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Façade retrofit case study: the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building

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Façade retrofit case study: the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building

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Content i FAÇADE RETROFIT CASE STUDY: THE EDITH GREEN-WENDELL WYATT FEDERAL BUILDING by Noah A. Cherner A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE December 2017 Copyright 2017 Noah A. Cherner ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to my father, Henry Cherner who unexpectedly passed away before this manuscript could be completed. Thank you for giving me the courage and strength to pursue my dreams and make them my own reality. iii ABSTRACT The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building is a US General Services Administration (GSA) structure built in 1975 in Portland, Oregon. Its original defining architectural feature was a heavy concrete clad façade with repeated window openings throughout. In 2009, the building was deemed unacceptable according to GSA standards; energy performance was poor, and occupant thermal comfort required heavy heating and cooling of the interior. SERA Architects proposed a façade retrofit to transform the building and make it responsive to current and near- future needs. In 2013, the building reopened with glass curtain walls and iconic shading devices to create a new identify for the historic building. According to published data, this design has improved building performance and increased thermal comfort. It is now considered the template building for efficient office buildings in the United States. The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building has been studied to complete a case study regarding its façade and resulting effects on the building. The pre-existing and deteriorating façade was researched for its unique architectural properties. Using the software suite Ladybug and Honeybee, the built façade and design alternatives are simulated to determine if the facade could have been improved upon. Design criteria include cooling energy, heating energy, source and embodied energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER ONE: CONTEXT ................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Building Skin and Its Role ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 Occupant Thermal Comfort ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2 20 th Century Concrete Clad Buildings ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 The Need for Façade Retrofits ......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building ....................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Curtain Wall Facades ............................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Blast Resistance ......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH BACKGROUND................................................................................ 20 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Retrofitting Terminology ............................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Building Lifespan ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.3 Building Retrofitting Design Process ............................................................................................ 28 2.4 Retrofitting Movements .................................................................................................................. 31 2.4.1 International .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.4.2 United States .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.5 Economic Opportunities of Building Retrofitting ........................................................................ 35 2.5.1 Embodied Energy ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.5.2 Façade Retrofit and Financial Benefits ................................................................................... 36 2.5.3 Improved Comfort ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.6 Architectural Glass ......................................................................................................................... 40 2.6.1 Chemical Substructures ............................................................................................................ 40 2.6.2 Manufacturing Process and Types of Glass ............................................................................. 41 2.6.3 Light, Heat, and Sound ............................................................................................................. 44 v CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 47 3.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 48 3.3 Software ........................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Rhino and Plugins .................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2 Climate Consultant.................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.4 Ladybug, Honeybee ................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.5 EnergyPlus ................................................................................................................................ 51 3.4 Procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 52 3.5 Weighted Rubric Scorecard ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER FOUR: SIMULATION PROCESS ..................................................................................... 57 4.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Overview & Rhino Models ............................................................................................................. 58 4.1.1 As-Built Model .......................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.2 No Shades Model....................................................................................................................... 60 4.1.3 Natural Ventilation Model ........................................................................................................ 61 4.1.4 Custom Build Model ................................................................................................................. 62 4.2 Import Weather Data ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.4 Psychrometric Chart and Design Suggestions .............................................................................. 65 4.5 Import Geometry & Set Zones ...................................................................................................... 66 4.6 Assign Construction Adjacencies and Glazing ............................................................................. 67 4.7 Context ............................................................................................................................................. 69 4.8 Visualize Zones ................................................................................................................................ 70 4.9 Energy Simulation .......................................................................................................................... 71 4.10 Indoor Comfort (PMV) ................................................................................................................ 72 4.11 Photovoltaics .................................................................................................................................. 73 4.13 Daylighting & Glare ..................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS & DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 75 5.1 Total Electrical Energy Load ......................................................................................................... 76 5.2 Cooling Energy ................................................................................................................................ 79 5.2.1 As-Built Model .......................................................................................................................... 79 5.2.2 No Shades Model....................................................................................................................... 81 vi 5.2.3 Natural Ventilation Model ........................................................................................................ 84 5.2.4 Custom Build Model ................................................................................................................. 87 5.2.5 Review ........................................................................................................................................ 89 5.3 Heating Energy ................................................................................................................................ 90 5.3.1 As-Built Model .......................................................................................................................... 90 5.3.2 No Shades Model....................................................................................................................... 93 5.3.3 Natural Ventilation Model ........................................................................................................ 96 5.3.4 Custom Build Model ................................................................................................................. 98 5.3.5 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 101 5.4 Source & Embodied Energy......................................................................................................... 102 5.4.1 As-Built Model ........................................................................................................................ 102 5.4.2 No Shades Model..................................................................................................................... 103 5.4.3 Natural Ventilation Model ...................................................................................................... 103 5.4.4 Custom Build Model ............................................................................................................... 104 5.4.5 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 104 5.5 Thermal Comfort .......................................................................................................................... 106 5.5.1 As-Built Model ........................................................................................................................ 106 5.5.2 No Shades Model..................................................................................................................... 108 5.5.3 Natural Ventilation Model ...................................................................................................... 110 5.5.4 Custom Build Model ............................................................................................................... 112 5.5.5 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 114 5.6 Visual Comfort & Daylighting ..................................................................................................... 115 5.6.2 No Shades Model..................................................................................................................... 118 5.6.3 Natural Ventilation Model ...................................................................................................... 120 5.6.4 Custom Build Model ............................................................................................................... 122 5.6.5 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 124 5.7 Owner/Tenant Intangibles ........................................................................................................... 125 5.7.1 As-Built Model ........................................................................................................................ 125 5.7.2 No Shades Model..................................................................................................................... 125 5.7.3 Natural Ventilation Model ...................................................................................................... 125 5.7.4 Custom Build Model ............................................................................................................... 126 5.7.5 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 126 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 127 vii 6.1 Scorecard Results & Summary of Findings ............................................................................... 127 6.2 Discussion with Project Firm ....................................................................................................... 128 6.3 Future Work .................................................................................................................................. 130 6.3.1 Workflow Improvements ......................................................................................................... 130 6.3.2 Façade by Orientation Study .................................................................................................. 130 6.3.3 Glare ........................................................................................................................................ 131 6.3.4 Blast Resistance ....................................................................................................................... 131 6.3.5 Post Occupancy Evaluation .................................................................................................... 132 6.3.6 Aesthetics ................................................................................................................................. 132 6.4 Closing Remarks ........................................................................................................................... 133 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................... 135 A. Electric Energy Data Sheets by Zone ........................................................................................... 135 A.1 Electric Energy Sheet by Zone – As-Built Model ..................................................................... 135 A.2 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – No Shades Model ........................................................ 138 A.3 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – Natural Ventilation Model ......................................... 141 A.4 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – Custom Build Model ................................................... 144 B. Enlarged Annual Performance Diagrams .................................................................................... 147 B.1 Annual Cooling Performance of Bottom and Top Level Zones .............................................. 147 B.2 Annual Heating Performance of Bottom and Top Level Zones .............................................. 163 B.3 Annual PMV of Bottom and Top Level Zones ......................................................................... 179 B.4 Annual Operative Temperature of Bottom and Top Level Zone ............................................. 195 C. Daylighting Data Sheets by Zone .................................................................................................. 211 C.1 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – As Built Model .................................................................. 211 C.2 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – No Shades Model .............................................................. 231 C.3 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – Natural Ventilation Model ............................................... 252 C.4 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – Custom Build Model ......................................................... 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 293 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Sample Psychrometric Chart Generated from Climate Consultant Software 4 Figure 2 Energy Consumption by Sector 6 Figure 3 Residential End Use 7 Figure 4 Commercial End Use 7 Figure 5 Comparison of Current Building Emissions Against 2050 Total Carbon Budget 9 Figure 6 Building Before and After Retrofit 10 Figure 7 Retrofitted Elevations 11 Figure 8 Building as Seen from Southwest Corner 12 Figure 9 Construction Time-Lapse 13 Figure 10 Shading Device Structure 13 Figure 11 Lobby 14 Figure 12 Lobby Plan 15 Figure 13 Typical Floor Plan 16 Figure 14 Energy Flow through Windows 18 Figure 15 Examples of the Life Span of a Component in Relation to its Performance and Requirements 23 Figure 16 Near Term Recommendations for Building Envelopes 32 Figure 17 Embodied Energy of Building Materials 36 Figure 18 Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton 40 Figure 19 Soda-Lime Float Glass Chemical Structure 41 Figure 20 Float Glass Process 42 Figure 21 Optical and Energy Properties of Glass 45 Figure 22 Web of Scope 47 Figure 23 Methodology Diagram 48 Figure 24 Building Energy Use Comparison 52 Figure 25 Grasshopper Overview 58 Figure 26 Rhino Model with Site Context 58 ix Figure 27 Five Zone Method with South Façade Zone Selected 59 Figure 28a,b As-Built Model 60 Figure 29a,b No Shades Model 60 Figure 30a,b Operable Windows Model 61 Figure 31a,b Custom Build Model 62 Figure 32 Operable EPW File 62 Figure 33 Monthly Diurnal Averages (Dry Bulb & Wet Bulb) 63 Figure 34 Illumination Range 64 Figure 35 Psychometric Chart 65 Figure 36 Select Zone Programs 66 Figure 37 Zone Adjacencies and Construction 67 Figure 38 Zone Loads and Schedule 69 Figure 39 Building Context 69 Figure 40 Solar Panel Brep Geometry 70 Figure 41 Visualize Honeybee Zones 70 Figure 42a,b Visualize Zones 71 Figure 43 Energy Simulation 71 Figure 44 Comfort Analytics 72 Figure 45 Photovoltaics Analysis 73 Figure 46 Illuminance Simulation 73 Figure 47 Glare Simulation 74 Figure 48 Summary of Electrical Energy Use 76 Figure 49a,b,c As-Built Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 79 Figure 49d,e,f,g As-Built Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 79 Figure 50a,b As-Built Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 80 Figure 51 As-Built Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 87 80 Figure No Shades Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged 81 x 52a,b,c Scale Figure 52d,e,f,g No Shades Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 81 Figure 53a,b No Shades Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 82 Figure 54 No Shades Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 79 82 Figure 55a,b,c Natural Ventilation Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 84 Figure 55d,e,f,g Natural Ventilation Model & Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 84 Figure 56a,b Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 85 Figure 57 Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 23 85 Figure 58a,b,c Custom Build Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 87 Figure 58d,e,f,g Custom Build Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 87 Figure 59a,b Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 88 Figure 60 Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 23 88 Figure 61a,b,c As-Built Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 90 Figure 61d,e,f,g As-Built Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 90 Figure 62a,b As-Built Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 91 Figure 63 As-Built Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 91 Figure 64a,b,c No Shades Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 93 Figure 64d,e,f,g No Shades Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 93 Figure 65a,b No Shades Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 94 Figure 66 No Shades Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 94 Figure 67a,b,c Natural Ventilation Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 96 xi Figure 67d,e,f,g Natural Ventilation Model & Heating Energy Visualization by Face 96 Figure 68a,b Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 97 Figure 69 Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 97 Figure 70a,b,c Custom Build Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale 98 Figure 70d,e,f,g Custom Build Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 98 Figure 71a,b Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 99 Figure 72 Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 99 Figure 73a,b,c As-Built Model & PMV Visualization & Enlarged Scale 106 Figure 74a,b As-Built Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 106 Figure 75 As-Built Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 77 106 Figure 76a,b,c No Shades Model & PMV Visualization & Enlarged Scale 108 Figure 77a,b No Shades Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 108 Figure 78 No Shades Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 81 108 Figure 79a,b,c Natural Ventilation Model & PMV Visualization & Enlarged Scale 110 Figure 80a,b Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 110 Figure 81 Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 74 110 Figure 82a,b,c Custom Build Model & PMV Visualization & Enlarged Scale 112 Figure 83a,b Custom Build Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 112 Figure 84 Custom Build Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 23 112 Figure 85a,b,c,d As-Built Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale 116 Figure 86a,b,c,d As-Built Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 116 Figure No Shades Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale 118 xii 87a,b,c,d Figure 88a,b,c,d No Shades Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 118 Figure 89a,b,c,d Natural Ventilation Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale 120 Figure 90a,b,c,d Natural Ventilation Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 120 Figure 91a,b,c,d Custom Build Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale 122 Figure 92a,b,c,d Custom Build Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 122 xiii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector 6 Table 2 Commercial Building Median Lifetimes 24 Table 3 Material Lifespans 25 Table 4 ASHRAE HVAC Life Expectancy 26 Table 5 Planning Work Required in Comparison to New Construction 28 Table 6 LEED Certification Scale 33 Table 7 Reduced Energy Use in LEED Buildings as Compared with Conventional Buildings 37 Table 8 Financial Benefits of Green Buildings 38 Table 9 Design Intent, Criteria, and Tools 49 Table 10 Façade Scorecard 56 Table 11 Rubric of Performance 75 Table 12 Summary of Electrical Energy Use 76 Table 13 As-Built Model Electrical Energy Use by Face 78 Table 14 No Shades Model Electrical Energy Use by Face 78 Table 15 Natural Ventilation Model Electrical Energy Use by Face 78 Table 16 Custom Build Model Electrical Energy Use by Face 78 Table 17 Scored Rubric for Total Electrical Energy Load 78 Table 18 As-Built Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation 82 Table 19 No Shades Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation 82 Table 20 Percent Cooling Energy Saved in As-Built Model in Comparison to No Shades Model 83 Table 21 Natural Ventilation Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation 85 Table 22 Percent Cooling Energy Saved in Natural Ventilation Model in Comparison to As-Built Model 86 Table 23 Custom Build Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation 88 Table 24 Review of Cooling Energy Visualizations 89 Table 25 Scored Rubric for Cooling Energy Load 89 xiv Table 26 As-Built Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation 91 Table 27 No Shades Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation 94 Table 28 Percent Heating Energy Saved in No Shades Model by Solar Heat Gain 95 Table 29 Natural Ventilation Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation 97 Table 30 Custom Build Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation 99 Table 31 Review of Heating Energy Visualizations 101 Table 32 Scored Rubric for Heating Energy Load 101 Table 33 Source Energy and Emissions for As-Built Model 102 Table 34 Source Energy and Emissions for No Shades Model 103 Table 35 Source Energy and Emissions for Natural Ventilation Model 103 Table 36 Source Energy and Emissions for Custom Build Model 104 Table 37 Review of Annual Source & Embodied Energy Results 104 Table 38 Scored Rubric for Source & Embodied Energy 105 Table 39 As-Built Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation 107 Table 40 As-Built Model Operative Temperatures by Zone Orientation 107 Table 41 No Shades Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation 109 Table 42 No Shades Model Operative Temperatures by Zone Orientation 109 Table 43 Natural Ventilation Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation 111 Table 44 Natural Ventilation Model Operative Temperatures by Zone Orientation 111 Table 45 Custom Build Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation 113 Table 46 Custom Build Model Operative Temperatures by Zone Orientation 113 Table 47 Review of PMV Comfort by Percentage in Comfort Zone 114 Table 48 Scored Rubric for Thermal Comfort 114 Table 49 As Built Summer Daylighting Summary 116 Table 50 As Built Winter Daylighting Summary 117 Table 51 No Shades Summer Daylighting Summary 118 Table 52 No Shades Winter Daylighting Summary 119 Table 53 Natural Ventilation Summer Daylighting Summary 120 xv Table 54 Natural Ventilation Winter Daylighting Summary 121 Table 55 Custom Build Summer Daylighting Summary 122 Table 56 Custom Build Winter Daylighting Summary 123 Table 57 Natural Daylighting Review 124 Table 58 Scored Rubric for Natural Daylighting 124 Table 59 Benefits and Costs of As-Built Model 125 Table 60 Benefits and Costs of No Shades Model 125 Table 61 Benefits and Costs of Natural Ventilation Model 125 Table 62 Benefits and Costs of Custom Build Model 126 Table 63 Unscored Rubric for Intangibles 126 Table 64 Scored Rubric of Performance 127 1 CHAPTER ONE: CONTEXT 1.0 Introduction In this chapter, the topic of façade retrofitting is presented. This includes an overview of the purpose of the building skin and its history in the last century, as well as the projected requirements in the years to come. The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt (EGWW) Federal Building is also introduced, in both its former and current retrofitted states. 2 1.1 The Building Skin and Its Role A typical generic building can be thought as having six facades: a roof, four walls, and a base. The design and assembly of these components has a direct effect on the thermal comfort of its residents and also the energy performance of the building. If designed well, the enclosure will properly insulate a building; that is, it will help keep building occupants comfortably warm in the winter and cool in the summer. A successful façade will also prevent moisture and pests from penetrating the integrity of the structure. If designed poorly, the occupants of the building may rely heavily on active heating and cooling systems to maintain thermal comfort. This can result in high consumption of energy resources, which is why it is crucial for designers to take advantage of passive design opportunities. These strategies seek to orient features of the design with the natural environmental so that the building stays within a thermal range on its own. For example, in the northern hemisphere orienting windows to the south of a façade can gather substantial daylight and heat to reduce or avoid the need for electricity for lighting units and heating systems. If a façade is poorly designed or not well maintained, it may fail. The failure of a façade can be catastrophic, exposing the interior of a building to the outdoor climate. Common failures include: material failure, direct heat gain, thermal bridges, and moisture infiltration (Martinez Arias, 2013). Of course, these failures should be avoided by all means possible. Also, as a façade ages, it becomes susceptible to failure by degradation. The assessment of the point of failure can be a difficult process without the ability to tear open the façade. In a fully built and operating structure, it can be difficult or inappropriate to investigate by demolition because of the disturbance to the tenant. A specialist should conduct a forensic investigation to identify the source of failure and suggest a form of remediation. When this occurs, a façade retrofit should be considered. By definition, the act of a retrofit is to improve the existing condition through the addition of a new feature. In architecture this can occur on a multitude of scales; it can be the replacement of a component, an upgrade to the system, or an entire overhaul of the façade. While residential structures can simply replace materials and small details relatively quickly, it is within larger commercial structures that a façade retrofit may include a complete redesign of a building’s 3 appearance. This includes materials, architectural identity, and mechanical systems. These improvements are beneficial all-around, albeit an expensive endeavor. Though the façade retrofit may be intended to improve upon the building’s performance, it may also be used as a tool to modernize the perception of the building in the public eye, possibly resulting in higher rent opportunities for the owner. In today’s culture, it has become increasingly attractive for companies to occupy “green” spaces, and they are willing to spend additional money to acquire these spaces. For the owner, the retrofit brings an opportunity to pay itself off within a certain amount of time as a business investment (Appelbaum, 2008). 1.1.1 Occupant Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort, or human comfort, is one of the most important goals in improving a building’s façade for energy performance. If thermal comfort is adequate, active heating or cooling systems can be reduced or omitted from daily use; hence, less energy is consumed. Therefore, it is key that passive design strategies keep occupants comfortable during the many seasons of the year. There are six main factors to consider for thermal comfort (Sustainability Workshop 2017):  Metabolic rate: the rate at which a human physiologically and chemically creates energy.  Clothing insulation: the warmth provided by a person’s attire.  Air temperature: the temperature of the immediate space around a person.  Radiant temperature: an average of all surface temperatures in the vicinity of a person, including the sun.  Air velocity: the speed of air movement.  Relative humidity: amount of water vapor present. Each of these factors can change based on the season or work location within the building. Of course, human comfort is not an objective target because each person may have preference for certain climatic conditions, or have a personal condition with the metabolic rate and clothing insulation factors above. However, there is a range that the climate must fall within to be considered comfortable to the general public. 4 One method for visualizing the comfort zone of a region is to plot data on a psychrometric chart. This visual representation compares a location’s wet and dry bulb temperatures, humidity, enthalpy, and air density. Once graphed, it becomes straightforward to identify the comfort zones and select passive design strategies to heat and cool a building. If data falls too far to any direction outside of the comfort zone, it becomes clear which metric must be altered to fall within occupant comfort. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 is a professional standard that sets requirements for human comfort in indoor spaces. Its goal is “to specify the combinations of indoor space environment and personal factors that will produce thermal environmental conditions acceptable to 80% or more of the occupants within a space” (ASHRAE 1992). Last updated in 2013, it is reviewed by a team of specialists in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers who adapt it to the needs of the public. One of the accepted methods for evaluation is the Graphic Comfort Zone Method, which utilizes a psychrometric chart. Murray Milne at UCLA has created a software tool, Climate Consultant, which analyzes a weather file in order to generate a psychrometric chart and comfort zone to meet the standard (Energy Design Tools Group). Figure 1 – Sample Psychrometric Chart Generated from Climate Consultant Software 5 1.2 20 th Century Concrete Clad Buildings In the mid-20 th century, precast concrete cladding was a popular choice for a commercial building’s exterior enclosure. It is still a common construction choice today because of its many advantages, including design customizability, durability, construction speed, and efficiency. Precast concrete has the ability to take on many shapes, textures, and colors for the designer, and requires little maintenance over the years. When concrete ages, the weathered appearance typically accentuates the building. Also, precast concrete clad buildings can be built quickly because of the ability to construct without scaffolding or formwork. The schedule is also drastically accelerated with offsite prefabrication and onsite crane-assisted assembly. Lastly, many concrete clad office buildings feature recessed windows with inherent vertical fins, protecting the glass from glare and solar gain (Techcrete, 2017). The 1970s were a critical point in the history of concrete clad office buildings. At this time, the open-plan layout became widespread across many companys’ working environments. To promote open communication, building stories would remain open with flexible and movable seating arrangements (cubicles) for employees. Only senior executives would possess their own permanent and private offices. Many of these buildings still exist today, and this style may resonate with many as a stereotypical office configuration. The stereotype association is often also associated with poor office morale and heavy energy use. The poor office morale is a result of corporate structure influencing office layouts, and the many noises and distractions associated with sharing a common space with so many coworkers (Giebeler, 189). Many of these large spaces required heavy HVAC and lighting; however this was not a critical issue during this era when energy was cheap. In turn, many concrete clad office buildings did not utilize sufficient exterior insulation or double glazing until the end of the ‘70s (Giebeler, 190). Such plans did provide opportunities for daylighting, since natural light could be brought in from side fenestration. Over time, many of these structures were damaged due to rusting and corrosion. Carbonation caused the pH value of concrete to drop, resulting in steel corrosion and the breaking of surrounding concrete. The combination of this, single glazing, and no insulation resulted in higher load dependency for HVAC units within the office space. Over time, the cost of energy has risen while many of these structures have remained in operation (Giebeler, 200). Likewise, 6 new green and trendy office structures have emerged throughout urban areas, leaving concrete clad structures to develop the reputation which they are known for today. 1.3 The Need for Façade Retrofits Buildings account for 40% of the United States’ energy consumption, and one-third of the world’s energy consumption (U.S. Department of Energy 2013). The Rocky Mountain Institute, a nonprofit organization focusing on preserving natural resources, has published data suggesting that buildings account for 55% of gas and 68% of coal consumption in the United States. If this were to be broken down between residential and commercial buildings, the U.S. Department of Energy would suggest that space heating is the most common end-use for residential buildings, while lighting is the most common for commercial (Rocky Mountain Institute 2010). The data is presented as such: Table 1 – Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector (based U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013) Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector (trillion Btu) End Use Sector 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Residential 16,843 17,142 17,519 16,990 16,215 Commercial 15,082 15,149 15,082 14,723 14,406 Industrial 25,456 26,135 26,260 25,958 25,666 Transportation 23,286 22,859 22,458 22,291 21,984 Primary Total 80,681 81,306 81,330 79,962 78,273 Figure 2 – Energy Consumption by Sector – U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013 7 Figure 3 – Residential End Use (based on U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013) Figure 4 – Commercial End Use (based on U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013) Space Heating 25% Space Cooling 13% Water Heating 12% Lighting 12% Electronics 8% Refrigeration 8% Wet Clean 6% Cooking 5% Computers 1% Other 4% Adjust to SEDS 6% Residential End Use Space Heating 12% Space Cooling 12% Water Heating 6% Lighting 25% Electronics 8% Refrigeration 4% Ventilation 6% Cooking 2% Computers 4% Other 13% Adjust to SEDS 8% Commercial End Use 8 In an era of continuing population growth with limited natural resources, it is becoming increasingly imperative to create and implement building solutions that rely less on finite sources of power, natural gasses, and water. New buildings can lead by example with innovative technological breakthroughs, but it is far more important to repair the millions of existing structures for sustainable operation. No amount of new construction can offset the inefficiencies of countless older existing buildings across the United States. To truly remediate the built environment, the owners must take advantage of the opportunities to retrofit outdated architectural and operational systems. Many locations around the world have taken initiative to be leaders in energy efficiency programs. California, for example, has adopted a climate strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by the year 2030. This includes 50% of all energy coming from renewable sources, a 50% reduction in petroleum use in vehicles, and 100% increase of energy savings on existing buildings (“Governor’s Pillars”). By 2050, the established goal is for greenhouse gas usage levels to be 80% lower than 1990 levels. As a country, the Obama Administration has committed the United States to a 50% clean power generation by 2025 (Furman 2016). A large amount of climate pollution is generated from furnaces and hot water heaters consuming carbon in the form of natural gases, and propane. As a result, carbon dioxide is released into the air contributing to global warming. Even worse, electrical heating and cooling still depends on power generated by fossil fuels, often at only 30% efficiency, producing even more carbon dioxide. To combat environmental impact, targets for building consumption have been established for years to come through 2050. The United States government has pledged to reduce its emissions 1.2% per year between 2005 and 2020, and 2.3-2.8% per year between 2020 and 2025 (NRDC 2017). Many older structures were not built with sustainable technology and must be modernized to adhere to necessary future environmental standards. It is important to note that “classic” vehicles were also built with non-sustainable technology that pollutes the air, and the auto industry has made major strides to improve the green technology of vehicles. For reference of carbon pollution goals, please see the following chart (in which red represents only today’s building emission, while gray represents all emissions in 2050). Clearly, all industries must cut emissions to fit within that goal if today’s building emissions accounts for 80% of the goal alone. 9 Figure 5 – Comparison of Current Building Emissions against 2050 Total Carbon Budget (based on National Resource Defense Council, 2016) 1.4 The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building Built in 1974, the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building stands 18 stories tall as a General Services Administration (GSA) building in Portland, Oregon. It is the largest federal building in Oregon, with approximately 525,000 gross square feet of space. It was announced in 2009 that $133 million would be spent to modernize the building after 39 years of continual deterioration of the façade and poor building performance. The design of the project was completed by SERA Architects in 2009, consisting of a new and efficient dual-curtain-wall layer around the existing building. The new building was designed to achieve LEED Platinum Certification by reducing energy usage by approximately 50% total. Some of the other plans to achieve this include new elevators, solar panels, shading systems, and lighting systems (AIA Top Ten). The project’s construction had begun in 2010 with contractor Howard S. Wright Construction. Costs were funded by the American Recovery and Investment Act of 2009, with goals of creating new jobs, enhancing the economy, and improving building efficiency of federal buildings. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2050 Carbon Budget for All Emissions Today's Emissions from Buildings Million Metric Tons (MMt) of CO2 Current Emissions against 2050 Total Carbon Budget 10 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building Architect: Cutler Anderson / SERA Architets Contractor: Howard S. Wright Construction Structural/Civil: KPFF Consulting Engineerings Construction Manager: General Services Administration Figure 6 – Building Before and After Retrofit – American Institute of Architects 11 Proposed Façade Retrofit The proposed façade is shown in the images below. For the main body of the building, curtain wall units will re-clad the existing building skeleton. Unique, arc-shaped shading devices on the south, west, and east facades respond to sun conditions. They are formed with interconnecting aluminum reeds connecting to a steel structure. At the top of the building, a new 13,000 square foot solar panel roof will absorb sunlight, producing 3% of the building’s annual energy requirements (GSA). The finished product became an aesthetically pleasing new look for the historic building, setting an example for environmental change in buildings through the 2050 efficiency goals. According to GSA standards, the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building was failing for fossil fuel emissions, and the retrofit sought to lower the need for furnace or hot water heating by using passive design strategies as well as switching to electric or other efficient appliances. While promoting better efficiency, the proposed façade improves blast-resistance and showcases efficient use of thermal glare strategies. Figure 7 – Retrofitted Elevations – American Institute of Architects 12 Figure 8 – Building as Seen from Southwest Corner 13 Figure 9 – Construction Time-Lapse – American Institute of Architects Figure 10 – Shading Device Structure 14 Figure 11 – Lobby Site and Floor Plans The Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Building is located at 1220 SW 3 rd Ave in Downtown Portland, representing a latitude of 45.5144 and longitude of -122.677. The building footprint is 140 feet by 175 ft. The aluminum shading structures are located on the building’s northwestern face, with vegetation on all sides of the building. The Willamette River and Hawthorne Bridge are three blocks east of the building. In this district, typical street blocks are occupied by a single skyscraper. The structure’s immediate neighbors are four office buildings, a parking structure, and an apartment complex. To the north and west of the building are three connected parks: Chapman Square, Lownsdale Square, and Terry Schrunk Plaza. The building is within a few minutes walking distance from Portland bus stops supporting lines 6, 15, and 51. 15 Figure 12 – Lobby Plan The core of the building’s floor plans features the elevators, staircases, restrooms, electrical, mechanical, and service areas. Surrounding the core are wall-enclosed rooms, including offices, conferences, breakrooms, libraries, and storage. Additional offices and conference rooms are located on the northwest face of the building, with glass walls allowing for light into the hallways. The rest of a typical floor plan features open cubicles dispersed around the other three faces of the building. The roof of the building features HVAC air handler units over the core of the building, and an array of solar panels covering the remaining areas. 16 Figure 13 – Typical Floor Plan 1.4.1 Curtain Wall Facades The iconic feature of the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building’s retrofit is the addition of a curtain wall system. Typically speaking, a curtain wall is a predominantly glass skin technology for cladding building facades. The panes of curtain wall are hung from the structure and connected to floor slabs, not sustaining any dead loads from the structural elements of the building. A mullion system holds them together in place, and blocks air and water from entering at the boundaries of the glass. Curtain walls are highly customized due to the many unique design needs across the world. There is a variety of structural systems, glass types, and frit 17 patterns able to accommodate a plethora of environments. Within any building, curtain walls must be designed to withstand thermal expansion, settlement, deflection, daylighting, and meet other performance goals as it operates and ages (“Custom Curtainwall,” Enclos). The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building utilizes a custom unitized curtain wall suspended around the south, west, and east faces of the structure. The construction includes many repeating units that will assemble together to form the completed product. Each unit is prefabricated and glazed in a factory before being brought onsite. With such a system, the construction schedule is easily phased with the building still able to internally operate with exterior construction at work (Sera Architects). 1.4.2 Blast Resistance In today’s world of unpredictable attacks and accidents, it is crucial that buildings are able to withstand blasts and explosions. Though it is impossible to achieve 100% protection, there are many strategies available to reduce exposure and increase occupants’ safety. In a building with ample glass, much consideration should be placed on the primary and secondary fragments of a blast, that is glass shards and rock that thrust at high speeds. In any building, structural collapse due to a blast can fatal. Since the September 11 th attacks, more protection requirements have been put in place for governmental buildings. Structures are now designed to meet pressures achieved from charge weight and standoff distance. Charge weight is the equivalent pounds or kilograms of the explosion, while standoff is the horizontal distance of the explosion to the structure. When a blast occurs, the pressure quickly rises to its peak and cools to a negative pressure (air filling void) before reaching equilibrium (Graham Architectural Products, 2017). The Edith Green- Wendell Wyatt Federal Building has become more blast-resistant with its new façade. Laminated glass is able to resist blasts, hurricanes, and bullets, though it is not invulnerable to any of these. The film is applied to inside of glass panels in order to retain glass fragments in a blast. Over time, the glass may become yellow, but there are options to tint glass to prevent unwanted 18 aesthetics. In the Green-Wyatt building, the glass curtain wall will protect the structure in the event of a blast. It acts as a double protection. 1.4.3 Windows, Heat, and Thermal Glare In any building, windows allow light to enter the building and sometimes radiate and heat the interior. When sunlight enters the building directly, glare can create uncomfortable visual experiences for occupants. Direct sunlight also allows solar heat to pass through the building and dramatically warm the room temperature. Indirect, or diffused, daylight is more ideal for both visual and thermal comfort of the building (Yong Suk). Figure 14 – Energy Flow through Windows – A Sustainable Future, Los Angeles Trade and Technical College When designing for daylight, it is also important to understand the motion of the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west on a daily basis, but varies in the tilt of its vertical axis around an annual cycle. The winter and summer solstices represent the most extreme angles. During the summer, the sun will be at a higher angle, and during the winter it will be at a lower angle. This results in the sun rising North of East in the summer and South of East in the winter. Passive design utilizes these predictable movements to maximize natural forms of heating and cooling between the seasons. 19 Because the Green-Wyatt Building will be covered in a curtain wall system, it is important to determine how light will penetrate the building. If designed improperly, glare and heat gain will torment the occupants. However, there are also opportunities for light to passively enter the building with heat properly transferred for comfortable temperatures. 20 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH BACKGROUND 2.0 Introduction One measure of the effectiveness of a façade retrofit can be determined by a comparative analysis of energy use. That is, the success of the project should show a net reduction in energy use in comparison to the original building skin. A greater percent difference of energy correlates to the more effective projects. There are other methods to test the effectiveness of a façade retrofit, including adherence to certain design and performance goals. A comparative analysis, though, will allow the researcher to carefully analyze particular aspects of the building in the states before and after the retrofitting project. In a same-end use situation, this data isolates the variables in a controlled simulation. In order to fully understand the retrofit project, data cannot be observed alone. One must ask a plethora of questions in regards to how and why the data fits into a cultural and technological timeline of architecture. How long does a building live? Which components of a building can be reused? Are countries around the world embracing the idea of retrofitting? How are designs influenced? And though the concept of a retrofit is beneficial in theory, to what extent can a retrofit save owners money? 21 2.1 Retrofitting Terminology According to a typical dictionary, the word ‘retrofit’ means “to furnish with new or modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of [original] manufacture” (Merriam Webster). In the context of buildings, a retrofit is not as easily defined as to what it is, but rather what it can be. In theory, this is vague and impractical. However, in practice it is a realistic spectrum of possibility. In Georg Giebeler’s book Refurbishment Manual, he explains that this is a purposeful concept: “There are several reasons for this vagueness. On the one hand, the degree of change, compared to the extent of the building fabric to be retained, varies greatly – from minor repairs to total refurbishment of the entire building. On the other hand, the intervention in the existing building fabric is carried out for totally different reasons – aesthetic, technical or functional. In addition, a “traditionally” imprecise choice of words makes it impossible to assign the words exactly to the measures involved” (Giebeler, 10). A retrofit can be considered a ‘second-chance’ at construction years later to improve the building. It is an opportunity to update the existing building to respond to new considerations that may have been overlooked or considered unimportant upon original design, or unforeseen considerations that have only manifested through operational use over time. With these opportunities usually comes the modernization of the building, which is typically linked to increasing aesthetic, comfort, and environmental efficiency of the building. Modernization is an excellent selling point to potential tenants of a structure, and often an incentive for owners to invest more money into a retrofitting project. 22 Because of the many purposes of a retrofit, it can occur on a series of scales. It can occur on a very specific part of a building, called a partial retrofit. It can occur across the building focusing on a common element (like a rewiring implementation for security systems), which is a normal retrofit. It can also reconstruct the entire building from the existing skeleton, the component with the longest lasting lifespan and can easily be repurposed. This form is referred to as a total retrofit. Understanding the end-use of a retrofit is important for terminology. Certain retrofitting projects change the end-use of the structure and repurpose the building classification. These types of retrofits are called conversions, as opposed to renovations or refurbishments where the building is updated to maintain the same purpose. To distinguish the latter two, a renovation is a repair that restores but does not change the building. A refurbishment will involve the replacement of older systems with newer ones, or show some other aesthetic difference. For the purposes of this study, a façade retrofit is most-easily compared to a total refurbishment of a structure because it involves the upgrading of systems and often-times an accompanying aesthetic change. 23 2.2 Building Lifespan Figure 15 – Examples of the Life Span of a Component in Relation to its Performance and Requirements – Damen Consultants The number of years a building can last before it reaches the end of its lifetime depends on many factors. In the most general of definitions, the lifespan of a building is the same as the period a building can perform to meet its requirements. However, that definition becomes troublesome when the requirements of performance change over time. To ease the ability to communicate building lifespans, different definitions have been derived to account for the many factors affecting a building over time. The different kinds of building lifespan can be defined as follows: Economic Life: the timespan in which the building provides financial benefit to the owner. Service life (or Useful Life): the timespan in which the building performs its intended function. Technological life: the timespan in which the building meets occupants’ expectations. Design life: the owner’s desired lifespan of the building, of which the engineers will design to. (University College London) Of the above definitions, the service life is the most difficult to quantify as it occurs years later than the other lifetime definitions. For financial reasons, owners are more likely to sell, abandon, or demolish buildings at the end of their economic life, which is typically not long after 24 conclusion of the technological life. Because buildings are demolished before the end of their service life, it is therefore typically an estimated quantity. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has conducted research for the U.S. Department of Energy estimating the median lifespan of a commercial building to last between 70 and 75 years. Delving further into building end-use classification, the PNNL has estimated as follows (DOE): Table 2 – Commercial Building Median Lifetimes (Adopted from DOE) Building Type 33% of Population Reaches Service Life (Years) Median Lifespan of Building Type (Years) 66% of Population Reaches Service Life (Years) Assembly 40 55 75 Education 45 62 86 Food Sales 41 55 74 Food Service 35 50 71 Health Care 42 55 73 Large Office 46 65 92 Mercantile & Service 36 50 69 Small Office 41 58 82 Warehouse 41 58 82 Lodging 38 53 74 Other 44 60 81 This data implies two crucial questions: how can these lifespans be extended? Additionally, how can owners guarantee that 100% of all buildings will reach the lifespan that only one-third of buildings reach today, if not further? The answers are simple: refurbishment, restoration, and retrofit. Of course, these often occur to specific systems of a building. The PNNL study analyzes the holistic life of a building, but a building can be divided into many systems and parts that each have their own lifespan. Proper maintenance and repair is crucial to the lifespan of the overall structure because unintended penetration of any kind can affect degradation of other systems. 25 Table 3 – Material Lifespans (based International Association of Certified Home Inspectors, 2009) Material Lifespans FRAMING YEARS Concrete Systems >100 Steel >100 Timber >100 TECHNOLOGY YEARS Audio, Intercoms, Security 20 Smoke/Heat Detectors <10 INSULATION YEARS Batt, Wool, and Fiberglass <100 Felt 15-30 PLUMBING YEARS ABS and PVC Pipe 50-80 Copper Pipe 70 Concrete Pipe >100 ROOFING YEARS Asphalt, Coal, and Tar 30 Metal 40 to 80 Wood 30 WINDOWS YEARS Aluminum 15 to 20 Glazing >10 Wood >30 Vinyl 20 to 40 26 Table 4 –HVAC Life Expectancy (based on ASHRAE) ASHRAE Equipment Life Expectancy Equipment Item Median Years Equipment Item Median Years Equipment Item Median Years Air Conditioners Air Terminals Air-Cooled Condensers 20 Window Unit 10 Diffusers, grilles, and registers 27 Evaporative Condensers 20 Residential Single or Split Package 15 Induction and Fan Coil Units 20 Insulation Commercial through-the Wall 15 VAV and Double-Duct Boxes 20 Molded 20 Water- Cooled Package 15 Air Washers 17 Blanket 24 Heat Pumps Ductwork 30 Pumps Residential Air-to-Air 15 Dampers 20 Base- Mounted 20 Commercial Air-to-Air 15 Fans Pipe- Mounted 10 Commercial Water-to-Air 19 Centrifugal 25 Sump and Well Condensate 15 10 Rooftop Air Conditioners Axial 20 Reciprocating Engines 20 Single Zone 15 Propeller 15 Steam Turbines 30 Multi Zone 15 Ventilating Roof- Mounted 20 Electric Motors 18 Boilers, Hot Water (Steam) Coils Motor Starters 17 Steel Water- Tube 24 (30) DX, Water, or Steam 20 Electric Transformers 30 Steel Fire- Tube 25 (25) Electric 15 Controls Cast Iron 35 (30) Heat Exchangers Pneumatic 20 Electric 15 Shell-and- Tube 24 Electric 16 Burners 21 Reciprocating Compressors 20 Electronic 15 Furnaces Packaged Chillers Valve Actuators Gas or Oil- Fired 18 Reciprocating 20 Hydraulic 15 Unit Heaters Centrifugal 23 Pneumatic 20 Gas or Electric 13 Absorption 23 Self- Contained 10 Hot Water or Steam 20 Cooling Towers Radiant Heaters Galvanized Metal 20 Electric 10 Wood 20 Hot Water or Steam 25 Ceramic 34 27 If well maintained, the framing of a structure often has the longest life expectancy of the entire structure (True Professionals, Inc). For retrofit purposes, this allows designers to utilize the existing skeleton without having to completely demolish the structure (building codes may prompt certain modifications, though). However, it is the other systems of the structure that dominate overall building lifespan. As technology has evolved, buildings have become increasingly more complex with more systems integrated. Likewise, some systems have become obsolete. It is not uncommon for manufactures to discontinue to replace systems that integrated into building systems, and this phenomenon prompts the need for redesign or retrofit. It could be easily argued that although technological breakthrough has allowed structures to better withstand time and natural disaster, it has also shortened building lifespan by spoiling humanity with additional needs which require more frequent upkeep. This is not to say that thermal comfort is an unnecessary building system, but it does point out that simple 200-year old log cabins still operate as they were originally intended because they do not rely on constant innovation. HVAC is one of the most crucial systems in a modern building. HVAC has a particularly shorter lifespan than other systems, usually reaching its lifespan after 20-30 years depending on the specific system implemented (ASHRAE). 28 2.3 Building Retrofitting Design Process Similar to new construction, a retrofitting project will begin when a new opportunity for investment reveals itself to a building owner or operator. However, a retrofitting project acknowledges existing conditions more strictly. There is less opportunity for “blue sky” creativity because the end-structure is often tied to many of the structural constraints of the original structure. The most common considerations for a retrofitting are blast and fire resistance upgrades, aesthetic changes, structural enhancements, or energy efficiency improvements. Many of these can be associated with the refurbishment or conversion of an existing building so that an owner can restart a building’s economic life. Table 5 - Planning Work Required in Comparison to New Construction - Giebeler. 29 2.3.1 Analysis, Evaluation, and Planning From this point forward, the process for a total refurbishment will be discussed. After the initial idea is proposed by the owner, the planning process will begin. Analysis is the first step, and perhaps the only step that will span the entirety of the project. It is an ongoing investigation of the building’s existing construction and conditions. Though it is impossible for an architect or consultant to analyze the entire building, key points must be prioritized over extraneous information (Giebeler 24). Of course, key points will vary between projects due to different scopes of work. Additionally, the majority of analysis should be frontloaded to the beginning of the project. An early thorough analysis is critical in developing reliable budgets and schedules for the project. Otherwise, unforeseen conditions may occur and delay the project due to ample field directives and change orders with the contractor. Associated with the delay is added costs to the owner, who is more inclined to possess more accurate financial estimates before construction begins. Lastly, as-built drawings of the structure should be acquired and updated as more information is uncovered. Often, small inconsistencies can occur when a building has experienced sufficient settlement or creep. Right angles may not be perfect, or roof slopes have increased over time. Many of these detailed measurements can be ignored (Giebeler 26). Still, it is within good practice to measure the entire building to verify that it was constructed according to plan. The risk of unintentionally damaging a utility during demolition can make the act of assuming expensive. The direct result of analysis is evaluation. It is at this point that all observations contribute to the feasibility of the potential project. Reuse and materiality is also considered for the existing building components within the new building. Only then can the architect determine if the building can successfully accommodate the desired needs of the refurbishment. In other words, evaluation is the step that determines the owner’s willingness to invest in the total refurbishment. The planning of a total refurbishment is both similar to and different from new construction. On one hand, deadlines and budgets will likely govern much of the project. On the other hand, a tangible building already exists. This allows for extremely specific questions and concerns to be raised by the owner and architect at very early stages. Every answer should contribute to 30 answering the question, “Is this project worth it?” (Giebeler, 29). From this point on, a design team is formed for preliminary planning to develop working designs and delve into the added costs of additional load bearing, if any. As a design is finished, an estimate is usually formed. The permits should seek approval, and a contract should be bid upon and awarded. From construction onward, the process is very similar to new construction. However, in planning it should be expected to have additional site supervision by the owner’s team in order to avoid any “surprises” on-site. Especially when building components are sought for reuse, supervision is required to properly protect-in-place certain elements. 31 2.4 Retrofitting Movements While the concept of modifying an existing building is nothing new, the concept of retrofitting a building to promote passive design strategy and energy use is a newer movement within sustainability. Many countries around the world have begun to create efforts limiting carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Likewise, organizations and communities have formed to promote these initiatives and dedicate studies towards research on the topic. 2.4.1 International The European Union has set for itself the Energy Roadmap to 2050. Its goal is “reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% when compared to 1990 levels by 2050” (2050 Energy Strategy - Energy). One of the routes involves the decarbonizing of energy systems, which includes buildings. Additionally, Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) of 2010 has been updated to include retrofitting projects. Under the original directive, EU countries were required to aim for all new construction to be nearly net-zero by the end of 2020. Public structures are required to reach this goal by 2018. In 2016, the directive was expanded to encourage governments to renovate 3% of existing federal buildings to better promote energy absorption. Additionally, the directive prohibits governments from purchasing inefficient buildings to bypass the directive ("Buildings - Energy"). A notable organization is the International Energy Agency (IEA), which was established in France following the 1973 Oil Crisis. Its mission statement is to “ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its 29 member countries,” which include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, and other world leaders (IEA 2). In 2013, the IEA published the Transition to Sustainable Buildings: Strategies and Opportunities to 2050 to promote sustainable energy policies within the building sectors of its participating countries. This publication details energy goals through 2050, as well as various strategies and cost-effective options. One of the listed strategies is the implementation of advanced building envelopes. 32 The IEA estimates that 50% of today’s building stock will remain standing in 2050, the target year for many initiatives. It is also estimated that the entirety of buildings around the world will experience some form of refurbishment within the next 65 years (IEA 119). And although it is estimated that these retrofits will cost nearly 12 trillion US dollars, the savings would “more than offset the additional investment costs” (IEA 25). The main visions to achieve this goal are to enforce policy for building codes in developing countries, encourage residential homeowners to retrofit buildings every 30 years, and to take advantage of free sunlight in building design. Effective usage of thermal mass, insulation, shading, reflective surfaces, and natural ventilation are underutilized principles that can reduce reliance on heating and lighting when properly coordinated with the behaviors of the sun (IEA 120). Figure 16 - Near-Term Recommendations for Building Envelopes - IEA pg. 117 One of the IEA’s recent programs was Annex 46: Holistic Assessment Took-Kit on Energy Efficient Retrofit Measures for Government Buildings (EnERGO). The purpose of the program was to “influence the decision-making process in the retrofit of public and governmental buildings, which determines the use of energy-saving measures in building retrofits” (Zhivov). Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the United States have participated in EnERGO. The result of the initiative is a software and best-practices guide to enlighten users with necessary operations and maintenance information. 33 2.4.2 United States The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) was founded in 1993 as a private non-profit organization promoting sustainability in building design and construction. The USGBC has publicized its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program to become one of the most well-known green building certification programs. The certification is based upon a series of criterion associated with a point scale. There is a 110 point scale, and the building’s score determines the certification level (USGBC, "Guide to LEED Certification"). In 2009, LEED implemented a program for the certification existing buildings. The FBI Regional Headquarters in Chicago was the first building to receive a platinum rating for an existing building retrofit, with other projects like the Empire State Building retrofit following soon after. Table 6 - LEED Certification Scale (based on USGBC) Points Certification 40+ Certified 50+ Silver 60+ Gold 80+ Platinum The US Department of Energy (DOE) has provided ample research and discoveries in the topic of energy performance within the building sector. The Building Technologies office division has developed cost-effective recommendations to save energy in both residential and commercial buildings. One of the ambitious goals of the DOE is the Zero Net Energy Initiative, an expansion of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) signed by former President Bush in 2007. The act was originally intended to increase the efficiency of buildings and vehicles, as well as improve the energy standards of the US government. The initiative has specified three aspiring targets for energy efficiency: net zero energy for all new commercial buildings in 2030, net zero energy for 50% of United States commercial building stock by 2040, and net zero for all United States commercial building stock by 2050 (EPA). In 2002, architect Edward Mazria founded Architecture 2030, a non-profit organization that seeks to “rapidly transform the built environment from the major contributor of greenhouse gas 34 (GHG) emissions to a central part of the solution to the climate crisis” (Architecture 2030). The organization founded the 2030 Challenge, a request to architects of the world to embrace goals for new construction and refurbishments. The American Institute of Architects, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, US federal government, and many architectural design firms have adopted the 2030 Challenge. An outcome of the challenge has been the emergence of zero net energy buildings, both commercial and residential, on the market as operational buildings and no longer prototype exhibits. The specific goals of the 2030 Challenge are the following:  All new buildings, developments and major renovations be designed to meet a fossil fuel, greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.  At a minimum, an amount of existing building area equal to that of new construction be renovated annually to meet a fossil fuel, greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.  The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings be increased to: o 80% in 2020 o 90% in 2025 o Carbon-neutral by 2030 (Architecture 2030) Architecture 2030 has also released the 2030 Palette, an interactive online tool presenting sustainable urban planning, landscape, and building “swatches” (2030 Palette). Each swatch can be implemented on a local basis but has the opportunity to be implemented across the world. This includes scales of buildings, sites, districts, cities, and even regions. On the city scale, façade retrofit is highly emphasized. Conversion allows for cities to increase population density and create more mixed-use developments. Energy efficiency upgrades and passive design strategies can lower environmental impact in operational use of these buildings (2030 Palette). 35 2.5 Economic Opportunities of Building Retrofitting While the concept of a building refurbishment is idealistic, it is often the decision of the owner to partake in the project in the private sector. The easiest argument in favor of a retrofit are the economic gains and potential for profit. As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, the success of a retrofitting project is directly correlated to a net reduction in energy use in comparison to the original building skin. In turn, a successful retrofitting project results in a cheaper to operate building for the owner. Furthermore, the building will likely see an increase in value, not only for the property value but also for the cost of rent per tenant. Ultimately the decreased operation costs and higher rents eventually equates to a net profit over time. 2.5.1 Embodied Energy The majority of the target goals mentioned earlier are set for the years 2030 and 2050. As the IEA explains, 50% of today’s buildings will remain standing and operational in 2050. Because of the expansion of cities across the last few decades, building retrofitting projects avoid some issues of new construction: land purchase, energy, new materials, and transportation to the site. In a retrofitting project there is so much to be recycled and reused, allowing for the conservation of embodied energy. If the building were to be demolished, this energy would be delivered to a landfill. Because the framing of a building often has a very long lifespan, it can be minimally modified to preserve a significant amount of embodied energy. Another important aspect to embodied energy is the payoff of materials, or the amount of time for a return of investment for energy savings. For example, if a building implements solar shading devices to reduce cooling loads, a significant amount of embodied energy is spent on creating the materials. The energy load savings may take years until it begins to offset the amount of embodied energy spent on materials. Solar shades, in particular, are an interesting example for embodied energy because they are typically made of aluminum. Aluminum can be one of the worst and one of the best materials, in terms of embodied energy per mass. New aluminum materials can have an embodied energy as high as 170 MJ/kg, but recycled aluminum 36 will only contain 10% of that (Lawson). When purchasing aluminum construction materials, it is important to acknowledge the recycling percentage of the product. Alcoa, a world leader in industrial production of aluminum, has a sustainable SUSTANA line of aluminum products that “has a minimum of 50% recycled content” (“2016 Alcoa Sustainability Report”). This information can be used to approximate the amount of embodied energy, by multiplying the embodied energy per mass in order to understand the amount of embodied energy in the total volume. If aluminum has too high of an embodied energy, hardwoods are excellent alternatives for outdoor use, ranging from 0.5 to 2 MJ/kg (Lawson). Figure 17 – Embodied Energy of Building Materials (based on Lawson, 1996) 2.5.2 Façade Retrofit and Financial Benefits A modest partial retrofit will see the replacement of air conditioning, heating, and lighting units throughout the building. Because of these shorter lifespans, they are replaced more often. Likewise, the evolution of technology allows for upgrade after upgrade of the same system, often boosting efficiency and shrinking in size. These partial retrofits are critical in reducing the energy usage, but they do not affect the energy demand of the space. It is through modifying the 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 MJ/kg Material Embodied Energy of Materials 37 façade that the energy load can be reduced. The usage (or lack thereof) determines the amount of heating and cooling necessary during the seasons. If zero net energy is desired, a façade retrofit is critical as well. Green buildings, on average, consume approximately 30% less energy than standard buildings. This is because green buildings are 28% more efficient than their standard counterparts, and green buildings produce 2% (average) of their annual power from solar photovoltaic panels (Kats, 2003). Energy savings are the result of reduced electricity and reduced demand. With a cost of electricity of $0.08/kWh, the owner is likely to save $0.30/sqft/yr. For reference, a 500,000sqft skyscraper may save $150,000 annually in energy costs alone (Kats, 2003). Commercial building modernization projects typically cost over $100 million, so operational cost savings alone may not see a return of investment until hundreds of years after the building lifespan. The operational return of investment is likely why it is more difficult to retrofit residential homes; without rent income, it may be cheaper to rebuild from the ground up to produce a greener home after the existing home has fulfilled its service lifespan. Still, an enthusiastic homeowner may still wish to participate in green technology for intrinsic reasons. And it is within the intrinsic reasoning that a commercial building owner may discover the desire to retrofit because it is within the indirect benefits of the retrofit that the owner can see a return of investment. Table 7 – Reduced Energy Use in LEED Buildings as Compared with Conventional Buildings (based on Kats, 2003) Certified Silver Gold Average Energy Efficiency 18% 30% 37% 28% On-Site Renewable Energy 0% 0% 4% 2% Green Power 10% 0% 7% 6% Total 28% 30% 48% 36% The indirect benefits of a façade retrofit are much more intrinsic and attract a tenant clientele. If natural daylighting is emphasized in the new design of an office building’s facade, it is more than likely that the employees will show improved productivity and morale. By nature, humans 38 are attracted to open spaces and natural phenomena like light or visibility of the sky or outdoor nature. Artificial lighting in confined spaces can unintentionally create feelings of imprisonment or claustrophobia. An owner can take advantage of well sun-lit spaces in urban spaces. Trendy startup companies have a desire to occupy these sort of spaces to increase productivity, though the reasoning is not entirely intrinsic. A study has shown that a one percent increase in productivity, or 5 minutes productivity per working day, is equal to about $600-$700 per employee annually. On average, this translate to $3/sqft per year earned in productivity alone. This productivity can produce up to $35/sqft annually in LEED Certified or Silver buildings, or $55/sqft in LEED Gold or Platinum buildings (Kats, 2003). Although these ‘soft’ benefits do not have a price on themselves for the owner, they present an added bonus for marketing to the tenant. In fact, because of increased productivity some companies even seek to occupy spaces designated with LEED certification and are willing to spend a premium on rent. If the tenant owns the property, the majority of benefits are found within here. These combined benefits allow the retrofit an opportunity to pay itself off within a certain amount of time as a business investment (Appelbaum, 2008). Table 8 – Financial Benefits of Green Buildings (based on Kats, 2003) Category 20-Year Net Present Value (Per Sqft) Energy Savings $5.80 Emission Savings $1.20 Water Savings $0.50 Operations Savings $8.50 Productivity Benefits $36.90-$55.30 39 2.5.3 Improved Comfort In addition to better, more efficient active systems, one of the reasons why a façade retrofit can improve energy consumption is a reduction in heating or cooling loads by passive comfort. In other words, the building uses less energy on comfort systems because it is naturally more comfortable. Using passive design strategies is a recommended way to increase comfort. There are many ways to measure comfort, from being a psychological state to being an equation of energy transfer. One such method of measuring comfort is the predicted mean vote, or PMV. In PMV, comfort is expressed on the ASHRAE scale of -3 to +3 sensation, where -3 is cold, 0 is neural, and 3 is hot. Doing so associates a human psychological condition with a numerical value. The average thermal sensation is the predicted mean vote. P.O. Fanger developed a numerical relationship between PMV and thermal loads. It is a complex formula involving the following variables:  Air temperature  Mean radiant temperature  Air velocity  Air humidity  Clothing Resistance  Activity Level (Brandemuehl) One must be careful not to average PMV values, because a PMV value is an averaged value in itself. The average of PMV values is often 0, which does not express any significant data. However, if it is not 0, that may be a sign that the building is not designed correctly. In building comfort analytics, PMV values must be associated with a specific time of day in order to tell a story. If PMV can be measured for a building (without HVAC input), a percentage of time within a comfort zone of -0.5 to +0.5 can be obtained. This percentage determines how effective the façade is at keeping occupants comfortable throughout the year. 40 2.6 Architectural Glass Because the retrofitted façade of the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Building is composed of mostly glass, a brief background about architecture glass is required. Though glass was discovered approximately 4,000 years ago, it had only become a common window barrier by the eighteenth century. It was only in the Industrial Revolution that glass could become a building skin. New machines allowed for faster production and more economical values of the material. Before, a building’s masonry walls would carry the loads of the structure and act as a weather barrier, and glass would act as a secondary barrier at the openings. However, in industrial-era England cast-iron framing allowed for glass to take new shape in architecture; for the first time glass would become the primary building skin. The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton in London, was an early example of such innovation in 1850 (Lienhard). Once early high-rise structures had manifested in America, architects and engineers began to think different about the exterior walls of a building. Architects like Le Corbusier had already prophesied the Maison Domino, promoting open floor plans reliant on columns, not walls. Using the structural premise of the glass conservatory’s structure frames, glass could be implemented as the building skin on a skyscraper. Through details of “hanging,” the glass would only carry its own weight, and steel frame structures would take on the loading. 2.6.1 Chemical Substructures The modern composition mix of glass is relatively similar to that of the ancient times. The Romans used 69% silica, 17% soda, 11% limestone and magnesia, and 3% alumina, iron oxide, and manganese oxide to produce their early forms of glass (Patterson b, 1). Today, most glass is composed of almost the same materials. There is not a particular chemical formula for glass because of the variety of glasses that can be made from different mixes. Still, the same base Figure 18 - Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton - University of Houston 41 elements are found in most glasses. Silica, or silicon dioxide SiO2, is the most predominant material found in glass. In everyday terminology, silica is the chemical term for most sands. Because silica has a very high viscosity and melting point, fluxes are often added to the mix in order to lower the melting temperatures. The most common (and economical) flux for glass is sodium oxide Na2CO3, often referred to as “soda.” An alternative flux for use may be “potash,” or potassium carbonate K2CO3, which results in a higher density glass (Corning). Other materials may be added to the composition for strength or resilience. These materials are called stabilizers, with the most common one being calcium carbonate CaCO3, otherwise known as calcined limestone. The limestone protects glass from water and humidity (Corning). Other common stabilizers are magnesia, magnesium oxide MgO, which aids visual transparency, thermal conductivity, and chemical and electrical resistance. Alumina, or aluminum oxide Al2O3, assists with thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and high strength. Together, these common elements comprise the majority of the ancient Romans’ mix composition. The most common practical glass in today’s era is soda-lime glass, a combination of silica with the most common flux and stabilizer, soda and limestone, respectively. Also known as “soft glass,” the chemical formula is Na2O + CaO + 6SiO2 (Pilkington). Soda-lime glass is economic and useful, and it can be found produced as glass bottles and windows. It often has a semi-green tint, which is most apparent when examining the edges of a glass pane. 2.6.2 Manufacturing Process and Types of Glass Today, architectural glass is manufactured through the float process. The process was theorized by Alastair Pilkington in the 1950s though it took another ten years before it was globally adopted. As before, glass would be cast horizontally. However, the process would occur in a controlled chamber where the pane floats on a layer of molted tin (Britannica). Afterwards, the Figure 19 - Soda-Lime Float Glass Chemical Structure - Pilkington. 42 glass moves onward to additional treatment before being cut and stacked for sale. The float process allowed for another increase in quality and decrease of cost for the processing of glass, increasing its availability as a building material across the world. Figure 20 - Float-Glass Process - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009. Post-Processing Treatments As glass becomes ever more desirable as a structural material, post-processing treatments are necessary to improve the strength and toughness of glass. The below methods are all forms of heat-treatment (Patterson a, 103). Annealing: Annealing is usually included as part of the float process. It is the controlled cooling of a material casting in order to rid the glass of internal stresses and improve its resilience to outside stresses. It also assists in the ease of cutting panes. Tempering: The act of tempering involves slowly heating and quickly quench-cooling a pane of glass for higher surface compression. Tempered glass is four to five times stronger than annealed glass, and it is often used in safety glass. Heat Strengthening: Heat strengthened glass is similar to tempered glass, except the cooling process is slower during treatment. This results in a lower compression strength. Heat strengthened glass is two to three times stronger than annealed glass. 43 Other Variations and Coatings (based on Patterson a, 91) Tints: The color of glass can be modified by adding miniscule amounts of metal oxides that affect color and optical transmission. Low-Iron: Glass with a low percentage of iron-oxide content will not exhibit the green tint of convention soda-lime glass. These panes are more transparent and more costly. Frits: Ceramic frits may be silk-screen printed on glass to reduce visibility or add aesthetic flair. Colors and patterns are widely available and have the options to be customized. Low-E Coatings: A low emissivity coating may be applied to a pane of glass to reflect long- wave infrared radiation. Because of this, low-E coatings reduces heat gains or losses and may reduce energy loss up to 50% more effectively than a standard window pane. It should be noted that post-processing treatments and coatings render architectural glass as a non-recyclable material. As technology and development of glass systems has evolved in the past years, the material has rendered itself too complex for recycling plants to decompose for reuse. Because the glass is laminated, insulated, fritted, framed, or etc., the glass would have to be disassembled and or grinded back to a pure surface (Enclos). It is not that this process is impossible, but rather that it is labor intensive and expensive to create a technology capable of doing so. Manufacturers of architectural glass are also unable to recycle float glass in the creation of new glazing. While many of these manufactures do have access to many of the tools required for extracting the raw material of used glazing, the material would not even be rendered useful. Once glass experiences the post-processing of floating, the raw material is permanently altered and contaminated. While undergoing the float process, the glass is highly sensitive to contamination (Enclos). 44 Assemblies In addition to the post-processing treatments, variations, and coatings above, glass windows may be assembled in a variety of ways. A few options are as follows (Smith): Monolithic: A monolithic glass is a single sheet of glass. These assemblies typically display subpar thermal performance. Laminated: Laminated glass is the combination of multiple layers of glass bonded together with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer. Because of the interlayer holding the panes together, laminated glass is less likely to shatter than monolithic glass, making it a safer option for humans with less opportunity for injury. Insulated Glass Unit: An IGU consists of two glass panes held together with an air gap between the two surfaces. The air space acts as an insulation to improve thermal performance of the window. The concept can be applied across a variety of thicknesses for air gaps and glass panes. An IGU may use laminated glass on the exterior surface of a building. Because of the air gap and spacers, this option is the least transparent. The maximum size of a glass pane is currently limited to the largest machine available for float process manufacturing. Though this size consistently grows, façade designers must consider a grid of panes when planning to cover a large surface. When structurally assembling glass onto a façade, a designer can choose from veneer, panel, point-fixed bolted, and point-fixed clamped structural systems. Mullions, trusses, fins, shells, and cable nets assist as hardware in these systems (Vaglio). This information out of scope for the topic of glass materiality, but it is an important and highly related topic. 2.6.3 Light, Heat, and Sound Light and Heat Designers for residential and commercial buildings are often more concerned with sunlight entering a building than artificial light exiting a building (however, that is not to undermine the importance of nighttime lighting design for retail and restaurant locations to attract customers). Sunlight is a combination of three types of light: infrared (780-3000nm, 51%), visible (380- 780nm, 47%), and ultraviolet (300-380nm, 2%). Infrared energy becomes heat energy when absorbed, while ultraviolet light poses threats to humans like sunburns (Viracon). 45 When sunlight penetrates a building, the light will divide into different paths with portions of the light reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The exact percentages will depend on the type of window selected. This breakdown is helpful in studying heat transmittance through a window (Mohelnikova). Though fundamentally different, light and heat are closely correlated by infrared light transferring to heat energy. Figure 21 - Optical and Energy Properties of Glass - Mohelnikova & Altan, 2009. 46 There are other important factors in studying the relationship between glazing, light, and heat (Viracon): R-value: The R-value of a material is defined as its thermal resistance. The R-value represents the reciprocal of conductivity, which is a measure of conducted and convected heat gain (or loss) between two temperatures. A higher the R-value corresponds to a lesser heat transmission through a pane of glazing. The formula for an R-value is R = 1/k. A U-value is a common associated value, being equal to 1 over the sum of R values in a construction of multiple materials and their air resistances. Shading Coefficient: The shading coefficient is a comparative ratio. In the numerator is the solar heat gain through the specified glass, and the denominator is that of a 1/8” ply of glass under identical conditions. A lower shading coefficient specifies a lower heat gain. Relative Heat Gain: The RHG of a pane is glass is the amount of heat gained through the glazing. It accounts for the U-value and shading coefficient of the glazing. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient: The SHGC of glazing is the percentage of transmitted and absorbed solar energy that penetrates into the building’s interior. A higher SHGC represents a higher heat gain. Light to Solar Gain Ratio: The LSG is also a comparative ratio. The numerator is the percentage of visible light transmittance, and the denominator is the SHGC. Sound By nature, glass is one of the weaker noise diffusing options for a building skin. Thickness of glass also has very little to do with transmission loss, as thickness and air barriers may inadvertently intensify a sound wave penetrating through. In urban environments, glass facades are becoming increasingly popular for newly-built residential and commercial developments. As new skyscrapers emerge, population density becomes greater, and inherently streets become louder due to people and vehicular traffic. Designers should not look to glass itself when considering acoustic properties of a space; instead the designer should analyze the framing system as a whole. It is likely that interior partition walls, concrete slabs, and other building elements may perform much stronger as a formation than a single building element (Patterson a, 115). 47 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction The selection of the Edith Green - Wendell Wyatt Building is intended to focus on design and energy for commercial office buildings. The scope of work discusses weaknesses of the original building, energy performances of the building before and after the modernization, and attributes’ differences to particular parts of the modernization project. Because the refurbishment included so many aspects besides retrofit, it is crucial to distinguish energy differences associated from HVAC efficiency, passive façade design, and other creative green initiatives throughout the refurbished building. Figure 22 - Web of Scope 48 Figure 23 – Methodology Diagram 3.1 Objective The product of the thesis is to produce a detailed log noting information regarding the structure’s facade – its history, operational wear-and-tear, retrofit design, and construction difficulties. Additionally, energy data is generated and compared against published data. In doing so, it is possible to publish alternative façade-design strategies that may have enhanced (or weakened) energy performance of the building. These alternative design strategies are considered against construction difficulties so as to generate a story detailing how the refurbishment progressed into its final form. Any conclusion drawn does not necessarily reflect the best possible design; however, it can deem a better or worse passive design. 3.2 Methods The methodology has adopted a mix of qualitative and quantitative studies in order to achieve its objectives. Qualitative information is investigative while quantitative information is experimental, simulated, and numeric. The blend of the two styles allows for a concrete 49 understanding of the harmony between human design and consequence. This is the essence of building science, understanding the science and physical phenomena relating to architecture. A qualitative approach is utilized for all background information, including the building history and research information regarding retrofits, design strategies of previous decades, and benefits of energy efficient buildings. This information was derived in Chapter Two. The information obtained qualitatively is key to illustrating why the GSA undertook the building modernization for the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Building. In doing so, this establishes a general background while identifying many of the variables involved in quantitative analysis. Consequently, a quantitative approach is utilized for all energy simulation and comparative analysis. Performances of the structure, both before and after modernization, is a collection of various sets of data to be compared against one another. After quantitatively determining effective design strategies and alternatives for the building, the study will qualitatively analyze challenges and constraints for construction, owner needs, and occupant use. Table 9 - Design Intent, Criteria, and Tools (based on Choi) Intent Design Standard Design Tools Implication Method Thermal Comfort Acceptable thermal comfort ASHRAE Standard 55 Psychrometric Chart Passive climate control/ active climate control Lighting Level Acceptable visual comfort IESNA Lighting Handbook Simulation/ Calculation Daylighting/ electric lighting Energy Efficiency Minimal use & Outstanding energy efficiency ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Simulation, experience, data acquisition Envelope strategies/ equipment strategies Green design Obtain Green Building Certification LEED Ratings LEED Material Handbook, experience Any combination of approved strategies 50 3.3 Software 3.3.1 Rhino and Plugins Rhinoceros (often called Rhino or Rhino3D) is a highly-popular computer-aided design modeling software that allows users to three-dimensionally draw geometry of structures and their components. The software was developed by Robert McNeel & Associates, and it has a plethora of plugins able to study lighting, energy performance, and many other aspects of building science. Rhino files can be exported and used in other software. Rhino is not useful for clash detection; instead it is only helpful for denoting building geometry. Rhino models may be exported to other software to make use of the geometry. A user can export Rhino geometry to other software like Revit, SketchUp, DesignBuilder, or IES-VE. 3.3.2 Climate Consultant Climate Consultant is a tool developed by the University of California, Los Angeles, for analyzing climate data across regions of the world. Though initially developed for California, weather files can be uploaded to the software for use. The software highlights all aspects of climate, from wind speeds to wet and dry bulb temperatures. The software produces a psychrometric chart and gives passive design tips for optimal architectural choices. It is an excellent starting point to understand environments. 3.3.3 Grasshopper Grasshopper 3D is a visual scripting application developed for Rhinoceros 3D by Robert McNeel & Associates. Function nodes are dragged and dropped into a canvas and connected to one another, as information lists flow through wires between individual functions for manipulation. Each function transforms its input list data by application of its programming in python. By connecting multiple function components to each other, a workflow can be generated. It is a powerful tool helpful for generating parametric responses to building conditions. 51 3.3.4 Ladybug, Honeybee Ladybug and Honeybee are a scripting package for Grasshopper developed by Chris Mackey and Mostapha Roudasri. Ladybug specializes in analyzing weather data to compose various diagrams like sun-path, wind-rose, but can be manipulated by the user for customization into shadow studies and radiation analyses. Honeybee analyzes Rhino and Grasshopper geometry as zones, assigns performance data, and runs simulation using EnergyPlus to generate data regarding building energy, comfort, daylighting, and electric lighting. The output can be formed into series of graphical charts and visualizations of performance 3.3.5 EnergyPlus EnergyPlus is an open-source program which manages building input information, and computes output via simulation. EnergyPlus is capable of measuring energy consumption and water use within buildings, though it can also process heat transfer, illuminance, glare, and other reports. The software is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Technologies Office using the OpenStudio software kit. EnergyPlus is developed by various DOE laboratories, as well as a team from various academic institutions and private firms. 52 3.4 Procedure In order to achieve the objectives of this case study, the following procedure has been implemented: 1. Gather published data regarding energy consumption of the building. The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Building has been well-documented as a precedent for future GSA building modernization projects. Below, the pre-modernized building, design energy model baseline, proposed energy model, and 2014 actual monthly energy use is displayed. It is helpful that “actual” data is available in comparison to proposed data, because building simulation often estimates data. Figure 24 - Building Energy Use Comparison. SERA Architects 53 2. Generate base Rhino files of the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Building before and after the modernization. Utilizing site plans, floor plans, and elevations of the buildings, digital models are created of the structure within the Rhinoceros software. A special attention must be given to wall construction and roofing enclosure. Though improvements to the interior of the building had occurred during the modernization, very little had changed in the internal layout of walls, office spaces, and other programming spaces. The following steps will define other properties for use in building simulation, to be used in conjunction to the form of the building. Steps 3 through 8 are crucial for calibrating the base models as close as possible. 3. Establish Zones with Proper Construction and Envelope Thermal Properties. Because façade performance is the center of this case study, it is crucial to define the relationship between the envelope, zones, and location in order to understand thermal transfer. As established before, thermal transfer is crucial to thermal comfort and hence occupant reliance on active systems. The R-value of an enclosure is the measure of the ability for thermal transfer; the published overall R-value of the building is R-25, with a glazing percentage of 41% (Sera Architects). The U-factor of windows is 0.39. To focus on the façade, the zones of the structure are divided using the 5-Zone method, which assigns a zone to each façade direction as well as the core. Reasons for doing so are highlighted in the next chapter. The solar heat gain factor of the windows is 0.27. 4. Determine Internal Heat Gain. Internal heat is generated by electrical devices within the building, including lighting fixtures and computers. As an office building, the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Building features many electrical devices releasing heat. This case study considers these devices as 54 part of the energy consumed as well as contributions to internal gains which must be dissipated by active cooling. 5. Establish Effect of Solar Shades, Embodied Energy, and Source Energy. The solar shades on the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Building are very large, spanning all stories on three facades of the building. The shading of the structure reduces the potential for heat gain to enter the building and reduce the energy loads required for cooling. However, the shades themselves require energy to create; this is called embodied energy. In order to estimate the embodied energy of these shading structures, the weight must be multiplied by an estimate for embodied energy. It can be determined how many years of operation may financially compensate for the erection of these shades. Likewise, energy produced must travel to the building from the nearest power plant. Energy is lost during creation, as well as during its travel. This is referred to as generation losses, and transmission and distribution losses. 6. Establish HVAC Loads in the Building. The Honeybee building model will not be programmed with an HVAC system; rather, it will be programmed with loads to better determine the relationship of the facades to the building energy loads. The loads are divided by a coefficient of performance to obtain operating values. One aspect that may affect loads is natural ventilation. Window operability can establish natural ventilation affecting human reliance on HVAC systems. If windows are not operable in the building, indoor thermal comfort relies completely on HVAC. A schedule must be created of HVAC operation in the building, as well as natural ventilation options in an alternative building design. 7. Building Energy Simulation Models. Ladybug/Honeybee are used simulate the energy consumption of the Rhino/Grasshopper models through calibration with the above parameters. Adjustments and modifications 55 are necessarily so to generate data matching that of the published results for before and after the modernization. Typically, model adjustments are usually applied to “before” model simulations, but this approach will utilize adjustments to the “after” product to further understand aspects of the built design. 8. Design Modifications and Alternatives. The pre- and post-modernization models are duplicated and modified to reflect alternative design options. In particular, one modification will feature the removal of the solar shades in the post-modernization model so to reflect the benefit of the curtain wall system alone. Doing so allows an opportunity to study the benefits of the retrofitted façade without the solar shades. Each model will be simulated and compared against one another in order to demonstrate effectiveness of particular design elements. This data allows for the suggestion or modifications for future refurbishments, if possible. 9. Interview Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Owner, or Operator. After the data is obtained for all major design elements in the façade, interviews with teams from the project team may occur. It is possible that the recommended alternatives were conceived during the design phase of the project; it is also possible that these concepts were discarded due to constraints or restrictions emerging from structural engineering, constructability, owner’s budget, local code, or other sources. Interviews with the project team may shed light onto specific obstacles during the design and construction of the building, lending information necessary to journaling a complete case study on the modernization of the building. 56 3.5 Weighted Rubric Scorecard The results of the simulation, information from interviews, and other observations will be compared between the base model and alternatives. The properties will be scaled and weighted according to this importance, and the summation of these weighted scores is used to determine the most effective building façade design. Table 10 - Façade Scorecard Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Base Total Energy Load (10) Cooling Energy (10) Heating Energy (10) Source & Embodied Energy (10) Thermal Comfort (10) Daylighting (10) Owner/Tenant Intangibles (30) TOTAL /90 /90 /90 /90 FUTURE WORK Blast Resistance (10) Aesthetics (20) Post Occupancy Evaluation (20) TOTAL /120 /120 /120 /120 57 CHAPTER FOUR: SIMULATION PROCESS 4.0 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to discuss and describe the simulation process within Grasshopper, Ladybug, and Honeybee. A brief discussion of the weather data is also included. Detailed screenshots are provided so that the workflow may be replicated by anyone wishing to conduct their own investigation of energy performance. 58 4.1 Overview & Rhino Models Figure 25 – Grasshopper Overview Each floor plan of the Edith Green Wendell Wyatt building is drafted in Rhino and extruded upward to reflect accurate 3D geometry. The geometry is imported into Grasshopper, with data assigned and manipulated against the geometry in Ladybug and Honeybee. This chapter will highlight the simulation programming process using these programs. Figure 26 - Rhino Model with Site Context 59 For the purposes of calibration, it is possible to simulate the building by creating a zone for each and every room or enclosed boundary in the building. Such is simple when modeling a home or small office building. However, in a large commercial office building this will result in over 50 zones per story of the building, leading to heavy data loads only capable of processing by a supercomputer. Instead, it is far simpler to divide each story into five zones, one for the core and four for each façade side. These zones are drawn as a separate layer onto the building model. The five-zone method of simulation may not be as accurate as zoning every single enclosed space, but studies have shown that it is a accurate alternative. Simulation results tend to be similar to simulations of a fully-zoned building, although five-zone models may have a tendency to slightly underestimate heating loads and overestimate cooling loads (Bleil De Souza). Figure 27 – Five Zone Method with South Façade Zone Selected It is important to note that the building contains two basement levels below its lobby. These levels are on the rendered models with very little detail, but they are simulated for the purpose of reporting energy data. The basement levels have little to do with the intended scope of studying façade, shading, and air infiltration interactions with heating, cooling, embodied energy daylighting, and glare. The basement levels will show on building models that are annotated with performance data. Often, they show very insignificant information in comparison to the other levels of the building. 60 4.1.1 As-Built Model Figure 28a,b - As-Built Model The “As-Built” model is a recreation of the 2013 Edith Green Wendell Wyatt building façade. It features the rooftop solar panel, aluminum solar shades on the northwestern facade, and a gridded solar shade system on the southwest and southeast facades. This model assumes standard schedules and setpoints for office buildings. Cooling systems will become operable if indoor conditions surpass 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and heating systems will become operable if indoor conditions fall below 68 degrees Fahrenheit. 4.1.2 No Shades Model Figure 29a,b – No Shades Model 61 The “No Shades” model is similar to the “As-Built” model, except that it does not feature any types of solar shading, nor does it include the rooftop solar panel. Instead, the glazing on all faces is fully exposed to the sun. A building as such can be considered similar to a standard glazing-skinned skyscraper. This model is useful to compare against the “as-built” model to quantify the effectiveness of the as-built solar shades implemented into the 2013 version of the building. 4.1.3 Natural Ventilation Model Figure 30a,b – Operable Windows Model Though the “Operable Windows” model may be drawn exactly the same as the “As-Built” model, its construction is programmed differently within Grasshopper and Honeybee. The glazing in this model is set to an operable setting, allowing users to open and close windows at their own will. In theory, an open window is a cost-free form of cooling method and may be more energy efficient than active cooling. Open windows may also unbalance a building’s HVAC system, and it can often be an ineffective and wasteful practice if windows are open while active cooling is running. To offset these concerns, windows in this model are programmed with setpoints. Windows will open if the indoor temperature exceeds 72 degrees Fahrenheit, if it is greater than 68 degrees outdoors. Conversely, windows are closed if the indoor temperature reaches 80 degrees Fahrenheit, or if it is greater than 85 degrees outdoors. If the either temperature condition exceeds this range, the 62 windows will close, and active cooling will begin to operate. In the real world, building users rarely operate windows perfectly. 4.1.4 Custom Build Model Figure 31a,b – Custom Build Model The as-built model’s aluminum reeds are placed along the northwestern façade of the building, which consumes the majority of western façade exposure on this titled city grid. Still, the southwest façade is also exposed to western conditions. In this simulation model, the reeds on the northwestern façade are replicated to protect the southwestern façade. The southeastern façade will features the same gridded shading device. This model also features operable windows, with the same set-point parameters as the Natural Ventilation Model. 4.2 Import Weather Data Figure 32 – Operable EPW File 63 In the form of an EPW file, weather data is imported from EnergyPlus’s global database of locations. Filenames with spaces cannot be imported; therefore it is best to save weather files directly onto one of the computer’s drives. The EPW file is connected to various simulation functions within Honeybee in order to determine the building’s response to its setting and orientation in the climate zone. Ladybug is capable of producing detailed plots of the weather data; however, to ease the program of additional functions, the weather data graphs below have been generated in Climate Consultant. 4.3 Climate Consultant Weather Data Figure 33 – Monthly Diurnal Averages (Dry Bulb & Wet Bulb) Portland is nationally known for its rainy winters. As can be seen in the figure above, Portland has a temperate climate. November through February are characterized by the smallest ranges of dry and wet bulb, coinciding with periods of heaviest rainfall. December is the coolest month of the year, showing a daily high of roughly 45 degrees Fahrenheit. In contrast, summers are warm 64 and dry. During this time temperatures typically reach daily highs of 80 degrees (though can occasionally reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit). Figure 34 – Illumination Range The illumination ranges of Portland, Oregon, correspond directly with the rainy winter season. As can be seen in the Illumination Range figure, November through February have the lowest recordings of illumination. During this time of year it can be expected that the building will have lower solar heat gain through its curtain wall facades. It can be expected that the cooling energy load data takes on a similar shape. The summer has very high recordings of illuminance and pose the highest threat for solar heat gain for buildings within this climate zone. 65 4.4 Psychrometric Chart and Design Suggestions Figure 35 – Psychrometric Chart Portland, Oregon’s temperature is within a psychrometric chart’s comfort only 10.7% of the year, without assistance from building design strategies. As can be seen above, occupants will require heating to remain comfortable in Portland’s chilly climate. For this reason it should be inferred that the heating energy loads will be higher than cooling, if the building is naturally kept cool. It may very well be the case that excessive cooling in the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt building is necessary for occupants because it is a sealed building with no operable windows to allow Portland’s outside environment to cool building. 66 4.5 Import Geometry & Set Zones Figure 36 – Select Zone Programs Honeybee requires that the building is separated into zones, which are three-dimensional geometric representations of space. As discussed earlier, this model will operate with a 5-zone per floor method to analyze each façade face and core. While defining the geometry as a building zone, a program type must be associated with each zone. For this building, it is assumed that the zones adjacent to each exterior facades are open office, and the building core is considered closed office. The first floor has lobby zones as its exterior. Each zone type has an assigned energy schedule and load demand. For each type of zone, all geometric occurrences of it must be selected using a Mass2Zone node. In the above image, the top Mass2Zone node represents all core geometries, while the middle Mass2Zone node represents the outer geometries, and the lower node represents the lobby geometries. Geometries are selected using a Brep node. 67 4.6 Assign Construction Adjacencies and Glazing Figure 37 – Zone Adjacencies and Construction By default Honeybee will assume adjacent zones are separated by a wall or ceiling. In this particular building, the open office zones are separated by an “air wall.” This can be accounted for when inputting an alternative construction type into a SolveAdjc node. The zones of each story height must be separated first, set as “Air Wall” adjacencies to other open zones on the same floor, and set as default adjacency when combining floors and building cores. This process adds a significant amount of complexity for very little gain of precision. Therefore the Honeybee assumption is held to be true, separating each of the 5 zones using standard wall construction. The zone information is then sent to a glazing node, which assigns windows to all outer zones based on ratio. This building’s skin is entirely glass, but Honeybee can accept a maximum ratio of 0.95 in order to please the EnergyPlus engine. Lastly, a function is set up to assign natural ventilation, or operable windows, to the glazing. In the above image, natural ventilation is disabled with a “type” of 0. If enabled with a “type” of 1, a trigger schedule is connected that activates natural ventilation if outdoor temperature conditions reach a threshold of 75 degrees Fahrenheit during daytime hours. 68 4.7 Loads and Occupancy Schedules Figure 38 – Zone Loads and Schedule Default loads per area, as well as occupancy schedules, are assigned when the building program is selected. The functions shown above are opportunities to modify this data, or verify their accuracy. In this model, the default assumptions are kept. Within the schedule, thresholds can also be assigned to represent when HVAC systems become operable. In this model, the defaults are assumed. This portion is the last set of functions before the Honeybee Zones are sent into the simulation function. To better organize the data, a function is placed to organize the zones in the order of their floor height. This will become helpful later, to identify performance data to a specific zone. 69 4.7 Context Figure 39 – Building Context Much like setting Brep geometry for zones, context is programmed similarly. The appropriate Breps are merged into Honeybee Surfaces or Honeybee Contexts Surfaces, depending on use. If necessary, a DeBrep function can extract information from geometry in order to isolate a particular piece of information. In the image above, the PV Panel, Neighboring Buildings, Grid Solar Shade, and Reed Solar shades are inputted as Honeybee Context for the purpose of the simulation. Simultaneously, the PV Panel’s faces must be extracted from its Breps for a PV Analysis function later on. 70 When simulating the PV Panel for this building, errors were encountered with little explanation or warning. It is important to note that when a Brep or surface is selected, Honeybee will assign an identity point at the midpoint of the object. Because the PV Panel has a void in its center, the geometry cannot be programmed as one geometry. To accommodate this requirement, the geometry was divided similarly to the 5 Zone Method, except without a core because of its design void. Figure 40 – Solar Panel Brep Geometry 4.8 Visualize Zones Figure 41 – Visualize Honeybee Zones Before beginning a simulation, it is important to create a function to visualize how Honeybee has interpted all the data to this point. A decomposition function allows the users to divide all zone geometry into data types, incuding walls, windows, skylights, ceilings, floors, etc. Preview nodes and colors are connected to each “type”so that the geometry is shown and colored in the Rhino 71 interface. As shown below, Honeybee has correctly identified the walls, windows, floors, and roofs. Because the bottom two floors are below ground (and have a negative Rhino z-axis location), Honeybee automatically does not place windows on these exteriors. Because shades are simulated as context and not zones, they cannot be included in this process. Still, the shade geometry in Rhino can be left visible to visualize the complete product that Honeybee will simulate. Figure 42a,b – Visualize Zones 4.9 Energy Simulation Figure 43 – Energy Simulation Finally, all the data can be connected for simulation. The EPW weather file, zones, and context are sent to a “Run Energy Simulation” node, which runs EnergyPlus on the geometric and its assigned data. Specific outputs and a custom analysis period may also be selected. In the above image, zone energy use, zone gains and losses, surface temperature analysis, and zone comfort 72 metrics are enabled for output. The resulting IDF data file saved onto the computer, and is sent to a “Read EnergyPlus Result” node which organizes the simulation data. 4.10 Indoor Comfort (PMV) Figure 44 – Comfort Analytics From the building simulation node, the resulting comfort metrics are sent to a PMV comfort calculator. While PMV is a helpful metric for measuring comfort on a simple scale, it is important to avoid averaging PMV values if necessary. Averaged PMV values often show values close to 0, which is the value for absolute comfort. In actuality, some occupants will feel sensations too warm while others feel sensations too cool. The averages of which are usually insignificant. The only scenario in which an average shows data of value is when the average is above or below 1 or -1, indicated that the building is either too warm or too cool for most occupants. From the PMV calculator, a list is created of PMV values for each of the 100 zones. An average is taken to verify that the building is generally comfortable. More importantly, high, low, and mean PMV values are determined for each zone. 73 4.11 Photovoltaics Figure 45 – Photovoltaics Analysis Inputting the weather data and photovoltaic panel context Breps from earlier, a Photovoltaics surface node assigns mapping data onto the geometries. This data is sent to a Performance Metric Zone, which calculates the energy offset the PV panel provides to each zone annual. If this is sent to a Mass Addition node, it calculates the total energy produced annually for the entire building. 4.13 Daylighting & Glare Figure 46 – Illuminance Simulation 74 Figure 47 – Glare Simulation The daylighting analysis workflow is connected to a separate Rhinoceros geometry file which contains the data and shades for a single floor. The 16 th floor, in particular, was chosen because it is a middle-floor condition that is high enough to only have its daylighting performance affected by the building’s solar shades, rather than context surroundings. The zone breps are imported into a function that creates a mesh grid of testing points that will be used as the locations for testing illuminance. Simultaneous, EPW weather file is imported into a function creating sky conditions. The combination of the mesh grid and sky conditions result in an “analysis recipe” which is used in the simulation function. The Honeybee Objects imported into the simulation function should include the testing breps as well as site context (like nearby buildings, foliage, or solar shades, if applicable). The workflow for glare was coded correctly but not simulated. It is an excellent candidate for future work. Like the illuminance daylighting workflow, a sky condition is created using the EPW file. In Honeybee, glare is measured by means of an image-based simulation, in which a fisheye view is exported into Radiance as an HDR image for study. In Rhinoceros, a view must be set for the Honeybee function to connect to. For this particular building, an interior building location looking towards glazing would be appropriate. Radiance parameters must be set, imported into the “analysis recipe” for an image based simulation. All relevant Honeybee objects, including context, are imported into the simulation function. An HDR image is saved onto the computer’s hard drive, and a glare analysis function generates a glare value. 75 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS & DISCUSSION This chapter includes a review and discussion of the various simulation results achieved. As discussed earlier, this includes data of the as-built 2013 Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt building, as well as design alternatives for comparison. The following rubric, which was proposed in Chapter Three, is utilized for scoring each of the performance criteria. Table 11 – Rubric of Performance As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Total Energy Load (10) Cooling Energy (10) Heating Energy (10) Embodied Energy (10) Thermal Comfort (10) Visual Comfort (10) Owner/Tenant Benefits (30) TOTAL 90 /90 /90 /90 In the next sections, various energy intensity and annual performance visualizations are presented. Because this chapter serves to compare and contrast performance of the building models, all scales for a particular performance category are shared between different models. A method as such allows comparisons and quantities to be measured by colors on each of the visualizations. The 3D visualizations are captured from perspective view to demonstrate a holistic view of the building, while also demonstrating orientation in comparison to other views. Please note that because of this, there may be minor distortions between different views of the same object. 76 5.1 Total Electrical Energy Load Table 12 - Summary of Electrical Energy Use Lighting (kWh) Equipment (kWh) Cooling (kWh) Heating (kWh) Total Use (kWh) PV Offset (kWh) % PV Offset Energy Input (kWh) As-Built 842,237 933,039 598,378 576,921 2,950,575 99,488 3% 2,851,087 No Shades 811,765 933,039 967,949 455,839 3,168,592 0 0% 3,168,592 Natural Ventilation 842,237 933,039 282,867 565,393 2,623,536 99,488 4% 2,524,048 Custom Build 835,828 933,039 278,037 579,996 2,626,900 99,488 4% 2,527,412 By converting the above kilowatt-hours into kBtu and dividing by the square footage of the building, their EUIs can be obtained. The As-Built model has an EUI of 28, while the No Shades model has an EUI of 32. The Natural Ventilation and Custom Build models both have an EUI of 25. For reference, the pre-2009 building had a measured EUI of 79 kBtu/sf/yr because of deterioration and infiltration (“Energy Analysis Report”). Figure 48 - Summary of Electrical Energy Use 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 1,800,000 Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating kWh Summary of Electrical Energy Use As-Built No Shades Natural Ventilation Custom Build LEED 77 Published data by an anonymous project firm suggests that the proposed 2013 Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Building consumes 3,613,582 kWh per year (“Energy Analysis Report”). The Honeybee simulation of the building measures 3,054,287 kWh per year, which is a 15.5% error from published data. However, the Honeybee simulation does not include energy used to operate elevators, exterior building energy usage (exterior lighting, etc.), or loads from the building’s Central Server Room, the combined energy usage being 542,793 kWh per year. If these loads are subtracted from the published data, this results in an annual usage of 3,070,789 kWh, which contributes to a 0.5% of the Honeybee derived data. Though the Honeybee simulation does not seek complete calibration of its model, this data verifies that the simulations are providing reasonably accurate data. For reference, the LEED code baseline data provided by the firm is presented alongside the simulation results. At first glance of the overall energy performances, the natural ventilation model demonstrates the best performance of the models, with the custom build model consuming less than 1% additional energy. The As-Built model performs the third best, with the No Shades model performing the worst of the models. If the energy distributions are brought into consideration, all models perform exceptionally better than the LEED code baseline in all categories, except for the No Shades model which only performs 16% better in the cooling category. The Natural Ventilation and Custom Build models both save the most energy in the cooling category, while the No Shades model saves the most energy in the heating category, which is to be expected. However, the amount of cooling energy saved by having operable windows is significantly more than the amount saved in heating by absorbing heat gain with no shades. The Custom Build model is only slightly more effective than the Natural Ventilation model in cooling, while the Natural Ventilation model is only slightly more effective than the Custom Build model in heating. This is likely because the Natural Ventilation model contains the As-Built gridded shade on its Southwest face, allowing for more direct heat gain. At an overall level, these differences are negligible and will be accounted for in the heating and cooling categories. The data below shows a breakdown of lighting, equipment, cooling, and heating use for each model by face. While equipment is constant, the others vary. These are discussed in the future portions of this chapter. Though core zones are not adjacent to building edges, air walls from the northwestern and southeastern walls allow for heat transfer in this multi-zone thermal model. 78 Table 13 – As-Built Model Electrical Energy Use by Face (kwh) Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total Core Avg 10,168 8,675 3,657 2,598 25,099 NW Avg 5,537 9,138 7,817 7,792 30,285 NE Avg 6,991 8,070 4,471 6,811 26,346 SW Avg 6,873 8,341 7,414 4,790 27,421 SE Avg 6,012 9,084 7,315 6,686 29,098 Table 14 – No Shades Model Electrical Energy Use by Face (kwh) Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total Core Avg 10,168 8,675 4,553 2,194 25,592 NW Avg 4,963 9,138 13,300 6,183 33,587 NE Avg 6,991 8,070 6,678 5,820 27,562 SW Avg 6,256 8,341 14,042 3,464 32,105 SE Avg 5,526 9,084 11,825 5,081 31,518 Table 15 – Natural Ventilation Model Electrical Energy Use by Face (kwh) Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total Core Avg 10,168 8,675 1,814 2,415 23,073 NW Avg 5,537 9,138 3,952 7,742 26,371 NE Avg 6,991 8,070 2,067 6,783 23,914 SW Avg 6,873 8,341 3,255 4,595 23,066 SE Avg 6,012 9,084 3,377 6,600 25,0745 Table 16 – Custom Build Model Electrical Energy Use by Face (kwh) Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total Core Avg 10,168 8,675 1,803 2,476 23,123 NW Avg 5,537 9,138 3,936 7,852 26,466 NE Avg 6,991 8,070 2,070 6,810 23,943 SW Avg 6,521 8,341 3,077 5,059 23,000 SE Avg 6,012 9,084 3,361 6,688 25,147 Table 17 – Scored Rubric for Total Electrical Energy Load As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Total Energy Load (10) 7 5 10 10 79 5.2 Cooling Energy 5.2.1 As-Built Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 49a,b,c – As-Built Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 49d,e,f,g – As-Built Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 80 Figure 50a,b – As-Built Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 51 – As-Built Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 87 (Level 16, Southeast) Table 18 – As-Built Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Cooling Average Cooling Maximum Cooling Minimum Core 3,657 3,830 3,338 NW 7,817 8,859 7,240 NE 4,472 5,420 3,625 SW 7,415 8,746 5,785 SE 7,315 8,355 5,941 The As-Built model consumes 598,377 kWh per year of cooling energy. The energy intensity increases the higher the level is located. The only exception to this is the southwest lobby, which has a higher intensity than the floor above it, and the northeast and southwest top floor zones, which perform with less intensity. The gridded shading device is more open on the bottom floor, which may contribute to western gains entering through the southwest face while the northwest face is covered by reeds. The lobby is also double-heighted, requiring extra cooling. Regarding the top floor, the northeast and southwest top floors are directly under the rooftop solar pane’s overhang shade, already keeping the spaces shaded and cool. 81 5.2.2 No Shades Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 52a,b,c – No Shades Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 52d,e,f,g – No Shades Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 82 Figure 53a,b – No Shades Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 54 – No Shades Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 79 (Level 14, Northwest) Table 19 – No Shades Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Cooling Average Cooling Maximum Cooling Minimum Core 4,553 4,607 4,296 NW 13,300 13,379 13,099 NE 6,679 6,834 6,173 SW 14,043 14,188 13,152 SE 9,084 11,929 11,247 The No Shades model consumes 967,949 kWh per year of cooling energy. It is expected that it model should possess the highest energy data for cooling. While the cooling energy intensity also increases the higher the level is located, the main visual distribution is based on zone orientation. All zones with western exposure perform high, which indicates that additional vertical reed shading should have been considered for the southwestern face in addition to the northwestern face. The northeastern faces have the least intensities of all zones, except for the naturally cool cores, but they are still greater than that of the As-Built northeastern zones. All northwestern zones have annual cooling loads similar to that of Zone 79 shown above. 83 Table 20 – Percent Cooling Energy Saved in As-Built Model in Comparison to No Shades Model Average % Cooling Energy Saved by Shading Fixtures in As-Built All 38% Core 20% NW 41% NE 33% SW 47% SE 19% Analyzing the No Shades model in comparison to the As-Built provides the opportunity to measure the effectiveness of the shades in the 2013 Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt design. It is interesting to note that the reed shades save 41% energy on the northwestern face, while the gridded shades save 47% on the southwest. Data as such is the primary reason why the custom build model proposes to duplicate the reed shades onto the southwestern face. It is also interesting that the southeastern zone shows the smallest average percentage of energy saved by shades, even in comparison to the core zones. This is because the southeastern zones have the smallest range of maximum and minimum values throughout the year, as shown in the Energy Values by Zone Orientation table presented previously. 84 5.2.3 Natural Ventilation Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 55a,b,c – Natural Ventilation Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 55d,e,f,g – Natural Ventilation Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 85 Figure 56a,b – Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 57 – Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 23 (Level 3, Southwest) Table 21 – Natural Ventilation Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Cooling Average Cooling Maximum Cooling Minimum Core 1,814 1,956 1,417 NW 3,953 4,495 3,766 NE 2,068 2,248 1,957 SW 3,255 3,593 2,418 SE 3,378 3,657 3,055 The Natural Ventilation model consumes 282,867 kWh per year of cooling energy. Natural ventilation can potentially save building owners over half their current cooling energy costs in temperate areas like Portland, Oregon. As the data presents, it drastically drops cooling energy loads. There may be odd spikes of high use in the summer, as the annual hourly cooling load graph displays, but the rest of the year shows almost no need to even operate cooling systems. This data also presents an opportunity to compare zone performance against the As-Built model. 86 Table 22 – Percent Cooling Energy Saved in Natural Ventilation Model in Comparison to As-Built Model Average % Cooling Energy Saved by Natural Ventilation All 53% Core 50% NW 50% NE 54% SW 56% SE 54% 87 5.2.4 Custom Build Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 58a,b,c – Custom Build Model & Cooling Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 58d,e,f, g – Custom Build Model Cooling Energy Visualization by Face 88 Figure 59a,b – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 60 – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Cooling Loads for Zone 23 (Level 3, Southwest) Table 23 – Custom Build Model Cooling Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Cooling Average Cooling Maximum Cooling Minimum Core 1,803 1,935 1,395 NW 3,937 4,476 3,764 NE 2,071 2,228 1,933 SW 3,078 3,317 2,089 SE 3,361 3,609 3,006 The Custom Build model consumes 278,037 kWh per year of cooling energy. The data for this model is very similar to that of the Natural Ventilation model. Across all zone orientations, it saves about 1% more energy in comparison to the Natural Ventilation Model, likely due to the additional shading provided by the duplicated reed structure. Beside of the unpredictability of natural ventilation, cooling loads may be of scattered values when operated as shown in Figure 60 above. 89 5.2.5 Review Table 24 – Review of Cooling Energy Visualizations As-Built 598,378 kWh No Shades 967,949 kWh Natural Ventilation 282,867 kWh Custom Build 278,037 kWh Table 25 – Scored Rubric for Cooling Energy Load As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Cooling Energy (10) 6 3 9 10 90 5.3 Heating Energy 5.3.1 As-Built Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 61a,b,c – As-Built Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 61de,f,g – As-Built Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 91 Figure 62a,b – As-Built Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 63 – As-Built Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 (Level 16, Southeast) Table 26 – As Built Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Heating Average Heating Maximum Heating Minimum Core 2,598 10,260 1,956 NW 7,792 15,993 7,079 NE 6,811 13,921 6,093 SW 4,791 10,779 3,866 SE 6,686 13,461 5,706 The As-Built model consumes 576,921 kWh of heating energy per year. The northern-oriented faces require more heating energy than the other two faces. Notice that heating loads are typically higher on the lower levels and reduce as the level increases, which is most apparent on the southeast. The southwestern face, with the open gridded shade, is likely to experience the highest solar heat gain of all the faces, which is why its load is the smallest. The bottom and top levels stand out as the zones requiring the most heating energy. The bottom level has a higher height than other floors, contributing to a higher intensity required to heat the larger space. It may be attributed that the overhang of the solar panel affects the performance of the top floor, but this is actually representative of a flaw in the workflow. By default Honeybee does not assign 92 insulation to roofing, perhaps assuming that an attic space above the top level will have roofing conditions. This can be manually overridden while setting zone constructions, but it was unknown at the time of initial simulation. In a test simulation, adding an additional level caused floor 18 to continue the intensity gradient while the new top level showed a heavier intensity. This flaw in the workflow can be corrected as future work. 93 5.3.2 No Shades Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 64a,b,c – No Shades Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 64d,e,f,g – No Shades Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 94 Figure 65a,b – No Shades Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 66 – No Shades Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 (Level 16, Southeast) Table 27 – No Shades Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Heating Average Heating Maximum Heating Minimum Core 2,195 4,607 1,604 NW 6,183 13,379 5,374 NE 5,820 6,835 5,117 SW 3,465 14,188 2,862 SE 5,081 11,929 4,341 The No Shades model requires 455, 839 kWh per year, the least of any models because it naturally because it is exposed to the most solar heat gain. The lobby and top levels experience a similar pattern of performance to the As-Built model, due to the lobby height and flaw in the workflow for roofing construction. 95 Table 28 – Percent Heating Energy Saved in No Shades Model by Solar Heat Gain Average % Heating Energy Saved by Solar Heat Gain Average % Cooling Energy Saved by Shading Fixtures All 21% 38% Core 16% 20% NW 21% 41% NE 15% 33% SW 28% 47% SE 24% 19% If the heating data from the No Shades model is compared to the data from the As-Built model, it can be determined how heating energy can be saved by allowing solar heat gain to naturally warm the building in the winter months. The results are highlighted by percentage in the table above, noting that the southwest experiences the highest savings while the northeast experiences the least. It data also begs the question, is it better to shade the building to save on cooling loads, or expose it to save on heating loads? Beside the heating savings data in the table above, the cooling savings data between the As-Built and No Shades model also presented. Almost across all zones, the energy savings are greater if designing to save on cooling energy. The southeastern face is the anomaly, likely because its southern orientation allows it useful sunlight. Still, building designers should note that that it is more effective to design shading devices in temperate environments. Remember that the cooling energy required is higher than the heating energy in the As-Built model, meaning these percentages account for higher quantities of kilowatt-hours. With this observation, it becomes clear why the 2013 façade did not include solar shades on the northeastern side, but it is peculiar noticing that the southwestern façade could have benefitted from heavier solar shades than what it received. Once again, data as such is the primary reason why the custom build model proposes to duplicate the reed shades onto the southwestern face. In future work, a second custom build may present reed shades on the northwestern and southwestern face, and no shade at all on the southeastern face. 96 5.3.3 Natural Ventilation Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 67a,b,c – Natural Ventilation Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 67d,e,f,g – Natural Ventilation Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 97 Figure 68a,b – Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 69 – Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 (Level 16, Southeast) Table 29 – Natural Ventilation Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Heating Average Heating Maximum Heating Minimum Core 2,415 9,941 1,760 NW 7,742 15,954 6,981 NE 6,783 13,908 6,028 SW 4,595 10,529 3,612 SE 6,600 13,348 5,548 The Natural Ventilation model requires 565,393 kWh per year, performing very similarly to the As-Built model for heating requirements. The As-Built model performs only slightly better (approximately 100-200 kWH less per zone). This is likely due to the spaces not being completely as air-tight as the As-Built model, in the sense that the windows must open or close when temperatures reach set-points. This amount of infiltration, and its effect on heating requirements, is expected. 98 5.3.4 Custom Build Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 70a,b,c – Custom Build Model & Heating Energy Intensity Visualization & Enlarged Scale Southwest Southeast Northeast Northwest Figure 70d,e,f,g – Custom Build Model Heating Energy Visualization by Face 99 Figure 71a,b – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 72 – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly Heating Loads for Zone 87 (Level 16, Southeast) Table 30 – Custom Build Model Heating Energy Values by Zone Orientation kWh Heating Average Heating Maximum Heating Minimum Core 2,477 10,093 1,832 NW 7,852 16,106 7,115 NE 6,810 13,933 6,063 SW 5,059 11,541 4,102 SE 6,689 13,467 5,652 The Custom Build model consumes 579,996 kWh of heating energy per year. Whereas the Custom Build model saves an additional 1% of cooling energy in comparison to the Natural Ventilation model, the Custom Build model saves about 1% less of heating energy. Earlier it was stated that for performance, it is more to the owner’s energy benefit to design solar shading devices to reduce cooling loads. However, if natural ventilation is introduced, the benefits one way or another may not be so obvious. Because the grid shades are included in this model, it cannot be declared that no shades combined natural ventilation, versus shading and natural 100 ventilation, are equal when combining cooling and heating loads. Future work may include a façade-face analysis of each zone under reed, grid, and no shade conditions, in additional to natural ventilation and sealed sub-conditions for each. 101 5.3.5 Review Table 31 – Review of Heating Energy Visualizations As-Built 576,921 kWh No Shades 455,839 kWh Natural Ventilation 565,393 kWh Custom Build 579,996 kWh Table 32 – Scored Rubric for Heating Energy Load As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Heating Energy (10) 7 10 8 7 102 5.4 Source & Embodied Energy 5.4.1 As-Built Model Source Energy and Emissions: Table 33 – Source Energy and Emissions for As-Built Model Total Annual Energy Estimate (kWh) Transmission & Distribution Loss (%) Transmission & Distribution Loss (kWh/yr) 2,851,087 3.95% 112,618 Operating Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Natural Gas for Generation (Btu/yr) Btu Lost to Generation (Btu/yr) 7878 2.25 * 10^10 1.27 * 10^10 CO2 Rate (lb CO2/million Btu) CO2 Produced (lb CO2/yr) 117 2.63 * 10^6 Please note that the operating heat rate of 7878 Btu/kWh is based upon the EIA National Average Operating Heat Rate for 2015. If the direct conversion of kilowatt hours to Btu is 3412 Btu/kwh, then the power plant efficiency is 3412/7878 = 43% (US Energy Information Administration). Site Embodied Energy (Shades): Density of aluminum: 2,700 kg/m^3 Embodied energy of aluminum (unrecycled): 170 MJ/kg Embodied energy of aluminum (recycled): 17 MJ/kg Volume of aluminum reeds: 1298 m^3 Alcoa Recycled Rate of “Billet” Construction Products: 50% [(0.5*1298 m^3) * (2,700 kg/m^3) * (170 MJ/kg)] + [(0.5*1298 m^3) * 2,700 kg/m^3 * (17 MJ/kg)] = 2.979 * 10^8 MJ = 82,750,000 kWh 103 5.4.2 No Shades Model Source Energy and Emissions: Table 34 – Source Energy and Emissions for No Shades Model Total Annual Energy Estimate (kWh) Transmission & Distribution Loss (%) Transmission & Distribution Loss (kWh/yr) 3,168,592 3.95% 125,159 Operating Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Natural Gas for Generation (Btu/yr) Btu Lost to Generation (Btu/yr) 7878 2.50 * 10^10 1.42 * 10^10 CO2 Rate (lb CO2/million Btu) CO2 Produced (lb CO2/yr) 117 2.92 * 10^6 Site Embodied Energy (Shades): 0 MJ = 0 kWh 5.4.3 Natural Ventilation Model Source Energy and Emissions: Table 35 – Source Energy and Emissions for Natural Ventilation Model Total Annual Energy Estimate (kWh) Transmission & Distribution Loss (%) Transmission & Distribution Loss (kWh/yr) 2,524,048 3.95% 99,700 Operating Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Natural Gas for Generation (Btu/yr) Btu Lost to Generation (Btu/yr) 7878 1.99 * 10^10 1.13 * 10^10 CO2 Rate (lb CO2/million Btu) CO2 Produced (lb CO2/yr) 117 2.33 * 10^6 Site Embodied Energy (Shades): Density of aluminum: 2,700 kg/m^3 Embodied energy of aluminum (unrecycled): 170 MJ/kg Embodied energy of aluminum (recycled): 17 MJ/kg Volume of aluminum reeds: 1298 m^3 Alcoa Recycled Rate of “Billet” Construction Products: 50% 104 [(0.5*1298 m^3) * (2,700 kg/m^3) * (170 MJ/kg)] + [(0.5*1298 m^3) * 2,700 kg/m^3 * (17 MJ/kg)] = 2.979 * 10^8 MJ = 82,750,000 kWh 5.4.4 Custom Build Model Source Energy and Emissions: Table 36 – Source Energy and Emissions for Custom Build Model Total Annual Energy Estimate (kWh) Transmission & Distribution Loss (%) Transmission & Distribution Loss (kWh/yr) 2,527,412 3.95% 99,833 Operating Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Natural Gas for Generation (Btu/yr) Btu Lost to Generation (Btu/yr) 7878 1.99 * 10^10 1.13 * 10^10 CO2 Rate (lb CO2/million Btu) CO2 Produced (lb CO2/yr) 117 2.33 * 10^6 Site Embodied Energy (Shades): Density of galvanized steel: 7.8 g/cm^3 = 7,800 kg/m^3 Embodied energy of galvanized steel: 38 MJ/kg Volume of galvanized steel reeds: 1947 m^3 1947 m^3 * 7,800 kg/m^3 * 38 MJ/kg = 5.771*10^8 MJ = 160,300,000 kWh 5.4.5 Review Table 37 – Review of Annual Source and Embodied Energy Results Source Plant Energy (Btu/yr) Source Generation Losses (Btu/yr) Source Distribution Losses (kWh/yr) CO2 Emissions (lb CO2/yr) Site Embodied [Shades] (MJ) As-Built 2.25 * 10^10 1.27 * 10^10 112,600 2.63 * 10^6 2.98 * 10^8 No Shades 2.50 * 10^10 1.42 * 10^10 125,200 2.92 * 10^6 0 Natural Ventilation 1.99 * 10^10 1.13 * 10^10 99,700 2.33 * 10^6 2.98 * 10^8 Custom 1.99 * 10^10 1.13 * 10^10 99,800 2.33 * 10^6 5.77 * 10^8 105 The source energy calculations are directly correlated to the total energy loads at the beginning of the chapter, and are all calculated by the same energy conversions. The transmission and distribution loss rate, operating heat rate, and CO2 generation values are all national values. It is possible that Oregon may be more efficient as an environmentally conscious state. The As-Built model performs 317,505 kWh per year better than the No Shades model due to the implemented shading devices. However, if the site embodied energy is taken into account, the solar shading devices will pay themselves off (in terms of energy) after 260 years of operation, far beyond the average lifespan of an office building. It is also important to note that the above calculations assume that the aluminum has a recycled content rate of 50% according to Alcoa billet construction product data. If recycled, aluminum can be considered a very sustainable material, containing only 10% of the embodied energy of its unrecycled counterpart. Recycling for construction material is possible, though the process can take months due to surface treatments contaminating the raw material. If recycled aluminum was implemented, the performance energy savings would pay off after 52 years of operation, a much more reasonable amount of time. Aluminum is a popular choice for material for shading devices due to its high strength and low weight. Galvanized steel is a common alternative with a lesser embodied energy per kilogram, but as shown in the table above it still has a high overall embodied energy for the volume of the shading devices. This is because the weight and density of galvanized steel is much higher than aluminum. Wood may have been another good alternative, with an embodied energy 0.5 to 3.4 MJ/kg, but would not be a great choice due to the fear of rot or pests at high outdoor locations. As tall shading devices, wood would not be an easy choice for the owner to maintain. Table 38 – Scored Rubric for Source & Embodied Energy As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Source (4) 3 1 4 4 Site (6) 4 6 4 2 Source & Embodied Energy Total (10) 7 7 8 6 106 5.5 Thermal Comfort Within this section, all PMV comfort metrics are measured without the input HVAC to the building. This is purposeful in order to establish the passive comfort effects of the façade models. 5.5.1 As-Built Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 73a,b,c – As-Built Model & PMV Comfort Visualization & Enlarged Scale Figure 74a,b – As-Built Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 75 – As-Built Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 77 (Level 14, Southeast) 107 Table 39 – As-Built Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation PMV Average PMV Median PMV Maximum PMV Minimum % Between -1 and 1 Core -0.27051 -0.08473 2.459721 -1.12235 65.86355 NW -0.30815 -0.21838 2.687019 -2.34698 38.79667 NE -0.38632 -0.29586 2.688788 -1.49497 43.20038 SW -0.10002 0.058619 2.552891 -2.20451 41.74322 SE -0.10129 0.057532 2.658892 -2.4747 37.92909 All -0.25642 -0.16546 2.688788 -2.4747 47.02694 Table 40 – As-Built Model Operative Temperatures by Zone Orientation (°F) Operative Average Operative Median Operative Maximum Operative Minimum Core 21.87165 22.72736 27.35691 14.33981 NW 21.36575 21.48596 32.26575 13.26826 NE 20.90342 21.06374 28.95411 13.25991 SW 21.99538 22.56611 31.54472 13.78685 SE 21.65276 22.19969 32.49358 13.4011 All 21.49463 21.71708 32.49358 13.25991 When working with PMV, a 3D perspective intensity diagram is relatively uninformative because it displays averages for each zone. Averaged PMV is relatively unhelpful because it typically will result in a value around 0, meaning the “average” value is comfortable. It is far more useful to look at maximum, median, minimum PMV values, as well as annual hourly graphs. It is also useful to look at the percentage of time in the comfort zone, being between -1 and 1. Operative temperature is also helpful to see how it fluctuates in response to comfort. The average and median PMV in the As-Built model are both slightly negative, meaning that the building is slightly cooler than comfortable, likely unnoticeably cooler. However, looking at the southern zones it appears those are slightly warmer on average. Zones 14, 99, and 77 are all northwestern zones featured above. The majority of zones graph similarly to 14 and 99, which do not have extreme values. However, a few zones like 77 show extreme warm and cool values. The southeast is likely to be the coolest of all zones, while the northeast is most likely to be the warmest. Consequently, the southeast has the highest maximum operative temperature while the northeast has the lowest operative minimum temperature. 108 5.5.2 No Shades Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 76a,b,c – No Shades Model & PMV Comfort Visualization & Enlarged Scale Figure 77a,b – No Shades Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 78 – No Shades Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 81 (Level 15, Northeast) 109 Table 41 – No Shades Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation PMV Average PMV Median PMV Maximum PMV Minimum % Between -1 and 1 Core -0.15953 0.016611 2.505694 -1.37975 66.34032 NW -0.02181 0.078491 2.724794 -3.00000 34.01558 NE -0.17731 -0.02354 2.725915 -1.77092 36.91647 SW 0.296453 0.401539 2.603958 -2.74648 30.65404 SE 0.238787 0.36292 2.691173 -2.82024 31.07575 All -0.00202 0.054931 2.725915 -3.00000 42.32466 Table 42 – No Shades Model Operative Temperature Values by Zone Orientation (°F) Operative Average Operative Median Operative Maximum Operative Minimum Core 22.37272 23.25847 28.34622 14.12536 NW 22.43429 22.91914 34.98109 13.08935 NE 21.6257 22.12743 30.00998 13.08405 SW 23.37902 24.02539 33.56276 13.66004 SE 22.73956 23.30789 33.83945 13.24851 All 22.39882 22.99265 34.98109 13.08405 In the No Shades model, the average percentage in the comfort zone is 5% less than that of the As-Built model. On the southern faces, the averages and medians are slightly above 0, meaning they are typically slightly warmer than comfortable. The core percentage in the comfort zone is carrying the overall to a deceptively higher value than what it should be. Overall, the outward zones perform poorer than the As-Built model. The minimum operative minimum temperature values are lower than that of the As-Built model as well. The maximum and minimums on the No Shades model are also more extreme, even resulting in a coldest PMV -3 scenario on the Northwest corner in the lobby (Zone 16). The operative maximum temperature for that zone is nearly 95 degrees Fahrenheit – higher than any space should be heated. 110 5.5.3 Natural Ventilation Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 79a,b,c – Natural Ventilation Model & PMV Comfort Visualization & Enlarged Scale Figure 80a,b – Natural Ventilation Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 81 – Natural Ventilation Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 74 (Level 13, Northwest) 111 Table 43 – Natural Ventilation Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation PMV Average PMV Median PMV Maximum PMV Minimum % Between -1 and 1 Core -0.00532 0.143064 2.4571 -1.33576 34.04781 NW -0.24201 -0.22554 2.685693 -2.6181 34.70991 NE -0.32951 -0.31124 2.688294 -1.64896 36.78619 SW 0.021021 0.10256 2.533975 -2.29089 34.01826 SE 0.017433 0.171175 2.654463 -2.58809 30.17996 All -0.12397 -0.10042 2.688294 -2.6181 34.85753 Table 44 – Natural Ventilation Model Operative Temperature Values by Zone Orientation (°F) Operative Average Operative Median Operative Maximum Operative Minimum Core 22.78771 23.44444 28.16763 14.35201 NW 21.49374 21.65796 33.10683 13.27453 NE 20.99512 21.16123 29.3564 13.26225 SW 22.28684 22.67881 32.28502 13.79381 SE 21.89314 22.29755 32.65628 13.42199 All 21.86368 21.84614 33.10683 13.26225 The Natural Ventilation model performs only slightly better than the No Shades model, having a percentage in the comfort zone 1% higher in the northwest side, the same in northeastern side, 4% higher in the southwestern side, and 1% lower in the southeastern side. Though this model does not achieve as extreme PMV maximums of minimums, the values are still significantly high and low. The average operative temperature is 1% cooler than the No Shades model, and the operative maximum and minimums are 1% more comfortable. 112 5.5.4 Custom Build Model Rendered Perspective 3D Perspective & Enlarged Scale (per m 2 ) Figure 82a,b,c – Custom Build Model & PMV Comfort Visualization & Enlarged Scale Figure 83a,b – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zones 14 & 99 (Level 1 and 18, Northwest). Enlarged diagrams for lobby and top level are shown in Appendix B. Figure 84 – Custom Build Model Annual Hourly PMV for Zone 23 (Level 3, Southwest) 113 Table 45 – Custom Build Model PMV Values by Zone Orientation PMV Average PMV Median PMV Maximum PMV Minimum % Between -1 and 1 Core -0.01431 0.123834 2.46051 -1.33275 34.0599 NW -0.24874 -0.23549 2.687947 -2.61537 34.61859 NE -0.33079 -0.31419 2.688689 -1.64923 36.73113 SW -0.05024 0.034957 2.562718 -2.01898 34.64948 SE 0.01205 0.164585 2.657138 -2.58621 30.21354 All -0.14199 -0.12803 2.688689 -2.61537 34.95753 Table 46 – Custom Build Model Operative Temperature Values by Zone Orientation (°F) Operative Average Operative Median Operative Maximum Operative Minimum Core 22.74606 23.36283 27.3713 15.47224 NW 21.46478 21.6292 31.74999 14.40583 NE 20.98882 21.15493 28.33285 14.4195 SW 22.00974 22.42877 29.54059 14.54428 SE 21.86848 22.26284 30.57471 14.43117 All 21.79173 21.71761 25.83786 15.98021 The Custom Build model has very similar PMV data to the Natural Ventilation model. The main difference is a 1% increase in PMV comfort in both the northeastern and southwestern zones. Like the other models, the northern zones are slightly cooler overall than the southern zones Because the main feature of this model is a better-shaded southwestern zone, it is peculiar that the Custom Build southwestern maximum PMV is higher than Natural Ventilation southwestern maximum PMV value. 114 5.5.5 Review Table 47 – Review of PMV Comfort by Percentage in Comfort Zone Model % Between -1 and 1 PMV (No HVAC) All Core NW NE SW SE As-Built Model 47% 66% 39% 43% 42% 38% No Shades Model 42% 66% 34% 36% 30% 31% Natural Ventilation Model 35% 34% 35% 36% 34% 30% Custom Build Model 35% 34% 35% 37% 35% 30% The As-Built Model clearly performs with the overall highest comfort levels. At first glance it may be tempting to assume the No Shades Model performs well due to its high overall average of comfort. However, upon further observation it becomes clear that this overall average is the result of its high core comfort. In comparison to the outer zones, the core zone has little importance to occupant comfort in an office building. Occupants will likely spend most of their time in the outer zones, where their desks are located, instead of the core area where the elevators and restrooms are located. Furthermore, if the outer zones are comfortable, the core zone experiences no skin loads, only internal gains. Table 48 – Scored Rubric for Thermal Comfort As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Thermal Comfort (10) 10 7 8 8 115 5.6 Visual Comfort & Daylighting Electrical lighting is disabled so that natural daylighting illuminance can be measured. Level 16, a single floor near the top of the building, has been selected so that the effects of the shading devices are predominant in comparison to building context surroundings. The selected times of study are summer 8AM, 12PM, and 5PM to represent arrival time, lunchtime, and departure time. Because the sun does not penetrate the building as strongly in the winter, 10AM and 4PM have been selected to represent the earliest and latest the occupants will experience noticeable sunlight illuminance in their workspace. All graphs are shown at the same scale measuring illuminance, in the units of lux. For reference, dark blue shading represents total darkness, whereas the lighter blues represent typical indoor lighting. Yellow, orange, and red shading indicate outdoor lighting conditions. For visual reference, the shading devices are plotted alongside the perimeter of the building façade. Data sheets can be viewed in Appendix C. 116 5.6.1 As-Built Model Figure 85a,b,c,d – As-Built Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale Table 49 – As Built Summer Daylighting Summary Summer Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM Avg 3482 9427 985 1111 Max 16930 26423 2152 2780 Min 388 1181 325 403 12PM Avg 1961 2497 3067 1605 Max 4852 7528 29286 4083 Min 506 706 619 424 5PM Avg 1569 1041 1615 5034 Max 4219 2765 6381 12930 Min 315 333 364 702 Figure 86a,b,c,d – As-Built Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 117 Table 50 – As Built Winter Daylighting Summary Winter Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM Avg 537.0174 526.933 445.7365 407.0714 Max 1509.4 1588 1242.45 1167.05 Min 85.04 140.32 104.31 93.53 12PM Avg 865.0288 842.4064 926.3432 706.0845 Max 2434.58 2599.25 2452.72 1988.05 Min 142.11 213.19 213.43 150.57 3PM Avg 573.1239 483.5825 753.4147 560.8446 Max 1565.28 1431.08 1826.46 1531.4 Min 107.36 137.77 198.92 111.86 Ample light is admitted through the southeastern and northwestern glazing in the mornings and afternoons, respectively. Though daylighting is a good thing, over-illumination does exist, which is the occurrence of too much illumination for adequate visual comfort. On the southeastern face, the gridded shading devices marginally reduce daylighting levels, though it is sporadic. However, the aluminum reed shading devices do assist considerably on the northwestern face, lowering illuminance levels considerably. Of course, sitting near the edge of the building may be too bright at these peak times, but daylighting towards the inner part of these zones may not require any electric lighting. The gridded solar shade on the southwestern face seems particularly effective; its only weak spot is the break in the gridded pattern. The winters in Portland do not drench the building interiors with as much sunlight, meaning electric lighting is required at the beginning and end of the day. 118 5.6.2 No Shades Model Figure 87a,b,c,d – No Shades Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale Table 51 – No Shades Summer Daylighting Summary Summer Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM Avg 3486 11763 1338 1313 Max 16927 28890 3010 2639 Min 400 1408 445 587 12PM Avg 1988 3681 7223 2544 Max 5050 21540 32391 6308 Min 508 840 721 788 5PM Avg 1585 1482 2774 8576 Max 4358 3484 10360 18760 Min 342 464 435 1394 Figure 88a,b,c,d – No Shades Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 119 Table 52 – No Shades Winter Daylighting Summary Winter Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM Avg 540.0634 749.6701 657.8 635.3406 Max 1556.97 1942.59 1861.75 1680.84 Min 90.89 170.67 121.96 163.05 12PM Avg 868.3406 1233.615 1329.071 1122.418 Max 2517.58 3269.94 3606.61 2922.15 Min 146.45 273.39 270.78 278.21 3PM Avg 577.8941 703.3922 1054.403 935.7164 Max 1658.49 1820.4 2813.71 2376.4 Min 92.15 171.08 233.07 235.61 The No Shades model is an excellent comparison point for use to measure the effectiveness of the solar shades. As mentioned earlier, daylighting drenches about half the depth of the northwestern and southeastern zones. A cast shadow from the level above appears to be the sudden drop between extreme lighting and comfortable lighting. It is very likely that the respective edge cubicles are too bright for efficient workspaces in the morning and afternoon. On the southeastern face, it is particularly interesting to see how ineffective the absence of gridded shading device acts in comparison to the As-Built model. 120 5.6.3 Natural Ventilation Model Figure 89a,b,c,d – Natural Ventilation Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale Table 53 – Natural Ventilation Summer Daylighting Summary Summer Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM Avg 3482 9427 985 1111 Max 16930 26423 2152 2780 Min 388 1181 325 403 12PM Avg 1961 2497 3067 1605 Max 4852 7528 29286 4083 Min 506 706 619 424 5PM Avg 1569 1041 1615 5034 Max 4219 2765 6381 12930 Min 315 333 364 702 Figure 90a,b,c,d – Natural Ventilation Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 121 Table 54 – Natural Ventilation Winter Daylighting Summary Winter Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM Avg 537.0174 526.933 445.7365 407.0714 Max 1509.4 1588 1242.45 1167.05 Min 85.04 140.32 104.31 93.53 12PM Avg 865.0288 842.4064 926.3432 706.0845 Max 2434.58 2599.25 2452.72 1988.05 Min 142.11 213.19 213.43 150.57 3PM Avg 573.1239 483.5825 753.4147 560.8446 Max 1565.28 1431.08 1826.46 1531.4 Min 107.36 137.77 198.92 111.86 The Natural Ventilation model acts identically to the As-Built model in terms of natural daylighting. 122 5.6.4 Custom Build Model Figure 91a,b,c,d – Custom Build Model: Summer Daylighting at 8AM, 12PM, 5PM & Scale Table 55 – Custom Build Summer Daylighting Summary Summer Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM Avg 3481 9426 1021 1107 Max 16852 26674 3251 2686 Min 374 1173 257 398 12PM Avg 1954 2618 5057 1580 Max 4795 20422 28995 4163 Min 512 704 360 435 5PM Avg 1572 1044 1308 4997 Max 4099 2696 6279 12918 Min 352 368 204 722 Figure 92a,b,c,d – Custom Build Model: Winter Daylighting at 10AM, 12PM, 3PM & Scale 123 Table 56 – Custom Build Winter Daylighting Summary Winter Daylighting (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM Avg 537.6722 532.3567 400.3625 405.6622 Max 1509.69 1580.05 1234.96 1097.57 Min 87.93 147.52 63.33 86.97 12PM Avg 862.1921 854.2105 792.2838 698.8688 Max 2426.84 2606.9 2457.58 1932.82 Min 139.85 214.32 131.36 154.07 3PM Avg 573.6306 487.0958 597.7247 555.4112 Max 1570.81 1393.08 1746.59 1495.73 Min 103.89 128.95 122.1 121.24 The main difference between natural daylighting in the Custom Build model and As-Built model should be the implementation of a reed solar shade on the southwestern face. Interestingly enough, the reed solar shades strategy on the southwestern façade is less effective than the gridded shade. This edge of the building experiences extreme daylighting almost as strong as that of the No Shades model. The reed shading device was mirrored in orientation on this face in order to more effective block western sunlight. However, this proved overall more ineffective. 124 5.6.5 Review Table 57 - Natural Daylighting Review All Models Shown at 12PM Summertime Conditions. Table 58 – Scored Rubric for Natural Daylighting As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Natural Daylighting (10) 8 5 8 7 125 5.7 Owner/Tenant Intangibles This section does not contain scientific data gathered from simulations or calculations. Rather, it is a collection of intangibles that are passed onto the owner, and experienced by the operator and tenants. Energy and performance are a type of metric to measure a building. Among building scientists, these are popular metrics to measure the performance of a building. However, it is not the only type of metric. There are potential owners and tenants in the world who may not value the environmental footprint of a building so much as their experience within it. There may be tenants who desire to pay premiums on rent if it provides them a particular ambiance. And there may be tenants who ascribe intrinsic value to particular building components, no matter what the initial cost (financial or embodied). Ultimately, each building model has costs and benefits, valued by the preference of an individual. Therefore the rubric is left blank in this portion, encouraging the reader to input their own score. 5.7.1 As-Built Model Table 59 – Benefits and Costs of As-Built Model Benefits Costs Unique Architectural Identity High Site Embodied Energy Thermally Comfortable Partially Obstructed Views Comfortable Brightness Reputation of Sustainability 5.7.2 No Shades Model Table 60 – Benefits and Costs of No Shades Model Benefits Costs Unobstructed Views Higher Operating Costs Less Embodied Energy Too Bright for Productivity Cheapest Construction Option Thermally Uncomfortable Generic Architectural Identity 5.7.3 Natural Ventilation Model Table 61 – Benefits and Costs of Natural Ventilation Model Benefits Costs Unique Architectural Identity Ventilation Infrastructure Lesser Operating Costs High Site Embodied Energy Fresh Air Partially Obstructed Views Comfortable Brightness Reputation of Sustainability 126 5.7.4 Custom Build Model Table 62 – Benefits and Costs of Custom Build Model Benefits Costs Unique Architectural Identity Ventilation Infrastructure Lesser Operating Costs Most Expensive Construction Option Fresh Air High Site Embodied Energy Reputation of Sustainability Highly Obstructed Views Too Bright for Productivity 5.7.5 Review The values of any building owner, operator, or tenant are very different. It is encouraged for these parties to read the above benefits and costs for each model, and input their own score based on their interpreted relationship with each building. The rubric line below is scored with a much higher weight than previous criteria. This is because the intangibles may outweigh certain energy performance measures for particular people. Of course, there is a direct correlation between some of the building construction, performance, and intangibles (for example, reed shading resulting lower cooling loads and comfortable lighting, obstructing views, and manifesting a unique architectural identity). Table 63 – Unscored Rubric for Intangibles As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Owner/Tenant Intangibles (30) 127 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION 6.1 Scorecard Results & Summary of Findings Table 64 – Scored Rubric of Performance As-Built Model No Shades Model Natural Ventilation Model Custom Build Model Total Electrical Energy (10) 7 5 10 10 Cooling Energy (10) 6 3 9 10 Heating Energy (10) 7 10 8 7 Embodied Energy (10) 7 7 8 6 Thermal Comfort (10) 10 7 8 8 Visual Comfort (10) 8 5 8 7 Owner/Tenant Intangibles (30) TOTAL (45+__)/90 (37+__)/90 (51+__)/90 (48+__)/90 Summary of Findings:  Solar shades can reduce 38% of a tall building’s cooling load in a temperate climate.  In Portland, Oregon, it is often more effective to design for passive cooling than heating loads. o However, the southwestern façade performs better with a gridded face by absorbing beneficial heat gain.  Natural Ventilation can reduce 53% of a tall building’s cooling load in a temperate climate.  Consideration of the embodied energy of solar shading devices is often overlooked. If not using 100% recycled aluminum or other renewable products, the savings of operational energy may not offset the cost of embodied energy until far beyond the lifetime of a building.  Owner requests drive funding, restricting the maximum sustainable potential of the project.  Owner/tenant values may find intrinsic intangibles at the compromise of a cost. 128 6.2 Discussion with Project Firm On September 27, 2017, an interviewed was conducted with a firm who participated in the design and construction of the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building retrofit project. Due to the high profile and sensitivity of this project, the firm has requested to remain anonymous. When the GSA first proposed the initial plans for the retrofitting project, several investigations were conducted to determine the old building’s performance. Using energy bills and corresponding consumption data between September 2007 and October 2008, it was determined that the old building’s EUI was 79 kBTU/sf/year. The poor performance is attributed to deterioration of the concrete cladding façade over the years. Certain building enclosure elements were in such poor repair that occupants could adjust their location to reveal large openings for invasive air infiltration. This type of information is in line with the research of concrete cladding buildings, that the carbonation over time would result in steel rebar corrosion and breaking of concrete. It was the intended goal of the firm to create a new enclosure that would reduce the building’s EUI to a level in the low-30s range. Their designs were simulated using the CBECC (California Building Energy Compliance Code) software. The original façade re-design entailed unique shading devices on all faces of the building to be covered with vegetation. The greenery would provide shading in the summer, and allow light and heat gain to enter during the wintertime. Such a façade was estimated as very costly and drew attention from John McCain, who called the project a waste of federal money. Because the fate of this project was in the hands of funding from the federal organization owner, the budget was cut. Aluminum was instead selected for the shading structure, and the northwestern façade would receive the most architecturally unique as the main entrance face. It is by coincidence that the entry face is the same as the northwestern face, and a coincidence that the design firms could take advantage of. Though the southwestern and southeastern faces would not receive the same façade treatment as the northwestern face, they were both given the same gridded shades as a request of unity from the owner. Vegetation now grows up to the third level on both of the southern faces. It was always the intention of the owner to construct a giant photovoltaic panel surface on the rooftop with an overhang. The overhang, of course, was intended to create a larger landscape of 129 surfaces on which to collect sunlight. Additionally, all original plans intended for private offices to be located on the northeastern face of the building, the face with the least activity of light and solar heat gain. The strategy, then, was to design for the open cubicle areas in accordance to the annual sun path. However, the project could never achieve status as being one of the most efficient buildings in the country because of its owner requirements. As a federal building, there are many design criteria that are restrictive to sustainable buildings. Foremost, federal buildings have an airflow requirement that requires a higher CFM of fresh air than most other office buildings. Natural ventilation and operable windows are not permitted in federal office buildings in the event of a poisonous attack in the building vicinity. In some portions of the country, air quality levels of pollen and pollutants are regulated in federal buildings, which also prevents the use of operable windows. However, the firm had investigated the potential usage of mechanical operable windows on one building face, but the cost was estimated at approximately $1,000 per window. Due to funding, the idea was rejected. Lastly, modern federal buildings requirements specify blast resistance for glazing. In 1995, two evacuations occurred in the building as a response to bomb threats. Though no bombs were found, blast resistance was a critical owner request in the new building façade design. The problem is, a higher blast resistance accounts for a lower glazing energy performance. The firm believes that the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt building was groundbreaking for its time, even though it is not net zero. Today, the industry consistently references the building as a starting template for new and retrofitting office buildings projects. If built today, they estimate that the building could have achieved a 25 kBTU/sf/yr EUI rating due to new technology and higher performing quality of blast-resistant glazing products. However, they do not believe any federal building is likely to achieve net zero energy with their current building requirements for safety. This is not to say that they disagree with the priority of safety, but that the requirements may be modified for better performance without reducing the quality of safety. Though federal buildings are paving the road towards better performing buildings, they will soon plateau. It will be up to private large companies to construct the net zero archetypes. 130 6.3 Future Work 6.3.1 Workflow Improvements As mentioned in Chapter 5, the top level heating loads are inaccurate due to an assumption in the Honeybee programming. The programmed roofing construction did not assign insulation to the roofing, perhaps assuming that a ceiling to an attic space would provide insulation. If this work is to be continued, this error can be manually overridden while setting zone constructions. One of the major components of the simulation was to generate a façade model rubric of performance. Each building model category was filled in comparison to one another, in a comparatively plausible scoring system of individual criteria. However, the scoring of the criteria in comparison to one another may be considered future. In this study, each energy criteria held equal standing to one another, with the intangibles holding triple the weight as a single line item. A future study may attempt at quantitatively answering which building scoring categories are more important to an owner or tenant, and perhaps establish a formula for rating models against one another. 6.3.2 Façade by Orientation Study Chapter 5 sought to compare the performance of 4 different building façade models. Though this information is useful, it may be another helpful exercise to simulate façade options for each particular face. That is, each of the four faces would be tested for no shades, reed shades, and gridded shades with an additional permutation of operable windows or sealed. The highest performing type of each façade orientation would be assigned onto a holistic model, in theory producing the best performing building. A study as such is also helpful in isolating variables between the performances of different models. For example, in Chapter 5 it is difficult to establish the effect of southwestern reed shades for a sealed building. The Natural Ventilation model may be compared against the Custom Build for this information, but it would be of additional knowledge to compare the As Built model to a sealed model with reed shades on the southwestern face. 131 6.3.3 Glare As mentioned in Chapter 4, the workflow for glare was created but not simulated. If this study is to be continued, glare is an excellent candidate in which to continue the daylighting studies. Within Rhinoceros, a fisheye view must be set to incorporate into the Honeybee glare simulation. A cubicle desk location looking forwards the outer glazing would be an acceptable view if set up correctly. The cubicles, which were programmed in the Rhinoceros model but not imported to Honeybee for daylighting, may also be a relevant “context” for the simulation as they may block glare from a sitting occupant. Using the established glare workflow, an HDR image could be saved onto the simulator’s hard drive, and a glare analysis function would generate a momentary glare value. 6.3.4 Blast Resistance High blast resistance is a required design criteria for many federal buildings, in order to keep occupants safe in the event of an explosion. The combination of the Alfred P. Murrah building in Oklahoma City, the September 11 th attacks in New York, the multiple bomb threats in the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Building, and multiple other concerns raise the need for building protection. Buildings with ample glass should have extra consideration for the glass shards resulting from a blast. The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building has blast-resistant glazing in its new façade. However, the design firm has noted that an increased blast resistance results in a poorer thermal performance. A physical material study regarding the relationship between blast resistance and thermal performance may be useful future work applicable to any building. The intent is twofold: (a) to produce a glass that is blast resistant, and compare variations for the highest strength, and (b) to associate the blast resistance with corresponding solar heat gain coefficients. A new product or assembly may seek to raise the quality of one performance without compromising the other. 132 6.3.5 Post Occupancy Evaluation Post occupancy evaluations are often confidential, and for good reason. Often with high profile projects, political pressure and public funding can potentially establish the building as a target for heavy criticism and over-analyzation of parties that the owner does not want involved. There is also always potential for the post occupancy evaluation to suggest that the building is not as efficient as simulated. In such a case, it is understandable why these documents would not be released, though it can be frustrating to the realm of building science. Computer simulations take place in a vacuum. The real world has many more variables and parameters, some of which a computer simulation cannot process. Human nature can be unpredictable and spontaneous, and is much more complex than a programming “if, then” statement. Though the simulation may intend for the owner, operator, and occupants to use the building in a particular way, it often may not be the case after the tenants have moved in and the mechanical engineers have closed out the project. A post occupancy evaluation may uncover many new pieces of knowledge about this building and how its design theory could have been improved. 6.3.6 Aesthetics When the No Shades, Natural Ventilation, and Custom Build models were generated, it was purposeful that no new architectural design language was produced. Each of these models either replicated or removed existing architectural motifs but never created one of its own. Likewise, aesthetics was not one of the criteria on the façade rubric – and aesthetics is often a major priority to building owners and tenants. There have been studies in the past of what a human mind finds aesthetically pleasing in architecture. Such studies can be applied to a similar future study to analyze other facades and solar shades outside of the as-built language. 133 6.4 Closing Remarks The Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Office Building was chosen for study because it is a well-known and sustainable façade retrofit project within the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. The initial question was simple statement with a complex answer: could this building retrofit have been done better? After having completed the research, the complex answer lies in the previous information regarding cooling, heating, embodied energy, daylighting, and etc. However, the simple version of the answer is yes, it could have been improved upon if natural ventilation was implemented. The remainder of the building, according to the simulations, was designed very efficiently. The world today is one with increasingly limited natural resources, increasing carbon pollution, and what seems like energy higher demands each year. The environmental organizations mentioned in Chapter 2 have set goals for 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050, and onward. California has pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, and the United States has pledged to reduce emissions 2.3 – 2.8% per year between 2020 and 2025. Looking at the Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt building in isolation, the façade retrofit project allowed for its load to be reduced by over 60%. If many 1970s and earlier buildings were to improve their HVAC systems or enclosure, these goals become very achievable. Considering the mean lifetime of an office building is 65 years, there should be plenty of candidates for retrofits; not only would this improve the energy consumption of the building, it will lengthen the lifetime of the building by reusing the more durable structural skeleton. And a beneficial byproduct of this practice is the saving of embodied energy by reusing some of an older building’s materials. However, this exercise makes one question if the United States will carry through with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. As mentioned before, it is a very ambitious goal (it is not a mandate). It strives for all new commercial buildings to be net zero by 2030, 50% of the United States building stock to be net zero by 2040, and all commercial buildings in the United States by 2050. The way in which this Act is written, it almost assumes that the entire commercial building stock of the country will be replaced or retrofitted within 20 years. These retrofits and replacements must begin sooner to be reasonable, but it begs the question if every building has the potential to become net zero. Since zero energy usually refers to operational energy, the added issue of embodied energy offset makes these goals nearly impossible. 134 The problem is, net zero energy is not a simple “yes or no” feature of a building. The Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt building is the industry template sustainable office building, and it is not net zero. There are a few net zero buildings in the world already, but not enough to loosely create a goal. It is even more difficult for commercial office buildings, which typically are more vertical than horizontal, meaning they have less land to produce their own energy. Solar panels on the roof are not enough. As seen here, it only accounts for 3% of the annual electrical load of an 18-story building. That being said, technology improves in size and efficiency every year. The technology that exists today was not imaginable 40 years ago. As HVAC units achieve higher environmental ratings and coefficients of performances, perhaps the building loads will dramatically decrease. And perhaps newer models of solar panels will one day be able to offset 30% of annual electric loads. Still, human factors, such as funding, intrinsic connections, and safety, are not always harmonious with sustainability. In terms of a psychological hierarchy of value, those factors likely outweigh sustainability from an owner’s perspective. The government itself reflects these values, understandably, in their own building requirements for air quality and blast resistance. Two lessons can be surely be learned. If 50% of today’s building stock will exist in 2050, new construction is not enough to reach these goals if older buildings will perform poorly beside the new ones. The existing commercial buildings will need to undergo extensive retrofits to perform comparably to the new technology. Additionally, if a retrofit strives to become net zero, it cannot do so by using only new HVAC and glazing systems alone; these will only take a building so far. The façade as a whole must be considered to add extra passive benefits to the building energy load. And even then, that may not necessarily be net zero. Building owners must be provided with some incentive to take their buildings to the next level of sustainability, whether it is aid of funding or reduced tax rates. Once this incentive is taken, the United States will become much more likely to reach ambitious energy goals. 135 APPENDICES A. Electric Energy Data Sheets by Zone A.1 Electric Energy Sheet by Zone – As-Built Model Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 0 B2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1796.471 2115.398 22755.34 316.2563 1% 22439.09 1 B2 NW 25862.32 24479.35 5157.339 5639.779 61138.79 1049.05 2% 60089.74 2 B2 NE 18239.08 17263.76 3293.185 4111.302 42907.32 1600.988 4% 41306.34 3 B2 SE 22955.39 21727.87 4447.113 5072.39 54202.76 1201.178 2% 53001.58 4 B2 SW 21331.41 20190.73 4145.702 4470.021 50137.87 1305.953 3% 48831.91 5 B1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 2722.518 1689.923 23255.92 1966.233 8% 21289.68 6 B1 SW 21331.41 20190.73 6724.086 3999.415 52245.64 824.3741 2% 51421.27 7 B1 SE 22955.39 21727.87 7183.799 5111.44 56978.49 744.1818 1% 56234.31 8 B1 NE 18239.08 17263.76 4936.706 4157.066 44596.61 1081.208 2% 43515.4 9 B1 NW 25862.32 24479.35 7893.807 5601.212 63836.69 677.4227 1% 63159.26 10 1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3428.447 2680.588 24952.51 1582.124 6% 23370.39 11 1 NE 8263.235 795.7152 3502.239 10940.46 23501.65 1525.799 6% 21975.85 12 1 SE 7145.607 895.6122 6380.057 12698.24 27119.52 845.4836 3% 26274.04 13 1 SW 8123.478 822.373 7179.634 8839.413 24964.9 918.9481 4% 24045.95 14 1 NW 6503.965 900.9999 8085.56 12259.65 27750.17 666.8814 2% 27083.29 15 2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3449.181 2272.807 24565.46 1557.59 6% 23007.87 16 2 NE 6991.968 8070.826 3624.757 6686.072 25373.62 1473.091 6% 23900.53 17 2 NW 6082.655 9138.713 7240.156 7502.608 29964.13 741.7029 2% 29222.43 18 2 SW 6873.712 8341.211 6262.759 5191.991 26669.67 930.9497 3% 25738.72 19 2 SE 5470.446 9084.067 6043.61 7774.251 28372.37 887.7868 3% 27484.59 20 3 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3491.757 2243.111 24578.34 1528.791 6% 23049.55 21 3 NE 6991.968 8070.826 3756.128 6610.663 25429.59 1421.073 6% 24008.51 22 3 SE 6046.283 9084.067 5941.824 7587.896 28660.07 899.4812 3% 27760.59 23 3 SW 6873.712 8341.211 5873.387 5170.545 26258.85 898.2348 3% 25360.62 24 3 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7381.923 7418.477 29442.47 726.4473 2% 28716.02 25 4 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3541.027 2209.385 24593.89 1506.214 6% 23087.67 26 4 NE 6991.968 8070.826 3821.285 6565.926 25450 1396.337 5% 24053.67 27 4 SE 6046.283 9084.067 6160.823 7223.254 28514.43 866.9125 3% 27647.51 28 4 SW 6873.712 8341.211 6022.41 5097.399 26334.73 870.1765 3% 25464.56 29 4 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7525.695 7354.888 29522.65 710.6379 2% 28812.01 30 5 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3586.638 2166.153 24596.27 1487.301 6% 23108.96 31 5 NE 6991.968 8070.826 3976.198 6488.568 25527.56 1341.937 5% 24185.62 32 5 SE 6046.283 9084.067 6369.32 6784.032 28283.7 838.9239 3% 27444.78 33 5 SW 6873.712 8341.211 6257.075 4959.066 26431.06 837.9985 3% 25593.07 34 5 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7622.508 7296.24 29560.82 701.655 2% 28859.16 35 6 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3617.332 2121.167 24581.97 1475.457 6% 23106.52 36 6 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4058.972 6428.86 25550.63 1314.565 5% 24236.06 37 6 SE 6046.283 9084.067 6554.384 6357.369 28042.1 815.1082 3% 27226.99 38 6 SW 6873.712 8341.211 6561.091 4812.434 26588.45 808.6017 3% 25779.85 136 39 6 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7658.732 7255.742 29556.54 698.4203 2% 28858.12 40 7 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3653.645 2078.206 24575.33 1462.1 6% 23113.23 41 7 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4141.993 6367.971 25572.76 1288.354 5% 24284.4 42 7 SE 6046.283 9084.067 6934.958 6004.059 28069.37 770.4761 3% 27298.89 43 7 SW 6873.712 8341.211 7005.598 4618.358 26838.88 774.2711 3% 26064.61 44 7 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7677.341 7226.712 29546.12 697.1569 2% 28848.96 45 8 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3677.888 2045.94 24567.3 1453.953 6% 23113.35 46 8 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4266.92 6318.268 25647.98 1250.78 5% 24397.2 47 8 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7048.653 5882.466 28061.47 758.4294 3% 27303.04 48 8 SW 6873.712 8341.211 7419.059 4435.426 27069.41 749.6193 3% 26319.79 49 8 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7697.01 7200.606 29539.68 695.763 2% 28843.92 50 9 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3707.802 2016.104 24567.38 1443.097 6% 23124.28 51 9 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4356.233 6290.954 25709.98 1225.206 5% 24484.77 52 9 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7325.08 5809.562 28264.99 729.7616 3% 27535.23 53 9 SW 6873.712 8341.211 7742.697 4237.207 27194.83 728.9395 3% 26465.89 54 9 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7753.015 7151.061 29546.14 690.996 2% 28855.15 55 10 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3730.246 1986.667 24560.39 1436.275 6% 23124.11 56 10 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4431.514 6276.34 25770.65 1204.505 5% 24566.14 57 10 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7450.248 5767.102 28347.7 717.7983 3% 27629.9 58 10 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8002.319 4036.525 27253.77 719.5695 3% 26534.2 59 10 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7797.92 7098.45 29538.44 687.3713 2% 28851.07 60 11 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3759.893 1965.281 24568.65 1426.401 6% 23142.25 61 11 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4541.559 6241.563 25845.92 1175.413 5% 24670.5 62 11 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7621.708 5728.467 28480.52 701.8024 2% 27778.72 63 11 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8351.806 3906.317 27473.05 695.8726 3% 26777.17 64 11 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7825.438 7078.698 29546.2 685.3364 2% 28860.87 65 12 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3783.786 1956.595 24583.86 1417.899 6% 23165.96 66 12 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4697.156 6201.339 25961.29 1136.533 4% 24824.76 67 12 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7849.948 5706.162 28686.46 681.334 2% 28005.13 68 12 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8398.045 3871.07 27484.04 692.6311 3% 26791.41 69 12 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7841.091 7091.398 29574.56 684.0215 2% 28890.54 70 13 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3801.736 1955.539 24600.75 1412.479 6% 23188.27 71 13 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4795.809 6183.707 26042.31 1113.238 4% 24929.07 72 13 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7954.558 5713.895 28798.8 672.5712 2% 28126.23 73 13 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8522.081 3865.683 27602.69 687.8633 2% 26914.82 74 13 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7858.746 7112.771 29613.59 682.7385 2% 28930.85 75 14 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3819.211 1960.509 24623.2 1407.732 6% 23215.46 76 14 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4967.448 6131.084 26161.33 1074.85 4% 25086.48 77 14 SE 6046.283 9084.067 7995.778 5729.301 28855.43 669.363 2% 28186.06 78 14 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8672.922 3872.888 27760.73 684.5418 2% 27076.19 79 14 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7907.656 7131.806 29681.53 678.8727 2% 29002.66 80 15 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3829.795 1988.109 24661.38 1405.26 6% 23256.12 81 15 NE 6991.968 8070.826 5115.318 6092.596 26270.71 1043.828 4% 25226.88 82 15 SE 6046.283 9084.067 8155.56 5740.291 29026.2 656.4653 2% 28369.73 83 15 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8746.249 3897.326 27858.5 685.8241 2% 27172.67 137 84 15 NW 5503.355 9138.713 7951.84 7169.876 29763.78 675.4011 2% 29088.38 85 16 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3800.631 2121.128 24765.23 1416.381 6% 23348.85 86 16 NE 6991.968 8070.826 5420.212 6138.959 26621.96 985.1148 4% 25636.85 87 16 SE 6046.283 9084.067 8311.491 5840.57 29282.41 644.0966 2% 28638.31 88 16 SW 6873.712 8341.211 8580.585 4021.155 27816.66 700.0089 3% 27116.65 89 16 NW 5503.355 9138.713 8049.835 7298.617 29990.52 667.1705 2% 29323.35 90 17 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3586.758 2821.54 25251.77 1502.615 6% 23749.16 91 17 NE 6991.968 8070.826 5305.394 6849.265 27217.45 1006.467 4% 26210.99 92 17 SE 6046.283 9084.067 8290.106 6549.64 29970.1 646.0597 2% 29324.04 93 17 SW 6873.712 8341.211 7847.711 4673.839 27736.47 787.9036 3% 26948.57 94 17 NW 5503.355 9138.713 8242.633 8084.178 30968.88 651.773 2% 30317.11 95 18 Core 10168.04 8675.435 3337.526 10259.84 32440.85 1615.161 5% 30825.68 96 18 NE 6991.968 8070.826 4745.15 13920.59 33728.53 1125.211 3% 32603.32 97 18 SE 6046.283 9084.067 8354.882 13464.31 36949.54 641.3233 2% 36308.22 98 18 SW 6873.712 8341.211 5785.139 10779.2 31779.26 1118.733 4% 30660.53 99 18 NW 5503.355 9138.713 8858.813 15992.54 39493.42 606.1988 2% 38887.23 138 A.2 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – No Shades Model Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 0 B2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1873.008 2013.961 22730.444 0 0% 22730.44 1 B2 NW 25862.32 24479.35 5552.853 5240.024 61134.545 0 0% 61134.54 2 B2 NE 18239.08 17263.76 3507.049 3905.854 42915.739 0 0% 42915.74 3 B2 SE 22955.39 21727.87 4902.204 4497.994 54083.452 0 0% 54083.45 4 B2 SW 21331.41 20190.73 4522.434 3883.456 49928.033 0 0% 49928.03 5 B1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 2930.817 1454.283 23228.575 0 0% 23228.58 6 B1 SW 21331.41 20190.73 8313.596 2741.398 52577.136 0 0% 52577.14 7 B1 SE 22955.39 21727.87 9206.586 3736.993 57626.833 0 0% 57626.83 8 B1 NE 18239.08 17263.76 5750.262 3640.594 44893.692 0 0% 44893.69 9 B1 NW 25862.32 24479.35 9262.116 4629.52 64233.304 0 0% 64233.3 10 1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4654.522 2009.059 25507.056 0 0% 25507.06 11 1 NE 8263.235 795.7152 5890.94 8.75E+03 23698.147 0 0% 23698.15 12 1 SE 6578.495 895.6122 12391.4 7.78E+03 27644.721 0 0% 27644.72 13 1 SW 7394.448 822.373 16734.14 5.57E+03 30517.98 0 0% 30517.98 14 1 NW 5819.337 900.9999 15633.62 9.34E+03 31693.04 0 0% 31693.04 15 2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4481.939 1627.24 24952.654 0 0% 24952.65 16 2 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6173.306 5.18E+03 26411.205 0 0% 26411.21 17 2 NW 5599.905 9138.713 13114.68 5.43E+03 33285.304 0 0% 33285.3 18 2 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14166.91 2.94E+03 31703.219 0 0% 31703.22 19 2 SE 4894.61 9084.067 11643.28 4.40E+03 30024.518 0 0% 30024.52 20 3 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4545.814 1603.994 24993.282 0 0% 24993.28 21 3 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6386.894 5.12E+03 26566.987 0 0% 26566.99 22 3 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11733.44 4.34E+03 30724.862 0 0% 30724.86 23 3 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14170.54 2.86E+03 31630.416 0 0% 31630.42 24 3 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13225.03 5.37E+03 32661.366 0 0% 32661.37 25 4 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4570.743 1604.242 25018.46 0 0% 25018.46 26 4 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6526.756 5.13E+03 26715.281 0 0% 26715.28 27 4 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11811 4.37E+03 30829.448 0 0% 30829.45 28 4 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14188.43 2.88E+03 31665.307 0 0% 31665.31 29 4 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13291.54 5.40E+03 32749.941 0 0% 32749.94 30 5 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4579.57 1608.65 25031.695 0 0% 25031.69 31 5 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6614.384 5.15E+03 26824.283 0 0% 26824.28 32 5 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11852.2 4.40E+03 30905.116 0 0% 30905.12 33 5 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14180.33 2.90E+03 31683.261 0 0% 31683.26 34 5 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13327.62 5.43E+03 32817.163 0 0% 32817.16 35 6 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4583.484 1614.08 25041.039 0 0% 25041.04 36 6 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6677.223 5.17E+03 26909.948 0 0% 26909.95 37 6 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11879.28 4.44E+03 30965 0 0% 30965 38 6 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14172.59 2.93E+03 31700.245 0 0% 31700.25 39 6 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13348.08 5.46E+03 32868.855 0 0% 32868.86 40 7 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4585.12 1619.902 25048.497 0 0% 25048.5 41 7 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6719.454 5.19E+03 26976.59 0 0% 26976.59 139 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 42 7 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11899.45 4.47E+03 31017.227 0 0% 31017.23 43 7 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14160.28 2.95E+03 31711.775 0 0% 31711.77 44 7 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13357.37 5.49E+03 32910.105 0 0% 32910.1 45 8 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4586.023 1625.762 25055.26 0 0% 25055.26 46 8 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6755.505 5.22E+03 27036.868 0 0% 27036.87 47 8 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11913.43 4.50E+03 31061.679 0 0% 31061.68 48 8 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14147.36 2.98E+03 31721.644 0 0% 31721.64 49 8 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13367.63 5.52E+03 32951.143 0 0% 32951.14 50 9 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4586.07 1631.612 25061.157 0 0% 25061.16 51 9 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6778.545 5.24E+03 27085.166 0 0% 27085.17 52 9 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11921.55 4.53E+03 31099.282 0 0% 31099.28 53 9 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14133.13 3.00E+03 31729.306 0 0% 31729.31 54 9 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13376.6 5.55E+03 32990.506 0 0% 32990.51 55 10 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4585.74 1637.353 25066.568 0 0% 25066.57 56 10 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6804.805 5.27E+03 27135.41 0 0% 27135.41 57 10 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11925.42 4.56E+03 31131.487 0 0% 31131.49 58 10 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14122.98 3.02E+03 31739.542 0 0% 31739.54 59 10 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13379.48 5.58E+03 33022.901 0 0% 33022.9 60 11 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4584.687 1643.175 25071.337 0 0% 25071.34 61 11 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6821.726 5.29E+03 27176.961 0 0% 27176.96 62 11 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11927.37 4.58E+03 31161.259 0 0% 31161.26 63 11 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14111.34 3.04E+03 31747.915 0 0% 31747.91 64 11 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13377.79 5.61E+03 33050.23 0 0% 33050.23 65 12 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4582.745 1649.373 25075.593 0 0% 25075.59 66 12 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6828.042 5.32E+03 27209.234 0 0% 27209.23 67 12 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11929.4 4.61E+03 31190.97 0 0% 31190.97 68 12 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14096.71 3.06E+03 31753.421 0 0% 31753.42 69 12 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13371.43 5.64E+03 33073.596 0 0% 33073.6 70 13 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4580.054 1656.866 25080.395 0 0% 25080.39 71 13 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6832.139 5.35E+03 27240.474 0 0% 27240.47 72 13 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11926.44 4.64E+03 31216.439 0 0% 31216.44 73 13 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14081.3 3.08E+03 31758.48 0 0% 31758.48 74 13 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13362.73 5.67E+03 33096.001 0 0% 33096 75 14 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4575.766 1669.525 25088.766 0 0% 25088.77 76 14 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6834.485 5.38E+03 27273.178 0 0% 27273.18 77 14 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11922.66 4.67E+03 31243.941 0 0% 31243.94 78 14 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14065.99 3.10E+03 31765.886 0 0% 31765.89 79 14 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13355.3 5.70E+03 33122.912 0 0% 33122.91 80 15 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4564.347 1704.394 25112.216 0 0% 25112.22 81 15 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6831.352 5.42E+03 27317.876 0 0% 27317.88 82 15 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11915.32 4.72E+03 31284.196 0 0% 31284.2 83 15 SW 6256.84 8341.211 14046.64 3.14E+03 31782.63 0 0% 31782.63 84 15 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13342.88 5.76E+03 33163.656 0 0% 33163.66 140 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 85 16 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4513.077 1838.385 25194.937 0 0% 25194.94 86 16 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6800.187 5.57E+03 27431.053 0 0% 27431.05 87 16 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11887.63 4.86E+03 31396.057 0 0% 31396.06 88 16 SW 6256.84 8341.211 13994.12 3.25E+03 31842.756 0 0% 31842.76 89 16 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13301.43 5.91E+03 33279.087 0 0% 33279.09 90 17 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4296.073 2515.781 25655.329 0 0% 25655.33 91 17 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6619.168 6.32E+03 28000.874 0 0% 28000.87 92 17 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11702.6 5.58E+03 31935.048 0 0% 31935.05 93 17 SW 6256.84 8341.211 13733.46 3.85E+03 32182.313 0 0% 32182.31 94 17 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13099.41 6.74E+03 33902.171 0 0% 33902.17 95 18 Core 10168.04 8675.435 4606.542 10058.8 33508.818 0 0% 33508.82 96 18 NE 6991.968 8070.826 6536.682 1.36E+04 35239.018 0 0% 35239.02 97 18 SE 5566.419 9084.067 11247.5 1.27E+04 38618.374 0 0% 38618.37 98 18 SW 6256.84 8341.211 13151.79 9.92E+03 37673.532 0 0% 37673.53 99 18 NW 4924.054 9138.713 13114.44 1.49E+04 42030.554 0 0% 42030.55 141 A.3 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – Natural Ventilation Model Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 0 B2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 522.5145 1942.811 21308.8 316.2563 1% 20992.54 1 B2 NW 25862.32 24479.35 1572.141 5269.902 57183.711 1049.05 2% 56134.66 2 B2 NE 18239.08 17263.76 865.595 3855.607 40224.039 1600.988 4% 38623.05 3 B2 SE 22955.39 21727.87 1289.192 4740.404 50712.85 1201.178 2% 49511.67 4 B2 SW 21331.41 20190.73 1191.964 4123.049 46837.155 1305.953 3% 45531.2 5 B1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1346.407 1569.123 21759.005 1966.233 9% 19792.77 6 B1 SW 21331.41 20190.73 3236.31 3703.792 48462.244 824.3741 2% 47637.87 7 B1 SE 22955.39 21727.87 3452.624 4843.933 52979.812 744.1818 1% 52235.63 8 B1 NE 18239.08 17263.76 1984.335 3959.313 41446.485 1081.208 3% 40365.28 9 B1 NW 25862.32 24479.35 3608.763 5318.815 59269.246 677.4227 1% 58591.82 10 1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1653.187 2505.379 23002.04 1582.124 7% 21419.92 11 1 NE 8263.235 795.7152 2536.518 1.11E+04 24488.626 1525.799 6% 22962.83 12 1 SE 7145.607 895.6122 4107.217 1.29E+04 29245.691 845.4836 3% 28400.21 13 1 SW 8123.478 822.373 4117.942 8.81E+03 24164.254 918.9481 4% 23245.31 14 1 NW 6503.965 900.9999 5425.165 1.25E+04 30191.472 666.8814 2% 29524.59 15 2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1686.686 2136.846 22667.006 1557.59 7% 21109.42 16 2 NE 6991.968 8070.826 1956.714 6.72E+03 25273.322 1473.091 6% 23800.23 17 2 NW 6082.655 9138.713 4039.371 7.52E+03 30351.226 741.7029 2% 29609.52 18 2 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3056.527 5.10E+03 25305.769 930.9497 4% 24374.82 19 2 SE 5470.446 9084.067 3156.328 7.81E+03 29647.269 887.7868 3% 28759.48 20 3 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1712.547 2103.012 22659.034 1528.791 7% 21130.24 21 3 NE 6991.968 8070.826 1999.223 6.63E+03 25223.525 1421.073 6% 23802.45 22 3 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3055.493 7.60E+03 29337.506 899.4812 3% 28438.03 23 3 SW 6873.712 8341.211 2867.129 5.06E+03 25077.667 898.2348 4% 24179.43 24 3 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3948.282 7.42E+03 30161.047 726.4473 2% 29434.6 25 4 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1743.833 2062.521 22649.829 1506.214 7% 21143.62 26 4 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2005.307 6.58E+03 25183.089 1396.337 6% 23786.75 27 4 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3127.965 7.23E+03 29041.414 866.9125 3% 28174.5 28 4 SW 6873.712 8341.211 2887.084 4.98E+03 25015.79 870.1765 3% 24145.61 29 4 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3995.709 7.35E+03 30144.226 710.6379 2% 29433.59 30 5 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1773.713 2011.766 22628.955 1487.301 7% 21141.65 31 5 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2028.55 6.49E+03 25117.014 1341.937 5% 23775.08 32 5 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3163.987 6.76E+03 28607.637 838.9239 3% 27768.71 33 5 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3113.291 4.82E+03 25084.861 837.9985 3% 24246.86 34 5 NW 5503.355 9138.713 4028.848 7.28E+03 30104.278 701.655 2% 29402.62 35 6 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1794.283 1958.706 22596.464 1475.457 7% 21121.01 36 6 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2037.685 6.41E+03 25049.525 1314.565 5% 23734.96 37 6 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3212.689 6.30E+03 28197.813 815.1082 3% 27382.7 38 6 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3091.465 4.65E+03 24891.37 808.6017 3% 24082.77 39 6 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3987.954 7.23E+03 30007.313 698.4203 2% 29308.89 40 7 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1820.557 1907.765 22571.797 1462.1 6% 21109.7 41 7 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2024.257 6.35E+03 24971.959 1288.354 5% 23683.61 142 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 42 7 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3351.206 5.93E+03 27965.922 770.4761 3% 27195.45 43 7 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3287.913 4.44E+03 24884.574 774.2711 3% 24110.3 44 7 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3922.606 7.19E+03 29909.11 697.1569 2% 29211.95 45 8 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1837.797 1868.335 22549.608 1453.953 6% 21095.65 46 8 NE 6991.968 8070.826 1994.915 6.29E+03 24886.347 1250.78 5% 23635.57 47 8 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3350.839 5.79E+03 27825.016 758.4294 3% 27066.59 48 8 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3368.298 4.25E+03 24767.776 749.6193 3% 24018.16 49 8 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3937.796 7.16E+03 29887.025 695.763 2% 29191.26 50 9 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1858.594 1832.72 22534.789 1443.097 6% 21091.69 51 9 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2046.769 6.27E+03 24910.117 1225.206 5% 23684.91 52 9 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3368.757 5.71E+03 27764.483 729.7616 3% 27034.72 53 9 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3428.919 4.04E+03 24621.048 728.9395 3% 23892.11 54 9 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3936.655 7.10E+03 29833.205 690.996 2% 29142.21 55 10 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1875.78 1797.931 22517.185 1436.275 6% 21080.91 56 10 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2008.416 6.25E+03 24857.975 1204.505 5% 23653.47 57 10 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3436.065 5.66E+03 27781.516 717.7983 3% 27063.72 58 10 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3396.982 3.83E+03 24378.757 719.5695 3% 23659.19 59 10 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3968.116 7.05E+03 29807.697 687.3713 2% 29120.33 60 11 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1901.468 1772.537 22517.48 1426.401 6% 21091.08 61 11 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2043.63 6.18E+03 24824.427 1175.413 5% 23649.01 62 11 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3447.115 5.59E+03 27713.81 701.8024 3% 27012.01 63 11 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3508.631 3.67E+03 24329.717 695.8726 3% 23633.84 64 11 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3863.632 6.99E+03 29643.937 685.3364 2% 28958.6 65 12 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1922.253 1761.76 22527.488 1417.899 6% 21109.59 66 12 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2158.726 6.13E+03 24884.372 1136.533 5% 23747.84 67 12 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3489.775 5.55E+03 27719.328 681.334 2% 27037.99 68 12 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3509.321 3.62E+03 24279.62 692.6311 3% 23586.99 69 12 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3811.505 6.98E+03 29586.48 684.0215 2% 28902.46 70 13 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1936.022 1760.21 22539.707 1412.479 6% 21127.23 71 13 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2061.408 6.11E+03 24772.371 1113.238 4% 23659.13 72 13 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3552.982 5.56E+03 27793.688 672.5712 2% 27121.12 73 13 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3593.352 3.61E+03 24359.231 687.8633 3% 23671.37 74 13 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3825.033 7.01E+03 29629.849 682.7385 2% 28947.11 75 14 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1948.635 1766.662 22558.771 1407.732 6% 21151.04 76 14 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2112.015 6.06E+03 24769.351 1074.85 4% 23694.5 77 14 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3490.898 5.58E+03 27749.521 669.363 2% 27080.16 78 14 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3551.339 3.62E+03 24323.977 684.5418 3% 23639.44 79 14 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3869.203 7.03E+03 29693.534 678.8727 2% 29014.66 80 15 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1956.032 1798.988 22598.494 1405.26 6% 21193.23 81 15 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2165.809 6.03E+03 24791.407 1043.828 4% 23747.58 82 15 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3657.411 5.60E+03 27936.494 656.4653 2% 27280.03 83 15 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3591.569 3.65E+03 24396.977 685.8241 3% 23711.15 84 15 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3780.586 7.08E+03 29656.868 675.4011 2% 28981.47 143 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 85 16 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1929.47 1939.485 22712.431 1416.381 6% 21296.05 86 16 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2248.478 6.09E+03 24934.631 985.1148 4% 23949.52 87 16 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3523.907 5.72E+03 27925.709 644.0966 2% 27281.61 88 16 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3523.707 3.80E+03 24473.871 700.0089 3% 23773.86 89 16 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3765.997 7.23E+03 29792.626 667.1705 2% 29125.46 90 17 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1730.234 2638.139 23211.848 1502.615 6% 21709.23 91 17 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2162.082 6.82E+03 25576.18 1006.467 4% 24569.71 92 17 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3500.7 6.45E+03 28635.772 646.0597 2% 27989.71 93 17 SW 6873.712 8341.211 3147.034 4.48E+03 24782.307 787.9036 3% 23994.4 94 17 NW 5503.355 9138.713 4021.366 8.04E+03 30855.961 651.773 2% 30204.19 95 18 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1417.207 9940.868 30201.55 1615.161 5% 28586.39 96 18 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2096.074 1.39E+04 32601.945 1125.211 3% 31476.73 97 18 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3536.68 1.33E+04 35566.297 641.3233 2% 34924.97 98 18 SW 6873.712 8341.211 2418.475 1.05E+04 30100.938 1118.733 4% 28982.21 99 18 NW 5503.355 9138.713 4495.033 1.60E+04 39243.105 606.1988 2% 38636.91 144 A.4 Electric Energy Data Sheet by Zone – Custom Build Model Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 0 B2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 520.3586 1951.227 21315.061 316.2563 1% 20998.8 1 B2 NW 25862.32 24479.35 1567.602 5284.58 57193.85 1049.05 2% 56144.8 2 B2 NE 18239.08 17263.76 864.5456 3857.518 40224.901 1600.988 4% 38623.91 3 B2 SE 22955.39 21727.87 1285.18 4752.139 50720.573 1201.178 2% 49519.39 4 B2 SW 21331.41 20190.73 1159.127 4252.526 46933.796 1305.953 3% 45627.84 5 B1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1337.321 1587.944 21768.74 1966.233 9% 19802.51 6 B1 SW 21331.41 20190.73 3002.614 4012.756 48537.512 824.3741 2% 47713.14 7 B1 SE 22955.39 21727.87 3437.641 4875.876 52996.77 744.1818 1% 52252.59 8 B1 NE 18239.08 17263.76 1982.023 3965.498 41450.358 1081.208 3% 40369.15 9 B1 NW 25862.32 24479.35 3593.153 5358.118 59292.939 677.4227 1% 58615.52 10 1 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1613.986 2563.031 23020.492 1582.124 7% 21438.37 11 1 NE 8263.235 795.7152 2564.576 1.11E+04 22749.082 1525.799 7% 21223.28 12 1 SE 7145.607 895.6122 3918.475 1.30E+04 25008.962 845.4836 3% 24163.48 13 1 SW 7706.889 822.373 3607.858 9.65E+03 21786.471 918.9481 4% 20867.52 14 1 NW 6503.965 900.9999 5336.446 1.26E+04 25358.492 666.8814 3% 24691.61 15 2 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1668.982 2183.631 22696.088 1557.59 7% 21138.5 16 2 NE 6991.968 8070.826 1933.154 6.74E+03 23737.166 1473.091 6% 22264.08 17 2 NW 6082.655 9138.713 3890.697 7.61E+03 26726.221 741.7029 3% 25984.52 18 2 SW 6521.214 8341.211 2802.171 5.57E+03 23232.591 930.9497 4% 22301.64 19 2 SE 5470.446 9084.067 3172.026 7.89E+03 25621.413 887.7868 3% 24733.63 20 3 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1711.019 2141.373 22695.868 1528.791 7% 21167.08 21 3 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2056.153 6.65E+03 23767.565 1421.073 6% 22346.49 22 3 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3005.722 7.67E+03 25810.704 899.4812 3% 24911.22 23 3 SW 6521.214 8341.211 2844.004 5.42E+03 23121.595 898.2348 4% 22223.36 24 3 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3984.435 7.50E+03 26128.107 726.4473 3% 25401.66 25 4 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1744.538 2097.088 22685.102 1506.214 7% 21178.89 26 4 NE 6991.968 8070.826 1965.891 6.60E+03 23628.611 1396.337 6% 22232.27 27 4 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3094.84 7.30E+03 25520.614 866.9125 3% 24653.7 28 4 SW 6521.214 8341.211 2932.669 5.31E+03 23103.116 870.1765 4% 22232.94 29 4 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3925.233 7.43E+03 25995.252 710.6379 3% 25284.61 30 5 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1774.637 2045.303 22663.415 1487.301 7% 21176.11 31 5 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2010.344 6.51E+03 23580.758 1341.937 6% 22238.82 32 5 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3176.741 6.82E+03 25126.53 838.9239 3% 24287.61 33 5 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3008.983 5.13E+03 22997.4 837.9985 4% 22159.4 34 5 NW 5503.355 9138.713 4033.802 7.35E+03 26022.982 701.655 3% 25321.33 35 6 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1794.723 1992.943 22631.141 1475.457 7% 21155.68 36 6 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2064.668 6.43E+03 23558.981 1314.565 6% 22244.42 37 6 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3158.433 6.36E+03 24649.794 815.1082 3% 23834.69 38 6 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3176.326 4.95E+03 22985.351 808.6017 4% 22176.75 39 6 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3922.494 7.29E+03 25858.171 698.4203 3% 25159.75 40 7 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1818.196 1944.474 22606.145 1462.1 6% 21144.04 41 7 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2031.784 6.37E+03 23464.248 1288.354 5% 22175.89 145 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 42 7 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3282.704 5.99E+03 24405.878 770.4761 3% 23635.4 43 7 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3233.091 4.75E+03 22850.09 774.2711 3% 22075.82 44 7 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3971.613 7.26E+03 25877.345 697.1569 3% 25180.19 45 8 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1832.651 1910.291 22586.418 1453.953 6% 21132.46 46 8 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2067.675 6.32E+03 23446.485 1250.78 5% 22195.7 47 8 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3335.592 5.86E+03 24327.597 758.4294 3% 23569.17 48 8 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3310.539 4.59E+03 22758.931 749.6193 3% 22009.31 49 8 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3955.289 7.24E+03 25836.074 695.763 3% 25140.31 50 9 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1852.004 1882.415 22577.894 1443.097 6% 21134.8 51 9 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2051.616 6.29E+03 23407.24 1225.206 5% 22182.03 52 9 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3465.069 5.80E+03 24391.834 729.7616 3% 23662.07 53 9 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3226.388 4.41E+03 22500.827 728.9395 3% 21771.89 54 9 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3946.151 7.21E+03 25795.616 690.996 3% 25104.62 55 10 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1865.918 1857.968 22567.361 1436.275 6% 21131.09 56 10 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2057.331 6.28E+03 23403.493 1204.505 5% 22198.99 57 10 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3394.215 5.76E+03 24283.93 717.7983 3% 23566.13 58 10 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3235.42 4.26E+03 22361.644 719.5695 3% 21642.07 59 10 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3922.777 7.17E+03 25731.541 687.3713 3% 25044.17 60 11 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1888.988 1840.164 22572.627 1426.401 6% 21146.23 61 11 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2055.849 6.22E+03 23334.835 1175.413 5% 22159.42 62 11 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3408.137 5.69E+03 24226.929 701.8024 3% 23525.13 63 11 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3222.938 4.13E+03 22218.885 695.8726 3% 21523.01 64 11 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3965.306 7.12E+03 25722.403 685.3364 3% 25037.07 65 12 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1908.815 1832.192 22584.482 1417.899 6% 21166.58 66 12 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2119.146 6.16E+03 23342.241 1136.533 5% 22205.71 67 12 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3457.196 5.65E+03 24240.041 681.334 3% 23558.71 68 12 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3289.067 4.10E+03 22252.785 692.6311 3% 21560.15 69 12 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3779.39 7.12E+03 25539.617 684.0215 3% 24855.6 70 13 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1920.038 1832.265 22595.777 1412.479 6% 21183.3 71 13 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2040.312 6.15E+03 23248.611 1113.238 5% 22135.37 72 13 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3460.793 5.66E+03 24256.11 672.5712 3% 23583.54 73 13 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3288.54 4.12E+03 22266.673 687.8633 3% 21578.81 74 13 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3862.444 7.15E+03 25652.392 682.7385 3% 24969.65 75 14 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1929.59 1839.986 22613.051 1407.732 6% 21205.32 76 14 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2109.278 6.09E+03 23265.336 1074.85 5% 22190.49 77 14 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3519.984 5.68E+03 24332.654 669.363 3% 23663.29 78 14 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3317.238 4.14E+03 22314.887 684.5418 3% 21630.35 79 14 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3833.265 7.17E+03 25644.215 678.8727 3% 24965.34 80 15 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1934.549 1873.267 22651.292 1405.26 6% 21246.03 81 15 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2110.509 6.06E+03 23236.074 1043.828 4% 22192.25 82 15 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3567.25 5.71E+03 24402.63 656.4653 3% 23746.16 83 15 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3276.393 4.18E+03 22319.879 685.8241 3% 21634.05 84 15 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3809.018 7.22E+03 25674.844 675.4011 3% 24999.44 146 Zone Level Location Electric Lighting Equipment Cooling Heating Total PV Offset % PV Offset Total Energy 85 16 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1907.048 2016.512 22767.035 1416.381 6% 21350.65 86 16 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2149.267 6.12E+03 23333.241 985.1148 4% 22348.13 87 16 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3527.204 5.83E+03 24485.167 644.0966 3% 23841.07 88 16 SW 6521.214 8341.211 3173.742 4.34E+03 22379.392 700.0089 3% 21679.38 89 16 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3764.333 7.38E+03 25783.145 667.1705 3% 25115.97 90 17 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1705.699 2723.599 23272.773 1502.615 6% 21770.16 91 17 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2228.111 6.85E+03 24142.319 1006.467 4% 23135.85 92 17 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3609.321 6.57E+03 25305.342 646.0597 3% 24659.28 93 17 SW 6521.214 8341.211 2896.225 5.08E+03 22837.073 787.9036 3% 22049.17 94 17 NW 5503.355 9138.713 3884.647 8.18E+03 26703.27 651.773 2% 26051.5 95 18 Core 10168.04 8675.435 1395.338 10093.03 30331.842 1615.161 5% 28716.68 96 18 NE 6991.968 8070.826 2149.04 1.39E+04 31144.772 1125.211 4% 30019.56 97 18 SE 6046.283 9084.067 3508.515 1.35E+04 32105.57 641.3233 2% 31464.25 98 18 SW 6521.214 8341.211 2088.626 1.15E+04 28491.825 1118.733 4% 27373.09 99 18 NW 5503.355 9138.713 4476.298 1.61E+04 35224.7 606.1988 2% 34618.5 147 B. Enlarged Annual Performance Diagrams B.1 Annual Cooling Performance of Bottom and Top Level Zones B.1.1 As-Built Model 148 149 150 151 B.1.2 No Shades Model 152 153 154 155 B.1.3 Natural Ventilation Model 156 157 158 159 B.1.4 Custom Build Model 160 161 162 163 B.2 Annual Heating Performance of Bottom and Top Level Zones B.2.1 As-Built Model 164 165 166 167 B.2.2 No Shades Model 168 169 170 171 B.2.3 Natural Ventilation Model 172 173 174 175 B.2.4 Custom Build Model 176 177 178 179 B.3 Annual PMV of Bottom and Top Level Zones B.3.1 As-Built Model 180 181 182 183 B.3.2 No Shades Model 184 185 186 187 B.3.3 Natural Ventilation Model 188 189 190 191 B.3.4 Custom Build Model 192 193 194 195 B.4 Annual Operative Temperature of Bottom and Top Level Zone B.4.1 As-Built Model 196 197 198 199 B.4.2 No Shades Model 200 201 202 203 B.4.3 Natural Ventilation Model 204 205 206 207 B.4.4 Custom Build Model 208 209 210 211 C. Daylighting Data Sheets by Zone C.1 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – As Built Model C.1.1 Winter (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM 819.06 198.73 721.31 530.59 449.99 170.28 403.75 474.99 799.36 164.03 667.65 474.19 422.21 187.03 415.39 442.34 272.47 175.37 266.87 445.42 801.57 178.55 710.98 493.14 426.55 185.89 403.19 468.43 252.24 173.51 252.39 522.14 153.78 204.26 170.37 510.89 799.85 175.64 775.12 514.93 410.11 181.81 433.7 510.52 239.83 188.82 237.22 515.1 163.06 186.07 157.54 482.87 121.01 207.39 105.19 455.93 788.77 316.72 786.64 504.97 418.95 272.78 399.3 514.75 244.49 238.44 240.93 540.42 148.53 244.91 165.93 563 113.06 237.13 105.49 594.52 784.01 220.71 745.09 574.63 408.97 253.02 383.05 579.59 243.18 215.12 262.54 568.23 154.11 226.84 150.05 251.88 113.55 240.05 113.69 264.48 788.89 196.99 683.2 277.32 413.1 248.19 405.22 276.84 238.27 225.05 249.77 260.49 152.25 241.58 153.23 242.56 108.86 266.86 119.3 264.68 777.68 258.64 699.42 274.45 412.59 267.73 393.32 273.45 231.08 490.76 254.18 261.67 150.45 456.56 149.65 272.42 99.66 416.84 104.31 261.67 774.58 396.82 693.36 274.92 412.22 379.16 395.72 301.47 241.43 364.15 242.62 278.25 138.19 379.94 157.12 298.32 96.78 351.27 118.4 315.22 788.79 376.21 739.4 302.08 212 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 412.78 388.26 391.44 326.17 244.12 402.44 228.62 163.69 142.99 357.46 157.09 143.06 106.96 355.78 125.79 166.62 779.84 377.78 767.22 158.39 401.92 386.87 401.21 161.92 231.13 413.99 248.72 149.91 131.87 429.61 137.01 178.72 101.05 430.06 127.98 148.99 785.01 411.92 721.57 153.54 403.56 496.95 381.17 142.3 227.02 797.9 242.69 143.35 135.86 797.62 140.03 165.86 106.16 824.68 128.1 153.22 770.04 799.53 691.49 167.66 396.64 770.49 383.91 167.73 237.8 715.57 218.25 183.97 150.25 665.76 144.03 114.18 110.52 638.04 126.54 115.48 769.5 654.43 699.9 106.52 408.83 644.22 387.66 97.93 229.21 645.62 240.98 98.48 148.33 629.53 156.74 104.83 775.92 651.25 670.07 99.77 400.84 652.36 407.15 116.82 261.56 636.63 275.31 113.66 775.35 706.08 720.58 113.72 427.38 698.29 411.43 118.07 1351.77 758.02 1097.2 115.18 1443.36 794.87 872.91 113.73 1432.39 794.83 953.26 133.07 1509.4 743.6 1027.54 1082.07 920.6 750.2 770.48 1011.51 1426.11 140.32 980.41 885.09 1425.68 196.12 918.31 909.89 1258.45 156.99 849.51 906.98 1412.93 190.79 1242.45 893.13 1402.56 155.37 931.26 837.86 1389.95 142.98 987.71 926.16 1410.89 154.01 1173.87 964.93 1411.76 147.76 981.36 943.14 1430.68 145.73 822.65 872.45 852.33 469.45 537.58 887.78 451.97 507.93 353.91 841.81 213 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 535.88 397.8 460.71 962.32 378.91 707.58 618.84 947.35 729.36 574.79 381.01 1009.72 278.34 622.15 217.24 989.91 340.25 216.49 310.17 820.44 235.64 303.97 165.99 1032.86 181.06 337.52 189.79 1008.43 194.76 223.6 189.53 860.83 168.47 261.22 267.04 1108.87 122.6 150.74 153.84 1167.05 134.33 168.98 118.47 997.98 129.33 143.54 133.4 1136.84 104.43 162.98 119.84 1029.73 97.6 149.49 140.45 1089.84 97.46 159.39 138.09 1040.35 98.05 146.4 121.38 841.15 106.42 190.87 122.32 527.66 85.04 178.51 134.56 631.06 96.7 246.79 881.43 1057.69 1389.28 298.35 1215.67 621.95 1399.81 274.41 1196.51 391.58 1395.59 224.45 868.99 411.77 1399.08 360.56 985.36 280.14 1388.51 333.24 874.51 337.97 1394.06 437.77 913.84 232.28 1395.93 579.51 919.38 282.16 1407.63 498.71 936.68 200.91 1498.67 678.6 823.53 140.34 1416.3 774.56 631.24 126.1 1388.34 770.94 920.2 111.07 699.69 1094.77 654.33 164.91 871.65 992.18 934.49 196.72 1066.76 1372.81 150.23 104.49 804.31 1064.77 117.15 99.07 94.35 1461.87 139.39 98.61 99.48 1163.87 119.11 117.67 104.96 994.54 127.86 98.54 91.83 854.39 237.46 94.89 97.99 851.33 316.25 93.53 231.05 842.82 270.7 105.87 320.81 837.54 396.83 131.86 274.91 1588 360.34 210.66 417.92 1317.62 121.68 147.65 356.96 936.77 153.42 106.1 214 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 118.55 901.03 191.48 152.28 134.7 832.55 183.04 188.58 154.05 908.64 199.96 408.95 163.83 865.99 121.1 330.36 195 842.61 473.43 455.6 120.9 823.77 239.01 513.02 1223.26 222.31 1446.13 311.32 838.07 253.35 948.23 113.69 1166.57 99.74 1438.15 102.36 961.1 120.56 920.61 102.47 905.8 109.37 974.8 130.28 1049.72 105.29 950.06 107.3 486.65 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 12PM 1297.42 279.55 1458.09 904.02 703.4 267.47 919.08 847.66 1295.88 255.93 1287.14 854.11 683.45 225.57 830.48 742.77 448.51 240.83 610.54 892.81 1293.11 261.42 1433.38 776.01 690.39 260.81 873.68 910.27 394.55 268.19 602.48 886.92 247.2 260.41 356.48 914.03 1269.43 292.02 1500.83 793.22 671.96 257.37 889.12 834.69 394.83 265.3 568.71 844.43 245.23 287.1 322.03 861.48 185.19 275.46 263.1 899.87 1268.85 466.16 1584.27 823.67 662.9 411.19 899.27 931.57 369.18 400.2 552.18 928.93 253.46 422.59 276.86 936.73 163.28 364.03 213.43 1017.51 1265.47 360.44 1542.15 944.62 670.83 350.94 842.99 1039.5 400.76 349.63 538.69 976.41 245.23 340.78 312.44 417.33 180.82 355.3 252.5 434.41 215 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1266.03 349.43 1372.4 492.19 653.07 365.65 839.33 464.05 399.34 354.21 558.68 443.41 256.67 373.12 295.77 439.78 188.78 375.31 226.84 486.94 1245.93 404.93 1515.95 468.95 664.5 392.6 878.31 505.62 405.98 759.48 551.87 450.91 235.42 709.52 317.94 493.31 172.36 649.54 236.13 434.14 1266.15 629.89 1461.04 480.02 667.41 603.84 812.12 481.85 402.8 599.7 579.25 515.84 247.05 580.42 332.11 495.75 179.9 530.15 219.24 546.31 1255.64 578.82 1466.85 550.79 639.16 557.4 786.85 567.83 375.87 544.18 533.77 280.51 239.71 521.8 316.18 270.51 172.03 587.78 291.21 270.63 1274.06 603.43 1637.79 283.01 671.07 594.9 911.67 267.85 378.21 610.27 589.06 239.65 250.98 672.37 339.3 297.02 149.95 682.37 250.09 283.63 1249.36 673.24 1511.9 302.14 645.45 760.39 870 266.59 383.54 1292.02 501.65 265.13 227.64 1268.98 298.51 288.97 160.64 1291.14 240.66 281.28 1237.81 1247.44 1437.21 264.02 669.15 1191.03 843.12 349.61 383.27 1197.98 561.12 321.18 234.08 1024.07 319.52 179.1 162.05 1039.29 256.47 193.51 1245.8 1063.36 1388.3 202.76 643.12 969.91 884.29 189.67 365.44 1023.55 540.07 191.28 259.48 978.54 334.81 206.61 1224.38 1006.46 1446.86 167.16 659.49 1028.73 854.76 193.47 411.58 1071.33 628.23 203.93 1239.6 1151.91 1409.53 178.04 674.36 1119.29 883.42 199.24 216 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2277.39 1302.52 2310.79 177.06 2323.97 1307.86 1766.67 194.56 2302.84 1298.12 1947.09 211.9 2434.58 1185.58 2018.49 1819.89 1481.62 1230.85 1596.26 1673.89 2286.66 243.18 1942.02 1583.22 2288.37 275.36 1841.95 1489.93 2019.76 242.56 1694.99 1653.4 2268.24 328.56 2435.57 1601.36 2257.58 237.9 1893.27 1549.32 2247.41 237.01 1935.64 1748.64 2260.52 231.29 2342.32 1643.99 2269.43 235.48 1910.42 1607.69 2284.64 213.19 1720.71 1468.32 1364.5 683.98 1135.8 1517.53 724.78 735.74 755.58 1446.14 842.72 592.73 1008.47 1730.63 613.79 1102.54 1228.1 1599.29 1183.84 841.25 880.9 1758.66 453.3 1000.33 523.71 1588.55 512.73 321.67 556.79 1560.56 373.34 415.99 318.82 1719.43 290.92 516.16 414.8 1731.16 318.9 279.9 375.98 1594.35 263.38 401.73 567.55 1855.22 198.76 241.33 302.32 1933.69 231.73 278.23 221.51 1806.38 199 252.31 243.48 1794.81 147.6 250.61 260.16 1908.92 142.11 237.67 278.61 1988.05 174.67 242.73 286.54 1789.05 187.11 251.94 245.33 1552.67 177.07 300.36 244.06 965.59 171.3 300.54 294.23 1013.08 143.39 365.51 1822.52 1886.05 2243.39 473.04 2447.33 1023.36 2242.78 418.1 2452.72 731.43 2237.3 333.46 1795.89 590.35 2222.02 562.35 2011.93 453.3 2221.47 485.58 1830.88 545.27 2244.88 668.9 1710.66 370.77 2242.41 925 1840.44 517.2 2264.9 790.06 1797.88 291.27 2397.3 999.27 1806.68 248.81 217 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2283.35 1168.77 1281.46 221.19 2213.91 1337.21 1995.97 201.98 1125.4 1738.24 1485.48 275.43 1409.83 1663.83 1929.41 308.2 1711.07 2390.73 243.8 161.07 1288.75 1854.13 245.64 165.38 160.59 2363.02 251.8 161.98 166.22 1885.7 236.43 195.89 171.62 1603.43 252.32 154.33 147.42 1460.29 541.39 150.57 148.93 1360.06 735.88 192.59 376.7 1352.85 622.91 159.45 514.27 1331.55 922.44 218.07 436.44 2599.25 848.33 372.29 681.53 2144.29 243.67 227.44 588.08 1550.47 343.27 173.25 208.63 1420.33 370.1 274.46 237.16 1352.52 400.44 340.69 245.17 1493.03 417.46 759.44 275.01 1390.37 271.93 631.19 293.78 1437.36 1087.55 733.35 207.43 1329.04 461.56 817.56 2127.89 381.64 2386.59 555.49 1360.5 462.91 1577.17 181.18 1831.81 192.37 2463.75 181.83 1506.15 181.65 1625.08 170.2 1557.53 191.41 1723.54 216.06 1679 196.6 1538.93 185.64 855.74 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3PM 858.43 151.69 1161.76 696.71 487.14 154.71 726.62 670.54 854.56 156.49 1075.77 631.92 464.29 152.76 677.08 726.13 296.2 146.83 511.88 730.2 856.72 140.44 1150.04 591.95 468.12 146.23 666.76 758.96 268.14 149.91 475.97 631.38 218 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 174.84 148.32 337.04 631.72 852.35 148.69 1196.91 704.74 449.96 160.27 686 680.16 283.35 158.26 448.7 681.27 171.16 150.67 294.89 751.85 114.25 158.2 216.49 702 850.01 285.33 1218.79 703.18 448.39 233.64 725.78 750.11 274.88 212.2 445.63 732.27 176.37 223.45 262.26 735.15 139.04 209.38 227.4 834.3 841.11 220 1236.88 841.7 442.01 215.84 709.14 826.16 276.98 183.16 410 812.03 165.18 218.61 301.35 364.73 130.9 210.19 212.72 388.46 836.1 214.03 1196.11 368.67 448.27 209.3 697.33 360.45 266.18 215.93 439.53 385.02 163.22 212.47 310.46 367.15 116.22 198.7 217.98 411 823.22 242.71 1166.86 391.38 461.5 248.4 681.79 405.97 258.65 430.74 415.83 431.7 166.14 396.95 316.4 374.17 121.45 377.47 254.71 421.56 835.53 368.57 1152.98 367.9 442.87 360.38 701.84 387.02 261.34 331.6 434.46 410.39 163.51 338 298.13 415.99 111.55 333.02 253.73 421.67 841.01 315.02 1181.44 471.63 446.89 335.94 699.07 457.9 265.98 324.03 419.2 211.66 151.36 335.87 309.51 227.73 114.24 334.25 224.23 243.53 835.89 335.64 1215.05 196.98 459.74 343.14 723.18 205.02 270.64 368.49 432.5 226.26 150.38 362.19 307.24 215.33 111.35 384.67 226.55 252.21 827.42 385.27 1208.02 216.36 452.28 433.96 688.46 233.71 258.31 736.58 495.12 215.83 219 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 145.27 736.53 293.57 214.41 113.6 758.46 209.71 250.46 824.02 706.07 1210.82 218.35 454.28 666.97 702.16 222.39 251.21 668.56 476.39 275.33 156.13 579.44 309.51 129.91 112.26 600.57 243.92 149.51 814.08 597.62 1154.7 166.03 434.87 560.13 747.62 149.96 266.47 598.7 471.38 154.53 183.02 594.3 343.82 157.45 834.89 607.58 1158.91 146.98 448.48 606.25 745.98 133.08 306.72 591.03 513.02 150.91 831.27 628.29 1179.61 183.08 468.27 653.68 735.1 141.18 1450.18 747.99 1741.14 159.65 1492.3 731.81 1403.75 161.34 1479.06 714.22 1496.97 172.75 1565.28 690.84 1555.46 1435.68 961.27 706.89 1194.38 1346.92 1469.56 153.97 1538.48 1228.99 1468.49 171.13 1330.18 1222.07 1310.41 143.47 1330.09 1272.31 1456.71 201.79 1735.27 1227.71 1446.8 137.93 1546.7 1158.77 1454.78 139.37 1515.73 1204.4 1456.58 137.77 1799.05 1270.21 1462.94 143.11 1463.92 1311.05 1470.96 159.1 1351.67 1161.2 891.69 386.47 909.54 1193.46 488.22 438.15 596.57 1107.38 576.3 341.55 756.83 1347.07 415.94 646.73 1084.34 1123.2 775.12 496.7 717.46 1374.79 316.33 586.12 411.64 1280.05 374.2 196.65 516.45 1113.54 272.12 247.96 264.33 1438.87 193.69 298.44 369.69 1311.25 220.78 183.13 366.58 1126.64 186.1 237.88 478.28 1441.14 137.58 145.84 277.17 1528.67 162.94 151.27 198.92 1376.07 136.35 150.73 233.12 1531.4 220 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 121.63 144.69 246.75 1408.86 113.07 165.27 253.39 1441.35 126.53 139.38 264.47 1414.75 118.44 140.13 248.05 1253.79 112.18 170.81 267.28 706.98 123.38 182.5 238.9 893.06 131.35 226.66 1346.32 1450.33 1449.78 261.04 1800.31 794.35 1443.87 242.09 1826.46 587.25 1449.59 188.45 1362.66 507.91 1440.32 340.12 1635.93 368.08 1432.12 287.49 1346.61 413.45 1445.36 383.59 1370.07 327.23 1437.67 555.29 1397.76 422.38 1455.13 455.24 1560.85 224.2 1548.1 602.6 1308.52 194.58 1467.81 667.21 1109.68 168.86 1430.65 717.83 1517.46 157.21 766.43 1021.19 1269.21 236.83 946.61 958.92 1516.57 233.93 1128.73 1328.55 244.03 126.85 886.42 1042.43 255.03 132 116.41 1351.3 221.71 126.68 119.82 1068.32 232.49 150.1 107.36 970.09 277.29 111.86 110.12 797.05 490.46 162.32 113.22 786.92 643.13 134.16 276.56 781.48 537.55 133.46 362.29 794.33 840.47 197.38 310.37 1431.08 775.46 272.06 486.36 1222.74 286.61 217.57 425.67 894.17 338.43 146.51 133.46 823.01 419.98 231.09 160.93 744.9 369.01 233.21 195.77 865.11 434.9 576.02 193.12 804.49 282.04 549.41 216.42 787.68 944.81 678.29 152.7 758.55 384.88 572.84 1211.43 325.24 1375.47 480.71 754.91 436.51 919.98 137.02 1093.27 145.03 1372.79 137.17 221 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 908.13 135.09 876.19 165.14 876.26 159.58 912.81 178.73 923.67 164.21 825.66 147.78 720.76 C.1.2 Summer (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM 2752.12 1645.16 1422.04 1251.43 1699.94 1573.09 1059.95 1140.22 2755.05 1566.29 1397.40 1296.57 1591.62 1542.69 982.67 1420.97 1080.20 1586.25 787.43 1574.78 2655.62 1512.39 1416.59 1722.49 1615.83 1492.96 1010.17 1781.42 1004.00 1489.13 676.20 1786.90 654.95 1488.66 529.37 1758.33 2657.41 1452.28 1470.45 1749.84 1575.63 1489.41 974.93 1598.13 966.89 1474.95 686.63 1514.56 646.88 1520.34 467.08 1378.96 483.81 1673.92 412.64 1313.43 2622.66 2547.69 1490.19 1266.93 1554.86 2246.89 972.35 1236.84 1021.67 2252.69 674.91 1245.67 636.24 2267.56 473.10 1293.56 467.41 2171.48 403.25 1291.11 2661.23 2205.31 1428.88 1408.59 1543.66 2200.94 971.03 1472.07 975.84 2132.16 692.13 1587.16 536.71 2083.60 483.50 895.56 469.29 2132.16 406.60 936.52 2637.04 2125.51 1365.02 990.35 1569.73 2107.91 951.21 989.97 922.17 2142.31 688.17 1067.09 640.72 2186.69 499.69 1071.80 458.01 2126.08 372.03 1090.48 2574.33 2245.18 1398.87 1024.70 1498.05 2395.27 961.36 1006.88 950.36 3436.49 683.42 925.80 633.15 3537.31 476.08 902.33 222 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 394.82 3505.78 398.58 906.77 2595.90 3485.62 1347.84 833.52 1498.38 3511.45 942.55 843.71 954.85 3246.13 706.48 868.38 638.25 3127.94 519.31 874.93 433.54 3181.25 367.54 903.49 2575.63 3237.85 1428.56 938.68 1459.09 3067.24 932.41 1013.69 910.91 3267.83 661.51 664.56 606.81 3226.45 485.61 654.89 442.84 3084.20 373.27 699.96 2546.63 3083.29 1452.69 729.53 1482.29 3235.76 968.67 718.48 940.54 3257.22 670.44 682.21 602.69 3385.34 487.04 742.22 456.60 3581.62 386.24 648.67 2543.22 3670.89 1514.71 633.67 1476.29 21325.31 946.92 623.98 878.88 22445.93 664.76 626.09 608.60 22150.68 482.57 573.63 412.06 22285.78 405.22 616.92 2550.73 22609.38 1477.99 569.50 1462.55 22690.78 995.56 612.81 917.50 22521.07 642.70 608.32 574.88 21858.09 508.40 478.21 415.96 22096.04 393.45 500.23 2472.79 21952.97 1465.23 515.15 1428.24 4579.12 978.92 483.29 940.71 22050.03 684.77 491.91 634.95 21858.17 514.80 525.77 2501.25 21981.53 1432.55 497.72 1434.80 22009.51 967.15 476.38 961.09 22135.66 715.33 496.90 2419.97 22237.43 1400.84 403.31 1371.53 4640.96 1003.40 452.52 16930.33 22428.85 1871.64 407.85 14929.42 22567.93 1645.10 413.65 14764.02 22874.18 1726.17 452.77 15346.38 22904.42 1822.28 1712.20 3141.30 22870.58 1478.81 1756.08 14707.37 1338.21 1776.34 1705.03 14732.24 1420.78 1747.82 1811.23 14863.83 1336.74 1642.02 1606.31 14646.71 1508.63 2080.49 2217.24 223 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 14620.65 1342.09 1684.29 2427.67 14630.15 1239.59 1735.58 2779.60 14645.00 1219.62 1918.07 2376.29 14688.58 1180.56 1888.98 2436.26 14697.31 1303.11 1608.33 2581.30 3199.67 2939.56 1187.66 2070.42 1789.83 3374.15 914.23 1588.82 2092.81 2796.74 1077.25 2472.34 1533.10 22130.12 1339.65 1653.22 2724.18 3836.76 994.34 2191.49 1193.29 4295.64 585.14 1958.22 1374.08 1676.17 826.32 1742.93 965.41 2211.53 450.22 1777.37 714.57 2424.08 541.54 1799.54 844.98 1731.81 571.73 1826.23 665.05 1914.76 720.25 1924.66 586.48 1302.28 461.10 1945.74 534.20 1304.47 358.57 2151.84 549.73 1228.24 368.30 2652.85 404.64 1220.49 379.94 2477.28 448.20 1253.97 472.12 2057.14 457.93 1323.22 412.46 1871.68 467.57 1250.56 324.61 2243.32 410.79 1677.15 383.16 1512.71 482.03 1457.44 461.95 1860.52 460.58 2070.23 1673.60 2618.36 14558.88 2610.85 2097.00 1373.17 14516.66 2355.89 2152.07 1137.57 14567.24 1735.84 1726.34 1052.73 14541.58 3204.82 1894.11 865.18 14530.60 2670.48 1810.54 985.80 14570.86 3740.14 1805.39 751.64 14531.36 4681.43 1841.64 938.53 14458.30 4137.34 1921.37 693.71 3950.32 22663.88 1767.76 576.59 14501.54 23324.70 1381.76 535.55 3668.24 22927.14 1773.04 518.99 1954.69 6777.40 1447.97 642.18 2571.73 4990.34 1813.32 736.91 2462.47 23465.87 425.55 456.00 2096.44 22603.30 368.28 450.51 434.34 24134.29 371.28 471.50 413.11 23668.83 393.21 491.70 388.34 22660.74 383.56 473.42 224 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 387.68 4678.76 716.64 468.55 413.94 22098.01 861.24 467.28 885.10 22349.63 797.10 455.63 1059.77 22421.81 997.46 481.73 922.66 26422.91 974.31 735.30 1338.16 25079.86 441.40 494.93 1161.54 23329.85 457.07 432.33 469.57 22405.73 555.18 570.79 487.01 22188.04 540.17 708.77 624.92 22384.08 633.33 1224.05 658.35 4718.13 417.84 1102.99 693.24 22429.96 1145.99 1321.29 483.38 22448.30 816.40 1481.08 22846.40 732.01 24292.66 998.23 24748.03 872.54 23138.97 469.04 23653.05 444.87 23803.49 428.37 6611.54 431.17 22092.66 449.66 5349.98 433.46 7205.62 478.20 8553.68 478.35 24179.15 457.76 1217.42 NE SE SW NW 12PM 2833.31 880.07 3844.94 1931.41 1798.57 835.89 2336.36 1951.06 2806.07 879.46 3889.26 1861.89 1766.49 854.35 2309.68 1974.76 1232.37 843 1574.92 1735.24 2820.13 822.28 3889.79 1995.6 1722.05 896.92 2289.02 1965.26 1143.98 823.74 1387.1 1961.13 823.79 841.66 997.27 1878.47 2809.93 865.75 4167.84 1964.66 1727.87 875.95 2291.75 2010.77 1135.26 912.92 1449.68 1965.1 798.97 897.7 992.33 1941.65 591.82 906.82 761.87 2018.17 2788.77 1431.26 4394.84 1871.18 1758.79 1291.96 2326.05 2026.68 1152.72 1214.75 1451.55 2022.93 225 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 755.67 1190.67 956 2123.78 627.53 1192.98 658.1 2131.33 2819.63 1200.75 4080.22 2214.25 1738.23 1155.47 2246.66 2139.1 1152.78 1174.82 1449.46 2100.65 783.25 1161.38 948.91 1239.01 585.89 1183.23 696.82 1115.93 2811.63 1229.89 3919.69 1209.44 1739.75 1220.29 2165.17 1119.08 1134.34 1198.95 1343.9 1137.15 785.11 1219.4 933.94 1206.59 594.81 1294.46 737.1 1165.31 2779.84 1316.53 4034.36 1159.48 1716.12 1353.84 2336.39 1120.7 1154.14 2152.73 1414.94 1264.15 772.14 2038.59 997.96 1242.03 587.1 1992.68 744.41 1203.36 2709.38 1929.03 3759.24 1100.04 1690.23 1931.82 2178.14 1247.73 1109.17 1879.46 1392.58 1222.07 744.27 1861.19 956 1280.91 602.92 1810.5 740.61 1243.72 2692.37 1887.32 3770.34 1323.31 1640.94 1843.45 2233.67 1335.35 1119.23 1809.85 1395.34 754.76 734.7 1840.8 920.12 710.34 580.52 1870.92 666.17 729.61 2673.95 1891.37 4192.48 775.77 1653.9 1906.85 2237.25 759.26 1123.26 1920.33 1416.68 728.64 737.46 2030.94 884.64 726.57 595.87 2099.97 732.56 788 2682.09 2066.03 4127 718.19 1638.24 2295.6 2141.24 791.5 1097.05 3471.86 1332.47 751.91 747.57 3532.39 916.81 822.49 580.67 3660.49 728.63 767.93 2728.61 3557.16 3948.52 818.83 1660.26 3273.04 2211.25 876.66 1116.96 3275.17 1355.65 879.1 776.89 2955.85 941.22 530.14 579.37 3187.09 710.41 550.13 2725.15 3043.76 3669.67 519.74 1664.78 3003.3 2145.98 500.18 226 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1083.52 3087.51 1387.05 490.65 790.01 3013.37 970.06 528.36 2679.29 3063.15 3551.79 532.68 1676.37 3013.49 2178.88 482.86 1202.61 2995.36 1493.88 516.79 2688.62 3117.9 3674.06 553.07 1693.17 3229.36 2109.54 533.58 4498.15 3637.75 7007.53 578.98 4635.21 3729.74 5667.18 582.55 4602.02 3548.47 6085.85 609.38 4800.92 3365.4 6020.87 3817.04 3101.57 3304.99 3998.56 3875.48 4619.11 740.8 5675.55 3304.41 4581.38 800.44 5741.1 3396.12 4018.05 759.6 5577.3 3510.88 4592.98 871.47 29286.25 3264.69 4584.15 737.45 5897.51 3256.13 4545.22 709.21 5988.01 3413.64 4573.32 732.06 7155.36 3611.23 4612.48 705.79 6043.21 3703.49 4611.49 783.8 5644.08 3287.36 2876.51 1827.05 2607.43 3430.79 1801.6 2060.23 1781.14 3123.8 2018.46 1727.02 2250.82 3538.16 1527.51 2774.63 3481.32 3262.07 2617.04 2337.45 1917.69 3603.27 1218.82 2624.39 1172.45 3581.36 1432.31 936.31 1600.16 3360.01 1078.21 1307.98 884.98 3677.91 824.09 1419.7 941.84 3577.52 923.65 884.91 1008.55 3430.62 755.78 1106.3 1392.11 3923.32 633.37 752.64 718.54 4083.28 688.81 737.46 658.45 3879.1 588.16 746.3 676.54 3953.05 531.14 769.49 658.94 4048.97 534.72 787.08 755.9 3987.28 548.54 759.76 642.39 3702.22 529.47 745.82 651.63 3101.16 538.75 941.34 619.12 1890.18 557.32 828.17 722.3 2289.59 592.23 1114.27 5570.1 3896.62 4481.62 1463.37 28970 2306.76 4464.53 1342.84 28973.49 1723.3 227 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 4455.26 1039.56 5647.33 1544.73 4448.11 1662.77 5779.88 1076.44 4472.16 1403.93 5561.2 1225.3 4465.57 2021.24 5395.4 882.74 4438.42 2588.96 5503.07 1234.98 4442.88 2308.13 5435.86 811.76 4852.16 2622.29 5423.16 657.06 4509.59 3121.06 3285.12 610.92 4384.48 3283.29 5681.96 543.03 2447.83 4791.6 3632.48 825.8 2958.92 4931.72 5578.12 807.49 3464.55 7478.61 674.78 444.87 2802.51 5678.22 687.07 506.33 563.03 7109.12 674.02 455.18 554.56 5206.76 687.08 487.61 523.29 4871.86 630.87 458.19 505.92 4506.77 1331.92 460.79 562.57 4378.53 1672.87 475.02 1087.48 4468.01 1491.26 423.73 1392.41 4276.52 2207.29 594.57 1231.81 7312.86 1797.94 915.6 1702.85 5886.12 711.33 621.5 1510.65 4444.19 782.15 454.57 625.09 4528.07 895.19 743.54 686.62 4227.91 964.34 822.65 766.52 4709.78 1089.47 1567.83 811.45 4587.88 635.46 1414 946.51 4201.57 2575.59 1619.78 571.46 4227.76 1053.44 1917.96 6574.71 920.8 6903.49 1256.46 3568.54 1115.31 4570.55 488.55 5228.23 478.88 7527.71 435.92 4439.68 486.76 4552.64 501.86 4820.89 521.87 4819.64 591.98 4872.37 525.88 3729.49 493.67 1958.26 NE SE SW NW 5PM 2305.72 431.31 2331.07 4171.66 228 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1388.12 417.03 1387.92 9638.84 2330.8 387.53 2316.36 3782.46 1342.89 417.22 1351.45 9698.17 885.92 405.15 894.8 3989.24 2327.05 362.02 2373.71 9796.21 1341.55 372.58 1321.95 3521.29 828.79 381.92 878.83 10004.44 545.97 397.57 587.97 3745.97 2300.95 390.17 2334.52 3978.09 1304.58 399.21 1387.48 3954.31 815.18 426.7 855.03 3940.18 560.56 388.29 581.16 10177.64 415.85 445.47 414.59 10248.64 2318.98 692.82 2503.28 3815.74 1334.73 603.7 1321.42 4408.01 823.71 558.35 864.22 10066.73 515.54 562.27 513.93 10204.85 360.29 530.56 449.37 4776.28 2265.78 541.57 2446.94 10482.82 1320.61 553.8 1401.31 11275.99 805.59 508.7 844.5 10779.64 550.16 532.21 541.81 8441.9 394.01 514.57 364.2 2130.52 2279.46 531.96 2504.13 8585.82 1305.68 578.83 1456.53 2393.29 756.44 505.98 821.47 8182.22 516.89 559.48 517.16 2247.74 423.35 559.21 397.78 8499.47 2262.11 588.99 2416.16 2515.11 1306.08 606.63 1407.59 8507.96 820.32 1002.95 772.88 2613.18 540.59 936.12 549 2451.28 370.62 885.22 448.89 2335.03 2281.74 864.25 2416.1 8417.65 1296.5 830.2 1375.85 8426.83 829.61 817.62 870.2 2820.53 499.16 800.99 620.07 8605.76 364.77 794.81 461.39 8789.58 2254.99 789.21 2479.08 9179.38 1300.16 762.41 1450.72 3108.94 752.61 763.27 822.66 1531.16 487.66 736.83 581.68 1538.42 365.26 812.71 432.07 1386.64 2264.2 784.45 2508.72 1369.03 229 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1309.25 835.58 1359.06 1460.53 794.51 848.54 869.55 1388.12 542.26 874.57 605.38 1203.48 375.12 910.16 414.27 1461.6 2221.02 909.17 2327.46 1627.65 1251.57 1047.97 1417.31 1372.88 821.26 1565.37 901.56 1248.62 508.71 1501.12 556.13 1566.52 351.65 1505.83 399.65 1485.47 2246.89 1516.89 2464.19 1669.77 1276.12 1404.67 1380.89 1545.45 793.51 1371.51 850.19 1643.99 501.56 1344.14 567.97 1077.98 431.44 1213.17 443.25 994.51 2227.16 1253.81 2622.37 965.04 1258.12 1231.6 1370.75 822.74 767.4 1235.67 860.65 1038.55 554.3 1224.2 572.35 948.37 2275.82 1290.56 2463.04 916.1 1300.07 1228.64 1383.82 1000.94 899 1305.75 997.87 979.39 2280.02 1278.4 2334.92 1062.23 1315.92 1375.82 1522.01 1043.14 3379.38 1514.71 3064.98 918.59 3879.16 1513.07 5978.64 893.14 3875.06 1488.74 6368.57 978.25 4049.82 1482.59 3410.22 12256.05 2517.34 1494 2284.18 5502.62 3864.5 392.67 3205.27 5395.05 3859.85 433.21 3048.91 5052.53 3202.1 404.76 2904.72 5425.77 3823.74 477.89 3417.88 11578.32 3804.44 443 3700.28 10789.15 3782.45 400.9 3620.88 5964.16 3810.94 360.53 3842.1 5331.71 3813.48 332.55 3152.75 11647.37 3882.7 389.36 6206.87 5413.07 2283.28 920.14 1553.33 11481.38 1377.36 1027.97 1053.88 11719.09 1561.67 841.41 1397.13 5942.65 1163.17 1403.28 1964.8 11966.97 2063.34 1140.69 1267.92 11703.88 904.22 1282.7 724.82 11582.96 1068.23 493.09 911.89 5031.47 230 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 800.8 644.26 501.47 11972.71 578.26 743.71 588.43 11494.45 664.32 494.98 641.04 11000.47 542.77 576.64 787 12563.54 451.1 376.76 481.98 12897.45 491.38 408.43 419.79 12305.12 444.06 405.41 430.42 12929.83 315.45 383.27 379.08 6199.28 402.2 406.04 445.94 12888.33 342.51 429.49 463.02 5844.4 394.88 413.6 427.7 11889.5 389.97 463.16 375.83 11138.77 372.4 451.24 472.05 5770.55 379.68 572.43 3148.79 7660.29 3784.11 681.43 3469.35 5343.34 3773.99 641.7 3567.96 10550.56 3739.53 465.97 3017.17 9781.34 3784.79 831.72 3824.38 8145.34 3769.15 713.42 3425.03 9094.8 3770.97 957.51 3146.91 2171.48 3763.33 1245.32 3066.72 8705.18 3791.31 1108.97 6380.91 1844.14 4218.54 1428.52 3072.34 1136.64 3825.26 1525.7 2079.43 1054.16 3868.67 1562.44 3052.93 1021.74 2099.72 2048.77 2531.18 1473.06 2549.42 1807.14 3237.57 1596.26 3016.16 2379.25 370.17 821.6 2490.45 1947.28 400.16 750.13 351.71 2485.41 451.31 836.12 363.98 2108.12 421.42 988.32 353.92 1810.01 453.8 718.79 354.77 1596.91 909.79 841.91 392.42 1550.12 1233.61 747.84 777.56 1552.3 1110.1 701.99 1067.94 1574.14 1576.1 1256.49 968.56 2765.4 1433.91 2019.55 1356.22 2414.68 540.3 1136.14 1269.03 1827.39 554.51 779.6 410.65 1644.5 613.54 1499.23 523.51 1520.93 674.94 1940.92 593.1 1666.16 807.58 10195.95 580.03 1578.15 539.42 9864.15 680.79 1595.77 1894.82 11374.25 231 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 412.66 1503.45 2474.28 1620.49 2178.88 1986.42 2518.84 9290.32 1596.18 2785.3 1808.52 792.39 2126.15 990.89 2446.35 888.65 1776.67 859.2 1681.48 754.21 1721.68 866.92 1881.01 1042.67 1938.64 1021.52 1733.97 893.95 4703.66 C.2 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – No Shades Model C.2.1 Winter (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM 809.05 228.6 988.32 846.29 437.52 208.03 573.71 823.78 808.39 220.42 964.8 822.35 436.39 227.7 533.66 818.06 275.44 229.53 361.17 812.4 808.68 224.61 956.33 804.29 421.35 227.06 520.52 800.31 256.21 214.76 328.06 806.97 160.74 231.75 221.3 803.13 789.87 208.18 967.86 797.06 416.78 224.09 525.94 805.01 235.86 218.72 327.01 795.42 152.05 219.4 188.93 791.39 110.33 222.79 156.27 788.47 787.32 364.58 960.12 787.34 415.61 337.57 525.73 792.95 237.53 321.12 327.21 791.31 152.37 312.53 202.61 803.1 105.01 294.54 151.65 813.14 792.05 336.72 959.18 810.6 415.19 308.25 519.09 822.04 252.71 293.83 327.07 849.37 148.26 301.97 186.42 453.31 232 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 107.32 297.98 132.86 439.98 800.24 299.15 942.49 442.19 406.74 310.25 532.73 435.05 238.24 319.61 333.19 441.6 142.25 286.75 165.56 446.67 105.78 307.74 135.71 430.58 784.76 304.11 936.02 427.42 412.69 328.14 515.16 433.7 241.8 579.73 296.3 449.56 141.62 542.39 186.24 431.36 101.12 506.32 152.25 429.37 789.46 510.57 952.31 418.3 405.14 513.86 512.14 429.84 228.84 523.73 303.03 434.81 159.56 509.9 185.65 444.6 106.13 505.54 137.04 438.46 781.78 499.69 948.41 455.66 408.5 526.7 514.1 483.12 236.65 515.33 309.53 274.5 139.22 509.96 181.84 279.98 108.18 520.16 147.81 272.7 775.58 522.06 948.35 274.98 399.14 502.13 514.1 264.21 231.67 503.86 320.95 269.09 158.79 512.61 171.82 265.87 96.01 520.6 121.96 280.53 776.12 517.4 933.36 260.32 403.9 588.82 512.42 258.26 232.28 1027.19 311.14 273.64 137.7 992.11 175.76 268.59 94.72 972.99 148.86 254.97 778.46 963.32 956.91 267.66 402.06 958.79 509.1 271.53 240.35 953.25 324.94 272.67 159.15 941.62 192.24 203.16 115.63 950.74 160.31 183.58 779.72 944.86 950.24 183.54 402.7 942.4 521.09 187.84 235.72 956.75 311.4 190.52 159.17 949.38 196.58 183.9 776.23 951.46 951.03 190.75 410.52 949.86 514.14 185.34 246.69 961.76 333.82 180.83 789.94 939.2 956.16 190.47 233 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 413.54 953.03 528.43 186.26 1395.83 941.92 1769.35 188.96 1462.92 967.85 1804.37 185.09 1439.08 970.34 1700.73 197.73 1556.97 981.65 1776.2 1680.84 909.13 997.75 1053.41 1579.32 1430.56 187.36 1522.28 1461.3 1432 217.11 1677.14 1452.89 1270.2 209.61 1691.71 1467.14 1417.81 252.09 1675.56 1441.13 1421.05 180.35 1659.88 1444.64 1413.16 189.32 1668.26 1440.17 1416.85 176.43 1669.83 1441.75 1417.56 191.98 1676.61 1439.39 1491.96 190.8 1760.14 1434.26 851.66 553.41 698.54 1445.56 441.44 588.23 445.67 1342.79 522.79 477.52 596.24 1437.25 379.67 887.17 899.09 1446.4 746.93 674.98 542.58 1453.02 287.28 754.7 267.68 1437.9 329.04 266.41 391.22 1436.87 235.92 355.72 180.95 1439.02 172.67 403.35 241.56 1439.74 198.35 238.98 239.52 1435.3 154.87 320.12 339.33 1445.89 109.11 189.12 164.73 1445.31 130.61 188.88 153.11 1468.48 120.21 172.52 144.96 1573.66 98.47 193.71 156.46 1569.57 107.41 170.67 179.7 1454.96 103.43 181.2 155.56 1441 104.45 184.09 146.42 1336.65 104.38 240.75 156.78 828.76 100.67 221.16 173.72 965.28 101.71 290.49 1655.94 1533.17 1415.7 370.95 1659.6 970.22 1403.72 346.99 1661.42 695.99 1404.23 254.31 1657.66 632.53 1409 452.24 1655.63 459.02 1409.57 381.59 1662.72 525.47 1414.4 533.86 1660.73 395.7 1410.24 744.8 1771.53 508.81 1405.43 621.36 1861.75 320.57 234 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1556.84 832.49 1673.99 252.99 1411.3 994.27 849.77 232.41 1391.38 1045.49 1468.28 204.33 708.28 1614.08 957.51 289.27 873.36 1717.12 1534.5 334.53 1062.75 1685.63 149.4 171.95 805.46 1695.18 141.69 178.9 103.35 1685.65 139.07 173.02 100.02 1672.93 136.94 206.67 90.89 1676.61 151.96 174.46 106.94 1670.03 291.44 169.51 99.57 1675.21 393.38 170.37 226.33 1663.59 345.27 176.27 316.14 1668.76 538.2 217.96 272.35 1873.9 443.28 325.91 427.24 1867.47 160.37 213.04 360.74 1832.64 183 172.87 116.34 1666.09 216.42 252.14 129.99 1666.74 208.9 291.79 154.39 1679.93 258.03 626.96 158.15 1669 144.36 540.36 184.28 1675.64 616.93 708.21 119.69 1672.84 378.85 497.82 1663.88 337.87 1679.9 486.83 1150.54 418.22 1702.55 167.96 1685.62 169.58 1673.79 170.24 1577.02 163.05 1677.23 175.23 1813.21 180.35 1942.59 204.14 1682.61 186.69 1217.21 169.82 836.77 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 12PM 1309.64 320.63 2017.78 1496.91 718.79 330.83 1179.9 1469.69 1289.84 312.81 1974.03 1435.56 681.37 320.75 1112.39 1435.22 443.64 328.38 779.8 1420.81 1274.11 338.35 1942.79 1422.78 685.98 325.31 1106.37 1426 235 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 395.16 317 706.46 1423.46 266.78 326.75 416.96 1436.8 1282.52 325.69 1966.97 1426.18 678.64 300.32 1112.2 1424.72 404.38 314.67 679.87 1440.29 243.05 305.04 398.06 1404.44 164.2 345.4 316.84 1406.85 1266.01 529.46 1959.95 1417.24 680.7 500.36 1112.36 1430.33 389.99 469.21 681.87 1407.71 247.98 488.02 378.44 1426.21 176.07 452.97 315.47 1426 1280.04 444.09 1960.84 1438.98 683.9 474.1 1099.8 1447.62 406.18 491.43 662.8 1504.35 246.87 490.75 386.21 805.27 189.14 444.15 270.78 797.65 1270.92 472.07 1941.52 790.02 659.51 449.45 1070.16 785.85 399.46 472.08 678.25 771.56 240.97 456.81 373.57 794.44 183.72 441.41 312.19 789.1 1241.19 477.45 1941.25 768.99 670.96 476.31 1084.27 779.84 381.19 913.8 684.33 778.47 254.22 843.14 381.77 789.76 187.73 831.18 296.75 792.52 1249.03 814.66 1949.09 767.41 669.99 837.52 1065.21 766.45 376.58 800.41 667.61 781.04 244.35 808.68 404.68 786.96 150.55 811.11 271.62 793.04 1232.54 809.87 1920.58 808.03 658.56 798.17 1081.6 837.1 394.39 782.03 686.96 495.14 235.43 768.27 382 477.16 163.51 773.97 310.29 460.5 1252.46 803.24 1930.04 473.05 657.57 814.45 1072.78 482.66 386.21 807.19 680.35 483.09 237.43 800.28 394.13 464.82 175.25 808.18 276.4 477.04 1229.23 833.16 1936.57 464 644.39 931.37 1086.78 487.34 236 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 392.29 1719.55 660.63 469.09 228.83 1640.67 411.73 483.57 168.91 1593.62 329.71 479.3 1238.58 1615.76 1926.16 466.5 652.82 1601.31 1086.84 469.16 378.04 1607.09 640.49 507.42 233.43 1603.8 396.45 334.84 185.52 1575.78 290.97 339.11 1244.35 1576.12 1928.71 337.31 646.11 1575.82 1074.52 313.94 380.3 1586.66 697.37 334.88 242.75 1635.14 399.24 316.14 1248.97 1589.2 1971.31 328.47 647.65 1570.95 1094.66 326.06 425.77 1574.99 766.45 324.58 1261.58 1599.06 1949.95 324.65 669.79 1580.68 1139.7 323.73 2303.07 1617.98 3472.21 319.48 2329.91 1603.38 3480.58 338.36 2317.55 1600.64 3294.58 350.43 2517.58 1627.38 3486.09 2922.15 1468.94 1623.57 2132.72 2771.31 2288.81 304.14 2995.35 2569.08 2313.07 356.62 3269.1 2569.22 2012.77 273.39 3261.45 2597.97 2291.98 392.84 3256.53 2554.1 2279.95 321.13 3256.49 2543.2 2271.94 291.39 3247.69 2525.93 2281.16 321.81 3250.54 2549.41 2294.85 304.16 3248.84 2543.26 2397.63 291.49 3390.03 2542.91 1351.54 817.89 1449.08 2550.98 710.19 918.83 950.13 2365.78 846.74 715.95 1224.15 2547.2 612.12 1435.39 1841.79 2519.23 1162.39 1025.53 1143 2527.7 437.48 1273.65 615.05 2533.69 527.76 389.01 797.7 2544.22 385.05 559.3 374.32 2546.3 271.85 645.65 441.71 2529.58 321.91 399.18 471.86 2539.15 270.2 474.44 680.72 2533.19 193.01 295.63 355.32 2545.97 236.41 309.01 288.79 2597.7 237 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 211.7 287.2 303.37 2815.27 163.45 312.42 332.7 2781.27 147.04 301.67 349.22 2565.45 158.14 307.48 304.55 2539.82 184.56 289.99 326.85 2410.84 173.9 367.07 327.05 1478.26 177.94 330.82 362.26 1749.32 146.45 454.81 3238.77 2776.31 2259.9 564.51 3234.33 1716.93 2256.71 502.22 3230.58 1202.93 2247.51 388.9 3232.43 1087.09 2250.3 685.52 3232.14 795.14 2241.05 555.24 3248.08 930.11 2267.02 835.54 3248.99 669.11 2250.81 1132.9 3453.99 882.35 2254.48 959.04 3606.61 546.9 2490.88 1278.16 3273.43 438.95 2266.14 1563.25 1755.6 393.44 2191.35 1719.75 2898.35 345.12 1127.08 2764.08 2014.5 499.67 1386.17 2913.45 3036.16 561.36 1619.58 2874.72 291.62 302.01 1275.19 2886.38 287.18 310.27 153.96 2862.36 309.4 278.21 154.48 2859.84 311.34 333.93 162.71 2846.28 292.97 306.22 158.96 2832.62 695.8 288.49 186.76 2847.54 917.89 305.15 387.87 2838.68 774.01 300.96 515.9 2840.88 1189.97 395.53 417.49 3269.94 1026.72 546.99 670.05 3225.4 328.1 363.99 591.29 3130.43 363.46 280.68 212.09 2844.8 411.61 436.4 215.73 2843.22 441.93 487.71 271.7 2847.95 589.19 1136.22 277 2843.67 311.43 944.64 309.3 2849.31 1353.51 1254.38 181.59 2841.46 677.9 817.88 2839.35 575.19 2878.58 850.38 1862.43 740.51 2891.36 294.94 2876.97 313.73 238 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2847.54 298.68 2587.35 304.73 2855.75 307.36 3097.64 324.05 3261.83 362.46 2781.27 320.58 2059.92 326.48 1468.3 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3PM 855.02 199.44 1579.47 1240.27 478.73 183.37 939.64 1208.55 856.29 180.02 1539 1209.76 467.61 188.47 891.26 1205.42 307.62 196.27 635.82 1201.72 855.37 187.07 1539.08 1208.67 468.75 190.3 898.83 1198.04 273.99 197.94 563.39 1171.93 184.42 183.46 399.18 1206.2 848.01 183.44 1525.86 1194.51 463.49 197.68 873.98 1195.98 268.53 179.98 545.89 1197.16 169.19 181.93 376.2 1197.32 127.64 189.96 295.68 1204.99 844.98 333.51 1510.9 1178.13 451.83 301 902.61 1206.05 269.21 293.29 530.59 1210.74 177.33 274.66 383.1 1207.41 123.88 283.47 233.07 1212.71 843.34 272.42 1525.58 1240.53 457.63 275.12 907.28 1242.75 279.65 267.54 567.66 1302.36 187.34 290.24 348.26 673.07 131.52 269.01 259.01 679.16 828.89 266.8 1526.37 673.41 466.67 275.67 866.33 643.51 280.04 275.88 529.64 651.24 167.16 272.69 348.16 669.82 131.98 301.33 263.8 676.1 816.73 263.44 1534.93 661.72 456.48 297.36 887.36 646.27 279.11 533.46 537.55 646.46 180.44 493.49 362.82 676.28 124.4 480.42 317.29 645.48 836.72 465.54 1526.84 683.56 239 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 453.82 461.46 866 675.3 262.93 470.79 503.1 684.87 167.09 464.27 362.9 673.99 130.13 465.08 286.11 680.36 819.97 471.77 1518.3 707.1 457.63 476.2 869.77 754.13 253.32 475.71 540.47 420.71 168.31 463.12 360.58 389.64 124.27 473.04 286.69 408.41 827.33 456.75 1521.01 404.9 442.42 470.97 875.71 385.8 270.43 466.15 554.94 385.44 164.63 466.17 344.81 402.31 128.87 469.58 321.95 405.08 826.71 471.29 1535.44 421.38 440.67 552.33 888.86 418.29 268.58 960.6 568.03 391.73 166.18 910.38 365.84 419.64 127.67 897.64 279.85 414.98 823.78 880.95 1527.42 412.35 437.71 888.66 887.97 416.18 269.54 871.63 549.18 438.93 155.41 876.57 357.3 285.7 128.36 887.4 277.06 277.79 829.19 878.37 1570.58 283.97 454.19 880.52 908.75 253.4 270.05 880.97 598.6 274.03 183.54 894.8 403.88 278.71 825.97 881.96 1540.57 283.41 446.28 886.11 912.54 293.41 290.41 889.45 634.69 282.12 823.4 891.79 1578.25 283.71 469.63 891.68 989.83 280.37 1454.33 896.67 2411.87 282.4 1502.99 889.99 2578.29 281.02 1489.03 899.7 2460.56 291.42 1606.44 899.22 2548.34 2330.9 970.7 937.38 1618.06 2216.46 1475.01 174.64 2251.17 2073.44 1479.94 213.56 2427.74 2060.96 1307.36 193.65 2432.47 2086.16 1471.92 237.22 2416.38 2051.97 1465.35 191.01 2414.95 2045.84 1462.79 199.35 2403.52 2042.8 240 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1469.12 171.25 2416.65 2042.13 1474.78 171.08 2419.36 2044.64 1538.49 193.07 2504.4 2028.19 902.36 485.91 1147.94 2059 493.2 520.96 750.72 1899.37 578.76 429.32 969.39 2039.22 428.19 817.62 1445.05 1988.27 783.31 603.49 856.05 2042.08 317.11 715.23 478.07 2045.26 359.05 230.27 660.03 2046.37 258.45 315.3 342.64 2055.68 191.6 365.5 428.56 2052.17 218.98 231.44 409.59 2059.89 193.68 285.06 555.92 2070.8 145.81 183.46 339.23 2078.65 163.03 172.25 292.26 2111.89 142.42 181.68 303.36 2314.37 125.5 172.7 289.12 2255.38 115.73 183.67 316 2083.23 111.29 178.37 327.96 2055.21 129.16 174.61 310.13 2010.6 124.19 207.25 298.26 1323.93 114.86 209.77 315.04 1548.19 117.36 266.57 2411.97 2376.4 1457.67 330 2415.75 1380.32 1453.57 297.92 2410.94 989.08 1450.51 236.95 2410.26 891.07 1450.62 406.61 2408.87 663.1 1450.34 349.01 2411.05 775.39 1451.71 483.55 2433.8 563.5 1460.78 673.08 2587.31 748.15 1465.74 572.99 2813.71 455.4 1658.49 762.74 2456.36 358.95 1476.49 904.52 1471.39 329.48 1458.58 958.9 2275.62 281.43 750.85 1532.16 1702.39 421.77 934.38 1645.96 2455.82 461.37 1151.96 1624.55 301.19 255.07 880.84 1637.75 287.94 255.98 111.1 1613.15 317.33 279.96 112.65 1611.79 301.93 297.9 123.35 1609.62 310.22 294.28 92.15 1617.19 599.78 262.83 126.54 1605.15 812.52 259.06 241 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 276.32 1616.27 692.95 270.17 361.67 1612.18 1077.6 352.57 304.23 1820.4 951.26 493.75 482.17 1807.22 353.45 341.46 412.92 1773.46 350.75 252.92 140.63 1618.55 457.64 415.69 170.44 1603.77 460.34 488.51 185.27 1613.29 535.94 967.98 198.68 1611.56 333.39 867.42 228.59 1610.23 1227.65 1099.58 137.71 1617.11 611.61 548.06 1615.86 514.93 1617.66 766.75 1073.43 690.98 1637.93 235.61 1631.9 281.8 1622.73 236.82 1485.85 271.71 1605.51 258.01 1758.04 292.06 1818.55 342.94 1557.34 325.48 1144.78 291.48 1206.28 C.2.2 Summer (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM 2775.03 1805.43 1976.93 1804.74 1711.82 1741.35 1354.13 1726.68 2744.61 1734.74 1942.90 1712.64 1608.83 1758.68 1308.79 1659.27 1101.05 1790.22 995.39 1658.09 2708.83 1801.54 1932.03 1635.70 1596.17 1857.67 1297.88 1636.59 1033.15 1849.01 918.96 1637.55 680.91 1882.45 675.17 1627.23 2637.42 1783.61 1923.88 1594.35 1551.22 1783.36 1290.76 1598.98 971.77 1792.01 886.45 1583.43 668.04 1867.10 612.87 1608.35 481.63 1883.41 513.20 1586.82 2665.45 2862.60 1915.58 1581.68 1588.38 2626.41 1275.57 1592.10 242 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 981.87 2636.07 894.98 1572.02 652.27 2635.47 623.74 1589.69 479.55 2554.15 471.84 1590.17 2661.37 2670.57 1899.80 1598.97 1593.80 2594.57 1278.29 1627.93 977.13 2590.39 879.83 1693.20 632.32 2706.21 580.98 1214.15 430.98 2609.25 467.05 1180.47 2622.31 2621.15 1854.55 1172.63 1484.17 2644.66 1299.72 1156.20 956.96 2592.77 827.02 1109.57 576.61 2662.13 604.55 1141.26 491.43 2674.26 481.24 1131.45 2638.50 2678.37 1884.76 1109.74 1519.49 2707.40 1268.62 1079.16 930.13 4095.64 869.40 1088.81 624.79 4065.62 615.21 1109.71 472.96 4044.20 454.52 1101.59 2597.65 4020.20 1870.85 1101.35 1520.83 3998.32 1258.43 1120.51 963.62 3951.29 835.65 1092.26 585.44 4036.56 604.35 1116.09 456.45 4075.03 508.30 1112.39 2558.17 3969.28 1861.51 1138.72 1482.21 3996.33 1235.96 1205.60 984.94 3993.35 849.31 864.81 647.23 4005.62 591.63 844.13 402.92 4084.95 474.85 801.82 2590.59 4041.87 1845.20 830.32 1472.75 4036.25 1234.65 784.48 958.91 4071.47 829.31 809.22 607.16 4122.46 586.51 809.81 439.41 4120.63 471.66 813.75 2560.30 4210.75 1826.25 786.99 1472.59 21822.12 1214.68 790.34 945.73 23447.44 826.67 778.56 553.29 23251.59 589.00 811.32 436.03 23170.43 484.58 759.99 2547.70 23156.30 1820.61 786.71 1417.68 23212.30 1193.61 824.23 972.57 23174.66 825.33 815.34 591.27 23125.38 571.82 652.43 414.91 23197.97 469.20 634.56 2571.76 23176.87 1818.81 631.26 243 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1432.12 23216.26 1176.46 621.02 885.91 23214.67 834.48 633.90 608.94 23217.69 637.31 638.05 2427.41 23187.05 1815.28 653.45 1428.94 23195.39 1202.94 601.17 944.62 23221.18 909.79 639.85 2423.87 23306.50 1808.71 618.38 1371.72 23298.91 1236.38 629.48 16926.75 23296.12 3010.04 621.65 14959.91 23303.04 2974.47 623.93 14794.67 23435.36 2861.77 633.13 15369.94 23550.67 2972.35 2639.28 3155.58 24002.50 2077.34 2472.95 14711.13 1522.86 2647.06 2324.73 14741.04 1653.79 2813.27 2299.17 14845.84 1499.99 2816.90 2358.22 14653.46 1761.71 2768.75 2275.83 14631.51 1407.88 2748.90 2252.27 14575.35 1527.31 2739.37 2204.68 14654.40 1479.73 2766.86 2247.92 14690.70 1469.31 2782.40 2231.15 14724.22 1514.01 2819.90 2248.11 3237.74 3496.85 1554.36 2290.88 1771.98 4048.19 1138.60 2334.42 2086.82 3220.12 1438.77 2215.08 1593.20 24454.70 1863.23 2481.03 2686.81 4381.16 1278.34 2213.50 1164.64 22378.86 775.01 2197.61 1322.28 1837.68 1068.76 2219.19 1015.87 2587.91 617.53 2212.80 752.11 2789.32 661.18 2213.42 858.46 1952.07 696.45 2203.37 732.19 2163.99 903.44 2217.53 512.83 1499.23 572.07 2211.26 592.51 1518.45 445.93 2269.13 578.99 1503.80 462.09 2452.37 431.45 1540.75 475.90 2393.60 400.05 1542.70 515.64 2250.71 433.11 1571.09 465.27 2227.27 518.64 1559.99 444.80 2236.30 479.55 1939.27 471.63 1748.93 435.46 1731.29 572.08 1955.33 437.53 2382.31 2703.92 2430.15 14568.74 3033.60 2708.67 2011.93 244 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 14558.83 2806.19 2706.17 1636.66 14552.47 2150.64 2708.76 1558.44 14598.21 3596.89 2699.18 1276.73 14551.47 3141.82 2731.06 1431.13 14561.99 4179.18 2713.78 1142.30 14492.84 22853.87 2867.93 1294.41 14523.59 4833.02 2896.05 952.77 3973.60 27074.18 2712.52 839.73 14511.36 25480.58 1672.73 768.80 3594.61 23954.73 2421.90 697.51 1884.66 25406.71 1808.21 930.20 2570.91 24771.01 2473.92 993.82 2450.85 24563.13 456.00 598.66 2024.36 24598.38 489.04 615.97 414.75 24559.78 510.03 598.78 408.04 24582.77 464.63 715.72 414.09 24550.15 454.50 588.75 457.78 24544.79 812.64 602.19 439.20 24566.68 1029.71 610.43 800.15 24582.09 945.21 622.51 1060.90 24545.46 1264.77 714.26 919.00 26820.17 1138.26 908.26 1312.30 26151.43 499.97 669.97 1160.49 25021.53 576.10 609.78 459.23 24596.89 649.12 788.91 487.39 24554.78 652.63 868.00 632.65 24585.62 726.84 1454.01 623.33 24633.12 507.72 1339.48 693.53 24629.50 1391.28 1624.88 447.33 24621.13 1064.15 1493.09 24642.14 929.98 24793.86 1250.13 27387.37 1184.88 25215.32 604.83 24960.33 645.32 24665.71 587.07 26827.48 636.13 24611.78 614.76 25822.98 615.22 28828.04 703.10 28889.96 637.09 25243.63 625.42 1829.36 NE SE SW NW 245 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 12PM 2882.33 999.06 5222.56 3336.09 1813.83 1024.89 2861.16 3282.7 2911.21 1012.14 5120.66 3264.82 1797.66 1010.06 2833.1 3166.14 1257.36 1021.71 1888.81 3176.18 2896.67 960.28 5176.8 3146.55 1804.94 983.23 2770.42 3169.65 1201.22 1004.78 1757.68 3140.7 804.47 1008.48 1187.26 3138.59 2900.54 1003.36 5073.53 3150.37 1772.14 986.16 2764.64 3100.75 1165.16 1034.51 1711.04 3060.19 798.26 1020.81 1162.82 3043.77 604.69 1001.08 871.46 3020.69 2859.52 1668.14 5095.58 3016.55 1782.36 1546.63 2809.57 3042.6 1183.17 1522.15 1746.97 3016.71 797.88 1430.27 1110.71 3115.51 596.76 1473.25 825.25 3124.7 2839.85 1467.44 5117.92 3105.76 1761.2 1489.13 2771.7 3154.8 1118.79 1473.18 1679.17 3239.13 793.3 1467.51 1132.75 2031.99 575.15 1436.9 847.83 1993.66 2841.84 1494.08 5081.63 1978.12 1771.81 1508.33 2753.05 1960.94 1133.52 1444.07 1721.09 1959.56 767.52 1446.1 1136.68 1952.7 597.52 1495.66 773.75 1967.38 2845.95 1499.71 5036.91 1944.98 1753.91 1511.4 2767.42 1913.46 1145.34 2491.81 1621.17 1885.57 750.33 2409.45 1122.25 1858.27 600.31 2349.22 834.44 1890.48 2787.33 2353.29 5031.77 1842.39 1716.47 2305.95 2736.07 1854.49 1129.57 2325.22 1695.35 1888.88 768.36 2363.6 1136.83 1936.33 565.24 2332.05 776.27 1935.67 2732.23 2345.22 5045.6 1965.64 1693.1 2344.64 2707.58 2049.03 1131.2 2381.41 1723.77 1367 765.46 2358.83 1119.08 1317.76 636.79 2319.92 829.06 1331.68 246 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2711.53 2341.12 5106.72 1308.54 1650.66 2362.64 2672.32 1317.45 1111.49 2335.62 1694.3 1257.1 759.03 2328.84 1096.48 1296.96 547.6 2389.19 811.5 1294.7 2631.23 2426.01 4954.24 1221.13 1594.47 2655.95 2633.73 1253.48 1104.63 4363.75 1642.25 1287.69 765.26 4209.49 1137.73 1258.99 545.47 4109.73 780.04 1221.54 2602.75 4133.96 4964.3 1266.62 1634.16 4121.13 2688.49 1295.18 1111.59 4117.54 1638.82 1345.64 733.14 4119.79 1108.34 955.69 598.41 4085.24 790.46 947.03 2655.86 4154.67 4936.55 935.36 1664.92 4177.22 2694.95 915.87 1086.86 4082 1633.92 937.28 755.73 4135.11 1172.21 896.81 2749.44 4095.29 4970.14 960.33 1687.65 4123.79 2713.07 908.88 1199.81 4144.34 1824.34 928.9 2752.74 4122.22 4972.84 968.46 1756.65 4163.46 2712.43 928.81 4519.7 4147.71 32391.25 928.82 4720.26 4167.64 32227.32 898.55 4676.49 4141.37 31603.23 907.46 5049.75 4198.88 31889.29 6308.17 3139.85 4240.16 5255.24 6022.32 4693.48 840.22 8674.08 5514.33 4700.36 952.14 31577.62 5478.51 4108.6 909.13 31540.53 5561.83 4696.87 1045.49 31495.75 5448.07 4659.36 852.67 31442.02 5424.17 4598.44 861.11 31425.82 5400.22 4649.18 887.9 31560.38 5408.89 4684.37 897.04 31455.29 5424.2 4853.35 870.69 32090.34 5438.16 2930.43 2092.68 3400.81 5465.97 1780.33 2480.29 2192.16 5001.77 2035.26 1932.95 2896.31 5384.31 1533.5 3491.64 4537.07 5315.19 2640.24 2699.3 2429.53 5364.17 1248.05 3139.56 1344.5 5390.35 247 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1428.97 1089.96 1856.34 5345.94 1121.72 1468 1016.71 5318.74 829.19 1640.64 1141.87 5341.5 932.4 1087.98 1239.74 5331.43 789.03 1313.09 1687.74 5398.16 630.07 855.23 842.85 5383.97 669.01 845.16 761.77 5447.21 595.49 865.12 726.3 5814.74 536.32 858.04 763.07 5898.36 586.37 862.79 866.88 5414.71 559.08 858.95 755.33 5371.67 567.1 861.81 720.9 4916.85 573.06 1089.17 770.43 3144.57 566.1 947.69 875 3678.62 529.25 1257.31 31411.66 5833.58 4542.18 1677.08 31352.9 3706.66 4506.68 1475.97 31353.73 2698.02 4438.81 1199.26 31393.9 2552.86 4501.69 1902.39 31333.94 2020.89 4431 1629.01 31330.62 2229.72 4501.48 2316.74 31287.82 1680.88 4560.4 2996.81 31986.49 2233.02 4557.23 2605.34 32300.12 1506.74 4998.17 3248.19 31307.89 1191.32 4605.14 4094.73 4284.88 1118.5 4460.78 4254.03 8243.37 1027.07 2543.86 7268.17 4923.92 1349.68 3040.3 8172.88 8647.37 1469.82 3527.94 8117.19 797.41 805.6 2825.17 8138.57 755.89 839.98 520 8074.84 781.19 788.41 558.25 8119.04 747.92 915.9 508.23 8070.24 722.92 848.6 542.15 8063.42 1598.44 828.53 524.63 8109.81 2057.79 866.52 1114.65 8079.61 1759.93 865.65 1409.02 8075.63 2666.09 1015.56 1226.11 9230.45 2241.42 1419.22 1772.07 8979.81 876.45 1019.91 1499.08 21192.86 982.88 842 613.14 8062.25 1088.13 1126.76 701.96 8031.68 1197.53 1324.16 746.05 8089.19 1285.8 2540.97 821.78 8117.88 841.26 2213.3 248 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 926.1 8109.29 3160.45 2693 556.25 8081.04 1661.86 2001.94 8127.23 1404.36 8080.01 2017.72 4758.82 1723.31 8115.71 865.64 8124.01 856.69 8056.85 825.48 7063.11 799.84 8074.84 824.83 21152.89 846.54 21539.7 955.23 7606.28 871.7 4974.58 828.16 3250.02 NE SE SW NW 5PM 2332.85 538.8 3232.49 13304.05 1355.01 532.47 1703.03 13025.17 2309.45 536.48 3329.25 12950.31 1366.78 510.07 1735.05 12919.97 884.79 497.35 1142.18 12805.28 2310.31 534.37 3306.45 12711.7 1341.71 568.11 1721.83 12768.18 858.1 537.82 1008.74 12870.72 563.88 534.21 686.19 12760.84 2313.15 497.07 3324.72 12688.25 1344.97 544.39 1831.42 12827.66 836.09 563.11 1061.02 12887.24 547.86 512.84 669.5 12810.94 417.8 512.49 473.67 12838.05 2321.06 824.11 3333.75 12771.39 1328.57 726.04 1793.12 12832.97 810.28 769.39 1051.53 12827.14 552.04 693.2 669.62 12783.15 384.9 714.08 511.48 12851.64 2315.72 717.28 3387.13 12974.33 1329.67 700.59 1794.47 13103.87 808.03 739.9 1122.32 13732.71 522.83 732.36 696.64 10483.25 394.78 720.26 524.48 10336.93 2302.6 693.37 3366.78 10457.45 1294.8 706.8 1827.74 10353.96 794.29 736.03 1113.52 10417.09 527.89 725.84 725.83 10323.13 249 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 452.69 725.7 489.74 10287.95 2288.48 773.44 3343.47 10240.61 1326.69 766.31 1837.19 10338.25 806.43 1227.99 1055.73 10283.14 489.64 1161.47 709.96 10226.83 406.91 1133.44 582.58 10352.16 2249.91 1108.92 3356.66 10173.19 1274.52 1111.9 1792.41 10370.52 821.95 1123.6 1095.98 10341.25 538.21 1074.05 725.9 10196.69 416.5 1115.27 495.3 10335.16 2259.24 1102.22 3416.53 10470.04 1311.14 1100.47 1836.86 10787.02 788.57 1106.69 1105.46 2717.66 493 1102.62 692.47 2684.79 378.59 1127.06 550.41 2800.01 2244.96 1108.81 3300.47 2564.12 1311.58 1133.04 1851.95 2886.75 825.15 1114.81 1014.3 2803.72 529.54 1122.51 694.09 2623.53 397.08 1154.39 483.03 2764.56 2260.08 1167.85 3332.4 2716.58 1298.28 1347.59 1826.99 2769.12 798.72 1990.06 1052.79 2629.38 496.53 1935.24 702.39 2708.14 409.78 1888.35 518.25 2733.01 2241.21 1884.16 3336.31 2750.39 1291.13 1884.33 1800.28 2750.5 793.67 1879.75 1099.19 2805.86 540.94 1860.16 681.5 1863.5 407.86 1880.92 549.26 1811.88 2272.91 1877.71 3423.4 1702.19 1284.43 1833.63 1848.38 1755.01 820.39 1881.2 1106.26 1774.98 544.65 1869.53 736.7 1810.5 2252.43 1857.31 3414.3 1795.27 1308.94 1862.68 1901.55 1811.41 870.6 1864.79 1222.08 1727.42 2233.97 1875.32 3469.92 1750.26 1365.34 1869.37 1989.12 1830.35 3374.59 1890.02 4243.1 1829.64 3910.76 1899.87 9163.03 1866.87 3889.19 1900.08 8866.56 1868.31 4102.81 1946.98 5304.85 17135.31 250 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2556.13 1992.1 2899.08 15951.95 3872.05 470.47 4671.49 15313.49 3873.49 529.17 8839.62 15212.05 3204.97 534.66 8839.09 15519.6 3826.98 595.23 8881.82 15169.81 3818.78 505.46 8881.26 15113.58 3820.74 509.77 8840.04 15030.07 3841.3 491.48 8815.9 15032.41 3863.62 489.11 8901.47 15048 3977.73 500.57 9123.27 15124.93 2302.68 1151.69 1885.38 15146.53 1395.27 1262.88 1310.74 15847.25 1581.35 1013 1673.98 15062.39 1179.7 1756.18 2662.31 16769.4 2051.8 1400.71 1401.61 15082.64 941.29 1576.56 799.47 15135.13 1058.53 596.93 1120.55 15082.78 805.98 800.76 578.29 15150.83 589.05 905.28 665.09 15142.02 671.66 561.16 717.71 15094.07 549.91 739.43 980.19 15182.94 451.94 483.72 568.76 15211.93 509.61 514.53 485.13 15605.97 441.97 485.98 434.64 17503.03 342.35 463.9 520.28 16219.91 427.66 481.59 528.79 15346.82 369.2 484.52 487.87 15171.18 408.64 493.17 522.24 16507.11 365.33 586.94 477.04 14669.36 392.94 560.64 529.08 16125.6 363.03 724.73 8828.73 18759.51 3804.39 864.09 8865.16 15106.59 3795.13 793.88 8818.84 13833.11 3777.35 651.67 8858 12341.74 3780.5 1086.25 8831.29 10428.38 3783.16 873.99 8896.21 11567.27 3775.45 1217.96 8932.58 3688.62 3818.22 1610.47 9325.15 10916.47 3830.55 1388.18 10360.26 3127.93 4358.4 1776.72 8963.81 2343.88 3864.12 1961.9 3238.6 2114.48 3836.23 2007.54 8420.48 1985.6 2105.97 2916.57 3726.72 2846.09 2555.44 3070.47 9044.05 3114.64 251 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3140.58 3008.82 475.5 1565.98 2519.09 3042.18 498.29 1614.01 366.53 3008.31 503.75 1528.76 381.19 2999.1 484.8 1865.14 383.63 2995.65 484.7 1511.76 372.45 2998.8 1137.47 1394.33 390.05 2988.28 1601.08 1657.88 806.69 3002.67 1329.3 1539.29 1080.66 2998.36 2131.76 2064.38 949.43 3254.62 1866.83 3181.07 1412.85 3316.52 627.99 2096.51 1268.61 3252.99 686.58 1579.54 486.48 2992.18 872.92 2511.75 500.92 2991.12 824.31 2774.61 603.21 2983.55 968.61 12871.13 636.69 2991.81 649.28 12001.62 682.62 2990.8 2529.89 14970.52 455.94 2983 3826.28 1682.99 3000.48 3281.43 3039.64 10990.5 2196.43 4443.96 3088.72 1589.59 3053.35 1535.96 3018.39 1596.76 2868.29 1584 3014.64 1607.07 3262.03 1621.64 3484.16 2036.12 3086.89 1693.84 2299.22 1582.19 14000.69 252 C.3 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – Natural Ventilation Model C.3.1 Winter (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM 819.06 198.73 721.31 530.59 449.99 170.28 403.75 474.99 799.36 164.03 667.65 474.19 422.21 187.03 415.39 442.34 272.47 175.37 266.87 445.42 801.57 178.55 710.98 493.14 426.55 185.89 403.19 468.43 252.24 173.51 252.39 522.14 153.78 204.26 170.37 510.89 799.85 175.64 775.12 514.93 410.11 181.81 433.7 510.52 239.83 188.82 237.22 515.1 163.06 186.07 157.54 482.87 121.01 207.39 105.19 455.93 788.77 316.72 786.64 504.97 418.95 272.78 399.3 514.75 244.49 238.44 240.93 540.42 148.53 244.91 165.93 563 113.06 237.13 105.49 594.52 784.01 220.71 745.09 574.63 408.97 253.02 383.05 579.59 243.18 215.12 262.54 568.23 154.11 226.84 150.05 251.88 113.55 240.05 113.69 264.48 788.89 196.99 683.2 277.32 413.1 248.19 405.22 276.84 238.27 225.05 249.77 260.49 152.25 241.58 153.23 242.56 108.86 266.86 119.3 264.68 777.68 258.64 699.42 274.45 412.59 267.73 393.32 273.45 231.08 490.76 254.18 261.67 150.45 456.56 149.65 272.42 99.66 416.84 104.31 261.67 774.58 396.82 693.36 274.92 412.22 379.16 395.72 301.47 241.43 364.15 242.62 278.25 138.19 379.94 157.12 298.32 96.78 351.27 118.4 315.22 788.79 376.21 739.4 302.08 412.78 388.26 391.44 326.17 253 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 244.12 402.44 228.62 163.69 142.99 357.46 157.09 143.06 106.96 355.78 125.79 166.62 779.84 377.78 767.22 158.39 401.92 386.87 401.21 161.92 231.13 413.99 248.72 149.91 131.87 429.61 137.01 178.72 101.05 430.06 127.98 148.99 785.01 411.92 721.57 153.54 403.56 496.95 381.17 142.3 227.02 797.9 242.69 143.35 135.86 797.62 140.03 165.86 106.16 824.68 128.1 153.22 770.04 799.53 691.49 167.66 396.64 770.49 383.91 167.73 237.8 715.57 218.25 183.97 150.25 665.76 144.03 114.18 110.52 638.04 126.54 115.48 769.5 654.43 699.9 106.52 408.83 644.22 387.66 97.93 229.21 645.62 240.98 98.48 148.33 629.53 156.74 104.83 775.92 651.25 670.07 99.77 400.84 652.36 407.15 116.82 261.56 636.63 275.31 113.66 775.35 706.08 720.58 113.72 427.38 698.29 411.43 118.07 1351.77 758.02 1097.2 115.18 1443.36 794.87 872.91 113.73 1432.39 794.83 953.26 133.07 1509.4 743.6 1027.54 1082.07 920.6 750.2 770.48 1011.51 1426.11 140.32 980.41 885.09 1425.68 196.12 918.31 909.89 1258.45 156.99 849.51 906.98 1412.93 190.79 1242.45 893.13 1402.56 155.37 931.26 837.86 1389.95 142.98 987.71 926.16 1410.89 154.01 1173.87 964.93 1411.76 147.76 981.36 943.14 1430.68 145.73 822.65 872.45 852.33 469.45 537.58 887.78 451.97 507.93 353.91 841.81 535.88 397.8 460.71 962.32 254 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 378.91 707.58 618.84 947.35 729.36 574.79 381.01 1009.72 278.34 622.15 217.24 989.91 340.25 216.49 310.17 820.44 235.64 303.97 165.99 1032.86 181.06 337.52 189.79 1008.43 194.76 223.6 189.53 860.83 168.47 261.22 267.04 1108.87 122.6 150.74 153.84 1167.05 134.33 168.98 118.47 997.98 129.33 143.54 133.4 1136.84 104.43 162.98 119.84 1029.73 97.6 149.49 140.45 1089.84 97.46 159.39 138.09 1040.35 98.05 146.4 121.38 841.15 106.42 190.87 122.32 527.66 85.04 178.51 134.56 631.06 96.7 246.79 881.43 1057.69 1389.28 298.35 1215.67 621.95 1399.81 274.41 1196.51 391.58 1395.59 224.45 868.99 411.77 1399.08 360.56 985.36 280.14 1388.51 333.24 874.51 337.97 1394.06 437.77 913.84 232.28 1395.93 579.51 919.38 282.16 1407.63 498.71 936.68 200.91 1498.67 678.6 823.53 140.34 1416.3 774.56 631.24 126.1 1388.34 770.94 920.2 111.07 699.69 1094.77 654.33 164.91 871.65 992.18 934.49 196.72 1066.76 1372.81 150.23 104.49 804.31 1064.77 117.15 99.07 94.35 1461.87 139.39 98.61 99.48 1163.87 119.11 117.67 104.96 994.54 127.86 98.54 91.83 854.39 237.46 94.89 97.99 851.33 316.25 93.53 231.05 842.82 270.7 105.87 320.81 837.54 396.83 131.86 274.91 1588 360.34 210.66 417.92 1317.62 121.68 147.65 356.96 936.77 153.42 106.1 118.55 901.03 191.48 152.28 255 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 134.7 832.55 183.04 188.58 154.05 908.64 199.96 408.95 163.83 865.99 121.1 330.36 195 842.61 473.43 455.6 120.9 823.77 239.01 513.02 1223.26 222.31 1446.13 311.32 838.07 253.35 948.23 113.69 1166.57 99.74 1438.15 102.36 961.1 120.56 920.61 102.47 905.8 109.37 974.8 130.28 1049.72 105.29 950.06 107.3 486.65 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 12PM 1297.42 279.55 1458.09 904.02 703.4 267.47 919.08 847.66 1295.88 255.93 1287.14 854.11 683.45 225.57 830.48 742.77 448.51 240.83 610.54 892.81 1293.11 261.42 1433.38 776.01 690.39 260.81 873.68 910.27 394.55 268.19 602.48 886.92 247.2 260.41 356.48 914.03 1269.43 292.02 1500.83 793.22 671.96 257.37 889.12 834.69 394.83 265.3 568.71 844.43 245.23 287.1 322.03 861.48 185.19 275.46 263.1 899.87 1268.85 466.16 1584.27 823.67 662.9 411.19 899.27 931.57 369.18 400.2 552.18 928.93 253.46 422.59 276.86 936.73 163.28 364.03 213.43 1017.51 1265.47 360.44 1542.15 944.62 670.83 350.94 842.99 1039.5 400.76 349.63 538.69 976.41 245.23 340.78 312.44 417.33 180.82 355.3 252.5 434.41 1266.03 349.43 1372.4 492.19 256 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 653.07 365.65 839.33 464.05 399.34 354.21 558.68 443.41 256.67 373.12 295.77 439.78 188.78 375.31 226.84 486.94 1245.93 404.93 1515.95 468.95 664.5 392.6 878.31 505.62 405.98 759.48 551.87 450.91 235.42 709.52 317.94 493.31 172.36 649.54 236.13 434.14 1266.15 629.89 1461.04 480.02 667.41 603.84 812.12 481.85 402.8 599.7 579.25 515.84 247.05 580.42 332.11 495.75 179.9 530.15 219.24 546.31 1255.64 578.82 1466.85 550.79 639.16 557.4 786.85 567.83 375.87 544.18 533.77 280.51 239.71 521.8 316.18 270.51 172.03 587.78 291.21 270.63 1274.06 603.43 1637.79 283.01 671.07 594.9 911.67 267.85 378.21 610.27 589.06 239.65 250.98 672.37 339.3 297.02 149.95 682.37 250.09 283.63 1249.36 673.24 1511.9 302.14 645.45 760.39 870 266.59 383.54 1292.02 501.65 265.13 227.64 1268.98 298.51 288.97 160.64 1291.14 240.66 281.28 1237.81 1247.44 1437.21 264.02 669.15 1191.03 843.12 349.61 383.27 1197.98 561.12 321.18 234.08 1024.07 319.52 179.1 162.05 1039.29 256.47 193.51 1245.8 1063.36 1388.3 202.76 643.12 969.91 884.29 189.67 365.44 1023.55 540.07 191.28 259.48 978.54 334.81 206.61 1224.38 1006.46 1446.86 167.16 659.49 1028.73 854.76 193.47 411.58 1071.33 628.23 203.93 1239.6 1151.91 1409.53 178.04 674.36 1119.29 883.42 199.24 2277.39 1302.52 2310.79 177.06 257 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2323.97 1307.86 1766.67 194.56 2302.84 1298.12 1947.09 211.9 2434.58 1185.58 2018.49 1819.89 1481.62 1230.85 1596.26 1673.89 2286.66 243.18 1942.02 1583.22 2288.37 275.36 1841.95 1489.93 2019.76 242.56 1694.99 1653.4 2268.24 328.56 2435.57 1601.36 2257.58 237.9 1893.27 1549.32 2247.41 237.01 1935.64 1748.64 2260.52 231.29 2342.32 1643.99 2269.43 235.48 1910.42 1607.69 2284.64 213.19 1720.71 1468.32 1364.5 683.98 1135.8 1517.53 724.78 735.74 755.58 1446.14 842.72 592.73 1008.47 1730.63 613.79 1102.54 1228.1 1599.29 1183.84 841.25 880.9 1758.66 453.3 1000.33 523.71 1588.55 512.73 321.67 556.79 1560.56 373.34 415.99 318.82 1719.43 290.92 516.16 414.8 1731.16 318.9 279.9 375.98 1594.35 263.38 401.73 567.55 1855.22 198.76 241.33 302.32 1933.69 231.73 278.23 221.51 1806.38 199 252.31 243.48 1794.81 147.6 250.61 260.16 1908.92 142.11 237.67 278.61 1988.05 174.67 242.73 286.54 1789.05 187.11 251.94 245.33 1552.67 177.07 300.36 244.06 965.59 171.3 300.54 294.23 1013.08 143.39 365.51 1822.52 1886.05 2243.39 473.04 2447.33 1023.36 2242.78 418.1 2452.72 731.43 2237.3 333.46 1795.89 590.35 2222.02 562.35 2011.93 453.3 2221.47 485.58 1830.88 545.27 2244.88 668.9 1710.66 370.77 2242.41 925 1840.44 517.2 2264.9 790.06 1797.88 291.27 2397.3 999.27 1806.68 248.81 2283.35 1168.77 1281.46 221.19 258 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2213.91 1337.21 1995.97 201.98 1125.4 1738.24 1485.48 275.43 1409.83 1663.83 1929.41 308.2 1711.07 2390.73 243.8 161.07 1288.75 1854.13 245.64 165.38 160.59 2363.02 251.8 161.98 166.22 1885.7 236.43 195.89 171.62 1603.43 252.32 154.33 147.42 1460.29 541.39 150.57 148.93 1360.06 735.88 192.59 376.7 1352.85 622.91 159.45 514.27 1331.55 922.44 218.07 436.44 2599.25 848.33 372.29 681.53 2144.29 243.67 227.44 588.08 1550.47 343.27 173.25 208.63 1420.33 370.1 274.46 237.16 1352.52 400.44 340.69 245.17 1493.03 417.46 759.44 275.01 1390.37 271.93 631.19 293.78 1437.36 1087.55 733.35 207.43 1329.04 461.56 817.56 2127.89 381.64 2386.59 555.49 1360.5 462.91 1577.17 181.18 1831.81 192.37 2463.75 181.83 1506.15 181.65 1625.08 170.2 1557.53 191.41 1723.54 216.06 1679 196.6 1538.93 185.64 855.74 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3PM 858.43 151.69 1161.76 696.71 487.14 154.71 726.62 670.54 854.56 156.49 1075.77 631.92 464.29 152.76 677.08 726.13 296.2 146.83 511.88 730.2 856.72 140.44 1150.04 591.95 468.12 146.23 666.76 758.96 268.14 149.91 475.97 631.38 174.84 148.32 337.04 631.72 259 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 852.35 148.69 1196.91 704.74 449.96 160.27 686 680.16 283.35 158.26 448.7 681.27 171.16 150.67 294.89 751.85 114.25 158.2 216.49 702 850.01 285.33 1218.79 703.18 448.39 233.64 725.78 750.11 274.88 212.2 445.63 732.27 176.37 223.45 262.26 735.15 139.04 209.38 227.4 834.3 841.11 220 1236.88 841.7 442.01 215.84 709.14 826.16 276.98 183.16 410 812.03 165.18 218.61 301.35 364.73 130.9 210.19 212.72 388.46 836.1 214.03 1196.11 368.67 448.27 209.3 697.33 360.45 266.18 215.93 439.53 385.02 163.22 212.47 310.46 367.15 116.22 198.7 217.98 411 823.22 242.71 1166.86 391.38 461.5 248.4 681.79 405.97 258.65 430.74 415.83 431.7 166.14 396.95 316.4 374.17 121.45 377.47 254.71 421.56 835.53 368.57 1152.98 367.9 442.87 360.38 701.84 387.02 261.34 331.6 434.46 410.39 163.51 338 298.13 415.99 111.55 333.02 253.73 421.67 841.01 315.02 1181.44 471.63 446.89 335.94 699.07 457.9 265.98 324.03 419.2 211.66 151.36 335.87 309.51 227.73 114.24 334.25 224.23 243.53 835.89 335.64 1215.05 196.98 459.74 343.14 723.18 205.02 270.64 368.49 432.5 226.26 150.38 362.19 307.24 215.33 111.35 384.67 226.55 252.21 827.42 385.27 1208.02 216.36 452.28 433.96 688.46 233.71 258.31 736.58 495.12 215.83 145.27 736.53 293.57 214.41 260 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 113.6 758.46 209.71 250.46 824.02 706.07 1210.82 218.35 454.28 666.97 702.16 222.39 251.21 668.56 476.39 275.33 156.13 579.44 309.51 129.91 112.26 600.57 243.92 149.51 814.08 597.62 1154.7 166.03 434.87 560.13 747.62 149.96 266.47 598.7 471.38 154.53 183.02 594.3 343.82 157.45 834.89 607.58 1158.91 146.98 448.48 606.25 745.98 133.08 306.72 591.03 513.02 150.91 831.27 628.29 1179.61 183.08 468.27 653.68 735.1 141.18 1450.18 747.99 1741.14 159.65 1492.3 731.81 1403.75 161.34 1479.06 714.22 1496.97 172.75 1565.28 690.84 1555.46 1435.68 961.27 706.89 1194.38 1346.92 1469.56 153.97 1538.48 1228.99 1468.49 171.13 1330.18 1222.07 1310.41 143.47 1330.09 1272.31 1456.71 201.79 1735.27 1227.71 1446.8 137.93 1546.7 1158.77 1454.78 139.37 1515.73 1204.4 1456.58 137.77 1799.05 1270.21 1462.94 143.11 1463.92 1311.05 1470.96 159.1 1351.67 1161.2 891.69 386.47 909.54 1193.46 488.22 438.15 596.57 1107.38 576.3 341.55 756.83 1347.07 415.94 646.73 1084.34 1123.2 775.12 496.7 717.46 1374.79 316.33 586.12 411.64 1280.05 374.2 196.65 516.45 1113.54 272.12 247.96 264.33 1438.87 193.69 298.44 369.69 1311.25 220.78 183.13 366.58 1126.64 186.1 237.88 478.28 1441.14 137.58 145.84 277.17 1528.67 162.94 151.27 198.92 1376.07 136.35 150.73 233.12 1531.4 121.63 144.69 246.75 1408.86 261 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 113.07 165.27 253.39 1441.35 126.53 139.38 264.47 1414.75 118.44 140.13 248.05 1253.79 112.18 170.81 267.28 706.98 123.38 182.5 238.9 893.06 131.35 226.66 1346.32 1450.33 1449.78 261.04 1800.31 794.35 1443.87 242.09 1826.46 587.25 1449.59 188.45 1362.66 507.91 1440.32 340.12 1635.93 368.08 1432.12 287.49 1346.61 413.45 1445.36 383.59 1370.07 327.23 1437.67 555.29 1397.76 422.38 1455.13 455.24 1560.85 224.2 1548.1 602.6 1308.52 194.58 1467.81 667.21 1109.68 168.86 1430.65 717.83 1517.46 157.21 766.43 1021.19 1269.21 236.83 946.61 958.92 1516.57 233.93 1128.73 1328.55 244.03 126.85 886.42 1042.43 255.03 132 116.41 1351.3 221.71 126.68 119.82 1068.32 232.49 150.1 107.36 970.09 277.29 111.86 110.12 797.05 490.46 162.32 113.22 786.92 643.13 134.16 276.56 781.48 537.55 133.46 362.29 794.33 840.47 197.38 310.37 1431.08 775.46 272.06 486.36 1222.74 286.61 217.57 425.67 894.17 338.43 146.51 133.46 823.01 419.98 231.09 160.93 744.9 369.01 233.21 195.77 865.11 434.9 576.02 193.12 804.49 282.04 549.41 216.42 787.68 944.81 678.29 152.7 758.55 384.88 572.84 1211.43 325.24 1375.47 480.71 754.91 436.51 919.98 137.02 1093.27 145.03 1372.79 137.17 908.13 135.09 262 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 876.19 165.14 876.26 159.58 912.81 178.73 923.67 164.21 825.66 147.78 720.76 C.3.2 Summer (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM 2752.12 1645.16 1422.04 1251.43 1699.94 1573.09 1059.95 1140.22 2755.05 1566.29 1397.40 1296.57 1591.62 1542.69 982.67 1420.97 1080.20 1586.25 787.43 1574.78 2655.62 1512.39 1416.59 1722.49 1615.83 1492.96 1010.17 1781.42 1004.00 1489.13 676.20 1786.90 654.95 1488.66 529.37 1758.33 2657.41 1452.28 1470.45 1749.84 1575.63 1489.41 974.93 1598.13 966.89 1474.95 686.63 1514.56 646.88 1520.34 467.08 1378.96 483.81 1673.92 412.64 1313.43 2622.66 2547.69 1490.19 1266.93 1554.86 2246.89 972.35 1236.84 1021.67 2252.69 674.91 1245.67 636.24 2267.56 473.10 1293.56 467.41 2171.48 403.25 1291.11 2661.23 2205.31 1428.88 1408.59 1543.66 2200.94 971.03 1472.07 975.84 2132.16 692.13 1587.16 536.71 2083.60 483.50 895.56 469.29 2132.16 406.60 936.52 2637.04 2125.51 1365.02 990.35 1569.73 2107.91 951.21 989.97 922.17 2142.31 688.17 1067.09 640.72 2186.69 499.69 1071.80 458.01 2126.08 372.03 1090.48 2574.33 2245.18 1398.87 1024.70 1498.05 2395.27 961.36 1006.88 950.36 3436.49 683.42 925.80 263 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 633.15 3537.31 476.08 902.33 394.82 3505.78 398.58 906.77 2595.90 3485.62 1347.84 833.52 1498.38 3511.45 942.55 843.71 954.85 3246.13 706.48 868.38 638.25 3127.94 519.31 874.93 433.54 3181.25 367.54 903.49 2575.63 3237.85 1428.56 938.68 1459.09 3067.24 932.41 1013.69 910.91 3267.83 661.51 664.56 606.81 3226.45 485.61 654.89 442.84 3084.20 373.27 699.96 2546.63 3083.29 1452.69 729.53 1482.29 3235.76 968.67 718.48 940.54 3257.22 670.44 682.21 602.69 3385.34 487.04 742.22 456.60 3581.62 386.24 648.67 2543.22 3670.89 1514.71 633.67 1476.29 21325.31 946.92 623.98 878.88 22445.93 664.76 626.09 608.60 22150.68 482.57 573.63 412.06 22285.78 405.22 616.92 2550.73 22609.38 1477.99 569.50 1462.55 22690.78 995.56 612.81 917.50 22521.07 642.70 608.32 574.88 21858.09 508.40 478.21 415.96 22096.04 393.45 500.23 2472.79 21952.97 1465.23 515.15 1428.24 4579.12 978.92 483.29 940.71 22050.03 684.77 491.91 634.95 21858.17 514.80 525.77 2501.25 21981.53 1432.55 497.72 1434.80 22009.51 967.15 476.38 961.09 22135.66 715.33 496.90 2419.97 22237.43 1400.84 403.31 1371.53 4640.96 1003.40 452.52 16930.33 22428.85 1871.64 407.85 14929.42 22567.93 1645.10 413.65 14764.02 22874.18 1726.17 452.77 15346.38 22904.42 1822.28 1712.20 3141.30 22870.58 1478.81 1756.08 14707.37 1338.21 1776.34 1705.03 14732.24 1420.78 1747.82 1811.23 14863.83 1336.74 1642.02 1606.31 264 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 14646.71 1508.63 2080.49 2217.24 14620.65 1342.09 1684.29 2427.67 14630.15 1239.59 1735.58 2779.60 14645.00 1219.62 1918.07 2376.29 14688.58 1180.56 1888.98 2436.26 14697.31 1303.11 1608.33 2581.30 3199.67 2939.56 1187.66 2070.42 1789.83 3374.15 914.23 1588.82 2092.81 2796.74 1077.25 2472.34 1533.10 22130.12 1339.65 1653.22 2724.18 3836.76 994.34 2191.49 1193.29 4295.64 585.14 1958.22 1374.08 1676.17 826.32 1742.93 965.41 2211.53 450.22 1777.37 714.57 2424.08 541.54 1799.54 844.98 1731.81 571.73 1826.23 665.05 1914.76 720.25 1924.66 586.48 1302.28 461.10 1945.74 534.20 1304.47 358.57 2151.84 549.73 1228.24 368.30 2652.85 404.64 1220.49 379.94 2477.28 448.20 1253.97 472.12 2057.14 457.93 1323.22 412.46 1871.68 467.57 1250.56 324.61 2243.32 410.79 1677.15 383.16 1512.71 482.03 1457.44 461.95 1860.52 460.58 2070.23 1673.60 2618.36 14558.88 2610.85 2097.00 1373.17 14516.66 2355.89 2152.07 1137.57 14567.24 1735.84 1726.34 1052.73 14541.58 3204.82 1894.11 865.18 14530.60 2670.48 1810.54 985.80 14570.86 3740.14 1805.39 751.64 14531.36 4681.43 1841.64 938.53 14458.30 4137.34 1921.37 693.71 3950.32 22663.88 1767.76 576.59 14501.54 23324.70 1381.76 535.55 3668.24 22927.14 1773.04 518.99 1954.69 6777.40 1447.97 642.18 2571.73 4990.34 1813.32 736.91 2462.47 23465.87 425.55 456.00 2096.44 22603.30 368.28 450.51 434.34 24134.29 371.28 471.50 413.11 23668.83 393.21 491.70 265 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 388.34 22660.74 383.56 473.42 387.68 4678.76 716.64 468.55 413.94 22098.01 861.24 467.28 885.10 22349.63 797.10 455.63 1059.77 22421.81 997.46 481.73 922.66 26422.91 974.31 735.30 1338.16 25079.86 441.40 494.93 1161.54 23329.85 457.07 432.33 469.57 22405.73 555.18 570.79 487.01 22188.04 540.17 708.77 624.92 22384.08 633.33 1224.05 658.35 4718.13 417.84 1102.99 693.24 22429.96 1145.99 1321.29 483.38 22448.30 816.40 1481.08 22846.40 732.01 24292.66 998.23 24748.03 872.54 23138.97 469.04 23653.05 444.87 23803.49 428.37 6611.54 431.17 22092.66 449.66 5349.98 433.46 7205.62 478.20 8553.68 478.35 24179.15 457.76 1217.42 NE SE SW NW 12PM 2833.31 880.07 3844.94 1931.41 1798.57 835.89 2336.36 1951.06 2806.07 879.46 3889.26 1861.89 1766.49 854.35 2309.68 1974.76 1232.37 843 1574.92 1735.24 2820.13 822.28 3889.79 1995.6 1722.05 896.92 2289.02 1965.26 1143.98 823.74 1387.1 1961.13 823.79 841.66 997.27 1878.47 2809.93 865.75 4167.84 1964.66 1727.87 875.95 2291.75 2010.77 1135.26 912.92 1449.68 1965.1 798.97 897.7 992.33 1941.65 591.82 906.82 761.87 2018.17 2788.77 1431.26 4394.84 1871.18 1758.79 1291.96 2326.05 2026.68 266 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1152.72 1214.75 1451.55 2022.93 755.67 1190.67 956 2123.78 627.53 1192.98 658.1 2131.33 2819.63 1200.75 4080.22 2214.25 1738.23 1155.47 2246.66 2139.1 1152.78 1174.82 1449.46 2100.65 783.25 1161.38 948.91 1239.01 585.89 1183.23 696.82 1115.93 2811.63 1229.89 3919.69 1209.44 1739.75 1220.29 2165.17 1119.08 1134.34 1198.95 1343.9 1137.15 785.11 1219.4 933.94 1206.59 594.81 1294.46 737.1 1165.31 2779.84 1316.53 4034.36 1159.48 1716.12 1353.84 2336.39 1120.7 1154.14 2152.73 1414.94 1264.15 772.14 2038.59 997.96 1242.03 587.1 1992.68 744.41 1203.36 2709.38 1929.03 3759.24 1100.04 1690.23 1931.82 2178.14 1247.73 1109.17 1879.46 1392.58 1222.07 744.27 1861.19 956 1280.91 602.92 1810.5 740.61 1243.72 2692.37 1887.32 3770.34 1323.31 1640.94 1843.45 2233.67 1335.35 1119.23 1809.85 1395.34 754.76 734.7 1840.8 920.12 710.34 580.52 1870.92 666.17 729.61 2673.95 1891.37 4192.48 775.77 1653.9 1906.85 2237.25 759.26 1123.26 1920.33 1416.68 728.64 737.46 2030.94 884.64 726.57 595.87 2099.97 732.56 788 2682.09 2066.03 4127 718.19 1638.24 2295.6 2141.24 791.5 1097.05 3471.86 1332.47 751.91 747.57 3532.39 916.81 822.49 580.67 3660.49 728.63 767.93 2728.61 3557.16 3948.52 818.83 1660.26 3273.04 2211.25 876.66 1116.96 3275.17 1355.65 879.1 776.89 2955.85 941.22 530.14 579.37 3187.09 710.41 550.13 2725.15 3043.76 3669.67 519.74 267 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1664.78 3003.3 2145.98 500.18 1083.52 3087.51 1387.05 490.65 790.01 3013.37 970.06 528.36 2679.29 3063.15 3551.79 532.68 1676.37 3013.49 2178.88 482.86 1202.61 2995.36 1493.88 516.79 2688.62 3117.9 3674.06 553.07 1693.17 3229.36 2109.54 533.58 4498.15 3637.75 7007.53 578.98 4635.21 3729.74 5667.18 582.55 4602.02 3548.47 6085.85 609.38 4800.92 3365.4 6020.87 3817.04 3101.57 3304.99 3998.56 3875.48 4619.11 740.8 5675.55 3304.41 4581.38 800.44 5741.1 3396.12 4018.05 759.6 5577.3 3510.88 4592.98 871.47 29286.25 3264.69 4584.15 737.45 5897.51 3256.13 4545.22 709.21 5988.01 3413.64 4573.32 732.06 7155.36 3611.23 4612.48 705.79 6043.21 3703.49 4611.49 783.8 5644.08 3287.36 2876.51 1827.05 2607.43 3430.79 1801.6 2060.23 1781.14 3123.8 2018.46 1727.02 2250.82 3538.16 1527.51 2774.63 3481.32 3262.07 2617.04 2337.45 1917.69 3603.27 1218.82 2624.39 1172.45 3581.36 1432.31 936.31 1600.16 3360.01 1078.21 1307.98 884.98 3677.91 824.09 1419.7 941.84 3577.52 923.65 884.91 1008.55 3430.62 755.78 1106.3 1392.11 3923.32 633.37 752.64 718.54 4083.28 688.81 737.46 658.45 3879.1 588.16 746.3 676.54 3953.05 531.14 769.49 658.94 4048.97 534.72 787.08 755.9 3987.28 548.54 759.76 642.39 3702.22 529.47 745.82 651.63 3101.16 538.75 941.34 619.12 1890.18 557.32 828.17 722.3 2289.59 592.23 1114.27 5570.1 3896.62 4481.62 1463.37 28970 2306.76 268 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 4464.53 1342.84 28973.49 1723.3 4455.26 1039.56 5647.33 1544.73 4448.11 1662.77 5779.88 1076.44 4472.16 1403.93 5561.2 1225.3 4465.57 2021.24 5395.4 882.74 4438.42 2588.96 5503.07 1234.98 4442.88 2308.13 5435.86 811.76 4852.16 2622.29 5423.16 657.06 4509.59 3121.06 3285.12 610.92 4384.48 3283.29 5681.96 543.03 2447.83 4791.6 3632.48 825.8 2958.92 4931.72 5578.12 807.49 3464.55 7478.61 674.78 444.87 2802.51 5678.22 687.07 506.33 563.03 7109.12 674.02 455.18 554.56 5206.76 687.08 487.61 523.29 4871.86 630.87 458.19 505.92 4506.77 1331.92 460.79 562.57 4378.53 1672.87 475.02 1087.48 4468.01 1491.26 423.73 1392.41 4276.52 2207.29 594.57 1231.81 7312.86 1797.94 915.6 1702.85 5886.12 711.33 621.5 1510.65 4444.19 782.15 454.57 625.09 4528.07 895.19 743.54 686.62 4227.91 964.34 822.65 766.52 4709.78 1089.47 1567.83 811.45 4587.88 635.46 1414 946.51 4201.57 2575.59 1619.78 571.46 4227.76 1053.44 1917.96 6574.71 920.8 6903.49 1256.46 3568.54 1115.31 4570.55 488.55 5228.23 478.88 7527.71 435.92 4439.68 486.76 4552.64 501.86 4820.89 521.87 4819.64 591.98 4872.37 525.88 3729.49 493.67 1958.26 NE SE SW NW 269 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 5PM 2305.72 431.31 2331.07 4171.66 1388.12 417.03 1387.92 9638.84 2330.8 387.53 2316.36 3782.46 1342.89 417.22 1351.45 9698.17 885.92 405.15 894.8 3989.24 2327.05 362.02 2373.71 9796.21 1341.55 372.58 1321.95 3521.29 828.79 381.92 878.83 10004.44 545.97 397.57 587.97 3745.97 2300.95 390.17 2334.52 3978.09 1304.58 399.21 1387.48 3954.31 815.18 426.7 855.03 3940.18 560.56 388.29 581.16 10177.64 415.85 445.47 414.59 10248.64 2318.98 692.82 2503.28 3815.74 1334.73 603.7 1321.42 4408.01 823.71 558.35 864.22 10066.73 515.54 562.27 513.93 10204.85 360.29 530.56 449.37 4776.28 2265.78 541.57 2446.94 10482.82 1320.61 553.8 1401.31 11275.99 805.59 508.7 844.5 10779.64 550.16 532.21 541.81 8441.9 394.01 514.57 364.2 2130.52 2279.46 531.96 2504.13 8585.82 1305.68 578.83 1456.53 2393.29 756.44 505.98 821.47 8182.22 516.89 559.48 517.16 2247.74 423.35 559.21 397.78 8499.47 2262.11 588.99 2416.16 2515.11 1306.08 606.63 1407.59 8507.96 820.32 1002.95 772.88 2613.18 540.59 936.12 549 2451.28 370.62 885.22 448.89 2335.03 2281.74 864.25 2416.1 8417.65 1296.5 830.2 1375.85 8426.83 829.61 817.62 870.2 2820.53 499.16 800.99 620.07 8605.76 364.77 794.81 461.39 8789.58 2254.99 789.21 2479.08 9179.38 1300.16 762.41 1450.72 3108.94 752.61 763.27 822.66 1531.16 487.66 736.83 581.68 1538.42 365.26 812.71 432.07 1386.64 270 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2264.2 784.45 2508.72 1369.03 1309.25 835.58 1359.06 1460.53 794.51 848.54 869.55 1388.12 542.26 874.57 605.38 1203.48 375.12 910.16 414.27 1461.6 2221.02 909.17 2327.46 1627.65 1251.57 1047.97 1417.31 1372.88 821.26 1565.37 901.56 1248.62 508.71 1501.12 556.13 1566.52 351.65 1505.83 399.65 1485.47 2246.89 1516.89 2464.19 1669.77 1276.12 1404.67 1380.89 1545.45 793.51 1371.51 850.19 1643.99 501.56 1344.14 567.97 1077.98 431.44 1213.17 443.25 994.51 2227.16 1253.81 2622.37 965.04 1258.12 1231.6 1370.75 822.74 767.4 1235.67 860.65 1038.55 554.3 1224.2 572.35 948.37 2275.82 1290.56 2463.04 916.1 1300.07 1228.64 1383.82 1000.94 899 1305.75 997.87 979.39 2280.02 1278.4 2334.92 1062.23 1315.92 1375.82 1522.01 1043.14 3379.38 1514.71 3064.98 918.59 3879.16 1513.07 5978.64 893.14 3875.06 1488.74 6368.57 978.25 4049.82 1482.59 3410.22 12256.05 2517.34 1494 2284.18 5502.62 3864.5 392.67 3205.27 5395.05 3859.85 433.21 3048.91 5052.53 3202.1 404.76 2904.72 5425.77 3823.74 477.89 3417.88 11578.32 3804.44 443 3700.28 10789.15 3782.45 400.9 3620.88 5964.16 3810.94 360.53 3842.1 5331.71 3813.48 332.55 3152.75 11647.37 3882.7 389.36 6206.87 5413.07 2283.28 920.14 1553.33 11481.38 1377.36 1027.97 1053.88 11719.09 1561.67 841.41 1397.13 5942.65 1163.17 1403.28 1964.8 11966.97 2063.34 1140.69 1267.92 11703.88 904.22 1282.7 724.82 11582.96 271 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1068.23 493.09 911.89 5031.47 800.8 644.26 501.47 11972.71 578.26 743.71 588.43 11494.45 664.32 494.98 641.04 11000.47 542.77 576.64 787 12563.54 451.1 376.76 481.98 12897.45 491.38 408.43 419.79 12305.12 444.06 405.41 430.42 12929.83 315.45 383.27 379.08 6199.28 402.2 406.04 445.94 12888.33 342.51 429.49 463.02 5844.4 394.88 413.6 427.7 11889.5 389.97 463.16 375.83 11138.77 372.4 451.24 472.05 5770.55 379.68 572.43 3148.79 7660.29 3784.11 681.43 3469.35 5343.34 3773.99 641.7 3567.96 10550.56 3739.53 465.97 3017.17 9781.34 3784.79 831.72 3824.38 8145.34 3769.15 713.42 3425.03 9094.8 3770.97 957.51 3146.91 2171.48 3763.33 1245.32 3066.72 8705.18 3791.31 1108.97 6380.91 1844.14 4218.54 1428.52 3072.34 1136.64 3825.26 1525.7 2079.43 1054.16 3868.67 1562.44 3052.93 1021.74 2099.72 2048.77 2531.18 1473.06 2549.42 1807.14 3237.57 1596.26 3016.16 2379.25 370.17 821.6 2490.45 1947.28 400.16 750.13 351.71 2485.41 451.31 836.12 363.98 2108.12 421.42 988.32 353.92 1810.01 453.8 718.79 354.77 1596.91 909.79 841.91 392.42 1550.12 1233.61 747.84 777.56 1552.3 1110.1 701.99 1067.94 1574.14 1576.1 1256.49 968.56 2765.4 1433.91 2019.55 1356.22 2414.68 540.3 1136.14 1269.03 1827.39 554.51 779.6 410.65 1644.5 613.54 1499.23 523.51 1520.93 674.94 1940.92 593.1 1666.16 807.58 10195.95 580.03 1578.15 539.42 9864.15 272 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 680.79 1595.77 1894.82 11374.25 412.66 1503.45 2474.28 1620.49 2178.88 1986.42 2518.84 9290.32 1596.18 2785.3 1808.52 792.39 2126.15 990.89 2446.35 888.65 1776.67 859.2 1681.48 754.21 1721.68 866.92 1881.01 1042.67 1938.64 1021.52 1733.97 893.95 4703.66 C.4 Daylighting Data Sheet by Zone – Custom Build Model C.4.1 Winter (Lux) NE SE SW NW 10AM 814.39 199.48 558.45 510.71 442.36 195.07 334.7 504.03 805.73 167.91 605.9 432.98 436.52 173.8 303.79 503.35 274.43 190.67 209.97 479.32 808.6 171.99 519.63 478.81 416.7 187.12 302.23 462.83 239.67 191.24 163.79 493.36 174.12 153.47 109.83 507.49 797.06 155.85 579.96 506.41 419.4 173.46 359.53 502.83 240.06 187.3 176.22 519.86 149.34 197.86 109.83 530.26 109.13 193.62 73.86 522.69 794.51 306.8 608.83 465.59 422.54 270.64 282.47 498.43 246.59 264.55 166.89 580.36 154.64 229.37 103.34 583.29 116.72 226.39 78.69 561.3 797.49 240.6 619.36 597.68 424.04 234.58 320.43 560.65 218.89 231.07 177.22 583.88 140.86 238.64 99.09 223.13 117.96 230.89 66.44 276.52 273 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 804.35 219.65 594.71 299.94 406.55 234.15 327.25 248.94 255.07 216.59 152 279.01 143.99 252.61 109.15 275.86 112.65 254.76 70.12 276.42 785.94 266.31 605.14 236.43 412.86 269.48 298.99 284.1 234.11 495.19 193.67 270 139.02 453.87 102.08 260.55 100.36 421.54 80.22 271.54 779.41 418.48 606.58 257.87 417.46 388.49 320.59 269.95 243.21 348.58 191.97 304.37 133.4 369.82 109.14 306.49 102.98 346.35 75.36 289.89 783.06 401.8 574.28 301.06 408.04 372.84 317.14 308.29 238.8 391.52 195.81 151.82 145.38 382.75 106.04 151.16 100.93 358.59 63.33 143.7 785.61 384.16 553.26 157.74 415.94 406.58 345.37 159.51 219.09 397.82 204.84 155.26 145.65 438.09 111.48 148.93 106.98 429.37 85.83 150.46 775.84 431.47 595.83 156.47 404.64 483.99 331.42 159.75 231.8 761.87 185.56 151.69 141.98 789.54 115.5 170.32 110.54 796.85 86.61 171.13 777.99 786.1 692.73 173.12 407.5 759.28 342.03 184.05 237.85 728.05 198.74 190.22 145.42 644.58 115.41 107.06 106.6 659.87 71.11 110.35 781.04 645.53 696.92 108.96 406.1 619.58 361.92 109.07 231.51 657.44 195.45 105.07 146.61 653.05 109.22 104.9 777.42 634.17 723.55 102.55 405.64 611.29 386.15 115.88 257.86 624.11 234.69 98.78 769.86 692.62 670.23 118.74 411.19 708.27 382.06 106.7 274 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1439.2 807.18 941.5 118.31 1438.38 801.69 1041.95 116.38 1427.2 817.84 971.3 122.48 1509.69 757.18 980.11 952.61 901.37 745.38 621.51 1019.41 1415.89 159.74 912.04 873.01 1422.09 183.86 937.94 893.47 1250.07 160.53 885.53 918.9 1412.16 200.54 903.88 859.69 1402.42 158.47 978.6 905.21 1410.66 147.52 1010.39 943.72 1403.74 148.44 945.15 948.63 1416.51 151.99 1026.64 945.67 1421.22 163.59 1059.86 920.88 854.07 470.76 411.24 954.7 445.63 501.85 280.92 823.99 525.05 402.27 384.6 977.47 381.53 705.27 543.61 904.6 728.81 547.27 315.93 993.07 286.09 639.93 159.62 947.14 315.96 226.33 246.62 899.71 233.86 313.85 115.19 1064.58 165.86 351.59 144.89 990.02 196.77 209.77 142.35 903.37 169.47 257.97 196.34 1067.12 117.38 163.58 102.27 1097.57 140.43 155.92 82.13 962.88 116.91 152.71 77.56 1095.54 105.01 164.24 82.28 1065.09 100.18 160.14 90.97 1051.25 109.49 158.78 79.83 1058.1 113.51 152.69 84.59 951.16 107.4 210.59 86.53 527.18 103.24 176.37 97.5 637.68 98.18 253.58 1061.42 1088.45 1398.23 289.07 925.76 583.72 1386.14 297.82 897.01 409.9 1395.54 217.13 917.42 339.98 1394.6 352.07 1125.85 257.91 1397.86 331.38 1142.39 310.53 1390.95 427.57 1205.44 215.7 1392.87 563.4 1104.56 296.52 1393.56 499.13 1129.43 172.37 1505.32 703.53 1234.96 160.83 275 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1412.78 751.19 589.56 128.9 1388.29 804.24 874.83 110.46 693.54 1072.33 597.8 169.19 879.65 984.52 954.39 186.47 1054.81 1374.53 97.19 86.97 814.13 1098.66 83.53 87.01 102.64 1449.59 82.94 101.57 87.93 1157.83 91.64 110.39 98.18 1006.92 83.8 102.22 102.6 886.54 173.42 92.21 101.45 869.11 251.11 99.89 232.3 859.53 221.29 105.29 315.44 853.89 343.22 135.67 269.03 1580.05 254.68 207.28 430.95 1305.73 104.72 127.4 357.29 913.62 100.33 97.76 118.13 875.23 116.21 148.3 137.19 818.11 131.84 183.56 154.95 932.51 133.72 387.93 169.5 853.3 99.86 325.76 178.99 843.52 356.59 431.73 127.12 807.71 253.14 508.38 1234.04 212.04 1457.87 314.38 841.66 253.79 960.1 98.27 1173.74 91.09 1434.14 99.26 1002.72 106.34 892.53 103.65 968.54 103.2 1453.8 134.75 1205.2 111.17 921.15 112.31 476.63 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 12PM 1274.33 276.81 1102.01 878.53 702.84 260.64 703.57 832.1 1285.8 225.03 1044.97 890.42 687.4 269.38 689.74 797.46 434.71 270.11 394.83 881.98 1268.46 248.32 1164.1 763.3 665.34 253.33 620.18 825.49 399.66 237.81 438.94 895.28 276 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 269.59 238.62 248.02 852.68 1273.32 247.01 1096.19 925.04 688.67 230.96 670.61 866.29 405.62 273.84 414.92 843.98 246.49 265.96 238.91 833.1 181.23 291.81 161.35 831.66 1282.96 461.63 1053.38 843.86 692.4 402.28 550.63 983.23 390.02 390.58 395.84 942.84 250.35 393.98 239.95 1005.82 171.87 352.3 175.05 1003.31 1279.09 346.01 1161.12 1032.82 653.73 336.31 711.47 953.8 396.58 362.14 304.29 942.65 233 362.16 232.49 430 175.84 364.48 143.5 426.33 1259.72 345.41 1220.61 419.64 659.02 320.61 638.84 486.15 403.78 354.69 400.88 405.36 234.51 362.77 216.98 456.73 171.67 365.23 134.46 505.36 1259.95 410.89 1134.47 419.86 656.47 405.13 695.41 461.1 400.31 743.01 449.31 452.82 237.09 686.52 220.81 457.01 156.43 649.26 136.65 463.09 1256.36 612.46 1229.93 488.69 663.86 596.88 698.38 507.01 380.71 571.64 377.52 524.87 236.47 590.04 220.92 515.73 185.11 569.93 167.84 515.43 1259.59 558.35 1201.38 519.58 653.01 563.48 718.1 526.03 391.26 603.48 377.38 277.53 243.13 560.13 210.08 279.13 177.68 580.78 165.61 257.62 1247.87 600.77 1107.85 274.52 633.7 583.79 547.26 262.81 390.81 605.27 326.37 284.75 244.48 675.04 226.07 290.14 156.04 657.88 171.82 270.25 1223.17 681.1 1046.79 281.28 657.91 774.97 708.09 256.99 379.72 1284.7 373.03 286.91 277 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 228.35 1306.36 187.58 307.89 171.05 1313.75 151 288.73 1234.33 1207.73 1396.8 279.66 634.23 1169.75 689.99 333.48 386.92 1126.66 480.98 307.32 248.93 1088.97 230.78 209.62 165.22 1065.79 156.16 174.36 1239.58 1017.48 1391.61 177.41 638.69 1012.13 748.85 169.01 381.84 1048.38 475.59 183.84 238.94 1001.78 221.7 204.38 1228.29 1054.08 1462.93 197.39 649.49 995.88 754.61 194.37 433.39 1094.08 521.04 185.48 1233.95 1102.76 1361.46 190.42 660.88 1133.54 688.69 179.21 2273.41 1305.6 1819.53 200.72 2322.43 1304.59 1929.45 196.43 2296.44 1299.8 1758.33 196.55 2425 1246.66 1875.24 1753.28 1448.26 1212.47 1286.11 1720.94 2288.16 256.11 1861.67 1497.71 2291.2 302.19 1992.28 1543.29 2022.2 254.12 1863.85 1530.61 2263.38 332.78 1712.31 1592.04 2256.77 216.78 2017.6 1490.21 2248.05 253.89 1791.71 1678.15 2251.02 240.72 1629.56 1643.16 2287.11 240.27 1878.59 1652.65 2296.21 237.9 2057.09 1481.49 1315.73 686.32 887.35 1561.34 717.2 750.34 590.18 1371.87 832.08 610.96 742.69 1727.74 608.7 1120.62 1171.85 1457.32 1168.18 874.76 642.09 1709.54 453.62 974.19 353.25 1522.52 526.37 353.65 447.16 1605.5 366.24 434.69 199.76 1767.4 269.07 524.69 253.23 1695.91 323.81 298.49 262.26 1603.42 263.74 383.51 392.52 1844.61 203.1 269.65 213.1 1885.79 222.78 247.78 158.65 1778.61 204.31 260.3 131.36 1932.82 278 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 156.86 257.53 181.92 1872.62 139.85 231.15 188.02 1853.66 168.65 262.25 164.37 1812.94 179.44 214.32 165.65 1525.05 180.55 304.14 156.74 946.33 171.32 282.89 181.89 1145.94 158.07 373.01 2153.71 1835.47 2251.34 441.84 1598.89 1044.82 2236.62 442.8 1714.42 691.39 2235.54 315.03 1718.6 642.27 2230.57 582.02 2071.17 440.75 2234.45 462.35 2249.36 528.84 2241.01 693.75 2454.75 381.41 2231.27 936.49 2263.78 506.61 2243.68 798.81 2022.67 300.32 2426.84 1082.27 2457.58 256.23 2257.83 1259.36 1119.99 202.52 2252.12 1347.13 1830.9 196.6 1093.29 1792.63 1273.68 278.83 1389 1654.87 1754.84 297.02 1694.04 2360.83 165.41 165.39 1281.33 1879.38 163.03 158.56 157.86 2380.57 148.09 172.12 160.27 1855.02 164.31 184.65 164.09 1660.39 156.85 173.59 159.31 1412.62 334.04 154.07 150.38 1349.96 574.01 175.26 367.79 1378.75 474.12 164.46 514.73 1361.1 659.67 215.94 422.98 2606.9 582.96 362.65 683.21 2129.91 205.48 212.38 577.77 1536.76 222.67 166.77 198.7 1411.81 249.8 280.78 217.65 1311.25 287.73 307.68 253.57 1527.26 288.54 643.91 272.34 1431.12 192.84 560.94 311.49 1389.46 863.82 700.03 190.43 1382.16 407.45 791.92 2143.42 372.22 2383.87 560.31 1373.47 458.99 1600.27 179.71 1872.72 174.71 2459.02 175.41 279 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1627.95 180.7 1566.52 170.31 1585.96 193.2 2552.08 209.48 2036.72 185.72 1504.19 194.63 859.52 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3PM 859.16 170.85 914.03 671.69 487.35 156.9 591.77 661.87 853.35 143.72 814.92 683.1 464.81 138.72 528.57 690.42 295.58 156.54 331.62 654.72 849.28 149.15 839.76 677.22 473.54 136.77 509.9 741.71 267.89 158.27 314.18 736.91 176.59 141.63 178.68 729.85 840.16 143.9 798.7 732.03 453.26 147.67 389.73 726.3 288.56 159.52 304.9 636.38 180.45 156.19 192.06 676.69 126.41 145.98 139.03 655.35 854.26 285.28 887.81 701.58 451.1 250.9 502.71 755.39 284.4 241.05 217.98 723.36 161.84 218.12 216.47 735.79 136.92 218.44 132.94 801.71 839.1 222.37 903.36 866.17 454.61 203.86 491.75 760.54 289.09 200.66 293.37 840.29 170.76 204.94 224.83 382.63 116.73 216.27 163.74 353.49 828.72 197.26 946.87 375.4 450.39 210.62 555.02 362.14 261.97 204.9 316.84 344.79 167.81 215.63 150.09 392.92 133.38 213.19 122.1 389.53 839.99 236.82 873.32 359.89 449.68 235.56 521.54 393.03 257.64 432.39 274.01 389.12 180.86 404.31 194.54 429.89 111.15 395.32 156.02 364.85 840.69 361.41 932.27 401.03 453.55 347.18 492.98 419.91 280 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 255.81 325.45 257.71 419.17 178.65 334.44 191.99 447.2 119.36 333.46 160.33 427.16 824.71 317.26 925.18 442.73 440.19 341.98 562.76 435.4 269.76 319.64 266.83 208.34 161.48 329.8 197.34 222.66 116.42 326.25 128.88 214.69 834.49 345.24 741.96 240.81 434.19 347.39 519.93 219.78 269.8 359.34 320.51 220.17 167.66 369.31 199.09 227.55 118.08 383.38 135.9 204.58 830.38 387.49 939.16 213.61 423.26 434.22 460.77 242.68 257.52 699.63 325.57 230.8 171.51 729.46 211.89 216.25 119.78 746.28 123.66 238.66 817.06 702.1 921.08 244.94 435.6 642.51 492.2 236.09 263.76 655.36 317.57 261.17 162.59 619.08 208.7 147.11 131.99 611.49 142.21 165.24 829.05 586.03 1072.12 137 446.69 611.47 553.51 153.18 268.68 567.04 366.89 126.28 176.57 558.94 212.9 146.2 827.11 614.72 1012.49 146.74 449.42 576.07 574.49 172.21 297.09 591.08 354.67 168.71 827.87 632.48 1060.72 153.56 454.86 626.68 629.06 141.72 1455.04 713.48 1245.19 164.28 1497.86 740.33 1485.18 164.46 1472.83 745.61 1270.15 160.73 1570.81 709.35 1353.69 1244.65 965.83 719.31 988.09 1374.82 1469.69 145.29 1324.72 1214.76 1469.89 166.78 1228.9 1181.82 1321.71 150.01 1267.5 1284.02 1457.5 180.12 1272.31 1221.53 1442.3 155.72 1454.36 1170.68 1447.92 138.45 1395.48 1246.42 1458.41 128.95 1293.77 1304.11 281 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1454.74 141.84 1249.36 1203.17 1467.81 137.56 1495.13 1196.12 899.47 389.47 641.76 1220.9 501.21 434.69 446.68 1126.14 577.8 360.36 512.98 1319.92 427.22 616.73 773.9 1057.59 788.38 501.95 467.03 1329.46 310.91 561.8 242.73 1305.23 373.49 188.74 355.82 1206.33 278.04 263.75 174.32 1367.17 195.69 304.66 216.67 1315.48 228.54 174.99 245.97 1156.16 184.87 224 256.23 1417.99 144.82 146.57 179 1421.04 147.29 135.13 143.42 1263.13 153.82 144.1 129.23 1416.04 112.06 149.39 137.12 1437.77 123.48 154.58 173.45 1425.8 116.23 152.42 157.89 1348.61 126.45 153.4 144.13 1160.42 123.42 175.29 156.83 747.24 120.65 185.84 143.81 870.3 119.47 212.3 1503.8 1495.73 1439.47 270.45 1014.68 831.76 1440.09 248.91 1251.96 544.9 1439.05 190.37 1306.9 471.95 1445.78 326.79 1449.6 334.6 1439.55 288.11 1479.48 437.5 1445.67 389.7 1639.22 304.55 1444.84 554 1504.54 413.52 1452.02 472.65 1513.06 245.09 1538.79 625.19 1746.59 193.29 1459.39 718.39 961.62 176.57 1437.76 731.57 1332.05 160.86 755.92 988.17 1086.49 218.95 935.26 932.13 1328.53 280.3 1112.94 1319.93 140.24 122.2 879.33 1048.62 136.99 138.43 103.89 1342.45 132.33 121.24 117.48 1075.45 131.17 159.83 126.52 950.63 159.42 143.4 118.02 833.21 369.51 150.56 119.65 751.82 517.74 124.52 261.93 770.09 445.94 141.42 282 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 360.83 781.42 615.86 209.08 308.92 1380.62 537.32 297.56 475.05 1213.29 179.36 177.1 427.94 932.63 230.61 134.01 144.7 848.68 246.04 221.5 164.39 778.56 257.62 291.27 194.69 812.72 305.25 605.93 194.65 787.39 193.16 528.22 211.85 797.02 751.03 679.34 156.24 773.11 341.42 549.45 1188.58 326.08 1376.86 475.01 785.06 437.57 913.75 131.9 1089.68 147.41 1368.42 139.33 920.47 134.35 867.77 121.3 877.98 142.01 1393.08 181.93 1099.99 166.3 849.95 162.62 648.67 C.4.2 Summer (Lux) NE SE SW NW 8AM 2786.74 1564.73 1197.29 1219.84 1696.28 1548.83 767.69 1224.04 2725.39 1539.72 1182.50 1286.79 1577.01 1435.18 757.57 1446.49 1125.48 1452.26 540.32 1551.47 2687.33 1460.47 1184.60 1650.90 1605.34 1433.14 764.04 1761.48 1053.63 1468.14 526.33 1751.56 713.46 1459.06 368.32 1858.78 2650.86 1519.78 1081.83 1714.35 1591.48 1503.20 777.92 1526.36 976.14 1460.38 487.97 1520.98 614.39 1491.45 320.27 1388.91 452.17 1559.38 267.66 1275.29 2687.58 2459.71 1232.06 1276.04 1556.70 2281.26 790.93 1257.29 948.22 2377.16 511.90 1256.95 283 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 684.40 2315.46 344.54 1294.99 470.75 2134.76 270.75 1349.52 2648.31 2169.59 1221.95 1405.28 1527.17 2050.66 797.99 1425.67 1014.20 2114.82 543.50 1568.83 644.15 2121.52 355.59 907.03 445.82 2068.59 256.53 882.35 2613.40 2103.57 1292.12 990.57 1540.41 2086.56 766.10 1001.02 922.43 2107.93 578.28 1073.98 626.74 2010.47 380.96 1110.28 404.77 2168.41 311.76 1016.54 2623.20 2317.71 1324.52 1002.52 1492.34 2275.65 862.48 963.99 1006.66 3444.61 537.57 941.05 616.07 3442.27 364.24 941.71 426.77 3497.47 293.40 863.55 2592.58 3502.55 1378.94 854.05 1519.94 3437.18 908.96 872.48 938.28 3244.10 606.07 853.41 681.90 3263.54 388.55 880.46 448.56 3118.72 314.37 910.13 2585.52 3176.25 1447.77 921.19 1462.13 3065.99 944.49 986.96 876.21 3077.10 598.31 640.83 605.81 3138.57 414.64 672.13 442.93 3148.66 319.48 690.96 2565.61 3226.98 1532.72 690.04 1475.38 3197.55 1022.74 695.46 950.26 3185.27 650.68 712.79 616.31 3388.10 444.26 681.43 443.71 3545.17 351.14 637.83 2569.88 3767.32 1595.44 687.40 1455.87 21352.44 1043.84 620.76 950.12 22580.47 666.96 645.07 597.36 22251.87 488.49 622.57 436.57 22408.15 375.34 618.34 2564.30 22614.73 1681.88 594.23 1443.57 22583.81 1079.43 565.45 847.90 22503.52 701.75 654.31 542.54 21907.32 488.23 487.85 435.48 22033.20 390.72 473.77 2522.21 21708.76 1862.65 482.84 1440.63 4490.96 1101.13 490.49 284 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 894.61 21988.59 759.49 492.42 612.80 21807.57 529.82 510.30 2450.16 22032.84 1920.80 484.74 1377.01 21908.78 1233.60 471.61 932.64 21999.03 891.36 450.83 2425.64 21991.69 1952.96 420.71 1337.30 4657.88 1358.62 447.68 16851.56 22331.38 1755.95 465.14 14909.85 22462.35 1844.00 461.87 14768.34 22815.00 1602.14 469.49 15290.72 22858.74 1707.15 1656.85 3160.79 22815.44 1278.46 1726.74 14705.67 1222.55 1695.80 1638.95 14741.01 1365.58 1610.97 1795.06 14813.12 1381.54 1622.44 1615.24 14633.35 1527.91 1603.39 2252.78 14615.14 1351.09 1851.89 2430.51 14603.34 1184.15 1827.96 2563.62 14611.49 1275.13 1766.38 2397.52 14652.55 1173.20 1649.51 2520.57 14651.34 1232.70 2012.70 2685.96 3192.22 3013.70 926.68 2028.92 1823.62 3373.60 638.90 1587.38 2096.21 2879.79 880.50 2425.33 1602.78 22129.15 1111.25 1592.37 2725.33 3770.63 718.23 2169.20 1176.56 4358.63 431.63 2011.31 1344.59 1705.25 598.57 1748.52 1038.70 2194.72 359.60 1824.20 751.96 2495.21 432.99 1753.73 843.45 1684.42 417.05 1862.26 705.98 1935.08 548.83 1911.50 523.30 1284.15 318.39 1962.95 631.83 1181.14 259.20 2148.52 525.05 1283.78 292.99 2653.51 381.95 1240.07 270.71 2481.53 444.83 1202.66 279.41 2050.33 461.07 1346.62 267.05 1816.57 487.44 1174.19 292.90 2306.46 463.12 1642.24 316.35 1559.59 418.59 1497.33 319.90 1772.73 385.39 2034.59 2045.86 2564.92 14534.09 2661.56 2275.49 1323.70 14538.37 2377.93 2392.69 1129.17 285 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 14485.34 1899.02 2113.60 979.58 14552.64 3203.42 2576.02 809.28 14547.23 2636.17 2792.41 952.70 14554.94 3640.89 2933.95 774.52 14567.65 4725.98 3251.32 931.22 14535.26 4231.26 3233.58 682.10 3964.79 22632.48 2962.15 615.63 14478.71 23338.67 1903.66 541.16 3663.73 22766.72 2845.59 540.17 1936.18 6661.28 2030.52 679.32 2552.45 4996.28 2854.07 697.99 2399.69 23450.39 304.81 461.72 2050.20 22560.40 348.37 460.68 440.15 24166.20 346.13 491.72 374.10 23691.43 356.96 502.57 412.31 22667.88 372.85 461.51 448.80 4673.40 830.50 476.20 429.10 22131.74 1072.05 470.42 818.35 22384.41 917.34 447.11 1069.39 22389.75 1306.12 515.44 950.43 26673.81 1125.78 660.15 1336.98 25032.74 416.62 511.26 1168.12 23273.61 441.24 448.94 477.37 22319.06 494.46 568.16 521.84 22192.25 562.91 647.52 626.15 22399.46 660.96 1244.25 630.74 4684.19 371.12 1106.09 692.28 22428.38 1473.04 1364.80 444.68 22351.38 811.29 1500.38 22859.55 681.69 24348.17 1017.40 24972.49 911.81 23090.63 429.12 23612.80 448.40 23843.95 444.28 6645.81 413.43 22233.54 398.17 5490.71 442.08 8548.62 501.76 9055.46 433.75 24100.00 446.12 1250.41 NE SE SW NW 12PM 2853.74 898.28 3078.68 1951.88 286 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1790.01 845.76 1738.05 1922.6 2807.53 839.32 2915.49 1870.23 1762.7 881.18 1544.66 1790.52 1252.38 854.64 1039.76 1860.27 2814.66 817.84 2947.76 1894.86 1754.83 822.7 1679.17 1954.22 1130.72 858.84 928.6 1862.74 791.37 865.68 653.85 1900.82 2823.82 850.89 2865.8 1900.22 1760.36 876.17 1505.81 2043.69 1151.24 875.07 944.63 2011.81 820.01 919.55 581.05 1845.91 610.95 923.08 448.8 1897.55 2800.38 1456.21 2981.4 1665.36 1758.85 1305.86 1598.86 1943.31 1115.52 1201.99 904.41 2054.57 756.95 1222.61 613.28 2062.8 585.47 1188.67 453.17 2131.99 2796.31 1215.66 2933.58 2159.84 1705.82 1215.86 1578.51 1992.16 1127.19 1154.98 917.27 2085.58 788.06 1159.98 648.87 1096.47 550.48 1181.53 435.06 1113.09 2785.08 1159.59 3222.41 1099.53 1727.56 1194.43 1607.7 1142.87 1147.61 1244.65 960.12 1127.43 769.15 1260.12 624.32 1082.93 588.27 1283.12 419.53 1135.18 2774.43 1262.19 3150.76 1166.85 1729.81 1298.42 1691.53 1123.64 1151.82 2148.09 922.75 1184.61 778.44 2057.54 572 1160.43 575.23 2029.07 415.09 1159.48 2759.73 1945.75 3064.87 1139.63 1692.18 1904.59 1630.2 1218.05 1153.68 1821.04 946.05 1207.06 780.31 1880.74 600.65 1249.17 601.25 1891.56 480.85 1223.09 2691.65 1836.25 3060.13 1236.65 1659.76 1879.99 1681.37 1315.72 1091.66 1857.4 966.48 733.68 752 1796.03 517.6 776.96 591.67 1920.96 394.23 688.02 2682.44 1880.11 2882.7 787.21 287 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1664.39 1946.29 1480.34 735.31 1082.54 1984.47 910.01 734.86 731.59 2030.09 532.42 762.88 581 2120.73 439.07 803.73 2649.3 2067.44 2931.02 705.68 1642.63 2283.86 1634.17 686.04 1096.12 3435.95 975.2 751.87 749.56 3518.42 605.12 790.23 594.4 3652.9 423.08 854.5 2614.34 3602.6 3339.19 796.23 1623.15 3325.02 1532.21 834.7 1088.64 3199.6 1124.87 775.14 749.63 3075.31 592.66 538.55 617.91 3071.88 449.99 520.2 2653.75 3091.29 3444.88 500.17 1610.9 2970.77 1692.63 501.18 1078.32 3025.02 1015.74 459.22 810.18 3016.39 616.23 529.67 2670 3084.24 3577.52 516.91 1705.08 2963.41 1913.04 494.42 1195.72 3085 1096.33 498.76 2710.14 3042.99 3583.13 510.13 1703.93 3260.61 1868.21 538.03 4420.58 3666.43 26620.73 520.23 4633.31 3698.06 6167.91 556.52 4591.96 3539.34 26431.02 589.66 4795.27 3392.7 26651.05 3463.01 3110.1 3408 2991.74 3693.45 4572 704.29 5089.46 3295.46 4595 795.29 5637.06 3473.55 4025.34 718.96 5700.18 3715.51 4573.78 889.01 26659.54 3293.49 4554.28 704.9 27710 3312.67 4529.7 734.56 27344.94 3561.76 4561.42 719.42 26879.18 3560.89 4593.67 731.2 26315.04 3380.29 4644.71 724.79 27781.22 3296.3 2887.75 1742.11 1812.78 3414.39 1792.65 2105.63 1195.55 3093.06 2030.4 1664.04 1621.97 3639.43 1485.31 2818.55 2682.14 3145.66 2568.4 2269.09 1412.03 3641.05 1206.63 2641.46 775.95 3317.38 1411.96 951.82 1004.12 3319.07 288 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 1064.65 1285.22 586.34 3806.16 805.27 1465.75 577.93 3320.79 933.24 972.93 664.79 3216.93 736.08 1128.35 874.5 4008.23 574.23 715.28 507.97 3977.35 714.53 747.99 360.45 3705.03 609.71 743.45 439.66 3824.36 521.07 755.16 455.7 4163.13 525.67 715.62 464.13 3869.35 559.87 777.52 403.23 3687.64 543.49 792.91 442.56 2994.77 522.95 948.16 400.86 1913.77 512.42 826.95 491.38 2115.39 538.28 1091.6 27807.06 3883.88 4499.93 1459.5 26183.41 2205.88 4435.13 1300.78 26760.43 1638.29 4453.61 1059.53 26909.67 1486.66 4477.15 1683.81 27846.76 1166.43 4400.48 1422.16 28374.71 1326.85 4411.38 1992.46 28994.99 994.88 4465.09 2620.36 6616.67 1314.32 4517.57 2237.21 27719.64 848.56 4745.55 2776.27 28710.86 661.02 4510.91 3226.34 2813.59 602.41 4367.92 3289.23 4806.98 535.02 2389.42 4531.71 2858.22 730.23 2967.12 4936.39 5533.39 866.29 3423.25 7416.42 460.34 434.96 2707.31 5788.75 412.76 454.09 573.13 7175.43 438.16 459.02 541.58 5188.03 412.82 556.83 536.6 4820.17 421.49 486.41 550.19 4601.94 983.73 461.02 565.65 4381.99 1345.84 458.81 1099.02 4301.2 1096.98 435.26 1383.53 4266.59 1621.17 625.04 1203 7177.25 1352.5 911.81 1709.42 5831.24 444.7 617.26 1516.3 4390.98 552.89 492.64 649.65 4542.3 593.28 701.26 681.69 4305.85 686.79 831.99 761.6 4587.14 779.31 1623.68 819.57 4446.46 416.67 1362.36 930.93 4422.64 1888.47 1678.68 289 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 563.19 4298.25 1129.27 1925.04 6535.71 928.26 7044.63 1241.3 3699.19 1104.21 4621.06 469.29 5419.61 514.72 7510.88 490.21 4858.3 458.34 4614.17 485.96 4846.89 515.52 20421.64 567.94 5894 530.42 3839.69 489.19 1839.66 NE SE SW NW 5PM 2317.13 438.14 1681.25 4172.7 1352.13 416.74 974.13 9972.29 2303.22 409.16 1797.4 3513.38 1347.09 405.51 878.04 9794.12 895.65 402.46 591.11 3542.34 2323.58 389.19 1763.13 9365.44 1343.56 379.34 1131.32 3588.03 814.55 396.86 588.95 9518.35 554.5 401.47 354.03 3920.57 2317.01 387.87 1867.53 3420.55 1345.07 417.12 929.58 4073.43 832.21 419.62 517.65 3958.65 524.68 411.57 344.35 10064.46 374.64 391.51 250.15 9978.8 2301.1 686.54 1950.99 4117.76 1330.84 620.8 1096.79 4264.63 831.13 561.86 637.3 9832.95 509.57 587.3 402.55 10638.68 387.93 535.62 285.36 4645.6 2297.48 505.58 1905.23 10926.54 1345.36 520.77 1067.87 10754.96 822.6 530.82 534.52 10996.78 522.94 534.84 382.06 8672.66 381.89 504.81 263.15 2444 2276.01 460.76 2006.14 8310.78 1307.08 535.92 1098.17 2329.5 833.13 541.85 579.57 8258.26 491.63 569.21 358.17 2289.04 384.44 550.4 238.22 8563.86 290 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2240.08 565.18 1733.15 2719.46 1316.75 613.57 931.47 8418.97 809.54 994.81 664.19 2592.61 504.59 917.38 344.35 2730.94 389.08 872.06 250.62 2293.21 2251.85 860.18 1898.62 8175.99 1324.72 827.83 1049.26 8356.05 798.08 841.53 587.55 2538.56 534.65 792.87 415.48 8465.41 377.05 782.71 266.35 8870.26 2265.98 791.49 1957.05 8990.9 1288.47 763.08 1032.59 3063.15 794.44 728.04 536.9 1239.31 533.98 739.77 339.27 1269.07 382.93 779.39 271.38 1529.98 2252.29 781.1 1869.72 1516.29 1291.34 817.56 999.54 1464.59 775.39 819.41 552.3 1264.03 471.81 908.49 294.61 1417.64 399.35 901.69 227.69 1466.46 2237.27 908.66 1910.4 1634.37 1271.37 1053.98 995.67 1425.7 811.28 1551.92 602.01 1375.38 532.41 1494.61 379.96 1236.74 372.96 1529.12 278.54 1423.51 2253.95 1496.26 1934.06 1452.75 1298.01 1421.22 1012.77 1588.6 800.46 1400.71 577.52 1681.66 505.78 1280.35 364.14 887.55 437.57 1315.63 304.67 891.43 2216.12 1281.72 1804.9 871.04 1299.48 1205.4 1010.46 999.44 816.3 1291.81 658.63 913.86 533.38 1174.36 371.04 1068.22 2284.05 1200.95 2090.89 876.86 1272.88 1230.87 1000.52 1065.62 879.88 1267.75 721.83 940.87 2288.93 1277.97 1983.69 967.41 1329.71 1310.25 1134.03 1067.72 3414.05 1455.66 2257.67 929.93 3912.63 1558.11 3159.77 1055.73 3875.04 1508.68 6138.12 1214.84 4053.86 1481.71 2606.62 12432.07 2525.03 1506.9 1599.78 5941.87 291 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 3866.07 400.41 2318.34 5424.99 3867.46 429.98 2862.34 5248.52 3212.02 419.05 2744.49 5810.84 3819.85 479.19 2674.29 11623.78 3817.47 409.64 3150.15 11149.61 3797.39 416.99 3013.74 5841.22 3813.4 427.32 2799.49 5213.68 3823.05 381.53 5971.1 11570.8 3884.61 426.99 2771.69 5147.95 2283.39 927.97 1054.12 11500.87 1332.09 1012.11 803.53 11848.9 1558.29 836.72 947.04 5584.09 1195.2 1314.81 1591.55 11795.24 2074.64 1138.71 826.33 11629.93 895.2 1238.5 446.88 11957.9 1053.13 476.11 570.56 5574.1 771.65 670.16 354.07 11422.6 591.2 711.42 373.61 11277.07 665.02 464.34 434.48 11413.9 529.99 558.17 536.64 12041.05 453.77 381.91 262.8 12918.01 455.79 394.63 240.04 11864.76 440.94 385.08 239.39 12788.03 367.36 385.57 252.31 6173.04 389.95 401.92 279.65 12886.26 380.45 424.65 285.14 5618.76 404.23 367.96 226.42 12446.89 381.79 460.65 281.44 10647.58 394.6 449.56 281.35 5311.73 388.88 570.78 6135.49 7826.93 3781.56 675.86 2651.63 5153.8 3748.53 642.57 2796.76 10441.68 3752.65 529.63 3010.09 9529.43 3773.97 847.52 2826.01 8327.34 3775.73 732.83 3193.26 8793.02 3757.2 946.27 3153.77 2121.94 3786.73 1274.68 6193.94 8603.25 3798.29 1114.88 3117.23 1478.7 4098.75 1453.51 6278.95 1168.56 3817.57 1499.74 1788.74 1262.13 3833.93 1530.22 2684.85 1110.54 2133.38 1985.67 1941.71 1443.55 2586.03 1834.99 2859.19 1629.09 3066.26 2354.04 230.96 722.39 292 (Lux) NE SE SW NW 2508.86 1955.64 287.45 768.87 379.5 2478.84 258.17 818.51 351.7 2095.14 245.16 1007.65 375.66 1814.15 204.46 777.86 358.06 1567.74 657.94 754.66 386.31 1538.82 778.66 869.3 809.03 1523.49 734.83 852.93 1121.72 1544.97 1199.79 1238.46 958.16 2696.22 957.86 2020.85 1390.03 2382.9 328.3 1066.83 1307.03 1859.77 354.45 819.64 400.42 1629.26 422.16 1388.44 487.55 1535.94 410.46 1637.38 595.1 1653.85 514.38 9994.62 586.63 1561.53 279.25 9837.05 669.77 1618.6 1290.87 11048.8 414.98 1517.06 2135.65 1668.4 2163.01 1878.04 2503.14 9239.47 1643.92 2743.07 1864.88 825.85 2116.44 776.16 2461.72 785.98 1873.71 773.51 1655.41 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Abstract (if available)

Abstract The Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building is a US General Services Administration (GSA) structure built in 1975 in Portland, Oregon. Its original defining architectural feature was a heavy concrete clad façade with repeated window openings throughout. In 2009, the building was deemed unacceptable according to GSA standards

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Asset Metadata

Creator Cherner, Noah A. (author)

Core Title Façade retrofit case study: the Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building

School School of Architecture

Degree Master of Building Science

Degree Program Building Science

Publication Date 11/03/2017

Defense Date 10/11/2017

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Architecture,Edith Green,Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Federal Building,Energy,facade,OAI-PMH Harvest,passive design,retrofit,Wendell Wyatt

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Noble, Douglas (committee chair), Konis, Kyle (committee member), Schiler, Marc (committee member)

Creator Email cherner@usc.edu,nacherner@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c40-450471

Unique identifier UC11263867

Identifier etd-ChernerNoa-5868.pdf (filename),usctheses-c40-450471 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-ChernerNoa-5868.pdf

Dmrecord 450471

Document Type Thesis

Rights Cherner, Noah A.

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA