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162
former capitals are growing rapidly, offering huge opportunities both for settling there as well as for getting a job in the construction business or related services.
The global financial crisis did make a dent in that by making it rather difficult to procure a loan and causing a downturn in the construction business: in Almaty, the number of firms in this sector of economy dropped from the peak 1,697 in 2007 to 1,237 in 2009. (Ibid p. 21) Many construction sites were frozen due to the lack of funding. The central government had to step in with anti-crisis measures with the goal to jump-start the economy. Among them, the government financed delinquent real estate projects to save individual investments into them – especially in Astana and Almaty.220
Another factor is that Almaty is populated by the most proactive entrepreneurs in the country. Such a large population creates an immense demand for various services and consumer goods, which provides a great number of opportunities for a myriad of small businesses to grow: shopkeepers, automotive221 services, English language tutoring, real estate – Almaty the widest selection of services in the country thanks to the thriving small and individual businesses. Not surprisingly, the former capital leads the country in terms of the small business development with 31 active small businesses per 1,000 inhabitants or 23% of all active small businesses in the country in 2009. Astana is close second with 29 active small businesses per 1,000 inhabitants but only 11% of the republican total. The average number of small businesses in the country is 10 per 1,000
220 Author’s observation
221 Almaty has the highest number of automobiles – as many as 500 thousand in the city of 1.3 million (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010, p. 10) (Kazakhstan Today, 2010)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 168 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 162 former capitals are growing rapidly, offering huge opportunities both for settling there as well as for getting a job in the construction business or related services. The global financial crisis did make a dent in that by making it rather difficult to procure a loan and causing a downturn in the construction business: in Almaty, the number of firms in this sector of economy dropped from the peak 1,697 in 2007 to 1,237 in 2009. (Ibid p. 21) Many construction sites were frozen due to the lack of funding. The central government had to step in with anti-crisis measures with the goal to jump-start the economy. Among them, the government financed delinquent real estate projects to save individual investments into them – especially in Astana and Almaty.220 Another factor is that Almaty is populated by the most proactive entrepreneurs in the country. Such a large population creates an immense demand for various services and consumer goods, which provides a great number of opportunities for a myriad of small businesses to grow: shopkeepers, automotive221 services, English language tutoring, real estate – Almaty the widest selection of services in the country thanks to the thriving small and individual businesses. Not surprisingly, the former capital leads the country in terms of the small business development with 31 active small businesses per 1,000 inhabitants or 23% of all active small businesses in the country in 2009. Astana is close second with 29 active small businesses per 1,000 inhabitants but only 11% of the republican total. The average number of small businesses in the country is 10 per 1,000 220 Author’s observation 221 Almaty has the highest number of automobiles – as many as 500 thousand in the city of 1.3 million (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010, p. 10) (Kazakhstan Today, 2010) |
