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3- In 1858 Manikosi died. Two of his sons fought it out for the throne between 1858 and 1861 and the one who won was beholden party to Portuguese influence and aid. Umzila escaped the fate of most of his brothers who were apparently murdered by another brother Mawewe, or Mahueva. Umzila appealed to a Portuguese trader in the lower Limpopo region, Diocleciano das Neves, who had visited him for years and who often came to trade for ivory and to hunt elephants. Das Neves arranged with the Portuguese authorities to get arms and some military aid in order to defeat his brother Mawewe and get the throne. In the meantime, Mawewe managed to ally himself with the Swazi King Mswati who gave him military aid. But Umzila gained the upper hand through tie aid of the hunter Das Neves, who obliged Umzila to "sign" a treaty which was dated 1861, Lourenco Marques. Umzila probably did not sign tt is celebrated treaty and misunderstood the obligations assigned to him by it. In any event, Umzila defeated Max^ewe near Moamba in a battle in the same year of 1861, and Mawewe escaped to Swaziland or Transvaal. The influence of Diocleciano das Neves over Umzila has probably been exaggerated; one Portuguese writer cites that Umzila gave the trader funeral honors on his death in February I883 by sending two regiments, or mangas, to Inhampura, on the Limpopo to honor "the man who most Influenced his destiny".3 Yet it is true that the memory and legend of Das Neves, called in Ngoni, Mahambaxeca, survived the man's death and influenced Gungunhana in his /last year of rule, l895» Das Neves remained a semi-mystical figure who was re-created whenever a European appeared who in some i-ray resembled his person or influence. In December 1895, Lieutenant Sanches de Miranda was taken for Mahambaxeca by Tonga and Ngoni along the Limpopo near Languene; it was said Gungunhana heard of this and he sent presents to Languene to appease the memory or the rumorded presence of Das Neves who had died in 1883. Umzila busied himself with consolidating his rule after 1861. He moved his kraal often but directed his eyes to the north toward the Zambesi and the coast where he saw his interests were in danger. Umzila saw the Portuguese expanding their power along the Z ambesi River after 1869 as they fought many campaigns against the "Bonga" army; though this campaign dragged on until 1888, when the last Bonga stronghold fell, by 1885 the Portuguese had entered the highlands of Manica where there were gold deposits. Umzila valued his dominions of Manica and held his vassal Chief Umtassa to a tenuous yet real allegiance while he was alive. Umzila's forces continued to take tributes from the Portuguese settlements at Sofala and Sena, and sometimes Tete. Dr. David Livingstone had referred to the fierce "Landeens" or Ngoni warriors who controlled the southern bank of the Zambesi at will and who considered the Portuguese to be, in his words " a conquered tribe" .in the l850's.&- The Ngoni collected tribute often in the form of cloth, gold dust or ivory. From the conquered Tonga tribes, Umzila took uncounted numbers of cattle and women for his mangas.. Throughout the period of Umzila's life, the Portuguese were very weak in military force and remained in their few coastal towns. 3* Manuel Alberto, Francisco Toscano, 0 Oriente Afrlcano Portugues (Lourenco Marques, 19l|2) , p. 170. i|. Livingstone, Missionary ^Travels and Researches (1858 edition), VV* 703-708
Object Description
Title | Boletim de informação: The Mozambican, vol. 2, no. 1 (1965 Jan.) |
Title (Alternate) | União nacional dos estudantes Moçambicanos (UNEMO) |
Description | Contents: Index (p. 1); INTERNATIONAL SECTION: From Students' International Conference in New Zealand "Resolution of Commission on RIC studies" (p. 3); UNEMO in Australia (p. 5); UNEMO and FRELIMO representations at the PASC in Nairobi (p. 7); Ghana's message to the PASM in Nairobi, Kenya (p. 9) -- ARTICLE SECTION: Gungunyana of Gaza (p. 11); Article of the month (p. 16); Mozambique and the Portuguese supremacy (p. 19); American negro views Africa (p. 21); African poem (p. 23); Joliba (River Niger) (p. 24); It is a fact (p. 25); At random (p. 26) -- UNEMO-US SECTION INTERNAL AFFAIRS: The treasurer's note (p. 28); Assignment to the section members (p. 29); Announcement by the general secretary (p. 31); The second general assembly of UNEMO-US section (report) (p. 32); A conference for the developments at the front (sep. leaf) (p. 37). |
Subject (lcsh) |
Nationalism -- Mozambique Self-determination, National Mozambique -- History Portugal -- Politics and government -- 1933-1974 |
Geographic Subject (Country) | Mozambique |
Geographic Subject (Continent) | Africa |
Geographic Coordinates | -18.6696821,35.5273356 |
Coverage date | 1839/1906; 1951/1964-11-10 |
Creator | União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNEMO). U.S. Section |
Publisher (of the Original Version) | União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNEMO). U.S. Section |
Publisher (of the Digital Version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
Date issued | 1965-01 |
Type |
texts images |
Format | 38 p. |
Format (aat) | newsletters |
Language | English |
Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
Legacy Record ID | chil-m22 |
Part of collection | Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa, 1959-1965 |
Part of subcollection | Mozambique Collection |
Rights | The University of Southern California has licensed the rights to this material from the Aluka initiative of Ithaka Harbors, Inc., a non-profit Delaware corporation whose address is 151 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10021 |
Physical access | Original archive is at the Boeckmann Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies. Send requests to address or e-mail given. Phone (213) 821-2366; fax (213) 740-2343. |
Repository Name | USC Libraries Special Collections |
Repository Address | Doheny Memorial Library, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0189 |
Repository Email | specol@usc.edu |
Filename | CENPA-021 |
Description
Title | CENPA-021~14 |
Filename | CENPA-021~14.tiff |
Full text | 3- In 1858 Manikosi died. Two of his sons fought it out for the throne between 1858 and 1861 and the one who won was beholden party to Portuguese influence and aid. Umzila escaped the fate of most of his brothers who were apparently murdered by another brother Mawewe, or Mahueva. Umzila appealed to a Portuguese trader in the lower Limpopo region, Diocleciano das Neves, who had visited him for years and who often came to trade for ivory and to hunt elephants. Das Neves arranged with the Portuguese authorities to get arms and some military aid in order to defeat his brother Mawewe and get the throne. In the meantime, Mawewe managed to ally himself with the Swazi King Mswati who gave him military aid. But Umzila gained the upper hand through tie aid of the hunter Das Neves, who obliged Umzila to "sign" a treaty which was dated 1861, Lourenco Marques. Umzila probably did not sign tt is celebrated treaty and misunderstood the obligations assigned to him by it. In any event, Umzila defeated Max^ewe near Moamba in a battle in the same year of 1861, and Mawewe escaped to Swaziland or Transvaal. The influence of Diocleciano das Neves over Umzila has probably been exaggerated; one Portuguese writer cites that Umzila gave the trader funeral honors on his death in February I883 by sending two regiments, or mangas, to Inhampura, on the Limpopo to honor "the man who most Influenced his destiny".3 Yet it is true that the memory and legend of Das Neves, called in Ngoni, Mahambaxeca, survived the man's death and influenced Gungunhana in his /last year of rule, l895» Das Neves remained a semi-mystical figure who was re-created whenever a European appeared who in some i-ray resembled his person or influence. In December 1895, Lieutenant Sanches de Miranda was taken for Mahambaxeca by Tonga and Ngoni along the Limpopo near Languene; it was said Gungunhana heard of this and he sent presents to Languene to appease the memory or the rumorded presence of Das Neves who had died in 1883. Umzila busied himself with consolidating his rule after 1861. He moved his kraal often but directed his eyes to the north toward the Zambesi and the coast where he saw his interests were in danger. Umzila saw the Portuguese expanding their power along the Z ambesi River after 1869 as they fought many campaigns against the "Bonga" army; though this campaign dragged on until 1888, when the last Bonga stronghold fell, by 1885 the Portuguese had entered the highlands of Manica where there were gold deposits. Umzila valued his dominions of Manica and held his vassal Chief Umtassa to a tenuous yet real allegiance while he was alive. Umzila's forces continued to take tributes from the Portuguese settlements at Sofala and Sena, and sometimes Tete. Dr. David Livingstone had referred to the fierce "Landeens" or Ngoni warriors who controlled the southern bank of the Zambesi at will and who considered the Portuguese to be, in his words " a conquered tribe" .in the l850's.&- The Ngoni collected tribute often in the form of cloth, gold dust or ivory. From the conquered Tonga tribes, Umzila took uncounted numbers of cattle and women for his mangas.. Throughout the period of Umzila's life, the Portuguese were very weak in military force and remained in their few coastal towns. 3* Manuel Alberto, Francisco Toscano, 0 Oriente Afrlcano Portugues (Lourenco Marques, 19l|2) , p. 170. i|. Livingstone, Missionary ^Travels and Researches (1858 edition), VV* 703-708 |
Archival file | Volume7/CENPA-021~14.tiff |