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152
the Kazakh authorities share China’s concerns with Uyghur separatism.
204 The interaction of various cultures is evident in Almaty; whereas in other places the ethnic minorities frequently live in enclaves, with minimal interaction with other ethnic groups.
Not only Almaty is multi-ethnic, it is also the most globalized city of Kazakhstan, a virtual gateway to the world. In this land-locked country, thanks to a well-developed air and ground transportation; relative closeness to the second largest trade partner – China, Almaty remains the city with the highest degree of integration into the global economy: almost 40% of all imports into Kazakhstan in 2009 (compared to the 8.5% of the country’s population) went into or passed through Almaty. (Regiony Kazakhstana. Broshura 2005-2009, 2010, p. 319)
Just like the ancient settlements in Zhety-su on the Silk Road, Almaty introduces the world culture to Kazakhstan. First of all, it is the media: the international news, the aforementioned Internet access, and the movies. In 2009 alone, the attendance of Almaty movie theaters reached 3.3 million visits, which is 2.4 times for every man, woman and child in the city – almost five times the average for the entire country which is 0.47 movie theater visits per capita. (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 171) Add to that the fact that the vast majority of movie titles in the theaters are made in Hollywood205 and dubbed into the Russian language in Russia 206; they both americanize
204 The gravity of the Uyghur determination was demonstrated in 2001 when SWAT police forces had to storm an apartment at the heart of Almaty with suspected Xinjiang Uyghur militants armed with automatic weapons. While the direct threat to Kazakhstan is not as significant as it is in China, this event does illustrate just how strong is Uyghur’s national identity, and 5.2% of Almaty’s population is Uyghur, third largest ethnic group in the city.
205 70% in 2009 (Kazakhstan Today, 2009).
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 158 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 152 the Kazakh authorities share China’s concerns with Uyghur separatism. 204 The interaction of various cultures is evident in Almaty; whereas in other places the ethnic minorities frequently live in enclaves, with minimal interaction with other ethnic groups. Not only Almaty is multi-ethnic, it is also the most globalized city of Kazakhstan, a virtual gateway to the world. In this land-locked country, thanks to a well-developed air and ground transportation; relative closeness to the second largest trade partner – China, Almaty remains the city with the highest degree of integration into the global economy: almost 40% of all imports into Kazakhstan in 2009 (compared to the 8.5% of the country’s population) went into or passed through Almaty. (Regiony Kazakhstana. Broshura 2005-2009, 2010, p. 319) Just like the ancient settlements in Zhety-su on the Silk Road, Almaty introduces the world culture to Kazakhstan. First of all, it is the media: the international news, the aforementioned Internet access, and the movies. In 2009 alone, the attendance of Almaty movie theaters reached 3.3 million visits, which is 2.4 times for every man, woman and child in the city – almost five times the average for the entire country which is 0.47 movie theater visits per capita. (Regiony Kazakhstana v 2009 godu, 2010, p. 171) Add to that the fact that the vast majority of movie titles in the theaters are made in Hollywood205 and dubbed into the Russian language in Russia 206; they both americanize 204 The gravity of the Uyghur determination was demonstrated in 2001 when SWAT police forces had to storm an apartment at the heart of Almaty with suspected Xinjiang Uyghur militants armed with automatic weapons. While the direct threat to Kazakhstan is not as significant as it is in China, this event does illustrate just how strong is Uyghur’s national identity, and 5.2% of Almaty’s population is Uyghur, third largest ethnic group in the city. 205 70% in 2009 (Kazakhstan Today, 2009). |
