THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE - Page 6.
The most important of the exiled political parties now fused
into FRELIMO are:  the Mozambique African National Union (MANU) and
Uniao Nacional Democratica de Mopambique (UDENAMO).  The Mozambique
African National Union had been organized originally by Mozambicans
who had been working in Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda.  Some of the
leaders of that party had been involved in the political parties of
those countries during the formative periods of their development.
Then when it became clear that the political power in East Africa
was to be handed over to the African majority, these Mozambicans felt
obliged to concentrate their energies on the preparation of their own
people for independence.  This was the case.with Mr. Matthew Mmole,
who was president of MANU.  The former secretar^FgeheraX" of MANU,
M. M.JEfellinga, represents another background, the labour union movement.  Mr. Mallinga had been in East Africa for many years.  He worked in the labour unions of Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda, in the first
and the last as organizing officer for dockworkers in Mombasa and
among the cotton workers in Uganda.  He worked with Mr. Tom Mboya for
some time while he was in Kenya.
Meanwhile, some of the Mozambicans who were either working
in Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland began to interest themselves in
organizing a political body to guide the nationalist aspirations of
their fellow citizens from the coast.  This was the beginning of
UDENAMO, with its first temporary headquarters in Salisbury, Southern
Rhodesia.  So long as the Rhodesian Africans were allowed to form
parties, Mozambicans continued to carry out their work unhampered.
When I passed through Salisbury from Mozambique early in 1961, I
found several groups working sometimes in cooperation with, sometimes
apart from, each other.  In speaking to several of them, I suggested
that they organize a unified movement, which v/ould be linked with the
nationalist forces in Mozambique as well as with groups working in
exile.  One of the officers of theJDENAMO party was Mr. Adelino
_Gwambe,   a 23_year_old fellow v/ho,   according to his  own account,   had
been a member_of_ the^grea^xjCeared Portuguese   genret police  force
^ (PIDE) and who had been sent by the government of Portugal to spy on
his fellow countrymen in neighbouring Rhodesia.  Once in Rhodesia,
hov/ever, Mr. Gwambe decided to throw his lot with the nationalists
and accepted to be sent to Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika to contact
members of MANU and see if a common front could be established.  At
that time, 1959, Tanganyika was preparing for independence.  On arriving in Tanganyika, Mr. Gwambe was v/armly received by MANU leaders and
taken in as a full member.  A while later, a conference of nationalist organizations against Portuguese colonialism was to be held in
Rabat.  Since most of the members of MANU could not speak Portuguese,
they asked Mr. Gwambe to attend the conference representing MANU.
During the conference Mr. Gwambe announced that he was representing
UDENAMO, and returned to Dar es Salaam as chief representative of
that party.  For a v/hile Dar es Salaam had both MANU and UDENAMO as
the only two Mozambican political parties in East Africa. _Later^on
Baltazar Chagong'a, the President of another Mozambican .party;.. jjoJLn^_d
them as representative of a Nyasaland-based group called Mozambique
^National Independence Party.  Mr. Chagong'a was for many years a
(jnedical aid in Mozambique.  He had been forced to retire because of
his nationalistic inclinations, which the Portuguese government
could not tolerate.  When the situation worsened, Mr. Chagong'a left
Mozambique and settled for some time in Blantyre, Nyasaland, but
since the Portuguese police are free to arrest Mozambicans in this
country, he had to continue on to Tanganyika.  Prom here he wrote to
me while I was with the United Nations, asking me to come over to
helpestablish the united front.
If As referred to above, the Mozambique Liberation Front was
If established in Dar es Salaam in June 1962.  The Front is the only
' political party representing the interests of the people of Mozambique.  The union of the various parties represents the determination
of our people to attain independence in the shortest possible time.
After the various groups represented at the conference in which the