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137
unemployment maxed out at around 1.4% in 1997, (Regional'nyy statisticheskiy ezhegodnik Kazakhstana, 1998, p. 62) but it did not account for a large number of unemployed who survived by engaging in “shuttle” trade,
179 or even subsistence agriculture and other economic activities for the first time in their lives in order to survive.
In 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred to Astana. Officially, the reason for the move was the lack of space for further expansion in Almaty as it was limited by city’s geographical location in close vicinity to the mountains.180 Additionally, the geological181 and environmental182 issues threatened the government functions of the capital. However, more commonly it is believed that the move was related to a growing threat of the Russian separatism in the northern Kazakhstan and to the promotion of the Kazakh migration to the north. Another major reason for the move was to give a boost to the economic recovery of the country: since the north of the country with developed industrial capacity was losing labor due to emigration, prompting internal migration from south of the republic to the north was an economic necessity to restart economic growth in Kazakhstan.183 (Sadovskaia, 2001)
179 Small business of buying consumer goods in bulk in China and elsewhere and then selling them for profit in Almaty
180 As a matter of fact, a large portion of the city is located in a valley between two mountain ridges.
181 High probability of earthquakes and mudflows
182 True again, as Almaty of the 21st century is ranked one of the most polluted cities on Earth (Luck, 2008)
183 A more detailed discussion of the reasons for the transfer of capital is provided in Chapter 5: Astana.
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 143 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 137 unemployment maxed out at around 1.4% in 1997, (Regional'nyy statisticheskiy ezhegodnik Kazakhstana, 1998, p. 62) but it did not account for a large number of unemployed who survived by engaging in “shuttle” trade, 179 or even subsistence agriculture and other economic activities for the first time in their lives in order to survive. In 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred to Astana. Officially, the reason for the move was the lack of space for further expansion in Almaty as it was limited by city’s geographical location in close vicinity to the mountains.180 Additionally, the geological181 and environmental182 issues threatened the government functions of the capital. However, more commonly it is believed that the move was related to a growing threat of the Russian separatism in the northern Kazakhstan and to the promotion of the Kazakh migration to the north. Another major reason for the move was to give a boost to the economic recovery of the country: since the north of the country with developed industrial capacity was losing labor due to emigration, prompting internal migration from south of the republic to the north was an economic necessity to restart economic growth in Kazakhstan.183 (Sadovskaia, 2001) 179 Small business of buying consumer goods in bulk in China and elsewhere and then selling them for profit in Almaty 180 As a matter of fact, a large portion of the city is located in a valley between two mountain ridges. 181 High probability of earthquakes and mudflows 182 True again, as Almaty of the 21st century is ranked one of the most polluted cities on Earth (Luck, 2008) 183 A more detailed discussion of the reasons for the transfer of capital is provided in Chapter 5: Astana. |
