The Movement for Freedom in Mozambique - Page 19.
Marques, thus earning a large amount of money when it would otherwise be difficult to con^te v/ith the neighbouring South African
port of Durban.
It was at least in part to assure a steady flow of Mozambique
labour to South Africa that the Portuguese government felt compelled to reinforce its stated policy of forcing the African
worker to seek employment in European enterprises or else be
liable to imprisonment.  The latest of these measures states,
among others, that all males between the ages of eighteen and
fifty-five were under obligation to take up contracts with
economic enterprises in and outside of Mozambique, unless they
could produce proof that:  a) they were self-employed in a profession, commerce or industry earning a given amount of cash per
annum;  b) that they were permanently employed by the State or
private employer;  c) that they were gainfully engaged as labourers
for at least six months out of the year by the State or private
employer;  d) that they had worked within the last six months in
South African mines or the Rhodesias under the legal agreements
mentioned above;  or e) that they were farmers who fulfilled the
terms of various native farming statutes aimed at encouraging the
production of cash crops.  Anyone who failed to satisfy these requirements must be arrested and forced to work in government
projects, or be induced to sign a contract to work for a private
employer.  Under such circumstances the African worker has no
alternative but to constantly seek employment either at home or
abroad.  Since in Mozambique it is impossible to give employment
to most of the able-bodied men between the age limits specified
by the law, the only open alternative for them is to offer' themselves for recruitment in the WLNA agencies scattered all over
the country and take up employment as cheap labourers in South
African or Rhodesian mines.
The Movement for Independence in Mozambique
When one adds these labour practices to the direct exploitation of the African worker in the production of cash earning
crops, such as we described earlier in this paper, one may begin
to understand some of the frustrations which are at the base of
the movements for self-determination and independence in
Portuguese colonies.  On the other hand, it should also be obvious
as to why Portugal is reluctant to even admit the right of self-
determination for the African peoples under her colonial control.
Consequently, Mozambicans have decided to take the most