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II. 13
legal political or semi-official movements, but these were crushed or taken over
by the Portuguese. Amongst the ordinary people, though, discontent was finding
more active expression. In 1947-1960-1962, 1963 there were a series of strikes
on the docks and plantations. In June 1960 the people of Mueda mounted a major
demonstration against the Government. They were answered with immediate brutal
repression and a large number of demonstrators - women as well as men - were
shot on the spot. A witness of the massacres recounts:
"I have seen the people suffering. I saw how the colonialists massacred
our people at Mueda. Our people were empty handed when they began to shoot.
To defend ourselves we picked up sticks and stones. We had gone to ask for
liberty, for elections".
Teresinha Mbala
Up to this time resistance had been local, associated with particular
places or groups. In the early years of the century it had taken the form of
tribal revolts. In the 20's there had been the development of the African
associations which were largly the product of a small urbanised minority. Then
in the 50's there were local strikes and protests. It was only right at the end
of the 50's that organisations were formed which were the beginning of national
popular resistance. These organisations were begun by Mozambicans working
outside Mozambique in countries where they had a certain measure of freedom from
PIDE and also where they came into contact with the more advanced independence
movements. UDENAMO, Mozambique National Democratic Union was formed in Salisbui
in 1960, UNAMI, National Union of Independent Mozambiape was formed in Malawi
in 1961 and MANU, Mozambican African National Union, in Mombasa in 1961. All
these organisations had to work clandestinely inside Mozambique. Clearly the
independence movement was weakened by being divided into three groups and in
June 1962 a conference was held in Dar es Salaam where these movements were
fused into a single organisation.. - the Mozambique Liberation Front, FRELIMO.
The following September a conference was held to determine the structure and
policy of the Liberation Front. The experience of Portuguese colonial
government decided that the first objective of FRELIMO should be to secure
Object Description
| Title | Nationalism and development in Mozambique by Eduardo Mondlane, [ca. Feb.1968] |
| Description | A paper presented to the University of California Project "Brazil-Portuguese Africa", February 27 & 28, 1968. Contents: I - Ideology and reality - Introduction (p.1); Political unity and administrative differentiation (p. 4); Economic solidarity (p. 6); Spiritual assimilation (p.10); II - Confrontation - Introduction (p.1); The paper reforms (p. 3); Cultural resistances (p. 8); From resistance to war (p.12); Teresinha Mbala (p.13); III - Liberation and after - Introduction (p. 1); The Armed Struggle (p. 1); A new social structure (p. 6). |
| Subject (lcsh) |
Nationalism -- Mozambique Self-determination, National Mozambique -- History Portugal -- Politics and government -- 1933-1974 |
| Geographic Subject (Country) | Mozambique |
| Geographic Subject (Continent) | Africa |
| Geographic Coordinates | -18.6696821,35.5273356 |
| Coverage date | 1500/1968 |
| Creator | Mondlane, Eduardo C.. |
| Publisher (of the Digital Version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Date created | ca. 1968 |
| Type | texts |
| Format | 45 p. |
| Format (aat) | essays |
| Language | English |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Part of collection | Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa, 1959-1965 |
| Part of subcollection | Mozambique Collection |
| Rights | The University of Southern California has licensed the rights to this material from the Aluka initiative of Ithaka Harbors, Inc., a non-profit Delaware corporation whose address is 151 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10021 |
| Physical access | Original archive is at the Boeckmann Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies. Send requests to address or e-mail given. Phone (213) 821-2366; fax (213) 740-2343. |
| Repository Name | USC Libraries Special Collections |
| Repository Address | Doheny Memorial Library, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0189 |
| Repository Email | specol@usc.edu |
| Filename | CENPA-179 |
Description
| Title | CENPA-179~30 |
| Filename | CENPA-179~30.tiff |
| Full text | II. 13 legal political or semi-official movements, but these were crushed or taken over by the Portuguese. Amongst the ordinary people, though, discontent was finding more active expression. In 1947-1960-1962, 1963 there were a series of strikes on the docks and plantations. In June 1960 the people of Mueda mounted a major demonstration against the Government. They were answered with immediate brutal repression and a large number of demonstrators - women as well as men - were shot on the spot. A witness of the massacres recounts: "I have seen the people suffering. I saw how the colonialists massacred our people at Mueda. Our people were empty handed when they began to shoot. To defend ourselves we picked up sticks and stones. We had gone to ask for liberty, for elections". Teresinha Mbala Up to this time resistance had been local, associated with particular places or groups. In the early years of the century it had taken the form of tribal revolts. In the 20's there had been the development of the African associations which were largly the product of a small urbanised minority. Then in the 50's there were local strikes and protests. It was only right at the end of the 50's that organisations were formed which were the beginning of national popular resistance. These organisations were begun by Mozambicans working outside Mozambique in countries where they had a certain measure of freedom from PIDE and also where they came into contact with the more advanced independence movements. UDENAMO, Mozambique National Democratic Union was formed in Salisbui in 1960, UNAMI, National Union of Independent Mozambiape was formed in Malawi in 1961 and MANU, Mozambican African National Union, in Mombasa in 1961. All these organisations had to work clandestinely inside Mozambique. Clearly the independence movement was weakened by being divided into three groups and in June 1962 a conference was held in Dar es Salaam where these movements were fused into a single organisation.. - the Mozambique Liberation Front, FRELIMO. The following September a conference was held to determine the structure and policy of the Liberation Front. The experience of Portuguese colonial government decided that the first objective of FRELIMO should be to secure |
| Archival file | Volume12/CENPA-179~30.tiff |
