ‘advocates of the group system as being one of the most im- I ■portant justifications for the class plan. In elaborating upon this thought, he said: The people who say that classes are beneficial be cause the ’children leam from each other, * are closer to the truth than may be imagined, in spite of their rather clumsy and inexact way of expressing themselves; for let there be no doubt about it: whatever the child learns will come from the teachers ... Indirectly they do learn from one another. Because a.child will ' understand a correction or grasp an explanation when it is done through another child, where the adult would utterly fail. To the child, the adults stands for a strange, slightly hostile world; and whatever the adult I does is generally colored by this attitude. T h e ^ mere fact that another child does a thing, pulls it down to a level where it might be understood. ( 1 0 1 :5 3 8 ) Asserting that private music lessons for the be ginner were a waste of time and money, Giddings maintained ■ that the child did better in the class because of the added| I incentive of the other pupils who were doing the same thing "The rivalry of class work is lacking in private lessons. The class sets the pace," he declared ( 5 : 2 4 4 ) . j 3 4 6 I This influence was described by Normann as being the expression of many points of view through which technical I and musical problems came to be more thoroughly understood ! than when dictated from teacher to pupil (17:144). I Among the many others who expressed similar views I were Berkley (95:24), Waller, (357:12), Kinsce11a and ^ Tierney ( 7 : 6 6), and Cheyette and Salzman (394:iii). i I Nor was this advantage restricted to the beginning class• Those who have tended to limit string instruction to the private studio forget that the class was a very istrategic tool with some of the great artist pedagogues. i I Skibinsky, who in 1 9 0 5 studied with the almost legendary i I Joachim, asserted that the great master frequently gave i private lessons before an audience of pupils, "each one learning from observation of the general lesson as well as from direct instruction when it came his own turn to play (312:91). Auer, too, relied heavily on this system as the words of Heifetz indicated. Asserting that he had studied with the famous professor for about six years, both pri vately and in class, he said: 347 In class there were usually from twenty-five to thirty pupils. Aside from what we each gained in dividually from the Professor’s criticism and correc tion, it was interesting to hear the others who played before one’s turn came, because one could get all kinds of hints from what Professor Auer told them. (10:82) I Opposition to the Class Method Approach I Widespread acceptance of the class string lesson is I ! a comparatively recent phenomenon. It was not always the i accepted system, for, as Mursell pointed out, prior to the ! I nineteenth century, most teaching followed the individual method (12:202). And such a long standing tradition was I difficult to overcome. It was Mannes who declared in 1919 I . I that class instruction was for the advanced student, not the beginner. It was in the beginning that the closest ■personal contact between the individual pupil and the I teacher was desirable (10:151). And almost in the same I breath, so to speak. Mannes complained of a failure among I violinists which stemmed directly from this long standing dependence upon the individual system of instruction at the jbeginning, instead of the group approach. In attacking ; the fetish of technical virtuosity, engendered so directly I jby the emphasis upon private study, he lamented: I It is a well-known fact that few, even among gifted I players, can sit down to play chamber music and do it I justice. This is not because they cannot grasp or i understand.it; or because their technic is insuffi cient. It is because their whole violinistic 3 4 8 education has been along the line of solo playing; they have literally been brought up, not to play with others, but to be accompanied others. (1 0: 1 5 5) Just sol Modern class technology is based on the jpremise that children should be brought up, not to be I jaccompanied by others, but to play with others. The conflict of thought that was taking place in the 1 9 2 0*s was very evident from the statement of Woods, who ) ! declared, "It needs no argument to convince the reader that ! individual instruction is almost always more effective in its results and doubly superior to class instruction" I( 2 5: 5 1). And yet, at the same period, Earhart was able to ; I ' » I say, "With young children, and in beginning stages, class | I instruction is better than individual instruction" (134:54)4 I And even now, there is evidence that approval of the i 'class approach has come chiefly from the public school : music educators, as Johnson suggested when he declared that I the leading private string teachers and performers were I against the class method of instruction (383:10). . ; In the midst of this study the investigator chanced | 1 to encounter the famous violinist, Toscha Seidel. He was ; asked his opinion on the teaching of beginners in a class, to which he replied, with permission to quote, in Sep- jtember, 1957: "A string instrument you cannot teach in a ‘class." When he was asked to give his reasons for this j 3 4 9 ■ opinion he replied that string students had to be individ ually taught. "They cannot quickly grasp by demonstra- I jtion," he continued, "so the teacher has to continually [correct the individual." I I To which the open-minded music educator would reply ; ithat it is precisely for this reason that the class teacher i (capitalizes on the child’s eagerness to emulate his fellows Ithus learning from the demonstration of a class-mate what I 'he might not learn directly from the teacher. Thus, insofar as the public school music educator jwas concerned, the group approach was all but unanimously 1 Iapproved as the only efficient method of providing large ' numbers of children the opportunity of learning to play a i stringed instrument in an interesting musical atmosphere. ' I I : II. traditional attitudes The forward-looking music educator, as the principal | ^protagonist of the string class approach, early learned I that his efforts to develop new techniques of instruction ; (adaptable to group instruction quite frequently ran counter ; i ; I to some very deep-seated traditions regarding string ; (pedagogy. These were exceedingly difficult to overcome, or , counteract. In fact, it was only the necessity of coping ! with the new challenge encountered in the group approach I I 3 5 0 : I ' t h a t c a u s e d t h e m ore e n t e r p r i s i n g s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t o s h e d (t h e i r own c o n s e r v a t i s m t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h new t e c h n i q u e s . j I I n h i s e f f o r t s t o m o d e r n iz e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g t h e i m u s ic e d u c a t o r e n c o u n t e r e d t h r e e b a s i c a l l y n e g a t i v e a t t i - ! t u d e s : ( 1 ) a c o n s e r v a t i v e , o r n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e I a d o p t i o n o f new t e c h n i q u e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s , ( 2 ) t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t s t r i n g s w e re t o b e r e s e r v e d f o r t h e t a l e n t e d few who w e re w i l l i n g t o p u r s u e a l o n g c o u r s e o f t r a i n i n g i n v o l v i n g ^ t r a d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s a n d l i t e r a t u r e , a n d ( 3 ) t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t s t r i n g s w e r e , a n d a lw a y s w o u ld b e t h e m o st d i f f i c u l t I t o l e a r n , t o t e a c h , a n d t o m a s t e r . W ith t h e s e c o n c e p t s t h e ; i : I : ; m o d e rn p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t o r v i o l e n t l y d i s a g r e e d . I T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e ; A N e g a t i v e A t t i t u d e T o w ard New ' I T e c h n iq u e s a n d P r o c e d u r e s I ; P o l a h w as o n e o f t h e m any e d u c a t o r s who t o o k i s s u e i i w i t h t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t o k e e p p a c e w i t h i I w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e m o d e m t r e n d o f d o i n g t h i n g s e a s i l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y ( 4 7 : 1 3 9 ) - T h is t h o u g h t w as e c h o e d b y B o r n o f f who d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s was b e i n g s e r i o u s l y a r r e s t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e w i d e s p r e a d u t i l i z a t i o n o f o b s o l e t e m e th o d s w h ic h w e re c o n t r a r y t o p r o g r e s s i v e t h e o r i e s on s p e e d a n d e f f i c i e n c y . I t was h i s o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w e re b o u n d b y " t h e p r o s a i c t i e s o f t r a d i t i o n a l p e d a g o g y a n d t h e i n v e t e r a t e a d h e r e n c e t o r o u t i n e g r i n d a n d r e p e t i t i o n " ( 3 9 2 : 4 ) . ' I n d e f e n d i n g h i s p u r p o s e i n a d d i n g a new v o lu m e t o ' t h e a l r e a d y h u g e n u m b e r o f b o o k s d e a l i n g w i t h v i o l i n p e d a - ' g o g y , N eum ann d e c l a r e d t h a t h e d i d s o " t o f i g h t t h e t y r a n n y I o f r i g i d m e th o d s a n d t o a s s a i l d o g m a tis m a n d i t s n a rro w - m in d e d p r e t e n c e " ( 2 5 3 : 7 )♦ C h e n o w e th e x p r e s s e d r e a l a l a r m a t t h e t e n d e n c y s t r i n g t e a c h e r s h a d t o a d h e r e t o t r a d i t i o n a l r u t s , r o u t i n e s , a n d s c h o o l s o f p l a y i n g ( 1 1 7 : 1 4 ) , a n d i n l i k e v e i n R e g i n a l d S t e w a r t a s s a i l e d t h e s u r p r i s i n g i g n o r a n c e a n d i n t o l e r a n c e h e h a d e n c o u n t e r e d am ong som e o f h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l c o l l e a g u e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e t e a c h i n g o f b e g i n n e r s . I n h i s e s t i m a t i o n i t w as a c a s e o f f a i l u r e t o s t u d y b a s i c p e d a g o g y : M o st o f th e m , a l t h o u g h f i n e p e r f o r m e r s , h a v e n e v e r m ade a n a n a l y t i c a l s t u d y o f t e a c h i n g a n d a r e f u l l o f m i s c o n c e p t i o n s a n d i l l - c o n c e i v e d t h e o r i e s w h ic h a r e n o t o n l y u s e l e s s i n d e v e l o p i n g a l l b u t t h e m o s t t a l e n t e d p e r s o n , b u t a r e d o w n r i g h t p r e j u d i c i a l t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y i n g . S u r p r i s i n g l y few m u s ic t e a c h e r s h a v e s t u d i e d p e d a g o g y . T h ey h a v e a c q u i r e d s k i l l o n a n i n s t r u m e n t o r i n v o i c e m a i n l y b e c a u s e t h e y w e re t a l e n t e d a n d h a d s t u d i e d w i t h g o o d p r o f e s s o r s . A f t e r t h e i r s t u d e n t p e r i o d t h e y b e g a n t o t e a c h w i t h o u t a n y e x p e r i e n c e o r k n o w le d g e o f t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s . . . . ( 3 1 7 : 1 3 ) R o ss was c a u s t i c i n h i s c e n s u r e o f w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e s h o c k i n g l y l a z y , u n p r o g r e s s i v e a p p r o a c h o f m any s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h e r s who h a d b e e n r i g i d l y b o u n d 3 5 2 b y n a r r o w " s c h o o l s " a n d " m e t h o d s ." S u c h a b s u r d i t i e s s h o u l d b e c a s t a s i d e , h e d e c l a r e d , i n o r d e r t o k e e p p a c e w i t h t h e t e m p e r a n d p r o c e d u r e s i n c o n te m p o r a r y e d u c a t i o n ( 2 9 0 : 2 1 0 ) . I t w as O n c l e y ’s v ie w t h a t c e r t a i n t y p e s o f m u s i c i a n s w e re i n c l i n e d t o w a r d c o n s e r v a t i s m , t h e s o r t o f s t a t u s quo c l a s s i c i s t s who l i k e d t o p o i n t o u t t h a t no s u b s t a n t i a l im p r o v e m e n ts i n v i o l i n m a k in g h a d o c c u r r e d s i n c e S t r a d i v a r i u s ; t h e y w e re t h e k i n d who f a i l e d t o r e a l i z e t h a t S t r a d i v a r i u s { was h i m s e l f a n e x p e r i m e n t e r who w as c o n s t a n t l y s e e k i n g t o im p ro v e h i s p r o d u c t s ( 2 5 9 : 8 ) . I n l i k e s p i r i t S h e a s b y co m m en ted o n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e s o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s who w e re f o r e v e r g r e e t i n g t h e n e w e s t s t y l e s o f c o m p o s i t i o n a s b e i n g u n p l a y a b l e . S u c h a t t i t u d e s w e re r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f a c t t h a t v i o l i n m e th o d s h a d n o t a d v a n c e d w h i l e p i a n o a n d w in d i n s t r u m e n t s h a d ( 5 2 : 3 6 7 - 3 6 8 ) . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f t h i s r e s e r v e d mood was p r o v i d e d b y S e v e r n who r e c a l l e d t h a t th e^ v i o l i n v i b r a t o u s e d t o b e a h i g h l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l s u b j e c t . " ’ I c a n r e m e m b e r ,'" h e c o m m e n te d , " ’w hen i t was l a u g h e d a t b y t h e p u r i s t s a s a n I t a l i a n e v i d e n c e o f b a d t a s t e . ’ " S e v e r n ’s own t e a c h e r (E m a n u e l M i r t h , J o a c h i m ’s f i r s t a s s i s t a n t a t t h e B e r l i n H o c h s c h u le ) d e c r i e d i t , b u t S e v e r n h i m s e l f a p p r o v e d a n d d e f e n d e d i t b e c a u s e i t was b a s e d on t h e c o r r e c t l y p r o d u c e d hum an v o i c e ( 1 0 : 2 3 6 ) . I 3 5 3 I The e n t i r e s u b j e c t o f c o n s e r v a b i s m w as w e l l summed I u p b y A l t v a t e r who was s a y i n g a s e a r l y a s 1 9 3 7 , b e f o r e t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n v e n t i o n t h a t : ■ „ I . . . e v e r y o u t s t a n d i n g l e a d e r i n t e a c h i n g h a s h a d a l o n g l i s t o f f o l l o w e r s who r e g a r d e d h i s e v e r y s o u n d a n d ; g e s t u r e a s t h e l a s t w o rd . T h e r e c a n b e no f i n a l i t i e s i n m an-m ade r u l e s i f t h e r e i s t o b e p r o g r e s s . We s h a l l , i f we p r o g r e s s , l e a r n w i t h m ore a n d m ore f u l l - I n e s s how we may b e s t c o o r d i n a t e o u r a c t i v i t i e s w i t h n a t u r a l law a n d t o t h i s p r o c e s s t h e r e i s n o e n d . The e x p e r i m e n t i s t o r t h e e m p i r i c i s t may a l s o b e a v i o l i n i s t , T h e r e h a s b e e n a n e x c e s s o f f e a r o f t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n ts a s b e i n g p r o d i g i o u s l y d i f f i c u l t o f m a s t e r y . T h i s ; d e t e r r e n t m u st b e e l i m i n a t e d i f a jo y o u s a n d p e r s i s t e n t I - p r o g r e s s i n t h i s f i e l d i s t o b e a c h i e v e d . We n e e d t e a c h e r s who a r e e q u i p p e d m e n t a l l y a n d t e m p e r a m e n t a l l y t o g o t h e i r own p a t h s w i t h c o n v i c t i o n a n d e n t h u s i a s m , I a n d we may w e l l do w i t h l e s s o f aw ed r e v e r e n c e o f j t r a d i t i o n a l i n e f f i c i e n c e s . L s i c . i n e f f i c i e n c i e s ] I. ( 2 6 : 3 1 2 ) ' W h ile A n d e r s e n ’s ( 6 2 : 1 1 ) a s s e r t i o n t h a t t h e e a s y m e th o d o f l e a r n i n g t o p l a y t h e v i o l i n d i d n o t e x i s t m ig h t b e t r u e , t h e new m u s ic e d u c a t i o n was n o t r e a d y t o a d m it t h a t s t r i n g s t u d y c o u l d n o t b e s i m p l i f i e d a n d made a n e n - I j o y a b l e , r e w a r d i n g m u s i c a l e x p e r i e n c e f o r a l l t h e c h i l d r e n I who d e s i r e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e . I T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e ; S t r i n g S t u d y f o r t h e T a l e n t e d Few I The g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e w h ic h se e m e d t o e x i s t b e tw e e n I t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o t e a c h e r a n d t h a t o f }t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic i n s t r u c t o r was t h e p u r p o s e o f i n - I I 8 t r u m e n t a l s t u d y . The m o d e rn p u b l i c s c h o o l e d u c a t o r w as 3 5 4 1 l a r g e l y p e r s u a d e d b y t h e M u r s e l l s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t w h ic h ' p l a c e d p r i m a r y e m p h a s is u p o n t h e g r o w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e c h i l d ’s m u s i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h e s e p e o p l e , o f c o u r s e , h a d h o p e s t h a t t h e i r s t u d e n t s , i n t h o s e c a s e s , w h e re i n t e r e s t a n d t a l e n t d i c t a t e d , w o u ld becom e h i g h l y s k i l l e d p e r f o r m e r s . B u t a s s u c h , t h i s w as b u t o n e o f m any p o s s i b i l i t i e s e m a n a t i n g fro m t h e c e n t r a l d e s i r e t o g i v e e v e r y c h i l d , t o t h e l i m i t o f h i s a b i l i t y , t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s h i m s e l f i n m u s i c . The p r i v a t e t e a c h e r , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , se e m e d d i s p o s e d t o v ie w e v e r y s t u d e n t a s a p o t e n t i a l c o n c e r t a r t i s t . The p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t o r cam e t o r e g a r d t h i s a t t i t u d e w i t h a l a r m , n o t b e c a u s e h e d i s a p p r o v e d o f h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f p e r f o r m a n c e , b u t b e c a u s e t h e m e th o d o f a t t a i n i n g t h e s e s t a n d a r d s t e n d e d t o t r a v e l a r o u t i n i z e d , a n d e s s e n t i a l l y u n m u s i c a l p a t h w h ic h d i s c o u r a g e d a l l b u t t h e h a r d i e s t , a n d p e r h a p s m o s t t a l e n t e d , s o u l s . The f a c t t h a t t h i s p o l i c y was o n e o f a t t r i t i o n f o r s t r i n g s se e m e d n o t t o p h a s e a l a r g e s e g m e n t o f t h i s g r o u p . F o r t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t o r who saw a h e r i t a g e o f g r e a t e n s e m b le m u s ic b e i n g d e n i e d a g e n e r a t i o n , a n d f o r t h e sy m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a c o n d u c t o r who h a d f e w e r q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s t o c h o o s e h i s p e r f o r m e r s f r o m , t h i s was t r u l y a n a l a r m i n g s i t u a t i o n . E v id e n c e o f t h i s a w a r e n e s s o n t h e p a r t o f m u s ic 3 5 5 I e d u c a t o r s was w i d e s p r e a d , j I t se e m e d a l l t o o o b v io u s t o C l a r k t h a t m o st p r i - | v a t e t e a c h e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f m u s ic se e m e d t o h a v e b u t o n e ■ t h i n g i n m in d f o r t h e i r s t u d e n t s — t h e c o n c e r t s t a g e . And ^ t h i s h e d e f i n e d a s t h e t e a c h e r a t t i t u d e w h ic h d i s c o u r a g e d i m ore w o u ld - b e m u s i c i a n s t h a n a n y t h i n g e l s e ( 1 2 2 : 1 8 ) . j A p p a r e n t l y i t was t h i s c o n c e p t t h a t c a u s e d s o m any i p r i v a t e i n s t r u c t o r s t o condem n t h e c l a s s m e th o d o f i n s t r u c - j t i o n . T h ey se e m e d t o b e l i e v e , a n d q u i t e s i n c e r e l y , t o o , : t h a t t h e v i o l i n was a n i n s t r u m e n t t o b e r e s e r v e d o n l y f o r ! t h e v e r y t a l e n t e d c h i l d , a n d i t was i n t h i s s p i r i t t h a t I I t h e y v ie w e d t h e o n l y v a l i d g o a l f o r s t u d y a s b e i n g t h e ! p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r . T h ey saw n o u s e f u l p u r p o s e , a s H a s k e l l p o i n t e d o u t , i n e n c o u r a g i n g l a r g e n u m b e rs o f p u p i l s t o l e a r n t o p l a y t h e v i o l i n ( 1 7 5 : 8 ) , 1 P r o p o n e n t s o f t h i s p e f e c t i o n l s t s y s t e m se e m e d i o b l i v i o u s o f t h e f a c t t h a t p e r h a p s 95 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r ! s t u d e n t s w e re J u s t a v e r a g e c h i l d r e n who g o t a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n a v e r a g e p l e a s u r e o u t o f m u s i c , a s b o t h P a i n e ( 2 6 3 : 4 3 4 ) a n d G o l d s t e i n ( 1 4 8 : 3 4 2 ) p o i n t e d o u t . : S u c h r e s t r i c t i v e v ie w s w e re r a r e l y e x p r e s s e d i n p r i n t - T h ey w e re s i m p l y a t t i t u d e s t h a t m u s ic e d u c a t o r s e v e r y w h e r e e n c o u n t e r e d a s t h e y o c c a s i o n a l l y s o u g h t t h e a s s i s t a n c e a n d c o o p e r a t i o n o f s u c h p e o p l e i n p r o m o ti n g 3 5 6 f o r w a r d - l o o k i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l p ro g r a m s i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s . O c c a s i o n a l l y , h o w e v e r , a n a d h e r e n t o f t h i s s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t d i d e x p r e s s a n o p i n i o n , i n 1941 W r ig h t v e n t u r e d a n a r t i c l e i n t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s J o u r n a l w h ic h s o u g h t t o r e m in d m u s ic e d u c a t o r s , who w e re t h e n i n d e e p m o u rn in g o v e r t h e i r p l i g h t , o f t h e f a c t s r e g a r d i n g s t r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . H is a s s u m p t i o n s w e re i m m e d i a t e l y , a n d t h o r o u g h l y r e n o u n c e d b y m u s ic e d u c a T lo rs who t o o k i s s u e ! w i t h h i s v i e w s . U n d e r t h e s a r c a s t i c t i t l e o f " L e t ’s S t o p M o u rn in g f o r t h e O r c h e s t r a s , " W rig h t c h i d e d t h e s t r i n g p e o p l e f o r o v e r l o o k i n g t h e f a c t , w h ic h s h o u l d h a v e b e e n ! m o st o b v i o u s t o th e m , t h a t o n l y a l i m i t e d p e r c e n t a g e o f ; s c h o o l c h i l d r e n h a d t h e e a r , t h e e m o t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y , a n d t h e m e n t a l p e r s i s t e n c e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e r i g o r s o f s t r i n g m a s t e r y . He a l s o v o l u n t e e r e d t h e i n a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n ; t h a t t h r e e t o f o u r t i m e s a s much t im e was r e q u i r e d t o , l e a r n t h e s t r i n g s , a s c o m p a re d t o t h e w i n d s . And w hen h e f l a t l y s t a t e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l s i n t h e s m a l l e r c o m m u n itie s : c o u l d do w i t h o u t t h e o r c h e s t r a b e c a u s e t h e b a n d s e r v e d t h e i r n e e d s b e t t e r , he i n v i t e d r e t a l i a t i o n ( 3 7 1 : 1 5 )* i The f i r s t t o t a k e i s s u e w i t h t h e s e v ie w s was O t t e r s t e i n , who a n n o u n c e d t h a t h e d i s a g r e e d w i t h M r. W r ig h t j u s t a s h e a r t i l y a s W r ig h t p r o b a b l y d i s a g r e e d w i t h h im . R e p l y i n g t o t h e i n i t i a l p o i n t t h a t m any c o u l d n o t 357 ‘ ( p l a y s t r i n g s b e c a u s e t h e y l a c k e d t h e e a r f o r i t , O t t e r s t e i n ! s i m p l y d e c l a r e d t h a t t h i s was " w r o n g ." Any p e r s o n v j lt h | n o r m a l h e a r i n g a n d a n y d e g r e e o f s e n s i t i v i t y c o u l d b e ( t r a i n e d t o p l a y i n t u n e . S t u d e n t s s i m p l y h a d t o b e t a u g h t t o l i s t e n , h e o b s e r v e d , a n d h e a d d e d t h a t t h i s was a s n e c e s s a r y a n d d i f f i c u l t f o r b a n d i n s t r u m e n t s a s i t was f o r i t h e s t r i n g s ( 2 6 2 : 5 6 ) . 1 W a l l e r was f o r t h r i g h t i n d i s p u t i n g W r i g h t ‘s c a r e - i i l e s s s t a t e m e n t s . B e c a u s e h e b e l i e v e d t h i s t y p e o f t h i n k i n g t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f n u m e ro u s g r o u p s o f m u s ic e d u c a t o r s j W a l l e r was a n x i o u s t o p o i n t o u t t h e f a l l a c i e s c o n t a i n e d i n I s u c h n o t i o n s . As f o r t h e o l d i d e a t h a t o n l y a few p e o p l e ' w e re i n p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e f i n e s e n s i b i l i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o p l a y a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t , t h i s , h e s a i d , was " J u s t p l a i n ' 'b u n k * . " He t h e n l i s t e d w h a t he r e g a r d e d a s t h e o n l y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m e m b e rs h ip i n a n e x c e l l e n t s c h o o l o r c h e s - , t r a , t h e s e b e i n g : " a n i n s t r u m e n t , n o r m a l i n t e l l i g e n c e , n o r m a l h a n d s , n o r m a l c o o r d i n a t i o n , a n d a g o o d t e a c h e r . " S u c h r e q u i r e m e n t s c o u l d b e m et b y 75 t o 90 p e r c e n t o f o u r ■ s c h o o l c h i l d r e n , g i v e n t h e i n s t r u m e n t a n d t h e t e a c h e r . : And t o c li m a x h i s a r g u m e n t . W a l l e r s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t be re m e m b e re d t h a t t o a n a m a z in g e x t e n t t h e f i n e m u s i c a l e a r s , a n d t h e e m o t i o n a l a p t i t u d e s w h ic h s t r i n g p l a y e r s w e re 3 5 8 p o p u l a r l y s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n b o r n w i t h , h a d a c t u a l l y b e e n a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h t h e s t u d y o f a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t ( 3 4 9 : 3 2 ) . To w h ic h h i s c o l l e a g u e s c o u l d h a v e s u p p l i e d a h e a r t y "A m en." So t h e new s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t r e j e c t e d t h e o l d t r a d i t i o n s i n f a v o r o f m ore r e a l i s t i c g o a l s . And i t w o u ld h a v e a g r e e d , s u b s t a n t i a l l y , w i t h t h e v ie w s o f G o l d s t e i n , who r e g a r d e d t h e u s u a l r o u t i n e o f s o l o i s t t r a i n i n g a s f u t i l e . P u p i l s w e re n o l o n g e r w i l l i n g t o r e s p o n d t o a ' d i e t o f M a z a s, P l e y e l , D e B e r i o t , L a o u r e u x , S e v i k , R o d e , I a n d K r e u t z e r . S u c h p r o g ra m s w e re r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e h i g h I m o r t a l i t y r a t e i n v i o l i n s t u d y . " P u p i l s , " h e fu m e d , " g i v e ' u p a f t e r a m o n th , o r a y e a r , o r f i v e y e a r s , a n d n e v e r l o o k a t t h e v i o l i n a g a i n . " T h e s e o l d f a s h i o n e d t e a c h e r s s h o u l d l e a r n ,- h e i n t i m a t e d , t h a t v i o l i n p l a y i n g s h o u l d b e f u n , a n d i t s h o u l d b e r e a l l y p l a y i n g ( 1 4 8 : 3 4 2 ) . ! T r a d i t i o n a l A t t i t u d e ; S t r i n g s M ost D i f f i c u l t One o f t h e m o s t p e r n i c i o u s o f t h e m any o l d w iv e s * t a l e s w h ic h becam e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t r i n g p l a y i n g w as t h e i I n o t i o n t h a t s t r i n g s , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e v i o l i n , was t h e h a r d e s t o f a l l i n s t r u m e n t s t o l e a r n . W h ile few w o u ld d i s p u t e t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a t t a i n m e n t o f t h e h i g h e r I e c h e l o n s i n t h e v i o l i n w o r l d i s a d i f f i c u l t h u r d l e , t h e I 359 I f a c t s s i m p l y do n o t s u p p o r t t h e t h e o r y t h a t l e a r n i n g t o I I p l a y a f i d d l e , i n t h e o r d i n a r y s e n s e o f t h e t e r m , i s . h a r d e r -th a n m o s t o t h e r o r c h e s t r a l i n s t r u m e n t s . M a s t e r y , I f o r a n y i n s t r u m e n t , i s s t i l l a l o n g , d i f f i c u l t d i s c i p l i n e . B u t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , w h ic h i n W e b s t e r 's d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e ' t e r m m eans t h o r o u g h l y e q u i p p e d a n d e l e g a n t , i s a s a v a i l a b l e ; t o t h e a v e r a g e c h i l d a s a s t a r t i n g b e r t h on t h e s c h o o l f o o t b a l l te a m . Of c o u r s e , t o b e a b s o l u t e l y h o n e s t , i t w o u ld b e n e c e s s a r y t o p o i n t o u t t h a t u n d e r t h e c u s t o m a r y p r o c e d u r e s , r e p l e t e a s t h e y w e re w i t h e n d l e s s d r i l l s a n d r o u t i n e s , t h e I s t r i n g s p r o b a b l y w e re t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t t o l e a r n , b u t w hen p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e sam e t y p e o f u p - t o - d a t e t e c h n i q u e s a s e m p lo y e d b y t h e w in d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h e r s , a n d b y w e l l t r a i n e d p e d a g o g u e s who u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r b u s i n e s s , t h e o l d c l i c h e i s no l o n g e r t r u e . S t r i n g p e d a g o g y h a s come a l o n g way s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 4 0 * s . No m ore d r a m a t i c e v i d e n c e o f t h e c h a n g e s w h ic h h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e f i e l d c a n b e s u p p l i e d t h a n t h a t p r o v i d e d b y t h e c o m p le te a b o u t - f a c e e x e c u t e d b y F r a n k H i l l i n h i s o p i n i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e l e n g t h o f tim e r e q u i r e d t o l e a r n t h e s t r i n g s . I n a n a r t i c l e i n a 19 4 3 i s s u e o f The E t u d e , H i l l made t h i s s t a t e m e n t : 3 6 0 I I t s h o u l d b e b o r n e I n m in d . . • t h a t a s t u d e n t o f i a w in d i n s t r u m e n t c a n u s u a l l y l e a r n t o p l a y a t u n e i n I a p l e a s i n g m a n n e r i n a b o u t o n e q u a r t e r o f t h e t im e j r e q u i r e d t o a t t a i n s i m i l a r s u f f i c i e n t t e c h n i c o n a v i o l i n . ( 1 8 2 : 4 3 4 ) F o u r t e e n y e a r s l a t e r tie was s a y i n g I n t ii e A m e ric a n I S t r i n g T e a c h e r : T h e r e i s m uch o t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t l e a r n i n g v i o l i n i n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s i s e a s i e r t h a n w in d i n s t r u - I m e n ts • . . We h a v e a d e e p r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n d i s - ! j p r o v i n g t h e a g e - o l d f a l l a c y t h a t t h e v i o l i n i s t h e m o s t I d i f f i c u l t i n s t r u m e n t . S u c h a n e r r o n e o u s p h i l o s o p h y h a s I d o n e m uch t o d i s c o u r a g e t h e y o u n g p l a y e r . ( I 8 l : l ) I i H i l l w as s t i r r e d u p , i n m a k in g t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s , b y j a n a r t i c l e b y K u e z m a rs k i w h ic h o c c u r r e d i n a n i s s u e o f ; The I n s t r u m e n t a l i s t . i n w h i c h , a t t h e l a t e d a t e o f 1 9 5 7 , I t I w as s t i l l e v i d e n t t h a t s t r i n g p l a y e r s w e re n o t y e t o v e r t h e n o t i o n t h a t s t r i n g s t o o k l o n g e r t o l e a m . A l t h o u g h t h e p u r p o s e o f h i s a r t i c l e was t o " D e v e lo p I n t e r e s t i n S t r i n g s , " K u e z m a rs k i was i n n o c e n t l y f a l l i n g i n t o t h e sam e t r a p w h ic h h a d b e e n d i s c o u r a g i n g t h a t i n t e r e s t f o r y e a r s . He s t a t e d t h a t t h e t r u m p e t a n d c l a r i n e t w e re m uch e a s i e r t o l e a m i n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s , a n d p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t e a c h i n g th e m was a l s o m ore d i f f i c u l t I I b e c a u s e o f t h e m ore c o m p l i c a t e d a s p e c t o f t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t . T u n in g , t o o , was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m . And f o r som e m y s t e r i o u s r e a s o n h e r e g a r d e d t h e n a t u r e o f v i o l i n p l a y i n g a s b e i n g c o m p le x b e c a u s e b o t h 361 h a n d s h a d t o h e m s e d , e a c h h a v i n g a d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n ! ( 1 9 9 : 3 1 ) W ith a l l o f t h i s H i l l t o o k e x c e p t i o n * S a y i n g t h a t I h e m u s t d i s a g r e e v i o l e n t l y w i t h t h r e e o f K u c z m a rs k l* s I s t a t e m e n t s . H i l l d e c l a r e d t h a t c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t s h a d I I p r o v e d K u c z m a rs k l* s f i r s t a s s u m p t i o n t o b e f a l s e . I n t h i s j p a r t i c u l a r t e s t , c o n d u c t e d som e y e a r s a g o I n K a n sa s ( t h i s , { u n f o r t u n a t e l y , w as n o t d o c u m e n te d ) s i x c h i l d r e n o n v i o l i n a n d s i x o n c l a r i n e t w e re g i v e n c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n o n t h e r e s p e c t i v e i n s t r u m e n t s . A t t h e e n d o f t h e s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d o f t r a i n i n g I t was f o u n d t h a t t h e v i o l i n i s t s h a d d e v e l o p e d b e t t e r t o n e , b e t t e r I n t o n a t i o n , a n d c o u l d p l a y a t : f a s t e r t e m p i t h a n t h e c l a r i n e t i s t s . B e y o n d t h i s H i l l p r e s e n t e d o t h e r e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t h i s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e v i o l i n was e a s i e r I n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s t h a n t h e w in d I n s t r u m e n t s . He c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e I d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e e m b o u c h u re was a " h i d d e n " t e c h n i c , w h e r e a s t h e c h i l d c o u l d " s e e " h i s s t r i n g t e c h n i c . F i n g e r V m a n i p u l a t i o n b y o n l y o n e h a n d I n a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e sam e p l a c e s o n e a c h s t r i n g w as s u g g e s t e d a s b e i n g f a i r l y s i m p l e , ! a n d b o w in g , b e c a u s e o f t h e l a r g e b o d i l y a c t i o n I n v o l v e d ( a n e w , m o d e rn t r e n d , b y t h e w ay) o f f e r e d b u t l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y . As f o r K u c z m a r s k l *8 r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c o m p l i c a t e d 362 i a s p e c t s o f t h e s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t , H i l l r e p l i e d , " S u r e l y h e | c a n n o t m ean t h a t m o v in g a bow a c r o s s a s t r i n g I s m ore com - i i p l i c a t e d t h a n a n i n t r i c a t e c o m b i n a t i o n o f k e y s o n a c l a r l - | I n e t c o m b in e d w i t h r e e d p r o b l e m s " A nd w i t h K u c z m a rs k l* s j I t h i r d p r e m i s e . H i l l a l s o d i s a g r e e d . The t r u m p e t p l a y e r 1 - ; j a n d t h e c l a r i n e t p l a y e r h a d t o u s e tw o h a n d s t o p l a y t h e i r I ! I I n s t r u m e n t s , b o t h w i t h d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s , t o o , h e d e - ' ! d a r e d . W h ile H i l l may h a v e b e e n g u i l t y h e r e o f s t r a i n i n g a p o i n t , h e s c o r e d a d i r e c t h i t w hen h e c o u p l e d t h e w in d p l a y e r * s f i n g e r i n g p r o b le m s w i t h h i s e m b o u c h u re d e v e l o p - I ! m e n t. H i l l a l s o s o u g h t t o c o m p a re I n e q u a l t e r m s t h e I f u n c t i o n o f t h e v i o l i n i s t ' s bow a rm a n d t h e c l a r i n e t i s t ' s I r i g h t h a n d , t h e v i o l i n i s t ' s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d l e f t h a n d f i n g e r i n g s a n d t h e t r u m p e t p l a y e r ' s c o m b i n a t i o n f i n g e r i n g s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e a s e w i t h w h ic h t h e v i o l i n i s t c o u l d ; p r o d u c e f o u r t o n e s w i t h o u t a n y l e f t h a n d f i n g e r a c t i o n . He . o v e r l o o k e d , h o w e v e r , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t r u m p e t p l a y e r l i k e w i s e c o u l d p r o d u c e a n u m b e r o f t o n e s w i t h o u t l e f t h a n d m a n i p u l â t I o n ( I 8 l : 1 ) • I S u c h w e re t h e I s s u e s t h a t d i v i d e d m u s ic e d u c a t o r s o n t h e r e l a t i v e d i f f i c u l t y o f l e a r n i n g t h e s t r i n g s a n d t h e w i n d s . And t h e c h a n g e o f a t t i t u d e t a k e n b y H i l l fro m h i s e a r l y - 19^ 3 o p i n i o n t o t h a t e x p r e s s e d s o v o c i f e r o u s l y i n 1 9 5 7 r e f l e c t e d t h e c h a n g e w h ic h t o o k p l a c e i n t h e t h o u g h t 363 o f a l a r g e s e g m e n t o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h i n g g r o u p . M ost o f t h o s e who e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t s t r i n g s w e re s o com p a r a t i v e l y d i f f i c u l t w e re w r i t i n g p r i o r t o 1 9 ^ 8 ; m o s t o f t h o s e who w e re o f t h e o p p o s i t e o p i n i o n w r o t e a f t e r 1 9 4 8 . T h e r e w e r e , o f c o u r s e , e x c e p t i o n s , some m a i n t a i n i n g t h e d i f f i c u l t y p r o b le m u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , a n d p e o p l e l i k e M u r s e l l o p p o s i n g t h e I d e a a s f a r b a c k a s 1933* I n t h e l a t e 1 9 3 0 *8 J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e r e m a r k e d ! o n t h e h e a v y m e n t a l , p h y s i c a l , a n d m u s i c a l dem an d s made ! u p o n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g p l a y e r . I n f e r r i n g t h a t p i a n o a n d I ; w in d I n s t r u m e n t s w e re e a s i e r . T h ey c i t e d a s r e a s o n s t h e ! p r o b le m s o f c o o r d i n a t i o n , a n d t h e f i x e d p i t c h e s o f t h e , p i a n o a n d w in d s a s c o m p a re d t o t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a d j u s t i n g t h e f i n g e r s t o c o r r e c t p i t c h o n t h e s t r i n g s . And I t w as f o r s u c h r e a s o n s t h a t t h e y a d v o c a t e d t h r e e o f t h e e s s e n t i a l I s t r i n g c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s I n c l u d e d i n C h a p t e r F i v e , a s a i d s I n s o l v i n g s u c h p r o b l e m s , t h e s e b e i n g , a n o p e n s t r i n g b e g i n n i n g , t h e u s e o f t h e p i a n o a s a n a u r a l a n d r h y t h m i c g u i d e , a n d t h e u s e o f a s e t f i n g e r p a t t e r n ( 4 o 4 : 1 3 ) « I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 4 0 ' s G h e n o w e th , R o h n e r , H orm aiin, a n d I R e v e l l l a l l n o t e d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s I n h e r e n t I n l e a r n i n g t h e s t r i n g s . G h e n o w e th d e c l a r e d t h a t a n y e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r w as f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y o f t e a c h i n g 364 s t r i n g s a n d I t w as f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h a t h e u r g e d t h a t m ore p r o g r e s s i v e m e th o d s b e a d o p t e d t o s p e e d u p t h e p r o c e s s a n d c o m p e te w i t h t h e w in d s ( 1 1 7 : 1 4 ) . R o h n e r I n d i c a t e d t h a t i t i w as a n e s t a b l i s h e d f a c t t h a t s t r i n g p l a y e r s w e re m ore j d i f f i c u l t t o d e v e l o p t h a n w in d p l a y e r s ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) , a n d j R e v e l l l e x p r e s s e d t h e sam e o p i n i o n , a l t h o u g h h e w as q u i c k j t o q u a l i f y h i s s t a t e m e n t , s a y i n g t h a t m a s t e r y w as a s i ! d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e w in d s- a s I t w as f o r t h e s t r i n g s . H is I p o s i t i o n was t h a t t a n g i b l e r e s u l t s w e re e v i d e n t o n t h e w in d s a f t e r l e s s a p p l i c a t i o n ( 2 7 7 : 8 2 1 ) . M ormann was a l s o ' i n a g r e e m e n t s a y i n g t h a t t h e s t r i n g s w e re u n d o u b t e d l y t h e ! I m o s t d i f f i c u l t g r o u p t o t e a c h . He s u g g e s t e d a s p r o b le m s i ■ t h e t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t y o f t h e I n s t r u m e n t s , a n d t h e t u n i n g p r o b l e m s , a s w e l l a s t h e d i f f i c u l t y I n s e c u r i n g c o r r e c t I n t h e l a t e 1 9 4 0 's V e sp a was d i s c u s s i n g t h e sam e p r o p o s i t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g a n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e u n a v o i d a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s I n h e r e n t i n v i o l i n s t u d y , a n d t h e d i s c o u r a g i n g e f f e c t t h i s s i t u a t i o n h a d o n s o m any t a l e n t e d s t u d e n t s who w e re i m p a t i e n t t o a c h i e v e r e s u l t s i n a s h o r t l e n g t h o f t i m e . L ik e m o s t o f h i s o t h e r c o l l e a g u e s , V e s p a o f f e r e d n o s o l u t i o n o t h e r t h a n t h a t t h e p u p i l w o u ld h a v e t o b e made t o d e v e l o p " t h e p r o p e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l fr a m e o f m in d t o w a r d s t h e v i o l i n . " S i n c e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e v i o l i n w as s u c h t h a t i t 365 ' c o u l d n o t b e p a m p e r e d , t h e s t u d e n t w o u ld s i m p l y h a v e t o r e a l i z e t h a t h i s p a t i e n c e w o u ld b e c o m p e n s a te d I n t h e l o n g | r%m, i f he w o u ld come t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e f i n e I n t r o s p e c t i v e t e m p e r o f t h e v i o l i n , a n d d e v e l o p w h a t h e t e r m e d , " v i o l i n c o m p r e h e n s i b i l i t y " ( 3 3 5 : 1 8 ) . M organ o f f e r e d n o o t h e r s o l u t i o n t h a n t h a t t h e | s t u d e n t w o u ld h a v e t o p u r s u e a l o n g e r c o u r s e o f s t u d y , w i t h ; i t s d r u d g e r y a n d l a c k o f a r t i s t i c s a t i s f a c t i o n ( 2 4 2 : 1 5 ) , ; w h i l e G h e y e t t e p r o p o s e d t h a t s c h o o l s d e s i r i n g t o I n a u g u r a t e ■ a m u s ic p r o g r a m b e g i n f i r s t w i t h t h e b a n d , t h e r e b y b u i l d i n g p r e s t i g e f o r t h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t , b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g t h e j m ore d i f f i c u l t s t r i n g a n d o r c h e s t r a p r o g r a m w h ic h w o u ld b e s l o w e r I n p r o d u c i n g t a n g i b l e r e s u l t s ( 1 2 1 : 1 2 ) . I t was u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t t h i s p o l i c y w as o f t e n a d o p t e d ; I t was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e tr e m e n d o u s e c l i p s e o f t h e o r c h e s t r a b y t h e b a n d , f o r I n s u c h s i t u a t i o n s t h e o r c h e s t r a w as u s u a l l y f o r g o t t e n , a n d t h e s t r i n g p r o g ra m w a s n 't e v e n s t a r t e d . I t w as a p o l i t i c a l p r o m is e t h a t was n o t k e p t , A l t h o u g h B e e k s t e a d I n 19 54 w as s t i l l h a r b o u r i n g t h e , b e l i e f t h a t s t r i n g s w e re m ore d i f f i c u l t , h e p r o p o s e d a j h e a l t h i e r s o l u t i o n t h a n m o s t b y u r g i n g t h a t t h e s t r i n g p r o g r a m b e s t a r t e d e a r l i e r t h a n t h e o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t s , a n d : n u r t u r e d c a r e f u l l y , f o r t h i s w as a n I n v e s t m e n t w h ic h w o u ld i p a y d i v i d e n d s a t a l a t e r d a t e ( 7 6 : 1 2 ) . I 366 I Open-minded Attitude: Strings No More Difficult, or Less Difficult than Winds I P r o b a b l y b e c a u s e s h e w as a n e a r l y e x p o n e n t o f s t r i n g I c l a s s t e a c h i n g O re e n was o n e o f t h o s e who p i o n e e r e d I n t h e I t h o u g h t t h a t t h e s t r i n g s w e re e a s i e r t o t e a c h . I n 1 9 ^ 5 s h e h a d a l r e a d y s e e n how q u i c k l y y o u n g s t e r s I n a c l a s s t o o k t o i t h e v i o l i n — " a s n a t u r a l l y a s b r e a t h i n g , " was t h e w ay s h e e x p r e s s e d I t ( 1 6 4 : 1 9 8 ) . And a t a b o u t t h e sam e tim e s h e e x p r e s s e d g r e a t h o p e s f o r t h e r e s u r g e n c e o f s t r i n g s b e c a u s e w i t h th e m e v e r y t h i n g t h e t e a c h e r w o rk e d w i t h w as r i g h t o u t I n t h e o p e n w h e re h e c o u l d g e t a t I t ; w i t h t h e w i n d s , a s a b a n d man h a d r e m a r k e d , a l m o s t e v e r y t h i n g t h e t e a c h e r h a d t o w o rk w i t h , w as l o c a t e d w h e re h e c o u l d n ' t g e t a t I t . S o , c o n c l u d e d G r e e n , "I t h i n k I t I s e a s i e r t o w o rk w i t h t h e s t r i n g s Î " ( 1 6 3 : 3 4 ) . T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r I n 1 9 4 8 G re e n r e p o r t e d o n a s t r i n g c l i n i c h e l d I n I l l i n o i s w h e re g r a d e s c h o o l a n d j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l p u p i l s p a r t i c i p a t e d , p l a y i n g s o b e a u t i f u l l y t h a t s h e c o u l d s c a r c e l y c o n t a i n h e r e n t h u s i a s m a s s h e e x c l a i m e d , "Did I hear someone timidly remark that the strings are hard to teach? Brother, not If you want to teach them!" ( 1 6 3 : 3 4 ) . Cooke and Helsman were also skeptical of the old adage at about the same period when Green was seeking to 367 s h a t t e r t h i s i l l u s i o n . C o o k f e l t t h a t t h e o l d s a y i n g was p r o b a b l y u n t r u e , f o r a n y m u s i c a l I n s t r u m e n t h a d i t s p e c u l i a r d i f f i c u l t i e s , b u t h e w as c o n c e r n e d t h a t b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s b e c a r e f u l l y t r a i n e d I n t h e b e g i n n i n g t o l e a r n t h e r a t h e r u n n a t u r a l p l a y i n g p o s i t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r v i o l i n i s t s ( 1 2 7 : 3 8 1 ) . R e Ism a n w as c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e m any l a m e n t s o v e r t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f t e a c h i n g s t r i n g s w as m e r e l y a n I I n d i c a t i o n t h a t t e a c h e r s l a c k e d t h e a b i l i t y t o c o p e w i t h ' t h e s p e c i f i c p r o b le m s I n v o l v e d . " T h e r e f o r e , " h e e x c l a i m e d , " f o r o n c e a n d f o r a l l , aw ay w i t h t h e f a l s e n o t i o n t h a t I s t r i n g s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o t e a c h ! I n s t e a d , l e t ' s f i n d o u t jhow t o do I t ! " ( 2 7 6 : 2 8 ) ' W h itm o re , t o o , w as f o r a b a n d o n i n g t h e p r o p a g a n d a t h a t t h e v i o l i n was t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t I n s t r u m e n t . I n s t e a d h e a d v o c a t e d t h a t t e a c h e r s b e m ore r e a l i s t i c I n g e a r i n g I t h e i r s t a n d a r d s f o r e l e m e n t a r y v i o l i n i s t s b y n o t a l l o w i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o becom e s o " t e m p e r a m e n t a l l y d e v a s t a t e d b y t h e i r e a r l y e f f o r t s " ( 5 7 : 1 4 6 ) . And b y t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 * s t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e S t r i n g C o m m itte e was t a k i n g t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e v i o l i n c o u l d b e t a u g h t a s s i m p l y a n d w i t h a s m uch f u n a s a n y o t h e r m u s i c a l I n s t r u m e n t — a n d t h e y w e re s u p p o r t e d I n t h e i r a s s u m p t i o n b y t h e s e m any a f f i d a v i t s f ro m a l l o v e r I t h e l a n d ( 3 2 0 : 3 4 ) . 3 6 8 ÎJrb a n r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e F o u r H u n d r e d th A n n i v e r s a i y V i o l i n F e s t i v a l , l e d b y B o m o f f a n d S p u r b e c k , s o u g h t t o d i s p e l t h e f a l l a c y t h a t t h e v i o l i n was a h a r d , d i s c o u r a g i n g I n s t r u m e n t t o s t u d y ( 3 3 2 : 1 0 ) , a n d B row n c a l l e d t h i s I d e a a p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a r r i e r t o s t r i n g s t u d y w h ic h s h o u l d b e r e p l a c e d b y t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e s t r i n g s , i f t a u g h t r e a l i s t i c a l l y , w e re l e s s d i f f i c u l t t o l e a r n t h a n a n y b r a s s o r w ood w ind I n s t r u m e n t . L ik e W h itm o re , h e f e l t t h a t t h i s a t t i t u d e on t h e p a r t o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s was e x p r e s s e d b y : t h e t y p e o f a p p r o a c h w h ic h r e f u s e d t o t o l e r a t e a s i n g l e I w ro n g n o t e o r s c r a t c h t o n e " i n t h e a u s t e r e r e l i g i o u s I s a n c t o r u m t h a t I s t h e r e a l m o f m u s ic " ( 1 0 8 : 1 0 - 1 1 ) . T h is w as s i m i l a r t o t h e t h o u g h t e x p r e s s e d b y M addy who t a u g h t t h a t t h e c h i l d s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o make a s m any m i s t a k e s a s n e c e s s a r y I n o r d e r t o a c c o m p l i s h h i s t a s k ( O f . a n t e I p . 3 0 8 ) . F o r B ro w n , i t was a p h i l o s o p h y w h e re e v e r y o n e w as i n v i t e d t o t r y , w h e re e v e r y b o d y was g u a r a n t e e d "som e m e a s u r e o f s u c c e s s ^ " w h e re s t u d y was re m o v e d fro m t h e r e a l m o f c l o i s t e r e d e n d e a v o r f o r t h e " c h o s e n , " t h e " p e c u l i a r , " o r t h e " i n t i m i d a t e d " ( 1 0 8 : 1 0 - 1 1 ) . M a t t e r n ( 2 3 1 : 2 3 ) a n d M i s s a l n o l o n g e r s y m p a t h i z e d w i t h t h e o l d t r a d i t i o n s , t h e l a t t e r e x p r e s s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e I r r i t a t i o n w i t h t h e c o n s e r v a t i s m o f s t r i n g t e a c h e r s who s t i l l h e l d t o t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t I t t o o k a l o n g t im e t o make 3 6 9 a v i o l i n i s t . M i s s a l r e g a r d e d I t a s a m a t t e r o f d e v e l o p i n g new p e d a g o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s w h ic h w o u ld e l i m i n a t e m uch o f t h e d r u d g e r y i n v o l v e d I n t h e a c q u i r i n g o f t e c h n i c a l m a s t e r y . He rec o m m e n d ed l e s s s t r e s s on t h e n e e d t o c o v e r S e v c l k a n d K r e u t z e r t h r e e t i m e s , a n d m ore e m p h a s is on t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t e c h n i q u e I n a m u s i c a l c o n t e x t t h r o u g h w e l l c h o s e n p i e c e s . K r e u t z e r w as n o t t o b e e l i m i n a t e d , b u t s u c h s t u d i e s w e re t o b e w i s e l y u s e d , a n d c o n s t a n t l y r e l i e v e d b y w o rk t h a t I n v o l v e d r e a l m u s ic ( 4 6 : 2 3 9 ) . ! I n p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y a r t i c l e o f a l o n g s e r i e s I n t h e ! S c h o o l M u s i c i a n L e p p e r t s o u g h t t o d i s p e l t h e m y th o f t h e I : I g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y o f l e a r n i n g t o p l a y a s t r i n g I n s t r u m e n t . I n o n e s u c h a r t i c l e h e d e c l a r e d t h a t I t w as a n e s t a b l i s h e d f a c t t h a t c h i l d r e n c o u l d l e a r n t o p l a y t h e s t r i n g s a s e a s i l y a s t h e y c o u l d l e a r n t o p l a y t h e w in d s ( 2 1 2 : 2 0 ) , a n d i n a n o t h e r h e d e c l a r e d : "The o l d 'b u g - a - b o o ' t h a t s t r i n g e d I I n s t r u m e n t s a r e s o d i f f i c u l t t o p l a y # . . h a s b e e n e x p o s e d a s a f r a u d " ( 2 1 3 : 6 ) . H a s k e l l a t t r i b u t e d t h e p l i g h t o f t h e s t r i n g s t o som e ; e x t e n t t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a d u l t p u b l i c o u t s i d e t h e !s c h o o l s h a d b e e n l e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e v i o l i n w as a m o s t d i f f i c u l t I n s t r u m e n t t o p l a y , a n d t h a t I t w as a n e x t r e m e l y e x p e n s i v e I n s t r u m e n t t o p u r c h a s e . T h is a t t i t u d e , h e i n d i - j^ c a te d , was r e f l e c t e d b y t h e f r e q u e n t u s e o f t h e v i o l i n a s a 3 7 0 comic stereotype by newspaper cartoonists (1 7 5: 8). j And most recently, Rabin, in replying to Fink's I article In which Eejto and others stressed the difficulty 1 of the strings as a reason for the string shortage (Gf. 'ante p. 46), repudiated this Idea In very strong terms: It has . . . been suggested that orchestras cannot compete with bands because it Is easier to play a band Instrument and that strings take longer to play well. This Is an assumption that cannot be supported. It is a challenge to play any Instrument well and the prob lems Inherent In the superior playing of wind Instru- ! ments are greater In many respects than the playing of a string Instrument. If you mean that it Is easier and quicker to learn to play a march or a pep tune than it is to play a Mozart symphony, then it is true; but I j hope we are united on the Issue that all types of ! Instruments should be played equally well and that the I Important reason for playing a musical Instrument is to perform good music. . . . ( 2 7 3:1 5) And finally. It was Mursell and Glenn who said, "Far too much has been made of the mechanical difficulties and problems of musical instruments" (15:315)* The impact of ' this statement Is considerably heightened when one realizes that It was said a quarter of a century earlier than the most recent ones quoted here, for in 1 9 3 3 these forward looking minds were questioning the belief that the mechan- , leal requirements of getting music out of an instrument could be so very forbidding. They could see no problems there that demanded so much endless, formal technical drill, and alleged that difficulties had been created where 3 7 1 n o n e , o r o n l y a f e w , e x i s t e d . S u c h e x a g g e r a t e d awe o f a n I n s t r u m e n t c r e a t e d m o to r t e n s i o n s a n d a n x i e t i e s i n t h e s t u d e n t , a n d t h e y u r g e d t h a t t e a c h e r s a d o p t a d i r e c t , j b u s i n e s s - l i k e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e w h o le p r o b le m o f I n s t r u - j m e n t a l I n s t r u c t i o n i f t h e y w is h e d t o s e e m any o f t h e i r j d i f f i c u l t i e s d i s a p p e a r ( 1 5 : 3 1 5 ) * I t w o u ld c e r t a i n l y a p p e a r t h a t m o s t o f t h e f o r e g o i n g e d u c a t o r s h a d come t o r e a l i z e t h a t h y p e r - c r i t i c a l t e a c h e r a t t i t u d e s o n l y s u c c e e d e d I n c r e a t i n g t e n s i o n s w h ic h i n t u r n l e d t o m any o f t h e s o - c a l l e d d i f f i c u l t i e s o f p l a y i n g t h e v i o l i n . The t e a c h e r who f u s s e d a r o u n d . I n s i s t i n g , c r i t i c i s i n g , e x p e c t i n g e r r o r s , a l m o s t a lw a y s f o u n d w h a t h e was l o o k i n g f o r ; t h e t e a c h e r who w as c o n f i d e n t o f h i s a b i l i t y t o t e a c h t e n d e d t o a l l o w h i s p u p i l s f r e e d o m f o r e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n , a n d t h u s s e ld o m e n c o u n t e r e d t h e s e t e n s i o n s . P e r h a p s t h e o l d a d a g e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d t o r e a d : V i o l i n t e a c h e r s a r e h a r d e s t t o t e a c h . I I I . PUBLIC SCHOOL AMD PRIVATE TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c l a s s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n i n t o t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s c r e a t e d fr o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g a c r i t i c a l a t t i t u d e o n t h e p a r t o f p r i v a t e I n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r s . T h e y w e re s k e p t i c a l o f t h e t h o r o u g h n e s s o f c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , a n d t h e y w e re a f r a i d o f t h e e f f e c t f r e e 372 p u b l i c i n s t r u c t i o n w o u ld h a v e o n t h e i r s u p p l y o f s t u d e n t s . I ' ' ; I When c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n w as h a n d l e d b y q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s I t i ■ ' : I was w e l l d o n e , e v e n f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g , b u t t h e r e w e re ; I a lw a y s 1 1 1 - q u a l i f i e d p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic t e a c h e r s who d i d | I j s h o d d y w o rk , a n d t h i s r e f l e c t e d u p o n t h e s t a t u s o f c l a s s j t e a c h i n g . B u t a s a b a s i c I d e a , c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n was a s I e f f e c t i v e I n I t s l i n e a s was p r i v a t e t e a c h i n g , w i t h I t s own s h a r e o f i n e f f e c t i v e t e a c h e r s . U n d e r t h e p r o p e r c o n d i t i o n s , p r i v a t e I n s t r u c t o r s n e e d h a v e h a d n o m i s g i v i n g s a b o u t t h e ! s y s t e m . As f o r t h e e f f e c t o f p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n u p o n p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e , g o o d c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n was a lw a y s I b e n e f i c i a l t o I t , f o r c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n h a s c o n s i s t e n t l y b e e n r e g a r d e d a s e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e f o r t h e b e g i n n e r , a n d a s a p r e p a r a t o r y c o u r s e f o r t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o . T h e r e w e re tw o p e r i o d s w hen r e a l e f f o r t s w e re m ade ’ t o c r e a t e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n t h e s e tw o r e a lm s o f m u s i c a l I n s t r u c t i o n . I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e f i r s t w o r l d w a r , a n d t h r o u g h t h e e a r l y a n d m i d - t w e n t i e s t h e M u sic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n w as e s p e c i a l l y a c t i v e i n w o r k in g f o r b e t t e r p u b l i c - p r i v a t e t e a c h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . ' S i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h i s e f f o r t w e re made i n 1924 b y b o t h B l r g e a n d D a n n . B l r g e a t t h a t t im e e x p r e s s e d r e g r e t t h a t t h e r e w e re s o few p o i n t s o f c o n t a c t b e tw e e n t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r o f m u s ic a n d t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s u p e r v i s o r . 3 7 3 f o r i t w as b e c a u s e o f a l a c k o f k n o w le d g e o f s c h o o l p r o b le m s t h a t s o m uch a d v e r s e c r i t i c i s m h a d b e e n l e v e l e d t o w a r d I t h e s c h o o l s b y t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s . He d e p l o r e d t h e f a c t I I t h a t p u p i l s f o r m e d Im m a tu re c o m p a r is o n s b e tw e e n t h e w o rk o f I a t e a c h e r w o r k in g w i t h f o r t y a n d f i f t y I n a c l a s s w i t h t h e Iw o rk o f t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r w i t h h i s s i n g l e p u p i l , a n d I c a r r i e d t h e s e ju d g m e n ts t o h i s p r i v a t e t e a c h e r . And t h i s , h e p o i n t e d o u t , w as a s c l o s e a s t h e tw o s c h o o l s o f t h o u g h t e v e r g o t t o m u tu a l c o o p e r a t i o n . He h o p e d t h a t m ore sy m p a t h e t i c c o - w o r k in g c o u l d b e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y r e a l i z i n g t h a t t e c h n i c a l a c c o m p lis h m e n t w as t h e s p e c i f i c c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o , a n d t h a t t h e s c h o o l s w e re m ore c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e b r o a d f i e l d o f m u s ic a p p r e c i a t i o n ( 2 9 : 2 5 3 ) . D a n n , m e a n w h ile , u r g e d t h a t t h e s e tw o g r o u p s come t o a m u tu a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t b o t h t y p e s o f w o rk w e re e s s e n t i a l t o t h e m u s i c a l a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e p u p i l s a n d t h e c o m m u n ity . He c a l l e d on t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s t o r e c o g n i z e t h e im p ro v e m e n ts I n p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic t e a c h i n g w h ic h h a d t a k e n p l a c e d u r i n g t h e p r i o r f i f t e e n o r m ore y e a r s , d r a w in g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t " m u s ic t e a c h i n g I n t h e s c h o o l s h a s e m e rg e d f ro m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t a g e . " T he a l m s , p r o c e d u r e s , a n d r e s u l t s o f p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d i n t h e l i g h t o f m o d e m s t a n d a r d s , a n d f r o m a k n o w le d g e o f g e n e r a l . 3 7 4 ; I n o t l o c a l r e s u l t s , h e d e c l a r e d . When p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s j becam e I n f o r m e d o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s a n d n o r m a l r e s u l t s o f [ > I p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n , t h e y b ecam e e n t h u s i a s t i c j I I I s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e s y s t e m , a n d h e c r e d i t e d t h e M u sic j : I T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r d o i n g much t o b r i n g a b o u t I s u c h m u tu a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n . He w e n t o n t o . j p o i n t o u t t h e m any r e a s o n s why t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r n e e d e d ! t h e s u p e r v i s o r , a n d v i c e v e r s a ( 3 2 : 2 6 2 - 2 6 6 ) , ! M ore r e c e n t l y t h e p e c u l i a r l y d i f f i c u l t p r o b le m s e f f e c t i n g p r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s a n d t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l I m u s ic t e a c h e r s w e re t r e a t e d b y t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s I A s s o c i a t i o n . T h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e re f r e q u e n t l y o n t h e a g e n d a o f t h e v a r i o u s c o n v e n t i o n s , w o r k s h o p s , a n d c l i n i c s s p o n s o r e d b y t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d w e re p u b l i c i z e d t h r o u g h t h e o f f i c i a l m a g a z in e o f t h e g r o u p . I t was p o i n t e d o u t b y H a r t , o n e o f t h e m any c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r o n t h i s s u b j e c t , t h a t c e r t a i n p o i n t s o f d i f f i c u l t y b e tw e e n t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s a n d t h e s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a l e a d e r s n e e d e d t o b e o v e r c o m e . B o th g r o u p s w e re w a r n e d o f c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h c o n t r i b u t e d t o p o o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n th e m . Among th em s h e m e n tio n e d t h e h a b i t o f som e s t u d e n t s I n s e e k i n g t o i n g r a t i a t e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h o n e t e a c h e r b y b e i n g o v e r l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e o t h e r , t h e p r a c t i c e o f som e p r i v a t e 3 7 5 I t e a c h e r s who c o n f u s e d y o u n g p u p i l s b y o v e r - e m p h a s i z i n g | m in o r p o i n t s o n w h ic h d i s a g r e e m e n t e x i s t e d w i t h i n t h e p r o - , I f e s s l o n , a n d t h e common f a i l u r e o f s c h o o l d i r e c t o r s t o r e c o g n i z e t h e b e n e f i t s o f p r i v a t e l e s s o n s t a k e n I n o u t s i d e i s t u d i o s . And i n h e r own e x p e r i e n c e , s h e d e p l o r e d t h e a t t l - I : j t u d e o f c e r t a i n b a n d a n d o r c h e s t r a l e a d e r s who s o u g h t t o I I i n c r e a s e t h e i r p e r s o n a l p r e s t i g e b y b e l i t t l i n g t h e w o rk o f I p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s I n t h e c o m m u n ity ( 1 7 2 : 1 ) . ! S t i l l a n o t h e r s o u r c e o f f r i c t i o n n o t e d b y H a r t w as I c o m p e t i t i o n f o r t h e s t u d e n t ' s t i m e . S h e f e l t t h a t i t w as w ro n g t o e x p e c t p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s t o r e l e a s e t h e i r p u p i l s a t a l l t i m e s f o r p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic a c t i v i t i e s w i t h o u t r e c l p - , I ' I ^ r o c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s b e i n g m ade b y t h e s c h o o l s t o r e l e a s e p u p i l s f o r i n s t r u c t i o n o r p ro g ra m s s p o n s o r e d b y t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s . I n p l a c e s w h e re t h i s s o r t o f a r r a n g e m e n t h a d b e e n I n e f f e c t H a r t a s s e r t e d t h a t n o p u p i l h a d e v e r a b u s e d t h e p r i v i l e g e ; s h e a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h e a d v a n t a g e s u c h a n a r r a n g e m e n t m ade f o r t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l m u s ic d i r e c t o r , f o r s u c h a p o l i c y a t t r a c t e d b e t t e r p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s b e c a u s e i t p e r m i t t e d th em m ore c o n v e n i e n t s c h e d u l i n g o f l e s s o n s (1 7 2 : 1). And I n a n o t h e r s i m i l a r a r t i c l e R e i c h e n f e l d o u t l i n e d t h e m any s e r v i c e s t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r c o u l d p e r f o r m i n b e h a l f o f t h e s c h o o l m u s ic I n s t r u c t o r w hen f r i e n d l y . 3 7 6 c o o p e r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e s e i n - ! e l u d e d h e l p i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e m a t e r i a l s o f a l l ' k i n d s , a s s i s t a n c e a t c o n c e r t s , f e s t i v a l s , a n d s p e c i a l p r o - ! g r a m s , a n d t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d p e r f o r m - I a n c e s b e f o r e t h e s t u d e n t b o d y . By t h e sam e t o k e n t h e ! i n s t r u m e n t a l s p e c i a l i s t w o u ld g a i n m uch t h r o u g h h i s I I c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e s c h o o l m u s ic i n s t r u c t o r , t h e p r i n c i p a l ; b e n e f i t b e i n g t h e v a l u a b l e c o n t a c t s t h e r e b y made w i t h j j p o t e n t i a l p r i v a t e s t u d e n t s ( 2 7 4 : 1 8 ) . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n i n p r o m o ti n g b e t t e r p u b 1 1 c - p r i v a t e t e a c h e r r e l a t i o n s w as i n d i c a t e d b y a n a r t i c l e i n t h e New Y o rk S t a t e M u sic News w h ic h p r a i s e d t h e f o r m e r f o r I t s r o l e i n Im p r o v i n g s u c h r e l a t i o n s h i p s . The r e p o r t , r e p r i n t e d b y t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r « c l o s e d b y s a y i n g : An e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t t o t h i s e n d t a c o n s t r u c t i v e s o l u t i o n t o t h e ‘s t r i n g p r o b le m * ] I s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e f f e c t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e w o r k in g a r r a n g e m e n t b e tw e e n t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r f o r m e r a n d t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s c a r r y i n g o n t h e so m e w h at d i f f e r e n t b u t c l e a r l y r e l a t e d w o rk I n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s . Any l a c k o f c o o p e r a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e * p r i v a t e s t u d i o * m u s i c i a n a n d t h e ‘p u b l i c s c h o o l* m u s i c i a n m u s t e v e n t u a l l y dam age b o t h a n d , o f c o u r s e , s e r i o u s l y h a rm t h e s t u d e n t a n d j e o p a r d i z e a l l m u s ic a c t i v i t y I n w h ic h h e i s o r may becom e e n g a g e d . ( 6 l : 16). The p r e v a l e n c e o f t h e I d e a t h a t t h e s t r i n g c l a s s was t o a g r e a t e x t e n t a p r e p a r a t o r y s c h o o l f o r t h e p r i v a t e 3 7 7 s t u d i o was w i d e s p r e a d , a s t h e m any s t a t e m e n t s t o t h i s ; e f f e c t b y m u s ic e d u c a t o r s I n d i c a t e d . C r o c k e t t s t a t e d t h a t i I I t was t h e p o l i c y o f h i s d e p a r t m e n t t o e n c o u r a g e p r o m i s i n g j t a l e n t fro m t h e s t r i n g c l a s s e s t o do a d d i t i o n a l w o rk w i t h 1 p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s e v e n w h i l e s t i l l e n r o l l e d I n t h e c l a s s e s , i a n d t h e s e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s w e re I n t u r n i n v i t e d t o h e l p a n d p a r t i c i p a t e I n a l l l o c a l , r e g i o n a l , a n d s t a t e m u s ic e v e n t s !( 1 3 1:2). M u r s e l l , who c o n s i d e r e d t h e c l a s s s o f a r s u p e r i o r I t o t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o f o r b e g i n n i n g I n s t r u c t i o n , r e c o g - ; n i z e d t h a t a s t h e c l a s s a d v a n c e d t o h i g h e r l e v e l s i t s w o rk ! j s h o u l d b e m ore a n d m ore s u p p l e m e n te d w i t h s t u d i o t e a c h i n g . J u s t a s t h e c l a s s w as s u p e r i o r t o t h e s t u d i o f o r som e p u r p o s e s , s o w as t h e s t u d i o m ore n e c e s s a r y w hen t h e p u p i l r e a c h e d t h e p o i n t w h e re h e u r g e n t l y n e e d e d t h e e x t e n s i v e , I e x p e r t d i r e c t i o n o f a s t u d i o t e a c h e r ( 1 2 : 2 2 5 ) - I ' ■ . _ I B o th U rb a n ( 3 3 2 : 1 0 ) a n d B u t t e r f i e l d ( 1 1 1 : 4 1 ) w e re e x p l i c i t i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e t h o u g h t t h a t c l a s s w o rk w as t o b e f o l l o w e d b y p r i v a t e s t u d y . B e r k l e y ( 9 5 : 2 4 ) a n d R o h n e r ( 2 8 4 : 2 1 ) s p e c i f i e d tw o y e a r s a s t h e e f f e c t i v e p e r i o d o f t h e c l a s s , a f t e r w h ic h t h e p u p i l s w e re t o b e s t r o n g l y e n c o u r a g e d bo s t u d y p r i v a t e l y . A ny t e a c h e r c o n c e r n e d o v e r t h e c o m p e t i t i o n o f f e r e d b y t h e c l a s s s y s te m o f I n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l s w o u ld 3 7 8 ' h a v e b e e n h e a r t e n e d b y t h e w o rd s o f H e rm a n n , who I n e x - j t o l l i n g t h e r o l e o f t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o i n d e v e l o p i n g s k i l l I t o a h i g h d e g r e e o f a r t i s t r y , s a i d : I Some e d u c a t o r s a r e p r o n e t o f o r g e t I n t h e i r e n t h u s i a s m f o r m ass i n s t r u c t i o n t h e r e f i n e m e n t o f s p i r i t a n d t h e i d e v e lo p m e n t o f p e r s o n a l i t y p o s s i b l e i n a n i n t i m a t e I com m union b e tw e e n a r t i s t a n d s t u d e n t . The w o r l d o f I m u s ic ow es a d e b t t o t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r t h a n c a n I h a r d l y be r e p a i d . He h a s b e e n a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o b e i a n I n d i s p e n s a b l e f a c t o r i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f o u r I m u s i c a l l i f e . (1 7 :1 4 % ) The f a c t t h a t c l a s s w o rk i n c r e a s e d t h e c l i e n t e l e o f t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s was b o r n e o u t b y t h e w o rd s o f M y e rs , I K e e n a n , a n d V a sh a w . The l a t t e r , c i t i n g t h e e x a m p le o f t h e : new s t r i n g p r o g ra m i n T o l e d o , O h io , n o t e d t h a t p r i o r t o t h e I _ I I i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s v e r y a c t i v e p r o g r a m c o o p e r a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e s c h o o l s a n d p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s h a d b e e n n i l . B u t a s t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e s e c l a s s e s w e re s u d d e n l y p r o d u c i n g m any n ew , w e l l i n d o c t r i n a t e d s t r i n g p l a y e r s , m o st o f whom s o o n w e re b e i n g d i r e c t e d to w a r d t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o s , t h e s e t e a c h e r s cam e t o w elcom e t h e s y s t e m , a n d , o f c o u r s e , t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l e d u c a t o r s w e re h a p p y t o h a v e t h e a d v a n c e d i n s t r u c t i o n s o a b l y c a r r i e d o n i n t h e s t u d i o s w h i l e t h e y c o n t i n u e d t h e i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n o f c r e a t i n g t h e b a s i c i n t e r e s t , a n d p r o v i d i n g t h e f o u n d a t i o n s k i l l s ( 3 3 4 : 2 6 ) . T h i s was e s s e n t i a l l y t h e t h o u g h t o f K e e n a n who s a i d , i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , t h a t : 3 7 9 My c l a s s e s h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e e n r o l l m e n t o f t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s , w h i l e t h e w o rk o f t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s h a s e n a b l e d me t o o b t a i n f i n e r r e s u l t s i n my a d v a n c e d g r o u p s . ( 4 2 : 3 5 8 ) M y e rs , t o o , d e v e l o p e d t h i s t h o u g h t s a y i n g : J u s t a s p i a n o m a n u f a c t u r e r s o n c e f e a r e d t h a t r a d i o s w o u ld l e s s e n t h e dem and f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t s , s o p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s o n c e f e a r e d t h a t a n o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m o f m u s ic i n t h e s c h o o l s w o u ld l e s s e n t h e dem and f o r p r i v a t e l e s s o n s . B u t b o t h h a v e f o u n d t h a t a g r e a t e r dem and f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s r e s u l t e d . T h e r e I s e v i d e n c e , t o o , t h a t o r c h e s t r a l I n s t r u m e n t c l a s s l e s s o n s o f f e r e d i n t h e j s c h o o l s h a v e . c r e a t e d a n e v e n g r e a t e r dem and f o r p r i v a t e I I n s t r u c t i o n . ( 1 6 : 2 2 2 ) ; O t h e r m u s ic e d u c a t o r s who s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d f o r p r i v a t e s t u d y d u r i n g , o r f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r m a l p e r i o d o f 'b e g i n n i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n w e re M a t t e r n ( 2 3 1 : 4 5 ) , I H i n d s l e y ( 6 : 3 2 ) , a n d Hoppe ( 3 8 1 :1 7 5 ) * CHAPTER V I I ; THE STRING GIASS TEACHER I B e y o n d t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f c l a s s o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e p r o c e d u r e s m o st e s s e n t i a l t o c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , a n d t h e I p l a c e o f c l a s s I n s t r u c t i o n I n m o d e rn I n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n , t h e r e w as t h e a l l i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r o f t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r h i m s e l f . T he c o n c e r n o f A m e r i c a ’ s s t r i n g l e a d e r s h i p f o r t h e g r o w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f a n im p r o v e d s t r i n g p r o g r a m i n t h e s c h o o l s m a n i f e s t e d I t s e l f I n m any s t u d i e s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , e n c o m p a s s in g tw o r a t h e r b r o a d a r e a s r e l a t e d t o t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r , a s w e l l a s t o t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o t e a c h e r , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l o f i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e s e a r e a s o f c o n c e r n h a d t o do w i t h ( 1 ) t h e k i n d o f a t t i t u d e s a n d t h e t y p e o f p e r s o n a l i t y w h ic h w e re r e q u i r e d o f a s t r i n g c l a s s I n s t r u c t o r , a n d ( 2 ) t h e b a s i c c o m p e t e n c i e s w h ic h c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y c u r r i c u l a s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t o d e v e l o p i n t h e I d e a l s t r i n g i n s t r u c t o r , i n t h e c l a s s a n d p r i v a t e f i e l d s . I . PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES I t was g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t h a t t h e m o st I m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n was t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e t e a c h e r . T h r e a d i n g I t s way t h r o u g h t h e m any a t t r i b u t e s o f 381 k i n d n e s s , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , p a t i e n c e , h e l p f u l n e s s , was t h e o n e b a s i c r e q u i s i t e o f l i k i n g c h i l d r e n . The t e a c h e r who g e n u i n e l y l i k e d c h i l d r e n , a n d e n j o y e d w o r k in g w i t h th e m was n e v e r s a r c a s t i c , n e v e r i r r i t a b l e ; h e w as f r e e t o g i v e p r a i s e w hen I t w as d u e , h e m a i n t a i n e d a l e a r n i n g a t t i t u d e h i m s e l f , a s h e e x p e c t e d h i s s t u d e n t s t o d o , a n d h i s I n t e r e s t i n t h e c h i l d ’s a c c o m p lis h m e n t was s o g r e a t t h a t he ; w as a l s o a b l e t o b e f i r m a n d d e f i n i t e i n h o l d i n g h i s p u p i l s I t o a w o rk a s s i g n m e n t , a n d i n h e l p i n g th e m t o a c h i e v e r e s u l t s . I S u c h a t e a c h e r u s e d few w o r d s , f o r h e h a d a p l a n f o r i i h i s l e s s o n , knew how t o p r e s e n t e v e r y d e t a i l c l e a r l y s o i t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n w o u ld u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t o d o , e v e n w hen w o r k in g b y t h e m s e l v e s , a n d p o s s e s s e d s u c h c o n t a g i o u s e n t h u s i a s m f o r h i s w o rk I n m u s ic w i t h c h i l d r e n t h a t h i s v e r y ; p e r s o n a l i t y r a d i a t e d c o n f i d e n c e w h ic h w as a p p e a l i n g t o c h i l d r e n , a s w e l l a s t o p a r e n t s , a n d h i s f e l l o w t e a c h e r s . T h e s e , i n g e n e r a l , w e re t h e k i n d s o f a t t r i b u t e s w h ic h H a n n en c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l I n t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r . S u c h a f e e l i n g f o r t e a c h i n g h a d t o b e I n n a t e . "You h a v e I t o r y o u d o n ’t , " s h e d e c l a r e d . And b e y o n d t h e s e p e r s o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s s h e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e i d e a l I n s t r u m e n t a l t e a c h e r i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l w as t h e o n e who h a d a n e x c e l l e n t b a c k g r o u n d o f p l a y i n g e x p e r i e n c e a n d p r e p a r a t i o n 382 I f o r t e a c h i n g , a p l e a s i n g a p p e a r a n c e , a n d a w e l l r o u n d e d j e d u c a t i o n , a n d a n i n t e r e s t i n o t h e r c u l t u r a l f i e l d s ( 3 7 : 3 0 3 - 304; 168:10- 11). Among t h e m any who g a v e m uch t im e a n d t h o u g h t t o t h e m a k in g o f a s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t w as M y e rs , w ho, l i k e H a n n e n , p l a c e d g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e o n t h i s m a t t e r o f l i k i n g c h i l d r e n . ” *L i k i n g , ’ " s h e e m p h a s i z e d , " ’ i m p l i e s b e i n g i n t e r e s t e d , j t r y i n g t o u n d e r s t s m d , s y m p a t h i z i n g , m a k in g a n e f f o r t t o 'h e l p , a n d s e e k i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a s s o c i a t i o n . ’ " T h o se who d i d n o t l i k e t o w o rk w i t h p e o p l e , who r a t h e r e n j o y e d ;w o r k in g w i t h t h i n g s , s h o u l d n o t b e t e a c h i n g , s h e c o n c l u d e d I ( 1 6 : 2 0 5 ) . I M y ers a l s o p l a c e d i m p o r t a n c e on t h e a t t r i b u t e o f e f f i c i e n c y , w h ic h s h e d e f i n e d a s r e t u r n i n g t h e b o o k t h a t w as p r o m i s e d , a r r i v i n g a t a d e s i g n a t e d p l a c e a t t h e a g r e e d -upon t i m e , a n d b e i n g a b l e t o d i s c a r d t h e " o l d " a n d r e a d y t o a d o p t t h e " n e w ." R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e m u s ic s p e c i a l i s t , u n l i k e t h e c l a s s r o o m t e a c h e r , w as o f t e n u n a w a re o f t h e l a c k o f k n o w le d g e a b o u t , a n d I n t e r e s t I n , m u s ic o n t h e p a r t o f m any p e o p l e , s h e t o o k p a i n s t o p o i n t o u t t h e p l a c e o f m u s ic I n t h e New S c h o o l w h e re t h e p r e s e n t d a y s p e c i a l i s t w o u ld b e w o r k in g I n t h e New S c h o o l , s h e s a i d : 383 M u sic i s f u n One o f t h e m any p a t h s o f l e a r n i n g A m eans o f e n jo y m e n t A m eans o f s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n One o f m any p o s s i b l e c h o i c e s I n t h e O ld S c h o o l , m u s ic w a s: A s u b j e c t f o r s e r i o u s s t u d y The P a t h A m eans o f l i v e l i h o o d M a t e r i a l g o v e r n e d b y t h e s t r i c t e s t o f r u l e s The C h o ic e j F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s M yers a d v o c a t e d t h a t t h e m u s ic i ; s p e c i a l i s t s h o u l d b e e x p o s e d t o a n u m b e r o f p l a n n e d e x p e r i - I e n c e s w h ic h w o u ld e n a b l e h im t o s e e t h e r e a l p l a c e o f m u s ic I I n t h e l i v e s o f o t h e r p e o p l e w h e re I t was o n e p a r t , b u t n o t i : ; t h e m o s t I m p o r t a n t p a r t , o f l i f e I n t h e s c h o o l ( l 6 : 2 0 4 - 2 0 5 ) . | ' R e v e l l l , who e c h o e d t h e s e n t i m e n t s o f H a n n e n a n d .M y e rs w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e . p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r , a d d e d t h a t t h i s a u p e r t e a c h e r w o u ld h a v e t o b e I w i l l i n g t o t o l e r a t e m any d i s a g r e e a b l e s o u n d s w h i l e w o r k in g I a s s i d u o u s l y o n t h e t e c h n i c a l p r o b le m s a t h a n d . I t w as I n s u c h q u a l i t i e s t h a t m any e x c e l l e n t m u s i c i a n s f a i l e d a s c l a s s t e a c h e r s , h e o b s e r v e d ( 2 7 8 : 6 9 2 ) . I n t e r e s t , k i n d n e s s , a n d p a t i e n c e w e re t h e q u a l i t i e s w h ic h S h i e l d s r e q u i r e d o f t h e i d e a l i n s t r u m e n t a l c l a s s t e a c h e r . I t was h e r t h o u g h t t h a t I t was n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e s t u d e n t f e e l t h a t b e c a u s e o f o u r l o v e f o r h im i t made a d i f f e r e n c e t o u s p e r s o n a l l y w h e t h e r o r n o t h e a c h i e v e d h i s 384 m u s i c a l g o a l . To s u p p o r t t h e p o i n t o f " k i n d n e s s , " s h e i I q u o t e d t h e w o rd s o f H i g h e t who i n h i s r e c e n t b o o k . The A r t ! o f T e a c h i n g ( A l f r e d A . K n o p f ) , s a i d : I ’ I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o t e a c h a n y t h i n g w i t h o u t k i n d n e s s . . . t h e p u p i l s s h o u l d f e e l t h a t t h e t e a c h e r i I w a n ts t o h e l p th e m , w a n ts th em t o I m p r o v e , I s I n t e r - I e s t e d i n t h e i r g r o w t h . I s s o r r y f o r t h e i r m i s t a k e s a n d , p l e a s e d b y t h e i r s u c c e s s e s , a n d s y m p a t h e t i c w i t h t h e i r ’ I I n a d e q u a c i e s . * ( 3 1 1 : 5 1 ) I I And w i t h t h e t h o u g h t t h a t c h a n g e s t a k e a l o n g tim e t o c a r r y t h r o u g h , t h e a t t r i b u t e o f p a t i e n c e was I n c l u d e d . P a d e r e w s k i , s h e r e c a l l e d , was s u p p o s e d t o h a v e s a i d , i n . t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , " ’ I h a v e n o m ore p a t i e n c e t h a n a n y o n e I e l s e . I t ’s j u s t t h a t I u s e m in e !" ( 3 1 1 : 5 1 ) ! Ja m es F r a n c i s C o o k e , w r i t i n g o n t h e s u b j e c t " I L ik e ‘ T e a c h e r , " n o t e d t h a t a t e a c h e r ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y d e t e r m i n e d i n a l a r g e m e a s u r e h i s s u c c e s s o r h i s f a i l u r e . A s k in g t h a t we t h i n k o v e r o u r own t e a c h e r s , h e I n q u i r e d fr o m w h ic h o f th em I I d i d we g e t t h a t " s o m e th i n g " t h a t i n s p i r e d u s t o w o rk h a r d e r , t h a t g a v e u s u n e x p e c t e d d e l i g h t I n o u r s t u d y , a n d s t i m u l a t e d o u r i m a g i n a t i o n s l e a d i n g u s t o h i g h e r e f f o r t s . " H a r o ld B a u e r o n c e t o l d m e ," s a i d C o o k e , " ’ I c a n n e v e r s u c c e e d w i t h a p u p i l who d o e s n o t l i k e m e*" ( 1 2 8 : 2 6 ) . W ith t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e s e q u a l i t i e s t h a t make t h e p u p i l h a r d l y a b l e t o w a i t f o r h i s n e x t l e s s o n c o u l d b e c u l t i v a t e d , C ooke b r i e f l y l i s t e d Some o f N orm an V i n c e n t 3 8 5 P e a l e ’s r u l e s f o r l i v i n g w h ic h se e m e d t o h im r e a d y made f o r t h e s t r i n g t e a c h e r : 1 . L e a r n t o re m e m b e r n a m e s . 2 . Be a n o l d - s h o e , o l d - h a t k i n d o f i n d i v i d u a l . 3 . A c q u i r e t h e q u a l i t y o f r e l a x e d e a s y - g o i n g n e s s s o t h a t t h i n g s do n o t r u f f l e y o u . 4 . Don * t b e e g o t i s t i c a l — b e n a t u r a l a n d n o r m a l l y h u m b le . 5 . C u l t i v a t e t h e q u a l i t y o f b e i n g i n t e r e s t i n g s o t h a t t h e y w i l l g e t s o m e th i n g o u t o f a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h y o u . 6 . S t u d y t o g e t t h e ’s c r a t c h y * e l e m e n t s o u t o f y o u r p e r s o n a l i t y . 7* S i n c e r e l y a t t e m p t t o h e a l , on a n h o n e s t C h r i s t i a n b a s i s , e v e r y m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g y o u h a v e h a d o r now h a v e . D r a i n o f f y o u r g r i e v a n c e s . 8 . P r a c t i c e l i k i n g p e o p l e u n t i l y o u l e a m t o do i t I 9* N e v e r m is s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o s a y a w o rd o f c o n g r a t - ' u l a t l o n u p o n a n y o n e ’s a c h i e v e m e n t , o r e x p r e s s I s y m p a th y i n s o r r o w o r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t . I 1 0 . G e t a d e e p s p i r i t u a l e x p e r i e n c e s o t h a t y o u h a v e 1 s o m e th i n g t o g i v e p e o p l e t h a t w i l l h e l p th em t o b e s t r o n g e r a n d m e e t l i f e m ore e f f e c t i v e l y . G iv e s t r e n g t h t o p e o p l e a n d t h e y w i l l g i v e a f f e c t i o n t o y o u . ( 1 2 8 : 2 6 ) And I t was J . C l a r e n c e C ooke who c o u p l e d p a t i e n c e 'w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e t e a c h e r I s a t f a u l t who l o s e s I p a t i e n c e , f o r i f t h e p u p i l f a l l s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p o i n t u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I t I s b e c a u s e h e h a s n o t b e e n p r e p a r e d t o g r a s p I t I n p r e v i o u s l e s s o n s . T e a c h e r a t t i t u d e s w h ic h C ooke a d v o c a t e d w e re t h e s e : When a c h i l d d u r i n g h i s f i r s t l e s s o n s se em s I n e p t I n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g t o n e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , do n o t b e i n a h u r r y t o s a y t o h im , ’You c a n n e v e r l e a r n t o p l a y t h e v i o l i n . ’ S u c h a s t a t e m e n t c a n h a v e a p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t o n t h e y o u n g p u p i l ’s m ind t h a t may b e l i f e - l o n g . C e r t a i n l y , I t w o u ld c o n s t i t u t e a d e f i n i t e s h o c k t o h im . 386 I Rem em ber t h e l i t t l e *t a b l e t s o f wax* t o w h ic h B y ro n I l i k e n s t h e c h i l d * s m in d . Do n o t d e f a c e th em u n n e c e s - | I s a r i l y . G iv e t h a t c h i l d s p e c i a l t h o u g h t a n d s t u d y . H e ( i s p e r h a p s t h e * l o s t s h e e p * t h a t m u s t b e s a v e d . ( 1 2 6 ; i 537J I . I t was t h e m a s t e r t e a c h e r G a l a m i a n *s t h o u g h t t h a t a ! t e a c h e r s h o u l d n e v e r becom e a n g r y w i t h a p u p i l , f o r t h e I I I e f f e c t was h a r m f u l t o b o t h s t u d e n t a n d t e a c h e r . He a d v i s e d I r a t h e r t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t o r n e v e r e x p r e s s a n g e r w hen h e was j r e a l l y a n g r y ; b u t h e s h o u l d a ssu m e a n g e r w hen h e t h i n k s i t I w o u ld do sam e g o o d ( l 4 3 : 4 l 7 ) - J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e a d v o c a t e d u s e o f t h e p o s i t i v e ' f a c t o r o f e n c o u r a g e m e n t i n p l a c e o f t h e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o f ' s c o l d i n g o r n a g g i n g . A s e n s e o f h u m o r t h e y r e g a r d e d a s ! ■ ' - I p r i c e l e s s , c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e c h e e r f u l c l a s s w h ic h c o u l d t h u s move f a s t e r . T em p er a n d s a r c a s m w e re n e v e r t o b e d i s * p l a y e d , f o r c h i l d r e n p a r t i c u l a r l y r e s e n t e d r i d i c u l e , a n d b y b e i n g r e a d y t o l a u g h w i t h t h e c l a s s w hen t h e a m u s in g e v e n t , h a p p e n e d new e n e r g y f o r new e n d e a v o r w o u ld b e r e s t o r e d ( 4 0 4 : 1 9 ) . S i m i l a r l y , T e m ia n k a d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e r a p i d a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o g r e s s o f a s t u d e n t was l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e m a n n e r i n w h ic h h e was p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y a t t u n e d t o h i s t e a c h e r . I f t h e t e a c h e r h a b i t u a l l y r e s o r t e d t o s a r c a s m a n d v i o l e n c e , h e w o u ld u l t i m a t e l y u n d e rm in e t h e s t u d e n t *s s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e . S u c c e s s f u l p e r f o r m a n c e , i t m u s t b e 3 8 7 re m e m b e re d , d e p e n d s u p o n a b i l i t y , a n d t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t o n e h a s t h a t a b i l i t y . T h a t c o n v i c t i o n w as t o b e b u i l t u p , n o t d e s t r o y e d , h e w a r n e d ( 3 2 6 : 6 ) . I I n a g r e e i n g w i t h t h e b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s s o f a r o u t - I l i n e d , B o lg e n p l a c e d p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s is o n c o n s c i e n - ! t i o u s n e s s , r a t h e r t h a n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t r y i n g j u s t t o **get !by.** I n a d d i t i o n h e r e g a r d e d a n " i n s t i n c t f o r c h i l d j - j p s y c h o l o g y " a s b e i n g a p a r t o f t h e r e q u i r e d a b i l i t i e s o f I , t h e i d e a l s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r ( 1 0 1 : 5 3 8 ) . i M i g n i n ’s p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s is w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e I i i d e a l s t r i n g t e a c h e r w as t h a t a p o s i t i v e p s y c h o l o g y w as t o jbe u s e d w i t h t h e s e y o u n g p l a y e r s . I t was b e t t e r , s h e ’t h o u g h t , t o e m p h a s iz e t h e r i g h t way w i t h o u t c a l l i n g s o m uch a t t e n t i o n t o t h e w ro n g way o f d o i n g t h i n g s . S h e was f o n d o f u s i n g p i c t u r e s q u e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f h a n d a n d f i n g e r m ove m e n ts s u c h a s " t h e bow m u s t c r o s s t h e s t r i n g s s q u a r e l y a n d in o t j a y w a l k ” ( 2 3 7 : 4 1 ) . G r e e n , t o o , was a w a re o f t h e r e s p o n s i v e n e s s o f t h e c h i l d t o " d e s c r i p t i v e ” o r " i m a g i n a t i v e ” l a n g u a g e . "When we s p e a k o f t h i s f i n g e r o r t h a t f i n g e r we s h o u l d c a l l t h e f i n g e r *he* o r *him* i n s t e a d o f * i t , * ” s h e a s s e r t e d . S he h a d o b s e r v e d t h a t l i t t l e c h i l d r e n l i k e d t o t e a c h "h im " t o do i t c o r r e c t l y , a n d t h e y c o u l d v i s u a l i z e "h im " l i v i n g i n t h i s h o u s e ( c o r r e c t f i n g e r p o s i t i o n f o r g o o d I n t o n a t i o n ) o n 3 8 8 ; I s u c h a n d s u c h a s t r e e t ( c o r r e c t s t r i n g ) . I n d e a l i n g w i t h i o l d e r c h i l d r e n s h e s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t was much b e t t e r t o j s u b s t i t u t e s i m i l e f o r t h e p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n u s e d w i t h t h e i I y o u n g e r t o t s (1 6 4 ; 1 9 8 ) . ! . . B o m o f f *8 p s y c h o l o g y o f s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g was b a s e d o n t h e i d e a t h a t c h i l d r e n a r e b r i g h t e r t h a n g i v e n c r e d i t f o r , a n d t h a t m a t e r i a l s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r - s i m p l i f i e d . He b e l i e v e d i n t r e a t i n g th em l i k e a d u l t s a n d i n I g i v i n g th em a s s i g n m e n t s i n l a r g e b u t c a r e f u l l y g r a d e d d o s e s . " T e a c h in g s u c c e s s , " h e e m p h a s i z e d , " i s o f t e n c h a r - I a c t e r i z e d b y t h e e f f i c i e n c y show n i n p r a c t i c e a s s i g n m e n t s , (w i t h k n o w le d g e o f j u s t how much a n d w h a t m a t e r i a l t o a s s i g n ” I , '( 102: 12). I n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f B r a n t t e a c h i n g s u c c e s s d e r i v e d ! fro m s e r v i c e . He r e p o r t e d h a v i n g a s k e d P i a t i g o r s k y how t h e y o u n g a s p i r a n t c o u l d go a b o u t f i n d i n g t h e r i g h t t e a c h e r , t o w h ic h h e r e p l i e d : *To f i n d h im , s o m e tim e s t h a t i s d i f f i c u l t . I do n o t know w h e re h e i s t o b e f o u n d . B u t I c a n t e l l y o u w h a t h e m u s t b e . He m u s t b e m o st o f a l l a g o o d m an. W ith o u t g o o d n e s s on e c a n n o t b e r i g h t i n a n y w a lk o f l i f e . The h e a r t m u st b e r i g h t , a s w e l l a s t h e m in d , a n d i f t h e s t u d e n t e v e r f i n d s t h a t h i s t e a c h e r i s n o t a g o o d man h e s h o u l d s e e k a n o t h e r . * ( 1 0 6 : 2 0 ) The m a t t e r o f c h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t t e a c h e r was a l s o d i s c u s s e d b y S h e e h y , who p l a c e d t h e e m p h a s is n o t s o m uch on t h e t e a c h e r * s p e r f o r m i n g a b i l i t y , a s u p o n h e r a t t i t u d e 3 8 9 t o w a r d c h i l d r e n . The o n l y s u r e w ay t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r a c e r t a i n t e a c h e r w o u ld h e a b l e t o b r i n g o u t t h e b e s t i n a c h i l d was t o o b s e r v e t h a t p e r s o n a t w o rk w i t h c h i l d r e n , j S u c h o b s e r v a t i o n w o u ld r e v e a l w h e t h e r o r n o t s h e h a d g e n u i n e r e s p e c t f o r l i t t l e c h i l d r e n ' s i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d h e r I j u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f c h i l d r e n i n g e n e r a l . I t w o u ld b e s e e n i f { s h e was a w a re o f s u c h m a t t e r s a s s h o r t s p a n s o f a t t e n t i o n , I i n a d e q u a t e m u s c u l a r c o n t r o l , a n d s i g n s o f f a t i g u e o r l a c k o f a t t e n t i o n . H e r i n g e n u i t y i n s h i f t i n g t o a n o t h e r t a c k I ' a n d i n u s i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r l e a r n i n g a s t h e y a r o s e i n : t h e l e s s o n w o u ld r e v e a l h e r r e s t r i c t i o n t o , o r f r e e d o m ! f r o m , a r i g i d “s y s t e m ” o f i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e s e w e re some o f I ' t h e m any q u a l i f i c a t i o n s t h a t S h e e h y r e g a r d e d a s e s s e n t i a l , i n m e e t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l n e e d s o f t h e c h i l d i n t h e c l a s s ( 2 2 : 4 6 ) . I W h ile S m ith was e m p h a ti c i n a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r i n t h e s c h o o l s n e e d e d t o b e a g e n e r a l i s t who knew f i r s t o f a l l t h a t t h e j o b o f e d u c a t i o n h a d t o do w i t h d e v e l o p i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l c h i l d , h e was q u i t e i m p a t i e n t w i t h t h e p e r s o n who was a lw a y s q u e s t i o n i n g t h e i m p a r t i n g o f c o n t e n t i n m u s ic e d u c a t i o n b y s a y i n g , ” 'W a lt a m i n u t e - - a r e y o u t e a c h i n g c h i l d r e n o r a r e y o u t e a c h i n g m u s i c ? * ” To w h ic h S m ith w o u ld r e p l y : Of c o u r s e , I am t e a c h i n g c h i l d r e n , b u t I h o p e I am t e a c h i n g th e m s o m e t h i n g , a n d i f I do a g o o d jo b o f m u s ic t e a c h i n g , I t e a c h th e m a g r e a t m any t h i n g s o t h e r t h a n m u s i c . ( 3 1 3 : 4 8 ) i I I n o t h e r w o r d s . S m ith v i s u a l i z e d a t e a c h e r who f u n d e r s t o o d t h e p l a c e o f m u s ic i n m o d e rn e d u c a t i o n , b u t w ho. I a l s o knew h i s f i e l d w i t h t h e e x p e r t n e s s o f k n o w le d g e w h ic h i ; w o u ld h e l p h im a c h i e v e w h e re t h e g e n e r a l i s t J u s t m u d d le d ! t h r o u g h . He a d v o c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s p e c i a l i s t i n t h e ! : e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l t o t e a c h i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c . J u s t a s w as t h e e a s e i n t h e h i g h s c h o o l , a n d h e t o o k a dim v ie w o f t h e s e l f c o n t a i n e d c l a s s r o o m w h e re o n e t e a c h e r t a u g h t e v e r y t h i n g ; t h i s , h e w a r n e d , w o u ld s e t u s b a c k f i f t y y e a r s i n t h e f i e l d o f i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s ic e d u c a t i o n ( 3 1 3 : 4 8 ) . I I . BASIC COMPETEHCIBS S u c h q u e s t i o n s a s b r o u g h t u p b y S m i t h a s t o who w as a n d who w as n o t q u a l i f i e d t o ^ e a c h s t r i n g s l e d t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t v e r s u s t h e g e n e r a l a l l - a r o u n d m u s ic t e a c h e r a s t h e l o g i c a l p e r s o n t o h a n d l e t h e p r o b l e m . Among d e d i c a t e d s t r i n g p e o p l e t h e r e was n e v e r m uch q u e s t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g a s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t t o t e a c h a t e i t h e r t h e e l e m e n t a r y o r t h e s e c o n d a r y l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n . H o w e v e r, i n v ie w o f t h e f a c t t h a t m any s t r i n g p e o p l e w e re s t a u n c h s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e 39 1 c o n c e p t t h a t o n l y a s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t c o u l d h a n d l e s t r i n g w o r k , som e o f t h e m ore r e a l i s t i c m u s ic e d u c a t o r s saw a r e a l I I d a n g e r t o t h e s t r i n g c a u s e i n f u r t h e r i n g a p r e m i s e t h a t was I a l r e a d y t o o w i d e l y a c c e p t e d f o r t h e g o o d o f t h e p r o g r a m , j C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e r e w as a s t r i n g p l a y e r s h o r t a g e , f o r I I t h e m o s t p a r t b r o u g h t o n b e c a u s e o f a s e r i o u s l a c k o f j q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s c a p a b l e o f h a n d l i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n , I i t w as deem ed u n w is e t o p o s t p o n e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a I s t r i n g p ro g ra m i n t h e m any s i t u a t i o n s w h e re s t r i n g s p e c i a l i s t s w e re n o t a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e w e re t h o s e who b e l i e v e d , t h a t w in d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h e r s , a l r e a d y i n d o c t r i n a t e d i n t h e I I k i n d o f t e a c h e r - p u p i l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h ic h w e re c o n d u c i v e t o I ' s u c c e s s f u l e d u c a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e s i n i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , , c o u l d t e a c h s t r i n g s a n d d e v e l o p s u c c e s s f u l o r c h e s t r a s . S u c h w as t h e p o s i t i o n t a k e n b y R u s h , who h a d s e e n t o o m any ; s u c c e s s f u l p ro g ra m s c a r r i e d o n b y n o n - s t r i n g p l a y e r s t o b e ; m i s l e d b y t h e p r o - s p e c i a l i s t p o i n t o f v ie w ( 3 0 4 : 1 0 ) . A l G. W r ig h t was a n o t h e r o f t h o s e who f e l t t h a t t h e p r im e r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a s u c c e s s f u l o r c h e s t r a p r o g ra m b y a w in d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e r w as n o t h i n g m ore t h a n a s i n c e r e d e s i r e o n h i s p a r t t o h a v e a n o r c h e s t r a . Any d i r e c t o r who h a d s t a r t e d b e g i n n i n g w oodw ind a n d b r a s s c l a s s e s l e a d i n g t o c a p a b l e b a n d o r o r c h e s t r a p a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s , i n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f W r i g h t , a b l e t o do t h e 39 2 I sam e jo b w i t h a b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s ( 3 7 0 : 8 ) . ' W a lb e r B . W r ig h t a g r e e d w i t h A l G. i n name o n l y ; h e ! ; d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e f e t i s h o f s t r i n g s f o r . I I t h e s p e c i a l i s t s o n l y h a d c o n v i n c e d h im , f o r , fro m h i s I s t a n d p o i n t a s a b a n d man h e a d m i t t e d v e h e m e n t l y t h a t b a n d I t e a c h e r s c o u l d n o t b e e x p e c t e d t o t e a c h s t r i n g s , a d d i n g , j " t h e y s h o u l d n ' t b e e x p e c t e d t o , a n y m ore t h a n s t r i n g i ■ : t e a c h e r s a r e e x p e c t e d t o t e a c h t h e t e n o r f i f t e e n v a r i e t i e s : o f w in d a n d p e r c u s s i o n i n s t r u m e n t s " ( 3 7 1 : 1 5 )• B ey o n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e p o i n t t h a t s t r i n g s c o u l d a n d s h o u l d b e t a u g h t b y n o n - s t r i n g m a j o r s w hen c o n d i - I t i o n s d e m a n d e d , t h e p r i m a r y e m p h a s is w a s , o f c o u r s e , u p o n t h e r e q u i s i t e s f o r t h e t r u e s t r i n g t e a c h e r . U p p e rm o s t i n I t h e m in d s o f m any w as t h e i d e a t h a t e x c e l l e n c e i n p e r f o r m a n c e was t o b e d e s i r e d i n t h e s t r i n g i n s t r u c t o r . F o r S c h o l l t h i s w as t h e f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n , f o r h e r e c o g n i z e d t h e i m p a c t o f t h i s a b i l i t y u p o n a c o m m u n ity i n t h e m a t t e r o f c r e a t i n g i n t e r e s t a l o n e ( 3 0 9 : 1 0 ) . W h ile a c o m p le te k n o w le d g e o f a l l t h e s t r i n g s was r e g a r d e d b y G re e n a s b e i n g n e c e s s a r y , i t was h e r c o n s i d e r e d a d v i c e t o t h e p r o s p e c t i v e s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r t h a t h e f i r s t g o t o t h e v e r y t o p , i f p o s s i b l e , on on e o f th e m . He s h o u l d know , a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , t h e w h o le l i t e r a t u r e , b o t h s o l o a n d o r c h e s t r a l , on o n e i n s t r u m e n t f i r s t . He s h o u l d 3 9 3 s t u d y w i t h t h e f i n e s t t e a c h e r s a v a i l a b l e , t h u s b e c o m in g a m u s i c i a n f i r s t o f a l l . T hen t h e p r o c e s s o f b r o a d e n i n g o u t fro m t h i s s e c u r e k n o w le d g e w o u ld becom e a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s i m p l e m a t t e r . G re e n a s s e r t e d t h a t i t was p o s s i b l e t o a c h i e v e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a n d i n g o n a l l o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s a n d k e e p i n s h a p e o n a l l o f th e m a t t h e sam e t i m e . S he p o o h - p o o h e d t h e i d e a t h a t o n e h u r t t h e o t h e r . I n h e r e s t i m a t i o n t h e r e w as a n i d e a l o r d e r f o r l e a r n i n g a l l o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s , a s F i g u r e 8 i n d i c a t e s : ( 1 6 2 : 3 8 ) V i o l i n : t h e n v i o l a , b a s s , c e l l o B a s s : t h e n c e l l o , v i o l a , v i o l i n C e l l o : t h e n b a s s , v i o l a , v i o l i n V i o l a : t h e n v i o l i n , b a s s , c e l l o FIGURE 8 RECOMMENDED ORDER FOR LEARNING ALL OF THE .STRING INSTRUMENTS A u e r was a f i r m b e l i e v e r i n t h e p o w e r o f t e a c h e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n . " I f I h a v e a p o i n t t o make I e x p l a i n i t , " h e s a i d , " b u t i f my e x p l a n a t i o n f a i l s t o e x p l a i n I t a k e my v i o l i n a n d b o w , a n d c l e a r u p t h e m a t t e r b e y o n d a n y d o u b t . " He w as a s t u d e n t o f J o a c h i m , who a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d — o n e i s s t r u c k b y A u e r 's c l a i m t h a t J o a c h im n e v e r e x p l a i n e d t h e t e c h n i c a l s i d e o f w h a t h e i l l u s t r a t e d . " T h o se m ore a d v a n c e d u n d e r s t o o d w i t h o u t v e r b a l c o m m e n t," A u e r a s s e r t e d , y e t t h e r e w e re som e who d i d n o t . " J o a c h im a p p a r e n t l y 3 9 4 a d o p t e d t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t t h o s e who c o u l d n o t p e r c e i v e h i s m e a n in g b y h e a r i n g w o u ld n e v e r u n d e r s t a n d i t b y e x p l a n a t i o n ( 1 0 : 1 6 - 1 7 )• I t w a s , o f c o u r s e , r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e b e s t p e r f o r m e r s d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y make t h e b e s t t e a c h e r s . T h is was S p a e t h 's o b s e r v a t i o n , who n o t e d t h a t g r e a t a r t i s t s o f t e n p l a y e d s o m uch b y i n s t i n c t , p e r h a p s e v e n o n t h e i n s p i r a t i o n o f t h e m o m en t, t h a t i t was o f t e n d i f f i c u l t f o r th e m t o a n a l y z e t h e t r u e r e a s o n s u n d e r l y i n g t h e i r s u c c e s s - T h o se who c o u l d c l e a r l y r e c a l l t h e p r o c e s s e s o f t h e i r own d e v e lo p m e n t a n d i m p a r t t h i s t o o t h e r s c e r t a i n l y made w o n d e r f u l t e a c h e r s , b u t w i t h f a r t o o many i t was e a s i e r t o f a l l i n t o t h e h a b i t o f s a y i n g , "Do i t t h e way I d o , " t h e n I e x p e c t i n g t h e p u p i l t o b e a b l e t o d u p l i c a t e a p e r f o r m a n c e ! f o r w h ic h t h e t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t y was l a c k i n g ( 3 1 5 : 1 1 ) . T h e r e w e re o t h e r r e a s o n s w h ic h S p a e t h saw a s ■ c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t h o r o u g h l y e d u c a t e d m u s i c i a n m ig h t n o t p r o v e t o b e a s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h e r , s u c h a s a l a c k o f t h e n e c e s s a r y s y m p a th y a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h o s e l e s s p r i v i l e g e d , a n d t h e w h o l e - h e a r t e d e n t h u s i a s m w h ic h c o u l d o v e r l o o k m in o r f l a w s i n t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f h o n e s t e f f o r t a n d g r a d u a l p r o g r e s s , o r t o s a y i t i n a few w o r d s , " i m p a t i e n c e w i t h a v e r a g e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t ." "A t r u e a r t i s t , " s a i d S p a e t h , "m u st b e a p e r f e c - 3 9 5 t l o n i s t ; b u t a s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h e r i s c o n d em n ed t o p e r p e t u a l c o m p r o m is e s ” ( 3 1 5 : 1 1 ) • j T h i s " i m p a t i e n c e w i t h a v e r a g e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t " was I d e s c r i b e d a s " s u r p r i s i n g i g n o r a n c e a n d i n t o l e r a n c e " b y I S t e w a r t , who r e m a r k e d t h a t h e e n c o u n t e r e d a s u r p r i s i n g I a m o u n t o f t h i s a t t i t u d e am ong h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l c o l l e a g u e s , w h ic h r e n d e r e d th e m a l l b u t u s e l e s s i n d e v e l o p i n g a l l b u t t h e m o s t t a l e n t e d p e r s o n s . Much o f t h e s e f a u l t s stem m ed ‘ f ro m a c o m p le te l a c k o f t r a i n i n g i n p e d a g o g y . S k i l l a n d p e r f o r m a n c e h a d b e e n t h e i r o n l y e m p h a s i s , s o t h a t w hen ■ c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t e a c h i n g , t h e y w e re com - I p l e t e l y u n a b l e t o a n a l y z e t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s s o a s t o b e a b l e t o i m p a r t t h e i r a b i l i t y t o a n y o n e e l s e ( 3 1 7 : 1 3 ) . ! A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s e sam e c o n c l u s i o n s w e re r e a c h e d b y I ’ K r e s z , who r e m a r k e d t h a t s u c h t e a c h e r s w e re " c o m p e ll e d t o e x p e r i m e n t f o r m any y e a r s , t o t h e u n f o r t u n a t e d e t r i m e n t a n d d i s c o u r a g e m e n t o f t h e i r y o u n g p u p i l s " ( 1 9 8 : 6 ) . G ro w in g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s l e d Conway t o d e c l a r e t h a t a c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s h o u l d u n d e r no c i r c u m s t a n c e s b e p e r m i t t e d t o h a n d l e a b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s u n t i l h e h a d o b s e r v e d a s e m e s t e r o r m ore o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n , a n d h a d made a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f c l a s s p r o c e d u r e s ( 1 2 5 : 5 4 ) . S i m i l a r v ie w s w e re e x p r e s s e d b y a w h o le h o s t o f m u s ic e d u c a t o r s w ho se c o n c e r n a t t h i s p o i n t 3 9 6 w as v e r y r e a l . T h e s e i n c l u d e d , b e s i d e s t h o s e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e - ï ^ s t few p a g e s . W a l l e r ( 3 4 9 : 3 2 ) , Re i s man ( 2 8 6 :2 B ) , H olm es ( 4 0 : l 6 8 ) , H i l l ( 1 8 0 : 9 ) , a s w e l l a s a n u m b e r o f c o m m itte e s a n d c o u n c i l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e S o u t h e r n C o n s u l - I t a n t 8 ' C o u n c i l ( 3 1 4 : 2 8 ) . C o n c e r n s s u c h a s t h e f o r e g o i n g l e d many e d u c a t o r s I t o t h e e f f o r t o f s e t t i n g u p c r i t e r i a f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f i n s t r u m e n t a l m u sic i n s t r u c t i o n . As e a r l y a s 19 4 1 C h e y e t t e h a d e s t a b l i s h e d s u c h a s e t o f c r i t e r i a . T h e s e c r i t e r i a s e t u p d e t a i l e d s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m e th o d e m p lo y e d , i t s p s y c h o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h , t h e c h o i c e o f m a t e r i a l s , t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t e a c h i n g e n v i r o n m e n t, a n d t h e c o m p e te n c i e s o f t h e t e a c h e r . C h e y e t t e 's c r i t e r i a f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e m e th o d , w h i l e q u i t e g e n e r a l i n n a t u r e , e x p r e s s e d c o n c e r n o v e r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o p u p i l i n t e r e s t , t h e t y p e o f c o n t r o l o n t h e p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r w h ic h w o u ld b e r e q u i r e d , w h e t h e r r i g i d o r d e m o c r a t i c a l l y f l e x i b l e , r e l a t i v e e m p h a s is o n s u p p l e m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s a n d d r i l l s , a n d t h e k i n d o f r a p p o r t w h ic h e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t h e t e a c h e r a n d p u p i l s . U n d e r t h e h e a d i n g o f "The N a t u r e o f t h e T e a c h e r " C h e y e t t e s e t u p s u c h t e a c h e r e v a l u a t i o n s a s m a s t e r y o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n , i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d i n i t i a t i v e i n m e e t i n g g r o u p s i t u a t i o n s , a d a p t a b i l i t y , g o o d j u d g m e n t. 3 9 7 s e l f c o n t r o l , g e n e r a l m u s i c i a n s h i p , c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d , ' p e r s o n a l i t y , a n d a l l t h o s e i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s I w h ic h make a p e r s o n o f p a r t i c u l a r c u l t u r a l a n d m o r a l v a l u e ; t o a c o m m u n ity ( 1 2 0 : 2 5 ) . i , . W ith s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t e a c h i n g o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s R u s h , i n 1 9 ^ 7 , s e t u p w h a t h e b e l i e v e d w e re t h e t w e l v e m inim um b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e t e a c h i n g o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s , w h i c h , b r i e f l y p a r a p h r a s e d , w e re t h e s e : 1 . K now ledge o f t h e p r o p e r c a r e o f a l l o f t h e o r c h e s t r a l s t r i n g s . 2 . An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f , a n d c o r r e c t name f o r a l l p a r t s o f e a c h , a n d t h e b o w . 3 . K now ledge o f t h e f a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e c o r r e c t s i z e i n s t r u m e n t f o r t h e p u p i l . 4 . The a b i l i t y t o c o n s t r u c t a f i n g e r i n g c h a r t f o r a n y o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s ; t h i s a s s u m e d f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h w h o le a n d h a l f - s t e p r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d t h e i r e f f e c t o n t h e b a s i c f i n g e r i n g s o f e a c h o f t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s . 5 . F a m i l i a r i t y w i t h v a r i o u s b a s i c b o w in g s t y l e s . 6 . A w a re n e s s o f common s t r i n g p l a y e r f a u l t s , s u c h a s i n t o n a t i o n , p o o r p o s i t i o n s , w ro n g b o w in g s , d i f f i c u l t f i n g e r i n g s . 7 . A c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d o f 3 9 8 t h e s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s • 8 . F a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e l i f e a n d w o rk s o f s u c h f i g u r e s a s G a s p a r e Da* S a l e , A n t o n i o S t r a d i v a r i u s , a n d F r a n c o i s T o u r t e . I 9* A p p r e c i a t i o n o f a few o f t h e o u t s t a n d i n g c o n - ! t e m p o r a r y p e r f o r m e r s o n e a c h o f t h e s t r i n g s . 1 0 . I n f o r m a t i o n o n s e v e r a l a u t h o r i t a t i v e b o o k s o n s t r i n g s t o b e reco m m en d ed a s v a l u a b l e r e a d i n g f o r s t u d e n t s . 1 1 . Some k n o w le d g e o f t h e c a r e a n d r e p a i r o f t h e b o w . 1 2 . An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s i z e o f s t r i n g s u s e d f o r e a c h i n s t r u m e n t , a n d how t o s e l e c t g o o d s t r i n g s ( 2 9 6 : 1 2 ) . C o n c e r n f o r im p ro v e d t e a c h i n g s t a n d a r d s w as b a s i c t o t h e p u r p o s e s l e a d i n g t o t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , a s t h e i r s t a t e m e n t o f p u r p o s e r e a d s : To s u p p o r t a n d e n c o u r a g e b e t t e r a n d m ore p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o r s t r i n g s i n c l u d i n g m u s ic f o r s o l o , e n s e m b l e , a n d o r c h e s t r a a t a l l l e v e l s o f a t t a i n m e n t , a n d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e h i g h e s t a r t i s t i c a n d p e d a g o g i c a l s t a n d a r d s i n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t t e a c h i n g . ( 1 3 7 : 4 ) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r t h e w ays t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e s e g e n e r a l p u r p o s e s w e re t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d w e re a s f o l l o w s : 1 . By s p o n s o r i n g r e s e a r c h a n d s t u d y o f a l l p h a s e s o f 3 9 9 s t r i n g p l a y i n g a n d t e a c h i n g . 2 . By p r o m o ti n g t h e h i g h e s t s t a n d a r d s i n s t r i n g t e a c h i n g a n d p e d a g o g y . 3 . By p r o m o ti n g t h e s t u d y o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y , s e c o n d a r y , a n d c o l l e g e l e v e l s o f A m e ric a n S c h o o l s a n d i n p r i v a t e s t u d i o s . 4 . By p r o m o ti n g t h e h i g h e s t s t a n d a r d s i n s t r i n g p l a y i n g a n d p e r f o r m a n c e . 5 . By e n c o u r a g i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o n , a r r a n g e m e n t , a n d p u b l i c a t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t r i n g m u s i c . 6 . By d e m o n s t r a t i n g a n d p u b l i c i z i n g t h e p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l v a l u e s a c r u i n g fro m t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s t r i n g m u s i c . 7 . By g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g r e l a t e d f i e l d s a n d c o n t r i b u t i n g a c t i v i t i e s . 8 . By s e r v i n g a s a n a t i o n a l c o o r d i n a t i n g a g e n c y f o r l o c a l , s t a t e , a n d r e g i o n a l g r o u p s . 9 . By m a i n t a i n i n g s u c h s t a n d a r d s o f e l i g i b i l i t y f o r a c t i v e m e m b e rs h ip a s w i l l c o n s t i t u t e a c e r t i f i c a t i o n - o f p r o f e s s i o n a l c o m p e te n c e . ( 1 3 7 : 4 ) I The g r o w in g c o n c e r n o f a l l t h e s e m u s ic e d u c a t o r s f o r im p ro v e d t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a f o r s t r i n g t e a c h e r s f i n a l l y ; c u l m i n a t e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n b y some t h r e e h u n d r e d m em bers o f t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e C o m m itte e o n I S t r i n g I n s t r u c t i o n , i n 1 9 5 0 , o f a s e t o f R e c o m m e n d a tio n s I f o r Im p ro v e m e n t o f T e a c h e r T r a i n i n g C u r r i c u l a i n S t r i n g s . T h e s e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s w e re a r r i v e d a t b e c a u s e o f a n i i n c r e a s i n g l y w i d e s p r e a d a g r e e m e n t am ong t h e n a tio n ;* s s t r i n g t e a c h e r s t h a t i n a d e q u a c i e s i n t h e s t r i n g p o r t i o n o f t h e c u r r i c u l u m f o r t r a i n i n g m u s ic t e a c h e r s f o r t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s w e re a s t r o n g c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r i n t h e s o - c a l l e d " s t r i n g p r o b l e m ." T he p r e l i m i n a r y s t a t e m e n t o f t h e com m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n d a tio n s l i s t e d t h e s e g e n e r a l i n a d e q u a c i e s : 4 0 0 , 1 . I n s u f f i c i e n t k n o w le d g e o f t h e b a s i c p e d a g o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s u p o n w h ic h s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y i n g ! a n d t e a c h i n g r e s t . | 2 . I n a d e q u a t e c o n c e p t o f w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s a n a d e q u a t e i m u s ic c u r r i c u l u m i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s fro m t h e , s t a n d p o i n t o f : ( a ) a s o u n d m u s ic e d u c a t i o n , (b ) t h e t a l e n t s a n d i n h e r e n t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e p u p i l s . ; 3 . I n s u f f i c i e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p r o c e d u r e s f o r s u c c e s s f u l l y t e a c h i n g f a i r l y l a r g e g r o u p s o f s t r i n g s i n c l a s s e s . 4 . I n a d e q u a t e k n o w le d g e o f m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e u s e o f . th e m f o r t h e c o n t i n u e d d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r i n g s t u d e n t s , o n c e t h e y a r e s t a r t e d . 5 . I n a d e q u a t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e m e c h a n ic s o f s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n , c a r e , m in o r r e p a i r , a n d a l i g n m e n t . We do n o t m ean t o im p ly t h a t t e a c h e r s i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s h o u l d b e a b l e t o m ake o r n e c e s s a r i l y t o r e p a i r s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s , b u t t h e y s h o u l d know how t o s e l e c t th e m , b e a b l e t o r e c o g n i z e d e f e c t s , s u c h a s f i n g e r b o a r d b u z z e s , s h o r t n e c k s i n o l d v i o l i n s , low o r h i g h s a d d l e s o r n u t s , i m p r o p e r l y f i t t e d p e g s , b r i d g e s , s o u n d p o s t s , s t r i p p e d t h r e a d s i n bow e y e l e t s , e t c . A nd t h e y s h o u l d know w h e re a n d how t o s e n d a n i n s t r u m e n t t o a r e p u t a b l e c r a f t s m a n t o h a v e i t p u t i n p r o p e r p l a y i n g c o n d i t i o n . 6 . I n s u f f i c i e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a s t o how t o " s e l l ” . s t r i n g s t o c h i l d r e n a n d t o t h e c o m m u n ity . 7 . I n s u f f i c i e n t k n o w le d g e a n d c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f g u i d a n c e . 8 . I n a d e q u a t e t e a c h e r p e r f o r m a n c e o n s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t s . ( 3 7 8 : 2 ) W ith t h e f e e l i n g t h a t u n l e s s t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s t o o k s t e p s t o m a t e r i a l l y s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r s t r i n g t e a c h e r c u r r i c u l a , o n l y c o n t i n u e d s t a g n a t i o n i n s t r i n g d e v e lo p m e n t c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d , t h e c o m m itte e r e c o m m ended s p e c i f i c c u r r i c u l a f o r m u s ic m a j o r s u n d e r f o u r m a j o r e m p h a s e s . The f i r s t t h r e e o f t h e s e w e re s e t u p f o r m u s ic e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s w i t h e m p h a s is o n e i t h e r v o c a l , i n s t r u - 4 0 1 m e n t a l o r s t r i n g s p e c i a l i z a t i o n ; t h e f o u r t h c u r r i c u l u m was d e s i g n e d f o r t h e s t r i n g m a j o r . T h e s e c u r r i c u l a , w h ic h a r e l i s t e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e M u sic E d u c a t o r s S o u r c e B oo k N um ber Two, may b e b r i e f l y su m m a riz e d a s f o l l o w s : 1 . M u sic e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s w i t h v o c a l e m p h a s is s h o u l d h a v e a m inim um o f o n e y e a r o f s t r i n g c l a s s w o rk , w i t h a n a d d i t i o n a l y e a r o f s t r i n g w o r k , i n c l u d i n g a s e m e s t e r e a c h o f s t r i n g e n s e m b le a n d m u s ic e d u c a t i o n o r c h e s t r a , : a t l e a s t one c o u r s e i n o r c h e s t r a l m e th o d s , o r g a n i z a t i o n , ia n d p r o c e d u r e s , a n d a s e m e s t e r o f s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g e x p e r i - I e n c e i n a s t r i n g c l a s s . ! 2 . M u sic e d u c a t i o n m a jo r s w i t h i n s t r u m e n t a l I e m p h a s is s h o u l d h a v e a m inim um o f tw o y e a r s o f s t r i n g c l a s s ! w o rk f o l l o w e d b y a t h i r d y e a r w h e re a s s i s t a n t t e a c h i n g j c o u l d b e d o n e . A t l e a s t tw o y e a r s o f p r i v a t e s t r i n g i n s t r u c t i o n o n a m a j o r a n d m in o r c h o i c e ( v i o l i n a n d c e l l o ) , a n d tw o s e m e s t e r s e a c h i n s t r i n g e n s e m b le a n d m u s ic e d u c a t i o n o r c h e s t r a . A m inim um o f o n e c o u r s e i n o r c h e s t r a l m e t h o d s , a n d o n e i n p r a c t i c e t e a c h i n g i n a s t r i n g c l a s s , tw o b e i n g p r e f e r r e d . 3 . M u sic e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s w i t h s t r i n g e m p h a s is s h o u l d h a v e a l l o f t h e a b o v e c o u r s e s w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h r e e y e a r s p r i v a t e s t u d y o n a m a j o r s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t . 402 o n e y e a r o n a s e c o n d a r y I n s t r u m e n t o f t h e o p p o s i t e t y p e , a n d a s e m e s t e r o f p r i v a t e s t u d y on e a c h o f t h e o t h e r tw o I i n s t r u m e n t s * A l s o , a t l e a s t t h r e e y e a r s o f c o l l e g e l e v e l i , o r c h e s t r a e x p e r i e n c e . I I 4 . F o r t h e s t r i n g m a j o r a y e a r o f c l a s s w o rk was j j reco m m en d ed o n a n i n s t r u m e n t o t h e r t h a n h i s m a j o r . A jm inim um o f o n e s e m e s t e r o f p r i v a t e s t u d y o n t h e o p p o s i t e ! s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t , a t l e a s t o n e c o u r s e i n o r c h e s t r a m e th o d s I a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n , a t l e a s t a s e m e s t e r on m u s ic e d u c a t i o n ' s t r i n g e n s e m b le m a t e r i a l s , a n d a t l e a s t a s e m e s t e r o f s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g d e v o t e d t o s t r i n g c l a s s a n d o r c h e s t r a w o rk i n a p u b l i c s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n , i f p o s s i b l e ( 5 4 : 1 7 2 - 1 7 4 ) . i ’ I n 1 9 5 1 t h e N a t i o n a l S t r i n g P l a n n i n g C o m m itte e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e i r B u l l e t i n N o. 2 t h e t h i n k i n g o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f ro m f o u r n a t i o n a l m u s ic o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e I M u sic E d u c a t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g I T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e M u sic T e a c h e r s N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , a n d t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l s o f M u s ic . I n a d d i t i o n t o t a k i n g a r e a l i s t i c l o o k a t t h e r a t h e r ; m e a g re o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r f o r m a n c e f i e l d , t h e b u l l e t i n e m p h a s iz e d t h e d e a r t h o f p r i v a t e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s , d u e i n p a r t t o u n r e a l i s t i c s t r i n g c u r r i c u l a i n t h e v a r i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g . I t w as reco m m en d ed t h a t s t u d e n t s b e p r e p a r e d f o r t e a c h i n g 4 0 3 ' c a r e e r s r a t h e r t h a n p e r f o r m i n g o n e s . I n v iew o f t h e r e a l l - ' i t i e s o f t h e e m p lo y m e n t s i t u a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t h e b u l l e t i n rec o m m e n d ed i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s is o n t h e t r a i n i n g o f s t r i n g p l a y e r s who c o u l d t e a c h s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l , a s w e l l a s t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r e p e r t o i r e . I t d e p l o r e d t h e p r a c t i c e o f a s s i g n i n g t h e s u b j e c t o f s t r i n g c l a s s I i n s t r u c t i o n t o c o l l e g e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s who h a d n e v e r h a d j a n y p u b l i c s c h o o l s t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e . Much I o f t h e f a i l u r e o f p u b l i c s c h o o l s t r i n g c l a s s e s was a r e s u l t o f t h i s f a u l t i n c o l l e g e s t r i n g t r a i n i n g , t h e b u l l e t i n p o i n t e d o u t ( 3 7 8 : 3 - 5 ) * ; And a l s o i n 1 9 5 1 t h e S t r i n g C o m m itte e o f t h e ^ N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l s o f M u sic p r e s e n t e d a " R e p o r t On R e v i t a l i z a t i o n o f S t r i n g P r o g r a m s " w h ic h b e t o k e n e d t h e s p r e a d o f t h e new d o c t r i n e t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l e v e l o f c o l l e g e m u s ic e d u c a t i o n . Q u o tin g fro m t h e w o rd s o f H a s k e l l , c h a i r m a n A h r e n d t s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e , i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e i r c o n c e r n w i t h t h e s t r i n g p ro g ra m i n t h e s c h o o l s was b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s : 1 . The v a s t m a j o r i t y o f a l l c h i l d r e n h a v e t h e i r f i r s t e x p e r i e n c e w i t h s t r i n g s i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s . 2 . The g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f c h i l d r e n who s t u d y s t r i n g s h a v e n o i n t e r e s t i n a p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r . 3 . The g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f c h i l d r e n who s t u d y s t r i n g s a r e m a i n l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e f u n c t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s l o n g b e f o r e t h e y a r e a w a re o f a n y m u s i c a l o r a e s t h e t i c p o s s i b i l i t i e s . 4 0 4 4 . The e x t e n s i t y o f s t r i n g i n t e r e s t i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s u p p l y o f t r a i n e d s t r i n g t e a c h e r s . ( 3 7 3 : 1 ; W ith f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e t o H a s k e l l ' s r e m a r k s o n t h e s u b j e c t , t h e r e p o r t i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t w as w ro n g t o a ssu m e t h a t t h e f a t e o f s t r i n g s o n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l . l e v e l w as t h e p r i m a r y c o n c e r n , w h e n , a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , t h e m a in p r o b le m w as t o i n t e r e s t g r e a t e r n u m b e rs o f c h i l d r e n i n s t r i n g p l a y i n g f o r n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d a v o c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s . I f t h i s l e v e l w e re t a k e n c a r e o f f i r s t , i t was p o i n t e d o u t , t h e r e w o u ld n e v e r b e c a u s e f o r c o n c e r n o v e r t h e s u p p l y o f t a l e n t f o r t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l . The r e p o r t d e p l o r e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a t t i t u d e t h a t ! t h e v i o l i n w as e x p e n s i v e , a n d was t h e e x c l u s i v e f i e l d o f t h e c h i l d p r o d i g y . I t a l s o c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s t r i n g c u r r i c u l u m i n t h e A m e ric a n e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s was p a t t e r n e d fro m t h e E u r o p e a n C o n s e r v a t o r y , I w hose o n l y o b j e c t i v e was " p e r f o r m a n c e a n d a p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r . " W h ile t h e c o m m itte e d i d n o t w i s h t o l o w e r s t a n d a r d s i n t h i s r e s p e c t , i t d i d e m p h a s iz e t h e n e e d t o a d d a d e q u a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n s t r i n g p e d a g o g y w h ic h w o u ld i n c l u d e b o t h c l a s s a n d p r i v a t e t e a c h i n g t e c h n i q u e s . The r e p o r t a l s o s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d t h e p r o m o ti o n o f s t r i n g c o n f e r e n c e s a n d c l i n i c s w h ic h w e re deem ed t o b e o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e i n i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f s t r i n g p e d a - 4 0 5 g o g y I n t h e s c h o o l s . I n c l o s i n g t h e r e p o r t A h r e n d t s a i d , i n p a r t : We, a s D e an s a n d D i r e c t o r s , m u st do m ore t h a n v ie w t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n w i t h a l a r m . We m u s t w o rk o n c r e a t i n g t h e r i g h t c l i m a t e f o r o u r s t r i n g p r o g r a m s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m ig h t a t t a i n a h e a l t h y g r o w t h . . . . The s t r i n g c o m m itte e s r e p r e s e n t i n g MEMO, MTMA a n d t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n a l l l o o k t o NASM t o make t h e m oves w h ic h w i l l s e t i n m o tio n c h a n g e s w h ic h w i l l p e r m a n e n t l y b e n e f i t t h e s t r i n g c a u s e . As a c o n c r e t e s t e p w h ic h NASM c a n m ak e - - y o u r s t r i n g c o m m itte e m akes t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o m m e n d a tio n : T h a t NASM m em ber s c h o o l s r e q u i r e o f t h e i r s t r i n g m a j o r s a n a d e q u a t e g r o u n d i n g i n s t r i n g p e d a g o g y w i t h t h a t p e d a g o g y t o i n c l u d e a t h o r o u g h c o u r s e i n s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s . I f t h i s i s a c c o m p l i s h e d , we c a n b e r e a s o n a b l y c e r t a i n o f p r e p a r i n g c o l l e g e s t r i n g t e a c h e r s who i n t u r n w i l l b e w e l l e q u i p p e d t o t r a i n m u s ic e d u c a t i o n s t r i n g m a j o r s . F i n a l l y , i f t h e r i g h t p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e w i l l a cc o m p a n y s u c h a p r o g r a m we s h a l l h a v e made t h e c h a n g e s m o st n e e d e d t o r e v i t a l i z e t h e s t r i n g p r o g r a m . ( 3 7 3 : 1 - 1 1 ) I n a r o u s i n g s u c h s e n t i m e n t s a t t h i s l e v e l o f s t r i n g p e d a g o g y t h e s t r i n g c o m m itte e s h a d d o n e a s i g n i f i c a n t jo b o f a w a k e n in g m u s i c a l A m e ric a t o t h e u r g e n c y o f t h e s t r i n g p r o b l e m . GHâPTEl T i l l PROBLEMS OF TECHNIQUE I t w as n o t t h e c o n c e r n o f t h i s s t u d y t o a n a l y z e i n auay s e n s e o f t h e t e r m t h e v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s i n v o l v e d i n p l a y i n g a n y o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s o f t h e "G ra n d Q u i n t e t . " T h e s e h a v e b e e n e x h a u s t i v e l y t r e a t e d o v e r t h e e n t i r e h i s - I t o r y o f t h e s t r i n g f a m i l y . W h ile t h e l a s t w o rd h a s b y no I i m eans b e e n s a i d r e g a r d i n g s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e , m any o f t h e ; f e a t u r e s o f p l a y i n g a r e w e l l e n o u g h s t a n d a r d i z e d a n d a c c e p t e d t h a t i n a s t u d y d e a l i n g e s s e n t i a l l y w i t h t h e p a r - ! t i c u l a r t r e n d s r e g a r d i n g s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y , e m p h a s i z i n g i p r o c e d u r e s r a t h e r t h a n s p e c i f i c t e c h n i q u e s , t h e y may b e i n c l u d e d w i t h o u t g o i n g i n t o t o o m any f i n e p o i n t s o f d e t a i l , o r t h e v a r i o u s r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e s u b j e c t . N e u m a n n 's r e c e n t s t u d y , " V i o l i n L e f t Hand T e c h n iq u e " ( 2 5 1 ) , p r o v i d e s ' a n e x h a u s t i v e s u r v e y o f t h i s n a t u r e t o w h ic h t h e r e a d e r I m ig h t a d v a n t a g e o u s l y r e f e r i f h e i s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s p h a s e o f t h e m a t t e r . I t h a s b e e n r e p r i n t e d i n t h e i s s u e s o f t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r . I n o n l y o n e p h a s e o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e w i l l t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r d i s c u s s o n e o f t h e m ore c o n t r o v e r s i a l a s p e c t s o f t h e s t r i n g a r t b e c a u s e i t h a s m uch t o do w i t h i n t r o d u c t o r y s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , t h a t a s p e c t b e i n g t h e p r o b le m o f l i f t i n g t h e f i n g e r s v e r s u s l e a v i n g th e m down o n t h e s t r i n g . F o r t h e m o st p a r t , t h e n , t h i s c h a p t e r w i l l m e r e l y o f f e r t h e c o n s i d e r e d o p i n i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s l e a d e r s i n t h e f i e l d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m o s t r e c e n t t h e o r i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s b e i n g a p p l i e d ~in c o n te m p o r a r y s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y . I . POSTURE F o r c l a s s p u r p o s e s m o s t p e d a g o g u e s i n d i c a t e d a I ; p r e f e r e n c e f o r a s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n f o r a l l b u t t h e c e l l i s t s f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t v i o l i n a n d v i o l a p l a y e r s w e re t h u s a b l e t o a ssu m e a m ore c o r r e c t p o s t u r e w i t h o u t t h e t e m p t a t i o n o f I 8 lu m p in g down w hen s e a t e d . As t h e s e c t i o n o n " S e a t i n g : I ' A r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e G l a s s " p o i n t e d o u t ( G f . a n t e p . I 5 0 ) , t h e r e w e re m any p e d a g o g u e s who a l s o a d v o c a t e d t h a t t h e v i o l i n i s t s a n d v i o l i s t s s i t d u r i n g t h e e a r l y s t a g e s . I n * 1 j s u c h c a s e s t h e s e i n s t r u c t o r s a lw a y s i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e ' ^ p u p i l s s i t e r e c t , o n t h e e d g e o f t h e i r c h a i r s , w i t h t h e ' v i o l i n h o r i z o n t a l t o t h e f l o o r , a n d f e e t on t h e f l o o r t o b a l a n c e t h e e x t e n d e d a r m s . B e c k e r ( 2 8 : 1 7 5 ) a n d W a l l e r 1 ( 3 5 9 : 2 5 ) d e s c r i b e d t h i s p o s i t i o n a s s i t t i n g w i t h t h e I ' s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n , o r r e t a i n i n g t h e s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n fro m t h e w a i s t u p . As f o r t h e c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n o f t h e l e f t h a n d o n t h e v i o l i n , F i s c h e r i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m a in p o i n t t o w a tc h was IT h a t t h e w r i s t s h o u l d h e m a i n t a i n e d i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h I th e f o r e a r m . T h e r e w e re tw o e x c e p t i o n s ; t h e w r i s t was t o ibe e x t e n d e d o u t w a r d f o r f o u r n o t e f i n g e r e d c h o r d s , a n d w hen f i n g e r s w e re s o s h o r t t h e y c o u l d n o t r e a c h t h e G s t r i n g i n a n y o t h e r w ay . T he w r i s t w as n e v e r t o h e b e n t in w a r d ; ( 1 4 1 : 1 1 ) . As f o r t h e l e f t e lb o w , F i s c h e r o b s e r v e d t h a t i t s h o u l d h a n g down a n d t u r n s l i g h t l y u n d e r t h e v i o l i n . The l e f t h a n d w as t u r n e d t o w a r d t h e f i n g e r b o a r d , b u t was n o t t o b e e x a g g e r a t e d . T he f i n g e r s w e re t o a ssu m e a c u r v e d p o s i t i o n a b o v e t h e f i n g e r b o a r d , e n o u g h f o r t h e p a d s o f t h e f i n g e r s t o r e s t s q u a r e l y o n t h e s t r i n g s , n o t c u r v e d s o much a s t o s t r i k e o n t h e f i n g e r - n a i l s , o r s o s t r a i g h t t h a t l o s s o f a g i l i t y , o r f l a b b i n e s s o r i n d i f f e r e n c e o f t o n e m ig h t r e s u l t . F i s c h e r d e s c r i b e d tw o a c c e p t a b l e p o s i t i o n s , o f t h e l e f t th u m b : o n e o p p o s i t e t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r , t h e o t h e r o p p o s i t e t h e f i r s t f i n g e r . The l o w e r p o s i t i o n w as r e q u i r e d i n t h e p l a y i n g o f l i g h t , s e r e n e m u s i c , w h i l e t h e h i g h e r p o s i t i o n w as t o b e u s e d f o r m ore i n t e n s e p l a y i n g , w hen m ore c o u n t e r - p r e s s u r e fro m t h e thum b w as n e c e s s a r y . And i n a n y c a s e , t h e thum b was t o t o u c h t h e n e c k o f t h e v i o l i n a t t h e u p p e r thum b j o i n t ( l 4 l : l l ) . W h ile m any o t h e r p e d a g o g u e s a r r i v e d a t s i m i l a r A d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e l e f t h a n d p l a y i n g p o s i t i o n , few w e re a b l e t o p r e s e n t i t i n s u c h s i m p l e t e r m s . The q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t h e v i o l i n was t o b e h e l d w i t h l o o s e p r e s s u r e , o r w i t h a f i r m g r i p was t r e a t e d a t j l e n g t h b y N eum ann, who c o n c l u d e d b y s a y i n g : I W ith a h i g h d e g r e e o f c e r t a i n t y i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l v i o l i n i s t s u s e t h e l e f t h a n d (th u m b o r I t h u m b - i n d e x c o m b i n a t i o n ) a t l e a s t f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f I c o u n t e r p r e s s u r e t o t h e f i n g e r s i n t h e l o w e r p o s i t i o n s . ! ( 2 5 2 : 2 2 ) ! H is p r i n c i p l e c o n c l u s i o n , t h e r e f o r e , w as t h a t t h e v i o l i n w as h e l d w i t h a l o o s e g r i p , p a r t l y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e th u m b , w h ic h was c o n s t a n t l y e n g a g e d i n a u t o m a t i c a l l y I r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p r e s s u r e a n d r e l e a s e o f t h e o t h e r f i n g e r s , a n d t h a t o n l y i n t h e c a s e o f m o m e n ta ry t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s , s u c h a s w hen s h i f t i n g d o w n w a rd s, o r w i t h t h e u s e o f i n t e n s e v i b r a t o , was a f i r m g r i p n e c e s s a r y ( 2 5 2 : 2 2 ) . ^ G r e e n , w hose a n a l y t i c a l p o w e rs o f t e n r e d u c e d t h i n g s I t o u t t e r s i m p l i c i t y , s u g g e s t e d t h a t w h e re a r e a l l y f a u l t y I l e f t h a n d p o s i t i o n was i n v o l v e d o n a n y o f t h e s t r i n g s , i t r e s u l t e d f i r s t f ro m l e t t i n g t h e w ro n g p o i n t s o r s e c t i o n s o f t h e h a n d ( a lw a y s f o r m in g t h e l e t t e r "C" a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 9 a n d 1 0 ) t o u c h t h e n e c k o f t h e I n s t r u m e n t i n q u e s t i o n * On t h e v i o l i n o r v i o l a t h e p o i n t s o f c o n t a c t s h o u l d b e "x" a n d "xx" a s show n i n F i g u r e 9: PIGWHE 9 G0MTACT POIM'ïS OF THE LEFT HâMD ON VIOLIN AMD VIOLA Mmch o f t h e f a u l t y h a n d p o s i t i o n p r o b le m s e n c o u n t e r e d e s p e c i a l l y w i t h b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s w as f o u n d b y G r e e n t o come fr o m l e t t i n g t h e s e c t i o n b e tw e e n a n d ”xx** t o u c h t h e n e c k o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . T h i s s e c t i o n s h o u l d b e e n t i r e l y f r e e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , s h e i n s t r u c t e d . The p o i n t s o f c o n t a c t o f t h e l e f t h a n d f o r c e l l o a r e show n i n F i g u r e 1 0 , w h e re may b e s e e n t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o c o n t a c t o f t h e h a n d on t h e n e c k o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t o t h e r t h a n o n t h e t i p s e c t i o n s o f t h e thum b a n d f i n g e r - t i p s a s i n d i c a t e d b y ”x ” a n d « ff X , i n F i g u r e 1 0 : 4 1 1 FIGURE 10 CONTACT POINTS OF THE LEFT HAND ON THE CELLO ........ G r e e n b e l i e v e d t h a t m any s t u d e n t s r u i n e d t h e i r c h a n c e s o f s u c c e s s b y l e t t i n g t h e i n n e r s i d e o f t h e h a n d , t h a t i s , t h e s p a c e b e tw e e n t h e tw o p o i n t s m a rk e d w i t h t h e l e t t e r ”x** i n F i g u r e 1 0 , t o u c h t h e n e c k o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t some p o i n t . A d d in g t h a t t h e c o n t a c t p o i n t s f o r t h e b a s s w e re t h e sam e a s t h o s e f o r c e l l o , s h e d e c l a r e d , " T h is b u s i n e s s o f c l u t c h i n g t h e n e c k o f t h e b a s s l i k e a b a s e - b a l l b a t p r o d u c e s m uch t h e sam e r e s u l t m u s i c a l l y a s t h e b a s e b a l l b a t m i g h t " ( 1 5 7 ^ 2 9 - 3 0 ) . W h ile t h e a c c e p t e d h o l d i n g p o s t u r e f o r t h e v i o l a w as c o n s i d e r e d t o b e p r a c t i c a l l y t h e sam e a s f o r v i o l i n , c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s a n d c a u t i o n s w e re v o i c e d , R e v e l l i 4 1 2 s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l m e th o d o f h o l d i n g t h e l e f t j e lb o w w e l l u n d e r t h e i n s t r u m e n t was n o t a d a p t a b l e t o t h e i v i o l a . S i n c e t h i s v i o l i n p o s i t i o n o f t e n r e s u l t e d i n c ra m p s i I i n t h e u p p e r a rm , h e a d v i s e d t h a t t h e p l a y e r u s e a r a t h e r t h i c k s h o u l d e r p a d f a r o u t o n t o p o f t h e s h o u l d e r s t o I e n c o u r a g e t i l t i n g o f t h e b o d y o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t t o a l e s s h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n , t o p e r m i t m ore e lb o w f r e e d o m ( 2 7 9 : 7 9 ) . ' I H i l l o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e p e r s o n w o u ld f i n d i t i . h e l p f u l t o h o l d t h e v i o l a l o w e r i n v ie w o f i t s w e i g h t a n d s i z e , a n d s l i g h t l y m ore t o t h e r i g h t t o f a c i l i t a t e d r a w in g > t h e bow a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e s t r i n g s . U n l i k e R e v e l l i h e i : ! a d v o c a t e d h o l d i n g t h e l e f t arm m ore u n d e r t h e i n s t r u m e n t t o a i d i n p l a c i n g t h e f i n g e r s o n t h e G s t r i n g ( 1 7 8 : 3 ) • P r i m r o s e e x p r e s s e d c o n c e r n , i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , f o r t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e l e f t th u m b , w h ic h h a d a t e n d e n c y t o ' t i g h t e n d u e t o h o l d i n g s u c h a l a r g e i n s t r u m e n t . F e e l i n g ' , t h a t t h e l e a s t t e n s i o n m a r r e d t o n e a n d f a c i l i t y , h e s u g g e s t e d d o i n g som e p r a c t i c e w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e thum b a t a l l . T h i s h e b e l i e v e d w o u ld h e l p t o r i d t h e p l a y e r o f a n y t e n d e n c y t o e x e r t p r e s s u r e o n t h e n e c k o f h i s i n s t r u m e n t ■ ( 2 7 1 : 2 4 1 ) . O b v i o u s l y , a n e l e m e n t o f c o n t r o v e r s y m ig h t b e s a i d t o e x i s t b e tw e e n P r i m r o s e *s c o n c e p t o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e 4 1 3 thum b a n d t h a t o f Neumann ( C f . a n t e p , 4 0 9 ) • Now t h e I s t r i n g G l a s s t e a c h e r who i s n o t c e r t a i n a s t o w h ic h o f j t h e s e e m i n e n t a u t h o r i t i e s i s c o r r e c t s h o u l d p e r c e i v e t h a t I ! t h e s e g e n tl e m e n w e re i n a b s o l u t e a g r e e m e n t o n o n e c a r d i n a l I p o i n t — t h a t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t c o n t r i b u t e s t o t e n s i o n i s t o bei I I a v o i d e d , i f p o s s i b l e , a n d t h o s e p o s i t i o n s a n d d e v i c e s w h ic h ' I c o n t r i b u t e m o st a s s u r e d l y t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f r e l a x e d s t r e n g t h s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d . N o t a l l p e d a g o g u e s who d i s a g r e e o n p a p e r , d i s a g r e e i n p r a c t i c e . A t e n d e n c y n o t e d i n t h e w r i t i n g o f m any c o n te m p o r a r y m u s ic e d u c a t o r s w as t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r c o n c e r n i n g p l a y i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o s h o r t , s i m p l e t e r m s , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e l o n g a n d c o m p le x a n a l y s e s s o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f e a r l i e r g e n e r a t i o n s . P o t t e r r e d u c e d t h e " c e l l i s t i c " p o s i t i o n s t o f o u r b r i e f " p o s t u r e s " : 1 . U s in g a n e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d , i f h o m e ly a n a l o g y . P o s t u r e o n e c a l l e d f o r p l a c i n g t h e h a n d a n d f i n g e r s i n m uch t h e sam e p o s i t i o n a s f o r " s c r a t c h i n g a n i t c h . " T h is m e a n t t h a t t h e f i n g e r s w e re b a s i c a l l y a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e s t r i n g , e v e n l y s p a c e d , l e f t f o r e a r m a n d h a n d o n a n e v e n p l a n e , w r i s t f l a t a n d n o t b e n t , a n d t h e e lb o w n o t s a g g i n g dow n. 2 . The s e c o n d p o s t u r e was t h e e x t e n d e d o r o p e n h a n d p o s i t i o n , w i t h t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e h a n d s p a n n i n g a m a j o r 4 l 4 t h i r d b e tw e e n f i r s t a n d f o u r t h f i n g e r s , i n s t e a d o f t h e u s u a l m in o r t h i r d . I t c o u l d b e a f f e c t e d i n e i t h e r o f tw o w a y s , c a l l e d t h e " b a c k w a rd " o r " l o w e r e d " f o rm o f t h e l e f t h a n d e x t e n s i o n . I n t h e " b a c k w a rd " fo rm t h e f i r s t f i n g e r e x t e n d e d b a c k a h a l f s t e p w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g h a n d p o s i t i o n ; i n t h e " l o w e r e d " fo rm t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r l e f t t h e f i r s t f i n g e r w h e re i t w a s , a n d e x t e n d e d t h e r e s t o f t h e h a n d u p , t h e sam e p o s i t i o n o f t h e h a n d r e s u l t i n g e i t h e r w ay . 3 . The t h i r d p o s t u r e was e n c o u n t e r e d w hen p l a y i n g i n t h e u p p e r f i f t h , s i x t h , a n d s e v e n t h p o s i t i o n s . H e re t h e h a n d .w a s t o b e s l a n t e d b a c k t o w a r d t h e p l a y e r , t h e thum b c o m in g u n d e r n e a t h t h e n e c k o f t h e c e l l o m ore t o t h e l e f t s i d e o f t h e f i n g e r b o a r d . Due t o t h e p h y s i c a l p o s t u r e h e r e t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r w as r a r e l y u s e d . 4 . I n p o s t u r e f o u r , o r thum b p o s i t i o n . P o t t e r a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e thum b u s u a l l y s t o p p e d tw o n e i g h b o r i n g s t r i n g s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r , a g a i n , b e i n g r a r e l y u s e d . He i n t r o d u c e d i t b y p l a c i n g t h e thum b a c r o s s t h e D a n d A s t r i n g s a t t h e m i d - p o i n t b e tw e e n t h e n u t a n d b r i d g e ( a t p o i n t o f f i r s t o c t a v e h a r m o n i c ) , h a v i n g t h e s t u d e n t w o rk b% r o t e o n a o n e o c t a v e D s c a l e : Thum b, 1 , 2 , 3 j Thum b, 1 , 2 , 3 , u p a n d dow n. T h is was a l s o t o b e t r a n s p o s e d t o t h e tw o o t h e r p a i r s o f s t r i n g s ( 2 6 7 : 6 ) . P u c k e t t a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d som e c o n c i s e h i n t s o n 4 1 5 ” e e l l l s t i e " p o s t u r e s . The c e l l o w as t o b e h e l d a g a i n s t t h e I p l a y e r c h e s t , j u s t b e lo w t h e d i a p h r a g m , a n d was p r e - i v e n t e d fro m s l i p p i n g b y t h e k n e e s . The l e f t h a n d was t o b e p l a c e d o n t h e s t r i n g s j u s t a s i t w o u ld f a l l u p o n a p i a n o j k e y b o a r d . The l e f t thum b s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d b e lo w t h e 1 I s e c o n d f i n g e r i n a l l o f t h e f i r s t f o u r p o s i t i o n s a n d i n ! e v e r y e x t e n s i o n . T he p r o b le m o f t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e 1 thum b c o u l d b e o v e rc o m e b y r e l e a s i n g t h e thum b a s t h e ^ c h a n g e was m a d e , p i v o t i n g o n t h e f i r s t f i n g e r u n t i l i t w as n e a r l y s t r a i g h t a n d p o i n t i n g i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e f I p l a y e r * s f a c e . The l e f t e lb o w w as t o b e d r o p p e d s l i g h t l y I a n d t h e f i n g e r s s p r e a d a p a r t . S h e d i d n o t d e s c r i b e t h e ' b a c k w a r d e x t e n s i o n o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r , a s d i d P o t t e r (2 7 2:1 1). M ag y ar a n d Long s t r e s s e d t h e m ore s l a n t e d p o s i t i o n o f t h e c e l l o . S a y i n g t h a t t h e C s t r i n g p e g s h o u l d b e a t , t h e l e v e l o f t h e l e f t e a r . Long a d v o c a t e d a f a i r l y f l a t p o s i t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t i n f r o n t o f t h e p l a y e r , t h e b a c k o f t h e c e l l o c o n t a c t i n g t h e p l a y e r * s l o w e s t r i b s . The h i g h e r , m ore v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n d i d n o t p e r m i t t h e n a t u r a l , w e i g h t o f t h e arm t o c o n t r i b u t e t o f i n g e r p r e s s u r e , he e x p l a i n e d . The k n e e s w e re t o g r i p t h e s i d e s o f t h e c e l l o a t t h e t o p o f t h e l o w e r b o u t s ( 2 2 2 : 8 0 ) . M a g y a r ’s r e a s o n s 1 f o r t h e m ore h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n w e re f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f 4 1 6 l e a v i n g t h e l e f t arm i n a m ore n a t u r a l p o s i t i o n , t h u s I c r e a t i n g l e s s t e n s i o n , a n d t h e r e b y p r o v i d i n g a b e t t e r v ie w I ! o f t h e t o p o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , . L ik e L o n g , h e n o t e d t h a t t h e I m ore s l a n t e d f i n g e r b o a r d o f f e r e d g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t f i n g e r p r e s s u r e , a l l o w i n g t h e n a t u r a l arm w e i g h t t o p u l l t h e s t r i n g s down m ore i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f g r a v i t y (2 2 7 : I G ) . F o r t h e b a s s , O h l e n d o r f p r o v i d e d t h e s e c l e a r a n d s i m p l e d i r e c t i o n s f o r p r o p e r l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e : 1 . The f i r s t f i n g e r p o i n t s u p — t h e f o u r t h dow n. A g o o d r e a c h i s r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e t h e w h o le s t e p . 2 . The s e c o n d a n d t h i r d f i n g e r s a r e h e l d a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e s t r i n g s . A s l i g h t l y c u r v e d p o s i t i o n i s a m u s t. 3 . H a l f s t e p s a r e p r o d u c e d b y u s i n g t h e f i r s t t o s e c o n d o r s e c o n d t o f o u r t h f i n g e r s . S p a c e f i r s t ' t o s e c o n d f i n g e r s a n d s e c o n d t o f o u r t h f i n g e r s a n ' e q u a l d i s t a n c e a p a r t . W hole s t e p s a r e p l a y e d : f i r s t t o f o u r t h f i n g e r * 4 . The thum b m akes c o n t a c t o n t h e n e c k o p p o s i t e o r s l i g h t l y b e lo w t h e f i r s t f i n g e r — n e v e r a b o v e . N e v e r l e t t h e thum b g e t a r o u n d t h e n e c k . 5 . H o ld k n u c k l e s u p i n l i n e w i t h t h e f i n g e r b o a r d . ( 2 5 7 : 1 8 ) As f o r t h e b o w , a l l c h a n g e s w e re t o b e made w i t h a s l i g h t w r i s t m o t i o n . O h l e n d o r f p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i t w as u s u a l t h a t t h e t r u e f u n d a m e n t a l t o n e w as n o t p r o d u c e d b y s t u d e n t s b e c a u s e t h e e n t i r e s t r i n g w as n o t s e t i n t o v i b r a t i o n . The p r e s s u r e w as t o b e a p p l i e d b e f o r e t h e bow w as m o v ed , h e e x p l a i n e d ( 2 5 7 : 1 8 ) . I n p l a y i n g t h e b a s s i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e l e f t h a n d t o b e f r e e t o move o n t h e f i n g e r b o a r d . I n o r d e r t o I 417 j p r o v i d e t h i s f r e e d o m t h e I n s t r u m e n t m u s t b e s u p p o r t e d b y I t h e p l a y e r ’s b o d y . T hom pson e x p l a i n e d t h e p r o p e r t e c h n i q u e I ; f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h i s t a s k b y s a y i n g t h a t t h e lo w e r p a r t o f t h e b a s s was t o b e p l a c e d a g a i n s t t h e i n s i d e o f t h e \ 1 s h i n b o n e , a n d , f o l l o w i n g t h e c u r v e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t , I I c r o s s i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e k n e e c a p . The u p p e r p a r t o f I t h e i n s t r u m e n t was t o r e s t a g a i n s t t h e i n s i d e o f t h e h i p - I b o n e . T h u s , t h e r e w e re t h r e e p o i n t s o f c o n t a c t — t h e s h i n - i b o n e , t h e k n e e c a p , a n d t h e i n s i d e o f t h e h i p - b o n e ^ I n t h e c a s e o f t h e f l a t b a c k e d b a s s i t was t o b e s u p p o r t e d i n I b a c k b y t h e k n e e . He a l s o r e m a r k e d t h a t t h e l e f t h a n d , i n j j ' f i r s t p o s i t i o n , s h o u l d b e a b o u t e v e n w i t h t h e e y e s ( 3 2 8 : 72). I I . BOWING: PROBLEMS GF The m o d e rn s t y l e o f h o l d i n g t h e v i o l i n bow h a s i m oved s t e a d i l y i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n m e th o d i n s t e a d o f t h e G e rm a n , t h a t i s , t h e bow i s h e l d a c r o s s t h e s e c o n d j o i n t o f t h e i n d e x f i n g e r , r a t h e r t h a n a c r o s s t h e : f i r s t j o i n t , g i v i n g f i r m e r , m ore im m e d ia te c o n t r o l w i t h : s l i g h t l y l e s s w r i s t m o t i o n . T h is g r i p h a s b e e n f o u n d t o b e m ore e f f e c t i v e i n a l l w a y s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h i n t r i c a t e s t a c c a t o s t y l e s , a n d i s a l s o s a i d t o h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e o f I g e n e r a l l y p r o d u c i n g m ore a r t i c u l a t e s p i c c a t o . As B e r k l e y j 4 1 8 I p o i n t e d o u t , n e a r l y e v e r y p r e s e n t day f i r s t - e l a s s v i o l i n i s t I I h a s s e t t h e e x a m p le o f a d o p t i n g t h e R u s s i a n g r i p o n t h e I ! v i o l i n bow ( 8 5 : 2 5 ) . A c t u a l l y , s o m any m e th o d b o o k s now d e s c r i b e t h i s g r i p t h a t i t a p p a r e n t l y h a s b eco m e a w i d e l y a c c e p t e d s t y l e . M ost m u s ic e d u c a t o r s c o n c e r n e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h o t h e r p h a s e s o f t h e b o w in g p r o b l e m , e i t h e r w i t h i n t r o d u c t o r y t e c h n i q u e s o f t e a c h i n g bow c o n t r o l , o r t h e h a n d l i n g o f som e v e x i n g r e l a x a t i o n - t e n s i o n p r o b l e m . G r e e n , who a lw a y s se e m e d t o b e a b l e t o g e t down t o b a s i c e s s e n t i a l s , d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e " a b s o l u t e l y ’f u n d a m e n t a l e s s e n c e *" o f g o o d b o w in g o n a l l o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s ( i n c l u d i n g F r e n c h b a s s bow ) was a n o u tw a r d b e n d o f t h e r i g h t h a n d thum b k n u c k l e . By t h i s s h e m e a n t t h a t t h e thum b w as n o t s t i f f a n d s t r a i g h t , n o r c u r v e d i n to w a r d t h e p a lm o f t h e h a n d , b u t w as " b e n t i n t h e o n l y d i r e c t i o n i n w h ic h t h e A lm ig h ty made t h e j o i n t s o i t c o u l d a c t u a l l y b e n d ! " (1 5 7 :3 0 ) I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s t h e m o s t im m e d ia te p r o b le m h a s a lw a y s b e e n t h a t o f g e t t i n g t h e bow t o move a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e s t r i n g s t h r o u g h o u t , a n d a t t h e p r o p e r d i s t a n c e fro m t h e b r i d g e a n d f i n g e r b o a r d , c o n s t a n t l y . To s o l v e t h i s p r o b le m B r a i n e a d v o c a t e d t h e p r o c e d u r e s o w i d e l y a d o p t e d b y s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g y , t h e u s e o f a g r e a t d e a l o f o p e n I 419 I string bowing. The fact that many artist teachers have i I reverted to this technique to correct faults in artist I . • , ! students lends credence to the effectiveness of this ! essential string class technique (105:853). j That concentration on bowing technique is of the greatest importance was the thought of such a famous teacher as Sametini, who was quoted as saying: I *It is rather the custom to decry Sevcik as a ; teacher, to dwell on his absolutely mechanical char acter of instruction— and not without justice. First of all Sevcik laid all the stress on the left hand and not on the bow— an absolute inversion of a fundamental princ iple.* (10:1 9 9) j Certainly the literature on string technique is heavily weighted on the side of bow development. This fact, of course, arises from the fact that the bow is largely responsible for the quality of tone produced* Another of the usual problems encountered with beginners concerns the vise-like grip which so many seem to adopt when not properly guided from the beginning^, it also seems to crop up along the path of progress as new techniques and styles of playing are called for. A number of teachers addressed themselves to the alleviation of some of these tensions, suggesting, as did Downing, such devices as having the student rest the bow on the strings at the frog, holding the wrist level, then removing the thumb and bal- j a n c l n g t h e s t i c k w i t h t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r ( 1 3 3 : 3 ) . I The s u b j e c t o f b o w in g t e n s i o n s was t h o r o u g h l y I i t r e a t e d b y c l i n i c i a n s G r e e n , R i l e y , S t u h l b e r g , R o s s , R a b b , | a n d T a t a a t a M ic h ig a n s t r i n g c l i n i c i n I 9 5 2 . A t t h i s t i m e | i I : R o ss p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e p r i m a r y r e q u i s i t e w as t h e s u p p o r t - : . ' I o f t h e bow b y t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r , p r o v i d i n g t h e s t r e n g t h a n d ; r e s i l i e n c e g a i n e d fro m a b e n t k n e e p o s i t i o n . S u c h a c u r v e d p o s i t i o n a l s o h a d t h e e f f e c t o f c o u n t e r a c t i n g s t i f f n e s s i n t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r , h e a s s e r t e d ( l 6 6 : 2 ) . I t w as S t u h l b e r g * s p o s i t i o n t h a t i t s h o u l d b e t h e g o a l o f t h e t e a c h e r t o rem o v e t h e b a r r i e r s w h ic h k e e p t h e i ' 1 I h a n d f ro m f u n c t i o n i n g i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e bow . Among t h e s e v e r a l w ays h e d e s c r i b e d o f d o i n g t h i s , h e s u g g e s t e d g r a b b i n g t h e t i p o f t h e s t u d e n t ’ s bow s o t h a t h e c o u l d b a r e l y move i t t o g i v e h im t h e f e e l i n g o f p u l l i n g t h e bow o n a down s t r o k e ( n o t t o u c h i n g t h e s t r i n g s ) . T h i s , h e n o t e d , w o u ld b e f e l t f i r s t i n t h e s h o u l d e r m u s c le s ( f r o g ) , t h e n i n t h e u p p e r a n d l o w e r arm a s t h e bow p r o g r e s s e d dow nw ard t o t h e t i p , f i n a l l y b e i n g f e l t i n t h e w r i s t a n d f i n g e r s a s t h e t i p was r e a c h e d . The sam e s o r t o f p r o c e d u r e w as t o b e u s e d w i t h a n u p -b o w s t r o k e ( 1 6 6 : 2 ) . V an H in g e l e s t e y n ’ s re m e d y f o r t h e p r o b le m was t o h a v e t h e s t u d e n t s t a r t a t t h e t i p o f t h e bow w i t h a l l f i n g e r s o f f t h e bow e x c e p t t h e thum b a n d f i r s t f i n g e r . i : I g r a d u a l l y a d d i n g th em a s t h e n e e d was f e l t t o d r o p th e m I n a t u r a l l y b a c k i n t o p o s i t i o n . R a a b ’s c o n c e r n i n t h e I d i s c u s s i o n h a d t o do w i t h t h e n e e d t o k e e p t h e a n g l e o f t h e ; ! I f i n g e r s l e v e l w i t h t h e e lb o w , w h i l e o t h e r s d rew a t t e n t i o n ! , t o t h e n e c e s s i t y o f k e e p i n g t h e c o r r e c t a n g l e o f t h e v i o l i n fro m t h e s h o u l d e r (m o re h o r i z o n t a l t h a n v e r t i c a l ) ( l 6 6 : : 1 t 12 - 3 ) . ; ( ' j An a r e a o f b o w in g d e v e lo p m e n t w h ic h h a s t o o o f t e n b e e n n e g l e c t e d i n s t r i n g c l a s s w o rk was d e f i n e d b y W a s s e l l a s c o l o r v a r i a t i o n s t h r o u g h b o w in g . He p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i v a r i a t i o n s o f q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y o f s o u n d c o u l d b e i , ! i d e v e l o p e d b y w o r k in g o n bow a t t a c k a n d i n e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n | I ' w i t h bow p r e s s u r e , bow s p e e d , l e n g t h o f s t r o k e , a n d i n v a r y i n g t h e n e a r n e s s o f t h e bow t o o r fro m t h e b r i d g e . W h ile s u c h r e f i n e m e n t s w e re u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r i v a t e s t u d i o w o rk , W a s s e l l c o u l d s e e n o g o o d r e a s o n why t h i s i phase of string work should not be understood by the string class students as well (366:30). F o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , m o s t e d u c a t o r s c o n s i d e r e d t h e t y p e o f g r i p a n d s t y l e s i n v o l v e d i n v i o l a b o w in g a s b e i n g l i k e v i o l i n b o w in g . H o w e v e r, a s o n m any p o i n t s o f t e c h n i q u e , v i o l a s p e c i a l i s t s w e re q u i c k t o a s s e r t t h a t t h e r e w e re c e r t a i n f i n e p o i n t s o f d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e t w o . I n m o s t v i o l a p l a y i n g t h e w r i s t t e n d e d t o b e so m ew h at 422 i l o w e r t h a n f o r v i o l i n , a n d t h e f i n g e r s seem t o e n c o m p a s s a i I i I b i t m ore o f t h e s t i c k , t h e in d e x f i n g e r b e i n g e x t e n d e d I so m e w h at h i g h e r o n t h e s t i c k fro m t h e o t h e r s , a l l o f w h ic h i t e n d e d t o g i v e m ore s t r e n g t h f o r t h e l a r g e r , s l o w e r ; I I s p e a k i n g s t r i n g s . W ith s u c h v ie w s i n m in d . H i l l i n s i s t e d , ; I"T he v i o l a i s n o t a v i o l i n a n d w hen i t s p l a y e r s s t o p t r y i n g i I I t o p l a y v i o l i n m u s ic o n i t ’ l i k e a v i o l i n * i t w i l l s o u n d . I l i k e t h e i n s t r u m e n t i t r e a l l y i s " ( 1 7 8 : 3 ) * ; ' ' I The g r i p f o r t h e c e l l o w as w e l l d e s c r i b e d b y P o t t e r , I who l i k e a l l o f h i s c o l l e a g u e s , s t r e s s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f k e e p i n g t h e thum b c u r v e d , t h e e x t e n t v a r y i n g a c c o r d i n g t o I I t h e i n d i v i d u a l h a n d . The f i r s t f i n g e r was t o c r o s s t h e s t i c k a t t h e f i r s t j o i n t , a l s o b e i n g c u r v e d , w i t h t h e thum b a n d t h i r d f i n g e r s a b o u t o p p o s i t e e a c h o t h e r , t h e f l e s h y p a r t o f t h e t h i r d t o u c h i n g t h e h a i r a t t h e s i l v e r m o u n t. I The thum b w as t o a c t a s a f u l c r u m , w i t h t h e f i r s t a n d f o u r t h f i n g e r s e x e r t i n g b a l a n c i n g p r e s s u r e ( 2 3 5 : 1 6 ) . Q u i t e a d i f f e r e n c e may b e n o t e d i n c e l l o g r i p s b y o b s e r v i n g t h e p o s i t i o n t a k e n b y t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r . W h ile some p e d a g o g u e s , s u c h a s P u c k e t t , i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o v e r t h e f r o g on t o p o f t h e m o t h e r - o f - p e a r l p i e c e i n s t e a d o f o n t h e t o p o f t h e s t i c k i n v i o l i n f a s h i o n ( 2 3 9 : 1 1 ) , p e o p l e w i t h s h o r t , s t u b b y h a n d s a l m o s t : i n v a r i a b l y u s e t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r i n p r e c i s e l y t h i s f a s h i o n . I 4 2 3 : T he n e w e r s c h o o l o f s t r i n g p e d a g o g y d i s p l a y e d a m a rk e d I ' t e n d e n c y t o w a r d a l l o w i n g f o r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n I I d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n t h e h a n d s s h o u l d t a k e i n b o t h l e f t a n d r i g h t h a n d w o rk . B ow ing d i s c u s s i o n s am ong b a s s p l a y e r s f r e q u e n t l y c e n t e r e d a r o u n d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e F r e n c h o r t h e G erm an b ow , w i t h t h o s e who h a d d e v e l o p e d f a c i l i t y o n b o t h t y p e s g e n e r a l l y p r e f e r r i n g t h e F r e n c h b o w . C o le m a n , who c l a i m e d t o h a v e u s e d b o t h p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , e x p r e s s e d a d e f i n i t e p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e F r e n c h bow b e c a u s e o f i t s " g r e a t e r d e x t e r i t y , f r e e d o m , a n d f l a i r . " S h e d e n i e d t h a t t h e G erm an b o w e rs g o t a l o u d e r t o n e , p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t i t was n o t t h e dow nw ard w e i g h t on t h e s t i c k w h ic h w as t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n s e c u r i n g d y n a m ic e f f e c t s , b u t r a t h e r i t was e f f e c t i v e bow m a r k in g s ( 9 1 : 2 6 ) . W ith t h o s e s t r i n g c l a s s p e d a g o g u e s who p l a n n e d on t r a n s f e r s b e tw e e n t h e c e l l o a n d b a s s a s t h e c h i l d r e n d e v e l o p e d , t h e F r e n c h bow , w a s , o f c o u r s e , d i c t a t e d a s t h e c h o i c e s i n c e t h i s s t y l e o f bow r e q u i r e d e s s e n t i a l l y t h e sam e k i n d o f p l a y i n g t e c h n i q u e * S t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s , m u s t , h o w e v e r , b e f a m i l i a r w i t h a n d a b l e t o t e a c h e i t h e r s t y l e . 4 2 4 D e v e l o p i n g t h e S p l e c a t o a n d S t a c c a t o B ow ing The c h i e f e x p o n e n t o f t h e e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s t a c c a t o a n d s p i c c a t o b o w in g s t y l e s was B o r n o f f . I n f a c t , I h e s t a t e d t h a t s t a c c a t o s h o u l d n o r m a l l y b e i n t r o d u c e d j d u r i n g t h e f i r s t o r t h e s e c o n d l e s s o n . N ot o n l y d i d t h i s ; g i v e t h e s t u d e n t a n e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n t o o n e o f t h e m ore i • I i n t e r e s t i n g b o w in g s t y l e s , b u t p r o v i d e d a l s o f o r a n e x - { t r e m e l y v a l u a b l e m eans o f d e v e l o p i n g g o o d r i g h t arm ' c o n t r o l . He d e s c r i b e d t h e s t r o k e a s " a q u i c k , s t r a i g h t ' s t r o k e w i t h a d e a d s t o p , a l l o w i n g n o r e l e a s e o f p r e s s u r e on ; t h e bow a n d n o w r i s t o r f i n g e r m o v e m e n t." The s t y l e w as t o I b e d e v e l o p e d f i r s t w i t h tw o s t o p s i n a bow , g r a d u a l l y c h a n g i n g t o t r i p l e t s , q u a d r u p l e t s , a n d on u p t o s i x t e e n s t o p s p e r bow . A c o m p le te s t o p was t o b e i n s i s t e d u p o n , w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e o n t h e bow r e m a i n i n g e q u a l t h r o u g h i t s w h o le l e n g t h . The s t u d e n t n e e d e d t o b e made a w a re o f t h e im m e d ia te o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s t a c c a t o in a s m u c h a s t h e e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s t y l e w as r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g m o st i m p o r t a n t i n d e v e l o p i n g f i r m n e s s i n t h e f i n g e r s a n d s o l i d - i i t y i n t o n a l p r o d u c t i o n . L i k e w i s e , t h e c o n t r o l l e d s p i c c a t o B o m o f f c o n s i d e r e d V t o b e a n e s s e n t i a l a i d t o b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s i n a c q u i r i n g q u i c k , e f f e c t i v e bow c o n t r o l , b e i n g b e s t i n t r o d u c e d a t t h e s e c o n d l e s s o n . A t t h i s p o i n t he a d v o c a t e d p l a c i n g e m p h a s is 4 2 5 u p o n f i r m n e s s o f t h e f i n g e r s o n t h e bow , u s i n g no w r i s t o r f i n g e r m o t i o n , s e e k i n g t o c o n t r o l t h e b o u n c e a t v a r i o u s s p e e d s a n d w i t h d i f f e r e n t a c c e n t e d rh y th m s ( 1 0 2 : 1 0 - 1 1 ) . B e r k l e y , who was m ore r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o v i e w p o i n t i n s u c h m a t t e r s a s bow d e v e l o p m e n t , n e v e r - I t h e l e 88 was a l s o i n f a v o r o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e s t a c c a t o i n t h e I ] e a r l y s t a g e s o f a d v a n c e m e n t. S a i d h e , " . . . a c a r e f u l j s t u d y o f t h i s b o w in g t e n d s a lw a y s t o d e v e l o p a m ore s e n s i - ; t i v e t o u c h o n t h e bow a n d a m ore d e l i c a t e l y b a l a n c e d bow a rm " ( 8 2 : 1 7 2 ) . I f i n t r o d u c e d e a r l y , he f e l t t h a t t h e I s t u d e n t w o u ld g r a d u a l l y a c q u i r e a g o o d s t a c c a t o a l m o s t s u b - ! c o n s c i o u s l y . He a d v o c a t e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b o t h t h e u p a n d down bow s t a c c a t o s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t o a v o i d t h e d a n g e r o f l o s i n g c o n t r o l o f t h e o n e w h i l e t h e o t h e r w as b e i n g a c q u i r e d ; f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p r a c t i c e o f o n e f o rm w as f o u n d t o r e a c t f a v o r a b l y u p o n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e o t h e r , i n m o s t c a s e s ( S 2 : l 4 l ) . T h is c o n c e p t , a l o n g w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l p l a n o f w o r k in g o n t h e s t a c c a t o i n p a t t e r n s o f f o u r , e i g h t , a n d t w e l v e o r m ore r e p e a t e d n o t e s , a d v o c a t e d b y B e r k l e y i n 1 9 4 5 , w as e s s e n t i a l l y t h e a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d b y B o m o f f t h r e e y e a r s l a t e r w hen h e p u b l i s h e d h i s s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d . F i n g e r P a t t e r n s f o r V i o l i n . S u p p o r t f o r t h i s p o s i t i o n was p r o v i d e d b y I 4 2 6 j i B u t t e r f i e l d , who c la im e d t h a t s p i c c a t o a n d s t a c c a t o s t y l e s 1 ' o f b o w in g w i t h a s m any a s s i x t e e e n n o t e s i n a bow s h o u l d i j n o t b e d e l a y e d f o r m any m o n th s , b u t s h o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d I w i t h i n t h e f i r s t m o n th o f s t u d y , e v e n w i t h g r o u p s m e e ti n g I b u t o n c e a w eek ( 1 1 1 : 4 0 ) . j An e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s e m ore s p e c t a c u l a r i , s t y l e s o f b o w in g was a l s o a d v o c a t e d b y R o ss who f e l t t h a t I I i t was i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e c h i l d t o know t h a t i t was n a t u r a l f o r t h e bow t o w a n t t o b o u n c e , t h u s c o m b a t t i n g a n y i d e a t h a t t h i s w as a t e r r i b l y d i f f i c u l t s k i l l . U s in g a t e n n i s b a l l a s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , h e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t e a c h b o u n c e o f ' t h e bow was d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e , h e n c e n o t p o s s i b l e a t s lo w s p e e d s . The b o u n c e was t o b e c o n s t a n t l y r e g e n e r a t e d b y s i m p l y a d d i n g a " k i c k " f o r e a c h s t r o k e ( 1 6 6 : 7 ) . I n t h e sam e a r t i c l e i n w h ic h t h e a b o v e r e m a r k s o f R o ss w e re r e c o r d e d . G r e e n c o n t i n u e d t h e d i s c u s s i o n b y d e s c r i b i n g h e r m e th o d o f t e a c h i n g t h e s p i c c a t o . S he f i r s t t a u g h $ t h e c h i l d t o g e t t h e f e e l i n g o f t h e v e r t i c a l b o u n c e a t a p o i n t j u s t b e lo w t h e m id d le o f t h e f r o g , d e m o n s t r a t i n g how n e e d l e s s i t w as f o r t h e f i n g e r s t o t a k e p a r t b y e x t e n d i n g th e m o u t s t r a i g h t a c r o s s t h e s t i c k . A s t i f f l i t t l e f i n g e r w as p a r t i c u l a r l y t o b e g u a r d e d a g a i n s t . When t h i s w as w e l l u n d e r s t o o d a h o r i z o n t a l m o tio n u s i n g t h e sam e 4 2 7 t i m i n g a s u s e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l m o tio n was i n t r o d u c e d , t a k i n g c a r e t o s e e t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e new m o tio n d i d n o t d e s t r o y t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d v e r t i c a l b o u n c e . T h is t e c h - ; n i q u e w as f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d o n a n e x a g g e r a t e d s c a l e , a f t e r - I w a rd b e i n g g r a d u a l l y c l o s e d down to w a r d t h e s t r i n g s , j C o n t r o l w as t o b e g a i n e d l a t e r a t a m ore a d v a n c e d s t a g e I j d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e f i n g e r s on t h e bow I(166:7). ; C o n s i d e r a b l e d i s a g r e e m e n t was n o t e d am ong some ; t e a c h e r s i n r e g a r d t o i m p a r t i n g t h i s s k i l l ; i n f a c t , B e rg la n d R abb d e s c r i b e d t h e s p i c c a t o i n e x a c t l y o p p o s i t e t e r m s , R abb s e e k i n g t o a c h i e v e i t b y r e m o v in g p r e s s u r e , B e r g b y a p p l y i n g i t . C la im in g i t c o u l d b e t a u g h t i n a few m i n u t e s , R abb p r e s c r i b e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e : The s t u d e n t s h o u l d b e g i n b y p l a y i n g s i x t e e n t h n o t e s o n t h e o p e n D s t r i n g a n d w i t h t h e f l a t o f t h e h a i r a t a m etro n o m e m a r k in g o f a b o u t 112 b e a t s t o t h e m i n u t e - - o n t h e s t r i n g . A s su m in g t h a t t h e c o r r e c t a rm , h a n d , a n d f i n g e r p o s i t i o n i s b e i n g u s e d , t h e s t u d e n t w i l l now b e m o v in g h i s bow h o r i z o n t a l l y w h i l e t h e f i r s t f i n g e r i s i n i t s n o r m a l p o s i t i o n o n t h e s t i c k . C o n t i n u i n g t o p l a y h e s h o u l d b e g i n g r a d u a l l y t o s h i f t t h e w e i g h t o f t h e r i g h t h a n d fro m t h e f i r s t f i n g e r to w a r d t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r . T h is s t e p i s v i t a l l y n e c e s s a r y f o r i t re m o v e s t h e p r e s s u r e fro m t h e s t i c k a n d c l e a r s t h e w ay f o r t h e b o u n c e L i t a l i c s n o t i n t h e o r i g i n a l ] . The n e x t s t e p ( s t i l l w h i l e c o n t i n u i n g t o p l a y ) i s g r a d u a l l y t o com b i n e a v e r t i c a l s t r o k e w i t h t h e p r e s e n t h o r i z o n t a l o n e . The r e s u l t i s a s t r o k e m o v in g o b l i q u e l y . The a n g l e o f t h e bow i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s t r i n g i s now s u c h t h a t t h e bow i s th r o w n n a t u r a l I v fro m t h e s t r i n g a n d we h a v e a f a s t s p i c c a t o . ( 1 6 6 : 7 ; 4 2 8 i A ls o a s s e r t i n g t h a t a r a p i d , c l e a r s p i c c a t o c o u l d be i m p a r t e d t o a s t u d e n t i n one l e s s o n p e r i o d , p r o v i d e d t h e I s u b j e c t was a b l e t o bow e v e n l y w i t h a r e l a x e d p o s i t i o n , jB e r g d e s c r i b e d h i s t e c h n i q u e so m ew h at a s f o l l o w s : I I n t h i s s t y l e t h e bow h a i r h a r d l y l e a v e s t h e s t r i n g , , ; a n d t h e w r i s t a n d f i n g e r s m u st make r e l a x e d m o t i o n s . T h e r e I a r e f o u r p o i n t s i n t e a c h i n g i t : ( 1 ) t h e s t u d e n t m u s t know I t h e p a r t o f t h e bow t o u s e —- u s u a l l y a c o u p l e o f i n c h e s fro m I t h e m i d d l e , p e r h a p s m a rk e d w i t h c h a l k , ( 2 ) h e i s t o bow r a p i d l y a n d e v e n l y w i t h s h o r t s t r o k e s , u s i n g a s c a l e o r a n y d i a t o n i c e t u d e w i t h f o u r o r e i g h t bows t o e a c h n o t e i n s i x t e e n t h - n o t e r h y th m , s l i g h t l y a c c e n t i n g e a c h b e a t ; t h i s i s t o b e d o n e w i t h t h e m id d le o f t h e bow , u s i n g r e l a x e d a rm , h a n d , a n d w r i s t , w i t h o u t a n y a t t e m p t t o b o u n c e t h e bow a t a l l , w i t h t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r c u r v e d t o i n s u r e r e l a x a t i o n , (3 ) a v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t o f bow i s t o b e u s e d , t r y i n g n o t t o h i t t h e s t r i n g , a n d u s i n g a n i n c h o r l e s s o f bow , a n d ( 4 ) t h i s i s t o b e p r e s s u r e b o w in g . " I f t h e r e i s a n y d e e p s e c r e t o r m a g ic c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e b o u n c in g bow , t h i s i s t h e a n s w e r . " I n o t h e r w o r d s , h e w as s a y i n g t h a t b y a p p l y i n g p r e s s u r e t h e bow h a i r w o u ld l e a v e t h e s t r i n g a n d a b o u n c in g bow w o u ld r e s u l t ( 7 8 : 6 ) . I n f a c t , h e d e c l a r e d , i t w o u ld b e h a r d t o k e e p t h e bow fro m h o p p in g a t a r e a s o n a b l e s p e e d p r o v i d i n g t h e 4 2 9 s t u d e n t p l a y e d e v e n l y i n t h e p r o p e r s p o t , u s i n g o n l y a I s m a l l a m o u n t o f bow w h i l e a p p l y i n g a s m a l l a m o u n t o f , p r e s s u r e w i t h t h e i n d e x f i n g e r . He c o n c l u d e d b y s a y i n g , j "The h a i r w i l l h a r d l y l e a v e t h e s t r i n g ; t h e e f f e c t o f t h e I b o u n c in g w i l l b e p r i m a r i l y c a u s e d b y t h e ’ j i t t e r i n g ’ o f t h e ! s t i c k " ( 7 8 : 6 ) . The o l d e r m e th o d o f t e a c h i n g s p i c c a t o was d e s c r i b e d I b y A p p le b a u m j u s t t e n y e a r s e a r l i e r (1 9 4 4 ) t h a n t h e d a t e ' o f B e r g ’s p r e s e n t a t i o n . A p p leb au m d i v i d e d t h e t e c h n i q u e i n t o f o u r p r o l o n g e d s t e p s , s t i p u l a t i n g t h a t t h e t e c h n i q u e was n o t t o b e i n t r o d u c e d u n t i l t h e s t u d e n t h a d p r o g r e s s e d I w e l l i n t o t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n , a n d h a d m a s t e r e d a s p r e r e q u i s i t e s t h e d e t a c h e a n d m a r t e l e s t r o k e s . The f i r s t s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s w as o f a n i n t r o d u c t o r y n a t u r e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h a n a n t i c i p a t o r y d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e s p i c c a t o tw o w eek s i n a d v a n c e t o c r e a t e a n i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e f i n i s h e d s o u n d . The s t u d e n t w as t o b e g i n t h e d e v e l o p m en t o f t h i s s k i l l b y p l a c i n g t h e bow o n t h e s t r i n g , s i x i n c h e s fro m t h e f r o g w h e re i t was t o r e m a in m o t i o n l e s s f o r a few m o m e n ts . I t w as t h e n t o b e d ra w n down a s f a r a s t h e w r i s t p e r m i t t e d , t h e n s t o p p e d , t h e n m oved u p a g a i n , u s i n g w r i s t o n ly * Ho l o w e r arm w as t o b e u s e d . And t h e t e a c h e r w as t o a i d t h e p u p i l b y h o l d i n g h i s l o w e r a rm , m o v in g t h e bow f o r t h e s t u d e n t , a p r o c e s s o f m a n u a l m a n i p u l a t i o n , t o c r e a t e t h e s e n s a t i o n o f d i s a s s o c i a t i n g t h e h a n d fr o m t h e f o r e a r m . T h is w as t o b e t h e s t u d e n t ’ s a s s i g n m e n t i n t h i s r e s p e c t f o r t h e f i r s t w eek ( 6 7 : 2 7 3 ) I I n t h e s e c o n d s t e p t h e s t u d e n t was a c t u a l l y t o c a u s e I i t h e bow t o s t r i k e t h e s t r i n g a n d l e a v e i t , u s i n g w r i s t I o n l y . The l i t t l e f i n g e r w as i n s t r u c t e d t o b e l e f t o n t h e I s t i c k a t a l l t i m e s , a n d a s e r i e s o f e t u d e s i n W o h l f a h r t ’ s I s t u d i e s . B ook I , w e re t o b e u s e d f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s k i l l , i n t h r e e bow a r e a s : ( a ) a t t h e f r o g , ( b ) s i x i n c h e s f ro m t h e f r o g , a n d ( c ) a t a b o u t a n i n c h b e lo w t h e m i d d l e . T h is t e c h n i q u e was t o b e w o rk e d o n f o r s e v e r a l w e e k s , o r som e m o n th s i f n e c e s s a r y ( 6 7 : 2 7 3 ) . I n t h e t h i r d s t e p t h e f o r e a r m was t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e s p i c c a t o s t r o k e , p r a c t i c i n g i n a l l t h r e e a r e a s w i t h f o r e a r m a n d f l e x i b l e w r i s t a n d s e n s i t i v e l y f l e x i b l e f i n g e r a c t i o n . E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e a n g l e o f t h e bow was rec o m m e n d e d , p r a c t i c i n g f i r s t w i t h w r i s t e x c l u s i v e l y , a n d t h e n w i t h t h e u s e o f t h e f o r e a r m a n d s u p p l e w r i s t . The f o u r t h s t e p i n v o l v e d d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s a u t i l l e b o w in g , r e f e r r e d t o b y t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a s b e i n g t h e n a t u r a l s p i c c a t o , o r t h e f a s t s p i c c a t o . T h is was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p r a c t i c i n g a s e r i e s o f s m o o th , d e t a c h e s t r o k e s u s i n g o n l y a b o u t a n i n c h a n d a h a l f o f bow w i t h w r i s t o n l y , s t a r t i n g s l o w l y a n d g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g t h e s p e e d . The t e c h n i q u e 4 3 1 w as d e s c r i b e d a s " a s l i g h t w h ip p in g o f t h e w r i s t " ( 6 7 : 2 7 3 ) . S u f f i c e i t t o s a y , m o st p r e s e n t d a y p e d a g o g u e s seem ' , ■ ; t o f a v o r t h e q u i c k e r , o r m ore im m e d ia te p r o c e d u r e s a s I a d v o c a t e d b y B e r g , G r e e n , B o r n o f f , a n d o t h e r s . ! I I I I . LEFT HAND FINGER ACTION I I One o f t h e l o n g s t a n d i n g r u l e s t o w h ic h a l a r g e I n u m b e r o f p e d a g o g u e s h a v e a d h e r e d h a s b e e n t h e o l d a d a g e o f I k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s down w hen n o t i n u s e . The v e r y f a c t t h a t i t w as a r e s t r i c t i v e r u l e s h o u l d h a v e p u t t h e s t r i n g . t e a c h e r s on t h e i r g u a r d l o n g a g o . The w e a k n e s s e s o f t h e a r g u m e n ts i n f a v o r o f t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n c a n , a n d h a v e b e e n p r o v e d w ro n g b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d i n p r a c t i c e . A c t u a l l y o n e w o u ld g a t h e r fro m m any o f t h e r e f e r e n c e s t o t h i s p r a c t i c e t h a t i t w as a n a r b i t r a r y r u l e w h ic h t r a d i t i o n h a d i h a n d e d down fro m g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n t o w h ic h a g o o d i m any t e a c h e r s h a v e r i g i d l y a d h e r e d , a n d t o w h ic h a l m o s t no p e r f o r m e r a d h e r e s • R u s h f o r d p r o v i d e d a n e x a m p le o f t h i s d o g m a tic a t t i t u d e w hen h e s a i d , g i v i n g no r e a s o n s o r o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s , " N e v e r r a i s e a f i n g e r fr o m a s t r i n g , u n l e s s i t i s a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y t o do s o . T h is i s o n e o f t h e MOST IMPORTANT r u l e s i n p l a y i n g t h e v i o l i n " ( 4 1 2 : 3 0 ) . H e r f u r t h was s i m i l a r l y r e s t r i c t i v e i n h i s a t t i t u d e , s a y i n g , " L e a r n t o k e e p t h e f i n g e r s on t h e s t r i n g s w h e n e v e r 4 3 2 p o s s i b l e . R u l e : N e v e r l i f t a f i n g e r u n l e s s o b l i g e d t o " ( 4 0 0 : 1 3 ) . The fam o u s v i o l i n i s t , A r t h u r H a rtm a n n c l a i m e d ' t h a t a c u r s e s h o u l d b e l a i d on t h o s e who l e t t h e i r f i n g e r s I l e a v e t h e f i n g e r b o a r d * C a l l i n g i t ju m p in g a n d t r u s t i n g t o I P r o v i d e n c e t o l a n d r i g h t , h e d e c l a r e d , "None who d e v e l o p : t h i s f u n d a m e n t a l a s p e c t o f a l l g o o d p l a y i n g l o s e t h e p e r f e c t c o n t r o l o f p o s i t i o n " ( 1 0 : 7 2 ) . j P o t t e r a d v o c a t e d l e a v i n g a l l t h e f i n g e r s down o n t h e [ c e l l o f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e n e w ly p l a c e d f i n g e r was s u p p o r t e d b y t h e o n e p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d ( 2 6 7 : 2 ) . A t a n o t h e r tim e h e e x p r e s s e d a s i m i l a r o p i n i o n s a y i n g ; . . . t h e b e g i n n i n g p l a y e r ' s f i n g e r s s h o u l d r e m a in on t h e s t r i n g a s l o n g a s p o s s i b l e i n o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e a c c u r a c y o f i n t o n a t i o n a n d t o make f o r c l a r i t y a n d s o l i d i t y o f t o n e . ( 2 6 9 : 1 6 ) . B e c k e r 's r e a s o n f o r a d v o c a t i n g t h e l e a v i n g o f f i n g e r s down o n t h e s t r i n g s was f o r s u p p o r t f o r t h e f i n g e r a c t u a l l y e m p lo y e d i n s t o p p i n g t h e d e s i r e d t o n e . He d i d n o t s p e c i f y , b e y o n d v i o l i n a n d v i o l a , i f t h i s t e c h n i q u e was t o b e e x t e n d e d t o c e l l o a n d b a s s ( 2 8 : 1 7 8 ) . K een a n a d v o c a t e d l e a v i n g t h e f i n g e r s down w i t h som e r e s e r v a t i o n s . W ith v e r y t a l e n t e d s t u d e n t s h e i n d i c a t e d t h a t h e w o u ld r e l a x t h e r u l e , b u t i t w as h i s o p i n i o n t h a t t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n p l a n w o u ld be i m p r a c t i c a l u n l e s s t h e s t u d e n t w as t a u g h t t o m e a s u r e fro m f i n g e r t o f i n g e r 4 3 3 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n t e r v a l p l a n b e i n g u s e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , j h e a p p r o v e d o f t h i s p l a n f o r u s e w i t h g r o u p s b e c a u s e i n I t h e s e w e re i n c l u d e d v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f t a l e n t . S a y i n g h e 1 h a d t r i e d b o t h m e th o d s i n g r o u p s , i t w as f o u n d t h a t b e t t e r I r e s u l t s w e re a c h i e v e d b y h o l d i n g a l l f i n g e r s dow n, i n t h e m a t t e r o f p i t c h . R e p l y i n g t o t h e c r i t i c i s m t h a t h o l d i n g t h e f i n g e r s down t e n d e d t o s t i f f e n t h e l e f t h a n d , h e I s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c l o s i n g o f t h e h a n d t o g e t h e r a s a u n i t ' was a n a t u r a l t e n d e n c y o f y o u n g c h i l d r e n . To a l l e v i a t e ; s t i f f n e s s fro m t h i s u n i t i z e d p o s i t i o n o f t h e h a n d K een an ! ; a s s e r t e d t h a t h e t r i e d t o k e e p t h e f i n g e r s s p r e a d a t t h e I b a s e , o r k n u c k l e s , a s t h e h a n d w o u ld n a t u r a l l y do i n p i c k i n g u p a b a l l ( 4 2 : 3 5 7 ) . C r i t i c s o f t h e f i n g e r s down p l a n w o u ld p o i n t o u t t h a t f i n g e r p a t t e r n s a r e J u s t a s p r a c t i c a l w i t h t h e f i n g e r s ; o n t h e s t r i n g o r o f f , s i n c e t h e c h i l d c a n b e , a n d m u s t b e , 1 . t a u g h t t o r e a c h down o r u p a g a i n s t f i n g e r s a s t h e y a r e p l a c e d , t h u s f r e e i n g t h e h a n d fro m t e n s i o n , a n d n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e f r e e i n g o f t h e h a n d a t t h e b a s e , o r k n u c k l e s . P r o p e r l y f i t t e d c h i n r e s t a n d s h o u l d e r p a d a r e a l s o e s s e n t i a l i n p r o v i d i n g t h e b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t a s e c u r e g r i p t o p e r m i t g r e a t e r f r e e d o m i n h i s l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e . E v i d e n t l y D ow ning h a d t h i s t h o u g h t i n m in d w hen s h e com p l a i n e d o f a common f a u l t am ong b e g i n n e r s w h ic h s h e 434 d i a g n o s e d a s s te m m in g fro m t h e u s e o f t h e f i n g e r p a t t e r n p l a n w h e re f i n g e r s a r e p l a c e d a h e a d o f p l a y i n g ( a s i n t h e a l l f i n g e r s down p l a n ) . The s i t u a t i o n s h e d e s c r i b e d was e n c o u n t e r e d I n p l a y i n g f r o m t h e B s t r i n g , 2 n d f i n g e r F t o t h e 4 t h f i n g e r A , o r i n p a s s i n g fro m t h e A s t r i n g f i r s t f i n g e r B t o t h e D s t r i n g , 4 t h f i n g e r A; i n b o t h c a s e s i t w as n o t e d t h a t s t u d e n t s s o o f t e n t e n d e d t o d r o p t h e 3 r d ' f i n g e r w i t h t h e 4 t h , r e s u l t i n g i n a w e ak 4 t h f i n g e r , t h e p r o d u c i n g o f a n u n w a n te d g r a d e n o t e e f f e c t , muddy r u n s , a n d g e n e r a l l y b a d i n t o n a t i o n . The p r o p e r h a b i t o f p l a y i n g w h ic h s h e p r e s c r i b e d w o u ld h a v e t r a i n e d t h e s t u d e n t t o ' a r r i v e a t t h e p r o p e r p l a c i n g " t h r o u g h a f e e l i n g o f t o n a l i t y a n d k n o w le d g e o f w h o le a n d h a l f s t e p s d e v e l o p e d b y m eans o f w r i t i n g a n d p l a y i n g o f s c a l e s " ( 1 3 3 : 8 ) . Waller, easily the most prolific contributor of articles dealing with the subject of string class instruc tion, seldom omitted reference to the necessity of leaving the fingers down in all playing, and was unique in pro viding an exhaustive list of reasons for doing so. His statement and reasons were as follows : Keeping the fingers down while crossing strings is a technic of very great importance which unfortunately is almost completely ignored in most class situations and even by many private teachers• Some of the values of this schooling are that it (1) keeps the fingers close to the strings, (2) develops the hand to stretch in both directions to encompass all normal combin- : 435 I I atlons, thus facilitating in-tune playing, (3) praoti- I cally eliminates the usual double stop problems, (4) builds independence of finger action, (5) provides the basis for utmost solidity because the desired fingers always precede the bow to each new string, (6) develops thé fingers to accurate alignment with the strings, (7) assures that the fingers will be on their tips, and (8) develops a very desirable 'openness* or elasticity between the thumb and hand through continuously bringing the first finger under to the right when ascending and fingers 2, 3, and 4 over to the left when I descending. This is of great Importance because it practically eliminates squeezing through the finger board horizontally, which in turn (9) greatly facili- I tates vibrato and maneuverability. (361:36) When tw o y e a r s l a t e r , i n 1955> W a l l e r e x p a n d e d f u r t h e r u p o n t h i s t h e m e , h e a d d e d a t e n t h a n d e l e v e n t h p o i n t , s a y i n g t h a t s p e e d w as i n c r e a s e d s i n c e t h i s t e c h n i q u e e l i m i n a t e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f r e p e a t e d l y p l a c i n g t h e f i n g e r s ' o n t h e s t r i n g s i n p l a c e s w h e re t h e y m ig h t h a v e r e m a i n e d . An e x a m p le was p r o v i d e d b y t h e q u o t a t i o n o f a t y p i c a l p a s s a g e f ro m B a ch w h e re t h e sam e f i n g e r c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e u s e d r e p e a t e d l y i n r o c k i n g t h e bow b a c k a n d f o r t h b e tw e e n tw o a d j a c e n t s t r i n g s ; t h e e l e v e n t h p o i n t s u g g e s t e d t h a t f r e e d o m i n t h e l e f t s h o u l d e r a n d arm was f a c i l i t a t e d b e c a u s e t h e p l a y e r w o u ld t h e r e b y b e a b l e t o k e e p t h e l e f t s h o u l d e r i n i t s n a t u r a l p o s i t i o n o f r e p o s e a s th o u g h t h e a rm w e re h a n g i n g fro m i t (344:48). As f o r W a l l e r 's f i r s t t h r e e p o i n t s , t h e sam e a r g u m e n ts c o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o t h e f i n g e r a t a t im e p o l i c y . C r i t i c s o f W a l l e r 's p l a n w o u ld c e r t a i n l y p o i n t o u t t h a t h i s 4 3 6 p o i n t f o u r i s i n e r r o r ; in d e p e n d e n c e o f f i n g e r s i s d e v e l o p e d n o t b y l e a v i n g a l l f i n g e r s dow n, b u t b y u s i n g th e m I s e p a r a t e l y , a s D ow ning p o i n t e d o u t ( C f . a n t e p . 4 3 4 ) . I P o i n t f i v e m ig h t b e a l l o w e d w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t I a r t i s t p e r f o r m e r s p l a n t o a r r i v e w i t h bow a n d f i n g e r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . .W a lle r * s p o i n t s i x a n d s e v e n a r e w e l l i I t a k e n , t h o u g h n o p a r t i c u l a r p r o b le m s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n I a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e sam e t a s k s t h r o u g h t h e f i n g e r a t a tim e m e th o d . As f o r p o i n t e i g h t , m o st t e n s i o n i n t h e l e f t h a n d “d e v e l o p s b e tw e e n t h e thum b a n d t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e f o u r f f i n g e r s t o r e m a in o n t h e s t r i n g . E m ploym ent o f t h e f i n g e r I ! a t a t im e a p p r o a c h , a s p r o p e r l y t a u g h t , i s sy n o n y m o u s w i t h 'a m inim um o f s q u e e z e b e tw e e n thum b a n d f i n g e r , s t u d e n t s b e i n g t a u g h t t o do som e p l a y i n g w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e thum b a t a l l , a s P r i m r o s e s u g g e s t e d ( C f . a n t e p . 4 l 2 ) . W a l l e r 's : p o i n t n i n e i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n d e f e n s i b l e . V i b r a t o I i s h i n d e r e d b y l e a v i n g a l l f i n g e r s o n t h e s t r i n g s , a n d i s f a c i l i t a t e d b y t h e u s e o f a s i n g l e f i n g e r . The e x a m p le o f a l l t h e g r e a t e s t a r t i s t s i s s u f f i c i e n t t o p r o v e t h i s p o i n t . The t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d i n W a l l e r 's p o i n t t e n i s a l s o u s e d i n t h e o p p o s i n g s y s t e m , a n d t h e r e i s no r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e sam e arm p o s i t i o n i s n o t e q u a l l y p o s s i b l e i n e i t h e r s y s t e m . T hus i t m ig h t b e s a i d t h a t o f W a l l e r 's e l e v e n s o - c a l l e d a d v a n t a g e s , o n l y t h r e e c o u l d b e w e l l ‘ 437 i I d e f e n d e d , i n f i v e n o p r o b le m s w e re p r e s e n t w h ic h w e re n o t I a l s o p r e s e n t i n b o t h , a n d i n t h r e e o f th e m W a l l e r m i s - I a p p r o p r i a t e d a s a d v a n t a g e s t h e v e r y d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f h i s s y s t e m , c a l l i n g th e m , i n a c c u r a t e l y , a d v a n t a g e s . : A c t u a l l y , one o f t h e p r i n c i p a l a d v a n t a g e s o f u s i n g ; a s i n g l e f i n g e r w as f o u n d t o b e t h e im p ro v e d v i b r a t o w h ic h I r e s u l t e d . T h i s w as p o i n t e d o u t b y s e v e r a l e d u c a t o r s . ! S t u b e r a d v o c a t e d t e a c h i n g s t u d e n t s t o h o l d t h e f i n g e r s down “ i n t h e b e g i n n i n g s t a g e s , b u t , h e s a i d , w hen t h e tim e came t o t e a c h t h e v i b r a t o , t h e r u l e w as t o b e r e l a x e d ( 4 1 4 : 3 7 ) . T h is p o i n t was made b y R e v e l l i , t o o , who s a i d t h a t i i t w as w e l l t o h a v e t h e l e f t h a n d f o c u s i t s e n t i r e w e i g h t I ■ o n t h e " p l a y i n g - f i n g e r - p o i n t - o f - G o n t a c t " i n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e t o n e a l i v e . A d e a d t o n e u s u a l l y r e s u l t e d fro m h o l d i n g a f i n g e r down w h i l e a n o t h e r w as p l a y i n g , h e a s s e r t e d (2 7 9 :7 9 ) . D u r in g t o n e s o f l o n g d u r a t i o n t h e p r a c t i c e o f k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s n o l o n g e r b e i n g s o u n d e d down o n t h e s t r i n g was n o t t o t a k e p l a c e , i n M a s s o n 's e s t i m a t i o n . He a l s o o p p o s e d t h e a d v a n c e p l a c e m e n t o f f i n g e r s y e t t o b e s o u n d e d i n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s ( 2 3 0 : 2 3 ) . B e r k l e y w as o u t s p o k e n i n h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e o l d r u l e . He r e g a r d e d i t a s a n o l d - f a s h i o n e d p r i n c i p l e w h ic h w as n o l o n g e r f o l l o w e d b y m o d e m v i o l i n i s t s . I n t e c h n i c a l 438 p a s s a g e s one w o u ld n a t u r a l l y k e e p down a f i n g e r w h ic h h a d ! ' t o b e p l a c e d a m oment o r s o l a t e r , h e s a i d , b u t t h e r e was 1 n o v i r t u e i n h o l d i n g a f i n g e r down j u s t f o r t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e t h i n g . I n f a c t , t o do s o , h e t h o u g h t , w o u ld t e n d t o c ra m p t h e h a n d a n d m i l i t a t e a g a i n s t f a c i l i t y o f t e c h n i q u e : ( 8 7 : 5 5 1 ) . A s id e fro m t o n e q u a l i t y m any p e d a g o g u e s a l s o came t o n o t e t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e o f k e e p i n g f i n g e r s down t e n d e d t o c a u s e f a u l t y i n t o n a t i o n , t h e m o tio n o f one f i n g e r c a u s i n g o t h e r s t o move s l i g h t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e t e n s i o n n e c e s s a r i l y i n v o l v e d i n k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s dow n. G a r d n e r e m p h a s iz e d . t h i s p o i n t t h r o u g h o u t b o t h v o lu m e s o f h i s b o o k s o f e t u d e s e n t i t l e d S c h o o l o f V i o l i n S t u d y . I t w as h i s t h o u g h t t h a t f i n g e r s n o t a c t u a l l y i n u s e s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o r e m a in on t h e s t r i n g . E x c e p t f o r t h e q u i c k t r i l l , f i n g e r s w e re t o b e l i f t e d w hen t h e y h a d f i n i s h e d p l a y i n g . " I n t o n a t i o n a n d q u a l i t y o f t o n e , " h e d e c l a r e d , " w i l l b e g r e a t l y im p ro v e d t h r o u g h i n c r e a s e d r e s o n a n c e i f no u n e m p lo y e d f i n g e r s a r e b e i n g h e l d d o w n ." The o n l y o t h e r e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s r u l e w h ic h h e r e c o g n i z e d w e re e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e p l a y i n g o f r a p i d b r o k e n - c h o r d ( a r p e g g i o ) c o m b i n a t i o n s c r o s s i n g t h e s t r i n g s , f a s t r e p e a t e d n o t e s , a n d g e n e r a l l y t o s a v e e x c e s s m o tio n a n d t i m e , a s i n r a p i d s c a l e s a n d s i m i l a r d i f f i c u l t p a s s a g e s . ' W a l l e r 's p o i n t f o u r ( C f . a n t e p . 4 3 5 ) d é c l a r a - 4 3 9 tion that leaving the fingers down developed independence of finger action was defintely refuted by Gardner when he declared that the use of one finger on the string for one [ I note, and two fingers for two notes, etc., had as its I purpose the attainment of a genuine "independence of finger-action as an important aspect of a fine technique" (420:5). Waller's eight and ninth points were also opposed by Gardner's assertion that the use of a finger at a time would help to gain freedom from cramp, allowing the left hand to vibrate more freely and of its own accord, and without having to be forced. Too, he felt that the freer left-hand action worked sympathetically upon the muscles of the right arm, permitting a more flexible movement of the bow, with resulting purer tone quality (420:5)* Neymann made a comprehensive study of this problem in his survey of "Violin Left %nd Technique" in which he came to the unequivocal conclusion that the fingers were not to remain on the string when not in use. Describing the point as another of those basic and highly controver sial Issues, he said that the most common arguments for combined placing of all the fingers was that thereby time and energy were saved, and that greater security of intonation was provided and double stopping facilitated. P r o p o n e n t s o f t h e o p p o s i t e v ie w w e re l i k e l y t o c o n t e n d , h e c o n t i n u e d , t h a t t h e h a n d w as t i e d down b y t h i s r e s t r i c t i v e t e c h n i q u e , c a u s i n g a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d c r a m p in g . B u t r a i s i n g I t h e f i n g e r s w o u ld s e c u r e f a r m ore e f f i c i e n c y o f a c t i o n a n d I f r e e d o m o f v i b r a t o , e x p o n e n t s o f t h e l a t t e r t e c h n i q u e I b e l i e v e d ( 2 5 3 : 5 ) • I Neum ann l i s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g fa m o u s p e d a g o g u e s a s ! f a v o r i n g t h e o l d e r p r i n c i p l e : G e m i n i a n i , G o u r v o i s i e r , 1 Honeyman, Bytovetzski, Domeny, Hosiasson, Auer, Lehman, and Cross (2 5 3:5). Most common reasons given by those who were quoted were: (1) economy of motion, (2) elimination of I unintended sound, (3) double and triple stopping facili- 'tated, (4) finger independence, and (5) true intonation. Most of these, however, merely stated that this was a principle to which the performer should adhere (2 5 3:5f*)* I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e s e Neum ann q u o t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g a s , b e i n g a d v o c a t e s o f t h e o p p o s i t e d o c t r i n e o f l i f t i n g t h e u n u s e d f i n g e r s : M o s e r, B a i l l o t , C h a r l e s de B e r i o t , S c h o l z , K l i n g e r , S a m e t i n i , S c h e e r , G rim so n a n d F o r s y t h , R i v a r d e , F l e s c h ( f o r a n d a g a i n s t , a n d so m ew h at s e l f - c o n t r a d i c t o r y , s a i d N e u m an n ), T r e n d e l e n b u r g , J a h n , a n d t h e fam o u s c e l l i s t , C a s a l s ( 2 5 3 : 1 0 f . ) . B a i l l o t , B e r i o t , a n d S c h o l z e m p h a s iz e d t h e f r e e d o m a n d f l e x i b i l i t y w h ic h w e re p o s s i b l e w i t h r a i s e d f i n g e r s . 4 4 1 a n d K l i n g e r w as q u o t e d a s s a y i n g t h a t t h e d i r e c t i v e t o k e e p t h e f i n g e r s down l e d t o i n s e c u r i t y a n d f a u l t y i n t o n a t i o n i n d e s c e n d i n g p a s s a g e s - I n f a c t , K l i n g e r a t t r i b u t e d m o s t o f t h e f a u l t y I n t o n a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e d b y e v e n v e r y g o o d v i o l i n i s t s t o t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s down ( 2 5 3 : 8 , 1 0 ) . S a m e t i n i h e l d a s i m i l a r o p i n i o n , s a y i n g t h a t t h i s b u s i n e s s o f k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s dow n, th o u g h o f som e u s e f u l n e s s , h a d n e v e r t h e l e s s w r o u g h t m uch d a m a g e . I t c a u s e d t h e h a n d t o g e t t o o " m u s c l e b o u n d ." He t h e r e f o r e re c o m m ended t h a t t h e f i n g e r s b e p u t down f o r a p u r p o s e o n l y , t o b e r a i s e d a s s o o n a s t h a t p u r p o s e h a d b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d ( 2 5 3 : 1 0 ) . C a s a l s a l s o r e j e c t e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e o f k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s dow n, p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t i t s t r a i n e d t h e h a n d t o o m u ch , a n d h i n d e r e d t h e f o r c e f u l p l a c i n g o f t h e w e a k e r t h i r d a n d f o u r t h f i n g e r s . He t a u g h t t h a t o n e s h o u l d p l a y o n t h e c e l l o a s o n e d i d on t h e p i a n o , l i f t i n g one f i n g e r a s s o o n a s t h e n e x t one f e l l , f o r t h e p a r a d o x i c a l r e a s o n t h a t t h e m ore t h e f i n g e r s w e re m oved t h e l e s s t i r e d t h e y b e c a m e , a n d t h e r e f o r e , t h e m ore r e l a x e d ( 2 5 3 : 1 1 ) . To t h e e n t i r e m a t t e r Neum ann p r o v i d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n : 4 4 2 , T h is se em s t o t o u c h t h e c r u x o f t h e m a t t e r . The ' a rg u m e n t f o r k e e p i n g t h e f i n g e r s dow n, t h a t i t s a v e s | m ovem ent a n d i s t h e r e f o r e p r e f e r a b l e , i s a s o n e - s i d e d - - a n d p e r h a p s m ore s o — a s t h e o n e w h ic h co n d em n ed h i g h i r a i s i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e w a s te o f t i m e . K e e p in g t h e f i n g e r s down m ig h t s a v e m o v em en t, b u t a t t h e e x p e n s e o f f r e e d o m o f f i n g e r a c t i o n ; s i n c e s t o p p i n g t h e s t r i n g i n v o l v e s m u s c u l a r s t r a i n t h e s a v i n g o f m ovem ent ^ i n v o l v e s , a s T r e n d e l e n b u r g e x p l a i n s , i n m any e a s e s m ore ! e x p e n d i t u r e t h a n s a v i n g o f e f f o r t . T h a t t h e r e a r e i n s t a n c e s , s u c h a s t h o s e p o i n t e d o u t b y B a i l l o t , S c h o l z a n d o t h e r s , i n w h ic h c e r t a i n p a t t e r n s ( e s p e c i a l l y w hen j p l a y e d a b o v e a c e r t a i n r a t e o f s p e e d ) w i l l b e m ore | j e a s i l y , e f f o r t l e s s l y a n d s m o o th ly p e r f o r m e d w i t h t h e I f i n g e r s down c a n n o t b e d o u b t e d , y e t i t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t i n m o st i n s t a n c e s o f s l o w e r s e q u e n c e s o f t o n e s , a n d a lw a y s w hen v i b r a t o i s i n v o l v e d t h e l i f t i n g o f t h e f i n g e r s i s t o b e p r e f e r r e d . ( 2 5 3 2 5 , 8 f . ) T h u s , i n v iew o f t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f e v i d e n c e i n f a v o r o f l i f t i n g t h e f i n g e r s , p l u s t h e f a c t t h a t m o st ; m o d e rn v i o l i n i s t s now u s e o n l y t h e f i n g e r s t o p p i n g t h e s t r i n g , t h i s t e c h n i q u e s h o u l d b e t h e u l t i m a t e g o a l o f a l l s t r i n g t e a c h e r s , i n c l u d i n g v i o l i n , v i o l a , c e l l o , a n d b a s s . , C a r e f u l s c r u t i n y o f a n y sym phony o r c h e s t r a s t r i n g s e c t i o n , “o r p e r f o r m i n g g r o u p s e e n o n t e l e v i s i o n , w o u ld r e v e a l t h a t a l l f i n e s t r i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l i s t s , a l m o s t w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , f o l l o w t h e n e w e r , l e s s r e s t r i c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i n t h e u s e o f t h e f i n g e r s . W h ile i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f l e a r n i n g , a n d w i t h l a r g e g r o u p s o f s t u d e n t s i t may b e f o u n d t o b e e x p e d i e n t t o e n c o u r a g e b e g i n n e r s t o l e a v e a l l f o u r f i n g e r s down t o a i d i n t h e p r o p e r s p a c i n g o f t h e f i n g e r s , e a r l y e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e made t o p r o v i d e f o r i n d e p e n d e n t d e v e l o p - 4 4 3 m en t o f t h e f i n g e r s b y h a v i n g t h e c h i l d r e n t o p l a c e o n l y a j f i n g e r a t a tim e o n t h e r e q u i r e d s t r i n g , o n c e t h e y h a v e I becom e a d e p t a t p l a y i n g a f i n g e r p a t t e r n f a i r l y a c c u r a t e l y j w i t h t h e a l l - f i n g e r s - d o w n t e c h n i q u e . I B r i e f m e n t i o n s h o u l d a l s o b e made h e r e o f a f u r t h e r i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f l e f t h a n d f i n g e r a c t i o n . Much h a s b e e n m ade o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f h a v i n g s t u d e n t s p l a y o n t h e t i p s o f t h e f i n g e r s . H o w e v e r, m o d ern v i o l i n t e c h n i q u e h a s m oved ' f a r fr o m t h i s c o n c e p t d u r i n g t h e p a s t h a l f c e n t u r y , a l l t h e g r e a t e s t a r t i s t s now e m p lo y in g a q u i t e s l a n t e d p o s i t i o n o f t h e f i n g e r s f o r a l l e x p r e s s i v e p l a y i n g w h e re v i b r a t o i s t o I p r o d u c e a w arm , s i n g i n g t o n e . I ' B e r k l e y h a s w r i t t e n c o n c e r n i n g t h i s p o i n t t h a t s u c h e x p r e s s i v e p a s s a g e s a r e m o st e a s i l y p l a y e d w hen t h e f i n g e r s s l o p e b a c k w a r d s s o t h a t t h e f l e s h y p a r t o f t h e f i n g e r t i p s a r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s t r i n g . I n s u c h p a s s a g e w o rk t h e t o n e w o u ld b e h a r d e r , a n d c o l d e r i f t h e f i n g e r s w e re h e l d i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l , m ore v e r t i c a l s t y l e ; t h e v i b r a t o w o u ld a l s o b e m ore d i f f i c u l t t o p r o d u c e a n d w o u ld t h e r e f o r e b e m uch l e s s f l e x i b l e , h e a d d e d . I t w as h i s s u g g e s t i o n , t h e n , t h a t t h e s t u d e n t b e t r a i n e d a t f i r s t i n t h e v e r t i c a l , o r t e c h n i c a l p o s i t i o n , b u t o n c e h e h a d becom e a c c u s to m e d t o i t , h e s h o u l d a l s o b e p e r s u a d e d t o p l a y e x p r e s s i v e p a s s a g e s w i t h t h e s l o p i n g p o s i t i o n . S a i d h e , i n t h i s r e g a r d : 4 4 4 Once a s t u d e n t h a s f o u n d o u t . . . how much e a s i e r i t i s t o p r o d u c e a g o o d t o n e b y u s i n g t h e m e l o d i c s h a p i n g o f t h e h a n d , h e w i l l n o t n e e d p e r s u a s i o n t o c o n t i n u e a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s . ( 8 6 : 2 5 ) i I And t r e a t i n g y e t a n o t h e r a s p e c t o f f i n g e r a c t i o n , I I iA p p le b a u m , i n i n t e r v i e w i n g fa m o u s s t r i n g p l a y e r s , f o u n d j t h a t a l l o f th e m w e re i n a g r e e m e n t i n s a y i n g t h a t t h e ! f i n g e r s w e re n o t t o b e ham m ered o n t h e f i n g e r b o a r d , b u t j w e re t o b e p r e s s e d i n t o i t a s th o u g h i t w e re made o f r u b b e r . F i n g e r a c t i o n w as d e s c r i b e d a s m o v in g n o t dow nw ard t a n d u p w a r d , b u t f o r w a r d a n d b a c k w a r d . I t w as a l s o a p o i n t o f a g r e e m e n t t h a t t h e e m p h a s is s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n c a u s i n g t h e f i n g e r t o l e a v e t h e s t r i n g w i t h p r e c i s i o n , a s th o u g h I p e r f o r m i n g a s l i g h t l e f t h a n d p i z z i c a t o . A p p le b au m q u o t e d D o u n is a s e x p r e s s i n g i t i n t h e s e t e r m s : 'T h e f o r w a r d m ovem ent o f t h e f i n g e r i s a r e f l e x o f t h e b a c k w a r d , a n d i s p a s s i v e . The b a c k w a r d i s t h e a c t i v e , s n a p p i n g - b a c k m ovem ent w h ic h r e q u i r e s c e r t a i n w i l l i * S t r i n g c l a s s t e a c h e r s m u st h a v e i n m in d t h e u l t i m a t e g o a l s o f f i n e t e c h n i q u e w h ic h t h e i r s t u d e n t s w i l l b e e x p e c t e d t o a t t a i n a s t h e y move fro m t h e g r o u p s i t u a t i o n t o t h e p r i v a t e s t u d i o s . I f t h e i r r u d i m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g h a s b e e n g i v e n w i t h t h e s e m o d e rn c o n c e p t s o f s t r i n g t e c h n i q u e . i n m in d , i n c o r r e c t h a b i t s w i l l n o t h a v e t o b e b r o k e n b e f o r e t h e p r i v a t e t e a c h e r s c a n b e g i n c a r r y i n g o n w i t h t h e c l a s s s t u d e n t s w h e re t h e y l e f t o f f w i t h t h e g r o u p . I V . PO SITIO N S i The e s t a b l i s h e d s c h o o l s o f v i o l i n p e d a g o g y t r a d i t i o n a l l y t h o u g h t i n t e r m s o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a f i r m f o u n d a t i o n i n f i r s t p o s i t i o n , f o l l o w e d b y a s i m i l a r t h o r o u g h t r e a t m e n t o f t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n , i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t o n e w as a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o t h e o t h e r . The new p e d a g o g i c a l c o n c e p t t e n d e d ! I t o t h i n k o f t h e s t r i n g f i n g e r b o a r d a s a n i n t e g r a l w h o le , i ' w i t h a l l o f i t o p e n t o e x p l o r a t i o n i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s , a n d s t u d y a n d p l a y i n g e n c o u r a g e d w i t h i n t h e f i r s t f i v e w i t h o u t g i v i n g t h e c h i l d t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e r e was a n y t h i n g o u t I o f t h e o r d i n a r y b e i n g i n v o l v e d i n s u c h w o rk . ^ One o f t h e c h i e f a d v o c a t e s o f t h i s d o c t r i n e was ’ B o m o f f who b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t s h o u l d b ecom e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e h i g h e r p o s i t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e u s e I o f o n e - o c t a v e s c a l e c y c l e s , a n d t h a t d u r i n g s u c h s t u d y h e ; s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d i n e x p l o r i n g t h e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e f i n g e r b o a r d . S u c h e x e r c i s e o n t h e e x tr e m e l i m i t s o f t h e f i n g e r b o a r d w as c o n s i d e r e d t o do w o n d e rs i n a c h i e v i n g e a r l i e r c o n t r o l o f t h e l e f t h a n d b y v i r t u e o f t h e f a c t t h a t I ' t h e c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n w as m a n d a to r y i n r e a c h i n g a n y o f t h e s e h i g h e r n o t e s . He a l s o n o t e d t h a t p l a y i n g i n t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r a t t h i s e a r l y s t a g e a l s o h e l p e d i n p r o d u c i n g t h e b a s i c c o n t r o l f o r t o n a l t e c h n i q u e . T h o se who r e f r a i n e d f ro m I n t r o d u c i n g p o s i t i o n s u n t i l o n e p o s i t i o n w as m a s t e r e d d i d s o , h e t h o u g h t , i n o r d e r t o a v o i d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n y b a d h a b i t s . T h is h e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e r e s t r i c t i v e , f o r h e h a d d i s c o v e r e d t h a t w hen t h e c o m p le te p r o b le m s o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t w e re p r e s e n t e d fro m t h e b e g i n n i n g , t h e s t u d e n t a c c e p t e d t h e w o rk a s a c h a l l e n g e , a n d b e g a n t o p r a c t i c e w i t h t h e I e n t i r e p r o b le m o f t h e w h o le v i o l i n o p e n t o him ( 1 0 3 : 5 ) . T h is i n t e g r a t e d c o n c e p t o f t h e p o s i t i o n s w as a l s o ' b a s i c t o t h e t h o u g h t o f D o w n in g , who d i s r e g a r d e d t h e u s u a l o r d e r o f i n t r o d u c i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s ( 1 s t , 3 r d , 2 n d , 5 t h , ! e t c . ) a d v o c a t i n g i n s t e a d , t h e o r d e r 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 , t o a v o i d a t ! t h e o u t s e t a n y t h o u g h t t h a t o n e p o s i t i o n was h a r d e r t h a n a n o t h e r . I n a d d i t i o n , s h e e n d o r s e d t h e i d e a o f i n t r o d u c i n g a l l o f t h e f i r s t f i v e p o s i t i o n s i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s , j r a t h e r t h a n w a i t i n g u n t i l o n e w as e s t a b l i s h e d b e f o r e i n t r o d u c i n g a n o t h e r . I f t h e s i t u a t i o n w e re t o b e a n a l y z e d f o r t h e s t u d e n t , p o i n t i n g o u t t h e n o t e s l o s t a n d g a i n e d i n e a c h p o s i t i o n , f i x i n g i n m in d t h e n o t e s p l a y e d w i t h t h e f i r s t f i n g e r i n e a c h , n o g r e a t p r o b le m was i n v o l v e d . T h e n , s h e s a i d , t h e t e a c h e r s h o u l d " s e l e c t a q u a n t i t y o f m a t e r i a l t o b e p l a y e d w i t h i n t h e c o m p a ss o f e a c h p o s i t i o n a n d t h e n a s s i g n w o rk i n s e v e r a l p o s i t i o n s a t o n e t im e o v e r a p e r i o d o f many m o n th s " ( 1 3 3 : 9 ) . 4 4 7 One o f t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h o u g h t am ong s t r i n g t e a c h e r s was t h e i r i n c o n s i s t e n t h a b i t o f a s s u m in g a h y p o - i t h e s i s t h e n d e c l a r i n g i t t o b e t r u e " b e c a u s e . . . " T h is j w as t r u e w i t h m any who d e c i d e d t h a t o n l y o n e f i n g e r a t a t im e s h o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e b e g i n n e r " b e c a u s e . . . I o r o n l y tw o f i n g e r s a t a t im e " b e c a u s e . . . a n d s o o n . ' I -r I T h i s s o r t o f t h i n k i n g w as u s u a l l y f o l l o w e d b y t h e o b s e r v a - ! , j t i o n t h a t t h i s c o n c e p t d i d n o t h o l d f o r t h e c e l l o o r t h e i ' b a s s b e c a u s e t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s b y n e c e s s i t y w e re f o r c e d t o . l e a r n a n o t h e r t e c h n i q u e e a r l i e r . T h o se who r e s t r i c t e d t h e ; i n t r o d u c t i o n o f f i n g e r s f o r v i o l i n a n d v i o l a i n v a r i a b l y I f o u n d t h a t n o r e s t r i c t i o n w as n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e c e l l i s t s , ' s i n c e t h i s w as a n e c e s s i t y w i t h th e m . Why, t h e n , n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s e s o - c a l l e d d i f f i c u l t t e c h n i q u e s n e c e s s i t i e s i n t h e e a s e o f t h e v i o l i n a n d v i o l a , t o o , a n d o v e rc o m e t h e s e r e s t r i c t i v e i m p u l s e s w h ic h f o r s o l o n g h a v e h i n d e r e d : t h e p r o g r e s s o f v i o l i n a n d v i o l a p l a y i n g ? S u c h i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h o u g h t , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , w as d i s p l a y e d b y J o h n s o n , w ho , i n h i s t h e s i s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e a n a l y s i s o f s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d s , f o u n d t h a t h e w o u ld h a v e t o c h a n g e h i s c r i t e r i a i n j u d g i n g c e l l o m e th o d s " s i n c e a l l c e l l o m e th o d s m u st o f n e c e s s i t y e m p lo y t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r a t a n e a r l y s t a g e o f a d v a n c e m e n t" ( 3 8 3 2 6 9 ) . He a l s o h a d t o a d j u s t h i s c r i t e r i a w hen c o n s i d e r i n g p o s i t i o n s , f o r w h i l e t h e s e w e re s t r e s s e d i n v i o l i n a n d v i o l a s t u d y , t h e y becam e " o f l i t t l e s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e p r o g r e s s o f a c e l l i s t " f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e y w e re " n e c e s s a r y " f o r t h a t i n s t r u m e n t ( 3 8 3 2 6 9 ) . By t h e sam e t o k e n h e c o n s i d e r e d i t " t h o r o u g h " t o r e s t r i c t t h e v i o l i n , v i o l a , a n d o f t e n t h e c e l l o t o f i r s t p o s i t i o n , w h i l e i t w as c o n s i d e r e d n o r m a l t o t e a c h t h e h i g h e r p o s i - ; t i o n s t o s t r i n g b a s s p l a y e r s , b e c a u s e w i t h th em i t was ! " n e c e s s a r y " ( 3 8 3 : 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 ) • ' When o n e c o n s i d e r s p o s i t i o n w o rk " n e c e s s a r y " i t i s s t r a n g e how q u i c k l y t h e p r o b le m s d i s a p p e a r * One s i m p ly j a s s i g n s t h e w o rk b e c a u s e i t i s " n e c e s s a r y " a n d e x p e c t s i t ^ ! t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d , a n d s u r p r i s i n g l y e n o u g h , a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e b a s s p l a y e r s , t h e p r o b le m s f a i l t o d e v e l o p f o r t h e v i o l i n p l a y e r s a s w e l l . C e r t a i n l y Long e x p e c t e d p o s i t i o n s t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d , b y t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t r i n g s , f o r he d e c l a r e d t h a t t h i s w o rk was n o t t o b e p o s t p o n e d u n t i l t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n was t h o r o u g h l y m a s t e r e d . A c t u a l l y , h e n o t e d , t h e s e u p p e r p o s i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y t h i r d a n d f i f t h , w e re e a s i e r , a n d i f t h e s t u d e n t was e n c o u r a g e d t o u s e th e m e a r l y h e w o u ld n o t f a l l i n t o t h e h a b i t o f f i n g e r i n g e v e r y t h i n g h e c o u l d i n f i r s t p o s i t i o n t o a v o i d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n v o l v e d o f t h i n k i n g i n a h i g h e r o n e . L ong p o i n t e d o u t t h e f a c t t h a t W g som e o f t h e m o st d i f f i c u l t m u s ic i s f o u n d I n t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n * And l i k e B o r n o f f , h e a d v o c a t e d e a r l y e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e s c a l e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e u p p e r p o s i t i o n b y r o t e , s e p a r a t i n g t h e m e c h a n i c a l f ro m t h e n o t e - r e a d i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s . T h is i d e a w as c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e c o n c e p t o f k e e p i n g t h e t e c h n i c o f t h e c l a s s w e l l a h e a d o f i t s r e a d i n g a b i l i t y . Long d i s p l a y e d g r e a t i n s i g h t i n t o t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s w hen h e o b s e r v e d : Good i n t o n a t i o n o n a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t i s a g r a d u a l a t t a i n m e n t , a s a n y s t r i n g p l a y e r i s g l a d t o t e s t i f y . T h e r e f o r e , a p p r o a c h i n g p o s i t i o n w o rk b e f o r e t h e l e a r n i n g o f t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d i s a l o g i c a l s t e p , a n d may b e b e g u n a f t e r t h e f i n g e r i n g p a t t e r n s i n f i r s t a r e f a i r l y w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . ( 2 2 3 : One o f t h e r e a s o n s a d v a n c e d b y T h e o d o r e a n d A l i c e P a s h k u s f o r b e g i n n i n g i n t h e f i f t h p o s i t i o n was t o o v e r come t h e h a z a r d o f f e a r o f h i g h e r p o s i t i o n s . "The b e g i n n e r , who h a s n e v e r p l a y e d t h e v i o l i n , " t h e y o b s e r v e d , " i s n o t a w a re o f ' p o s i t i o n s , * a n d h e s h o u l d n e v e r becom e a w a re o f t h e i r p o s s i b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s " ( 2 6 4 : 1 7 ) . S p e a k in g a s a c e l l o t e a c h e r , P u c k e t t a l s o s h a r e d t h i s c o n c e p t o f t h e p o s i t i o n p r o b l e m , c o n s i d e r i n g i t w is e : n o t t o c o n f i n e t h e b e g i n n e r t o f i r s t p o s i t i o n f o r t o o l o n g a p e r i o d . A f t e r t h e e x t e n s i o n was a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e e a s e a n d h a d b e e n a p p l i e d t o b o t h f l a t a n d s h a r p s c a l e s , s h e a d v o c a t e d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d . t h i r d , a n d f o u r t h p o s i t i o n s ( 2 7 2 : 1 1 )• S h i f t i n g As w as t h e c a s e w i t h p o s i t i o n s , t h e a u x i l i a r y t e c h n i q u e o f s h i f t i n g was a l s o c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e new s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t t o b e n e c e s s a r i l y i n t r o d u c e d e a r l y , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e o l d e r c o n c e p t o f d e l a y i n g i t u n t i l t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n h a d b e e n w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . B o m o f f a g a i n j e x h i b i t e d a d v a n c e d t h o u g h t i n t h i s r e g a r d , a d v o c a t i n g t h a t p o s i t i o n w o rk a n d s h i f t i n g b e com m enced w i t h i n t h e f i r s t m o n th o f s tu d y * He f e l t t h a t t h i s w as n e c e s s a r y i n I . . I o r d e r t o t r a i n t h e h a n d t o p r o d u c e p l e a s i n g a n d s a t i s f a c - i t o r y t o n e s t h r o u g h l e f t h a n d d i g i t a l s k i l l * E a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s h i f t i n g a n d p l a y i n g t h r o u g h v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s v a s t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e p o w e r a n d f l e x i b i l i t y o f l e f t h a n d t e c h n i q u e , h e i n d i c a t e d ( 1 0 3 : 5 ) . ' B e r k l e y , t o o , i n e n d o r s i n g t h e i d e a o f b e g i n n i n g t h e s t u d y o f s h i f t i n g m uch e a r l i e r t h a n w as u s u a l l y d o n e , s a i d t h a t i t w as l a r g e l y a q u e s t i o n o f e a r * The b e t t e r t h e e a r t h e s o o n e r t h e s t u d e n t c o u l d b e t a u g h t t o s h i f t * A g i f t e d s t u d e n t , h e t h o u g h t , c o u l d b e t r a i n e d i n s h i f t i n g a s s o o n a s h e c o u l d p l a y i n t u n e i n t h e f i r s t p o s i t i o n ( 8 4 : 2 4 ) . R u sh w as a l s o a n a d v o c a t e o f t h e e a r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n 4 5 1 o f p o s i t i o n s . He f e l t t h a t b o t h t h e c e l l o a n d b a s s p l a y e r s n e e d e d t h e e x t e n d e d r a n g e e a r l y , a n d t h a t a l l p l a y e r s i s h o u l d u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e i n v o l v e d . He t h e r e f o r e f o l l o w e d t h e s o u n d p e d a g o g i c a l c l a s s p r i n c i p l e o f i n t r o d u c i n g a common t e c h n i q u e , p a r t i c u l a r l y n e c e s s a r y t o o n e g r o u p , t o a l l a t t h e sam e t i m e . R e c o g n i z i n g , a s d i d B e r k l e y , t h a t i t was a m a t t e r o f t h e e a r , h e t a u g h t h i s c l a s s e s t o s h i f t t h r o u g h a d o m in a n t s e v e n t h c h o r d b u i l t o n t h e o p e n s t r i n g , t h u s p r o v i d i n g t h e c l a s s a s a n a u r a l g u i d e a h a r m o n ic c h o r d f a m i l i a r t o e v e r y c h i l d ( 2 9 8 : 1 4 ) . F i g u r e 11 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f i n g e r i n g e a c h s e c t i o n w o u ld u s e i n l e a r n i n g t o s h i f t b y t h i s s y s t e m : $ . Vc. jC l j d e.m FIGURE 11 ELEMENTARY SHIFTING EXERCISE FOR STRING CLASS 4 5 2 A p l a n o f r h y t h m i c r e p e t i t i o n o n e a c h o f t h e s e t o n e s j w o u ld a l s o h e o f v a l u e i n i n t r o d u c i n g t h i s s k i l l , "bowing I 1 e a c h t o n e f o u r t i m e s , t h u s e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f i n g e r s a e c u r - I a t e l y b e f o r e m o v in g t o t h e n e x t t o n e . j B o r n o f f p r e s e n t e d a m o st u n i q u e s h i f t i n g s y s te m i n I j h i s b e g i n n i n g s t r i n g c l a s s m e th o d i n w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t s i w e re t a u g h t t o s h i f t w i t h a s i n g l e f i n g e r t h r o u g h f o u r { p o s i t i o n s b y d u p l i c a t i n g t h e sam e r h y t h m i c a n d m e l o d i c p a t t e r n s t o w h ic h t h e y h a d becom e a c c u s to m e d b y e a r t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r e c e d i n g p a g e s o f t h e b o o k . T h ro u g h t h i s p s e u d o - e x p l o r a t o r y m e th o d t h e y c o u l d becom e a c c u s to m e d t o 1 t h e m u s c u l a r a c t i o n s i n v o l v e d , w i t h t h e a d d e d a i d o f n o t e r e p e t i t i o n , b e f o r e a c t u a l l y a p p l y i n g t h e s h i f t i n g t e c h n i q u e i n t h e n o r m a l f a s h i o n . I n h i s n e x t s t e p B o r n o f f u t i l i z e d t h e f i r s t o c t a v e h a rm o n ic a s a p o i n t o f o r i e n t a t i o n , t e a c h i n g t h e c h i l d t o s h i f t fro m e a c h o f t h e f o u r f i n g e r s i n f i r s t p o s i t i o n t o e a c h o f t h e f o u r f i n g e r s o n t h e o p e n h a r m o n i c . I n t h i s f a s h i o n h e c o n s t r u c t e d t h e t e r m i n a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r a o n e - o c t a v e s c a l e o n a s i n g l e s t r i n g p r i o r t o t h e a c t u a l i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e t e c h n i q u e . T h is s y s te m m ay b e a d v a n t a g e o u s l y s t u d i e d b y s e e i n g B o m o f f »s a d v a n c e d c l a s s m e th o d b o o k e n t i t l e d P a t t e r n s i n P o s i t i o n s . O t h e r com m ent o n t h i s t e c h n i q u e was c o n f i n e d l a r g e l y t o s u g g e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e u s e o f t h e thum b i n 4 5 3 s h i f t i n g . W ash b u rn c i t e d F l e s c h * s l o n g a n d d e t a i l e d r e m a r k s o n t h e dow nw ard s h i f t , w h ic h e s s e n t i a l l y a m o u n te d t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e thum b s h i f t b a c k a h e a d o f t h e f i n g e r s w hen m o v in g t o f i r s t fro m t h i r d p o s i t i o n , f o r m in g t h e n e e d e d c o u n t e r b a l a n c e , t h e n l e t t i n g t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e h a n d f o l l o w , a p r o c e d u r e s u p p o s e d l y f a m i l i a r t o e v e r y w e l l t r a i n e d s t r i n g m u s i c i a n ( 3 8 9 : 8 4 ) . W a l l e r , t o o , r e c o g n i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n o f : t h e thum b i n s h i f t i n g , a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t w hen i t b ecam e c ra m p e d i t s h o u l d b e m oved t o a n d f r o u n d e r t h e n e c k . He ; c o m p a re d t h e w o rk o f t h e th um b i n b a l a n c i n g t h e h a n d t o I t h e j u g g l e r ' s a g i l e f o o t w o r k . He a l s o m e n tio n e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f m o v in g t h e thum b b a c k t o w a r d t h e s c r o l l a h e a d o f t h e h a n d i n s h i f t i n g dow nw ard ( 3 3 9 : 3 7 ) . S p e a k i n g f o r t h e c e l l i s t s . P o t t e r reco m m en d ed t h a t i n s h i f t i n g i n t h e thum b p o s i t i o n s t h e thum b w as r e q u i r e d t o move a l o n g w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e h a n d , a s a u n i t , j u s t a s i t w as r e q u i r e d t o do u n d e r n e a t h t h e n e c k o f t h e c e l l o i n l o w e r p o s i t i o n s h i f t i n g . I n t h e u p p e r thum b p o s i t i o n s t h e thum b w as t o r e m a in a w h o le s t e p b e lo w t h e f i r s t f i n g e r ( 2 6 7 : 7 ) . V . VIBRATO S t r i n g p e d a g o g u e s w e re a p p a r e n t l y c o n v i n c e d t h a t ! 4 5 4 I j m o s t s t r i n g t e a c h e r s w e re f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e t e c h n i q u e s | I i n v o l v e d i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f s h i f t i n g a n d p o s i t i o n s , f o r i t h e y c o n t r i b u t e d l i g h t l y t o t h i s s u b j e c t . B u t i n t h e ’ J 1 m a t t e r o f t h e v i b r a t o , t h i s was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a m o st ) j n e g l e c t e d a n d i l l - t a u g h t s u b j e c t , a n d i n l a r g e n u m b e rs t h e y ! j c o n t r i b u t e d v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n . F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e t e c h - I n i q u e i n v o l v e d , a s t h e g o a l i n m in d , w as a m a t t e r o f ' i g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t . S w i f t s p e l l e d o u t t h e c a u s e f o r c o n c e r n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e s e t e a c h e r s w hen h e a s s e r t e d t h a t i n a r e c e n t ( 1 9 5 1 ) ! i a l l h i g h s c h o o l m u s ic f e s t i v a l i n w h ic h f o r t y v i o l i n i s t s i : p a r t i c i p a t e d n o t a o n e o f th em h a d y e t a c q u i r e d a v i b r a t o Î I n c o m p le te a s t o n i s h m e n t a n d c h a g r i n h e e x c l a i m e d : d o n ' t o u r s t r i n g p l a y e r s l e a m t o d e v e l o p a g o o d t o n e ? Why d o n ' t s t r i n g p l a y e r s t e a c h t h e t h i n g s t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s w e re t a u g h t a n d why d o n ' t we h a v e m ore y o u n g v i o l i n i s t s who c a n p r o d u c e a g o o d v i b r a t o ? ( 3 2 3 : 8 ) T e m ia n k a was s o c o n c e r n e d o v e r t h e n e g l e c t o f t h i s v i t a l p h a s e o f p e d a g o g y t h a t h e w e n t t o w o rk i n 19 5 7 t o m ake a f i l m t o h e l p o v e rc o m e t h e s i t u a t i o n . A new s i t e m i n t h e A m e ric a n S t r i n g T e a c h e r q u o t e d T e m ia n k a a s s a y i n g : ' I n t h i s i m p a t i e n t a g e , w i t h i t s c o m p e t i t i o n o f b a n d s a n d t e l e v i s i o n , few s t r i n g p l a y e r s w i l l s u r v i v e o n e o r tw o b l e a k y e a r s w i t h o u t v i b r a t o . W ith o u t v i b r a t o , t h e t o n e i s l i f e l e s s . One o f t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e f i l m i s t o t a k e t h e v i b r a t o o u t o f t h e d o m a in o f a d v a n c e d p l a y i n g a n d t e a c h i t w h e re i t b e l o n g s , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g .* ( 3 2 7 : 2 ) i C o n c e r n was a l s o e x p r e s s e d b y B e rg who p o i n t e d o u t ' how few t e a c h e r s a c t u a l l y knew how t o t e a c h tw o a l l i m p o r t a n t t e c h n i q u e s — h o p p i n g bow , a n d v i b r a t o . V i b r a t o , h e I n d i c a t e d , w o u ld n o t j u s t " c o m e ." B u t some s o r t o f b a d h a b i t w o u ld come b y l e a v i n g t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s , a s was s o o f t e n t h e c a s e , t o t h e s t u d e n t s * own d e v i c e s ( 7 9 : 1 4 ) . B e r g 's p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e a p p r o a c h t o v i b r a t o i n c l u d e d som e i m p o r t a n t o b s e r v a t i o n s . I t s h o u l d b e s t a r t e d a s s o o n a s t h e s t u d e n t c o u l d p l a y r e a s o n a b l y w e l l i n f i r s t a n d t h i r d p o s i t i o n . No b i g p o i n t w as t o b e m ade o f i t - - n o l o n g p r e l i m i n a r y e x p l a n a t i o n s ; i n f a c t , t h e d i f f i c u l t y w as b e s t u n d e r - r a t e d . I t w as t o b e d e v e l o p e d r h y t h m i c a l l y , a f i n g e r a t a t i m e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e s e c o n d , t h i r d , f o u r t h , a n d f i n a l l y t h e f i r s t f i n g e r . The m o ti o n was t o b e b a c k a n d f o r t h i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e , n o t a c r o s s t h e s t r i n g s . The h a n d was t o b e m oved i n e i g h t h - n o t e r h y th m , b e g i n n i n g w i t h tw o o s c i l l a t i o n s p e r s e c o n d a n d g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g t o a s p e e d o f s i x p e r s e c o n d . He w a rn e d a g a i n s t t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a r a p i d f i n g e r m o tio n i n w h ic h t h e f i n g e r t e n d e d t o l i f t u p a n d down fro m t h e s t r i n g , i n s t e a d o f r e m a i n i n g f i r m l y p r e s s e d a g a i n s t t h e s t r i n g s i L o u is P e r s i n g e r , he s a i d , a lw a y s e x c l a i m e d : " 'K e e p t h e t i p o f t h e f i n g e r p r e s s e d down s o h a r d i t i s p a l e w i t h e x c i t e m e n t J *" ( 7 9 : 1 4 ) B e c k e r d e s c r i b e d t h e a p p r o a c h t o t h e v i b r a t o i n I e s s e n t i a l l y t h e sam e t e r m s , a d d in g t h a t t h e c e l l o - b a s s m ovem ent was a c o o r d i n a t e d m ovem ent o f t h e f o r e a r m fro m t h e . e lb o w , b e g i n n i n g w i t h a r o t a t i n g a c t i o n i n t h e u p p e r a rm , a n d i n c l u d i n g a s a u n i t t h e w r i s t , h a n d , a n d f i n g e r s s w i n g i n g i n a n a r c o v e r t h e f i n g e r b o a r d . He a l s o made i t c l e a r , w h e re B e r g d i d n o t , t h a t t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e m ade w i t h t h e bow t o a i d i n c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e rh y th m o f t h e s e v i b r a t o m o v e m e n ts. F i r s t tw o , t h e n , f o u r , s i x , a n d e i g h t o s c i l l a t i o n s w e re t o b e p e r f o r m e d p e r bow , m o v in g fro m f i n g e r t o f i n g e r w i t h o u t b r e a k i n g t h e v i b r a t o m o v e- I m e n t . B u t h e w as e x c e p t i o n a l i n re c o m m e n d in g t h a t a l l t h e f i n g e r s b e h e l d down i n l e a r n i n g t h e v i b r a t o , a n d m any a n e y e b ro w w o u ld b e r a i s e d i n r e a c t i o n t o h i s a f f i r m a t i o n t h a t a " s l o w , w i d e , a n d r e l a x e d v i b r a t o i n s i n g i n g s t y l e s h o u l d b e c u l t i v a t e d r a t h e r t h a n o n e w h ic h i s f a s t , n a rr o w : a n d t e n s e " ( 2 8 : 1 7 2 ) . T h i s v ie w s i m p l y w o u ld n o t c o n c u r w i t h m o d e m a r t i s t p e r f o r m a n c e p r a c t i c e . R o h n e r w as a l s o g r e a t l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e a p a t h y o f t e a c h e r s i n i n t r o d u c i n g s t u d y o f t h e v i b r a t o . "Some t e a c h e r s , " h e d e c l a r e d , " e v e n a d v o c a t e t h a t t h e s t u d e n t w i l l l e a m t h e v i b r a t o b y h i m s e l f w hen t h e t im e i s r e a d y . How s t u p i d ! " He t h e n p r o c e e d e d t o o u t l i n e a c o u r s e o f s t u d y v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t s u g g e s t e d b y B e r g a n d B e c k e r , 4 5 7 n o t i n g i n d o i n g s o t h a t t e s t s h a d show n t h a t t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f v i b r a t o am ong m a s t e r v i o l i n i s t s was b e tw e e n s i x I ; a n d s e v e n c y c l e s p e r s e c o n d . T hus w i t h t h e m etro n o m e s e t a t s i x t y - f i v e a n d p e r f o r m i n g s i x o s c i l l a t i o n s p e r b e a t , I t h e c o r r e c t , a n d w i t h a p o l o g i e s t o B e c k e r , q u i t e f a s t I v i b r a t o , w o u ld b e c p r o d u c e d ( 2 8 3 : 1 3 ) . I I n 1944 B e r k l e y s o u g h t t o d raw som e a t t e n t i o n t o j t h e s t u d y o f v i b r a t o . H e, t o o , r e m a r k e d t h a t t h i s s k i l l ' h a d f o r m e r l y b e e n r e g a r d e d a s a n a t u r a l g i f t w h ic h c o u l d n o t b e t a u g h t , b u t h e e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s was a n i d e a t h a t h a d h a p p i l y b e e n d i s c a r d e d , a n d t h a t t e a c h e r s w e re now t e a c h i n g t h e s k i l l . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , h e was a p p a r e n t l y u n a w a re o f t h e f a c t t h a t v i o l i n s t u d y i t s e l f , m uch l e s s v i b r a t o , was a t t h a t t im e a t a v e r y low e b b . E v e n s o , h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e c o r r e c t a p p r o a c h a g r e e d e s s e n t i a l l y w i t h t h e o n e we h a v e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d . He e m p h a s iz e d t h e u n d e n i a b l e f a c t t h a t t h e v i b r a t o was m uch e a s i e r t o l e a m i n t h e t h i r d p o s i t i o n b e c a u s e t h e h a n d c o u l d b e r e s t e d a g a i n s t t h e s h o u l d e r o f t h e v i o l i n , t h u s a n c h o r i n g t h e f o r e a r m a n d e n a b l i n g t h e h a n d t o r o c k m ore e a s i l y . He c i t e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s t a r t i n g o n t h e s e c o n d f i n g e r , m o v in g t o t h e t h i r d , a n d a p p l y i n g t h e d e v e lo p m e n t t o a l l f o u r s t r i n g s ( 8 0 : 3 9 3 ) . K ra y k r e c a l l e d t h a t v e r y l i t t l e was know n a b o u t t h e 4 5 8 f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e v i b r a t o u n t i l a b o u t f i f t y y e a r s ago* P r i o r t o t h a t t im e i t was d e v e l o p e d i n s t i n c t i v e l y o r n o t a t a l l . He c r e d i t e d F l e s c h w i t h p i o n e e r i n g i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f v i b r a t o , h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f F l e s c h ' s t e c h n i q u e c o n c u r r i n g w i t h p r e v i o u s d e s c r i p t i o n s . K ra y k h i m s e l f , h o w - . e v e r , w as e x c e p t i o n a l i n s t a t i n g t h a t t h e k n u c k l e s n e e d e d ! to be high so that the fingers could fall freely on their tips in a hammerlike motion (196:9). It was Berkley who noted that modern artists had adopted the more desirable vibrato position of the hand which was sloping, and which involved not a hammerlike stroke, but a pressing of the fingers into the fingerboard, followed by a crisp, precise lifting of the fingers ( C f . ante p. 443). And i t w as a l s o K ra y k * s e x c e p t i o n a l v iew t h a t t h e v i b r a t o o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e f i n g e r t i p ( 1 9 6 : 9 ) . I n d e e d , t h i s s t a t e m e n t d rew t h e s m i l e s o f K re s z who c o m p a re d t h i s a n a l o g y t o t h e s t o r y o f B a r o n M u n c h h a u se n w ho, " b e i n g n e a r l y d ro w n e d i n a sw am p, s u c c e e d e d t o r e s c u e h i m s e l f b y p u l l i n g h i s b o d y o u t o f t h e b o g b y g r a s p i n g h i m s e l f b y h i s l o n g h a i r J ” N e i t h e r d i d h e a g r e e w i t h K r a y k ' s d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e v i b r a t o a s a w r i s t v i b r a t o . I n s t e a d , h e f e l t t h a t i t w as b e s t d e s c r i b e d a s " t h e t i n y p r o n a t i o n - s u p i n a t i o n t r e m b l i n g o f t h e f o r e a r m w i t h t h e l o o s e w r i s t a l l o w i n g s u f f i c i e n t f r e e d o m a n d m ovem ent t o a l l t h e j o i n t s o f t h e i 459 ! f i n g e r . * . " T h is m o tio n h e b e l i e v e d t o b e m i s t a k e n b y ^ th e e y e a s w r i s t m ovem ent ( 1 9 7 : 9 )* Long a l s o s u b m i t t e d a n a r t i c l e i n w h ic h t h e v i b r a t o I r e c e i v e d p r i m a r y a t t e n t i o n . H e re h e c o n c u r r e d w i t h h i s c o l l e a g u e s i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r a p p r o a c h , a n d ! n o t e d t h a t t h e v i b r a t o was " p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y o n e o f t h e m o s t I I p o t e n t i n c e n t i v e - p r o d u c i n g p h a s e s o f t e c h n i q u e w h ic h t h e j ; i n s t r u c t o r h a s t h e p r i v i l e g e o f a d v a n c i n g " ( 2 2 3 :3 8 9 ) * W ash b u rn was a n o t h e r o f t h o s e who e x p r e s s e d t h e c o n c e r n t h a t t e a c h e r s n o t a l l o w t h e i r p u p i l s t o p i c k u p t h e v i b r a t o i n s t i n c t i v e l y . T h is h e c o n s i d e r e d t o be a v e r y d a n g e r o u s p r a c t i c e , f o r t h e r e b y v e r y u n f o r t u n a t e h a b i t s w e re d e v e l o p e d . He c i t e d t h e c a s e o f T h elm a G iv e n who was s t o p p e d b y A u e r o n e v e r y s e c o n d n o t e t o o v e rc o m e a n e r v o u s , f a u l t y v i b r a t o . L ik e h i s c o l l e a g u e s , he d e s c r i b e d t h e p r o p e r a p p r o a c h a s t h e g r a d u a l s p e e d i n g u p o f a s e r i e s o f t im e d o s c i l l a t i o n s ( 3 8 9 : 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 ) . I n h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e c e l l o v i b r a t o L e v e n s o n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e p r o p e r t im e t o i n t r o d u c e i t was w h e n e v e r t h e s t u d e n t e x p r e s s e d a n i n t e r e s t i n l e a r n i n g i t , w h e t h e r a f t e r s i x m o n th s o r s i x w eek s o f s t u d y , i f h e was p h y s i c a l l y p r e p a r e d - - t h a t I s , c o u l d p r e s s t h e s t r i n g down f i r m l y w i t h e a c h f i n g e r , t h e thum b r e m a i n i n g c o m p l e t e l y f r e e fro m t h e n e c k o f t h e c e l l o . He w as a l s o e x p e c t e d t o I b e a b l e t o s l i d e e a c h f i n g e r a l o n g t h e s t r i n g w i t h o u t a i d i 1 o f t h e th u m b , a n d w i t h o u t u n d u e c ra m p in g o f t h e h a n d . As ! f o r l e a r n i n g t o p r o d u c e t h e v i b r a t o , i t w as t o b e s t u d i e d I a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e d i r e c t i o n s : The f i n g e r - n a i l a n d b a c k o f I t h e h a n d s h o u l d a lw a y s r e m a in o n a p l a n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e , s t r i n g , t h e th u m b , r e l a x e d a n d f r e e fro m t h e n e c k , m o v in g f I f o r w a r d a n d b a c k w i t h t h e m o tio n o f t h e h a n d , a n d n o t , a s j s o g e n e r a l l y s u p p o s e d , b y b e c o m in g a r o l l i n g m o tio n o f t h e w r i s t w i t h t h e thum b a s a f u l c r u m . F o r t h i s v e r y r e a s o n , t h e w o rk s h o u l d b e s t a r t e d o n t h e f o u r t h f i n g e r . The I f i n g e r s o f t h e h a n d s h o u l d h u d d le c l o s e t o t h e v i b r a t i n g i f i n g e r t o l e n d m ore w e i g h t t o i t a n d t o f o c u s p r e s s u r e on t h e f i n g e r e n g a g e d i n s t o p p i n g t h e s t r i n g . As f o r t h e f i n g e r s , t h e y i n g e n e r a l s h o u l d n o t b e t o o h i g h l y a r c h e d . T he m o tio n was t o b e a c h i e v e d b y r a p i d l y a l t e r n a t i n g i n r a i s i n g a n d l o w e r i n g t h e p i t c h b y p u s h i n g t h e f i n g e r a l o n g t h e s t r i n g b y f o r e a r m m o t i o n , a s i n g o i n g t o a h i g h e r , t h e n a l o w e r p o s i t i o n . F i n a l l y , t h e s e m o tio n s s h o u l d b e p r a c t i c e d i n t im e d o s c i l l a t i o n s , w i t h t h e bow , a s i n s t a n d a r d v i o l i n v i b r a t o s t u d y p r o c e d u r e ( 2 1 8 : 1 1 ) , I n t h e m a in , p e d a g o g u e s o n t h e s e v a r i o u s i n s t r u m e n t s se e m e d t o b e i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t o n t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s f o r l e a r n i n g t h e v i b r a t o . V I . PROBLEMS OF INTONATION I On a few c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e o c c a s i o n s e d u c a t o r s ' c o n c e r n e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h p ro b le m s o f i n t o n a t i o n . The m ore ; open-^m inded t e a c h e r s t e n d e d t o r e f u t e t h e i d e a t h a t p o o r I I n t o n a t i o n c o u l d n o t h e c o r r e c t e d . A lth o u g h C ooke o b s e r v e d ' t h a t i t w as much e a s i e r t o e s t a b l i s h a s e n s e o f rh y th m t h a n I c o r r e c t i n t o n a t i o n , h e was c o n v in c e d t h a t b y p a t i e n t , ' c a r e f u l t r a i n i n g on m a j o r s c a l e s a n d s i m p l e c h o r d s a c h i l d ' s s e n s e o f m u s i c a l p i t c h c o u l d b e im p r o v e d . He a l s o s u g g e s t e d a s a d d i t i o n a l a i d s e n s e m b le w o r k , t h e p l a y i n g o f ! s i m p l e m e l o d i e s w i t h t h e p i a n o , o r b e s t o f a l l , p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n s c h o o l o r c h e s t r a s ( 1 2 6 : 5 3 7 ) . P e r h a p s m ore t o t h e p o i n t w as W a l l e r 's o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e r e w e re few c h i l d r e n who a c t u a l l y h a d d e f e c t i v e h e a r i n g , b u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e w e re few who c o u l d h e a r a c u t e l y e n o u g h t o p l a y w i t h o u t g u i d a n c e . I t was t h e r e f o r e t h e jo b o f t h e t e a c h e r t o a n a l y z e t h e p h y s i c a l r e a s o n s f o r p i t c h d e v i a t i o n s a n d d e v i s e w ays o f c o r r e c t i n g s u c h f a u l t s . H a v in g t h e c h i l d r e n s i n g , l i s t e n i n g a t t e n - : t i v e l y t o o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s d u r i n g t h e c l a s s s e s s i o n , a n d m a k in g gam es o f t h e p r o c e s s w e re som e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i v e s u g g e s t i o n s h e p r o v i d e d f o r a c h i e v i n g t h e s e im p ro v e m e n ts i n p i t c h ( 3 4 7 : 1 2 ) . o t h e r p e d a g o g u e s p o i n t e d o u t t h e f a l l a c y o f t e l l i n g a n e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t o f p e r h a p s a y e a r ' s s t u d y t h a t h e i s s h a r p o r f l a t , o r o u t o f t u n e . Y o u n g s te r s a t t h i s a g e s h o u l d h e e n c o u r a g e d t o do t h e i r own l i s t e n i n g , l e t t i n g th e m t e l l t h e t e a c h e r t h a t t h e y a r e o u t o f t u n e . L i s k o , i n n o t i n g t h e s e f a c t s , w a rn e d t h a t s u c h c o n s t a n t c o r r e c t i o n I b y a t e a c h e r c o u l d l e a d t o a s e n s e o f i n f e r i o r i t y , l o s s o f I c o n f i d e n c e , d e p e n d e n c e u p o n t h e t e a c h e r d o i n g t h e h e a r i n g ! f o r t h e s t u d e n t , a n d p e r h a p s e v e n c o n f u s i o n o f p i t c h w i t h t e c h n i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e . I t w as b e t t e r , t h e r e f o r e , h e c o n t e n d e d , t o u s e t h e p h r a s e " L i s t e n m ore c a r e - I f u l l y " i n s t e a d o f t h e c o r r e c t i o n " s h a r p " o r " f l a t " ( 2 2 1 : 1 4 ) . B e r k l e y w a rn e d a g a i n s t t h e p r a c t i c e o f p l a y i n g t h e : v i o l i n a l o n g w i t h t h e s t u d e n t s , f o r i n s u c h a c a s e t h e t e a c h e r ' s p l a y i n g w o u ld d o m in a te t h e p u p i l ' s m a k in g i t a l l ; b u t i m p o s s i b l e f o r him t o h e a r w h a t t h e s t u d e n t i s d o i n g . And s o m e ti m e s , i f t h e t e a c h e r l i s t e n e d c a r e f u l l y t o t h e s t u d e n t , h e f a i l e d t o h e a r h i m s e l f 1 T h e r e f o r e h e r e g a r d e d i t a s w i s e s t t o d e v e l o p t h e p u p i l ' s e a r b y h a v i n g h im a c c o m p a n ie d a t t h e p i a n o a t l e a s t a t e v e r y o t h e r l e s s o n , n o t o n l y g i v i n g h im t h e c o r r e c t p i t c h o f t h e n o t e s , b u t a l s o f a m i l i a r i z i n g h im w i t h t h e h a rm o n ic f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e m u s ic h e was l e a r n i n g t o p l a y ( 9 0 : 3 3 3 )- I W ith r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p l a y i n g o f t h e b a o s , O h l e n d o r f I I co m m en ted t h a t b e c a u s e t h e low t o n e s w e re d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e ! y o u n g s t u d e n t t o h e a r c o r r e c t l y , i t was b e s t t o h a v e h im I p l a y f a m i l i a r m e l o d i e s a n d s c a l e s a s a n a i d i n d e v e l o p i n g I c o r r e c t f i n g e r i n g s a n d i n t o n a t i o n ( 2 5 7 : 1 9 ) . I And i t was J o h n s o n who made t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t I m e th o d b o o k s s h o u l d i n c l u d e some s i m p le f o u n d a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g i n d o u b le s t o p s t o p r o v i d e t h e s t u d e n t e x p e r i e n c e I i n t h i s u n i q u e f e a t u r e o f s t r i n g p l a y i n g , a n d t o h e l p i n : d e v e l o p i n g t h e s e n s e o f p i t c h ( 3 8 3 : 3 1 ) . j CHAPTER IX I ! AIDS TO GIASS TEACHING I The t h o r o u g h n e s s w i t h w h ic h s t r i n g p e d a g o g u e s t r e a t e d t h e e n t i r e p r o b le m o f s t r i n g c l a s s i n s t r u c t i o n was ■ i n d i c a t e d b y t h e i r c o n c e r n e v e n w i t h t h e m undane p r o b le m o f I p r a c t i c e , a n d w i t h c e r t a i n m e c h a n i c a l a i d s t o e f f i c i e n c y i n p u p i l p e r f o r m a n c e . C e r t a i n l y o n e o f t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s o f s t r i n g s t u d y m u st be r e c o g n i z e d a s p r a c t i c e h a b i t s , a n d s t r i n g t e a c h e r s s p e n t c o n s i d e r a b l e e n e r g y i n s e t t i n g u p w h a t t h e y b e l i e v e d t o b e p r i n c i p l e s f o r I . PRACTICE AIDS AND PRINCIPLES T h i n k i n g w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i s s u e o f p r a c t i c e , how m u ch , how l i t t l e , a n d w h e n , t e n d e d t o f a l l i n t o tw o d i v e r g e n t d i r e c t i o n s . S om e, r e c o g n i z i n g how m uch d i s c o u r a g e m e n t a n d d e s t m i c t i o n o f t a l e n t h a d r e s u l t e d fro m u n r e a l i s t i c I n s i s t e n c e u p o n p r a c t i c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y o v e r l o n g p e r i o d s , a d v i s e d t h a t p r a c t i c e w as n o t a m a t t e r o f l i f e o r d e a t h ( 1 0 9 : 1 1 ) . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t , t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e s u p p o r t f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c e p e r i o d t o t h i r t y o r f o r t y m in u t e s a d a y , o ne m o th e r s t a t i n g t h a t m ore c o u l d b e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h a l i g h t , u n r e s e n t e d 4 6 5 : I s c h e d u l e , t h a n I n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s e v e n h o u r p r a c t i c e w e ek | " i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h t e a r s , a r g u m e n t s , a n d s u l k s " ( 2 6 3 : 4 3 4 ) . ; One o f t h e h e a l t h y s o l u t i o n s t o t h e p r o b le m o f p r a c t i c e f o r t h e e l e m e n t a r y s t u d e n t was f o u n d i n t h e t e n d e n c y t o e n c o u r a g e s u p e r v i s e d p r a c t i c e i n t h e s c h o o l c l a s s e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e re c l a s s e s w e re a b l e t o m e e t t h r e e o r m ore t i m e s p e r w e e k . I n s u c h s i t u a t i o n s , i n s t r u m e n t s w e re l e f t a t t h e s c h o o l s a n d w e re n o t t a k e n home d u r i n g t h e f i r s t s e v e r a l w e e k s . J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e w e re s t a u n c h s u p p o r t e r s o f t h i s i d e a . F e e l i n g t h a t p r o g r e s s w o u ld b e I f a s t e r , a n d t h a t f e w e r f a u l t s w o u ld a r i s e i f s c h o o l s u p e r - I v i s i o n w e re t o b e m a i n t a i n e d f o r s e v e r a l w e e k s , t h e y s a i d : | Do n o t e x p e c t o r r e q u i r e m uch home p r a c t i c e f o r t h e f i r s t few w eek s u n l e s s t h e s t u d e n t h a s a d e q u a t e g u i d a n c e a t hom e. I t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r a c h i l d t o g r a s p a n d r e t a i n a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l s o f p o s i t i o n a n d t o n e p r o d u c t i o n i n v o l v e d , i n a s h o r t t i m e . ( 4 0 4 : 6 2 - 6 3 ) K e l l e r a n d T a y l o r , t o o , w e re o f t h i s s c h o o l o f , t h o u g h t , e m p h a s i z i n g , a s d i d J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K ro n e , t h a t w hen t h e tim e t o b e g i n home p r a c t i c e d i d a r r i v e , t h e t e a c h e r was t o make t h e a s s i g n m e n t s v e r y c l e a r , a n d s e e t o i t t h a t p a r e n t s w e re a d v i s e d o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s e t t i n g u p a s c h e d u l e w i t h a r e g u l a r t im e a n d p l a c e t o p r a c t i c e w i t h o u t b e i n g d i s t u r b e d ( 4 0 5 : 4 ) . A c t u a l l y , n o g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e o f o p i n i o n e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t h o s e who f e l t t h a t p r a c t i c e s h o u l d n o t b e f o r c e d a n d t h o s e who f e l t t h a t I t s h o u l d b e i n s i s t e d u p o n - I n t h e f o r m e r c a s e , c o n s t r u c t i v e p l a n s t o in d u c e m ore p u r p o s e f u l a n d i n t e r e s t i n g home p r a c t i c i n g was b a s i c t o t h e i r p h i l o s - j M ost e d u c a t o r s a g r e e d w i t h H e i f e t z ' b a s i c c o n c e p t i I t h a t p r a c t i c i n g h a d t o b e d o n e , b u t t h e y p r e f e r r e d a g e n t l e I a p p r o a c h t o h i s r a t h e r u n s y m p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e . He was I ! c o n v i n c e d t h a t c h i l d r e n s i m p l y d i d n o t r e l i s h t h e i d e a o f p r a c t i c i n g , a n d i t w as u p t o t h e p a r e n t s t o s e e t h a t t h e w o rk was d o n e a t t h e c o s t o f d e p r i v i n g th e m o f p r i v i l e g e . E v en w hen c o e r c i o n w as r e q u i r e d , h i s c h i l d r e n p r a c t i c e d . He d i d t a k e c a r e t o s e e t h a t c e r t a i n h o u r s o f t h e d a y , i n t h e m o r n in g , a n d t h e e v e n i n g , w e re s e t a s i d e f o r m u s i c . He e x p r e s s e d s k e p t i c i s m a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m a k in g m u s ic a t t r a c t i v e t o c h i l d r e n , s a y i n g , "'W h en I w as t h e a g e o f my o l d e r c h i l d I r e g a r d e d p r a c t i c e a s a n u n m i t i g a t e d b o r e . And I d o n ' t t h i n k c h i l d r e n h a v e c h a n g e d a n y t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s " ( 1 3 6 : 1 2 ) . A so m ew h at h a r d - b o i l e d a t t i t u d e w as h e l d b y H i n d s l e y , t o o , who d e c l a r e d : T h o se who s e e t h e i r i n s t r u m e n t s o n l y w hen t h e y come t o c l a s s s h o u l d f a c e e l i m i n a t i o n . I n som e m a n n e r t h e t e a c h e r m u st h a v e t h e a s s u r a n c e t h a t e a c h s t u d e n t s p e n d s a m inim um a m o u n t o f t im e a l o n e w i t h h i s i n s t r u m e n t, a n d t h a t t h i s tim e i s s p e n t i n *h o n e s t - t o - g o o d n e s s * p r a c t i c e . T h o se who e x p e c t r e s u l t s t o be h a n d e d th em o n a s i l v e r p l a t t e r s h o u l d s o o n l e a r n t h e f a l l a c y I o f t h e i r e x p e c t a t i o n s b y t h e e x a m p le o f t h o s e who a r e I d o i n g t h e w o rk . ( 6 : 3 1 ) I W h ile G re e n a l s o r e c o g n i z e d t h a t few c h i l d r e n n e v e r n e e d e d t o b e t o l d t o p r a c t i c e , h e r a t t i t u d e was m ore c o n - ' s t r u c t i v e , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t p a r e n t s n e e d e d t o b e e d u c a t e d t o ! I t h e p s y c h o l o g y o f m o t i v a t i n g p r a c t i c e : i ! . . . i f p a r e n t s w o u ld r e a l i z e t h a t p r a c t i s e IS a n I a d u l t a c t i v i t y , — t h a t i t r e q u i r e s much c a r e f u l a n d I t h o u g h t f u l c o n c e n t r a t i o n , — t h a t i t b r i n g s o n e 's m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s t o a v e r y p o w e r f u l f o c u s i f a p p r o a c h e d c o r r e c t l y ; a n d i f p a r e n t s w o u ld a l s o r e a l i z e t h a t a c h i l d ' s a t t e n t i o n s p a n i s much s h o r t e r t h a n a n a d u l t ' s — t h a t a c h i l d h a s t o b e h e l p e d t o a t t a i n a l o n g a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d e f f o r t m e n t a l l y , — t h a t t h e s e t h i n g s a r e n o t 'n o r m a l ' f o r t h e y o u n g c h i l d , — THEN p e r h a p s t h a t p a r e n t w i l l g e t t h e r i g h t p e r s p e c t i v e o n t h e w h o le p i c t u r e . ( 1 6 1 : 3 0 ; G r e e n 's p r i m a r y s u g g e s t i o n a s t o how t o h e l p t h e c h i l d w i t h h i s p r a c t i c e w as t h a t a n i n t e r e s t b e show n i n w h a t h e was d o i n g m u s i c a l l y . B ey o n d t h i s a c e r t a i n tim e n e e d e d t o b e s e t a s i d e w hen h e w o u ld b e f r e e fro m i n t e r f e r e n c e , p r e f e r a b l y i n t h e m o rn in g b e f o r e g o i n g t o s c h o o l , a n d a l s o w hen o t h e r s w o u ld n o t b e a r o u n d t o s u g g e s t o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s ; a n d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d p a r e n t s c o u l d h e l p b y s t r e s s i n g " a c c o m p lis h m e n t" i n s t e a d o f " p r a c t i c e . " T h is sam e p s y c h o l o g y was a l s o p o s e d a s a t e a c h e r a t t i t u d e , p l a c i n g t h e e m p h a s is o n s u b s t i t u t i n g p h r a s e s l i k e , " l e t u s s e e i f y o u c a n g e t t h i s l i t t l e s p o t s o y o u c a n do i t w e l l , " a n d , "S e e I f y o u c a n g e t y o u r f i n g e r s t o l e a m t o do t h i s t r i c k t h i s w e e k , " f o r t h e u s u a l o n e o f a d m o n is h in g t h e c h i l d t o do h i s h o u r a w e ek o r e l s e . W ise t e a c h e r s s e t u p I g o a l s w h ic h do n o t f r u s t r a t e , b u t a r e a t t a i n a b l e . B u t I G r e e n 's p a r t i n g s h o t was m ore s i m i l a r t o t h e H e i f e t z l i n e I o f t h o u g h t , f o r s h e a d v i s e d t h a t p a r e n t s , i n a d d i t i o n t o I u s i n g t h e s e o t h e r d e v i c e s , s h o u l d a d o p t t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t 1 I : t h e p r a c t i c e p e r i o d was n o t o p e n t o a r g u m e n t. S u c c e s s f u l s t u d e n t s cam e f ro m t h e hom es w h e re t h i s was t r u e , s h e d e c l a r e d ( l 6 l :3 0 ,3 1 > 3 7 ) • S i m i l a r a d m o n i t i o n s w e re p r o p o s e d b y L a s l e y , who ! w a r n e d t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e p e r i o d s h o u l d n o t come a t a tim e ' w hen o t h e r m em bers o f t h e f a m i l y , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f I J o h n n y , w e re p l a y i n g a g am e, o r l o o k i n g a t t e l e v i s i o n , o r h a v i n g f u n fr o m w h ic h h e w as e x c l u d e d . And i t n e e d e d t o b e a s m uch a p a r t o f h i s d a i l y s c h e d u l e a s t a k i n g a b a t h , I b r u s h i n g h i s t e e t h , o r g o i n g t o s c h o o l ( 2 0 5 : 1 0 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o s u c h i d e a s a s t h e f o r e g o i n g . V a shaw ( 3 3 4 : 2 6 ) , M a t t e r n ( 2 3 2 : 2 4 1 ) , a n d R o h n e r ( 2 8 4 : 2 0 ) re c o m m ended t h a t c e r t a i n i n c e n t i v e s t o p r a c t i c e b e p r o v i d e d t h e s t u d e n t s u c h a s p r a c t i c e c a r d s , a w a r d s , t o b e f o l l o w e d b y t r y - o u t s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s . W ash b u rn a l s o c i t e d t h e v a l u e o f i n c e n t i v e s s u c h a s c o m p e t i t i o n f o r s e a t s i n t h e v i o l i n c l a s s , a w a r d s , p r a c t i c e c o n t e s t s , i n t e r e s t i n g m e l o d i c s t u d y m a t e r i a l , a n d r e g u l a r l y s c h e d u l e d c o n c e r t s , r e c i t a l s , a n d o r c h e s t r a c o n c e r t s ( 3 8 9 : I 3 4 f And i t was M ic h a e l R a b in who a s s e r t e d t h a t s u c h I gam es a s t a k i n g a m a r b le o u t o f a p l a t e e a c h tim e a t e c h - : n i c a l p a s s a g e w as c o r r e c t l y p l a y e d , a n d p u t t i n g i t b a c k i w hen f l a w s o c c u r r e d , h a d a c t e d a s a h i g h l y I n t e r e s t i n g j i n c e n t i v e t o c o n s t r u c t i v e p r a c t i c e f o r h im ( 1 7 7 : 1 0 ) . J o n e s , D a s c h , a n d K rone p l a c e d g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e on I t h e t e c h n i q u e o f m a k in g t h e a s s i g n m e n t . The new m e l o d i e s I w e re t o b e p l a y e d o v e r i n t h e c l a s s , n o t w i t h t h e i d e a o f i p e r f e c t i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e t h e n a n d t h e r e , b u t r a t h e r t o I i a c q u a i n t t h e s t u d e n t w i t h t h e g o a l s i n v o l v e d . T h is was ■ r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g g o o d s i g h t r e a d i n g p r a c t i c e , a n d a n e f f e c t i v e m eans o f b r i n g i n g o u t p r o b le m s w h ic h t h e t e a c h e r m ig h t b e a b l e t o s t r a i g h t e n o u t i m m e d i a t e l y , r a t h e r t h a n a l l o w i n g th e m t o becom e s t u m b l i n g b l o c k s t o t h e s t u d e n t d u r i n g t h e . w e e k . T h ey a l s o f e l t t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e some p r o b le m s i n c l u d e d i n t h e new m a t e r i a l w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t c o u l d w o rk o u t f o r h i s own b e n e f i t . E m p h a sis was a l s o p l a c e d u p o n t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f o r i g i n a l m e lo d y w r i t i n g , a s w e l l a s e n c o u r a g i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o f i g u r e o u t f i n g e r i n g s a n d b o w in g s , a n d r e w r i t i n g m e l o d i e s ( 4 0 4 : 1 9 ) . B o r n o f f , t o o , p l a c e d g r e a t s t r e s s o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c a r e f u l t e a c h e r g u i d a n c e i n p r a c t i c e p r i n c i p l e s , a n d I n 4-70 ; t h e b u s i n e s s o f a t t a c k i n g e a c h p r o b le m r a t i o n a l l y a n d j I s y s t e m a t i c a l l y ( 1 0 3 : 5 ) ; h e a l s o n o t e d t h a t a s s i g n m e n t s j I ! 'c o u l d a n d s h o u l d b e e x t e n s i v e , b u t t h a t t h e y h a d t o b e made i i n a c a r e f u l l y g r a d e d o r d e r . T e a c h in g s u c c e s s he r e g a r d e d I a s b e i n g " o f t e n c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e e f f i c i e n c y show n i n i ! p r a c t i c e a s s i g n m e n t s , w i t h k n o w le d g e o f j u s t how much a n d w h a t m a t e r i a l t o a s s i g n " ( 1 0 2 : 1 2 ) . ! ' I I . MEGHAMIGAL AIDS A n u m b er o f p r o m in e n t m u s i c i a n s a l s o saw g r e a t v a l u e i n m e c h a n i c a l a i d s f o r t h e p r a c t i c e p e r i o d . Y oung ! d e c l a r e d , " . . . a f u l l - l e n g t h m i r r o r i s o n e o f my b e s t a s s i s t a n t s " ( 5 9 : 2 3 9 ) * M a t t e m a l s o reco m m en d ed a m i r r o r f o r s e l f s
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Stoner, Paul H.
(author)
Core Title
Recent trends in elementary American string class pedagogy
Degree
Doctor of Musical Arts
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
education,OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
application/pdf
(imt)
Language
English
Contributor
Digitized by ProQuest
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c36-408277
Unique identifier
UC11247803
Identifier
DP29394.pdf (filename),usctheses-c36-408277 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
DP29394.pdf
Dmrecord
408277
Document Type
Dissertation
Format
application/pdf (imt)
Rights
Stoner, Paul H.
Type
texts
Source
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
Tags
education