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WAHHN: Web based design: Wind and human comfort for Thailand

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WAHHN: Web based design: Wind and human comfort for Thailand

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Content INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. 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WAHHN: WEB BASED DESIGN WIND AND HUMAN COMFORT FOR THAILAND by Rungsrithep (Wan) Svastisinha A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE May 1999 Copyright 1999 Rungsrithep Svastisinha Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1395133 UMI Microform 1395133 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. AII rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY O F SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES, CA 90089-0291 ‘ This thesis, written By ________ g O N f i j ^ a V V gl? 6yA&TTSl^«v4- uttder the direction o f h Thesis Committee, and approved By a C C its members, has Been pre sented to and accepted By the Dean ofdfe SchooC o f Architecture in partiaCfufidment o f the requirements fo r the degree o f _______ V W r§ ^ SCA & vscz, \ Dean Date ^ CO M M ITTEI ~ K cxs\si^. ( " > > } . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgment This thesis would not have been completed if the following people would not have extended their generous help and cooperation. Sincere thanks and appreciation to my advisor. Professor Pierre Koenig for his patience and guidance since I had very little to start with, and he helped me build upon it. My sincere thanks to Professor Marc Schiler, director, Building Science program, Professor Douglas Noble and Professor Karen Kensek for their helpful comments and encouragement to improve my thesis. Thanks and appreciation are also extended to Professor Baruch Givoni and his Ph.D. student, Sukanya Nutalaya at University of California at Los Angeles for their critical review of the web design and constructive suggestions for improvement. Special thanks to my family and Donavanik family, my parents, Pramai and Monta Svastisinha, my sisters and brothers who always helped me to look for update information. I would also like to take the opportunity to thank Swati Tewari and my classmates, Vagish Narang, Manasi Khopkar and Madhu Gupta, my personal friends, who constantly helped me throughout my program. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Abstract viii Part I Introduction I 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Definitions 2 1.3 Previous Work 3 1.4 Aims and Objectives 6 Part II Programming Language 7 2.1 Designing Multimedia for the Web 7 2.1.1 Shockwave 7 2.1.2 Compression 7 2.1.3 Plug-Ins and Helper Application 8 2.1.4 Download and Play 9 2.1.5 Web publishing: Advantages and Disadvantage 9 2.2 HTML for Multimedia 10 2.2.1 EMBED 10 2.2.2 WIDTH and HEIGHT 11 Part III Wind and Air Motion 12 3.1 Air Pressure and Winds 12 3.1.1 The Pressure Belts and Regions 12 3.1.2 Wind Systems 15 3 2 Ventilation 19 3.2.1 Natural Ventilation 19 3.2.2 Ventilation Potential 22 3.2.3 Air Infiltration 27 3.3 Air Temperature, Mean Radiant Temperature and Relative Humidity 29 Part IV Thailand 32 4.1 Thailand 32 4.1.1 Location 32 4.1.2 Temperature 33 4.1.3 Humidity 35 4.1.4 Wind 36 4.2 Bangkok 37 4.2.1 Location 37 4.2.2 Temperature 37 4.2.3 Humidity 38 4.2.4 Wind 39 4.3 Thermal Comfort for Thailand 42 4.3.1 Room Temperature 42 4.3.2 Relative Humidity 43 4.3.3 Local Temperature 43 4.3.4 Air Velocity 44 4.3.5 The Comfort Zone 45 4.4 Design Overview 46 4.4.1 Site Planning 46 4.4.2 Zoning and Layout 49 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.4.3 Ventilation for Thailand 4.4.4 Traditional Thai House 51 52 Part V WAHHN: The Web Based Information Tool 54 5 .1 Resources Used and Needed 54 5.2 Hardware 54 5.3 Software 54 5.4 Components 56 5.5 Opening Screen {Part 1, Wind and Air Motion) 56 5.6 The General Screen Layout 58 5.7 Opening Screen {Part 2, Thailand) 62 Part VI Conclusions 71 6.1 Analysis o f the Program, WAHHN 71 6.1.1 Summary 71 6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 71 6.1.3 Future Recommendation 72 • Computer Language 72 • Graphic Interface Design 72 • Capabilities 72 6.1.4 Conclusion 73 6.2 Conclusions 75 Bibliography 76 Appendix A: Listing of Web Resources 78 Appendix B: Equipment and Software Utilized 80 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Figures Figure 1-1: Interface Design o f A Computer Teaching Tool fo r Passive Cooling by Alice Hui-Lin Yuan, 1994 4 Figure 1-2: Output Data from Visual DOE Version 2.6, 1998 5 Figure 2-1: Saving the Director in .DCR Format 8 Figure 3-1: The Idealized Model o f the Wind Systems. 15 Figure 3-2: Day Breeze and Night Breeze Near Water Bodies 18 Figure 3-3: Wind flow up valley in day time and down valley in night time 18 Figure 3-4: The result of Nocturnal Ventilation o f One Story Building in the San Francisco Bay Area 22 Figure 3-5: Wind Generated in an Urban Park 24 Figure 3-6: Winds Generated by an Urban Heat Island 25 Figure 3-7: Wind Speed Profiles across Urban, Country and Open Plains (Obstacles Reduce Wind Speed at Lower Level) 25 Figure 3-8: Induce Ventilation 26 Figure 3-9: Typical Air Leakage Points 28 Figure 3-10: Graph of Comfort Zone from Olgyay, Victor, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, 1963 p.22 30 Figure 3-11: The Relationship between Air Temperature in °F and Mean Radiant Temperature 31 Figure 4-1: Location o f Thailand, Latitude and Longitude 32 Figure 4-2: Annual Mean Minimum, Average and Maximum (°C) 1961-1990 34 Figure 4-3: Relative Humidity (%) 1961-1990 35 Figure 4-4: The Prevailing Wind for Thailand 36 Figure 4-5: Location o f Bangkok 37 Figure 4-6: Mean Temperature for Bangkok (the Period 1966-1995) 38 Figure 4-7: Average o f Relative Humidity (%) for Bangkok (the Period 1966-1995) 39 Figure 4-8: Prevailing Wind for Bangkok 40 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-9: Comfort Zone for Bangkok. Plotted Points Show Actual Climatic Data (1990) 43 Figure 4-10: Typical Traditional Thai House 46 Figure 4-11: Wind Tunnel by Vegetation 48 Figure 4-12: Effect o f Trees on Ventilation o f a House 48 Figure 5-1: The Diagram o f WAHHN 55 Figure 5-2: The Opening Screen of WAHHN 57 Figure 5-3: When the Users do not have the Appropriate Plug-in 58 Figure 5-4: The General Screen Layout 58 Figure 5-5: Land and Sea Breeze Page 59 Figure 5-6: Mountain and Valley Wind 59 Figure 5-7: Natural Ventilation Page 60 Figure 5-8: Wind Pressure Effect Page 60 Figure 5-9: The graphic will show the wind direction when we move the mouse over the link. 61 Figure 5-10: Ventilation Page 61 Figure 5-11: The Opening Page for Part 2, Thailand 62 Figure 5-12: Main Menu 63 Figure 5-13: Sub Menu o f the Thailand Part 63 Figure 5-14: Sub Menu o f the Thermal Comfort for Thailand Part 64 Figure 5-15: Sub Menu o f Bangkok Part 64 Figure 5-16: The Question for Over View Part 65 Figure 5-17: Thailand, Wind Page 66 Figure 5-18: Thailand, Temperature Page 66 Figure 5-19: Thailand, Humidity Page 66 Figure 5-20: Bangkok, Location Page 67 Figure 5-21: Bangkok, Wind Page 67 Figure 5-22: Bangkok, Temperature Page 67 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-23: Bangkok, Humidity Page 68 Figure 5-24: Thermal Comfort, Site Planning Page 68 Figure 5-25: Site Planning Using Landscape 68 Figure 5-26: Site Planning Page 69 Figure 5-27: Site Planning, Using Landscape to Prepare a Wind Tunnel 69 Figure 5-28: Thermal Comfort, Zoning Page 69 Figure 5-29: Conclusion for Thermal Comfort Page 70 Figure 5-30: Ventilation in Traditional Thai House 70 Figure 5-31: One of Slides in Design Over View 70 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract The main purpose of this project is to create an educational training tool for teaching the theory of wind for Thailand. The human comfort for Thailand and Bangkok will be displayed. The author has tried to use modem technology as media because it is easily approachable. The interactive multimedia can decrease the boredom that arises from the textbooks that most students get. Young people who are interested in computer skills can use this tool in a more enjoyable manner while being educated. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part I: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Today, there is a global energy and environmental problem. In response, many people are trying to save energy wherever and whenever possible. Building science can assist in this problem if architects know how to easily make use of it. In Thailand many buildings and houses nowadays are designed for luxury and beauty, but natural comfort is not a primary factor. The main problem is that most of them were designed for air conditioning systems because of the hot climate. As a matter o f fact, 90% of the total electricity used is for air conditioning.1 The most important factor for a hot humid country is how to use wind or air movement. Theory of wind is the standard knowledge that architects and students in architecture or building technology should clearly understand; moreover, it will be great if the general public also understands it. By and large, not many books regarding wind systems have been published in comparison with the numbers of those published with respect to ‘solar radiation’, another factor for passive cooling. Hence, wind systems are always a small portion within the whole theory of passive cooling, specifically in Thailand, a country where sunlight is a very strong factor. Moreover, most data with regard to passive cooling theory are based on western countries’ information, which does not seem to serve a country like Thailand appropriately. 1 Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, Energy Efficient Design o f Buildings in Thailand, Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, 1995 p. 11 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.2 Problem Definition Passive methods for providing human comfort are not widely known by designers, including architects. Many people strongly believe that air-conditioning is the mechanical equipment to make living comfortable. Moreover, the new habitats that are coming out everyday typically come in a package, including air-conditioning. Most of the time, the users are not the ones who designed the house, so they can not buy a house without air- conditioning, even if they wanted to. There are courses to enhance knowledge about building technology or building equipment, trying to teach students concerns about energy efficient design, which pay more attention to design and environment. This does not mean that we will reject the mechanical controls such as air-conditioning, but we will use them wisely and sparingly. Roughly, the philosophy of energy efficient design can be summarized in four principles: 1. Study the local climate and environment. 2. Use the building components and the features of the local environment to maximize the positive effects of the climate and at the same time minimize the negative effects. 3. Use active controls such as air conditioning only where and when there is no alternative. 4. Use energy efficient appliances and equipment wherever possible. To summarize, Thai designers still need strong and clear concepts about living comfortably in Thailand’s environment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.3 Previous Work Wind systems have been included in many projects, both of student thesis work and published work, but most of these studies did not emphasize the wind system. In 1988, Passive Cooling Methods fo r M id to High-rise Buildings in the Hot and Humid Climate ofDoula, Cameroon, West A frica was done by Lucy Nkuo in partial fulfillment of the Master of Building Science program, USC under the hypothesis “it is possible for occupants of mid to high-rise buildings in hot and humid climates to be cooled passively by the use of natural air flow”. “The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how people can stay cool through good building design in mid to high-rise buildings which respond effectively to the hot and humid climate of West Africa. The study examines how natural ventilation can be used to effectively cool occupants in interior spaces. The climatic data for this area is enclosed and shows that ventilating the interior environment is essential year-round for West Africa climate.2 ” In 1992, Lateral Drift Caused by Wind Forces in High-rise Steel Framing was created by Cheng-Yu Ho in partial fulfillment of the Master of Building Science program, USC. The objective of this study is to compare lateral drift caused by wind forces in high-rise framing of various configurations.3 2 Nkuo, Lucy, Passive Cooling Methods for M id to High-rise Buildings in the Hot-Humid Climate o f Douala, Cameroon, West Africa, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University o f Southern California, 1988) p.IX J Ho, Cheng-Yu, Lateral Drift Caused by Wind Forces in High-rise Steel Framing, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University of Southern California, 1992) p.l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In 1994, A Computer Teaching Tool fo r Passive Cooling was created by Alice Hui-Lin Yuan in partial fulfillment of the Master of Building Science program, USC. This program was divided into five categories: solar shading, ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling and earth coupling. V K K T II.A T IO N Figure 1-1: Interface Design of ,4 Computer Teaching Tool fo r Passive Cooling by Alice Hui-Lin Yuan, 1994 One of features of this tool was that users can choose their own directions. In The Ventilation part, it concentrated on how local winds form and what people can do to increase air flows into the living areas for maximum comfort.4 In 1998, the author tried analyze a simple building in a specific area, the San Francisco Bay Area, using. Visual DOE Version 2.6 and focusing on nocturnal ventilation. The experiment tested the different systems of closed and open windows in daytime and nighttime, and the result came out very realistically. The problem is that the author can get only the output data and that is the end of the process. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Indoor Cooling Energy of the Different Opening Windows Systems :a u = f = y . / . z .4 3 5 m a y w o r " r e v D ? 7 ■ Case Q Case 1 Case 2 Case 2 • Case 4 - Case 5 Case 6 Figure 1-2: Output Data from Visual DOE Version 2.6,1998 However, the author is still concerned about Thailand, a hot and humid climate, and strongly believes that wind is a very important factor to make comfortable lives inside a building. The World Wide Web has become a very important part and popular tool for study in any university. Universities are the places where knowledge is shared between many researchers, and from there it is also accessible to the common people. So, using the World Wide Web was an useful idea, and the author made a decision to create the web based tool for teaching about wind strategies. 4 Yuan, Alice Hui-Lin, A Computer Teaching Tool for Passive Cooling, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University o f Southern California, 1994) p.76 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.4 Aims and Objectives As the Internet becomes one of the most important means to seek information, this project will be presented by a web page design to make it easy to approach for other students and architects who are interested in the issues of wind design. There will be lots of animation and graphic images, including interactive multimedia, sound and motion incorporated in the computer based program. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part II: Programming Language 2.1 Designing Multimedia for the Web Multimedia, animation, sounds or graphics, are the ingredients that make the Internet interesting and effective. Shockwave for Director 6 is one of the many ways to put multimedia onto web pages. It depends on the user to know how to use a particular software to communicate, giving the information on the Web or as a teaching tool. 2.1.1 Shockwave Shockwave is the Web standard for powerful multimedia playback. It allows you to view interactive Web content like games, business presentations, entertainment, and advertisements using your Web browser.5 2.1.2 Compression Graphics and animation always occupy a great deal of disk space. The only way that users can easily use it is to compress those files. However, users will always lose quality by compressing and decompressing colors, sound quality or quality of animation. Director 6 provides compression of animation and movie files using the Shockwave format (which is .DCR format.) Users can create these DCR files by choosing the option Save and Compact from File Menu and then Save as Shockwave movie from the File menu as shown in Figure 2-1 below. Shockwave format can be played back in web browsers using the appropriate plug-in, Shockwave, or projector. This format is very 5 Compiled mainly from Macromedia on line http://www.macromedia.com/shoclcwave/productinfo/whatis/ 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. powerful for Director, but it must be decompressed during play back, which, sometimes, affects the display at the run time. However, users have one more option to choose the file in DXR format. A DXR format will be larger than DCR, but it will be faster to work with because the playback engine does not have to decompress the file. Edit' forat » a s Wndow H«to ' i i i - .■"■„ ... jjpotic £Jo*a . V" ■ ■ V cw-o Crt*F4 SO V B : " ''•■.■■.'-'..Vi. Sc«a and Compact Crf»S' Sav*A |T ........................................ — ------ ----------- Bswsit Import. £«pO <tO . CkaataPlOfKIOC- ” Cb)»R.. PsgoSotup-. ;cm*shaw»v QH*P- ' SendMoiL. | ..' Preferences. . ...... * 1 C\W!T©0V«5\DES)Crc>P\wBhn\<foJBe\wspR - ‘ 2 CWWCCWS\DESKTOPVi«>ahn\cSf_He\ea»l 0 2 C\VWCOWS\DESKTOP\rnootoin i C\A Whn\PEPvxmgpep lCAF1ogrimFJes\MBCTOOiedia\Oiec6ofG\OTVRTJ)>4m\GoocSes\OTVRBeheMOta 2 C\ftbgre*n FHo3\Mooo<nocfio\0)toctor <E \O T V ft 1.0>4ra\8airfcOTVRVBasicVR £ & ■ ■ ■ ' 'V ' V v • ' i . . . . V I . \ . . ;VvVv A»*Ff • I linJer 5 ] h , 9 M l I ' 11 an n « * “ P5 i» m w r M e m b e r ' XO -15 3 S « •£ S Figure 2-1: Saving the Director in .DCR Format 2.1.3 Plug-Ins and Helper Applications Plug-ins increase the capabilities and efficiency of the Web browser itself. The Web browser, sometimes, may not have the ability to show several formats through the Internet. If users have the appropriate plug-in in the hard drive, the Web browser can be 8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. used for more functions. For instance, with the “Media Player” plug-in6, it is possible to get movie clips through the Internet. Shockwave7 is one of the interesting and useful plug-ins that allows users to view many kinds of images, sound and animation effects. 2.1.4 Download and Play The multimedia element must be downloaded and saved on the user’s local hard drive before they can view objects. The main idea is to keep file sizes as small reduce the download time, but it always means that we will compromise depends on the designer to balance the quality and file size.8 2.1.5 Web publishing: Advantages and Disadvantage The advantages for the web are: • 24-hour global access • Platform independent • Associative linking ( hypertext and hypermedia) • Easy to add multimedia, animation or sound • Easy to correct and revise • Easy to access ( if users have a computer on the Net) • No printing required Disadvantages include the following: 6 http:/Avww.microsoft.com/windows/mediaplayer/default.asp Play the Web's Coolest Audio and Video with Windows Media Player 7 http://www.macromedia.com/shoclcwave/ The Web Standard for Powerful Multimedia Playback 9 as possible to the quality. It Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. • Bandwidth limitations • Slow networks • HTML is a primitive page layout language • There are space limitation to keep the whole data or multimedia, compared to other media, such as CD-ROMs. • Quality of multimedia will be depended on the efficiency of users’ computer. • Copyright and intellectual property issues, everyone can copy and rewrite. • Easy to get lost 2.2 HTML for Multimedia One of several ways to put multimedia files in web to pages is use the EMBED tag in Netscape 2 or higher. Using the EMBED tag requires Netscape and requires Netscape plug-ins to view. With Netscape 3 and greater, many multimedia plug-ins are pre installed with the browser. This helps users not to worry about looking for appropriate plug-ins. 2.2.1 EMBED To embed plug-in media in a web page, the EMBED tag is used. Netscape Navigator 2 and higher, including Internet Explorer 3 or higher, recognizes this tag. The following is sample HTML: 8 Sanders, Ken, The Digital Architect, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996 p.514-515 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Wind Speed</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY LEFTMARGIN="0" TOPMARGIN=”0" MARGINWIDTH="0" MARGINHEIGHT-'O" BGCOLOR = "#000000" > <CENTER> <EMBED WIDTH = 576 HEIGHT=270 SRC ="wspr.dcr" TEXTFOCUS = NEVER> </CENTER> </BODY> </HTML> 2.2.2 WIDTH and HEIGHT for Multimedia The WIDTH and HEIGHT specification is usually used in the same way as in multimedia and graphics. It is used by Netscape 2 or higher versions to lay out text around an embedded element before that part is downloaded. Following is sample HTML: <EMBED SRC= “map06.avi” WIDTH=320 HEIGHT= 240> This way using the WIDTH and HEIGHT specification, the download time can be greatly increased of the text on the web page in the browser that supports it. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part III: Wind and Air Motion 3.1 Air Pressure and Winds There are many factors that effect winds. The main factors are the seasonal global distribution, the earth’s rotation itself, the diurnal diversity of heating and cooling of land and sea area, and the environment, surroundings and geography. 3.1.1 The Pressure Belts and Regions There are belts and centers of high and o f low atmospheric pressure over each hemisphere of the earth’s surface. Some of them happen all the time, but some only happen for part of the year. Two of these are high-pressure belts near the subtropics. They will be shifted to the pole in the summer and to the equator in the winter. During winter, they wall be continuous around the world at the same time that the high pressure will be happening above the continents more than above the ocean, and it will be reversed in summer. The high- pressure is a permanent zone on the polar regions; however, it would be a lower pressure than in the sub tropical belts. The equatorial belt is the main low-pressure zone, which continues throughout the year. It is shifted toward higher latitude, over land area. In July-August, the border roughly covers from North-East Africa to Central-East Asia, and the center is in the Persian Gulf. In January-February, the region covers the southern tropics. In the southern hemisphere, there are some other low-pressure centers which occur at the higher latitudes over the 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Antarctic. In the northern hemisphere, the low-pressure areas are complicated above the large land area around the Arctic Ocean. This is the cause for high and low-pressure areas happening at approximately the same latitude and moving eastwards. In summer, the center line of the maximum radiation zone will be shifted near the subtropics, and the low pressure belt moves accordingly. The temperature of the land area in this latitude will be risen to peak zone, especially in the northern hemisphere. The highest temperature will be in the South-West Asia, and the center of the zone will be shifted to the Persian Gulf. The air mass which was risen will flow lower to earth between latitude 20 and 40 degree in winter and latitude 30-40 in summer, depending on the sun position. This event creates a high- pressure zone. The difference o f the low-pressure and high-pressure in this zone will be at the center of them. Air will flow from the higher pressure to the lower pressure zone. The high-pressure regions are large, both o f permanent and semi-permanent nature, because of the specific geography and characteristics in each area, depending on the nature of the region in which they rest. The regions that can effect air masses are: 1. The polar regions (all the year) 2. The cold land mass of Asia, Australia and North America (in winter) 3. The subtropical high pressure belt, especially over the oceans (in summer) The air mass might be called “Polar” or “Tropical”, and “Continental” or “Maritime” 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Air flow from the high pressure towards the area of low pressure; however, the direction itself may move a different route since it is also effected by Coriolis forces, resulting from the earth’s rotation. ‘An air mass over the equator has the rotational velocity o f the earth at this latitude, which is about 1670 km/h eastwards. When the air is set in motion due north this velocity is maintained, apart from a slight reduction by friction with the earth’s surface. But as the rotational speed o f the surface o f the earth decreases with circumference towards the poles (at 30 degree latitude it is only 1120 km/hr), the equatorial mass moves eastwards faster than the land beneath it, and this air appears to come from the south-west. Thus the original northerly direction undergoes an easterly deflection relative to the earth. This applies to all air masses moving northwards away from the equator. Similarly air moving towards the equator will undergo a relative westerly deflection. Relative to the true air direction the deflection due to Coriolis force in the northern hemisphere is to the right and in the southern hemisphere to the left. Thus, the pattern o f divergence from high pressure centres is clockwise in the north and anti clockwise in the south; the convergence at low pressure centres follows the reverse pattern. The Coriolis force is zero at the equator and increases towards the poles; its magnitude is proportional to the sine o f the latitude’.9 9 Givoni, B., Man, Climate and Architecture, second edition, Building Research Station Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Elsevier publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam-London-New York, 1969 p.8- 10 14 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.1.2 The Wind Systems In each hemisphere there are three global belts of winds, the trade winds, the westerlies and the polar winds. Nevertheless, there is something called the monsoon winds, which occur from the difference in heating between land and sea areas.1 0 Korth Pole Westerlies Sifcpolar lows Polar easterlies Peter high Soatfc Pofc Figure 3-1: The Idealized Model of the Wind Systems. The Trade Winds The origin of the trade winds come from the sub-tropical high pressure areas of the two hemispheres and converge at the inter-tropical front, making the low pressure equatorial belt. They migrate to the north-west in the southern hemisphere and south-west in the northern hemisphere. Their characteristics depend on the surface areas where they pass. 1 0 see B. Givoni note 9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The wind speed and directions will be constant at 15-35 km/ hr and up to 45km/ hr. Nevertheless, over the Indian Ocean and the South-West Pacific, the directions will be reversed by the monsoons of each hemisphere in the summer. The pattern and variety will be complicated over the land areas. The Westerlies The origin of the westerlies is also in the sub-tropical regions, but the difference is that the westerlies flow towards the sub-arctic low-pressure regions. The westerlies and the polar winds will converge at one position, and because of the vast differences between both of their temperature, it will be very stormy. In winter, in the northern hemisphere the wind will be pretty strong in both speed and direction; however, it will be less and generally flowing to the north-east in summer. In the southern hemisphere, which has less land mass than northern, the wind will be regular, but it is still complicated in some areas by the traveling depressions. The Polar Winds The polar winds are created by the cold air masses that are spread out from polar and arctic high-pressure zone. Their regular direction is to north-west in the southern hemisphere and to south-west in the northern hemisphere. The Monsoon Winds The Monsoon winds are created from the difference between the annual mean temperature over land and sea. They produce the winter land winds and summer sea 16 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. winds. The greatest effect is in the area of the Indian Ocean bounded by South Asia, Australia and East Africa. The extremes of pressure are created on the continents, and they will flow from the high pressure in one hemisphere to the low pressure in the other. In January, the airflow is from central Asia to Australia, in a south-eastern direction over southern Asian, but the direction would be changed at the equator to south-eastern which is followed at the north-west coast of Australia. In June, it was created from Australia to the Indian Peninsula in the north-west direction, over Australia and north-east on reaching south India. Land and Sea Breezes In daytime, the temperature over land areas will be higher than that over sea on the same latitude. On the other hand, the land atmosphere is heated more than that over the sea surface. The warmer air will be blown up and the colder wind from the sea will flow inland. This process will be reversed in nighttime. Winds created in this way are known as breezes. The temperature difference during daytime is greater than that in nighttime, so the sea breeze overland will be significantly stronger than the land breeze to the sea. The distance from the shores to any places will control the breezes. The breeze will occur at the places which are closer to the sea. The sea breeze will stop at sunset, and the land breeze will start again at night. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 3-2: Day Breeze and Night Breeze Near Water Bodies Mountain and Valley Winds The local thermal in the mountain area will be different from regular local wind pattern. The shallow surface wind current will flow directed up hill during the daytime and flow down at night. And also, the different temperature from the air both of over sun-lit area and the air at the same altitude over the valley. The air near the mountain surface will be heated more than the ambient air at the same height, so it will rise. This process will be reversed at night. This is the reason that strong winds will be created in large mountain areas, which flow up in daytime and down into the valley at night. Figure 3-3: Wind flow up valley in daytime and down valley in nighttime 18 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.2 Ventilation In hot and humid climates, ventilation is the most effective way to make people feel more comfortable in summer. Furthermore, it is a good way to avoid using air-conditioners. When we walk into some completely closed rooms, we feel uncomfortable. However, this problem cannot be suddenly alleviated by opening all the doors or windows. This is because ventilation depends on the airflow outside, wind direction, wind speed, etc. We need ventilation systems or air movement to solve the problem. Air movement can be created in two ways, either by using natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation. It is also true that if the outside air is hotter and more humid than inside, there is little benefit to ventilation. 3.2.1 Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is the flow of air inside buildings. The main concern is how to use it to provide indoor comfort. From the natural rules, with respect to air circulation, the warmer air will move to the top, higher position, whereas the cooler one will sink. By practically applying this rule, we can make induce ventilation. Most importantly, natural ventilation can reduce the cost of electricity for air-conditioning by about 85%.1 1 1 1 this section compiled from The Residential energy Efficiency Database (REED) http://www.its-canada.com/reed/iaq/overview.htm, (11/11/1998) 19 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ventilation Requirement Ventilation will be the main strategy to alleviate excessive indoor temperature. It has both direct and indirect effects on human comfort depending on other factors, such as temperature and humidity. 1. Maintaining Air Quality: Maintaining air quality is a normal way to employ ventilation, forcing the fresh air from outdoors to pass into and around the indoor air. This function is to be applied to all types of climates, but it is not the main point under consideration for the air conditioned building and for buildings in cold areas. The maintained air quality depends on the number of persons in that specific space and the activity of room occupants. The suggestion is that minimum ventilation rate should be at least 0.5 Air Change per Hour (ACH) in residential buildings in all climates.1 2 The value of ACH shown in the table below was given above the requirement. 1 2 Egan, M. David, Concept in Thermal Comfort, Prentice-Hall, inc. 1975 p. 10 20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This table is cited from Concepts in Thermal Comfort, M. David Egan, 1975 Type of space Air Change (per hour) Machinery spaces, maintenance shops (such as for electrical equipment), school and industrial shops, etc. 8 to 12 Cafeterias, restaurants, offices, reception area, hospitals, residences, garages etc. 6 to 20 Churches, libraries, reading rooms, bowling alleys, retail shops and stores, etc. 15 to 25 Auditoriums, theaters, classrooms, kitchens, conference rooms, etc. 10 to 30 Table 3-1: Suggested Air Change Per Hour for Room 2. Comfort Ventilation Natural ventilation is the best way to improve the comfort conditions. It is an easy way because it can be implemented by opening the windows and letting the fresh air in. This method can be used to increase the speed of indoor air. 3. Nocturnal Ventilation The second way is the indirect one, nocturnal ventilative cooling. This strategy can be achieved by ventilating the building only at night to cool the interior mass down and close the windows during daytime. The author has done such simulations using DOE2.1E to analyze a small house in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. We can see the difference of indoor heating energy between the house where windows are opened at night and closed in daytime, case 1, and the house where windows are closed all the time, case 0. We can see from the graph that the difference occurs when we use the nocturnal 21 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ventilative cooling. Nevertheless, the system of opening and closing windows also depends on the season and suitable time. The Indoor Heating Energy of the Different Openning Window System 0 0 - i am a - i £ 0 0 j- 3 0 0 i - MAft A J^ W A T x r j JLC AUG OCT ‘i > ; -C asw t • C « « 3 Figure 3-4: The result of Nocturnal Ventilation of One Story Building in the San Francisco Bay Area 3.2.2 Ventilation Potential The best way to induce ventilation is by the building orientation of openings themselves. The ventilation potential depends on layout, and the compactness of the plan. The spread out building has more opportunities to allow the penetration o f and to catch the wind from various directions. If the building envelope is larger, there are more chances to prepare more windows for ventilation. Notwithstanding, the ventilation still depends on other factors such as the physical forces generating ventilation. 22 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Physical Forces Generating Ventilation The air pressure and temperature are the important factors that effect indoor space for ventilation. Different air pressure and temperature results in wind force and thermal force ventilation (convection) respectively.1 3 Ventilation Due to Wind Force People reduce indoor temperature in the building by using the wind pressure effect. When wind strikes a building, the compressed air at the facing wall creates a high pressure zone, and the opposite leeward side, next to and above the roof, will generate the low pressure, suction zone. In this case, air can flow through the building from the high pressure to lower pressure zone. However, the direction and speed of local wind will be variable in specific sites, depending on factors such as the relation with the neighboring buildings, landscape, and other obstacles. Ventilation by Thermal Force (Convection) Air has temperature, density and pressure. Hot air always flows up above cool air because the higher the temperature, the lower the density. Because of this, the average air temperature and pressure often differs between indoors and outdoors at the same height. This is the reason why convection occurs. If there are openings at the different heights, the wind will flow from high pressure to low pressure. Ij Givoni, B., Climate Consideration in Building and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997 p.90 23 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Wind Pressure Effect Different air pressures, low and high, will create wind flow. Wind will blow from high pressure passing through windows in the building to low pressure. The character of windows will control the speed and direction of the said wind. The greatest velocity will occur if the inlet opening is smaller than the outlet opening, but the greatest flow rate (air flow volume) occurs when the inlet equal outlet. However, inlet opening must be big enough to let the air inside the building envelope. Partitions and furniture will be the factors that change the wind direction. Structure, landscape and urban design can also change the wind direction from outside, around the building. Figure 3-5: Wind Generated in an Urban Park* The effect on the air movement will be different if the surroundings are different. In some places, contour lands such as hills can screen the site. Similarly, buildings effect airflow. ’ Figure 3-5 to 3-8 were compiled from Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, Energy Efficient Design o f Buildings in Thailand, 1995 24 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 3-6: Winds Generated by an Urban Heat Island* Wind speed usually depends on urban design. It always decreases with structures above ground, for example in the high-rise areas, the wind speed will be slower than wind speed in the rural area at the same height as shown in the picture below. Figure 3-7: Wind Speed Profiles across Urban, Country and Open Plains, (Obstacles Reduce Wind Speed at Lower Level)* Induced Ventilation There are many ways to induce ventilation. From the rules that warm air always moves upward, we can design buildings', especially residential ones, to capture the wind as much as possible and to prepare the opening for air to go from the building envelope inside. © 4m/s 4 m /s 4m /s 3rn/s 25 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The opening might be at the opposite side o f the wall, the wall next to the pressure zone or even on the same wall. The chimney is a good way to ventilate from the bottom area to the top area. However, we must open some part of the roof or balcony to let the wind blow out. This action depends on chances and visualization. Sometimes, landscape can be used around the building to bring down the temperature inside. Figure 3-8: Induce Ventilation* Ventilation Consideration In a hot humid climate, the air motion is required to pass through the building. The ventilation system must be well designed depending on the site itself. Moreover, they have to be enabled by natural factors, sunlight, and rain. Below are my suggested considerations. • Consider the function and position, which are suitable for specific rooms and spaces carefully 26 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. • Provide the opening at the ceiling for warmer temperature to flow upward • Make the plan, courtyard or open space big enough to create the air motion and ventilation but do not forget to take privacy into account. • Those sites that have no or little wind flow should have some structures that create more ventilation. • Building form is one of the important factors we should be concerned with to make it compact enough in case air-conditioning is needed. 3.2.3 Air infiltration Nowadays, most buildings are built without taking into consideration air sealing or ventilation; moreover, all of them will be inefficient and expensive to cool in hot areas and heat in cold ones even if we are not concerned about human comfort. However, uncontrolled air leakage is not recommended for construction, especially residential. Air infiltration may affect the indoor air quality in the positive or negative manner at the same time. The following problems can arise: • Increased heat gain resulting in more utilization of electricity to cool the building by air conditioning. (Around one-third of a building’s total heat gain is a result of air filtration.)1 4 • Structural problems, due to inflow of moisture from outside into the building envelop. This may result in mold on some parts of the structure, and also lead to indoor air pollution. 27 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 3-9: Typical Air Leakage Points The main points of unintentional air leakage, ventilation, always occur as a result of a difference in pressure. Ventilation drives air in and out at the air leakage points. There is also wind pressure and convection that we will study more in the Ventilation chapter. Air infiltration causes 10% to 40% of the cost of cooling or heating in residential construction. At the same time, there is some ex-filtration that always reverses with infiltration and causes water vapor diffusion through the building envelope. 1 4 This section compiled from http://www.its-canada.com/reed/iaq/vent.htm 28 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.3 Air Temperature, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and Relative Humidity (RH) Air Temperature Temperature is the main factor in human comfort. The range is usually 75° F to 80° F and it depends on the local environment. In the comfort zone, people can bear a greater change in humidity more easily than a change in the temperature. The air temperature in the room must be carefully controlled; however, it does not mean that the humidity control is not important. The condensation of water on a window in a room occurs due to the high humidity inside the home. Relative Humidity (RH) Relative humidity (RH) in % is the quantity of moisture in the air compared to the maximum quantity that can exit at a given temperature without condensation. It can be measured by a device called a ‘psychrometer.’ From the psychrometer, we can get two results, dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. Higher the difference between dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, called ‘wet bulb depression’, the lower relative humidity. It is now much more common to use electronic devices, which measure changes in resistance to determine RH directly. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V uni i'mctewfl-e :-.ogtoeo • irnir » ■ £ * . light u j^ c i c j - ' m ; : SHflpm<a C&&PCP sunsw inE nesoe siiiiiiii = 4 < 9 u i - c^=£.zm^ 5e^t u j uir t f > ;£ ? £» 5C fC£ufirrs*£ H U ir. piTY ;r * 1 „ Figure 3-10: Graph of Comfort Zone (From Egan, M. David, Concept in Thermal Comfort, 1975, p.20) Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is a weighted average of the various radiant influences in a space. It can be estimated if we know exactly the temperature at each wall surface.1 3 1 5 From Egan, M. David, Concept in Thermal Comfort, Prentice-Hall, inc. 1975 p. 6 30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The higher the MRT value, the lower requirement of air temperatures for human comfort as shown by the slope of the comfort zone (in Figure 3-11). sustfFLY ufifrn: 1 0n& z^ne- Figure 3-11: The Relationship between Air Temperature in °F and Mean Radiant Temperature (From Egan, M. David, Concept in Thermal Comfort, Prentice-Hall, inc. 1975 P.7) 31 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part IV: Case Study, Thailand 4.1 Thailand 4.1.1 Location This part will be describe the overall climate of Thailand. The macroclimate provides the base that we have to consider for energy efficient condition. The most important factors that will effect the climate are temperature, humidity, wind and solar radiation. Thailand is located between latitude 6° to 20° North and longitude 97° to 105° East. The country is divided into four main regions, north, northeast, central and south. There are four countries around Thailand which are Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia. Thailand is covered by the South East Asian monsoon belt. 20* 2 - 7 N 5 ' 3 7 - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97" 22 E 105* 3 7 E Figure 4-1: Location of Thailand, Latitude and Longitude As it is located very close to the equator and is in the path of the monsoons, Thailand can be described as hot-humid country. In summer, the temperature averages approximately 22° to 37°C, the number is slightly lower in winter. Geographically, the northern part of 32 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thailand mainly consists of mountains, the northeast comprises high plateaus, and the south is considered a peninsula area. 4.1.2 Temperature The average of the air temperature in Thailand is always high all year. There is also little difference between daytime and nighttime, the reason is the extensive cloud cover and the high humidity levels. The heat is absorbed by the ground in daytime, but it cannot go anywhere at night. The air temperature of Thailand is high enough to be out of the comfort zone all year. The daily temperatures are not much different between daytime and nighttime. Then, the design o f buildings for energy conservation should be lightweight, low thermal mass. Concrete, the most popular building structure, is not suitable for Thailand climate at all. It is only suitable in that it does not hot when wet. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 2 Figure 4-2: Annual Mean Minimum, Average and Maximum Temperature (°C) 1961-1990 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.3 Humidity Thailand climate always has high humidity all year. Relative humidity ranges between 48% -94% with an average of over 75%. However, all these values represent discomfort conditions. This means that building design has to be prepared for ventilation whenever possible, otherwise, we might have to use air condition to control the humidity all the time. 7 5 j • : ; Figure 4-3: Relative Humidity (%) 1961-1990 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.4 Wind There are two predominant wind directions which effect Thailand’s climate. The predominant winds are shown in the figure below. These are effected by the South East Asian monsoons and different seasons as shown. The directions and wind speeds depend on the local landscape, height above ground, trees, and constructions. 'ciobcr Figure 4-4: The Prevailing Wind for Thailand Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.2 Bangkok 4.2.1 Location Bangkok, Mega City, is the city that is expected to have a population of at least 8 million inhabitants by the year 2000. Bangkok is located at latitude 13° North and longitude 100° East. It is a small area but high density of population. Moreover, many buildings have been built in the last decade. Bangkok is a large concrete area, with a lack of vegetation and mostly covered by air pollution. This following information cannot be applied to the whole country, but some areas are very similar. E5ia tmntiianee Opcgroc Noah ChashangSao Figure 4-5: Location of Bangkok 4.2.2 Temperature The factors that will effect temperature are landscape, vegetation and the ground surface. Landscape influences because of the slope, the tilt of the ground, and the orientation. The flat ground will be burned by the sun more than the terrain, including the wind exposure and heat flows. These factors will make the small daily temperature variations. 37 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. M ean Tvsperatarv fo r tho Period 1966-1995 32 M 2 ■ u m I jf 28 20 Figure 4-6: Mean Temperature for Bangkok (the Period 1966-1995) Bangkok is full of concrete. Most of the areas are building construction or plaza, made from concrete or ceramic, granite and sandstone. Just some of them have been done by grass or pond, especially in the center area of Bangkok. Ground surface cover always influences temperature for a city like Bangkok. There are so many streets, roads or express ways, building constructions that there is no more plant transpiration resulting in a heat island effect. Average temperature range of Bangkok is always around 20°C to 35°C (69° F to 95° F). 4.2.3 Humidity Again, landscape and the slope of the ground have an effect on humidity. The slope of the ground will force the rain from the higher to the lower place and create the humid soil at the same time. In the sunny day, the air above this damp soil will be cooler than the dry ground in the same area. All of lakes, rivers and ponds also have effect on humidity. Bangkok contains the main river which flows through the central plain, Chao Praya, and it has been the main transportation for centuries. In terms of evaporation, the air will 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. absorb the moisture that evaporated over the river or damp soil, which will be cooler and more dense, and spread it out around that area. This means lower temperatures, but higher relative humidities. Average RH range of Bangkok is around 70 to 80%. Hwimfcly fo r lh« P * n « i I93C-IJ9S 100 9 0 6 0 6 0 SO 40 S ap O d Nov Doc Figure 4-7: Average of Relative Humidity (%) for Bangkok (The Period 1966-1995) 4.2.4 Wind Landscape and urban design are the important for wind speed and direction. In Bangkok, there are many buildings, high-rise and low-rise, which are the main obstacle for air movement. Moreover, the urban design of Bangkok slows the wind down. Wind speeds and directions depend on the elevation above ground. Bangkok has been separated into two parts, inner core and outer core. The inner core is very crowded with many tall buildings, so this does not enhance the wind at low elevations. Winds in Bangkok always come from three predominant directions: • November to February, cool season, predominantly cool, dry North-East winds. • March to May, hot season, predominantly hot, moist south-southeast winds. • June to October, wet season, predominantly warm, moist South-Southwest winds. 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-8: Prevailing Wind for Bangkok Conclusions fo r Bangkok Climate In Bangkok region, the wind is always weak because of many tall buildings which have been built close together and which screen wind from each other. There will be the problem of urban heat because the wind cannot directly blow to the lower areas. The temperature can be up to 5 — 10°C, higher than surrounding or outer core. There are also not enough plants to keep the paved surfaces from heating up. As we know that Bangkok has many canals that pass through the area. This is the reason that there is high humidity around inner core. We can say that there are four features that we have to consider for energy efficient design. 1. Winds will flow from South, Southwest and Northeast 2. High relative humidity 40 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. The temperature is not much different between day and night 4. High solar radiation and large diffuse component Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3 Thermal Comfort for Thailand Thermal comfort can be changed following some criteria. Human beings can adapt themselves to the environment. A person may feel comfortable although the temperature is over a range if that temperature is not suddenly changed. The comfort conditions depend on metabolism, clothing, skin temperature, room temperature, relative humidity, local temperature and air velocity. The first three factors, metabolism, clothing and skin temperature, are particular to the individual. The last four factors can be controlled by designers. 4.3.1 Room Temperature There is no specific temperature that will be comfortable for all people. There is some research over the years from ASHRAE and other firms about thermal comfort in Bangkok. They determined temperature scale as the Effective Temperature scale, ET. According to this scale, the comfort room temperature range is between ET = 20° C through ET= 26° C (which we called the Comfort Zone). From this range, it is still acceptable to have temperature as low as 19° C at 85% relative humidity through 28° C at 20% relative humidity, as shown in Figure 4-9. The reason that increase of relative humidity, from 20 to 85%, does not much effect comfort is that when humidity increases, heat transfer by evaporation becomes much less effective. So, at the high relative humidity, sweat forms on the skin but does not evaporate. There is not much effective heat loss from the sweating process. 42 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. As we can see from the chart, the climatic conditions are outside the comfort zone almost the whole year. The challenge for architects is to design a cool and dry habitat for Thailand. 5 0 - C Approximate i comfort | zone S Relative humidity O X 2 5 X 50 X .’5 X iOO X Figure 4-9: Comfort Zone for Bangkok. Plotted Points Show Actual Climatic Data (1990)* 4.3.2 Relative Humidity, RH We know that temperature and relative humidity are the main factors affecting thermal comfort. The recommended RH for a Thai climate is above 20%, preventing dry out of mucous membranes in the nose, and below 80%, avoiding the mold condition. 4.3.3 Local Temperature Even though the usual room temperature is still in the range of the comfort zone, the discomfort condition can still occur. The cause is the difference of the temperature between the various surfaces o f a room, which are the various surfaces of a room and drafts. 43 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sometimes a given room is uncomfortable because of extreme differences in various surface temperatures. The common problem is the warm ceiling and in Thailand, too, there is not much ceiling insulation. The rule is to keep the difference between ceilings and the room temperature below 6 °C. Regarding the problem o f vertical air temperature gradient in human beings, the majority of heat will be lost from the head. That is the reason why people feel uncomfortable if the temperature at the head is higher. The difference in the temperature between the head and feet should not be more than 4 °C to gain 90% satisfaction. The problem of warmer ceilings often occurs with the modem buildings, which have lower ceilings. 4.3.4 Air Velocity Air movement is a good cooling solution for hot humid conditions. Air speed affects both the cooling efficiency of sweating and convective heat exchange of the body. When the temperature of the skin is higher than the ambient air temperature, air movement enhances cooling by removal of heat from the surface of the skin. When the air temperature is higher than the skin, the process will be reversed. Air speed is the most powerful means to increase the thermal comfort, for example, an Effective Temperature of 27 °C can be reduced to 22 °C by an air velocity of 7.5 m/s. Nevertheless, air velocity should be appropriate for the activity in each space. ‘ Figure 4-9 was compiled from Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, Energy Efficient Design 44 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3.5 The Comfort Zone The general interior space in a building can be made climatically comfortable by following these conditions: 1. Effective Temperature between 20 °C to 26 °C, slightly warmer for Bangkok 2. Relative humidity between 20% to 80% 3. The difference of the ceiling temperature and room temperature should be less than 6 °C. 4. Air temperature difference between the head and feet of a standing person should not be more than 4 °C. 5. Air movement between 0.5 to 1.5 m/s o f Buildings in Thailand, 1995 45 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.4 Design Overview The traditional Thai house is a good example for energy conservation, especially because of induced ventilation. The designs always encourage ventilation by minimizing exposure to the sun, and maximizing exposure to the prevailing winds. The buildings are one room deep, allowing cross ventilation. There are many tricks that Thai ancestors already design which are very useful for saving energy. 2E30E3K ioSo o Figure 4-10: Typical Traditional Thai House We will cover guidelines for energy efficient design in the traditional Thai house, how to design under modem conditions, modem materials and construction technique. 4.4.1 Site Planning Wind Orientation As we know that wind is a good way to make the house cool, and we can make use of wind pressure. When winds blow over the roof they create high pressure and low pressure zones, a high pressure area at the windward side and lower pressure on the 46 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. opposite side. The easiest thing is turning the long side to the prevailing wind; however, the optimum orientation can be turned around by 60 degree. Nevertheless, the wind will not come inside the building if there is no outlet. The rule is to have an inlet and outlet; moreover, the wind speed can be adjusted by the size and elevation o f the openings. The site will depend on the contours around that area or the slope itself. When winds pass the smooth contoured hill, the wind velocity will be increased near the top of the hill. Eddies can be set up, depending on the sharpness o f that slope. Another case is the coastline which can have the same effect as a building. Lands always heats up and cools down slower than the sea. One way we can make use of this is locating a building overlooking the sea. Landscape Orientation Landscape is also one important factor for orientation o f the building. We try to use trees to provide screening of sunlight or to funnel wind from anywhere to our building. The typical examples are: A row of trees will create a wind tunnel if there is no other construction in the part of the wind. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-11: Wind Tunnel by Vegetation The air direction can be created by the canopy and the trees regardless o f how close they are. A gap between them will be the main factor to control the air movement to get in our house. Only groups of trees are effective. Single trees have little effect. Figure 4-12: Effect of Trees on Ventilation of a House Guidelines for building in Bangkok should include the use of natural forces in site planning to help in ventilation. 1. The windows should be located at the north and south side of the building. We should not put them at the east and west because it is very difficult to shade. 2. Prefer wind orientation. Turning the long axis perpendicular or not more than 60 degree to the local wind direction. 48 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. Use landscape surrounding structure, trees fences and walls to channel wind into the building. 4.4.2 Zoning and Layout Zoning is grouping various functional areas that are similar in activity. They can be located next to or close together. The aim is to optimize the interior of the house in regard to wind and sun. Whatever happens in one can effect the other zones. This is the reason we have to pay attention to the whole plan. Zones Function and occupancy are the important factors in zonings the house. Common sense is also useful. However, the architect may need to be experienced in these aspects because good zoning will bring us a completed house which is beautiful and saves the energy. There are three main conditions in energy efficient design terms, which are 1. Preventing the problem in one area and effecting another area, for example, smell or humidity should not be blown to the bedroom or living room. 2. Providing a buffer zone between outdoor and indoor conditions. For example, insulation on the ceiling can be protected from the heat gain from the sunlight through the attic. It means the indoor area will not directly heat up. 3. Reducing the need for cooling in the building, we need to provide the air conditioning in the part that we need to cool only. Some areas that can heat up will remain unconditioned. 49 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. There are some groups that we can separate from functionality and occupancy to be the zone. 1. Buffer zones: These zones are always unoccupied and act like a buffer, usually between indoors and outdoors. The areas which are in this category, might be attics, garages, storage spaces, atriums, courtyard, etc. 2. Problem zones: these zones usually produce the smell, heat or humidity. They should be kept out from the rest o f the house. For example, bathrooms, kitchen or laundries. 3. Living zones: it will be the room that we sometimes stay in such as: living room, family rooms, dining room, etc. 4. Sleeping zones: the area that we have to stay the night, such as bedrooms. However, there is always leakage. Most of the time, some sound or smell that we do not want will enter in to the room by leaking from any gaps, which are intended or unintended. Nevertheless, the easiest solution is closing the door between areas. For example, the cooling from air conditioning will stay in the room we need only if we can prevent leaking by installing the brush seals around the doors. Layout The interior design should be a separate layout follow zoning, and each zone will have the optimum regarding to wind as well as other natural like the sun. There are so many ways to design the layout of a house for energy efficiency; however, the specific problems always occur from the site and environment. For instance, the living room should be able to view the street in front of the home. 50 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Layout for the wind is much less complicated than the sun. The preferred building plan is not too wide although those are the big houses. The wind can easily breeze through the house if there is nothing to cover the building or screen the wind. Guidelines The two major recommendations for interior layout design regarding to the wind are: 1. Problem zones should be placed downwind, because the heat, smell or humidity will not come back to the rest of the house. In the traditional Thai house, the kitchen is usually separated from the other functions. 2. In multistory buildings, the function that needs to be located at the second floor should be the one that needs extra wind like bedroom or living room. Other functions may be located at the ground floor, such as storage or kitchen. The example layout of the compact house was shown below. This kind of design is suitable for the central region of Thailand. 4.4.3 Ventilation for Thailand The climate of Thailand, known for its hot and sticky conditions, can be alleviated by high air velocity which enables the body to improve the process of sweat evaporation. Architects must design the buildings for ventilation and also covering for solar radiation, rain, insects and dust. The recommendations for ventilation design are: 1. Carefully design the location of the rooms with respect to layout and zoning, depending on their function and thermal requirements. 2. Air in the attic space should flow from the outside. 51 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. Provide openings at the ceiling level to vent rising heat. 4. An open plan will provide maximum ventilation; however, the drawbacks o f open spaces pertain to noise control and privacy. 5. Use the stack effect and chimney to induce ventilation on sites that have little or no wind. 6. Building form should be compact enough for energy efficiency, in case air- conditioning is required. 7. Control of humidity from outside in case there is a water body around the house, since it might bring in moisture and humidity. 4.4.4 Traditional Thai House There are some specific characteristics of traditional Thai houses that are outstanding with respect to natural environment such as tall roofs, long overhangs and well-ventilated open spaces. The advantages of these features: 1. In the houses with tall roofs without ceilings, heat can flow up and go out by ventilation from the gap on top of the walls. 2. Since the house is approximately 2.5 m above the ground, higher than the surrounding bushes, it gets more wind. Additionally, the comfortable cool space under the house on the ground can be used for relaxing during daytime since this area is shaded all day. Moreover, this high construction provides protection from floods in the raining season. 52 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. The absence of a roof over the central court enables better ventilation. 4. Surrounding trees and bushes make the ambient air cool and comfortable. The results of such designs: 1. Comfort conditions can be achieved without air conditioning and artificial energy consumption. 2. Using low thermal mass and ventilation is an efficient way to alleviate hot and humid climate. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part V: WAHHN: The Web Based Information Tool This chapter discusses the functions of WAHHN and how to navigate them. 5.1 Resources Used and Needed WAHHN uses HTML and Macromedia Director 6 to produce files which users can view through the Web. This product includes the important information about Thailand with emphasis on Bangkok, the capital city. The users can be students who are interested in the architecture, climate or computer graphics; however, it is easy for anyone to use as long as they have access to any computer network. 5.2 Minimum Hardware Using a computer with 64MB Ram or better, 233 MHz. Processing speed. (MMX or Pentium II) Faster machines are recommended, as multimedia scenes will run smoothly on them. 5.3 Software WAHHN needs Netscape Navigator 3.0 or greater or Internet Explorer to run. And also Shockwave plug-in which will be asked automatically in Netscape 4.0 if users do not have it. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-1: The Diagram of WAHHN Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.4 Components WAHHN is comprised of two main parts, “Wind and Air Motion” and “Thailand”. The Wind and Air Motion is separated in three parts, Air Pressure and Winds, Ventilation and Air Temperature, Mean radiant Temperature (MRT) and Relative Humidity (RH). The Air Temperature, MRT and RH is done by Java Script for which the users can choose a value and get the results, others are done by HTML, Adobe Pagemill 3.0 and Microsoft Frontpage 98. The Thailand part is separated in four parts which are Thailand, Bangkok, Thermal Comfort for Thailand and Design Overview. This section was created by Director 6 5.5 Opening Screen {Part 1, Wind and Air Motion) The opening page comes up with the main menu and the requirements of plug-ins which user may need to download from the given URL onto local hard drive. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-2: The Opening Screen of WAHHN The main page is created by Pagemill 3.0, so that the very basic browser can read this page. After users already have acquired the Shockwave plug-in, they can go to the next pages, which they are free to choose. In case users get an inappropriate plug-in, the program will give a question within a frame as shown in Figure 5-3. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Plugin Error 13 © A n erraro ccu rred in sfd e ap lu g g Y tco n tain ed o n th is page. - I -.r--Q K •- il Plugin Error Q ; fheplugin. d id n o tin itia trz e p ro p e rfy .:. O K - 1 Figure 5-3: When the Users do not have the Appropriate Plug-in 5.6 The General Screen Layout The interface consists of the Title of the page and the Level where users are. Other information includes the Link, which will be in two or three lines, the level where users are, the level before that current page and Main Menu. f l a t lernpcH R31 jimJ M ftI .tk rtiC J iw .E j f o '- i E d f c ^ j f le w - : .G o ^ f l a i n m q n i c o i o r . ' jjrtp\ 4 ^ - : f B a c k : 3 ilk - / rs£’> . -SI-; _ E s c ^ w t - : p » f a e t f . Home, ;.S «areh IWrtcap«:r '.:Pmil. ; 5«e»iriy ;:~ Siop - ^ ^ T B o o lg n o i|i» > ', ^ ;,L o c b irb n :|h g p - /r v ,> > rsctificed u r* rv 3 S < s i/t rfjm q q e /c H t& m p b an ____ ^ 9 .V ^H o m sp o ^?0 iV i1 iarsC o o l rl ^'V lh atsW aM d l i D o c u m e n t D o n e Figure 5-4: The General Screen Layout 58 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Some pages in the first part like Wind and Air Motion have some hot spot to the multimedia itself, for instance: 8 » BD b E iI 1 - N di r-->>c-C^WWMd - rHnw»: ;s—d»- N w i r f e ; --Swu*y^ Cfcr-r:.:. A ‘- ; ;---r - v . r : ^ S r y - ' l M ^ ^ > K a n A d M . L ^ K . r > A M I . C € A IiP te 2 £ £ L and and S e a B ie c z n I n d a y tim e , th e I m p r r i t i m ovrr la n d u / a t w ill b r h ig h e r th a n that o*fT «ra o il t h e i i n r la titu d e. O n th e o th er h a n d , th e la n d a lm o tp h r r r it h ea ted m o r e th a n th a t o v e r th e tea tu rfa ce. T he w a n n e r air w ill b e b lo w n u p and the c o ld e r w in d fro m th e tea w ill H ow in la n d . T lut p r o c e ss w ill br rrtersed in u ig littim e . i ■ • “ VV huh . s e a t e d In th it w a y are k n o w n a t T he trm pri d u r in g d a y tn r tr u greater th a n th at in n ig h ttim e , to th e te a w ill b e sig n ific a n tly ttru n grr th a n th e la n d breexc to tlie tea fr o m th e U io r e t to ant p la c e t w ill c o n tr o l th e b reezes. T lie I at th e p la c e s w h ich are cJoter lo th e ir a . The tea b reex e w ill a n d th e la n tj b r rex rw ill start again at n igh t. I > a? vl a a u & ie z iw -r a w z t!. Figure 5-5: Land and Sea Breeze Page Or- t d f B w fie CawjwUw Bet» 1 . ■ £ ’ : S • : * ’I lack.' / r t o * A * * ■ - i S f c - f - S t : l a f c S l t*w« ‘ $MKh_N«ucapt'’ 2 i . „ . * | f J '.W td lf W w l ~ n w w i . M OUMTA jM AMX> V*ALL£y (aJtMLC M c u a U m u u l V a 2 « y ' V v ’ i i i d t " .I b e lo c a lU ie n n a J I ttth r m o u n ta in area w ill be di/Terenl fr o m regular local. - w in d p j & c f x ill2 >* (fa llo w lu rfa ce w ind ctirrent w ill D ow d irected up lull .. . - d ttrio g t h e d a y tfa se fln d flo w d ow n at n igh t. A nd a lto , th e different . te m p e r a tu r e f r o m th e air b o th o f over su n lit area and th e air at th e sam e .a ltitu d e o v e r tlie y a D r r . H ie air near th e m o u n ta in tu rfa re » i l l b f j i f » l f j l ^ _ ■ m o r e t h a n Ul.C am bient air at th e la m e heigh t, to it w ill rite. 1 Now««. v«* * b e re v e r te d a t n ig ltt. Thh is th e rea to n th a t t o o n g w in d t w ill I - large.• 1 •. • 1 n tilch flo w up in d aytim e an d d o w n in i .... > ■ * £ > “ •' ' i ira e .ra ra g -'ra « - i : A Figure 5-6: Mountain and Valley Wind 59 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. n I a T U » A 1 - V b S iT I L A T I i N anmLvmdUdoi I hMr (• axe U <o p i I to air drnU tlo n . i j f tb trm cite cooler | make iaducr vratf I iberott of rfrttrifii M«faitafiiii{ air qt fm h air Oam oan fmxtfon ix to be aj mxifr tbai specific space minim nos Ttntflad in rrd<ifaibl bnfld tab le b elo w w as gK fn 3 MVP IUP irqiUinn^lU. Figure 5-7: Natural Ventilation Page b * 1 J * |lk W ^ g W g ? g T l^ ^ aB B B M M M a M M — — — — — — — — g » . & * ./& * a» c—w * tt» ' - • - , •:•"• - • ” - • - - . . _ -. • • ■ ■ . • T * ^ & i : . - * at - V .--x' - m * h * ► > r r-f r . Mb * h ^ q - U r n * '- W on— • ■ P m* U o m • Ja.y.“ • .- . - ■ - -.--• .---. r . j N *|.^j^>a^atr--Aij 0 8 O i ai}?^/^" t i^«, iy ~ t» ^ * f c v w v tw n ^ > N » < r w j ^T V taftlM ahd ' * P « € tc u tt€ E f f e c t Wind Pre- c K tlc k .1 L X ed arid dir vald •v w « « i '^eit nhm 3, DilTrrrat air p r n u u n , low 4»d high, w ill rrea te w in d (lu w . W in d wit! Slow from h ig h p rrvtitre p a ir in g through w in d ow * in the b u ild in g to lo w p r m u r r The ch a ra cter o f » u i(ln w \ w ill control Ihc w in d , l l i e greatest velo city w ou tlrt o p e n in g , but th e grrai; iidrl eq u a l o iille l. H ow ever, in \id e th e b u ild in g en velop e, ch a n g e th e w in d dirertioit. S d u n g c (h r w in d d irectio n Jr The efTerl oti th e air m nvrni d ifferen t. In vom e p lacet, ro Sim ilarly. build in g* efTerl ah W ind v p eed u tiu tlv depend* itrurturev a b o v e g ro u n d , foi w ill b e tlo w r f than w in d *pe< in I ! i f i 1 :n isfitp-l asg ito -ag :-ca:?asj.^ Figure 5-8: Wind Pressure Effect Page 60 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Some pages will show the difference when we move the mouse over the link, for example: 8 » - £ d t -Jfla*'" fi» £r— ric ^ a . t * # ' ■ ■•j - ' • - - ■ ■ •_ j 5■ Sadi ■ ' :-e W ,! '• ■ -M m tf . ■ H e m * . S e M t k ‘ ) k u o e e m . '9 w * ' $ m t r . T V v t ? ■ ' g w iw ^ r . ^ r t o e K l ^ c « A w ~ r whrt)WM>,ri»«m.0i m m 5 ' " i JOO vrr 1 1 ■ ^ n .. ' t ifC l- C ^ * • V :• ; P>* ih j jr nod | Pt1.w »-ntrfli»s S U V A ir Inwrt | ! W rttrftiet Sf. tr*lrt ♦ l J 4 it7 c y x < ' .0 h t tjn | W » k (rrlm lo w * , | P tM w on { Figure 5-9: The graphic will show the wind direction when we move the mouse over the link. f m ~ 3 1 Swk ft* -* * -R M d - K M *$oadiv'M aap».‘ “ P ot-' S oeu * ,5 ttf'B odoM fcs & locdac{i«K rM .—. letw cx*^* «*«**»*«* *r«ir— ftrV foftfU M otf - ' -.'/.-'jir-:!'-. P : 1-'-' v : .V 1 I X F l L T R A T l O f t S b u ild in * h t .iir cn n riirin u m g . < \ r o i i n d o n e th ird o f a b u ild in g '* to ta l h e a l it a r r \ u i t .o l ^ii filu J iio n > , S t n i r t u r jI p ro b le m * . d u e In in flo w i>1 m o i \ t u r r f ro m <mt*idr i n to th e * b u ild in g e n v e lo p . 1 hi* in j> result in m o l d o n m i n r p jit* o f t h e vtrtirture. jimI i | \ o I cjiI in i n d o o r air polliil'ioti. LJ ~ a.-assK ia».:cg^gj : < Figure 5-10: Ventilation Page 61 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.7 Opening Screen (Part 2, Thailand) When the user clicks at Case Study, Thailand from the opening page, the new 640 x 480 window will appear. The beginning of the new page, Figure 5-11, is the introduction for the users to keep paying attention to the screen until Main Menu, Figure 5-12. After that, the users can choose their own way to Thailand, Bangkok or Thermal Comfort for Thailand. Moreover, the author prepared the specific section, Overview, for the ones who are not familiar with traditional Thai houses that we can see in the Main Menu. WIND Figure 5-11: The Opening Page for Part 2, Thailand 62 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■ ■ H R Figure 5-12: Main Menu There are four main choices in the Main Menu. If the users choose Thailand, it will bring the users to the Sub Menu o f Thailand part as shown in Figure 5-13. Others will bring to Sub Menu of Thermal Comfort for Thailand, Figure 5-14, Bangkok, Figure 5-15 and Over View, Figure 5-16, respectively. •^roojtciORi'f B H E 3 L O C A T IO N W ND Figure 5-13: Sub Menu of the Thailand Part 63 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. m o jic io O T O T h n n r v il C T m to r t t o r T h rti Icin tl Figure 5-14: Sub Menu of the Thermal Comfort for Thailand Part * \u o r * .• 1 c / t... ' .V 7EfV¥='B=(ATURE H U fV S O IT Y Figure 5-15: Sub Menu of Bangkok Part Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-16: The Question for Slide Show Part However, these are the example pages that one is free to choose. The users will not be lost because the program was prepared with the Main Menu icon at the bottom right comer of the window. And also, in the current page, many icons will be there to allow the users go to the previous page. The figures below are the window that we will see in WAHHN. There are many animation that will appear in WAHHN that the author cannot show in this book. This is one of the reasons why the Web page design is a better alternative than general book for presentation. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. . . I U < » * r a o Figure 5-17: Thailand, Wind Page Figure 5-18: Thailand, Temperature Page Figure 5-19: Thailand, Humidity Page 6 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-20: Bangkok, Location Page Figure 5-21: Bangkok, Wind Page Figure 5-22: Bangkok, Temperature Page Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-23: Bangkok, Humidity Page Figure 5-24: Thermal Comfort, Site Planning Page Figure 5-25: Site Planning Using Landscape Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 Figure 5-26: Site Planning Page ■ B Figure 5-27: Site Planning, Using Landscape to Prepare a Wind Tunnel Figure 5-28: Thermal Comfort, Zoning Page 69 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V i-m t 4<tt T lu ii l.ttitl y'z?'® Figure 5-29: Conclusion for Thermal Comfort Page Figure 5-30: Ventilation in Traditional Thai House k'W to tta - f a T * " t e > h T ,; .r e Figure 5-31: One of Slides in Design Over View 70 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1 Analysis of Program, WAHHN 6.1.1 Summary This section discusses the salient features of WAHHN. It brings together the useful information with computer skills. This chapter will describe what WAHHN is and the future work which the author wishes to see, to be included in WAHHN. 6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages Most of the advantages and disadvantages have been mentioned in section 2.1.5, Web Publishing. However, there are still some concerns, which the author wants to mention here. The advantage is that WAHHN is very easy to understand, and it is fun to work with, as it is illustrated by many diagrams and images. It might become very slow with some computers because o f the file size limitations. It may also be very helpful if the users have some basic computer skills. The author has tried to look for the latest information available, but some may still be old. Nevertheless, it is not very difficult to update the data. Another disadvantage is that WAHHN is available on the World Wide Web, so it might be copied by others. 71 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.3 Future Recommendations The potential of WAHHN is still quite limited. The author wishes to improve the capabilities, and expects that it might be further improved by others who are interested in the area. Computer Language The next version o f WAHHN should be focused on keeping the file sizes as small as possible because users will then, easily be able to view it and they will not have to wait for longer download times. Graphic Interface Design The interface design might be made technologically more advanced and more elaborate because we need to merge the traditional building design methodology and new technology together. This will also help make WAHHN more user friendly. Capabilities Data The new version o f WAHHN should have data incorporated from other cities in Thailand, not only Bangkok, because there are varieties of different climate, for example, the climate of two cities that are next to each other may be totally different. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Diagram More diagrams will be very helpful. Wind flow is kind of abstract and it is hard to imagine, without proper flow diagrams. Calculation Systems The next version, WAHHN should have the ability to calculate quantities for example, air velocity or wind force. It will also be very good if we can consider the factors due to high-rise buildings, because many tall buildings have come up recently. 6.1.4 Conclusion This thesis is about developing the web page, WAHHN, which deals with wind strategy for building design, both the general theory and specifically design for the hot and humid climate of Thailand. It is user friendly and even entertaining to work with. The web design is platform independent, so users can view it from any computer all around the world, with an Internet connection and a browser. WAHHN relies heavily on multimedia to explain concepts. It has been created as an interactive tool, not just texts or images. The general information or the teaching tool mostly displays the information to the users. Nevertheless, WAHHN has some multimedia to make this tool interesting, not just “show and tell”. However, users may spend more time because of the big multimedia files which needs to be downloaded from the Internet. 73 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Architects and students, the major target audience, can take a quick view of WAHHN and learn more about natural design with out having to look for the relevant books in the library. At the same time, young people who are interested in computer graphics or natural design, also can get the required information or entertainment from WAHHN. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2 Conclusion This thesis provides guidelines for designing the buildings with an emphasis on the wind systems. The main part that the author has tried to study is about energy preserving design and suggested some guidelines which will be appropriate for designing the buildings, especially the residential ones. It is expected that most o f the architects or students who will view or read this thesis (or WAHHN) will already have some basic knowledge to create the energy saving plan. The problem, which the author faced mostly, was the difficulty to find the specific information about Bangkok or Thailand. Moreover, this problem will be a concern for anybody including international scholars, and they will have difficulty finding it. This is one of the reason that the author has done the Web Based design, so that the collected information is available to anyone, who might need it. Finally, this thesis was done in a limited time; still, the author believes that it will serve as a powerful tool or handbook for the people who are interested in this area. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bibliography Books Allis, L., Inside Macromedia Director 6 with Lingo, New Riders, 1997 Anne Simon Moffat, Marc Schiler, and the Staff of Green Living, Energy-Efficient and Environmental Landscaping, Appropriate Solutions Press, 1993 Beng, Tan Hock, Tropical Retreats, The Poetics o f Place, Page One Publishing, 1996 Brown G.Z., Sun, Wind, and Light, Architectural Design Strategies, John Wiley & Sons 1985 Davis, Albert J. and Schubert, R.P., Alternative Natural Energy Sources in Building Design, 1974 Dowall, David E., Bangkok: A Profile o f An Efficiently Performing Housing Market, Institute o f Urban and Regional Development University o f California at Berkeley, 1989 Dowall, David E., Bangkok: A Second Look at the Bangkok Land and Housing Market, Institute of Urban and Regional Development University o f California at Berkeley, 1990 Egan, M. David, Concept in Thermal Comfort, Prentice-Hall, inc. 1975 Givoni, B., Climate Consideration in Building and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997 Givoni, B., Man, Climate and Architecture, second edition, Building Research Station Technion, Israel Institute o f Technology, Elsevier publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam-London-New York, 1969 Griffin, C.W., Energy Conservation in Buildings: Techniques for Economical Design, The Construction Specifications Institute, Inc., 1974 Ho, Cheng-Yu, Lateral Drift Caused by Wind Forces in High-rise Steel Framing, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University of Southern California, 1992) Jain, Archit, VRSolar: An Exploration in Web Based Interactive Architectural Teaching, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University o f Southern California, 1997) John Hancock Callender, Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974 Meteorological Department, The Climate o f Thailand, Climatology Division (Technical Document No. 551.582-01-1986), 1986 Nkuo, Lucy, Passive Cooling Methods fo r Mid to High-rise Buildings in the Hot-Humid Climate of Douala, Cameroon, West Africa, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University of Southern California, 1988) Nor Na Paknum, Houses in Siam (Bab Pan Barn Ruen nai Siam), Muang Boran, 1995 (in Thai) Nutalaya, S., A Proposal o f the Dissertation, Passive Cooling Applications in Architecture fo r Hot and Humid Climate: Case Study Thailand, 1998 Olgyay, Victor, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, 1967 76 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Pathumanont, T., Phenomenology in Architecture, 1991 (in Thai) Pirom, S., Thai Central house (Barn Thai Pak Klang), Third edition, Kuru Sapa, 1995 (in Thai) Sanders, Ken, The Digital Architect, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996 Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, Energy Efficient Design o f Buildings in Thailand, Thai Gypsum Products Public Company Limited, 1995 (in Thai) U.S. Department o f Commerce, National Bureau o f Standards, Performance Criteria fo r Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Residential Buildings, Prepare for: U.S. Department o f Housing and Urban Development Office o f Policy Development and Research, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1982 United Nation, Population Growth and Policies in Mega-Cities, Bangkok, Department o f International Economic and Social Affairs Population Policy Paper No. 10, United Nation New York, 1987 Yuan, Alice Hui-Lin, A Computer Teaching Toolfor Passive Cooling, Masters in Building Science Thesis, (University o f Southern California, 1994) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Appendix A: Listing of Web Resources The Residential Energy Efficiency Database (REED): “Being as energy efficient as possible is the one thing that each o f us can do to help ourselves, our children and our environmenf ’ Source: http://w\vw.its-canada.com/reed/iaq/overview.htm, ( 11/11/1998) A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation: The purpose o f the AIVC's new guide to ventilation is to review ventilation in the context of achieving energy efficiency and good indoor air quality. Source: http://www.aivc.org/gtov.htmlrrch 1, (11/11/1998) Microclimate Modifications for Energy Conservation: This document is Fact Sheet EES-4, a series o f the Florida Energy Extension Service, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University o f Florida. Publication date: November 1992. Source: http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/txt/fairs/3357, (11/28/1998) Thailand Geography and Demographics: This page currently contains a clickable map identifying the four regions o f Thailand and pointers to relief maps o f each region. For best viewing of relief maps a graphics card which supports more than 256 colors should be used. Source: http://www.ait.ac.th/cgi-bin/thai.pl?=Bangkok Source: http://www.ait.ac.th/Asia/thai/demograph.html, (l 1/23/1998) A Guide to Indoor Air Quality: United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (6604J) EPA Document # 402-K-93-007, April 1995 Source: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html, (12/09/1998) Thailand the Big Picture: Thailand the Big Picture was created for the Internet community as a complete guide to Thailand, via all known information servers, which are registered with us. The effort was part o f the national academic/ research network project; the contents are maintained by ThaiSam volunteers. Source: http://www.nectec.or.th/ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS SPATIAL DATABASE. TheNRE-GlS spatial database consists o f a wide range o f data at varying scales o f representation (from country to amphoe level). These data are both spatial (i.e., geographic representation) and non-spatial (i.e., attribute data that are directly or indirectly associated with the former). Source: http://www.nectec.or.th/bureaux/tdri/contents.html 78 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Royal Thai Air Force: Current Satellite Image o f Asian Hemisphere from the University o f Tokyo and GIS map. Source: http://www.rtaf.mi.th7, (12/09/1998) Call of the Wind: The Only System that Calls You when it’ s Windy! Call o f the Wind has solved the greatest challenge for windsurfing enthusiasts: knowing when and where the wind is blowing. Sailors and wind addicts no longer have to tolerate inaccurate forecasts, weather reports that are hours old or other unreliable sources. Let Call o f the Wind call you with accurate up to the minute wind reports as soon as it is sailable. Source: http://www.windcall.com/, (12/28/1998) INTERVU: INTERVU’s goal is to enable rich media advertising without disabling Web sites or end- users. We utilize our Network and a host o f video and other rich media creative solutions to facilitate rich media for advertisers, ad agencies, Web sites, ad management/network companies, technology companies, and end-users. Source: http://www.intervu.com/richmedia/, (01,06,1999) Solar System Simulator: Welcome to the solar system simulator, a NASA/JPL/Caltech spyglass on the cosmos. Select from the options below to have the simulator create a color image o f your favorite planet or satellite! Source: http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/, (01,12,1999) 79 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Appendix B: Equipment and Software Utilized Hardware: Most of the time, I used my own computer to develop WAHHN. My machine was Compaq Presario 233MHz MMX with 48 Mbytes of RAM running Window 95 OS. Besides my computer, other machines were mainly the campus computing facilities which were typically IBM or Dell 233MHz pentiums with 128 Mbytes of RAM running Window NT. Software: The typical software application were: 1. Netscape Navigator version 4.5 from www.netscape.com 2. Internet Explorer version 4.0 from www.microsoft.com 3. Adobe PageMill 3.0 from www.adobe.com 4. Adobe Photoshop 5.0 from www.adobe.com 5. Adobe Premiere 5.0 from www.adobe.com 6. Microsoft FrontPage 98 from www.microsoft.com 7. Microsoft GIF Animator version 1.0 from www.microsoft.com 8. Macromedia Director version 6.02 from wrww.macromedia.com 9. Sound Edit 16, 2.0.7 10. HyperSnap, formerly SnapShot/32, (freeware version) from www.download.com 11. 3D Studio MAX Besides these software, I also used the standard applications like MS Word, Excel 97 and notepad text editors. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (Q A -3 ) / A S .O A . 150mm IM/4 G E . Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester, NY 14609 USA Phone: 716/482-0300 Fax: 716/288-5989 C 1993. Applied Im age. Inc.. All Rights R eserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Svastisinha, Rungsrithep (author)

Core Title WAHHN: Web based design: Wind and human comfort for Thailand

Degree Master of Building Science

Degree Program Building Science

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag engineering, architectural,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Koenig, Pierre Francis (committee chair), Kensek, Karen M. (committee member), Noble, Douglas (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c20-300981

Unique identifier UC11258100

Identifier EP41442.pdf (filename),usctheses-c20-300981 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP41442.pdf

Dmrecord 300981

Document Type Thesis

Rights Svastisinha, Rungsrithep

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA