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A review of career opportunities in the United States Foreign Service

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A review of career opportunities in the United States Foreign Service

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Content A REVIEW OF CAREER OPPORTUNITIES I * IN THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN SERVICE by L au ra Peggy 0*N e i l l » < t A P r o j e c t P r e s e n t e d to th e FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t of th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e Degree EASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION A ugust 1966 UMI Number: EP52013 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. UMI' Dissertation Publi shing UMI EP52013 Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 '4 7 Ost This project report, written under the direction of the candidate’s adviser and approved by him, has been presented to and accepted by the faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Education. Date. Adviser Dean 1-1-66—2M—RF \ TABLE OF 0 OHTEWTS Page PART I . IHTRODUCTIOW C h a p te r I . THE PURPOSE ARE SCOPE OP THE S ta te m e n t of th e Problem Im p o rta n ce o f th e Review S o u rc es of D ata O r g a n iz a tio n of th e Review The P o r e ig n S e r v ic e Today The P o r e ig n S e r v ic e Abroad The P o r e ig n S e r v ic e I n W ashington The S t r u c t u r e of th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e G l a s s e s , T i t l e s , and P o s i t i o n s P e r s o n n e l P r o c e d u r e s R e c ru itm e n t T ra in in g C a re e r L evelopm ent P ro m o tio n S e l e c ti o n - O u t R e tire m e n t System The P o r e ig n S e r v ic e As A C a re e r P am ily A d a p t a b i l i t y E d u c a tio n of C h ild r e n A llow ances and B e n e f i t s D i v e r s i t y of L i f e and Work O p p o r t u n i ti e s Por S p e c i a l i z a t i o n Human R e l a t i o n s h i p s Summary REVIEW 1 I I . REVIEW OP LITERATURE 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 57 i i i i i Page PART I I . OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION BRIEF, FOREIGN SERVICE ......................................................... 1 HononaoHMi I IHVi CHAPTER I THE PURPOSE AND SCOPE OP THE REVIEW T y p i c a l l y many c o u n s e l o r s , t e a c h e r s , and o t h e r s who i n f l u e n c e th e c a r e e r d evelo pm ent of i n d i v i d u a l s do n o t comprehend th e scope o f o c c u p a ti o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s . They f r e q u e n t l y have c o n s id e r e d a c o l l e c t i o n of p a m p h le ts o r b r i e f s , o r e v en th e OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK HANDBOOK, s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e i r worh w i t h c o u n s e l e e s . A c t u a l l y a c o u n s e lo r h a s to have a r e p e r t o i r e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e scope i f he i s to ' a s s i s t i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e i r e x p l o r a t i o n o f work and ed u ca - i t i o n a l r o l e s . T h is r e v ie w , t h e r e f o r e , i n t r o d u c e s th e c o u n s e lo r to some o c c u p a ti o n a l i n s i g h t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y to th e c o n t r i b u t i o n s made by s e v e r a l d i s c i p l i n e s , and to a sm a ll sample o f th e u n d e r s ta n d in g t h a t sh o u ld be a p a r t of a c o u n s e l o r 1s r e p e r t o i r e i n d e a l i n g w i t h s t u d e n t s i n t e r e s t e d i n th e P o r e i g n S e rv ic e a s a c a r e e r . S ta te m e n t of th e Problem The p u rp o se o f t h i s re v ie w was to su rv e y th e l i t e r a t u r e and com pile i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e rn in g th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e a s a c a r e e r ; i n c l u d i n g e v e r y t h in g from th e t r a i n i n g , r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s , c a r e e r d e v elo p m e n t, 1 2 o p p o r t u n i t i e s e t c . I t i s d e s ig n e d to g iv e th e c o u n s e lo r a th o ro u g h background i n th e g e n e r a l w o rk in g s of th e P o r e i g n S e r v i c e . P o r th e s t u d e n t a com plete O c c u p a tio n a l I n f o r m a t io n B r i e f on th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e h a s b een com p r i s e d . I t i s g e a re d tow ard g i v in g th e s t u d e n t a c l e a r ju n d e rs ta n d in g o f w hat would be i n v o lv e d i n s e l e c t i n g th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e a s a c a r e e r . Ho such i n f o r m a t i o n h a s jbeen com piled c o n c i s e l y f o r a s t u d e n t to p i c k up and r e a d u n d e r s t a n d a b ly w h ile i n v e s t i g a t i n g c a r e e r c h o ic e s u s u a l l y •in h i s j u n i o r o r s e n i o r y e a r of h i g h s c h o o l. j Im p o rta n c e o f th e Review i The n e e d s and th e demands o f i n d i v i d u a l s a re p ro b a b ly a s v a r i e d and a s complex a s th e i n d i v i d u a l s them s e l v e s , b u t i f th e i n d i v i d u a l s e e s o r even s u b c o n s c io u s ly f e e l s any way i n w hich th e c h o ic e of a n o c c u p a tio n may h e l p m eet h i s n e e d s , th e n h i s n e ed s w i l l a f f e c t h i s c h o ic e . I t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t c o u n s e l o r s u n d e r s ta n d t h i s , n o t b e c a u se th e u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i l l e n a b le him to s o lv e a l l th e com plex pro b lem s t h a t w i l l be b ro u g h t to him , b u t b e ca u se he may th e n b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d th e l e s s complex leases and by th e c h o ic e s of i n d i v i d u a l s whose e m o tio n a l n e e d s o r v a lu e p a t t e r n s d i f f e r from h i s own.. A c h o ic e t h a t seems i l l o g i c a l to him , and would in d e e d be i l l o g i c a l i f he made i t f o r h i m s e l f , becomes l o g i c a l when he u n d e r s t a n d s th e n e e d s and th e v a l u e s o f th e p e r s o n who makes 3 i t . T h e r e f o r e , a th o ro u g h c r i t i q u e of th e c a r e e r c h o ic e i s n e c e s s a r y . T h is re v ie w h a s been com piled p r i m a r i l y to e n l i g h t e n th e c o u n s e lo r and c o u n s e le e of th e v a s t amount of u n d e r s ta n d in g and know ledge n e c e s s a r y i n c o n s i d e r i n g th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e f i e l d a s a c a r e e r . A g r e a t d e a l of th e l i m i t e d and s c a t t e r e d amount o f i n f o r m a t i o n on th e P o r e i g n S e rv ic e now a v a i l a b l e to th e c o u n s e lo r and c o u n s e le e i s n o t o rg a n iz e d i n a manner w here a c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of i t s w o rk in g s i s a v a i l a b l e . I t i s in te n d e d t h a t th e i n f o r m a t i o n com piled i n t h i s r e v ie w can be of g r e a t v a l u e , t h e r e f o r e , f o r f u t u r e u se i n th e g u id - i ance d e p a rtm e n ts of ou r s c h o o ls i n t h e i r p r e s e n t a t i o n of v o c a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n b o th i n g u id an c e c l a s s e s and d ay - t o - d a y e o n t a c t w i t h c o u n s e le e s . S o u rc es o f B a ta The s o u r c e s of d a t a from w hich i n f o r m a t i o n was o b ta in e d w ere found i n th e v a r i o u s l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s , b o th h e r e a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a and th e L i b r a r y of C o n gress i n W ashingto n, D. C. j A p e r s o n a l v i s i t was made to th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e I n s t i t u t e i n W ash ington, B. C. w here a day was s p e n t t a l k i n g d i r e c t l y w ith th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e r e c r u i t m e n t p e r s o n n e l . 4 I n a d d i t i o n to th e above m e n tio n e d , a y e a r was s p e n t a t th e Oslo A m erican S c h o o l, O slo , Norway, on a te a c h i n g a s s ig n m e n t where t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d e p e n d e n t s c h o o l s e r v i c e s d i p lo m a ti c and m i l i t a r y c h i l d r e n whose ■parents a re on a s s ig n m e n t w ith th e A m erican Embassy and i th e N orth A t l a n t i c T r e a ty O r g a n iz a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g th e U n ite d S t a t e s Government. C lose a s s o c i a t i o n was n e c e s s a r y jw ith th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r s t h e r e i n r e f e r e n c e to th e A m erican S c h o o l, t h e r e f o r e , a p e r s o n a l I n t e r e s t and in v o lv e m e n t was m o tiv a te d to e s t a b l i s h t h i s r e v ie w to w a rd s a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g of th e P o r e i g n S e rv ic e a s a p a r t of th e v o c a t i o n a l d ev elopm ent a r e a i n o u r sc h o o l g u id a n c e p ro g ra m s. O r g a n iz a t i o n of th e Review The p u rp o se of th e re v ie w and i t s im p o rta n c e h a s been s t a t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r of P a r t I . A re v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e and i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e on th e P o r e i g n S e r v i c e i s p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p te r I I o f P a r t I . A com plete O c c u p a tio n a l I n f o r m a t io n B r i e f on t h i s agency a s a c a r e e r c h b ic e w i l l be found i n P a r t I I . CHAPTER I I REVIEW Of LITERATURE !,We m ust. . .b e re a d y to reassu m e th e i n i t i a t i v e j i n th e c o n d u c t of our f o r e i g n a f f a i r s — to a c t to s p r e a d ;freedom a s w e ll a s to r e a c t a g a i n s t th e sp re a d o f communism. . .F o r o n ly an A m erica w hich i s to a p p ly i t s I f u l l r e s o u r c e s of im a g i n a t io n and th o u g h t and s t r e n g t h to : th e r e s o l u t i o n of th e w o rld * s g r e a t p ro b le m s— o n ly su ch i an A m erica w i l l be a b le to m a i n t a i n i t s p o s i t i o n a s th e cham pion of peace and th e p r o t e c t o r o f freedom e v e r y w h e r e .1 * — Jo h n P. Kennedy. A d d re ss a t R a le ig h , ■ W. 0 . , S e p t. 17, I9 6 0 . **If t h e r e i s any o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t sh o u ld have th e h i g h e s t m o ra le b a sed f i r m l y i n i t s own c o n v i c t i o n s a s to th e im p o rta n c e of i t s work, th e n e c e s s i t y f o r s u c c e s s f u l a cc o m p lish m en t r e g a r d l e s s of w hat c r i t i c o r opponent may s a y , a m o ra le b a sed i n t h a t h ig h b e l i e f i n a c a u s e , :th e n t h a t sh o u ld be th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e and th e S t a t e 'D ep a rtm en t. . . ” — Dwight D. E isen h o w er. A d d re s s , P i f t h Annual Honor Awards Ceremony of th e S t a t e D e p artm en t, W ash in g to n , D. C . , O ct. 1 9 , 1954. The P o r e i g n S e rv ic e Today T-he— r o l e - o f - th e-M o dern P o r e i g n S e rv ic e -today-A s J “b o t h - i n t e r e s t i n g a n d -u n iq u e . ( P o r e i g n p o l i c y may be i ! t d e f i n e d a s th e c o u rs e of a c t i o n p la n n e d by a governm ent to g u id e i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . Under 5 6 th e C o n s t i t u t i o n th e P r e s i d e n t h a s p rim a ry r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r f o r m u la ti n g and d i r e c t i n g our f o r e i g n p o l i c y , s u b j e c t t o th e pow ers r e s e r v e d to th e C ong ress i n t h i s f i e l d . The S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e i s th e c h i e f a d v i s e r to th e P r e s i d e n t on f o r e i g n p o l i c y and t h e e x e c u tiv e a g e n t of th e P r e s i d e n t i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h a t p o l i c y , fhe D epartm en t of S t a t e and th e P o r e i g n S e rv ic e a r e th e s t a f f on w hich th e S e c r e t a r y r e l i e s f o r th e i n f o r m a t i o n and c o u n s e l e s s e n t i a l to h i s t a s k f o r a d v i s i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t and e x e c u tin g h i s p o l i c y . The o r i g i n a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e p a r a t e n e s s o f th e y D epartm en t and th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e h a s now l a r g e l y d is a p p e a r e d f o l lo w in g th e c o m p le tio n i n 1957 of th e am algam ation of th e f o r e i g n a f f a i r s p e r s o n n e l o f th e D epartm en t and th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e i n a s i n g l e new 's e r v i c e , a l l of whose members a re o b l i g a t e d to s e rv e b o th j a t home and a b ro a d . These members of th e new P o r e ig n S e r v i c e , w h e th e r s t a t i o n e d i n th e D ep artm en t o r a b ro a d , f ! a re a l l engaged i n th e d a y - t o - d a y c o n d u ct o f f o r e i g n ' | p o l i c y . " ■ '- v The t a s k s of th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e have m u l t i p l i e d j ,i n number and broadened i n scope a s th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j I o u tlo o k of t h e U n ited S t a t e s h a s changed from one of e a r l y | I a l o o f n e s s to one of deep in v o lv e m e n t i n com plex p o l i t i c a l , I econom ic, m i l i t a r y , and c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h a l l th e w o rld . D u rin g th e 185 y e a r s of i t s e x i s t e n c e th e h a n d fu l of a m a te u rs o r i g i n a l l y c o m p risin g th e P o r e i g n S e r v ic e h a s 7 grown to a p r o f e s s i o n a l c o rp s o f s e v e r a l th o u sa n d p e r s o n s of w id e ly d i v e r s i f i e d and s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s , Today th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e i s r e q u i r e d to p l a y a p a r t i n h o th th e co n d u c t and th e f o r m u l a t i o n of f o r e i g n p o l i c y , to o b s e r v e , r e p o r t , i n t e r p r e t , and a d v is e c o n c e rn in g a l l d e v elo p m e n ts I i n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s w hich may have a b e a r i n g on our i !f o r e i g n p o l i c y , and to p ro v id e g u id a n c e f o r th e e x t e n s i v e ;and co m prehensive p ro g ram s, f r e q u e n t l y i n v o l v i n g o t h e r i a g e n c i e s , w hich may be r e q u i r e d to g iv e e f f e c t to our f o r e i g n p o l i c y , j To d e a l a d e q u a te ly w i t h t h e s e t a s k s r e q u i r e s n o t i I m e re ly a c o rp s of o f f i c e r s t r a i n e d i n th e t r a d i t i o n a l d i p lo m a ti c and c o n s u l a r f u n c t i o n s b u t a l s o l a r g e num bers of o f f i c e r s s k i l l e d i n such f i e l d s a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l 'f i n a n c e , f o r e i g n t r a d e , l a b o r r e l a t i o n s , s c i e n c e , g e o g ra ph y, p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u d g e ta r y and f i s c a l w ork, and b u s i n e s s management. The new F o r e i g n S e r v i c e , t h e r e f o r e , o f f e r s c h a l l e n g i n g c a r e e r s n o t o n ly to th o s e p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s b u t a l s o to th o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n g e n e r a l p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and to th o s e s k i l l e d i n many i 1 s p e c i a l t i e s . One of th e p r i n c i p a l p u r p o s e s of th e am algam ation of th e D epartm ent of S t a t e and F o r e i g n S e r v i c e s was to p r o v id e th e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l fram e work and c a r e e r s t a t u s e s s e n t i a l f o r th e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f such a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and s p e c i a l i s t p e r s o n n e l i n th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e i n a d e q u a te num bers, The r e c r u i t m e n t and d e v e lo p ment of such p e r s o n n e l re m a in s a p rim a ry c o n c e rn of th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of th e F o r e i g n S e r v i c e , r 1 The^Fore-i-gn S e r v ic e Abroad" To c a r r y on th e work o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e a b ro a d , n i n e t y - s i x d i p lo m a ti c m is s io n s and 166 c o n s u l a r o f f i c e s w ere m a in ta in e d a t th e end o f th e y e a r I9 6 0 , D ip lo m a tic m is s i o n s a re d e s i g n a t e d a s e m b a s s ie s , l e g a t i o n s , o r s p e c i a l m i s s i o n s . An embassy o r s p e c i a l m is s i o n i s h ead ed by an am bassador; a l e g a t i o n by a m i n i s t e r . W hether am bassador o r m i n i s t e r , th e c h i e f of a d i p lo m a ti c m is s i o n h a s th e p rim a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i a n d a u t h o r i t y f o r th e c a r r y i n g o u t of U n ite d S t a t e s p o l i c y i n jthe c o u n tr y to w hich he i s a c c r e d i t e d . I n th e e x e r c i s e of t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , he d i r e c t s th e work of th e d i p lo m a ti c m i s s i o n , s u p e r v i s e s th e A m erican c o n s u l a t e s w i t h i n th e c o u n tr y , and c o o r d i n a t e s th e a c t i v i t i e s of th e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f su c h o t h e r U n ite d S t a t e s Government a g e n c ie s a s may be s t a t i o n e d t h e r e i n o r d e r t h a t th e l a c t i v i t i e s of t h e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s may be i n a c c o rd w ith [United S t a t e s f o r e i g n p o l i c y . C o n s u la te s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d , w i t h th e c o n s e n t of th e f o r e i g n c o u n tr y , i n c i t i e s w hich a r e im p o r t a n t from th e p o i n t of view of A m erican s h i p p i n g , c o m m erc ial, or im m ig r a tio n i n t e r e s t s . I n t h e i r l o c a l f i e l d s , t h e y ____ 9 su p p lem en t th e work of th e e m b a ss ie s i n p o l i t i c a l and econom ic r e p o r t i n g and th e p r o t e c t i o n of A m erican i n t e r e s t s , and i n a d d i t i o n p e rfo rm a number of d u t i e s c o n n e c te d w ith seam en, v i s a s , p a s s p o r t s , n o t a r i a l s , and th e p r o t e c t i o n o f A m erican c i t i z e n s , m ost of w hich a re p r e s c r i b e d by F e d e r a l s t a t u t e s * C o n s u la te s i n c a p i t a l c i t i e s a r e o rg a n iz e d a s s e c t i o n s of th e d i p lo m a ti c m is s i o n , w i t h c o n s u l a r o f f i c e r s a c t i n g a s s e c t i o n c h ie f s * Where t h e r e a r e a number of c o n s u l a t e s i n c i t i e s o u t s i d e th e c a p i t a l , c o u n s e lo r f o r c o n s u l a r a f f a i r s may be a s s ig n e d to th e d i p lo m a ti c m is s i o n to a s s i s t th e am bassador o r m i n i s t e r i n s u p e r v i s i n g th e i ;c o n s u l a t e s and to a c t a s th e c o o r d i n a t i n g a g e n t f o r th e i r e l a t i o n s betw een them and th e m is s io n . ; The c o n s u ls a r e n o t a c c r e d i t e d t o th e n a t i o n a l g o v ern m en ts and a r e n o t a u t h o r i z e d to r e p r e s e n t th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h th e n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s * The j head o f a c o n s u l a r o f f i c e or th e c o n s u l a r s e c t i o n of an embassy may be a v i c e c o n s u l, c o n s u l , o r c o n su l g e n e r a l , a c c o rd in g to th e d e g re e of im p o rta n c e of th e p a r t i c u l a r o f f i c e * ; i I n c a r r y i n g o u t U n ite d S t a t e s f o r e i g n p o l i c y j i iabroad th e c h i e f o f a d i p lo m a ti c m is s io n and h i s s t a f f keep th e F o r e ig n O ff ic e o f th e c o u n tr y t o w hich th e y a re a c c r e d i t e d in fo rm e d of th e v iew s and aim s of o u r Govern m ent i n l i n e with^ i n s t r u c t i o n s from W ashin gton . When _ 10 n e c e s s a r y o r d e s i r a b l e , th e y sa k e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , upon i n s t r u c t i o n s from W ashington or upon t h e i r own i n i t i a t i v e , i n an e f f o r t to b r in g a b o u t harmony betw een th e p o l i c i e s of th e f o r e i g n s t a t e and th o s e of th e U n ite d S t a t e s . I n t h e i r work of o b s e r v in g and i n t e r p r e t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d e v e lo p m e n ts a b ro a d t h e am b assador and h i s s t a f f p r e p a r e f o r th e D epartm ent r e p o r t s i n such f i e l d s a s f o r e i g n p o l i c y , l e g i s l a t i v e p ro g ra m s, p a r t y p o l i t i c s , e l e c t i o n s , b u d g e ts , f i n a n c e , t r a d e , t a r i f f s , l a b o r , i n d u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , and th e a c t i v i t i e s of o t h e r f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s i n th e h o s t c o u n tr y , t o g e t h e r w i t h su ch recom m end ations a s may be p e r t i n e n t and n e e d e d . : They a l s o r e p o r t to th e D e p a rtm e n t, w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e comment, such i n f o r m a t i o n o r such r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a s may , i be r e c e i v e d from th e l o c a l F o r e i g n O f f i c e . i To c a r r y o u t t h i s a r r a y of d u t i e s r e q u i r e s an a p p r o p r i a t e s t a f f . As i n any o t h e r g o v e rn m e n ta l o r b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n , d a y - t o - d a y c o n t a c t w i t h th e o p e r a t i n g o f f i c i a l s of th e f o r e i g n governm ent i s c a r r i e d on by th e a p p r o p r i a t e o f f i c e r s of th e s t a f f , th e a m b a ssa d o r’ s j I i n t e r v e n t i o n b e in g r e s e r v e d f o r m a t t e r s w hich can be I ; s e t t l e d o n ly a t a h i g h l e v e l o r w here th e u se of th e p r e s t i g e of h i s p o s i t i o n may be d e s i r a b l e f o r p u r p o s e s of i e m p h a sis. Thus, i n a n a v e ra g e m is s i o n , th e am bassador | w i l l be a s s i s t e d by a d e p u ty c h i e f of m is s i o n , u s u a l l y J h a v in g th e t i t l e of c o u n s e l o r , who a c t s a s e x e c u ti v e j 11 o f f i c e r f o r th e am bassad or and assum es th e d i r e c t i o n of th e m is s i o n a s c h a rg e d * a f f a i r e s i n th e a b se n c e o f th e am bassador from th e c o u n tr y . The d a y - t o - d a y work of p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t i n g and r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s d i r e c t e d by an o f f i c e r d e s i g n a t e d as th e c h i e f o f th e p o l i t i c a l s e c t i o n , and th e economic work | i s s i m i l a r l y o r g a n iz e d . W ith in th e econom ic s e c t i o n t h e r e i i s g e n e r a l l y a n o f f i c e r d e s i g n a t e d a s com m ercial a t t a c h e who i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r com m ercial and t r a d e p ro m o tio n w ork. I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e may be F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s and F o r e i g n S e r v ic e R e se rv e o f f i c e r s s e r v in g i n th e p o l i t i c a l o r econom ic s e c t i o n s a s s p e c i a l i s t a t t a c h e s i n such f i e l d s a s s c i e n c e , l a b o r , c i v i l a v i a t i o n , m i n e r a l s , p e tro le u m , a to m ic e n e rg y , and f i s h e r i e s . A c o n s u l a r o f f i c e r h e a d s 'th e em bassy*s c o n s u l a r s e c t i o n , and an o f f i c e r f o r c o o r d i n a t i o n of c o n s u l a t e s o u t s i d e t h e c a p i t a l may a l s o be a s s ig n e d to th e em bassy. An a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r i s c h arg ed w i t h th e a c c o u n ts , b u d g e ts , p e r s o n n e l o p e r a t i o n s , and m a in te n a n c e of p r o p e r t y and eq u ip m en t. B acking up t h i s s u b s t a n t i v e and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i s a c l e r i c a l s t a f f of A m erican members o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f C orps and l o c a l f o r e i g n em ployees. I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e may be s p e c i a l a t t a c h e s o f th e T re a s u ry and th e D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , ^ a t t a c h e s of th e armed s e r v i c e s %-^ndM epresentative:sH i3^^B glA ^andrlC A T I n some c o u n t r i e s t h e r e may a l s o be M i l i t a r y A s s i s t a n c e 12 A d v iso ry Groups or o t h e r s p e c i a l m is s i o n s . A ll t h e s e a t t a c h e s and m i s s i o n s , th o u g h r e p r e s e n t i n g in d e p e n d e n t a g e n c i e s , a r e s u b j e c t to th e c o o r d i n a t i n g c o n t r o l o f th e Ambassador* The s u c c e s s f u l e x e r c i s e of t h i s c o n t r o l so t h a t th e v a r i o u s p ro g ram s and th e o f f i c e r s a s s i g n e d to them a l l work h a rm o n io u s ly t o g e t h e r tow ard th e J o i n t a cc o m p lish m en t of th e f o r e i g n p o l i c y of th e U n ite d S t a t e s i s o b v io u s ly a t a s k w hich demands t h a t th e am bassado r p o s s e s s a h i g h d e g re e of e x e c u tiv e s k i l l . B e s id e s k e e p in g an eye on th e a c t i v i t i e s o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e s t a f f , th e am bassado r h a s i n r e c e n t y e a r s i |b e e n i n c r e a s i n g l y c a l l e d upon to c a r r y a heavy b u rd e n of ;p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s * a c t i v i t i e s d e s ig n e d to prom ote a s wide a s p o s s i b l e an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e v ie w s , i n t e r e s t s , and way of l i f e of th e U n ite d S t a t e s . T h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n v o lv e s n o t m e re ly th e d ev elo p m en t of f r i e n d l y c o n t a c t s w i t h g ro u p s and i n d i v i d u a l s i n th e c a p i t a l i t s e l f b u t f r e q u e n t l y c a l l s f o r wide t r a v e l to v i s i t th e c i t i e s and tow ns, i n s t i t u t i o n s , and o r g a n i z a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of ! th e i m p o r t a n t a c t i v i t i e s o f s i g n i f i c a n t r e g i o n s o f th e i c o u n tr y . I S i m i l a r p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s * a c t i v i t i e s a r e p e rfo rm ed t on a l o c a l s c a l e by th e p r i n c i p a l c o n s u l a r o f f i c e r s w i t h i n t h e i r d i s t r i c t s . - 13 The F o r e i g n S e r v ic e i n W ashin gton I n th e D ep artm ent i t s e l f F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s occupy much th e same p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n to th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e a s th e y do i n th e f i e l d to t h e a m b assad o r. The Under S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , who i s th e S e c r e t a r y 1s im m ediate i d e p u ty and i s a p p o in te d by th e P r e s i d e n t , i s n o t a t p r e s e n t a F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r , th o u g h th e o f f i c e h a s from tim e to tim e been h e l d by F o r e i g n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r s and c o u ld be so h e ld a g a i n . A p p o in tm en ts to o t h e r s e n i o r p o l i c y m aking p o s i t i o n s i n th e D e p artm en t, such a s th o s e a t th e l e v e l o f D eputy Under S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e and A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e a r e a l s o made by th e P r e s i d e n t , b u t i |t h e s e p o s i t i o n s may be and o f t e n a re h e l d by F o r e i g n !S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s * (A sm a ll number o f p o lic y - m a k in g i I p o s i t i o n s i n th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o o p e r a tio n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and th e U n ite d S t a t e s I n f o r m a t io n Agency, i n c l u d i n g th e d i r e c t o r s h i p s of th e s e a g e n c i e s , have a l s o b e en h e ld by F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . ) Below t h i s l e v e l th e Deputy ,A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r i e s and D i r e c t o r s of O f f i c e s a re f r e q u e n t l y F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s and w i t h i n t h e i r ' o f f i c e s and d i v i s i o n s many of th e s t a f f a r e l i k e l y to be F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , s e r v i n g n o t o n ly i n th e geo g r a p h ic a r e a o f f i c e s w here th e y have t r a d i t i o n a l l y b een p ro m in e n t, b u t to d a y a l s o i n th e o f f i c e s c o n ce rn e d w i t h j i n t e r n a t i o n a l economic a f f a i r s , and i n t e r n a t i o n a l ; 14 o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The o f f i c e r s i n th e D e p artm en t r e c e i v e and a n a ly z e th e i n f o r m a t i o n t r a n s m i t t e d by o u r m is s io n s a b ro a d and a l s o th e i n f o r m a t i o n o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s r e c e i v e d from th e f o r e i g n d i p lo m a ti c m i s s i o n s i n W ashington. On th e b a s i s o f th e d e c i s i o n s re a c h e d a s a r e s u l t of t h e i r a n a l y s e s , th e y a d v is e th e m is s io n s i n th e f i e l d o f th e Departm ent* s v iew s o r i n s t r u c t them t o ta k e s p e c i f i c a c t i o n . They s i m i l a r l y in fo rm and a c c e p t o r c o n t e s t th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of f o r e i g n m i s s i o n s . At th e same tim e , o f - c o u r s e , th e D ep artm en t d o e s n o t m e re ly r e c e i v e and r e p l y , b u t i t a l s o i n i t i a t e s f o r e i g n p o l i c y a c t i o n s i n r e s p e c t to o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . O r d i n a r i l y t h e im p le m e n ta tio n o f such a c t i o n s i s c a r r i e d o u t by our m is s io n s a b ro a d , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y 'th e D epartm ent a p p ro a c h e s th e f o r e i g n governm ent th r o u g h f ithe l a t t e r * s own m is s i o n i n W ashin gto n. I n a d d i t i o n to th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e D ep artm en t by a sm a ll number o f F o r e i g n S e r v ic e S t a f f em plo yees. W hile th e c l e r i c a l and n o n - F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r p o s i t i o n s i i n th e D epartm en t a r e o r d i n a r i l y f i l l e d by C i v i l S e rv ic e i [em ployees, th e D epartm ent h a s en co u rag e d i n te r c h a n g e 'betw een C i v i l S e rv ic e and F o r e i g n S e r v ic e S t a f f p e r s o n n e l i n o r d e r to p r o v id e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r b ro a d e n in g e x p e r i ence f o r b o th g ro u p s and to p e r m it c l e r i c a l , s e c r e t a r i a l , and t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f Corps 15 to s e r v e i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s betw een e x te n d e d t o u r s of d u ty a b ro a d . The S t r u c t u r e o f th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e The A m erican members of th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e number a b o u t 8 ,3 5 0 and a r e d iv id e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : F o r e ig n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r s , F o r e ig n S e r v ic e E e s e rv e o f f i c e r s , and members of th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e S t a f f C orp s. I n a d d i t i o n to th e A m ericans a b o u t 9*800 a l i e n s a r e employed a t o v e rs e a s p o s t s . F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , num bering a b o u t 3 ,7 0 0 , c o n s t i t u t e th e c a r e e r p r o f e s s i o n a l g ro u p , w h ich i s th e ■core of th e S e r v ic e and p e rfo rm s i t s m ain w ork. A bout 300 o f t h e s e o f f i c e r s a r e women. F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s jare d iv id e d i n t o e i g h t c l a s s e s , p l u s th e c l a s s e s o f c a r e e r i m i n i s t e r and c a r e e r am b a ssad o r, and th e y r e c e i v e s a l a r i e s 'ra n g in g from # 5 ,0 8 5 i n th e f i r s t s t e p o f c l a s s e i g h t to :#19,650 i n th e h i g h e s t s t e p o f c l a s s one. They a re a p p o in te d by th e P r e s i d e n t , a f t e r e x a m in a tio n , by and i w i t h th e a d v ic e and c o n s e n t of t h e S e n a te . The e x a m in a tio n ■is open o n ly to c a n d i d a t e s betw een th e a g e s o f tw e n ty -o n e and t h i r t y - o n e . To be e l i g i b l e f o r a p p o in tm e n t a s a E f o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r , a c a n d i d a t e m ust have b e en an A m erican c i t i z e n a t th e tim e o f a p p o in tm e n t. When th e y e n t e r th e F o r e i g n S e r v i c e , F o r e i g n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e t h r e e com m issions: one a s a F o r e i g n S e r v ic e 16 o f f i c e r (n o rm a lly of c l a s s e i g h t , th e m ost j u n i o r c l a s s ) ; one a s a d i p lo m a ti c s e c r e t a r y ; and one a s a v ic e c o n s u l. They a re s u b j e c t to a s s ig n m e n ts i n th e D epartm ent of S t a t e or a s d i p lo m a ti c and c o n s u l a r o f f i c e r s to any F o r e ig n S e r v ic e p o s t a b ro a d . They may a l s o be d e t a i l e d f o r d u ty w i t h o t h e r a g e n c ie s o f th e Government o r w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The F o r e i g n S e r v ic e R e se rv e Corps h a s a b o u t 1 ,1 5 0 o f f i c e r s , r e c r u i t e d to s e rv e f o r p e r i o d s r a n g in g from two to f i v e y e a r s . T h is c a te g o r y of o f f i c e r s i s d e s ig n e d f o r th e r e c r u i t m e n t of te m p o ra ry s p e c i a l i s t s who p o s s e s s some s k i l l needed by th e S e r v i c e . F o r exam ple, a R e se rv e 1 o f f i c e r m ig h t be an e x p e r t on p e tr o le u m , o r on S o v ie t a g r i c u l t u r e , o r he m ig h t be a l a b o r s p e c i a l i s t . I n c a r r y i n g o u t th e program o f i n t e g r a t i o n of D e p a rtm e n ta l C i v i l S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s and F o r e i g n S e r v ic e S t a f f o f f i c e r s i n t o th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e i n 1954—57> some p e r s o n s who d id n o t have enough y e a r s o f s e r v i c e to q u a l i f y f o r a p p o in tm e n t a s F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s were g iv e n R e se rv e a p p o in tm e n ts . They w ere th e n t r a n s f e r r e d to th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e when th e y had com pleted th e !n e c e s sa ry p e r i o d o f s e r v i c e and had p a s s e d th e r e q u i r e d l a t e r a l e n t r y exam in atio n * I n t h i s r e s p e c t , te m p o ra ry u se was made o f th e R e se rv e a s a s t a g i n g a r e a f o r th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps* i 17 The c l a s s e s and s a l a r i e s of R eserv e o f f i c e r s c o rre s p o n d to th o s e o f F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , and, e x c e p t f o r th e te m p o ra ry n a t u r e of t h e i r a p p o in tm e n ts , w hich a r e made by th e D epartm en t o f S t a t e and n o t by th e P r e s i d e n t , th e y se rv e u n d e r much th e same c o n d i t i o n s a s |F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . i I The t h i r d A m erican b ra n e h of th e S e r v ic e i s known i I j a s th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f C orps. C o n s i s ti n g of i a p p ro x im a te ly 3* 500 A m erican o f f i c e r s and em p loy ees, i t i s now d iv id e d i n t o tw e n ty -tw o c l a s s e s w ith s a l a r i e s r a n g in g from # 1,72 0 to # 1 4 ,1 5 5 . As p r e v i o u s l y n o te d , th e i |p e r s o n n e l i n t e g r a t i o n program p r o v id e d f o r an e x p a n s io n ! |o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps and a c o rre s p o n d in g i r e d u c t i o n i n t h e C i v i l S e r v ic e p e r s o n n e l o f th e D ep artm ent jo f S t a t e and i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f C o rp s, th e o b j e c t i v e b e in g to f i l l many o f th e o f f i c e r p o s i t i o n s i n , b o th th e D epartm ent and th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e w i t h th e I F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . Under t h i s program 802 of th e 1 ,1 8 0 S t a f f o f f i c e r s (FSS-10 and above) who w ere on th e r o l l s i n A ugust 1954 were i n t e g r a t e d i n t o th e F o r e ig n j S e r v ic e O f f i c e r C orps. As p r e s e n t l y c o n s t i t u t e d , th e S t a f f Corps w i l l c o n tin u e to s u p p ly many o f t h e s e r v i c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th o s e of a t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r , w hich a r e e s s e n t i a l to th e o p e r a t i o n of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e p o s t s a b ro a d . The m id d le and u p p e r r a n k s w i l l be com prised c h i e f l y of 18 t e c h n i c a l s p e c i a l i s t s w h ile th e lo w e r r a n k s w i l l c o n s i s t m a in ly of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , s e c r e t a r i a l , c l e r i c a l , and c u s t o d i a l p e r s o n n e l . Most of th e s e c r e t a r i a l , c l e r i c a l , and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o s i t i o n s a r e f i l l e d by women. S t a f f Corps p e r s o n n e l a r e a p p o in te d by th e D ep artm en t of S t a t e on th e b a s i s o f t h e i r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r t y p e s of c l e r i c a l p o s i t i o n s o r i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r p o s i t i o n s . The Corps o f f e r s o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n t e r e s t i n g and s t i m u l a t i n g c a r e e r s i n a v a r i e t y o f o c c u p a tio n s . Q u a l i f i e d S t a f f members may a l s o t r a n s f e r to th e P o re ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps th ro u g h s u c c e s s f u l c o m p e titio n i n th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r e x a m in a tio n s . I f th e y a re ! u n d e r th e age of 3 1, such e x a m in a tio n s would be th e same i a s th e e n tr a n c e e x a m in a tio n s f o r F S 0 -8 * s. I f o v e r t h a t ! i a g e , th e y may be c o n s id e r e d l a t e r a l e n t r y above th e e n tr a n c e g ra d e on an “ a s n e e d e d ” b a s i s . The a l i e n s employed a t p o s t s a b ro a d a r e known a s P o r e ig n S e r v ic e L o c a ls (PSLf s ) , and t h e i r jo b s ra n g e from j a n i t o r s , c h a u f f e u r s , and m e sse n g e rs t o e l e r k s , a c c o u n t- J a n t s , t r a n s l a t o r s , and economic a s s i s t a n t s . Through , t h e i r la n g u a g e a b i l i t i e s and i n t i m a t e know ledge o f l o c a l I i ' c o n d i t i o n s th e y make an i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to th e j ; I o p e r a t i o n o f P o r e ig n S e r v ic e p o s t s . They a r e n o t , how ever,: employed i n m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g th e s e c u r i t y of th e U n ite d ; S t a t e s and t h e r e f o r e do n o t h a n d le 1 1 c l a s s i f i e d 1 1 p a p e r s . I 19 C l a s s e s , T i t l e s , and P o s i t i o n s Each P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r i s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s i n th e P o re ig n S e r v i c e . The P o r e ig n S e rv ic e c l a s s e s b e g in a t th e bottom w ith c l a s s e i g h t and go up th ro u g h c l a s s one. Above c l a s s one a r e th e c l a s s e s o f c a r e e r m i n i s t e r and c a r e e r am bassad o r. The P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r a l s o h o ld s a t i t l e d e te rm in e d by h i s a ssig n m e n t a s w e ll a s by h i s c l a s s . I t i s h i s t i t l e which e s t a b l i s h e s h i s s t a t u s a t h i s p o s t , w h ereas h i s c l a s s e s t a b l i s h e s h i s r e l a t i v e s e n i o r i t y f o r i n t e r n a l p u r p o s e s . The more common d i p lo m a ti c and c o n s u l a r t i t l e s a r e a s f o l lo w s : DIPLOMATIC CONSULAR Ambassador C onsul G e n e ra l M i n i s t e r Consul C o u n se lo r V ice C onsul F i r s t S e c r e t a r y Second S e c r e t a r y T h ird S e c r e t a r y A tta c h e A s s i s t a n t A tta c h e “ Charge d e 'A f f a i r e s ad i n t e r i m 1 1 i s th e t i t l e a s s ig n e d to an o f f i c e r who i s t e m p o r a r i l y i n c h arg e o f a d i p lo m a ti c p o s t i n th e a b se n c e o f th e c h i e f o f m is s io n . The t i t l e of 1 1 a t t a c h e 1 1 i s u s u a l l y a s s ig n e d t o an o f f i c e r who p e rfo rm s a s p e c i a l i z e d f u n c t i o n . There a r e , f o r exam ple, l a b o r , a g r i c u l t u r a l , and com m ercial a t t a c h e s . 20 ;An o f f i c e r of th e armed s e r v i c e s who i s a s s ig n e d to a d i p lo m a ti c m is s io n i s g iv e n th e t i t l e of Army A t t a c h e , N aval A t t a c h e , o r A ir A tta c h e . I n a d d i t i o n an o f f i c e r h o ld s a p o s i t i o n , w hich i s th e s p e c i f i c jo b he d oes a t th e p o s t a t w hich he i s s e r v i n g . F o r exam ple, th e p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r a t a d i p l o m a tic p o s t i s th e c h i e f of m is s io n . The second i n command i s th e d e p u ty c h i e f of m is s io n . The f o llo w in g t a b l e , r e a d a c r o s s th e p a g e , i l l u s t r a t e s th e c l a s s , t i t l e , and p o s i t i o n w hieh m ig h t be h e ld s im u lta n e o u s ly by t h r e e d i f f e r e n t o f f i c e r s s e r v in g a t an em bassy: lOLASS C a re e r M i n i s t e r j F o r e ig n S e rv ic e 1 O f f i c e r C la s s 2 F o r e ig n S e r v ic e TITLE Ambassador C o u n se lo r of Embassy f o r P o l i t i c a l A f f a i r s POSITION C h ief of M is s io n C h ief of th e P o l i t i c a l S e c ti o n S econdary S e c r e t a r y Economic O f f i c e r At a c o n s u l a r o f f i c e th e f o llo w in g t i t l e s and p o s i t i o n s m ig h t be h e ld : CLASS I F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r C la s s 1 TITLE C onsul G e n e ra l POSITION P r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r a t a c o n s u l a t e g e n e r a l ! oi* a ss TITLE 21 POSITION F o r e ig n S e r v ic e Consul Commercial O f f i c e r C la s s 3 O f f i c e r F o r e ig n S e rv ic e V iee Consul Y Isa O f f i c e r O f f i c e r C la s s 8 I n many of o ur d ip lo m a ti c m is s io n s o f f i c e r s below t h e ra n k of c o u n s e lo r h o ld d i p lo m a ti c and c o n s u l a r t i t l e s c o n c u r r e n t l y . The t i t l e w hich th e y use d epends on th e ty p e of work to w hich th e y a r e a s s i g n e d . O f f i c e r s s e r v in g a t c o n s u l a r p o s t s u s e , o f - c o u r s e , o n ly t h e i r c o n s u l a r t i t l e s . F u l f i l l m e n t of t h e r o l e of th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e j r e q u i r e s t h a t i t s o f f i c e r s be c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d and ; t r a i n e d and t h a t th e y be g iv e n m a t e r i a l i n c e n t i v e s and c a r e e r d i r e c t i o n t o i n s u r e t h e i r e f f e c t i v e develop m en t and u t i l i z a t i o n . P e r s o n n e l P ro c e d u r e s Recruitment The D epartm ent o f S t a t e s e l e c t s r e c r u i t s f o r th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e w ith extrem e c a r e . The p r o f e s s i o n a l I n a t u r e of th e w ork, a s w e l l a s t h e f a c t t h a t s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s r e c e i v e P r e s i d e n t i a l a p p o in tm e n ts and a r e e x p e c te d e v e n t u a l l y to q u a l i f y f o r p o s i t i o n s of th e ' h i g h e s t t r u s t and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y make p a i n s t a k i n g s e l e c t i o n a c r i t i c a l . , n e c e s s i t y . C a n d id a te s f o r a d m is s io n 22 to th e S e r v ic e a t th e j u n i o r o f f i c e r l e v e l m ust a p p ly to th e D epartm ent f o r p e r m i s s io n to ta k e th e w r i t t e n and o r a l e x a m in a tio n s , f u r n i s h i n g f u l l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e i r edu c a t i o n , b a ck g ro u n d , and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . S u c c e ss i n b o th t e s t s makes them e l i g i b l e f o r a p p o in tm e n t a s F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s of c l a s s e i g h t , p ro v id e d th e y a r e a ls o found to be a c c e p t a b l e on p h y s i c a l and s e c u r i t y g ro u n d s. |S u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s a t l e a s t t w e n t y - e i g h t y e a r s old whose academ ic o r employment r e c o r d s d e m o n s tra te s p e c i a l i s k i l l s o r a b i l i t i e s and who have a com petence i n a modern f o r e i g n la n g u a g e may be a p p o in te d d i r e c t l y to c l a s s sev en . j The number of c a n d i d a t e s h a s n o t a b l y i n c r e a s e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s . The D epartm ent h a s been somewhat d i s a p p o i n t e d , how ever, a t w hat seems to be th e r a t h e r n a rro w . i n t e r e s t s of th o s e who p r e s e n t th e m s e lv e s . T h e r e f o r e , i t d e s i r e s to s t r e s s t h a t th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r of th e f u t u r e m ust be p r e p a r e d t o engage i n many f u n c t i o n s o t h e r th a n th o s e of t r a d i t i o n a l d ip lo m a cy . I n i t s a p p ro a c h e s to c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g e x te n s i v e v i s i t s by F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s to in fo rm i n t e r e s t e d s t u d e n t s o f th e c a r e e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n th e F o r e ig n i S e r v i c e , th e D ep artm ent i s a c c o r d i n g l y e m p h a sizin g th e need f o r o f f i c e r s w ith t r a i n i n g i n econo m ics, b u s i n e s s and p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and a r e a and la n g u a g e s t u d i e s , i n a d d i t i o n to t h o s e who have c o n c e n tr a te d i n such academ ic f i e l d s a s h i s t o r y , p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , and I 2 3 i i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s . I n a d d i t i o n to th e r e c r u i t m e n t o f F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s a t th e bottom l e v e l of th e S e r v i c e (F S O -8), s e c t i o n 517 of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e A ct of 194-6, a s amended, p r o v i d e s f o r r e c r u i t m e n t th r o u g h th e l a t e r a l a p p o in tm e n t of o f f i c e r s , u n d e r c e r t a i n p r e s c r i b e d c o n d i t i o n s , to c l a s s e s FSO-7 th ro u g h FSO-1. Under t h i s a u t h o r i t y , th e D ep artm en t of S t a t e h a s a c o n ti n u i n g program f o r th e r e c r u i t m e n t o f r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll num bers of o f f i c e r s a t th e m id d le and s e n i o r l e v e l s of t h e S e r v i c e . I t s p u rp o se i s to o b t a i n th e s e r v i c e s of o u t s t a n d i n g p e r s o n s w ith j p r i o r Government e x p e r ie n c e whose g e n e r a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i or s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s a r e such t h a t th e y can be e x p e c te d to make a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to th e F o r e i g n S e r v i c e . The l a t e r a l e n t r y program i s a l s o d e s ig n e d to p r o v id e an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r members of th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e S t a f f Corps and f o r D e p a rtm e n ta l em ployees w ith th e r e q u i s i t e a b i l i t i e s and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s to be a p p o in te d to th e I F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r C orps. ! i 5 The w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n f o r a p p o in tm e n t to th e FSO-8 c l a s s h a s been r e v i s e d i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith modern t e s t i n g t e c h n iq u e s and can now be ta k e n i n one day. A know ledge of a f o r e i g n la n g u a g e i s no l o n g e r r e q u i r e d f o r i a p p o in tm e n t, b u t th o s e who do n o t have a minimum l e v e l of a b i l i t y i n a f o r e i g n la n g u a g e a r e r e q u i r e d to d e v e lo p a p r o p e r com petence a f t e r a p p o in tm e n t, and i f th e y f a i l to , 24 do so a f t e r a p r e s c r i b e d p e r i o d , th e y w i l l be s e p a r a te d from th e S e r v i c e , The r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e s s h a s been f u r t h e r s t r e a m li n e d th ro u g h h o ld in g th e e x a m in a tio n s , b o th w r i t t e n and o r a l , i n many c i t i e s th r o u g h o u t th e c o u n tr y , and th ro u g h r e d u c in g to b etw een f i v e and n in e m onths th e p e r i o d a c a n d id a te m ust u s u a l l y w a i t f o r an a p p o in tm e n t a f t e r p a s s i n g th e e x a m in a tio n s . I f , how ever, a s u c c e s s f u l c a n d id a te i s f o r any r e a s o n n o t a p p o in te d w ith t h i r t y m onths of t a k i n g th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n , he i s dropped from th e e l i g i b l e l i s t and may r e a c q u i r e e l i g i b i l i t y o n ly by t a k i n g th e e x a m in a tio n a g a in and th e n o n ly i f he h a s n o t p a s s e d th e u p p e r age l i m i t of t h i r t y - one y e a r s . j ! The r e c r u i t m e n t l e v e l f o r each y e a r h a s been ( (p lan n ed i n advance t o ta k e c a re of norm al a t t r i t i o n and ! [ S p e c ia l n e e d s i n th e S e r v i c e , and i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i n th e f u t u r e th e norm al i n t a k e of j u n i o r o f f i c e r s w i l l i be from 150 to 200 a n n u a l ly . F i n a l l y , t h e D epartm en t h a s u n d e r ta k e n a v i g o r o u s r e c r u i t i n g program th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n tr y and h a s e s t a b l i s h e d l i a i s o n w ith more th a n <400 c o l l e g e s . I n i t i a l l y t h i s cam paign r e s u l t e d i n a | s i x - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n th e number of p e r s o n s a p p ly in g to ta k e th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n , w ith 7*655 p e r s o n s a p p ly in g to t a k e th e December 1956 e x a m in a tio n a s compared to 1 ,2 6 1 a p p l i c a n t s f o r th e Septem ber 1954 e x a m in a tio n . F or th e e x a m in a tio n g iv e n i n December 1959 t h e r e were more 25 th a n 1 0 ,0 0 0 a p p l i c a n t s . The o n e -d a y e x a m in a tio n c o n s i s t s of t e s t s i n E n g li s h e x p r e s s i o n , g e n e r a l a b i l i t y , and g e n e r a l back g ro u n d , p l u s a b b r e v i a t e d t e s t s i n modern la n g u a g e s . P r i o r to 1954 th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n in c lu d e d i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s i n s p e c i f i c f i e l d s such a s econ om ics, h i s t o r y , and go v ern m en t. These have now been ab an don ed , t o g e t h e r w ith a l l e s s a y - t y p e q u e s t i o n s . Ho lo w e rin g o f s t a n d a r d s had 1 been i n te n d e d by t h i s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of th e e x a m in a tio n ; th e o b j e c t h a s been r a t h e r to w iden th e f i e l d of c h o ie e th ro u g h th e a p p l i c a t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c t e s t i n g te c h n iq u e s I and l e s s e n th e a d v a n ta g e s f o r m e r ly e n jo y ed by c a n d i d a t e s ] ' who had s t u d i e d a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t i n t e n s i v e l y . The o r a l e x a m in a tio n i s d e s ig n e d to d e te rm in e 'w h e th e r a c a n d i d a t e p o s s e s s e s t h o s e p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s , d e s i r a b l e i n a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r . B e s id e s a tt e m p t in g to e v a l u a t e th e c a n d i d a t e 's i n t e l l e c t u a l c a p a c i t y , acumen, and n a t i v e c u r i o s i t y , th e o r a l e x a m in a tio n s e e k s to b r in g o u t h i s p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s , |a n d b e h a v io r . W hereas th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n i s g rad e d on a r e l a t i v e b a s i s , t h a t i s , th e c a n d id a te i s e i t h e r ; a c c e p te d o r r e j e c t e d . ; W ith r e g a r d to m e n ta l c a p a c i t y , th e o r a l exam i n a t i o n s e e k s to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e c a n d i d a t e can o r g a n iz e and e x p r e s s h i s t h o u g h ts c o m p e te n tly , w h e th e r he seems l i k e l y to grow i n t e l l e c t u a l l y , w h e th e r, w ith ! 26 J a p p r o p r i a t e t r a i n i n g and e x p e r i e n c e , lie i s l i k e l y to [ a c q u i r e th e ra n g e of knowledge n e c e s s a r y to p r o g r e s s i n | th e S e r v i c e , w h e th e r he i s c u r i o u s a b o u t what i s go ing on | i n th e w o rld a b o u t him , b o th a t home and a b ro a d , an d, i f he h a s been a b ro a d w h e th e r he h a s o b se rv e d i n t e l l i g e n t l y th e c o u n t r i e s i n w hich he h a s l i v e d o r t r a v e l e d . S p e c i f i c f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n i s n o t r e g a r d e d a s to o i m p o r ta n t i n i t s e l f , b u t th e c a n d i d a t e sh o u ld be a b le to show by h i s r e s p o n s e to q u e s t i o n s t h a t he h a s an i n t e l l i g e n t u n d e r s ta n d in g of th e f i e l d s of know ledge i n w hich he p r o f e s s e s to be p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l in fo rm e d . A side from any s p e c i a l f i e l d s o f know ledge, i t i s im p o r ta n t t h a t th e c a n d i d a t e , a s a p r o s p e c t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of th e U n ite d S t a t e s , sh o u ld show t h a t he h a s an 1 a p p r e c i a t i o n and u n d e r s t a n d i n g of h i s own c o u n tr y — i t s m oral and p h y s i c a l r e s o u r c e s , d e v elo p m e n t, form o f g o v e rn m ent, and c u l t u r e . I n a d d i t i o n he sh o u ld have a r e a s o n a b le a c q u a in ta n c e w i t h th e d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s of th e s e v e r a l S t a t e s and of t h e p a r t i c u l a r S t a t e from w hich he comes. W ith r e g a r d to p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , th e o r a l 'e x a m in a tio n aim s to d i s c o v e r w h e th e r th e c a n d i d a t e i s ,e m o tio n a lly s t a b l e , seems l i k e l y t o be a b l e to s e rv e e f f e c t i v e l y u n d e r p r e s s u r e , i s a d e q u a te ly m atu re f o r h i s a g e , b a s e s h i s o p in io n s on th o u g h t and f a c t s r a t h e r th a n b i a s and p r e j u d i c e , seems f l e x i b l e enough to a d j u s t to 27 w id e ly d i f f e r e n t c ir c u m s ta n c e s , i s a p e r s o n of good, norm al h a b i t s who h a s i n t e r e s t s o u t s i d e h i s work, h a s a se n se of humor and m o d esty , and h a s a d e q u a te warmth and f r i e n d l i n e s s of p e r s o n a l i t y to e n a b le him to p erfo rm r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l d u t i e s i n a c r e d i t a b l e f a s h i o n and g e t a lo n g w e ll w ith f o r e i g n p e o p le s . The f o l lo w in g d e s c r i p t i o n of th e a t t r i b u t e s lo o k e d f o r i n a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r i s t a k e n from a 1 sp e ec h of Loy W. H e n d e rsso n , D eputy Under S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : The o r a l e x a m in a tio n s a f f o r d th e c a n d i d a t e s an o p p o r t u n it y to d e m o n s tra te t h a t th e y have th e p e r s o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s w hich a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r sh o u ld p o s s e s s . I t i s n o t e asy to d e s c r i b e t h e s e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ; th e y a r e a lm o st i n d e f i n a b l e . I t m ig h t be l e s s d i f f i c u l t to d e s c r i b e th e k in d of young men and women who a r e l i k e l y to become th e m ost u s e f u l F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . They sho u ld have f r i e n d l y , a t t r a c t i v e p e r s o n a l i t i e s ; th e y sh o u ld p o s s e s s a s e n s i t i v e n e s s w hich r e n d e r s them q u ic k to u n d e r s ta n d th e v ie w s , th e p r e j u d i c e s , and t h e pro b lem s of p e o p le of d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n a l , r a c i a l , o r o c c u p a ti o n a l b a c k g ro u n d s; t h e i r f a c e s and t h e i r b e a r i n g s sh o u ld r e f l e c t an e a g e r n e s s to l e a r n and a l i v e l y i n t e l l e c t u a l c u r i o s i t y -----------th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s no p l a c e f o r d u l l , u n im a g in a tiv e p e r s o n s . They sh o u ld be i n t e r e s t e d i n th e m an n ers, c u sto m s, la n g u a g e s and h i s t o r y of p e o p le s o f o t h e r tim e s and p l a c e s . These i n t e r e s t s should have been m a n if e s te d by th e r e a d i n g n o t o n ly of th e b e s t Am erican l i t e r a t u r e b u t of some of th e g r e a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c l a s s i c s . I n t h e i r s t u d i e s and work th e y sh o u ld be th o ro u g h w ith o u t bein g p e d a n t i c . They sh o u ld have a h e a l t h y se n se of humor. They sh o u ld n o t s h r i n k from t a s k s r e q u i r i n g a h ig h d e g re e of i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . 28 They sh o u ld be com plete m a s te r s o f E n g lis h grammar and shou ld have a f e e l i n g f o r th e s t r u c t u r e of th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e . I f th e y a r e good a t s p o r t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e i n w hich th e y can c o n tin u e to engage w h ile i n th e S e r v i c e , so much th e b e t t e r . N a t u r a l b r i l l i a n c e i s a g r e a t a s s e t i n th e S e r v ic e ; b u t b r i l l i a n c e i n i t s e l f i s n o t enough; i t i s l i k e l y to b u rn i t s e l f ou t q u i c k l y u n l e s s i t i s accom panied by i n t e g r i t y , s t e a d i n e s s , s i n c e r i t y and r e a l m odesty. P l e a s e do n o t o b t a i n th e im p r e s s io n from my rem a rk s t h a t o nly p a ra g o n s can o b t a i n a d m itta n c e i n t o th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e . We a r e q u i t e aware t h a t we a re n o t l i k e l y t o f i n d c o n c e n tr a te d i n any one p e rs o n a l l th e q u a l i t i e s w hich we would l i k e f o r o ur F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e to p o s s e s s . I hop e, how ever, t h a t what I have s a i d w i l l h e lp i n i d e n t i f y i n g th e k in d o f young men and women who i n o u r o p in io n would be b e s t q u a l i f i e d to r e p r e s e n t ou r c o u n tr y i n th e f o r e i g n f i e l d . 1 I n th e t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s s in c e th e p a s s a g e o f th e R ogers A ct th e r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e s s lias b u i l t up a c o rp s of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s whose o r i g i n s , b ack g ro u n d , and e x p e r i e n c e s a r e t r u l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f th e e n t i r e c o u n tr y . The F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s n o t , a s h a s som etim es been a v e r r e d , an " Iv y League" c lu b whose members come p re d o m in a n tly from w e a lth y f a m i l i e s . Of th e 3>4-27 o f f i c e r s i n th e S e r v ic e a s of A ugust 1959 > o n ly 649 'r e c e i v e d t h e i r b a c h e lo r d e g re e s from th e e i g h t i n s t i t u t i o n s c o m p risin g th e Iv y L eague. The re m a in d e r a tt e n d e d edu c a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s sp re a d a c r o s s th e N a tio n , i n c l u d i n g b o th S t a t e and p r i v a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s . The r e c o r d s o f th e D ep artm ent show t h a t many o f them h e lp e d f i n a n c e t h e i r 29 e d u c a tio n by w orking a t such o c c u p a tio n s a s f i l l i n g s t a t i o n a t t e n d a n t , cowhand, h o t e l c l e r k , j a n i t o r , icem an, sa le sm a n , m e rc h a n t, seaman, l a b o r e r , d e p a rtm e n t s t o r e c l e r k , w a i t e r , t y p i s t , r i v e r b o a t d eckh and, and lu m b e rja c k . Everyone o f our f i f t y S t a t e s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by n a t i v e son s and d a u g h te r s who a r e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . T h is broad g e o g ra p h ic and n a tio n w id e c o l l e g e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e h a s been a b y p ro d u c t r a t h e r th a n a p rim a ry aim o f r e c r u i t m e n t , s in c e c h a r a c t e r and i n t e l l e c t u a l a t t a i n m e n t s a r e th e c o n t r o l l i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n th e s e l e c t i o n o f o f f i c e r s . At th e same tim e , th e S e r v ic e i s open to a l l c i t i z e n s w i t h i n th e p r e s c r i b e d age l i m i t s [ !on th e b a s i s o f e q u a l i t y o f o p p o r t u n i t y w ith o u t r e g a r d to : r a c e , r e l i g i o n , se x , o r economic c ir c u m s ta n c e s . i T r a in in g The need f o r r e g u l a r i n s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g o f F o r e ig n i i S e r v ic e p e r s o n n e l th ro u g h o u t t h e i r c a r e e r s was re c o g n iz e d , i i n t i t l e VII o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e A ct of 194-6, w hich I a u t h o r i z e d th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e to e s t a b l i s h a F o r e ig n ! 1 S e r v ic e I n s t i t u t e " to f u r n i s h t r a i n i n g and I n s t r u c t i o n to o f f i c e r s and em ployees of th e S e r v ic e and of th e D epartm en t (o f S t a t e ) and to o t h e r o f f i c e r s and em ployees of th e Government f o r whom t r a i n i n g and i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e f i e l d of f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s i s n e c e s s a r y . . . . " The F o re ig n i S e r v ic e I n s t i t u t e (FSI) was e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r t h i s | 30 a u t h o r i t y i n March 194-7 and i s now th e p r i n c i p a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t of th e U n ite d S t a t e s Government f o r t r a i n i n g i n th e f i e l d o f f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s . The I n s t i t u t e c o n s i s t s of th e School of f o r e i g n A f f a i r s and t h e School of L angu ages. I n a d d i t i o n to th e la n g u a g e t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s of th e I n s t i t u t e i n W ash ing ton , i t h a s b ra n c h la n g u a g e and a r e a t r a i n i n g s c h o o ls i n J a p a n , Taiwan, and L ebanon. I n g e n e r a l th e t r a i n i n g o b j e c t i v e s of th e I n s t i t u t e a r e to im prove th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of | f o r e i g n S e r v ic e p e r s o n n e l , to d e v e lo p th e p o t e n t i a l j a b i l i t i e s o f em ploy ees, to p r e p a r e them f o r i n c r e a s e d i ! r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , and to make p o s s i b l e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y t of a s s ig n m e n t. The develop m en t of th e s k i l l s and a b i l i t i e s o f f o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s th ro u g h r e g u l a r t r a i n i n g i s I e s s e n t i a l to t h e i r e f f e c t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of th e U n ite d i S t a t e s a b ro a d . Only by c o n s t a n t l y im p ro v in g t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l com petence a t e v e ry s ta g e of t h e i r c a r e e r s can o f f i c e r s f i t th e m s e lv e s f o r th e c h a l le n g i n g t a s k s of th e f o r e i g n S e r v ic e . The t r a i n i n g o f f e r e d by th e I n s t i t u t e * s Scho ol of 'F o r e i g n A f f a i r s i s i n t h r e e g e n e r a l a r e a s . F i r s t , t h e r e i 1 a r e c o u r s e s f o r j u n i o r , m id c a r e e r , and s e n i o r o f f i c e r s ; and t r a i n i n g f o r s e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s a t u n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a te s c h o o ls i n la n g u a g e and a r e a s t u d i e s , econo m ics, and p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e . W ith in t h i s same a r e a t h e r e a r e num erous s e m in a rs , c o v e r in g s h o r t e r p e r i o d s o f tim e , f o r 31 s e l e c t e d p e r s o n n e l from w i t h i n th e D e p a rtm e n t, th e F o r e ig n S e r v i e e , and o t h e r Government a g e n c ie s* I n a second a r e a a r e s h o r t , g e n e r a l o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e s g e a re d to m eet th e im m ediate n e e d s of o f f i c e r s and c l e r k s go in g o v e r s e a s . I n a t h i r d a r e a c o u r s e s a re o f f e r e d i n sp e c i a l i z e d f u n c t i o n s i n th e F o re ig n S e r v i c e , such a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o p e r a t i o n s , b udg et and f i s c a l m anagem ent, and c o n s u l a r m a t t e r s . The c o re of th e I n s t i t u t e * s program i s g e n e r a l c a r e e r t r a i n i n g f o r F o r e ig n S e r v ie e o f f i c e r s . I t c o n s i s t s of c o n c e n tr a te d p e r i o d s of f u l l - t i m e t r a i n i n g a t th e b a s ic | l e v e l ( c l a s s 8 ) , th e m id c a r e e r l e v e l ( c l a s s e s 4 - 6 ) , and th e s e n i o r l e v e l ( c l a s s e s 1 - 3 ) . P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n th e BASIC FOREIGN SERVICE ■ OFFICER COURSE, l a s t i n g e i g h t w eeks, i s r e q u i r e d of a l l new ly a p p o in te d FSO-8* s . I t i n c l u d e s i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e d u t i e s and f u n c t i o n s of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s and a su rv e y of th e D epartm en t of S t a t e and th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w ith o t h e r Government a g e n c ie s . T r a in in g i n th e p r o c e d u r e s of r e p o r t i n g , t r a d e p ro m o tio n .and p r o t e c t i o n , c o n s u l a r s e r v i c e s , and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n !i s a l s o p r o v id e d . THE MIDCAREER COURSE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, l a s t i n g tw e lv e w eeks, i s open to a l i m i t e d number o f s e l e c t e d t F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s of c l a s s t h r e e and abov e, who a r e on th e t h r e s h o l d of h i g h - l e v e l p o s i t i o n s , such a s 32 p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r o r d e p u ty p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r of a l a r g e p o s t o r a c o rr e s p o n d in g p o s i t i o n i n th e D e p artm en t. P a r t i c i p a n t s stu d y th e p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, s t r a t e g i c , and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s p e c t s of f o r e i g n p o l i c y p ro b le m s. E f f e c t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of th e U n ite d S t a t e s ab ro a d r e q u i r e s t h a t members of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e know and u n d e rs ta n d th e p e o p le w ith whom th e y work. Thus, a r e a t r a i n i n g i s o f f e r e d to a c q u a in t o f f i c e r s w ith th e m a n ifo ld p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, and s o c i a l a s p e c t s of th e v a r i o u s i m p o r ta n t a r e a s of th e w o rld . I n t e n s i v e a r e a s p e c i a l - i i z a t i o n t r a i n i n g l a s t s from s i x to n in e m onths and i s o f f e r e d to o f f i c e r s o f c l a s s e s f o u r , f i v e , and s i x , u s u a l l y i n c o n n e c tio n w ith la n g u a g e s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . Program s f o r a r e a t r a i n i n g a r e c o n d u cted a t th e I n s t i t u t e i n W ashin gto n, a t s e l e c t e d u n i v e r s i t i e s , and a t th e I . I n s t i t u t e ' s t h r e e b ra n c h s c h o o ls a b ro a d . O f f i c e r s o f th e m id d le r a n k s may a l s o be a s s ig n e d f o r an academ ic y e a r t o v a r i o u s u n i v e r s i t i e s f o r s t u d i e s , i n such, f i e l d s a s econo m ics, l a b o r r e l a t i o n s , and p o l i t i c a l s c ie n c e to f i t them f o r f u t u r e f i e l d a s s ig n m e n ts 1 of a s p e c i a l i z e d n a t u r e . S e l e c te d s e n i o r o f f i c e r s may i a l s o be a s s ig n e d t o one of th e war c o l l e g e s a s s t u d e n t s o r f a c u l t y members f o r a f u l l academ ic y e a r . They may a l s o be a s s ig n e d to a t t e n d s h o r t c o u rs e s i n e x e c u tiv e management a t v a r i o u s u n i v e r s i t i e s . 33 Language T r a i n in g . . . I n r e c o g n i t i o n of th e f a c t t h a t p r o f i c i e n c y i n th e u s e o f f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s , b o th o r a l and w r i t t e n , i s v i t a l i n th e c o n d u ct of f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , th e I n s t i t u t e h a s p la c e d i n c r e a s i n g em phasis on i t s program of la n g u a g e t r a i n i n g , w hich i n c l u d e s b o th i n t e n s i v e f u l l - t i m e t r a i n i n g and p a r t - t i m e t r a i n i n g . A ll o f f i c e r s a r e e n co u rag ed to a c q u i r e p r o f i c i e n c y i n two f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s , and j u n i o r o f f i c e r s m ust become p r o f i c i e n t i n one of th e m ajor w orld la n g u a g e s w i t h i n a r e a s o n a b l e tim e a f t e r t h e i r a p p o in tm e n t i n o r d e r to re m a in i n th e S e r v i e e . ! Under a g e n e r a l program to im prove th e la n g u a g e I p r o f i c i e n c y o f th e F o r e i g n S e r v i e e , i n t e n s i v e f u l l - t i m e t r a i n i n g i s p ro v id e d a t th e I n s t i t u t e * s School of •L anguages i n m a jo r w o rld la n g u a g e s such a s F re n c h , German, and S p a n ish . P a r t - t i m e i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s e and— when t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t demand— o t h e r la n g u a g e s , i s a l s o g iv e n a t th e I n s t i t u t e . P a r t - t i m e p rogram s of i n s t r u c t i o n , . g e n e r a l l y i n th e la n g u a g e of the p o s t of a s s ig n m e n t, a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e a t 160 o v e r s e a s p o s t s and a t th e ■ ' U n ite d S t a t e s M is s io n to th e U n ite d N a tio n s . I n a d d i t i o n to th e t r a i n i n g o f f e r e d i n w id e ly u se d l a n g u a g e s , th e I n s t i t u t e o f f e r s i n t e n s i v e i n s t r u c t i o n i n some f o r t y o t h e r la n g u a g e s , w hich may be ta k e n a t W ashington, a t f i e l d s c h o o l s , u n d e r I n s t i t u t e s p o n s o rs h ip a t o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s , o r i n c o m b in a tio n s of t h e s e 34 p ro g ram s. Such t r a i n i n g may be f o r p e r i o d s of from s i x m onths to two y e a r s , d ep en d in g on th e la n g u a g e and th e d e g re e o f p r o f i c i e n c y r e q u i r e d . The f i e l d s c h o o ls i n L ebanon, Taiw an, and J a p a n o f f e r A r a b ic , C h in e s e , and | J a p a n e s e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , on an advanced l e v e l of i n s t r u c - j t i o n . Language t r a i n i n g i n s p e c i f i c la n g u a g e s may a l s o I be combined w i t h a r e a s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . I n th e f i s c a l y e a r I 9 6 0 , a s i n th e f i s c a l y e a r 1959» more fu n d s were b e in g d e v o te d to la n g u a g e t r a i n i n g a lo n e th a n were s p e n t i n a l l ty p e s of t r a i n i n g i n th e f i s c a l y e a r 1955. A su rv e y of th e la n g u a g e p r o f i c i e n c y of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s based on s e l f - e v a l u a t i o n d a t a r e c o r d e d j |a s of F e b r u a r y I960 r e v e a l e d t h a t o u t o f a t o t a l of !3*629 o f f i c e r s a t t h a t tim e , 2,34 6 had a w orking knowledge lo r b e t t e r of one o r more w o rld la n g u a g e s ; i n a d d i t i o n to t h i s g ro u p , 588 had a knowledge of one o r more w o rld la n g u a g e s combined w ith a knowledge of one o r more so- c a l l e d " h a r d ” l a n g u a g e s , 137 had a knowledge o f one o r more "hard*1 l a n g u a g e s , 472 had no s i g n i f i c a n t la n g u a g e p r o f i c i e n c y , and 86 were u n r e p o r t e d . The c h i e f d e f i c i e n c y 1 iin th e la n g u a g e s k i l l s of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s i s i n i th e f i e l d o f 1 1 h a rd " l a n g u a g e s , such a s H in d i, B e n g a li, A ra b ic , P e r s i a n , C h in e s e , J a p a n e s e , and T u rk is h . A cco rd in g t o th e s u rv e y , th e number of o f f i c e r s p o s s e s s i n g ' " h a r d ” la n g u a g e s k i l l s was n e a r l y f o r t y p e r c e n t s h o r t of F o re ig n S e r v ic e r e q u i r e m e n ts . An i m p o r ta n t g o a l of th e 35 c u r r e n t la n g u a g e t r a i n i n g program i s to overcome t h i s d e f i c i e n c y a s r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e . D uring t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s , w ith a c o n tin u in g b u d g e ta ry s u p p o r t a t n o t l e s s th a n th e c u r r e n t f i s c a l l e v e l , t h e D epartm ent p l a n s to a s s i g n a p p ro x im a te ly 500 o f f i c e r s to f u l l - t i m e i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g f o r a p e r i o d of from e i g h t to t w e n ty - f o u r m onths i n t h e la n g u a g e s o f A s ia , t h e M iddle l a s t , E a s t e r n E urope, and A f r i c a . i The im p o rta n c e of la n g u a g e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i n th e S e r v ie e was r e c o g n iz e d by C o ngress i n a s ta te m e n t of p o l i c y i n s e r t e d i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e A ct Amendments of I960 to th e e f f e c t t h a t c h i e f s of m is s io n and F o r e ig n i i S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s sh o u ld h a v e , to t h e maximum p r a c t i c a b l e i ; e x t e n t , a u s e f u l know ledge of th e la n g u a g e o f t h e c o u n try ! i n w hich th e y a r e to s e r v e , a s w e ll a s a know ledge o f i t s h i s t o r y , c u l t u r e , and economic and p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . To im plem ent t h i s p o l i c y , th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e was d i r e c t e d to d e s i g n a t e e v e ry F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r p o s i t i o n i n a f o r e i g n c o u n try whose in cu m bent sh o u ld have a u s e f u l knowledge of th e la n g u a g e o f t h a t c o u n tr y . The ; l e g i s l a t i o n p ro v id e d t h a t a f t e r December 31» 1965* e v e ry p o s i t i o n so d e s i g n a t e d sh o u ld be f i l l e d o n ly by an in cu m b en t h a v in g such know ledge, s u b j e c t to e x c e p ti o n s u n d e r s p e c i a l or emergency c o n d i t i o n s . j 36 I Ca r e e r D evelopm ent j 1 Once a newly a p p o in te d o f f i c e r e n t e r s th e S e r v i c e , | th e D epartm en t se e k s t o g u id e th e c o u rs e o f h i s c a r e e r a lo n g l i n e s t h a t w i l l make th e b e s t p o s s i b l e u s e of h i s j p o t e n t i a l i t i e s * A m ajo r recom m endation of th e S e c r e t a r y 1s t l | P u b l i c Committee on P e r s o n n e l i n 195^ was t h a t t h e r e j sh o u ld be a c a r e e r management program i n th e F o r e ig n j S e r v ic e O f f i c e r C orps. Such a program began i n Septem ber 1956 w ith t h e s e t t i n g up of th e C a re e r D evelopm ent and C o u n se lin g S t a f f a s an a d v is o r y arm of th e Deputy | A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y f o r P e r s o n n e l . The g e n e r a l o b j e c t i v e i o f t h i s program i s to m eet p r e s e n t and f u t u r e s t a f f i n g n e e d s of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e th r o u g h e v a l u a t i o n o f th e s k i l l s , a b i l i t i e s , p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s , and p o t e n t i a l 1 . develop m en t o f i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r s and by p e r i o d i c ad vance p la n n in g o f t h e i r a s s ig n m e n ts and t r a i n i n g . The i n i t i a l s te p i n c a r e e r d evelopm ent p la n n in g was th e c o m p le tio n of a w orldw ide su rv e y of s e l f - a p p r a i s e d j s k i l l s , i n t e r e s t s , and c a r e e r a s p i r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g d e s i r e d t r a i n i n g , f o r v i r t u a l l y a l l F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i o f f i c e r s . I n v iew of th e im p o rta n c e of f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s , a s p e c i a l su rv e y was made ( a l s o on a s e l f - a p p r a i s a l b a s i s ) of th e la n g u a g e a b i l i t i e s of o f f i c e r s . I t i s p la n n e d to m a i n t a i n on a c u r r e n t b a s i s t h i s e x p r e s s io n on th e p a r t of t h e o f f i c e r s th e m s e lv e s of th e ty p e o r t y p e s o f work I ! 37 i f o r w hich th e y f e e l th e y a r e b e s t f i t t e d , t h e i r c a r e e r a s p i r a t i o n s , and t h e i r e s t i m a t e s of th e k in d s of t r a i n i n g t h a t would make them more u s e f u l members of th e S e r v i c e . A second e lem en t i n th e program i s th e p e r i o d i c e v a l u a t i o n o f work s k i l l s , p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s , s p e c i a l a b i l i t i e s , and p o t e n t i a l o f a l l F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . A ll a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e rn in g th e p e rfo rm a n c e and c a p a b i l i t i e s of each o f f i c e r i s c a r e f u l l y e v a l u a t e d by a i p a n e l composed of o f f i c e r s w ith broad and v a r i e d F o re ig n S e r v ic e e x p e r i e n c e . T his p e r s o n n e l i n v e n t o r y system p r o v id e s th e D epartm ent on a c o n ti n u i n g b a s i s w ith i n f o r m a ti o n f o r c a r e e r dev elo pm ent p la n n in g and f o r a p p r a i s a l o f th e ad eq uacy o f e x i s t i n g manpower r e s o u r c e s to m eet S e r v ie e n e e d s . A t h i r d ele m e n t of th e program i s th e p r e p a r a t i o n of c a r e e r p l a n s f o r i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r s . These p l a n s ta k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e o f f i c e r 1s i n t e r e s t s and a s p i r a t i o n s , th e D e p a r t m e n t s e v a l u a t i o n of th e o f f i c e r i n te rm s of h i s c a p a b i l i t i e s and p o t e n t i a l , and th e known o r e s t im a t e d j p e r s o n n e l n e e d s of th e S e r v ic e . The c a r e e r p l a n n o t o n ly i s u g g e s t th e n a t u r e and l o c a t i o n of th e o f f i c e r 1s n e x t a s s ig n m e n t, b u t a l s o p r o j e c t o v er a s i x - y e a r p e r i o d th e d i r e c t i o n i n w hich th e o f f i c e r sh o u ld move, i n c l u d i n g t r a i n i n g . The f o u r t h p h ase of th e program i n v o l v e s th e 38 a p p l i c a t i o n of th e i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r 1s c a r e e r developm ent p l a n s i n te rm s o f d a y - t o - d a y p e r s o n n e l o p e r a t i o n s . The p l a n s , a s th e y a r e d e v e lo p e d by th e C a re e r D evelopm ent and C o u n se lin g S t a f f , go to a p a n e l o f r e g i o n a l p e r s o n n e l o f f i c e r s i n th e D epartm ent* s O f f ic e o f P e rso n n e l,. T h is p a n e l i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r recommending a s s ig n m e n ts of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s to p o s i t i o n s i n th e f i e l d and i n W ashington. I t s recom m end ations go to th e A ppo intm ents and A ssig n m e n ts B oard, c o n s i s t i n g of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of th e D ep artm en t* s r e g i o n a l b u re a u s and of th e D e p artm en ts o f Commerce and L ab o r. The Board c o n s i d e r s th e a s s ig n m e n ts p ro p o se d by th e p a n e l and f o rw a rd s i t s recom m end ation s to 't h e Deputy D i r e c t o r of P e r s o n n e l f o r r e v ie w , upon whose 'a p p r o v a l th e a s s ig n m e n ts a r e o f f i c i a l l y c o n firm e d . Because !of th e many f a c t o r s t h a t e n t e r i n t o th e a s s ig n m e n t of :F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , i t i s n o t alw ay s p o s s i b l e to f o l l o w th e e x a c t reco m m en dation s made i n th e i n d i v i d u a l c a r e e r p l a n s . These p l a n s a r e made, h ow ever, to i n d i c a t e th e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n w hich an o f f i c e r * s c a r e e r sh o u ld t a k e , and t h i s w i l l be r e f l e c t e d i n h i s a s s ig n m e n ts o v er i a p e r i o d of tim e . 'P ro m o tio n The F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s a c o m p e ti t iv e c a r e e r s e r v i c e i n w hich th e p ro m o tio n of an o f f i c e r from c l a s s to c l a s s depen d s upon h i s p e rfo rm a n c e i n c o m p ariso n w ith 39 t h a t o f a l l o t h e r o f f i c e r s i n th e same c l a s s . The b a s i s f o r r a t i n g an o f f i c e r 1s p e rfo rm a n c e i s an a n n u a l e f f i c i e n c y r e p o r t p r e p a r e d hy h i s s u p e r v i s i n g o f f i c e r , t o g e t h e r w i t h s i m i l a r r e p o r t s by F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i n s p e c t o r s , and o t h e r m a t e r i a l b e a r i n g on th e q u a l i t y o f h i s work, such a s e v a l u a t i o n o f h i s r e p o r t s by th o s e who make u s e of them i n W ashington. I n c lu d e d i n th e e f f i c i e n c y r e p o r t s i s i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to an o f f i c e r 1s c h a r a c t e r , a b i l i t y , 1 c o n d u c t, q u a l i t y o f work, i n d u s t r y , e x p e r i e n c e , depend a b i l i t y , and g e n e r a l u s e f u l n e s s . E very y e a r a l l o f f i c e r s a r e r a t e d by S e l e c t i o n B o a rd s, each of w hich i s composed of S e n io r F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s and a p u b l i c member a p p o in te d from o u t s i d e i 1 th e G overnm ent. Members of Government a g e n c ie s c o n ce rn e d -w ith th e work o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e s e rv e w ith t h e B oards ia s o b s e r v e r s . O f f i c e r s r e c e i v i n g th e h i g h e s t r a t i n g s a r e p ro m o ted , i n th e number p e r m i t t e d by c u r r e n t a p p r o p r i a t i o n s , p ro v id e d t h a t t h e i r tim e i n c l a s s i s s u f f i c i e n t ' t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r e l i g i b i l i t y f o r p ro m o tio n . B e sid e s p ro m o tio n from c l a s s t o c l a s s , o f f i c e r s whose p e rfo rm a n c e h a s been s a t i s f a c t o r y r e c e i v e a n n u a l i n - c l a s s s a l a r y !i n c r e a s e s r a n g in g from #180 f o r an o f f i c e r i n c l a s s e i g h t | t o #400 f o r a n o f f i c e r i n c l a s s one. A d d i t io n a l i n - c l a s s 1 s a l a r y i n c r e a s e s may a l s o be g r a n te d f o r e s p e c i a l l y i m e r i t o r i o u s s e r v i c e . 40 S e l e c t i o n - Out A F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r c a n n o t re m a in a t a p a r t i c u l a r l e v e l i n d e f i n i t e l y . The maximum p e r i o d d u r in g w hich an o f f i c e r can s t a y i n a g iv e n c l a s s i s e s t a b l i s h e d by th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . I f an o f f i c e r f a i l s t o r e c e i v e a p ro m o tio n w i t h i n th e e s t a b l i s h e d tim e l i m i t , o r i f , i n a l e s s e r tim e p e r i o d , an o f f i c i a l f i n d i n g i s made t h a t he h a s n o t m a in ta in e d a s a t i s f a c t o r y l e v e l of p e rfo rm a n c e , he i s " s e l e c t e d o u t" of th e S e r v i c e . I n making such a f i n d i n g , th e S e l e c t i o n B oards a r e i n s t r u c t e d t h a t an o f f i c e r i n th e low t h r e e p e r c e n t of o f f i c e r s i n h i s c l a s s | ra n k e d a c c o rd in g t o p e rfo rm a n c e s h a l l be c o n s id e r e d f o r 1 s e l e c t i o n - o u t . Each f i n d i n g t h a t an o f f i c e r i s i n th e ! , 1 1 s e l e c t i o n - o u t z o n e ” i s s u b j e c t to r e v ie w by th e Deputy I 'U nder S e c r e t a r y f o r A d m i n is tr a t io n and I f ap pro ved by him i s r e f e r r e d to a R e tir e m e n t P a n e l f o r f u r t h e r r e v ie w and f i n a l d e c i s i o n . The r e q u ir e m e n t t h a t an o f f i c e r m ust be , e v a l u a t e d by a number of d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n s who a r e i n a p o s i t i o n to ju d g e h i s c a p a b i l i t i e s I s in te n d e d to i n s u r e i t h a t r a t i n g s w i l l be i m p a r t i a l and o b j e c t i v e . D epending on t h e i r c l a s s and l e n g t h o f s e r v i c e , o f f i c e r s s e l e c t e d o u t r e c e i v e a re f u n d o f t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s to th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e tir e m e n t and D i s a b i l i t y Fund, a bonus of one y e a r ' s s a l a r y , o r an a n n u i t y . 41 R e tir e m e n t System Under t i t l e V I I I of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e A ct of 1946, a s amended, an e q u i t a b l e and g e n e ro u s F o r e i g n S e rv ic e r e t i r e m e n t and d i s a b i l i t y system h a s been p ro v id e d f o r F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s w ith th e f o llo w in g b a s i c f e a t u r e s . R e tir e m e n t b e n e f i t s a re p a id from th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e tir e m e n t and D i s a b i l i t y Fund, w hich i s s u p p o rte d by c o n t r i b u t i o n s from b o th th e Government and F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , The o f f i c e r s * c o n t r i b u t i o n , w hich i s c o m p u lso ry , c o n s i s t s of a r e t i r e m e n t d e d u c tio n o f s i x iand o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t of b a s i c s a l a r y made a u t o m a t i c a l l y each p ay day. These d e d u c tio n s e a r n i n t e r e s t a t th e r a t e . of f o u r p e r c e n t compounded a n n u a l ly . R e tir e m e n t i s co m pulsory a t th e age of s i x t y f o r a l l F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s e x c e p t c a r e e r m i n i s t e r s and c a r e e r a m b a ssa d o rs, who r e t i r e a t age s i x t y - f i v e . An o f f i c e r who h a s re a c h e d th e age of f i f t y and who h a s tw e n ty y e a r s o f s e r v i c e may r e t i r e w ith th e a p p ro v a l of i th e S e c r e t a r y . I f th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e d e te r m in e s i t jto be i n th e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , he may e x te n d an o f f i c e r ' s ' s e r v i c e beyond th e m an d ato ry r e t i r e m e n t age f o r a p e r i o d in o t to exceed f i v e y e a r s and may a l s o r e c a l l any r e t i r e d o f f i c e r f o r te m p o ra ry d u ty . Upon r e t i r i n g u n d er any one of th e above 42 c o n d i t i o n s , an o f f i c e r i s e n t i t l e d to a l i f e t i m e a n n u ity e q u a l to two p e r c e n t of h i s a v e ra g e s a l a r y f o r M s h i g h e s t f i v e c o n s e c u tiv e y e a r s of s e r v i c e , m u l t i p l i e d by th e number o f y e a r s of s e r v i c e , n o t e x c e e d in g t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s . The maximum a n n u it y t h a t can be p a id i s se v e n ty p e r c e n t of th e a v e ra g e b a s i c s a l a r y f o r th e h i g h e s t f i v e c o n s e c u tiv e y e a r s of s e r v i c e . Upon r e t i r e m e n t an o f f i c e r c a n e l e c t to r e c e i v e h i s f u l l r e t i r e m e n t a n n u it y o r a re d u c e d a n n u it y w ith an a rra n g e m e n t f o r a s u r v i v o r s h i p a n n u it y of up to f i f t y p e r c e n t o f h i s a n n u i t y , to be p a id t o h i s w ife i n c ase he d i e s b e f o r e h e r . D ependent c h i l d r e n u n d e r e i g h t e e n I ' |y e a r s o f age of an o f f i c e r who d i e s i n r e t i r e m e n t a re a l s o e n t i t l e d to s u r v i v o r s h i p a n n u i t i e s . Such a n n u i t i e s ia r e l i k e w i s e p a y a b le t o th e w ife and d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n of an o f f i c e r who d i e s i n s e r v i e e w ith a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s of c i v i l i a n s e r v i c e c r e d i t f o r w hich f u l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s have b een made t o th e fu n d . I f th e d e c e a se d o f f i c e r had had l e s s th a n tw e n ty y e a r s of s e r v i c e a t th e tim e of h i s d e a t h , th e a n n u i t i e s p a y a b le to h i s widow and d e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n a r e computed on t h e a ss u m p tio n t h a t he i ;had had tw e n ty y e a r s of s e r v i c e , p ro v id e d t h a t th e a d d i t i o n a l s e r v i c e c r e d i t d o e s n o t exceed th e a c t u a l s e r v i c e t h a t m ig h t have a c c ru e d had he l i v e d to th e m and atory r e t i r e m e n t age f o r h i s c l a s s . R e tir e m e n t may a l s o o c c u r a s th e r e s u l t of 43 d i s a b i l i t y o r th e o p e r a t i o n of th e s e l e c t i o n - o u t p r o c e s s . I n t h e c a s e of r e t i r e m e n t f o r d i s a b i l i t y , th e a n n u it y of an o f f i c e r w ith a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s of s e r v i c e i s computed a s i f had had tw e n ty y ears* s e r v i c e , p ro v id e d t h a t th e a d d i t i o n a l s e r v i c e c r e d i t does n o t exceed t h e a c t u a l s e r v i c e t h a t m ight have a c c ru e d had he c o n tin u e d on d u ty u n t i l th e m an d ato ry r e t i r e m e n t age f o r h i s c l a s s . An o f f i c e r i n c l a s s one, tw o, o r t h r e e who i s s e l e c t e d - o u t r e c e i v e s an a n n u it y b a sed on t h e l e n g t h o f h i s s e r v i c e . An o f f i c e r i n c l a s s f o u r , f i v e , s i x , o r se v en who i s s e l e c t e d o u t r e c e i v e s a paym ent of o n e - t w e l f t h of a year* s ! i s a l a r y a t h i s t h e n c u r r e n t s a l a r y r a t e f o r each y e a r of s e r v i c e and p r o p o r t i o n a l l y f o r a f r a c t i o n of a y e a r , b u t n o t e x c e e d in g a t o t a l of one y e a r * s s a l a r y a t h i s th e n ; c u r r e n t s a l a r y r a t e . I f such an o f f i c e r h a s a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s o f s e r v i c e c r e d i t tow ard r e t i r e m e n t , he h a s a c h o ic e o f h a v in g h i s r e t i r e m e n t d e d u c tio n s r e t u r n e d to him w ith i n t e r e s t o r of r e c e i v i n g a d e f e r r e d a n n u i t y a t age s i x t y based on th e l e n g t h of h i s s e r v i c e . The F o r e ig n S e r v ic e a s a C a re e r 1 Today more young p e o p le a r e a t t r a c t e d by th e i d e a of a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c a r e e r th a n a t any p r e v i o u s tim e . T h is a t t r a c t i o n i s due to r e c o g n i t i o n b o th of th e im p o rta n c e and i n t e r e s t of th e worh of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e ^ and of th e f a c t t h a t th e S e r v ic e a s now e s t a b l i s h e d x J a p p e a rs to c o n s t i t u t e a s t a b l e p r o f e s s i o n of h ig h p r e s t i g e f and a d e q u a te r e m u n e r a tio n w ith good p r o s p e c t s f o r p e r s o n a l ^ d e v e lo p m e n t and advancem ent. ------- --------- Among t h e s e young p e o p le a r e p e r s o n s of widely- v a r y i n g t y p e s , many of whom p o s s e s s s p e c i f i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n s w hich would be of v a lu e i n a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c a r e e r . E very p o t e n t i a l c a n d id a te sho uld t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t th e f a c t , how ever, t h a t th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c a r e e r c a l l s f o r a b a la n c e of c a p a c i t i e s and a t t i t u d e s d i f f i c u l t to a c h ie v e and w hich may n o t be c o m p a tia b le w ith h i s own i n t e r e s t s o r b e n t of m ind. I n th e l a t t e r c a se th e |c a n d i d a t e sh o u ld c o n s i d e r w h e th e r some o t h e r c a r e e r m ig h t n o t o f f e r g r e a t e r p e r s o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n and u s e f u l n e s s .___ I ' ~ Among th e v a r i o u s t y p e s / j a t t r a c t e d to th e ^ S e r v i c e , ■ one of th e more u s u a jjjf la th e s c h o l a r l y young s t u d e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s whose c h o ic e l i e s betw een an academ ic and a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c a r e e r . Such a c a n d i d a t e w i l l make an e x c e l l e n t o f f i c e r i f he i s a b le to m eet and a c c e p t n o t m e re ly th e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r a broad knowledge of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s b u t a l s o th e p e rh a p s more d i f f i c u l t p e r s o n a l r e q u i r e m e n ts . Ih e F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r ’ s t a s k s , f o r exam ple, r e q u i r e wide a s s o c i a t i o n w ith p e o p le . He m ust know and be on f r i e n d l y te rm s w ith many p e o p le i n d i v e r s e w a lk s of l i f e i n o r d e r to o b t a i n th e v iew s and i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y f o r h i s work a s an o b s e r v e r and r e p o r t e r . He 45 m ust t h e r e f o r e l i k e to know p e o p le , to m eet new p e o p le , and to e x te n d h i s a c q u a in t a n c e s h i p a t h i s p o s t a s f a r as p o s s i b l e . When he go es to a new p o s t he m ust be re a d y and w i l l i n g to b e g in a l l o v e r a g a i n , w ith o u t l o s s of z e s t , th e p r o c e s s of a c q u i r i n g num erous, k n o w le d g e a b le , and r e l i a b l e c o n t a c t s . The c a n d id a te whose tem peram ent and i n c l i n a t i o n s a r e n o t i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n may n o t f i n d |t h e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e a s y m p a th e tic c a r e e r . ^ J u s t a s the s c h o l a r i s a t t r a c t e d by th e i n t e l l e c - \ t u a l c o n te n t of t h e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r 1s w ork, so |t h e s o c i a l l y i n c l i n e d young p e r s o n i s o f t e n a t t r a c t e d by |t h e s o c i a l and c e re m o n ia l a s p e c t s o f F o r e i g n S e r v ic e l i f e . i |S o c i a l t a l e n t s a r e u s e f u l i n t h e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e c a r e e r , b u t, u n l e s s t h e s o c i a l l y m inded o f f i c e r can u t i l i z e th e , s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s of t h e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e to o b t a i n r e s u l t s v a l u a b l e f o r th e f u r t h e r a n c e of h i s w ork, he may n o t more s u c c e s s f u l th a n t h e i n t r o s p e c t i v e s c h o l a r . S t i - l ^ a ^ t h i - r d - - ty p e th e mi s s i o n a r y m in d e d , a p p e a r s <al'S0‘ * to be a t t r a c t e d by th e i d e a of a F o r e i g n j S e r v ic e c a r e e r . Some young men whose e a r l y i n c l i n a t i o n s i 'have tu r n e d tow ard r e l i g i o n b u t who have n o t been q u i t e |s u r e enough of t h e i r r e l i g i o u s v o c a t i o n to e n t e r th e 'm i n i s t r y a re i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k of F o r e i g n S e r v ic e a s a ^ s u b s t i t u t e d i n w hich th e y -c o u id — r e l a x - t h e i r d e s i r e to b e n e f i t m ankind. These p e rs o n s /ja la o a n e ^ u n l1 lkel~y-: : -to™ -be- s u c c e s s f u l u n l e s s - t h e y can b r in g t h e i r d e s i r e s i n t o 46 p r a c t i c a l f o c u s w i t h i n th e ra n g e of th e m is s io n o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , w hich i s p r i m a r i l y to prom ote th e i n t e r e s t s and p o l i c y of th e U n ite d S t a t e s . S in c e th e m is s i o n of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s , m o reo v e r, n o t m e re ly to o b se rv e and r e p o r t b u t t o e x e c u te A m erican f o r e i g n p o l i c y , th e s u c c e s s f u l F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r m ust be n o t m e re ly e v e r y o n e 1s f r i e n d b u t a l s o th e v ig o r o u s ex p o u n d er, th e d e te rm in e d d e f e n d e r , and th e p a t i e n t , p r u d e n t , and p e r s i s t e n t n e g o t i a t o r of o u r f o r e i g n p o l i c y . The F o r e ig n S e rv ic e a s p i r a n t who i s p r e p a r e d to m eet a l l t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n ts m ust f u r t h e r r e c k o n w i t h th e :f a c t t h a t th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e h a s i t s sh a re of h a r d s h i p s , d i s c o m f o r t s , and h a z a r d s . Among t h e s e a r e th e h a z a r d s ito h e a l t h p r e s e n t a t many p o s t s , th e d i f f i c u l t i e s of e d u c a tin g c h i l d r e n , and th e f i n a n c i a l b u rd e n s and o t h e r p ro b lem s in v o lv e d i n t r a n s f e r r i n g from one p o s t to a n o th e r e v e ry t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s . A p p ro x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d of a l l F o r e i g n S e r v ic e p o s t s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s " h a r d s h ip p o s t s " b e c a u se o f e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y d i f f i c u l t o r n o t a b l y u n h e a l t h f u l l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . At tim e s o f f i c e r s may be a s s ig n e d to p o s t s w here, b e c a u se of war o r d i s t u r b e d p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e i r f a m i l i e s c a n n o t accompany them . A F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r and h i s f a m i ly m ust a c c e p t t h e s e and o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s of o f f i c i a l l i f e a b road and a d j u s t to them as_ b e s t th e y can. 47 F am ily A d a p t a b i l i t y M any of th e t r i a l s o f F o r e ig n S e r v ic e l i f e r e s t m ost h e a v i l y upon w iv e s , who m ust s e t up h o u se k e e p in g i n a new c o u n tr y e v e ry t h r e e or f o u r y e a r s , o f t e n u n d e r d i f f i c u l t and t r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s . The p ro b lem s of m anaging a h o u se h o ld may be c o m p lic a te d by an u n c e r t a i n su p p ly of power and w a t e r , by th e need to ta k e s p e c i a l h e a l t h 'p r e c a u t i o n s i n th e p r e p a r a t i o n of l o c a l f o o d s , and by th e n e c e s s i t y of waging c o n s t a n t war a g a i n s t m ildew and i n s e c t p e s t s . W hile s e r v a n t s a r e a v a i l a b l e to th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e w ife i n m ost a r e a s , th e t a s k of s u p e r v i s i n g them r e q u i r e s i | p a t i e n c e and v i g i l a n c e a s w e ll a s th e a b i l i t y to commu- : n i e a t e i n a f o r e i g n la n g u a g e . B e s id e s b e in g a h o u se - !k e e p e r , she m ust be a g r a c i o u s h o s t e s s and e n t e r i n t o many s o c i a l and community a c t i v i t i e s r e q u i r e d by h e r p o s i t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n she m ust be r e a d y a t a l l tim e s to a s s i s t th e w ife of t h e p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e r i n c a r r y i n g on r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s of th e p o s t . ! The w iv e s o f F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e no P r e s i d e n t i a l com m ission, b u t th e y a r e a v e r y im p o r ta n t p a r t of th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e . A w ife who c u l t i v a t e s th e f r i e n d s h i p and good w i l l of th e p e o p le of th e c o u n tr y , who l e a r n s th e l o c a l la n g u a g e , and who m a i n t a i n s an : a t t r a c t i v e home can be a v e r y r e a l a s s e t to h e r husband i n h i s t a s k of r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . By th e I 48 same to k e n a w ife who h a s d i f f i c u l t y i n a d a p tin g h e r s e l f to l i f e i n a f o r e i g n c o u n tr y and who p o s s e s s e s l i t t l e t a l e n t or i n c l i n a t i o n f o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s can be a s e r i o u s h a n d ic a p . E d u c a tio n o f C h ild r e n The problem o f e d u c a tin g t h e i r c h i l d r e n i s p r o b a b ly th e m ost d i f f i c u l t one w hich F o r e ig n S e r v ic e p a r e n t s have t o f a c e . W hile A m ericans a t home have th e a d v a n ta g e o f f r e e p u b l i c s c h o o lin g f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n , no such f a c i l i t i e s a re g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e a b ro a d . There a r e , how ever, many more A m e ric an -sp o n so red s c h o o ls !a b ro a d now t h a n f o r m e r l y , l a r g e l y a s th e r e s u l t of th e .p r e s e n c e i n many c o u n t r i e s of th e f a m i l i e s o f members of : t h e A m erican Armed F o r c e s . The Armed F o r c e s s c h o o ls a r e open to F o r e i g n S e r v ic e c h i l d r e n , a s a r e o t h e r A m erican- s p o n so re d s c h o o ls i n L a t i n Am erica and o t h e r a r e a s , many of w hich a re m a in ta in e d by A m erican m is s i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s . M any p o s t s w it h o u t A m erican sc h o o l f a c i l i t i e s h a v e e x c e l l e n t l o c a l p u b l i c s c h o o l s , a s i n th e B r i t i s h Commonwealth, o r e q u a l ly p r i v a t e s c h o o l s , a s i n F ra n ce and S w it z e r l a n d . I n a s u b s t a n t i a l number of p o s t s no s u i t a b l e s c h o o ls a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r Am erican c h i l d r e n , and o f f i c e r s * w iv e s have no o t h e r r e c o u r s e b u t to t e a c h t h e i r j own c h i l d r e n , e i t h e r by th e m s e lv e s o r i n a t e a c h i n g gro up j form ed w ith o t h e r A m erican p a r e n t s , o r to send them to i 49 s c h o o ls i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . The s c h o o lin g r e c e i v e d by a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c h i l d a b ro a d h a s i t s a d v a n ta g e s i n te rm s of b ro ad e n ed o u tlo o k , e a r l y d ev elopm en t of la n g u a g e s k i l l s , and t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to mix w i t h f o r e i g n c h i l d r e n . Sueh a c h i l d u s u a l l y d e v e lo p s a s t r o n g c o n s c io u s n e s s of h i s o r h e r i d e n t i t y a s an A m erican th ro u g h t h e e x p e r ie n c e of l i v i n g a b ro a d a s a member of t h e f a m ily o f an A m erican o f f i c i a l . A F o r e ig n S e r v ic e c h i l d , how ever, b e fo r e p a s s i n g t h e f o r m a tiv e s ta g e of d e v elo p m e n t, sh o u ld go to t h e U n ite d S t a t e s to a t t e n d sc h o o l o r c o l l e g e ; o th e r w is e he o r she may f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t , a s an a d u l t , to a d j u s t to A m erican l i f e . i i A llo w an ces and B e n e f i t s f _ , D i f f i c u l t i e s and o c c a s i o n a l h a r d s h i p s te n d to be 'i n s e p a r a b l e from l i f e i n th e f o r e i g n f i e l d , w h e th e r i n p r i v a t e o r p u b l i c s e r v i c e , b u t few o f them a r e i n s u p e r a b l e , and i n r e c e n t y e a r s much h a s been done to a l l e v i a t e them jby a co m prehensive system of o f f s e t t i n g a llo w a n c e s and b e n e f i t s . When no Government h o u s in g i s a v a i l a b l e a t a 'p o s t , a q u a r t e r s a llo w a n c e i s p a id to c o v e r e x p e n d i tu r e s jf o r r e n t , h e a t , and l i g h t . I n th e e v e n t of a ssig n m e n t to ■a p o s t where l i v i n g c o s t s a r e h i g h e r th a n i n W ashin gto n, . o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e a c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a llo w a n c e w hich 's u b s t a n t i a l l y o f f s e t s th e d i f f e r e n c e . W ith in p r e s c r i b e d l i m i t s , th e c o s t of s h ip p in g an o f f i c e r 1s h o u se h o ld | 50 j e f f e c t s to h i s p o s t of a ssig n m e n t i s p a id by th e Govern m ent, a s i s th e c o s t o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f h i m s e l f and f a m i ly , i n c l u d i n g a p e r diem a llo w a n c e to c o v er i n c i d e n t a l t r a v e l e x p e n s e s . I n r e c o g n i t i o n of th e f a c t t h a t s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e an im p o r ta n t a s p e c t of a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e j o f f i c e r 1s Jo b , th e D ep artm ent of S t a t e p r o v i d e s him w ith ja m odest r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a llo w a n c e to d e f r a y i n p a r t th e c o s t of o f f i c i a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t . O th e r a llo w a n c e s a r e p a id to m eet s p e c i a l i : c ir c u m s ta n c e s . Thus, i n th e c a s e of t r a n s f e r from one ( I c l i m a t i c zone to a n o t h e r , o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e a t r a n s f e r I 1 a llo w a n c e to c o v er p a r t of th e c o s t o f p u r c h a s i n g new c l o t h i n g and h o u se h o ld equ ip m en t. I f , b eca u se o f c o n d i t i o n s a t th e p o s t , an o f f i c e r i s co m pelled to m a i n t a i n h i s f a m i ly o u t s i d e t h e c o u n tr y o f h i s a s s ig n m e n t, a s e p a r a t i o n a llo w a n c e i s p a id to h e lp re im b u rs e him f o r t h e c o s t o f m a i n t a i n in g s e p a r a t e l i v i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . An e d u c a tio n a llo w a n c e i s p r o v id e d to h e lp an o f f i c e r m eet th e c o s t s of e d u c a tin g h i s c h i l d r e n a b ro a d , and i n t h e c a se o f d e p e n d e n ts s e n t to th e U n ite d S t a t e s to a t t e n d s e c o n d a ry sc h o o l and c o l l e g e , t h i s a llo w a n c e a l s o c o v e r s i th e c o s t of one round t r i p f o r each ty p e of e d u c a ti o n . O f f i c e r s a s s ig n e d to " h a r d s h ip p o s t s " r e c e i v e e x t r a c o m p e n sa tio n ra n g in g from t e n to t w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of t h e i r b a se p a y . I n th e e v e n t t h a t o f f i c e r s o r t h e i r d e p e n d e n ts i n c u r i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y . r e q u i r i n g t h e i r . 51 h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n w h ile s e r v in g a b ro a d or i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , th e c o s t s a r e borne by th e Governm ent. The Government a l s o l e n d s f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t to com m issary and mess s e r v i c e s o p e r a te d a b ro a d by th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e and h a s u n d e rta k e n a. program to p r o v id e r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s a t c e r t a i n h a r d s h ip p o s t s . F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s a l s o e n jo y th e b e n e f i t s o f a l i b e r a l l e a v e sy stem . D epending on l e n g t h of s e r v i c e , an o f f i c e r e a r n s from t h i r t e e n to t w e n t y - s i x i w orking d a y s 1 a n n u a l l e a v e each y e a r . I n a d d i t i o n home l e a v e i s a c c u m u late d a t th e r a t e o f f i v e w orking d a y s f o r eac h c o m p lete fo u r-m o n th p e r i o d a b ro a d . G e n e r a l l y , f o r t y - f i v e w orking d ay s o f home l e a v e , e q u i v a l e n t to a p p r o x i m a te ly two c a l e n d a r m o n th s, p l u s t r a v e l t im e , i s g r a n te d to an o f f i c e r a f t e r two y e a r s a t a p o s t . The home le a v e program p e r m i t s o f f i c e r s t o r e t u r n p e r i o d i c a l l y to th e U n ite d S t a t e s to m a i n t a i n c o n t a c t w ith A m erican l i f e and keep a b r e a s t of d o m e stic d e v e lo p m e n ts. i i I n a d d i t i o n t o th e b e n e f i t s p ro v id e d by s p e c i f i c a l l y F o r e ig n S e r v ic e l e g i s l a t i o n , F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i i p e r s o n n e l a r e a l s o in c l u d e d i n th e l o w - c o s t l i f e and h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e prog ram s a p p l i c a b l e to U n ite d S t a t e s Government em ployees i n g e n e r a l . 1 D i v e r s i t y of L i f e and Work 52 The d i v e r s i t y of e n v iro n m e n ts and c o n d i t i o n s of l i f e i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e p r e s e n t a c o n s t a n t s tim u lu s and c h a l le n g e . F o r e ig n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r s l i v e and work i n a l l th e m ajo r c u l t u r a l a r e a s of th e w o rld — th e B r i t i s h Commonwealth, L a t i n A m erica, W e ste rn E u ro p e, E a s t e r n | E u ro p e, th e New E a s t , A f r i c a , S outh A s ia , and th e F a r i I E a s t. Wide d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n t h e i r m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n - i j m ent— i n c l u d i n g such f a c t o r s a s c l i m a t e , h e a l t h , and ' l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s — w hich may be e p ito m iz e d by th e c o n t r a s t s betw een l i f e i n London and P a r i s and l i f e i n a t r o p i c a l A f r i c a n p o s t . The c u l t u r a l e n v iro n m en t i n each a r e a a l s o p r e s e n t s m a jo r c o n t r a s t s i n la n g u a g e , cu sto m s, ! r e l i g i o n , and p s y c h o l o g i c a l a t t i t u d e s . F or example an : o f f i c e r a t a p o s t i n Canada l i v e s and works i n an I en v iro n m en t n o t m ark ed ly d i f f e r e n t from t h a t of th e U n ite d S t a t e s ; on th e o t h e r han d , an o f f i c e r i n K ab ul, A fg h a n i s t a n , m ust o p e r a t e i n a c u l t u r a l s e t t i n g t h a t i s a lm o s t e n t i r e l y o u t s i d e A m erican e x p e r ie n c e . The d i v e r s i t y of c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w hich a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r l i v e s i s p a r a l l e l e d by th e i n f i n i t e i v a r i e t y o f h i s d a i l y work. I n th e c o u rs e of t h e i r d u t i e s i ; i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r s may w r i t e a r e p o r t on th e l o c a l m a rk e t f o r A m erican o f f i c e eq uip m en t; re a d th e P r e s i d e n t s T h a n k sg iv in g Lay P r o c la m a tio n to a g a t h e r i n g of A m erican r e s i d e n t s ; r e g i s t e r th e b i r t h of an A m erican baby; l o c a t e th e l o s t r e l a t i v e s of an A m erican; i n t e r c e d e w ith th e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s on b e h a l f of an A m erican t o u r i s t who h a s been ro b b ed ; a r r a n g e f o r th e b u r i a l of a d e c e a se d A m erican and th e s e t t l e m e n t of h i s e s t a t e ; e x e r c i s e good o f f i c e s i n s e t t l i n g a wage d i s p u t e betw een th e m a s te r of an A m erican v e s s e l and h i s crew; p a s s on th e a p p l i c a t i o n s of im m ig ra n ts f o r v i s a s to e n t e r th e U n ite d S t a t e s ; i s s u e p a s s p o r t s to Am erican c i t i z e n s ; c o o p e r a te w i t h th e p u b l i c a f f a i r s o f f i c e r i n recommending t r a v e l g r a n t s f o r f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s to v i s i t th e U n ite d S t a t e s ; a s s i s t i n d raw in g up a p o s t o p e r a t i n g b u d g e t; d e a l w i t h o f f i c e p e r s o n n e l and s t a f f i n g p ro b lem s o r q u e s t i o n s of p o s t o p e r a t i o n and jm a in te n an c e of Government p r o p e r t y and equip m en t; p a r t i c i p a t e i n th e n e g o t i a t i o n o f a com m ercial t r e a t y ; and p r e p a r e r e p o r t s on l o c a l p o l i t i c a l and econom ic d e v e lo p m e n ts, The wide ra n g e o f P o r e ig n S e r v ic e w ork, em bracing a s i t d oes a lm o s t e v e ry f i e l d of human a c t i v i t y , p r o v i d e s and i n t e r e s t and i n t e l l e c t u a l s t i m u l u s w hich can be m atched i n few o c c u p a ti o n s . O p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r S p e c i a l i z a t i o n Many c a n d i d a t e s f o r th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e t h i n k of th e S e r v ic e a s o f f e r i n g a c a r e e r s p e c i f i c a l l y i n th e f i e l d of i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s . A c t u a l l y th e complex and d i f f i c u l t p r o c e s s of f o r m u la ti n g and e x e c u tin g our f o r e i g n p o l i c y c a l l s f o r a wide ra n g e of s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s and knowledge o u t s i d e th e g e n e r a l p o l i t i c a l f i e l d . 54 O p e r a tio n o f th e v a s t and i n t r i c a t e m ac h in e ry r e q u i r e d to a d m i n i s t e r th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e demands a h ig h d e g re e of management a b i l i t y and e x e c u tiv e com p eten ce. T here i s t h u s room i n th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e d i v e r s i t y of s u b j e c t s w i t h i n th e b ro ad f i e l d s of econom ics and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . i j O f f i c e r s a r e g iv e n th e o p p o r t u n i t y , th ro u g h j a s s ig n m e n ts and t r a i n i n g , to d e v e lo p s p e c i a l com petence i n v a r i o u s l i n e s of work f o r w hich t h e i r p r e v i o u s e x p e r ie n c e may f i t them or f o r w hich th e y may have an l j i n c l i n a t i o n . E x p e r ts a r e needed i n such f i e l d s a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c e and t r a d e , com m ercial p ro m o tio n , I p e tr o le u m , m i n e r a l s , a v i a t i o n , s h i p p i n g , telecom m u ni- ; c a t i o n s , l a b o r a f f a i r s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and ' a d m i n i s t r a t i o n — i n c l u d i n g f i s c a l , b u d g e t, p e r s o n n e l , and , p r o p e r t y management w ork. I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s e f u n c t i o n a l ; s p e c i a l t i e s , o f f i c e r s may become e x p e r t s on d i f f e r e n t a r e a s of t h e w o rld th ro u g h s p e c i a l c o u r s e s o f s tu d y i n t h e i r l a n g u a g e s , h i s t o r y , and c u l t u r e , combined w i t h a s s ig n m e n ts i n th e a r e a of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . W hile e n c o u ra g in g and a s s i s t i n g o f f i c e r s to d e v e lo p s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s , th e D ep artm ent g u a rd s a g a i n s t o v e r - s p e c i a l i z a t i o n |b y o c c a s i o n a l l y r o t a t i n g s p e c i a l i s t o f f i c e r s to o t h e r : d u t i e s t h a t w i l l b ro ad e n t h e i r p e r s p e c t i v e s and h e lp them p r e p a r e f o r p o s i t i o n s of h i g h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o u t s i d e t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i a l t i e s . 55 Human R e l a t i o n s h i p s One of th e m ost a t t r a c t i v e a s p e c t s of th e P o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s th e o p p o r t u n i t y i t a f f o r d s an o f f i c e r to e s t a b l i s h p e r s o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s and f r i e n d s h i p s w ith f e l l o w w o rk e rs — A m ericans and f o r e i g n e r s — i n e v e ry w alk of l i f e . The S e r v ic e i t s e l f h a s a s tr o n g e s p r i t de c o rp s , and t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l f e e l i n g of f e l l o w s h i p and c a m a ra d e rie among i t s members. F r i e n d s h i p s form ed by o f f i c e r s w i t h i n th e S e r v ic e te n d to be d u r a b l e and re w a r d in g . An o f f i c e r a l s o d e r i v e s much p l e a s u r e and p r o f i t from th e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s he e s t a b l i s h e s i n th e e x e r c i s e of h i s d u t i e s . H is v a lu e t o o u r Government i i s d e te rm in e d i n l a r g e m easure by th e s u c c e s s w hich j a t t e n d s h i s e f f o r t s to c u l t i v a t e and g a in th e c o n fid e n c e : of l o c a l governm ent o f f i c i a l s , l o c a l p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s , l e a d i n g b u sin e ssm e n , e d u c a t o r s , and p r o f e s s i o n a l men, r e l i g i o u s and c u l t u r a l l e a d e r s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of th e p r e s s , and l e a d e r s of l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The d e v e lo p ment of a wide c i r c l e of p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s b r i n g s i t s own rew ard i n te rm s of s t i m u l a t i n g human r e l a t i o n s h i p s and com p reh en sio n of th e p o l i t i c a l , econom ic, and s o c i a l f o r c e s a t work i n th e c o u n try . Summary - I n - c l o s i n g - - — - *fi>r th e young man o r woman who 56 s e e k s i n t e r e s t i n g and c h a l le n g i n g work p r o v i d in g broad and v a r i e d e x p e r i e n c e , th e a d v a n ta g e s and o p p o r t u n i t i e s of a c a r e e r i n th e P o r e ig n S e r v i c e ^ S a i ^ th e ^ F n i te d — St'at'es'’ ,t r£Enfnrma tion-A geney~ f a r outw eigh th e h a r d s h i p s and h a n d ic a p s . To work i n a f i e l d v i t a l t o th e w e l f a r e of one*s c o u n tr y , to r e p r e s e n t t h a t c o u n tr y b e fo r e o t h e r g o v e rn m e n ts, to l i v e among th e p e o p le s of o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , and t o l e a r n and u n d e rs ta n d th e d i v e r s e h i s t o r i e s , c u l t u r e s , la n g u a g e s , and i n s t i t u t i o n s of many l a n d s a r e some of th e many s t i m u l a t i n g a s p e c t s of a c a r e e r t h a t o f f e r s h ig h re w a rd s i n te rm s of s e l f - f u l f i l l m e n t and p e r s o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n . i BIBLIOGRAPHY B ooks: Am erican A ssem bly, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , The R e p r e s e n t a t i o n of th e U n ite d S t a t e s Abroad (Hew YorE"," 1 9 5 6 ) . A m erican Assem bly, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , The S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e (Englewood C l i f f s , H. J . , 1960TT Boyce, R ic h a rd P . , The D ip lo m a t1s Wife (Hew York, 19 5 6 ). C h ild s , Jam es R . , Am erican P o r e ig n S e r v ic e (Hew York, 1 9 4 8). H u len , B e r tr a n d D . , I n s i d e th e D ep artm en t of S t a t e (Hew York, 1 9 3 9 T T H unt, G a i l l a r d , The D epartm ent of S t a t e of th e U n ited I S t a t e s ; I t s H i s t o r y and F u n c tio n s " "(Hew Haven, 1 9 1 4 ). I .J o n e s , C h e s te r L . , The C o n su la r S e r v ic e of t h e U n ite d S t a t e s ; I t s H i s t o r y and A c t i v i t i e s T P h i l a d e i p h i a , 1906) . Lay, T racy H . , The P o r e i g n S e r v ic e of t h e U n ite d S t a t e s (Hew Y o rk ,‘"1925) • S t e i n , H a ro ld , The F o r e ig n S e r v ic e Act o f 1946 (W ash ing ton, 1 9 4 9 ). S t u a r t , Graham H . , The D epartm ent of S t a t e A H i s t o r y of I t s O r g a n iz a t i o n , P r o c e d u r e , and P e rso n n e l'(W e w Y o rk , I W ) . — — ----------------- .T hayer, C h a r le s W. , D iplom at (Hew Y ork, 1 9 5 9 ). W ilso n , Hugh R . , D iplom acy a s a C a re e r ( C am bridge, M a s s ., 1 9 4 1 ). W ris to n , Henry M ., Diplomacy i n a Democracy (Hew York, 1 9 5 6 ). 57 58 A r t i c l e s : A l l e n , George V. , "The U t i l i t y of a T ra in e d and P erm anent P o r e ig n S e r v i c e ," F o r e ig n S e r v ic e J o u r n a l , XXXI, March 1954. Grew, J o s e p h 0 . , "Ambassador Grew on th e A m erican F o r e ig n S e r v i c e ," F o re ig n S e r v ic e J o u r n a l , X I I I , December 1956. ~ P e t e r s , 0. B rooks, "Why Hot a F o r e ig n S e rv ic e C a re e r? " The H e a d e r1s D i g e s t , LXIX, O ctober 1956. W ris to n , Henry M ., "Young Men and the F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , " F o r e i g n A f f a i r s , XXXIII, O c to b er 1954. O th er S o u rc e s : F o r e ig n S e r v ic e I n s t i t u t e , W ashington D. 0 . , P e r s o n a l I i n t e r v i e w w ith F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e c ru itm e n t p e r s o n n e l I o f f i c e r s . i 1 Oslo A m erican Embassy, O slo, Horway, p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t w ith F o r e ig n S e r v ic e em ployees and d e p e n d e n ts , b o th s o c i a l l y and o f f i c i a l l y . PART I I OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION BRIEF FOREIGN SERVICE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page The F o rk o f th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e .................................... 1 R e p r e s e n t a t i o n D i r e c t i o n and C o o r d in a tio n I n t e r p r e t i n g th e U n ite d S t a t e s R e p o r tin g P r o t e c t i o n of A m erican I n t e r e s t s N e g o t i a t i o n S t a t u t o r y F u n c tio n s E n te r in g th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r C orps. . . 4 The W r i t te n E x a m in a tio n The O ral E x a m in a tio n The M ed ical E x a m in a tio n F o r e ig n L anguages The Background and S e c u r i t y I n v e s t i g a t i o n The F i n a l Review P a n e l A p p o i n t m e n t ....................................................................................... 7 T r a in in g of th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e O f f i c e r . . . . 8 Rank, P ay, P r o m o t i o n .............................................. 9 O th e r B e n e f i t s ....................................................................... 10 A llow ances Leave O f f i c i a l T ra v e l L i f e I n s u r a n c e M ed ical Care O v e rse as R e tir e m e n t E n te r in g Through L a t e r a l A ppointm ent........................... 11 E n t e r i n g a s a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e se rv e O f f i c e r . 12 E n te r in g a s a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f O f f i c e r . . 12 E d u c a tio n f o r th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e .............................. 13 i i i i i Page Drawbacks and Rewards ............................................... 14 A CAREER I I THE FOREIGN SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES The Work of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e The f u t u r e o f o u r c o u n tr y — th e k in d o f l i v e s o u r c i t i z e n s l i v e — w i l l depend to a g r e a t e x t e n t on th e r e l a t i o n s we have w ith o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , and th o s e r e l a t i o n s w i l l be c o n d u cted p r i n c i p a l l y by th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e . Our i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s depend i n g r e a t ' m easure on e v e n ts t h a t o c c u r o u t s i d e o ur b o r d e r s . At th e same tim e th e y a r e a f f e c t e d by d e c i s i o n s o u r c i t i z e n s make c o n c e rn in g m a t t e r s t h a t , n o t many y e a r s a g o , were con s i d e r e d t o be o f p u r e l y d o m e stic i n t e r e s t . F o r e i g n and d o m e stic m a t t e r s a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y woven t o g e t h e r , so t h a t th e k in d o f wage a g re em e n t j n e g o t i a t e d by A m erican s t e e l w o rk e rs may s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e I th e manner i n w hich o u r Government can c o n t r i b u t e to th e jarmed d e f e n s e o f E urope. i ; Today* s F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r m ust be f a m i l i a r 'n o t o n ly w ith f o r e i g n a f f a i r s b u t a l s o w ith e v e n ts and I c ir c u m s ta n c e s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , and w i t h t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o e v e n ts and c ir c u m s ta n c e s a b ro a d . The ■ fie ld i n w hich a F o r e i g n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r works i s a s broad a s o u r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . i But w hat d o e s h i s work c o n s i s t o f? What d o e s a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r do? Any s i n g l e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r h a s d i f f i c u l t y i n a n sw e rin g t h a t q u e s t i o n . H is own e x p e r ie n c e no m a t t e r how b ro a d , em braces o n ly a sm a ll p e r c e n ta g e of what th e n e a r l y 4 ,0 0 0 F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s w orking i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s and n e a r l y e v e ry o t h e r c o u n tr y i n th e w orld a re d o in g . I t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t , how ever, to l i s t some of th e p o s i t i o n s a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r may h o l d . He may s e r v e a s Am bassador to E t h i o p i a o r to F ra n c e , o r to one o f t h e 111 o t h e r c o u n t r i e s where we m a i n t a i n e m b a s s ie s . 1 2 Some s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of a l l Am erican am b assad o rs a r e c a r e e r men o r women. Or he may s e rv e a s Deputy C h ie f of M is s io n , o r a s P o l i t i c a l C o u n s e lo r, Economic C o u n se lo r, A d m i n i s t r a t i v e O f f i c e r , o r Commercial A tta c h e , He may s e rv e a s P o l i t i c a l A d v is e r to th e Supreme A l l i e d Commander A t l a n t i c , o r a s V is a O f f i c e r a t a s m a ll c o n s u l a t e i n A f r i c a . He may d i r e c t an AID m is s i o n i n T h a ila n d o r an i n f o r m a t i o n program i n th e N e t h e r l a n d s . I n th e D ep artm ent of S t a t e he may s e rv e i n th e Bureau of Economic A f f a i r s , o r th e B ureau of I n t e l l i g e n c e and R e s e a r c h , o r i n th e O f f ic e of th e Under S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . A P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r may s e r v e a s Ambassador to th e U n ite d N a tio n s , o r to th e O r g a n iz a t i o n o f A m erican S t a t e s , o r a s a member of th e Ambassador* s s t a f f . He may be d e t a i l e d to th e W hite H ouse, o r to th e D ep artm en t of D e fe n s e , o r th e D epartm ent of Commerce. Or he may se rv e i n one of s c o r e s of o t h e r p o s i t i o n s a t home and a b ro a d . I n a l l h i s p o s t s he w i l l c o n t r i b u t e th e e x p e r t i s e he h a s a l r e a d y a c q u ir e d w h ile e n r i c h in g h i s background f o r f u r t h e r s e r v i c e . i l | I f i t i s im p o s s ib le to l i s t a l l th e jo b s a |P o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r d o e s , th o s e t a s k s can be p la c e d ' i n t o c a t e g o r i e s . There a re k i n d s o f t h i n g s t h a t e v e ry P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r d o e s , o r h e l p s t o do, w h e th e r he i s a n Ambassador a t one of our m ost im p o r ta n t p o s t s , o r th e m ost j u n i o r o f f i c e r i n a s m a ll c o n s u l a t e . R e p r e s e n t a t i o n — The Ambassador i s th e p e r s o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of th e P r e s i d e n t o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n th e c o u n tr y to w hich he i s a c c r e d i t e d . O f f i c i a l commu n i c a t i o n betw een t h a t governm ent and th e Government of th e U n ite d S t a t e s i s co n d u cted th r o u g h him and th ro u g h th e government* s am bassad or i n W ash ing ton . S u b o rd in a te o f f i c i a l s , o f a l l a g e n c i e s , a s s i s t th e Ambassador i n h i s f u n c t i o n a s th e P r e s i d e n t ' s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . D i r e c t i o n and C o o r d in a tio n — The Ambassador p r e s i d e s o v e r a l l th e o p e r a t i o n s of th e U n ite d S t a t e s Government i n th e c o u n tr y where he i s s e r v i n g . I n th e i l a r g e r c o u n t r i e s i t i s n o t u n u s u a l f o r tw e n ty o r tw e n ty - f i v e governm ent d e p a rtm e n ts and a g e n c ie s to m a i n t a i n t h e i r own r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , u s u a l l y w i t h i n th e Embassy. A ll t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s have to be s u p e r v is e d and c o o r d in a te d to c o n t r i b u t e t o th e o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s of th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n th e c o u n tr y . 3 I n t e r p r e t i n g th e U n ite d S t a t e s — F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s h e lp to i n t e r p r e t th e U n ited S t a t e s and i t s a c t s and p o l i c i e s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s a re so c r u c i a l i n th e l i v e s of c o u n t r i e s and p e o p le s , and th e U n ite d S t a t e s h a s such an i m p o r ta n t r o l e i n th o s e a f f a i r s , t h a t f o r e i g n g o v e rn m e n ts and f o r e i g n p r e s s a g e n c ie s and n e w sp a p ers o b se rv e c l o s e l y n o t o n ly w hat we a re d o in g a t home b u t a l s o what we a r e d o in g i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . I t i s one of t h e jo b s of a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s t o t r y to e n su re t h a t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of our a c t i v i t i e s a r e h e l p f u l to t h e U n ite d S t a t e s and to i t s f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s . R e p o r tin g — J u s t a s f o r e i g n e m b a ss ie s i n W a s h i ng t on re p o r t on d e v elo p m e n ts i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s t h a t may a f f e c t t h e i r c o u n t r i e s , so do our r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a b ro a d r e p o r t on c o u n t l e s s d e v elo p m e n ts t h a t a r e of i n t e r e s t to th e U n ite d S t a t e s . S in ce our r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i e l d a r e n o t exceeded by th o s e of any o t h e r n a t i o n , th e ra n g e of s u b j e c t s t h a t r e q u i r e a t t e n t i o n i s b ro ad in d e e d . j P r o t e c t i o n of A m erican I n t e r e s t s — E very 'd e p a rtm e n t of our Government h a s th e d u ty of p r o t e c t i n g I th e i n t e r e s t s of th e U n ite d S t a t e s and of U n ite d S t a t e s c i t i z e n s , and th e S t a t e D epartm en t i s no e x c e p ti o n . IF o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s h e lp to d e fe n d t h e i n t e r e s t of j a i l A m erican s when th e y c o n t r i b u t e to th e c a r r y i n g ou t of iAmerican o b j e c t i v e s i n th e w o rld . T h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e a s v a r i e d a s th e i n t e r e s t s and th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of th e U n ite d S t a t e s . t N e g o t i a t i o n — I f t h e s e , t h e n , a r e th e t h i n g s th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e d o e s , how d o e s i t go a b o u t d o in g them? There may, o f - c o u r s e , be many ways of aceom- i p l i s h i n g th e same end. P e o p le have d i f f e r e n t ways o f w o rk in g . C o u n tr ie s a r e n o t t h e same e i t h e r . ¥ h a t can be !done i n one way i n a g iv e n c o u n try may have to be done i n I a d i f f e r e n t way i n a n o t h e r . And what can be done i n one way to d a y may have to be done i n a d i f f e r e n t way tomorrow. But n e g o t i a t i o n i s th e m ost common i n s t r u m e n t . . n e g o t i a t i o n i s th e e s s e n c e of d ip lo m a cy . Many d i p lo m a ti c a c t i v i t i e s w hich do n o t th e m s e lv e s c o n s t i t u t e n e g o t i a t i o n a r e aimed a t e s t a b l i s h i n g a f a v o r a b l e c lim a te f o r n e g o t i a t i o n . S u c c e s s f u l n e g o t i a t i o n i s th e f r u i t of d ip lo m a c y , and t h e r e a re few q u a l i t i e s t h a t a d ip lo m a t 4 r e q u i r e s more t h a n n e g o t i a t i n g s k i l l . S t a t u t o r y F u n c tio n s — I n a d d i t i o n to th e broad c a t e g o r i e s of t h i n g s t h a t F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s do o r h e lp to do, t h e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i s ch arg ed by law w ith p e rfo rm in g s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n s such a s f u r n i s h i n g s e r v i c e s to s h ip s and seamen, i s s u i n g p a s s p o r t s to A m erican s, and g r a n t i n g v i s a s to f o r e i g n e r s . Most of t h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e p e rfo rm ed by c o n s u l a r o f f i c e r s . E n te r in g th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps The u s u a l p r o c e d u r e f o r e n t r y i n t o th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps i s th ro u g h c o m p e titiv e e x a m in a tio n f o r a p p o in tm e n t to one o f th e e n tr a n c e c l a s s e s : FSO-8 or FSO-7. The P r e s i d e n t h a s r e q u e s t e d th e C ongress to a u t h o r i z e a p p o in tm e n ts a t th e FSO-6 l e v e l i n th e e a s e s of o l d e r , e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l - q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e s . There a r e f i v e s t e p s by w hich a c a n d id a te e s t a b l i s h e s h i s e l i g i b i l i t y and f i t n e s s f o r a p p o in tm e n t: 1. W r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n 2. O ra l e x a m in a tio n 3. M e d ical |e x a m in a tio n 4. Background i n v e s t i g a t i o n 5. F i n a l i e v a l u a t i o n . | To be e l i g i b l e to ta k e th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n an j a p p l i c a n t m ust have been an A m erican c i t i z e n f o r a t l e a s t sev en and o n e - h a l f y e a r s on th e d a t e of th e e x a m in a tio n . As of t h a t d a te he o r she m ust be a t l e a s t tw e n ty -o n e and u n d e r t h i r t y - o n e y e a r s of a g e , e x c e p t t h a t a c a n d i d a te tw e n ty y e a r s of age may a p p ly i f he h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y com pleted th e j u n i o r y e a r i n c o l l e g e . A f t e r p a s s i n g th e e x a m in a tio n , no c a n d id a te may be c e r t i f i e d f o r a p p o in tm e n t ;a s a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r u n l e s s he o r she i s a t l e a s t ;tw e n ty -o n e and h a s been an A m erican e i t i z e n f o r a t l e a s t t e n y e a r s . A c a n d i d a t e whose spo use i s an a l i e n may ta k e t h e w r i t t e n and o r a l e x a m in a tio n s b u t c a n n o t be a p p o in te d a s a F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r u n l e s s th e spou se i s an |A m erican c i t i z e n a t t h e tim e of a p p o in tm e n t. * The w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n i s u s u a l l y g iv e n i n th e f a l l of t h e y e a r and i s j o i n t l y a d m i n i s t e r e d f o r th e :S t a t e D ep artm ent and t h e U n ite d S t a t e s I n f o r m a t io n Agency iby t h e Board o f E xam iners f o r th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , i A p p l ic a tio n s may be o b ta in e d by w r i t i n g to th e Board o f lE xam iners, U. S. D ep artm ent of S t a t e , W ash in g to n , D. C ., !20520. C a n d id a te s m ust com plete t h e a p p l i c a t i o n form [and send i t to th e Board of E xam iners f o r th e F o r e ig n r 5 S e r v ic e on o r b e fo r e t h e f i n a l f i l i n g d a t e , w hich i s u s u a l l y s i x weeks b e f o r e th e d a te s e t f o r th e e x a m in a tio n . When a p p ly i n g , c a n d i d a t e s m ust s p e e i f y w h e th e r th e y d e s i r e s e r v i c e i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s I n f o r m a t io n Agency o r i n th e D epartm en t of S t a t e . F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s a r e n o t exempt from m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , and th o s e s u b j e c t to S e l e c t i v e S e r v ic e may n o t l e a v e th e c o u n tr y w ith o u t th e p e r m i s s io n of t h e i r d r a f t b o a rd s . O f f i c e r s w ith R eserv e o b l i g a t i o n s may r e q u e s t m i l i t a r y le a v e to s e r v e t h e i r r e q u i r e d p e r i o d of a c t i v e d u ty . The W r i t t e n E x a m in a tio n — i s i n te n d e d e s s e n t i a l l y to t e s t th e c a n d i d a t e ' s g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e , w ith em phasis on h i s ra n g e o f know ledge, th e p u rp o se of th e " O r a l 1 1 i s to m easure th e c a n d id a te * s: p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s , r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s , and v e r s a t i l i t y ; b r e a d t h and d e p th of i n t e r e s t s ; a b i l i t y to e x p re s s and d e fe n d h i s o r h e r v iew s b e fo r e a w e ll- in f o r m e d g ro u p ; p o t e n t i a l f o r d ev elo p m e n t; a b i l i t y to work w ith p e o p le ; s u i t a b i l i t y a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of th e U n ite d S t a t e s a b ro a d . The c a n d id a te may e x p e c t to be q u e s tio n e d upon a jwide v a r i e t y o f s u b j e c t s , w i t h s p e c i a l em p h asis upon our |own c o u n tr y a s w e ll a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s . He i s ! ju dged p r i m a r i l y upon a b i l i t y to a p p ly r e a s o n i n g to j h y p o t h e t i c a l p ro b lem s and to f o r m u la te t h o u g h t f u l , c l e a r land c o n c is e r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s t i o n s . The o r a l e x a m in a tio n /u s u a lly l a s t s betw een one and o n e - h a l f o r two h o u r s . The W r i t t e n E x a m in a tio n r e q u i r e s one f u l l day and i s g iv e n on a S a tu rd a y i n a l a r g e number of c i t i e s th r o u g h o u t th e U n ite d S t a t e s and a t any A m erican F o r e ig n S e r v ic e p o s t i n a f o r e i g n c o u n tr y from w hich a p p l i c a t i o n s have been r e c e i v e d . The e x a m in a tio n t e s t s a b i l i t y to !s o lv e p ro b le m s, g e n e r a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of th e i d e a s and e v e n ts w hich pro d u ced th e w orld of to d a y and a r e sh a p in g ;t h e f u t u r e , and s k i l l i n w r i t i n g . ; The e x a m in a tio n i s d iv id e d i n t o f o u r p a r t s : (1) IG eneral A b i l i t y (one h o u r and f i f t e e n m i n u t e s ) — a t e s t J of a n a l y t i c a b i l i t y , r e a d i n g a b i l i t y , and th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a . (2) E n g li s h E x p r e s s i o n '(o n e h o u r and f o r t y - f i v e m i n u t e s ) - - a t e s t of a b i l i t y to r e c o g n iz e and to u s e c o r r e c t , e f f e c t i v e , and w e l l - io rg a n iz e d w r i t t e n E n g li s h . Each c a n d i d a t e w i l l be r e q u i r e d to w r i t e on two a s s ig n e d t o p i c s d u rin g th e e x a m in a tio n . (3) G e n e ra l Background (one hour and t h i r t y 6 m i n u t e s ) — a t e s t of g e n e r a l e d u c a ti o n , d e s ig n e d to a s s e s s th e c a n d i d a t e 's background knowledge and u n d e r s ta n d in g of th e i d e a s and c o n c e p ts b a s i c to t h e d ev elopm en t of th e U n ite d S t a t e s and of th e w o rld . There w i l l be q u e s t i o n s on a broad ra n g e of th e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s , h u m a n i t ie s , and f i n e a r t s . (4) S p e c ia l O p tio n a l T e s ts (one h o u r and f i f t e e n m in u t e s ) — each c a n d i d a t e w i l l s e l e c t one o f th e f o u r o p t i o n a l t e s t s l i s t e d . C a n d id a te s f o r a p p o in tm e n t i n th e D epartm ent o f S t a t e may s e l e c t any one of th e f o u r . C a n d id a te s f o r th e U n ite d S t a t e s I n f o r m a t i o n Agency w i l l ta k e O p tio n A o n ly . O p tio n A— H i s t o r y , Governm ent, S o c i a l S c ie n c e s , and P u b l i c A f f a i r s O ptio n B—-A d m in is tr a tio n O p tio n C— Econom ics O p tio n D— Commerce A c a n d id a te who i s n o t s u c c e s s f u l i n th e w r i t t e n or th e o r a l e x a m in a tio n may r e a p p l y w i th o u t p r e j u d i c e to ta k e th e " W ritte n " a g a i n i n o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h a new c a n d id a c y , so lo n g a s he c o n ti n u e s to m eet e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n ts of age and c i t i z e n s h i p . ! The O ral E x am in a tio n — i s th e second s ta g e i n |th e c y c l e . Q u a lif y in g c a n d i d a t e s who p a s s th e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n a r e i n v i t e d to ta k e th e "O ra l" a s soon a s ( p o s s ib le a f t e r th e " W ritte n " h a s been g ra d e d and a l l ( c a n d id a te s have b een in fo rm ed of t h e i r s c o r e s . The "O ra l" ;w i l l be s c h e d u le d d u r in g th e n in e -m o n th p e r i o d f o l lo w in g th e d a te of th e " W r i t t e n ." I t may be p o s tp o n e d , how ever, (if th e c a n d i d a t e i s o u t s i d e th e U n ite d S t a t e s and t h u s u n a b le to p r e s e n t h i m s e l f f o r e x a m in a tio n w i t h i n n in e (months i n one o f th e number of c i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g :W ash in g to n , where P a n e ls of s e n i o r o f f i c e r s c o n d u ct o r a l e x a m in a tio n s a t v a r i o u s p e r i o d s of th e y e a r . I The M ed ical E x a m in a tio n — A P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r may be a s s ig n e d to p o s t s a b ro a d w here h e a l t h ih azard s a r e h ig h and m e d ic a l f a c i l i t i e s a r e l i m i t e d . (A fter p a s s i n g th e o r a l e x a m in a tio n th e c a n d id a te i s g iv e n la th o ro u g h m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n . He may ta k e t h i s a t th e !D epartm ent of S t a t e i n W ashin gto n, o r a t an a u th o r i z e d lUnited S t a t e s Government h e a l t h o r m e d ic a l f a c i l i t y e ls e w h e r e . I f t h a t sh o u ld n o t be p o s s i b l e , th e m e d ic a l 'e x a m in a tio n may be g iv e n by a p r i v a t e p h y s i c i a n , i n w hich c ase th e c a n d i d a t e I s r e im b u r s e d . D epen d en ts of a P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r m ust a l s o p a s s a m e d ic a l 7 | e x a m in a tio n b e f o r e accom panying th e o f f i c e r o v e r s e a s . j I n g e n e r a l a c a n d id a te w i l l be d i s q u a l i f i e d by a d i s a b i l i t y w hich n e c e s s i t a t e s s p e c i a l d i e t s o r p ro lo n g e d t r e a t m e n t , r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l o r th o p e d ic a p p l i a n c e s , t h r e a t e n s th e f u n c t i o n of a v i t a l o rg a n , c a u s e s marked d i s f i g u r e m e n t , p r e v e n t s a ssig n m e n t to rem o te and u n h e a l t h f u l p l a c e s , or may r e s u l t i n p re m a tu re r e t i r e m ent. P o r e ig n L anguages — P o r e ig n la n g u a g e s k i l l s , a lt h o u g h v e r y i m p o r ta n t i n a P o r e ig n S e r v ic e c a r e e r , a r e n o t a p r e r e q u i s i t e to a p p o in tm e n t, Hewly a p p o in te d o f f i c e r s a r e exam ined i n f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s soon a f t e r th e y e n t e r on d u ty i n t h e D ep artm ent of S t a t e . I f th e y d e m o n s tra te com petence i n a t l e a s t one of th e t h i r t y or more f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s t h a t th e D epartm ent c o n s i d e r s u s e f u l , th e y may be g iv e n h i g h e r s t a r t i n g s a l a r i e s th a n would o th e r w is e be th e c a s e . An o f f i c e r who i s u n a b le to d e m o n s tra te la n g u a g e com petence may n o t r e c e i v e more th a n one p ro m o tio n u n t i l he overcom es t h i s d e f i c i e n c y . I n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g pro g ram s a re a v a i l a b l e to h e lp him do t h i s . ; Background and S e c u r i t y I n v e s t i g a t i o n — A f t e r he h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y co m pleted th e m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n th e I c a n d i d a t e w i l l be g iv e n a th o ro u g h background i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h h i s g e n e r a l s u i t a b i l i t y f o r th e c a r e e r and to com plete th e i n f o r m a t i o n needed by th e P i n a l Review P a n e l. Ih e P i n a l Review P a n e l — A P i n a l Review P a n e l, m e e tin g i n W ash in g to n , c o n s i d e r s a l l th e i n f o r m a t i o n d e v e lo p e d d u r in g th e f i r s t f o u r s t a g e s of th e e x a m in a tio n c y c le and d e te r m in e s what c a n d i d a t e s a r e e l i g i b l e f o r a p p o in tm e n t. A ppointm ent A new o f f i c e r r e c e i v e s t h r e e com m issions from th e P r e s i d e n t - - a s P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r , a s S e c r e t a r y i n th e D ip lo m a tic S e r v i c e , and a s V ice C o n su l. A p pointm en ts a s P o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r m ust be c o n firm ed by th e S e n a te . A c a n d i d a t e who i s a t l e a s t t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s o ld ; and who h a s a r e c o r d o f g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g o r employment j d e m o n s tr a tin g a h i g h e r l e v e l of a b i l i t y f o r w hich t h e r e 8 i s a need i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , may be o r a l l y examined f o r and a p p o in te d to C la s s Seven. O th er s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s w i l l be a p p o in te d t o C la s s E ig h t . A l l F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s i n i t i a l l y a p p o in te d to C la s s e s seven and e i g h t a r e i n a p r o b a t i o n a r y s t a t u s w hich c o n ti n u e s u n t i l th e y r e c e i v e t h e i r f i r s t p ro m o tio n . T r a in in g of th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r A F o re ig n S e rv ic e o f f i c e r i s i n t r a i n i n g from th e day he f i r s t e n t e r s on d u ty u n t i l th e day he r e t i r e s . Most of h i s t r a i n i n g i s o b ta in e d on th e jo b , and o n - th e - jo b t r a i n i n g i s by f a r th e m ost e f f e c t i v e . N e v e r t h e l e s s th e number and v a r i e t y o f s c h o o ls and c o u rs e s a v a i l a b l e 1 to m eet th e s p e c i a l n e e d s of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s have i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y d u r in g r e c e n t y e a r s . The incom ing F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r i s a s s ig n e d to th e J u n i o r O f f i c e r Program and re m a in s i n t h a t program d u r in g h i s p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d , w h e th e r he i s s e r v in g a b ro a d o r i n W ashing ton . I ! The new o f f i c e r i s g i v e n s e v e r a l m onths o r i e n t a t i o n and b a s i c t r a i n i n g a t th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e ' I n s t i t u t e i n W ashing ton i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a f i r s t a s s ig n m e n t. T his a ssig n m e n t n o rm a lly i s to a p o s t a b ro ad /and l a s t s two y e a r s . D uring t h e a s s ig n m e n t th e o f f i c e r i s r o t a t e d th ro u g h a number of t y p e s of work i n o r d e r to g iv e him a v a r i e t y o f e x p e r ie n c e and to i d e n t i f y t h o s e f i e l d s i n w hich he may have s p e c i a l a p t i t u d e s . H is p e rfo rm a n c e i s e v a l u a t e d a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s , and a s soon a s s u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l on him h a s been assem b led he i s c o n s id e r e d f o r p ro m o tio n to th e n e x t h i g h e r c l a s s . At t h a t p o i n t he i s e i t h e r p ro m o te d , r e t a i n e d i n p r o b a t i o n a r y s t a t u s , o r t e r m i n a t e d . F o llo w in g c o m p le tio n o f h i s i n i t i a l a s s ig n m e n t, th e j u n i o r o f f i c e r o r d i n a r i l y i s g iv e n a tw o -y e a r t o u r i n a n o th e r a r e a o f th e w o rld , t h i s tim e i n a r e g u l a r p o s i t i o n . T h is second a s s ig n m e n t i s in te n d e d to b ro ad e n 'h i s e x p e r ie n c e and g iv e him th e o p p o r t u n i t y to u se a second la n g u a g e i f he h a s one. A n o th e r of h i s e a r l y 'a s s ig n m e n ts w i l l be to W ash in g to n , to f a m i l i a r i z e him w ith th e o p e r a t i o n s of th e U n ite d S t a t e s Governm ent. When i t i s e v id e n t t h a t th e o f f i c e r h a s a d a p te d t o l i f e 'and work i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , he i s re a d y f o r th e n e x t p h a se o f h i s c a r e e r . 9 The new p h a se i s one of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . The o f f i c e r m ee ts w ith th e c o u n s e lo r s of th e C a r e e r Management and Developm ent S t a f f i n o r d e r to d e v e lo p a p l a n f o r h i s m id - c a r e e r y e a r s , d u r in g w hich he w i l l n o rm a lly d e v o te th e m a jo r p o r t i o n of h i s tim e to a p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n and g e o g ra p h ic a r e a . D uring t h i s p e r i o d , many o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g r e l a t e d to t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d s of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . T r a in in g may i n c l u d e la n g u a g e s tu d y i n W ashington o r i n th e f i e l d ; c o u r s e s a t th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e I n s t i t u t e ; or g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g a t s e l e c t e d c o l l e g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s i n such f i e l d s a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s , econ om ics, a r e a s t u d i e s , o r p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Beyond th e m id - c a r e e r p e r i o d , b e g in n in g a t a b o u t C la s s t h r e e , o f f i c e r s who have d e m o n s tra te d a marked p o t e n t i a l f o r assum ing h ig h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y may be g iv e n b ro a d e n in g t r a i n i n g to h e lp p r e p a r e them f o r a ssig n m e n t to p o s i t i o n s o f l e a d e r s h i p . Such t r a i n i n g , l a s t i n g from s i x t e e n weeks to a f u l l academ ic y e a r , may be o b ta in e d a t t h e F o r e i g n A f f a i r s Program Management Sem inar o r th e ; S e n io r Sem inar i n F o r e i g n A f f a i r s a t th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e ' I n s t i t u t e ; th e N a t i o n a l , Army, N a v al, or A ir War C o lle g e ; i o r , by i n v i t a t i o n , th e NATO, I m p e r i a l ( B r i t i s h ) or C anadian d e f e n s e c o l l e g e s . R ank, P a y , and P ro m o tio n F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s a re d i v id e d by r a n k ; i n t o e i g h t numbered c l a s s e s , ra n g in g from FSO-8 a t th e ! bottom up to FSO-1. There a re two a d d i t i o n a l to p c l a s s e s d e s i g n a t e d C a re e r M i n i s t e r and C a re e r Am bassador. C la s s e s e i g h t and se v en , a t th e e n tr a n c e l e v e l , ; c a r r y a n n u a l s a l a r i e s from above # 6 ,0 0 0 t o around # 8 ,5 0 0 . ! ( S a l a r y f i g u r e s a r e g iv e n h e r e i n a p p ro x im a te am ounts, ; s i n c e th e p r e c i s e r a t e s may v a r y w ith l e g i s l a t i v e ! c h a n g e s .) O f f i c e r s a r e a p p o in te d a t v a r y i n g r a t e s w i t h i n t h i s ra n g e d ep en d in g upon a g e , e x p e r i e n c e , e d u c a ti o n , and I la n g u a g e com petence. The s a l a r y s c a l e r i s e s to a b o u t ! # 2 7 ,0 0 0 -# 3 0 ,000 f o r C a re e r A m bassadors and C h ie f s of l M is s io n a t th e l a r g e s t e m b a s s ie s . ; The F o r e i g n S e r v ic e O f f i c e r Corps i s a c o m p e titiv e ■ c a r e e r s e r v i c e , w ith p ro m o tio n s made s t r i c t l y on th e b a s i s I of m e r i t . S e l e c t i o n B oards made up of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , d i s t i n g u i s h e d p u b l i c members, and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of o t h e r G overnm ental a g e n c i e s , m eet a n n u a l ly to c o n s i d e r e v e ry o f f i c e r f o r p ro m o tio n i n c o m p e titio n w ith 10 o t h e r o f f i c e r s i n th e same c l a s s . S e l e c t i o n B oards f o r j u n i o r p r o b a t i o n a r y o f f i c e r s m eet f o u r tim e s a y e a r . P r e c e p t s g o v e rn in g th e work o f S e l e c t i o n B oards a r e d e s ig n e d to i n s u r e t h a t due r e g a r d i s g iv e n to f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n i n th e m id d le g r a d e s , w ith p r o p o r t i o n a l l y g r e a t e r em phasis upon e x e c u ti v e a b i l i t y a t th e s e n i o r l e v e l . They a r e d e s ig n e d a ls o to p e rm it y o u n g er o f f i c e r s o f e x c e p t i o n a l a b i l i t y to be prom oted a t r e l a t i v e l y f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s . B e s id e s p ro m o tio n s from c l a s s to c l a s s , o f f i c e r s whose p e rfo rm a n c e h a s been s a t i s f a c t o r y w i l l r e c e i v e a n n u a l i n - c l a s s i n c r e a s e s , r a n g in g from #200 f o r an o f f i c e r i n C la s s e i g h t to around #800 f o r an o f f i c e r i n C la s s one. I n a d d i t i o n to recommending o f f i c e r s f o r p ro m o tio n , S e l e c t i o n B oards r a n k o f f i c e r s to be ” s e l e c t e d o u t ” of th e S e r v i c e . S e l e c t i o n ou t i n v o lv e s th e t e r m i n a t i o n o r r e t i r e m e n t of o f f i c e r s whose p e rfo rm a n c e , w h ile n o t [ n e c e s s a r i l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , f a i l s to m eet a c o m p e titiv e |s t a n d a r d f o r th e c l a s s . S e l e c t i o n o u t i n c r e a s e s th e : e f f e c t i v e n e s s of th e c a r e e r F o r e ig n S e r v ic e by p e r m i t t i n g t h e r a p i d advancem ent of th e m ost a b le o f f i c e r s . O th e r B e n e f i t s A llo w ances - - I n a d d i t i o n to s a l a r y , o f f i c e r s i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e r e c e i v e a llo w a n c e s to c o v e r m ost of th e e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x p e n se s i n c u r r e d i n l i v i n g a b ro a d . I n many c o u n t r i e s governm ent q u a r t e r s a r e f u r n i s h e d . Where t h o s e a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a q u a r t e r s a llo w a n c e i s p a i d . At p o s t s where l i v i n g c o s t s a re s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r th a n i n W ash in g to n , a llo w a n c e s to o f f s e t th e d i f f e r e n c e a re !r e c e i v e d . A s a l a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l a l s o may be p a id t o an o f f i c e r a t a p o s t where e x c e p t i o n a l l y d i f f i c u l t l i v i n g p ro b le m s, e x c e s s iv e p h y s i c a l h a r d s h i p s , or n o t a b l y ■ u n h e a lth f u l c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t . E d u c a tio n a llo w a n c e s a r e a v a i l a b l e a t f o r e i g n p o s t s to d e f r a y e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x p en se s i n p r o v i d in g e le m e n ta r y and se c o n d a ry s c h o o lin g f o r c h i l d r e n . I n 'a d d i t i o n , th e D ep artm ent p ay s th e c o s t of one r o u n d - t r i p f o r d e p e n d e n ts e n r o l l e d i n c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . 11 Leave — D epending on l e n g t h of s e r v i c e , an o f f i c e r e a r n s from t h i r t e e n to t w e n t y - s i x w orking day s of “ a n n u a l le a v e " each y e a r . I n a d d i t i o n , “home le a v e " i s a c c u m u late d a t th e r a t e of t h r e e weeks f o r each y e a r of d u ty a b ro a d . G e n e r a ll y an o f f i c e r i s g r a n t e d home l e a v e a f t e r two o r t h r e e y e a r s a t a p o s t . He i s f u r n i s h e d r o u n d - t r i p t r a v e l to h i s home i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s f o r h i m s e l f and h i s d e p e n d e n ts . O f f i c i a l T ra v e l — Whenever an o f f i c e r i s t r a n s f e r r e d he r e c e i v e s t r a v e l e x p en se s f o r h i m s e l f and h i s j f a m i ly . The c o s t of s h ip p in g h i s h o u se h o ld and p e r s o n a l ; e f f e c t s i s p a id by th e Government w i t h i n p r e s c r i b e d | l i m i t s on w e ig h t and s p a c e . L if e I n s u r a n c e — As Government em ploy ees, members oF^the F o r e ig n S e r v ic e a re c o v ered a u t o m a t i c a l l y by a term l i f e - i n s u r a n c e p rog ram , u n l e s s th e y e l e c t o th e r w is e . M edical Care O v e rse as — I f an o f f i c e r r e q u i r e s h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n w h ile s e r v i n g abroad, th e e o s t s w i l l be p a id by th e D epartm ent of S t a t e p ro v id e d th e i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y o c c u rre d ab ro ad and was n o t th e r e s u l t of in te m p e ra n c e o r m is c o n d u c t. R e tir e m e n t - - The C on gress h a s p ro v id e d f o r an e q u i t a b l e and g e n e ro u s r e t i r e m e n t system f o r F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . O f f i c e r s below th e g ra d e of C a re e r M i n i s t e r a r e m a n d a to r i l y r e t i r e d a t age s i x t y . An o f f i c e r who h a s re a c h e d age f i f t y w ith tw e n ty y e a r s of s e r v i c e may r e t i r e v o l u n t a r i l y w ith th e D ep artm en t^ s c o n s e n t. :E n te r in g Through L a t e r a l A ppointm ent Most FSOf s e n t e r a t th e C la s s e i g h t - sev en l e v e l s . However, th e need f o r c e r t a i n s k i l l s and a b i l i t i e s i s so g r e a t , and r e q u i r e m e n ts change so r a p i d l y , t h a t a v e r y l i m i t e d number o f o u t s t a n d i n g c a n d i d a t e s u n d e r f i f t y - f i v e y e a r s o f age a r e a d m itte d th r o u g h “l a t e r a l a p p o in tm e n t” t o C la s s e s s i x th ro u g h one. A c a n d id a te f o r l a t e r a l a p p o in tm e n t m ust have r e n d e r e d a t l e a s t f o u r y e a r s of a c t u a l s e r v i c e p r i o r to 12 a p p o in tm e n t i n a p o s i t i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n th e s e r v i c e of a Government a g en c y , or a g e n c i e s , e x c e p t t h a t i f he h a s re a c h e d th e age of t h i r t y - o n e y e a r s , th e r e q u ir e m e n t a s to s e r v i c e may be re d u c e d to t h r e e y e a r s . He m ust p a s s an e x a m in a tio n w hich i n c l u d e s e v a l u a t i o n of t r a i n i n g and e x p e r ie n c e and an o r a l e x a m in a tio n . E n t e r i n g As a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e se rv e O f f i c e r F o re ig n S e r v ic e R e se rv e o f f i c e r s a r e p e r s o n s w ith h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e who s e rv e f o r l i m i t e d p e r i o d s . A R e se rv e o f f i c e r may s e rv e a s S c ie n c e A tta c h e , f o r exam ple, o r P e tro le u m A tta c h e , or a s P u b l i c A f f a i r s A d v is e r . P r i o r to s e l e c t i o n he i s r e q u i r e d to a p p e a r b e fo re a p a n e l o f o f f i c e r s , i n c l u d i n g one who i s a s p e c i a l i s t i n th e f i e l d i n w hich he w i l l be s o r k in g . W ith r a r e e x c e p t i o n s , a c a n d id a te f o r a F o r e ig n ! S e r v ic e R e se rv e a p p o in tm e n t m ust have p a s s e d h i s | t h i r t y - f i r s t b i r t h d a y and m ust have been an A m erican i c i t i z e n f o r n o t l e s s t h a n f i v e y e a r s . I n some i n s t a n c e s | a p p o in tm e n ts r e q u i r e a l o n g e r p e r i o d of c i t i z e n s h i p , i A p p l i c a n t s m ust p a s s a m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n com parable to t h a t r e q u i r e d of a F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r . D ependents : who w i l l accompany th e c a n d i d a t e a b ro a d a l s o a r e s u b j e c t ; to m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n . F o r e ig n S e r v ic e R e se rv e o f f i c e r s have th e same pay and a llo w a n c e s c h e d u le a s F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s . E n te r in g As a F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f O f f i c e r . F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f o f f i c e r s a r e c a r e e r s p e c i a l i s t s i n th e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and c o n s u l a r f i e l d s . They s e rv e a t home and a b ro a d i n such f i e l d s a s p e r s o n n e l , j s e c u r i t y , b u d g e t and f i s c a l w ork, com m unications and I r e c o r d s , g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s e r v i c e s , and g e n e r a l ! c o n s u l a r work. A p a r t i a l l i s t of t e c h n i c i a n s i n th e | F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f i n c l u d e s l e g a l s p e c i a l i s t s , j f o r e i g n b u i l d i n g s s p e c i a l i s t s , r a d i o t e c h n i c i a n s , j com m unications t e c h n i c i a n s , t r a n s l a t o r - i n t e r p r e t e r s , and p ro c u re m e n t and s u p p ly s p e c i a l i s t s . Many s t a f f o f f i c e r s have d i p lo m a ti c or c o n s u l a r ! co m m issio ns, o r b o th . Some do c o n s u l a r work e x c l u s i v e l y . ; 13 These o f f i c e r s g a i n t h e i r e x p e r ie n c e i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e . S t a f f o f f i c e r s i n o t h e r f i e l d s may have o b ta in e d m ost of t h e i r e x p e r ie n c e o u t s i d e th e S e r v i c e . They may be b ro u g h t i n t o th e S t a f f Corps a t any s a l a r y l e v e l . T here a re s i x g r a d e s or c l a s s e s of F o r e ig n S e r v ic e S t a f f o f f i c e r s , FSSO-6 to FSSO-1, e q u a tin g r o u g h ly t o C la s s e s FSO-8 to FSO-3. T here i s a l s o a ''tra in e e * 1 l e v e l , C la s s se v e n , f o r j u n i o r s t a f f o f f i c e r s . Occa s i o n a l l y a t r a i n e e i s a d m itte d i n t o C la s s s i x . S t a f f o f f i c e r s a l a r i e s ra n g e from a b o u t #6,000 to a b o u t # 1 9 ,5 0 0 . J u n i o r s t a f f o f f i c e r c a n d i d a t e s a r e g iv e n th e F e d e r a l S e r v ic e E n tra n c e E x a m in a tio n of th e U n ite d S t a t e s C i v i l S e r v ic e Commission. They a l s o a r e g iv e n an o r a l e x a m in a tio n , s i m i l a r t o t h a t g iv e n to c a n d i d a t e s f o r a p p o in tm e n t a s FSO. | An a p p l i c a n t f o r a p p o in tm e n t a s FSSO m ust be a t I l e a s t tw e n ty -o n e y e a r s of ag e. He m ust have been a ! U n ite d S t a t e s c i t i z e n f o r a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s and m ust ! q u a l i f y u n d e r th e u s u a l m e d ic a l, b ack g ro u n d , and s e c u r i t y i a p p r o v a l. I f he i s m a r r ie d h i s spouse m ust be a U n ite d r S t a t e s c i t i z e n . E d u c a tio n f o r th e F o r e ig n S e rv ic e There a r e no fo rm a l e d u c a t i o n a l o r jo b e x p e rie n c e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r e n t r y i n t o th e F o r e i g n S e r v i c e , b u t i t h a s been found t h a t th e m ost s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s p o s s e s s a t l e a s t th e e q u i v a l e n t of a b a c h e l o r 's d e g re e and many h o ld advanced d e g r e e s . The need f o r p e rs o n s w ith broad e d u c a t i o n a l b ack g ro u n d s and f o r p e r s o n s w ith know ledge i n d e p th c o n c e rn in g m a t t e r s t h a t n o t lo n g ago were of no c o n c e rn to th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e i n c r e a s e s f a s t e r th a n i t can be m et. And o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r u s e f u l s e r v i c e to our Government i n c r e a s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y . No p a r t i c u l a r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s o r c o u r s e s of s tu d y i s recommended. C o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s th r o u g h o u t th e U n ited S t a t e s o f f e r e x c e l l e n t p r e p a r a t i o n , and th e D ep artm en t of S t a t e f e e l s t h a t i t s n e e d s a r e b e s t met by a p p o in tm e n t of p e rs o n s whose d i v e r s e i n t e r e s t s , t r a i n i n g , and s k i l l s a r e th e p r o d u c t of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e A m erican e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n a l l p a r t s of th e c o u n tr y . 1 4 E d u c a tio n and e x p e r ie n c e a r e th e t o o l s o f a d ip lo m a t* s t r a d e . A F o re ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r sh o u ld he a w e ll e d u c a te d man. He d e a l s w ith h i g h l y e d u c a te d men, b o th a t home and a b ro a d . Such men a r e n o t e a sy to i n f l u e n c e b u t i t w i l l be h i s jo b to i n f l u e n c e them. Many of th e f o r e i g n e r s he comes i n c o n t a c t w i t h speak and w r i t e e x c e l l e n t E n g lis h . They a r e f a m i l i a r w ith E n g lis h l i t e r a t u r e , i n c l u d i n g A m erican l i t e r a t u r e , and w ith our i n s t i t u t i o n s . To be l e s s th a n k n o w le d g ea b le i n t h o s e f i e l d s i s to i n v i t e em b arrassm en t and lo w e r r e s p e c t . Diplomacy h a s to do w ith p e o p le . A F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r sh o u ld know th e A m erican p e o p le ; t h e i r h i s t o r y , t h e i r i d i o s y n c r a s i e s , t h e i r s t r e n g t h s and t h e i r w e a k n e sse s. They a r e th e p e o p le he s e r v e s . He sh o u ld a l s o know a s much a s he can of f o r e i g n p e o p l e s ; t h e i r h i s t o r i e s , t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s , t h e i r v i r t u e s and t h e i r p r e j u d i c e s . They a re th e p e o p le whom he p r i n c i p a l l y d e a l s w ith and whom, i n a r e a l s e n s e , he a l s o s e r v e s . Most p ro b lem s i n th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i e l d a re economic or a r e r e l a t e d to econom ics. I t i s d i f f i c u l t even to u n d e r s ta n d what we re a d i n th e d a i l y p r e s s u n l e s s we have a background i n eco nom ics. T hat i s a s t r u e 'a b ro a d a s i t i s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s . Few s u b j e c t s a re a s im p o r t a n t to a F o r e i g n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r a s econom ics. How t h a t th e S t a t e D epartm en t and o u r e m b a ss ie s :a re so l a r g e and t h e i r f u n c t i o n s so com plex, and program s have such a p ro m in e n t p l a c e i n d ip lo m a c y , t h e r e i s a g r e a t e r need f o r o f f i c e r s w ith a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a b i l i t y . P e r s o n s w ith t r a i n i n g i n b u s i n e s s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and i n p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a r e i n s h o r t su p p ly i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e . To a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e , o f - c o u r s e , s t u d e n t s p r e p a r i n g f o r th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e w i l l f o l l o w t h e i r own i n c l i n a t i o n s and d e v e lo p t h e i r own s p e c i a l t a l e n t s . W hatever th o s e t a l e n t s a r e th e y may be e x e r c i s e d i n th e F o r e i g n S e r v ic e and w i l l h e lp g iv e th e S e r v ic e th e b r e a d t h and v a r i e t y of background i t s e e k s . Drawbacks and Reward s D iplom acy, l i k e any o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n , h a s i t s draw backs a s w e ll a s i t s r e w a rd s , and a p e r s o n who i s t h i n k i n g of e n t e r i n g th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e sh o u ld c o n s i d e r b o th c a r e f u l l y . 15 A d i p l o m a t 's l i f e i s n o t an e a sy one. Work t e n d s to be h a rd and w orking d a y s lo n g . F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f f i c e r s , and t h e i r f a m i l i e s t o o , l i v e i n p l a c e s t h a t a re rem ote and i n c l i m a t e s t h a t a r e in c l e m e n t, They a r e s u b j e c t e d to p h y s i c a l h a r d s h i p s and, a t t im e s , to p h y s i c a l d a n g e r. A p e r s o n who i s se e k in g a s a f e , s e c u r e c a r e e r had b e s t f o r g e t a b o u t th e F o re ig n S e r v i c e . And so sh o u ld a p e r s o n who i s s e e k in g a c c la im . Good d ip lo m acy i s u s u a l l y q u i e t d ip lo m a c y . There i s glam our i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v i c e , more t h a n i n m ost p r o f e s s i o n s , b u t i t i s n o t th e - g la m o u r o f p u b l i c a c c la im . R a th e r i t i s th e glam our of w orking i n a f i e l d where a c c la im i s shunned. Im perm anence i s th e norm i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e . An o f f i c e r g o e s w here he i s s e n t and s t a y s t h e r e u n t i l he i s s e n t to a n o th e r p o s t . W hile an e f f o r t i s made to s a t i s f y p o s t p r e f e r e n c e s , t h a t i s v e r y o f t e n n o t p o s s i b l e . A man may hope f o r a p o s t i n sunny S p a in and be a s s ig n e d to O slo , o r he may w ant to l e a r n Burmese and be s e n t to j T h a ila n d . I F o r e ig n S e r v ic e l i f e i n v o l v e s heavy r e p r e s e n t a - t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A w i f e 1 s r o l e i s i m p o r ta n t and I dem anding. I n no o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n d o e s a w ife p l a y a s ‘a c t i v e a p a r t i n h e r h u s b a n d 's c a r e e r . D ip lo m a ts and : t h e i r w iv es have l i t t l e tim e th e y c an c a l l t h e i r own. i And y e t , i n a s e n s e , i t i s a l o n e l y l i f e . I t means l i v i n g f o r y e a r s away from y o u r own c o u n tr y , f a r from r e l a t i v e s and f r i e n d s , l e a r n i n g new la n g u a g e s , a d j u s t i n g to new e n v iro n m e n ts and to ways t h a t may seem s t r a n g e . I t means i n t e r e s t i n g y o u r s e l f i n t h i n g s t h a t o t h e r s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n , p e rh a p s to th e n e g l e c t of t h i n g s t h a t m ig h t i n t e r e s t you m ore. E d u c a tio n of c h i l d r e n i s som etim es a p ro b lem . I n 1 tmany p l a c e s s c h o o ls a r e i n a d e q u a te by American, s t a n d a r d s . j T r a n s f e r s mean new s c h o o l s , w ith t e a c h i n g p e rh a p s a new i la n g u a g e . Some c h i l d r e n a d j u s t to change l e s s r e a d i l y j - th a n o t h e r s . j But i f d ip lo m a cy h a s i t s draw b ack s i t o f f e r s * r e w a rd s t h a t a r e d i f f i c u l t to e q u a l. S e rv in g i n London or P a r i s , or i n d o zen s of o t h e r c o s m o p o lita n c i t i e s , h a s i t s own s p e c i a l re w a rd s . Work i s alw ay s i n t e r e s t i n g and th e p l e a s u r e s o f l i v i n g i n such p l a c e s need no e l a b o r a t i o n . 16 But h e lp i n g a sm a ll c o u n tr y , o r a new c o u n tr y , o r an o l d e r c o u n tr y t h a t h a s f a i l e d to p r o g r e s s , a l s o can be a s a t i s f y i n g e x p e r ie n c e a s w e ll a s an im p o r ta n t s e r v i c e to our N a tio n a and to th e w orld community. Sm all c o u n t r i e s a r e l a b o r a t o r i e s where p e o p le , who a r e th e raw m a t e r i a l of d ip lo m a c y , can be view ed c lo s e u p ; where f o r c e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e a l l p e o p le s can be o b se rv e d and s t u d i e d ; where g r a s s r o o t s d ip lo m acy can be l e a r n e d and p r a c t i c e d . I f s a t i s f a c t i o n comes from d o in g t h i n g s t h a t a r e i n t e r e s t i n g and u s e f u l , p r e f e r a b l y d i f f i c u l t , th e n a l l p o s t s o f f e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s a t i s f a c t i o n .

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Asset Metadata

Creator O'Neill, Laura Peggy (author)

Core Title A review of career opportunities in the United States Foreign Service

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Education

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,Social Sciences

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c26-77417

Unique identifier UC11239185

Identifier usctheses-c26-77417 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP52013.pdf

Dmrecord 77417

Document Type Thesis

Rights O'Neill, Laura Peggy

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA