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Almaty is the financial capital of Kazakhstan. Even though Astana has greater access to the government or foreign aid funds, Almaty has even greater access to a deep well of private financial resources. Of Kazakhstan’s 36 second level banks
217 in 2005218, 32 were located or headquartered in Almaty. (Assotsiatsiia Bankov Respubliki Kazakhstan, 2005) The most telling number is the amount of loans and credits provided by these banks. In 2009, they have issued over 69% of the total amount of loans in the republic in Almaty alone. (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 360) Certainly, not all of that money stays in the former capital and much of it was invested elsewhere, but this fact alone demonstrates that Almaty provides an enormous opportunity for acquiring funding for any project or business undertaking in the entire Republic of Kazakhstan.
Another extremely important factor buttressing the vast economic power of Almaty was mentioned before: the role Almaty plays in the foreign trade of Kazakhstan. It is essentially the country’s gateway to the world thanks to an extremely well-developed infrastructure. On top of the aforementioned 40% of imports passing through Almaty (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 319), it is also the major communications center in the republic. A stunning 76.4% of the total income earned by communications companies in Kazakhstan in 2009 (cellphone, internet, phone service providers) was made in Almaty. The same year, over 20% (over 2.4 million) of all passenger turnover in
217 Second level banks in Kazakhstan and Russia are the banks authorized to work with individuals, first level banks are authorized to work with other banks and other financial organizations only.
218 The number and names of the banks changed slightly since then but most of them are still present in Almaty
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 166 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 160 Almaty is the financial capital of Kazakhstan. Even though Astana has greater access to the government or foreign aid funds, Almaty has even greater access to a deep well of private financial resources. Of Kazakhstan’s 36 second level banks 217 in 2005218, 32 were located or headquartered in Almaty. (Assotsiatsiia Bankov Respubliki Kazakhstan, 2005) The most telling number is the amount of loans and credits provided by these banks. In 2009, they have issued over 69% of the total amount of loans in the republic in Almaty alone. (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 360) Certainly, not all of that money stays in the former capital and much of it was invested elsewhere, but this fact alone demonstrates that Almaty provides an enormous opportunity for acquiring funding for any project or business undertaking in the entire Republic of Kazakhstan. Another extremely important factor buttressing the vast economic power of Almaty was mentioned before: the role Almaty plays in the foreign trade of Kazakhstan. It is essentially the country’s gateway to the world thanks to an extremely well-developed infrastructure. On top of the aforementioned 40% of imports passing through Almaty (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 319), it is also the major communications center in the republic. A stunning 76.4% of the total income earned by communications companies in Kazakhstan in 2009 (cellphone, internet, phone service providers) was made in Almaty. The same year, over 20% (over 2.4 million) of all passenger turnover in 217 Second level banks in Kazakhstan and Russia are the banks authorized to work with individuals, first level banks are authorized to work with other banks and other financial organizations only. 218 The number and names of the banks changed slightly since then but most of them are still present in Almaty |
