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population, but Almaty is also affected by the international culture the most compared to the rest of the country thanks to its positioning as Kazakhstan’s gateway to the world.
However, there is also evidence pointing toward reinforcement of the traditional Kazakh identity in Almaty. Figure 19 shows that the Kazakh population has more than doubled in the past 20 years. During the same time period, the Russian population shrunk by about the same proportion because of emigration to their homeland. Nonetheless, after an initial slowdown in the 90s due to a major economic crisis, the population of the city continuously grew through 2009 to about 1.4 million (likely much more with illegal immigration) thanks to the influx of migrant Kazakhs. It is quite obvious that such fundamental shifts in the ethnic composition of the city will have a profound effect on its culture, especially if the trend evident from Figure 19 continues in future (and there is hardly any doubt that it will not).
Figure 19: Almaty Population and Proportion of the Two Major Ethnic Groups
Source: the 1999 and 2009 Censuses of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010) (Itogi perepisi naseleniia 1999 goda po g. Astany, 2000, p. 9)
The 2009-2010 author’s survey suggests that in Almaty, formerly dominated by the Russian language, Kazakh is becoming increasingly important. 44% of respondents
500,000
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1970
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2009
Kazakhs, %
Russians, %
Total Population
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 171 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 165 population, but Almaty is also affected by the international culture the most compared to the rest of the country thanks to its positioning as Kazakhstan’s gateway to the world. However, there is also evidence pointing toward reinforcement of the traditional Kazakh identity in Almaty. Figure 19 shows that the Kazakh population has more than doubled in the past 20 years. During the same time period, the Russian population shrunk by about the same proportion because of emigration to their homeland. Nonetheless, after an initial slowdown in the 90s due to a major economic crisis, the population of the city continuously grew through 2009 to about 1.4 million (likely much more with illegal immigration) thanks to the influx of migrant Kazakhs. It is quite obvious that such fundamental shifts in the ethnic composition of the city will have a profound effect on its culture, especially if the trend evident from Figure 19 continues in future (and there is hardly any doubt that it will not). Figure 19: Almaty Population and Proportion of the Two Major Ethnic Groups Source: the 1999 and 2009 Censuses of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010) (Itogi perepisi naseleniia 1999 goda po g. Astany, 2000, p. 9) The 2009-2010 author’s survey suggests that in Almaty, formerly dominated by the Russian language, Kazakh is becoming increasingly important. 44% of respondents 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,500,000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1970 1979 1989 1999 2009 Kazakhs, % Russians, % Total Population |
