THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE - Page 5.
basis.  Since the beginning of pan-African nationalism, however,
these have either died away or given way to an all-Mozambique kind
of nationalism.
Before I discuss the source and development of the Mozambique Liberation Front, however, I should like to mention just one
other type of crypto-nationalistic organization which also made^ its
imprint in Mozambican politics.  I am referring to the Associapao
dos Naturais de Mozambique (Association of Native-born Mozambicans).
This organization was for a long time, and even today still is to a
great extent, established, run and supported by white people.  In
fact, it v/as meant to be for Europeans born in Mozambique and not
for Africans or Asians.  For a long time it openly discriminated
against the so-called Non-Europeans in its membership and services.
Only in the last 15 years, especially after the rise of African
states, did it begin to encourage other racial groups for membership
in it.  In fact, during the mid-fifties the Associapao dos Naturais
de Mopambique developed a policy favouring social integration between the two major racial groups and for an autonomous Mozambique,
which would finally lead into independence.  The leaders of the
organization, realising the paucity of educated black Africans,
launched a scholarship campaign to subsidize the education of promising Africans in secondary, technical and commercial schools.  One
of its most outstanding leaders was the son of a former Portuguese
governor, Jose Cabral.  At first the government encouraged the efforts
of this group, believing that the leaders were interested only in the
general cultural and social welfare of the African peoples, but when
it began to note a tendency towards a more genuine Mozambican nationalism, it took severe steps to stop it.  These steps included arresting all the top leaders of the organization, replacing them with more
fascistic groups and placing the organization under the direct control of the Social Welfare division of the government.  That was the
end of the effectiveness of the Associapao dos Naturais de Mopambique
as a political channel for a future multi-racial Mozambique.  In view
of the present status of cur nationalist movement, one might venture
the prediction that the Portuguese people, as a European white group,
will regret the emasculation of this organization, for with its demise as a multi-racial nucleus may have gone all the hopes for a
racially tolerant Mozambique *
the National liberation movement
So far I have dealt with what I might call the embryonic
beginnings of nationalism in Mozambique.  Since this is not meant to
be a lengthy paper, I glossed over less important groups which from
time to time have played a part in the formation of a national attitude among Mozambicans.  Now I must turn to the discussion of the
organizations v/hich were formed with the clear intent of rallying
their people towards self-government and independence.  But before
I discuss these, I should like to indicate that there was a transitional period between the kind of organizations outlined above and
the more directly political organizations which I am about to discuss.
Living examples of the former still exist in Mozambique, but the
present political climate would not permit me to even mention any one
of them.
The Mozambique Liberation Front, also known as FRELIMO
(from Frente de Libertapao de Mopambique) is a new political organization formed in June 1962, out of the merger of several political
parties, some of them in exile, others still functioning underground
within Mozambique.  Again for security reasons I shall not say anything about those groups still working within Mozambique, except
mentioning that they were instrumental in instigating union among all
the forces working towards independence for Mozambique.  While I was
visiting Mozambique in 1961, on  furlough from the United Nations,
they urged me to resign from my position with the Trusteeship Department, go to East Africa and call on all the exiled political groups
from our country to unite and free Mozambique immediately.