University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The battle to end smog

(USC Thesis Other)

The battle to end smog

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content THE BATTLE TO END SMOG By Feifei Chen A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS (SPECIALIZED JOURNALISM) December 2017 Copyright 2017 Feifei Chen 1 Acknowledgements Deepest thanks to my thesis committee chair, Professor Dan Birman. He took me into the amazing world of documentary production and gave me the confidence to start my first try. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Edward Avol who gave me lots of professional suggestions on my thesis. Thanks to Professor Michael Parks for his guidance through my research about the air management. Thank you also to Christy Wong, my fellow SJ classmate who helped and supported me for the whole semester. I’m sincerely appreciative of the people I interviewed. Thank you all for the cooperation and insights you brought to my documentary. Lastly, thanks to my parents. Without the support from my family, I could never have obtained so many precious experiences that are helping me to enter a new stage in my life. The air management history in Los Angeles makes me realize the balance between economic development and environmental protection. People in every country should have the right to breathe clean air and live in a healthy community environment, including my home country - China. 2 Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 3 3. KEY FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................... 4 PART 1 “TRANS-REGIONAL REGULATION” ....................................................................................................... 5 PART 2 “CLEAN THE CAR” .................................................................................................................................... 6 PART 3 “PORT OF GREEN ENERGY” ................................................................................................................... 7 PART 4 “BENEFIT FROM CLEAN TECHNOLOGY” ............................................................................................. 8 4. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 9 5. DOCUMENTARY SCRIPT ............................................................................................................... 12 6. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 22 3 1. Background I am an international student from China. One of the reasons I left Beijing to study in America was that Beijing residents suffer from severe air pollution. I felt a little depressed when I could not open my window for days. The thick smog blocks the sunlight and breathing is difficult there. In contrast, the clear, blue sky in Los Angeles is a great change. So, I decided to pursue air pollution as the topic of my thesis. And as I researched the subject, I learned that smog was a big problem in Los Angeles between the 1940s and the 1990s. Even now, as Los Angeles remains a city with the worst air quality compared to other cities in the U.S., the air is much cleaner than it has been in the past 1 . My first thought was that China could learn from the tremendous progress Los Angeles has made in its air quality. So, I decided to create a video documentary, which could be a good vehicle to show how Los Angeles is working to improve its air quality. 2. Structure As the title of my documentary suggests, it has been an enduring, large-scale battle to end L.A.’s smog. The work taken on by Southern California over these decades has been massive, from reducing auto pollution, to another source, emissions from the shipping industry. These are subjects that would be far too large to show over the course 1 Associated Press. “Los Angeles and Bakersfield top list of worst air pollution in the nation.” LATIMES.COM. Los 4 of a semester’s work. My work, therefore, only shows the tip of the iceberg sampling of some of the pollution-reduction programs in Los Angeles. It mainly covers four aspects of air management. Each aspect features a person or an organization. Part 1: The governance over the air cleanup – South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Part 2: The reduction of vehicle emission – California Smog Check Part 3: The implementation of environmental programs –Port of Los Angeles Part 4: The new technology to resolve pollution –USC Viterbi Lab 3. Key Findings My access was limited in the areas outlined for my research. However, through interviews, my goal was to bring context to the larger problem. The documentary traces back to World War II, when smog first became an issue in Los Angeles. It’s important to clarify what smog is. Smog is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes. A scientist, Arie Haagen-Smit, and his colleagues discovered that Los Angeles smog is formed in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, a series of chemical reactions driven by sunlight. Poor air quality makes a significant impact on the health, especially for children. Edward Avol, a professor of Clinical Preventive Medicine at the University of Southern 5 California, has studied children’s health for 25 years. His research shows that children growing up in more polluted areas in Southern California have slower growing lungs and are likely to have more respiratory problems than those in less polluted areas 2 . Part 1 “Trans-regional regulation” In order to know what role the government plays in the air management, I contacted Sam Atwood, who was the Media Office Manager for South Coast Air Quality Management District. The first part of the documentary shows how the regulators design and implement certain aspects of the air policy. SCAQMD has a team of about 100 field inspectors and supervisors. These inspectors go out in the field every day to check on businesses, often times unannounced. They make sure that equipment is operating according to the rules and regulations of California and also check permits. This shows the government’s determination to improve the air quality. Transparency is also a significant factor, given the pressure it could generate from the public if anything is hidden. SCAQMD launched a permanent network of 35 air monitor stations 3 . The data from these stations are sent back and posted on a website, which is public information. Statistics tell stories. The air quality statistics collected by the monitoring stations 2 Edward Avol. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 4 May 2017. 3 Sam Atwood. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 27 Apr. 2017. 6 show that communities around Southern California have significantly different pollution levels. Geography plays an important role. For example, Alpine and San Dimas have worse pollution than other areas because they are located downwind of other communities. The mobility of air pollution requires a cross-county regulatory agency, like SCAQMD. Part 2 “Clean the car” The second part of my story focuses on one specific regulation of air management – the periodic smog check of the vehicles. The internal-combustion engines of motor vehicles are responsible for about 50% of the air pollution in California 4 . Because of this, the regulation of vehicles remains an important part of air management. David Gregor is featured in the story. He is a technician who has conducted smog checks in L.A. for 20 years. A regular smog check consists of two steps – visual inspection and computer check. All cars have three emission gases measured - HC, CO, NO. This part of my documentary shows how Gregor tests cars. The day I was there, a customer’s car failed the test. I kept the original conversation between Gregor and the customer – an older woman with hearing impediment. The customer kept asking if she needed to fix and re-check her car. Gregor confirmed several times that it was necessary. 4 Jason VanMeetren. “Smog.” Web.Stanford.edu. Ethics of Development in a Global Environment. 8 Mar. 1999. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. 7 I kept this part not only because the conversation shows my character’s personality, but Gregory’s firm attitude would give audiences the sense that smog check regulation is mandatory. Restrictions over vehicle emissions brought the advancement of clean technology in automobile industry. For example, the automobile manufacturers agreed to install catalytic converters in 1970s to comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s regulations. As a result, vehicle-related air pollutants have decreased by about 98% since the 1960s in the Los Angeles Basin 5 . Part 3 “Port of green energy” People may not think about linking a shipping port to air pollution directly, but in the Los Angeles Basin, the biggest fixed sources of pollution are the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach 6 . For example, the twin ports were responsible for almost one-fourth of the daily PM2.5 - fine particles with 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller - across the Los Angeles Basin in 2005 7 . In this segment, I interviewed Lisa Wunder, Marine Environmental Manager from Port of Los Angeles. Wunder discussed various environmental programs targeting air pollution sources in the port – ships, onshore facilities and container trucks. The port 5 “Partners find 50-year decline in some Los Angeles vehicle-related pollutants.” Noaanews.noaa.gov. NOAA. 9 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2017 6 David Danelski. “Southern California air can be deadly, study says; ports remain biggest fixed sources of pollution.” Presstelegram.com. The Press-Enterprise. 10 Aug. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. 7 Edward Avol. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 4 May 2017. 8 specially emphasizes on new technology to help reduce the emission including the world’s first hybrid tugboat and onshore electricity power. Residents of the port-adjacent communities - San Pedro and Wilmington - fought against port expansion for years. The neighborhoods filed a lawsuit in 2002 against a large expansion of the port. The pressure from the public drove the port to develop in an environmentally responsible way. The port settled the case for $50 million dollars to offset the impacts of the growing port operation in San Pedro and Wilmington. One year later, the twin port complex made a pledge to reduce pollution by 45% 8 . Part 4 “Benefit from clean technology” The Port of Los Angeles relies significantly on new technology to reduce air pollution. With years of experience to combat the smog, California also becomes a leading tech hub for environmental companies and research institutions. Some technologies are exported to other states in the nation and other countries in the world. Chinese companies, such as Bay Environmental Technology Corporation (BAYECO), is using technology from California companies in order to clean the air in China. For example, the company is currently cooperating with a USC research team to apply plasma technology to emissions from coal-fired power plants and diesel generators. 8 Melissa Lin Perrella. “A Decade of Progress at Southern California Ports.” NRDC.org. Natural Resource Defense Council. 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2017 9 Plasma can attack nitrox oxides and sulfur oxides in emissions and remediate down to nitric acid and sulfuric acid in very low concentrations 9 . That means plasma technology could help clean the emissions. The early-stage research before industry application often takes years and requires long-term investments. Professor Martin Gundersen, from the USC Viterbi School, has spent 40 years working on pulse power research and 20 years on emission research. Pulse power could accumulate energy over a relatively long period of time and release it very quickly, thus increasing the instantaneous power. Combining the two, Transient Plasma (TP) technology Professor Gundersen has been studying the science behind the engine combustion in order to reduce the emission. This part serves as an example of the latest clean technology developed in Los Angeles. My interview shows that a new technology requires long-term investment and years of research in order to apply to the market. It needs support from both the public and private sectors. 4. Summary I started work on this documentary in February of 2017. At first, I travelled to Beijing and visited the facilities BAYECO imported from California to China. From there, I began to notice that China could actually learn from the experience in Los 9 William Schroeder. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 3 Mar. 2017. 10 Angeles. I did research and interviewed people in different sectors of the regulatory government and private companies. I realized that the determination to address the pollution and the pressure brought by the public were key factors, in addition to technology. Some people in China worry that the strict requirements may hamper business growth. They think the economic growth and environmental protection are insulated. When looking at the situation in Los Angeles, they would see that the cost of improving air quality is worth it compared to the cost of potential health bills. Business is good at adapting to new situations, which encourages the low-emission vehicles, clean resource companies and new technology development. I also learned a lot from the production process, including handling the Sony camera and shooting skills. One thing that really challenged me was building sequences for the documentary. Most of my characters would give information rather than tell stories. I mainly interviewed experts, researchers and government officials. For example, the media relation manager, Atwood from SCAQMD, introduced the historical efforts Los Angeles made to reduce smog. But the conversation lacked details and personal experience, which makes it difficult for the audiences to build connections. Another challenge was making statistics visually appealing. I added several text cards with facts and numbers to help this issue. It would be hard to make the audience focus on the information with white words on a black screen. Charts or pictures may work better in 11 order to illustrate statistics. In the end, I hoped this documentary would bring some insight for audiences in China. The public should take this issue seriously because no one can escape from air pollution. The tragedies of Los Angeles and London in the last century should never happen again in any city in the world. The regulators need to implement policies effectively under rigorous supervision. It’s also necessary to encourage long-term investment in clean technology. 12 5. Documentary Script THE BATTLE TO END SMOG FAYE CHEN 08/22/2017 Video Link: https://youtu.be/RsSPgZxwz_s OPENING Establishing shots of L.A. Music <Voyeur> SOT: Sam Atwood DTLA buildings and vehicles Air pollution control started really in Los Angeles area after World War II. SOT: Edward Lawrence Avol People relaxing on grassland As people started to complain about the eye irritation, the breathing, the coughing, the pain in chest, we started to see there was a problem that something had to be done. SOT: Lisa Wunder Community near POLA The neighborhoods came together and they said you had gone too far. Title: The Battle to End Smog PART 1 Music <Voyeur> Outside the AQMD Building Pan to the sign of AQMD SOT: Sam Atwood CG: Sam Atwood Media Relations Manager South Coast Air Quality Management District Downtown L.A. in smog, 1943 After World War II, Los Angeles developed very rapidly. No one really knew what was this terrible smog caused by. 13 Sugar beet leaf spotted by smog, 1950 SOT: Edward Lawrence Avol CG: Edward Lawrence Avol Professor of Clinical Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Smog Victim Jerry Zernichow, 13. Smog aggravated his eyes. Damage Within: Bands of soot in human lungs People noticed the burning hazy pollution that affects on their eyes, making their eyes tear in water, difficulty to breath, lots of coughing. So it was a very much more polluted area at that time. We have been study children for 25 years. What we have seen is that children growing up in more polluted areas have slower growing lungs and are likely to have more respiratory problem. SOT: Sam Atwood The NASA photo showing smog Caption: L.A. smog in 1973 NASA astronaut photograph Smoke coming out from pipes The smog was actually ozone, three molecules of oxygen. It took a scientist by the name of Arie Haagen-Smit and his colleagues in Cal-tech to discover this was not actually coming out of a tail pipe directly, but rather this was being formed in the atmosphere through a number of complex chemical reactions driven by sunlight. SOT: Sam Atwood The footage showing the lab and the machines So what we have here in SC district is we have a permanent network of about 35 air monitoring stations. These are largely automated, meaning that the analyzers measure gases. And then the data is sent back telemeter back to South Coast Air District where it goes through some automatic quality control and then is posted on our website. SOT: Aaron Katzenstein AQMD lab CG: Aaron Katzenstein Laboratory Manager So this room we’re in right now is our particulate room. This is a blank clean filter that has nothing sampled. And these filters here, if 14 South Coast Air Quality Management District you can see the darkness on them, have been sampled for 24 hours, and they have different levels of particulate matter. So to give you an idea, kind of our monitor stations here. This is the south coast basin. And we have a few monitor stations here. And these are the filters we’ve laminated in this board here. And you can see this one, 61 micrograms per cubic meter. That’s the mask we measure. And it’s a little darker than this one, which is 60. SOT: Edward Lawrence Avol What we have shown here is a dozen different communities around Southern California, how the pollution levels have changed since 1990s. So the pollution was the highest in the Alpine and San Dimas. Alpine is a community east of San Diego. So again the pollution cooks across San Diego and moves out and over Alpine. SOT: Sam Atwood Air pollution, you know, does not stop at the county boarder. Local residents petitioned the state legislature in California to adopt a law that would combine four separate counties into one government regulatory agency, the South Coast AQMD. So that we could adopt regulations not just county by county, but essentially for what we call the entire air basin. Music <Birds> Text Card: SCAQMD oversees all the urban portion of Los Angeles, Riverside, San 15 Bernardino and all of Orange County. Text Card: SCAQMD hires a team of 100 “in-field” inspectors and supervisors to check on businesses unannounced. A penalty will apply on the violation against regulations. SOT: Sam Atwood The early efforts to control air pollution in Los Angeles progressed from controlling smoke from factories and open burning to become more sophisticated in terms of reducing emissions from factories as well as from automobiles. In the 1960s, the first tailpipe emission controls were developed for automobiles here in California. California today still has some of the cleanest cars in the country and even in the world. PART 2 Music <Birds> L.A. traffic Text Card: California adopts motor vehicle emissions standards that are stricter than federal requirements. Text Card: As part of a State Implementation Plan, periodic smog check and recertification of the on-road vehicles is mandated. Outside the smog check station SOT: David Gregor I have been doing this for 20 years. Every car has a different way of testing. But 16 CG: David Gregor Smog Check Technician 2000 usually much easier. We check the computer. We collect all the data inside the computer of the car to see whatever related to the emissions is accurate and it’s ok. And visual inspection. Checking usually for the fuel leak, vacuum lines off. So those are the things affecting there. The newer cars are much better running cars then older cars. But those are the manufacturers making all the differences. We are the only technicians to check the system. All the cars are measured in three different gases. This is from yesterday. HC, CO, No. Different car has a different maximum level to pass the test. Indicators read in the computer SOT: David Gregor Your oxygen sensor doesn’t look good. Take it to your shop, the one you trust the most, have them check it up for you. When they fix it, you can come back. (The lady: Oh they need to be fixed?) Yes, I don’t charge you next time. (The lady: Does that have to be done?) Yes. Text Card: The internal-combustion engines of on-road motor vehicles is responsible for about 50% of the pollution in California PART 3 Music <Birds> 17 Rack focus of the traffic light near POLA Text Card: The biggest fixed sources of pollution are the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach Text Card: In 2005, the twin ports were responsible for almost one-fourth of the daily PM2.5 across the Los Angeles Basin. SOT: Lisa Wunder CG: Lisa Wunder Marin Environmental Manager Port of Los Angeles It’s very difficult to regulate the ships because the ships are actually internationally regulated through the international maritime organization. So we are really looking for new technologies that could help make the existing ships cleaner. The port of Los Angeles was the first container port to have a ship plug in to shore side power. By plugging into shore power when the ship is at berth, it’s able to turn off its auxiliary engines that it uses to power the lights and operations on a ship while it’s at berth. By doing that, it’s able to reduce their diesel fuel use and also use a much cleaner source of power from the power grid. Right now there is a state regulation through the California Air Resources Board that 70% of regulated ships, which are container ships and cruise vessels, are required to plug in to shore power. SOT: Lisa Wunder Caption: The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach each designates up to 1.5 million dollars a year to invest these new and 18 AMP: Alternative Maritime Power upcoming technologies. And over the years we had several successful demonstration including the world’s first hybrid tugboat through the Foss company, which is still in operation today at the Port of Los Angeles. And hybrid operation is very good feature for tugboats because tugboats spend a lot of time in the water waiting for the next ship to help. So at that time they can just be running on electricity instead of burning diesel fuel. In our “Clean Action Plan”, we developed clean truck program that in stages phased out older trucks, so that now all trucks coming into the Port of Los Angeles have 2007 or newer model year engines. Text Card: In 2002, San Pedro and Wilmington residents filed a lawsuit against a large expansion of the Port. Music <Birds> Text Card: The port settled the case with $50 million dollars to offset the impacts of the growing port operation in San Pedro and Wilmington. Text Card: One year later, the twin port complex made a pledge to reduce pollution by 45%. Text Card: Two years after that, the Port released its 19 “No Net Increase Report”. SOT: Lisa Wunder One of the reasons we developed the “Clean Air Action Plan” is because in years leading up the “Clean Action Plan”, the ports were growing and growing. And the community noticed every year that there was more congestion in their neighborhood and the air quality is getting worse. And really the neighborhoods came together and they said you need to prove to us that you can grow your port in an environmentally responsible manner. So through that process, we learned the ports cannot be successful economically if we don’t have the support of our community behind us. Text Card: Since 2005, port-related emissions have dropped 85% for diesel particulate matter, 50% for nitrogen oxides, and 97% for sulfur oxides. PART 4 SOT: Michael D. Orosz CG: Michael D. Orosz Research Director at Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California The government, particularly the California government continues to tighten the emission requirements. We develop clean tech for our own use but we definitely would like to export it to other countries in the world and in other states in this country to help clean the air. SOT: William Schroeder CG: William Schroeder Researcher, Viterbi School of Engineering This is a technology that we’re looking to explore right now to one application specifically is the marine industry, looking at emissions from ships on the ocean but we’re also looking to apply this 20 University of Southern California for several different other applications of environmental interests, whether that be from coal-fired power plants or main power diesel generators. We have a one-cylinder diesel engine here that we use for some of our experiments. So typically what we would do is run the exhaust gas down into the series of steel tubes. As the gas is passing down here and these radicals are attacking the nitrox oxides and the sulfur oxides, the primary interest species, those then are remediated down to nitric acid and sulfuric acid in very low concentrations. SOT: Martin A Gundersen CG: Martin A Gundersen Professor, Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California Video: No Plasma V.S. Plasma Effect This research is based on research in two areas, in pulsed power, which I’ve been doing for about 40 years and on emission research, which I’ve been doing for close to 25 years. There’s smoke coming out and then we turn on our gadget and the smoke stops. Looking very hard what the energy cost is to run our process. SOT: Michael D. Orosz I think ultimately though we need to clean the air. You know, business can adapt. SOT: Edward Lawrence Avol So in California it’s actually been a success story. California has always been historically known as a very smoggy place. Los Angeles may be the post-child for air pollution for many years. We’ve done a tremendous amount of work and 21 actually cleaned up dramatically. SOT: Sam Atwood We need strong environmental and air pollution regulations. But of course we also need a strong economy. And I think what California and Los Angeles have shown is that you can have both. Music Text Card: California has the strictest air pollution regulations in the world Text Card: It’s also the 6 th largest economy as a state in the world compared to other nations. Text Card: By 2020, California’s emissions and cap-and-trade regulations will result in cumulative benefits valued at $10.4 billion. SOT: Sam Atwood We still have a lot of work ahead of us. Last year we had over 130 days that exceeded the federal health standard for ozone – ground level smog. In order to meet the federal standard, certainly less than 20 days per year, we’re going to have to further reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by another 45%. So you can see that we still have a long way to go. Music The End 22 6. References Associated Press. “Los Angeles and Bakersfield top list of worst air pollution in the nation.” LATIMES.COM. Los Angeles Times, 20 Apr. 2016. Web. 17 May 2017. David Danelski. “Southern California air can be deadly, study says; ports remain biggest fixed sources of pollution.” Presstelegram.com. The Press-Enterprise. 10 Aug. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. Edward Avol. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 4 May 2017. Jason VanMeetren. “Smog.” Web.Stanford.edu. Ethics of Development in a Global Environment. 8 Mar. 1999. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. Melissa Lin Perrella. “A Decade of Progress at Southern California Ports.” NRDC.org. Natural Resource Defense Council. 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2017 William Schroeder. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 3 Mar. 2017. “Partners find 50-year decline in some Los Angeles vehicle-related pollutants.” Noaanews.noaa.gov. NOAA. 9 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2017 Sam Atwood. Interview by Feifei Chen. Los Angeles, 27 Apr. 2017. “The Southland's War on Smog: Fifty Years of Progress Toward Clean Air.” AQMD.gov. South Coast AQMD. Web. 9 Apr. 2017.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract It has been an enduring, large-scale battle to end L.A.’s smog. The work taken on by Southern California over these decades has been massive, from reducing auto pollution, to another source, emissions from the shipping industry. These are subjects that would be far too large to show over the course of a semester’s work. My work, therefore, only shows the tip of the iceberg sampling of some of the pollution-reduction programs in Los Angeles. It mainly covers four aspects of air management. Each aspect features a person or an organization.

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Read my voice: a documentary

PDF

Get @ me: comedy in the age of social media

PDF

Tired of being tired

PDF

The story behind the style: a look at Native American culture through fashion

PDF

Elevating the communication strategy game: how communication is key to the NCAA remaining relevant

PDF

Dressing Hollywood: artist behind the screen, story of Hollywood's costume shops

PDF

How to suppress women’s filmmaking

PDF

Meet the millennials: on the spirituality fence

PDF

Memories and Bloody Marys: how the Mexican-themed bar La Cita became a cultural crossroads

PDF

Latino voices from the infinite city: Raquel Gutiérrez and Rubén Martínez

PDF

Deep immersive vs light social: an examination of fan engagement strategies of Game of thrones and Orange is the new black

PDF

Freeway pollution near LAUSD schools

PDF

Home in the heart: Hungarian scouts in Los Angeles

PDF

The mushroom hunters

PDF

The changing dynamics of social media influencers

PDF

Tradition and a slow evolution: a look at Armenian dance within the Greater Los Angeles area

PDF

Creating the brands we trust: how organizations in the lifestyle category build consumer trust through effective branding and content marketing in the 21st century

PDF

Fabulous, fierce and over 40: women breaking barriers on social media and television

PDF

Natural gas and the Cove Point export terminal

PDF

Battle for turf in the surf

Asset Metadata

Creator Chen, Feifei (author)

Core Title The battle to end smog

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Specialized Journalism

Publication Date 09/18/2017

Defense Date 09/17/2017

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Air pollution,clean technology,documentary,L.A. smog,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Birman, Dan (committee chair), Avol, Edward (committee member), Parks, Michael (committee member)

Creator Email chenfeifeifaye@sina.com,feifeic@usc.edu

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c40-428932

Unique identifier UC11264090

Identifier etd-ChenFeifei-5727.pdf (filename),usctheses-c40-428932 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-ChenFeifei-5727.pdf

Dmrecord 428932

Document Type Thesis

Rights Chen, Feifei

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA